Smithsonian year 1983 pMH^ cct. OEPOsmnv ■■'- ' ■■••:-■• .■ v;-^ ^^^. r<;vv^; j,,;)i,:'^v,'^ i^^Mv-ii''- /"-:^;^?^.' Smithsonian Year • 1^53 Z'^^: Smithsonian Year • ip8^ ANNUAL REPORT OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION FOR THE YEAR ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 1983 Smithsonian Institution Press • City of Washington • 1984 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 (paper cover). Stock number: 047-000-00393-8 The Smithsonian Institution The Smithsonian Institution was created by act of Congress in 1846 in accordance with the terms of the will of James Smithson of England, who in 1826 bequeathed his property to the United States of America "to found at Washington, under the name of the Smithsonian Institution, an establishment for the increase and diffusion of knowledge among men." After receiving the property and accepting the trust. Congress incorporated the Institution in an "establishment," whose statutory members are the President, the Vice-President, the Chief Justice, and the heads of the executive departments, and vested responsibility for administering the trust in the Smithsonian Board of Regents. THE ESTABLISHMENT Ronald Reagan, President of the United States George H. W. Bush, Vice-President of the United States Warren E. Burger, Chief Justice of the United States George P. Shultz, Secretary of State Donald Regan, Secretary of the Treasury Caspar W. Weinberger, Secretary of Defense William French Smith, Attorney General James G. Watt, Secretary of the Interior John R. Block, Secretary of Agriculture Malcolm Baldrige, Secretary of Commerce Raymond J. Donovan, Secretary of Labor Margaret M. Heckler, Secretary of Health and Human Services Terrel H. Bell, Secretary of Education Samuel R. Pierce, Jr., Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Elizabeth H. Dole, Secretary of Transportation Donald P. Hodel, Secretary of Energy [v] Board of Regents and Secretary • September 30, 1983 REGENTS OF THE Warren E. Burger, Chief Justice of the United States, ex officio. Chancellor INSTITUTION George H. W. Bush, Vice-President of the United States, ex officio Edwin J. (Jake) Gam, Senator from Utah Barry Goldwater, Senator from Arizona James R. Sasser, Senator from Tennessee Edward P. Boland, Representative from Massachusetts Silvio O. Conte, Representative from Massachusetts Norman Y. Mineta, Representative from California David C. Acheson, citizen of the District of Columbia Anne L. Armstrong, citizen of Texas William G. Bowen, citizen of New Jersey William A. M. Burden, citizen of New York Jeannine Smith Clark, citizen of the District of Columbia Murray Gell-Mann, citizen of California A. Leon Higginbotham, Jr., citizen of Pennsylvania Carlisle H. Humelsine, citizen of Virginia EXECUTIVE Warren E. Burger, Chancellor COMMITTEE David C. Acheson William A. M. Burden Carlisle H. Humelsine (Chairman) THE SECRETARY S. Dillon Ripley Phillip S. Hughes, Under Secretary David Challinor, Assistant Secretary for Science Joseph Coudon, Special Assistant to the Secretary James M. Hobbins, Executive Assistant to the Secretary Christian C. Hohenlohe, Treasurer John F. Jameson, Assistant Secretary for Administration Paul N. Perrot, Assistant Secretary for Museum Programs Peter G. Powers, General Counsel John E. Reinhardt, Assistant Secretary for History and Art Ralph Rinzler, Assistant Secretary for Public Service James McK. Symington, Director, Office of Membership and Development Lawrence E. Taylor, Coordinator of Public Information [vi] Smithsonian Year . ipS^ CONTENTS page V THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION vi BOARD OF REGENTS AND SECRETARY 3 STATEMENT BY THE SECRETARY 39 FINANCIAL REPORT 75 SCIENCE 75 National Air and Space Museum 83 National Museum of Natural History/National Museum of Man 105 National Zoological Park 113 Office of Biological Conservation 115 Office of Fellowships and Grants 120 Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory 140 Smithsonian Environmental Research Center 158 Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute 177 HISTORY AND ART 177 Anacostia Neighborhood Museum 179 Archives of American Art 182 Cooper-Hewitt Museum 188 Freer Gallery of Art 194 Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden 198 Joseph Henry Papers 199 National Museum of African Art 203 National Museum of American Art 206 National Museum of American History 217 National Portrait Gallery 222 Office of American Studies 225 MUSEUM PROGRAMS 225 Conservation Analytical Laboratory 230 National Museum Act Programs 231 Office of Exhibits Central 234 Office of Horticulture 244 Office of International Activities 246 Office of Museum Programs MUSEUM PROGRAMS, Continued 259 Office of the Registrar 260 Smithsonian Institution Archives 265 Smithsonian Institution Libraries 274 Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service 279 PUBLIC SERVICE 279 Office of Elementary and Secondary Education 282 Office of Folklife Programs 288 Office of Smithsonian Symposia and Seminars 291 Office of Telecommunications 293 Smithsonian Institution Press 296 Smithsonian Magazine 297 Visitor Information and Associates' Reception Center 301 ADMINISTRATION 302 Administrative and Support Activities 306 Financial Management Activities 308 Smithsonian Institution Women's Council Activities 309 MEMBERSHIP AND DEVELOPMENT 309 Office of Development 310 National Board of the Smithsonian Associates 311 Women's Committee of the Smithsonian Associates 312 James Smithson Society 313 Smithsonian National Associate Program 322 Smithsonian Resident Associate Program 338 PUBLIC INFORMATION 338 Office of Public Affairs 343 READING IS FUNDAMENTAL, INC. 349 WOODROW WILSON INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR SCHOLARS 354 JOHN F. KENNEDY CENTER FOR THE PERFORMING ARTS 373 NATIONAL GALLERY OF ART 380 CHRONOLOGY 401 APPENDICES SMITHSONIAN YEAR • 1983 Relics of the True Cross STATEMENT BY THE SECRETARY S. DILLON RIPLEY The Smithsonian Institution • 1984 This recently acquired wooden figure of a woman and child from Kongo (Yombe), Zaire, was featured in the first of a series of exhibitions high- lighting objects from the collections of the National Museum of African Art. The 10 V4 -inch carving of the late nineteenth or early twentieth century is one of six known Yombe figures of that style— and the only one in a public museum collection in the United States. Relics of the True Cross S. DILLON RIPLEY The problems of museum philosophy seem to center around the subject of objects. As I have discussed in the past, it is my con- viction as a teacher over the years that there is "truth in objects." Even after years, museums have a long way to go to establish this essential and undeniable fact. Throughout the past generations, there has been a curious dichotomy in the view held by scholars in the history of art on the one hand, and in biology, geology, and the natural sciences on the other. In the history of art, there is a tendency to read about objects. There will be photographs of objects in publications, of course, taken at face value. It is not always necessary to handle the objects or to have them inspected, felt, touched, or treated in such a way as to involve physical contact. In the natural sciences, the tendency has been for the research worker to go directly to the object, to handle it, feel it, measure it, deal with it on a strongly tactile basis whether it be animate or inanimate, alive or dead, fossilized or impermeable rock. This dichotomy reaches into a whole realm of thinking about objects, I believe. It is evidenced occasionally in the presentation of objects as between art and the natural sciences. Art objects, especially physical objects such as examples of smaller sculpture in porcelain, stone, wood, or precious metals or gems, tend to be placed in an exhibit case or vitrine, a casket or monstrance on their own, essen- tially inviolate, as it were, as if it were necessary only to look at them and take heed of their substance from afar. Physical science objects may be exhibited in cases, but there is usually a fairly elab- orate explanation of why they are there, ranging from a label describing their characteristics to a diorama in which they are set against a representation of their own environment. There is much more of an effort to describe and explain objects in the physical sciences than there is with art objects. Art speaks for itself and the tradition has been that this is a closed communion between the viewer and the object without the necessity perhaps of contact or explanation. Something of the problem of divining truth from objects comes from these differences of approach. If an art object speaks for itself and has an ascription to the person who created it, that may be sufficient. It is then readily understandable that the art object represents a period, a time, or a phase in the thought, development, and history of the particular person who created it. It is not essen- tially necessary to touch it or to glean more information from it except for conservation purposes, or in the relatively undeveloped field of archaeometry, or for ascription in case it is suspected of being a fake. The latter rarely happens with natural objects, al- though, of course, conservation and material examinations, includ- ing anatomical and specific analyses, may often take place with specimens destined for further authentication. Occasionally a fake is discovered in this process. Although this may occur in the analysis of gems, it can even happen with other assumed natural objects, as I have noted in my own experience. Famous examples in the past have been the attempts to create new types of species out of natural objects such as the Piltdown skull, several kinds of new insects (which were proved to be assemblages of alien parts), and even a similar attempt to create a "humbug" in the form of a type of bird of which I know at least two examples in museum collections. The plain fact remains, however, that the lack of emphasis or weight on the pure intellectual knowledge of the truth of things from examining objects has never been sufficiently appreciated or understood in the broad perspective of education. Time out of mind, human beings have shown that they have inherent aptitudes and skills for reading objects through tactile methods rather than visual. Whether because they are blind, dyslexic, or because they are artists in different media, certain individuals learn far more from handling objects than just from looking at them or reading about them. If, then, there is an inherited tendency for humans to understand objects not only by the more traditional means of 4 / Smithsonian Year 1983 reading or looking, but also by being in contact with them, I would assume that this aspect of cognition should and could be appreciated by educators and should be included as part of the curriculum. Traditionally, it has been done in the case of conservators, who often receive training through a form of teacher-apprentice rela- tionship. But so much of education today is purely by rote, en masse, and done in order to get through certain requirements and achieve graduation from the course or the college, that there is still an implicit lack of understanding of such alternate skills except in medicine. Thus, the specialty of museums as object col- lectors continues to condemn these institutions to reside outside of the educational mainstream. Until proper recognition of their special role is given, I beUeve education will suffer. It is perhaps a symptom of today's malaise in education that even after partial recognition of the value of museums as experiences in learning has been achieved, no formal agreements with the education pro- fession have been ordained. Most museum teaching is still not officially recognized. Far be it from me to argue the merits or demerits of such recog- nition in itself. If education is inefficient and failing today, then surely the mere process of recognition would not solve anything. If people cannot learn by experience, then, of course, further ham- mering home of truths will hardly suffice. But I feel strongly that there is a key here to increased learning ability if educators can only grasp it and attempt to unlock the system. I suspect that far more people are capable of learning through contact with objects than we ever imagine. There might well be an overall improvement in education processes if more of this type of learning were done on a broader scale. After all, the Montessori kindergarten and hands-on training systems have given us a clue as to the synthesis of skills as between hand and eye. Museums and museum experi- ences should have helped to enhance and reinforce that principle. Education today should not cease to encourage every possible en- hancement of the processes of learning in order to improve itself. Let us hope that such recognition will come to pass in the imme- diate future. Perhaps the greatest achievement of this year for the Smith- sonian has been the final opening on May 16 of the Museum Sup- Statement by the Secretary / 5 i i to^^BtBNUftB* i.,Mmmmi>m»»- |**''JPBW«ar MSC floor plan 1 Anthropology 2 Botany 3 Mineral Sciences 4 Paleobiology 5 Entomology 6 Administration 7 Food service 8 Vertebrate Zoology 9 Invertebrate Zoology 10 Oceanographic Sorting Center 11 ADP/Registrar 12 Building manager 13 Protection Services 14 Shipping, receiving, fumigation 15 Loading dock 16 Plant Services 17 Energy plant 18 Anthropology 19 American History 20 Photography lab 21 Library 22 Conservation Analytical Lab 23 Open to below GROUND FLOORS The Smithsonian's impressive new Museum Support Center, designed to house and preserve more than six million objects in a stable and controlled environment, was dedicated on May 16, 1983. An aerial photograph of this unique, ultra-modern facility — approximately five acres under one roof — is shown on the preceding pages. On the opposite page is an interior view of the building showing a skylighted "street" area. Deceptively quiet in this photograph, taken soon after construction, the "street" will become a bustling thoroughfare, filled with scholars, conservators, and other workers going about their tasks in the Center, which is designed for all aspects of conserva- tion as well as for storage. (Photographs by Jeffrey Tinsley and Dane Penland) Below: Carolyn Rose, head conservator in the National Museum of Natural History's Anthropology Department, is shown in storage pod one with some of the anthropological treasures that will soon fill this area of the Museum Support Center. (Photograph by Dane Penland) '^pt? ^&^^^^Ki port Center. Many years in the planning, as all our structures seem to be, this center consists of four enormous pods, each the size of a football field and thirty feet high, with ample devices for se- curity, humidity, air conditioning, heating, and so forth. These four pods are connected by a kind of "galleria" which joins them all and provides adjunct access to study areas, research laboratories, preparation facilities, and above all, a huge conserva- tion training and laboratory area. The hope is obviously that ap- propriate recognition will be given to the fact that merely having objects is not enough. Museums are deficient today in the resources and the advance preparation for conservation. The preservation of objects already in the possession of museums is a project almost as stupendous as the rebuilding of the public road system in the United States. The wear and tear on objects, even those maintained in museums, while often imperceptible, is unceasing. Objects are deteriorating as we look at them. The evidence collected in museums, while pathetically small in itself as far as representing the scope and sweep of past history is concerned, declines every day through largely unnoticeable deterioration. Unless an enormous, conscious effort is made to create an understanding of the priority for major conservation in at least a dozen fields, the museums of the future will find themselves veritable sepulchres, the objects preserved with such care as relics of the true cross, fading away into dust, just perhaps as many of the so-called "relics of the true cross" have already vanished from the scene, leaving behind the gilded, bejeweled monstrances or pyxes in which they were encased. Thus, it would appear that the creation of this Museum Support Center presages a new dimension in the treatment of objects for the future. The more that can be done to encourage such sophisti- cated museum storage, research, and conservation the better. Our center, built with so much effort and trial and error, should be an example for the future for all museum practice. We are deeply grateful to the Office of Management and Budget and the Congress for having given us the funds to create this pace-setting structure, as well as to those of our staff, such as Frank Taylor, Robert Organ, and Paul Perrot, who have never lost sight of this vast priority. With the necessary space and skills available, we expect a special research task will be at work on the abstruse problems of why 10 / Smithsonian Year 1983 certain categories of objects deteriorate as they do. There are realms in chemistry and physical analysis which are still un- plumbed. It should be our duty to undertake such research. Addi- tionally, the field of archaeometry, now in its infancy, will deserve expanded time and effort as an enhancement of our curatorial studies. We are earnestly hopeful that the results will prove even more successful than anticipated, and that several more of these kinds of centers will be constructed over the years ahead. Our first essay in museum support facilities of this kind is primarily for natural history objects, as it has been demonstrated over the years that the Museum of Natural History/Museum of Man, with its im- mense collections in the natural sciences and in anthropology, is hideously cramped as well as understaffed, and quantities of the objects have been so jammed away as to be rendered virtually inaccessible. The dangers, of course, to such collections are ir- remediable. In any case, there is hope for the future and promise for generations-to-be in understanding and comprehension of the wonders of objects made by the hand of man as well as those created in nature. I like to think of an object, whether it be a sophisticated one from the past made by people enumerated in history, or a natural object, as something which in itself represents a fragment of "the true cross." All of the wonders of nature which surround us, and which are so imperiled today by our own plundering of the planet, deserve constant admiration and respect. It is impossible to think of natural objects as having been created solely for the pleasure of mankind or mankind's own understanding or utility. Rather, like some vast symphony with interwoven themes, the existence of natural objects in nature seems to interact the one with the other, making way over periods of time through evolutionary processes for further intricacies of intercommunication and balance. We tend to overlook or be indifferent to the powers and subtleties of nature as we withdraw more and more into our own cocoons created by technological skills. This is a sadness, for there is so much to learn by example from the harmonies of nature, so much that is benign and potentially an example for cultural and philosophic understanding. Who is there who does not realize that the contemplation of nature unspoiled and capable of its own separate pattern of move- Statement by the Secretary / 11 ment and evolution produces a calming and renewing impression? Most of us like to escape from our beehive-like tombs in which we live and work. For a majority of humankind, technological skills and superior caskets of space in which to exhibit ourselves as in self-contained vitrines are enough, but all of us long for a less inhibiting, less conforming, and less frenetic setting. Perhaps there is no answer to this in the present overpopulated planet, but we could all wish for the possibihty to commune with nature with the stillness and perfection of such creation. Meanwhile, if most of us are deprived from seeing or touching the elements which are part of nature, at least museums and other collections such as the great zoological and botanical gardens can preserve vital segments of the evidence. The pursuit of truth as seen through objects should lead us to revere especially the traditions and the cultures which have pro- duced those objects. Cultures mold us from the instant we are born, making us unconsciously captive within our environment, our living apparatus, and our ways. Cultures vary within communities and will continue to do so for a very long time, as we learn by lessons international or otherwise every day. Cultural homogenization tends not to take — as we should know. The mere observing of cultural variation should teach, should be sufficiently rewarding in itself, a continual object lesson. How should we react? Why should we not accept such variety as part of social diversity, as refreshing as biological diversity itself. We should encourage the creation of a shield against the dis- appearance of present-day existing cultures, alien as some may seem to be to our Western world and to the rapid development of the postindustrial technological age. The preservation of cultures might be an additional shield against natural catastrophe. We are in great danger within the next two generations of losing perhaps one-third of the natural species of the world, known and unknown, among whom we live, and in the process, creating an irreversible tragedy. A major concomitant of life on earth seems to imply that nature adapts through evolution to create increasingly complex states of biological diversity. Surely there is a lesson in this, for if the process is harmed or otherwise seriously affected, we cannot recreate it by any known techno- logical means, including the marvels of genetics still to be. Having 12 / Smithsonian Year 1983 J^k. Renowned sitar musician Imrat Khan and his sons, Nishat and Irshad (at right), along with Shafaat (far left), master of the tabla, provided Smith- sonian Resident Associates with an evening of improvisations on classical Indian ragas. (Photograph by Lillian M. O'Connell) A summer intern with the Office of Elementary and Secondary Education, Scott Graf, stationed at the National Zoo, meets a small-clawed otter face-to- face. (Photograph by Clark Meyer) lost a measure of diversity, we may be sealing our own demise, for in this principle of diversity may lie much of the future and the promise for ourselves. I note in traveling to far places in less-developed countries an essential harmony between people who have always lived on the land, and their surroundings, whether they be in forest or desert or scrub, and who sustain themselves through simple methods of agriculture, by which they thus live in a cooperative state with nature. I note with dismay the vast changes being wreaked upon tropical environments by modern technology. Lumbering and the destruction of forests bring advancing desiccation everywhere. The failure to grasp the principles of soil and water, the balance between agriculture and fallow land, brings on the seemingly inevitable disappearance of the forests themselves (which flourish on poor soils not capable of cultivation) and the resulting problems of erosion, laterization, and diminished rainfall. All of these problems persist in spite of warning and example. Where remedial actions have been taken they seem to exist only in bits and pieces, here and there. The question of minimal space required for the preservation of species is one which still eludes us, for the complex web of species in nature, especially in the tropics, is still only beginning to be unraveled. What we should be cultivating in the world today is not the development of armies equipped with weapons or tech- nological wizardry, but rather a "green army" of people dedicated to environmental understanding and conservation, before it is too late. Much of this impetus towards conservation and environmental preservation is inexorably linked to the presence of a variety of cultures. People living in harmony with nature tend to be the same people who are concerned about preserving cultural tradi- tions. That their children should neglect these concepts or overlook their memories could be fatal for the future. How much of all of this still seems unintelligible to administrators and governments! It would be our hope at the Smithsonian that understanding and respect for the cultural heritage of the majority of the world's peoples today could be a goal to achieve through demonstrations, exhibits, and open education. Such results could perform a service for all humanity. It remains to be seen how long it will be before 14 / Smithsonian Year 1983 governments can understand that the preservation of varieties of cultures is part of the process of environmental balance. Tech- nology transfer is not enough, unless it marches hand in hand with the preservation of indigenous cultures and the accompany- ing environmental stability. The alternative is only failure. Nature as a vast organism is capable of brushing aside many of the by-products of present-day evolved civilization, such as acid rain, mercury content in water, pollution in soils, the effect of pesticides (some of which are quite doted upon by certain insects), and the deterioration of the quality of life which occurs in major urban centers. We are all acquainted with many of the overtones of these aspects of our advanced civilization. It is true, however, that in nature there are still ample means for absorbing and diminishing such effects. The ozone-layer phenomenon appears to be not nearly so significant as thought a few years back, likewise mercury in the water and other scare stories of the time. It is true also that natural phenomena, such as major terrestrial upheavals, volcanoes, earthquakes and their by-products, may well be as significant as much of environmental destruction wreaked by humans. However, we certainly are narrowing the gap. Let us hope only that our new Smithsonian Center for African, Near Eastern, and Asian Cultures can in its own way help to remind people everywhere of the lesson to be learned that conservation in both the cultural and environmental sense is perhaps the dom- inant world problem. Although the main emphasis of the past year has been upon the completion and opening of the Museum Support Center, steady progress has been continuing on the creation of our new Center for African, Near Eastern, and Asian Cultures, which the An- nual Report for 1982 dwelt upon at length. We described there how the Smithsonian was embarking on an expansion on an international scale of our essential motto "for the increase and diffusion of knowledge among men," and I said at that time, "For perhaps the first time in our history, we are . . . [doing this] ... in a spirit of social responsibility as a creative effort to increase under- standing and respect for our neighbors." We are doing this in a novel way, combining the spirit of museums — collections and their Statement by the Secretary / 15 exhibition and research upon them — with the spirit of creativity represented by enactments of hfe at all levels, from folklife through seminars among creative, intellectual, and political leaders. In a sense, the Center will represent a public arena in which an exposi- tion of the cultures of the past will combine with revelations of the rituals and performances of the past and present alike, as well as their preservation for the future. Joseph Henry, the first Secre- tary, said in 1874, "It is a moral obhgation that the present should acknowledge its indebtedness to the past, that it should transmit the knowledge which it has received, purified and increased, as a richer inheritance to the future." In what better way, then, could the Smithsonian assume an obligation towards the future than by showing how we should revere human creativity in the past through the development of culture and taste in objects of all sorts, from the decorative to the utilitarian, and how we should exhibit the persistence and tradi- tions of culture throughout the world. It seems, as I have noted above, that all traditions, especially in the less-developed countries, are disappearing in the face of the onslaughts of modern tech- nology and expertise as rapidly as the dust devils which settle on the edge of the airport after the departure of a jet plane from some remote capital. If no reverence is assigned to that past on which the cultural and intellectual accomplishments of two-thirds of the world's populations have been developed, then how can desired progress ever be assimilated? Support for the financing of the construction of the Center comes to us from Congress and our own notably successful efforts. A major gift of four million dollars and a collection of Asian art valued at well over fifty miUion dollars from Dr. Arthur Sackler was reported last year. Mrs. Enid A. Haupt has pledged support for the reconstruction of the gardens-to-be of the Center with a wonderful three-million-dollar gift. In the February issue of Smith- sonian magazine we appealed directly to our Associates for support of the Center; the results were wonderfully heartening. To date we have received over $1.4 million from that appeal alone, mostly in small donations. Bids for the work were opened in May 1983, and the contract eventually was awarded to the Blake Construction Company for a surprisingly low sum, well within our expectations. Even with the inevitable contingencies and the expected delays 16 / Smithsonian Year 1983 - .Jl Yi i' 'Ji. A dazzling performance by the Rainbow Chinese Dancers was among the 160 pro- grams attended by more than 20,000 visitors at the Renwick Gallery in conjunction with Celebration: A World of Art and Ritual, a major exhibition that included over 600 objects from nine Smithsonian museums. The Office of Museum Programs developed a series of four Museum Career Days to familiarize students with the museum profession. Here, students representing thirteen countries are taken on a behind-the-scenes tour by Edward Lawson, head of the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden's Education Department. More than seventy-five students from the D.C. Public Schools' Multicultural Career Intern Programs took part in these activities. and other problems of equipping the building, we anticipate re- maining within budget, a goal that the Institution has always set itself. If we can adhere to our construction schedule, the Center should be completed sometime in January 1986. Our continuing concern, once we have secured all the necessary construction funds, will be support for the programs for the Center itself, endowment on the one hand for exchange fellowships with the countries of the less-developed world, and on the other hand funds for exhibitions, seminars, festivals of the spirit, communion with all the nations and all their visitors of every description, so that the Center can bloom in intellectual splendor and grace. We are already being asked to submit proposals for continuing funds for endowment and grants in aid for these purposes. In another ten years, I would hazard, that should be the most active as well as ingenious program for cultural interchange in our country. Other major gifts during the past year have come from our National Associates Board members, particularly Gaylord Don- nelley, the Vernon Taylors, Brooks and Hope McCormick, Mary Burke, the James Kempers, Mr. and Mrs. Hadley Stuart, Mr. H. J. Heinz II, Mr. and Mrs. Joe Allbritton, Mrs. Elsie Hillman, Mr. and Mrs. Justin Dart, from foundations such as the Pew Me- morial Trust (especially for continuing educational programs in the Center), the Japan Foundation, and from corporate sources both here and abroad. The response from our Associates, especially their National Board, has been a tribute to their dedication and understanding. (A list of donations is published on pp. 637-57.) In effect, the programs of support for the Center are just beginning. From this person's point of view, the creation of the Center and the response elicited and forthcoming have been the most hearten- ing events at the Smithsonian in the past two years. For indeed these responses have been acts of faith. On June 21, 1983, a date of significance. Chief Justice Burger, as Chancellor of the Smithsonian, and Vice-President Bush, a member of the Board of Regents, joined me in turning the first symbolic shovels of earth at the ground-breaking ceremony for our Center in the four-acre quadrangle area bordered by the Smith- sonian's Castle, the Arts and Industries Building, Independence Avenue, and the Freer Gallery of Art. This was a fitting climax to many years of hard work, meticulous planning, and concrete ex- 18 / Smithsonian Year 1983 pressions of support by the Congress, the previous and present Administrations, and our friends in this country and abroad. It was fitting that as part of this festive ceremony, the many diplo- matic, foreign, and American guests were entertained at a reception by musicians and artists from the vast stretch of the world which will be the focus of the new center. During the year, the Smithsonian, viewed by many as primarily a repository for the principal relics of American culture, demon- strated its links with the world beyond our shores in a dramatic series of other ways. Thus, our interest in Japanese art and culture was highlighted by two exhibitions which opened in February: Japanese Ceramics from Past to Present at the Freer Gallery of Art and Japanese Ceramics Today: Masterworks from the Kikuchi Collection at the Thomas M. Evans Gallery in the National Museum of Natural History/ Museum of Man. The brilliant modern works displayed at the latter museum presented contemporary interpretations of the an- cient traditions exemplified by pieces on view at the Freer. The Evans Gallery, named for a longtime friend of the Institu- tion, was also the location for a major exhibition organized by Islam Centennial 1400, The Heritage of Islam, celebrating the rich- ness and diversity of the Islamic civilization over the centuries. A particularly instructive exhibition. The Silk Route and the Diamond Path, organized in Los Angeles by the Frederick S. Wight Art Gallery, UCLA, came to the Evans Gallery in May 1983. It delineated the connection between commerce and art. The ancient trade routes across the desiccated plateau of central Asia acted as a conduit for religion, cultural and population diffusion, and as a testament to the inevitability of the evidence that traders in the face of all dangers can persist in spreading their culture, their gospels, and their genes along with their goods. Thus it has been apparently throughout human history. An exhibition at the National Museum of African Art presented ceramic art styles and traditions of twenty-eight cultures from nineteen African nations. The exhibition included pottery, figura- tive sculpture, and a variety of functional objects. The oldest ex- amples were terra-cotta animal figures found in southwestern Chad and dated between the nineteenth and eighteenth centuries. The museum also offered African Emblems of Status, a fascinating dis- Statement by the Secretary / 19 play of interest to students of culture as well as to art lovers. The exhibition, including objects representing some forty cultures in fourteen African nations, explored the variety of forms, materials, and art objects created by Africans to identify, honor, and cele- brate individuals of status and achievement. A third exhibition at this imaginative museum focused on the use and significance of color in the arts of thirty-nine African cultures. The Renwick Gallery continued its series of exhibitions and demonstrations, started in 1982, encompassed under the title Celebration: A World of Art and Ritual. The events, which sought to show how different peoples celebrate important events and cycles in their societies, included a St. Patrick's Day live celebra- tion of Irish music and dance. A touch of Scandinavia came to the Renwick by way of the Cooper-Hewitt Museum, the Institution's National Museum of decorative arts and design in New York City. Scandinavian Mod- ern: 1880-1980, a landmark exhibition documenting a remarkable century of creative design in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden, was organized by the Cooper-Hewitt as part of a multi-faceted program called Scandinavia Today and opened at the museum in New York in September 1982. The travehng exhi- bition arrived at the Renwick on July 8, 1983, and was greeted with critical praise, echoing the plaudits it received in New York. There was, of course, much emphasis on living American cul- ture and cultural heritage. Last spring the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden mounted Directions 1983, an exhibition of nearly forty paintings, sculpture, constructed environments, and large- scale drawings by seventeen contemporary artists, together with a program of six films by independent filmmakers. The exhibition, the third in a series initiated by the museum in 1979 to provide a showcase for contemporary art, was organized around four themes: Directional Melodrama, Expressionisms, From the Model, and Real Space Illusion. The varied cultural traditions of the state of New Jersey and the nation of France charmed and surprised visitors to the seven- teenth annual Festival of American Folklife, held on the Mall the last week in June and over the July 4th weekend. From New Jersey came representatives of many ethnic groups and of industries rang- ing from vegetable farming and oyster harvesting to manufactur- 20 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Secretary Ripley and the Amir of Bahrain, Sheik Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa, look at a model of the Mosque of Sulayman the Magnificent at the Heritage of Islam exhibition at the National Museum of Natural History. (Photograph by Dane Pen- land.) Below: Mr. and Mrs. Ripley (at left) meet with the Amir during a visit to Bahrain. At right is Bahrain's Minister of Information, Tariq Al Moayyed. Mr. Ripley discussed the Smithsonian's Center for African, Near Eastern, and Asian Cultures with leaders of Persian Gulf nations. ing of computer parts. Approximately twenty-five participants came from France to share aspects of French regional traditions, music, food, and crafts. French- Americans also participated in the colorful festival. Thus, festival visitors could compare Old World traditions with the New World counterparts, influenced and changed by circumstances in this country. Americans in Brittany and Normandy: 1860-1910 opened at the National Museum of American Art with 118 paintings focusing on the art colonies at Pont Aven in Brittany and Giverny in Nor- mandy, villages which attracted many leading American artists during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. On May 24 the National Portrait Gallery placed on view the Gilbert Stuart "Edgehill" portrait of Thomas Jefferson, which had been purchased jointly in 1982 by the gallery and the Thomas Jefferson Memorial Foundation, owners of Monticello, where the portrait will be exhibited alternately in three-year cycles Other faces from the past were revealed in a mid-winter Portrait Gallery exhibition which was highly praised by critics and public alike. Hollywood Portrait Photographers showcased the mysteri- ous, glamorous, perfected images of screen legends created by skilled photographers during the star-studded decades from 1925 to 1945. The gallery revealed a very different world in October when it unveiled Charles Willson Peale and His World, the first exhibition in this century completely devoted to the creative, inventive, and curious personality who was one of late-eighteenth-century Amer- ica's most accomplished artists, passionate patriots, and pioneering natural scientists. Smithsonian research in broad areas of science continued to flourish to the potential benefit of man and the creatures who share the globe with the human species. One striking example is the work of scientists from the National Museum of Natural History in ex- ploring a heretofore inaccessible and virtually unstudied world, the unseen levels of the tropical forest canopy which rises 100 to 120 feet above the jungle floor. Thanks to revolutionary collecting methods developed by Smithsonian staff, our scientists are learn- ing that the tropical forest canopy is populated by an incredi- ble diversity of insect species — far more than anyone had ever guessed. Dr. Terry Erwin, who heads this research project in Peru, 22 / Smithsonian Year 1983 estimates that there could be as many as 30 miUion species world- wide, not 1.5 million as usually estimated. These pioneering studies have far-reaching implications in a whole range of biological fields, from helping to explain the unparalleled biological richness of the Amazon basin to applications in forestry, agriculture, and medicine. There is also great progress in the related work of the Smithsoni- an Tropical Research Institute in Panama. During the year the Institute received a $1,029,000 grant from the Alton Jones Foun- dation to carry out a series of innovative research projects aimed at developing or improving agricultural methods that will allay destruction of tropical forests. The five-year multidisciplinary proj- ect is aimed at eventually providing methods to supply sufficient food for human populations without damaging the tropical forests. It will include exploring possibilities of new crop species in forest areas, maximizing the reproductive yield of pacas (a native animal) in captivity, managing the green iguana in the wild and the aqua- culture of local fish species, and developing systems of exploiting as food sources the native animals that are not endangered. In May 1983 the National Air and Space Museum published Black Wings: The American Black in Aviation, a pictorial history of the courageous men and women who overcame tremendous odds — financial, political, and social — to pursue their dreams of flight. Most of the photographs had never before been published. The book, which contains a selective bibliography and research guide, grew out of research for the exhibition of the same name which is on view in the museum's Pioneers of Flight Gallery and a related symposium on black flyers of World War II, "The American Black in Aviation: A Decade of Change," held in February 1983. In a development designed to increase the efficiency of our science establishment, two bureatix were merged on July 1, 1983, into a single one, the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, which will focus on the environment from both the molecular and whole-organisms point of view. The consolidated center results from the merging of the Radiation Biology Laboratory, located in Rockville, Maryland, and the Chesapeake Bay Center for Environ- mental Studies, located in Edgewater, Maryland, near Annapolis. It is directed by Dr. William H. Klein, former director of rbl. In the meantime, research activities continued both in Rockville Statement by the Secretary / 23 and Edgewater. At the Chesapeake Bay facility, David L. Correll, a biochemist, has been studying the phenomenon called acid rain for nearly ten years. Correll is among the few scientists who have made direct, long-term measurements of rainfall pH. His studies show that, in the last eight years, the mean annual acidity of bulk rainfall at his monitoring station in Edgewater has increased nearly five-fold. There was sadness and yet hope at the Smithsonian's National Zoological Park. For the first time. Ling Ling, the National Zoo's beloved female panda, gave birth to a cub on July 21, but the baby died some three hours after the birth. Nonetheless, zoo scientists pointed out to reporters at a crowded news conference that Ling Ling at long last had succeeded in becoming pregnant and in giving birth. They noted, as well, that the giant panda had treated her baby son with proper, caring maternal attention and that it is not unusual for first-time mothers in the animal kingdom to lose their offspring. "We're hopeful," acting nzp director Dr. Christen Wem- mer said, "that next year a cub will survive." One of the most intriguing events of this eventful year in the Institution's life came when production began on a major tele- vision series, "Smithsonian World." This seven-part series of one- hour programs, coproduced by the Smithsonian with weta-tv, the Washington public television station, was made possible by a generous grant from the McDonnell Foundation of St. Louis. The programs will explore a variety of major concepts — light, for ex- ample— in a variety of ways. We are fortunate in having been able to secure the services of writer/historian David McCullough, au- thor of The Great Bridge and The Path Between the Seas, as host of the series, and of the distinguished television producer Martin Carr as executive producer. In a significant development, phase one of our massive inventory project has been completed. This has been a major accomplishment indeed. The inventory has taken five years, cost $8,000,000, and has been the first thorough tabulation of the Smithsonian's col- lections since the founding of the Institution 137 years ago. Completed precisely on time, the "great counting," as it has been called, showed that the Smithsonian holdings now include some 100 million artifacts and specimens, millions more than our highest preceding estimate. The staff has now begun the second or "recon- ciHation" phase of the inventory, matching preexisting records 24 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Ling-Ling, the National Zoo's female giant panda, with her cub, born July 23, 1983. Unfortunately, the cub, a male, died not long after its birth. At the ribbon-cutting ceremony opening the new library of the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute on April 7, 1983, were (left to right) Dr. David Challinor, Smithsonian Assistant Secretary for Science; His Excellency Juan Jose Amado III, Minister of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Panama; His Excellency Dr. Caspar Garcia de Paredes (cutting the ribbon). Minister of Health, Republic of Panama; and Dr. Ira Rubinoff, director of the Institute. against the new inventory findings and searching out either records or objects that appear to be missing or out of place. Smithsonian Press continues to produce a variety of creative and informative pubHcations. Among the works published in 1983 is The Muses Flee Hitler, an examination of the mass exodus of intel- lectuals from Europe during the Nazi regime. The volume includes twenty contributions by participants in the 1980 colloquium of the same name, organized by the Institution's Office of Symposia and Seminars in honor of the centennial of the birth of Albert Einstein, perhaps the most famous such refugee. Another Smithsonian publication focuses on a much broader span of history — and prehistory. Thread of Life: The Smithsonian Looks at Evolution, published in 1982, the centenary year of Charles Darwin's death, delves into evolutionary biology to reveal not only the story of life on Earth but also the history of evolution as a fundamental scientific idea. The twenty-fifth anniversary of the space age was marked in 1983 by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory and the Na- tional Air and Space Museum, both of which are involved in research into space exploration and its documentation. Sao success- fully completed a balloon flight of a far-infrared spectrometer and telescope for spectral analysis of the molecular constituents of the Earth's atmosphere. Four new Regents' Fellows were named in May 1983: Sir David R. Bates, professor of theoretical physics. Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, Queen's University of Bel- fast, Northern Ireland; Dr. J. B. Burch, professor of biological science and curator of mollusks. University of Michigan; Dr. Thomas A. Sebeok, distinguished professor of linguistics and semiotics and professor of anthropology, Indiana University; and Dr. Ernest E. Williams, Alexander Agassiz professor of zoology at Harvard University. The Regents' Fellowships were established in 1980 to encourage outstanding scholars and research scientists to participate in the research, curatorial, and educational programs of the Smithsonian. Through the fellows' publications, the program contributes to the Institution's traditional objective of the "increase and diffusion of knowledge." This year we awarded the first of the James E. Webb Fellow- ships, established in 1982 in honor of Mr. Webb on his retirement 26 / Smithsonian Year 1983 from the Smithsonian Board of Regents. The fellowships are offered for the promotion of excellence in the management of cul- tural and scientific not-for-profit institutions, and three of the four recipients are Smithsonian employees. In the nearly twenty years since 1 initiated the Institution's domestic and foreign fellowship programs under Charles Blitzer and William Warner, the Smithsonian has become an academic crossroads, a major national force, counting some fourteen fellow- ship programs and internships including those stimulated by the dynamic Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars and the Kennan Institute. Crucial to much of this work in the international field have been the foreign currency accounts granted to us each year by the Con- gress from holdings held in U.S. Treasury agreements. Now, fol- lowing the closing of the Egyptian account comes word of the imminent reduction of the Indian rupee account, and its final ter- mination in fiscal year 1985. The opening of new realms of inter- national understanding in Asia, the Middle East, and Africa, pre- saged by the development of our Center for African, Near Eastern, and Asian Cultures, which I have described in these pages, can be crippled drastically unless the novel and imaginative years of inter- national exchange organized by our Institution are recognized for what they represent, new avenues of understanding between peo- ples. Let the Administrations of the future and the Congress ponder these pioneering efforts and reflect on how much the Smith- sonian has accomplished in human terms at how small a cost. These programs are a model for the future and we hope to com- mission a volume report for their twentieth anniversary. In 1853 an article in The Ohio Cultivator (vol. 9, p. 250) de- scribed the Smithsonian Institution, "endowed with a princely munificence" (a popular myth for the struggling young organiza- tion), as an intellectual humbug. The Institution was characterized as "Lying in State," insensate, paralyzed, "a political hospital for the hungry pensioners of government." If such a calumny could be visited upon us in 1853 (and if the statement was even noticed, I feel sure it would have been vigorously rebutted by Professor Joseph Henry), let me say at once that I believe the value of our unique and noble Institution has been shown in many ways. One of the more obvious ones is that the preservation of collections. Statement by the Secretary / 27 of objects, is a salient road to the truth, demonstrating many new facets of experience and human understanding. If our goal can be to explicate the truth in the preservation of relics, of true matter, then we shall have succeeded. In this sometimes unfashionable pursuit, undertaken by erstwhile unconventional scholars, let us relive the American experience to remind us of our hard-won birth- right— to point the way to the enjoyment of our rights as citizens of the world, in that world's only environment, our temporary home, our sole stopping place short of the stars. The saddest moments in the year came with the news that our good friends and wonderful Regents Nancy Hanks and Senator Scoop Jackson had died. The Regents adopted their own resolution in tribute to them, and the staff in both instances was simply numbed with grief. Different as they may have been, both were stalwarts in everything they did — as the nation, indeed the world, knew well. The presence of these lustrous Regents will long be felt at our In- stitution, one which we are proud to say they both loved so much. As in the past, throughout the year we found ourselves adjust- ing to a variety of changes in personnel. Charles Blitzer, seventeen years at the Smithsonian and our imaginative, energetic, and ac- complished Assistant Secretary for History and Art since 1968, accepted the directorship of the National Humanities Center in North Carolina. We had the good fortune of having on hand the acting director of the National Museum of African Art, Dr. John E. Reinhardt — formerly director of the International Communica- tion Agency, Ambassador to Nigeria, foreign service officer, and professor of English — who agreed to serve as Charles's successor. Similarly, we were fortunate to have Edward F. Rivinus as acting director of Public Service for a number of months, and then to be able to appoint Ralph Rinzler, director of the Folklife Office for many years, as the new Public Service Assistant Secretary. We have also had a number of changes in our museum and bureau leadership. Sylvia Williams, formerly the curator of Afri- can, Oceanic, and Primitive Art at the Brooklyn Museum, became the new director of the National Museum of African Art, while Dr. Roy Sieber, formerly a professor at Indiana University and curator of African and ethnographic arts there, was appointed associate director for Collections and Research at the museum. William Woolfenden retired after nineteen years as director of the 28 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Mrs. Elliot Richardson, chairman of the Reading Is Fundamental Board of Directors, shares a book with a friend at the new Kenneth L. Pollock Children's Wing of the Osterhout Library in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania. Mrs. Richardson spoke at the dedi- cation of the wing (Photograph by Ken Bizzigotti. Courtesy of Wide World Photos). Below: Teachers in the Office of Elementary and Secondary Education's national sem- inar, "Teaching Writing Using Museums and Other Community Resources," develop materials at the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden. Archives of American Art, and we were fortunate to find Dr. Richard N. Murray, formerly director of the Birmingham (Ala- bama) Museum of Art, as his successor. Walter Boyne, a staff member of the National Air and Space Museum, was named direc- tor; and Dr. Irwin Shapiro, formerly of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, was appointed director of the Center for Astro- physics, succeeding George Field who has returned to research and teaching. Dr. Theodore H. Reed has retired from the directorship of the National Zoological Park, where he has served for twenty- eight years, and Robert Organ retired as director of the Conserva- tion Analytical Laboratory after sixteen years of Smithsonian service. We will be forever in debt to the aforementioned retirees and countless other Smithsonian staff who have moved on, just as we delight in seeing their successors settle in and bring fresh perspec- tives to their jobs. Knowing these and many other staff, I continue to delight in the truism that this Institution has long owed its greatness to a formidable cadre of talented, interested, and dedi- cated "Smithsonians," as we call ourselves. The Board of Regents The first meeting of the Board of Regents was held on January 24, 1983, and opened with a warm and solemn tribute to Nancy Hanks, the late Regent. The Regents expressed their deep regret at the loss to the Institution by her death on January 7, recalling her splendid contributions to the arts and the Smithsonian. The Audit and Review Committee reported on its joint meeting with the Personnel Committee on October 7, 1982. The commit- tees discussed the Chesapeake Bay Center for Environmental Stud- ies, draft Standards of Conduct, the Institution's tax status, the 30 / Smithsonian Year 1983 review of the gem collections, and the deficit in the Division of Performing Arts. The Personnel Committee reported that it had found no conflict of interest whatsoever in the financial interests statements of the executive staff. The Treasurer, Mr. Hohenlohe, presented a report on the net operating funds for fiscal year 1982 and the federal appropriations for fiscal year 1983. He also discussed the Office of Management and Budget's allowance for fiscal year 1984. He noted that the level of contributions to the Institution over the past four years, exclusive of gifts for the Quadrangle, more than doubled from $2.5 million to $5.6 million. The Assistant Secretary for Administration, Mr. Jameson, intro- duced the current Prospectus, FY 1984-1988 by summarizing the process over the last four years. Comparing actual developments with those anticipated, he noted success in collections manage- ment, acquisition of new facilities for research and public use, pub- lications, museum security, and development of the trust fund endowment, with less success realized in building support for basic research, a priority of the current Prospectus. After discussion, the Regents approved the proposed Prospectus. The October 2, 1982, Continuing Resolution contained an ap- propriation of $36.5 million for Quadrangle construction, and in accordance with the Regents' resolution of September 20, 1982, the Chancellor certified on behalf of the Board that trust funds are available for construction. In order to permit the Institution to accept quickly a favorable bid, the Board authorized the Secre- tary to accept a General Services Administration contract within the estimates for the construction. The Secretary reported that construction of the Museum Sup- port Center was virtually complete at year's end. Security and in- formation systems, laboratory equipment, and some collection- storage equipment will be installed prior to program and collection occupancy. A special task force has been planning for the reloca- tion of collections and personnel to the center, and Mr. Ripley added that all museums are expected to complete "baseline" inven- tories in 1983. The Secretary announced that the Smithsonian is seeking to purchase four acres as a site for the headquarters of the Whipple Observatory. The Secretary also observed that the more intensive Statement by the Secretary / 31 use of the Barro Colorado Island for science, under agreements relating to the 1979 Panama Canal Treaty, the pressures of infla- tion, and the need for improvements, has made the existing spend- ing limit unrealistic. He suggested that this anomalous statutory limit be eliminated. After discussion, the Regents requested their Congressional members to introduce and support legislation to effect these purposes. The Secretary reported that, occasioned by the prospective move to the Museum Support Center and into the Quadrangle, as well as the escalating costs of leasing office and industrial/ storage spaced a comprehensive review has been undertaken to study the most appropriate use of Institution space, to improve functional rela- tionships among units, and to return space to public use. In a general exploration of opportunities, the Institution has reaffirmed interest in the International Trade Commission Building adjacent to the National Museum of American Art and Portrait Gallery. The Regents voted to appoint Regent Senator Edwin J. "Jake" Garn as Chairman of the Commission of the National Portrait Gallery and Mr. Robert O. Anderson as a commission member. As recommended by the Commission of the National Museum of American Art, the Regents amended the bylaws of the commission to ensure more frequent rotation of membership, reappointed cur- rent members toward that end, and appointed Messrs. R. Crosby Kemper and David S. Purvis to the commission. The Secretary announced that Mr. Arthur Ross, a member of the Cooper-Hewitt Council and frequent supporter of the museum's exhibition program, has made a seminal pledge toward the capital fund drive to raise $20 million for a new wing at the Cooper- Hewitt, and the Regents resolved that a gallery in the new facility would bear his name. In other actions, the Regents voted to award the Langley Medal to H. Ross Perot, Jr., and Jay Coburn in recog- nition of the significance of their circumnavigation of the world in a helicopter, September 1-30, 1982. The Regents also congratu- lated the Secretary on receipt of the Order of the Sacred Treasure from the Government of Japan. The Secretary presented status re- ports on personnel, equal opportunity and affirmative action, other major construction projects, legislation, litigation, the management of the Front Royal deer population, the sale of the Beatles' Rolls Royce, and television. 32 / Smithsonian Year 1983 The traditional Regents' dinner was held on Sunday evening, January 23, 1983, in the National Portrait Gallery and the National Museum of American Art. The Secretary presented to Charles Blitzer the Gold Medal for Exceptional Service. The Chancellor called the second meeting of the Board of Regents to order on May 9, 1983. The Executive Committee, serving as the search committee for the new Regent from the District of Colum- bia, recommended Mrs. Jeannine Smith Clark in view of her long association with the Smithsonian as a volunteer and her past chair- manship of the Women's Committee. The Regents agreed to ask their Congressional members to introduce and support legislation to appoint her for the statutory term of six years. John Paul Austin resigned as a Regent for reasons of health and the Regents voted to confer the title of Regent Emeritus on him. The Chancellor asked the Executive Committee to serve as a search committee to identify potential Regents to fill the vacancy on the Board. In an executive session the Secretary thanked the Regents for their past support and outlined his aspirations for completing Quadrangle fundraising, launching a Quadrangle-related endow- ment drive, and guiding the early programming for the Quad- rangle. The Regents were most appreciative of the Secretary's con- cern for the future of the Institution and the Quadrangle in par- ticular, and they expressed boundless gratitude for his accomplish- ments. To ensure an orderly transition, the Regents asked the Sec- retary to retain full Secretarial authority until his seventy-first birthday in September 1984, and it was agreed that the Regents would immediately form a Search Committee. The Audit and Review Committee reported that on February 24, 1983, it discussed the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, the development of the Office of Information Resource Management, and Coopers and Lybrand's first consolidated audit of the Institu- tion's appropriated and trust funds for fiscal year 1982. The Treasurer reported on the status of the fiscal year 1983 trust and appropriated funds and on the fiscal year 1984 appropriation hearings in the House and Senate. The Investment Policy Com- mittee reported that on April 27, 1983, it reviewed investment per- formance and strategy with the Institution's three investment man- agers, noting that the endowment funds have continued to out- perform the market averages. The Regents approved the total re- Statement by the Secretary / 33 turn income payout in fiscal year 1984 as recommended by the committee and thanked Mr. Burden for his extraordinary guidance in managing the Institution's endowment funds. The Secretary reported on utiHty relocations in the Quadrangle, final design details, and the schedule for opening bids on May 17 and for a ground-breaking ceremony on June 21. After reviewing present commitments to the Quadrangle, he noted that the cor- porate campaign has begun with the help of members of the Na- tional Board of the Smithsonian Associates. Mr. Hadley Griffin, Chairman of the National Board, discussed the fund-raising activi- ties and praised the Secretary's effectiveness in describing the urgent need for the Quadrangle. The Secretary reported on his visits to foreign nations for the cultivation of Quadrangle support and announced that the firm of Brakeley, John Price Jones Inc., will assist in raising funds for Quadrangle endowment and pro- gram components. In recognition of Mrs. Enid A. Haupt's out- standing generosity and interest in the design and implementation of the garden, the Board named the garden area in her honor. The Secretary described the revised standards of conduct for Smithsonian employees, which he had recently approved, and the Regents endorsed the Secretary's actions. The Secretary reported that at the Regents' request the staff updated an earlier study on museum visitation and parking needs. Estimating that visitors will exceed 40 million annually by the year 2000, the staff observed the need for long-range planning and noted that a Smithsonian Transportation Coordinator has been appointed to develop with other agencies a variety of low-capital-cost solutions. The once- proposed construction of an underground Mall garage would not be self-liquidating under current estimates. The Secretary discussed a AXariety of status reports, including the merger of the Radiation Biolog^y Laboratory and the Chesapeake Bay Center for Environmental Studies, personnel and reorganiza- tion. Museum Support Center and inventory of collections, other major construction projects, space planning, legislation, litigation, management of the Front Royal deer population, the Hirshhorn bequest, and television. The traditional Regents' Dinner was held in the National Air and Space Museum on May 8. The Chancellor presented Langley Medals to H. Ross Perot, Jr., and Jay Coburn. 34 / Smithsonian Year 1983 The Chancellor opened the third meeting of the year on Sep- tember 19, 1983, by welcoming the new Regents, Senator James R. Sasser and Mrs. Clark. The Regents then mourned the sudden death of Senator Jackson, adopting a formal resolution in his memory. As recommended by the Executive Committee, the Regents nominated Mr. Samuel C. Johnson of Racine, Wisconsin, as a Regent, noting his interest in the Institution through his membership on the National Board of Smithsonian Associates and his support of the Cooper-Hewitt Museum. The Regents' Search Committee reported on its meetings and the steps taken to solicit nominations and address issues regarding criteria and attributes for the new Secretary. It was noted that the heartwarming and encouraging response to the committee's request for nominations and thoughts about the position has indeed re- flected the work of the Secretary and the importance of the Insti- tution in Washington and throughout the nation. The Audit and Review Committee had met on May 19, 1983, and discussed the Institution's major television project, "Smith- sonian World," other television and film projects, improvements in the review of employees' annual statements of financial interests, and Coopers and Lybrand's 1982 Report to Management. The Treasurer reported that the Institution received a supple- mental appropriation for increased pay costs in fiscal year 1983. He also reported on the status of the Institution's fiscal year 1984 budget request, noting the effects of House and Senate recommen- dations. He projected that net income from Unrestricted General Trust Funds in fiscal year 1984 would decline slightly from the fiscal year 1983 level, but remain ahead of earher estimates. As in prior years, administration costs and program growth have been held to a minimum and the Regents approved the trust fund bud- get for fiscal year 1984. The Regents also approved a request of $207 million in federal appropriations for submission to the Office of Management and Budget for fiscal year 1985, including in- creases for salaries and expenses, for renovation and improvement of the Institution's facilities, for planning costs associated with the repair and renovation of the General Post Office Building, and for excess foreign currencies. Mr. Jameson highlighted the draft of the Five- Year Prospectus for fiscal years 1985-1989. In discussion it was suggested that Statement by the Secretary / 35 more pan-Institutional emphasis should be given to studies of the national collections, and the Regents were encouraged to make additional suggestions. The draft will be revised to incorporate the Regents' suggestions and updated budget figures. After discussion of their policy on public and Congressional information, the Regents issued a press release announcing their intention to continue to meet in executive session. The statement reviewed the Regents' prior discussions, emphasizing the Regents' conviction that their actions should be communicated openly and widely to the Congress, press, and public. Toward that end a rep- resentative of the Regents will appear with the staff at the post- meeting briefing, an agenda for the meeting will be distributed to the press at that time, and a summary of the proceedings will be routinely supplied to the press and interested Congressional committees as soon as practicable after each meeting. This policy will be reviewed periodically by the Regents. The Secretary noted that subsequent to the bids opened on May 17 the General Services Administration awarded a Quad- rangle construction contract to the Blake Construction Company. He recited the administrative responsibilities which will be shared by the GSA, the architects, and Smithsonian staff, and reported that the contractors are expected to complete the building by January 20, 1986. A possible Congressional rescission from the construction appropriation was discussed, and it was noted that the full appropriation will almost certainly be required in future years for completion of all construction, finishing, and furnishing. The Secretary described recent actions in the Senate and House Public Works Committees which would direct the GSA to transfer the General Post Office Building to the Smithsonian without reim- bursement, contingent upon GSA locating suitable space for the current occupants, the International Trade Commission. He pointed out that the building would be used for expanded public activities in the National Museum of American Art, the National Portrait Gallery, and the Archives of American Art. The Regents recorded their support in principle for efforts made in the Congress. The Secretary reported that he has decided to restore all museum restaurant operations to concession. He added that preliminary plans have been conceived for a ground-floor addition on the east terrace of the National Air and Space Museum Building for an enlarged public restaurant in lieu of the current facility which, due 36 / Smithsonian Year 1983 to its location and size, has proven inadequate for the large num- bers of visitors to the museum. Preliminary reviews have indicated that all construction costs will be recovered from revenues to the concessionaire. The Regents approved the preliminary plans in principle and authorized the Secretary to conduct further planning. The Regents received a report indicating that it will be impera- tive to relocate the Garber facility near an active, major airfield with sufficient space for anticipated requirements. After four years of study, Dulles Airport had emerged as the only local facility to meet all necessary criteria. The Institution has received informal indications of support from the Federal Aviation Administration, state and county authorities, local citizens, and the aviation com- munity. The Regents expressed confidence in the project. As proposed by Mr. Hadley Griffin, Chairman of the National Board of Smithsonian Associates, the Regents established the Order of James Smithson to recognize and encourage extraordi- narily important contributions to the work of the Smithsonian. The Secretary and the Regents also discussed status reports on personnel, the Museum Support Center and collections manage- ment, other major construction projects, legislation, litigation, the International Exchange Service, and television and film. The Secre- tary reported that the Institution has been invited to send an exhibition to the August 1984 Edinburgh Festival. Regents, Re- gents Emeritus, and members of the National Board of Smithsonian Associates might constitute an official delegation to accompany the exhibition. By coincidence, this v/ould mark the 200th anniversary of a tour of the Highlands taken by James Smithson, William Thornton, and a French abbe tutor at the suggestion of Benjamin Franklin. In response to the Regents' enthusiasm, the Secretary agreed to explore the matter and report further at the next meeting. The traditional Regents' Dinner was held in the Arts and Indus- tries Building on Sunday evening, September 18, 1983. The Chan- cellor welcomed the new Regents, Senator Sasser and Mrs. Clark, and Mr. Ripley presented to the Treasurer, Christian C. Hohen- lohe, on his leaving the Institution, the Gold Medal for Excep- tional Service. In his acceptance remarks, Mr. Hohenlohe enumer- ated the vast changes that had occurred in the income coming into the Institution, in the increase in the endowments by more than six-fold, and in the relative improved proportions of federal to trust fund support of the total budget in the past nineteen years. Statement by the Secretary / 37 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION OPERATING FUNDS Fiscal Years 1965, 1975, 1980, 1982, 1983 (In $l,OO0,O0O's) FUNDS PROVIDED Auxiliary and Bureau Activities Expenses Unrestricted Net — Trust Funds Nonappropriated Trust Funds (Gross Revenues) Federal Grants and Contracts . Federal Appropriations 1965 1975 1980 1982 1983 FUNDS APPLIED ~^ To Plant and Endowment Auxiliary and Bureau Activities Expenses Administration and Facilities Services ii Special Programs Museum Programs Public Service History and Art 1965 1975 1980 1982 1983 Smithsonian Institution • ip8^ FINANCIAL REPORT CHRISTIAN C. HOHENLOHE, TREASURER Summary: The Smithsonian continued to enjoy broad-based finan- cial stability in fiscal year 1983, with increased resources from a variety of sources sufficient for ongoing activities as well as for certain program enhancements. Generous support was received both from the Administration and the Congress as well as from the Institution's extended constituency of donors. Associates, and visitors. The bar chart on the facing page illustrates the sources and application of the Institution's operating funds in fiscal year 1983 and previous years. As in the past, the wide range of Smith- sonian activities in research and exhibits, in public education and outreach, was supported by this mix of funding from federal ap- propriations, from gifts and investments, and from earned reve- nues. The accomplishments of the Institution during the year and its progress toward future goals are described elsewhere in this volume; what should be noted here is the gratitude of the Institu- tion to those whose financial assistance has made these activities possible. Secretary Ripley's retirement in September 1984 will mark the completion of some twenty years of service. These two decades represent a period of remarkable growth for the Institution, par- ticularly as measured by the increase of its financial resources. To give appropriate perspective on current operations, the bar chart begins with the budget of the Institution in fiscal year 1965, the first full year of Secretary Ripley's incumbency. From operating revenues of some $30 million in fiscal year 1965, the budget has risen nine-fold to $278 million this past year. While much of the growth, particularly in very recent years, has been inflationary, 39 the greater part has resulted from new programs and from expan- sion of existing activities. Major museum faciUties, and the appro- priations to conduct their programs, have been acquired or built, including the National Air and Space Museum, the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, the Cooper-Hewitt Museum, the National Museum of African Art, the Renwick Gallery, and the Museum Support Center. Of prime importance in increasing nonappropriated trust funds has been the creation of the Associate programs and the Smith- sonian magazine, as well as the development of other revenue- generating auxiliary activities. With remarkable consistency, these years have brought both program growth and financial stability. The balance of appropriated and nonappropriated funds which has been achieved by the Secretary provides both strength and flexi- bility in meeting new challenges to the Institution, and the main- tenance of this broad base will be critical in the years ahead. Total federal appropriations to the Institution were $195,756,000 in fiscal year 1983, including $147,256,000 for operations. In the continuing context of federal budget restraint, this represented a high degree of backing from the Congress and the Executive Branch for the Smithsonian's work. The operating appropriation provides the basis for most of the Institution's continuing programs in research, exhibits, and collections management, together with the necessary supporting services; funds were made available to carry on these programs, to cover inflationary increases, and to advance certain high priorities, such as the initial movement of collections to the Museum Support Center and the upgrading of security equipment. Following on a planning appropriation the prior year, Congress provided construction funds of $36.5 million for the Quadrangle, the Center for African, Near Eastern, and Asian Cultures, which will be financed on a matching basis with nonappropriated funds. With this federal commitment toward the project, and with substantial progress toward securing the non- federal funds, construction on the project was begun. While the federal appropriation provides the essential base sup- port of the Institution, nonappropriated trust funds enrich our programs and encourage their outreach to greater segments of the public. These revenues, largely from the Associate programs and other auxiliary activities, increased handsomely over last year, 40 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Table 1. Financial Summary (In $l,OOOs) FY 1981 FY 1982 FY 1983 INSTITUTIONAL OPERATING FUNDS FUNDS PROVIDED: Federal Appropriations — Salaries & Expense? $122,478 $131,170 $147,256 Federal Agency Grants & Contracts 14,172 13,217 13,125 Nonappropriated Trust Funds : For Restricted Purposes 6,378 6,821 9,162 For Unrestricted & Special Purposes: Auxiliary & Bureau Activities Revenues — Gross . . . 88,381 Less Related Expenses (75,924) Auxiliary & Bureau Activities Net Revenue 12,457 Investment, Gift, & Other Income 4,887 Total Net Unrestricted & Special Purpose Revenue 17,344 Total Nonappropriated Trust Funds* — Gross 99,646 —Net 23,722 Total Operating Funds Provided — Gross 236,296 —Net $160,372 FUNDS APPLIED: Science $ 62,703 Less SAO Overhead Recovery (2,470) History & Art 25,614 Public Service 3,421 Museum Programs 8,084 Special Programs 7,284 Associates & Business Management 312 Administration — Federal** 8,782 — Nonappropriated Trust Funds 5,740 Less Smithsonian Overhead Recovery (5,014) Facilities Services 36,501 Total Operating Funds Applied 150,957 Transfers (Nonappropriated Trust Funds) Unrestricted Funds — To Plant 2,550 — To Endowment 2,550 Restricted Funds — To Endowment 108 Total Operating Funds Applied & Transferred Out .... $156,165 CHANGES IN NONAPPROPRIATED TRUST FUND BALANCES: Restricted Purpose (Incl. Fed. Agency Gr. & Contracts) $ 1,276 Unrestricted — General Purpose 42 — Special Purpose 2,704 Total $ 4,022 YEAR-END BALANCES— NONAPPROPRIATED TRUST FUNDS: Restricted Purpose $ 5,951 Unrestricted — General Purpose 5,043 — Special Purpose 12,599 Total $ 23,593 OTHER FEDERAL APPROPRIATIONS Special Foreign Currency Program $ 3,650 Construction ' 15,829 Total Federal Appropriations (Incl. S&E above) $141,957 97,350 104,129 (88,596) (89,397) 8,754 14,732 4,808 4,302 13,562 19,034 108,979 117,593 20,383 28,196 253,366 277,974 $164,770 $188,577 $ 64,837 $ 68,895 (2,487) (2,264) 26,762 30,979 3,782 2,843 8,539 9,702 9,533 13,342 543 1,057 9,719 11,032 5,733 7,226 (5,338) (6,331) 39,327 43,653 160,950 180,134 1,064 2,069 2,259 3,084 318 637 $164,591*' " $185,924 $ (45) $ 1,765 5 28 404 860 $ 364 $ 2,653 $ 5,906 $ 7,671 5,048 5,076 13,003 13,863 $ 23,957 $ 26,610 $ 4,320 $ 2,000 9,744 46,500 $145,234 $195,756 •Figures do not include gifts and other income directly to Plant and Endowment Funds: FY 1981— $2,696,000; FY 1982-$2,197,000; FY 1983-$15,048,000. **Includes unobligated funds returned to Treasury: FY 1981— $64,000; FY 1982— $124,000; FY 1983- $62,000. ***Includes $185,000 available for FDR Centennial carried forward from FY 1981. indicating broad approval of the Institution's efforts and ensuring their continuation. Gifts and grants from individuals, foundations, corporations, and Associates for operating projects as well as the Quadrangle also grew to a new level. The net revenues from non- appropriated sources permitted increased support to some activi- ties, such as the Fellowship Program, as well as a greater transfer of funds to endowment, pursuant to the high priority of the Board of Regents on developing these permanent funds. In this regard, the substantial investment return of the Institution's en- dowment funds further increased security for the future. Operating Funds — Sources and Application The overall operating budget of the Smithsonian grew by 10 per- cent in the past year, from $253,366,000 in fiscal year 1982 to $277,974,000 in fiscal year 1983, As shown in Table 1, these oper- ating revenues were derived 53 percent from federal appropria- tions, 42 percent from nonappropriated sources, and 5 percent from federal agency grants and contracts. Net operating funds, exclusive of the expenses of the non- appropriated auxiliary and bureau activities, grew by $23,807,000, and were derived 7S percent from federal appropriations, 15 per- cent from nonappropriated sources, and 7 percent from federal agency grants and contracts. Table 2 outlines the application of these funds by all Smithsonian bureaux, with supporting detail in the following tables. VEDERAL APPROPRIATION Federal appropriations represent the largest single source of funds available to the Institution and provide the core support for the Institution's programs in basic research, care, and exhibition of the National Collections, education and publication programs, as well as the maintenance and protection of the buildings. In fiscal year 1983, federal support for the Institution's operating programs totaled $147,256,000, an increase of $16 million, or 12 percent, over the previous year. Inflationary costs in utilities, sal- aries, communications and other costs accounted for over $9 million of this increase; the balance was applied to a variety of require- 42 / Smithsonian Year 1983 ments primarily related to strengthening the care and security of the collections and buildings. Some $2.2 million was devoted to moving and operating costs associated with the occupancy of the recently completed Museum Support Center. An additional $2.5 million was provided for the replacement of obsolete security equipment, for the conversion of volatile nitrate photographic negatives to archival-quality film, and for contractual services required for the proper maintenance of Smithsonian facilities. Other increases included support for improvements to the multiple mirror telescope at the Whipple Observatory in Arizona, for phased automation of library services, and for production of a film commemorating the signing of the Treaty of Paris. At the initiation of Congress, an amount of $1 million was also received for award to the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in support of the activities of the National Symphony Orchestra as the resi- dent orchestra of the Center. FEDERAL AGENCY GRANTS AND CONTRACTS Grants and contracts from federal agencies, a significant source of support for the Institution's research activities, totaled $13,125,000 in fiscal year 1983, a slight decline from the previous year. As in past years, the majority of these funds were provided by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) for re- search programs at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. Important projects underway in fiscal year 1983 included the de- velopment of a high-resolution Imager for the Roentgen Satellite, study of the solar corona and its effects on Earth, a program to analyze data provided by the Viking Satellite, and the satellite tracking program. In addition to support received from NASA, $3.5 million was received from other government agencies, primarily the Depart- ment of Defense and the National Science Foundation. Examples of the diverse programs supported by grant and contract funds include development of guidelines for the conservation and man- agement of wild primates, the collection of biological specimens from the outer continental shelf, support for the 1983 Festival of American Folklife, and a study to improve student attitudes toward science-related careers. financial Report / 43 Table 2. Source and Application of Operating Funds Year Ended September 30, 1983 (Excludes Special Foreign Currency Funds, Plant Funds and Endowments) (In $l,OOOs) Federal funds Nonfederal Funds Total non- federal funds Unrestricted Restricted Funds Aux- iliary activi- General ties Spe- cial pur- pose Grants and con- General tracts FUND BALANCES— 10/1/82 FUNDS PROVIDED Federal Appropriations Investment Income Grants and Contracts Gifts Sales and Revenue $ — 147,256 $ 23,957 $ 5,048 $ — 6,146 2,489 — 13,125 — — 7,769 24 2,171 101,958 — 98,826 1,720 46 — $13,003 686 155 3,132 902 $ 5,719 $ 187 2,971 — — 13,125 5,419 — Other 772 — Total Provided . Total Available FUNDS APPLIED 147,256 130,718 2,559 100,997 4,875 9,162 13,125 $147,256 $154,675 $ 7,607 $100,997 $17,878 $14,881 $13,312 Science: Assistant Secretary . $ 372 $ 381 $ 62 $ — $ 31 $ 101 $ 187 Natl. Mus. of Nat. History/ Museum of Man 18,148 3,259 306 613 1,362 978 Astrophysical Observatory . . 6,649 13,928 2,268 — 609 155 10,896 Less Overhead Recovery . . — (2,264) (2,264) — — — — Tropical Research Institute . . 3,155 362 71 — 91 181 19 Environmental Rsch. Center . 3,170 626 73 — 133 39 381 Natl. Air & Space Museum . . 7,184 2,648 5 — 2,408 122 113 Natl. Zoological Park 10,042 48,720 377 7 — 112 3,997 82 2,042 176 Total Science 19,317 528 — 12,750 History and Art: Assistant Secretary 374 102 97 — 5 — — Natl. Mus. of Am. History . . 9,530 920 90 — 355 472 3 Natl. Mus. of American Art . 4,186 795 26 — 667 104 (2) Natl. Portrait Gallery 3,085 327 45 — 118 164 — Hirshhorn Museum 2,705 140 9 — 62 69 — Center for Asian Art 913 1,423 52 — 52 1,319 — Archives of American Art . . . 679 768 1 — 1 766 — Cooper-Hewitt Museum .... 805 2,275 527 — 1,151 549 48 Natl. Mus. of African Art . . . 934 1,053 206 — 888 (41) — Anacostia Museum 700 34 29 — 3 2 — Total History and Art . 23,911 7,837 1,082 — 3,302 3,404 49 Table 2. Source and Application of Operating Funds — continued Year Ended September 30, 1983 (Excludes Special Foreign Currency Funds, Plant Funds and Endowments) (In $l,OOOs) Nonfederal Funds Total Unrestricted Restricted Aux- Spe- Grants non- iliary cial and Federal federal activi- pur- con- Funds funds funds General ties pose G( zneral tracts Public Service: Assistant Secretary 217 37 37 — — — — Reception Center 77 484 467 — 17 — — Telecommunications 362 700 330 — 195 175 — Smithsonian Press 970 1,626 9,544 10,765 — 9,529 9,529 — 5 10 Total Public Service . . . 834 212 180 10 Museum Programs: Assistant Secretary 808 281 6 — 93 181 1 87 — — — Conserv. Analytical Laboratory 892 — — — — — — Libraries 3,692 256 211 — 41 4 — Exhibits 1,367 (14) — — (14) — — Traveling Exhib. Service 313 2,139 — 1,375 71 689 4 442 777 63 2,725 62 1 — — National Museum Act — Total Museum Programs 8,378 279 1,375 192 874 5 Special Programs : Am. Studies & Folklife Pgm. . 603 860 448 — 80 84 248 Int. Environ. Science Pgm. . . . 629 — — — — — — Academic & Educational Pgm. 634 1,168 159 — 891 118 — Collections Mgt. /Inventory . . . 789 — — — — — — Major Exhibition Program .... 825 — — — — — — Museum Support Center 6,758 79 — — 79 — — JFK Center Grant 1,000 11,238 — — — — — — Total Special Programs . 2,107 53,655 607 1,039 52,589 1,050 23 202 248 Associate Programs 4 — Business Management — 23,595 — 23,595 — — — Administration 10,970 7,303 6,830 77 314 82 — Less Overhead Recovery . . . — (6,331) (6,331) — — — — Facilities Services 42,351 1,302 1,264 — 3 35 — Transfers Out /(In): Treasury 62* — — — — — — Coll. Acq., Schol. St., Outreach — — 2,645 — (2,645) — — Net Auxiliary Activities — — (13,346) 13,346 — — — Other Designated Purposes . . . — — 2,074 486 (2,560) — — Plant — 2,069 2,005 — 64 — — Endowment — 3,721 5,790 $128,065 3,021 (3,601) $ 2,531 : $ 5,076 1 — 63 637 637 — 62 13,832 $100,997 (5,078) $ 4,015 $ $13,863 $ — Total Funds Applied . . . $147,256 7,460 $13,062 FUND BALANCES 9/30/83 . . $ — $ 26,610 $ — 7,421 $ 250 'Unobligated funds returned to Treasury. Table 3. Grants and Contracts — Expenditures (In $l,OOOs) Federal Agencies FY 1981 FY 1982 FY 1983 Department of Commerce $ 210 $ 174 $ (7) Department of Defense 703 1,001 1,299 Department of Energy 407 448 358 Department of Health and Human Services 283 325 280 Department of Interior 244 268 238 National Aeronautics and Space Administration* 10,663 9,303 9,551 National Science Foundation** 784 1,079 928 Other 574 837 415 Total $13,868 $13,435 $13,062 ♦Includes $813,000 (FY 1981), $264,000 (FY 1982), and $197,000 (FY 1983) in subcon- tracts from other organizations receiving prime contract funding from NASA. **Includes $208,000 (FY 1981), $230,000 (FY 1982), and $196,000 (FY 1983) in NSF sub- contracts from the Chesapeake Research Consortium. NONAPPROPRIATED TRUST FUNDS Nonappropriated trust fund income is derived from gifts and grants, endowment and current fund investments, and revenue- producing activities. Gross revenues from these sources totaled $117,593,000 in fiscal year 1983, an increase of 8 percent over the previous year. After excluding costs of the auxiliary and bureau activities which are necessary to generate the sales revenues, the net income available for program purposes increased over the prior year by $7,813,000, to a total of $28,196,000. Application of these funds by bureau is reflected in Table 2. Restricted fund revenues, available only for specified purposes, totaled $9,162,000 for the year, a substantial increase of $2,341,000 over fiscal year 1982. More than $5.4 million of this income was received from gifts and grants, $3 million from endowment invest- ment income and interest earned on restricted current fund bal- ances, and $800,000 from other sources such as fundraising activi- ties of the Archives of American Art and Cooper-Hewitt Museum and the sales desk activities at the Freer Gallery of Art. As dis- played in Table 4, these revenues provided major operating support for the Smithsonian Marine Station at Link Port (now adminis- tered by the National Museum of Natural History), the Freer 46 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Table 4. Restricted Operating Trust Funds * Fiscal Years 1981-1983 (In $l,OOOs) Invest- Item ment Gifts FY 1981— Total $2,591 $2,978 FY 1982— Total $2,886 $3,154 FY 1983: National Museum of Natural History $1,005 $ 381 Astrophysical Observatory 56 112 Tropical Research Institute 60 322 National Air & Space Museum 57 80 National Zoological Park. 15 114 Other Science 172 103 National Museum of American History 60 474 National Museum of American Art 66 111 National Portrait Gallery . 19 139 Hirshhorn Museum 70 61 Freer Gallery of Art 1,027 133 Archives of American Art 37 767 Cooper-Hewitt Museum . . 81 574 Traveling Exhibition Service 55 1,381 Office of Museum Programs 33 4 All Other 158 663 Total FY 1983 $2,971 $5,419 Net Fund in- bal- Total Trans- crease ance Miscel- rev- Deduc- fers in (de- end of laneous enue tions (out) crease) year $ 809 $6,378 $5,295 $ (111) $ 972 $5,546 $ 781 $6,821 $6,571 $ (77) $ 173 $5,719 5 $1,391 $1,362 — 168 155 (206) $ (177) $ 734 5 18 (7) — 382 181 203 260 — 137 122 (11) 4 115 — 129 82 — 47 105 — 275 140 (103) 32 562 — 534 472 (2) 60 552 10 187 104 83 409 — 158 164 — (6) 166 — 131 69 — 62 666 458 1,618 1,319 — 299 1,234 179 983 766 — 217 315 119 774 549 3 228 578 — 1,436 689 — 747 922 — 37 150 — (113) 233 1 822 499 (325) $ (637) (2) $1,702 577 $ 772 $9,162 $6,823 $7,421 *Does not include Federal Agency Grants and Contracts. Gallery of Art, which has been joined with the Sackler Gallery to form the Center for Asian Art, as well as for a wide range of other educational and exhibition programs throughout the Institu- tion. Contributing to the growth in restricted revenues during the past year was the high level of gifts and grants received for the Financial Report / 47 Table 5. Unrestricted Special Purpose Funds Fiscal Years 1981-1983 (In $l,OOOs) Revenue Deductions Gifts Bu- Net Fund Bu- and Pro- reau in- bal- In- reau other Total Trans- gram activ- crease ance vest- activi- rev- rev- fers in ex- ity ex- (de- end of Item ment ties enue enue (out) pense pense crease) year FY 1981 $589 $3,333 $1,105 $5,027 $4,766 $4,844 $2,245 $2,704 $12,599 FY 1982 $719 $2,925 $1,067 $4,711 $2,784 $4,908 $2,183 $ 404 $13,003 FY 1983: National Museum of Natural History $ 63 $ 2 $ 46 $ 111 $ 717 $ 605 $ 8 $ 215 Astrophysical Observatory — 155 62 217 406 470 139 14 Tropical Research Institute 12 4 1 17 172 165 (74) 98 National Air and Space Museum 309 1,711 41 2,061 (93) 1,097 1,311 (440) Environmental Research Center* 7 26 9 42 96 111 22 5 139 National Zoological Park 184 — 306 490 39 112 — 417 2,035 National Museum of American History .... 27 2 112 141 349 354 1 135 438 National Museum of American Art 7 5 63 75 539 666 1 (53) 117 National Portrait Gallery 6 9 45 60 115 113 5 57 127 Hirshhorn Museum 15 — 16 31 72 62 — 41 178 Cooper-Hewitt Museum . 9 1,099 88 1,196 40 391 760 85 4 National Museum of African Art — 4 6 10 856 886 2 (22) 121 Office of Telecommunica- tions — 29 — 29 109 176 19 (57) 452 Liability Reserves — — — — — 41 — (41) 3,289 Unallocated Coll. Acq., Schol. Studies, and Outreach — — — — 364 — — 364 437 Fellowships — — — — 1,077 863 — 214 841 Museum Support Center Equipment — — — — — 79 — (79) 670 All Other 47 86 262 395 220 670 38 (93) 1,027 Total FY 1983 $686 $3,132 $1,057 $4,875 $5,078 $6,861 $2,232 $ 860 $13,863 ♦Effective in FY 1983, the Chesapealce Bay Center for Environmental Studies was merged with the Radiation Biology Laboratory to form the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center. 48 / Smithsonian Year 1983 collections and research programs of the Archives of American Art and for the major exhibitions. The Precious Legacy: Judaic Trea- sures from the Czechoslovak State Collections, a traveling exhibi- tion organized by the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service, and Faberge: Jeweler to Royalty, developed by the Cooper- Hewitt Museum. In addition, a five-year grant of $1,029,000 was awarded to the Tropical Research Institute by the W. Alton Jones Foundation, Inc., in support of a major new program of studies on the rational exploitation of the tropics. Support to Unrestricted Special Purpose funds totaled $4,875,000 in fiscal year 1983, consisting of revenues generated by bureau activities such as the film theater and spacearium at the National Air and Space Museum and the membership program and admis- sions fees at the Cooper-Hewitt Museum; investment income earned on unexpended fund balances and endowments; and miscel- laneous income for other designated purposes such as Zoo parking receipts which are earmarked for construction of a future parking facihty. Transfers into this fund category included allocations of $2.6 million for the Collections Acquisition, Scholarly Studies, and Educational Outreach programs, $1.4 million for fellowship awards, $500,000 for revenue sharing with bureaux housing cen- trally-run museum shop and concession activities, and $900,000 for special exhibitions, acquisitions, research, and other activities. Gifts of otherwise unrestricted bequests received during the year were transferred to endowment as specified by the Bylaws of the Regents, and a portion of income produced by NASM theaters was made available for unrestricted purposes of the Institution. Unrestricted General Purpose funds, available for general Insti- tutional purposes, are derived primarily from net revenues of the auxiliary activities and investment income. As displayed in Table 6, net general unrestricted funds, after deduction of auxiliary activi- ties' expenses, totaled $16,391,000 in fiscal year 1983, an increase of $5,357,000 over the prior year. This growth is attributable to increased sales income by the auxiliary activities and to the effec- tive management and control of related expenses. Some $9.9 million of the net income produced by the auxiliary activities was from the Associate programs, largely from the Smithsonian maga- zine. The Associate programs were also responsible for generating more than $1.4 million as gifts from Associate members for con- Financial Report / 49 Table 6. Unrestricted Trust Funds — General and Auxiliary Activities Fiscal Years 1981-1983 (In $l,OOOs) Item FY 1981 FY 1982 FY 1983 FUNDS PROVIDED General Income: Investments $ 3,123 $ 2,921 $ 2,489 Gifts 15 18 24 Miscellaneous 55 83 46 Total General Income 3,193 3,022 2,559 Auxiliary Activities Income (Net) : Associates* 8,691 8,126 9,864 Business Management: — Museum Shops and Mail Order 631 856 2,710 — Concessions, Parking and Food Services . . 1,978 1,513 1,670 —Other (251) (322) (300) Performing Arts* (186) (2,544) — Smithsonian Press* 767 670 232 Traveling Exhibitions (226) (298) (363) Photo Services (35) 11 19 Total Auxiliary Activities 11,369 8,012 13,832 Total Funds Provided (Net) 14,562 11,034 16,391 EXPENDITURES AND TRANSFERS Administrative and Program Expense 12,141 12,505 14,727 Less Administrative Recovery 7,484 7,825 8,595 Net Expense 4,657 4,680 6,132 Less Transfers: To Special Purpose for Program Purposes .... 4,816 3,328 5,205 To Plant Funds 2,526 1,000 2,005 To Endowment Funds 2,521 2,021 3,021 NET ADDITION TO FUND BALANCE 42 5 28 ENDING FUND BALANCE $ 5,043 $ 5,048 $ 5,076 *Effective FY 1983, the Division of Performing Arts recording program was trans- ferred to the Smithsonian Press and the performing arts activities for which tickets are sold to the public were transferred to the Resident Associate Program. struction of the Quadrangle, included as income to Plant Funds below. Net income from the Museum Shops and Mail Order cata- logues totaled $2.7 million, more than three times the amount for the previous year, enhanced by increased visitation to the museums. 50 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Table 7. Auxiliary Activities Fiscal Years 1981 (In $l,OOOs) Sales and Less other cost of Cross Activity revenue Gifts sales revenue FY 1981 $83,719 $ 1,329 $45,866 $39,182 FY 1982 $92,668 $ 1,757 $56,166 $38,259 FY 1983: ' Associates $60,282 $ 2,171 $39,926 $22,527 Business Management: —Museum Shops* 22,213 — 12,534 9,679 — Concessions/Parking/ Food Services 5,136 — 1,052 4,084 —Other** 326 — — 326 Smithsonian Press 9,761 — 3,483 6,278 Traveling Exhibitions 1,012 — 520 492 Photo Services (Administration) 96 — 12 84 Total FY 1983 $98,826 $ 2,171 $57,527 $43,470 -1983 Net Ex- penses rev- enue (loss) $27,813 $11,369 $30,247 $ 8,012 $12,663 $ 9,864 6,969 2,710 2,414 1,670 626 (300) 6,046 232 855 (363) 65 19 $29,638 $13,832 'Includes Museum Shops and Mail Order. **Includes Business Management Office and Belmont. ***Before revenue-sharing transfers to participating Smithsonian bureaux of $390,000 (FY 1981); $380,000 (FY 1982); and $486,000 (FY 1983). These funds were used by the Institution to continue allotments for a variety of program and support activities, particularly the Cooper-Hewitt Museum, the National Museum of African Art, the Visitor Information and Associates' Reception Center, the Office of Folklife Programs, and the Office of Telecommunications. Special funding was also provided for the exhibition The Heritage of Islam, presented in the Thomas Mellon Evans Special Exhibits Gallery, for fundraising for construction of the Quadrangle Center, for a marine sanctuary program, and for developmental costs of a new, integrated personnel/payroll system. As mentioned above, transfers were made to Special Purpose Funds for the Collections Acquisition, Scholarly Studies, and Edu- cational Outreach programs (approved by the Board of Regents for a second five-year period), fellowship awards to pre- and post- Financial Report / 51 doctoral fellows, and small research grants to Smithsonian pro- fessional staff. Reflecting the favorable results of the Institution's unrestricted funds, some $3 million was transferred to endowment, of which $2.5 million was added to unrestricted endowment funds and $500,000 was used, together with slightly over $200,000 of pro- ceeds from the sale of the Belmont Conference Center, to endow the James E. Webb Fellowship Program. Transfers to Plant Funds included $2 million for construction of the Quadrangle Center and $5,000 to complete construction of the East Garden. Special Foreign Currency Program An appropriation of foreign currencies equivalent to $2 million was received under the Special Foreign Currency Program in fiscal year 1983 to continue a program of grants to United States insti- tutions for field research and advanced professional training in areas related to Smithsonian interest and expertise. Accumulated from sales of surplus agricultural commodities under Public Law 83-480, these currencies have been determined by the Treasury Department to be excess to the normal needs of the government. The application of these funds by country and discipline is con- tained in Table 8. Table 8. Special Foreign Currency Program Fiscal Year 1983 — Obligations (In $l,OOOs) System- Astro- atic and physics Mm- Grant environ- and seum admin- Archae- mental earth pro- istra- Country ology biology sciences grams tion Total India . . . $1,247 $274 $91 $270 $168* $2,050 Pakistan 82 203 $477 $91 5 $275 1 $169 291 Total . . . $1,329 $2,341 * Includes $62,000 for translation services in support of all programs. 52 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Construction A total of $65,021,000 was provided in FY 1983 for construction and renovation projects at the Institution, of which $46.5 milHon was from federal appropriations and $18.5 million from nonappro- priated trust funds. The majority of this funding was for the construction of the Quadrangle Center for African, Near Eastern, and Asian Cultures, the cost of which, estimated at $75 million, will be funded one-half from federal appropriations and one-half from nonappropriated sources. In recognition of the Institution's commitment to matching the cost of the Center's construction, an amount of $36.5 million was appropriated in fiscal year 1983. Complementing this display of federal support were gifts, transfers of unrestricted trust funds and earned interest totaling $16.6 million; this amount includes $7.6 million of firm pledges recorded when ground was broken on June 21, 1983. When added to amounts received in previous years, additional commitments from outside sources, future planned trans- fers from unrestricted funds, and anticipated revenues from the sale of real estate, over $36 million of nonappropriated funds has been raised to date. Particularly noteworthy among the gifts and pledges recorded this past year were $4 million from Arthur M. Sackler, $3 million from Mrs. Enid A. Haupt, $1 million from the Pew Memorial Trust, and $1.4 million given by over 35,000 Smithsonian Associates in an impressive demonstration of broad support. Additional appropriations totaling $10 million were received for major repairs, renovations, and building improvements at existing Smithsonian facilities, including those of the National Zoological Park and other off-Mall locations. Projects essential to insuring the welfare of visitors and the preservation of the collections, including the maintenance of building exteriors, the installation of fire detection and suppression systems, and the repair and upgrad- ing of utility systems, continued as areas of highest priority. The sale of several Smithsonian properties was concluded in FY 1983. The Belmont Conference Center was sold to the American Chemical Society and its surrounding land to the State of Maryland for a total of approximately $2 million, of which $1,750,000 was committed to construction of the Museum Support Center, and as Financial Report / 53 Table 9. Construction and Plant Funds Fiscal Years 1981-1983 (In $l,OOOs) Sources FY 1981 FY 1982 FY 1983 FUNDS PROVIDED Federal Appropriations: National Zoological Park $ 3,290 $ 1,104 $ 1,550 Restoration and Renovation of Buildings 7,539 7,680 8,450 Museum Support Center 5,000 — — Quadrangle — 960 36,500 Total Federal Appropriations 15,829 9,744 46,500 Nonappropriated Trust Funds : Income — Gift and Other Special Exhibits Gallery 307 1 — Smithsonian Environmental Research Center — Gain on Sale — — 44 Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute — Research Facilities — Erection of Jacksonville Bandstand — Cooper-Hewitt Museum 175 American Art and Portrait Gallery Building — Quadrangle 2,115 Smithsonian Institution Building South Entrance — Bequest of Real Estate — Belmont Conference Center — Gain on Sale . . — Horticulture Greenhouse 11 Total Income 2,608 Transfers from Current Funds : Chesapeake Bay Center 300 Tropical Research Institute 26 Museum Support Center 750 National Museum of African Art 24 Quadrangle 1,340 East Garden 110 Total Transfers 2,550 — 66 — 174 31 163 183 21 1,650 14,574 64 5 225 — — 1,405' — — 2,154 16,452 Total Funds Provided $20,987 24 1,040 24 2,040 5 1,064 2,069 $12,962 $65,021 *TotaI proceeds realized of $1,993,000 of which $1,750,000 was directed to construction of the Museum Support Center and $207,000 was transferred to endowment funds. 54 / Smithsonian Year 1983 discussed above, slightly over $200,000 was transferred to endow- ment funds in support of the James E. Webb Fellowship Program. Poplar and Jefferson Islands, located in Chesapeake Bay, were sold, and the net proceeds of $44,000 were earmarked for future needs of the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center. Finally, unde- veloped lots on Mustang Island near Corpus Christi, Texas, held as endowment fund assets, were sold for $12,000, which was added to the Dykes Endowment. Other nonappropriated fund receipts included donations for the Cooper-Hewitt major renovation program; grant support for con- struction of research facilities at the Tropical Research Institute and for relocation of the Calder Stabile at the National Museum of American History, erecting in its place the Jacksonville Bandstand; and interest earned on unexpended fund balances. Transfers were made from unrestricted funds for mortgage payments on property occupied by the National Museum of African Art. Endowment and Similar funds The market value of Smithsonian Endowment Funds reached a new high of $132,031,000 as of September 30, 1983, compared to $90,231,000 the year before. As shown in Table 10, the majority of these funds, $130,684,000, participates in the Pooled Consoli- dated Endowment Fund under supervised outside investment man- agement; $1 million is invested at the U.S. Treasury; and the remaining $347,000 is held in miscellaneous securities and donated real estate. Of this total, 58 percent represents restricted endow- ment, with income available only for the purposes specified by the original donor. The remaining 42 percent is unrestricted, with income available for general purposes of the Institution; of the unrestricted endowment funds, however, several have been desig- nated internally in support of specific programs, such as the Lind- bergh Chair of Aerospace History, as noted in Table 13, which lists all Smithsonian endowments. The Pooled Consolidated Endowment Fund is invested under the management of three professional advisory firms under the over- sight of the Investment Policy Committee and the Treasurer and Financial Report / 55 Table 10. Endowment and Similar Funds September 30, 1983 Book value Market value ASSETS Pooled Consolidated Endowment Funds: Cash and Equivalents $ 21,985,793 $ 21,985,794 Bonds 1,561,583 1,752,996 Convertible Bonds 4,915,625 5,339,400 Stocks 73,208,858 101,605,458 Total Pooled Funds 101,671,859 130,683,648 Nonpooled Endowment Funds : Loan to U.S. Treasury in Perpetuity 1,000,000 1,000,000 Notes Receivable 88,108 88,109 Bonds 10,000 9,800 Common Stocks 1,999 12,000 Land 237,000 237,000 Total Nonpooled Funds 1,337,107 1,346,909 Total Endowment and Similar Fund Balances . $103,008,966 $132,030,557 FUND BALANCES Unrestricted Purpose : True Endowment $ 3,551,279 $ 5,107,974 Quasi Endowment 41,627,665 50,762,039 Total Unrestricted Purpose 45,178,944 55,870,013 Restricted Purpose: True Endowment 42,970,281 57,119,995 Quasi Endowment 14,859,741 19,040,549 Total Restricted Purpose 57,830,022 - 76,160,544 Total Endowment and Similar Fund Balances . . $103,008,966 $132,030,557 subject to policy guidelines approved by the Board of Regents. As of the end of fiscal year 1983, these firms, with the portion of the fund under their supervision, were Fiduciary Trust Company of New York (48 percent), Batterymarch Financial Management Corp. (31 percent), and Torray Clark & Company (21 percent). During fiscal year 1983 the total rate of return for the fund, as determined by an outside investment measurement service, was + 48.0 percent (including interest and dividend income as well as market appreciation) compared to + 44.3 percent for the Stan- dard and Poor's 500 average and + 43.8 percent for the Dow Jones Industrial Average, both calculated on the same basis. Over the past five-year period, the fund has had an average annual total 56 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Table. 11. Market Values of Pooled Consolidated Endowment Funds (In $l,900s) Fund 9/30/79 9/30/80 9/30/81 9/30/82 9/30/83 Unrestricted $22,614 Freer 18,303 Other Restricted 24,639 $28,384 $30,399 $35,974 $ 54,677 20,771 20,472 22,596 32,096 28,175 27,101 30,288 43,911 Total $65,556 $77,330 $77,972 $88,858 $130,684 Table 12. Changes in Pooled Consolidated Endowment Funds for Fiscal Year 1983 (In $l,000s) Gifts Inter- Market Market and est and Income value Market value trans- divi- paid Sub- appre- value Fund 9/30/82 fers dends* out total ciation 9/30/83 Unrestricted $35,974 $ 3,284 $ 2,123 $ 1,244 $40,137 $14,540 $ 54,677 Freer 22,596 — 1,329 952 22,973 9,123 32,096 Other Restricted . 30,288 750 1,805 1,295 31,548 12,363 43,911 Total $88,858 $ 4,034 $ 5,257 $ 3,491 $94,658 $36,026 $130,684 •■Income earned, less managers' fees of $444,656. rate of return, including yield, of + 19.0 percent, compared again to + 16.0 percent for the Standard and Poor's 500 average and + 13.5 percent for the Dow Jones Industrial Average. The year- end market values of the components of the fund for the past five years are shown in Table 11, and the activity of the fund dur- ing fiscal year 1983 is presented in Table 12. As described in prior years, the Institution follows the Total Return Income policy, which defines total investment return as yield (interest and dividends) plus appreciation, including both realized and unrealized gains. A portion of this return is made available for expenditure each year, and the remainder is retained as principal. This total return income payout is determined in Financial Report / 57 Table 13. Endowment Funds September 30, 1983 Principal Income Book Market Net Unexpended value value income balance $ 116,690 $ 173,188 $ 4,612 0 33,645 50,634 1,201 — 0 — 211,919 243,339 9,950 — 0— 200,581 311,467 7,385 —0— 64,255 91,086 2,160 — 0— 2,116 3,179 75 — 0 — 451,366 691,199 17,350 — 0^ 742,011 1,150,134 27,270 — 0 — 3,429 4,694 151 — 0 — 552,286 552,852 32,619 —0— UNRESTRICTED PURPOSE— TRUE : Avery Fund* Higbee, Harry, Memorial Hodgkins Fund* Morrow, Dwight W Mussinan, Alfred Olmsted, Helen A Poore, Lucy T. and George W.* . . . Porter, Henry Kirke, Memorial . . . Sanford, George H.* Smithson, James* Walcott, Charles D. and Mary Vaux, Research (Designated)* . . Subtotal UNRESTRICTED PURPOSE— QUASI Forrest, Robert Lee General Endowment* Goddard, Robert H Habel, Dr. S.» Hart, Gustavus E Henry, Caroline Henry, Joseph and Harriet A Heys, Maude C Hinton, Carrie Susan Lambert, Paula C Medinus, Grace L Rhees, William Jones* Safford, Clara Louise Smithsonian Bequest Fund* Taggart, Ganson Abbott, William L. (Designated) . . Barstow, Frederic D. (Designated) . Lindbergh Chair of Aerospace History (Designated) Lindbergh, Charles A. (Designated) Lyon, Marcus Ward, Jr. (Designated) Webb, James E., Fellowship Subtotal Total Unrestricted Purpose . . RESTRICTED PURPOSE— TRUE: Arthur, James $ Baird, Spencer Fullerton Barney, Alice Pike, Memorial Batchelor, Emma E Beauregard, Catherine, Memorial . . Bergen, Charlotte V Brown, Roland W Canfield, Frederick A Casey, Thomas Lincoln Chamberlain, Frances Lea Cooper Fund for Paleobiology .... Division of Mammals Curators Fund Drake Foundation Dykes, Charles, Bequest Eickemeyer, Florence Brevoort .... Freer, Charles L Grimm, Sergei N Guggenheim, Daniel and Florence . Hamilton, James* Henderson, Edward P., Meteorite Fund Hewitt, Eleanor G., Repair Fund . . Hewitt, Sarah Cooper Hillyer, Virgil Hitchcock, Albert S Hodgkins Fund* Hrdlicka, Ales and Marie 1,172,981 3,551,279 12,356 707,000 41,627,665 1,836,202 5,107,974 157,312 3,099,611 3,466,031 82,182 (4,548,491 42,680,537 952,272 24,527 27,449 651 510 511 30 1,520 2,053 49 3,765 5,066 120 151,631 202,631 4,805 296,609 337,263 7,996 78,199 98,660 2,338 140,253 181,005 4,291 2,934 3,355 80 2,068 2,566 82 134,902 157,533 3,735 620,053 692,720 15,314 1,260 1,919 45 362,407 484,710 14,384 3,035 4,051 120 1,425,906 1,678,764 49,817 10,628 13,771 1,288 14,444 707,000 50,762,039 1,140,028 51,119 6,791 1,927 65,533 $ 45,178,944 $ 55,870,013 $1,297,340 $ 92,899 101,824 $ 158,762 $ 4,711 $ 3,426 92,519 141,916 4,211 10,593 73,003 113,770 3,376 23,270 96,569 117,682 3,492 51,145 119,021 158,983 4,718 33,202 10,710 11,750 232 232 79,908 109,111 3,238 14,889 102,653 174,919 5,191 (14) 38,117 50,970 1,513 1,852 71,678 111,707 3,315 15,119 73,366 83,617 1,540 — 0— 5,503 7,040 204 3,445 490,369 614,699 18,163 74,152 143,298 187,440 5,285 39,223 27,664 43,101 1,279 17,649 1,068,665 32,095,587 952,428 856,432 89,739 100,558 2,977 7,139 347,300 410,668 12,159 34,849 3,603 4,272 202 954 980 1,412 42 353 20,728 25,819 764 — 0 — 122,594 152,401 4,512 — 0 — 19,987 26,729 793 9,340 4,040 6,360 189 306 102,008 102,114 6,031 23,510 144,741 197,652 5,865 6,668 Table 13. Endowment Funds September 30, 1983 — continued Principal Book value Market value Income Net income Unexpended balance Hughes, Bruce 48,741 Johnson, Seward, Trust Fund for Oceanography 9,949,994 Kellogg, Remington, Memorial . . . 71,514 Kramar, Nada 8,046 Lindsey, Jessie H.* 12,033 Maxwell, Mary E 49,944 Milliken, H. Oothout, Memorial . . 611 Mineral Endowment 277,218 Mitchell, William A 37,744 Natural History and Conservation . 62,894 Nelson, Edward William 59,163 Petrocelli, Joseph, Memorial 18,900 Reid, Addison T.* 65,295 Roebling Fund 306,831 Rollins, Miriam and William 585,988 Shryock Endowment for Docents . 1,897 Sims, George W 39,274 Sprague Fund 3,928,297 Springer, Frank 45,913 Stern, Harold P., Memorial 403,563 Stevenson, John A., Mycological Library 14,618 Walcott, Charles D. and Mary Vaux, Research 376,703 Walcott Research Fund, Botanical Publications 145,432 Williston, Samuel Wendell, Diptera Research 6,671 Zerbee, Frances Brinckle 2,410 Subtotal 42,970,281 RESTRICTED PURPOSE— QUASI : Armstrong, Edwin James 8,860 Au Panier Fleuri 58,628 Bacon, Virginia Purdy 266,654 Becker, George F 459,199 Desautels, Paul E 31,658 Gaver, Gordon 3,591 Hachenberg, George P. and Caroline 12,507 Hanson, Martin Gustav and Caroline R 27,028 Hunterdon Endowment 9,045,155 International Council for Bird Preservation 573,869 Johnson, E. R. Fenimore 22,988 Loeb, Morris 266,395 Long, Annette E. and Edith C 1,396 Myer, Catherine Walden 61,430 Noyes, Frank B 3,001 Noyes, Pauline Riggs 27,608 Pell, Cornelia Livingston 22,602 Ramsey, Adm. and Mrs. Dewitt Clinton* 859,448 Rathbun, Richard, Memorial 32,410 Roebling Solar Research 73,302 Ruef, Bertha M 89,632 Schultz, Leonard P 23,563 Seidell, Atherton 1,822,299 Smithsonian Agency Account 643,957 Strong, Julia D 30,461 Witherspoon, Thomas A., Memorial 392,100 Subtotal 14,859,741 Total Restricted Purpose $ 57,830,022 TOTAL ENDOWMENT FUNDS . . $103,008,966 76,018 2,256 16,280 13,349,030 396,141 100,686 82,331 2,443 6,307 10,391 308 2,406 12,421 928 6,450 77,888 2,311 18,897 759 22 — 0— 349,795 10,380 177 47,852 1,420 2,641 77,125 2,178 — 0 — 88,201 2,617 2,769 29,543 877 21,810 83,515 2,808 2,974 476,457 14,139 10 824,219 24,250 16,853 2,280 68 226 43,525 1,018 1,267 4,928,553 145,008 35,725 71,098 2,110 28,669 510,070 15,135 39,492 19,424 576 1,670 517,280 15,195 26,791 221,287 6,568 15,191 8,156 223 898 3,738 111 3,991 57,119,995 1,695,520 1,579,914 10,931 319 — 0— 65,788 1,952 — 0— 330,193 9,798 19,720 571,502 16,959 4,934 42,144 1,229 — 0 — 4,647 138 2,013 17,372 36,130 1,072 2,803 11,871,976 350,498 3,068 663,760 17,624 26,432 26,751 794 12,670 358,331 10,633 9,289 2,213 66 219 82,124 2,437 11,630 4,139 123 1,940 31,001 920 — 0 — 30,318 900 1,545 1,010,155 30,821 4,862 43,440 1,289 23,298 93,397 2,772 2,463 104,249 3,094 11,312 31,424 932 15,845 2,257,901 67,003 241,598 786,074 22,629 — 0 — 40,820 1,211 4,722 523,769 15,543 10,028 19,040,549 561,272 410,955 $ 76,160,544 $2,256,792 $1,990,869 $132,030,557 $3,554,132»» $2,083,768 "Invested all or in part in U.S. Treasury or other nonpooled investments. **Total Return Income payout; does not include $177,691 of interest income for investment of unexpended income balances. advance each year by the Board of Regents, based on studies of anticipated interest and dividend yields, the Institution's program- matic needs, inflationary factors, and the five-year running average of market values, adjusted for capital additions or withdrawals. The income payout rate for fiscal year 1983 to restricted purpose and designated endowments in the Pooled Consolidated Endow- ment Fund constituted a 5 percent increase over the prior year, while the payout to unrestricted endowments was held to a con- stant rate; this permitted a somewhat greater reinvestment to unrestricted endowments. As may be seen in Table 12, income payout for the year w^s $3,491,000, compared to $5,257,000 of yield (net of managerial and custodial fees), resulting in reinvest- ment into principal of $1,766,000 of yield excess to predetermined payout. In addition to transfers to Unrestricted Endowment and to the newly created James E. Webb Fellowship Endowment, de- scribed elsewhere, gifts and other transfers to the Pooled Consoli- dated Fund totaled $827,000 for the year. Table 13 lists all Smithsonian endowment funds. Detail of the securities held in the Pooled Consolidated Endowment Fund as of September 30, 1983, may be obtained upon request from the Treasurer of the Institution. Related Organizations The Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, the Na- tional Gallery of Art, and the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts were established by Congress within the Institu- tion, but are administered by separate boards of trustees. Inde- pendent financial reports are prepared by each of these organiza- tions. Fiscal and other administrative and support activities are provided the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars on a reimbursement basis, and office space is made available for Center operations. The Friends of the National Zoo (FONZ) is an independent, nonprofit corporation working closely with the National Zoological Park. It operates, under contract, a number of beneficial conces- sions for the National Zoo; FONZ provided concession and rental 60 / Smithsonian Year 1983 fees to the Smithsonian amounting to approximately $276,000 during calendar year 1982 (FONZ's fiscal year). In addition, FONZ contributed other important financial and volunteer support to Zoo programs. Financial affairs of this organization are described separately elsewhere in Smithsonian Year 1983. Reading is Fundamental, Inc., associated with the Institution since 1968, is an independent, separately incorporated entity dedi- cated to the improvement of reading abilities in children. Primary support is derived from private contributions and a federal con- tract with the Department of Education to operate the federal Inexpensive Book Distribution Program. The Science Information Exchange, Inc. ceased operation on October 31, 1981. Under a contract with the Department of Com- merce, the Institution has continued to provide the exchange with administrative and fiscal services necessary to closing out the oper- ation, transferring the assets to the Department of Commerce, and paying the outstanding net liabilities. Effective September 1983, the closeout of all operations was concluded. Accounting and Auditing An annual audit of the Institution's funds, federal and nonappro- priated, is conducted by an independent public accounting firm; the Coopers and Lybrand report for fiscal year 1983 is contained in the following pages. Audits by the internal audit staff are also conducted throughout the year on a number of Smithsonian activi- ties. Additionally, the Defense Contract Audit Agency conducts an annual audit of grants and contracts received from federal agencies, as well as their allocated administrative costs. The Audit and Review Committee of the Board of Regents met several times during the year pursuant to their responsibility under the bylaws of the Institution, for reviewing the Smithsonian's accounting systems and internal financial controls; for facilitating communication between the Board of Regents and auditors from the internal audit staff, the independent accounting firm, and the General Accounting Office; and for reviewing operations of the Institution for compliance with approved programs and policies. Financial Report / 61 COOPERS & LYBRAND CERTIFIED PUBLIC ACCOUNTANTS To the Board of Regents Smithsonian Institution We have examined the statement of financial condition of the Smithsonian Institution as of September 30, 1983, and the related statement of financial activity for the year then ended. Our exam- ination was made in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards and with generally accepted governmental auditing stan- dards and, accordingly, included such tests of the accounting rec- ords and such other auditing procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We previously examined and reported upon the financial statements of the Smithsonian Institution for the year ended September 30, 1982, totals of which are included in the accompanying financial statements for comparative purposes only. In our opinion, the financial statements for the year ended September 30, 1983, referred to above, present fairly the financial position of the Smithsonian Institution as of September 30, 1983, and the results of its operations and changes in its fund balances for the year then ended, in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles applied on a basis consistent with that of the preceding year. COOPERS & LYBRAND 1800 M Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20036 December 20, 1983 62 / Smithsonian Year 1983 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Statement of Financial Condition September 30, 1983 with comparative totals for September 30, 1982 (thousands of dollars) Trust Federal funds funds Totals, Totals, all funds 1982 $ 1,971 $ 2,678 73,860 38,487 144,518 109,551 36,778 21,802 13,490 7,072 8,459 9,902 3,499 2,653 6,690 6,163 9,668 8,771 197,516 198,047 $496,449 $405,126 ASSETS: Cash on hand and in banks (Note 3) .... $ 1,952 $ 19 Fund balances with U.S. Treasury (Note 4) 525 73,335 Investments (Notes 1 and 5) 144,518 — Receivables (Note 7) 36,357 421 Advance payments (Note 8) 421 13,069 Merchandise inventory (Note 1) 8,459 — Materials and supplies inventory (Note 1) 2,178 1,321 Amount to be provided for accrued annual leave — 6,690 Prepaid and deferred expense (Note 1) . . . 9,668 — Property and equipment (Notes 1 and 9) . . 17,307 180,209 $221,385 $275,064 LIABILITIES: Accounts payable and accrued expenses, including interfund payable of $17,261 (Note 7) $ 27,209 $ 11,887 $ 39,096 $ 25,739 Deposits held in custody for other organi- zations (Note 2) 2,151 36 2,187 2,300 Accrued annual leave (Note 1) 1,149 6,690 7,839 6,994 Deferred revenue (Note 1) 22,015 — 22,015 20,061 Total Habilities 52,524 18,613 71,137 55,094 UNDELIVERED ORDERS — 56,778 56,778 30,929 FUND BALANCES (Note 1): Current: Unrestricted general purpose 5,076 — 5,076 5,048 Special purpose 13,863 — 13,863 13,003 Restricted 7,671 — 7,671 5,906 Endowment and similar funds (Note 6) . . 103,009 — 103,009 84,248 Plant funds (Note 9) 39,242 — 39,242 24,287 Total trust fund balances 168,861 — 168,861 132,492 Operating funds — 75 75 202 Construction funds — 18,068 18,068 5,657 Capital funds — 181,530 181,530 180,752 Total federal fund balances — 199,673 199,673 186,611 Total all fund balances 168,861 199,673 368,534 319,103 Total liabilities, undelivered orders and fund balances $221,385 $275,064 $496,449 $405,126 The accompanying notes are an integral part of the financial statements. Financial Report / 63 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Statement of Financial Activity year ended September 30, 1983 with comparative totals for the year ended September 30, 1982 (thousands of dollars) TRUST FUNDS Total trust funds Endowment Current and similar funds funds 101,957 13,125 7,931 7,770 45 2,301 — 133,084 13,047 26,082 10,344 — 1,297 — 85,133 — Revenue and other additions : Appropriations $ — Auxiliary activities revenue 101,957 Federal grants and contracts 13,125 Investment income (net of $445,000 for management and custodian fees) 9,293 Net gain on sale of securities and real property 14,451 Gifts, bequests and foundation grants 21,456 Additions to plant (Note 9) 2,880 Rentals, fees, commissions and other 2,301 Total revenue and other additions 165,463 Expenditures and other deductions : Research and educational expenditures 26,082 Administrative expenditures 10,344 Facilities services expenditures 1,297 Auxiliary activities expenditures 85,133 Acquisition of plant (Note 9) 2,873 Property use and retirements (Note 9) 3,341 Retirement of indebtedness 7 Interest on indebtedness 17 Total expenditures and other deductions Excess of revenue and other additions over (under) expenditures and other deductions (Note 11) Transfers among funds — additions (deductions) : Mandatory principal and interest on notes . . Nonmandatory for designated purposes, net (Note 12) Total transfers among funds Net increase (decrease) for the year .... Returned to U.S. Treasury Fund balances at beginning of year Fund balances at end of year 129,094 122,856 10,228 — 36,369 13,047 — (24) — — (7,551) (7,575) 2,653 5,714 — 5,714 36,369 18,761 132,492 23,957 84,248 $168,861 $ 26,610 $103,009 The accompanying notes are an integral part of the financial statements. Plant funds Total federal funds FEDERAL FUNDS Operating Construction Capital Totals, Totals, funds funds funds all funds 1982 $ — $195,756 $149,256 $ 46,500 $ — $195,756 101,957 13,125 $145,234 95,593 13,217 1,362 9,293 9,635 1,449 13,641 2,880 17,877 85 85 19,332 213,718 149,341 95,916 95,916 — 11,139 11,139 — 42,351 42,351 2,873 34,089 — 3,341 7 17,099 — 17 — — 6,238 200,594 149,406 46,500 34,089 34,089 17,877 17,877 17,099 17,099 14,451 3,884 21,456 6,205 20,757 32,896 2,386 2,494 379,181 309,158 121,998 111,461 21,483 18,471 43,648 39,338 85,133 85,153 36,962 14,959 20,440 13,479 7 6 17 18 329,688 282,885 13,094 13,124 (65) 12,411 778 49,493 26,273 24 1,837 — — — — — — 1,861 — — — — — — 14,955 24,287 $ 39,242 13,124 (62) 186,611 $199,673 (65) (62) 202 $ 75 12,411 5,657 $ 18,068 778 180,752 $181,530 49,493 (62) 319,103 $368,534 26,273 (125) 292,955 $319,103 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Notes to Financial Statements 1. Summary of significant accounting policies Basis of presentation. These financial statements do not include the accounts of the National Gallery of Art, the John F. Kennedy Center for the Perform- ing Arts, or the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, which were established by Congress within the Smithsonian Institution (Institution) but are administered under separate boards of trustees. (See Note 2.) The accounts of the federal funds have been prepared on the obligation basis of accounting, which basis is in accordance with accounting principles prescribed by the Comptroller General of the United States as set forth in the Policy and Procedures Manual for Guidance of Federal Agencies. The obligation basis of accounting differs in some respects from generally ac- cepted accounting principles. "Under this basis of accounting, commitments of the operating fund, such as purchase orders and contracts, are recognized as expenditures, and the related obligations are reported on the balance sheet even though goods and services have not been received. Such commit- ments aggregate $26,148,000 at September 30, 1983. In addition, construction commitments amounted to $30,630,000 at September 30, 1983. The trust funds reflect the receipt and expenditure of funds obtained from private sources, from federal grants and contracts, and from certain business activities related to the operations of the Institution. The federal funds reflect the receipt and expenditures of funds obtained from Congressional appropriations. Fund accounting. To ensure observance of limitations and restrictions placed on the use of resources available to the Institution, the accounts of the Institution are maintained in accordance with the principles of fund account- ing. This is the procedure by which resources for various purposes are classified for funds control, accounting, and reporting purposes into funds established according to their appropriation, nature, and purposes. Separate accounts are maintained for each fund; however, in the accompanying finan- cial statements, funds that have similar characteristics have been combined into fund groups. Accordingly, all financial transactions have been recorded and reported by fund group. The assets, liabilities, and fund balances of the Institution are reported in self-balancing fund groups as follows: Trust current funds, which include unrestricted resources, represent the portion of expendable funds that is available for support of Institution operations. Amounts restricted by the donor for specific purposes are segregated from other current funds. Trust endowment and similar funds include funds that are subject to restrictions of gift instruments, requiring in perpetuity that the principal be invested and the income only be used. Also classified as endowment and similar funds are gifts which allow the expenditure of principal but only under certain specified conditions and quasi-endowment funds. 66 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Quasi-endowment funds are funds established by the governing board for the same purposes as endowment funds; however, any portion of such funds may be expended. Restricted quasi-endowment funds repre- sent gifts for restricted purposes where there is no stipulation that the principal be maintained in perpetuity or for a period of time, but the governing board has elected to invest the principal and expend only the income for the purpose stipulated by the donor. Trust plant funds represent resources restricted for future plant acquisi- tions and funds expended for plant. Pledges for the construction of The Center for African, Near Eastern, and Asian Cultures are recorded as gifts in the plant fund in the period the pledge document is received. Federal operating funds represent the portion of expendable funds that is available for support of Institution operations. Separate subfund groups are maintained for each appropriation — Salaries and Expenses appropriations. Special Foreign Currency appropriations, and Barro Colo- rado Island Trust Fund. The balance of this fund represents amounts available for support of specific Institution operations including the Special Foreign Currency Program, Franklin Delano Roosevelt Appropriations, and Barro Colorado Island Trust Fund. Federal construction funds represent the portion of expendable funds that is available for building and facility construction, restoration, renovation, and repair. Separate subfund groups are maintained for each appropria- tion— Construction and Improvements, National Zoological Park, Restora- tion and Renovation of Buildings and Museum Support Center. Federal capital funds represent the amount of the investment of the United States Government in the net assets of the Institution acquired with federal funds and nonexpendable property transfers from Govern- ment agencies. Investments. All gains and losses arising from the sale, collection, or other disposition of investments are accounted for in the fund in which the related assets are recorded. Income from investments is accounted for in a similar manner, except for income derived from investments of endowment and similar funds, which is accounted for in the fund to which it is restricted or, if unrestricted, as revenue in unrestricted current funds. Inventory. Inventories are carried at the lower of cost or market. Cost is determined using the first-in, first-out (FIFO) method, or retail cost method (for those inventories held for resale). Deferred revenue and expense. Revenue from subscriptions to Smithsonian magazine is recorded as income over the period of the related subscription, which is one year. Costs related to obtaining subscriptions to Smithsonian magazine are charged against income over the period of the subscription. The Institution recognizes revenue and charges expenses of other auxiliary activities during the period in which the activity is conducted. Works of art, living or other specimens. The Institution acquires its collec- tions, which include works of art, library books, photographic archives, objects and specimens, through purchase or by donation of the items them- selves. In accordance with policies generally followed by museums, no value Financial Report / 67 is assigned to the collections on the statement of financial condition. Pur- chases for the collections are expensed currently. Property and equipment. Capital improvements and equipment purchased with trust funds and utilized in income-producing activities are capitalized at cost and are depreciated on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives of three to 10 years. Equipment purchased with trust funds for use by non-income-producing activities is treated as a deduction of the current fund and a capitalized cost of the plant fund. Depreciation on equipment capital- ized in the plant fund is recorded on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of 3 to 10 years (see Note 9). Equipment purchased with federal funds is recorded at cost and depreciated on a straight-line basis over a period of 10 years. Real estate (land and buildings) purchased with trust funds is recorded at cost, to the extent that restricted or unrestricted funds were expended therefor, or appraised value at date of gift, except for gifts of certain islands in the Chesapeake Bay and the Carnegie Mansion, which have been recorded at nominal values. Costs of original building structures and major additions are depreciated over their estimated useful lives of 30 years. Costs of reno- vating, restoring and improving structures are depreciated over their esti- mated useful lives of 15 years (see Note 9). Buildings and other structures, additions to buildings, and fixed equipment purchased with federal funds are recorded at cost and depreciated on a straight-line basis over a period of 30 years. Certain lands occupied by the Smithsonian Institution's buildings were appropriated and reserved by the Congress for that purpose and are not reflected in the accompanying financial statements. Property and nonexpend- able equipment acquired through transfer from Government agencies are capitalized at the transfer price or at estimated amounts taking into con- sideration their usefulness, condition, and market value. Government contracts. The Institution has a number of contracts with the U.S. Government, which primarily provide for cost reimbursement to the Institution. Contract revenue is recognized when billable or received in the trust funds. Contributed services. A substantial number of unpaid volunteers have made significant contributions of their time in the furtherance of the Institution's programs. The value of this contributed time is not reflected in these state- ments since it is not susceptible to objective measurement or valuation. Annual leave unfunded. The Institution's civil service employees earn annual leave in accordance with federal law and regulations. However, only the cost of leave taken as salaries is funded and recorded as an expense. The cost of unused annual leave at year-end is reflected in the accompanying financial statements as an asset and accrued liability in the federal funds. 2. Related activities The Institution provides fiscal and administrative services to several separately incorporated organizations in which certain officials of the Institution serve on the governing boards. The amounts paid to the Institution by these orga- nizations for the aforementioned services, together with rent for Institution 68 / Smithsonian Year 1983 facilities occupied, etc. totaled approximately $313,000 for the year ended September 30, 1983. The following summarizes the approximate expenditures of these organizations for the fiscal year ended September 30, 1983, as reflected in their individual financial statements and which are not included in the accompanying financial statements of the Institution: ($000s) Smithsonian Science Information Exchange $ 300 Reading Is Fundamental, Inc $6,500 Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars — trust funds $3,800 Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars — federal appropriations $2,341 The Smithsonian Science Information Exchange ceased operations as of October 31, 1981. The U.S. Department of Commerce provided a grant to close down operations and to perfect an orderly liquidation. All activity stipulated under the grant was completed by September 1983. 3. Cash on hand — federal funds This represents deposits in transit and the amount of imprest fund cash advanced by the U.S. Treasury to imprest fund cashiers for small purchasing purposes. 4. Fund balances with U.S. Treasury The account represents fund balances on the books of the U.S. Treasury available for disbursement. 5. Investments Investments are recorded at cost, if purchased, or estimated fair market value at date of acquisition, if acquired by gift. At September 30, 1983, investments are composed of the following: Carrying Market value value ($000s) ($000s) Current funds : Certificates of deposit $ 11,492 $ 11,492 Commercial paper 3,411 3,405 U.S. Government and quasi-Government obligations 27,142 26,969 Common stock 16 11 Preferred stock 30 36 42,091 41,913 Endowment and similar funds: Money market account 21,597 21,597 Deposit with U.S. Treasury 1,000 1,000 U.S. Government and quasi-Government obligations 1,572 1,763 Corporate bonds 4,916 5,339 Common stock 71,646 100,138 Preferred stock 1,565 1,480 102,296 131,317 Financial Report / 69 Plant funds: U.S. Government and quasi-Government obligations Common stock 31 100 30 131 30 $144,518 $173,260 Effective October 1, 1982, the deposit with the U.S. Treasury has been in- vested in U.S. Government securities at a variable yield based on market interest rates. Substantially all the investments of the endowment and similar funds are pooled on a market value basis (consolidated fund) with each individual fund subscribing to or disposing of units on the basis of the value per unit at market value at the beginning of the month within which the transaction takes place. Of the total units, each having a market value of $210.27, 291,970 units were owned by endowment, and 329,523 units were owned by quasi-endowment at September 30, 1983. The following tabulation summarizes changes in relationships between cost and market values of the pooled investments: ($000s) Market Cost Net change Market value per unit End of year $130,684 $101,672 Beginning of year $ 88,858 $ 82,881 Increase in unrealized net gain for the year Realized net gain for the year Total realized and unrealized net gain for the year $ 29,012 $210.27 5,977 148.04 23,035 — 12,990 — $ 36,025 $ 62.23 6. Endowment and similar funds Endowment and similar funds at September 30, are summarized as follows: ($000s) Endowment funds, income available for: Restricted purposes $ 42,970 Unrestricted purposes 3,551 46,521 Quasi-endowment funds, principal and income available for: Restricted purposes 14,860 Unrestricted purposes 41,628 56,488 Total endowment and similar funds $103,009 70 / Smithsonian Year 1983 The Institution utilizes the "total return" approach to investment manage- ment of endowment funds and quasi-endowment funds. Under this approach, the total investment return is considered to include realized and unrealized gains and losses in addition to interest and dividends. An amount equal to the difference between interest and dividends earned during the year and the amount computed under the total return formula is transferred to or from the current funds. In applying this approach, it is the Institution's policy to provide, as being available for current expenditures, an amount taking into consideration such factors as, but not limited to: (1) 4V2% of the five-year average of the market value of each fund (adjusted for gifts and transfers during this period), (2) current dividends and interest yield, (3) support needs for bureaus and scien- tists, and (4) inflationary factors as measured by the Consumer Price Index; however, where the market value of the assets of any endowment fund is less than llO^/o of the historic dollar value (value of gifts at date of dona- tion), the amount provided is limited to only interest and dividends received. The total return factor for 1983 was $6.24 per unit to the Restricted and Designated Purpose Endowment Funds and $5.00 per unit to the Unrestricted General Purpose Endowment Funds; new units were purchased for the Unre- stricted Endowment Funds with the $1.24, the difference in the total return factor. The total return applied for 1983 was $2,373,000 to the Restricted and Designated Purpose Endowment Funds and $1,117,000 to the Unrestricted General Purpose Endowment Funds. 7. Receivables Receivables at September 30, 1983 included the following: ($000s) Trust funds Accounts receivable, auxiliary activities; net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $817,000 in 1983 $ 9,079 Interfund receivables due from current funds : Endowment and similar funds 388 Plant funds 16,873 Interest and dividends receivable 1,727 Unbilled costs and fees from grants and contracts 631 Pledges 7,553 Other 106 36,357 Federal funds Service fees and charges 421 Total, all funds $36,778 8. Advance payments Advance payments represent advances made to Government agencies, educa- tional institutions, firms and individuals for services to be rendered or property or materials to be furnished. Financial Report / 71 As of September 30, 1983, the Institution has advances outstanding to the U.S. Government of approximately $10,179,000, principally for construction services to be received in the future. The Institution at that date also had advances outstanding to educational institutions amounting to approximately $2,068,000, principally under the Special Foreign Currency Program. 9. Property and equipment At September 30, 1983, property and equipment which has been capitalized (see Note 1) is comprised of the following: ($000s) Current funds Capital improvements $ 2,464 Equipment 2,368 Leasehold improvements 262 Less accumulated depreciation and amortization 2,874 2,220 Endowment and similar funds Land 237 Plant funds Land and buildings 18,307 Equipment 2,134 Less accumulated depreciation 5,591 14,850 Total, trust funds $ 17,307 Capital funds Property 249,007 Equipment 22,782 Less accumulated depreciation 91,580 180,209 $197,516 Depreciation and amortization expense for 1983 for trust funds income-pro- ducing assets amounted to approximately $1,436,000, which is included in auxiliary activities expenditures in the current funds. Effective October 1, 1982, the Institution capitalized non-income-producing equipment net of accumulated depreciation, as well as, recognized depreciation on buildings previously capitalized but not depreciated. The effect of this change was not material to these financial statements. Depreciation of trust funds non-income- producing equipment and buildings for 1983 amounted to approximately $3,340,000. Depreciation expense reflected in expenditures of the Capital Funds of 1983 was $7,586,000. The balance of the plant fund at September 30, 1983, includes $24,555,000 of unexpended plant funds. 72 / Smithsonian Year 1983 10. Pension plan The Institution has separate retirement plans for trust and federal employees. Under the trust fund's plan, both the Institution and employees contribute stipulated percentages of salary which are used to purchase individual an- nuities, the rights to which are immediately vested with the employees. The cost of the plan for the year ended September 30, 1983, was $3,037,000. It is the policy of the Institution to fund plan costs accrued currently. There are no unfunded prior service costs under the plan. The federal employees of the Institution are covered by the Civil Service Retirement Program. Under this program, the Institution withholds from the gross pay of each federal employee and remits to the Civil Service Retirement and Disability Fund (Fund) the amounts specified by such program. The Institution contributes 7% of basic annual salary to the Fund. The cost of the plan for the year ended September 30, 1983, was approximately $5,500,000. 11. Excess of expenditures and other deductions The net excess of expenditures and other deductions over revenue and other additions disclosed for federal operating fund in the Statement of the Activity for the year ended September 30, 1983, arose because certain multiyear appropriations, having been recorded as income in prior years and carried forward as fund balance, were expended during the year. 12. Nonmandatory transfers for designated purposes The following transfers among trust funds were made for the year ended September 30, 1983, in thousands of dollars: Current funds ment and Unre- similar Plant stricted Restricted funds funds Portion of investment yield appropriated (Note 5) $ (897) $ (889) $1,786 $ — Plant acquisitions (2.044) — — 2,044 Income added to endowment principal — (340) 340 — Appropriated as quasi-endowment (3,084) (297) 3,588 (207) Total $(6,025) $(1,526) $5,714 $1,837 13. Income taxes The Institution is exempt from income taxation under the provisions of Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. Organizations described in that section are taxable only on their unrelated business income, which was immaterial for the Institution for 1983. It is the opinion of the Institution that it is also exempt from taxation as an instrumentality of the United States as defined in Section 501(c)(1) of the Code. Organizations described in that section are exempt from all income taxation. The Institution has not as yet formally sought such dual status. Financial Report / 73 *>.. ■ / "Stars" Gallery at the National Air and Space Museum features special effects and high-tech exhibits that demonstrate for visitors what astronomers have learned about the stars over the years. .mufimmsmm. ,;/- 1.. Smithsonian Year • ip8} SCIENCE DAVID CHALLINOR, ASSISTANT SECRETARY FOR SCIENCE The National Air and Space Museum At the completion of its seventh year of operation in the new building, the National Air and Space Museum (nasm) remains the most visited museum in the world, with an attendance of 70 million since July 1976. Under the leadership of Walter J. Boyne, who was named director of the museum in February 1983, the members of the nasm staff continue their efforts to blend exhibit, public service, and educational functions with a renewed emphasis on research. Boyne, a nine-year veteran of the museum staff who had served as acting director since June 1982, has set as a major priority the creation at nasm of a world center for the study of the history of aerospace science and technology. The existing archival resources and professional staff of the museum will provide a firm founda- tion for this expanded research program. An associate director of research will be named to coordinate the effort, and the three research departments (Aeronautics, Space Science and Exploration, Center for Earth and Planetary Studies) have prepared detailed research projections in the museum's five- year master plan. Long-term goals include the preparation of a four-volume Smithsonian History of Aviation, scheduled for publication in 1989; a Space Telescope Historical Project in cooperation with the Department of the History of Science, Johns Hopkins University, 75 aimed at documenting the most ambitious space science program of recent years; and research and planning for major exhibitions such as The Golden Age of Flight; Flight Technology; and Earth Satellites. As part of this program to enhance research, the archival center at nasm has been enlarged and updated with the latest equipment designed to assist the researcher in making use of the extensive documentary and photo collections. The completion of the inventory of nasm artifacts has opened yet another new source of information for researchers. The establishment of reciprocal links with other centers of aero- space research and scholarship will play an important role in nasm's future. Evidence of the early success of this effort is to be found in the substantial increase in the number of scholars participating in the nasm fellowship, internship, and visiting scholar programs. Plans for expanding these programs and for increasing the number of scholarly publications, symposia, lectures, and seminars sponsored by the museum are part of a general realignment and reorientation that will enable the staff to address the problems of research more directly. The museum continues its practice of closely integrating cura- torial efforts in research, exhibitions, education, and public service to achieve multiple goals on a broad front. The coordination of curatorial interest with the contents of the collection and the requirements for exhibition and publication has resulted in levels of achievement that would otherwise be beyond the museum's capabilities. For example, the nasm commemoration of the twenty-fifth anni- versary of the space age resulted in a special lecture, a symposium cosponsored by the National Academy of Sciences, and a book, The First 25 Years in Space, edited by curator Allan Needell, all of which complemented an exhibition on the subject featured in the Milestones of Flight Gallery. The exhibition was subsequently transferred to Boston's Museum of Science and served as the basis for a Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service (sites) exhibition. In similar fashion, interest in minority involvement in aero- nautics resulted in the highly acclaimed Black Wings exhibition, which in turn was part of a larger program that included the publi- 76 I Smithsonian Year 1983 cation of a short book on the subject, a filmstrip, a symposium, and a sites exhibition. This effort also resulted in the addition of a large amount of research material, photographs, and other items to the NASM research files. The book Black Wings: The American Black in Aviation, by curators Von Hardesty and Dominick Pisano, was carried by astronaut Guion Bluford on the STS-8 mission of the Space Shuttle Challenger, and will become a part of the exhibi- tion. The First International Ethnoastronomy Conference, sponsored by NASM in September 1983, is another illustration of the attempt to broaden the utility of the research resources of the museum. Attending scholars used the Zeiss Model VI instrument in the Albert Einstein Spacearium as a visual analog computer to simulate particular astronomical phenomena under discussion. The museum's Center for Earth and Planetary Studies continued its research into a variety of problems. These included the chem- ical composition of the lunar surface; the origins of structural features of planetary surfaces based on photogeologic investiga- tions of the Moon and Mars; the interpretation of compressional features seen in Viking Orbiter images; and terrestrial studies concentrating on the interpretation of thermal infrared data gath- ered by earth-orbiting Nimbus satellites. The emphasis on research was clearly reflected in the ten major books and thirty monographs and articles published by the nasm staff during the year. The highly acclaimed Red Phoenix: The Rise of Soviet Air Power, by Von Hardesty, covered an important, if neglected, aspect of history. Messerschmitt Me 262: Arrow to the Future, by Walter Boyne, won the 1982 award for the best foreign book from the Aero Club of France. The exhibition booklet Apollo to the Moon: A Dream of Centuries received a Blue Pencil Award from the National Association of Government Communi- cators. Prelude to the Space Age: Rocket Societies 1924-1940, Milestones of Flight: Pathfinders of the Sky, and Rockets, Missiles and Spacecraft of the National Air and Space Museum represent other noteworthy publications of the past year. The quarterly Air and Space Magazine was distributed to more than 15,000 educators and librarians in 1982, constituting a significant effort by NASM in the area of education. The research program also contributed to the success of the Science I 77 fourteen exhibitions opened this year. Stars, a major gallery opened in June, traces mankind's fascination with the stars from pre- history to the present time. Visitors enter the exhibition through a full-scale recreation of a Stonehenge arch, and are drawn past a fascinating array of artifacts, including the back-up 1970 Skylab Apollo Telescope Mount and "Uhuru," an x-ray astronomy satellite used by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory to map the heavens. Dozens of attractive display units compose this successful and popular gallery. Around the World in 30 Days, an exhibition commemorating the first successful round-the-world helicopter flight, was created and installed in thirty days, a museum record. H. Ross Perot, Jr., and Jay Coburn, the pilots of the Bell 206 Longranger, were awarded the Smithsonian's prestigious Samuel P. Langley Medal for their achievement. An exhibition honoring the leadership and accomplishments of former National Aeronautics and Space Administration (nasa) administrator James E. Webb was unveiled in the Apollo to the Moon Gallery. The bronze bust of Webb commissioned for the exhibition contains one gram of lunar soil. The Viking View from Mars unit incorporated into the Exploring the Planets Gallery illustrates the problems faced by the museum in attempting to provide visitors with the most up-to-date informa- tion in the rapidly expanding field of space science. In this case, images obtained by the Viking Lander on the surface of Mars were routed from the nasa Deep Space Network, through the Jet Pro- pulsion Laboratory and the University of Washington, to a screen in the museum. Perhaps the most significant "first" achieved by nasm this year occurred when nasa agreed to transfer formal ownership of one of the Viking Landers on Mars, thus making nasm the first truly interplanetary museum. Four art exhibitions were opened, including The Artist and the Space Shuttle, featuring more than 100 pieces inspired by the Space Shuttle program. At Home in the Sky: The Aviation Art of Frank Wootton is a retrospective show of fifty-nine paintings and drawings of aircraft, several of which had not previously been exhibited. In an effort to encourage the interest of artists in treating aero- 78 / Smithsonian Year 1983 space themes, nasm is sponsoring a competition for drawings and paintings dealing with civil aeronautics, 1919-1939. The winning entries, to be determined by a panel of distinguished judges, will be added to the permanent art collection, with selected pieces being incorporated into the upcoming Golden Age of Flight exhi- bition. The museum is introducing entirely new techniques in the pro- cess of acquisition, storage, and retrieval of documentary and pho- tographic archival material. A major accomplishment was a com- pletely reconciled inventory of the entire collection. The acquisition of new material remains an important concern. The addition of the back-up Apollo Telescope Mount, acquired for display in the new Stars Gallery, means that the museum now holds a complete Skylab spacecraft. A Viking Lander Biology Instrument was also added to the already impressive collection of spacecraft and space instruments. Eleven aircraft were added to the nasm holdings this year, including the Martin B-57, the Douglas AH-1, the Dassault Falcon Jet, and the Antonov An-2. The staff of the museum's Paul E. Garber Preservation, Restora- tion and Storage Facility completed the restoration of five aircraft and thirty astronautical artifacts in addition to the ongoing preser- vation program. The Northrop N-lM, Focke-Wulf Fwl90F-8 and Nakajima JlNl Irving were among the aircraft rolled out of the shop this year. Plans for the construction of a new facility to house air and space craft that cannot be accommodated in the museum building or at the Garber Facility moved forward when the Board of Regents granted approval for detailed studies of a possible Dulles Airport site. Funds were also earmarked for architectural studies. A new 1,000-seat restaurant was approved for construction on the East Terrace, to open in late 1985. The opening of an environmentally secure document support center at the Garber Facility represents a major step toward mak- ing the 3,500 linear feet of technical manuals, scrapbooks, draw- ings, photographs, and documentary collections in the nasm archive more accessible to the public. The ongoing archival video- disc program continues to pioneer the use of new technology to preserve historic records and photos. The first videodisc, contain- Science I 79 ing 100,000 photographic images of United States and foreign air- craft, has been produced. A second disc, containing biographical material on aerospace pioneers, is near completion. The introduc- tion of the new system has decreased by 50 percent the necessity of handling often fragile and historic photos. New additions to the photo archive include approximately 150,000 World War II and prewar U.S. Air Force photos; a collec- tion of 600 rare Soviet aviation photos donated to the museum by Time-Life Books; and a collection of 100 photos documenting the career in government of former nasa administrator James E. Webb. All new photographic material is being inventoried and prepared for transfer to videodisc. Ongoing collection efforts will remain the key element in build- ing an integrated research archive. Oral history programs like the Space Astronomy Oral History Project, and collection projects in specialized areas, such as the role of blacks and women in aero- nautics, early American aeronautics, and Soviet aviation, will help to strengthen the existing holdings. The NASM public service, education, audiovisual production, and theater units help to carry the museum's message to the public. Four iMAX films are now presented in the Samuel P. Langley Theater. To Fly was voted the best nontheatrical film of the 1970s by the Information Film Producers of America. The new offering. Flyers, has been seen by 600,000 visitors since its premiere in August 1982. Planning is now underway for two new imax films to be shown in the Langley Theater. Through an agreement with nasa, an imax camera will be carried aboard a future Space Shuttle mission in order to obtain spectacular footage to be used in the production of a film on the Space Shuttle. Another imax presentation, now being scripted by the Francis Thompson Company, will deal with the analogies of natural and mechanical flight. Two successful imax festivals were held in the Langley Theater. One of the featured films — Hail Columbia! — -has been added to the daily theater program. A fully automated box office capable of handling daily advance sales for both the Langley Theater and Einstein Spacearium has reduced the volume of audit work and eliminated the need for part-time accounting positions. The number of special events sponsored by the museum doubled 80 / Smithsonian Year 1983 in 1982. The Langley Theater and Einstein Spacearium hosted the popular aviation and space fiction film series, as well as public lectures. Aircraft designer Edward Heinemann offered the annual Lindbergh Lecture, while physicist and space science adminis- trator William Pickering presented the von Braun Lecture. Twelve additional aviation lectures; the "Exploring Space with Astron- omers" series; the twice-weekly "Noontime with the Stars" talks; and the "Exploring Stars and Planets" school lecture series were designed to meet the needs of a variety of audiences. The annual Paul E. Garber Facility open house drew a record crowd of 12,000 visitors. The facility's popularity with the public continues to grow. Eleven thousand spectators attended the Fan- tastic Festival of Flight sponsored at nasm. This program in- cluded performances by magicians, acrobats, jugglers, stiltwalkers, and others who defy gravity, as well as the tethered ascent of a replica Montgolfier hot air balloon, commemorating the 200th anni- versary of human flight. The seventh annual Frisbee Disc Festival drew 10,000 enthusi- astic spectators to the Mall, and visitors to the Smithsonian Folk- life Festival were also treated to presentations relating to aero- nautics arranged in cooperation with nasm. The museum cosponsored an evening to honor the STS-7 astro- nauts. The crew of the Space Shuttle Challenger, Robert Crippen, John Fabian, Frederick Hauck, Norman Thagard, and Sally Ride, narrated "home movies" taken during their stay in space. Astro- naut Ride, the nation's first female space voyager, presented her flight suit to NASM director Boyne. The garment is now on display in the Space Hall. The Education Division expanded its tour program during 1983 to include special "Tours of the Month" focusing on timely subjects; holiday season family tours; and Garber Facility and NASM highlight tours for secondary school students. A recorded tour program instituted in November 1982 offers taped descrip- tions of museum displays in six languages. The Briefing Room continues to be used for teacher workshops, professional meetings, live demonstrations, and such successful public programs as the curatorial lecture series. The facility has also been used for teleconferencing. Educational programs aimed at special audiences included D. C. Science I 81 ^^f- Eighth graders from the District of Columbia public schools are shown with Mike Lyons, a Paul E. Garber Facility craftsman, during a demonstration of model airplane building on "D.C. Day '83." This event, held on Febru- ary 22, 1983, gave students an opportunity to explore the museum and to develop career awareness in aerospace fields. Below: Dr. Sally Ride, America's first female astronaut, gives National Air and Space Museum Director Walter Boyne "something that was very close to me during the flight"— her flight suit— at a celebration July 18, 1983, honoring the STS-7 crew of the Space Shuttle Challenger. Day '83, in which students from five District of Columbia Schools spent an activity-filled day at nasm; and the Stars and Planets Symposium, involving fifty secondary-level science educators in a three-day learning session centering on the Stars Gallery. NASM remains a leader in the development and use of new man- agement techniques and technologies aimed at streamlining mu- seum operations and improving visitor services. The quarterly Director's Program Review, instituted in November 1979, provides a comprehensive management overview of current and future pro- grams. The installation of a word-processing system has improved the capabilities of the staff in areas ranging from publications to exhibition-label preparation and typesetting. The mead nexis sys- tem enables the library staff to conduct quick and efficient infor- mation searches for curators and researchers. A new microprocessor capability allows the audiovisual unit of the exhibits staff to pro- duce a wide range of information in a variety of formats, while the application of fiber-optic technology has made possible the use of high definition color video imagery in museum exhibitions. In creating the National Air and Space Museum, Congress recognized a public need to record, preserve, and commemorate the achievements of men and women who have given the gift of flight to the world. The museum will continue to prosper to the extent that its policies and programs achieve these ends. National Museum of Natural History/ National Museum of Man CENTER FOR THE STUDY OF MAN Because of congressional action in the 1982-83 year, the museum's Center for the Study of Man was not funded, thus terminating the activities of the Research Institute for Immigration and Ethnic Studies and the National Human Studies Film Center, whose archives has been merged with the museum's National Anthro- pological Archives. Science I 83 EXHIBITIONS Three highly acclaimed exhibitions opened in the Thomas M. Evans Gallery during the 1982-83 year: Japanese Ceramics Today: Masterworks from the Kikuchi Collection (February ll-April 3) showed 300 works by close to 100 of Japan's most prominent living potters, drawn from the collection of Mme. Tomo Kikuchi of Tokyo, a noted patron of Japanese arts; The Silk Route and the Diamond Path (May 6-June 30) exhibited esoteric Buddhist art created along the ancient trans-Himalayan trade routes, including rare sculptures, painted scrolls, ritual objects, and fragments of wall paintings; and The Heritage of Islam (June 2-September 5) celebrated the richness and diversity of the 1,400-year-old Islamic civilization, giving the public the opportunity to see more than 250 scientific and artistic treasures. Curators organized three popular exhibitions in 1982-83. Through the efforts of Dr. Clyde F. E. Roper the remains of a giant squid washed ashore on the coast of Massachusetts were placed on view (January 27-December 31); Dr. Paul Taylor orga- nized Royal Gifts from the Kingdom of Thailand (October 22- June 1), featuring a selection of gifts presented by Thai monarchs to the United States over the past 125 years; and Dr. Roy C. Clarke obtained for display a meteorite that had crashed through the roof of a home in Wethersfield, Connecticut. Exhibitions on the rotunda balcony were From the New World: Natural History Etchings and Lithographs by Caroline Thorington (October 23-December 19); Black-Tailed Deer: A Life Cycle (De- cember 23-February 20); Francis Lee Jaques: Artist-Naturalist (March 12-April 24); Paintings of California Flora (May 11-June 26); and Wildlife Sculptures by Louis Paul Jonas (July 2-Au- gust 28). Other exhibits were One with the Earth (March 5-December 31), a survey of contemporary North American Indian art; A Permanent Record of India, photographs taken in the nineteenth century by the studio of Bourne and Shepherd (August 12- December 31); and Black Women: Achievements Against the Odds (February 7-28). Two displays were mounted on curatorial re- search: Dr. William Fitzhugh: Maritime Archaic Indians-Pioneers of the Labrador Coast, and G. Arthur Cooper and Richard E. Grant: Mining a Texas Treasure Trove of Fossils. 84 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Above: Visitors peer at the remains of a giant squid, washed ashore on the coast of Massachusetts. (Photo- graph by Chip Clark) This porcelain vase by Ono Hakuko, with underglaze-gold-leaf design, was in the exhibition Japanese Ceramics Today: Masterworks from the Ki- kuchi Collection, at the National Mu- seum of Natural History. OFFICE OF EDUCATION Educational activities associated with four special exhibitions in the Evans Gallery have enriched visitors' experiences at the mu- seum. Ten curatorial lectures and seventeen Friday film programs were offered this year, each related to one of the exhibitions. Weekend film showings were presented during both the Inua, Spirit of the Bering Sea Eskimos and the Japanese Ceramics exhi- bitions. For the latter, there were also performances and demon- strations by the Koto Consortium and the Urasenke Tea Society. Specially trained docents offered group tours as well as walk-in tours for the public for the Inua, Japanese Ceramics and Heritage of Islam exhibitions. The Friday Film and Lecture Series presented, in addition to the programs mentioned above, nineteen films related to the per- manent exhibitions and seventeen curatorial illustrated lectures, the latter on topics ranging from the "Art of the Pacific" to the "Bamboos of the World." Three curators gave special lectures on the natural history of Washington, D.C., and there were two special lectures on the Antarctic, sponsored by the Antarctic Society. A total of seventy-six programs were provided without charge to the public. With the cooperation of the Division of Performing Arts, three school demonstration lectures were offered: "Music from the Silk Route," "Tukak Teatret: Greenland Inuit Theater," and "Kaze- No-Ko," a Japanese dance troupe. Approximately 500 students attended each program. The Discovery Room continued to serve a large audience of family visitors and the Naturalist Center again increased its use by museum visitors, amateur societies, and students. A teacher open house was held in the fall to introduce high school science teachers to the center and its resources, and a new visitor brochure, which provides more information on the center, is now being mailed to schools, amateur groups, and other organizations. About three hundred volunteers each provided 120 hours of work for a total of 36,000 hours during the year. Two hundred of these volunteers gave more than a thousand school museum lessons and public tours, while the other hundred worked in the Discovery Room and Naturalist Center. 86 / Smithsonian Year 1983 I I DEPARTMENT OF VERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY The role that chemical substances known as pheromones play in fish courtship has only recently begun to be investigated by scien- tists. Museum ichthyologist Dr. Stanley Weitzman in 1982-83 investigated a group of fish that has evolved pheromone "pumps" in the males. He believes the pumps send forth pheromones that evoke positive response in females during courtship. These fishes, of the characid subfamily Glandulocaudinae, are characterized by a set of specialized scales associated with glandular tissue at the base of the male's caudal (tail) fin. The fishes, which are widely distributed in the lakes and streams of South and Central America, from northern Argentina to Costa Rica, are being studied as part of the Smithsonian's Neotropical Lowland Research Program, an interdisciplinary project involving anthropologists, entomologists, vertebrate zoologists, and terrestrial and marine botanists at the museum. Weitzman, along with Sara Fink, of the University of Michigan, Museum of Zoology, and Dr. Naercio Menezes, of the Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo, have been looking at the gland structure, modifications of scales associated with the glands, and the nature of the pumping mechanisms among these characids, while also studying these fishes' evolutionary relationship. Although scientists have maintained and bred about five of the approximately fifty species of these small fishes in aquaria, their fundamental knowledge about the group's courtship and breeding behavior and reproduction is incomplete at best. In an effort to learn more, Weitzman is studying the anatomy and courtship habits of several of these fishes. One of these, paddle- scale tetra (Pterobrycon myrnae), a species discovered in Costa Rica in 1973, has an intricate courtship pattern, similar to that reported for one other glandulocaudine, the swordtail characin. As the courtship of the paddlescale tetra proceeds, the male extends two elongate, specialized paddle scales on his side closest to the female. Each paddle scale usually is tipped with a large black spot and lies along the fish's side. During courtship, the free tips of the paddle scal-es usually take on bronze reflections and may briefly become entirely bronze or gold as the scales are erected and displayed to the female. Science I 87 While extending his paddle scales, the male spreads his dorsal and anal fins and beats his tail fin toward the female. Except for the beating of his tail, he remains still, holding the position for about three seconds. Weitzman's anatomical studies show that the modified scales and the tail fin form a bellowslike structure that passively acts as a pump during tail-beating. The bellows pumps water over the glandular surface and then expels it, presumably along with a soluble pheromone, in the direction of the female. Weitzman agrees with the hypothesis of Keith Nelson, another glandulocaudine researcher, formerly at the University of California at Berkeley, that the scent of the pheromorte may help to instigate the female's positive response to the male. After the tail-beating activity, the male and female usually pair, completing their courtship. Anatomically, there are a variety of pumping mechanisms in glandulocaudine characid fishes, some involving a considerable degree of modification of both the muscular and bony structures of the tail region. Once these pump structures are documented, Weitzman says, field studies will have to be carried out to learn more about how the glands function in the life history of these fishes. The difficult experimental task of determining how the pheromone stimulates a receptive female to further courtship also needs to be undertaken in the laboratory, along with histological and cytological investigation of the glandular tissue. ENTOMOLOGY Museum entomologist Dr. Paul J. Spangler in October 1982 pub- lished an in-depth bibliography of the aquatic and semiaquatic beetles of Mexico, Central America, and the West Indies. This work, appearing in both English and Spanish, provides as complete a reference guide as possible for limnologists, ecologists, entomolo- gists, and other biologists interested in systematic studies of these insects. Based on literature widely dispersed in library journals throughout the world, the guide compensates for the inadequacy of library resources available to many biologists in Mexico, Central America, and the West Indies. Among the work's helpful features is a discussion of the natural history of each aquatic beetle family, placing it in perspective in the world fauna as well as in the regions under discussion. The reader is also guided to those works most 88 / Smithsonian Year 1983 useful in the identification of specimens, and is informed as to which taxa need the attention of systematists. This is the second bibhographic guide compiled by Spangler on tropical American aquatic beetles. Three years ago he published a reference work on the aquatic beetles of South America. A large portion of the information in both of these guides is based on his personal collecting and research. Over the past twenty years, with the assistance of his wife, Phyllis, Spangler has focused his research on the American tropics, an area of the world with an immense, but (with few exceptions) very poorly known, aquatic beetle fauna. He has spent almost five years in the field, working primarily in critical areas where it is important to make collections because the environment is being rapidly altered by human activities. In the process he has amassed more than 400,000 specimens, the largest research collection in the world of tropical American aquatic beetles and the largest and only significant collection of the imma- ture stages of these beetles. These collections now draw numerous scholars from throughout the world to the Smithsonian. So far several hundred types have been described from the collections, and many more specimens are currently under study. In the last two years Spangler — in collaboration with Silvia Santiago de Bueno from the Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico — has been concentrating on collecting and studying the riffle (elmid) beetles of Mexico, Central America, and the West Indies, a large, ecologically important family of beetles found in fast-moving streams. As adults, the majority of riffle beetles live completely beneath the surface of the water without coming up for air, a lifestyle made possible by numerous modifications of the plastron method of respiration. This fascinating adaptation enables the beetle to live in fast-flowing, well-aerated streams with a high oxygen content. The plastron — consisting of a fine hairlike, scalelike out- growth, forming a shinglelike covering of the body — enables the beetle to obtain oxygen by diffusion from the water. Spangler is now making detailed scanning electron microscope studies of plas- tron modifications, which are useful in assessing phylogenetic relationships. During 1982-83 Spangler made field trips to Haiti, Cuba, Mex- ico, and Honduras, where he made valuable collections of rare and Science I 89 newly discovered elmid beetles (a total of more than 17,000 speci- mens were brought back). The trip to Haiti was notable because it yielded many specimens of a new genus of eyeless beetles — the first ever to be described in the elmid family. The museum's Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) Insect Project, funded by the Smithsonian Foreign Currency Program and headed by Dr. Karl V. Krombein, conducted exhaustive faunal surveys from 1970 to 1981 on the terrestrial and aquatic arthropods of Sri Lanka — gathering more than a half million specimens. These insects are now being studied by specialists all over the world. Dr. Krombein has personally concentrated on the collection and biological observations of Sri Lanka's wasps, which were little investigated on the island by earlier workers. He has been publish- ing taxonomic descriptions and biological observations of this material in a revisionary series under the title, Biosystematic Studies of Ceylonese Wasps. During 1982-83 he published four major new titles in the series, numbers VII, IX, X and, XI, and completed for publication in Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology: XII, XIII, XIV. In addition, eight collaborators in the United States and five other countries have published or have in preparation sys- tematic studies of other families or lesser groups of Ceylonese wasps. When these studies are published, the wasp fauna of Sri Lanka will be much better known than that of any other country in the Oriental Zoogeographical Region. PALEOBIOLOGY One of the earth's newest frontiers in oceanography is the shelf- break, that point where the first major change in gradient occurs on the outermost edge of the continental shelf. The break, or shelf- edge, can be traced for more than 300,000 kilometers along the world's continental margins, plateaus, and islands, where it delimits the boundary between two principal and well-defined provinces — the continental shelf and the slope. Though this unique environ- ment has been known for well over two centuries, until recently it received surprisingly little specific attention from investigators of either the modern ocean or the rock record. But in the past several years it has become obvious to scientists that the shelfbreak is of the first order of scientific importance. This awareness, com- bined with the recent explosion of oil and mineral exploration 90 / Smithsonian Year 1983 near and beyond its boundaries, has resulted in unprecedented interest in this "frontier." In June 1983 the first major scientific volume devoted to the shelfbreak was issued, coedited by museum sedimentologist Dr. Daniel Jean Stanley, who has been conducting long-term studies on how sediments move across the shelfbreak boundary. The Shelfbreak: A Critical Interface on Continent Margins, edited by Stanley and Dr. George T. Moore, of the Chevron Oil Company, was published by the Society of Economic Paleontolo- gists and Mineralogists. This multidisciplinary volume, based on papers presented at a major international symposium held by the society in San Francisco in 1981, includes twenty-eight chap- ters on marine geophysics, physical oceanography, sedimentology, and marine ecology, written by fifty-seven authorities. The book takes into account a large number of basic questions that need to be addressed, including: How diverse are the shelf- edge configurations on different world margins? What are the implications of paleo-shelf breaks recognized in the rock record? What are some of the essential factors that influence the flow of water masses at the break? To what extent are geotechnical prop- erties of sediments at the shelfbreak distinct from shelf or deeper water deposits? Is there evidence of a marked faunal change at or near the shelfbreak? Are there any economic deposits unique to the region of the shelfbreak? How will maritime law as presently interpreted affect research and exploration at the shelfbreak? Geologist Dr. Ian G. Maclntyre presented a research paper in April 1983 at the Annual American Association of Petroleum Geologists' Convention in Dallas dealing with recent developments in the understanding of the deposition of submarine cements — a topic of great interest to oil exploration geologists. At the same meeting Maclntyre participated in a two-day workshop at which he showed petroleum geologists' drill cores that he obtained on the Galeta Reef, Panama. Analysis of this material demonstrates that in a post-Pleistocene reef, porosity appears to be best in the central section, between the heavily cemented forereef area and the exten- sive accumulation of fine sediments in the backreef . Areas of high porosity on the fossil reefs are potential reservoirs for oil. Dr. Maclntyre and museum colleagues Dr. Frederick Bayer and Stephen D. Cairns were among the organizers of the 4th Intema- Science I 91 tional Symposium on the Biology and Ecology of Fossil Cnidaria, held at the museum August 7-12, 1983. More than 100 scientists from countries all over the world attended these meetings, primarily dealing with fossil corals and their relatives and modern analogs. The local sponsors of the symposium were the Smithsonian, the U.S. Geological Survey, George Washington University, and the Paleontological Society of Washington. BOTANY Based on the culmination of worldwide studies contrasting tropical, subtropical, and temperate marine algal communities, botanists Mark and Diane Littler in 1982-83 developed a method of using large seaweeds as indicators of natural or manmade disturbance in marine environments. The key to this discovery is the grouping of various algal forms into ecologically meaningful assemblages. This novel approach is expected to have important implications for establishing future biological monitoring techniques. By applying this system, the Littlers report in the Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, it is possible to predict how stable or unstable an environment is by recognizing a relative abundance of a plant-form group; conversely, it is also possible to predict on the basis of a given environment what plant-forms will be present in abundance. For example, communities dominated by highly-structured, long- lived, complex seaweeds imply environmental constancy or sta- bility, while simple sheetlike and filamentous, highly reproductive algae indicate unstable habitats. One of the advantages of the system is that it will enable ecologists to interpret community patterns as well as environmental relationships without having to study laboriously the individual species. Further, the approach is theoretically applicable anywhere the predominant algal abundances are known, without restriction as to geological era, habitat, or phylogenetic considerations. Lichens — lower plants consisting of algae and fungi — have long been known to absorb and retain many pollutants. Because of this sensitivity, they are now being used by the National Park Service and the U.S. Forest Service in studies to establish air quality stan- dards. In 1982-83 Dr. Mason Hale, working under a contract from the Forest Service, conducted a study on lichens as "bio-indicators" 92 / Smithsonian Year 1983 of air pollution in the Flat Tops Wilderness Area, Colorado. This area is near coal-fired generating plants and lies downwind from giant shale-oil deposits that are now being developed. After inven- torying 137 lichen species in the area. Hale conducted tests to establish baseline values of lead, zinc, and other heavy metals and sulphur dioxide levels in selected indicator species. He will con- tinue the monitoring on a long-term basis to see if any pollution- stress appears, building a comparative data base that will be avail- able to the Forest Service as a guide for licensing energy-develop- ment projects in the Flat Tops region. Other highlights of botanical research during the year include: the publication by Dr. Richard S. Cowan of volume 4 of Taxonomic Literature II, an internationally recognized guide to the literature describing plants since 1753, with extensive bibliographic data on the authors. The work has been underway since 1973 with re- search associate F. A. Stafleu (Utrecht, the Netherlands), and two more volumes are under preparation. The current volume covers more than 10,000 titles of interest. Dr. Dan H. Nicholson was one of the editors of the 1983 Inter- national Code of Botanical Nomenclature, a major work that in- cludes changes made at the 1981 Botanical Congress in Sydney. Dr. Harold Robinson concentrated research on major revisions of ten tribes of the large flowering plant family Asteraceae (Com- positae). His treatment of the Tribe Liabeae was published during the year, while a manuscript was submitted in completion of an eighteen-year project on the Tribe Eupatoriaea. The two tribes are similar in being mostly or entirely neotropical in distribution and in being previously among the most poorly understood in their taxonomy and phyletic history. Drs. Dieter Wasshausen, Lyman B. Smith, and Roberto M. Klein, completed the Gramineas (Grasses) volurnes of the ¥lora Ilustrada Catarinense. This major work repre- sents the first completed treatment of the native and introduced grasses of southeastern Brazil. The work is expected to be widely utilized in Latin American agrostology and agronomy. ANTHROPOLOGY For more than forty years the museum has been the most active center in the United States of forensic anthropology work — a field concerned with the identification for law enforcement agencies of Science I 93 bones known to be, or suspected of being, human. Work in this area is now carried out primarily by Drs. J. Lawrence Angel and Douglas H. Ubelaker, assisted by Stephanie Damadio and Jennifer Kelley, These scientists do this work as a free public service, taking time off from their normal osteological research on ancient and modern human skeletons. A new box of bones, which can contain anything from a com- plete skeleton to tiny fragments, arrives for analysis almost every week. In 1982-83 Dr. Ubelaker worked on twenty-eight cases submitted through the FBI Laboratories while Dr. Angel analyzed twenty additional cases from other law enforcement agencies. Their first task usually is to determine if the bones are really human and how much time has elapsed since death. Stature is calculated by the use of formulas derived from documented skeletal material. The age of the individual can be estimated by patterns of tooth development or arm or leg growth. The sex of an adult skeleton can usually be determined by the structure of the pelvis. An effort is made to find anything about the individual that might be unique, especially evidence of past medical problems. Finally, a check is made to see if there are signs of foul play, such as the crushing or breaking of bone, knifemarks, and damage character- istic of bullets. After completing a meticulous study. Angel and Ubelaker provide a physical description that can evolve into a composite sketch of a missing person or crime victim. Dr. Angel's normal research during the year included the con- tinuation of his studies of fragmentary Upper Paleolithic and Neo- lithic human skeletal remains from the Greek coastal area Franch- thi. He is studying the interrelationships of health, nutrition, and culture in these ancient peoples. Dr. Ubelaker conducted field research on ancient human skeletal materials excavated at the coastal site of Salango, Ecuador. He also completed, for publica- tion, a literature synthesis on the biological history of the Ameri- can Indians north of Mexico. Dr. T. Dale Stewart, Physical Anthropologist Emeritus, began studies in April 1983 of an ancient human skeleton discovered by Dr. Fred Wendorf, of Southern Methodist University, at Wadi Kubbaniya, a desolate region in Egypt's western desert, on the west side of the Nile, below the Aswan Dam. This project, funded by the National Science Foundation, the National Geographic 94 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Dr. J. Lawrence Angel and assistant Jennifer Kelley examine a limb bone as part of the work performed by the National Museum of Natural History in the field of forensic anthropology. (Photograph by Vic Krantz) Society, and the Smithsonian's Foreign Currency Program, in collaboration with the Egyptian Antiquities Organization, focused on the task of freeing the bones of the buried skeleton from a matrix of sandstone — a project that required tools and expertise not available in Egypt. By October 1983 the bones had been ex- tracted, casts completed, and the front of the skull reconstructed. On the basis of late Paleolithic artifacts present in the matrix. Dr. Wendorf estimated the age of the buried skeleton as not more than 20,000 years. Following the conclusion of the study the skeleton will be returned to Egypt. During his tenth season of field work at Tell Jemeh, in Israel's western Negev Desert, museum archeologist Dr. Gus Van Beek in 1982-83 excavated an unusual, thick deposit of debris with a great variety and quantity of artifacts stemming from the end of the Middle Bronze II period (early sixteenth century B.C.). Included among the objects was a unique Tell el-Yehudieyeh-ware vessel in the shape of a bull or gazelle, dating from the seventeenth or sixteenth century b.c. The dark brownish-gray pot, a large part of it excavated in a single piece, has a trumpet-foot base and a head and face decorated by incisions and punctures filled with white paint. Near this piece, excavators found two clay eyeballs from the face and parts of a pouring spout from the top of the head. Tell el-Yehudieyeh ware was first identified by archeologists around the turn of the century at a site bearing that name in the delta of Egypt. Later finds have established the ware as pottery produced in the area now known as the Levant during the eigh- teenth through sixteenth centuries B.C., although it is possible that this type of vessel, found most frequently in the form of small jugs, also was manufactured in Egypt during the same period. Vessels in the form of animals are rare — only two known to be from Israel have been discovered, one in the shape of a fish and the other in the form of a human head. Other interesting finds made by Van Beek included a vast num- ber of bowls of diverse shapes, many of them shallow and suitable for eating, ten mud bottle or jar sealings with impressions of Egyptian scarabs, and an unusually large amount of animal bones. The deposit, contained within a large room, suggests that the area or adjacent structure may have been a public eating place, an 96 / Smithsonian Year 1983 establishment without obvious parallel in ancient Israel. The re- construction of the pottery from this deposit is now in progress at the museum. More than fourteen vessels are virtually complete and more than forty others are in various stages of completion. Other archeological work during 1982-83 included a pioneering field survey conducted by Dr. William Fitzhugh in the Strait of Belle Isle region where Labrador Inuit are known historically to have settled periodically and to have had contacts with Europeans and Indians from the late-sixteenth century to the nineteenth cen- tury. Searching for remains of sites where the Inuit may have lived, traveling by boat, Fitzhugh's survey team concentrated on certain key areas on the northern tip of Newfoundland. There, on the extreme tip of Quirpon Island, the team made the most im- portant find of the season, what may be the houses of the Inuits reported by Sir Joseph Banks in 1766. Banks was the first English scientist to document the natural history of Labrador and New- foundland extensively, and the first English explorer to take an interest in describing this region's native peoples. The location of the site, and the architecture, suggest that it was of Inuit con- struction, and eighteenth-century European artifacts recovered there by Fitzhugh are what might be expected in an area where there was trade going on between Inuit and Europeans. The site will require full excavation in the future to confirm this hypothesis. It could prove to be the first Inuit habitation ever found in New- foundland. MINERAL SCIENCES Museum volcanologist Dr. William G. Melson in April 1983 dis- covered what appears to be a new "hotspot" at 15° N on the mid-Atlantic Ridge. Hotspots are centers of "excess" volcanic activity that produce ocean islands and submarine elevations. Some scientists see hotspots— which occur at places along most sea-floor spreading centers — as a driving mechanism for plate tectonics. Melson discovered the new hotspot while mapping the chem- istry of glassy lava dredged at 15° N by a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration vessel. For the past ten years more than 6,000 samples of volcanic glass dredged and drilled from the mid-Atlantic Ridge and the Indian and Pacific sea floor have under- gone electronic microprobe analysis at the museum. This Smith- Science / 97 sonian Volcanic Glass Project, run by Melson in collaboration with Timothy J. O'Hearn, is identifying broad regional variations in abyssal volcanic rocks and improving the understanding of many processes of sea-floor spreading. The 15° N hotspot is situated about 900 miles east of the West Indies and gives evidence of being active for a long time. The most recent volcanic feature it has produced is an elevation that rises to within 2,000 meters of the ocean surface. Older ridges produced by the same hotspot appear to be located to the east and west. Four hotspots were previously known on the northern-half of the mid-Atlantic Ridge — the Sierra Leone hotspot, the Azores hot- spot, the Iceland hotspot, and the Jan Mayen hotspot. All of the mid-Atlantic Ridge islands and submarine elevations are composed of volcanic rocks that have trace and radiogenic isotopic characteristics distinctively different from those of lavas erupted elsewhere along the ridge at greater depth. The analysis of the 15° N lava revealed a high abundance of potassium, data interpreted by Melson as a reflection of hotspot activity at 15° N in a paper published by the Geological Society of America's Decade of North American Geology Series. The analysis of glassy lavas recovered by the French in the same area corroborates the Melson data. Krakatau's 1883 eruption is perhaps the most famous volcanic catastrophe in recorded history. The gigantic explosions were heard 3,000 miles away and the associated sea waves caused the death of more than 30,000 people. The impact of the event on the world, and its importance to science, were reviewed and analyzed in a new book by museum volcanologists Dr. Tom Simkin and Dr. Richard Fiske. Krakatau 1883 — the Volcanic Eruption and Its Effects was published by the Smithsonian Institution Press on the occasion of the hundredth anniversary of the eruption. The book compiles eyewitness accounts, first-time translations of early Dutch reports, selected scientific interpretations of the various phenomena, plus rare illustrations of the eruption and its effects. In the book Simkin and Fiske suggest that the timing of the event was largely responsible for its fame. It occurred just a few years after the first undersea telegraph cables revolutionized world communications. People at great distances from the eruption 98 / Smithsonian Year 1983 learned swiftly about what had happened and then were able to relate it to distant effects such as the far-traveled waves or the remarkable sunsets that occurred around the globe. "The world quickly learned that the impacts of large geophysical events are global, and that they demonstrate the interdependence of land, sea, and air. Krakatau 1883 remains today a classic geophysical event with much yet to teach us about our world," Simkin and Fiske write. For discussions of the event's scientific importance, Simkin and Fiske in August 1983 joined more than 230 other scientists from different fields and nations in Indonesia at a special centennial symposium on Krakatau. INVERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY In March 1983 the museum launched a pioneering international collaborative marine study of Aldabra, one of the world's most remarkable coral atolls. This western Indian Ocean Seychelle atoll, composed of four main islands and countless islets, enclosing a shallow lagoon, is considered one of the most scientifically interest- ing atolls in the world oceans. It is remote and inhospitable to man, with practically no fresh water and no deep-water anchorage, and as a result its wildlife, including a colony of 150,000 giant tortoises, flightless birds, plants, insects, coral reefs, and fish have survived as part of a unique ecological system. Plans to build an airstrip on the island were thwarted in 1966 by worldwide protests from conservation and research organizations, led in Great Britain by the Royal Society and in the United States by the Smithsonian. Since that time the Royal Society has mounted a systematic pro- gram of research on the atoll, joined now by the Smithsonian, which has begun a five-year study focused on achieving a better understanding of the marine ecosystems of the island, especially those of the lagoon and its fringes. Six museum staff members — led by Dr. Brian Kensley — made the first of a series of planned annual visits to the island in March. The group spent two weeks on the island making large collections of algae, molluscs, crustaceans, echinoderms, sponges, and corals for taxonomic studies. These plants and animals, largely ignored in the past, make up a large part of the base of the island's food chain. Behavioral and ecological studies were also initiated. Science I 99 The studies should help considerably in enlarging the scientific understanding of the distributions of organisms in the western Indian Ocean and adjacent regions, and by enlarging our knowl- edge of the diversity of life on the atoll, help protect this unique environment, as pressures increase for its exploitation. Dr. Clyde F. E. Roper is Project Principal Investigator. The project was orga- nized by C. W. Hart, Jr. The eastern end of the island of Bermuda has more than 150 limestone caves, most of them having connections to the sea. Some of the larger caves have been opened for public tours, but many are either too small or so inaccessible that they are seldom if ever entered. Now museum researchers exploring these caves have dis- covered a number of previously unknown crustaceans living in this unusual environment. Dr. Thomas Bowman, in collaboration with Dr. Thomas Iliffe of the Bermuda Laboratory, have recently described a new genus and species of cirolanid isopod from the cave system, the closest relative of which is a recently described isopod from the subter- ranean waters of Aruba. The same authors are describing a small crustacean that belongs to the suborder Peracarida, but which can- not be placed in any of the seven presently recognized orders. A new order will be proposed for it, constituting an action of major significance in crustacean systematics. In addition, the museum's C. W. Hart, Jr., and Raymond B. Manning have described a new genus of hipplytid shrimp, a new species of atyid shrimp, and established new records for several other shrimps. The relationships of several of the species and their allies are puzzling: the closest relative of one is known only from Ascension Island in the south central Atlantic; one is probably related to a shrimp known only from Antigua; still another, with its cousin from the eastern Atlantic and the Indo-West Pacific, may be a relic derived from stocks that inhabited the former Tethys Sea some 200 million years ago. Iliffe, together with Hart and Manning, published a paper in the March 10, 1983, issue-of Nature, outlining their hypotheses con- cerning the origins of the cave shrimp fauna and postulating that a geothermal temperature gradient, observed as shallow as thirty meters below sea level on Bermuda, may have maintained water temperatures in some caves high enough to protect certain groups 100 / Smithsonian Year 1983 during the periods of Pleistocene glaciation. Related cave studies are now underway by these scientists in the Bahamas and the Turks and Caicos Islands. SMITHSONIAN OCEANOCRAPHIC SORTING CENTER Major collections coming to the Sorting Center during 1982-83 included fishes from Fiji; benthic invertebrates from Guam, Oki- nawa, and the Antarctic; and marine algae from the Philippines. The Philippine seaweeds and seagrasses were collected from along the northern coast by Dr. Ernani Menez while on a visit to the northern Philippines to conduct a seaweed workshop. A new three- year Antarctic Sorting Contract with the National Science Foun- dation was negotiated for th^ center by Betty Landrum. HANDBOOK OF NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS Southwest-10, the companion volume to Southwest-9, was pub- lished in September 1983. It is the fifth volume to appear in the twenty-volume Handbook series on the prehistory, history, ethnol- ogy, and linguistics of the Native North Americans. This volume contains fifty-six articles about the non-Pueblo peoples of the Southwest, including the Yuman, Pima, Papago, Navajo, and Apache peoples. The first Southwest volume (9), on the Pueblos, was published in 1980. Editing and typesetting have been com- pleted on the Arctic (volume 5), scheduled for publication in late 1984. Research and editing on the Basin (volume 11) are under- way. All published Handbook volumes are in print with more than 50,000 copies sold. The Handbook series is under the general edi- torship of the museum's William C. Sturtevant. INVENTORY The museum's comprehensive collection inventory was completed as planned in June 1983. Item-by-item inventories were compiled for all valuable specimens and types, and many specimens going to the Museum Support Center. The remainder of the collections were inventoried in batches. All the data are on a computer and are retrievable for scholarly or management purposes. Inventory Science I 101 data are being used extensively to plan and conduct the move to the support center. Inventory work is now focusing on maintain- ing the lists and on reconciling past records with the inventory lists to discover and resolve discrepancies. OFFICE OF THE REGISTRAR Pilot automated-registration systems have been established for the museum's mineral, fish, birds, mammals, reptile, and botany col- lections. Some 1,515 incoming loans and 1,585 accessions were pro- cessed during the year. Registrar Margaret Santiago observed regis- tration systems at the Arizona State Museum, the Denver Museum of Natural History, and the Los Angeles County Museum of Na- tural History. BUILDING IMPROVEMENTS Steady progress was made in improving the museum's fire protec- tion systems. The installation of complete fire detection and sup- pression systems continued in the nonpublic areas of the main building. SMITHSONIAN MARINE STATION AT LINK PORT The multibureau cooperative research program initiated in 1981 at the Smithsonian Marine Station under the administrative direc- tion of the National Museum of Natural History increased in vigor and scope during 1982-83. More than twenty-four Smithsonian scientists and their colleagues from several institutions participated in projects, utilizing the wide variety of habitats and the diversity of marine flora and fauna in the vicinity of the station. Dr. David L. Pawson, National Museum of Natural History, and Dr. Gordon Hendler, Smithsonian Oceanographic Sorting Center, have been collaborating on echinoderm studies with John E. Miller of Harbor Branch Foundation, Inc. Using the research submersible Johnson-Sea-Link I, Pawson and Miller have been following the distribution of the sea cucumber Holothuria lentigi- nosa enodis associated with an Oculina coral reef nineteen miles offshore from the Smithsonian Marine Station in ninety meters of 102 / Smithsonian Year 1983 water. They have found that these populations of Holothuria are capable of moving considerable distances. This movement does not appear to be correlated with the direction of the prevailing Gulf Stream currents, but is most influenced by the organic content of the sediment. Hendler and Miller have collected more than seventy species of deepwater (30-600 meters) echinoderms off east-central Florida and West End, Grand Bahama Island, using the sub- mersible's mechanical manipulator. Underwater video cameras are used to document natural behavior, and colorplates of all species collected are made in the shipboard laboratory for a permanent photo record. As a result of these cruises, a study of the feeding behavior of Asteroporpa annulata, a basket star with unbranched arms, has been completed, and the description of a new species of brittle star, genus Ophioderma, is underway. Karen Barrett, a graduate student at Johns Hopkins University, under the direction of Dr. Martin A. Buzas, museum paleobiolo- gist, has been investigating the burrowing behavior of foramini- fera and has documented her findings with the aid of Smithsonian biological film producer Kjell Sandved. Buzas and Kenneth P. Severin, former research assistant at the marine station and cur- rently a doctoral student at the University of California at Davis, published a comprehensive study on the distribution and sys- tematics of the foraminifera of the Indian River, Florida. A total of 17,348 individual forams representing ninety-four species were collected in the survey. The resident science program, under the direction of Mary E. Rice, continued its emphasis on life history studies of marine in- vertebrates. In developmental studies of sipunculan worms, obser- vations were made for the first time on two species with highly modified development, Sipunculus nudus and Phascolopsis gouldi, contributing important information for phylogenetic interpretations and an understanding of life history patterns of the group. These and other comparative developmental studies on sipunculans were reviewed in a paper on developmental evidence by phylogenetic inference presented in a symposium organized by the Systematics Association in London on "Origins and Relationships of Lower Invertebrates." A collaborative project with Edward Ruppert, a former postdoctoral fellow in the life histories program and now associate professor at Clemson University, resulted in a publica- Science I 103 tion on ultrastructure of terminal organs of sipunculan larvae, which related structure to life history patterns and species dis- persal. MUSEUM SUPPORT CENTER Secretary Ripley, assisted by Smithsonian Regent Norman Mineta and key officials of the Institution, officiated at a ceremony dedi- cating the Museum Support Center on May 16, 1983. After more than a decade of planning and two years of construction, the facility at Suitland, Maryland, is expected to be ready for full operation in 1984. It has been designed to provide modern, effi- cient, and effective collections storage and laboratory space to serve the needs of the National Museum of Natural History, the National Museum of American History, the Conservation Analyti- cal Laboratory, and other units and organizations of the Smith- sonian. Metcalf/KCF served as architects for the center; the George Hyman Construction Company was the builder. Given the mission of the center — the long-term preservation of museum objects — special attention was paid to problems of envi- ronmental control, security, and collections inventory. The environ- mental control system was designed to maintain a constant interior temperature of 70° F ± 2°, and humidity of 50% RH ± 2%, re- gardless of exterior conditions and interior activity. The center is equipped with an air infiltration system to minimize potential dust problems, and a large fumigation facility for pest control. An elab- orate electronic security system has been designed to provide con- trolled access within the building. A fully automated information management system is in place to provide inventory control of all collections. Reporting to the Director of the Museum of Natural History, the center's director, Vincent Wilcox, supervises person- nel working in administration, data management, shipping/receiv- ing, the coordination of collections management activities, and facilities management. Construction of a three-level storage system began in 1983 and will be phased over the next several years. Beginning with the completion of the first phase of this storage equipment, the move of collections into the center is expected to take at least three years to accomplish. 104 / Smithsonian Year 1983 National Zoological Park In fiscal year 1983 the National Zoological Park (nzp) continued its commitment to education, science, recreation, and conservation through animal exhibits, symposia, publications, research with the collections, and ongoing research and breeding of endangered species. CONSTRUCTION The newly renovated Small Mammal House and the new Monkey Island were opened in April 1983; Dr. Theodore H. Reed wel- comed the public to the exhibits and took that festive occasion to announce his retirement as director of the National Zoological Park. The preliminary planning for the reconstruction of approxi- mately .8 mile of Olmsted Walk began in January 1983. This project, which will preserve and enhance the natural and historic character of the Zoo, is to include a series of small exhibits along the walk designed to complement the major exhibit areas. Renovation of the Elephant and Monkey houses started in Feb- ruary 1983, with completion scheduled for late fall. The changes will provide better facilities for animal handling by the keepers and viewing by the public. At the Conservation and Research Center (crc) construction was completed in August 1983 of approximately four miles of high-tension fence to aid in controlling the white-tailed deer. Also completed was the design of two major projects: the second phase of the Small Animal Facility and the Veterinary Hospital. Con- struction of both was scheduled to start in October 1983. The Veterinary Hospital will include X-ray and surgical rooms, labora- tories, a pharmacy, animal wards, and necropsy, administrative, and storage areas. ANIMAL COLLECTION AND EXHIBITS July 21, 1983, marked the birth of the first Giant Panda in the United States. While the cub, a male, did not survive, this most significant birth of an endangered mammal species renewed the Zoo's hope for future successful births. Additional endangered Science I 105 Above: Dr. Theodore Reed (left) and Assistant Secretary for Science David Challinor officiated at the opening of the renovated Small Mammal House at the National Zoo on April 1, 1983. Fennec Fox is the theme animal for the Small Mammal House. mammal species born were: golden lion tamarins, maned wolves, scimitar horned oryx, orangutan, bongo, clouded leopards, Geof- frey's cat, potoroo, hammerhead bat, zorillas, and Pere David's deer. Other major mammal births were elephant shrew (the 300th born to the collection, representing the seventh generation), spider monkeys, Barbary macaques, dwarf mongoose, sugar gliders, degues, red kangaroos. Reeve's muntjacs, and bobcats. Notable first-time hatchings and births in the Department of Herpetology were Gila monsters, leopard tortoise, green tree and ball pythons. Long-term breeding programs with the red-footed tortoise, water dragon, leopard and giant day geckoes, and the emerald tree and Brazilian rainbow boas continued to be success- ful, with multiple births or hatchings by each species (fifty-nine baby Brazilian rainbow boas). Through cooperative programs with other zoos, the Department of Ornithology enjoyed notable hatchings of the following species: common hoopoe (cooperative exchange with the Ramat Gan Zoo, Tel Aviv); satin bowerbirds (from Australia through cooperative effort with Dr. Gerald Borgia, University of Maryland); and red- crowned cranes (acquired from the Rotterdam Zoo, the Nether- lands). Major acquisitions and animal-related events during the year include the following: fifteen golden lion tamarins assembled from seven different zoos for shipment to Brazil as part of a reintro- duction project; fifteen sable antelopes from four collections brought to CRC, beginning a major new breeding herd; a trio of Mongolian wild horses arriving at crc as part of the North Ameri- can Mongolian wild horse program; a pair of young bald eagles presented to President Reagan and the American people by the Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany in commemoration of the 200th anniversary of the selection of the bald eagle as the central figure of the great seal of the United States. Charles Pickett, collection manager of the Department of Ornithology, observed and collected birds in the Central Highlands, Papua New Guinea, in a joint expedition with other zoological parks. RESEARCH Dr. Eugene Morton completed the fifth, and last, year of studying the Kentucky warbler breeding population at crc. This warbler Science I 107 This Common Zebra, born May 6, 1983, was one of the many mammals born at the National Zoo during the year. Especially important animal births included those of such endangered species as maned wolves, golden lion tamarins, orangutan, scimitar horned oryx, clouded leopards, bongo, Geoffrey's cat, hammerhead bat, potoroo, zorillas, and Pere David's deer. species is an indicator of the effects of tropical forest destruction on a migratory bird that breeds in North America. Only about 25 percent of the adults are returning — a figure lower than necessary for population maintenance. Dr. Morton, with Dr. Russell Green- berg and Judy Gradwohl, also completed a seven-year study of insectivorous bird populations on Barro Colorado Island in Panama. Continuing studies included the following: Dr. John Seiden- sticker's radio-tracking laboratory at crc, which also cooperated with Dr. Rasanayagam Rudran's successful conservation course instructing nine students from Latin America, Indonesia, and Nepal; Dr. Greenberg's studies of foraging behavior development in captive warblers, concentrating on species with extreme forag- ing specialization; Dr. Otto Sieber's studies of the function and development of raccoon vocalizations; Drs. Sieber and G. Peters's joint efforts to compare communication systems of carnivores; Dr. Katherine Ralls's studies of California sea otter; Wolfgang P. J. Dittus and Anne Baker-Dittus's long-term study of primates in Sri Lanka; and Dr. John Frazier's study of the biology and conserva- tion of sea turtles. New research begun this year included: Dr. Theodore Grand's postdoctoral fellowship study of the anatomy of golden lion tama- rins in relation to motion and ontogeny; Dr. John Gittleman's study of the behavior of red pandas; Dr. Ralls's organization of a genetics program for nzp (she will be sponsoring the first genetics conference at crc next year); Dr. Ralls and Jon Ballou's consulta- tion with Alan Templeton on genetics-management techniques for small populations; Dr. Morton's writing of a book entitled Sound Size Symbolism and the Evolution of Animal Vocal Communica- tion, in addition to studying avian vocal communication with the assistance of Kim Young; collection manager Miles Roberts's be- ginning of a comparative study of marsupial vocalizations; re- search associates Drs. Jim Hallett and Margaret O'Connell's studies of marsupial behavior and the ecology of small mammal populations at crc with Dr. Seidensticker. Dr. Dale Marcellini went to Cuba to continue his Anolis study and Drs. Daryl Boness and Olav Oftedal traveled to California to continue studying California sea lions. Drs. Christen M. Wemmer and Benjamin B. Beck edited and published a book. The Biology Science / 109 and Management of an Extinct Species: Fere David's Deer, Dr. Ralls represented the Department of Zoological Research (dzr) at the International Ethological Conference in Australia. Research associate James Dietz went to Brazil to initiate a study of the behav- ioral ecology of golden lion tamarins and to start an educational program on the conservation of those tamarins in Brazil. Dr. Tom Jenssen began a sabbatical at nzp to work on a book with Dr. Marcellini, and Dr. Martin Nicole began a postdoctoral fellowship with Dr. Edwin Gould. Dr. Morton studied migrant birds in the Yucatan with Dr. James Lynch of the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center. Associates leaving dzr included Susan Farabaugh, who com- pleted her Ph.D. at the University of Maryland, and Kent Red- ford, who completed his Ph.D. at Harvard University and is now working at the University of Florida. Farabaugh published the main part of her thesis in the book Evolution and Ecology of Avian Vocal Communication, published by Academic Press. Dr. Morton also contributed a chapter to this book. Dr. Nancy Muckenhern is continuing her association with dzr and Dr. Stephen Thompson has joined the department to study marsupial physiology with Drs. Nicole, Hallett, and O'Connell, and Miles Roberts. PUBLIC INFORMATION AND EDUCATION The HERplab project, science education for families, funded by the National Science Foundation, moved into its third year of develop- ment. Located in the reptile and amphibian building, the HERplab was opened to the public in October 1982. Temporary labs were set up at two other zoos, the John Ball Zoological Gardens in Grand Rapids, Michigan, and the Philadelphia Zoological Garden, where copies of the HERplab educational materials could be tested with the public. Extensive evaluation conducted at all three sites included in-depth visitor interviews and questionnaires. Efforts to disseminate the results of the project involved a workshop for zoo educators after the annual meeting of the American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums in Vancouver, B.C.; talks in Canberra and Melbourne, Australia; and articles in various pub- lications. The Collaborative Outreach Project (with education staffs of the Museum of Natural History and Museum of American Art) 110 / Smithsonian Year 1983 began a new phase. The object-based programs, which were for- merly taken to nursing homes and hospitals, have been redesigned and revised for wider distribution on a loan basis to staffs at com- munity institutions. New school programs included a prototype workshop on zoos and conservation biology for secondary school teachers and the addition of a video-taped workshop on zoo conservation training. Continuing school programs include the multivisit fourth-grade program, "Zoo Animals, A Closer Look," and a wide variety of single-visit tours. Continuing programs for the general zoo visitor include the winter series of "Sunday Afternoons at the National Zoo" and the special June-week events of "Summerfest." ADMINISTRATION After twenty-five years as director of the National Zoological Park, Dr. Theodore H. Reed assumed new duties as senior adviser for Zoological Park Management effective April 3, 1983. On the same date Dr. Christen M. Wemmer, who served as curator-in-charge of the Conservation and Research Center, became acting director until a search committee chaired by Dr. David Challinor recommends a new director. Also on April 3, 1983, Dr. Devra G. Kleiman became acting assistant director for Animal Programs, allowing Dr. Dale L. Marcellini to resume duties as curator of the Department of Herpe- tology. Dr. Katherine S. Ralls will serve as acting scientist-in- charge and head of the Department of Zoological Research until a permanent assistant director for Animal Programs is appointed. FRIENDS OF THE NATIONAL ZOO The Friends of the National Zoo (fonz) continued to assist nzp in education, science, recreation, and services to the public. A prin- cipal part of the fonz contribution consists of a core of well- trained, educated guides who volunteer their time during the week and on weekends. Many of them spend numerous hours at nzp, working in all areas. A major volunteer effort occurred during the pregnancy of the giant panda Ling-Ling. Some ninety fonz volun- teers logged well over 1,000 hours during the round-the-clock Science I 111 watch. Many additional hours were given to the hand-rearing of animal infants needing human help. FoNZ continues to provide the bus program that is so popular with the District of Columbia elementary classes. In addition, FONZ has sponsored science programs by financing research proj- ects, field trips, and the research traineeship and postdoctoral pro- grams. Financial information for calendar year 1982 is detailed below. In addition, a percentage of the restaurant and parking concessions is available to the Smithsonian for the benefit of the National Zoo and is reported as income in the Financial Report of the Smith- sonian Institution. FRIENDS OF THE NATIONAL ZOO Financial Report for the Period January 1-December 31, 1982 [In $l,OOOs] FUND BALANCE @ 1/1/82 . . SERVICES Membership Publications Education^ Zoo Services ^ Totals FUND BALANCE @ 12/31/82 Net increase/ (di '.crease) to Net revenue Expenses fund balance $1,081 $ 465 $ 432 33 101 133 (32) 77 532 (455) 3,144 2,538' $3,635 606 $3,787 $ 152 $1,233* ^ Excludes services worth an estimated $234,758 contributed by FONZ volunteers. ^ Includes gift shops, parking services, and food services. * Includes $276,054 paid during this period to the Smithsonian Institution under contractual arrangement. * Net worth, including fixed assets, to be used for the benefit of educational and scientific work at the National Zoological Park. 112 / Smithsonian Year 1983 The Office of Biological Conservation The original aims of the Office of Biological Conservation (obc) — to stimulate public and staff interest in issues of biological con- servation and to serve as a source of information to a wide audience on natural resource issues — were achieved in 1983. As a result of greater involvement by the science bureaus of the Smithsonian in this subject area, the necessity for duplicating this service centrally ceased. As a result, the obc was terminated on July 15 and its employees were assigned to other activities. In carrying out its mandate before termination, the office pro- duced four issues of a Biological Conservation Newsletter, edited by Jane Lamlein. The obc also continued its role in supporting the Charles Darwin Foundation for the Galapagos Isles, and the pro- gram manager participated in the forty-second meeting of the foundation at the Royal Society in London on December 9-10, 1982. As an outgrowth of the meeting, the office provided logisti- cal support for the foundation's endowment drive. Work continued on a contract from the International Conven- tion Advisory Commission to provide detailed illustrations of ten plant species (seven Mexican cacti, three American pitcher plants) which are frequently encountered in international trade. Pictures and descriptions of the plants will be included in the United States identification manual, for use by customs inspectors at designated ports of entry enforcing the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. From March 8 to 14, 1983, the director conducted field work in the Tai National Forest of the Ivory Coast, the last remaining viable stand of primary rain forest in the country. The Ivory Coast was chosen for in-depth study by the iucn-wwf Tropical Forests Campaign because of the diversity of species in the ecosystem, the increasing threats to its stability, and the potential for achiev- ing long-term conservation goals. Dr. Balla Kieta, minister of scientific research and chairman of the Man and the Biosphere Program of UNESCO, arranged the trip to assist the director in making recommendations on the delimitation of park boundaries and buffer zones to avoid commercial forestry and industrial development. Science I 113 At the World National Parks Conference, held in Bali, Indonesia, on October 11-14, 1982, the director presented a keynote address on "The Afrotropical Realm," stressing the need for integration of biological conservation with human concerns and development in Africa, in keeping with the conference theme of "National Parks in a Changing World." The director attended, on October 4-6, 1982, the fifty-eighth meeting of the iucn's Species Survival Com- mission in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, during which a symposium was held concerning conservation problems in the tropical forests of Southeast Asia. "Preservation of Genetic Resources" was the subject of a paper delivered by the director in November 1982 at the International Scientific Conference on Environmental Research and Manage- ment Priorities for the 1980s held at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm. Approximately one-third of the vast African continent suffers from the hazards of desertification; this situation was discussed by the director in a paper entitled "Desertification in Africa — the Lessons It Provides for Arid and Semi-Arid Regions," presented at the Centennial Symposium on Plants: Renewable Resources held February 14-15, 1983, at the University of Texas, Austin. On February 22-25, 1983, the director attended an International Convocation for World Environmental Regeneration at the Rene Dubos Center for Human Environment in New York City, at which he presented a keynote paper on "Developmental and Environ- mental Conflicts," noting that economic development in many countries is accelerating the overexploitation of natural resources. A number of tropical plant species having medicinal properties are becoming endangered as a result of mass collecting for the drug trade in their natural habitats. This situation was discussed by the director in a paper on "Application of Herbs in Modern Medicines and Their Significance to Third World Economies," de- livered at a symposium on "The Contribution of Herbs of the Third World to World Health," held in Munich on June 16, 1983. While in Germany, he also lectured on United States and Smith- sonian plant conservation efforts to audiences in Nuremberg and Regensburg. The integration of conservation measures in the economic ex- pansion plans of developing countries, using the most environ- 114 / Smithsonian Year 1983 mentally sound technologies, is of increasing importance to many governments. To this end, the director served on a panel dis- cussion on the "Integrated Application of Emerging and Tradi- tional Technologies for Development/' convened at the Inter- national Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Philippines, on Decem- ber 13-16, 1982. The director also presented a paper on "Third World Nations and Technological Innovations: A View Toward the 21st Century and Beyond" to an international seminar held October 29, 1982, at the University of New Hampshire, Durham. Ojfice of Fellowships and Grants The Office of Fellowships and Grants (ofg) continues to serve as a Smithsonian link with scholarly organizations throughout the world. It encourages research at universities, museums, and re- search organizations in the fields of art, history, and science. The office brings scientists and scholars to all parts of the Institution to utilize the unique resources available, as well as to interact with the professional staff. At present, two major activities are managed and developed by the office: Academic Programs and the Smithsonian Foreign Currency Program. Academic Programs at the Smithsonian supports and assists visiting students and scholars. It provides opportunities for re- search to be conducted at Smithsonian facilities, in conjunction with staff members. Residential appointments are offered at the undergraduate, graduate, and professional levels. The Institution further enhances the quality of its research and also extends the reach of its scholarly efforts through the Smith- sonian Foreign Currency Program (sfcp). The sfcp offers grants to the Smithsonian and other United States scholarly institutions to conduct research in a limited number of foreign countries where "excess currencies" are available. It is particularly effective in strengthening the "increase and diffusion of knowledge" on an international scale. ACADEMIC PROGRAMS The Smithsonian's academic programs are an important comple- ment to those offered at universities. The national collections and Science I 115 the curators who study them are unparalleled resources that are not available anywhere else and are essential to scholarly research. Historical and anthropological objects, original works of art, na- tural history specimens, living plants, animals, and entire eco- systems are available for study. When university training is com- bined with field research, the educational experience is significantly enhanced, and the breadth of field opportunities at the Smithsonian is unmatched. The Office of Fellowships and Grants administered a variety of academic appointments in 1983. The program of Research Training Fellowships, which was begun in 1965, awarded sixty pre- and postdoctoral fellowships. The appointees pursue inde- pendent research projects under the guidance of staff advisors for periods of six months to one year in residence at one of the Insti- tution's bureaus or field sites. Topics of study for Smithsonian Fellows included: the regulation of foraging territories of arboreal ants; the origins and development of primitivism in nineteenth- century French art and aesthetics; study of the stellar kinematics of star-forming regions; interactions between boring organisms, snail shells, and coralline algae; taphonomic analysis of Paleo- indian bison kill sites; and urban and rural preventive maternal and child health care from 1880 to 1945. In addition to the general program funded through the Office of Fellowships and Grants, competitions for fellowships are also held for specific awards. For the second year, the First Ladies Fellowship was awarded; it supports the study of costume in America, at the National Museum of American History. The first recipient of the A. Verville Fellowship at the National Air and Space Museum will be studying the development of Austro- Hungarian aircraft from 1914 to 1918. In addition, eighteen graduate-student fellowships were offered for ten-week periods during 1983. The participants are usually junior graduate students beginning to explore avenues that develop into dissertation research. This year some of these fellows studied a tribal history of the Otoe-Missourias; the ceramics of Bernard Palissy; and an approach to the study of keyboard instruments, origins and authenticity. A number of senior fellowships continued to be offered. Smith- sonian Institution Regents Fellows in residence included Sir Francis 116 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Watson, art historian and retired Surveyor of the Queen's Works of Art, who is researching the historical production of furniture, gilt bronze, and other decorative arts and their cultural significance at the Cooper-Hewitt Museum. The National Museum of Natural History is host to two Regents Fellows: John B. Burch, professor of biological sciences at the University of Michigan, who is work- ing on a monograph of the fresh-water snails of North America; and Thomas Sebeok, chairman of the Research Center for Lan- guage and Semiotic Studies at Indiana University, who is working on the biological roots of art and an introduction to semiotics. At the National Museum of American History, Emory Kemp, pro- fessor of the history of science and technology at West Virginia University, is working on a history of suspension bridges. Ernest WiUiams, Alexander Agassiz Professor of Biology at Harvard University, was at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, researching the evolution of Anolis. At the National Air and Space Museum, R. E. G. Davis was reappointed to the Lindbergh Chair of Aerospace History to con- tinue his studies on the history of air transport, and Dr. Martin Harwit, professor of astronomy at Cornell University was ap- pointed to the Chair of Space History to continue his research on the role of theory in astronomical discovery. To honor Regent Emeritus James E. Webb, the Institution an- nounced the establishment of a number of fellowships in his name, designed to promote excellence in the management of cultural and scientific not-for-profit organizations; the first awards were of- fered in the late fall of 1982. Brooks Parsons, M.B.A. candidate at the University of North Carolina, worked in the Smithsonian's Office of the Treasurer. Three Smithsonian staff members were also selected to spend training periods away from the Institution. Deborah Warner, Department of History of Science and Tech- nology at the National Museum of American History, participated in the Executive Program in Business Administration at Columbia University. Rebecca Keith Webb, Smithsonian Museum Shops, continued her studies full-time in the M.B.A. degree program at George Washington University, and Jon Yellin, director of the Smithsonian's Office of Programming and Budget, enrolled in the Lucius E. Littauer Master of Public Administration Program at Harvard University. Science I 117 During 1983, bureaus continued to offer support for visiting scientists and scholars in cooperation with the Office of Fellowships and Grants. Fifteen of these awards made possible visits to the Smithsonian by persons, principally scholars at mid-career, who do not fall within the framework of the research training program. The office also continued administration and partial support of the short-term visitor program. Forty-seven persons spent from one week to a month at the Institution conducting research, study- ing collections, and collaborating and conferring with professional staff. The expanded role of internships in the academic comniunity continues to be reflected by support for interns within the Institu- tion. The National Air and Space Museum funded six interns through the ofg this year. The Cooper-Hewitt Museum again ap- pointed three students under the Sidney and Celia Siegel Fellow- ship fund. Internships in environmental studies at the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center-Edgewater and in primate con- servation training at the National Zoo also continued. The Smith College-Smithsonian Program in American Studies is now in its fourth year. Eight students will participate in a seminar course and conduct research projects under the direction of staff members. Internship activities at the Smithsonian this year included a revision of Institution policies regarding internships and agree- ments about cooperative procedures among bureaus by the Intern- ship Council. Placement of interns continued through bureau internship coordinators, while the ofg continued administration of all stipend awards for internships. For the third year, the ofg has offered academic opportunities aimed at improving minority participation in Smithsonian pro- grams. The opportunities include fellowships for minority faculty members and faculty from minority colleges, and internships for minority undergraduate and graduate students. Awards were made to twenty-one interns who were placed at a variety of bureaus and offices on the Mall and also at the Cooper-Hewitt, the Smith- sonian Astrophysical Observatory, the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, and the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute. Some of these appointments have already developed into more permanent relationships. The ofg also awarded four fellowships to faculty persons to conduct research on subjects such as aspects 118 / Smithsonian Year 1983 of the religious paintings of Henry Ossawa Tanner, a resource guide to the artists and artifacts of Afro-Americans in the Smith- sonian, a study and analysis of the gospel hymns and songs of Lucie Eddie Campbell, and slave quilting in the antebellum South. On January 1 the ofg undertook the administration of the Smithsonian's cooperative education program. This student em- ployment program encourages minority college juniors or seniors and graduate students to work in professional and administrative positions at the Institution for sixteen to twenty-six weeks, sep- arated by periods of study at their university, and offers the poten- tial for permanent employment at the Smithsonian. Since the Cooperative Education Program has been managed by the Office of Fellowships and Grants, seventeen student co-op appointments have been made in various Smithsonian bureaus and offices. In conjunction with the Education Division of nasm, the Smith- sonian Foreign Currency Program (sfcp) hosted a visit by two Indian high school students, winners of a science essay competition on man and space. The students spent two weeks in Washington preparing a report on man and space as portrayed at the Smith- sonian Institution. The SFCP awards grants to support the research interests of American institutions, including the Smithsonian, in those coun- tries in which the United States holds blocked currencies derived largely from past sales of surplus agricultural commodities under Public Law 480. The program is active in countries in which the Treasury Department declares United States holdings of these currencies to be in excess of normal federal requirements, includ- ing, in 1983, Burma, Guinea, India, and Pakistan. Research projects are moving toward conclusion under program support in the former excess-currency countries of Egypt, Poland, Sri Lanka, Tunisia, and Yugoslavia. The Smithsonian received a fiscal year 1983 appropriation of $2 million in "excess" currencies to support projects in anthro- pology and archeology, systematic and environmental biology, astrophysics, earth sciences, and museum professional fields. From its inception in fiscal year 1966 through fiscal year 1983, the sfcp has awarded about $53 million in foreign currency grants to 229 institutions in forty states and the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico. Science I 119 This year projects ranged over many disciplines, including arch- eological investigation of the Harappan site of Rojdi; archeological investigations in Egyptian Nubia; paleoanthropological studies of Later Miocene hominids in Pakistan; anthropological restudy of Karimpur village in India; examination of ceramic productions and distribution in Rajasthan, India; architectural survey of Vijayan- agara, the medieval Hindu imperial capital; oral histories of Tibetan refugees; ecological studies of foraging behavior of bees; and studies of Pleistocene pollen in Pakistan. Through the sfcp and other relationships, the Institution has a long-term interest in American research centers abroad. The Office of Fellowships and Grants has been assisting these centers in administering a cooperative organization for the advancement of interests shared by all. During 1983, this organization, the Council of American Overseas Research Centers, has been investigating sources of continuous funding for the centers; a brochure describ- ing the centers was published and distributed. Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory The past year marked the end of an era for the Smithsonian Astro- physical Observatory (sao). In August the observatory was in- formed by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (nasa) that a contract to operate all nasa's laser satellite-tracking stations would be awarded to the Bendix Corporation, beginning in October 1983. Thus ends, after more than a quarter century, sao involvement in optical and laser tracking of artificial earth satellites. The early years of the satellite-tracking program yielded some of the best known, most illustrious, and certainly most colorful contributions to science by sao since its inception in 1890. In advance of the International Geophysical Year (igy) of 1957-58, both the United States and the Soviet Union announced intentions to launch satellites for research in atmospheric physics, geodesy, and solar physics. In July 1955 Fred L. Whipple, a pro- fessor of astronomy at Harvard, became director of sao, which 120 / Smithsonian Year 1983 was concurrently moved from the Mall in Washington to the grounds of the Harvard College Observatory in Cambridge, Massa- chusetts. He quickly proposed to the National Science Foundation (nsf) and the National Academy of Sciences (nas) that sao be given responsibility for the tracking of any United States satellites to be launched during the igy. On the basis of his experience with Schmidt-type cameras for meteor photography, Whipple was con- fident that optical tracking could successfully determine satellite positions. The proposal was accepted late in 1955, at which time it was assumed that the total observing program would last only the eighteen months of igy duration and involve a few satellites at most. By early 1956 Whipple, with the assistance of J. Allen Hynek, had designed a program to determine the positions of satellites illuminated by twilight through a network of observing stations around the world, each to operate a large-aperture camera known as the Baker-Nunn. Whipple also recognized the need for a world- wide network of visual observers who would make preliminary observations to assist the cameras in satellite acquisition. The organization of this volunteer network, later to be called Moon- watch, also began in 1956. Made up largely of amateur astronomers and enthusiastic young people, these Moonwatch teams played pivotal roles in the early satellite-tracking efforts and were not in fact disbanded until 1975, long after the development of sophisti- cated radar, Doppler, and laser methods for spacecraft tracking. On October 4, 1957, when the Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1, the Moonwatch network was operational, but the first Baker-Nunn cameras had not been tested, communications facilities had yet to be established at sao, and the computer programs needed for satellite orbit determinations were still under development. Undaunted, the sao satellite-tracking team responded to the challenge posed by the first artificial satellite. Initial optical obser- vations of Sputnik 1 came from the Geophysical Institute in Alaska on October 4 and 5, but the initial Moonwatch sightings also came from Alaska on October 8, and then from a Connecticut team on the 10th. These and subsequent Moonwatch sightings were used to refine predictions of the Sputnik orbit on a day-by-day basis for the computations group at sao. The prototype Baker-Nunn camera yielded the first photographs of Sputnik I's rocket body Science I 121 The prototype Baker-Nunn camera, developed by the Smithsonian Astro- physical Observatory for optical satellite-tracking during the International Geophysical Year (1957-58), is shown during assembly and testing at Pasa- dena, California, in 1957. This camera, a modified Super-Schmidt type with optics designed by James Baker and a triaxial mount and drive system by Joseph Nunn, made the first tracking photographs of Sputnik I's rocket body on the night of October 17, 1957. The historic camera is now located at the Whipple Observatory in Arizona. on October 17. (Apparently, no photographs were ever attained of Sputnik 1, a black-painted body.) As revisions to the sao com- puter programs began to produce a better picture of Sputnik's orbit, the first observation showed that the effect of air drag at Sputnik's altitude had been greatly underestimated and that the shape of the Earth's gravity field as determined by Sputnik's orbit did not match prediction. In short, two major preconceptions about the Earth's near space environment were changed by the very first satellite. Veterans of the early days still remember these and the many following trials with pride. Sputnik 2 followed quickly in Novem- ber, again without warning; the first successful United States satelHte, after several failures of the Vanguard rocket series, achieved orbit as Explorer 1 on January 31, 1958. These and succeeding launches strained sao facilities and personnel to the utmost, as the Space Age arrived in earnest. The remaining Baker- Nunn cameras were rushed to completion and deployed, and entrepreneurial observers in the American pioneer tradition were appointed to operate them in remote locations throughout the world. Despite the initial challenges in most phases of sao track- ing operations, both the Moonwatch teams and the optical camera operators rapidly adjusted to the conditions of actual observation and soon became both efficient and productive. A rash of scientific discoveries, such as the Van Allen radiation belts circling the Earth, quickly flowed from the early satellite launches. Only by the early 1960s, however, did the full dimen- sions of SAo's contributions to science through the satellite-tracking program become apparent. The first "standard atmosphere," rely- ing on large quantities of optical-tracking data, was published in 1964. In 1966 the first "Smithsonian Standard Earth" provided a geopotential model of the planet, as well as a grid of satellite- determined station positions and a discussion of the geodetic prospects for the future. These and subsequent models (eventually there would be three "Standard Earths") represented the culmina- tion of work begun during igy, as well as the precursors of future research in satellite geodesy, geophysics, and atmospheric physics. The Baker-Nunn cameras were gradually replaced by laser- ranging systems in the 1970s, as sao's mission of operational tracking evolved into the support of scientific programs, particu- Science I 123 larly in Earth dynamics. The laser-ranging results have meant that the original accuracy goal of ten meters in the uncertainty of Smith- sonian tracking station positions at the time of the igy could evolve, twenty-five years later, into a realistic goal of one to three centimeters, with resultant implications for measuring crustal motion. As the original Baker-Nunn stations were decommissioned, cam- eras were donated to universities and research organizations for continued scientific use. In a fitting epilogue to the sag satellite- tracking program, the first Baker-Nunn camera, now in place at the Whipple Observatory in Arizona, has been transferred to the National Air and Space Museum as a monument to the early history of the Space Age. The satellite-tracking program also gave impetus to the devel- opment of other space-related activities at sao and the numbers of both its personnel and projects grew apace with national efforts. Moreover, since 1973, sao's research has been coordinated with that of Harvard College Observatory (hco) under a single director in a joint venture known as the Center for Astrophysics. In January 1983 George B. Field, the center's first director, returned to teach- ing and research, and Irwin I. Shapiro, a professor of physics and geophysics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, assumed responsibility as the new director. The broad interests of the two observatories are organized by general topic areas in divisions, and summaries of divisional accomplishments during the past year follow. ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS Members of the Atomic and Molecular Physics Division carry out research in theoretical and experimental physics and chemistry directly related to the interpretation of astronomical observations. Because information about astronomical objects is obtained pri- marily through analyses of their emitted electromagnetic radiation and of the modification of this radiation on its way to the Earth, precise and comprehensive atomic and molecular data are needed to interpret and model the physical and chemical processes charac- terizing such objects. The past year saw substantial progress in research programs on photoprocesses affecting ions, radicals, and molecules; charge transfer between multiple charged ions and 124 / Smithsonian Year 1983 neutral atoms; electron-ion collision cross sections; radiative and dielectronic recombination; transition probabilities in molecules and molecular ions; and a variety of studies relating to the atmos- pheres of the terrestrial planets. Both laboratory measurements and theoretical calculations were undertaken to investigate photodissociation and photodetachment processes of astrophysical importance. The experimental program, utilizing a fast-molecular-beam apparatus, is aimed at the measure- ment of photodissociation cross sections for neutral free radicals such as CH and oh, which are well represented in the interstellar medium. Calculations of charge transfer involving the N++-He system were initiated in order to predict branching ratios and cross sections for production of a variety of ion pairs. Exceptional accuracy in the description of the separated atom limits proved to be necessary, so that large configuration-interaction calculations were required. Extension of the charge-transfer theory to include fine-structure effects was also achieved during the past year. Radiative recombination coefficients for such ions as N^ , N+^, 0+ and 0+- are being calculated with the aid of a one-valence- electron nonspherical-core model potential. Emphasis has been placed on the resulting cascade-line spectra in the optical region in order to facilitate comparisons with the spectra of astrophysical objects in which ionization sources are probably absent, as in some nebulae. Numerous programs dealt with atomic and molecular processes relevant to the structure and evolution of the atmospheres of the terrestrial planets. The vibrational distribution of N2''" and 02"*" in the ionospheres of Earth, Mars, and Venus was computed; these ions were found to be more vibrationally excited on Venus and Mars than on Earth, where quenching by the parent neutral mole- cules is faster. Escape mechanisms for ^^N and ^^N atoms from the Martian atmosphere, and the effect of vibrational excitation of N2'^ on the escape arising from dissociative recombination of N^"^, were carefully evaluated; it was found that the escape flux or the isotope differentiation must have been inhibited in the past, pos- sibly by the presence of a dense early Martian atmosphere. Other programs and projects within the division during the past year included the following: ultraviolet spectroscopic measure- Science / 125 merits of the Sun by means of a rocket experiment; theoretical studies of chemi-ionization and mutual neutralization in alkali metal-halogen collisions; laboratory studies in ion spectroscopy; and the application of many-body perturbation theory to degen- erate open-shell molecular states for the calculation of spin-orbit coupling effects. Professor Sir David R. Bates of the Queen's University, Belfast, participated in division research as a Smithsonian Regents Fellow during the year. Sir David made fundamental contributions to the theory of radiative association and the theory of ion-ion recombi- nation in dense gases. HIGH ENERGY ASTROPHYSICS High Energy Astrophysics Division members again devoted con- siderable time to the reduction and analysis of scientific data from the two High Energy Astronomy Observatory satellites (head 1 and 2). Research programs based on these data covered a wide range of astronomical topics, including stellar coronae, supernova remnants, globular star clusters, binary X-ray systems, various types of galaxies, BL Lac objects, quasars, clusters of galaxies, and identifications of X-ray sources with objects observed in other regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Observing programs at ground-based optical and radio telescopes supported these efforts. The operation of the Einstein (heao 2) Guest Observer Program continued. Engineering and scientific design and definition studies for two planned nasa space-astronomy missions constituted a significant portion of the division's hardware-related efforts. The first of these, the Advanced X-ray Astrophysics Facility (axaf), was rec- ommended in 1982 by the National Academy of Sciences' Astron- omy Survey Committee as the major new project of highest priority for all of astronomy during the 1980s. The second, a Large Area Modular Array of Reflectors (lamar) payload for a future Space Shuttle flight, is designed to detect X-ray sources of low intensity at moderate angular resolution. Related detector, imaging, and diagnostic technology pursued by division members included the following: development and testing of X-ray imaging detectors and grating spectrometers of several types; a high- resolution imaging detector of the heao-2 type for the Roentgen 126 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Satellite (rosat) planned by the Federal Republic of Germany; design of a rocket payload incorporating a norn\al-incidence X-ray telescope; and an X-ray spectrometer for improved spectroscopic studies of hot plasmas. Research findings from analysis of data from the heao-2 (Einstein Observatory) satellite during the past year included: detection of X rays from the newly discovered "fast" radio pulsar, which is spinning about twenty times faster than the most rapid pulsar known until 1983; determination of an X-ray luminosity function for quasars and strong evidence of evolution in luminosity with cosmic time; and the development of an X-ray classification scheme for clusters of galaxies, together with the conclusion that many galaxy clusters are dynamically young. It was also found that clusters may be divided into two major classes — those with and without a dominant central galaxy — and that this dominant galaxy is present at an early stage in the cluster's dynamical evolution. With the aid of theory, it was shown that a dense hot medium can be ruled out as the primary source of the diffuse X-ray background radiation. Concurrent observations from sao's Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory (flwo) in Arizona, helped cor- relate X-ray features of spiral galaxies with optical and radio properties. Studies of X-ray measurements for a statistically com- plete sample of radio-emitting galaxies suggest origin of the X-ray emission in the galactic nucleus and support the hypothesis that the galactic radio "lobes" are fed continuously by some kind of beaming mechanism. Numerical inversion techniques are being developed to improve fits of X-ray surface brightness to models of the underlying gravitational potential in rich clusters of galaxies, with promising results for the Coma-type cluster A2256. Work continued on the optical identification of heao-1 X-ray sources, with the completion of finding charts, overlaid on the Palomar Sky Survey maps, for most of the sources detected. Identification proceeded with the aid of optical observations obtained at the flwo and other United States and foreign observa- tories; the Very Large. Array has also been used to search for radio counterparts of unidentified X-ray sources. Scientific highlights included the identification of about twenty probable optical counterparts. Three of these are unusually rich in iron, like Science I 127 quasars that are strong radio emitters; and one is at a redshift of 0.138, which implies very high luminosity in both the X-ray and optical spectral regions. In collaboration with scientists in the United States and in Europe, division members utilized Einstein Observatory stellar observations to obtain new information about stellar rotation. X-ray variability (especially in OB-type stars), and the structure of young stellar clusters. The search among Einstein data for extended X-ray emission around young supernova remnants con- tinues, and division members provided a major impetus to Inter- national Astronomical Union (iau) Symposium 101, "Supernova Remnants and Their Emission," held in Italy in the autumn of 1982. Interpretations of solar X-ray observations are being used to place constraints on solar-dynamo models and to yield greater insights into the structure and heating of the outer solar atmos- phere. X rays were also detected from both polar regions of Jupiter, probably as the result of line emission from oxygen and sulfur ions migrating to the planet from volcanic eruptions on lo, Jupiter's nearest large satellite. OPTICAL AND INFRARED ASTRONOMY Research in optical and infrared astronomy concentrated on extragalactic and galactic astronomy, with special emphasis on studies of clusters of galaxies, redshift surveys, active galactic nuclei, star clusters, and the formation and evolution of stars. In support of research throughout the Center for Astrophysics, this division operated the Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory on Mt. Hopkins, Arizona, the site of the Multiple Mirror Telescope (mmt), a joint project with the University of Arizona. The installation of new detector systems at the mmt strengthened its position as a leader in spectroscopy of faint astronomical objects. A major project was undertaken to improve the optical performance of the mmt mirrors, in order to take better advantage of the excellent seeing at the summit of Mt. Hopkins. Several clusters of galaxies were studied in detail, with an important conclusion. Most clusters, such as those in Cancer and Virgo, have significant substructure. Previous studies, which did not take this substructure into account, have overestimated the 128 / Smithsonian Year 1983 cluster masses by large factors. This result goes a long way toward resolving the problem of the "missing mass/' which has been a puzzle to extragalactic astronomers for many years. This cluster research relied heavily on the facilities at Mt. Hopkins and also made good use of the Image Processing Facility in Cambridge. Publication of the cfa Redshift Survey was completed. This survey is proving to be a major contribution to observational cosmology, with many applications already published. For example, studies of the large-scale distribution of matter in the universe have shown that galaxies congregate in clusters, sheets, and strings, surrounding large voids. The survey has also been used to generate complete lists of groups of galaxies, which can now be used for further studies of questions such as the amount of mass in the universe and its eventual fate. The Redshift Survey is now being expanded to cover more of the southern skies and to extend deeper into space. Work on active galaxies continued on several fronts. The Redshift Survey turned up a large number of new active galaxies, and allowed a proper space density of such objects to be calculated for the first time. The physics of the nuclear regions of selected active galaxies was elucidated using high-resolution spectroscopy, in both the optical and the infrared. Surveys of faint QSOs were used to show that in general active galaxies must have been much brighter billions of years ago. A few extremely distant QSOs were used to probe the nature of intervening clouds of intergalactic matter. For this work, the QSOs served as "laboratory lamps," and high-resolution spectroscopy was used to study the absorption lines caused by the intervening clouds. Many of these clouds show no evidence of any heavy chemical elements; and they may represent primordial matter left over from the Big Bang, unpol- luted by the waste products of nuclear burning inside stars. Clusters of stars were also studied in several ways. The radial velocities of many individual stars were measured accurately in order to study the dynamics and frequency of binary stars in several clusters. Binaries are a frequent phenomenon in open clusters such as M67, but have yet to be found in globular clusters such as M3. Was star formation so different in globular clusters that no binaries formed, or have binaries been eliminated Science I 129 (or hidden) by subsequent evolution of stars or of the cluster itself? In a related project, wide binaries with separations of up to 10,000 AU were shown to exist in the general disk population of our galaxy. Such wide binaries could not survive in a star cluster, where they would be ripped apart by chance encounters with other stars. Young star clusters were also observed to test theories of star formation. For example, the stars that have just reached the main sequence in the Pleiades are still rotating quite rapidly and also exhibit considerable activity on their surfaces. Infrared observations from the ground, nasa aircraft, and from high-altitude balloons were used for imaging and spectroscopy of astronomical objects, such as regions of star formation and galax- ies, and for high-resolution spectroscopy of key molecules near the ozone layer in the Earth's stratosphere. Ballooning continued to be a major activity, with a promise of increased activity in the future. Division scientists operated a balloon-borne 1-meter tele- scope that produced far-infrared observations of star-forming regions in our galaxy as well as observations of the galactic center and diffuse emission from dust in the galactic plane. A new tele- scope was flown with the Far Infrared Spectrometer as part of the International Balloon Intercomparison Campaign. Studies were initiated for a balloon-borne three-meter infrared telescope, and work continued on design aspects of a large optical array flown on a balloon as a step toward an advanced high-resolution and large- collecting-area telescope in space. Work proceeded on the helium- cooled infrared telescope, scheduled to fly on Spacelab 2 in 1985. The instrument was assembled and underwent extensive preflight testing. The ten-meter optical reflector was converted to an imaging device for use in high-energy gamma-ray astronomy. During the 1982-83 observing season, a nineteen-element system was used to demonstrate the technique and to make preliminary observations. Candidate sources observed included the Crab Pulsar, Cygnus X-3, 3C273, M87, SF433, and the two newly discovered millisecond pulsars. Quick-look data analysis suggests the successful detection of a high-energy gamma-ray signal from Cygnus X-3. Future plans include the recoating of the mirrors in the 10-meter reflector, the addition of a second three-meter reflector, and the expansion of the imaging system to thirty-seven elements. 130 / Smithsonian Year 1983 PLANETARY SCIENCES Members of the Planetary Sciences Division carry out all three of the traditional forms of scientific activity: the study of the planets by observational, theoretical, and laboratory means. Optical observations are performed at Oak Ridge Observatory in Harvard, Massachusetts, a facility ideally suited for the astro- metric measurements needed for determinations of orbits of small solar-system bodies, such as comets and asteroids. Major improve- ments to the Oak Ridge computer system during the past year were made possible by a grant from the Perkin Fund. The Oak Ridge program of regular observations of newly discovered, faint, or unusual minor planets and comets is closely coordinated with the International Astronomical Union's Minor Planet Center and Central Telegram Bureau, operated at sao by a division member. This cooperation facilitates the verification of observations made elsewhere, the rapid computation of orbital elements, and the timely dissemination of such information to institutions world- wide. The service is made self-supporting through an annual contribution from the iau and through the subscriptions of users. The activity of the Telegram Bureau was much greater than usual during the past year; and the appearance of two of the four closest comets of the past century made May 1983 the busiest month in the bureau's long history. Numberings of minor planets exceeded 200 during the past year and over 1,000 preliminary and improved orbits were determined for new objects. Approxi- mately 500 objects were observed and measured at Oak Ridge; in particular, the two comets that approached close to the Earth. Division members continued their participation in the analysis of data from the imaging experiment aboard the Voyager 2 mission to Saturn. Highlights of the past year included discovery of optical evidence for electrostatic discharges in Saturn's Ring B, discovery of an active volcanic eruption on Jupiter's satellite Europa (following well-observed volcanic activity on lo), and detection of low-level activity on Europa during a close encounter of this satellite with the Voyager 2 spacecraft. All these results were achieved through collaborative programs involving scientists at other institutions. Another major program is devoted to theoretical studies of planetary bodies and comets. The decay of comet nuclei can have Science I 131 The very close — and extremely brief — approach to Earth of Comet IRAS- Araki-Alcock in May 1983 provided scientists with a rare opportunity for the intensive study of a "virgin" comet, that is, one making its first passage through the inner solar system. Using a 61-cm telescope at the Whipple Observatory, astronomer Rudolph Schild made a series of 5-second exposures as the comet occulted stars, to determine the density and shape of the comet nucleus. Together with Fred Whipple, Schild is also trying to plot the direc- tion and rate of nucleus rotation as revealed by the intensity isophotes shown in computer-processed electronic images such as this. an effect on cometary motion and cohesiveness. Evidence exists that "dusty" comets and small dusty areas on comet nuclei are less active than more typical areas; older comets may therefore have grotesque surface configurations that could play a role in cometary bursts and splitting. The dynamics of postulated double comets may also explain such bursts. Other research has studied the dissipation mechanisms in the primitive solar nebula, together with the influence on these mechanisms of the accretion and early evolution of the Sun; recent calculations suggest a three-stage evolution of the primitive solar nebula in which the Sun is formed during a second stage of turbulent energy dissipation. A third related effort is devoted to studies of the long-term behavior of orbiting objects, such as the material in Saturn's rings, and their relationship to the overall mass distribution of the total system. Laboratory studies relevant to solar-system science included mineralogy and petrology techniques used to examine the detailed properties of meteorites and lunar samples; the former contain a cryptic record of events and processes associated with the origin of the solar system, whereas the latter embody an equally cryptic record of the earliest internal evolution of a small planet, our Moon. Meteorite research has centered on the origin of chondrules and refractory inclusions in chondrites: the melting and partial vaporization these objects experienced may be the result of aero- dynamic heating in the early solar nebula. A recently studied meteorite collected in Antarctica has all the properties of a lunar sample and appears to be a fragment of the lunar surface blasted away by the impact of an asteroid or comet at some time in the past, later to be captured by the Earth. Supplementing these inves- tigations are techniques taken from nuclear physics and applied to determinations of radioactive decay ages for Antarctic meteorites and ice samples, together with measurements of the radioactive decay of potassium, in support of an underground experiment to detect solar neutrinos. RADIO AND CEOASTRONOMY The Radio and Geoastronomy Division conducts studies in radio astronomy, aeronomy, and geophysics, as well as research and development programs in maser technology. Several new research- ers took up appointments this year, adding important strengths Science I 133 in planetary sciences and solar-system dynamics. During the past year, division members operated both a laser satellite-tracking network and a radio astronomy facility, the George R. Agassiz Station, near Ft. Davis, Texas, where a Very Long Baseline Inter- ferometry (vlbi) station is also located. As part of the National VLBi Consortium, division members also maintain a network of computers that ensures proper operation of the various vlbi anten- nas. One component of vlbi research centered on studies of quasars and other compact extragalactic radio sources. Major accomplish- ments included the placing of stringent limits on any motions seen in the radio emission from the giant elliptical galaxy M87 — in sharp contrast to results for the nuclear regions of many other ellipticals — and observations of the polarization properties of a sample of BL Lac objects, which will permit full polarization maps of some of these sources to be constructed. The latter program was aided by supplementary observations obtained with the Very Large Array (vla) radio telescope of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory near Socorro, New Mexico. A second important area of vlbi research was devoted to studies of molecular maser sources associated with star-forming regions of the interstellar medium. Data analysis continued on an ambi- tious project to measure the proper motions of H2O maser sources in six regions of star formation, designed to permit direct determi- nation of the distances to these sources through the technique of statistical parallax. Of particular interest is the source Sgr B2, which is known to lie very close to the center of our galaxy, and which will thus furnish another estimate of the size of the galaxy as a whole. These observations will also yield insights into the dynamical structure within these star-forming regions. Radio spectral-line investigations were also carried out. Star- forming molecular clouds in our galaxy were studied in centimeter- wavelength lines of NHs, millimeter-wavelength lines of CO, and in the far- and near-infrared continua. These studies clarified the role of nearby cloud condensations in forming low-mass stars and yielded estimates of the stellar content of giant molecular clouds in the first quadrant of galactic longitude. Division members continued research into the feasibilty of using very long tethers in space, including tether deployment from the 134 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Space Shuttle, the stability of large space platforms constructed with tethers, and the use of long tethers as antennas and power generators. Studies for a proposed Tethered Satellite System (tss), first conceived at sao, include a satellite on a 10-km tether deployed upward from the Shuttle for electrodynamics experiments, as well as a satellite deployed downward on a 100-km tether for atmos- pheric measurements. Spacecraft-tracking data and astrometric measurements were used to model the motions of solar-system bodies to a high degree of accuracy. The precise predictions furnished by this model will permit sensitive tests of the General Theory of Rela- tivity and of conjectured variations in the value of the fundamental gravitational constant G. Refined estimates of planetary masses and other solar-system constants can also be expected. Research on atomic hydrogen maser applications for vlbi, tests of General Relativity, and gravity-wave experiments continued. Two maser systems, embodying the finest known frequency- stabilization technology, were built for the U.S. Naval Observa- tory. In collaboration with the University of Arizona, the proper- ties of low-expansion materials used for maser microwave resonant cavities were investigated, and a completely vacuum-enclosed atomic hydrogen source for a low-temperature maser was success- fully adapted for use at normal temperatures encountered in spacecraft experiments. During the past year, the sao laser satellite-tracking network provided routine tracking coverage in support of geophysical research at sao and at other institutions in the United States and abroad, as well as periodic mean positions of the Earth's pole of rotation. The upgraded laser system in Arequipa, Peru, operated at the prescribed specifications, with ranging accuracy of the order of 3-5 cm. The sao laser from Natal, Brazil, was relocated to Matera, Italy, where it became operational in July. As discussed at the beginning of this report, the past year marks the last in a historic and productive quarter-century of sao satellite tracking. Among research programs new to the division is the study of the feasibility of optical interferometry in space through operation of an astrometric instrument in Earth orbit that would measure wide stellar separations with an uncertainty of only 10~^ arcsecond. Other programs included a study of Venus topography from data Science I 135 returned by the Pioneer Venus Orbiter spacecraft; accurate mea- surements of variations in the Earth's gravity by means of a gravity gradiometer in space; and investigations of tunable micro- wave cavities as components in detectors for solar neutrinos. SOLAR AND STELLAR PHYSICS Division activities focused largely on fundamental features of stellar activity, with special application to selected problems of solar structure and variability. Observations from telescopes both on the ground and in space, covering the electromagnetic spectrum from radio waves to X rays, supplement detailed theoretical calculations of solar and stellar properties. Such a broad, cross- disciplinary approach is necessary for understanding the basics of stellar physics; a concurrent requirement is the study of large numbers of objects to establish bases of data for entire classes of stars. Investigations of stellar winds and mass loss, together with analogous studies of the Sun, again formed a major component of divisional research. Work on stellar processes greatly benefits from further understanding of the solar wind, since it is only for the Sun that detailed comparisons of theory and observation are possible. Basic research continued on solar and stellar atmospheric modeling and on interpretation of observed spectra; new models for solar active regions and for sunspots, based on data from the 1973 NASA Skylab experiment, were computed, as well as a model for the wind and chromosphere of the M-supergiant star Alpha Orionis that accounts for a number of observed stellar features. Studies of mass loss in cool stars were aided by completion of computer codes that reproduce observed spectral-line profiles and open the way to an understanding of the mechanism driving mass loss. A new study of atmospheres and mass loss in metal-deficient stars was also begun with optical observations obtained at flwo. Work is now in progress to determine the observational signatures of the steady or moving shock waves found to develop in the time-evolution of stellar winds. Additional research focused on the ionization state of the solar wind and on the stability of stellar winds driven by absorption of line radiation from the parent star. These efforts were accompanied by theoretical and empirical 136 / Smithsonian Year 1983 studies of spectroscopic plasma diagnostics for the solar-wind acceleration region. Research on atmospheric processes in the Sun and other stars is supported by a computer program for detailed calculations of structural parameters and the emitted spectrum in a wide variety of astronomical sources, with departures from local thermodynamic equilibrium (lte) and multilevel atomic processes taken into account. This program was extended to treat complete non-LTE^ solutions of radiative-transfer equations in an expanding stellar atmosphere. Ultraviolet observations carried out with the International Ultraviolet Explorer (iue) satellite encompassed twelve different programs in the division during the past year, iue observations of the chromospherically active star Lambda Andromedea revealed the first ultraviolet flare ever recorded on a giant star, and perhaps the most energetic stellar flare yet observed. Investigation of the optical and ultraviolet spectra of shock-wave regions in supernova remnants (snrs) proceeded on several fronts. For example, optical spectra of snrs obtained at flwo have been combined with iue observations to obtain abundance gradients in the M33 galaxy and to improve shock-model calculations. Other work employing iue data includes studies of accreting binary stars. , With colleagues at Mt. Wilson Observatory, division scientists continued measurements of chromospheric Ca II line variations in cool stars for a third year, revealing not only the presence and nature of stellar activity cycles, but also rotation rates, time scales for growth and decay of active areas, and the presence of flarelike activity on short time scales. Thus, quantitative data on chromo- spheric emission are now available as functions of age, rotation period, and mass. A division member's research into the history of astronomy resulted in the presentation of more than thirty public lectures and the preparation of a major review essay on Ptolemy, Copernicus, and Kepler that summarized many years of investigations into these pivotal figures. For the second time, the fbi was assisted in a criminal case involving a stolen Copernicus book. Among the many other research programs of the division during the past year were the following: studies of the photoionization of the interstellar medium by white dwarf stars; a survey of X-ray Science I 137 emission by contact-binary systems; a program of photoelectric photometry of solar-type stars to detect starspots; a study of the role of the solar magnetic field in heating the corona; further development of theoretical techniques in radiative transfer; predic- tions of solar and stellar spectra from computer models and their comparison with data from ground-based, rocket, and spacecraft observations; detailed studies of the newly discovered emission lines in the far-infrared solar spectrum; calculations of optical, ultraviolet, and X-ray emission from hot plasmas, together with detailed models for interstellar shock waves and for stellar coronae and transition regions; studies of abundance variations among stars within globular clusters, open clusters and dwarf spheroidal galaxies; rotational studies of late-type stars employing Southern Hemisphere observations; application of speckle-imaging tech- niques to study of the solar surface; design of a Michelson interferometer in space; the acoustic behavior of pulsating variable stars; and the internal structure of stars undergoing mass loss. Seven visitors to the division received support from the Smith- sonian Institution's Langley-Abbot Program during the past year and added substantially to the research progress achieved. THEORETICAL ASTROPHYSICS Research on a diverse range of astrophysical phenomena is con- ducted and these theoretical studies are often applied to the support and interpretation of observational data. Division members fre- quently collaborate with scientists in other institutions, as well as with members of other divisions; in addition, they contribute significantly to the educational programs of the observatory. During the past year, valuable progress was achieved in our understanding of radiative processes in astrophysical systems, the physics of plasmas containing magnetic fields, mechanisms for X-ray and gamma-ray emission, stellar evolution, planetary for- mation, and stellar dynamics. Significant advances were made in the application of simple escape-probability methods to models for line emission in astro- physical objects. For example, research showed how boundary conditions can be imposed in finite media when second-order escape-probability methods are used and how observable line 138 / Smithsonian Year 1983 emission can be computed from objects with considerable internal- velocity fields, such as stellar winds and accretion disks. A simple Lagrangian for ideal magnetohydrodynamics (mhd), incorporating conservation of magnetic helicity and cross-helicity, was developed; applications to static equilibria are now in progress to determine whether force-free fields are required. Applications of this MHD theory were also made to a study of the magnetic-field structure of the Sun. X-ray spectra and polarization properties of pair plasmas in strong magnetic fields are currently being investi- gated as well. Among investigations of X-ray and gamma-ray emission was a study of accreting X-ray pulsars according to a model in which matter is decelerated by Coulomb collisions; detailed calculations reproduced well the spectra, pulse shapes, and pulse-phase charac- teristics of observed sources. A new model for quasars, developed in collaboration with a Princeton scientist and involving decelera- tion of infalling matter by a collisionless shock wave, explained existing spectral data and furnished new observational tests of the theory. New solutions of the "telegrapher's equation" describing X-ray bursts have been found, and these results are now being tested against previously known cases; such solutions also apply to variable X-ray emission from active galactic nuclei. A study of degenerate dwarf stars in AM Her systems was carried out and led to determinations of spatial orientation, estimates of magnetic- field values, and a better understanding of the synchrony between the rotational and binary orbital periods through action of a mhd torque. A conference on cataclysmic variable stars and low-mass X-ray binaries covered recent advances in both theory and observation of cataclysmic variables and integrates these results with those for the X-ray binaries. Advances in the theory of stellar evolution included a prediction of the maximum radii of T Tauri stars, shown to be in excellent agreement with observations. This agreement provides strong confirmation of protostar theory, of the Hyashi theory of quasi- static contraction, and of the pre-main-sequence nature of T Tauri stars. In addition, the properties of long-chain organic molecules known as cyanopolyynes were used to compute the ages of molecular clouds suspected to be potential star-forming regions; these ages proved to be longer than the cloud free-fall times in Science I 139 every case, showing that not all star-forming clouds can currently be in a state of collapse. In a joint program with Cambridge University, studies continued of formation of the terrestrial planets by accumulation of lunar- sized planetesimals. A numerical simulation involving 200 initial bodies was successfully completed, demonstrating the interaction between two competing processes: the growth of orbital eccen- tricities from two-body scattering and the increase in the average interplanetesimal distance as their numbers decrease. Finally, a somewhat unorthodox investigation has begun into conditions for life elsewhere in the universe. General theoretical considerations and plausible assumption — such as the ambient temperatures required for life— may be used to determine, within factors of 10 to 100, the lengths of the day and the year on habitable planets. These time scales may be expressed in terms of fundamental physical and astronomical constants, and their uni- versahty may have important implications for the existence of extraterrestrial life. Smithsonian Environmental Research Center The programs of the Smithsonian Radiation Biology Laboratory (srbl) and the Chesapeake Bay Center for Environmental Studies (cBCEs) were merged, effective July 1, 1983, into a single adminis- trative unit. The newly formed bureau, the Smithsonian Environ- mental Research Center (serc) will continue basic research with the goals of measuring physical, chemical, and biological inter- actions in environmental settings and of determining the mecha- nisms within cells by which these interactions regulate biological responses. The research of srbl during the year was primarily laboratory- oriented and concentrated upon three major areas: Regulatory Biology, Environmental Biology, and Carbon Dating. The research of CBCES was largely field-oriented and emphasized land/water interactions for an estuary and its adjacent watersheds. The flow of materials and the dynamics of both terrestrial and aquatic biological populations were examined. In addition, cbces carried out a program in Public Education and Educational Research. 140 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Since these two organizational units were administratively sep- arate for the major portion of the year, summaries of their activities are presented individually. Srbl's research was carried out primarily in a 50,000-square-foot laboratory at Rockville, Mary- land, and that of cbces at a 2,600-acre facihty at Edgewater, Maryland, on the watershed of the Rhode River Estuary. ROCKVILLE (SMITHSONIAN RADIATION BIOLOGY LABORATORY) Regulatory Biology Regulatory Biology is the study of the mechanisms within cells and organisms by which environmental stimuli control growth and development. One of the major regulatory pigments, phytochrome, occurs in plants which have the capacity to produce chlorophyll. Phytochrome is a photoreceptor protein and mediates the effect of sunlight on many aspects of growth and development of plants. It has been known for some time that exposure of phytochrome to light results in changes in its molecular structure that cause it to become biologically active. Isolation and purification techniques reported last year have enabled these changes to be partially characterized. Even though the light-absorbing portion of phyto- chrome makes up a relatively small part of the molecule, its activa- tion by light leads to changes in the overall shape of the protein and exposes an "active site." It is generally accepted that the active form either interacts with a receptor in the cell to initiate biological changes or it is deactivated by either destruction or reversion to the inactive form. This reversion to the inactive form can be either a photochemical process or occur spontaneously in the dark. When a small portion of one end of the protein is removed, the ability of active phyto- chrome to revert to the inactive form in the dark is dramatically affected. This fact indicates that the absorbing portion of phyto- chrome is located very close to the end of the protein which is removed. Phytochrome is also the pigment by which light can induce flowering. Young leaves exposed to proper light quality of suitable duration produce chemical changes that are transmitted to buds Science I 141 that become flowers. These chemical changes have resisted precise description for many years. Analyses of the phloem sap of Perilla plants have continued, using high-pressure liquid chromatography (hplc). Differences previously found between extracts of vegetative and flowering plants have been confirmed. The time course is being constructed of the appearance of these differences after flower induction. Similarly, samples of phloem sap from both vegetative and flowering Xanthium and Pharbitis plants are being examined for differences that correlate with flowering. Salicylic acid (sa) induces flowering in several Lemna species, but p-hydroxybenzoic acid, which is structurally similar, is inactive. Uptake of sa and p-hydroxybenzoic acid is rapid and linear for at least twenty-four hours. After thirty minutes most sa measured is present as free sa, but over twelve hours more than 50 percent is converted to one or more bound forms of sa. However, part of the p-hydroxybenzoic acid is converted to bound forms within thirty minutes, and the relative amount of free and bound p-hydroxybenzoic acid undergoes little further change. This differ- ence between the metabolism of sa and p-hydroxybenzoic acid may provide a clue to why sa has flower-inducing activity while p-hydroxybenzoic acid is inactive. Insulin is a small polypeptide hormone in mammals. Insulinlike activity has also been demonstrated in a variety of other verte- brates, invertebrates, fungi, protozoa, and bacteria. For the first time, in collaboration with the National Institutes of Health, in- sulinlike activity was found in higher plants. Extracts of rye seed- lings, spinach and Perilla phloem sap, as well as extracts of Lemna gibba G3 gave activity. The results with Lemna demonstrated that the insulinlike activity was not due to contamination by micro- organisms. The physiological significance of insulinlike peptides in higher plants, however, remains to be determined. Insulin activity in plants has been shown to be due to a polypeptide, sim- ilar but not identical to insulin. Photoperiodism, or the control by light (photo-) of the seasonal reproduction (-periodism) in plants, is affected by solar spectral quality. Plants that have such a control mechanism are able to detect the relative length of the day. Some require day lengths greater than some critical minimum and are called long-day plants, while others require day lengths shorter than some critical maxi- 142 / Smithsonian Year 1983 mum and are called short-day plants. Nonphotoperiodic plants are called day-neutral and reproduce generally at some fixed time relative to germination or a change in temperature (thermoperi- odic). Many economically important crops belong to the long-day group, e.g., barley. Experiments with barley have shown that its response to increasing day lengths is markedly stimulated by including light that is just beyond that which the human eye can detect (far-red or near infrared light). The stimulation of the flowering response by far-red light depends on the time at which plants are exposed. Thus, not only must light of the proper spectral quality be present, but it must be present at the right time. Therefore, photoperiodic control in these plants occurs when light interacts simultaneously with an internal biological clock. This clock determines the sensitivity of the plant to the presence of far-red light. Neither the nature of the biological clock nor the pigment responsible for the absorption of the far-red light is currently understood. Chlorophyll has been ruled out as the pig- ment that induces flowering, and the only other known pigment that absorbs far-red light is phytochrome. Unfortunately, enhance- ment of flowering by far-red light is not easily explained by known phytochrome reactions. In collaboration with the Weizmann Institute in Israel, a bio- logical clock was studied in a fungus, Trichoderma viride, to obtain information on how sensitivity to light is affected by a biological clock. This fungus sporulates in response to blue light and cannot respond to further light stimulation for about one day. The hy- pothesis was made that this delay in sensitivity is regulated by a biological clock. Using a mutant that sporulated rhythmically in constant darkness, it was shown conclusively that response sensi- tivity was coupled to a biological clock. The sensitivity to induc- tion by twenty seconds of blue light varied during the day in the wild type and the phase of this rhythm in the mutant could be reset by blue light. In collaboration with colleagues at Stanford University, srbl staff demonstrated that stomatal opening and the growth rate of Ladyslipper orchids can be increased substantially in light enriched in the blue region of the spectrum. These orchids are unusual since they do not possess chlorophyll in the cells that surround the Science I 143 stomatal pores on the surfaces of the leaves and pore opening is sluggish. This suggests that the growth of these orchids is re- stricted by their ability to exchange gases with the atmosphere, and that a blue light absorbing pigment, that is not chlorophyll, can overcome this restriction. Blue light also regulates the biosynthesis of pigmented carote- noids in fungi. Phytoene, a forty-carbon colorless compound, is a precursor of the carotenoid pigments. It is synthesized from a five- carbon compound, isopentenyl pyrophosphate (ipp), by a series of reactions. The study of this biosynthetic pathway was continued in the fungus Neurospora crassa, using cell-free enzyme extracts. The conversion of ipp to phytoene requires both soluble and mem- brane-bound enzymes. The enzyme that converts geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (ggpp) to phytoene is membrane-bound and regu- lated by blue hght. This enzyme is absent in an albino-2 mutant. The conversion of ipp and ggpp requires two soluble enzymes, an isomerase and a prenyltransferase. Partial purification of the prenyltransferase has been achieved. This enzyme is also regu- lated by blue light and is present at a reduced level in an albino-3 mutant. Phytoene biosynthesis was also investigated in another type of albino (white collar). The white collar phenotype is characteristic of regulatory mutants that are blocked in some part of the initial light induction process. Two white collar mutants are known that produce normal levels of cartenoid pigment in the conidia, but the mycelia remain albino under all conditions. When white collar mutants are used as maternal parents, the phototropic bending toward the light of Neurospora perithecial "necks" does not occur. However, when wild type, or albino mutant strains are used as maternal parents, phototropism of the "necks" is observed. These results support the proposal that the white collar phenotype is characteristic of regulatory mutants blocked in the light-induction process. In the discomycete fungus Pyronema domesticum, light is nor- mally required to induce the formation of apothecia (reproductive structures). However, apothecia lacking spore-containing asci were formed in complete darkness if supplementary aeration was pro- vided. However, if an amino acid supplement was provided in the dark, the apothecia that were formed were morphologically equiv- 144 / Smithsonian Year 1983 alent to those produced in white hght without supplementary aeration. Light with wavelengths greater than 694 nanometers and an intensity of 0.55 W m~^ further increased the number of apothecia formed. The nature of the pigment involved in this process is unknown. Blue-green algae are known for their adaptability to their environment. One of their responses to light adaptation was studied in Anacysti9 nidulans in collaboration with colleagues at the University of Texas, Austin. Spontaneous pigment mutants were selected that grew better in far-red light (wavelengths longer than 650 nanometers) than in white light. When grown in white light, mutants had a decreased amount of the accessory pigment phycocyanin relative to allophycocyanin and smaller phycobili- somes (which are light hanvesting antennae) compared to the wild type. One mutant (85Y) also had a great reduction in the chloro- phyll content, yet its growth, cell size, and phycobilisome to photo- system-II reaction center ratio (0.7-1.2) were unaffected. Further- more, the number of reaction centers and phycobilisomes per cell was relatively constant. These results suggest that the mutants differ from the wild type in the antenna size but not number. In red and blue-green algae the energy absorbed by the accessory pigments in phycobilisomes is transferred almost exclusively to photosystem-II. Thus, a close structural relationship was expected. Following this rationale, and using a medium developed previ- ously in the laboratory, which preserved the labile oxygen evolu- tion reaction and kept phycobilisomes intact, phycobilisomes con- taining photosystem-II activity were isolated for the first time from the alga Porphyridium cruentum. These phycobilisome photo- system-II particles have the highest oxygen-evolution rate of any photosystem-II particle thus far obtained from any green plant or any blue-green alga. The internal membranes of chloroplasts (thylakoids) of algae and higher plants have ribosomes bound to them. Previous work suggested that the thylakoid-bound ribosomes might be specifically involved in synthesizing polypeptides which are added to the thylakoids. Therefore, the distribution of messenger rna (m-RNA) between thylakoids and stroma of spinach chloroplasts was de- termined for an integral membrane polypeptide, apo chlorophyll protein complex 1 (apo cp 1), a peripheral membrane polypeptide. Science I 145 beta subunit of the coupling factor 1 (P subunit of cf 1), and a stroma polypeptide (large subunit ribulose bisphosphate car- boxylase). Chloroplasts were isolated, fractionated into thylakoids and stroma, total rna prepared from each fraction, and the rna assayed for m-RNAS in wheat germ extract by immunoprecipitation with monospecific antibodies. More than 50 percent of the chloro- plast m-RNA for apo cp 1 and for (3 subunit of cf 1, as well as 75 percent of chloroplast m-RNA for the large subunit of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase, were found associated with the thyla- koids. The presence of these m-RNAs in thylakoid-bound polyribo- somes was then tested by translation in Escherichia coli extract, under conditions where protein synthesis initiation does not take place. Here also, apo cp 1, P subunit of cf 1 and the large subunit of ribose bisphosphate carboxylase were synthesized. Thus, thyla- koid-bound ribosomes are synthesizing at least two chloroplast membrane polypeptides. However, the results show that thyla- koid-bound polyribosomes also synthesize a stroma polypeptide, namely, the ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase. Thus, thylakoid- bound ribosomes are not only involved in addition of polypeptides to the membranes, but are involved in synthesis of other poly- peptides as well. Possibly the large subunit of ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase becomes associated with membranes prior to complex- ing with the cytoplasm-synthesized small subunit of the enzyme. Environmental Biology The productivity of photosynthesizing organisms is dependent upon many environmental factors. The effects were measured of variation of some of these factors upon photosynthesis and produc- tivity of the estuarine alga, Prorocentrum mariae lehouriae, and several flowering plants. Spectral qualities, irradiances, tempera- tures, water pH, and water carbon content were varied and algal responses were measured with an infrared gas analysis system, which measured changes in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the gas bubbling through the cultures. This system provided a rapid analysis and enabled determination of the size of the transient carbon dioxide pulses that occurred when lights were first turned on or off. These transients were used to characterize the carbon reserves in the photosynthetic apparatus of the alga. 146 / Smithsonian Year 1983 The effects of far-red and infrared radiation on plant growth can be categorized as thermal and photosynthetic, i.e., radiation is absorbed and converted to heat or is absorbed and used for photo- synthesis. The spectral composition of electrical light sources, unlike the solar spectrum, has a relatively large component in the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum. This infrared component is absorbed by plants and converted to heat. It enhances productivity at suboptimal temperatures, when temperature is a limiting factor and is detrimental at supraoptimal temperatures. Unlike infrared radiation, far-red radiation can be used for photo- synthesis in combination with radiation of shorter wavelengths. The far-red component of these sources, while not as significant a portion of their spectrum as the infrared, is utilized by the plant at near optimal temperatures to increase productivity beyond that achieved with only visible radiation. Thus, not only the visible but also the longer wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum can be utilized to enhance plant growth. Spartina alterniflora is the dominant higher plant in coastal salt marshes. Thousands of acres of this important habitat are mono- cultures of this species. Throughout its distribution, Spartina has adapted to a broad range of environmental stresses, including anoxia, salinity, nitrogen stress, hydrogen sulfide, and probably other as yet undiscovered factors. While it has recently been shown that the primary production of this plant is strongly influenced by these factors, the physiological mechanisms for their action, that is, how environmental factors become translated into effects on growth of the plant, are not well understood. In order to understand how the effect of stress factors in the root environment of Spartina alterniflora affects growth and pro- duction, a system was built for monitoring photosynthesis and gas exchange in the leaves of this plant while maintaining the root system in a controlled environment that can be altered readily. The experimental strategy is to examine the effect of an introduced perturbation on plants that have been grown at various stress factor levels. Roots of Spartina alterniflora, which had been grown in a salt concentration about V4 that of sea water, were exposed to a con- centration of salt equal to sea water. The effect on stomata (small openings in the leaves which admit CO2 and through which water Science I 147 vapor passes as it evaporates from the leaf surface) was monitored. Stomatal openings were reduced rapidly and reached a maximum reduction of about 50 percent. Photosynthesis was similarly re- duced. These results show that the effect within a few hours on photosynthesis of an increase in salinity around the roots is due to a decrease in the supply of CO2 brought about by a reduction in stomatal opening and not to a direct effect of salt upon the photo- synthetic apparatus within the green cells inside the leaf. The effect is readily reversed by reducing the salinity in the medium. Such experiments suggest that the effects of one of the most im- portant stresses in the environment of Spartina alterniflora may operate to control growth through the water balance of the plant; an effect that is transmitted to photosynthesis through turgor pressure in the leaf. The spectral monitoring of sunlight intensity in bands spread across the ultraviolet, visible, and infrared is beginning to yield interesting results. It has been postulated that the amount of radiant energy coming from the sun varies in an eleven-year cycle. Only the amount of energy in the ultraviolet measured on earth varies in accordance with this predicted eleven-year cycle. Radia- tion in the visible and far-red do not. The variations in the ultra- violet measured on earth agree well with variation measured in space by the National Aeronautics & Space Administration and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Since the amount and quality of light to which algae are exposed are important determinants of their productivity, a program for the measurement of underwater spectral irradiance in the Rhode River was continued. Underwater irradiance over the past two years was very seasonal. The quantity of available light in the summer months was six times less than the quantity of light during the winter months because of high levels of suspended sediment and plankton concentrations. A new laser technique (Raman Spec- troscopy), now being investigated, may prove very helpful in characterizing particulates in the water column. Radiocarbon Dating Radiocarbon chronologies for samples of geological and archeo- logical interest were provided by the Carbon Dating Laboratory 148 / Smithsonian Year 1983 as an analytical service for the research interests of the Institution's staff. This year a new, small, low-level counter was installed for dating small-volume samples that previously could not have been measured. In addition, the computerized reduction of statistical data was refined and now allows for significantly shorter counting times. As a result of these improvements 450 samples were dated. Of these, 200 were analyzed as a service to Smithsonian staff and the results are included in reports from their respective bureaus. Dates were obtained from the organic fraction extracted from cores of lake-bottom sediments of several lakes in northeastern Pennsylvania and New Jersey. The results show the presence of initial vegetation as early as 18,000 years ago, and thus a recession of the continental ice sheets at that time. The early recession of the ice sheets requires reconsideration of what land was available for human occupation in these areas. Remains of cane torches from a deep cavern in Tennessee were analyzed and gave dates spanning a range from a.d 400 to 1600, with a marked concentration at a.d. 1200 to 1400. Thus, the re- markable display of mud glyphs in the cavern appears to have been made in the Mississippi period of eastern Woodland Indian occupation in the southeastern United States. EDCEWATER (CHESAPEAKE BAY CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES) The principal objective of the center's program is the study of environmental processes in estuarine and watershed systems. Ob- servational and manipulative studies are designed to develop and test ecological concepts at the macroscopic process level (land- scapes, habitat, community, or population). Emphasis is placed upon studies of how biological communities are developed and maintained over time. The need for such research is increasingly critical in a world where chronic disturbance is causing major reductions in the productivity and diversity of environmental systems. The primary site for this long-term, intensive research is the Smithsonian's properties on Chesapeake Bay (tidal Rhode River and its watershed). The site includes a blend of land uses typical of the Atlantic Coastal Plain, freshwater and brackish tidal wetlands, as well as an estuarine tributary to Chesapeake Bay. This environmental diversity and the long-term control of the Science I 149 property make the site exceptionally suitable for a variety of studies of the complex processes linking terrestrial and estuarine systems. Comparative studies are also conducted at a wide range of secondary sites, some outside the United States, to test the generality of research results from the primary site. The center also conducts a program of educational research with a focus on how best to teach environmental science in an informal or outdoor setting. Projects have approached learning in neigh- borhood, museum, or various natural situations. Various age and social groupings are used as subjects. The center has also offered a limited program of public education with an emphasis upon teacher- and docent-led tours. Thermal Ecology of Salamanders In this study the thermal ecology of temperate and tropical sala- manders was compared. Data for the latter group were derived mainly from field work in Mexico and Middle America. No evi- dence was found for behavioral thermoregulation among the vast majority of tropical and temperate salamander species. The main exception appears to be Thorius, a diminutive tropical form that thermoregulates by moving about in the thermal gradient existing beneath the loosened bark of fallen logs. Temperate-zone sala- manders experience lower minimum temperatures and more sea- sonal variation than do their tropical counterparts, but there is no consistent relationship between latitude and maximum body tem- perature. Interspecific differences in thermal ecology do not appear to occur in coexisting salamanders. Latitudinal, elevational, and phylogenetic differences in thermal economy correspond to features of salamander morphology, life history, energetics, and physio- logical capacity. Competition between Trees and Vines Vines, especially introduced species, can have a deleterious effect on forest productivity by physical suppression of seedlings, small trees, and shrubs. A four-year study of the effects of vines on the growth of Sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua) has shown that they also retard growth of trees that are tall enough not to be physically damaged. The negative effect is due most likely either 150 / Smithsonian Year 1983 to competition for nutrients in the soil or the release of inhibitory chemicals. By decreasing tree growth, vines can affect mortality rates and perhaps make the tree more susceptible to disease. Role of Plant Litter in Nutrient Dynamics A major objective of the Rhode River study is to determine the role of litter in the cycling and transport of nutrients. Litter is the sum of various plant materials such as leaves, bark, and twigs, which fall to the ground. Litter production and the amount of surface litter were measured in four types of irregularly flooded brackish wetlands dominated by various herbaceous species such as Distichlis spicata (Spikegrass), Spartina patens (Saltmarsh hay), Scirpus Olneyi (Three-square), or shrubs such as Iva frutescens (Marsh elder). Litter production was also measured in regularly flooded brackish wetlands dominated by Typha angustifolia (Nar- row-leaved cattail), a nontidal herbaceous wetland dominated by numerous species, in regularly and infrequently flooded forested wetlands and in upland forests. Red maple (Acer rubrum), Ash (Fraxinus sp.), and Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis) dominated the wetland forests, while several species of Oaks (Quercus sp.). Hickories (Carya sp.). Tulip-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), and Sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua) dominated the upland forest. Litter turnover (decomposition) rates were also measured in each habitat to determine how fast nutrients were returned to the substrate. There were no significant differences in litter production among the forested wetlands and upland forests. Litter production was highest in the regularly flooded cattail wetland and in vegetation that occurred on the streambank of the irregularly flooded brackish wetlands. Litter production was least in vegetation that occurred on the infrequently flooded portions of the brackish wetlands. By contrast, litter turnover rates were highest in the upland forest and least in the wetlands. There was also a gradient in the nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus) content of the litter, with lowest values occurring in wetland litter and highest values in upland litter. The results suggest that production and decomposition of litter in wetland habitats may be nitrogen limited. The study provides further evidence for the hypothesis that litter in wetland habitats is nutrient poor and that these wetlands serve primarily Science I 151 as habitats in which nutrients are transformed rather than as a nutrient source to the estuary. This hypothesis was also verified by tidal-cycle studies that measured the exchanges of nutrients between intertidal wetlands and adjacent open-water areas. This demonstrated that the nutrients enter the wetlands as particulate forms and leave the wetlands as dissolved nutrients. The litter zones thus serve as sites where particles are deposited and decom- posed by microorganisms that live in the litter. Ecological Impacts of Wetland Ditching Coastal wetlands are being ditched for purposes of mosquito con- trol, but the long-term ecological impacts are unknown. Data from a four-year study of the impacts of ditching on Chesapeake Bay wetlands have shown that deleterious effects may occur if the water table is lowered as a result of some types of ditching. Such areas may be invaded by undesirable shrubs, decomposition rates of litter may be lowered, and plants may contain higher concen- trations of nitrogen and phosphorus. An experiment was con- ducted to test the hypothesis that elevated nutrient concentrations of plants on drained wetlands were due to removal of stresses associated with waterlogging. Fertilizer was added to plots in ditched and drained wetlands, ditched and undrained wetlands, and an unditched control wetland. Results of the experiment sup- ported the hypothesis that tissue nitrogen concentrations are primarily controlled by substrate waterlogging. The largest increase in tissue nitrogen concentrations occurred in fertilized plots in the ditched and drained wetlands, while there were no differences between plots in two undrained wetlands. The research also dem- onstrated that species with roots and rhizomes in the upper well- drained portions of the substrate responded more rapidly to fertilization than species with roots and rhizomes in deeper pro- tions of the substrate that were more waterlogged. Estuarine Water Quality Phosphorus and nitrogen are normally the mineral nutrients whose concentrations are most limiting for estuarine productivity. Any change in their concentrations is therefore of concern. Average total phosphorus concentrations in surface waters of the Rhode 152 / Smithsonian Year 1983 River Estuary in summer and fall were shown to increase four- fold during the 1970s, then leveled off. Winter and spring phos- phorus concentrations changed very little from levels found in prior years. However, phosphorus concentrations in headwater tidal areas and watershed stream discharges did not undergo such large warm-weather increases. Other phosphorus and nitrogen fractions, such as dissolved phosphate or nitrate, remained essen- tially constant in the Rhode River. Large releases of phosphorus from bottom sediments are known to be caused by anoxia in over- lying water. Thus, these data indicate the increasing impact of anoxic periods during warm weather in mid-Chesapeake Bay bottom waters. It is believed that the extent and duration of these anoxic conditions increased during the 1970s. The observed in- crease in phosphorus concentrations in surface waters has released estuarine algal populations from one of the physiological con- straints that helped prevent excessive growth in the past. Nitrogen nutrient inputs to the Rhode River estuary from atmospheric deposition directly onto the water surface and from land runoff were compared for seven years. On average, about the same annual amount of nitrate and ammonia entered the sys- tem via precipitation as from land runoff and, during the summer and fall, precipitation was the largest source. The average nitrate content of summertime precipitation doubled during the seven-year period. Thus, precipitation is an important diffuse source of avail- able nitrogen to the estuary. Phytoplankton Dynamics Dense populations of several species of dinoflagellate algae (called mahogany tides on the Chesapeake) occur frequently during the growing season on the Rhode River. One of the most common of these mahogany tide organisms is Prorocentrum mariae-lebou- riae. Growth and pigment concentrations of Prorocentrum mariae- lebouriae were measured in cultures grown in white, blue, green, and red radiation at three different intensities (58.7, 17.4 and 7.8 uEinsteins m~^ s~^. Concentrations of chlorophyll a and chloro- phyll c in algal cells were inversely related to irradiance. A decrease of 7- to 8-fold in photon flux density resulted in a 2-fold increase in chlorophyll a and c and a 1.6- to 2.4-fold increase in both peridinin and total carotenoid concentrations. Cells grown in green Science I 153 light contained 22 to 32 percent more peridinin per cell and exhibited 10 to 16 percent higher peridinin to chlorophyll a ratios than cells grown in white light. Growth increased as a function of irradiance in cells grown in white, green, and red light, but was the same at all blue-light irradiances tested. Maximum growth rates in red and white light occurred at photon flux densities of 24 to 32 ^lEinsteins m~^ s~^. At low intensities, the fastest growth rates occurred in blue and red radiation. Measuring photosynthetic pigments in phytoplankton samples by extraction and wet-chemistry methods is labor intensive and requires a great deal of care to avoid artifacts. Therefore, an effort was made to develop and test an in vivo spectrophotometric tech- nique for estimating photosynthetic pigments in phytoplankton. The chlorophyll a, b and c contents of cryptophyte and dino- flagellate species were measured by conventional solvent extrac- tion and absorption spectrophotometric methods. These data were used to calibrate an automated in vivo derivative spectrophotom- etry procedure. Cells were collected on filters and the second deriva- tive of the log of the reciprocal in vivo transmittance was then related to pigment content, as determined by extraction. It was determined that, for these cultures of algae, the derivatives at 554, 642 and 606 nm were the best for estimation of chlorophylls a, b and c, respectively. Phytoplankton have been shown to be responsible for most of the plant productivity of the Rhode River Estuary. One mechanism by which these algae transfer energy to the food web is the release of dissolved organic matter to the surface waters. A con- tinuing study of this process measured the rate of production by phytoplankton of extracellularly released organic carbon, its mo- lecular weight distribution, and subsequent utilization and trans- formation by bacterioplankton in situ. The primary production rate of phytoplankton was high (60 to 300 ^ig C /~^h~^). The rate of organic carbon release varied from 1.3 to 124 tig C /~^h~^) and constituted from 4.0 to 69 percent of the total carbon fixed in photosynthesis. The organic carbon released was fractionated by molecular weight and the fractions of molecular weight less than 500 (18.5 percent), 10,000-30,000 (30 percent), and 300,000 (15.4 percent) were the most dominant. Bacterioplankton utilized a significant portion of the released organic carbon, ranging from 154 / Smithsonian Year 1983 18 to 77 percent. Released organic carbon not utilized by bacteria was con^posed of high nnolecular weight compounds. Comparative Studies of Crabs In continuing studies of life-history strategies of crabs, patterns of growth and reproduction were compared of marine and estuarine species along the east and west coasts of North America. Analysis of the reproductive output of thirty-five species from nine families of crabs showed that size at sexual maturity, egg size and the number of broods of eggs per year are the key variables in their reproductive strategies. However, the mass of eggs produced in each brood is apparently limited to about 10 percent of the female's body weight by the volume of the body cavity available for ac- cumulation of yolk in all but an unusual species that lives inside oysters. Various families of crabs exhibit distinctive patterns of repro- ductive strategies in which there are evolutionary trade-offs be- tween egg size, the number of eggs per brood, and the number of broods produced per year. Families of crabs are also character- ized by distinctive and predictable patterns of molting and growth. However, in zoogeographic comparisons of populations of six species from two families of shore crabs, size at sexual maturity and length of the reproductive season were shown to be important intraspecific variables. In addition, the infection rates of parasitic isopod and cirripede crustaceans, which castrate the crab hosts, were shown to be important ecological variables affecting the ecology of separate populations along the coast. This array of studies indicates that the Hfe histories of crabs involve complex interactions between parasitism, seasonal cycles, geographic varia- tion, and evolutionary constraints. Estuarine Predators The activities of predatory animals are an important factor in the regulation of invertebrate populations in estuaries. The impacts of predatory blue crabs and two common species of fish (spot and hogchoker) feeding on the bottom-dwelling invertebrates of Rhode River were measured over the summer season in 1982. Seasonal changes in diet of the three predators were compared by analyzing Science I 155 stomach contents. Crabs had the greatest impact on whole clams, whereas the two fishes consumed amphipod crustaceans, poly- chaete worms, and clam siphons. EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH "Education" is most often used to refer to "formal" education, i.e., to the learning that occurs in the course of formal studies at specific institutions designed for this purpose. The education program at the Chesapeake Bay Center for Environmental Studies looks at learning and education from a broader perspective. Formal educa- tional settings are considered as simply one subset of a multitude of teaching/learning situations through which adults and children transfer and acquire new information, skills, and attitudes. Over the last nine years, the education staff at cbces has sought to in- crease its understanding of the situational and behavioral factors that affect learning. This was the second year of a major new initiative undertaken by the education program to investigate the role of the family in the promotion and maintenance of scientific literacy. To date, this research has encompassed five experimental studies carried out in collaboration with educators at the Virginia Institute of Marine Science (vims). Using a survey method, basic data were collected on the backgrounds, attitudes, expectations, and motivations that characterize the family groups visiting local science and technology centers. (Family groups comprise 60 percent of the visitors.) In addition, a detailed observational study of family groups in mu- seums has been undertaken. An instrument that can be used to encode ongoing verbal and nonverbal behavior for family members visiting the museum was developed and is being used to record spontaneous teaching/learning interactions that occur between family members. The structure of these interactions, the precipitat- ing and terminating events characteristic of such interactions, and variations in the character of these interactions for different within- family dyads are being examined in detail. In order to place these findings within the broader framework of family activities, a third project has examined attitudes toward family situations in general. Parents and children rated character- istics of various family situations according to how much such 156 / Smithsonian Year 1983 situations contributed to making family time successful. The eighty-eight situation descriptors included items that described the goal of the family situations ("it's education/' " it's fun," etc.), and its setting ("you are outside," "a friend comes along"). A number of significant points of intergenerational agreement and conflict became evident as the children and adults sorted these items. For example, both children and adults viewed authoritarian situations and situations in which they must get something else done at the same time as potentially negative for the family. By contrast, situational items reminiscent of a carefree summer vaca- tion were highly rated by both groups. Children appear to value competitive situations and situations with clear material outcomes, while adults see these as more negative. Finally, two studies have compared the effectiveness of specific interventions in increasing family participation in science activi- ties. One, in collaboration with vims has assessed the ability of school-based supplementary science programs to encourage family participation in informal science activities in the home, local museums, or nature centers. Preliminary results indicate that the students were generally able to influence family members to par- ticipate with them in take-home science activities. The overall participation rate of student families was 73 percent, and those who were categorized as "middle class," "Title I," or "disadvan- taged" all participated at comparable rates. These results suggest that supplementary take-home activities are highly effective means of fostering educational activities in the home independent of socio- economic class. Investigations of learning in a museum setting were conducted at the Florida State Museum of Natural History in collaboration with staff members at the University of Florida. One study focused on how museum visitors allocate their time and attention between (a) the museum exhibit, (b) the museum setting, (c) interacting with the visitor's own social group, (d) other people in the museum outside of the visitor's own social group, (e) focusing attention upon himself, and (f) no discernible attention category. The visitor's dominant focus of attention was scored every five sec- onds. Preliminary analysis reveals that visitors consistently allo- cated roughly two-thirds of their attention to the museum ex- hibits, one-sixth of their attention to their own social group, and Science I 157 one-sixth to the setting, over the first thirty to forty minutes of a visit. Attention to other visitors and to self was neghgible. This pattern of attention allocation occurred regardless of exhibit type, e.g., passive versus interactive, regardless of exhibit content, e.g., biological versus anthropological, and across all visitors. A second study investigated cognitive mapping. Subjects were asked to explore, and enjoy, the museum, and upon completion of their visit, they were asked to draw two maps of the museum — one free-form, the other using a preexisting outline. Three days later, unannounced, they were asked to repeat this task. Preliminary results showed that the detail and number of items mentioned increased from map 1 to map 3. This suggests that some consolida- tion process was at work over the intervening days that facilitated spatial memory. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Some notable events have occurred this year at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (stri). One of these was the moving of the library to a new building. The library was first organized on Barro Colorado Island by former director Martin Moynihan with the assistance of Carol Bennett in the late 1950s. In 1962 Alcira Mejia was hired as the first librarian and she remained in charge for the next eighteen years, making the daily commute to the island by train and boat. In 1967, in order to solve growing logistical problems and to serve a wider spectrum of potential users, the library was moved to the Ancon research building. In this location it quickly became the major information source for biologists from the universities and schools in Panama, as well as a mecca for visiting biologists from all over the world. It continued to grow until it was straining the limits, both of space and of structural strength, of the Ancon building. A modern, self-contained library building became an important goal of the director. Dr. Ira Rubinoff, who explored avenues of possible funds. His efforts finally came to fruition with the construction of a fine building adjoining the Tivoli administra- tion center. The new library was opened on April 7, 1983, with 158 / Smithsonian Year 1983 David Challinor, Assistant Secretary for Science, officiating for the Smithsonian, and Dr. Caspar Garcia de Paredes, Minister of Heahh, representing the government of Panama. Another event of 1983, which was of major importance to re- searchers at STRi, was the cHmatic anomaly that had begun in early 1982 and also had widespread effects in the rest of the world. Research in both the terrestrial and the marine environments was affected by the atypical weather conditions that followed. The dry season in central Panama generally begins in January and ends abruptly with heavy daily rains in April. Measurements taken in the Environmental Sciences Programme on Barro Colo- rado Island showed that the weather became dry in November 1982 and the ensuing dry season was drier than any since 1925. Mean monthly temperatures were between two and five degrees centigrade higher than during any year since measurements were started ten years ago. The temperature of the soil was also higher than normal, while the soil moisture content was lower. The inci- dence of deciduousness in the forest trees was higher than usual and the lack of humidity slowed the decomposition of the fallen leaves, so that the amount of litter on the forest floor became far greater than usual. Some trees lost their leaves for the first time in five years, so that the canopy was much more open than in past dry seasons. And some trees that generally flower annually did not flower at all. The Environmental Sciences Program (esp) has been concerned with measuring climatic and biological changes on Barro Colorado Island for the past twelve years. The resulting "base-line" data are essential if we are to hope to understand the effects of events such as the dry season of 1982-83, and they serve to emphasize the need for permanent research stations in the tropics. When the ESP started, the data were almost entirely manually collected. Elec- tronic data recorders were available, but they were simply not reliable enough to function in an environment where "nonbiode- gradable" substances crumble to dust after a few months' exposure. The situation has changed, and this year practically all the physical data are being automatically recorded. This makes it possible to record more parameters, and it enables Donald Windsor, the staff member who coordinates the stri esp, to spend more of his time on data analysis. Science I 159 One of the important new parameters now being recorded is the amount of carbon dioxide in the forest. John Sager and Bernard Goldberg of the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center have set up sensors at five levels of the esp tower to record the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. This will provide one of the best obtainable indices of the actual productivity of the forest as it changes from one time of the day to the next, and from season to season. Much of the data gathered by researchers working in the esp was brought together and published in a volume edited by Egbert Leigh, Stanley Rand, and Donald Windsor. Entitled The Ecology of a Tropical Forest, the volume contains thirty-two papers that describe the vegetation of Barro Colorado Island and show how the response of the plant community to the seasonal alternation of drought and rain serves to regulate the different animal popu- lations. Another important event of the year was the spread throughout Central Panama of the Africanized honeybee, which arrived in the latter half of 1982. David Roubik, of the stri staff, has been monitoring these insects as they advance toward Mexico and North America from their origin in Brazil. Roubik is particularly inter- ested in the effects that this new and aggressive bee will have on the resident populations of pollinators. He and a diverse group of coworkers and students from universities in North, Central, and South America have been studying many different kinds of pollina- tors. In order to facilitate the study they are preparing a "pollen library" — a catalogue of 1,500 different kinds of pollen grains carried by insects that have visited flowers. This information will be used to determine the extent to which Africanized bees are using the same resource as the resident pollinators. Roubik's group, which is also studying other resources used by bees, incidentally discovered one species of stingless bee that is an obligate carrion eater — the first known necrophagous bee. Two other interesting studies on necrophagy were performed at STRI this year. Polly Zheng, from the Kunming Institute in the Peoples' Republic of China, spent a year at stri studying various aspects of bird ecology and behavior. She began with a study of the breeding biology gf motmots and trogons on Barro Colorado Island, then she and Neal Smith of the stri staff cooperated on a 160 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Polly Zheng, of the Kunming Institute in the Peoples' Republic of China, spent a year at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in Panama study- ing bird ecology and behavior. Here, she takes measurements from an anaes- thetized black vulture before releasing it. study of the feeding ecology of the black vulture — a bird that plays an innportant part in maintaining cleanliness in the city of Panama. They marked a total of 639 vultures with plastic wing tags so that they could determine movement patterns, flocking tendencies, and other aspects of the birds' lives. David Houston, of the University of Glasgow, worked on the feeding ecology of the carrion-eating guild, in the forest of Barro Colorado Island. He found that turkey vultures were always the first carrion eaters to arrive at baits that he put out, and hypothe- sizes that their keen sense of smell is an adaptation to finding recently dead animals in forested conditions. This year Egbert Leigh of the stri staff began a theoretical in- vestigation of possible modes of speciation: under what circum- stances might one expect "punctuated equilibrium," where most evolutionary change is associated with the actual process of speciation? He also continued to work with R. T. Paine, of the University of Washington, on an analysis of the ecological organization of the rocky intertidal at Tatoosh. This community is so different from a rain forest that it helps to set the forest in perspective. The intertidal is as open a system as a field of sugar cane, de- pendent on an influx of nutrients and even on the energy of the waves, which maintain the lushness of kelps and mussels of the outer coast by knocking away organisms that would eat them, enhancing the capacity for interference competition of suitably adapted occupants, and by stirring the fronds of the kelps, permit- ting light to be spread more evenly over three times the leaf area per unit ground area possible in a rain forest. The mainland area that is contiguous to the eastern border of the Barro Colorado Nature Monument has been internationally known as a rich biological reserve for some years, stri researchers have worked there since long before it became well known and, indeed, did much to contribute to that fame. The area was de- clared a National Park in 1981 (Parque Nacional Soberania) and, as part of a cooperative agreement between stri and the Ministry of Agriculture, stri researchers continue to work there. Teresa Townshend, from the University of Wales, took advantage of the many freshwater streams that flow through the park to study the effects of food availability on the reproduction in the cichlid 162 / Smithsonian Year 1983 fish there, and Wolfgang Nentwig, from the University of Mar- burg in West Germany, and Arthur Decae, of the University of Gronigen, the Netherlands, studied various aspects of spider ecol- ogy. Decae is beginning a three-year study of the predatory and antipredator strategies of the little-studied tarantulas and trap-door spiders. James Karr, of the University of Illinois at Champaign, has been studying the birds of the park area for the last ten years. This year he and a group of his students spent nine months in the area, and the peculiarly dry dry season led them to the interesting discovery that the horizontal distribution of birds in the forest is more dependent upon very subtle humidity gradients than it is, for example, on the distribution of food items, so that it is possible to find birds at levels where the food is unsuitable if these are the only levels with the appropriate humidity conditions. Rachel Levin, of Cornell University, continued her studies on the song duetting of the Bay Wren in the Parque Nacional 5o- berania. Most female passerine birds do not sing, but these wrens indulge in an incredibly precise duetting that is often initiated by the female. Levin is interested in the function of this behavior, and has been awarded a predoctoral fellowship to continue her studies in the future. In a joint study with Eliot Brenowitz, of the University of California, they have found that the singing behavior of both sexes is accompanied by a proliferation of special brain cells, which subside again when the singing season ends. Leonard Freed, a stri postdoctoral fellow from the University of Iowa, also studied wrens, but he is interested in the House Wren, a bird that occurs from Canada, south to Argentina. Freed is examining the ecological factors that control the number of eggs in the clutch of the tropical breeders of this species. Working in the Las Cumbres area, outside Panama City, he found himself facing some interesting logistical difficulties. He put out artificial nesting boxes for the birds and found that snakes are not only able to detect when there are baby birds in the nest, but to climb a five-foot-high metal pole that is thickly coated with grease, to eat the babies. He found that the clutch size of his wrens was limited by food in the very dry 1983, although this had not been true in 1982. Stephen Hubbell, who holds a joint appointment with stri and Science I 163 the University of Iowa, Robin Foster, of the Chicago Field Museum, and their group of students from the United States, and Central and South America, have finished the initial mapping of their l,000-by-500-meter plot (50 hectares or 120 acres). They have measured, tagged, identified, and plotted the coordinates of all 238,000 plants with stems of more than one centimeter diameter. They have also measured the heights of the canopy in five-meter squares, and have determined the reproductive status of every adult tree in the plot. Their initial analysis indicates that, contrary to the prevailing ideas, most species tend to occur clumped, many are randomly distributed, while a few appear to maintain uniform spacing between individuals. In 1984 the team will conduct a mortality survey of all trees of more than twenty centimeters diameter, and then, in 1985, will begin the first repeat survey in order to determine the survivorship and growth rates of the trees in the plot as well as the numbers and types of recruits to the population. Many field biologists, even if they are not actually studying the trees, can derive a considerable benefit from knowing the precise identification and location of the vegetation in their study area. Even before the Hubbell-Foster map was completed, other re- searchers began to benefit from it. Both Bob Kinsey, of the Uni- versity of California at Davis, and Leslie Johnson, of the Univer- sity of Iowa, for instance, used the convenience of the map to make their censuses of insects more meaningful; and postdoctoral student Diana Wheeler, from Duke University, whose interest is centered on the physiology of caste determination in turtle ants, used the canopy height data to aid in an additional study on the altitudinal distribution of ants. Other studies, such as that of Eugene Shupp, of the University of Iowa, which is aimed at answering the question: "Do more seedlings of Faramea occidentalis survive from years of 'mast' fruiting than in normal years?" are more intimately concerned with the purposes of the mapping project. A subject that has been of wide concern to researchers on Barro Colorado Island for several years is the biology of seed dispersal, and it is obvious that a knowledge of the location of all the individuals of the species under study would be very valuable to such projects. One of the most difficult questions to answer in 164 / Smithsonian Year 1983 seed dispersal studies is: "Which seedhng came from which parent?" Preliminary data gathered by James Hamrick, of the University of Kansas at Lawrence, who will be working in the Hubbell-Foster plot for the next three years, indicate that there may be enough genetic variability between individuals of at least some species for this question to be answered electrophoretically. Victoria Sork, of the University of Missouri, continued her studies on the seed dispersal biology of Gustavia superba on the Hubbell-Foster plot, and David Hamill, of the University of Iowa, has been working there for some time, both on the mapping project and on his own research project, in which he is examining the survival value of seed dispersal. He finds that the seedlings of Ocotea skutchii survive better when their density per unit area is low, possibly because of water as a limiting factor. Since seedlings that are dispersed farthest from their parent tend to be at the lowest density, they have a greater probability of survival through dry periods. Carol Augspurger, of the University of Illinois at Urbana, and her students are also working on seed dispersal, but are chiefly concerned with those plants whose seeds are dispersed by the wind. They have studied the effects of fungus on the mortality of seeds on the Hubbell-Foster plot and were also responsible for one of the more spectacular field experiments on Barro Colorado this year: they released thousands of seeds, some real and others that they had made themselves to emphasize certain characteristics, in order to determine which of those characteristics enhance the flight of wind-dispersed seeds. In the evolution of predator-prey relationships there is a con- stant changing of the fine balance between the ability of the predator to capture, and the ability of the intended prey to escape. In order to fly in darkness, bats developed an echo-location system. James Fullard, of the University of Toronto, is studying moths that have evolved hearing organs capable of detecting the approach of sound-emitting bats. But he also has found that some bats have evolved echo-locating frequencies that the moths, upon which they prey, cannot detect. Jacqueline Belwood, from the University of Florida, and two Exxon-supported students from the University of Panama are interested in another predator-prey relationship involving bats. Science I 165 Katydids call to advertise for mates, but bats that eat katydids are also able to home in on the sounds. Belwood and her students are attempting to find what measures the katydids use to attract mates but not predators. As an added bonus to their project, they are finding out a great deal about the diets of insectivorous bats in general. There has been considerable concern in the past that Barro Colorado Island is too small to support viable populations of some of its inhabitants. It is thus reassuring to note the most recent findings of a study that was begun in 1977 by Russell Greenbe'rg and Judy Gradwohl from the National Zoological Park. They have monitored the populations of several deep-forest, insectivorous birds through the wettest^ wet season (1981) and the driest dry season (1983) ever recorded on the island, and they find that, despite the considerable temporal variations in the abundance of food that accompanied the climatic extremes, not only the popula- tions of breeding adults, but also the territorial boundaries held by breeding pairs, have remained essentially the same, even though the individuals involved may change. Activities at stri in the field of human ecology have also been increasing in recent years. Since August 1981 Richard Cooke, who has been a stri research associate since 1976 and was recently appointed to the staff, and Anthony Ranere, of Temple University in Philadelphia, have been directing a multidisciplinary research project in Central Pacific Panama. Entitled the "Proyecto Santa Maria," it has been designed to investigate the changing relation- ships between prehistoric populations and their environment in a single tropical watershed basin — that of the Rio Santa Maria. Particular emphasis has been placed upon the coastal zone, where the geologists on the team have been undertaking a coring pro- gram to determine how changes in sea level, and sedimentation rates, have affected human settlement and subsistence practices. The archeological team has been employing a dual system of surveys, both probabilistic and purposive, to investigate the paleo- demography of the region. The botanical team has been concen- trating on pollen and phytolith analysis of archeological sites and sediment cores, to arrive at a history of human modification of the environment and of the origins and development of agriculture. Phytoliths are microscopic bodies of silica formed within the 166 / Smithsonian Year 1983 cells of living plants and are deposited into the soil when the plant dies and decays. Because they are mineralized, they endure, while other parts of the plant may disappear. The phytoliths of some plants, such as maize and squash, are readily identifiable. Dolores Piperno, a Smithsonian Postdoctoral Fellow from Temple Univer- sity, is using phytoliths found in the Santa Maria project and else- where in Panama to study agricultural and vegetational history. In the Santa Maria project, nearly 400 archeological sites have been recorded and evaluated, and forty sediment cores taken. Two sites — the Cueva de los Vampiros and La Mula — have indicated that human populations were using the coastal zone before 5000 B.C. At the former site, bifacial thinning flakes were associated with a date of 6610 b.c. (plus or minus 160 years). This is the oldest carbon-14 date yet recorded from Lower Central Amer- ica. Maize was probably cultivated in the region during the Late Preceramic (5000-2500 b.c.) to judge from the phytolith and pollen evidence from the Cueva de los Ladrones (in Code pro- vince). Large nucleated agricultural villages are in evidence by the middle of the first millennium b.c. More than 150 of the recorded sites do not have ceramics, indicating that the Preceramic popula- tions in the region were far more widespread than was hitherto imagined. Financing has been requested for the Santa Maria project for the next two years, and it is expected that the research will continue to provide many surprising data about the nature of Precolumbian adaptations to Tropical areas. Another worker in the field of human ecology is Stanley Hecka- don, a citizen of Panama who is obtaining his doctorate from the University of Essex. His work was supported by an Exxon fellow- ship this year. Heckadon is studying the socioecology of the ex- panding beef cattle ranching front in Panama. This process is the main cause for the transformation of the tropical forest into pasture lands for the extensive rearing of cattle for the internal market. One of the questions he is concerned with answering is: What are the socioeconomic forces behind the massive emigration of the peasants from the interior toward the wet forest, and the impact of the peasant technology on the ecosystem? The deforestation crisis in the tropics is now widely recognized. Even the "campesino," who is chiefly responsible, is often perfectly aware that he is contributing to the destruction of his livelihood. Science I 167 But, as he will ask: "What are the alternatives?" The methods of slash-and-bum agriculture have evolved over several thousand years of trial and error. The soils are too poor to sustain permanent agricultural plots and, as long as the proportion of potential agri- culturalists to the amount of available forest remained sufficiently low so that land could be allowed to lie fallow long enough to recover, the system worked. The crisis is a simple function of the most serious ecological problem of our earth — too many people. If alternatives to destroying the forest are to be found, then it is the obvious social obligation of scientists working in the tropics to try to find them. Early this year, the W. Alton Jones Foundation responded very generously to a proposal submitted by Michael Robinson, deputy director, and Gilberto Ocana, superintendent of the Barro Colorado Nature Monument, which would explore alternative ways to exploit the forest, without destroying it. In one of the projects supported by the W. Alton Jones grant, crops that are new to Panama are being planted in areas of the Barro Colorado Nature Monument that were already degraded when they were placed under the custody of stri, under terms of the 1979 Panama Canal Treaty. In another, the game animals of the region are being managed and their food supplies enhanced, with a view to finding first, how much protein can be derived from the forest on a sustained basis, and second, to what extent this yield can be increased. In association with this project is another in which attempts are being made to raise pacas, one of the favorite game animals of the neotropics, in captivity. If a stock can be derived that will breed readily in captivity, a whole new cottage industry could be started. There is also an aquaculture project in which attempts will be made to see what kinds of non- destructive exploitation are possible with native plants and aquatic animals. Finally, there is a project to study the feasibility of intensive, sustained exploitation of the green iguana. Iguanas are a highly prized food item in much of tropical America. Their eggs are a special delicacy and are believed by many to have aphrodisiacal properties. The exploitation of the eggs has led to the disappear- ance of iguanas through much of their natural range. Stanley Rand of the STRi staff and Dagmar Werner, the project manager, are 168 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Brian Bock, University of Tennessee, worked on the Iguana Project. As part of this STRI program, a number of iguanas were raised from eggs to nearly yearhng size this past year — for the first time in captivity. working on a program to enhance the breeding and survival of iguanas in the wild, as well as to raise them in captivity. This year they have raised a large group from eggs to nearly yearling size — the first time that this has been done in captivity. The W. Alton Jones Foundation projects are all being done near the interface between the Nature Monument and the surrounding slash-and-burn farmers. Some of these people, who live on the very edge of the cash economy, are employed in the projects and the hope is that they, and others, will benefit from whatever successes the projects enjoy. This has been a year of major upheavals in the marine realm, which have kept marine laboratories scientists busy. Early in 1983 Peter Glynn of the stri staff noticed that corals in the Eastern Pacific from Costa Rica to the Galapagos were losing their symbiotic algae and becoming bleached; many were dying. He and postdoctoral fellow Sandra Gilchrist, of Florida State University, have been trying to identify the cause of this phe- nomenon. Glynn hypothesizes that one of the causes may be the warming of the water in the area, because of a variety of factors centering around the peculiar weather conditions of this year. It is also possible that concentrations of pesticides washed out to sea from agricultural activities on the nearby mainland area have reached the point where they have reduced the corals' capacity to survive in the face of other stresses. Other marine biologists of the stri staff have been continuing their regular research. Ross Robertson has been studying the reproductive cycles and behavioral ecology of coral reef fishes around the San Bias Islands in the Caribbean. Peter Glynn has continued his research on the ecology of Pacific coral reefs. Haris Lessios has been studying the process of speciation of sea urchins that were separated by the emergence of the Isthmus of Panama. He is also working on the reproductive cycles of Caribbean and Eastern Pacific echinoids, the ability of corals to repair wounds to their tissues, and the effects of sea urchins on corals. Ira Rubinoff, working with Jeffrey Graham, of the Scripps Institution of Ocean- ography, and Jorge Motta, a circulatory system specialist from the Gorgas Army Hospital, have been investigating the diving behav- ior of yellow-bellied sea snakes. They find that the snakes are diving deeper and staying down longer than was previously 170 / Smithsonian Year 1983 thought and are now trying to find out why the snakes are doing this, since they generally feed quite near the surface. John Christy, a three-year visiting scholar, is investigating the reproductive and foraging strategies of fiddler crabs. Sandra Gilchrist has finished her study of competition between hermit crabs. She has been investigating the criteria they use to select shells and finds that they probably learn when a shell is actually in the process of becoming vacant by chemicals given off when the original occupant is attacked by a predator. Another post- doctoral fellow, Myra Shulman, is trying to discern the reasons why juveniles of certain reef-dwelling fish tend to be brightly colored. Predoctoral fellow Lani West is investigating the reasons for individual differences in the diets of carnivorous marine snails, and another predoctoral fellow. Ken Clifton, is working on the feeding strategies of Caribbean parrot fish. Bruce Menge and Jane Lubchenco, from Oregon State Univer- sity, have finished a long-term study of the ecological organization of the rocky intertidal communities in the bay of Panama. This study was designed to allow comparisons with similar communi- ties in the temperate zone in an effort to assess the effects of stability and diversity on community organization. Robert Warner and his students, from the University of Cali- fornia at Santa Barbara, have been continuing their studies of the life history of the blue-headed wrasse, Thalassoma hifaciatum, in the San Bias Islands. This fish starts life as a female and changes into a male when it achieves social dominance. Warner has been measuring the costs and benefits of various reproductive and foraging strategies associated with this sex change. One of the results of El Nifio-related climatic peculiarities was the influx into the bay of Panama of large numbers of sea birds from Peru and Ecuador, some species of which have never been recorded there before. Neal Smith and Gene Montgomery, of the STRi staff, studied various aspects of this unusual migration. Montgomery and various associates, and Exxon-supported assis- tants from Panama, Ecuador, Colombia, and Brazil, and have been monitoring a nesting colony of Brown Pelicans on Taboga Island, off Panama City, over the past few years. They found that 1982 and 1983 were poor years for the pelicans, which raised only .05 to .07 chicks per nest (as opposed to 1.8 per nest in 1981). Mont- Science / 171 gomery blames the lack of nesting success on the absence of the dry-season upwelling that usually occurs in the bay of Panama when the trade winds blow. A varied research program was carried out around the Galeta Island Laboratory on the Atlantic Coast of Panama during 1983. The mangrove lagoons around Galeta form an ideal foraging ground for a number of species of herons and egrets. A curious fact about this group of birds is that the adults of some of them are white and the juveniles of others are white but change to a darker color when they reach maturity. Gloria Sullivan Caldwell, a postdoctoral fellow from the University of California at Berkeley, has been studying the advantages of light and dark coloration in herons. After many hours of field observations in mangrove swamps and reef flats, she has found that white herons are more difficult to see by their intended underwater prey, but they are more attractive to predators such as hawks and crocodiles. Stri research associate Roy Caldwell, also from Berkeley, and his graduate students have been studying the ecology and behavior of the mantis shrimp. These aggressive crustaceans spend much of their time fighting for refuge cavities on the reef flats. If animals are unable to fight, they will "bluff" to deter an intruder. This casts doubt on the generally accepted idea that communication among animals is necessarily honest. Eldridge Adams has also been studying the ants that live in the mangrove trees. Colonies of the most abundant species have divided up the mangrove forest into nonoverlapping territories. The ants zealously guard their territorial boundaries, and narrow "no-ant's lands" exist between adjacent territories. Within col- onies, communications are good, and intrusions by other colonies are quickly countered with an appropriately gauged response, which may range from a small skirmish to a battle involving the entire colony. Adams has also been working with Sally Levings, from Harvard University, and Stephen Garrity, from the University of Massa- chusetts at Amherst, on the behavioral ecology of termites in mangrove forests. In most forests, termite tunnels are chiefly subterranean, but in the swampy mangrove habitat, the termite tunnels are on the surface, so foraging and interactions between 172 / Smithsonian Year 1983 colonies can be directly observed. Like the ants of the mangroves, the termites aggressively defend their colony boundaries, and intercolony battles often result in the death of thousands of workers and soldiers. Garrity has been supported by a predoctoral fellowship while he conducts his research on the ecology of the flora and fauna of the intertidal rocky shores on the Caribbean and Pacific coasts of Panama. On the Caribbean coast, field experiments have demon- strated that the abundance of intertidal algae is controlled by a combination of physical factors, herbivory, and competition with other marine organisms. His studies on the Pacific coast have shown that the distributions and abundance of intertidal snails are strongly influenced both by physical stresses and by predation by fish, crabs, and shore birds. John Cubit of the stri staff, in collaboration with Peter Griffith, Walter Adey, and James Norris of the National Museum of Natural History, have measured rates of primary production and respiration of the reef flat community at Galeta. Their computer- ized system of instruments has better resolution than the usual manual methods, and they have found that, over the course of a day, rates of production and respiration are more variable than was previously thought. Cubit, Ricardo Thompson, and Jeff Burgett have continued the long-term monitoring of the physical environment and biota of the Galeta reef, a project that is now in its tenth year. The past two years have been unusual: 1982 was the driest on record and in January, 1983, almost the entire population of the ubiquitous, long-spined sea urchin, Diadema, suddenly died off. Similar mass mortalities followed at other locations in the Caribbean. Other species of urchins were not affected. However, in August 1983, some species of corals at Galeta were showing the same symptoms of bleaching that preceded the mass mortalities of corals on the Pacific coast of Panama. Stri staff members Haris Lessios, Ross Robertson, and Cubit have been trying to identify the cause of these alarming dieoffs in the Caribbean. Judith Connor from Berkeley, working with Cubit and Norris, has completed a two-year survey of the monthly changes in the distribution, abundance, and reproductive state of algae on the Galeta reef. She has documented strong seasonal fluctuations in Science I 173 algal abundance and has shown that the algae reproduce only when general growing conditions are good. The delicate ecological balance of the coral reef, and of the mangrove swamp alike, are easily upset. Argelis Roman, Gloria Batista, and Cubit have been working with the municipal govern- ment of Colon to try to persuade it to set up a coastal park in the Galeta area, which would preserve a section of mangrove forest and coral reef against exploitation. Two important international gatherings of scientists were held at STRi this year. The first was a workshop on the green iguana and was organized by Stanley Rand and Dagmar Werner. On May 26 twenty-five scientists from the United States, Central and South America, and Europe met to exchange information and discuss experiences about the management of various wild animals for human use. The focus of attention was on iguana management. The second meeting was the Ninth International Congress of Arachnology, which was jointly sponsored by stri and the Uni- versity of Panama and was held in Panama City from August 1 to 8. This was the first international Arachnology Congress ever to be held outside of Europe and the choice of Panama as the venue was, in part, a reflection of the leading role of stri in tropical arachnology. More than 130 delegates attended, from twenty-four countries. Stri researchers Michael Robinson, William Eberhard, and Yael Lubin all presented papers at the congress and, with Barbara Robinson and Diomedes Quintero of the University of Panama, were responsible for its organization. Several stri staff members held visiting professorships at dif- ferent universities this year. Olga Linares was a visiting professor at Stanford University's anthropology department in the fall of 1982. She is completing a book titled Technology, Ritual and the Labor Process among the Diola of Senegal. It describes the results of her twenty-year study of those people. Peter Glynn spent a semester as a visiting lecturer at the University of Hawaii, and Robert Dressier taught, first at an Organization for Tropical Studies course in Costa Rica, and then at the University of Costa Rica at San Jose. Dressler's recently published book on the orchids, now in its second printing, continues to receive acclaim and is now recognized as the best taxonomic treatment of that huge and complex family. Another volume that is achieving widespread 174 / Smithsonian Year 1983 recognition from our scientific colleagues in Latin America is Evo- lucion en los Tropicos, which was published this year by stri and the University of Panama. This volume, which was edited by Georgina de Alba of stri and Roberta Rubinoff, formerly of stri and now at the Smithsonian Office of Fellowships and Grants, is a compendium of papers by stri scientists that were originally pub- lished in English, translated into Spanish. Professor Ernest Williams, from Harvard University, held a Regents Fellowship at stri this year. He continued his research on Anolis, a lizard genus with many interesting species in the lands surrounding the Caribbean basin. While he was at stri. Professor Williams gave a seminar workshop on Anolis that was popular and well attended. He and Stanley Rand went to Cuba, where they studied the ecology of twelve species of anoles. Their invitation to Cuba was in reciprocation to one made by stri to scientists from the Cuban Academy of Sciences, three of whom had visited stri earlier in the year. An exhibition. Beauties of the Coral Reef, from the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service, was shown in Panama, at the Atlapa Convention Center, from November 1 through 18. The captions and text were translated into Spanish at stri, and the closing date corresponded with the Marine Sciences Symposium Day, for which high school science students from throughout the republic assembled in the convention center. Science / 175 The Subsiding of the Waters of the Deluge, Thomas Cole's prophetic and beautifully observed landscape of 1829, is a major example by this pre- eminent Hudson River artist — and one of the most important acquisitions of the National Museum of American Art in recent years. Smithsonian Year • ip8} HISTORY AND ART JOHN E. REINHARDT, ASSISTANT SECRETARY FOR HISTORY AND ART Anacostia Neighborhood Museum An innovator in bringing exhibitions and ancillary and interpre- tive programs to nontraditional as well as traditional museum audiences, the Anacostia Neighborhood Museum (anm) is, in the words of Secretary Ripley, "no longer an experiment. . . . The vision that ... all shared of a neighborhood museum, located in an inner city community, whose purpose would be to transmit and preserve historical linkages important to the residents of that community and to the Nation has been realized." With the transfer of the anm from the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Public Service to the Office of the Assistant Secretary for History and Art, a significant benchmark in the history of this museum has been reached. Through exhibitions and publications, the anm has continued to "increase and diffuse knowledge." Cooperating with the Smith- sonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service (sites) to reach a national audience, the museum researched, designed, and fabri- cated multiple copies of the exhibition Out of Africa. The anm gave primary data and photographic materials to support the sites poster version of its exhibition Black Women: Achievements Against the Odds, and the GMG Publishing Company of New York produced the third edition of a calendar based on this very popular show. Afro-American art exhibitions celebrated the work of artists 177 This cast bronze bust of Frederick Douglass by Ed Dwight, Denver-based artist specializing in presenting black history through sculpture, is in the permanent collection of the Ana- costia Neighborhood Museum. John Robinson, Larry Lebby, and Lou and Di Stovall, and exposed Washington audiences to local talent. The anm also exhibited a seldom-seen Smithsonian collection, "Outstanding Americans of Negro Origin," which attracted national attention after coverage in Smithsonian magazine. Publishing efforts included a catalogue to accompany Through Their Eyes: The Art of Lou and Di Stovall and a book of selected poems by Solomon G. Brown, an Anacostia citizen and a valued member of the Smithsonian's International Exchange Service for over fifty years (1852-1904). Archives of American Art In fiscal year 1983 the Archives of American Art (aaa) acquired nearly 300 collections of records totaling half a million items. They include the entire range of documentary form, from sketchbooks and account books to lists and unpublished reminiscences, but the largest single category by far is correspondence. These letters to and from artists and their friends, dealers, collectors, critics, and admirers remain, even in an increasingly electronic age, one of the basic sources of information on the art and artists of a given period. Early nineteenth-century correspondence is relatively rare in the archives. One collection received this year, the papers of the portrait painter William Edward West, concentrates on the 1840s and 1850s, but two earlier items are of particular interest. One is a long, detailed account of several days spent on a portrait of a talkative Lord Byron in 1822 when West was in Italy. "I found him a bad sitter — he talked almost all the time and asked me a multitude of questions about America — how I liked Italy — what I thought of the Italians — and whether I yet had any love intrigue in Florence. . . . He was very fond of talking of the females and said there was nothing in life he prized so much as the love of beautiful women." The other is an amusing 1825 letter from Washington Irving, in which the writer chides West for his belief that London is less artificial than Paris. Charles Augustus Davis conjures up a historian's nightmare in a letter written in 1856. "I am spending 2 or 3 hours every day in looking over a mass of letters and sorts of vagrant papers, which I have gathered and accumulated for 35 years. . . . My wife History and Art I 179 told me if I did not destroy them she would, so I have gone to work, destroying 50 and saving one here and there . . . and I laugh and cry and burn and save. I am now about in the midst of the great Bank War and as I took a stand in that fight I have hundreds of letters of Clay, Biddle, Adams, Binney, Calhoun. . . . But as these letters were mostly confidential, though they would make an amusing book, they will make a brighter bonfire. I only save such as can do no harm to anybody." Three letters from James Russell Lowell and five from Henry James add to the archives' holdings of literary correspondence. The former, written in the 1870s, discuss the plight of the sculptor Charles Akers. The latter, typical Jamesian effusions which almost amount to a parody of his literary style, offer comments on Amer- ica just after his return to England from a visit here in 1911. The records of the American Academy in Rome, covering the years from 1894 to 1950, are rich in correspondence dealing with the school's administration and policies in its early years. One letter of April 16, 1914, from the director of the academy to its president, strikes a familiar note of reluctant bowing to the inevitable . . . the admission of women to the academy. Some of the best letters, acquired this year, date from quite recent times. One from the reticent black artist Horace Pippin, America's answer to Henri Rousseau, is a 1943 message to his dealer referring to the painting Domino Players, which he wants Dr. Albert Barnes to see. Several letters and a dozen postcards from Ad Reinhardt to the painter Ed Corbett, during the 1940s and 50s, mix a running stream of puns with advice, news of his own activities, and comments on the art world. Clyfford Still, another friend of Corbett's in the same period, writes at length on New York. "Here is where the showdown fight really goes on. It's bloody and real. . . . New York offers a slash across the belly. You know your friend has a knife and will use it on you." He also expresses his attitude toward collectors. "I consider damn few people fit to own a truly creative work with either their eyes or their money. Today, when I permit the physical possession of a picture I make clear to the purchaser that he does not own the picture but has it in trust." This is a view Clay Spohn also touched on in a long letter to Corbett about Still. Ben Shahn's papers include a letter to the 3V2-year-old son of 180 / Smithsonian Year 1983 a friend, and a letter to Shahn from Alexander Calder, which refers to the as-yet-unbuilt Guggenheim Museum. In yet another letter, Shahn is asked by S. J. Perelman to design a book jacket for his forthcoming Road to Miltown, or, Under the Spreading Atrophy. The decade of the 1970s is too recent to be well represented in the archives, but the records of the Gertrude Kasle Gallery in Detroit do reflect those years. They include several late letters from Philip Guston and Robert Motherwell, and an exchange of correspondence between Mrs. Kasle and Tom Wolfe on the latter's now celebrated article, "The Painted Word," together with an eloquent defense of modern art by Grace Hartigan. The archives' oral-history program provides a useful supple- ment to the written and visual records of art in our own time. Katherine Kuh, Leslie Cheek, Jr., Bernarda Shahn, Armand Ham- mer, Peter Blume, Robert Beverly Hale, Heinz Warneke, and Otto Wittmann were among the ninety artists, critics, dealers, collectors, and museum directors whose reminiscences and obser- vations were taped this year. Last year's concentrated oral-history project on Mark Rothko continued this year with further funding from the Mark Rothko Foundation. Another special project, begun in fiscal year 1983 and supported by local grants and contributions, deals with the art community of the Pacific Northwest over the past forty years. The volume of research conducted at the archives held steady in fiscal year 1983, with 2,950 visits from graduate students, curators, teachers, Smithsonian Fellows, and independent researchers. The interlibrary loan service handled 520 requests for 1,430 rolls of microfilm, a 15 percent increase over the previous year. Copies of 570 photographs were provided to researchers for lectures and publications. Earlier research at the archives came to fruition in an unusually large number of books, articles, and exhibition catalogues pub- lished during 1983. Jose deCreeft, Thomas Sully, H. H. Richardson, Leon Dabo, Paul Strand, Joseph Cornell, Karl Knaths, Thomas Eakins, Morton Schamberg, David Smith, Reginald Marsh, and Alfred Stieglitz were among the many artists given extensive treatment with help from the archives. More general subjects studied and published were on American artists in Brittany and History and Art I 181 Normandy, urban realism of the 1930s, precisionist painting and photography, and, that perennial favorite. New Deal art. In a new departure, the David Smith Papers were extensively used in two film productions on the artist. Without public exhibition space, the Archives of American Art has little opportunity to display its treasures. It does, however, lend letters, photographs, sketches, and other documents as edu- cational enhancements to art exhibitions. Seven museums, two of them fellow Smithsonian bureaus, took advantage of that oppor- tunity this year. In 1983 the National Portrait Gallery showed selected material from the archives' Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney Papers in an exhibition on the artist and, on a larger scale, an archives exhibition of David Smith Papers was shown at the Hirshhorn Museum. The latter, an ambitious project supple- menting a major Smith show of sculpture and paintings, was accompanied by a separate catalogue. Several small exhibitions were also mounted at the archives' own offices in Boston, New York, Washington, D.C., Detroit, and San Francisco. The quarterly Archives of American Art Journal continued to publish articles based on the collections and reports on collecting activities at the regional centers. Three earlier archives publications received the Wittenborn Award this year for excellence in pro- duction and content of art reference books published between 1977 and 1981. William E. Woolfenden, director of the Archives of American Art since 1964, retired June 30. Under his leadership the archives grew from a small office in Detroit with a staff of four to a thriving nationwide institution whose collections are indispensable for research in American art history. Following the interim appoint- ment of Susan Hamilton, the aaa's deputy director, as acting direc- tor, Richard Murray, was appointed director of the aaa in Sep- tember. Murray was most recently director of the Birmingham Museum of Art. Cooper-Hewitt Museum The Cooper-Hewitt Museum, the Smithsonian's National Museum of Design, serves as an international center for the study of 182 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Colonnade Egg, by Carl Peter Faberge, circa 1905, is from the Cooper-Hewitt exhibition Faberge: Jeweler to Royalty. Another Cooper-Hewitt exhibition was Scandinavian Mod- ern: 1880-1980 (below). historical and contemporary design. Since its opening in 1976, the museum has successfully inaugurated a broad range of activi- ties— including changing exhibitions, publications, research, col- lection development, conservation, and educational services — while developing plans for many future programs. EXHIBITIONS Several of the museum's 1983 exhibitions were devoted largely to international loans and included many objects never before exhibited for American audiences. Scandinavian Modern: 1880- 1980, organized by the Cooper-Hewitt with the aid of a grant from the American Scandinavian Foundation, attracted wide attention from the public and press. Following its inaugural showing at the museum, the exhibition traveled to Minneapolis, Washington, D.C., and Copenhagen. The focus of spring was Faberge: Jeweler to Royalty, a major exhibition drawn from the private collection of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II and several other British lenders. Faberge rapidly became the most popular exhibition in the museum's history, drawing capacity crowds of over 100,000 visitors. The extensive Cooper-Hewitt collection served as the primary source for several 1983 exhibitions, including Lace, Fashion Prints, Designed for Theater, Urban Documents: Twentieth-Century American Prints, and Carnegie Mansion Embellishments. New handbooks of the lace and fashion print collections accompanied these exhibitions, adding to an expanding library which will eventually document all Cooper-Hewitt collections. Architectural subjects figured importantly in the 1983 schedule, beginning with American Picture Palaces, a survey of the grand movie theaters of the early twentieth century. Photography and Architecture: 1839-1939, a loan exhibition from the collections of the Canadian Center for Architecture, examined the early history of the photographic medium and its influence on architects, his- torians, and critics. Concurrently, the museum presented Frank Lloyd Wright and the Prairie School, a major Cooper-Hewitt project which reviewed the work and influence of Wright in the unaccustomed context of his early associates and colleagues. Numerous smaller exhibitions proved very popular, and their unusual subject matter attracted broad interest in the national 184 / Smithsonian Year 1983 press. Visitors were delighted by a display of metalwork designs executed by Tiffany Studios and its successor in the museum's Decorative Arts Gallery, a remarkable assemblage of ornamented, utiHtarian, and exotic Canes and Walking Sticks. Cast-iron toy banks were the subject of A Penny Saved, and the use of repeating patterns as a design motif was explored in Contemporary Con- tinuous Pattern. Meanwhile, Cooper-Hewitt collections and exhibitions continued to travel around the nation under the auspices of the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service. Among the exhibitions circulated in 1983 were The Shopping Bag: Portable Graphic Art, Matchsafes, and Urban Open Spaces. As in past years, the museum's exhibition program drew fre- quent positive comment from the national and international press. The New York Times described the Scandinavian Modern exhibi- tion as "the most comprehensive review of the style ever presented on this continent," and welcomed Faberge as "a superb show . . . it is hard to imagine any other as well-edited or as dramatic." Television and radio commentators continued to follow Cooper- Hewitt activities with interest, and museum activities received broad coverage in dozens of national magazines. PUBLICATIONS Cooper-Hewitt collections and exhibitions continue as a rich resource for museum publications. Scandinavian Modern: 1880- 1980, released at the close of fiscal year 1982, was distributed nationally through Harry N. Abrams, Inc., and drew wide acclaim as a landmark survey of Scandinavian design. A similar copublish- ing arrangement with George Braziller, Inc., made possible a major monograph to accompany the exhibition Frank Lloyd Wright and the Prairie School. A major catalogue and checklist for Faberge: Jeweler to Royalty expanded upon the themes of the popular exhibition; many of the loan objects were illustrated in the catalogue, providing a perma- nent record of their unprecedented visit to the United States. The Smithsonian Illustrated Library of Antiques, prepared by the Cooper-Hewitt and distributed nationally by Book-of-the- Month Club, was expanded by two new volumes to a total of fourteen books. Completed in 1983 were volumes on Boxes and History and Art I 185 Enamels, both of which were well-received by series subscribers. The fifteenth volume is in production and plans are being devel- oped to extend the series to eighteen titles. Since the establishment of the subscription program in 1979, more than 600,000 volumes of the Illustrated Library have been sold. The museum collections served as the inspiration for a new handbook on Fashion Plates, and manuscripts were produced for several additional collection catalogues. The popular exhibition of "embellished" elevations of the Carnegie Mansion encouraged the creation of a new publication. Variations on a Theme; more than two hundred imaginative drawings by architects, designers, public figures, and friends of the museum are illustrated. Last year's urban design publication on CITIES was honored with an award of excellence from the American Institute of Graphic Artists and is currently being translated into Italian. Work pro- gressed rapidly on the next in the museum's series of tabloid publications, a major new project on the phenomenon of change. PROGRAMS The new master's degree program on European decorative arts, a joint undertaking of the Cooper-Hewitt and Parsons School of Design, completed its first academic year. This program, which is the first of its kind in the country, is largely structured around the special resources of the Cooper-Hewitt and its collections. The inaugural class of twenty-three students enrolled in courses on materials, interpretation, and design styles, each taught by special- ists from Cooper-Hewitt and its colleague institutions. Sir Francis Watson, eminent decorative arts scholar and Smithsonian Regents Fellow at Cooper-Hewitt, offered his expertise in several lectures and private consultations with students. A new class of students began work for the master's degree in September 1983, and the first graduation ceremonies are planned for the spring of 1984. An active program of lectures, tours, workshops, and special events continued to attract students of all ages from throughout the New York metropolitan area. Four semesters of subscription programs — addressing subjects as varied as architecture, industrial and graphic design, the decorative arts, design styles and revivals, and historic landmarks — were offered for more than 4,000 people. Outreach programs brought Cooper-Hewitt resources to more than 186 / Smithsonian Year 1983 6,000 children, senior citizens, community groups, and handicapped persons. Interest in the museum's exhibitions and landmark build- ing continued to grow; an estimated 8,000 visitors benefited from volunteer docent tours, and thousands more received information and guidance from a dedicated corps of nearly 100 trained volun- teers. A year-round internship program provided museum experience for undergraduate and graduate students. Fifteen full-time summer interns assisted museum staff members, and four students were selected as Sidney & Celia Siegel Fellows. In spite of economic conditions which reduced the membership ranks of many arts institutions, Cooper-Hewitt members remained remarkably loyal. Members in all categories maintained the high renewal rate of past years, and members' events grew in attendance and popularity. The spring season of Faberge activities drew many new members to the museum and was the inspiration for a major benefit organized with A La Vieille Russie Galleries. COLLECTIONS MANAGEMENT A year of concentrated effort brought many improvements in the conservation and storage of Cooper-Hewitt collections. An October dedication ceremony for the Textile Study Center, made possible by Thomas M. Evans and the Milliken Foundation, marked the completion of new facilities for the textile collection. Conservators in the paper and textiles laboratories continued to work on press- ing conservation needs, and the museum continued in its role as the Conservation Advisory Center for the state of New York, a program funded by the New York State Council on the Arts. Work was completed on the reorganization of the Henry Dreyfuss Indus- trial Design Archive, and a comprehensive guide to the archive was developed to aid researchers. The central tasks of building and refining the museum's collec- tions continued in 1983, and 230 objects — including gifts from sixty donors — were accessioned into the permanent collection. Private benefactors matched a generous grant from the Smith- sonian Regents Special Acquisition Fund to permit the museum to acquire a very fine set of drawings by Frank Lloyd Wright and his closest associates; a number of these important works, which are the first drawings by Wright to be added to the collection, were History and Art I 187 displayed in the fall exhibition Frank Lloyd Wright and the Prairie School. Through selective use of its own very modest purchase funds, the museum was able to add sixteen objects in fiscal year 1983. The first phase of the physical inventory of the entire collec- tion was nearly completed, and the inventory staff began the necessary reconciliation of the new computer records with the original accession books used since the founding of the collec- tion in 1897. The museum continued to encourage loans to qualified col- leagues, and Cooper-Hewitt objects were borrowed by more than twenty institutions, traveling with exhibitions to such places as Washington, D.C., Texas, Wyoming, and Minnesota. The active pace of Cooper-Hewitt exhibitions brought more than 700 loan objects into the museum from more than eighty domestic and foreign lenders. The crowded conditions and limited gallery space in the Carne- gie Mansion remained a primary concern in 1983. Detailed space planning continue to occupy the attention of the staff, and the museum's architects. Hardy, Holzman, Pfeiffer, developed pre- liminary designs to renovate and expand the townhouse which adjoins the Carnegie property. Early planning for a development campaign to finance these capital projects was begun under the guidance of the Cooper-Hewitt Advisory Council and museum and Smithsonian staff. Arthur Ross, a member of the Cooper-Hewitt Advisory Council and a frequent benefactor of the museum, pledged a leadership gift of $500,000 in support of the building program. This generous contribution will provide a sound foun- dation for exciting progress in the coming year. Freer Gallery of Art The Freer Gallery of Art (fga) celebrated in 1983 the sixtieth an- niversary of the public opening of the museum. To mark that event, the gallery organized two special exhibitions. The first, Charles Lang Freer: The Man and His Gallery, presented a group 188 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Professor Emeritus Max Loehr, of Harvard University (center), was awarded the Charles Lang Freer Medal in May in recognition of his achievements in Chinese art history. Secretary Ripley is shown here at left and at right is Thomas Lawton, director of the Freer Gallery. of photographs that traced Freer's career as a collector and the construction of the Freer Gallery. The second. Studies in Connois- seurship 1923-1983, brought together a group of objects acquired by Freer before his death in 1919. Each of the objects included in this exhibition was chosen because recent scholarship had provided new information that enabled specialists to change the original attributions. The emphasis upon research and scholarship, as they relate to the Freer collection, highlights the initial direction given to the museum by Freer in his Deed of Gift. This same theme is the focus of the 1983-84 lecture series, reexamining the original Freer collection in light of subsequent research. On May 2, the precise date of the sixtieth anniversary, the gal- lery awarded the Freer Medal to Professor Emeritus Max Loehr, of Harvard University, in recognition of his distinguished achieve- ments in Chinese art history. Professor Loehr was the seventh recipient of the Freer Medal, which was established in 1954 to mark the one-hundredth anniversary of Charles Lang Freer's birth. The August issue of Apollo magazine was dedicated to Charles Lang Freer as a connoisseur. Nine essays included in Apollo dis- cuss the salient aspects of the original Freer collection and high- light the unusual quality of those pieces Freer presented to the nation. Another anniversary publication. The Freer Gallery of Art, pro- vides visitors with a general introduction to the history of the museum and the story of the founder. The Adventures of Rama, a book designed for all age groups, is illustrated with paintings from a sixteenth-century Italian manu- script in the collection. The text, a retelling of the epic story known as the Ramayana, was prepared by Professor Milo Cleveland Beach, of Williams College and former Smithsonian Regents Fel- low. Funds for the publication were provided by the James Smith- son Society. The Freer's thirtieth annual lecture series included: "The Monk Chogen and the Renaissance of Japanese Buddhist Sculpture in the Thirteenth Century," by Professor John M. Rosenfield, of Harvard University, which was jointly sponsored with the Em- bassy of Japan; the Rutherford J. Gettens Memorial Lecture, "The Mutable Message of the Medium: Coloration and Discoloration in the Japanese Print," delivered by Robert L. Feller, of the Mellon 190 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Institute; and "A Medieval Muslim Center of Learning in India," by Professor Anthony Welch, of the University of Victoria. Plans for the 1983-84 lecture series include a memorial lecture for John A. Pope, the former director of the Freer Gallery. This special lecture, to be presented annually, will be supported from the memorial fund established by the museum, and the topics pre- sented will relate to aspects of Far Eastern ceramics. The inaugural lecturer will be Margaret Medley, curator of the David Founda- tion, London. The major exhibition in fiscal year 1983 was Chinese Art of the Warring States Period: Change and Continuity, 480-222 B.C. On view were 151 samples of jade ornaments, lacquerware, bronze vessels and fittings, and other metalwork inlaid with gold and silver designs. Many of the objects had been redated, reevaluated, or could be understood more fully because of new knowledge resulting from recent archeological findings in the People's Republic of China. An illustrated catalogue revealing this research accom- panied the exhibition. A number of new exhibitions were presented this year. Chinese Flower Paintings included forty examples of scrolls and album leaves from the thirteenth through the nineteenth centuries. The exhibition included the famous handscroll, "A Breath of Spring," an ink representation of a blossoming plum branch. The scroll, once a part of the Chinese imperial collection, is the only known surviving work of the Taoist monk, Tsou Fu-lei. Dated 1360, it is widely acknowledged to be one of the finest Chinese ink paintings of plum blossoms. The history of Japan's rich traditions of ceramic art was ex- plored in an exhibition entitled Japanese Ceramics from Past to Present. The earliest piece in the exhibition was a large, hand-built earthenware storage jar — the oldest intact example of Japanese pottery in the Freer collection, dated from the middle Jomon period (3000-2500 B.C.) — and the most recent was a ceramic water basin made by a late-nineteenth-century potter who was also a Sumo wrestler. In all, fifty examples of Japanese ceramic wares were on exhibit, illustrating special characteristics of works made at various periods and at many locations in the Japanese archipelago. Another show of Japanese ceramics. Summer Whites, reflected the sensitivity to seasonal moods. These porcelain wares are by History and Art I 191 custom reserved primarily for summer use, when a glimpse of the cool and gleaming white ceramic refreshes the spirit. Following that custom, this exhibition presented thirty-three examples show- ing the variety of porcelain wares produced at Japan's great porce- lain center of Arita from the seventeenth through the nineteenth century. Japanese Portraiture offered a selection of eighteen por- traits and imaginary portraits of historical figures by Japanese painters living from the thirteenth through the nineteenth cen- turies. Included were interpretations of historical personalities of India, China, and Japan who had a profound impact on the cul- tural history of Japan. The Story of Rama was mounted to coincide with the gallery's publication of a book with the same title. All of the Indian minia- tures from the sixteenth-century manuscript in the Freer collection that are included in the book, designed for readers of all ages, were displayed, together with labels describing the story of Rama's struggle against the forces of evil. Tours of these exhibitions increased in number under the mu- seum's docent program. In addition, the Freer now offers nine free leaflets to visitors and to those inquiring by mail to explain aspects of oriental art exhibited at the museum. The gallery's general in- troductory brochure is now available for the visually impaired. Among the well-known visitors to the museum this year were Sheykh Hamad bin Isa al-KhaHfa, Heir of Bahrain; the Venerable Nechung Rinpoche, of the Wood Valley Retreat Center in Hawaii; and Xia Nai, Director of the Institute of Archeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, along with a group of twelve other specialists from the People's Republic of China concerned with archeology. Notable donations to the Freer collection this year included a pair of Japanese wooden guardian lion-dogs, dating from the thirteenth century. The lion-dogs were purchased and presented to the gallery by the James Smithson Society. William S. Weedon, Charlottesville, Virginia, gave a Chinese eleventh-century B.C. jade fish pendant. Another example of Chinese jade, a late Neolithic blade, was presented by Mrs. Elizabeth Lorentz, of Armonk, New York. The Ellen Bayard Weedon Foundation and the George and Frances Armour Foundation provided funds for the Freer library. 192 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Among the notable donations to the Freer collection were these Japanese wood sculptures of the Kamakura period, 1185-1333. The James Smithson Society presented the pair of mythological lion-dogs to the gallery. AT&T made a generous grant to support publication of a cata- logue for the James McNeill Whistler exhibition scheduled to open in May 1984. Donations from the Peggy and Richard Danziger Fund, the Mary Livingston Griggs and Mary Griggs Burke Foun- dation, and the Clark Endowment Fund enabled the gallery to acquire important objects for the collections. A general donations fund was established to accommodate smaller monetary gifts. During 1983 the Freer Gallery completed its five-year inventory of the collections. Every object in the collections was checked against the original records, and every object was found to be in its assigned position. Head photographer Stanley A. Turek died on February 3, 1983. He had contributed substantially to the Freer with his expertise and friendship for almost nine years (1974-83). His sensitive understanding of how Asian art objects should be photographed, and his extensive time and effort to achieve the best possible re- sults, served as a model to his colleagues throughout the gallery. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden As one of the most important museums of contemporary art in the country, the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden (hmsg) maintains an active exhibition schedule and acquisitions program. In support of these are related programs of lectures, films, concerts, and educational activities involving audiences of all ages. Technical and support units include offices of conservation, registration, and photography and a reference library. Since its opening in October 1974, the museum has developed an active schedule of major exhibitions, usually of material bor- rowed from other institutions and private collectors. There are also smaller exhibitions drawn from the permanent collection. Many exhibitions organized by the hmsg are circulated to other museums, and there are frequent loans of individual works of art to other institutions. The first major exhibition of 1983 was a retrospective of 163 works in several media by David Smith (American, 1906-65), en- titled David Smith: Painter, Sculptor, Draftsman, November 4, 194 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Above: Abram Lerner, director of the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, is shown with Candida and Rebecca Smith, daughters of the late artist David Smith, at the preview reception for the exhibition David Smith: Painter, Sculptor, Draftsman. Artist Friedel Dzubas (below) greets Mrs. Joseph Hirshhorn and Carlton Swift at the opening of another Hirshhorn Museum exhibition, Friedel Dzubas, on June 15, 1983. 1982-January 16, 1983. This was accompanied by From the Life of the Artist: A Documentary View of David Smith, an exhibition organized by the Archives of American Art, which included letters, sketchbooks, and photographs. Both exhibitions were shown at the San Antonio Museum of Art, Texas, March 27-June 4, 1983. At the time of the Washington showing, the National Gallery of Art had a major exhibition of sculpture by Smith. "David Smith: A Symposium," was held on November 6, 1982, a joint program of the hmsg and the National Gallery of Art, with talks by Edward F. Fry, Clement Greenberg, Rosalind Krauss, and Karen Wilkin. On November 5, hmsg assistant curator Miranda McClintic presented a lecture, "Variety and Continuity in the Art of David Smith." The next major exhibition was Directions 1983, March 10-May 15, 1983. This exhibition, the third in the Directions series or- ganized by the hmsg to provide a showcase for new art, featured forty works by seventeen artists. "An Evening with the Artists," March 10, 1983, was an informal discussion, introduced by asso- ciate curator Phyllis Rosenzweig, with the following artists whose works were included in the exhibition: Ida Applebroog, Kendall Buster, Mary Jones, Pierre Picot, and Anita Thacher. The Smithsonian Resident Association Program sponsored a lecture series on contemporary art called "Three on the Scene," with Grace Glueck on April 6, 1983, and Mary Boone and Carter RatcHffe on April 13, 1983. The exhibition Friedel Dzubas, June 16-August 14, 1983, fea- tured forty-five paintings made between 1949 and 1981 by Friedel Dzubas (American, b. Germany 1915). A dialogue between Dzubas and HMSG chief curator Charles Millard was held on June 16, 1983. Purchases by the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, 1974-1983, September 15-November 13, 1983, concluded the major exhibitions for the year. More than 150 paintings, sculp- tures, and drawings purchased by the museum since its opening were on view. The Smithsonian Resident Associate Program spon- sored two lectures in conjunction with the exhibition: "An Evening with Perry Rathbone: Art, Acquisitions, and Auctions," Septem- ber 28, 1983, and "Anniversary Inventory: Frank Getlein Eyes Ten Years of Purchases at the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Gar- den," October 26, 1983. 196 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Smaller exhibitions, most of them organized by the museum's staff and drawn from the permanent collection, included: Genre Scenes, August 19-November 7, 1982; Contemporary Paintings from Pakistan, November 24-December 26, 1982; The Eight and the Independent Tradition in American Art, January 13-March 20, 1983; Artists and Others: Works on Paper, January 27-June 19, 1983; and Joseph Stella, May 12-July 17, 1983. As the nature of the hmsg's permanent collection has become more widely known, requests for loans from the collection have increased. For example, the forty-three paintings in The Eight and the Independent Tradition in American Art were lent to the Terra Museum of American Art, Evanston, Illinois. Loans to foreign exhibitions included six paintings to the Neue Gesellschaft fiir Bildende Kunst, Berlin, West Germany; five sculptures and two drawings by Alexander Calder to the City of Turin, Italy; two paintings by Willem de Kooning to the Stedelijk Museum, Amster- dam, the Netherlands; and four sculptures to the Tate Gallery, London. In addition, exhibitions organized by the hmsg were toured by the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service. Acquisitions are vital to any museum, but especially to a mu- seum of contemporary art. During 1983, hmsg acquired 155 works of art, including nine purchased with appropriated funds. Major purchases from appropriated funds included Raymond Duchamp- Villon's Rooster (Gallic Cock), 1916, and Jan Muller's Bacchanal and Phantom Horse, 1954-55. To increase visitor appreciation and understanding of specific exhibitions and of modern art in general, the museum provides a variety of instructional material, including explanatory wall labels and brochures. The latter range from a single page to illus- trated mini-catalogues and are distributed free of charge to the public. A fifteen-minute slide presentation has been installed in a small theater in the third-floor galleries of the museum. The first slide program was "Elements of Art: Line"; the second is "Ele- ments of Art: Color." Many of the works of art featured in the slide presentation are displayed in the adjacent gallery for the visitors' viewing. The museum also presents a film series, with lunchtime docu- mentaries on art and artists, evening films by independent film- makers, and Saturday films for young people. Whenever possible. History and Art I 197 the film series reflects the current exhibitions. During Directions 1983, films were related to the Melodrama section of the exhibi- tion. Other events in the auditorium are concerts by the 20th- century Consort and lectures by artists, critics, and curators. For example, a symposium was held on February 13, 1983, in con- junction with The Eight and the Independent Tradition in Ameri- can Art, with scholars Marc Pachter and Bernard Perlman. Joseph Henry Papers Progress continued on the letterpress edition of The Papers of Joseph Henry. Finishing touches were applied to the manuscript of volume 5, while preliminary editorial work was begun on vol- ume 6. The sixth volume is the last concerned with Henry's years at Princeton. It will document the establishment of the Smith- sonian, the offer of the position of Secretary to Henry, and his decision to leave academia for new responsibilities in Washington, D.C. During most of this year, Nathan Reingold, editor of the Henry Papers, has been on sabbatical, conducting manuscript research on American science since 1939. Upon his return he presented a paper on Vannevar Bush at the National Research Council's conference on engineering in American history. He also organized an interna- tional symposium on "Problems of Documentation in the History of the Sciences" as part of his duties as president of the Com- mission on Documentation, International Union of the History and Philosophy of Science (Division of History of Science), and gave the opening overview address. Other staff members were also active professionally. Kathleen W. Dorman was a member of the Committee on Publications of the Association for Documentary Editing. Marc Rothenberg gave a presentation on the professionalization of American astronomy at the turn of the century to the Colloquium Series in Science and Technology Studies of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. Jeffrey Stine made two presentations on the theme of engineers and im- perialism: one to the Annual Meeting of the Society for the His- tory of Technology and the other to the University of Delaware's 198 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Lunch Seminar. Paul Theerman made a presentation on the social image of science in nineteenth-century America to the Joint Atlantic Seminar in the History of the Physical Sciences. He also discussed national images of science at the Long Island University Conference on Science, Technology, and Literature. In addition, he was appointed to the Professional Ethics Subcommittee of the Society for History in the Federal Government. The project continued its sponsorship of the Nineteenth Century Seminar. Talks this year ranged from the history of mathematics to the history of art; from the military approach to hydraulic engi- neering to professional musicians in Washington. National Museum of African Art The search for permanent administrative leadership for the Na- tional Museum of African Art (NMAf a) was successfully completed in 1982. January 26, 1983, marked the formal announcement that Sylvia H. Williams, curator of the Department of African, Oceanic and New World Cultures at the Brooklyn Museum had accepted the appointment to head the NMAfA, effective February 1, 1983. During the interim. Dr. John E. Reinhardt continued to serve as acting director. A second major staff appointment was that of Dr. Roy Sieber, Rudy Professor of Fine Arts at the University of Indiana, to the position of associate director for collections and research, effective June 1, 1983. With its permanent leadership in place, the museum embarked on a new and important development phase in its history. Self-assessment and long-range planning be- gan. This called for a thoughtful examination of the museum's primary resources and responsibilities: acquisition, collection man- agement and conservation, exhibitions, innovative educational pro- grams, and scholarly research. However, reflection and analysis were not conducted in isolation; the museum's already active pro- gram continued to gain momentum. The temporary exhibition schedule was central to the museum's mandate: to present and explicate the visual traditions of sub- Saharan Africa. Objects of the finest aesthetic quality were gen- erously lent by museums and private collectors throughout the History and Art I 199 United States as well as from the nmaFa's collection for the exhi- bitions African Emblems of Status (October 27- April 3); From the Earth: African Ceramic Art (May 17-October 9); and African Art in Color (May 17-October 17). Each thematic exhibition focused on a particular aspect of traditional African society and the art forms created and used for that purpose. Exhibitions were complemented and further clarified by a series of public lectures, technical demonstrations, and performances. In keeping with its unique role as the only museum in the United States devoted solely to the visual arts of sub-Saharan Africa, the museum's permanent collection was significantly en- riched by the purchase of several magnificent works of art. Funds for their acquisition were provided by the Smithsonian's Trust- funded Acquisitions Program and the museum's federal appropria- tion for works of art. First among these objects were two rare Benin cast bronzes, an exceptional commemorative head (circa fifteenth-sixteenth cen- tury) and a high relief plaque (circa sixteenth-seventeenth century) from the celebrated ancient Nigerian kingdom of Benin. Second, in an unusual cooperative plan, the NMAfA and the National Mu- seum of Natural History/Museum of Man jointly purchased an extensive and comprehensive collection of African woven textiles formerly owned by Alastair and Venice Lamb of Great Britain. A third major acquisition was an important example of Central Afri- can wood sculpture, the first of such extraordinary quality from this region to enter the museum's holdings. This carving of a female figure and child, attributed to the Yombe people of Zaire, dates to the late nineteenth century. It is one of six extant carvings attributed to one carver, named "The Master of the de Briey Maternity," and the only example in the United States. Its rarity, exceptional aesthetic quality, and provenance have placed the mu- seum's Central African holdings in the forefront of United States museums. Other significant acquisitions included an early, documented nineteenth-century Ghanaian Ashanti textile with stamped motifs comparable to early examples in several European collections; a rare divination instrument from the Holo people of Zaire; and an unusual decorative figurative ceramic vessel from the Lwena people of Angola, signed and dated by the artist. Collection development 200 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Ceramic artist Winnie Owens-Hart constructs a traditional Nigerian vessel at a pottery demonstration held last summer in the courtyard of the National Museum of African Art. Below is a figurative waterpot from Lwena, Angola, one of the works of art acquired by the museum this fiscal year. must also rely on the generosity and devotion of private individ- uals whose donations enrich the museum's holdings. Especially noteworthy among such gifts of objects were those received from the Friends of the National Museum of African Art, Robert and Nancy Nooter, Gaston de Havenon, Joseph Sinclair, and Mr. and Mrs. Marc Sherman. The museum's emphasis on the conception and implementation of sound educational programs, outreach activities, and research continued to be of paramount importance. Many of the prograrrts were special series that accompanied exhibition themes. A dis- tinguished group of lectures were invited from a number of uni- versities— Washington, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio State, Howard, Har- vard, Maryland, and Wisconsin — to illuminate aspects of the spe- cial exhibitions program. Special workshops for elementary and secondary school students and outreach programs were direct developments of exhibition ideas and permanent collection strengths. The topics included prin- ciples of African pottery creation, color design, and textile fabri- cation and meaning. A strong docent program enabled the mu- seum educational staff to reach a larger audience. In addition to these public programs, the musum staff continued to offer academic courses at Georgetown University and through the U.S. Depart- ment of Agriculture Graduate School, as well as train a total of twelve interns interested in museum careers. They were placed throughout the museum in curatorial, administrative, educational, and research departments. As a part of its research activities, the museum continued to build its extensive photographic archive. The donation of 412 original color slides and black and white photographs by private individuals substantially increased and enriched the visual docu- mentation of African art and culture. The museum was visited by distinguished guests from Liberia, Senegal, Botswana, Niger, and Grenada. In addition, the museum was fortunate to have two visiting scholars for extended periods through the Office of Fellowships and Grants. They were Dr. John Wembah-Rashid, assistant director. National Museums of Tanza- nia, who was engaged in research on Tanzanian masking tradi- tions, and Frances Connelly, Ph.D. candidate. University of Pitts- burgh, who was pursuing her dissertation on the influences of 202 / Smithsonian Year 1983 African, Oceanic, and New World Art on eighteenth- and nine- teenth-century Western art. National Museum of American Art As a museum with a national mandate and with unparalleled col- lections of American art, the National Museum of American Art (nmaa) seeks to expand its audience of students and specialists, artists, and the general public. In the past year new emphasis has been placed upon fulfilling this ambitious mandate through exhi- bitions, programs, and specialized activities directed toward a more diverse audience. In order to realize these objectives, changes in the administra- tive structure and staffing of the museum have been implemented. The reorganized nmaa directs it activities through three major divisions: Curatorial, with primary responsibility for the collec- tions and their development, conservation, and study; Programs, which is concerned with the presentation of the collections in edu- cational activities, publications and art documentaries, and exhibi- tions; and Resources, encompassing the registrar's office, library and research support functions, and administrative services. With its objectives clarified and with its divisions under the supervision of newly designated deputy director Harry Lowe and assistant directors Barbara Nosanow (Programs) and Charles Robertson (Resources), the nmaa is now more flexible and responsive to the needs of its multiple constituencies. Further reflection of the changes appears in the reordering of the presentation of permanent collections of American art. Now numbering in excess of 30,000 objects, the holdings of the nmaa represent the achievements of America's painters and sculptors, printmakers, photographers, and craftsmen over 250 years of our history. This is the first opportunity to survey these vast holdings in a comprehensive order. New emphasis will be given to the his- torical progression represented by the collections, as well as to previously unshown aspects of the holdings, especially in the fields of photography and sculpture. The reinstallation campaign repre- sents the first major refurbishment of the permanent collection gal- History and Art I 203 leries since the museum's move to the Old Patent Office Building in 1968. The project is scheduled to be completed by June 1984. In the past year the nmaa and its sister museum, the National Portrait Gallery, which shares the building, have cooperated in advancing the concept of the "Gallery Place Museums," with new attention paid to informational literature, signs, and special pro- grams to attract new audiences. The number of visitors has notice- ably increased, attributable in part to the January inauguration of the neighboring D.C. Convention Center and to the opening of a new subway line, which turned the Gallery Place stop into a major Metro transfer station. Cooperation with other Smithsonian bureaus has led to the development of new programs, including plans for the first jointly presented nmaa-npg exhibition, of paintings by the nineteenth- century naive master Erastus Salisbury Field, to be presented in 1984. Notable exhibitions were presented in the past year, cover- ing the nmaa's customary range of old and new materials, solo shows, and thematic exhibitions. Paintings by the nineteenth- century expatriate Elizabeth Nourse were featured simultaneously with the modern sculptures of Jose de Creeft. The neglected beau- ties of the Provincetown printers, important innovators in the woodblock color print, were featured in a show organized by the museum's Department of Graphic Arts. The Renwick Gallery presented the most ambitious pan-Smith- sonian exhibition that has ever been undertaken. Celebration: A World of Art and Ritual. It occupied every gallery of the Renwick for the better part of a year and was cosponsored with the Smith- sonian's Office of Folklife Programs. The major exhibition of modern Scandinavian design, organized by the Smithsonian's Cooper-Hewitt Museum, was shown locally at the Renwick Gal- lery. American crafts were also featured at the Renwick, as was a special showing. Clay for Walls: Surface Reliefs by American Artists, offering new works by ceramic artists who depart from traditional concerns for vessels and sculptural forms to explore the challenge of wall-mounted designs. Aspects of the nmaa's permanent collections were also explored in new exhibitions, most notably an installation of approximately seventy bronzes and drawings by Paul Manship, drawn from the museum's extensive holdings of work by that early twentieth- 204 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Noted sculptor Chaim Gross (left) and Charles Eldredge, director of the National Museum of American Art, pose with Gross's 1973 work entitled Happy Children, a gift from the artist and his wife in memory of the late Joshua C. Taylor, former director of the museum. century master. The nmaa's Barney Studio House presented a didactic exhibition of AHce Pike Barney and her world of art, theater, and architecture, and expanded its program series to three performances of each offering. The continuing attention to the permanent collections — to ac- quisition, conservation, and presentation — is the bedrock on which all other museum activities ultimately rest. During the past year, the NMAA has added important examples to its collections in vari- ous fields. The "father" of American landscape painting, Thomas Cole, was previously represented only by a small, late study; but in 1982, a rare lithograph by the artist and a major 1829 alle- gorical landscape. The Subsiding of the Waters of the Deluge, were acquired for the collection, greatly enriching the museum's repre- sentation of this important pioneer. Also acquired were important examples by contemporary artists such as William T. Wiley, Deborah Remington, and Chaim Gross, the last as a gift from the artist and his wife in memory of the nmaa's late director, Joshua C. Taylor. An early clay sculpture by the California artist Peter Voulkos adds diversity, both in terms of geography and medium, to the nmaa's modern art collection. An impressive group of more than 1,200 photographs by re- cipients of awards from the National Endowment for the Arts (nea) was transferred to the museum from the nea, greatly strengthening that aspect of the nmaa's graphic arts holdings. Included were vintage works by such luminaries as Harry Calla- han, Helen Leavitt, Jerry Uelsmann, and Danny Lyons, as well as a number of early works by younger artists whose subsequent contributions to the medium have been significant. The acquisition of the NEA photographs is in the tradition of other transfers of artworks from other governmental agencies involved with Ameri- can art which have greatly enriched the national collections over the decades. National Museum of American History This year the National Museum of American History made note- worthy progress toward two long-term goals: improved public 206 / Smithsonian Year 1983 presentation of the collections through exhibition and perfor- mances; and better control, care, and accessibility of those collec- tions. The progress was aided by additions in staff and programs from within the Institution and outside, yet simultaneous innova- tions in internal project planning and management have kept the growth coherent and focused on the museum's mission of illumi- nating American history. To reach the first goal — communicating American history more effectively — the museum moved ahead with its first major renova- tion of exhibition spaces since it opened in 1964. This overall rein- stallation is the central objective of the museum in the decade ahead. Preparations for major installations scheduled to open in 1984 and 1985 proceeded apace, among them an exhibition on Ufe in this nation immediately after the Revolution, and a second exhibition detailing industrial development in the country. Other, distant projects took more definitive shape. Perhaps the most evident sign of the revitalization of public spaces was the Star-Spangled Banner's new presentation in Octo- ber. An extensive project to clean and protect the 170-year-old flag, undertaken the previous summer, culminated in the installa- tion of a curtainlike cover in front of the flag, protecting it from dust and light. Hourly in the Flag Hall, the cover lowers and, while the flag is revealed, two nineteenth-century versions of the music which eventually became our national anthem are played. A brief history of the flag and the anthem, narrated by museum director Roger G. Kennedy, completes the presentation. The life of this central icon from the nation's past has been extended, while its significance has become more apparent to the many visitors who view it and hear its history each day. Typically, this improved presentation of the flag involved conservation and research, as will larger-scale projects to come. Other signs of the museum's refurbishment included the com- pletion in early spring of an arcade of arches across the south end of the pendulum area, the backdrop for what will soon be a Vic- torian Palm Court, where visitors can relax in a quiet setting. The arches incorporate a section of the 1850 cast-iron facade of Brock's store in Philadelphia, believed to be the earliest such facade sur- viving. The adjacent Ice Cream Parlour underwent the early stages of a renewal to perfect its period style. A permanent installation History and Art I 207 on atomic clocks also opened during the spring. This installation, organized by Paul Forman of the Division of Electricity and Mod- ern Physics, is the first in this country to give an in-depth exam- ination of the discoveries and developments which changed the international time standard from the rotation of the Earth to the vibrations of atoms in a vacuum. Finally, the museum put on permanent display another recently preserved nineteenth-century United States flag — the one that, raised over the state capitol in Nashville, Tennessee, during the Civil War, gave the name "Old Glory" to the American flag. A paramount achievement in the area of the second major goal — collections management — came late in the fiscal year, with the completion of the first phase of the congressionally mandated shelf inventory of the collections. Over the last four years, the staff re- corded descriptive information and locations of all artifacts in the museum's custody — in the Mall building, the Arts and Industries building, and at Silver Hill — and proceeded to computerize the data by means of a computer system installed early this fiscal year. Statistics help illustrate this year's accomplishment: On October 1, 1982, the tally of surveyed objects stood at 12,746,179. By June 1, 1983, the survey total registered 15,554,787. Over the eight months, the staff surveyed nearly 3,000,000 objects and edited and computerized a huge volume of records, some of which preceded the fiscal year. By the end of the summer, further refinement of the count of previously "batched" objects brought the total to approxi- mately 16,070,000. The numbers tell only part of the story. The holdings of the mu- seum cover the range of social, scientific, cultural, and techno- logical history in America. Those artifacts acquired by the Institu- tion before 1964, when the museum opened, came from various places and with various cataloguing. To systematize an inventory of such collections from more than twenty-one curatorial units, through subcollections within each one, and to computerize the information with an eye toward future collections management, research, and exhibitions, required constant planning and atten- tion across curatorial as well as administrative staffs. Yet because of the enormous scale within the limited time, and the difficulty of reaching and describing objects in asbestos-contaminated build- ings at Silver Hill, much work remains to make full use of the 208 / Smithsonian Year 1983 In this view of the inventory in progress at the National Museum of Ameri- can History, Debra Hashim (left), a technician with the Inventory Survey Office, records information about an original Teddy Bear, while Carolyn Flanagan, museum technician. Division of Political History, secures the bear's tag. (Photograph by Jeff Ploskonka) inventory. Initially, it is a useful control tool — tracking n\ovement of objects to and from exhibitions, loans, conservation, and study; eventually, the databases will strengthen all the uses of the collec- tions. The museum plans further breakdown and cataloguing of "batched" objects, and the addition of data from registrar's and curatorial files. This consolidated body of information will provide better opportunities for study, for developing exhibitions, and for responding to public inquiries about the collections. The appointment of John A. Fleckner to the new position of archivist signaled the museum's creation of an Archives Center to house its vast collections of documents, photographs, and other works on paper. Fleckner came to the museum from the State His- torical Society of Wisconsin, where he had managed large and complex collections of state political papers, helped establish the Wisconsin Conservation Service Center for preserving photographs and other works on paper, and coordinated a statewide network to make historical records and manuscripts more fully accessible. During the spring and summer, Fleckner, his staff, and museum conservators launched a major project to conserve two massive archival collections: the Warshaw Collection of business cards and other forms of U.S. advertising, and a collection of approximately 400,000 proof sheets from the national advertising firm of N. W. Ayer & Sons, Inc., dating from 1875 to 1950. The Archives Center staff also surveyed the 28,000 glass photographic plates of the Underwood Collection, and received several major donations of historical advertising items and business records. The museum continued efforts to improve the care of three- dimensional holdings in the Mall building and at Silver Hill. It renovated its Silver Hill facilities, and, in the summer, moved some conservation staff to a laboratory in the recently constructed Mu- seum Support Center (msc). Use of the msc storage spaces allotted to the museum provides a long-awaited solution to persistent prob- lems of overcrowding and inaccessibility of collections, allowing expanded in-house treatment of objects and rearrangement of cramped storage spaces in the collection-reference areas. Two anniversaries gave ample opportunity for exhibitions de- lineating significant American achievements. Building Brooklyn Bridge: The Design and Construction, 1867-1883 opened on May 4 and marked the centennial of the completion of that marvel of 210 / Smithsonian Year 1983 civil engineering. The exhibition, organized by Robert M. Vogel, curator of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, presented more than 300 drawings, photographs, other graphic materials, and objects which revealed the complexity of the enterprise as well as the tremendous imaginative and physical effort it required. The exhi- bition's run concluded on September 13 with the first of the 1983-84 Frank Nelson Doubleday lectures, given by David Mc- Cullough, author of The Great Bridge. In September the show traveled through the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service to Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute for a second showing. March on Washington, marking the twentieth anniversary of the 1963 march, presented memorabilia, a slide program, taped ex- cerpts of speeches, and a photographic essay documenting the civil rights demonstration from start to finish. In conjunction with the exhibition, the museum presented a seminar on the historical back- ground of the 1963 march, and a concert by the original Student Non- Violent Coordinating Committee Freedom Singers. The collections of medical history, military history, and enter- tainment were greatly augmented by a major donation from 20th Century-Fox Film Corporation of artifacts from the award-winning television series "M*A*S*H." The series went to great lengths to be faithful to U.S. military life in the Korean War era. Many of the 2,000 items are military surplus from the period of the Korean War or World War II, and the sets, designed after photographs of their actual counterparts from the 8055th mash in Korea, sug- gest the degree of authenticity of the materials. The two sets used in the series — the Swamp and the O.K., which formed the bulk of the donation — are valued because they represent the living envi- ronment of American military officers and the state of military medicine during the Korean War. To present the donation to the public, the museum organized an exhibition, M*A*5*H: Binding Up the Wounds. Photographs from actual Mobile Army Surgical Hospitals in Korea and Vietnam were compared with stills from the television series, and costumes, props, equipment, and other artifacts documented the show's importance to military, medical, and entertainment history. Inspired by a major recent acquisition of a collection of wood type from Morgan Press in Dobbs Ferry, New York, the exhibition The Fat and the Lean, which opened on June 17, shows how a History and Art I 211 The operating room from "M*A*S*H/' the award-winning television series, was recreated with the swamp, objects, costumes, and photographs in the exhibition M*y4*S*H; Binding Up the Wounds, which opened July 30 at the National Museum of American History. (Photograph by Dane Penland) technological change, in this case the substitution of wooden type for the traditional metal alloy, led to a revolution in printing styles which affected the appearance of almost all facets of American life from the early nineteenth century to the present. Organized by Elizabeth M. Harris, curator of Graphic Arts, the exhibition will remain on view for approximately one year. Seventy-nine rare books and maps, primarily by Italian writers and cartographers from the late-fifteenth to the early-nineteenth centuries, formed The Italians and the Creation of America, which opened on October 12 and ran for nearly ten months. These ex- traordinary examples from the collections of the John Carter Brown Library, Brown University, documented the Old World's discoveries of the New. The Workers' World, developed by the Hagley Museum at Greenville, Wilmington, Delaware, examined the effect of increasing industrialization on the lives of nineteenth- century workers. With approximately 100 photo-panels and arti- facts, the exhibition suggested that many workers in nineteenth- century America faced hazardous and oppressive working condi- tions even as they achieved a standard of living higher than any they had experienced elsewhere. The Trees of Christmas, from the Office of Horticulture, offered twelve holiday trees decorated ac- cording to such special themes as American Victoriana and hand- painted porcelain. In June, Our Nation's Heritage, coproduced with the Smithsonian Folklife Program, featured quilts, pottery, musical instruments, and other objects made by traditional craftspersons of the United States, selected by the National Endowment for the Arts to receive National Heritage Fellowships in 1983. Numerous small exhibits were mounted, among them Fighting for Freedom, presenting correspondence and memorabilia of black soldiers who fought in the Union Army during the Civil War; William Short: The First United States Diplomat, displaying docu- ments and artifacts of the first commissioned diplomat for the United States; and Fighting the White Plague: 75 Years of Christ- mas Seals, relating the history of the Christmas Seal Campaign. In the spring, several programs and staff members of the Institu- tion's Division of Performing Arts were welcomed to the museum's Office of Public and Academic Programs. These colleagues and their programs — among them the Program in Black American Cul- ture— offer many strengths sought by the museum for its educa- History and Art I 1\2> tion and research capabilities. The museum also added an editor to its staff to facilitate the preparation of exhibition scripts and publication manuscripts. The curatorial staff was strengthened by the appointments of several very talented scholars: Edward C. Ezell to the Division of Military History, David F. Noble to the Division of Mechanisms, Barbara Clark Smith to the Division of Domestic Life, Michael R. Beschloss to the Division of Political History and the Eisenhower Institute for Historical Research, Helena C. Wright to the Division of Graphic Arts, and Keith A. Melder to the Division of Political History. Music at the museum during the year assumed even greater importance than it had in the past. In addition to the regularly scheduled free informal concerts and introductory demonstrations of instruments from the collections, two new concert series were introduced — one featuring the newly formed Smithson String Quartet, the other devoted to extraordinary instruments from the museum's collections. Led by virtuoso Dutch violinist Jaap Schroe- der, the Smithson String Quartet offered formal lectures and con- certs in October, January, March, and June. The second series, entitled Treasures from the National Collections, brought together music and instruments of the same period in programs celebrating historic composers and performers. Concerts in this series were offered in February, March, April, and May. Both series were organized by the museum's Division of Musical Instruments and the Friends of Music at the Smithsonian in cooperation with the Division of Performing Arts. The 1982-83 Frank Nelson Doubleday Lecture Series had as its theme "American Arts and Letters." The series included presenta- tions by Eliot Wigginton, the inspired teacher from Rabun Gap, Georgia, whose work with students had resulted in the Foxfire series of books; Studs Terkel, whose conversations with and ob- servations of many Americans have led to many insightful works; and noted authors Eudora Welty, C. Vann Woodward, and Walker Percy, who shared their thoughts about Nathaniel Hawthorne, Francis Parkman, and Herman Melville. Other participants in the series were Fred Starr and the Louisiana Repertory Jazz Ensemble, and Arthur Mitchell and the Dance Theatre of Harlem. In addition to catalogues, brochures, and posters produced in conjunction with various exhibitions, the Publications Program 214 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Arthur Mitchell (left) and the company of the Dance Theatre of Harlem per- formed at the National Museum of American History on April 6, 1983. This lecture-performance was the fourth of the 1982-83 Frank Nelson Doubleday lecture series. (Photograph by Dane Penland) published up-to-date brochures describing the museum for visitors before and during their visits. It also prepared for publication three manuscripts for the Smithsonian Studies in History and Technology. Also in preparation are several booklets on popular collections, among them quilts, locomotives, automobiles, American clocks, and puppets. In addition, the museum continued to provide editorial guidance, as well as regular scholarly contributions, to Technology and Culture, the quarterly of the Society for the History of Technology. Research at the museum culminated in several other publications, among them American Locomotive Builders: A Short Hisiory, a comprehensive business history of United States firms that built locomotives from 1830 to 1960. The Afro-American Communities Project, operating from the museum, continued its study of the development of Afro-American communities in ten northern cities before the Civil War. Additions to the museum's collections during the fiscal year included the purchase of an enameled tea kettle, made for adver- tising purposes in the 1870s, a rare marked example of an item commonly used in American households in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries; a white cotton hand-knitted petti- coat dated 1722, a rare masterpiece of the knitter's art as well as an important costume artifact; and ninety Perkins Electric sketches and watercolors, circa 1885, relating to the work of the black electrical draftsman and inventor Lewis Howard Latimer (1848- 1928). Also significant were the acquisitions of "The Autoperi- patetikos," circa 1862, an early example of an American automaton complete with original clothing, packaging, and directions, and the first American automaton the museum has been able to acquire; a portable electrostatic globe machine, circa 1760, one of only two of this construction known to exist, used in early experiments with frictional electricity; and an American Eagle sewing machine^ 1855, the first known example of this type. Significant gifts included an electric kiln owned and used by Gertrude and Otto Natzler, American studio potters who brought the kiln with them in 1938 from Austria to America, where it played an influential role in American ceramics; sunglasses and glasses case used by Eleanor Roosevelt and a pince-nez used by Franklin D. Roosevelt, both association pieces of historical impor- 216 / Smithsonian Year 1983 tance; the jet-propelled Budweiser rocket, the first land vehicle to exceed the speed of sound; an 1878-79 bandstand in excellent condition from Jacksonville, Illinois, in use for weekly concerts up until World War I, which when installed on the west grounds of the museum will be used once again for this purpose; the medical kit used at the autopsy on the body of Abraham Lincoln; a Viennese Vogl concert grand piano, circa 1815, a rare and beau- tiful instrument in original condition which fills a gap in the museum's collections of European instruments. In addition, the museum received more than 100,000 stamps, archival documents, and objects representing the complete history of the Panama Canal Zone Postal Service, including a pane of 500 misprinted four-cent Thatcher Ferry Bridge stamps of 1962. Even while undergoing substantial reorganization, the Division of Performing Arts continued to offer many substantive programs. Among the highlights were a conference on contemporary issues in studies of Black American Culture; a weekend tribute to the work of the Reverend William Herbert Brewster, a pioneer com- poser of black American gospel music; a weekend tribute to the blues, featuring B. B. King, Bobby Blue Bland and Memphis Slim; a country music performance by veteran guitarist Chet Atkins and legendary country humorist Jethro Burns; a program by Edward Villella and his dancers on the art of George Balanchine; and a demonstration of the art of jazz improvisation by Timothy Slyde and Steve Condos. National Portrait Gallery The National Portrait Gallery (npg) continued to seek major works to enhance its collections, and several portraits of exceptional interest were acquired in fiscal 1983. Unquestionably the most significant work of sculpture to be acquired in many years was the plaster self-portrait bust of the early-nineteenth-century sculp- tor John Frazee. Another major purchase was the painting by Christian Schussele of Washington Irving and his literary friends at Sunnyside; this composite portrait of the most prominent authors of the day in an imaginary gathering at Irving's home was created History and Art I 217 Above: This is a view of the Revolu- tionary War section from the Na- tional Portrait Gallery's exhibition Charles Willson Peale and His World. The early -nineteenth -century self- portrait in plaster of John Frazee, the first native-born professional Ameri- can sculptor, was one of the Por- trait Gallery's most significant ac- quisitions in years. as a memorial to Irving, and was shown at the gallery in a small exhibition in commemoration of the bicentennial of his birth. Among the other portraits purchased for the collections during the year were paintings of a number of American artists, including Emil Carlsen, Stuart Davis, Louis Eilshemius, and Daniel Hunt- ington, as well as portraits of writers Booth Tarkington and Archi- bald MacLeish, actor David Warfield, and musicians Pablo Casals, Duke Ellington, Woody Guthrie, and Stan Mingus (the last four in woodcuts by Antonio Frasconi). Reuben Nakian's bust of Harry Hopkins was also acquired. A major purchase, using private funds from the Smithson Society and other donors, is a remarkable 24-by-20-inch glass-plate nega- tive of Abraham Lincoln by the photographer Alexander Gardner. Gifts received during the year included a superb portrait, attributed to Jouett, of Lafayette, from the John Hay Whitney Trust; Car- montelle's watercolor portrait of Benjamin Franklin (bequest of Mrs. Herbert Hoover); Augustus Saint-Gaudens's portrait of Ken- yon Cox (from the estate of AUyn Cox); Jo Davidson busts of Henry and Clare Boothe Luce; a set of six lithographs by Eliphalet Brown of the Perry expedition to Japan; sixty-four portrait photo- graphs by Philippe Halsman; a fine group of caricatures by the late Aline Fruhauf; and many others. This was a year of exceptional exhibitions at the National Por- trait Gallery. A major showing of the work of Charles Willson Peale, painter, naturalist, patriot, and organizer of the first portrait gallery in America, opened in October 1982 — a joint venture of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Amon Carter Museum, and the NPG. In February 1983, the showing of Hollywood Glamour Photographers — 1921-1941 attracted record audiences, and the first major exhibition of the work of Thomas Sully since 1922 was an event of scholarly significance as well as great attractive- ness. Besides the small exhibition in honor of Washington Irving, the gallery presented a show of the first year of the presidency of Franklin Delano Roosevelt (a continuation of the centennial cele- bration started in 1982), and a handsome exhibition marking the signing of the Treaty of Paris, an exhibit of prints — some more imaginary than real — of the heroes and events of the Civil War, and a showing of the drawings and prints of James Barton Long- acre (publisher of The National Portrait Gallery of Prominent History and Art I 219 Americans and engraver to the Philadelphia Mint responsible for the design of the Indian Head penny and the Liberty dollar). Most of the exhibitions mentioned were accompanied by a pub- lication of substance. The Peale book (published by Harry N. Abrams, Inc., with a grant from the Barra Foundation) was widely and favorably reviewed. A new edition of the Illustrated 'Checklist of the Permanent Collection of the National Portrait Gallery was issued during the year, and a new quarterly calendar of events was initiated to make the gallery's programs better known to the public. In the past year, the npg Education Department has broadened its scope and reach beyond its traditional — and still honored — commitment to Washington metropolitan area schools to offer an impressive array of services to adults and families, disabled persons and senior citizens, and adults and adolescents in institu- tional settings. These services have included both an expansion of existing programs and the introduction of a spectrum of new ones: for example, the "Portraits in Motion" series has brought more than 6,500 people into the museum for events illuminating significant American lives, such as Walt Whitman, William Faulk- ner, Charles Willson Peale, and many others; more than 1,000 people from all over the country participated in the presentation, in a single weekend, of Robert Manson Myers's four-play cycle on the antebellum South, The Children of Pride. Perhaps evert more notable have been the npg's adult outreach education pro- grams, presented to almost 8,000 people, most of them senior citi- zens with little other contact with Smithsonian or other cultural resources. The response to these programs, particularly the dy- namic and nostalgic "FDR: A Memory" and "Only Yesterday," has been an outpouring of gratitude from community organiza- tions unlike anything we have ever witnessed. The "Lunchtime Lecture" series of special subject gallery talks has attracted a growing audience into the museum as well, as did "Double Bill- ings," a film series in conjunction with the exhibition Hollywood Glamour Photographers — 1921-1941, enhancing public aware- ness of the possibilities and varieties of portraiture. Altogether, in fiscal year 83, more than 40,000 individuals will have been enriched by the npg Education Department in a host of different and rewarding ways. The gallery's "self portrait" evenings resumed this year, with 220 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Clare Boothe Luce, the noted playwright, politician, and diplomat, was inter- viewed by Marc Pachter, assistant director for History and Public Programs, National Portrait Gallery, in one of the Living Self-Portrait presentations. two distinguished speakers. Theatrical director, producer, and writer George Abbott, still active in his ninety-fifth year, opened the series with his account of a career of exceptional diversity and quality. Clare Boothe Luce spoke eloquently about her life in politics, diplomacy, and literature. Both evenings were recast from the earlier lecture format into more informal interviews with his- torian Marc Pachter, and were videotaped so they could be enjoyed by a larger audience and possibly made available in edited form for public television broadcast. Television and the motion picture as portrait media — extending the traditional notion of the portrait as a painting or a work of sculpture — is a subject of considerable interest to the npg staff. During the past year one of the gallery's major exhibitions — Champions of American Sport — was the basis for a television program by Home Box Office. The program was previewed for the press and selected guests in both New York and at the gallery, and appeared to work most successfully as a broadcast. As an adjunct to the installation of the Gilbert Stuart "Edgehill" portrait of Thomas Jefferson, the museum was able to show Marc Pachter's television interview with Jefferson biographer Dumas Malone. This was made possible only through a special act of Congress, since the program had originally been produced by the United States Information Agency for overseas showing; now it will be available for domestic use. Early in the year, the gallery's assistant director, Harold Pfister, accepted an appointment as assistant director of the Cooper-Hewitt Museum, the Smithsonian's New York bureau. This coincided with a reorganization of the administrative structure of the National Portrait Gallery. Two assistant director positions were created: the one vacated by Pfister to be in charge of the gallery's collec- tions, the other (filled by Marc Pachter) in charge of history and public programs. Barbara Hart was promoted to executive officer, in charge of personnel, fiscal, and buildings management matters. Office of American Studies The Office of American Studies (oamers) continued its program in graduate education throughout the year. The fall semester sem- 222 / Smithsonian Year 1983 inar in "Material Aspects of American Civilization," given in the fall of 1982, had as its theme "Material Aspects of Birth, Marriage, and Death," a repeat of the theme of the course in 1981, and was taught by the director of this office and Professor Bernard Mergen of the George Washington University. Other seminars during the academic year 1982-83 included "The Decorative Arts in America," taught by Barbara G. Carson; and "Looking Forward: Turn of the Century Art and Architec- ture," taught by Cynthia R. Field. Individual graduate students continued to pursue specialized research under the supervision of the director of the Office of American Studies. The director of the office continued in his capacity as chairman of the Folklife Advisory Council. History and Art I 223 A rare Chinese export ("hong") punch bowl is shown above after disassem- bly, removal of old discolored and inaccurate restorations, and cleaning by the Conservation Analytical Laboratory. Below: the valuable bowl after 400 hours of expert conservation treatment. Smithsonian Year . ip8} MUSEUM PROGRAMS PAUL N. PERROT, ASSISTANT SECRETARY FOR MUSEUM PROGRAMS Conservation Analytical Laboratory At the end of September, the Museum Support Center became the new quarters of the Conservation Analytical Laboratory (cal). When it was decided early in the year that all three depart- ments— Conservation Treatment, Conservation Science, and Ar- chaeometry— would move into the Museum Support Center, the CAL staff began energetically to prepare for the move. This has entailed review and redefinition of the cal laboratory layouts for the center, and preparations for installing work benches, analytical equipment, and computer hardware. Planning for the graduate- level Smithsonian Conservation Training Program, for which the director of cal will have responsibility, has been expedited. Senior cal conservators have become increasingly involved in teaching their specialized skills to interns and conservators work- ing in Smithsonian conservation laboratories. Currently, the senior conservation staff is collaborating with conservators from Smith- sonian and other local conservation laboratories in planning short- term refresher courses, preliminary to the advent of the Training Program. Hiring was started mid-year to amplify cal conservation teaching and treatment expertise. In view of the projected increases in staff and the training commitment, attention was also given to evaluation of current documentation and information systems. Meanwhile, cal acted on 209 requests for conservation treat- ment and conservation science investigations from the Institution's 225 bureaus. Most noteworthy of the objects treated in the Department of Conservation Treatment by conservators Kory Berrett and Nikki Horton were the corroded, fragile lantern, with its red glass intact, raised from the sunken Monitor, owned by North Carolina and scheduled for a traveling exhibition; a cast-iron cannon from the Revolutionary War vessel Defence, belonging to the Navy Me- morial Museum; a nineteenth-century gilt necklace made of iri- descent green beetles; a rare Chinese export ("hong") punch bowl, requiring over 400 hours of work; and President Lincoln's silk top hat (long thought to be beaver). In the case of these and other projects, proper evaluation of a course of treatment would have been impossible without close col- laboration with cal's Department of Conservation Science. The projected upgrading of scientific instrumentation in the new quar- ters will enhance such collaboration in two areas of ongoing con- servation research having to do with preservation of leather (Mary Garbin) and paper artifacts (Timothy Vitale). These are studies of the composition of leather and its deterioration, and the devel- opment of appropriate preservation dressings; and the deteriora- tion mechanisms of paper artifacts and their response to the com- monly employed treatment method of water washing. General preservation activities, such as fumigation of infested objects, and environmental monitoring in various museums and bureaus continued. Cal accommodated the fumigation needs of five Smithsonian museums. With requested placement of seventy- four hygrothermographs, cal monitors the environmental condi- tions for collections in ten buildings, including Cooper-Hewitt, in New York. To a considerable extent, the damage that occurs to works of art can be minimized by museum staffs if they are thoroughly con- versant with environmental requirements and understand the vari- ous processes that result in the degradation of objects. To provide for a better-informed constituency and to supplement guidelines and personal consultations, cal continues to offer a series of eighty videotaped orientation lectures each fall and winter for all interested Smithsonian staff; eight persons received certificates of completion during fiscal year 1983. Cal also answered approxi- mately 800 requests for conservation information from the public. The conservation staff continues to lecture to international and 226 / Smithsonian Year 1983 national meetings, and to specialized audiences through workshops administered by the Office of Museum Programs. Some of these have resulted in papers for journal publication. Cal's information group has continued to implement and maintain current its file of more than 9,000 reprints of relevant documents from sources ranging from Instrumentation and Methods in Physics Research to the Bulletin of the Australian Institute for Conservation of Cul- tural Material. Two extensively deteriorated objects of cellulose nitrate — one from New York and one from abroad^ — were thoroughly docu- mented. Investigation continued of rapid corrosion of lead sheeting inside the roofs of museum buildings. Two examples of organic acids inducing corrosion of copper alloys were studied: candle- sticks affected by wax and waxed copper plates with incompletely removed printers' ink. Environmental monitoring of the roof of the Arts and Industries Building continues to provide data that reinforce the analysis of the roof problems. The monitoring equipment will soon be moved to the Air and Space building for a look at a different problem involving micrometeorological conditions. Other cal work in the environmental field included the analysis of conditions that had resulted in the localized yellowing of books on display, a study of acidic fumes generated by one section of a celluloid sculpture which had attacked other sections, and the design and construction of a specially cooled and climate-controlled case for George Wash- ington's Commission. The effect of the outside environment on lacquer coatings, and the internal environment of a daguerrotype case were also examined. A literature review was completed on the archival storage of documents and photographs on paper. Commercial products that affect the storage of objects were also evaluated. These include walls for exhibit cases and fabrics for the backing and mounting of textiles. The Museum Support Center itself was the focus of scientific studies, including evaluation of the design and materials for the storage areas and advice on the logistics of collection transport. Publications and lectures by the conservation scientists included such topics as pollution generated within museums, the replication of fragile embossed paper objects, the physics of textiles impreg- Museum Programs I 227 nated with hygroscopic salts, the chemical removal of silicones, and the relative dating of archeological bone by an analysis of the organic components. In addition, cal's work has been included in lectures by others concerning the restoration of a harpsichord, the corrosion of a candlestick caused by residual wax, and the cleaning of the Star-Spangled Banner. Work has also begun on a review of naturally occurring adhesives and consolidants. Future work will include continuing projects and studies already underway, as well as responding to new requests. Environmental studies will continue to play a large role, since an understanding of the effects of temperature, humidity, and pollutants contributes to the preservation of entire collections of objects. Finally, the move to the Support Center will provide new and less restricting facilities; plans are being made to take advantage of the increased room. The proposed addition of a gas chromato- graph-mass spectrometer would immensely expand cal's capabili- ties in the area of analysis of complex organic materials — and open new fields of research. Precise characterization of organic archeo- logical materials would provide much more information for estab- lishing material sources, methods of material processing, and the use and provenance of artifacts. It is planned to collect a library of "fingerprints" of different materials; complete, precise analysis of conservation materials would reduce reliance on empirical test- ing. If these plans come to fruition, greater collaboration with other Smithsonian departments is also possible. Suggested research topics include the chemical taxonomy of plants and the analysis of native dyes. The Department of Archaeometry has begun to organize the Smithsonian's Archaeometric Research Collections and Records (sarcar). This will begin as a data bank of chemical analyses of archeological samples and will eventually be expanded to include petrographic and metallographic data as well. Sarcar will also include a collection of archaeometric samples that relate to this data bank and will be available for future study. These sam- ples will come to the Smithsonian from individuals who have spent their lifetimes studying museum collections by sampling them and studying these samples in the laboratory. It would be unfortunate indeed if these were not available for future scholars. Sarcar is intended as a depository for these valuable data and samples. 228 / Smithsonian Year 1983 The proceedings of two of the seminars organized jointly with the National Measurement Laboratory of the National Bureau of Standards have been published by the Smithsonian Institution Press. These are Early Pyrotechnology, edited by Theodore A. and Steven F. Wertime, and Archaeological Ceramics, edited by Jacque- lin Olin and Alan Franklin. Archaeological Ceramics has been re- printed and is available for purchase from the Press. Cal thermoluminescence (tl) equipment, used for the dating of inorganic materials, has been loaned to the Department of Physics of the University of Maryland for two years. William Hornyak, a professor in that department, has added submicrosecond electronic circuitry and a multichannel analyzer and is seeking support for a visiting professor and a research assistant to begin the dating of Kalahari sediments. The value of tl for dating ceramics is recog- nized in a number of archaeometric laboratories, and supports the eventual return of the tl equipment to cal. The postdoctoral fellows in Materials Analysis appointed this year are both anthropologists. Rita Wright will receive her degree from Harvard University and Emlen Myers will receive his from the State University of New York at Binghamton. Albert Jornet's postdoctoral fellowship has been extended for an additional nine months to enable him to continue his chemical and mineralogical studies of Spanish majolica. Drs. Yu-tarng Cheng and M. James Blackman, research physicist and research chemist, are continuing to use the facilities of the National Bureau of Standards for neutron-induced autoradiography of paintings and neutron activation analysis of ceramics, obsidian, chert, soapstone, and nephrite artifacts. Work continues on the source of early iron blooms found in the vicinity of Baffin Island, Canada, and on ceramics (3500 B.C.) from Tal-y-malyan, Iran. Also under way are studies of scoriae from metalworking areas and obsidian from Tal-y-malyan (adding a further dimension to the ceramic studies) and studies of fifteenth- and sixteenth-century production of Spanish majolica and of nephrite artifacts from sites in Labrador. Dr. Susan Hobbs, an art historian and a Smithsonian Research Associate, will continue her collaboration with cal on the study of the paintings of Thomas Wilmer Dewing, using the techniques of neutron induced autoradiography and infrared reflectography. This Museum Programs I 229 project involves a major integration of cal departments. Roland Cunningham and Timothy Vitale, conservators, and Joan Mishara, trained in conservation and now doing X-ray radiography, have been working together with National Bureau of Standards staff. Jacqueline Olin, administrator of the Archaeometry Department, has been appointed to the Archaeometry Symposium Standing Committee. This is in conjunction with the organization of the 1984 symposium at the Smithsonian, which she and Dr. Blackman are organizing. National Museum Act Programs In keeping with the original legislation of 1966, the National Mu- seum Act (nma) continued to provide support for professional museum training, for research projects and special studies involv- ing critical museum-related problems, for workshops and seminars, and for various activities of professional museum associations that broadly affect the field. The 1983 guidelines encouraged the sub- mission of applications that would increase knowledge about de- terioration mechanisms and materials used by conservators and that would heighten conservation awareness and improve preser- vation practices in the museum community. A special category of grants was continued to specifically assist individuals who wish to pursue conservation as a career. In 1983, 144 applications requesting a total of $2,878,450 were received. After review by an eleven-member Advisory Council, sixty-four grants were awarded with available program funds that totaled $693,000. Fifty-one of the grants, representing $508,000 of the entire amount spent, involved training or research in con- servation. Grants in the area of professional training provide support for museum training programs in academic institutions, internship pro- grams in museums, and seminars. One of the graduate training programs that received support and that specializes in conserva- tion studies is a collaborative effort between a university and a nearby decorative arts museum. An active program of internation- ally renowned visiting experts and opportunities for internships here and abroad expose students to the most recent knowledge 230 / Smithsonian Year 1983 and techniques. Almost without exception, graduates of the pro- gram have estabhshed themselves professionally in positions that will enable them to make important contributions. Two of the museum internship grants focused on the problem of increasing the representation of minorities in the museum field. They will offer opportunities for blacks and Hispanics to gain experience in the full range of museum activities at well-estab- lished institutions. Most of the awards for seminars involved the care and preservation of collections in all types of museums, in- cluding zoos. Topics ranged from archeometry, or the application of the physical sciences to archeology, and microscopy for textile conservators to the latest techniques in paper conservation. Grants for special studies and research included an important project that will involve seven museums here and abroad as well as computer specialists, conservators, and art historians. Fifteenth- century Netherlandish paintings will be studied by means of in- frared reflectography to increase knowledge about dating, attribu- tion, and workshop procedures. Computers will be used in an attempt to improve infrared reflectography as a tool, and results of the research will be disseminated through a publication and symposium at a major museum. Office of Exhibits Central In July 1982 the Office of Exhibits Central (oec) marked its tenth year of operation under the assistant secretary for Museum Pro- grams. During this period, the oec has completed an average of 200 separate projects each year, working with every bureau or program office in the Smithsonian. Oec staff members have pro- vided graphic support for every Folklife Festival and for the Smith- sonian Associates' Regional Activities Program and have served as faculty in the Professional Workshops of the Office of Museum Programs (omp). Each year the oec has installed an average of two special exhibitions in the Smithsonian Castle Building, and in the last decade more than 200 exhibitions have been designed, edited, and produced for the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service (sites). Museum Programs I 231 Rolland O. Hower — Rollie to his many friends, colleagues, and students — retired after thirty years of service to the Smithsonian Institution. Rollie served as chief of exhibits at the National Mu- seum of Natural History (nmnh), then as chief of that office's Research and Development Unit, and finally as chief of the Freeze- Dry Laboratory, the position from which he retired. Rollie was a pioneer in the freeze-drying of biological specimens, and his book on this process is the definitive work on the subject. Over the years Rollie took on many special assignments. He initiated the OMp's Workshop Program. He served as consultant to govern- ment agencies, universities, hospitals, and other museums, most notably the National Museum of India. He trained students and interns from all over the world and assisted the careers of many Smithsonian exhibits specialists. The position of chief. Exhibit Editor's Office, which had been vacant for over a year, was redefined and filled this year. Karen Hummer Fort accepted the position of assistant to the chief, oec, which carries the responsibilities of chief editor as well as the ad- ministrative management of oec offices in the Arts and Industries Building, including the phototypesetting unit. Karen has been re- sponsible for expanding the role of the oec editor's office to serve the Smithsonian National Associate Program. She has also partici- pated in the graphic design of dec projects for both exhibitions and publications, greatly increasing quality and productivity. In other personnel actions, oec reluctantly bade farewell to Ann Swaim, a temporary appointee in the Design Unit who valiantly labored for more than a year on a large number of exhibitions, performing all the "nitty-gritty" details of coordinating large proj- ects through production. Her work on Ban Chiang: Discovery of a Lost Bronze Age, a sites exhibition, was outstanding. Mary Dillon joined the oec design staff and in quick succession designed six SITES exhibitions. She also designed the graphics for the 1983 Women's Week activities at the Smithsonian and took on full re- sponsibility for the design and installation of a major special exhi- bition in the lounge of the Castle, Painting as a Pastime: The Paintings of Winston S. Churchill. The OEC also installed 300 Years of German Immigration in the Castle's lounge this past year, produced signs for the Quadrangle construction site, provided graphic support for several special 232 / Smithsonian Year 1983 events, and designed and installed an exhibition of decorated Easter eggs on the White House lawn. The major thrust of work, however, was directed toward sites projects. With more than thirty new sites exhibitions, 1983 has been the oec's most active year in this area. In connection with this, the OEC put into operation a new Specimen Storage Facility in its shops at North Capitol Street. This facility — equipped with alarms and its own fire-suppression system — is actually a staging area where museum objects can be held in a humidity-and- temperature-controlled vault during the production phases of the exhibitions in which they will be presented. The major components of the facility are modular *and can be removed for relocation. The new exhibitions prepared for sites included a wide variety of topics and content materials, all requiring special treatment in design, editing, and production, as well as coordination with indi- viduals and organizations within and without the Institution. Out of Africa was a traveling version of an exhibition originally pro- duced at the Anacostia Neighborhood Museum; Raphael Soyer was first presented by the Hirshhorn Museum; Black ]AIings was based on an exhibition at the National Air and Space Museum; F.D.R. and Building Brooklyn Bridge were originally presented at the National Museum of American History; and so on. Building Brooklyn Bridge was unique — but typical — of oec/sites projects. The curator of the exhibition was Robert M. Vogel, De- partment of the History of Science and Technology at the National Museum of American History (nmah); the designer was William Jacobs, senior designer, Department of Exhibits, nmah (formerly an OEC designer); the editor was Karen Fort, oec; and the exhibi- tion was produced for installation at nmah by the nmah depart- ment. The OEC produced a major model for the exhibition, a highly detailed cutaway of the Delaware River Aqueduct. This is an original model developed from blueprints and photographs of that important bridge by John Augustus Roebling, designer of the Brooklyn Bridge. The sites exhibition coordinator, Debbie Daw- son, then worked with oec editors, model-makers, and graphics and fabrication staff to modify the exhibition content for travel. Building Brooklyn Bridge will tour for about two years in the United States and Canada. In last year's Smithsonian Year, the oec announced the com- Museum Programs I 233 pletion of the exhibition Ban Chiang: Discovery of a Lost Bronze Age and its original installation at the University Museum, Uni- versity of Pennsylvania. It has since been presented in Texas and Kentucky and is now being installed in the Evans Gallery, Na- tional Museum of Natural History, for a Washington, D.C., presen- tation on its two-and-one-half-year tour. The exhibition will then be prepared for shipment to Thailand, where it will remain. These projects best describe oec activities of the past year — and the past ten years. On December 6, 1982, James A. Mahoney, Jr., chief of the oec, received an award and a certificate "in official recognition and appreciation of exceptional service rendered in the performance of duty." This award is greatly appreciated and recognizes the entire DEC. In addition to designing several exhibitions this year, Jim Mahoney served on a jury for the United States Information Agency to pick a design firm to develop the U.S. Pavilion at Expo 85 in Tsukuba, Japan. He also designed a new service pin for the Institution. Oifice of Horticulture Continuing to expand its educational, research, and exhibition ac- tivities during fiscal year 1983, the Office of Horticulture acquired several thousand antique seed trade catalogues, completed the re- moval of all of the trees, shrubs, and perennials from the former Victorian Garden, and provided protection for the rare European linden in the Quadrangle project area. The office also developed landscaping for the new Museum Support Center and the East Garden, and planned and supervised the installation of the highly successful American Garden at the IV. Internationale Gartenbau- Austellung in Munich, West Germany. Other activities included sponsorship of the Mid-Atlantic Re- gional Meeting of the American Association of Botanical Gardens and Aboreta, the addition of several thousand new orchids to the collection, and negotiation of the donation of a fine collection of antique greenhouses from a private estate. All of this was in addi- tion to ongoing horticultural support for all Smithsonian bureaus. Once again, the dedicated performance of volunteers, interns, and 234 / Smithsonian Year 1983 The new East Garden, planted by the Office of Horticulture, includes a wide variety of special plants and Victorian garden accessories, all particularly intended to appeal to the five senses. work-study students allowed the office to accomplish many of these new ventures without expansion of its staff. Support for the Smithsonian special events program continued with more than 4,500 plants being supplied for use in 284 events. These included the three annual Regents dinners; the Doubleday Lecture Series; the celebration of the Freer's sixtieth anniversary; the activities for Musical Weekend; and the annual Portrait Ball for Contributing Members — all of which required special staff attention and supplies to make them a success. Once again, the office coordinated the decorations for the annual Women's Com- mittee Christmas Ball by providing forty-three white flocked and green cut trees for the occasion. In similar fashion, the office con- tinued to use tropical plants, seasonal flowering plants, floral ar- rangements, and plants from its permanent collections for many other special events. Special tours of the greenhouses at the United States Soldiers' and Airmen's Home were conducted for a variety of groups, and lectures on orchids and other subjects were given by staff and vol- unteers. In April members of the District of Columbia Branch of the Professional Grounds Management Society held their monthly meeting in the Arts and Industries Building with the Office of Horticulture as host. A lecture, "Environmental Plant Stress," was presented by Dr. Robert Howell of the U.S. Department of Agri- culture. The sixth annual Trees of Christmas exhibition at the National Museum of American History was coordinated by volunteer staff- aide Dixie Rettig, under the supervision of Lauranne C. Nash of the Education/Research Division. This extremely popular exhibit featured twelve trees presented by outside volunteers or groups. Four trees were presented for the first time: "Enchanted Wonder- land" by Elaine E. Head; "International Paper Tree" by Donna Morgan; "Bread Dough Dummies" by Barbara Hanft; and "Birds of Paradise" by the Naval Officers' Wives Club, Washington, D.C., and the Awa Lau Wahine, Hawaii; the remaining eight were re- peated from previous years. Most of the ornaments were hand- made, and represented the cultural and ethnic backgrounds of the groups or artists sponsoring the trees. All ornaments were added to the permanent collection at the close of the exhibit. In July the office was host for the 1983 Mid-Atlantic Regional 236 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Meeting of the American Association of Botanical Gardens and Arboreta (aabga). Fifty-two people from the mid- Atlantic region (New York to South Carolina, and as far west as Illinois) regis- tered for the conference, which was entitled "Horticulture in a Museum Setting" and focused on such topics as fund-raising, grant applications, and museum workshops. Panelists included rep- resentatives from the Office of Exhibits Central, the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service, the Office of Museum Programs, and the Smithsonian Associates, as well as the National Endowment for the Arts, the National Endowment for the Human- ities, the Institute for Museum Services, the Foundation Center, the University of Maryland, Mt. Vernon, and two landscape archi- tects from the Washington, D.C., firm of Oehme-Van Sweden and Associates. The program was organized by James R. Buckler and the details were coordinated by Lauranne Nash with Susan Lathrop, executive director of aabga. With the assistance of the Office of Information Resource Man- agement, the Office of Horticulture continued to refine its com- puter program for the Plant Records System used for accessioning permanent collections, making it more useful for inventory, re- search, and collections management purposes. Libby Ellis Roberts continued to work with the program and update plant records. More than 4,000 record cards produced during the year were in- corporated into the current file by intern Angela Ruspi. Another phase of the records system involves the production of up-to-date landscape plans, complete with accession numbers to facihtate the installation of brass labels for plants. This project has been han- dled by Maureen Coleman, a landscape designer temporarily em- ployed in the Education Division. The book collection of the Office of Horticulture became an official branch of the Smithsonian Institution Libraries during the fiscal year. This new branch will be a great resource not only for Horticulture staff members but for visiting scholars as well. A flow chart of activity for improved management of the collection was devised and is being carried out by volunteer Marguerite Mac- Mahon. Several thousand historic seed trade catalogues obtained through the generosity of Mrs. David Burpee and the W. Atlee Burpee Company constitute a major acquisition, and supplement the large collection given by the same donors in 1982. Museum Programs I 237 The Horticulture internship program, now in its second year, helped the office answer many inquiries received from all over the country. Two interns, Angela Ruspi, a freshman entering Penn State, Gail Clayton, from Arizona State University, spent the sum.- mer working in the several divisions of the office, where they were exposed to genuine work situations relating to their studies. The interior plant program continues to be a vital part of exhibi- tions in Smithsonian museums. Although some displays are changed on a rotating basis, approximately 2,000 permanent in- terior plants are on view in the ten museums involved. This pro- gram provides educational support to such exhibitions as Japanese Ceramics, shown in the National Museum of Natural History, for which authentic bamboo (Phyllostachys dulcis) was acquired and maintained under adverse conditions in the museum for the dura- tion of the exhibition. This same bamboo is also used in the Freer Gallery's permanent exhibition halls as a complement to the collection. The Arts and Industries Rotunda remains as one of the primary exhibition areas for the display of specimen tropicals, seasonal flowering crops, and collection plants, all on a rotating schedule. The special exhibition of orchids, bromeliads, and tropicals contin- ued to be displayed in the foyer of the National Museum of Nat- ural History. Permanent interior displays are renovated when needed, as was the collection at the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculp- ture Garden in 1983. The interior plant staff is supplemented by the dedicated services of three volunteers, Bruce Buntin, Dorothy High and Charlene Hescock, who continued to be responsible for the exhibit A Vic- torian Horticultural Extravaganza. August A. Dietz IV, manager of the Greenhouse-Nursery Divi- sion, was responsible for major renovations to the complex. Greenhouse number 8, which collapsed in the February blizzard, has now been completely rebuilt with an improved support system to withstand the weight of heavy snow and ice buildup. Fortu- nately, only a few plants were lost in this disaster because of the quick response of the Office of Horticulture staff on duty that weekend. Other improvements were made to the nursery area. The Black River orchid collection was donated to the Institution in the fall of 1982. This collection of approximately 10,000 plants 238 / Smithsonian Year 1983 has been repotted and is now under observation to verify its flowering habits. Once flowering has occurred, an evaluation of each plant will be made to determine which plants are of collec- tion quality. The collection comprises about 6,000 species of orchids collected from all parts of the world. The 4,000 showy hybrids are a mixture of cattleyas, phalaenopsis, cymbidiums, with a few miltonias, oncidiums, and paphiopedilums. The culling out should be completed during the coming year. Mrs. Rudolph Pabst, donor of the renowned Pabst Collection in 1979, has offered to make a substantial donation of additional plants to the Office of Horticulture in 1984. The orchid collection has now grown to include more than 40,000 plants, primarily of rare and endangered species and showy and historic hybrids. The bromeliad collection was thoroughly reviewed during the year and unnecessary duplicates were removed so that a total of 500 specimens remained. The Women's Committee of the Smithsonian Associates do- nated $2,500 for the development of a new scientific flasking laboratory at the greenhouse-nursery facility. This sum will be used to buy and install equipment and sterile facilities to propa- gate rare and endangered species through tissue culture. The Greenhouse-Nursery Division produced 42,000 annuals, 12,850 cut flowers, 11,500 seasonal potted plants, and 600 tropicals for interior plant displays and special events. The division is able to alter and change crop types and numbers to keep up with varied and ever-changing needs of the bureaus. Interest in this production facility continues and is reflected in the thirty formal and informal tours given in the last year to both orchid fanciers and specialists, and individuals interested in horticulture in general. The Grounds Management Division, under the direction of Kenneth Hawkins, had another productive year with the planting of more than 40,000 spring flowering bulbs, 8,000 pansies, 20,000 summer annuals; and with the display of 70 assorted tropicals and large flowering plants used to accent flowerbeds and walkways. This was also a year for several improvement projects on the grounds: irrigation was installed in the East Garden; a cast-iron Victorian fountain was installed on the patio of the National Museum Programs I 239 Museum of African Art; and several of the museums turf areas were reseeded or resodded. The new East Garden was planted after an extensive search for the special plant materials needed to meet the requirements of the plan. Two areas of the National Air and Space Museum were re- done. Large planters with tropical trees and annuals were installed on the terrace and planter boxes with evergreens and annuals were completed for use on the patio in the new Smithsonian Food Services restaurant. Vines were planted to complement the existing landscape and the walls of the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden. New rose beds provided a popular display at the east end of the Smithsonian Institution Building. One of the division's major accomplishments of the year was supervision for the contractual moving of trees and shrubs from the Victorian Garden site to other areas in preparation for the Quadrangle project. John Monday, assistant director, and Demes Hazelton, gardener leader, supervised the work of the Davey Tree Company as they moved more than 400 trees and shrubs from the garden to other sites. The new Museum Support Center at Suit- land, Maryland, was the destination of 116 trees and shrubs rang- ing from three feet to twenty-five feet in height. Plants from the garden were also transplanted to the grounds of the Smithsonian Castle, the Natural History Museum, the Air and Space Museum, and the Hirshhorn Museum. The division moved more than 2,000 perennials and 100 roses with its own resources to the nursery, where they were over-wintered before being replanted on the grounds in the spring of 1983. Responsibility for the upkeep of the more than twenty-six acres of grass, trees, fence lines, roads, and parking lots at the Museum Support Center required the recruitment and orientation of two new full-time gardeners. The Smithsonian again offered a special display at the annual winter flower show (Florafest IV) at the United States Botanic Garden. The 600-square-foot exhibition featured the front en- trance of a Victorian house, landscaped with tropical trees, orchids, forced flowering plants, urns, benches, and a fountain, all authentic to the period. "This year the Smithsonian has embarked for the first time on an international venture in horticulture. Secretary Ripley wrote in 240 / Smithsonian Year 1983 the Smithsonian magazine of July 1983. The IV. International Horticulture Exhibition (hereinafter known as IGA 83) opened in Munich, West Germany, on April 28, 1983, and continued until October 9, 1983. Under development since 1978, iga 83 comprised an area of seventy-three acres and included thirty spectacular gardens, combined with an extensive schedule of educational exhi- bitions, lectures, and entertainment. International horticultural exhibitions were originated after World War II by many European countries to restore green spaces to the central sectors of war- ravaged cities. West Germany produces an iga every decade, and Munich, the beautiful capital of Bavaria, was chosen to host this year's exposition. During the formulative stages of IGA 83, an appeal was made to several United States government agencies to sponsor a national garden, but no action was taken. In the spring of 1982, Mrs. Honore Wamsler, an American citizen who loves gardens and lives in Bavaria, expressed to Secretary Ripley her concern about the lack of United States representation and proposed that if the Smithsonian Institution would accept the sponsorship, design, and coordination of the installation of an American garden, she would take the responsibility for securing funding for the project from private sources. The proposal was accepted, and James Buckler, director of the Office of Horticulture, agreed to carry out this sig- nificant first-time international horticultural participation by the Institution. Kathryn Meehan, a horticultural consultant, was re- tained to assist Buckler with the design, drafting, and installation of the garden, as well as the coordination of the budget, shipping, and other activities surrounding the entire project. The outstanding site designated for the American Garden was approximately one-half acre in area, with a magnificent vista across the lake to the majestic Rose Hill. The design reflected the American nineteenth-century-style garden of 1840-1900, with typical landscape elements such as a meandering walkway, color- ful floral bedding patterns (including the Smithsonian Institution sunburst), a small vegetable garden, an orchard, and an open ex- panse of lawn, kripwn during the period as "pleasure ground," which maximized the impressive vista to the Rose Hill. Construc- tion of elements included a vine-covered pergola, a romantic bower, and a picturesque summerhouse, duplicated from an orig- Museum Programs I 241 inal which stands on the grounds at the U.S. Soldiers' Home. Reproductions of cast-iron garden furnishings, so popular during this period, were included in the American Garden. A goal of $220,000 was determined to be necessary to cover expenses for the garden. This sum was far more modest than that assigned to other national representations; and the project was accomplished in far less time (only eight months). The project was made possible by a number of outstanding in-kind contribu- tions in the form of architectural assistance, shipping of equip- ment handled by Delta Airlines, transportation and shipping by Pan American World Airways, and the steadfast support of vari- ous Smithsonian bureaus. Dr. Detlef Marx, director of IGA 83, and his staff carried out the construction and maintenance of the gar- den in the finest way, and* Mrs. Wamsler was in constant motion both as fund raiser and American liaison with German contacts outside the IGA 83 administration. Their commitment to the proj- ect was as outstanding as it was indispensable. Because of a desire by the Office of Horticulture to have other American horticultural organizations represented at IGA 83, a sur- vey was sent out requesting data and graphics from individual botanical gardens and arboreta. This material was organized into two exhibitions: one mounted on perusal boards permanently in- stalled in the summerhouse at the American Garden and a larger one displayed at Amerika Haus during June and July. About eighty organizations responded with outstanding material. Sally Tomlin- son, a dedicated Horticulture volunteer, was primarily responsible for completing this enormous task. Each of the nations represented at IGA was honored during a special week. American Week was designated to be from June 11- 17. The Office of Horticulture (represented by Buckler and Mrs. Meehan) mounted the exhibition American Public Gardens and Aboreta at Amerika Haus, and Buckler lectured on the same sub- ject. The Americans were honored by a special reception given by Minister-President Franz-Joseph Strauss in the Antiquarium of the Residenz. Christian Hohenlohe, Treasurer of the Smithsonian, was present for the reception and responded for the Institution to Dr. Strauss's welcoming speech. Other events included concerts by the United States Army bands from Stuttgart and Augsberg; per- formances by the Texas State German Dancers; and a reception 242 / Smithsonian Year 1983 for all members of the Garden Club of Bavaria who assisted in this monumental project. On July 6 American Ambassador to Germany Arthur Burns and Mrs. Burns visited the American Garden. Remarkable attendance has been sustained since IGA's opening day, the numbers having far exceeded the originally projected eight to ten million visitors. Most of the exhibition gardens will be removed, but IGA 83 has proven its universal appeal and this fine park will remain as a legacy for the city of Munich and the pleasure of all its people. In addition to the IGA 83, Buckler presented lectures on "The Horticultural Extravaganza of the Victorian Era" at the following institutions or historic sites: George Washington University; Wave Hill Landscape Conference, New York City; Benze School of Floral Design of the Texas A&M University; lecture and training session for the National Museum of American History Docents for the Centennial Exhibition; Rhode Island Horticultural Society; Ken- tucky Museum Conference on 19th Century Living; and at the Art in Bloom exhibition at the Boston Museum of Fine Arts. He also gave a special lecture on "Gardens of the United States" in Munich; a lecture and exhibition on "19th Century Seedsmen, Plantsmen, and Nurserymen" at the 100th anniversary of the American Seed Trade Association in San Francisco; a lecture on "A Victorian Horticultural Extravaganza" at the Cleveland Garden Center; on "Horticulture in a Museum Setting" at the Mid- Atlantic Regional Meeting of the American Association of Botanical Gar- dens and Arboreta; and a presentation to Smithsonian Resident Associates concerning "Horticulture in a Museum Setting." In addition, the director has been working very closely on the selection of the specimen trees for the Quadrangle; searching for and purchasing antique Victorian Garden furnishings (urns, benches, wickets, etc.) for the Quadrangle; and selecting new hor- ticultural items for the Smithsonian catalogue. He has served on the Advisory Board of the National Colonial Farm of the National Park Service and organized an all-day lecture-seminar presented in October 1983 on "Horticulture in America, France, and Great Britain during the Period 1750-1830" to highlight the Bicentennial celebration of the Treaty of Paris. The Office of Horticulture has entered fiscal year 1984 with a new and exciting outlook for further development of educational Museum Programs I 243 research and exhibition programs in horticulture. In September 1983, a reorganization plan was approved, allowing the office to streamline its overall functions and separate the grounds manage- ment from the collections management functions. This move will strengthen the office's ability to handle adequately its collection of plants, garden accessories, florist memorabilia, as well as its assis- tance to other museums, arboreta, and botanical gardens through- out the United States. Office of International Activities The objects of cultural history and the specimens of natural his- tory preserved in Smithsonian museums, as well as the profes- sional people who study and exhibit them, are involved in a global research and education process. The Office of International Activi- ties (oia) contributes to this process by fostering international dimensions of Smithsonian programs. It does so by advising pro- gram managers and by maintaining liaison with the United States and foreign governments, with private institutions around the world, and with international organizations. Oia services to Smithsonian programs increased substantially in fiscal year 1983. Logistical and liaison functions supporting Smithsonian initiatives totaled 286, up from 224 in 1982 and 119 in 1981. Bearing in mind that the nature of the services varies greatly from one project to another, total oia services for 1983 were 770, compared to 465 in 1982 and 527 in 1981. In addition to direct Smithsonian project support, services included scheduling foreign dignitaries' visits to the Institution, processing exchange visitors and student visa applications, advising on immigration and citizenship questions, and responding to queries by like-minded institutions at home and abroad. Support for development of the new Center for Asian, Near Eastern, and African Cultures, The Quadrangle, was provided by the OIA throughout the year. Secretary Ripley's plans to attract participation in its establishment and in its programs from foreign nations of that region, involved the oia in preparations for his visits to Egypt and Morocco in October and November 1982. In February and March 1983, the Secretary, accompanied by Paul N. 244 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Perrot, assistant secretary for Museum Programs, visited Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar, Oman, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emi- rates, as well. At the year's end, James McK. Symington, director of the Office of Membership and Development, traveled to Singa- pore and Malaysia, with oia assistance, to prepare the way for the Secretary's visits to those countries and others in Southeast Asia in the year ahead. The OIA also managed the visits to the Smithsonian of digni- taries from the Asian and African region, among others, during the past year. These visitors included their Royal Highnesses The Sultan and Raja Perempuan of Perak, Malaysia; Mrs. Susan Mubarek, wife of President Hosni Mubarek of Egypt; Prime Min- ister Surya Bahadur Thapa of Nepal; His Highness Shaikh Isa Bin Salman Al Khalifa, the Amir of Bahrain; the Honorable Ranasinghe Premadasa, Prime Minister of Sri Lanka; Mrs. Joyce Gemayel, wife of President Amin Gemayel of Lebanon; and Major Fong Sip Chee, Minister of State for Culture of Singapore. While Quadrangle activities were especially important this year, logistical support and liaison for the international dimensions of other Smithsonian bureaus increased. For example, the oia sought the assistance of American embassies abroad, particularly for field work carried out by researchers from the National Museum of Natural History. Projects illustrative of this work included: marine research under Walter Adey, curator in the Department of Paleo- biology, who initiated an experiment in the aquaculture of edible crabs on Mayaguana Island of the Bahamas; ecological research on the Aldabra Islands in the Seychelles under the direction of C. W. Hart, curator in the Department of Invertebrate Zoology; the study of a late Paleolithic skeleton some 20,000 years old from Egypt by T. Dale Stewart, anthropologist emeritus in the Department of Anthropology; entomological collecting in Sabah Province, Malay- sia by Gary Hevel, collections manager in the Department of Ento- mology; and the Smithsonian's first marine botany field work in China, carried out by James Norris, curator of Marine Botany. But the office also provided liaison with the Department of State as well as other foreign and international organizations on matters like the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service ex- hibition The Precious Legacy: Judaic Treasures from the Czecho- slovak State Collections. Museum Programs I 245 The oiA served Smithsonian interests in other ways also. The Department of State, for example, included the office in delibera- tions concerning United States relations with the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (unesco) as well as in preparation of the United States-Brazil Science and Tech- nology Agreement and of a similar agreement with Thailand. The office also represented the Institution on the Interagency Steering Committee on U.S. German Contacts under the chairmanship of Charles Wick, director of the United States Information Agency. Within the framework of this committee, the oia coordinated the contributions of nine Smithsonian bureaus to the celebration of the Tricentennial of German settlement in Philadelphia. Office of Museum Programs The Office of Museum Programs (omp) provides training, services, information, and assistance for the professional enhancement of museum personnel and institutions throughout the United States and abroad. Its objectives are fulfilled by coordinated activities that are woven into a total program of distinct but interrelated activities, services and research into methods that will improve the effectiveness and impact of museum operations and practices. Based on the diverse and extensive resources and expertise of the Smithsonian and assuming responsibilities and obligations of the national museums, the Office of Museums Programs offers museum-training workshops, both in Washington, D.C., and on- site, arranges for internships, short-term professional visits, and foreign professional training and group projects; produces and dis- tributes audiovisual presentations on conservation theory, pre- ventive care and practice and educational programming; provides training, technical assistance, and consultation services for Native American museums; maintains a unique and comprehensive mu- seum reference center consisting of books, periodicals, research papers, subject matter files, and documents on museums and their operations, open and available to museum professionals and re- searchers; produces publications on museum-related topics; offers 246 / Smithsonian Year 1983 counseling and consulting services and conferences on museum careers, training, and museum practices. The grouping of these functions into one program enables the Institution to respond effectively and directly to the multitude of requests received from museums throughout the United States and abroad for assistance and guidance in improving their own opera- tional methods, practices, and techniques. It utilizes the Smith- sonian resources, which can contribute to the betterment of mu- seum operations generally, and has the added benefit of keeping the staff of the Institution informed and aware of museological developments elsewhere. The Office of Museum Programs, coordinating with Smithsonian conservators and local universities, is providing the central plan- ning force for a graduate Conservation Training program to be centered at the Smithsonian Institution Support Center. The Kellogg Foundation, recognizing the scope and breadth of the Office of Museum Programs' national and international activi- ties, awarded a generous three-year grant to the office and the Resident Associates Program "to expand the educational influence of museums" everywhere. With the guidance of a national advi- sory committee, the omp will implement the program through col- loquia, workshops, residencies, and videotapes for professional museum leadership throughout the United States. Interacting with colleagues and representatives of community resources such as universities, libraries, corporations, organizations, and school sys- tems, the program will emphasize and promote the educational impact of the total museum as an educational institution. WORKSHOPS The Office of Museum Programs sponsors an annual schedule of approximately thirty three-to-five-day workshops, which provide training opportunities for museum professionals from the United States and abroad. These workshops, which are held at the Smith- sonian Institution and on-site, focus on current theories and prac- tices in the field, and make both human and material resources available to the larger museum community. Faculty members for the Workshop Series are drawn from the Institution's staff and from outside experts who offer specialized information or speak from a particular perspective. Subjects cover Museum Programs I 247 a broad range of topics, including museum management, museum shop management, museums and older adults, family program- ming, fundraising, educational programming, conservation, collec- tions management, exhibition design and production, volunteer and docent training, audiovisuals, security, storage and handling, registration methods, computerization, and archives administration. During 1983 more than 555 museum professionals enrolled in the workshops and seminar sessions. This represented nearly double the number of participants in the previous year. Enroll- ment represented all types, sizes, and disciplines of museums, and a broad geographic distribution, including forty states in the con- tinental United States, Alaska, and the District of Columbia. In addition, museum professionals from Australia, Belgium, Bermuda, Canada, Great Britain, Indonesia, New Zealand, and West Ger- many participated. Mary Lynn Perry, Training Program coordinator, in addition to administering the workshop series and supervising the Intern- ship and Visiting Professionals Program, developed on-site work- shops in cooperation with George Washington University's Divi- sion of Continuing Education and Summer Sessions and the Vir- ginia Association of Museums, the Alexandria Museum in Alexan- dria, Louisiana, The New England Museums Association, and the Nevada State Museum. With cooperation and cosponsorship by these museums and museum-related organizations, programs were presented by Smithsonian faculties to professionals in the field at no cost to the Institution. The on-site workshop program contin- ued to gain popularity in 1983, and sustained growth is anticipated in 1984. During 1983 the Training Program developed an on-site seminar "Older Adults and the Museum World: An Emerging Partnership" at the Huntington Library, Art Gallery and Botanical Gardens in San Marino, California. The seminar focused on the theoretical and practical aspects of aging, and sought ways in which cultural institutions could best serve and benefit from older audiences. Program development, staff and volunteer training, and funding were emphasized. The three-day seminar strove to stimulate the development of programs to increase opportunities for older adults to participate fully and rewardingly in a broad range of activities in museums, parks, and zoos as both visitors and contributors of 248 / Smithsonian Year 1983 The fourth annual "Education in Museums" project, which was cosponsored by the Office of Museum Programs and the United States Information Agency, brought together twenty foreign museum professionals. Participants li Satiadinata (left) of Indonesia and Sharif Saud Muhtem of Yemen are shown at the Herpetology Lab of the National Zoo. time and service. The program was cosponsored by the Office of Museum Programs, the National Institute on Aging, the Johns Hopkins University, the National Council on the Aging, and the Grand Peoples Company of Los Angeles. Transcripts of the semi- nar will be published and available in late 1983. Owing to the suc- cess of this seminar, a program on the same topic was incorporated into the annual Washington-based workshop series. INTERNSHIP PROGRAM The Smithsonian Office of Museum Programs Internship Program offers specialized training in museum practices to undergraduate and graduate students and professionals employed in the field. Individuals from the United States and foreign countries are eli- gible to participate. During 1983 the program, coordinated by Raymond Branham, placed fifty individuals in internship positions throughout the Institution and responded to 335 requests for in- ternship information and applications. Eight of these persons were from foreign countries. The internships often carry academic credit, but no stipends are provided by the omp. The average length of an internship is from three to six months, with shorter or longer programs available. The focus of the internships is on museum practices; intern assignments may involve training in administration, education, collections management, conservation, registration, exhibit design and production, and curatorial practices. Long-term interns, espe- cially those from foreign countries, often elect to travel as part of their programs. In such cases, the Office of Museum Programs prepares itineraries and contacts staff at appropriate museums throughout the United States and, in some cases, arrangements with foreign museums also may be made. Interns participate in a wide variety of programs in addition to their assignments. The Office of Museum Programs coordinates meetings, lectures, and special presentations by foreign interns to supplement the interns' museum experiences. In 1983 special presentations were given by Daniel Cofie, of Ghana, and Louise Upston, of New Zealand. In addition to regularly assigned responsibilities, interns were also encouraged to participate in the omp's annual Museum Careers Seminar Series, a nine-week program, from June 15 to August 10, which offered Smithsonian and other museum interns in the Wash- 250 / Smithsonian Year 1983 ington area exposure to a variety of career choices in the museum field. A total of thirty-three interns participated. To further enrich the seminar, special tours were offered, which included a behind- the-scenes exploration of the Castle, the Office of Exhibits Central, and the Conservation Laboratory of the Department of Anthro- pology. MULTICULTURAL EXTERNSHIP PROGRAM The Office of Museum Programs responds to special requests for programming related to museum studies and the museum profes- sion. During 1983 the Multicultural Career Intern Program (mcip) of the Multicultural Bilingual High School, Washington, D.C., requested special programs for more than 100 students, represent- ing thirteen countries. The school was designed as a national model to provide basic high school education and employment develop- ment services as an alternative approach for Washington's limited- English-speaking youth. The MCIP students are from Central American nations. South- east Asia, the Caribbean, and some are from African nations. Two types of programs were developed for the mcip students. First, the omp designed a series of four Museum Career Days to provide an overview of the museum profession. More than seventy- five students participated in these programs which incorporated behind-the-scenes tours and lectures. For an additional thirty-six students, who wished to gain a more in-depth overview of museum work, the omp developed one-week externships-work experiences — in a subject related to the student's career interest. Judging from student evaluations and discussions with supervisors, these pro- grams have been an overwhelming success, and will continue in 1984. VISITING PROFESSIONALS PROGRAM A specialized service is offered to museum professionals interested in shorter periods of training and study than is required by the internship program. Through the Visiting Professionals Program, museum professionals gain access to collections and Smithsonian staff for concentrated discussion and consultation. The program is designed to serve individuals who are available for training periods Museum Programs I 251 of up to one month and consist of a combination of meetings, workshop activities, demonstrations, research opportunities, and visits to museums selected to meet special training needs. During 1983, eighty individuals, representing museums in the United States and abroad, took part in the program. INTERNATIONAL The fourth annual "Education in Museums" multiregional project cosponsored by the Office of Museum Programs and the United States Information Agency, was held March 27-April 24, 1983. The project brought together twenty educators, directors, and curators from Chile, Ecuador, Egypt, Fiji, Gambia, Hungary, Indo- nesia, Jamaica, Korea, Mexico, New Zealand, Nigeria, Pakistan, Romania, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Syria, Yemen, and Zimbabwe. The program provided experiences through which foreign and Ameri- can museum professionals could exchange information and view- points on museums as educational resources, as well as opportuni- ties to explore issues of concern to the profession. The OMP developed an intensive five-day seminar that explored various facets of museum education at the Institution. Topics in- cluded: an overview of museum education programs; school pro- grams; scholarly research, publications, access to museum collec- tions as education; membership programs; education programs for traveling exhibits; participatory programs for the general and fam- ily visitor; outreach programs; and programs for special audiences. Participants also had the choice of attending behind-the-scenes tours and viewing videotaped educational outreach programs. Fol- lowing the Washington program, the participants visited museums in New York, Chicago, Santa Fe, New Orleans, and San Francisco. On the last day of the stay in San Francisco an "Educators Forum" was convened. At this session the participants were asked to com- ment on what they had learned from the program. Atif Ghoneim, director of the Mohamad Aly Palace Museum, spoke of his newly discovered commitment to children's programs in museums: "the best thing I have seen in the United States is the way children are encouraged to visit and learn in museums. I will try to develop a children's museum in Egypt. The future is our children and they must know everything about the world in which we live." 252 / Smithsonian Year 1983 More than 150 books and catalogues were donated to the Smith- sonian for the Office of Museum Programs' Museum Reference Center by the participants. As a result of the success of this program, the omp has been asked to coordinate the fifth annual "education in museums" proj- ect for 1984 and to coordinate a new project concerning "Museum Administration" in October 1983. AUDIOVISUAL LOAN PROGRAM (CONSERVATION INFORMATION PROGRAM) The Conservation Information Program produces and distributes a series of educational, audiovisual information packages prepared for use primarily by museums and cultural institutions. The pack- ages consist of slide or videotape presentations, most of which are accompanied by a technical booklet. There are videotapes and slide-cassette programs available for short-term loan or sale to organizations or to individuals in the United States or Canada and for sale to countries abroad. The general aim is to sharpen observational skills and increase awareness of current practices in preventive care of museum collec- tions, and to encourage museum staff participation in protecting cultural property from both natural and man-made hazards. Some seek to enhance the skills of museum educators; to make staff more aware of visitors' needs; and to provide information on museum careers. New programs include an overview of the need for archives, "Tribal Archives"; the care of East Asian paintings; a new book- binding technique; dealing with visitors who are either visually or hearing-impaired; and an introduction to museum careers. Topics in preparation include the protection of cultural property, the preservation of photographic materials, and historic preserva- tion. Each audiovisual package is a joint effort of several individuals, and the content usually reflects the views and experiences of one or several subjects. All programs are designed to generate interest, discussion, and individual solutions to diverse problems of pre- serving, exhibiting, and interpreting collections. These presentations are most effective when used in organized training programs, but individualized usage is encouraged as well. Museum Programs I 253 Since 1974, when the program began, 5,192 presentations have been sent on short-term loan. In 1983, 262 sUde shows and 188 videotapes were requested by and lent to museums, related institu- tions, and individuals. In 1976 a sales program was initiated, in response to requests for these presentations from museums in foreign countries, as the loan program is limited to the United States and Canada. In 1983, eighty-seven sHde shows and seventy-four videotapes were sold to museums in Japan, Costa Rica, Northern Ireland, and the West Indies. In addition, 1,062 technical booklets were dis- seminated to institutions and individuals on request; some were sold and some were gifts. Copies of the technical booklets were also sent to libraries requesting them. A new audiovisual brochure was published and distributed in October 1983. THE NATIVE AMERICAN MUSEUMS PROGRAM The Native American Museums Program was established in 1977 to coordinate assistance to Native American cultural institutions for the development of tribal research and cultural preservation programs. Through utilization of the vast human and program- matic resources of the Smithsonian and other related educational, cultural, and governmental organizations, the program provides specially designed training opportunities and resources information to the staff of Indian, Eskimo, and Aleut museums and cultural centers and to others who work closely with Native American collections. The Native American Museums Program activities — workshops, residencies, technical assistance, publications, and audiovisual pro- grams— are intended to promote the development of Native Amer- ican cultural institutions and the establishment of working rela- tionships among Native American community leaders, the broad museum field, and allied professions. The program has conducted fifteen workshops for over 400 people, sponsored thirty-five resi- dencies of two to twelve weeks' duration and serviced 105 requests for technical assistance. In 1983, forty-two individual information packets were re- searched in response to specific requests and fifty tribal groups 254 / Smithsonian Year 1983 were provided free-of-charge loans of the slide-cassette program, "Tribal Archives," produced by the Native American Museums Program and the Audiovisual Loan Program, Office of Museum Programs. This year's highlight was the presentation of "Ways of Effec- tively Addressing Cultural Responsibilities," a national workshop for fifty museum and cultural center directors and administrators. It provided Smithsonian faculty and Native American leaders with a forum to examine issues of common concern, to develop expertise, and to strengthen working relationships. The workshop was hosted by the Southwest Museum in Los Angeles June 12-15; major funding was provided by the Smithsonian Institution Edu- cational Outreach Program. Nancy Betschart and Stephanie Tor- rance contributed their services as administrative assistants. Two resource aids were completed: the educational guide to accompany "Tribal Archives" and Some Sources of Information for Native American Museums and Cultural Organizations, a list- ing of activities and agencies of special interest to Indian cultural needs. The Native American Museums Program newsletter con- tinued publication. It is mailed free-of-charge to 500 subscribers. To further the Native American Museums Program commit- ment of fostering relationships with the larger museum profession, the coordinator, Nancy J. Fuller, organized and chaired a session for the American Association of Museums Annual Meeting in San Diego. Tribal museum staff from the Suquamish Museum in Washington and the Oneida Nation Museum in Wisconsin out- lined their archives programs and future plans. The coordinator also made presentations at regional museum and Indian archives conferences. MUSEUM REFERENCE CENTER The Office of Museum Programs' Museum Reference Center, a branch of the Smithsonian Institution Libraries and the only com- prehensive museological documentation center in the United States, centers its activities around searching and providing information, bibliographic services, and distribution of materials to museum professionals and students researching specific aspects of museol- ogy and members of the public in need of museum administrative guidance. Administrators, curators, trustees, friends of museums. Museum Programs I 255 educators, and students have received assistance with their investi- gations, problems, and studies in this field. The Museum Reference Center's staff and volunteers answered more than 1,500 inquiries originating from museums across the United States and Canada. Museum professionals in 110 countries abroad, university professors, students from graduate museum studies programs, Smithsonian staff, and interested members of the public used the center's resources. More than 500 persons from the United States and abroad visited the center to study, tour, and learn about its unique collections. To meet the need for reference sources in museology and museum administration, ten bibliogra- phies were compiled and published, bringing the total bibliogra- phies available to fifty-five. Among the topics covered was Older Americans' in Museums, Arts and Humanities, a bibliography pre- pared in conjunction with the Office of Museum Programs' first national seminar on "Older Adults and the Museum World: An Emerging Partnership." Other bibliographies and resource guides were published on Computers in Museums; Museum Architecture and Preservation; Disaster Planning in Cultural Institutions; The Role of the Trustee in Museums; Natural History Museums; and Families in Museums. Still other bibliographies were updated for the Office of Museum Programs Workshop series. The librarian, Catherine Scott, attended the International Fed- eration of Libraries Associations meeting held in Montreal and the Special Libraries Association's 1983 Conference in New Or- leans. She also explained the Museum Reference Center to the participants of the omp's Workshop Series on Museum Lighting; Archives; Volunteers; Storage and Handling; Managing Museum Shops; Computers; Registration; Museum Management; Develop- ing, Managing, and Maintaining Collections; Pubhc Information and Publications; Museum Security; and Conservation and Preven- tative Care- — ^thus increasing the awareness in the museum com- munity of the museum information resources available to them. Many of the participants avail themselves of the center's rich clearinghouse of museum data. The Museum Reference Center continues to keep abreast of current literature by expanding its collections and enriching the contents of the subject and organization files. Materials are added 256 / Smithsonian Year 1983 to the collections from gifts of catalogues and program materials from international interns and visiting professionals. A new brochure was made available for distribution in 1983. W. K. KELLOGG FOUNDATION PROJECT In 1982 the W. K. Kellogg Foundation awarded a three-year grant to the Office of Museum Programs and the Resident Associate Program to expand the educational role of museums in their com- munities. The Kellogg Project began its work by selecting thirteen museums to participate for three years in all aspects of the project and to serve as "flagship" museums in their regions; these mu- seums, chosen from 468 applications from fifty states, the District of Columbia, and two territories, represented the major disciplines and types of museums. The Kellogg Project, administered by the Office of Museum Programs, will pursue its goals through colloquia, workshops, resi- dencies, research, publications, videotapes, and model programs at the thirteen museums. The project held its first colloquium, "Increasing the Museum's Responsiveness to Cultural Diversity," in April 1983 for twenty-six museum directors, trustees, and other senior staff, who were addressed by museum professionals and other experts, as well as Smithsonian Institution staff. Regional workshops for personnel from more than 132 museums in six areas of the country were planned, to extend the discussions of the colloquium to a wider audience and to develop strategies for collaboration among museums and other community educational institutions. The residencies and videotapes will follow, and twelve more museums are being selected for full participation in 1984. A national advisory committee has convened twice in 1983; Philip Speiss II serves as coordinator of the project. OTHER ACTIVITIES Career counseling for more than 100 people per year, who are interested in the museum field or career changes, is a subsidiary activity of the Office of Museum Programs, along with the orga- nization of national and international conferences. Resource mate- rials are compiled, and staff members serve as career and museum consultants for university counselors and museum-studies pro- Museum Programs I 257 grams. The omp staff also serve as advisers and consultants to other offices and departments of the Smithsonian Institution, such as International Activities, Symposia and Seminars, si-ali-aba Law Conference, and Programs for the Disabled. More than 100 con- sultations were provided on museum practices and organizations during 1982, including those to persons from other countries — such as the Peoples Republic of China, India, New Zealand, Co- lombia, Finland, Romania, Mexico, West Germany, Nigeria, Ghana, Tanzania, Belgium, Hungary, Denmark, Australia, Sweden, Indo- nesia, Yemen, the German Democratic Republic, and an inspection team from the United Nations. Staff members of the omp annually serve as speakers at regional and national museum conferences, provide consulting services, and are actively engaged in international museum activities. They also attended professional meetings of the International Council of Museums (icom), the American National Metric Conference, the Midwest Museums Conference, the icom Conservation Committee, the Northeast Museums Conference, the Southeastern Museums Conference, the American Association of Museums (aam), the American Institute on Conservation, and the New England Mu- seums Association. Program manager Jane Glaser serves on the board and is the secretary of the icom Committee on Training of Personnel and was program chairperson for its annual meeting in October. She also serves on the icom Advisory Committee; as an aam senior examiner for accreditation and reaccreditation; as chair- person of the Institution's committee for planning of the Con- servation Training Program at the Smithsonian Support Center and of the Audiovisual Advisory Committee. She is the coordinator of metric conversion at the Smithsonian, attending the interagency meetings for the Institution. An si metric awareness campaign was launched with distribution of materials and a meeting was held with speakers from both the government and the private sector. The omp is also represented on the Smithsonian Institution Internship and Conservation Councils. Among the activities in 1983 for the omp's program manager were presentations to: D.C. Multi-Cultural Program, Native Amer- ican Workshop, omp Careers Seminar Series, American Society for Training and Development, Museum Careers Seminar for the SI Personnel Office, Consultant to Blennerhasset Island Commission, 258 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Los Angeles Children's Museum, Washington Women's Network, OMp/usiA Project group, radio interviews in Los Angeles, Educa- tion Committee of icom. Art Table, American Transportation Museum Meeting, Older Adults Seminar, International visitors, ICOM delegation from Finland, icom Committee on Training, Amer- ican University School of Arts Administration, Smithsonian Insti- tution interns, and George Washington University classes in mu- seum studies. Mrs. Glaser represents museums on a Commission for the Social Sciences organized by the International Research and Exchange Board, which is exploring the possibilities of exchanges of per- sonnel, publications, and research with the German Democratic Republic. Meetings have been held in the German Democratic Republic and the United States. She interviewed applicants for the George Washington University's Master of Arts in Teaching Program. The OMP published and distributed a Survey of Audiovisual Programs Produced by the Smithsonian Institution, which listed and described all film, video, slide, and filmstrip programs produced by units of the Institution for internal use; a new brochure on the workshop series; and approximately 2,000 copies of Museum Studies Prograjns in the United States and Abroad and approxi- mately 500 copies of the Proceedings of the Office of Museum Programs' ''Children in Museums" International Symposium. Office of the Registrar With the baseline inventory project completed and at least an initial collections management policy in effect for every Smith- sonian bureau, the Institution now faces the need to move from implementation to perpetual maintenance. Already having a firmly established responsibility for insuring the adequacy of Smithsonian collections management policies and procedures, the Office of the Registrar has been assigned responsibility for monitoring com- pliance as well. Among other things, this means insuring that those bureau col- lections management policies still not formally approved will be Museum Programs I 259 reviewed for adequacy, revised where necessary, and moved through the formal approval routing process expeditiously. Since inventory is an integral part of collections management, it means also that the office must solicit from the various collecting bureaus formal plans and schedules for inventory refinement and recon- ciliation and for their next comprehensive physical inventories; monitor progress being made against these plans; and report periodically to the Secretary and his Executive Committee on progress being made. Further, since new developments can be expected from time to time in connection with the ever-increasing concern about the accountability obligations of museums, it means keeping abreast of such developments and seeing to it that Smith- sonian policies are revised accordingly. The activities of the office during the year, though peaking as a result of certain events such as congressional inquiries about acces- sioning and deaccessioning policies in the spring and the change- over from baseline inventories to inventory maintenance in June, nevertheless continued to follow patterns already established. Monitoring and reporting on progress in collections inventories, reviewing the few bureau collections-management policies still not up to standard, processing improved versions of already approved policies, and coordinating the affairs of the Registrarial Council continued to occupy much of the office's attention. Its annual workshop on registration methods and its semiannual workshops on computerization for museum collections were presented as usual, and its presentation on the formulation of poHcies was included again as a regular feature of the workshop on the man- agement of collections. Smithsonian Institution Archives The Smithsonian Institution Archives (sia) is a repository for papers of historic value about the Smithsonian and the fields of science, art, history, and the humanities. It serves as the official memory of the Smithsonian, responsible for physical care and intellectual access to the Institution's records and proceedings. The Archives' holdings form a valuable resource for scholars working 260 / Smithsonian Year 1983 in the history of science and other areas of traditional Smithsonian interests. In addition to its ongoing selection, preservation, and reference activities, three special activities highlighted the year for the Archives. It published an updated version of its Guide to the Smithsonian Archives. This new edition is one measure of the progress of the Archives' program since the last Guide publication in 1978. The 431 pages contain an additional 168 collection de- scriptions, bringing the total to 572 entries describing nearly six thousand cubic feet of research materials. The Archives also inaugurated a series of published guides to collections in its holdings with the Guide to the Papers of Waldo LaSalle Schmitt, by William E. Cox. The Archives will continue this occasional series by issuing guides to selected collections of special interest or importance. Guides to early twentieth-century records of the Secretary of the Institution and to the papers of Charles D. Walcott and Charles P. Alexander are now in prepara- tion. In addition, the Archives began a series of presentations of research in progress by historians and others using its holdings. Jan Butin Sloan, a Smithsonian Fellow, gave the first presentation in August on "Americans at the Naples Zoological Station before World War I." In September, Frank N. Schubert spoke on "Gouv- erneur Warren and Ferdinand V. Hayden on the Northern Plains in 1856 and 1857." Additional talks are scheduled. The identification and selection of records of permanent his- torical and administrative value is central to the Archives' role as the Institution's memory. This process involves not only the pro- fessional judgment of the archivist, but also the knowledge of the records possessed by the curators, scientists, and administrators who create and maintain them. During the past year, the Archives continued to work with the staffs of Smithsonian bureaus and offices to carry out this appraisal function. While operations con- tinued in most major museums and offices, the Archives concen- trated its efforts in the National Air and Space Museum, the Hirsh- hom Museum and Sculpture Garden, the National Zoological Park, the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, and the Smithsonian magazine. As a result of this emphasis, the Archives is often able to identify Museum Programs I 261 records of transient value which can be destroyed when no longer of current use, saving the Institution both space and staff resources necessary to manage these records. During 1983 the Archives' records management program established disposition schedules for the Visitor Information and Associates' Reception Center and the Office of Personnel Administration, and continued its programs for the Office of Accounting and Financial Services, the Office of Supply Services, and other Smithsonian offices. Once the Archives has identified the permanent records of the Institution, it must make provisions for their preservation. In its quarters in the Arts and Industries Building, the Archives maintains those inactive records that have been transferred to it for safe- keeping by other Smithsonian offices. They are kept under con- trolled environmental conditions, and when necessary, undergo preventive or restorative care. During the past year, the Archives continued to receive accessions from most major bureaus and offices. Of special note are records of the Office of the Secretary, the Assistant Secretary for History and Art, the Assistant Secre- tary for Science, the Assistant Secretary for Museum Programs, the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, the National Zoo- logical Park, Contracts Office, Programming and Budget, National Museum of American History, National Museum of Natural His- tory, the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, the Smithsonian Institution Libraries, and the Smithsonian Science Information Exchange. The Archives also collects and preserves papers of significant Smithsonian staff members and associated scholars, documenting their professional and personal careers. These papers form a valu- able supplement to the official records of the Institution, rounding out the picture of its activities and its role in the nation and the scholarly world. Among some of the more important accessions this past year were the papers of George Sprague Myers, Otto Mayr, Paul D. Hurd, Jr., George B. Field, and the records of the International Union of Directors of Zoological Gardens, as well as additions to the papers of S. Dillon Ripley, A. Remington Kellogg, and Farouk El-Baz. The holdings in the Archives' custody may be of no current use to the office or person that created them, but they are continually used by researchers investigating topics of historical, scientific, or 262 / Smithsonian Year 1983 A photograph of Charles G. Abbot, an early director of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, was found in the papers of Frederick A. Greeley, a long-time employee of the observatory, which were recently placed in the Smithsonian Archives. Abbot is shown at the Mount Harqua Hala Solar Observing Station in Arizona, about 1921. popular interest. Among the topics from the Archives' collections studied this past year were the origins of the United States Forest Service; the architectural history of the Smithsonian's Arts and Industries Building; the history of the Research Corporation; the scientific accomplishments of the Stansbury expedition to the Great Salt Lake, 1848-52; the early career of Spencer F. Baird; the history of New Deal archeology; and the careers of Alexander Wetmore, Arthur Cleveland Bent, Stanley Paul Young, Vernon Orlando Bailey, Paul Bartsch, and William T. Hornaday. Previous research using the Archives has contributed to numer- ous published works over the past year. They include Ellis L. Yochelson, "Walcott's Discovery of Middle Ordovician Verte- brates," Earth Sciences History 2 (1983): 66-75; Philip Kopper, Volunteer! O Volunteer!: A Salute to the Smithsonian's Unpaid Legions (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1983); William L. Bird, Jr., "A Suggestion Concerning James Smithson's Concept of 'Increase and Diffusion,' " Technology and Culture 24 (1983): 246-55; Alan E. Leviton and Michele L. Aldrich, "John Boardman Trask: Physician-Geologist in California, 1850-1879," in Frontiers of Geological Exploration of Western North America, edited by Alan E. Leviton, Peter U. Rodda, Ellis L. Yochelson, and Michele L. Aldrich (San Francisco : Pacific Division of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1982); James R. Glenn, "De Lancey W. Gill: Photographer for the Bureau of American Ethnology," History of Photography 7 (1983): 7-22; Helen H. Norton, Robert Boyd, and Eugene S. Hunn, "The Klickitat Trail of South-Central Washington: A Reconstruction of Season- ally Used Resource Sites," in Prehistoric Places on the Southern Northwest Coast, edited by Robert E. Greengo (Seattle: Thomas Burke Memorial Museum, 1983); and Margaret W. Rossiter, Women Scientists in America: Struggles and Strategies to 1940 (Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1982). Watercolors from the John Abbot papers were loaned to the Madison-Morgan Cultural Center, Madison, Georgia, for an exhibi- tion, John Abbot in Georgia: The Vision of a Naturalist Artist. The Oral History Program (ohp) continued with interviews of Smithsonian administrators and retired exhibits staff. The ohp assisted the National Museum of American History's Association of Curators in the oral history project on the museum's collecting 264 / Smithsonian Year 1983 policy. Work was begun on a narration of films of Smithsonian expeditions to Panama in the 1950s. Materials accessioned and prepared for research use include interviews with T. Dale Stewart, physical anthropologist and former assistant secretary for science, and with entomologist W. Donald Duckworth on the history of the National Museum of Natural History's Senate of Scientists. Three visiting students worked during the year on materials in the Archives. Jan Butin Sloan, a Smithsonian Fellow from the University of Kansas, spent ten weeks researching the American table at the Naples Zoological Station; Joan Brownell, from Mon- tana State University, received a ten-week internship to process and describe the Archives' exposition records; and Susan Bevel- heimer, from Portland State University, began an internship in September. In 1983 the sia, the National Anthropological Archives, and the Archives of American Art conducted the third annual workshop for museum archivists. Sponsored by the Office of Museum Pro- grams, the workshop was attended by eighteen participants, who were provided with information necessary to establish or improve archival programs in their respective museums. Smithsonian Institution Libraries Smithsonian Institution Libraries (sil) embodies and continues a tradition of library service provided for in the Foundation Charter of 1846. In the mid-1960s Secretary Ripley recognized the Smith- sonian's need for orderly, speedy access to information, and orga- nized most quasi-independent library units and collections into an institution-wide system — "the Smithsonian Institution Libraries" — under the leadership of one director. The siL, organized on the model common in major North Amer- ican universities, effects economies of centralized administration, collections processing, and systems planning. In 1983 branches of the SIL operated in thirty-five locations, including Cambridge, Massachusetts, New York City, the Republic of Panama, and the Washington, D.C., area. Museum Programs I 265 To meet growing research needs, a new branch is being estab- lished in the Office of Horticulture, and collections serving the National Museum of Natural History, the Museum Support Center, and the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (stri) moved into their own facilities. The libraries at the Smithsonian Marine Station at Link Port, the Freer Gallery of Art, the Joseph Henry Papers, the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, and the National Museum of American Art/National Portrait Gallery — representing about 20 percent of the Institution's library expenditures — are not part of the siL organizationally, and are discussed elsewhere. However, the siL assists these libraries in many ways and devotes approxi- mately 5 percent of its budget to their direct support. The SIL is organized in three operational divisions: Bibliographic Systems, concerned with standard descriptions and automated control of all sil collections; Collections Management, responsible for collection development policies, budgeting, and selection for acquisitions, preservation, and housing of library collections essen- tial to Smithsonian work; and Research Services, charged with direct, personal assistance to and interpretation for the scholarly clientele of the libraries. Each of these divisions reports to a man- ager who is a member of the sil executive staff. The sil, led by the director and associate director, is also assisted by staff for systems planning and administration, exhibitions and publications, and resource development. RESOURCES The SIL is financed chiefly from the federal budget granted by Congress; in fiscal year 1983, these federal monies were about $3,700,000 or 93 percent of sil funding. The remaining 7 percent, or $287,000, came from Smithsonian Institution trust funds and other sources. The sil budgets represent 2 percent of all Smith- sonian expenditures, federal and trust. During fiscal year 1983, the sil also obtained two grants: $15,000 from the Atherton Seidell Endowment Fund to test direct electronic interlibrary-loan ordering of research materials; $10,000 from the Dibner Fund, Inc., Norwalk, Connecticut, for the publication of a catalogue describing scientific manuscripts in the Dibner collection. 266 / Smithsonian Year 1983 The siL was authorized 97.4 work years in 1983. In addition to federally funded positions, the sil has 8.5 employees supported by Smithsonian trust funds. Strenuous recruitment and increased in- volvement in minority recruiting resulted in improved staffing in both the branches and the centralized services. That the sil manages to provide a basic level of service and to continue special projects is due in no small measure to the dedica- tion and constant, hard work of sil's employees and of more than seventy volunteers. The libraries had one research associate and three interns in 1983 and participated in the ceta and Stay-in-School employment projects. The executive staff is planning a major study of what the Insti- tution's programs will require during the next two decades and how best to meet those requirements. The Secretary of the Insti- tution approved a visiting committee with funding to assist library staff in preparing this evaluation and recommendations for future programs. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION BIBLIOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM The ongoing publication explosipn, coupled with ever-rising costs, especially for personnel, has become the major budgetary problem for administrators of research libraries and information centers. Sil administrators concluded that in order to continue at least the present level of service at no increase in the rate of rise of cost, it would be imperative to have an automated system for as many SIL processes as feasible — from generating a book request to pro- cessing and circulating the item. As planning for automation progressed, it became obvious that such a system would be useful throughout the Smithsonian. Thus, the sil's "Total System" project grew into the Smithsonian Institution Bibliographic Information System (sibis). Because sibis was intended to serve a wide range of Smithsonian units, experts from around the Institution were consulted during the requirements review and were involved in evaluating proposals from vendors. During fiscal year 1983, Con- gress approved funding of $275,000 in each of fiscal years 1983 and 1984 for sibis; tbe Institution has committed up to $500,000 in trust funds for a processor, to be repaid from usage charges. Museum Programs I 267 BIBLIOGRAPHIC SYSTEMS This division provides bibliographic services for the entire sil system; it was reorganized in 1981 to move more rapidly toward extensive automation. The expansion of the Smithsonian Institution Libraries Cata- logue, a. computer-output-microfiche (com) alphabetic guide by author, title, and subject — comprising all materials catalogued by the libraries in a machine-readable format — is a major accomplishr ment. By the end of 1983 the sil's holdings acquired from 1965 to 1983, a total of 220,000 titles, will be available on micro- fiche. The next section of the conversion will deal with older records (catalogued in other 'systems) which, when completed, will bring the majority of the sil's records under fully automated control. This retrospective conversion is a key element in the ongoing automation of library services. The siL continues to contribute to and receive cataloguing data cooperatively through the Online Computer Library Center (oclc), a national bibliographic service based in Columbus, Ohio. Use is also made of the Research Libraries Group's utility, the Research Libraries Information Network (rlin), in Stanford, California. A major project to catalogue manuscripts in the Smithsonian libraries began this year. Staff of the Original Indexing Unit de- veloped policies and procedures in accordance with national stan- dards, then through the support of the Dibner Fund, Inc., added specialized staff to catalogue and enter into national databases the manuscripts in the Dibner donation. Support was received from the Atherton Seidell Endowment Fund to publish these records as a guide to the Dibner manuscripts. Trade-literature indexing and creation of a machine-readable record continued throughout the year. With the assistance of volunteers and of staff who worked overtime, another portion of the sil's 225,000-piece collection has been organized and made available to researchers. Despite reductions and turnover in personnel, the Bibliographic Systems Division has maintained high productivity while also responding to special demands resulting from the libraries' syste- matic weeding program, which resulted in the withdrawal of thou- sands of volumes and records. Retrospective conversion of older records into machine-readable format presented quality-control 268 / Smithsonian Year 1983 problems that were resolved through lengthy reprocessing; the serials component of conversion required record changes through- out the siL. When the Natural History Branch was established in its own location, Bibliographic Systems staff shifted thousands of records and made the necessary notations and labels. A comprehensive microfilming policy was developed, an inven- tory of official Smithsonian publications completed, and the Trans- lations Program mailing list compiled. Upgrading security throughout the sil took the time of members of Bibliographic Systems staff, who inventoried special collections holdings in process and established a specially secured processing area for all rare materials, including the high volume manuscript cataloguing project. COLLECTIONS MANAGEMENT This division of the libraries was created to guide the development and maintenance of all collections. The weeding and inventory program, begun in 1982, continued with special attention to collections housed at the sil Research Annex (silra) at 1111 North Capitol Street. Silra was cleaned and rearranged in an orderly manner, improving services and ac- cess to materials there, which in turn resulted in enhanced delivery service to the Mall. Nonetheless, the available space is at the saturation point, which leaves many collections housed in unsatis- factory conditions. The weeding process disclosed a significant number of scarce, valuable, and important works, which are being placed in appro- priate special collections for reasons of preservation and security. The Turnbull library, Wellington, New Zealand, donated plates from John Abbot's Insects of Georgia, among many other notable gifts. Collections manager Jack Goodwin lectured to a number of audiences on the history of the Smithsonian and its libraries. Included was a presentation at the meeting of the National Gene- alogical Society. The collections-management policy, which received Smithsonian approval in 1982, is constantly being fine-tuned with the assistance of appropriate Smithsonian research staff. Museum Programs I 269 Because of budgetary restrictions, limited funds were available in 1983: only $1,300 was alloted in the trust budget for Special Collections purchases. Thus, collections-management staff had to screen requests more rigorously, to insure that basic research materials were still acquired. The siL Book Conservation Laboratory (bcl), a model of its type and part of the Collections Management Division, continued the restoration of physically endangered and valuable scholarly mate- rials. The addition of a leaf caster and an ultrasonic encapsulator has helped the staff keep up with major conservation problems. In June Johannes Hyltoft, chief conservator, made an emergency trip to Panama to deal with a widespead fungal outbreak at the stri branch. With the assistance of local volunteers, about 1,000 vol- umes were treated to prevent further infestation. Starting in May, bcl staff undertook an extensive security-mark- ing program to protect valuable items in the sil collections. At- mospheric conditions in library branches and exhibition areas were monitored and the sil Disaster Preparedness Program was main- tained. An in-house minor-repair training project, which began this year, made use of volunteers. RESEARCH SERVICES The Research Services division provides reference assistance to scholarly clientele and other Smithsonian staff. These services are made available through the various geographically dispersed sil branch libraries, as well as in the sil Central Reference and Loan Services, located on the Mall in Washington. In 1983 four branches were more formally established. The Museum Support Center library at Silver Hill was opened in September. This library, which uses compact shelving to double the storage capacity, was the first sil branch planned for advanced electronic services (on-line database retrieval, on-line collection management, and telefacsimile transmission). The Natural History branch was separately established with a full-time reference staff, on-line reference services, a reading room, and a circulation area. Additional space was provided for the Mineral Sciences section to allow for collection growth. In April the stri library moved into its new building, the first separate structure for sil. Designed for energy conservation and flexibility, this facility has 6,000 feet of 270 / Smithsonian Year 1983 floor space that will eventually accommodate 40,000 volumes. An active acquisitions plan began to upgrade the collections signifi- cantly. The Office of Horticulture and the sil cooperated in final planning for a branch library to be located in the Arts and Indus- tries Building. The Cooper-Hewitt Museum library branch responded to new challenges as an active participant in the CHM/Parsons program. And Katharine Martinez, formerly of the Avery Architectural Library, Columbia University, was appointed chief librarian of the Cooper-Hewitt branch in August. Four new library technicians joined the staff of the Natural History branch library and its subsections, and half-time techni- cians were assigned to the branches at the Smithsonian Astro- physical Observatory, the Cooper-Hewitt Museum, Special Collec- tions, and the Museum of African Art. An institution-wide loan policy, the result of a year's study, has been adopted. The policy enables the sil to maintain better control of resources to enhance access by scholars. Interlibrary-loan borrowing has grown as a result of greater knowledge of available resources that on-line reference service has brought to the sil's clientele. Moreover, loans have increased, because of the demand by scholars elsewhere, who can now learn from bibliographic databases what materials are held by the sil. To facilitate these loans, the sil employs traditional loan request forms, electronic mail requests (via the oclc network), and tele- facsimile transmissions. To improve speed of delivery, the sil sends staff members on a regular schedule to borrow from and return materials to the Library of Congress, the National Agricul- tural Library, and the U.S. Geological Survey Library. In 1983 interlibrary-loan traffic was 24,185 items borrowed, 4,000 loaned; these statistics indicate a borrow/loan ratio of six to one. Over 30 percent of these borrowings were from the Library of Congress. The SIL has, of course, regular and heavy intra-Smithsonian loan traffic. A significant and growing characteristic of research librarian- ship is the shift from book-based to machine-assisted reference services. By the end of 1983, ten sil reference librarians had trained or upgraded their skills on more than 200 commercially avail- able on-line databases. A committee of representatives of major Museum Programs I 271 branches was formed to plan for expanded computer reference. In addition to on-line reference services in citation, abstract, diction- ary, and directory files, a large part of the staff in most units of the siL regularly use the strictly bibliographic databases (oclc, rlin). Branch librarians continued to meet the research needs of cura- tors, scholars, and the general public through traditional means as well as on-line services. Ten bibliographies on aspects of musc- ology and museum administration were compiled at the Museum Reference Center. Among these was Disaster Planning in Cultural Institutions. Library News for Zoos and Aquariums, written and edited at the National Zoo branch, is now being distributed to a mailing list at 160 locations. Guides to eleven branch libraries and their services were published last winter. PUBLIC PROGRAMS The SIL supports a number of scholarly outreach programs. Dur- ing 1983 these included seminars, lectures, exhibitions, and publi- cations. In 1981 the sil began an occasional series of special events to illuminate significant sil collections, the history of books and li- braries, and important developments in information technology. A committee, formed in March 1983, has instituted a regular yearly schedule of seminars and lectures on these topics. In October, Madehne Henderson, formerly of the National Bureau of Standards, spoke on the importance of "Library Stan- dards." Philip J. Weimerskirch, assistant director, Burndy Library, Norwalk, Connecticut, gave an illustrated lecture on "Naturalists and the Beginnings of Lithography in America" in March. In April, "Trade Literature: Preserving American Enterprise" was the topic of a panel whose participants included librarians and cura- tors from the National Museum of American History and from the Eleutherian Mills Library. Exhibitions included: Trade Literature, Clothing and Allied In- dustries (December 1982-March 1983) featuring items from the SIL Trade Literature Collection, designed and mounted by the col- lections manager and funded by a grant from the Smithsonian Institution Women's Committee; Lithography in Natural Science 272 / Smithsonian Year 1983 321 TO 320 SIXTH AVENUE, NEW YORK. MISSES' AND CHILDREN'S SUITS. Ho. a. Plaid Salt, r«d, blae and brown mlxtnru, ■htmd front, foil •bonldar*. Iliilabed with ribbon bom. 4 jn.,tR.4t; ijn., la.lO; (yn, t).lo: a Tn., t> nh 10 rrv. tio.ts. No. M. PTlno«M Salt, brown, bine and itamet utin, yoko, ooUar and onA of Ulntb to matob. 4 yn., t7.». « yi«.. t&4G: 8 jn , ta.lO; 10 yra., tt.TO. No. IB. CaahnMre "Mother Hubbard" I>r«M, la blae and garnet, yoke and mlb of lUk pluilL !yn., tt»; 4yn., t trimmed witli Telret. M yn. IlI.dB; 14 yn., $11.86; 16 yn., $l8.i«. This is from the 1983 exhibition Trade Literature: Clothing and Allied Indus- tries, featuring merchandiser's catalogues from the Smithsonian Institution Libraries' unique collection of trade catalogues. (March-April 1983); and History of Pharmacy, from the Fifteenth Century to the Nineteenth Century (September-October 1983). In addition to publishing the Smithsonian Institution Libraries Catalogue, exhibition catalogues, and library guides, the sil con- tinued to manage the translation and publication program based on excess foreign currency (pl 480). Crayfishes of Mexico (Crustacea: Decapoda), by Alejandro Villalobos, was translated and printed as part of this program. The Directory of Aerospace Resources (Smithsonian Institution Libraries Research guide 1, Smithsonian Institution Press, 1983); Information Sources and Services in As- tronomy Astrophysics and Related Space Sciences (Smithsonian Institution Libraries Research guide 2, Smithsonian Institution Press, 1983); and the Aerospace Periodical Index 1973-1982 (G. K. Hall, 1983) are on this year's list. The sil also published a monthly newsletter distributed to its staff, the Institution generally, and nationally to the library community. GENERAL ADMINISTRATION Shipping and delivery services improved with the drafting of a formal delivery policy, the installation of a regular supply window, and a reorganization of administrative services into an Administra- tive support unit and a Shipping, Receiving, and Supply unit. No further renovation has yet been done in the Central Refer- ence area, but the Natural History branch space was considerably improved. Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service International negotiation dominated the year, highlighted in June 1983 by the approval of the Czech-United States cultural exchange agreement making possible The Precious Legacy: Judaic Treasures from the Czechoslovak State Collections. This exhibition's opening in November 1983 marked the first showing in the United States of objects from this intriguing and important collection. Negotia- tions during the fiscal year included final arrangements with Sum- mit Books for distribution of the book produced by the Smith- sonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service (sites), with Philip 274 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Morris Incorporated as national corporate sponsor. A press con- ference held in September to announce the project resulted in extensive print and broadcasting coverage nationwide. Three additional major corporate grants for exhibition develop- ment were also received: from Time Incorporated for Hollywood: Legend and Reality; from Champion International for Yesterday's Tomorrows: Past Visions of the American Future; and from Mobil Oil Corporation for The Art of Cameroon. Each of these exhibi- tions has required considerable administrative staff time and effort to make the grants possible, even though the tours will not begin until 1984-86. Exhibitions whose tours began in fiscal year 1983 covered the broad range of interests that sites has carefully cultivated — from fine art to anthropology, from natural history to architecture. Sev- eral major anthropological exhibitions opened, notably Ban Chiang: Discovery of a Lost Bronze Age, which sites organized with the University Museum, University of Pennsylvania, and Inua: Spirit World of the Bering Sea Eskimo, a collaboration with the National Museum of Natural History. Aymara Weavings: Ceremonial Tex- tiles of Colonial and 19th Century Bolivia, supported by numerous private contributions, opened at the Textile Museum in Wash- ington. Two art exhibitions from the Hirshhorn collections began their tours: Aspects of Color: Works on Paper from the Hirshhorn Mu- seum and Sculpture Garden and Raphael Soyer: Sixty-five Years of Printmaking. With the Corcoran Gallery of Art, sites presented John Singer Sargent: Drawings from the Corcoran Gallery of Art. In addition to those already mentioned, the international activi- ties at sites were highlighted by the East Asian tour of American Porcelain, an exhibition organized by the Renwick Gallery, made possible with the collaboration of the U.S. Information Agency. Jamaican Art: 1922-1982 opened at the Inter- American Develop- ment Bank, marking the first major survey of that country's paint- ing and sculpture to tour the United States. Black studies exhibitions for the year included Out of Africa, from the Anacostia Neighborhood Museum, and Building a New World: Black Labor Photographs and Black Wings: The American Black in Aviation, organized with the National Air and Space Museum Programs I 275 More than 700,000 people visited the SITES' exhibition American Impression- ism during its European tour of Paris, East Berlin, Vienna, Bucharest, and Sofia. This was the scene in the Kunsthistorisches Museum in the Austrian capital. (Photograph by Georg Mikes) Museum. In addition, sites inaugurated a new exhibition format — the paper panel exhibition. The first in this new series of illus- trated panels printed on paper for purchase was Black Women: Achievements Against the Odds, which received funding support from the Women's Committee of the Smithsonian Associates and from the Smithsonian's Office of Equal Opportunity. Colorful Kite Tales was completed in fiscal year 1983, as well as most of the research, design, and production for the third paper panel exhibi- tion: Getting the Picture: The Growth of Television in America. Sites' education department produced several innovative "hands- on" kits this year to accompany new exhibitions. The one for Kings, Heroes, and Lovers included rubber stamps for designing a figurative rug, a small loom for demonstrating weaving techniques, and supplementary classroom materials. A poster/card-making kit was developed with funding support from Hallmark Cards to ac- company The Seasonal Trade: Holiday Gift and Greeting Cards. Brochures and other interpretative materials were produced for nearly every new exhibition. TOURS FOR PERIOD OCTOBER 1, 1982, THROUGH SEPTEMBER 30, 1983 Number of bookings 422 Number of states served (including Washington, D.C.) 44 Estimated audience 7 million Exhibitions listed in last Update (catalogue of sites exhibitions) 116 Exhibitions produced for tour during the year 27 EXHIBITIONS BEGINNING TOURS OCTOBER 1, 1982, THROUGH SEPTEMBER 30, 1983 American Porcelain Aspects of Color: Works on Paper from the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden Assignment Aviation: Paintings from the Stuart M. Speiser Photo- Realist Collection Aymara Weavings: Ceremonial Textiles of Colonial and 19th Cen- tury Bolivia Museum Programs I 277 Ban Chiang: Discovery of a Lost Bronze Age Black Wings: The American Black in Aviation Building a New World: Black Labor Photographs A Celebration of Birds: Louis Agassiz Fuertes and His Art Franklin Delano Roosevelt: The Intimate Presidency Iceland: Fire of the Arctic Images of China: East and Wesi Inua: Spirit World of the Bering Sea Eskimo Jamaican Art: 1922-1982 John Singer Sargent: Drawings from the Corcoran Gallery of Art Kings, Heroes, and Lovers: Pictorial Rugs from the Tribes and Villages of Iran The Magic of Neon Marine Mammals of the World Noritake Art Deco Porcelains Out of Africa Raphael Soyer: Sixty-five Years of Printmaking The Seasonal Trade: Holiday Gift and Greeting Cards Spectacular Vernacular: Traditional Desert Architecture from West Africa and Southeast Asia Studied Beauty: Portraits by Cecil Beaton Symbols of Faith Upland Game Birds of North America PAPER PANEL EXHIBITIONS PRODUCED FOR PURCHASE Black Women: Achievements Against the Odds Colorful Kite Tales 278 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Smithsonian Year . ip8} PUBLIC SERVICE RALPH C. RINZLER, ASSISTANT SECRETARY FOR PUBLIC SERVICE Office of Elementary and Secondary Education A firm belief in the power of museum objects as educational re- sources is the guiding principle behind the activities and programs of the Office of Elementary and Secondary Education (oese). With the conviction that it is equally important for students to learn to use works of art, natural history specimens, historical artifacts, and other museum objects as research tools, as it is for them to learn to use words and numbers, oese continues to serve the Smith- sonian's education offices while working to meet a solid commit- ment to foster the educational uses of museums in the Washing- ton, D.C., area and throughout the nation. For several years oese has offered a number of programs and publications to help teachers use museums and other community resources with their students. Oese continues to offer these services, proven successful by those who use them. Let's Go to the Smith- sonian, a newsletter, informs local teachers of the ever-growing variety of Smithsonian services available to teachers and students. Multiple copies are sent free-of-charge to approximately 1,200 schools in the Washington, D.C., area. For teachers nationally. Art to Zoo — a free, six-page publication to promote the use of community resources — reached approximate- ly 55,000 classrooms. The Museum Idea — a slide/tape curriculum kit — helps fifth- and sixth-graders learn about what museums are and what the students can do themselves to make a classroom 279 museum. Of Kayaks and Ulus — a new curriculum kit for high school students — teaches young people how to use primary and secondary research materials while at the same time learning about the culture of the Bering Sea Eskimo of one hundred years ago. These materials — all giving students the opportunity for first-hand learning — have proven very popular. As one reader wrote of the May 1983 issue of Art to Zoo on kites, "As a kiter and person who has introduced the experience as well as kite building to numerous teachers and students in our schools, I found the issue very informative, extremely well-written and at the same time easily understood." Special events during the year deepen teachers' understanding of how museums can educate. In December 1983 for example, the sixth annual Holiday Reception for Teachers introduced more than sixty participants to the history of Hannukah traditions as well as to Renaissance Christmas customs. In May 1983 the Ninth Annual Teachers' Day brought more than seventy teachers and Smithsonian staff together for activities at the National Air and Space Museum. In July and August, oese offered another series of summer workshops for teachers, providing professional training in teaching using museum objects. Over 300 local teachers chose from such week-long courses as "Flight: Engineered by Nature and by Man," "American Cultural History through Art," and "Insects in the Classroom." A three-credit graduate course on "Using Museums to Teach Writing" was again offered to teachers from across the nation. Offered in cooperation with the University of Virginia, this seminar brought teachers from as far away as Washington State and California to the Smithsonian to develop a variety of writing assignments that they could use with their own students. As a final project, the teachers were required to develop curricu- lum units drawing on the resources of their own communities. Comments from teachers attest to the value of oese's workshops, both local and national; as one participant wrote, the national seminar "was beyond my expectations because it inspired and en- riched me as a person first and as a teacher next. It was a 'moun- taintop experience' and I feel its value will grow ever more as I return home and apply it to my own community, children and school. ... A whole new dimension has been opened up to me. 280 / Smithsonian Year 1983 and I feel truly grateful to have been a part of such a memorable experience." To assist school teachers and museum educators, oese has estab- lished a Regional Workshop Program, providing Smithsonian sup- port and assistance to communities throughout the nation. At the invitation of a community's museums, oese will set up and help coordinate a one-day special event that will bring the community's teachers and museum people together, enabling them to find ways to work with each other productively long after the original pro- gram is over. Now in the first of its two pilot years, the program has already evoked enthusiastic support in the various communi- ties where special events will be held before the end of 1984: Tidewater Virginia; New Orleans, Louisiana; Oakland, California; and Charleston, South Carolina. It is estimated that the program will reach 2,000 teachers in fiscal year 1984. Oese also continued its progress in making Smithsonian pro- grams accessible to disabled visitors. The office maintained such services as providing sign-language and oral interpreters for special events and regular program offerings as well as offering sign- language and "disability awareness" sessions to Smithsonian staff and volunteers. In addition, the program published The Smithsonian in a Few Words, a guidebook to the Smithsonian museums, designed to meet the needs of mentally retarded visitors. A newly published curriculum kit. Museums as Storytellers, will help teachers of deaf youngsters improve their students' language skills. Another project is a package of materials designed to train docents — here at the Smithsonian and in other museums nationally — on how to teach disabled persons effectively in a museum setting. The package con- sists of a manual and a videotape for national distribution. During the course of 1983, oese expanded its programs that bring young people to the Institution. In January a pilot Career Awareness Program (known as the cap) began a series of pro- grams to introduce minority young people to career opportunities at the Smithsonian. In this early pilot stage, the cap worked with students from Ballou High School in the National Air and Space Museum. In the museum, the students participated in a number of activities, including behind-the-scenes tours, career workshops, and special projects. The cap is directed to ninth-graders, because Public Service I 281 most young people of this grade level have not yet locked them- selves into the kinds of curriculum decisions that ultimately deter- mine career options and choices. During the 1983-84 school year, the CAP will be introduced in three District of Columbia high schools; over the next several years, it will gradually be expanded to include all District of Columbia public school ninth-graders. "Exploring the Smithsonian" — a program for seventh- and eighth-grade teachers and students in the District of Columbia Public Schools — brought more than 3,500 young people to Smith- sonian museums, an increase of 75 percent over 1982's program. In addition, oese's high school summer internship program was expanded in 1983 to include students from throughout the conti- nental United States. The interns worked under the guidance of curatorial and technical 'staff members in various parts of the Institution, discovering new directions for collegiate study and for possible careers. As one intern wrote, the program "has strengthened my ambitions to become a paleoanthropologist. I be- lieve that the contacts I have made will help me throughout col- lege and in my career. The experience has shown me a side of my future career that I never knew before." Through participation in national and regional conferences and workshops, oese has helped to expand the scope and understand- ing of the professional museum educator. Staff members have also helped to plan and teach seminars on museum/school relations and on museum interpretation offered by the Smithsonian's Office of Museum Programs. Office of Folklife Programs Most Americans would agree that the richness of the nation's cul- ture lies in the impressive diversity of its people and in their crea- tive responses to historical conditions. Research, presentation, and preservation of this cultural wealth is the goal of the Office of Folklife Programs. The office produces live performances by the keepers of tradition, museum exhibitions of traditional artifacts. 282 / Smithsonian Year 1983 and documentary studies of particular technological, social, and aesthetic processes. Members of the Office of Folklife Programs also engage in teaching and research activities on a cooperative basis in Washington, D.C., area academic and governmental insti- tutions. Taken as a whole, the activities of the program are di- rected not only to the representation of folk culture in national cultural institutions but also to the continuing survival of folk traditions and their practitioners. FESTIVAL OF AMERICAN FOLKLIFE The Office of Folkhfe Programs planned, supervised, researched, and produced the seventeenth annual Festival of American Folk- life in fiscal year 1983. Again, the festival was held on its original site on the National Mall outside the museums of American His- tory and Natural History. It took place over a two-week period, June 23-27 and June 30-July 4, 1983. New Jersey folklife, French and French-American traditional culture, the occupational folkUfe of the aviation industry, and the National Endowment for the Arts' Second Annual National Heritage Program were all featured at this festival. In celebration of New Jersey's richly varied traditional cultures, 100 representatives of the state's agricultural, maritime, occupa- tional and ethnic communities brought to the Mall their music, dance, crafts, foods, and lore. Gospel and Spanish bagpipe music, decoy carving, boat building, oyster shucking, and silk weaving were among the traditions from New Jersey that were presented. The French/ French- American Program was held on the occasion of the 200th anniversary of the Treaty of Paris. Twenty-five musi- cians, dancers, and craftworkers from France were joined by thirty counterparts from French-American communities in the United States and Canada. Among the traditions included were regional French music and dance, Cajun music, French-Canadian fiddling, French lacemaking and stonecarving, and French and French- American food demonstrations. This was also the year of the 200th anniversary of manned flight, and the Folklife of Flight Program commemorated the 1783 ascent of the Montgolfier hot air balloon with a program on the occupational folklife of flight. Pilots, flight attendants, and mainte- Public Service I 283 Visitors to the 1983 Festival of American Folklife watch Emile Boublin, a farmer and basketmaker from the province of Anjou, France, and his wife, Marie-Louise, demonstrate with two friends a traditional contredance. nance workers from the aviation industry — including pioneer barn- stormers— shared their stories, demonstrated their skills, and talked with the public about their work and their lives. A series of concerts and crafts demonstrations in the National Heritage Program honored the recipients of the Second Annual National Heritage Fellowships. The fellowships were awarded at a special concert and ceremony at the festival to sixteen traditional musicians and craftspersons (selected by the National Endowment for the Arts) who have made outstanding contributions to the cul- ture of the United States. Appalachian music and storytelling. Black Sacred Harp singing, Afro-Puerto Rican music and dance, banjo and dulcimer making, and Chitimacha Indian basket weav- ing were a few of the vibrant presentations on the festival pro- gram. In addition, an exhibition highlighting the artistic accom- plishments of the 1983 fellowship recipients was mounted in the National Museum of American History. The National Heritage Program and Exhibition were organized in collaboration with the National Endowment for the Arts and the National Museum of American History. The festival was cosponsored by the National Park Service, and the Smithsonian received funding support from the Music Per- formance Trust Funds, the government of France, Air France, Continental Telecom, Inc., the John and Clara Higgins Foundation, and New Jersey Festival '83 Inc., a nonprofit corporation estab- lished by the State of New Jersey to fund New Jersey's participa- tion in the festival. SPECIAL PROJECTS Throughout fiscal year 1982, the staff of the Office of Folklife Programs worked in collaboration with the staff of the National Museum of American Art to plan and install at the Renwick Gallery the exhibition Celebration: A World of Art and Ritual. (March 17, 1982-July 11, 1983). It contained more than 600 objects drawn from ten Smithsonian museums and filled all seven of the Renwick's galleries. The objects were chosen to demonstrate the ways in which different societies celebrate the important cycles and milestones in the lives of their people. To augment the exhi- bition in fiscal year 1983, the staff of the Office of Folklife Pro- Public Service I 285 grams planned and produced a monthly "living celebration" as well as a monthly lecture and film. The "living celebrations" in- cluded, among others, an Afro-Puerto Rican saint's day celebra- tion, Latin American Day of the Dead observances, a Polish- American Christmas celebration, Vietnamese New Year festivities, and the ceremonies marking a woman's rites of passage among the Ga people of Ghana. Research continued under the supervision of the Office of Folk- life Programs for an exhibition and book/catalogue on the sur- viving traditional potteries in the southern and southeastern United States. The exhibition, which was planned in conjunction with the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service, opened in November 1983 in Tennessee before going on tour. Also, planning has reached an advanced stage for an exhibition from India depicting the cycle of life, with 1,500 objects and forty traditional craftsmen and performing artists. The exhibition will be mounted in the Evans Gallery of the National Museum of Natural History in June 1985. On January 8, 1983, the Office of Folklife Programs and the Folklore Society of Greater Washington cosponsored a concert to mark the ninetieth birthday of Libba Cotton, the noted black country blues singer. She performed with Mike Seeger at the Baird Auditorium of the National Museum of Natural History. RESEARCH Research, writing, and production have continued on six mono- graphs and accompanying films included in the Smithsonian Folk- life Studies. This series was established in 1978 to document, through monographs and films, folkways still practiced (or re- created through memory) in a variety of traditional cultures. Draw- ing on more than a decade of research accruing from fieldwork conducted for the office's annual Festival of American Folklife, the studies are unique in that each consists of a monograph and a film, conceived to complement each other. In fiscal year 1983, two projects were completed: Jugtown: Pottery Tradition in Change, a documentary film of a North Carolina pottery, and The Ojibwa Dance Drum: Its History and Construction, a monograph written to accompany the film The Drummaker and published by the Smithsonian Institution Press in April 1983. 286 / Smithsonian Year 1983 A documentary film on old-time medicine shows was com- pleted during fiscal year 1983. Entitled Free Show Tonite, the film had its genesis in a program organized for the 1981 Festival of American Folklife and was produced by this office in collaboration with the North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources. The film documents the re-creation of a traveling medicine show, with performers who participated in the last of these shows in the 1930s and 1940s. Research began for an exhibition on cultural stereotypes, pro- posed by this office for the Evans Gallery of the National Museum of Natural History in 1987* In February 1983, Peter Seitel, then acting director of the Office of Folklife Programs, joined Ralph Rinzler, then director of the Office of Public Service, on a research trip to India, Pakistan, and Egypt to investigate museological, managerial, and governmental institutions involved in the preservation and promotion of tradi- tional culture. (Seitel was subsequently named director of the Folklife office and Rinzler was named Assistant Secretary for Public Service.) The trip was undertaken with a view toward defining programming goals for the proposed International Center of the Center for African, Near Eastern, and Asian Cultures under construction in the Quadrangle. VISITING SCHOLARS Five visiting scholars, supported by funds from the Office of Fellowships and Grants, used the Office of Folklife Programs' archives as well as the scholarly resources of the staff this year. Willie Collins (Ph.D. candidate. University of California, Los Angeles) worked on a project to identify icons of musical instru- ments and musicians in African-American culture. Michael Licht (Ph.D. candidate. University of Texas, Austin) conducted disser- tation research on the role of the harmonica in traditional American music. Robert McCarl (Ph.D., Memorial University of Newfound- land) completed an ethnography of urban fire-fighters. William Nye (Ph.D., Tufts University) conducted research for a definitive biography on jazz musician Charlie Parker. Nicholas Schidlovsky (Ph.D., Princeton University) studied the music of Russian Old Believers and the relationship between a type of musical notation Public Service I 287 used for this genre of music and the oral tradition associated with it. Office of Smithsonian Symposia and Seminars In anticipation of the Orwellian Year, the office's major activity in 1983 was preparation for the Smithsonian's eighth international symposium, "The Road After 1984: High Technology and Human Freedom/' which took place December 7-10, 1983. The symposium of necessity touched on 1984's warnings of Big Brother, totalitarian techniques, mind control, doublespeak, and other of the novel's forebodings. Its thrust, however, centered on the technological advances giving birth to burgeoning new industries and the infor- mation explosion made possible by the acceleration in communica- tions systems. Organized in cooperation with Wake Forest University on the occasion of its 150th anniversary and with the Center for the Humanities, University of Southern California, the meetings probed the overall social and political dynamics now at work in the world and attempted to identify both the dangers and blessings inherent in our new "high tech" society. An official activity of the World Communications Year, the symposium will produce a book based on its collected essays, working sessions, and other activities, to be published by the Smithsonian Institution Press. The volume based on the Institution's seventh international symposium. How Humans Adapt: A Biocultural Odyssey, edited by Smithsonian scholar Donald J. Ortner, was published by the Smithsonian Institution Press in early 1983. Shortly thereafter the Press also published The Muses Flee Hitler: Cultural Transfer and Adaptation, 1930-1945, coedited by Carla M. Borden, associate director of Symposia and Seminars. This book is based on two colloquia organized by the office during the Einstein Centennial. The Joseph H. Hazen Foundation, which had supported the original meetings, also donated approximately 150 copies of the volume to university and municipal libraries, thereby extending this "increase and diffusion of knowledge" to a wide range of students, research- ers, and interested citizens. 288 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Coeditors Carla Borden, associate director of the Office of Symposia and Seminars, and Jarrell Jackman, projects administrator, Santa Barbara Trust for Historic Preservation, pose with their book. The Muses Flee Hitler: Cul- tural Transfer and Adaptation, 1930-1945, published by the Smithsonian Institution Press. Below: Wilton Dillon, Symposia and Seminars director, enjoys a leisurely moment in Caracas, where he attended activities marking the centenary of Charles Darwin's death. . O Another patron of long standing, Barrick W. Groom, provided the oifice with its first permanent endowment through an agree- ment calHng for a series of payments, beginning with $100,000 in 1984, supporting the Smithsonian symposia and seminar program as now estabUshed. Groom, who Hves in Upperville, Virginia, has served as adviser to the office for a number of years, contributing generously of his time, money, and energies to its extensive activities. On September 2, 1983, the office arranged for Japanese ethnog- rapher Yasuhiro Omori to present a seminar and film on "Gypsy Nomadism and Religion in France." Dr. Omori and his wife have documented the growth of Protestant fundamentalism among European, especially French, gypsies and the larger World Gypsy Evangelical Movement begun thirty years ago. Representing the Smithsonian, the office joined with the Na- tional Committee for the Bicentennial of the Treaty of Paris and American University in planning a two-day observance of the formal ending of the Revolutionary War. On September 29-30, 1983, eight British and American scholars discussed the historic peacemaking and peacekeeping of two hundred years ago under the general title "The Work of Peace," words used by Benjamin Franklin on July 5, 1785, to describe the shared purpose of the newly independent colonies and their former mother country. The office continued to provide educational outreach linking the humanities and sciences through interdisciplinary activities bringing together senior scholars, intermediate specialists, and their publics. The director participated in the week-long com- memoration of the centenary of the death of Charles Darwin, in Caracas, Venezuela, in November 1982. He was accompanied by Kjell Sandved, Smithsonian photographer extraordinaire, who gave a special presentation on flora and fauna as observed by Darwin in South America to a large audience in Caracas's new Sala Plenaria, Parque Central. Additional cultural exchanges with Vene- zuelan nationals were planned for marking the 200th anniversary of the birth of Simon Bolivar and the accomplishments of Alex- ander von Humboldt. The office's constituency for providing resource services expands yearly; the newly appointed advisory Commemorations Committee 290 / Smithsonian Year 1983 provides direction and enlargement of total Sn^ithsonian contribu- tions in these significant activities. Office of Telecommunications The Office of Telecommunications (otc) extends the Institution's reach by bringing the museums to the people through films, radio, and television programs. During 1983 the otc broke new ground toward reaching greater audiences through the broadcast of series programs which explored the diversity of Smithsonian activities. The three-part thrust of this effort involved radio, video, and the development of the first major pbs series devoted to the Smith- sonian. In the radio arena, the award-winning weekly, half-hour series "Radio Smithsonian" burst forth with a new line-up of subscribing stations, including the major market cities of New York, Denver, and Miami in this country, as well as the Armed Forces Radio and Television Service and the Voice of America abroad. This boosted the national potential listening audience to 46 million people. Since its beginning in 1969 as the Institution's original effort to use the electronic media as a way to share Smithsonian activities, "Radio Smithsonian" has become the model for subsequent series pro- grams. Its continued development augers well thanks in part to a $19,500 grant awarded by the lames Smithson Society to support a special miniseries on American folklore and mythology. A companion to "Radio Smithsonian" is "Smithsonian Galaxy," an award-winning series of 2 V2 -minute features specifically de- signed for commercial radio stations. This extremely popular series continued to be heard over 230 stations in forty-seven states, Canada, the Virgin Islands, and the Mariana Islands. It was also broadcast on both the United States and the Canadian Armed Forces Radio Networks. Since stations broadcasting the series range from all-news to so-called "middle-of-the-road" music sta- tions, the series reaches a tremendously diverse audience. On the video side, "Here at the Smithsonian . . .," a series of two-minute features for television, continued its successful per- formance, growing from an experimental project in 1982 into a Public Service I 291 series which now fills vital programming needs in expanded TV news programs and magazine shows. In November 1982 the series was honored with a Silver Award from the International Film and TV Festival of New York. This year, twenty features were aired over sixty commercial and public TV stations nationwide, and pro- duction for next year's edition will begin in January 1984. The OTC pursued a new direction in 1983 with a pilot for a possible video series focusing on the art of biography and the relationship between a biographer and his subject. Developed in connection with the National Portrait Gallery's emphasis on biog- raphy, the half-hour pilot is now completed. Suitable for pbs or cable television, the program features Pulitzer Prize-winning biog- rapher Edmund Morris and National Portrait Gallery historian Marc Pachter discussing Morris's work. The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt. A funding proposal for a thirteen-part series of half- hour biography programs was submitted to the Corporation for Public Broadcasting's Annenberg Project for development of col- lege-level telecourses. In the third thrust, 1983 was the key production year for "Smithsonian World," the first major pbs series devoted to the vast cultural and scientific resources of the Institution. Principal shooting was completed in the United States, the Vatican, Panama, and Kenya, and noted writer/historian David McCullough was selected to host the new series. Each of the series' seven one-hour television programs explores a different theme from the many angles that scholars, scientists, artists, and other experts use to reveal all its facets. Funded by a grant from the McDonnell Foun- dation, "Smithsonian World" has the potential to reach the largest audience ever to view a television documentary. Coproduced by WETA-TV and the Smithsonian, the series will be broadcast in 1984 on a monthly schedule. Another primary focus for the otc is the continued production of quality films for nationwide distribution to pes stations, schools, libraries, and civic organizations. The film American Picture Pal- aces, produced in conjunction with a Cooper-Hewitt exhibition, is a vivid documentary of the golden age of movie theaters in the 1920s and 30s. Following its premiere in Washington, D.C., on April 22, 1983, the film received numerous awards, including a Bronze Award from the Houston International Film Festival of 292 / Smithsonian Year 1983 the Americas, a Red Ribbon Award from the American Film Festival, and a Silver Cindy Award from the Information Film Producers of America. Extensive planning and major filming in Paris and London were completed in September 1983 for a half-hour film. Peace Be Still, which commemorates the signing of the 1783 Treaty of Paris — an event that formally ended the American Revolution. This film follows on the heels of a successful companion film, Yorktown, which celebrates the final battle of the Revolution. With the assis- tance of the National Committee for the Bicentennial of the Treaty of Paris, this federally funded film will emphasize not only the events surrounding America's first peace agreement, but also the friendship that exists between the United States and Great Britain. With documentary film producer Julian Krainin, the otc is pre- paring two films on the Quadrangle project. The first, intended for fundraising and informational purposes, is now complete. The second, aiming at a broader audience, will document the actual construction of the new museum complex and discuss the impor- tance of the collections to be exhibited there. To strengthen the coordination and effectiveness of film and video activities throughout the Institution, the Motion Picture Unit of the Office of Exhibits Central and the Video Production Unit of the Office of Museum Programs were consolidated under the Office of Telecommunications. Smithsonian Institution Press In 1982 the Smithsonian Institution Press broadened its publishing role when it reorganized into three major divisions in order to accommodate the Smithsonian Collection of Recordings, formerly a part of the Division of Performing Arts. The Smithsonian Collec- tion, which has become the Recordings Division of the Press, produces and markets high-quality recordings of both modern and classical musical works illustrating research in musical history, developed and sponsored by Smithsonian staff members and, in many cases, performed on instruments in the Institution's extensive collections. Public Service I 293 Together with its book-pubHshing responsibiHties, the Press produces ar\nually some 300 pubHcations and several recordings relating directly to Smithsonian collections and research. The Smithsonian has been publishing books virtually since its foundation. Joseph Henry, the first Secretary of the Institution, translated James Smithson's founding charge for the diffusion of knowledge into a publication program that would give "an account of the new discoveries in science" and provide "separate treatises on subjects of general interest." The first publication — a research monograph. Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley, by E. C. Squires and E. H. Davis — appeared in 1848. Since then, the Institution has published a continuous flow of books and research papers by Smithsonian scholars and their colleagues across the nation. UNIVERSITY PRESS DIVISION Many of the works published by the University Press Division, one of the three components of the Press, are written by Smithsonian staff members, and consist of scientific monographs, exhibition catalogues, brochures, pamphlets, and guide books, as well as Smithsonian Year, the annual report of the Institution. This divis- ion of the Press also functions in the traditional manner of a university press, and annually publishes twenty-five to thirty books on scholarly subjects related to Smithsonian interests, which are sold through regular book trade channels in the United States and abroad. Recent publications of the University Press Division include: Stagecoach East: Stagecoach Days in the East from the Colonial Period to the Civil War; Beauty and the Beasts: On Museums, Art, the Law, and the Market; Finding Birds in the National Capital Area; The Muses Flee Hitler; Joseph Stella: The Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden Collection; Blessed are the Peace- makers: A Commemoration of the 200th Anniversary of the Treaty of Paris; "Geology and Paleontology of the Lee Creek Mine, North Carolina, Volume I," Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology, 53; "Prodromus of the Fossil Avifauna of the Hawaiian Islands," Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 365; The Ecology of a Tropical Forest; and Hummingbirds of North America. 294 / Smithsonian Year 1983 DIRECT MAIL DIVISION Established as an independent Smithsonian unit in 1977, the Direct Mail Division was integrated administratively into the Smithsonian Institution Press in September 1981. The division continues to be basically autonomous in acquisition and development of manu- scripts and in the editing and design of its books, which are color- fully illustrated and written for a popular audience on topics related to Smithsonian collections and research. They are published under the imprint Smithsonian Books and are sold predominantly by mail — for the most part to members of the Smithsonian Asso- ciates. Recent books published by this division of the Press are The Best of the Smithsonian, Thread of Life, and Treasures of the Smithsonian. RECORDINGS DIVISION The Smithsonian Collection of Recordings was transferred to the Press in October 1982, bringing with it a substantial backlist of recordings — all accompanied by extensive liner essays and photo- graphs— issued over the past ten years under the sponsorship of the Division of Performing Arts. These include The Smithsonian Collection of Classic Jazz; acclaimed recordings of J. S. Bach's Brandenburg Concerti; and Handel's Messiah. A recent agreement with Intersound has broadened record dis- tribution albums and cassettes to all major retail outlets in the United States. The division's concentration remains in direct-mail marketing, largely to Smithsonian Associates. Its latest effort is the six-LP album Big Band Jazz: From the Beginnings to the Fifties, selected and annotated by Gunther Schuller (noted composer, conductor, and author of Early Jazz) and Martin Williams (who selected and annotated the Classic Jazz album). Awards Awards to the Smithsonian Collection have included National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences "Grammy" nominations for Classic Country Music (Best Historical Album), Duke Ellington 1941 (Best Album Notes), and An Experiment in Modern Music: Public Service I 295 Paul Whiteman at Aeolian Hall (Best Historical Album and Best Album Notes). The National Association of Government Communicators has consistently recognized the Press's editors, to whom it has given more than twenty Blue Pencil Awards in recent years for titles such as Chinese Art of the Warring States Period, Inua: Spirit World of the Bering Sea Eskimo, and Eastern Chipmunks: Secrets of Their Solitary Lives. Design and production excellence has been frequently acknowledged as well, most recently by the Association of American University Presses for Chinese Art of the Warring States Period, and by the Art Directors Club of Metropolitan Washington. A complete list of Smithsonian Institution Press publications may be found in Appendix 5. Smithsonian Magazine Smithsonian magazine had a good year in spite of a generally poor national economy. Among the year's editorial highlights was a sixteen-page story on the Quadrangle and the Sackler collection. The story, which included a wraparound cover and a four-page gatefold showing the new museums, was the centerpiece of the magazine's Quadrangle fundraising effort. Another particularly significant project was the two-part series on the beginning and the end of the Universe. One of the most ambitious works the magazine has undertaken, the series encompassed thirty-two pages, and included an eight-page gatefold in which remarkable photo- graphs traced the history of the Universe from the moment of the Big Bang until today. Magazine advertising and circulation were adversely affected by the recession: 1983 advertising pages were down 6.2 percent; overall circulation down by 2.5 percent. Not only were these reductions relatively minor but also advertising and circulation increased in the last few months of 1983, compared with 1982. In production and distribution areas, the recession had a favor- able effect. Since the general inflation rate was lower, all costs related to the cost-of-living index were lower than projected. 296 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Paper costs, the greatest single cost constituent, actually decreased and postal charges were stable. On the editorial side, the magazine lost two members of the Board of Editors by retirement: Edwards Park, a charter member of the staff or, as we prefer to say, one of the Mayflower group, and Richard L. Williams. Ted will continue to write his popular column, "Around the Mall and beyond," and Dick will make occasional contributions. Coming to the Board of Editors were Timothy Foote, a former senior editor of Time magazine, and Jim Doherty, former executive editor of National Wildlife magazine. Visitor Information and Associates' Reception Center This was a year of challenging new horizons for the Visitor Infor- mation and Associates' Reception Center (viarc). Service units were increased and realigned to accommodate new programs, while added duties broadened and enhanced the scope of established activities. For the first time, a comprehensive overview of the full range of the center's responsibilities was published (in om 829). An Information Outreach Coordinator was engaged to pursue the center's newest objectives: development of a previsit education program; accelerated promotion of on-campus National Associate membership sales; and the design and implementation of an exterior graphic information system for Smithsonian visitors. Sig- nificant progress was realized in each project area. Liaison was established with the local, national, and international tour and travel industry; production started on a video cassette to be used as an orientation device at conventions, conferences, and tourist sites; a concentrated National Associate membership campaign was initiated in the Museum Shops, which resulted in a dramatic increase in membership sales; and the George Washington Univer- sity Department of Urban and Regional Planning agreed to work with viARC during the 1983-84 academic year to develop the basic elements of the graphic information system for Smithsonian visitors. These outreach efforts, coupled with two older programs, the Public Service I 297 Mobile Information Program and Group Information Services, form the center's new Information Outreach Unit. Some 100,000 abbreviated guides were distributed from four mobile information units operated on Mall museum walkways between Memorial and Labor Days. The time-saving assistance provided to summer visitors by the Mobile Unit staff was received with much enthusiasm and appreciation. Four hundred fifty groups attended the half-hour slide/lecture orientation to the Institution presented by the Group Information Services' volunteer lecturers. Groups represented ranged from elementary school students to Fulbright Scholars and included Smithsonian interns and new Institution employees at prescheduled programs, while Associates and the general public attended daily walk-in sessions. During the peak of summer visitation, morning orientations, timed to end as the museums opened at 10 a.m., filled the needs of some 1,800 "early bird" visitors. A notable first was the series of interpretative programs developed and presented by Castle docents in conjunction with a special exhibition in the Smithsonian Institution Building, Painting as a Pastime: The Paint- ings of Winston S. Churchill. In addition, these docents conducted 140 tours of the Castle for Associates as part of the National Associates' "Washington Anytime Weekend" travel package. The Seven-Day Information Service Unit, consisting of the Tele- phone Information Program and Museum Information Desk Pro- gram, continued to provide for the public a primary avenue of personal contact with the Institution. Incoming calls recorded by various segments of the Telephone Information Program totaled approximately 320,000, with the most "live" responses to calls in one day, in excess of 1,100, occurring on December 27 as a result of special activities at the National Air and Space Museum and the National Museum of American History. Responsibility for producing Dial-A-Museum and Dial-A-Phenomenon, twenty- four hour recorded telephone information, was transferred from the Office of Public Affairs. The Museum Information Desk Pro- gram, with some 400 volunteer information specialists, logged in 46,000 hours of service, staffing fourteen desks daily in eight museums. Information volunteers responded to numerous requests from bureaus for special assistance, including active participation in the pass system designed for crowd control at the American 298 / Smithsonian Year 1983 History museum's M*A*S*H exhibition and information services at Air and Space evening events. Another major viarc component, the Pubhc Inquiry Mail Service (piMs), the central research, response, and referral point for the Institution's unsolicited public mail, handled in excess of 37,000 letters. Telephone requests for previsit information materials in- creased outgoing mail by 30 percent. Close cooperation with several curatorial and professional offices resulted in the production of a record number of 130 new and updated fact sheets, bibliographies, and preprinted responses, all of which are utilized to give prompt, helpful answers to correspondents. New responsibilities included piMs's designation as the clearinghouse for Quadrangle-related correspondence and the assumption of the files of the Information Leaflet series from the Office of Public Affairs. In an effort to determine the nature, volume, and handling of public inquiries, the second annual Institution-wide mail survey was devised. Pims also continued production of a quarterly master list of merchandise for auxiliary sales units, and, in response to requests from prospec- tive visitors, mailed more than 20,000 copies of its booklet Plan- ning Your Smithsonian Visit. The fourth principal viarc constituent, the Staff/Volunteer Ser- vices Unit (svs), prepared to initiate a new program, the Intern Information and Registration Service, while continuing to strength- en its established areas: the Independent Volunteer Placement Service (ivps) and the Special Magazine Files. When fully staffed. Intern Services will provide the Institution with a central registry and an automated source of data on all Smithsonian interns and internships. Eight hundred forty-two behind-the-scenes volunteers were registered with the ivps in fiscal year 1983, an increase of 13 percent over 1982. Four hundred seventy-two were added, 47 percent of whom were recruited, interviewed, and referred to the professional staff in response to a record number of requests for assistance. In addition to providing support on curatorial and technical projects, volunteer staff aides assisted on such special projects as processing a large volume of mail generated by the proposed deer hunt at the National Zoological Park's Front Royal facility and the preparation of historic Bolivian textiles for the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service. Enrollment Public Service I 299 in the Volunteer Receptionist Program doubled, and in their first full year of activity, volunteer escort attaches accommodated the itineraries and needs of government and museum officials from more than fifteen countries. Institution-wide volunteer involvement is documented annually through a svs-conducted survey. In fiscal year 1982, 4,786 volun- teers contributed 516,521 hours to the Smithsonian and in fiscal year 1983, 4,219 individuals donated 459,296 hours. Functioning as the central fulfillment office for all reduced-rate National Associate memberships, the svs Special Magazine Files processed 4,210 National Associate Employee/Volunteer member- ships and 907 records on the Courtesy Mailing List. 300 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Smithsonian Year « 198} ADMINISTRATION Essential to the effective performance of the Institution's research, collections management, and public programs are the administra- tive, technical, and other central support services which, for the most part, work behind the scenes. These organization units in- clude accounting and financial services, contracts, equal oppor- tunity, facilities services, grants and risk management, information resource management, management analysis, personnel adminis- tration, printing and photographic services, programming and budget, supply service, and travel services. Exclusive of the ex- penses associated with the maintenance, operation, and protection of the Smithsonian's many buildings and natural areas, and the costs of utility, telephone, and postage services, the costs of these central support services are controlled tightly and amount to only about 6 percent of the Institution's total operating expenditures. Special areas of emphasis over the past year included revising the contents and format of the Five-Year Prospectus, the Smith- sonian's planning document; improving budget procedures; plan- ning for and implementing Institution-wide information systems; strengthening museum and other security; completing the con- struction of the Museum Support Center; and awarding a contract and starting construction of the Quadrangle. The International Exchange Service continued to serve as a transshipment point for books and journals being sent by about 200 United States organizations to foreign institutions and for similar materials coming to institutions in this country from abroad. With the completion of the transfer of responsibility for exchanging government publications to the Library of Congress and the U.S. Government Printing Office, the work of the Exchange 301 extends only to the handling of materials originating in the private sector. In fiscal year 1982, the program was transferred to the Administrative area for review of its current and future operations. Administrative and Support Activities JOHN F. JAMESON, ASSISTANT SECRETARY FOR ADMINISTRATION At its January 24, 1983, meeting the Board of Regents approved the Institution's Five Year Prospectus, FY 1984-1988 with a further projection past 1988 for longer-range goals and objectives. In addi- tion to describing directions in research, education, and other pub- lic service activities, the document called attention to plans for im- proving information handling, security, and maintenance of col- lections and facilities which constitute the Smithsonian's major resources. This planning effort involves staff in all areas and serves to highlight priorities, to sustain action to realize aspirations, and to provide a unified overview of accomplishments and plans to interested persons and organizations. Work started on the next cycle of preparation, resulting in a draft prospectus of fiscal year 1985-89 submitted for Regents review at the September 19, 1983, meeting. This draft incorporated a number of format changes aimed at emphasizing important programs and projects and making the document more interesting, as by the inclusion of photographs. The Office of Programming and Budget continued its efforts to improve the understanding of federal and trust budget policies and procedures within the Institution and to promote the development of more effective budget information and justifications, with re- sultant enhanced communications with the Office of Management and Budget and the Congress. The office presented the third Budget Procedures Workshop in October 1982, attended by ap- proximately sixty staff members from throughout the Institution; furthermore, a draft version of a Smithsonian budget procedures handbook was developed, with additional development and revi- sion of the draft document to continue in fiscal year 1984. The office worked with the Office of Management and Budget (omb) 302 / Smithsonian Year 1983 to initiate two changes geared to providing more efficient and accurate communication of budget data: (1) the office is participat- ing in a project sponsored by omb to enter the Institution's federal budget schedules directly into omb's computer database system; and (2) the office revised the format of the omb budget justification in order to relate the omb document more easily with the congres- sional budget justification. Other highlights include the development of a budget formula- tion framework, in cooperation with the Office of Information Resource Management, to determine the Institution's automation needs in fiscal year 1985; and selection of Jon E. Yellin, director of the office since October 1976, as a recipient of one of the first James E. Webb Fellowships, established last year in honor of the distinguishd former administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and Regent Emeritus of the Smithsonian. During 1983 the new Office of Information Resource Manage- ment (oirm) focused on planning for Smithsonian-wide informa- tion systems and on providing management with an overview of existing information activity. It issued a long-range plan for the development of computer resources at the Smithsonian which emphasized efficient management information systems and the enhancement of collections information databases and research resources. Oirm played an important role in advancing several large-scale, integrated software systems being acquired by the Institution. A system for handling bibliographic data from the libraries, archives, photographic collections, reprint files, and research bibliographies in the Institution was selected after a year of review by more than fifty members of the Smithsonian staff. The system, which will initially have more than one hundred terminals connected directly to it, will be implemented in 1984. Because the existing local area data network connecting ter- minals throughout the Mall will be saturated within a few years, oirm planned a new broadband network which will employ catv cabling to permit exchange of data and video images throughout the Mall and to distant Smithsonian sites. The network will be installed in segments, beginning in 1984. In order to take advantage of the information collected during the inventory of Smithsonian holdings conducted over the past Administration I 303 five years, and to relieve pressures for additional staff to handle museum registration, loan, exhibit tracking, and research activities, oiRM and museum staffs began planning in the summer of 1983 for an Institution-wide collections information system. The plan- ning effort, which is expected to last a full year, will culminate late in 1984 with the selection of software to be shared by those functions requiring collections information. By making collections- based information systems compatible throughout the Institution, the system will assist scholars and the public to make cross-bureau and interdisciplinary searches. It is also expected that it will pro- vide collections managers with greater capabilities than the Insti- tution could otherwise afford to provide. In addition to its planning function, oirm continued to provide support and enhancements to the many automated information systems in place throughout the Institution. Although it still op- erates a central computer facility and manages the Institution's major databases, oirm is helping Smithsonian staff select and implement micro-computer and office-automation systems, and stand-alone devices ranging from scientific-data-gathering and analysis computers to intelligent cash registers. One major decen- tralized system for which oirm provided technical support in 1983 was the Institution-wide museum security system. Highlights for the Office of Facilities Services included comple- tion of the final phase of construction of the Museum Support Center in March 1983, and the award of a contract to Blake Con- struction Company in June 1983, for construction of the Smith- sonian Quadrangle. Actual construction on the Quadrangle began during August 1983, and is expected to be completed in early 1986. Other activity during the year under the direction of the Office of Design and Construction included major exterior restora- tion as well as roof replacement of the Arts and Industries Build- ing; continuation of the Renwick Gallery facade restoration; and replacement of major heating, ventilating, and air conditioning equipment at the National Museum of American History, where major expansion of the Museum Shops is also underway. Major activity in the Office of Plant Services included the addi- tion of mechanical, electrical, and fire, smoke, and heat detector systems to the Computerized Preventive Maintenance Program for the Museum Support Center, the Chesapeake Bay Center for 304 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Environmental Studies (now part of the Smithsonian Environmen- tal Research Center), and the Cooper-Hewitt Museum. The Com- puterized Equipment Monitoring System, which analyzes the op- eration of various types of mechanical equipment in major Smith- sonian museums, was also extended to the Museum Support Center. During the year, tighter controls in the classification of Institutional mail resulted in an estimated savings of 10 percent in postal costs. Efforts to reduce usage in long-distance telephone calls were equally successful, as evidenced by usage reductions of about 15 percent projected for the year. Savings in postal and telephone costs will help offset expected rate increases in both areas in the next year. In the Office of Protection Services, significant progress was made toward the development of a comprehensive occupational health program for employees. A new medical officer was ap- pointed on a full-time basis and improvements in the quality of health services available to the staff are underway. Work contin- ued on the implementation of fire-protection master plans and on a major upgrade of security devices in Smithsonian facilities, as well as on the development and installation of an advanced elec- tronic security system geared specifically to museum applications. The first portion of the security system is expected to be operat- ing at the Museum Support Center in November 1983. The Smith- sonian's guard force continued its effective service to the visiting public and to the security of buildings and collections. Progress continues on the Institution's phased program to im- prove energy efficiency through the Renovation and Restoration of Buildings account. Comprehensive energy audits have now been completed at the Hirshhorn, Air and Space, Natural History, Amer- ican History, Arts and Industries, American Arts and Portrait Gallery buildings, and an energy audit by Smithsonian engineers is now in progress at the Renwick Gallery. Smithsonian staff mem- bers continue to participate in energy conservation measures in museums and galleries. Among other administrative accomplishments, the Office of Printing and Photographic Services made substantial progress toward the elimination of a very large quantity of hazardous cel- lulose nitrate negatives from photographic collections. This project is expected to be completed in about two more years. Equal oppor- Administration I 305 tunity efforts are having some success, with improvements in the representation of minority persons and women in professional jobs and in the upper grades. There has also been steady improvement in program and facility accessibility for disabled persons. Opportunities for training and career development for minority students and scholars have been greatly expanded, and there has been concerted action to develop working relationships with Wash- ington, D.C., universities and with the historically black colleges and universities. Under the auspices of the Office of Fellowships and Grants, many internship appointments and faculty fellowships are being made primarily from these schools. The Office of Ele- mentary and Secondary Education's new Career Awareness Pro- gram for high school students has been met with great enthusiasm by the District of Columbia PubHc Schools. In addition, there have been special actions by the Office of Equal Opportunity to provide minority and women's groups and organizations with information, assistance, and exhibitions. Goals for procurement from small and minority businesses were met. Financial Management Activities CHRISTIAN C. HOHENLOHE, TREASURER Continued improvements were made during the year to the Institu- tion's financial management system, resulting in more efficient procedures, tighter controls, enhanced communications, and fuller utilization of available resources. Working with the internal and independent auditors and pursuant to the oversight of the Audit and Review Committee of the Board of Regents, the Treasurer's office made efforts to enhance the full public accountability for all Institutional funds. Seminars and training sessions continued to be conducted by the Office of Accounting and Financial Services and the Office of Grants and Risk Management on accounting procedures, fiscal administration, business practices, and risk management considera- 306 / Smithsonian Year 1983 tions; these programs are designed to enhance staff understanding of the financial management system at all levels of the Institution. Further contributing to streamlining fiscal procedures was the establishment during the year of two additional accounting service units, satellites of the central accounting office, which provide local assistance to the bureau in processing financial documents and advising on procedures. Emphasis has also been placed on improv- ing financial reporting and analysis capability. Additional steps were taken during the year to improve cash- management controls. More timely concentration and investment of cash generated from nonappropriated trust fund activities, has resulted from the modernized banking system initiated in fiscal year 1982 and completed in 1983. In addition, a new invoice and receiving report control system was developed, which has enabled full utilization of discounts offered by vendors. In the areas of risk management and insurance, a complete re- view of all insured risks and coverages resulted in the consolidation of many policies, the elimination of both possible gaps and over- lapping coverage, and the streamlining of administrative tasks. Risk-management studies were conducted in a variety of areas, including auxiliary activities and collections management; actions to reduce risks included the initiation of defensive driving courses for Smithsonian drivers. Considerable effort was also directed to increasing awareness of staff throughout the Institution, as well as in the wider museum community, of the importance of early iden- tification and control of risks in all aspects of museum operations. Several auxiliary activities operate under the direction of the Business Management Office, including the Museum Shops, Mail Order Division, Concessions, Food Services, Parking, Belmont Conference Center, and Product Licensing. These activities offer the public a diverse range of services and enhance the educational experiences of the visitor through sale of reproductions and other products closely related to the Institution's collections and activi- ties. The sale of the Belmont Conference Center to the American Chemical Society, and the majority of the center's surrounding land to the State of Maryland, was concluded during the year. Under its new management, Belmont will continue to be operated as a conference center, and the land has become part of the Patapsco State Park. Administration I 307 Smithsonian Institution Women's Council Activities BETTY BEUCK, CHAIRPERSON During the past year the Women's Council continued its efforts to inform, enlighten, and educate the employees of the Smithsonian as to their rights and opportunities. The council was invited to give a presentation of its activities to the Secretary's Executive Committee, which led to the production of a written history of the council. The council sponsored a seminar on income-tax preparation, which was a follow-up on a series of three workshops last fall on end-of-year income-tax procedures. In the spring, the council pre- sented a series of three training seminars on career goals and upward mobility. The 4-5TAR newsletter continued its bimonthly coverage of current employment-related issues, highlighted by a two-volume issue on equal oportunity at the Smithsonian. Wom- en's Week, which has become an annual event, focused on the theme of "Feeling Good At Any Age" and included, along with seminars and performances on various aspects of aging, a day- long health fair cosponsored by the Smithsonian Health Units. A proposal for a retirement benefits package to honor long-term Smithsonian employees was submitted by the Women's Council to the Employees Benefits Committee for review. In addition, the council presented a proposal to the Women's Committee of the Smithsonian Associates for research and funding of a pilot child- care program for employees' children. Efforts continued to locate appropriate space for the establishment of a child-care center. 308 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Smithsonian Year • ip8} MEMBERSHIP AND DEVELOPMENT JAMES MCK. SYMINGTON, DIRECTOR Office of Development The funding campaign for the Center for African, Near Eastern, and Asian Cuhures in the Quadrangle has continued to be the principal concern of the office. Secretary Ripley and the assistant secretary for Museuni Programs visited a number of countries in the Middle East to inform their governments and selected corpora- tions of the project and to seek support; the state of Bahrain has already responded with a leadership gift toward construction. In the United States, efforts to secure the $37.5 million needed to match an equal amount of federal appropriations have proceeded well, to the point that attention is also being directed now toward securing support for programs for the new center, as well as for construction. Many gifts have been received from foundations, corporations, and individuals in this country, including more than $2 million from members of the National Board of the Smithsonian Associ- ates. Most notable were a pledge of $3 million from Mrs. Enid Haupt for the international garden which will cover the below- grade portion of the structure and serve to introduce visitors to the cultural riches below, and a grant of $1 million from the Pew Memorial Trust for the new Educational Center. While the Quadrangle campaign did progress well this year, the current situation in the philanthropic world has affected the Smithsonian's efforts to obtain private support for the multiplicity 309 of exhibitions, research, and educational projects of the bureaus. The economic and social policies of the administration, together with the drastic effects of the recession, have caused many cor- porations to focus their philanthropic activities upon their local communities, with particular concern for welfare programs for the unemployed; the result in many cases has been a diminution of support for national cultural and educational organizations. Never- theless, a number of Smithsonian programs have attracted signifi- cant support, including a grant of $1 million from the W. Alton Jones Foundation to the Tropical Research Institute for research on ways to counteract the loss of tropical forests, and support from Champion International, American Telephone and Telegraph, and Guerlain, Inc., for major exhibitions at the National Museum of American History (organized by sites), the Freer, and the Portrait Gallery, respectively. The office was pleased to add a new member in 1983, Eileen White, who is serving as development officer at the Cooper-Hewitt Museum and who, among other tasks, is planning for a funding campaign there. In order to respond further to the situation in the philanthropic marketplace, two additional staff members will join the Office of Development in fiscal year 1984. National Board of the Smithsonian Associates This board, under the leadership of its new chairman, W. L. Hadley Griffin, continues its interest in the Institution and most especially, in the Associate programs and the Center for African, Near East- ern, and Asian Cultures. Board support of the Quadrangle has been exemplary, with thirty-seven members having donated more than $2 million toward the construction. There continues to be a closer association between the National Associate Board and the Board of Regents, with Chairman Griffin having attended several Regents meetings. New members elected to the board in 1983 were James Clement, WiHiam Boeschenstein, Marshall Field, and Mrs. Peter Wray. The board met as usual in Washington, D.C., in the autumn of 1982 and in Chicago in the spring of 1983. 310 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Women's Committee of the Smithsonian Associates Continuing efforts by the Women's Committee members paid off this year with two highly successful major fundraisers. The net proceeds from the annual Christmas Ball, sponsored by the Wom- en's Committee, provided support for the following thirteen pro- jects, which were selected from forty-one submissions: renovation of the Electricity Discovery Corner at the National Museum of American History; educational equipment and supplies for the National Esturine Sanctuary at Rhodes River; an educational fam- ily folder at the Hirshhorn Museum; refurbishment of laboratory facilities of the Orchidaceae Collection in the Office of Horticul- ture; providing funds for software for a minicomputer project named "Growing-Up" in the Department of Paleobiology; assist- ing the Department of Botany's Smithsonian-sponsored volume on Grasses of Ceylon; assisting the Department of Entomology with the Menendez Collection of new species; purchase of original photographic negatives and copying of old source prints for the Newar Research and improvement of the Himalayan area. National Anthropological Archives; research funds for the sites exhibition Hollywood: Legend and Reality; a guide for disabled visitors at the National Zoo; production of a set of astronomical slides for sale at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory; Docent Educa- tion Fund for lecture series and Museum Education Day at the National Museum of American History; and continuing support for the Free Film Theater of the Resident Associate Program. The Women's Committee's new fundraiser, the Washington Craft Show, was held for the first time May 5-8, 1983, in the Departmental Auditorium. More than 6,000 application requests were received and 1,500 completed applications were returned. The jury, consisting of Lloyd Herman, director of the Renwick Gallery; Lee Hall, then president of the Rhode Island School of Design; and John Click, well-known potter from Michigan, chose 100 craftspeople to exhibit and sell at the three-day show. A total of $3,000 was awarded in prize money. A fundraising preview party was held the evening before the show opened to the public. Concurrently, Crafts Today: Ihe 1983 National Forum on Con- noisseurship and Collecting was sponsored by the Renwick Collec- Membership and Development I 311 tor's Alliance, the Resident Associate Program, and the National Associate Travel Program. The craft show proceeds netted more than $45,000 for the Institution; the second annual such show is planned for April 26-29, 1984. Finally, the East Garden, between the Arts and Industries Build- ing and the Hirshhorn Museum, is nearing completion. The Wom- en's Committee provided substantial contributions toward its de- sign and construction in 1978 and 1979. A formal opening is planned for the near future. James Smithson Society Since the inception of the James Smithson Society in 1977 as the highest level of the Contributing Membership Program, it has granted more than $1 million in support of Smithsonian projects and acquisitions. This year, through the contributions of Annual Members, the society provided partial support to the National Museum of Natural History for the exhibition The Invisible World, as well as acquisition funds to the Freer Gallery of Art for the purchase of a pair of Shinto sculptures; to the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden for the acquisition of a sculpture by Carl Milles; and to the National Portrait Gallery for the purchase of a glass plate negative of Abraham Lincoln by Alexander Gardner. Monies were also allotted to the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute to support a pilot educational and research project, di- rected at the recovery and improvement of deforested areas, and to the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory for a free lecture series on modern astronomy, in cooperation with the National Air and Space Museum. The Conservation Analytical Laboratory re- ceived funds to publish a hardbound publication on the Smith- sonian Mace, the scepter which supports the Smithsonian Badge. A Radio Smithsonian miniseries on stories and storytellers was made possible through funding to the Office of Telecommunica- tions. And finally, the Society for the fourth year, has given $40,000 toward the construction of the Educational Center within the Quadrangle development. 312 / Smithsonian Year 1983 The Smithsonian Institution gratefully acknowledges the gen- erous support of the members of the James Smithson Society. Smithsonian National Associate Program In Secretary Ripley's words, an Associate is one who has "joined a special community . . . [and] become part of a rigorous educa- tional and cultural force everywhere in the land." {Smithsonian [September 1976] : 6.) This national dynamism was observed again and again in 1983 as Associate members participated in activities planned for them and as the Institution continued to expand its commitment to public education and scholarship through member- ship programs. Since its inception in 1970, the Smithsonian National Associate Program (snap), in cooperation with other Smithsonian bureaus, has provided innovative educational opportunities for Smithsonian Associates throughout the nation. Through Smithsonian magazine, members join activities that increase their awareness of the Institu- tion and encourage additional support for its work. The four units that currently make up the National Associate Program offer benefits to Associates in a variety of ways, all of which are directed toward increasing members' personal involve- ment with the life of the Smithsonian. The programs include: Contributing Membership, Regional Events, Selected Studies Sem- inars, and Associates Travel. CONTRIBUTING MEMBERSHIP The Contributing Membership of the National Associate Program provides unrestricted funds for the Smithsonian's research and education programs through six levels of annual memberships: Supporting ($50), available only to members living beyond the greater Washington, D.C., metropolitan area; Donor ($100); Spon- soring ($250); Sustaining ($500); Patron ($1,000); and the James Smithson Society ($1,500). Membership and Development I 313 At the end of the 1983 fiscal year, there were 23,000 Contrib- uting Members, an increase of 25 percent over 1982. Income from these members during the year amounted to $2 milUon. That total included more than $129,500 from members who, in addition to their annual dues, made a special gift toward construction of the Quadrangle, the Smithsonian's new Center for African, Near Eastern, and Asian Cultures. Also included are contributions from corporations that match their employees' donations to the Smith- sonian. Revenue from corporate matching gifts in 1983 was almost double that received in 1982. Thirteen special events were arranged as benefits for Contrib- uting Members during the year. Among these were an opening night reception and viewing of the exhibition David Smith: Painter, Sculptor, Draftsman at the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden; a picnic and docent-led tours at the Paul E. Garber Preser- vation, Restoration, and Storage Facility of the National Air and Space Museum; and a special viewing and reception at the Textile Museum for the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service's show Aymara Weavings: Ceremonial Textiles of Colonial and 19th Century Bolivia. For the second year, the Vice-President of the United States and Mrs. George Bush served as honorary sponsors of the Contributing Membership's "Silverscreen Ball," the annual black-tie dance for members, held this year in the National Portrait Gallery's Great Hall. The Contributing Membership Program has continued to work in cooperation with other Smithsonian bureaus to further the aims of the Institution. Advance commitment to purchase 9,000 copies of the catalogue published in conjunction with the Hirshhorn exhibition David Smith: Painter, Sculptor, Draftsman helped in the development and printing of that publication. The catalogues were sent to members as a benefit of their membership. The Con- tributing Membership also purchased and mailed to all of its out-of-town members Smithsonian Institution Research Reports, published three times a year by the Office of Public Affairs, high- lighting the scientific research and educational projects occurring throughout the Institution. Contributing Members living outside of the Washington area continued to receive priority in registering for offerings of the Regional Events Program in their communities during the year. 314 / Smithsonian Year 1983 REGIONAL EVENTS The Regional Events Program brings a sampling of the Smith- sonian to Associates Hving beyond the Washington, D.C., area by presenting lectures, workshops, and seminars in their home communities. In 1983 Smithsonian curators and scientists joined the Regional Events Program in Las Vegas, Phoenix, San Diego, Oakland, Scranton, Wilkes-Barre, Milwaukee, Lansing, Grand Rapids, Kalamazoo, Anchorage, Fairbanks, and Juneau. More than 160 events were offered to approximately 240,000 Associates and members of cosponsoring groups in the host communities. The program cooperated with sixty-six local cosponsoring organiza- tions and four national cosponsors. During 1983 many of the events were fully subscribed and addi- tional sessions were scheduled in the host cities. In response to demand, a greater number of in-depth seminars were offered. The Regional Events Program introduced twenty-six new topics into the program that reflect current Smithsonian research and com- plement local interests. Examples of current programs include "Scientific Illustration" with George Venable, National Museum of Natural History (nmnh), and "Space Station Construction" with Kerry Joels, Na- tional Air and Space Museum (nasm). William Fitzhugh and Susan Kaplan (nmnh) lectured on "Inua: Spirit World of the Bering Sea Eskimo" highlighting the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhi- bition Service show which visited Anchorage and Fairbanks during the summer of 1983. Barbara Shissler Nosanow, National Museum of American Art, described the art from Applachia in an illus- trated lecture. Richard Fiske (nmnh) offered seminars on volcan- ology. Clyde Roper (nmnh) presented in-depth seminars on squid and octopus and offered cooking classes during which Associates prepared and sampled gourmet dishes from the sea. During the past year, thirty-three representatives from fifteen bureaus of the Institution joined the Regional Events in the host cities. In addition to lecturing to Associates and the general public, curators and scientists had an opportunity to further their research interests by conferring with colleagues throughout the country. For example, during his visit to Kalamazoo, Donald Lopez (nasm) attended the annual Kalamazoo Air Show. Esin Atil, Freer Gallery Membership and Development I 315 of Art, participated in a symposium on Islamic art during the Regional Events Program in Phoenix. Another innovation that has allowed the Regional Events Pro- gram to expand its audience and offerings is the participation and support of national cosponsors: The Institute of Lifetime Learning, the American Association of Retired Persons; the EAA Aviation Foundation; the National Trust for Historic Preservation; and The Alliance Fran^aise. Several corporations — United Airlines, World Airways, The Marriott Corporation, The Travelers Inn of Fair- banks, and The Hertz Corporation — demonstrated their concern for public education by assisting the program with in-kind services. Colleges and universities also played a major role in the cospon- sorship of the Regional Events Program. The University of Nevada, Division of Continuing Education, served as the primary cosponsor in Las Vegas. Lectures and seminars were also held at the Uni- versity of Wisconsin, Marquette University (Milwaukee), Uni- versity of Scranton, and the University of Alaska (Fairbanks). The Regional Events Program drew unprecedented notice from the media with more than 100 feature articles, including nine full-page interviews with Smithsonian lecturers in Scranton. Speak- ers were also invited to describe their research interests on thirty- one TV and radio broadcasts. The impact of the Regional Events Program in host cities was broadened when its staff worked with the Appalachian Community Service Network and Southern Edu- cational Cable Association to cablecast "Smithsonian Profiles" (five one-half hour cable presentations featuring selected Smithsonian curators and scientists) to more than two million subscribers nationwide. SELECTED STUDIES Selected Studies, an intensive education program of snap, con- ducted fifteen week-long seminars in fiscal year 1983. Drawing upon the collections and expert staff of the Smithsonian, as well as visiting scholars and scientific and cultural authorities, the pro- grams combined illustrated lectures, films, special behind-the- scenes tours, and field trips to offer National Associates compre- hensive courses on a wide variety of topics in the arts, humanities, and sciences. 316 / Smithsonian Year 1983 People of many ages, backgrounds, and interests — ranging from novices to lifelong enthusiasts or travelers preparing for or con- tinuing their studies abroad — enroll from all parts of the United States. A number of professionals who participate do so in order to increase their contacts, update their knowledge, or make a career change. Participants also come from Canada and occasion- ally from other countries. This spring two Associates from the Arabian Gulf country of Bahrain attended the program "Quilting with the Experts." Because of growing demand generated by previous offerings and the necessity of limiting enrollment to assure a personal sem- inar atmosphere, many of the popular subjects were repeated, including "Genealogical Research: How to Do It," "Connoisseur- ship of American Antique Furniture, 1650-1840," "China: A Cul- tural History," and "Aircraft Restoration: How To." At the same time, a whole new direction in study programs started with the introduction of the "Contemporary Book Publish- ing" course. The director and staff of the Smithsonian Institution Press and guest experts highlighted new developments in editing, designing, producing, and marketing popular, trade, and scholarly books today. Participants ranged from technical writers from Fortune 500 companies to college book store managers, college professors, successful authors and those hoping to be published. Another highlight included the participation of the personal representative of His Holiness the Dalai Lama, Tenzin Tethong, in the program "Tibet: Lost Horizons." Large numbers of travelers who had already participated in Associate Travel Program Study tours to Yucatan, or who were preparing to go, attended the seminar on the Maya taught by George Stuart, staff archeologist at the National Geographic Society. Two major exhibitions were the basis for several new programs. Painting in Naples from Caravaggio to Luca Giordano, at the National Gallery of Art, was the focus of an art seminar, "Passion and Power: Baroque Art," which drew many participants who had attended previous art seminars. "The Golden Age of Flight" pro- gram was offered in anticipation of that major gallery opening at the National Air and Space Museum. It featured the nasm staff, popular authors, and Gen. Leigh Wade, who made the first round- the-world flight Membership and Development I 317 Donald Lopez, deputy director of the National Air and Space Museum, shows rare aircraft at the Paul E. Garber Facility to participants from all over the United States in the "Golden Age of Flight" program, one of the National Associates' Selected Studies seminars. ASSOCIATES TRAVEL PROGRAM The Associates Travel Program of snap presents educational study tours that mirror the interests and concerns of the Institution. Tours are designed for members who are particularly interested in the work of the national museums and the subjects in Smithsonian magazine. The educational content of both foreign and domestic tours is enhanced by a study leader; each trip is led by one or more Smithsonian or guest scholars as well as Smithsonian staff repre- sentatives. Since 1975, more than 40,000 Associates have partici- pated in study tours throughout the world. In 1983 domestic and foreign study tours continued to show strong enrollments with more than 3,000 members traveling on 100 tours. Many of the tours were filled four to six months prior to departure, and several programs were repeated to accommodate demand. Associates chose from forty Domestic Study Tours to all parts of the United States, from Hawaii to Florida. Over two-thirds of these trips were planned to give Associates a greater appreciation of the natural world. A marine biologist introduced Associates to the importance of barrier islands and estuaries while camping on Georgia's Sapelo Island. During their stay on the Dry Tortugas, Associates observed the Sooty Tern that nests only on these remote islands. Another group camped and hiked on three Hawaiian islands and observed the geologic evidence of their unique develop- ment. Geology became more meaningful to Associates who hiked in Bryce, Zion, Grand Canyon, and Big Bend National Parks. Others explored Yellowstone on cross-country skis to examine at close range the ways plants and animals adapt to winter. Some tours were designed to develop a greater appreciation of America's heritage. Associates visited Kentucky, North Carolina, and Louisiana, and discovered the special ethnic flavor of these regions as represented by their architecture, decorative arts and foods. The history of the Old West was featured on trips to Colo- rado and Wyoming. Local historians recreated the excitement of the gold rush era on a program of Colorado's mining and railroad history. Herman Viola, director of the National Anthropological Archives, led a trip to Wyoming to tell the story of the Indian Wars. He was joined by representatives of the Sioux and Crow Indian tribes, who related stories from their family histories. For Membership and Development I 319 those interested in contemporary American crafts, a weekend pro- gram was designed in conjunction with the first annual Washing- ton Craft Show sponsored by the Smithsonian's Women's Com- mittee. There were many new destinations for participants in the Foreign Study Tours. The residential seminar program was ex- panded to include Florence in addition to Salzburg, Kyoto, Scot- land, and Oxford University. The Asia series continued with a study tour focusing on history, culture, and art in Thailand and Burma, and thirteen tours covered a variety of destinations in the People's Republic of China. New land-based programs in Europe included two art history tours in Italy, and a two-week country- side visit to Rouen and the Normandy region of France. Members studied canals and industrial archeology in England and Wales, and participated in special lectures, tours, and festivities during the Christmas season in Canterbury. Walter Boyne (nasm) led aviation enthusiasts on a study tour of airfields and air museums in England and France. Study voyages allowed Associates to travel with Paul Taylor (nmnh) through the islands of Indonesia, to study the countries bordering the Black Sea with Von Hardesty (nasm), and to visit Ecuador and the Galapagos Islands under the direction of David Steadman (nmnh). Headed by Terry Erwin (nmnh), a team of eight scientists, including Betty Meggers (nmnh), Stanley Weitzman (nmnh), and George Venable (nmnh), led members on a study voyage along the Amazon River, from Belem, Brazil, to Iquitos, Peru. Associates visited sites of historical importance in Egypt and Jordan while crusing the Red Sea, and participated in the Smith- sonian's first Nile cruises, sailing from Cairo to Aswan. A group of adventurous sailors studied marine biology and maritime history on a two-week Atlantic crossing from Spain to the Caribbean aboard the tall ship Sea Cloud. More than 3,000 Associates participated in the Washington "Anytime" Weekend, designed to give members an opportunity to visit the nation's capital and the Smithsonian any weekend during the year. The -program is executed in cooperation with Visitors Information and Associates' Reception Center, which pro- vides a behind-the-scenes tour of the Castle and is available for information and guidance during the weekend. 320 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Smithsonian Associates study the intricately carved houses in Tana Toradja on the island of Sulawesi during a trip to Indonesia. Smithsonian Resident Associate Program The Smithsonian Resident Associate Program — the private, self- supporting, cuhural, continuing education, membership, and out- reach arm of the Smithsonian Institution for metropoHtan Wash- ington, D.C. — is considered a model for museum membership and educational programs both nationally and internationally. Estab- lished in 1965 by Secretary Ripley to provide opportunities for those who live in the Washington area to participate actively in the life of the Smithsonian, the program offers an extensive range of innovative, high-quality, and timely activities that complement and enhance the exhibitions, collections, and research of the Insti- tution. The Resident Associate Program draws its membership from the District of Columbia, Northern Virginia, and Maryland; mem- bership has grown from 8,000 with a retention rate of about 50 percent in 1972 to 55,000 in 1983, with a retention rate of 79 per- cent in fiscal year 1983 (up 3 percent from 1982). During fiscal year 1983, the more than 950 activities offered were attended by 117,000 persons, a substantial increase both in number of events and participants from the previous year. Self-supporting since 1972, the program fully reimburses the Institution for office space rental, computer and audiovisual sup- port, labor and guard service, and administrative support. More- over, the program has annually generated a modest surplus, which is transferred to the unrestricted funds of the Institution. COOPERATION WITH SMITHSONIAN BUREAUS The program's primary focus continues to be planning activities which enhance popular appreciation of Smithsonian exhibitions, collections, and curatorial research. This year's collaboration with the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculp- ture Garden included special evenings with artist Friedel Dzubas and art historian, director, and collector Perry Rathbone; informal dialogues with dealer Mary Boone and critic Carter Ratcliff; and a lecture by Grace Glueck (see Lectures section for more details). The program also offered member previews of the Hirshhorn's David Smith, Painter, Sculptor, Draftsman exhibition in November. 322 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Four new Smithsonian museum directors were welcomed by the Resident Associate Program this year. A special evening was planned in October for Resident Associates to meet Charles Eldredge, National Museum of American Art, and Alan Fern, Na- tional Portrait Gallery. Sylvia Williams, new director of the National Museum of African Art, was introduced to Resident Asso- ciates at an informal June lecture and reception. Walter Boyne presented two programs for Resident Associates, one in June in recognition of his new position as director of the National Air and Space Museum, and the other dealing with research for his new book, Boeing B-52: A Documentary History (Smithsonian Institu- tion Press, 1983). Roger Kennedy, director of the National Museum of American History, presented three lectures on church architecture in Amer- ica, and Theodore Reed, director of the National Zoo, posed the question "Why Zoos?" in a thoughtful lecture before he retired last April. A lecture on "Gravitational Images in Space" was de- livered in July by Irwin Shapiro, new director of the Harvard- Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics in Cambridge, Massachusetts. In cooperation with Charles Eldredge, Lloyd Herman, director of the Renwick Gallery, and the Women's Committee of Smithsonian Associates, the Resident Associate Program was one of the orga- nizers of the "Crafts Today" four-day forum of American craft arts scheduled concurrently with the first Washington Craft Show, sponsored by the Women's Committee. Two evening extravaganzas — "Step into the Eighteenth Cen- tury"— were staged for young people and their families to celebrate the National Portrait Gallery's Charles Willson Peale exhibition. More than 16,000 Associates enjoyed the gala Stars exhibition openings at the National Air and Space Museum in June. R. E. G. Davies, Charles A. Lindbergh Professor of Aerospace History, lectured on the history of commercial aviation and also created an original, limited-edition color print of the Castle building, which Resident Associates have purchased in large quantity. The program continued to commission original works of art to commemorate Smithsonian events. The latest work, commissioned at the end of fiscal year 1983, is a panoramic view of the Smith- sonian museums on the Mall by artist Richard Haas. A number of courses and lectures were organized during the Membership and Development I 323 Sylvia Williams, new director of the National Museum of African Art, speaks with guests at an informal reception in June for Resident Associates. (Photograph by Lillian M. O'Connell) year in collaboration with the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars: examining Russia after Brezhnev; Japanese culture and society today and in the coming decades; and taking a look at the modern Egyptians. The Soviet film series "Kino" (see Film section) was presented in cooperation with the center's Ken- nan Institute for Advanced Russian Studies. The Resident Associate Program responded to the Institution- wide celebration of the bicentennial of the Treaty of Paris, which formally concluded the American Revolution, with several activi- ties, including a series of the best of British films, a course, and lectures. The program conducted its ninth annual photography contest for Resident Associates, young and old. Subjects of the entries are Smithsonian-related (museum buildings, objects in the collec- tions, or people relating to Smithsonian buildings, grounds, or col- lections), and the winning photographs are displayed in the Asso- ciate Court and published in the Associate newsletter. OUTREACH The Resident Associate Program works closely with civic, cultural, and educational institutions in Washington, presenting activities which are open to the public as well as to members. For the tenth consecutive year, the program presented the Audu- bon Lecture Series in cosponsorship with the Audubon Naturalist Society and the Friends of the National Zoo. This year's double series attracted more than 730 subscribers and a total of 9,300 persons for all the lectures. In March the program collaborated with the Northern Virginia Chapter of the American Institute of Architects and the Wash- ington/Alexandria Center of the College of Architecture and Urban Studies, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University to present the second in an annual series of architectural design seminars. These provide a forum for the study and application of basic design principles to a specific site in the Washington area — this year, the area adjacent to the new King Street Metro Station in Alexandria, Virginia. Taught by some of the most distinguished architects and architectural educators in the country, the seminar combined lectures, discussion panels, and small group studio charrettes. Membership and Development I 325 In an all-day seminar, prominent national officials and educators discussed the implications of the Law of the Sea Convention for the United States and other nations of the world. The program was cosponsored with Ambassador Elliott Richardson and Citizens for Ocean Law. To celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the Folger Shakespeare Library, the program presented a season of sell-out evenings, which included five theatrical productions embellished by postperfor- mance encounters with actors, directors, and producers, and a lecture by O. B. Hardison, director of the Folger Shakespeare Library. For the seventh consecutive year, a Caribbean Gala was presented, saluting the Caribbean/American Intercultural Organi- zations' annual Caribbean Independence Week. Jamaican, Trini- dadian, and Virgin Island dances were featured. The Resident Associate Program, in its ongoing efforts to attract more minority members for its activities, cosponsored a fall break- fast at the Smithsonian Castle for black ministers with the Council of Churches of Greater Washington, through its executive director, Ernest Gibson. In observance of Black History Month in February, the program offered a tour to the Mary McLeod Bethune Museum. Mary Bethune was an adviser on black issues to four presidents, an international consultant on human rights, and a renowned edu- cator, who founded the Bethune-Cookman College. The seventeenth annual Smithsonian Kite Festival — open to Associates and the general public — took place in March, with hun- dreds of participants entering kites of all sizes and shapes and representing countries from as far away as Taiwan. For the eleventh consecutive year, tuition-free scholarships were awarded to inner-city young people and adults to attend courses. Through the District of Columbia Public School System, eighty- six elementary school students received full scholarships to attend Young Associate classes in fiscal year 1983, and 247 scholarships were awarded to adults, high school students, and Smithsonian docents to attend the program's adult courses. School authorities agreed this spring to grant professional credit to teachers attend- ing program courses. In addition, secondary school teachers who took part in the summer workshops of the Discover Graphics pro- gram (see section on New Activities) were eligible for graduate credit from Trinity College. 326 / Smithsonian Year 1983 NATIONAL CONCERNS The Resident Associate Program occupies a prominent position in the continuing education field. Resident Associate staff members are active in the National University Continuing Education Asso- ciation (nucea) as well as in the American Association of Mu- seums. The program's director consults regularly in education, pro- gramming, and membership for museums, art centers, and institu- tions of higher learning throughout the country and abroad. The associate director lectured on planning at the regional conference of NUCHA in November; the young associate coordinator lectured on programming for young people at the American Association of Museum Northeast Regional Meeting, and the program coordinator for adult courses was named chair-elect of the regional chapter of NUCHA. INTERNATIONAL ACTIVITIES The Resident Associate Program was active in several different international arenas during the year. Courses, a seminar, studio arts, young people's programs, and a film series were offered under a grant from the National Commission as part of the year-long American celebration of the Tricentennial of German Emigration to America. A historical photographic exhibition, Germans to America, 300 Years of Immigration 1683-1983, was presented in the Castle in April, cosponsored by the Resident Associate Pro- gram and the Embassy of the Federal Republic of Germany. The program also presented several activities to complement the Islam Centennial XIV celebration in this country. The director served on the national committee for the United Nation's declaration of 1983 as "World Communications Year," and several courses were pre- sented on telecommunications. In collaboration with the Scandi- navian embassies, a seminar on Scandinavian design, a course on Finland, and a course on Scandinavian art, music, and literature highlighted the 1983 celebration of Scandinavia Today. A film fes- tival featuring the new Australian cinema was offered in coopera- tion with the Australian Film Commission and the Embassy of Australia — and sold out three times. LECTURES, SEMINARS, SYMPOSIA, PERFORMING ARTS, FILMS This component of the program enables members to enjoy a Membership and Development I 327 variety of individual cultural experiences. During the year, 153 events in the arts, humanities, and sciences, were attended by more than 54,000 people. Lectures Notable speakers included sculptor Isamu Noguchi; painter Friedel Dzubas; leading authority on museum and private art collections Perry Rathbone; master storyteller Jay O'Callahan; veteran ani- mator Walter Lantz; NASA chief scientist Frank McDonald; as- tronomer and university president Richard Berendzen; award- winning historian William E. Leuchtenberg; biochemist Cyril Pon- namperuma; paleoanthropologist Donald Johanson; and Folger Shakespeare Library director O. B. Hardison. More than 27,000 persons attended the ninty-six individual lectures this year. Seminars and Symposia Nineteen intensive day-long seminars and symposia enabled 2,850 participants to examine a wide variety of subjects. Eminent scholars addressed new interpretations of Manet, the search for human origins, the arts of ancient China, the revolutionary early-twen- tieth-century art movement, "The Eight," visions of society and technology of the twenty-first century, the international impera- tives to save the sea about us, new excavations at the ancient city of Ebla, and penetrating analyses of contemporary West Germany in the international balance of power. Performing Arts Sunday morning concerts, a regular annual feature, presented music from medieval to modern in elegant and gracious settings. For the fourth consecutive year, demand necessitated a double schedule of pianist John Eaton's American popular music Sunday concert series. Summer outdoor concerts in the courtyard of the National Museum of American Art/National Portrait Gallery fea- tured outstanding jazz. Dixieland, Latin, and bluegrass groups, at- tracting capacity audiences. International distinction was added to the program with the mesmerizing sitar trio performance of world- renowned musician Imrat Khan and his sons; by the Caribbean 328 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Artist Isamu Noguchi treated Resi- dent Associates to a rare public ap- pearance in a slide-illustration eve- ning of his life's work. Dizzie Gillespie performed in the Resident Associate Program's "Trib- ute to Earl 'Fatha' Hines," opening the performing arts season. (Photo- graph by Lillian M. O'Connell) Heritage Group and Mudra-Caribe at the annual Caribbean Gala; and by the Berlin Brass Quintet and the Annapohs Brass Quintet saluting the German-American Tricentennial Celebration. Launching the new, expanded performing arts aspect of the Resi- dent Associate Program, two prominent and highly acclaimed events opened the fall season. Jazz greats Dizzy Gillespie and Billy Eckstine paid a memorable tribute to the late Earl "Fatha" Hines; "Playing the Palace/' a ringing performance of ragtime, inaugu- rated the new concert series cosponsored with the National Por- trait Gallery. Films "Kino," an extraordinarily successful series of Soviet films, was presented in cooperation with the American Film Institute and the Embassy of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Premiere screenings of recent productions in the "New Australian Cinema" series attracted overflow audiences. The "Opera on Film" series, deluged with subscribers, necessitated use of a larger theater to accommodate demand. IMAX previews of Flyers, Hail Columbia, and Behold Hawaii introduced full houses to these technically ad- vanced, aesthetically stunning large-format films. "Life in the Negro Baseball League" brought stars of the league to the Smith- sonian for a world premiere of the film There Was Always Sun Shining Someplace, which they discussed with the filmmakers and museum curator Carl Scheele in a moving and inspiring evening of reminiscence. Filmmaker Johanna Spector introduced her award-winning films on "Vanishing Jewish Communities," engendering a flood of re- quests requiring a repeat program to an overflow audience. Two special series were developed to observe international commemora- tive occasions: "Hollywood Goes German" celebrated the Tricen- tennial of German Emigration with film classics created by German masters of cinema who also became established as leaders of the American film industry; "The Best of Britain" celebrated the bi- centennial of the signing of the Treaty of Paris. More than 17,000 persons attended Resident Associate films this year. The Free Film Theater, supported by the Women's Committee of Smithsonian Associates, Educational Outreach Funds, and the Resi- 330 / Smithsonian Year 1983 dent Associate Program, presented forty-nine film programs, re- peated twice a week, October through June. COURSES Lecture Series The curriculum of arts, sciences, and humanities for educated adults — offered four terms per year — provides opportunities for serious study with Smithsonian and visiting scholars. In 1983, 190 lecture courses were offered, attended by 9,085 students, setting a new record as the highest Resident Associate enrollment ever, up 9 percent over the previous year. Among the best-attended courses were "Color and Interior De- sign," planned in conjunction with the Potomac Chapter of the American Society of Interior Designers; "Basic Computer Liter- acy"; "Russia After Brezhnev"; "The Telecommunications Revolu- tion"; and "Architecture: the State of the Art/' cosponsored with the Washington Metropolitan Chapter of the American Institute of Architects. The year's outstanding guest lecturers included architects Charles Gwathmey, John Burgee, and Stanley Tigerman; antique expert Harold Sack; political cartoonist Pat Oliphant; Cyril Black, director for International Studies, Princeton University; and the extraordi- nary Buckminster Fuller, who delivered one of his last public talks before his death. New courses explored facets of telecommunications and com- puter literacy. The noontime program continues to offer Resident Associates an opportunity to participate during the daytime, with a total of thirty-two courses at sites on the Mall and at Dupont Circle. Studio Arts The studio arts program seeks to enhance appreciation of age-old crafts, keeping alive hands-on techniques now rapidly disappear- ing from our modern world, as well as introducing contemporary arts and crafts. Intensive courses in sketching, wood sculpture, and photography, and short classes in figure drawing and painting on fabric were extremely well received. An expanded selection of photographic courses and workshops was offered during the year — Membership and Development I 331 architectural photography, portrait photography, and darkroom courses dealing with the hand-colored print, platinum, and pal- ladium photography, and color-processing techniques. Workshops on spring gardening and a new course in travel photography were among the highlights of the 167 programs attended by 2,330 individuals throughout the year. A major change in studio arts programming occurred at mid- year with the decision to engage a full-time coordinator to, plan studio arts activities. In addition to continuing classes and work- shops mentioned above, the coordinator will develop new day- time programs and serve as supervisor of the Resident Associate- sponsored Discover Grafphics program. TOURS On-site learning experiences are organized for small groups in the fields of art, architecture, archeology, history, industry, and science. Ranging in length from one hour to two days, tours are geared to appeal to a spectrum of age groups, financial circumstances, and interests. Art and architecture continue to be among the most popular subjects. Two new art tours to New York explored two entirely different areas: TriBeCa and Wall Street, the home of corporate art, young artists, new galleries, and private collections; and the Metropolitan Museum of Art's Vatican Art exhibition and other major shows. Overnight tours of historic areas continue to grow in popularity: Lynchburg, Virginia, and Beaufort/New Bern, North Carolina, tours were both oversubscribed, and a two-day tour to New York/ Connecticut Valley areas of inspiration for American impressionists, was well received. Science tours also have increased in number and popularity, with birding, geology, and botany subjects heading the list. In 1983, 250 different tours took place, with a total participation of more than 28,000. YOUNG ASSOCIATE AND FAMILY ACTIVITIES Through Young Associate and Family activities, the Smithsonian's resources are enhanced for young people, ages three to fifteen. Classes, workshops, monthly free films for families, tours, and performances exploring history, art, science, and studio arts are tailored to their ages and interests. Innovative parent/child classes 332 / Smithsonian Year 1983 and workshops enable parents and children to work together on projects of mutual interest. The Young Associate program offered its first "Summer Camp" this year. Classes met all morning, every weekday for one or two weeks. All classes were team-taught, combining the talents of an art or science teacher and a professional in the subject area. From all accounts — instructors, students, and parents — "Summer Camp" was entirely successful and will be expanded in the future. In 1983, 154 young associate and family programs were attended by more than 11,000 individuals. VOLUNTEERS A total of 389 volunteers provided invaluable assistance to the Resident Associate Program, monitoring special events, lectures, courses, and tours, and performing vital office duties. The eighty volunteer office workers represent the equivalent of five full-time staff members, and the hours contributed by monitor volunteers is equivalent to the work of six full-time staff members. All volun- teers were feted at a special reception at the Renwick Gallery on September 22, and office volunteers at a luncheon on April 14. NEW ACTIVITIES Performing Arts On February 8, 1983, the Resident Associate Program was given the responsibility of presenting Smithsonian subscription perform- ing arts events. A staff has been developed, and the 1983-84 sea- son organized. Initially, the Resident Associate Program sched- uled most of the subscription series formerly operated by the Divi- sion of Performing Arts; subsequently, new events were added. The 1983-84 season will be characterized by a wide range of offer- ings exploring America's popular music heritage, country music, ethnic/folk music programs, performances by international en- sembles on tour in the United States, and dance. The goals of this performing arts program are: (1) maintaining channels of com- munication with Smithsonian bureaus, linking performing arts pre- sentations with Smithsonian museum exhibitions; (2) the selection and presentation of music, dance, theater, and inter-disciplinary Membership and Development I 333 performances of high quality; (3) fiscal responsibility, with the understanding that some programs worthy of presentation will not be able to generate sufficient income to cover the costs of presenta- tion; (4) carefully controlled growth from season to season, draw- ing upon acknowledged experts in the arts, as well as Smithsonian resources; (5) outreach to new audiences, previously unaware of the variety and depth of Smithsonian programs, and to established audiences in new ways and new formats; and (6) the development of a purposeful direction on which to base sound future program- ming. Discovery Theater In February 1983 the Discovery Theater also became a responsi- bility of the Resident Associate Program. Managed by the Program Coordinator for Young Associate and Family Activities, the theater is scheduled for a full season (October-June) of live and puppet presentations for young people and family audiences — entertain- ment selected for its intrinsic learning components. Discover Graphics When the National Museum of American Art discontinued its sup- port for Discover Graphics in November 1982, its survival as an important community service was endorsed by the Smithsonian's Under Secretary and Assistant Secretary for History and Art. Dis- cover Graphics had served Washington, D.C., area secondary schools for more than ten years, providing talented students and their teachers opportunities to study etching and lithography with a master printmaker in museum space designed for this purpose. Proposals were sought from local universities and art schools, and, after due consideration by a special Smithsonian committee, it was determined that Discover Graphics should become a part of the Resident Associate Program. Educational Outreach Funds were granted for the 1983-84 school year, with additional support from the Office of the Mayor, D.C. Commission on the Arts and Humanities. A master printmaker is now teaching student and teacher work- shops at the Union Printmakers Atelier in the Lansburgh Cultural Center, the new home of Discover Graphics. Twenty-six students 334 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Master printmaker Scip Barnhart conducts a teacher-training workshop in Uthography at the Lansburgh Cultural Center for the Discover Graphics pro- gram. Recently taken over by the Resident Associate Program, Discover Graphics reaches high school students and teachers in the Washington metropolitan area. (Photograph by Lillian M. O'Connell) and teachers participated in the first two workshops in May 1983, and nine teachers attended the teacher training workshops during the summer. All twelve 1983-84 workshops are fully booked, with more than 150 students and teachers from the District of Colum- bia, Maryland, and Northern Virginia secondary schools. Tuesday Mornings at the Smithsonian In March, the Resident Associate Program initiated "Tuesday Mornings at the Smithsonian," a low-ticket-price series of twelve weekly lectures, scheduled each season, given by Smithsonian and visiting scholars, preceded by complimentary coffee, tea, and rolls. Specifically designed to engage the interest of older citizens during daytime hours, the series are open to all who are interested in learning more about art, science, history, foreign cultures, and poli- tics. The initial spring series attracted an audience of more than 400, and the summer series was also well attended. SUMMARY After a temporary drop, membership has recovered and is grow- ing in 1983, along with a rise in the rate of retention. Activities have increased to meet demand. The assumption of major Smith- sonian performing arts activities and Discover Graphics has added new dimensions to the Resident Associate Program. The close cooperation between the program and the museums, and the cosponsored activities with local, national, and international pro- fessional organizations and government agencies, speak well for the program's ongoing reputation as a vital, creative outreach component of the Institution. 336 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Selby Kelly, widow of the creator of "Pogo," opened the Resident Associate course "Giants of Cartoon Art" with a special exhibition of the work of Walt Kelly, preceding her lecture on the wit and humor of this niaster cartoonist. (Photograph by Lillian M. O'Connell) Smithsonian Year . ip8} PUBLIC INFORMATION LAWRENCE E. TAYLOR, COORDINATOR Office of Public Affairs The opening of the Museum Support Center in Suitland, Mary- land, and the completion of the first major inventory in the Insti- tution's history were major Smithsonian stories last year. The Office of Public Affairs (opa) developed and coordinated major publicity programs for both events. On May 9, 1983, the office organized an extensive all-day media briefing and tour of the new Support Center, which was attended by reporters representing local and national media. Major articles appeared in the Washington Post, the New York Times, numerous science publications, and suburban Maryland newspapers. The office also worked with reporters on their coverage of the official dedication ceremonies of the building on May 16. To highlight the new center, public affairs staff members produced a special, four-page supplement on the Museum Support Center for the May issue of The Torch, the monthly newspaper for employees and friends of the Smithsonian. A major public relations campaign on the completion of the inventory, an Institution-wide project, was planned and carried out by the office. Extensive media coverage of the inventory began with a feature report on the CBS Evening News in early June and continued through mid-July with television stations filming behind- the-scenes features, wire services sending stories across the country about what the Institution "found" during the inventory, and radio stations airing interviews on the "great counting." 338 The office also assisted with publicity plans for the ground- breaking of the Quadrangle on June 21, 1983. The ceremony, attended by Vice-President George Bush and Chief Justice Warren Burger, was covered by both national and local media. The Smithsonian News Service, a free, monthly feature-story service produced by the opa for daily and weekly newspapers, con- tinued to grow in size and popularity in its fourth year of opera- tion. During the year, 127 daily and weekly newspapers joined the ranks of Smithsonian News Service subscribers, bringing the total number to more than 1,525. In addition, twenty-one national publications, including Vogue and The Ladies Home Journal, asked to receive the News Service. Several museum publications and a number of craft publications were also added. These additions reflected an interest on the part of the News Service to reach out to new readers with specific interests. During the year, the News Service distributed fifty features covering such major, newsworthy, and timely subjects as acid rain, computer literacy, preservation of old movie palaces, new studies on city living, American crafts, and the one hundredth anni- versaries of the Brooklyn Bridge and the eruption of the Indo- nesian volcano, Krakatau. A January feature on quilts generated almost 1,000 letters from the public to the Textile Division of the National Museum of American History. Two features for Black History Month, one on educator Anna J. Cooper and another on black aviators, were popular and brought extensive coverage in ethnic publications. Smithsonian News Ser- vice stories continued to be the source of broadcasts by the Na- tional Public Radio, the United States Information Agency, and stories printed in newspapers for the Armed Forces. Recognizing the outstanding quality of the service, the National Association of Government Communicators awarded a third place in the "feature" category of its nationwide "Blue Pencil Contest" to a News Service story on teddy bears. The Torch also received a third place in the same contest in the in-house newspaper category. As part of its continuing mission to encourage visits to the Smithsonian, the Office of Public Affairs produced in April 1983 a thirty-second television public-service announcement (psa) fea- turing noted actor Gregory Peck, who invited visitors to come to Public Information I 339 Actor Gregory Peck stands in front of the Conestoga wagon in the National Museum of American History for the filming of a television public service announcement for the Smithsonian Institution. the Smithsonian to seek out its diverse offerings. The closed- captioned psa (for the hearing-impaired) was extremely well re- ceived and was aired over individual stations in thirty-eight states, from California to Virginia, and nationally through satellite facili- ties. The office also produced and distributed in July 1983 a thirty- second Spanish-language psa for television, based on an earlier English-language version. This psa was sent to limited but specially targeted stations and was aired in the Washington, D.C., area as well as all the continental states through the Spanish International Network and the satellite facilities of the Turner Broadcasting System in Atlanta. The OPA also produced for the Office of Elementary and Secon- dary Education a thirty-second, open-captioned psa for television to inform the public that the Smithsonian is working to make its facilities more accessible to handicapped visitors. This psa was originally distributed regionally in Washington, D.C., Maryland, Virginia, and Pennsylvania; subsequently, the President's Commit- tee on Employment of the Handicapped funded distribution na- tionally to cable networks, resulting in its use in twenty-five states. The psa was awarded an honorable mention in the "Gold Screen" competition of the National Association of Government Communicators. The Smithsonian Calendar of Events, published monthly in the Washington Post, was redesigned during the year to include more useful and timely information and also was made available to visually impaired people on audio-cassette through the Washing- ton, D.C., public library system. Research at the Smithsonian continued to receive wide coverage in the three-times-a-year periodical Research Reports, which was redesigned and expanded during its tenth anniversary year in 1982. As a result of special promotional efforts by the opa in 1983, circulation rose from 18,000 to more than 25,000. The response reflected a lively interest from scholarly communities, journalists, foundations, and Smithsonian Contributing Members. The publica- tion received first prize in the annual competition of the D.C. Chapter of the Society for Technical Communication and an honor- able mention from "the International Society for Technical Com- munication in the newsletter category. In an effort to broaden the use of foreign language versions of Public Information I 341 the Smithsonian's general-inforn\ation "Welcome" brochure — the publication seen by most visitors to Smithsonian museums — the OPA, in cooperation with the Visitor Information and Associates' Reception Center and the Office of Exhibits Central, developed four-language, lucite signs, offering the brochures in Japanese, Spanish, German, and French. The signs are displayed on museum information desks. To aid journalists covering Smithsonian activities, the office revised and updated the Smithsonian Resource Directory, a com- pendium of staff members and their specialties, extensively cross- referenced for easy use. The office also continued to provide assis- tance to other bureaus and offices, with an opa staff member assist- ing the Office of Folklife Programs by preparing, coordinating, and distributing information to the media about the seventeenth annual Festival of American Folklife and for events held at the Renwick Gallery in conjunction with the exhibition Celebration: A World of Art and Ritual. 342 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Smithsonian Year . ip8} READING IS FUNDAMENTAL, INC. MRS. ELLIOT RICHARDSON, CHAIRMAN RUTH GRAVES, PRESIDENT Reading Is Fundamental, Inc. (rif) is a private, nonprofit cor- poration that works at the grassroots level to motivate young people to read. Founded in 1966 on the premise that children will want to read if given the chance to choose and keep their own books, the program has since grown from a single pilot project to the nation's largest reading motivation program. Currently there are 3,200 projects in all fifty states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Guam. Through its network of more than 100,000 volunteers, rif is able to reach some 2.3 million young people (ages three through high school) with 7.7 million books. Rif projects operate in more than 10,000 locations and a wide variety of settings: rural areas, metropolitan areas, and inner cities; elementary and secondary schools; libraries and summer reading programs; hospitals and health clinics; day-care centers and recreation programs; correc- tional facilities and juvenile training centers. This year, more than 82,000 of the young people reached are children of migrant farm workers. All told, rif has delivered more than 52 million books to young people in the last seventeen years. The rif program is characterized by volunteerism, self-help, and community involvement. Rif's volunteers — parents, teachers, school administrators, librarians, businessmen, civic leaders, and citizens concerned about literacy — raise funds, select and order books, and devise activities that transform nonreaders into readers. 343 They hold reading contests, puppet shows, readers' theaters, and language festivals; they invite celebrities to visit the project and tell young people how crucial reading is to success. These activities precede and follow the book distribution, where children have the chance to choose, from a wide range of paperbacks, the books that most appeal to them. Evidence is mounting that although rif confines itself to moti- vating young people to read, it has also become a vital step in building reading skills. Children who discover that reading is fun naturally read more; and as they do, their skills improve. Several studies and tens of thousands of reports indicate that the rif program has been an important factor in increased library circula- tion, rising reading scores, and improved reading habits of young people. Headquarters for this nationwide reading motivation effort is the RIF office in Washington, D.C. This year its staff made site visits and held workshops for volunteers in thirty-seven states, provided thousands of hours of technical assistance by telephone and letter, and negotiated special services and substantial book discounts for rif projects. To serve local projects better, rif recently organized an ad hoc committee of book suppliers and rif repre- sentatives to advise rif on trends in juvenile literature, ways to promote reading, and other matters of interest to the local programs. The book industry frequently includes rif in its own promotion activities. For example. Western Pubhshing Company, as part of the fortieth anniversary of Golden Books, made a contribution to RIF from the proceeds of its sales of A Treasury of Little Golden Books. And Waldenbooks, the largest book retailer in the United States, has contributed, over the last two years, a public-service advertisement for rif in the company's Christmas mail-order cata- logue, run as an insert in Time (1981) and Newsweek (1982). To assist local projects in recruiting volunteers and enlisting community support, rif has produced a new film that looks at the effects of illiteracy on the family, the workplace, and the nation's defense, and explores ways in which the community can work with RIF to promote reading. Produced through a grant from the Mattel Foundation (matched by grants from several corporations and other foundations), the film includes appearances by Mrs. Elliot 344 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Richardson; Mrs. George Bush; Mrs. Charles Robb; Dr. Ernest Boyer, president of the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching; Mrs. Floretta McKenzie, superintendent of schools in Washington, D.C.; and Dr. James Hennigar, superintendent of schools in Madison, Maine. Reading Is Fundamental also makes available to volunteers some twenty publications and aids, including three volumes of a RIF Book of Ideas on the subjects of fundraising, book selection, and reading motivation activities; a technical assistance newsletter; and several bilingual brochures, including one for migrant worker projects. Much of rif's technical-assistance literature is produced through private grants. For example, the National Home Library Foundation recently funded a brochure for rif projects to use in recruiting and training volunteers. And a joint venture with Gen- eral Sportwear Company, a manufacturer of clothing for children, has enabled rif to produce a brochure to be used by parents to help their children read. A major program to develop materials and methods that parents can use to encourage reading in the home was launched this year through a grant from the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. For the first stage of the project, rif conducted a nationwide survey to see how best to help parents motivate their children to read. The survey was conducted by mail questionnaires, personal interviews, telephone interviews, and group meetings, and was directed to rif project directors and a broad audience of parents. The outgrowth of this survey is the developing Parents' Services arm of the rif organization. The first of these services — a prototype publication for parents — was tested in the fall of 1983. In 1983 Mrs. Elliot Richardson, rif chairman, welcomed Ralph Rinzler, the Smithsonian's Assistant Secretary for Public Service, to the rif Board of Directors. Rinzler replaced Julian Euell as the Smithsonian representative to the board. To pay tribute to rif's late founder and chairman, Margaret Craig McNamara, who died in February 1981, rif's board of directors created the Margaret McNamara Memorial Award. In December 1982 this award was presented to Judge Mary Conway Kohler, founder of Youth Tutoring Youth, at a ceremony held at Reading Is Fundamental, Inc. I 345 the National Portrait Gallery and presided over by David Broder, syndicated columnist for the Washington Post. Mrs. George Bush, rif board member, presented Judge Kohler with a plaque noting a lifetime of work on behalf of America's young people. In addition, Mrs. Richardson gave the judge a hand-printed, limited edition of Alice in Wonderland with wood engravings by Barry Moser. The award event was made possible by grants from the trw Foundation and David Rockefeller. Another highlight of the year was rif's first statewide confer- ence on reading, where Virginia's rif coordinators, state educators, and businessmen met to discuss future collaboration in the promo- tion of literacy. The conference was held at the governor's mansion in Richmond and hosted by Mrs. Lynda Johnson Robb, first lady of Virginia and one of the first members of rif's board of directors. Speakers at the conference included Katherine Paterson, award- winning children's author, who delivered a keynote address on writing books for children. At the end of the day, a rif book distribution was held for youngsters from a nearby Richmond school. Norman Bridwell, children's author and illustrator, enter- tained both adults and children by drawing and telling stories of his most popular creation, "Clifford the Big Red Dog." So successful was the Virginia conference in focusing attention on reading that plans are being made to replicate it in other states. Educators in other countries have frequently expressed interest in adapting rif to their young people. This year a Voice of America representative interviewed rif president Ruth Graves about the program and later attended a rif book distribution in Virginia to tape the remarks of the young people. What resulted was a radio program on how rif promotes literacy, which was broadcast to African countries. In 1983, RIF held the largest book distribution ever — for some 1,400 young people. This event turned out to be the high point of a Parents Rally for Reading, sponsored by the International Read- ing Association at their annual convention in Anaheim, California. Children, whose ages ranged from a three-month-old infant to junior high school students, attended. Books for the distribution were donated by thirteen publishers and book distributors. Drawing on its expertise in community-based programs to moti- vate reading, rif conducted a number of workshops for audiences 346 / Smithsonian Year 1983 of teachers, parents, school administrators, librarians, booksellers, and representatives of the nnedia. Among these were workshops at the aforementioned ira convention and at a four-day "Every- child"conference, sponsored by the Children's Book Council. The Volunteers in Education 1983 conference, held in Rhode Island, invited rif board members to share with conferees their technique for motivating youngsters through a network of volun- teers. Other conferences in which rif staff played a key role include those held by the Literacy Volunteers of America; the National School Volunteer Program (which sponsors rif projects in Dallas; Hartford, Connecticut; Syracuse, New York; New York City; and Marion, Massachusetts); the National Conference of the Public Library Association (a branch of the American Library Association); and the "Radio and Reading" Symposium, held at the Library of Congress Center for the Book. Reading Is Fundamental's public education campaign, carried by television, radio, and national magazines over the past eleven years, has done much to focus national attention on reading. The lively messages promoting reading, created by the Al Paul Lefton Company advertising agency and donated to rif, have received more than $30 million in free broadcast time and magazine space. U.S. Commissioners of Education since 1969, and most of the major educational, service, and youth organizations have endorsed the RIF program, including the International Reading Association, the National Urban League, the National Education Association, Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, the National Association of Elemen- tary School Principals, the National Association for the Education of Young Children, the National Catholic Educational Association, the American Association of School Administrators, the Associa- tion for Library Services to Children in the American Library As- sociation, the Boys' Clubs of America, the Girl Scouts of America, and Campfire, Inc. Since the first pilot program was launched in the District of Columbia in 1966, rif has received generous support from the pri- vate sector. Today, more than fifty major corporations, founda- tions, labor unions, and organizations support the program. In 1976 RIF received support from the public sector as well when Congress, noting the success of rif's self-help approach, elected to create the Inexpensive Book Distribution Program and modeled it Reading Is Fundamental, Inc. I 347 on RiF. Funds from this program, which rif operates through a contract with the U.S. Department of Education, enable rif to match local project funds for the purchase of books for children. This partnership between the public and private sector was duly noted in a recent speech by the President's Advisor for Com- munity Affairs, Virginia Knauer, who described rif as a "success- ful public/private venture which succeeds in overcoming many of the literacy problems facing the United States." In the wake of the many recent studies highlighting the problem of reading among our young people, there is an ever-burgeoning demand for rif's services, rif's key priorities for the forthcoming year are to try to meet those demands to the extent that funds permit, to expand its outreach to more American communities, and to work with parents to promote reading. 348 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Smithsonian Year . 198^ WOODROW WILSON INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR SCHOLARS JAMES H. BILLINGTON, DIRECTOR The Wilson Center — with the Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts and the National Gallery of Art — is one of three institutions with mixed trust/public funding created by the Congress within the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C., fulfilling a na- tional mission under a board appointed by the President of the United States. The Wilson Center is an active workshop and switchboard for scholarship at the highest levels. Since its opening thirteen years ago this fall, it has gained widespread recognition for the work of its fellows in mining the scholarly riches of Washing- ton, for its many meetings that bring together the world of affairs and the world of ideas, and for its democratic openness to all comers through its annual fellowship competition. Each year, some fifty fellows are brought in through open inter- national competition involving ever-increasing numbers of appli- cants from a wide range of backgrounds, disciplines, cultures, and nations. A broad spectrum of ideas is, in turn, shared with a non- specialized national audience through The Wilson Quarterly, which has more subscribers than any other scholarly quarterly journal in the English-speaking world. The Wilson Center seeks to render a service to the world and to the Washington, D*.C., community by throwing open its core fellowship program to all interested individuals. Fellows are selected for the promise, importance, and appropriateness of their projects on the recommendation of broadly based academic panels outside 349 the center. The fellows come for limited periods, not only in the broadly inclusive program entitled History, Culture, and Society, but also in special programs in Russian and Soviet studies (the Kennan Institute), Latin American studies, international security studies. East Asia studies, and a program in American society and politics. Each program is directed by a scholar on the staff. Following its mandate to symbolize and strengthen the fruitful relation between the worlds of learning and of public affairs, thq center sponsors conferences and seminars on topics of special cur- rent interest to both worlds. In 1983, for example, the center brought together scholars from many different disciplines, mem- bers of Congress, representatives of the executive branch, busi- nessmen, journalists, military experts, writers, politicians, educa- tors, and diplomats to consider a variety of issues, examine current questions, enjoy celebrations, and participate in evaluative discus- sions. The center sponsored a major conference on September 21-23 on "German-U.S. Relations and the Role of the Federal Republic in Europe and the World." Forty participants from Germany and the United States attended, including: Professor Gordon Craig, J. E. Wallace Sterling Professor of the Humanities, Stanford Uni- versity; Kurt Biedenkopf, former national chairman of the cdu; Peter Corterier, state secretary for foreign affairs under Chancellor Helmut Schmidt; Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann, Germany's leading pollster; Horst Teltschik, national security adviser to Chancellor Helmut Kohl; Senator Bill Bradley; Donald Rumsfeld, president and chief executive officer, G. D. Searle Corporation, and former U.S. secretary of defense; Senator Paul Sarbanes; James Schle- singer, senior adviser. Center for Strategic and International Studies, Georgetown University, and former U.S. secretary of defense. Senator Howard Baker and Undersecretary of State Lawrence Eagleburger addressed participants at the opening dinner. A book, containing several discussion papers prepared for the conference, will be published sometime next year. The center's Latin American Program held sessions of an Inter- American Dialogue in the spring and published its report. The Americas at a Crossroads, in both Spanish and Portuguese, as well as English. Sol M. Linowitz, former U.S. ambassador to the Orga- nization of American States (oas) and Panama Canal Treaties 350 / Smithsonian Year 1983 President Yitzhak Navon of Israel spoke on "Israel's Peace with Egypt: Achievements, Problems, and Prospects" at the Woodrow Wilson Interna- tional Center for Scholars. Shown here, froin left to right, are Moshe Arens, Israeli Ambassador to the United States; James H. Billington, director of the Wilson Center; President Navon; and William J. Baroody, Jr., chairman of the Wilson Center Board of Trustees. negotiator, and Galo Plaza, former secretary general of the oas and former president of Ecuador, cochaired the meetings. A two-day conference, arranged by the center's East Asia Pro- gram, helped the United States Information Agency define the subject "artificial intelligence'Vintelligent systems," the central theme for the United States pavilion at the Expo '85 World's Fair on technology and man, in Tsukuba, Japan. Among the speakers were: Roger C. Schank, director. Artificial Intelligence Project, Yale University; Harry E. Pople, Jr., codirector. Decision Systems Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh; Michael Arbib, director. Center for Systems Neuroscience, University of Massachusetts; and John Seely Brown, head. Cognitive and Instructional Sciences, Xerox Palo Alto Research Center. The evening address, "Reflec- tions on National Character and Intelligent Systems," was given by James J. Needham, ambassador, commissioner of the United States pavilion at Expo '85. Max M. Kampelman, member and former chairman of the center's board of trustees and chairman of the United States dele- gation to the Madrid Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, was honored at a dinner at which the speakers were the late Henry Jackson, U.S. senator from Washington, and Jeane J. Kirkpatrick, U.S. permanent representative to the United Nations. The center's fellows continue to come from all over the world, from many disciplines, and from many areas of the United States. Among its 1983 fellows and guest scholars were Cyril E. Black, director. Center of International Studies, Princeton University; Michael Confino, Samuel Rubin Professor of Russian and East European History, Tel Aviv University; Walter Reich, resident psychiatrist. National Institute of Mental Health; Ivan Berend, chairman. Department of Economic History, Karl Marx University of Economics, Budapest; Carl Ludwig Holtfrerich, chairman. De- partment of Economic and Social History, University of Frankfurt; Tadeusz Kowalik, associate professor. Institute of the History of Science, Education and Technology, Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw; Isidore Oghenerhuele Okpewho, senior lecturer in Eng- lish, University of Ibadan; Gene Harold Outka, Dwight Professor of Philosophy and Christian Ethics, Yale University; Carlos Fuen- tes, Mexican novelist; Theodore Friend, former president; Swarth- more College; Hahn-Been Lee, chairman of the board, Korea 352 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul; Lawrence W. Levine, professor of history. University of California, Berkeley; and Michel Crozier, senior research professor. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre de Sociologie des Organizations, Paris. The result of this broad and heterogeneous mix of fellows is an intellectual life greater than the sum of its parts: the collegial atmosphere provides an opportunity for learning and communi- cation that transcends national and academic boundaries for the benefit of all. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars I 353 Smiihsonian Year • 198} JOHN F. KENNEDY CENTER FOR THE PERFORMING ARTS ROGER L. STEVENS, CHAIRMAN On September 1, 1958, President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed a number of bills into law at his Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, farm. Among them was the "National Cultural Center Act," a law which had attracted little public notice outside the District of Columbia when it was passed by Congress a few weeks earlier. This piece of legislation, the act authorizing what is now the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, signaled a revolutionary step by the United States government twenty-five years ago — recognition that the performing arts in America war- ranted a proper home in this nation's capital. Today, the Kennedy Center enters its thirteenth season of operation as a self-supporting, independent performing-arts orga- nization under the direction of a board of trustees whose citizen members are appointed by the President of the United States. Each year the center reports its activities as an independent bureau of the Smithsonian Institution through Smithsonian Year, includ- ing the programming presented in the center's five theaters by its affiliates: the National Symphony Orchestra, the American Film Institute, and the Washington Opera. The Kennedy Center continues to operate under a specific congressional mandate to present a broad array of performing-arts programming and to sponsor educational and public-service activi- ties in the public interest. The center receives, however, no direct federal appropriation to carry out its mandate and, therefore, annually raises millions of dollars from private sources to meet its goals and balance its budget. 354 Well into its second decade as a focus for the performing arts in America, the Kennedy Center launched two major endeavors during 1983 that signal new vitality for its future. A major grant of $670,000 from the Robert Wood Johnson, Jr. Charitable Trust completed efforts to secure $1.85 million to carry out a major renovation of the twelve-year old Opera House. This grant pro- vided a necessary match to a $400,000 challenge grant pledged earlier by the Kresge Foundation. The balance of funding for the Opera House renovation was provided from, among others, the Pew Memorial Trust, the Atlantic Richfield Foundation, and benefit events held at Kennedy Center during 1983. Finally, in August 1983, the Kennedy Center launched the installation of a major centralized computer system to automate its accounting, payroll, marketing, and fundraising operations, made possible in part by major contributions from Digital Equipment Corporation for hardware and American Digital Systems Corporation for software. After twelve years of operation and expansion in its program- ming activities, the Kennedy Center will be able to go forward in its second decade with its principal theaters refurbished and administrative operations equipped with state-of-the-art technol- ogy. Unlike other national cultural centers, the Kennedy Center realized each of these major achievements through private-sector support in recognition of its status as a world-renowned institution that receives limited government assistance. Twenty-five years after President Eisenhower signaled a quiet revolution by commit- ting America to the recognition of music, poetry, drama, and dance as basic to American life, the Kennedy Center continues to enrich America's cultural well-being while operating as a unique, American cultural institution. Performing Arts Programming The 1982-83 season at the Kennedy Center was atended by 1.3 million people in the Eisenhower and Terrace Theaters, Opera House, and Concert Hall. Programming highlights are described in the sections that follow. John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts I 355 DRAMA AND MUSICAL THEATER This season exemplified the balance of new and classic works that the Kennedy Center's theater programming strives to achieve. Once again, as in seasons past, performers of international stature were featured in plays and musicals on the stages of the Eisen- hower and Terrace Theaters and the Opera House. Jane Alexander, Peter Falk, Anne Jackson, Al Pacino, and Eli Wallach starred in new and contemporary plays: William Gibson's Monday after the Miracle; the American premieres of Michael Frayn's farce. Make and Break, and Murray Schisgal's Twice around the Park; and the acclaimed Circle in the Square production of David Mamet's American Buffalo. The revivals demonstrated the charm and immediacy that the past can hold for the present. Jason Robards, Jr., Elizabeth Wilson, Colleen Dewhurst, and James Coco graced Kaufman and Hart's You Can't Take It with You. The Kennedy Center's landmark revival of Rodgers and Hart's legendary musical. On Your Toes, won a Tony award for its star, ballerina Natalia Makarova. The Opera House theatrical season also included Hal Holbrook's Mark Twain Tonight, major revivals of Gershwin's Porgy and Bess, Kern and Hammerstein's Showboat, Noel Coward's Private Lives with Elizabeth Taylor and Richard Burton, and finally. Cicely Tyson in Emlyn Williams's The Corn is Green. The theatrical season in the Terrace Theater offered the exuber- ance of the Acting Company's production of Shakespeare's seldom performed Pericles, a rare appearance by the National Theater of the Deaf in Parzival, and the whacky and often biting humor of Sears and Williams's Greater Tuna. DANCE More than twenty Washington premieres were presented during the 1982-83 ballet season in the Opera House, marking a season which demonstrated the artistic scope and talent of American dance companies. The acclaimed New York City Ballet returned to Washington with ten local premieres, including highlights from the New York Tchaikovsky Festival and Stravinsky Centennial Celebration. Mozartiana and Ballade, choreographed by the late George Balanchine, and Jerome Robbins's Gershwin Concerto were outstanding critical and popular successes of particular note. 356 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Tony-award winner Natalia Makarova performs in the "Princess Zenobia" ballet sequence in the Kennedy Center's 1982 revival of "On Your Toes." Beloio: tenor Placido Domingo is greeted after his benefit concert by Mrs. George Bush, as Vice-President Bush looks on. The American Ballet Theatre is usually presented by the Ken- nedy Center for an extended December engagement. Unresolved labor difficulties forced cancellation of the holiday engagement, but the company was able to be rescheduled for a one-week appearance in January 1983. Three Washington company pre- mieres highlighted the abbreviated engagement, the most notable being a revival of Balanchine's Sinfonie Concertante. The latter work had not been staged in over twenty years and thus its pres- entation warranted international press coverage. The Dance Theater of Harlem, presented by the Washington Performing Arts Society, and the Joffrey Ballet returned for their annual engagements featuring, respectively, new productions of Nijinska's Les Biches and a revival of Anthony Tudor's Offen- bach in the Underworld. The Kennedy Center was particularly pleased to be able to present Ballet West, one of America's most important regional ballet companies, in its premiere Washington appearance. The company was acclaimed by audiences and critics for its works by young American choreographers and for its most unusual version of the full-length classic. Swan Lake, in its only presentation of the 1982-83 season. Two important foreign ballet companies appeared during the 1982-83 season. Roland Petit's Ballet de Marseille made its Ken- nedy Center and Washington debut in a two-week engagement that featured American premieres of Petit's Notre Dame de Paris, a full-length dramatic ballet based on Victor Hugo's The Hunch- back of Notre Dame, and also Petit's Proust: Les Intermittences du Coeur. Finally, Rudolf Nureyev appeared with the Zurich Ballet in the American premieres of his full-length staging of Manfred and Don Quixote. Dance America, presented jointly by the Kennedy Center and the Washington Performing Arts Society, utilized all three of the center's theaters — Opera House, Terrace, and Eisenhower. Repre- senting the multitudinous variety of dance in this country, other than ballet. Dance America ranged from the Alvin Alley Company to the pure flamenco style of Raquel Pefia and her Spanish dance company. The most "classical" modern dance company represented in the series was the Paul Taylor Dance Company, which enjoyed a resounding one- week success in the Eisenhower Theater; two 358 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Washington premieres were offered, Taylor's Lost Found Lost, and Tidings. The postmodern movement in dance was represented by two companies, both performing in the Terrace Theater: the popular Laura Dean Company and the less-well-known Kenneth Rinker. Making its Kennedy Center debut was the North Carolina Dance Theatre, a contemporary-ballet company, whose repertory ranged from the pure neoclassicism of George Balanchine to the pure postmodern work of Senta Driver. The Raquel Pefia Spanish Dance Company, which also appeared in the Terrace, is a Washington, D.C.-based company whose per- formances were sold out. The Alvin Ailey Company appeared in the Opera House for one week and offered seven Washington premieres during the run, introducing two works by a striking new American choreographer, Elisa Monte — Pigs and Fishes and Treading — both works receiving tremendous acclaim from both audiences and critics. MUSIC Two very different recitals of major artistic importance marked the highpoints of a rich, diverse musical season at the Kennedy Center. World-renowned tenor Placido Domingo made his Ken- nedy Center debut in March 1983 in a benefit solo recital concert to raise funds to renovate the Opera House. On May 25, 1983, Isaac Stern and Eugene Istomin performed a program of Beethoven sonatas for violin and piano in the Terrace Theater, dedicated to the memory of their friend, a former trustee of the Kennedy Center, the late Supreme Court Justice Abe Fortas. The concert was performed as a benefit for the Abe Fortas Memorial Fund, an endowment established by the trustees of the center, that will make possible a series of Terrace Theater concerts by eminent chamber musicians. These 1983-84 performances mark the first such endowed series at the Kennedy Center. Justice Fortas was particularly devoted to chamber music and its integral presence in the Terrace Theater development and pro- gramming. The fourtK season of chamber music in the theater was critically acclaimed by the Washington Post. The Terrace Concerts in 1982-83 included performances by pianists James Tocco, Annie Fischer, and John Browning; song recitals by Mar- John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts I 359 tina Arroyo, Paul Plishka, and Alan Titus; ensemble recitals by the Guarneri String Quartet, the Norman Scribner Choir, and the Prague Chamber Orchestra; sonata recitals by violinists Cho Liang Lin, Miriam Fried, and Sergiu Luca and cellist Lynn Harrell; and chamber recitals by the Beaux Arts Trio, the New Zurich Quartet, the Annapolis Brass Quintet, and Peter Serkin with Cecile Licad, Ida Kavafian, and Rudolf Vrbsky. The third American Composers Series experienced a major growth in audience. Composers honored this year were Virgil Thomson, John Cage, Milton Babbitt, Lukas Foss, Ralph Shapey, and William Schuman. The third summer chamber music festival. Summer Sounds, in- cluded the St. Paul Chamber Orchestra conducted by Pinchas Zukerman, with soloists Marielle and Katia LaBeque, piano duo; Yo-Yo Ma, cello; and Pinchas Zukerman, violin. The second presentation in the festival was the Mostly Mozart Festival Orchestra from Lincoln Center with soloists Stephen Burns, trumpet; Horacio Gutierrez, piano; Dimitry Sitkovetsky, violin; Garrick Ohlsson, piano; Raphael Hilly er, viola; Emanuel Ax, piano; Nadja Solemo-Sonnenberg, violin; Lynn Harrell, cello; Bella Davidovich, piano; and conductors Gerard Schwarz and John Nelson, and one performance by the Tokyo String Quartet. The Friedheim Awards, which recognize American composition in symphonic and chamber music in alternating years, was de- scribed this year by Joseph McLellan of the Washington Post as "the only significant competition in existence for new American music." The first-place winner for 1982 was Gundaris Pone for his composition "Avanti!" The awards honor the late Arthur Fried- heim and are supported, in part, by a grant from the Eric Fried- heim Foundation. The final competition performance was again broadcast by National Public Radio. Theater Chamber Players, Young Concert Artists, and the Chamber Music Society of Lincoln Center returned for their annual concert series in the Terrace Theater and Concert Hall. The Washington Opera and the National Symphony Orchestra each expanded their Kennedy Center season during 1982-83. The former presented seven productions in the Opera House and Terrace Theater in an eleven-week season. The National Symphony added a "pops" concert series and a summer season in the Concert Hall in a thirty-six-week performance series. The Metropolitan 360 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Opera returned to the center for its fourth consecutive season with seven productions, including Der Rosenkav alter, Adriana Lecouv- reur, Boris Godunov, La Boheme, Lucia de Lammermoor, Macbeth, and La Forza del Destino. The annual Kennedy Center Christmas Festival was highlighted by a specially televised program produced by the Kennedy Center and WQED-TV, Pittsburgh, for Kennedy Center Tonight! with performances by Leontyne Price, Paula Robison, Eliot Fisk, and Norman Scribner's Choral Arts Society. As in previous years, there were many free public performances in the Grand Foyer, attended by more than 10,000 people. There was also a perfor- mance by the New York String Orchestra, a group composed of young musicians from all over the country who come together at Christmas for intensive training and performance under the baton of Alexander Schneider. "A Night in Old Vienna" was once again a great success that has become a Washington tradition of waltzing to the music of Alexander Schneider and friends in the Grand Foyer following the Concert Hall performance. Music critic Lon Tuck of the Washington Post described it as "a Public Occasion, like an Inaugural Ball . . . Sasha [Alexander] Schneider's show has evolved into Washington's most festive New Year's celebra- tion. . . ." In the popular-music tradition, in addition to the NSO "pops" concerts, renowned performers Frank Sinatra, Cleo Laine, Johnny Mathis, and Tony Bennett sang to capacity audiences in the Con- cert Hall. Kennedy Center Honoree, Ella Fitzgerald, headlined the second annual KOOL Jazz Festival, which combined more than 100 jazz artists and 20,000 jazz fans in a two-day celebration of America's own music. FILM The American Film Institute (afi) has presented film programming in its 224-seat theater at the Kennedy Center since 1973. In that time, 7,000 motion pictures have been shown to a total audience of more than one million people. Many of the films are drawn from the AFi's own motion-picture archives. The institute has, in addi- tion, cooperated with the Library of Congress to carry out the most extensive film-preservation program in the nation. Dedicated to preserving the heritage and advancing the art of John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts I 361 film and television in the United States, the afi conducts activities around the country that work toward the achievement of three primary goals: to increase recognition and understanding of the moving image as an art form, to assure preservation of the art form, and to identify, develop, and encourage new talent. The AFi's Television and Video Services annually presents the National Video Festival, sponsored by Sony Corporation of Amer- ica, in the AFL Theater — and at the institute's California campus. During this year, the Exhibition Division toured several film series nationally, including New Hungarian Cinema, films from the German Democratic Republic, and a series from the British Film Institute. Several of the afi's programs are administered from its Los Angeles campus as well as from its offices at the Kennedy Center. The Center for Advanced Film Studies provides training in all aspects of filmmaking; the Independent Filmmaker Program ad- ministers grants to filmmakers across the country; and the Directing Workshop for Women provides training for professional women who wish to enter the field of feature-film directing. Finally, the eleventh Life Achievement Award was bestowed upon actor, writer, director John Huston — a tribute that recognized a lifetime of accomplishments acknowledged by scholars, Huston's peers, and the public. Public-Service Programming The Kennedy Center Act specifically directs the center's board of trustees to carry out a broad range of educational and public service programs. These congressionally-mandated purposes, known as the center's Section 4 responsibilities, remain virtually unfunded by Congress. The board of trustees once again, there- fore, sought private funds to fulfill this mandate in ways that include the national Education Program, Cultural Diversity activi- ties, and the subsidized presentation of theater, music, and dance programming as directed by Congress. More than $5 million was raised and allocated during 1982 for these purposes, including 500 free- and low-admission performances and events enjoyed by 362 / Smithsonian Year 1983 500,000 people in Washington, D.C., and in cities around the country. SPECIALLY PRICED TICKET PROGRAM Since it opened in September 1971, the Kennedy Center has main- tained a Specially Priced Ticket Program through which tickets to center-produced and presented attractions are made available at half price to students, handicapped persons, senior citizens over the age of sixty-five, low-income groups, and military personnel in grades E-1 through E-4. The attendant costs, in terms of reduced revenue potential and administrative overhead, are borne by the center itself and are viewed as a part of its educational/public- service responsibility. During the twelve-month period ending September 30, 1983, 82,650 tickets for attractions produced and presented by the center were sold at half price through the Specially Priced Ticket Pro- gram. The sale of these tickets at full price would have resulted in additional gross income to the center of $661,279. Independent producers are also required to participate in the program by mak- ing a percentage of their tickets available for sale at half price. During the twelve-month period ending September 30, 1983, combined half-price ticket sales totaled $99,490. The sale of these tickets at full price would have resulted in a total additional gross income of $1,111,001 to the center and the independent producers. Education Programming The Kennedy Center's authorizing legislation specifically directed the board of trustees to develop programs for children and youth in the performing arts. The Education Program was designed toward this end to provide national leadership in arts education and to cooperate with regional performing-arts centers and educa- tion networks across the country in developing and presenting model performances for young audiences. The program has three coordinated components: the Alliance for Arts Education, the Programs for Children and Youth, and the American College Theatre Festival. At both the state and national levels, the program seeks, by John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts I 363 identifying and supporting exemplary arts-education projects, to promote incorporation of the arts into the education of every child. As part of this commitment, the center works closely with the National Committee, Arts for the Handicapped, and the National Information Center, Arts Education and Americans. Principal funding for the Education Program is provided by the U.S. Depart- ment of Education and the Kennedy Center Corporate Fund, with additional assistance from corporations, foundations, and individ- uals. ALLIANCE FOR ARTS EDUCATION The Alliance for Arts Education (aae) serves as a national and regional network for information exchange on model arts-educa- tion programs. Conducted with the Department of Education since 1973, the AAE is composed of fifty-six committees: one in each of the fifty states, plus representation for American Samoa, the Bureau of Indian Affairs, the Department of Defense Dependents Schools World Wide Area, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. The national office is responsible for promoting information exchange among aae committees, providing technical assistance in the field of arts education upon request to the committees and the public, and distributing to the committees operation and programmatic funds. Each committee (usually composed of representatives from pri- vate and public agencies involved in arts education) sets its own goals, objectives, and activities. Most often, these activities focus on the committee's role: a forum for state and local awareness; for the development and implementation of statewide plans for com- prehensive arts education; and for providing consultant services to individuals and organizations conducting arts education pro- grams and projects. The national aae staff and regional chairmen provided direct technical assistance and consultation services to more than half of the AAE committees during fiscal year 1983. The national aae office publishes Interchange, a bimonthly arts-education news- paper. PROGRAMS FOR CHILDREN AND YOUTH The commitment of the Education Program to quality performing- arts programming for young people is clearly expressed in the 364 / Smithsonian Year 1983 goals of its Programs for Children and Youth (pcy) "to support arts-education programs in the schools through the medium of performance and to provide a variety of quality performances to student and general audiences." Along with the development and presentation of performances for young people, materials are provided for audiences and teachers to help integrate the perfor- mance experience into the student's over-all education. During the past season, the pcy presented nearly 500 free per- formances and related events to audiences of more than 400,000 in Washington, D.C., and cities around the country. The pcy pro- duced a Children's Arts Series at the Kennedy Center in the fall, featuring professional artists performing for young people and a Cultural Diversity Festival during February. Performing companies were selected from across the United States. The pcy also published Artsploration, a newspaper for children, in cooperation with the College of Fine Arts, the University of Texas at Austin. "Imagination Celebration," a national children's arts festival at the Kennedy Center, is presented annually by the pcy, and key elements are replicated in selected cities throughout the United States. This program not only provides a model for performing-arts festivals for young audiences, but enables the Kennedy Center to contribute to the development of new works, to involve noted artists in performing for young people, and to serve as a catalyst for the development of programs for young people at performing- arts centers throughout the country. The pcy provides technical assistance and core professional productions for each outreach festival, featuring such well-known artists as Sarah Caldwell, Jacques d'Amboise, and Leon Bibb. Each year during the "Imagination Celebration," an Award for Excel- lence is presented to an outstanding artist or individual for his or her contribution to young people through the arts. The recipient of this year's award was puppeteer Shari Lewis. Another component of the pcy is the series of Arts Education Workshops offered to elementary and secondary school teachers, created to provide greater awareness and appreciation for all the art forms, thus enhancing teacher commitment to the arts in edu- cation. The workshops are offered annually in the fall and spring. In cooperation with the American College Dance Festival Asso- ciation, the second National College Dance Festival was held at John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts I 365 the Kennedy Center in the spring of 1983. Colleges with strong dance training programs were represented by young artists. Work- shops were conducted by professional dancers for students and teachers participating in the festival. Special awards and scholar- ships were presented to outstanding students. PcY programs also received support from the Alvord Foundation, Mobil Oil Corporation, the McLachlen National Bank, the Eugene and Agnes E. Meyer foundation, and the Hertz Corporation and Hertz Penske, Inc., during the past year. AMERICAN COLLEGE THEATRE FESTIVAL The American College Theatre Festival (actf) is presented annually by the Kennedy Center to provide national recognition of the efforts of college and university theaters throughout the United States. Nearly 13,500 students and 2,500 faculty members from 420 schools participated in actf xv. Their productions across the country drew audiences of more than two million. The festival seeks to encourage new styles of theatrical presentation and methods of staging, innovative approaches to the classics, original plays by young writers, and revivals of significant plays of the past. It emphasizes excellence of total production, including acting, directing, design, and writing. Nearly sixty productions were presented in twelve regional festivals. Of these, seven were chosen for showcase presentation at the two-week national festival in the Kennedy Center Terrace Theater: The Kid, Gallaudet College, Washington, D.C.; The Bulldog and the Bear, California State University, Fullerton; Buried Child, University of Kansas, Lawrence; Zooman and the Sign, North Carolina A & T State University, Greensboro; My Sister in This House, Centenary College, Shreveport, Louisiana; Tea and Sympathy, Hope College, Holland, Michigan; and The Waltz of the Toreadors, Portland State University, Oregon. The ACTF Michael Kanin Student Playwriting Award and other ACTF awards and scholarships in acting, theatrical design, theater criticism, and theater management offer students vital professional experience and cash awards totaling over $30,000. The Kennedy Center's Committee on Cultural Diversity pro- vided assistance to the actf to support the Black College Technical Assistance Project, intended to increase the participation of the 366 / Smithsonian Year 1983 historically black colleges and universities in the national festival. The project was initiated in 1980 in order to allow project staff to work with a number of the colleges on entry productions for the fifteenth annual actf competition. At the conclusion of the second full year of the project, national actf judges awarded North Caro- line A & T State University's production of Zooman and the Sign a place in national showcase festival at the Kennedy Center. The American College Theatre Festival is presented and pro- duced by the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in cooperation with the University and College Theatre Association, a division of the American Theatre Association and is supported in part by the Amoco companies and the Kennedy Center Corporate Fund. Cultural Diversity Programming The National Committee on Cultural Diversity in the Performing Arts serves as a standing advisory body on minority affairs to the chairman of the center's board of trustees. Its members are com- poser Roque Cordero, dancer/choreographer Chuck Davis, vocalist Ella Fitzgerald, actress Cicely Tyson, pianist Andre Watts, play- wright Richard Wesley, and Kennedy Center trustees Marjorie M. Lawson and Henry Strong. Dr. Archie L. Buffkins, who serves as president of the committee, also worked closely this year with the center's Education Program to plan a Cultural Diversity Festival during February which received support through the Cultural Diversity Committee. Major support for the committee's projects is provided through the Kennedy Center Corporate Fund. Highlights of the year in- cluded support for a major revival of Porgy and Bess and more than forty grants to metropolitan Washington artists and organi- zations. In addition,^ Dr. Buffkins offered technical assistance, marketing and audience development expertise to artists and orga- nizations, primarily to foster young black, Hispanic, and Asian talent. lohn F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts I 367 Friends of the Kennedy Center The Friends of the Kennedy Center was authorized in 1966 by the board of trustees as a nationwide, self-supporting auxihary of volunteers and donor members. As a result of an intensive drive to increase community and national involvement with the Kennedy Center, the Friends' membership has grown from 6,000 to over 16,000 in the last two years through the use of direct mail, special membership events, and personal solicitation. The Friends Membership Committee, a group of volunteers organized to recruit new members, coordinates many of the special events. In the Washington metropolitan area, 300 Friends volunteers contributed more than 65,000 hours of service during the past year to provide visitor and information services 365 days a year. The volunteers staffed the Friends Gift Shop, provided special visitor assistance to the handicapped, and administered the Spe- cially Priced Ticket Program for senior citizens, students, and the handicapped. Volunteer guides offer free tours every day of the year to more than 6,000 people who visit the Kennedy Center on an average day. Tours are also conducted in several foreign lan- guages to accommodate the large number of visitors from abroad. Group tours, including those arranged through congressional offi- ces, are also offered on a daily basis. Kennedy Center News, published bimonthly by the Friends, serves as the institutional public-relations newsletter for the Kennedy Center and is received by thousands of Friends members, members of Congress, arts organizations, government agencies, and libraries across the country. The Friends by-laws were revised in April 1983 to reflect the growth and changing needs of the organization. The number of elected members to the National Council, the governing body of the Friends, was increased from six to twelve, to encourage more direct public participation in the center. The new position of ex- ecutive director, to administer the day-to-day operations of the Friends, was also created. Revenues from the Friends membership and gift shops help support the public service and national outreach programs of the Kennedy Center, such as the American College Theatre Festival; 368 / Smithsonian Year 1983 the "Imagination Celebration" festivals for children; the National Committee, Arts for the Handicapped; organ recitals and demon- strations free to the public; special tours of the Kennedy Center as part of the annual summer 4-H program in Washington, D.C.; and the Specially Priced Ticket Program. Mrs. Elizabeth Polk Guest served as chairman of the Friends of the Kennedy Center through September 1983. Performing Arts Library Completing its fourth full year of operation in fiscal year 1983, the Performing Arts Library continued to establish itself as an important link in the chain of library and information resources in the performing arts with scholars, artists, writers, broadcasters, the Kennedy Center administration, and other libraries and infor- mation centers. Nearly 20,000 patrons used the Performing Arts Library this year, with increasing assistance provided by telephone to users around the nation. A revised schedule of opening hours, begun late in fiscal year 1982, has allowed Kennedy Center audiences to use the library four evenings per week (Tuesday through Friday). The Kiralfy Bros' Present . . ., an exhibition of posters from American theatrical spectacles from the 1880s to the 1910s, went on view in the Performing Arts Library reading room in October 1982. The announcement of the exhibition that appeared in the Library of Congress Information Bulletin of October 29, 1982, detailed the achievements of these Hungarian immigrant theatrical entrepreneurs. Descendants of the Kiralfy brothers from as far away as Illinois and Florida visited the exhibition and reacquainted themselves with with the brothers' achievements and with other branches of their family. Plans were begun in fiscal year 1983 for five future exhibitions: one in observance of the 100th anniversary of the Metropolitan Opera; another honoring the fiftieth anniversary of Gershwin's Porgy and Bess; and displays of various forms of dance notation; posters of early Hollywood musicals; and sheet music, showing the rise of the American popular song. International visitors to the Performing Arts Library included John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts I 369 librarians, arts administrators, theater directors, and playwrights from Poland, Austria, France, Iceland, and Uganda. Kennedy Center Honors The Kennedy Center Honors were first awarded by the board of trustees in 1978 to recognize lifelong achievement by this nation's performing artists. The Honors Gala is an annual event and the center's most important fundraising benefit: the 1982 gala raised $400,000 in net proceeds to support Kennedy Center programming. The 1982 honorees — George Abbott, Lillian Gish, Benny Goodman, Gene Kelly, and Eugene Ormandy — joined a distinguished group of artists who have been so recognized by their fellow Americans. The 1982 Honors Gala in the Opera House was preceded by a reception at the White House, hosted by President and Mrs. Ronald Reagan. Among the outstanding performers who participated in the evening's tributes, later broadcast by cbs on Christmas evening, were Claudette Colbert, Cyd Charisse, Peggy Lee, Isaac Stern, Lionel Hampton, and Gregory Hines. Kennedy Center Broadcasts The center's highlight of the year on television was the annual broadcast of the Kennedy Center Honors on December 25, 1982, over the cbs network. The center was represented on public tele- vision by the third season of "Kennedy Center Tonight!" Funding for the series has been provided by the Shell Companies Founda- tion, with additional funding from the Corporation for Public Broadcasting. This season of "Kennedy Center Tonight!" featured four pro- grams: "Christmas at Kennedy Center," "My Father, Stravinsky," "Eubie Blake: A Century of Music," and "Medea" with Tony- award-winner Zoe Caldwell repeating her acclaimed stage per- formance in the Robinson Jeffers version of this classic play. During the summer of 1983, the Public Broadcasting System broad- 370 / Smithsonian Year 1983 cast "Encore!" — weekly rebroadcasts of three seasons of "Kennedy Center Tonight!" programs. Finally, the uso celebrated Bob Hope's eightieth birthday with a television broadcast on the nbc network, staged in the Opera House, which featured a score of performers from stage, television, and film. Funding The Kennedy Center's operating budget for 1983, from its theater operations, concession income, and contributions, exceeded $23 million. More than $5 million was raised from private sources in order for the center to fulfill its Section 4 mandate as a national performing arts center and to sustain a year-round calendar of educational and public-service programming. The National Park Service is responsible for much of the mainte- nance, and for ensuring the security, of the Kennedy Center, which, as a presidential memorial, is open to the public without charge every day of the year. The center, however, must reimburse the National Park Service with a 23.8 percent pro rata share of maintenance, utility, and housekeeping expenses allocated to its operation as a performing-arts center. Beyond its 1983 reimburse- ment to the National Park Service of nearly $1 million for its apportioned share of costs, the center, in addition, bears the com- plete cost of maintaining its five theaters and extensive backstage and office facilities, an expense which totaled an additional $400 thousand for 1983.. Since the Kennedy Center opened in 1971, foundations, corpora- tions, and individuals have contributed more than $27 million to its support. A major portion of the private support has been provided by the Corporate Fund for the Performing Arts at Kennedy Center. The Corporate Fund was organized in 1977 by the principal officers of thirty-six major American corporations and its currently represents nearly 279 corporations committed to the support of the national cultural center. Funds contributed to the Corporate Fund enable the Kennedy Center to extend its national outreach through programming and public-service activities, to foster new John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts I 371 works, and to offer performing arts programming at reduced prices or, in many instances, at no admission charge whatsoever. Participation in the Corporate Fund is open to any corporation that contributes to the center. James H. Evans, chairman of Union Pacific Corporation, served as chairman of the 1983 Corporate Fund. The members of the Board of Governors and a listing of fund contributions received during the past year are named in Appendix 8. Board of Trustees The Kennedy Center is independently administered as a bureau of the Smithsonian Institution by a board of trustees, thirty of whose members are citizens appointed by the President of the United States for ten-year overlapping terms. The remaining fifteen members are legislatively designated ex officio representatives of the legislative branch and executive departments of the federal government. Members of the Kennedy Center Board of Trustees are listed in Appendix 1. The President's Advisory Committee on the Arts The Advisory Committee, under the chairmanship of Herbert L. Hutner of California, includes membership from forty-three states and the District of Columbia. It is authorized by the Kennedy Center Act to assist the board of trustees. During the past year the committee attended four meetings at the center; its members concentrated their discussions on private fundraising and national outreach programs. On May 19, 1983, the Advisory Committee sponsored a gala benefit at the center, cochaired by the representatives from Texas and Michigan. On August 26-28, 1983, the Rhode Island repre- sentative sponsored a benefit weekend in Newport. Advisory Com- mittee members and their guests from around the country attended, as well as individuals from the Newport area. A list of members of the President's Advisory Committee on the Arts during 1982-83 appears in Appendix 1. 372 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Smithsonian Year • 198} NATIONAL GALLERY OF ART J. CARTER BROWN, DIRECTOR The National Gallery of Art, although formally established as a bureau of the Smithsonian Institution, is an autonomous and sep- arately administered organization. It is governed by its own board of trustees, the ex officio members of which are the Chief Justice of the United States, the Secretary of State, the Secretary of the Treasury, and the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. Of the five general trustees, Paul Mellon continued to serve as chair- man of the board, with John R. Stevenson and Carlisle H. Humel- sine as president and vice-president, respectively. Also continuing on the board were Dr. Franklin D. Murphy and Ruth Carter Stevenson. During the year, visitors entering both of the gallery buildings numbered 4,893,795 and included the President and Mrs. Ronald Reagan, Her Royal Highness The Princess Margaret and Her Royal Highness The Duchess of Gloucester, Prince Hans Adam of Liechtenstein, President Ramalho Eanes of Portugal, and Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau of Canada. A new museum-within a-museum, containing more than 40,000 square feet of new exhibition space, opened in the west end of the ground floor of the West Building. The new graphics, decorative arts, and small sculpture galleries were made possible by the removal of administrative offices to the East Building. The long- closed Seventh Street entrance to the West Building was restored to its original appearance and opened to the public, allowing access directly to the new galleries and, through the ground floor, to the 373 Fourth Street entrance. Fourteen new galleries devoted to the exhibition of prints and drawings allow an increase in the average number of graphics exhibited in a year from 300 to 1,000. Some 1,000 small bronzes, long in storage, are now on view, as well as the gallery's collection of decorative arts, including the beautiful Chinese porcelains. New installations of sculpture, tapestries, and sixty-two American naive paintings from the more than 300 given to the gallery over the years by Colonel and Mrs. Edgar William Garbisch offer the visitor to the West Building ground floor a rich variety of art forms. During the year, the programs developed and distributed by the gallery's Department of Extension Programs reached an esti- mated audience of 97,341,022, nearly double that of the previous year. This figure reflects a 300 percent increase in orders for video- cassette programs and a 100 percent increase in viewers of educa- tional and public television programs. Foremost among suppliers of these programs to millions of viewers in communities in every state in the nation is the Appalachian Community Service Network (ACSN — "The Learning Network"), which accounts for well over half of the total public/educational television audience for fiscal year 1983. Twenty new agencies joined the long-term Regional Extended Loan system. A film developed and produced by the department, Picasso: The Saltimbanques, won a "Golden Mercury" award from the Venice International Documentary/Technological Film Festival. Two short films on Gauguin and Picasso, and a thirty-minute film on the American sculptor David Smith, were produced during the year and added to the department's inventory for distribution, as was a film on the gallery's founder, The Quiet Collector: Andrew W. Mellon Remembered, which was produced through the kind generosity of Conoco as a public service. Twenty-two scholars were in residence at the Center for Ad- vanced Study in the Visual Arts for varying periods during the year. Included for the first time were four predoctoral fellows. The Kress Professor for academic year 1982-83 was Harold Wethey, distinguished historian of Spanish and ItaUan art and professor emeritus at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Washington area art historians were invited to the center for twenty-eight meetings: ten colloquia in which papers were presented by the 374 / Smithsonian Year 1983 senior members; six seminars in various fields of art history and related disciplines; four meetings to hear area art historians discuss their current research; four lectures presented by scholars from the United States and abroad; and four symposia, two of which, on Claude Lorrain and Raphael, were held in conjunction with exhibitions at the gallery. The second annual symposium cospon- sored with the Department of Art at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore focused on Manet, and the Thirteenth Annual Middle Atlantic Symposium in the History of Art was cosponsored by the Department of Art at the University of Maryland. Two large and important gifts were added to the gallery's collections during the year. Eight American and French paintings from the collection of John Hay Whitney were gifts from the charitable trust established by the late publisher and diplomat during his lifetime. Whitney was a trustee of the gallery from 1961 to 1979. Included in the gift were a fight scene by Bellows, an intimate family scene by Eakins, a Whistler, two Derains, an imaginary jungle landscape by Rousseau, and the first paintings by Hopper and Cross to enter the collections. Paul Mellon gave the gallery a large collection of fifty paintings, twenty-four sculptures, and nineteen prints and drawings by nine- teenth- and twentieth-century European and American artists which he and Mrs. Mellon had collected over thirty years. Im- pressionist and postimpressionist works include six paintings by Monet and ten by Boudin, two works by both Gauguin and Cassatt, and one each by Bazille, van Gogh, Renoir, and Seurat. Five paintings and nineteen prints and drawings by Bellows are also included. Other European painters represented are Klee, Miro, Okada, de Stael, Villon, and Vuillard. The gallery's collection of works by British artists is enrichened by the addition of paintings by Fuseli, Hogarth, Crome, Devis, Wheatley, Wilson, Wright of Derby, and Zoffany. Among the sculptures are five small terra cottas by Maillol, two Leger bronze reliefs, six bronze reliefs by Manzu, a stone carving by Moore, a stabile by Calder, a bronze by Despiau, and a terra cotta by Renoir. Gifts of paintings and sculptures from other generous donors included a magnificent small Manet entitled Ball at the Opera, and, from the twentieth century, a Cubist Still Life by Roy Lichtenstein, a painting by Frank Stella, a Cornell construction, and a Warhol National Gallery of Art I 375 silkscreen on canvas entitled Let Us Now Praise Famous Men Rauschenberg Family). Among the n^ore than 870 contemporary graphics given to the gallery is a group of 805 prints from the Tamarind Lithography Workshop in Los Angeles, and two other smaller groups of prints by Johns, Lichtenstein, Kelly, Motherwell, Stella, Francis, Anni and Josef Albers, and Cornell, The graphics collection was greatly enhanced by the acquisition of 200 of the finest works in Julius Held's collection of old master and modern drawings. Of the 156 artists represented in the collec- tion, 118 are new to the gallery's collections. Among the drawings of particular importance are an Eakins, Poleman in the Ma'sh, an early German mannerist by the Master of the Lichtenstein Adora- tion, powerful works in color by Benjamin West, an album of sketches of Rome by Robert, and works by seventeenth-century Flemish, sixteenth-century French, and nineteenth-century German and English artists. Other firie drawings acquired through dona- tions were a Gainsborough landscape, a Saint-Aubin study of figures seated outdoors, a Trinquess red chalk of A Lady Sewing, a Lallemand gouache, an extraordinary large Pillement pastel landscape, a Kirchner, Bather on the Beach, and a large Klee watercolor. Outstanding gifts of prints included Bracquemond's tonal mas- terpiece Le Soir, a charming Baby in a Basket Outdoors by Vuillard, and eighteen Eschers. Purchases of individual drawings were led by Barocci's large and beautiful Figure Studies on blue paper; two de Gheyns, an early mannerist Saint Mattias and a very late and disturbing witch- craft scene; one of Rubens's earliest drawings for book illustra- tion; and prime works by Rosa, Huet, and Haseltine. Among print purchases was an impression of Rosa's Diogenes, one of the finest known of any Rosa etching. The sixteen temporary exhibitions offered during the year pre- sented works of art ranging from products of fourteenth-century Aztec Mexico to twentieth-century American sculptor David Smith. Ten of the exhibitions focused on the work of individual artists. The most comprehensive exhibition ever held of the works of Claude Lorrain commemorated the 300th anniversary of that artist's death. Organized jointly with the Reunion des musees 376 / Smithsonian Year 1983 nationaux, it was the first major exhibition of Claude's work to be held in the United States or France. Sixty still-life paintings by American trompe-l'oeil artist John F, Peto were examined for their content and historical context. Over sixty sculptures by David Smith, ranging in scale from the small Agricola series to the monumental stainless steel Cubis, were displayed on all four levels of the East Building. Smaller, more intimate, exhibitions presented the works of Raphael, Manet, Braque, and Arp. An examination of Raphael's historical importance for American artists and collectors celebrated the 500th anniversary of the artist's birth. Manet and Modern Paris marked the centenary of his death and focused on the visual exploration of Paris and its environs by Manet, his precursors, contemporaries, and followers in the second half of the nineteenth century. An exhibition of thirty collages by Georges Braque cele- brated the centenary of his birth. Jean Arp: The Dada Reliefs illustrated Arp's experiments with the Dada concepts of chance and automatism in a variety of materials. The first major exhibi- tion in the United States of engravings, etchings, and woodcuts by Lucas van Leyden, the Dutch painter and printmaker, presented 140 works by that artist and other sixteenth-century Dutch print- makers. The finding of an important stone monument in Mexico City in February 1978 and the subsequent excavation of the Templo Mayor, or Great Temple, of Tenochtitlan, the capital of the Aztec Empire, inspired the Art of Aztec Mexico: Treasures of Tenochtit- lan, organized jointly with Dumbarton Oaks. Monumental stone sculptures, some of which were used in the rituals of human sacri- fice, dazzling gold jewelry, pottery, and mosaics of semiprecious stones presented the first comprehensive survey of the artistic achievements of the Aztecs ever shown in the United States. Painting in Naples from Caravaggio to Giordano, an examina- tion of the art of painting in seventeenth-cenutry Naples, presented more than 100 works dating from Caravaggio's arrival in Naples in 1606 to the end of Luca Giordano's career in 1705, and illus- trated the influence of Caravaggio's powerful realism and dramatic lighting on the artists who came to work in that city from other parts of Italy and Europe. Seventy-three nineteenth- and twentieth-century American and National Gallery of Art I 377 European paintings from the John Hay Whitney Collection focused on the French impressionists and their successors and included the eight paintings recently donated to the gallery. Five Surrealists from the Menil Collections exhibited forty-two paintings, sculp- tures, drawings, and objects, by Magritte, de Chirico, Ernst, Tan- guy, and Brauner, from one of the finest collections of surrealist art still in private hands, and presented a preview of one area of art which will be housed in the Menil Collections museum now being constructed in Houston and scheduled to open in late 1984. Works of art on paper were exhibited in: Visions of City and Country, which traced the development of landscape art in nine- teenth-century France through 146 prints and photographs; Draw- ings from the Holy Roman Empire 1540-1680: A Selection from North American Collections; a group of more than 170 photo- graphs by Alfred Stieglitz chosen from the 1,600 given to the gallery by his widow, Georgia O'Keeffe; and Night Prints, which focused on renderings of darkness and dramatic contrasts of light and dark in graphic works dating from the sixteenth to the twen- tieth century. The latter three exhibitions were installed in the new graphics galleries in the ground floor of the West Building. The gallery made loans to thirty-nine exhibitions at fifty-six American institutions and to fifteen exhibitions at nineteen mu- seums in foreign countries. Included were a total of seventy-one paintings, six sculptures, and ninety-two works of graphic art. The Education Department prepared interpretive material for the Naples, Raphael, van Leyden, Aztec, Claude, and Whitney exhibitions, and for the new installations of the French furniture, Chinese porcelains, and Renaissance bronzes. Attendance totaled 209,067 at the special tours, lectures, and films as well as the regularly scheduled tours and talks relating to the gallery's collec- tions, the tours conducted by volunteer docents for area school children and foreign visitors, and the auditorium lectures delivered by staff docents and invited scholars. A number of distinguished scholars lectured during the year. Among them were Vincent Scully, presently serving as Colonel John Trumbull Professor of the History of Art at Yale University, who delivered the 1983 A. W. Mellon Lectures in the Fine Arts on "The Shape of France"; Sydney J. Freedberg, Arthur Kingsley Porter Professor of Fine Arts, Harvard University; Ann Suther- 378 / Smithsonian Year 1983 land Harris, Amon Carter Visiting Professor of Art History, Uni- versity of Texas, Arlington, Texas; Bates Lowry, director of the National Building Museum, Washington, D.C.; Konrad Oberhuber, curator of drawings at the Fogg Art Museum, Harvard University; Jules D. Prown, professor of art history, Yale University; and Theodore Reff, professor of art history at Columbia University. National Gallery of Art I 379 Smithsonian Year « ip8} CHRONOLOGY The following is a representative selection of Smithsonian events during the fiscal year. No attempt has been made to make this a complete compilation of the Institution's activities. October Exhibition: Chinese Art of the Warring States Period: Change and Conti- nuity, 480-222 B.C., celebrating the sixtieth anniversary of the Freer Gallery of Art, opened. Construction: The roadways and parking areas of the uppermost levels of the Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory at Mt. Hopkins, Arizona, were paved as a dust-control measure. October 1 Special Event: HERPlab, a family learning center for visitors, opened in the Reptile and Amphibian House at the National Zoo and subsequently received the 1983 AAZPA Education Award. Publication: Dr. Paul J. Spangler, National Museum of Natural History, pub- lished an in-depth bibliography of the aquatic beetles of Mexico, Central America, and the West Indies, making it possible for entomological students to begin studies of critically important fauna in countries where access to literature is limited. October 2 Special Event: The National Museum of American History completed the Star-Spangled Banner preservation project and inaugurated a new flag presen- tation ceremony that includes a recorded commentary and early versions of the National Anthem. October 3-5 Seminar: The first national seminar on "Older Adults and the Museum World: An Emerging Partnership" was sponsored by the Office of Museum Programs and attended by fifty-five museum professionals. October 4 Milestone: Veterans of Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory's satellite tracking program celebrated the twenty-fifth anniversary of the launch of the first space satellite, the Russian Sputnik 1. 380 Milestone: In order to foster closer collaboration with other Smithsonian his- tory and art museums, the Anacostia Neighborhood Museum was transferred organizationally from the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Public Service to the Office of the Assistant Secretary for History and Art. October 11-14 Lecture: The director of the Office of Biological Conservation presented the keynote address on the Afrotropical Realm at the World National Parks Conference in Bali, Indonesia. October 12 Exhibition: The National Museum of American History opened The Italians in the Creation of America, an exhibition of seventy-nine rare books and maps by Italian writers and cartographers from the late fifteenth through the early nineteenth centuries. October 12 Special Events: Buckminister Fuller, one of the most influential designers and thinkers of the twentieth century, discussed the potential city of the future in a lecture presented by the Resident Associate Program. October 14 Milestone: The Cooper-Hewitt Textile Study Center, made possible by Thomas M. Evans and the Milliken Foundation, was officially dedicated. October 14-16 International Symposium: "Scandinavian Design," consisting of lectures and other events, was presented by the Cooper-Hewitt Museum in conjunction with a Scandinavian exhibition. October 18 New Program: The Kellogg Project/Office of Museum Programs began a three-year effort to expand the educational role of museums in their com- munities. October 19 Exhibition: Alice Pike Barney: Bringing Culture to a Provincial Capital opened at Barney Studio House, the first exhibition in this unique showplace. October 26 Exhibition: African Emblems of Status opened at the Museum of African Art. October 29 Exhibition: Charles Willson Peale and His World, reflecting the multifaceted talents of Peale as artist, scientist, and inventor, opened at the National Portrait Gallery. October 30-31 Special Events: Latin American craftsmen and musicians from Washington, D.C., re-created a traditional Day of the Dead celebration at the Renwick Gallery, produced by the Office of Folklife Programs in conjunction with the Celebration exhibition. November Awards: The Office of Public Affairs won several top honors from the D.C. Chapter of the Society for Technical Communication. OPA's Research Reports placed first in the newsletter category; OPA assistant director and chief Chronology I 381 science writer Madeleine Jacobs won first place, third place, and honorable mention for News Service articles and an honorable mention for a brochure describing programs at the Radiation Biology Laboratory. Lecture: The director of the Office of Biological Conservation delivered a paper on the "Preservation of Genetic Resources" at the International Scien- tific Conference on Environmental Research and Management Priorities for the 1980s, held at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm. Publication: Evolucion en los Tropicos, the Spanish translation of a collection of twenty-two papers by researchers at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, edited by Georgina A. de Alba and Roberta W. Rubinoff, was pub- lished by STRI and the University of Panama Press. Publication: The Ecology of a Tropical Forest: Seasonal Rhythms and Long Term Changes, published by the Smithsonian Institution Press, included thirty-two papers on the results of studies conducted on Barro Colorado Island. November 1 Exhibition: Ban Chiang: Discovery of a Lost Bronze Age opened at the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania, marking a major collaboration among Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service, the University Museum, and the Department of Fine Arts, Thailand. November 1 Exhibition: The Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service opened Beauties of the Coral Reef at the ATLAPA Convention Center in the Republic of Panama. A Marine Sciences Symposium Day on November 18 marked its closing, with students from many parts of Panama attending. November 4 Exhibitions: Two exhibits on the art and life of the twentieth-century Ameri- can sculptor David Smith opened at the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden. A related all-day symposium was held at the museum and the National Gallery of Art on November 6. November 5 Exhibition: The Prints of Louis Lozowick opened at the National Museum of American Art and included seventy works from the virtually complete set of lithographs and wood engravings deposited with the museum by Adele Lozowick, widow of the artist. Award: "Here at the Smithsonian . . .," the Office of Telecommunications' series of short features for television, was honored with a Silver Award from the International Film and TV Festival of New York. November 7-9 Workshop: Staff members from the Chesapeake Bay Center and other re- search institutions gathered to discuss research data and future plans on "Nutrient Flux and Cycling in the Rhode River Watershed/Estuarine Eco- system." November 7-14 Lecture: Wilton S. Dillon, director of the Office of Seminars and Symposia, spoke on "The Uses of Ceremony in Science" in Caracas, Venezuela, at the centenary of the death of Charles Darwin. 382 / Smithsonian Year 1983 November 9. Lecture: The annual James Arthur Lecture in solar physics was given at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory by Douglas Gough, Cambridge Uni- versity, on the topic, "Helioseismology." November 17 Exhibition: The Spirit of Texas, the first helicopter to fly around the world, was placed on display in the National Air and Space Museum. The pilots, H. Ross Perot, Jr., and Jay Coburn, later received the Samuel P. Langley Medal for their pioneering flight. Seminar: Dr. Bert Drake, Radiation Biology Laboratory, conducted a seminar, "Utilization of Solar Radiation Reflectance and Gas Exchange in Studies of Primary Production in Salt Marsh Communities," at the University of Dela- ware. November 19 Special Event: A ceremony at the National Zoo opened the exhibition of two young bald eagles that were presented to the American people by the people of the Federal Republic of Germany. November 19-20 Performance: "The Children of Pride: A True Story of Georgia and the Civil War," a four-part series, was presented at the National Portrait Gallery, of- fering a concentrated insight into the antebellum, Civil War, and Reconstruc- tion South. November 24 Exhibition: Contemporary Paintings from Pakistan, forty-three works by twenty-three artists of the twentieth century, opened at the Hirshhorn Mu- seum and Sculpture Garden. December PSA: A public service announcement for television was produced by the Office of Elementary and Secondary Education and the Office of Public Affairs to give visibility to the facilities available for disabled visitors. In addition to the distribution to commercial stations in Washington and surrounding cities, the President's Committee on Employment for the Handicapped funded a national distribution to cable stations. December Publication: A series of ten guides to the Smithsonian Institution Libraries branches was published. December 1 Exhibition: The Artist and the Space Shuttle, an art exhibition documenting the development of the Space Shuttle program, opened in the National Air and Space Museum with more than 100 works of art. December 3 Exhibition: Trade Literature: Clothing and Allied Industries, featuring items from the Smithsonian Institution Libraries collections, was opened, supported by a grant from the Smithsonian Institution Women's Committee. December 3—5 Special Event: The National Associates Travel Program celebrated its eleventh annual "Christmas at the Smithsonian" weekend. Chronology I 383 December 4 Seminar: "In Search of Human Origins," presented by the Resident Associate Program, featured distinguished scientists who examined new discoveries and new approaches in evaluating the origins of man. Special Event: The Hirshhorn Museum's seventh annual "Hirshhorn Holiday: A Celebration for Children" was sponsored by the Smithsonian Women's Committee and featured performances, music, dancing, and magic. December 5 Special Event: Contributing Members were invited to the official residence of the Ambassador of Canada to the United States where they toured his collection of prints by French artist James Jacques Joseph Tissot. December 9-10 Support: The Office of Biological Conservation participated in the forty- second meeting of the Charles Darwin Foundation for the Galapagos Isles, which resulted in the office's providing logistical support for the foundation's endowment drive. December 10 Installation: The original "Old Glory" flag was placed on display by the National Museum of American History following completion of conservation procedures. Special Event: The Smithsonian Women's Committee held its twelfth annual Christmas fundraiser dinner-dance, "Winter Wonderland," in the National Museum of Natural History, with forty-three green and flocked decorated trees provided by the Office of Horticulture. Special Event: The Wigilia, a Polish Christmas celebration, was reenacted by Polish-Americans with crafts, food, music, and dance at the Renwick Gallery in conjunction with the Celebration exhibition. December 12 Reorganization: The Motion Picture Unit in the Office of Exhibits Central and the Video Production Unit in the Office of Museum Programs were drawn together under the Office of Telecommunications. December 16 Exhibition: The annual Trees of Christmas opened in the National Museum of American History with twelve living trees decorated with cultural and ethnic themes. December 16 Special Event: Veteran Broadway producer George Abbott reminisced on his life in the theater in a living self-portrait program at the National Portrait Gallery. December 23 Grant: The Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute received a grant from the W. Alton Jones Foundation of Charlottesville, Virginia, to initiate "Alter- natives to Destruction," a series of projects designed to offer short-term solutions to tropical deforestation. December 27 Acquisition: Miners in the Sierras (1851-52), by Charles Nahl and Frederick Wenderoth, and Sa'xon (1966-67), by Deborah Remington, were accessioned 384 / Smithsonian Year 1983 by the National Museum of American Art, gifts from the Fred Heilbron Col- lection and Flora M. Biddle respectively. January Award: The Office of Telecommunications received the top Freedoms Founda- tion Award for Excellence in Radio for its special broadcast of "Yorktown: Echoes of a Victory." Special Appropriation: Congress appropriated $200,000 for the Office of Tele- communications production of "Peace Be Still," a film celebrating the signing of the 1783 Treaty of Paris. The major filming in Paris and London was completed in September 1983. January 1 New Programs: The Office of Fellowships and Grants assumed administration of Smithsonian Institution Cooperative Education Program. January 3 Appointment: Irwin I. Shapiro of MIT assumed responsibilities as director of the Joint Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, as well as the directorships of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory and the Harvard College Observatory. January 5 Award: George Field, former director of the joint Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, received the Smithsonian's Henry Medal for his role in founding the center and for "creating the intellectual and cooperative climate for a surge of astronomical advances." January 8 Concert: Noted black country blues singer Libba Cotton performed with Mike Seeger in a concert celebrating her ninetieth birthday. The program was cosponsored by the Office of Folklife Programs and the Folklore Society of Greater Washington. January 9-12 Conference: The Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory served as cohost for the 161st General Meeting of the American Astronomical Society in Boston, a meeting that attracted the largest attendance in the history of the AAS. January 13 Exhibition: The Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden opened The Eight and the Independent Tradition in American Art, consisting of forty-six works by the eight artists who banded together seventy-five years ago to protest academic art. January 15 Research: Field research on the winter ecology of migratory birds was conducted for five weeks in the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico, by scientists from the Chesapeake Bay Center for Environmental Studies. January 16-18 Workshop: Chesapeake Bay Center staff and invited research colleagues gathered to discuss "The Approach to Analysis of Biogeochemical Interac- tions within a Complex Estuarine/Watershed Landscape Mosaic." Chronology I 385 January 19-20 Workshop: "Conservation Awareness," an on-site workshop sponsored by the Office of Museum Programs, was held at the Maymont Foundation in Rich- mond in cooperation with the George Washington University's College of General Studies and the Virginia Association of Museums. January 26 Classes: "Russia after Brezhnev: Turmoil from Within," a Resident Associate Program series of lectures by noted scholars, began exploring the unresolved domestic problems faced by Yuri Andropov and his colleagues in the immedi- ate aftermath of the death of Brezhnev. January 28 Symposium: Six panelists discussed "Wonderland: Joseph Cornell's Adven- tures in the Arts, Humanities and Sciences," at a session cosponsored by the National Museum of American Art and the Archives of American Art, held in conjunction with the current exhibition of the artist's work. TV Series: Funding was obtained from the James S. McDonnell Foundation for the production of a seven-part television series entitled "Smithsonian World," to be coproduced by the Smithsonian Institution and WETA-TV and distributed nationally in 1984 by the Public Broadcasting Service. January 28-29 Special Event: Ceremonies marking the traditional passages, from infancy to marriage, in the life of Ga women were enacted by the Oboade Drumming and Dance Company from Ghana in conjunction with the Renwick Gallery's Celebration exhibition. February Filming: The Agency for Instructional Television filmed Smithsonian scien- tists and curators for a new science series, designed for junior high school students, to be distributed throughout the United States and Canada for the 1983-84 school year. Film Project: Under the supervision of the Office of Telecommunications, film producer Julian Krainin began production on two films documenting the construction and educational value of the Smithsonian Quadrangle. The first, intended for fundraising and informational purposes, was completed in September. New Program: Plans for an Intern Information and Registration Service to be implemented by the Visitor Information and Associates' Reception Center were approved. The service will provide a central registry and data on all interns and internships in the Institution. Lecture Series: In cooperation with Boston's Museum of Science, the Smith- sonian Astrophysical Observatory cosponsored a special two-part series of free popular lectures on astronomy entitled "Visions of the Cosmos" for the general public at the museum. Black History Month: Special exhibits, films, a symposium, performances, concerts, and demonstrations were scheduled. Tours of the Smithsonian, as well as related exhibits in other museums, were conducted. Internationally known Washington artist Sam Gilliam presented his work in the Anacostia Neighborhood Museum program, "Helping Young People Look at Art." 386 / Smithsonian Year 1983 February 1 Appointment: Sylvia H. Williams, curator of African, Oceanic and New World Art at the Brooklyn Museum, was named director of the National Museum of African Art. February 3 Exhibition: Hollywood Portrait Photographers, 1921-1941 opened at the Na- tional Portrait Gallery, focusing on the work of photographers who created the idealized images of the stars of the golden years of Hollywood. The exhibition set new attendance records at the gallery. February 6 Exhibition: American Impressiotiism closed in Sofia, Bulgaria, after having been viewed by more than 700,000 people on a European tour of Paris, East Berlin, Vienna, and Bucharest, circulated by the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service. February 7 Acquisition: With funds provided by the Regents Special Acquisition Program and friends of the museum, the Cooper-Hewitt acquired an important collec- tion of thirty-seven drawings by Frank Lloyd Wright. Appointment: Walter J. Boyne, acting director and formerly deputy director, was named director of the National Air and Space Museum. Fellowships: The first James E. Webb Fellows were announced by the Office of Fellowships and Grants. February 9-10 Workshop: "Paper Conservation," an on-site workshop sponsored by the Office of Museum Programs, was held at Belmont in Fredericksburg, Virginia, in cooperation with the George Washington University's College of General Studies and the Virginia Association of Museums. February 11 Exhibition: Japanese Ceramics Today: Masterworks from the Kikuchi Col- lection opened at the National Museum of Natural History with objects from the collection of Mme. Kikuchi of Tokyo, a noted patron of Japanese arts. February 12-13 Crafts Demonstration: Tet, the Vietnamese New Year, was celebrated with home altars, foods, and greetings from friends at the Renwick Gallery, produced by the Office of Folklife Programs in conjunction with the current exhibition. February 13 Seminar: "The Eight: American Art Comes of Age," presented by the Resi- dent Associate Program, focused on the first American art movement of the twentieth century and featured art historian Bennard Perlman, cultural historian Marc Pachter, and Mrs. John Sloan, widow of the artist. February 14-15 Lecture: The problems of encroaching deserts and misuse of marginal lands were discussed in a paper on "Desertification in Africa," presented by the director of the Office of Biological Conservation to the Centennial Symposium on Plants: Renewable Resources, at the University of Texas, Austin. Chronology I 387 February 25 Symposium: "The American Black in Aviation: A Decade of Change." The program included war veterans, historians, and public figures; it was one of four related projects at the National Air and Space Museum that also included an exhibition, an illustrated book, and a filmstrip for elementary and secondary students. February 26-March 14 Research: The Radiation Biology Laboratory collaborated with the Harbor Branch Foundation at Vero Beach and Fort Pierce, Florida, to measure and monitor the spectral quality of underwater light in the Indian River. March Visitor: Sheik Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa, Amir of Bahrain and Minister of Defense, visited the Freer Gallery of Art. Publication: How Humans Adapt: A Biocultural Odyssey, based on the Smith- sonian's seventh international symposium, was published by the Smithsonian Institution Press. March 1 Special Event: The Anacostia Neighborhood Museum observed Women's History Month with the display of a porcelain figure of the former slave, abolitionist, and suffragette Sojourner Truth, a gift of California dollmaker Cecilia Rothman. Seminar: The Resident Associate Program sponsored a five-part program entitled "Architectural Design Seminar: An Urban Site." Distinguished architects and architectural design students focused on a specific site in Alexandria, Virginia. March 4 Special Event: The Silverscreen Ball, the annual membership dance for Contributing Members, was held in the Great Hall of the National Portrait Gallery with the Vice-President of the United States and Mrs. George Bush as honorary sponsors. March 4-8 Exhibition: Florafest IV, the Fourth Annual Flower Show at the United States Botanic Gardens, opened with a large Victorian-style garden prepared by the Smithsonian's Office of Horticulture as its focal point. March 7 Research: A Planetary Society program designed to search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI) began at the Oak Ridge Observatory in Harvard, Mass- achusetts, using an eighty-four-foot radio antenna owned and operated jointly by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory and Harvard College Observatory. March 8-14 Fieldwork: The director of the Office of Biological Conservation conducted fieldwork in the Tai National Forest of the Ivory Coast, to recommend the delineation of park boundaries and of buffer zones to avoid commercial 388 / Smithsonian Year 1983 forestry and industrial development in this last remaining viable stand of primary rain forest in that country. March 10 Exhibition: Directions 1983, consisting of forty paintings, sculptures, con- structed environments, and large-scale drawings by seventeen contemporary artists, opened at the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, the third in the "Directions" series initiated by the museum in 1979. The artists repre- sented in the exhibition participated in an evening program with curator Phyllis Rosenzweig. March 11-12 Special Event: An Irish Ceili was celebrated with traditional music, dance, and food at the Renwick Gallery, produced by the Office of Folklife Programs in conjunction with the exhibition Celebration. March 19 Symposium: "Looking at Women/' a program moderated by Wanda Corn, associate professor of art history at Stanford University, was held at the National Museum of American Art in conjunction with its exhibition on the art of Elizabeth Nourse, 1859-1938. March 20 Research: Environmental chemist David Correll, Chesapeake Bay Center, left for the Peoples Republic of China as a participant in the Estuarine Research Federation's tour of coastal environmental research centers in China. March 21 Research: The National Museum of Natural History launched a pioneering international collaborative study of Aldabra, one of the world's most scien- tifically interesting coral atolls. The five-year study will focus on the marine ecosystems of the island, especially those of the lagoon and its fringes. March 27 Lecture: Dr. Jan Vansina, research professor of history at the University of Wisconsin, presented an illustrated lecture on Kuba art and status at the National Museum of African Art. March 27 Special Program: The Office of Museum Programs and the United States Information Agency cosponsored the "Education in Museums" project through April 24 for 20 museum professionals from abroad to study museum educa- tion techniques at the Smithsonian and other museums in the United States. March 28 Outreach: Dr. Robert Stuckenrath, Radiation Biology Laboratory, taught a block course on Radiocarbon Dating and Interpretation to graduate students of the Institute for Quaternary Studies of the University of Maine. April PSA: The noted actor Gregory Peck donated his time and talent to appear as narrator in a thirty-second television public service announcement pro- duced by the Office of Public Affairs on the varied activities of the Smith- sonian. The spot was subsequently seen by viewers in all fifty states, through both commercial and cable TV stations. Chronology I 389 April Gift: The Joseph H. Hazen Foundation donated approximately 150 copies of The Muses Flee Hitler: Cultural Transfer and Adaptation, 1930—1945 to uni- versity and municipal libraries to extend the book's immediate use. Contract Award: A $4.3 million contract was awarded to the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory to build a High Resolution Imager instrument for the ROSAT X-ray satellite now being prepared by a West Germany group for launching in 1987. April 1 New Facilities: The renovated Small Mammal House and a new Monkey Island were opened at the National Zoo. Research: An apparent fifth "hotspot" on the northern-half of the Mid- Atlantic Ridge was discovered by Dr. William G. Melson, National Museum of Natural History, while mapping the chemistry of glassy lava in that area. Hotspots are centers of "excess" volcanic activity and are considered by some as a driving mechanism for plate tectonics. April 2 Milestone: The National Air and Space Museum welcomed its 60 millionth visitor to the museum: Lauren Simkoff of Cleveland, Ohio, a twenty-year-old student at American University in Washington, D.C. April 4 Publication: The Muses Flee Hitler: Cultural Transfer and Adaptation, 1930- 1945, based on two colloquia organized by the Office of Smithsonian Sym- posia and Seminars for the Einstein Centennial, was published by the Smith- sonian Institution Press. April 6 Special Event: The fourth of the 1982-83 Frank Nelson Doubleday series at the National Museum of American History was presented by Arthur Mitchell and the company of the Dance Theatre of Harlem with an introduction to the fundamentals of ballet and performances of numerous selections. Lecture: The first of two informal evenings focusing on today's art world featured art dealer Mary Boone at the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden. Critics Grace Glueck and Carter Ratcliff appeared April 13. April 7 Seminar: The Office of Horticulture was host to the monthly educational meeting of the D.C. Branch of the Professional Grounds Management Society, at which Dr. Robert Howell of the U.S. Department of Agriculture spoke on environmental plant stress. Milestone: The Tropical Sciences Library, a branch of the Smithsonian Institution Libraries serving the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in Panama, was officially inaugurated by Dr. Caspar Garcia de Paredes, Panama's Minister of Health, with Dr. David Challinor, Assistant Secretary for Science, officiating for the Smithsonian. April 9-10 Symposium: "Animal Intelligence: Insights into the Animal Mind," the second National Zoological Park symposium designed specifically for the lay audience, featured twelve expert lecturers. 390 / Smithsonian Year 1983 April 10-19 Workshop: Dr. Gerald Deitzer, Radiation Biology Laboratory, participated in an Australian workshop on "Stomatal Functions in Flowering Plants" held in Honolulu, Hawaii. Aprill2 Special Event: A tour of the Diplomatic Reception Rooms of the U.S. Department of State was conducted for the Contributing Membership, with commentary by Clement E. Conger, curator. April 14 Lecture: The historian of the Anacostia Neighborhood Museum, Louise Daniel Hutchinson, participated in the University of the District of Colum- bia's Distinguished Senior Scholars Series with a lecture on "Anna J. Coopper: Struggling for the Light." April 14-16 Workshop: "Collections Management," an on-site workshop sponsored by the Office of Museum Programs, was held at the Alexandria Museum in Louisiana, with twenty museum professionals from Louisiana attending. April 15 Grant Awards: The Office of Fellowships and Grants designated the 1983-84 fellowship recipients. April 15 Exhibition: Faberge: Jeweler to Royalty, an exhibition selected largely from the collection of Queen Elizabeth II and other British lenders, opened at the Cooper-Hewitt Museum to the public as part of the citywide "Britain Salutes New York" festival. April 16-17 Special Event: The Paul E. Garber Facility of the National Air and Space Museum held its second annual open house, with more than 12,000 visitors participating in self-guided tours through four buildings. April 17 Appointment: Ralph C. Rinzler was appointed director of the Office of Public Service, succeeding Julian T. Euell, former Assistant Secretary for Public Service, who became director of the Oakland Museum in California. Rinzler was subsequently named Assistant Secretary for Public Service. Exhibition: The Anacostia Neighborhood Museum opened Portraits in Black: Outstanding Americans of Negro Origin, thirty-four paintings from the Harmon Foundation Collection of the National Portrait Gallery. Special Event: Maimouna, a community wide open house celebrated among Sephardic Jews from Morocco on the last day of Passover, was re-created with traditional foods and music at the Renwick Gallery, produced by the Office of Folklife Programs in conjunction with the Celebration exhibition. April 22 Film Premiere: "American Picture Palaces," produced by the Office of Tele- communications in conjunction with a Cooper-Hewitt exhibition, premiered in Washington, D.C. It subsequently won a Bronze Award from the Houston Chronology I 391 International Film Festival of the Americas, a Red Ribbon Award from the American Film Festival, and a Silver Cindy Award from the Information Film Producers of America. April 26-29 Colloquium: As the first activity of the Kellogg Project/Office of Museum Programs, thirty-five participants from museums in the United States met at the Belmont Conference Center to discuss "Increasing the Museum's Responsiveness to Cultural Diversity." April 27 Seminar: A panel of curators and visiting librarians discussed "Trade Literature Preserving American Enterprise," as part of the Smithsonian Institution Libraries seminars and lectures series. April 28 Seminar: The Congressional Wives met at the Office of Horticulture green- houses at the U.S. Soldiers' and Airmen's Home, where they toured the grounds and the greenhouses and heard orchid specialist Paul Desautels present a program on orchids and their culture. April 28 Exhibition: The American Garden, designed by the Smithsonian Office of Horticulture, opened along with thirty-five other international gardens as part of the International Horticultural Exhibition (IGA 83) in Munich, Germany. May Grants: The Dibner Fund, Inc., of Norwalk, Connecticut, provided a grant to produce a guide to manuscripts in the Smithsonian Institution Libraries' Dibner collection. Presentation: The Charles Lang Freer Medal for distinguished contributions to the knowledge and understanding of oriental art history was awarded to Dr. Max Loehr, Harvard University professor emeritus, the seventh recipient of the medal. May 2-3 Workshop: "Computerization for Museum Collections," an on-site workshop cosponsored by the Office of Museum Programs and the New England Museum Association, was held at the Atheneum in Hartford, Connecticut, with thirty-two museum professionals from New England attending. May 4 Research: The discovery of a new comet, IRAS-Araki-AIcock, was announced by the International Astronomical Union's Central Telegram Bureau head- quartered at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. Significant obser- vations of the comet were made by SAO researchers using optical telescopes at the Whipple Observatory and radar instruments at Arecibo, Puerto Rico. May 4 Exhibition: The National Museum of American History opened the exhibit Building Brooklyn Bridge: The Design and Construction, 1867-1883, with more than 300 drawings, photographs, other graphic materials, and objects documenting this engineering masterpiece. 392 / Smithsonian Year 1983 May 4 Lecture: The director of the Office of Horticulture, James R. Buckler, spoke on "The Horticultural Extravaganza of the Victorian Era" at the Art in Bloom exhibition at the Boston Museum of Fine Art. May 5-8 Special Event: The Washington Craft Show, first of a planned annual fund- raising event, was sponsored by the Smithsonian Women's Committee. One hundred craftspeople were selected to exhibit and sell their work in the show at the Departmental Auditorium. May 6 Exhibition: The Silk Route and the Diamond Path, consisting of esoteric art created along the ancient trans-Himalayan trade routes, opened at the Evans Gallery, National Museum of Natural History, and included rare sculp- ture, painted scrolls, ritual objects, and fragments of wall paintings. May 15 Milestone: The Cooper-Hewitt master's degree program in European decora- tive arts, a project undertaken jointly with Parsons School of Design, successfully completed its first academic year. May 15-19 Seminar: Dr. Elisabeth Gantt, Radiation Biology Laboratory, spoke on "The Association of Photosystem II with Phycobilisomes in Porphyridium cruen- tum" at the U.S. -Hungarian Seminar on Photosynthesis, Szeged, Hungary. May 16 Milestone: The Museum Support Center in Suitland, Maryland, was dedicated in a ceremony at which Secretary Ripley officiated with the assistance of Smithsonian Regent Norman Mineta and other key Institution officials. The world's most up-to-date collections-management facility, it was designed to provide housing and protection of collections and laboratory space for the National Museum of Natural History, the Conservation Analytical Labora- tory, and other units within the Smithsonian. New Program: Forty Ballou High School (Washington, D.C.) students parti- cipated in the first of a series of Career Awareness Programs (CAP), designed to introduce minority young people to opportunities at the Smith- sonian. In the future, the CAP will expand to serve all District of Columbia public school ninth-graders. May 17 Announcement: S. Dillon Ripley, Secretary of the Institution since February 1964, announced plans to retire in September 1984. A search committee was named by Chief Justice Warren Burger as Chancellor of the Institution. Special Event: "Literary Southerners Look at Literary Yankees," the fifth of the 1982-83 Frank Nelson Doubleday lectures at the National Museum of American History, featured noted authors Walker Percy, Eudora Welty, and C. Vann Woodward, sharing their thoughts on three nineteenth-century authors whose works were recently published in the Library of America series. Film Premiere: A special showing of the film Yorktown, produced under the supervision of the Office of Telecommuncations, was held at the American Chronology I 393 Embassy in Paris for digriitaries from the French academic, cultural, and political circles. Exhibitions: African Art in Color and From the Earth: African Ceramic Art opened at the National Museum of African Art. May 19 Special Event: "An Evening with Clare Boothe Luce" featured the playwright, politician, and diplomat in a dialogue with historian Marc Pachter at the National Portrait Gallery. May 20-21 Special Event: A blues house party, with ethnic dishes and a cross-section of traditional and contemporary blues, was organized by the Office of Folklife Programs, in conjunction with the Celebration exhibition at the Renwick Gallery. May 21 Acquisition: Thomas Jefferson by Gilbert Stuart, the historic "Edgehill" por- trait painted in 1805, was acquired jointly by the National Portrait Gallery and the Thomas Jefferson Foundation at Monticello. The portrait will be dis- played alternately by the two owners for three-year periods. May 31 Outreach: The Visitor Information and Associates' Reception Center estab- lished a three-fold Information Outreach Program — the development of a previsit education program, promotion of memberships, and the design and implementation of an exterior graphic information system. June Milestone: The first inventory of the Smithsonian Institution collections was completed — a shelf-by-shelf counting of approximately 100 million objects in the collections, the first such counting in the Institution's 137-year history. Grants: Smithsonian Institution Libraries received a grant from the Atherton Seidell Endowment Fund for a test of on-line document ordering. Awards: Smithsonian winners in the 1983 Blue Pencil and Gold Screen Awards competition, sponsored by the National Association of Government Communicators, included the OPA-produced public service announcement on Smithsonian facilities for handicapped visitors (honorable mention); an educational film from the Office of Telecommunications (honorable mention); a NASM publication (third prize); the Smithsonian Associate newsletter (first prize); and an OPA Smithsonian News Service story (third prize). The Smithsonian Institution Press took second and third place and honorable mention in the popular book category. June 1 Appointment: Dr. Roy Sieber, Rudy Professor of Fine Arts at Indiana University, was named associate director for Collections and Research of the National Museum of African Art. Publication: The first major scientific volume published on the "shelfbreak" boundary between the continental shelf and slope, one of the newest frontiers in oceanography, was produced under the co-editorship of museum geologist Dr. Daniel Jean Stanley. 394 / Smithsonian Year 1983 June 2 Exhibition: The Heritage of Islam, reflecting the 1,400 years of Islamic civili- zation, opened in the Evans Gallery of the National Museum of Natural His- tory, with more than 250 scientific and artistic treasures. June 3 Exhibition: Mr. Sully, Portrait Painter: The Works of Thomas Sully (1783- 1872)," commemorating one of America's most prominent portraitists on the 200th anniversary of his birth, opened at the National Portrait Gallery. June 5 Publication: The Smithsoniat^ . . . in a Few Words was produced by the Office of Elementary and Secondary Education, to serve as the Institution's guide- book for visitors with limited reading ability. June 5-10 Special Event: Summerfest 83, a week of special lectures, demonstrations, films, and workshops on National Zoo animals, was scheduled for visitors in conjunction with nationwide Zoo and Aquarium Month. June 7 Special Event: The Cooper-Hewitt Museum participated in the fifth annual Museum Mile Festival, a cooperative event among ten major museums that was initiated by the museum in 1979. June 9 Exhibition: The National Air and Space Museum opened Stars, a major gallery that depicts knowledge of the universe from ancient time to the present through the use of sophisticated special effects and high-tech exhibits. June 11-17 Exhibition/Lecture: An exhibition designed by the Smithsonian Office of Horticulture, American Public Gardens and Arboreta, as well as a lecture by the director of the office, was part of America Week at Amerika Haus in Munich, Germany. June 12 Lecture: The iconography of color in Senufo art was the subject of a lecture at the National Museum of African Art by Anita Glaze, associate professor of art. University of Illinois, presented in conjunction with the African Art in Color exhibition. June 12-15 Workshop: The Native American Museum Program/Office of Museum Programs sponsored a national workshop for Native American museum and cultural center directors and administrators in cooperation with the Southwest Museum, Los Angeles. June 15 Education: The Office of Museum Programs sponsored a nine-week course, "Museum Careers Seminars," providing Smithsonian and other Washington museum interns with an overview of the museum profession and the skills and education required. Chronology I 395 June 16 Lecture: The director of the Office of Biological Conservation delivered a paper on the exploitation of tropical medicinal plants at a symposiuni held in Munich, Germany, "Contribution of Herbs of the Third World to World Health." Exhibition: Forty-five major paintings by German-born American artist Friedel Dzubas opened at the Hirshorn Museum and Sculpture Garden. A dialogue between the artist and curator Charles Millard was scheduled in conjunction with the exhibition opening. June 17 Special Event: Winnie Owens-Hart, Howard University, presented a demon- stration/lecture on African pottery making at the National Museum of African Art. June 20 Research: A balloon-borne far-infrared spectrometer and telescope, designed and constructed by Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory as part of an international intercomparison campaign, was launched from Palestine, Texas, on a high-altitude flight that produced nearly twelve hours of data about the Earth's upper atmosphere. June 20-23 Workshop: "Freeze-Drying of Biological Specimens," an on-site workshop sponsored by the Office of Museum Programs, was held at the Nevada State Museum in Carson City, with fifteen museum professionals attending from Nevada and California. June 21 Milestone: Chief Justice Warren Burger and Vice-President George Bush joined Secretary Ripley in a groundbreaking ceremony for the new Center for African, Near Eastern, and Asian Cultures. The Center will house a new museum of Asian art, the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, the National Museum of African Art, and an International Center. Construction is scheduled for completion in 1985. June 22 Acquisition: The Subsiding of the Waters of the Deluge, an 1829 oil on can- vas by Thomas Cole, was accessioned by the National Museum of American Art as a museum donative purchase from Mrs. James Wallace Dean. June 23-27; June 30-July 4 Folklife Festival: The seventeenth annual Festival of American Folklife featured the traditional culture of the state of New Jersey, the folk traditions of France and French-American communities, and the 200th anniversary of manned flight. The second annual National Heritage Fellowships were awarded by the National Endowment for the Arts to sixteen musicians and craftspeople, and an exhibition in the National Museum of American History highlighted the accomplishments of these recipients. June 27 Expanded Program: Organized by the Office of Elementary and Secondary Education, the six- week Summer Intern Program began; for the first time it was open to students throughout the continental United States. 396 / Smithsonian Year 1983 June 27-July 2 Symposium: The director of the Office of Symposia and Seminars, Wilton S. Dillon, participated as a member of the U.S. observer delegation at the symposium in Caracas, Venezuela, marking the 200th anniversary of the birth of Simon Bolivar. July Milestone: The joint Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics celebrated its tenth anniversary. Julyl Reorganization: The Chesapeake Bay Center for Environmental Studies and the Smithsonian Radiation Biology Laboratory were merged administratively to form the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, under the director- ship of Dr. William H. Klein. Julys New Program: The Office of Elementary and Secondary Education, in coop- eration with the Office of Public Affairs, began a pilot project aimed at producing a newspaper for students between the ages of twelve and fourteen. July 6 Performance: French folk music was presented at the National Museum of American Art in conjunction with its exhibition Americans in Brittany and Normandy: 1860-1910. Additional public programs included a discussion of the artists represented, a French puppet show, and a performance by eighteenth- and nineteenth-century-style clowns. July 9 Special Event: The National Air and Space Museum sponsored a Fantastic Festival of Flight to celebrate the 200th anniversary of human flight. Included was the tethered ascent of a replica of the Montgolfier hot air balloon as well as concerts and performers who defy gravity. More than 11,000 visitors attended. July 18 Special Event: Dr. Sally Ride, first American woman in space, presented the National Air and Space Museum with her flight suit at a reception to honor the crew of the STS-7 mission aboard the Space Shuttle Challenger. July 21 Milestone: The first United States birth of a Giant Panda took place at the National Zoo. The cub, a male, did not survive. July 21-22 Seminar: The Mid-Atlantic Regional Meeting of the American Association of Botanical Gardens and Arboreta, held with the Smithsonian Office of Horticulture as host, focused on the theme "Horticulture in a Museum Setting." July 22 Legislation: President Ronald Reagan signed a bill amending the act of July 2, 1940, to remove the $750,000 ceiling for support of the Smithsonian activities on Barro Colorado Island and incorporating the island's budget into that of the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute. Chronology I 397 July 23 Exhibition: American Porcelain opened at the Museum Negara in Kuala Lumpur, inaugurating the first Smithsonian Institution TraveHng Exhibition Service tour in Asia. July 25-27 New Program: The Office of Museum Programs sponsored a workshop, "FamiHes in the Museum," for museum professionals from around the country, focusing on strengthening family involvement in museums. July 28 Appointment: John E. Reinhardt was named Assistant Secretary for History and Art, succeeding Charles Blitzer, who became director of the National Humanities Center in North Carolina. Reinhardt had been acting Assistant Secretary since February. July 30 Exhibition: M*A*S*H: Binding Up the Wounds opened at the National Mu- seum of American History with selected sets and objects from the award- winning television series and photographs from actual Mobile Army Surgical Hospitals in Korea and Vietnam. Response to the exhibit necessitated the unprecedented implementation of a free admission pass procedure at the Smithsonian. August 1 Publication: The impact on the world of Krakatau's 1883 eruption, perhaps the world's most famous volcanic catastrophe, was reviewed and analyzed in a book by volcanologists Drs. Tom Simkin and Richard Fiske, published by the Smithsonian Institution Press on the centennial of the event. August 1-7 Milestone: The Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute and the Department of Biology, University of Panama, were cohosts of the Ninth International Arachonology Congress held at the ATLAPA Convention Center in Panama City, marking the first time the congress was held in the Americas. It was attended by more than 100 delegates from twenty-four countries. August 3-12 Research: Dr. Frank Oldfield of Liverpool University visited the Chesapeake Bay Center to confer and to analyze geological samples for magnetic susceptibility as part of a continuing cooperative project. August 4 Installation: A selection of seventy-two sculptures and drawings by Paul Manship, chosen from the 482 works in the permanent collection, were installed at the National Museum of American Art. August 15 Construction: The hydrology of a watershed of the Rhode River at the Chesapeake Bay Center was altered to intercept surface runoff from cropland during storms in an effort to maximize nutrient interception. Work was completed in September. August 21-26 Seminar: Dr. John Sager, Radiation Biology Laboratory, attended the Third International Greenhouse Energy Symposium at Columbus, Ohio, and 398 / Smithsonian Year 1983 presented a paper on "Effects of Spectral Quality on Lettuce Growth in Controlled Environments." August 26 Appointment: Jeannine Smith Clark, former chairwoman of the Smithsonian's Women's Committee, was appointed to the Board of Regents, succeeding the late Nancy Hanks. August 29-September 8 Workshop: Dr. Walter Shropshire, Radiation Biology Laboratory, partici- pated in a NATO Advanced Study Institute on Molecular Models of Photoresponsiveness and lectured on "Biological Photoresponses and Photo- receptors" at San Miniato, Italy. September Appointment: Senator Jim Sasser (D. Tennessee) was named to the Board of Regents to succeed the late Senator Henry Jackson. Endowment: Barrick W. Groom, long-time advisor to the Office of Smith- sonian Symposia and Seminars, concluded final arrangements for the permanent endowment of the office through regular payments from his estate. Milestone: Smithsonian Institution Libraries completed the conversion of all catalogue records from 1965 to the present into machine-readable electronic form. Milestone: Smithsonian Institution Libraries signed a contract for a Smithsonian Institution Bibliographic Information System (SIBIS). The total system will automate and link most library functions and will be used Institution-wide. September 2 Seminar: Dr. Yasuhiro Omori, Japanese ethnographer, presented a seminar and film on "Gypsy Nomadism and Religion in France." September 5 Publication: Southwest-10, the fifth of a projected twenty-volume Handbook of North American Indians, was published by the National Museum of Nat- ural History and the Smithsonian Institution Press on the non-Pueblo peo- ples of the Southwest. September 15 Exhibition: Purchases by the Hirshhorn Museum, 1974-1983, presenting the entire inventory of 157 works bought by this modern art museum since its inauguration nearly a decade ago, opened at the Hirshhorn. September 15 Exhibition: At Home in the Sky: The Aviation Art of Frank Wootton, a retro- spective art exhibition of works by a noted aviation artist, opened at the National Air and Space Museum. September 16 Exhibition: Clay for Walls: Surface Reliefs by American Artists opened at the Renwick Gallery, with thirty-nine works by twenty contemporary Ameri- can artists. Chronology I 399 Film Series: "Kino!," a series of contemporary Soviet films, began — presented by the Resident Associate Program in cooperation with the Soviet Embassy, the Kennan Institute, and the American Film Institute. September 18 Performance: "A Musical Tribute to Earl 'Fatha' Hines," featuring Dizzy Gillespie and Billy Eckstine, was cosponsored by the Resident Associate Program and the Office of the Mayor of the District of Columbia. September 19 Milestone: A news conference was held by the Smithsonian Traveling Exhibi- tion Service to announce the approval of the Czech-U.S. cultural exchange agreement making possible the exhibition The Precious Legacy: Judaic Treasures from the Czechoslovak State Collections. September 23 Grant: The James Smithson Society awarded a $19,500 grant to the Office of Telecommunications for the support of a four-part "Radio Smithsonian" miniseries exploring America's folklore and mythology. September 28 Special Event: The vice-president and director of Christie's, New York, spoke at the Hirshhorn Museum in a program entitled "An Evening with Jerry Rathbone: Art, Acquisitions and Auctions," in conjunction with the Purchase exhibition. September 28 Grant: Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service received a grant of approximately $600,000 from Time Incorporated to organize a major exhibition entitled Hollywood: Legend and Reality. September 29-30 Symposium: "The Work of Peace," organized by the National Committee for the Bicentennial of the Treaty of Paris, the Smithsonian, and American Uni- versity, celebrated the 200th anniversary of the Peace of Paris treaty that formally ended the Revolutionary War. September 30 Publication: Through Looking to Learning: The Museum Adventure was pub- lished by the Office of Elementary and Secondary Education, serving as a teachers' guidebook to Smithsonian education programs. September 30 Travel: Accompanied by eight curators and scientists, eighty Smithsonian Associates began a two-week trip to the tropical rain forest of the Amazon River from Belem, Brazil, to Iquitos, Peru, to study the ecology of that region. I 400 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Smithsonian Year • ip8} APPENDICES Organization Chart page 402-3 1. Members of the Smithsonian Council, Boards, and Commissions, September 30, 1983 404 2. Smithsonian Special Foreign Currency Program Awards Made October 1, 1982, through September 30, 1983 414 3. National Museum Act Grants Awarded in Fiscal Year 1983 417 4. Academic, Research Training, and Internship Appointments in Fiscal Year 1983 420 5. Publications of the Smithsonian Institution Press in Fiscal Year 1983 441 6. Publications of the Staff of the Smithsonian Institution and Its Subsidiaries in Fiscal Year 1983 451 7. The Smithsonian Institution and Its Subsidiaries, September 30, 1983 527 8. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution in Fiscal Year 1983 559 9. Benefactors of the Smithsonian Institution in Fiscal Year 1983 637 10. Visitors to the Smithsonian Institution in Fiscal Year 1983 658 401 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION BOARD OF REGENTS AUDITOR THE SECRETARY* UNDER SECRETARY* TREASURER* Accounting Office Office of Grants and Risk Management Investment Accounting Division Business Management Office Concessions Food Service Division Mail Order Division Smithsonian Museum Shops GENERAL COUNSEL* Assistant Secretary for SCIENCE* National Air and Space Museum National Museum of Natural History/National Museum of Man National Zoological Park Office of Biological Conservation Office of Fellowships and Grants Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory Smithsonian Environmental Research Center Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Assistant Secretary for HISTORY AND ART* Anacostia Neighborhood Museum Archives of American Art Cooper-Hewitt Museum Freer Gallery of Art Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden Joseph Henry Papers Museum of African Art National Museum of American Art/Renwick Gallery National Museum of American History National Portrait Gallery Office of American Studies Assistant Secretary for MUSEUM PROGRAMS* Conservation Analytical Laboratory National Museum Act Office of Exhibits Central Office of Horticulture Office of International Activities Office of Museum Programs Office of Registrar Smithsonian Archives Smithsonian Institution Libraries Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service Secretary's Executive Committee. r ^ Under Separate Boards of Trustees: JOHN F. KENNEDY CENTER FOR THE PERFORMING ARTS NATIONAL GALLERY OF ART WOODROW WILSON INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR SCHOLARS Coordinator of PUBLIC INFORMATION* Office of Congressional Liaison Office of Public Affairs Office of Special Events Director of MEMBERSHIP AND DEVELOPMENT* Development Office Smithsonian National Associate Program Smithsonian Resident Associate Program Assistant Secretary for PUBLIC SERVICE* Office of Elementary and Secondary Education Office of Folklife Programs Office of Smithsonian Symposia and Seminars Office of Telecommunications Smithsonian Institution Press Smithsonian Magazine Visitor Information and Associates Reception Center Assistant Secretary for ADMINISTRATION* Contracts Office Office of Equal Opportunity Office of Facilities Services Office of Design and Construction Office of Plant Services Office of Protection Services Office of Information Resource Management Management Analysis Office Office of Personnel Administration Office of Printing and Photographic Services Office of Programming and Budget Office of Supply Services Travel Services Office APPENDIX 1. Members of the Smithsonian Council, Boards, and Commissions, September 30, 1983 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION BOARD OF REGENTS Warren E. Burger, The Chief Justice of the United States, ex officio, Chancellor George H. Bush, The Vice-President of the United States, ex officio Edwin J. (Jake) Garn, Senator from Utah Barry Goldwater, Senator from Arizona James R. Sasser, Senator from Tennessee Edward P. Boland, Representative from Massachusetts Silvio O. Conte, Representative from Massachusetts Norman Y. Mineta, Representative from California David C. Acheson, citizen of the District of Columbia Anne L. Armstrong, citizen of Texas William G. Bowen, citizen of New Jersey William A. M. Burden, citizen of New York Jeannine Smith Clark, citizen of the District of Columbia Murray Gell-Mann, citizen of California A. Leon Higginbotham, Jr., citizen of Pennsylvania Carlisle H. Humelsine, citizen of Virginia SMITHSONIAN COUNCIL Gordon N. Ray, Chairman Dore Ashton Milo C. Beach Milton W. Brown Frederick B. Burkhardt William H. Davenport Anne d'Harnoncourt A. Hunter Dupree Frank B. Golley Stephen Jay Gould Neil Harris Ada Louise Huxtable Bennetta Jules-Rosette Sherman E. Lee Thomas E. Lovejoy Peter Marler David F. Musto Frank Oppenheimer Vera C. Rubin Carl E. Schorske Gunther SchuUer Barbara W. Tuchman ARCHIVES OF AMERICAN ART BOARD OF TRUSTEES Mrs. Otto L. Spaeth, Chairman Mr. A. Alfred Taubman, President Mrs. Nancy B. Negley, Vice-President Mr. Irvin A. Levy, Vice-President/Treasurer Mrs. Dana M. Raymond, Secretary Miss Caroline Alexander Mr. Henry deForest Baldwin Mrs. Eli Broad Mrs. George C. Dillon Mrs. Francis deMarneffe Mr. Joel S. Ehrenkranz Mrs. Ahmet M. Ertegun Mrs. Walter B. Ford II Mrs. Joseph Hirshhorn Mrs. Henry C. Johnson Mr. John Lowell Jones Mrs. Dwight Kendall Mrs. Charles Kessler Mr. Gilbert H. Kinney Mr. Howard W. Lipman Mrs. Sam Maddux Mr. Richard Manoogian Mrs. Walter Maynard, Jr. Mr. Porter A. McCray Mr. Alexander R. Mehran Mrs. William L. Mitchell Mrs. Muriel Kallis Newman Mrs. John Rosekrans Mr. James Lawrence Wood Mr. C. Bagley Wright 404 / Smithsonian Year 1983 FOUNDING TRUSTEES Lawrence A. Fleischman Mrs. Edsel B. Ford E. P. Richardson HONORARY TRUSTEES Dr. Irving F. Burton Mr. Harold O. Love Mr. Russell Lynes Mrs. William L. Richards EX OFFICIO S. Dillon Ripley John E. Reinhardt ARCHIVES OF AMERICAN ART ADVISORY COMMITTEE NORTHERN CALIFORNIA Don Stover, Chairman Stanley Andersen Whittney Chadwick Wesley Chamberlin Herschel Chipp SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA Constance W. Glenn, Chairman E. Maurice Bloch Beatrice Farwell Wanda Corn James Elliott Albert Elsen Henry Hopkins Harvey Jones Margaretta Lovell Burton Fredericksen Richard Koshalek Susan C. Larsen Earl A. Powell III Chris Orr-Cahall Ian McKibbin White Bruce Guenther, Associate Member Moira Roth Josine lanco Starrels Maurice Tuchman Robert R. Wark WASHINGTON, D.C. Bernard Mergen, Chairman Marjory Balge Lorraine Brown David Driskell Charles Eldredge NEW ENGLAND Harley B. Holden, Chairman Winslow Ames Mr. and Mrs. George H. Bumgardner Carl Chiarenza Charles Ferguson Wolfgang M. Freitag Tom Froeudenheim Alan Fern Lois Fink Henry Glassie William Homer Charles Hummell Al Lerner Marc Pachter Phoebe Stanton John Vlach John Wilmerding Hugh Gourley James O'Gorman Elton W. Hall Stephen Riley Mr. Johnathan P. Harding David Ross Patricia Hills Laurence Schmeckebier Sinclair Hitchings Theodore Stebbins John Kirk Richard Teitz William Lipke Bryant F. Tolles Kenworth Moffett Peter Wick Elliott Offner Margaret Craver Withers NEW YORK Milton Brown, Lloyd Goodrich Chairman Eugene Gossen Thomas N. Armstrong III James J. Heslin John Baur John Howat Anne d'Harnoncourt James Humphrey III John Dobkin Bernard Karpel William Gerdts John A. Kouwenhoven Abram Lerner Russell Lynes Barbara Novak Clive Phillpot Jules D. Prown Joseph T. Rankin William B. Walker Appendix 1. Smithsonian Council, Boards, and Commissions I 405 NORTHWEST ORAL HISTORY PROJECT Pauline Eyerly Don Foster Bruce Guenther LaMar Harrington Martha Kingsbury Arlene Schnitzer Harvey West Virginia Wright John Biggers Alice Brown William Camfield Linda Cathcart Nina Cullinan Dominique de Menil Louise Ferrari Eleanor Freed Carolyn Farb Mimi Kilgore Caroline Law Elizabeth H. Maddux Betty B. Marcus Peter C. Marzio Margaret McDermott Lupe Murchison Bill Robinson Joan Seeman Robinson David Warren COOPER-HEWITT MUSEUM ADVISORY COUNCIL August Heckscher, Chairman Karen Johnson Boyd Amanda Burden Rosemary Corroon Joan K. Davidson Joanne du Font Harmon Coldstone Russell Lynes Gilbert C. Maurer Kenneth Miller Arthur Ross Robert Sarnoff Marietta Tree S. Dillon Ripley, ex officio John Reinhardt, ex officio FOLKUFE ADVISORY COUNCIL Wilcomb E. Washburn, Chairman Roger Abrahams Richard Ahlborn William Fitzhugh Lloyd Herman Robert Laughlin Scott Odell Ralph Rinzler Peter Seitel Thomas Vennum FREER VISITING COMMITTEE Mrs. Jackson Burke Kwang-chih Chang Marvin Eisenberg Katharine Graham Porter McCray Norman Y. Mineta John M. Rosenfield Hugh Scott Laurence Sickman Priscilla P. Soucek Richard Weatherhead HIRSHHORN MUSEUM AND SCULPTURE GARDEN BOARD OF TRUSTEES Charles Blitzer Anne d'Harnoncourt Thomas M. Evans Jerome Greene Warren E. Burger, Chief Justice of the United States, ex officio S. Dillon Ripley, Secretary, Smithsonian Institution, ex officio Daniel P. Moynihan, Chairman Sydney Lewis, Vice-Chairman Dorothy Miller Leonard C. Yaseen 406 / Smithsonian Year 1983 HORTICULTURE ADVISORY COMMITTEE James R. Buckler, Jimmie L. Crowe Carlton Lees Chairman Belva Jensen ORCHID SUBCOMMITTEE Edward S. Ayensu Paul E. Desautels Mary Ripley James R. Buckler Paul N. Perrot JOINT SPONSORING COMMITTEE FOR THE PAPERS OF JOSEPH HENRY Frederick Seitz, John E. Reinhardt Jean R. St. Clair Chairman S. Dillon Ripley Henry D. Smyth Whitfield J. Bell, Jr. NATIONAL AIR AND SPACE MUSEUM ADVISORY BOARD S. Dillon Ripley, Donald M. Koll Chairman Lt. Gen. James H. Merryman, USA Phillip E. Culbertson James P. Moore, Jr. Michael J. Fenello Jacqueline A. Ponder Lt. Gen. William H. Fitch, L7SMC Vice Adm. Robert F. Schoultz, USN Gen. Charles A. Gabriel, USAF Vice Adm. Benedict L. Stabile, USCC NATIONAL AIR AND SPACE MUSEUM VISITING COMMITTEE Alexander H. Flax Lt. Gen. James T. Stewart, USAF (Ret.) Gerald K. O'Neill Richard R. Whitcomb Leon T. Silver NATIONAL ARMED FORCES MUSEUM ADVISORY BOARD Harry W. Brooks, Jr., U.S. Army, retired Andrew J. Goodpaster, Lt. Gen., U.S. Army, retired Mylio S. Kraja Lauro Neri George W. Pirtle, Jr. Theodore Ropp Caspar W. Weinberger, Secretary of Defense, ex officio S. Dillon Ripley, Secretary, Smithsonian Institution, ex officio ADVISORY COUNCIL FOR THE NATIONAL MUSEUM ACT Paul N. Perrot, Donald V. Hague Roger Mandle Chairman Perry C. Huston Joyce H. Stoner George H. Abrams Watson M. Laetsch Bret Waller James H. Duff Thomas W. Leavitt Jean M. Weber Appendix 1. Smithsonian Council, Boards, and Commissions I 407 NATIONAL BOARD OF THE SMITHSONIAN ASSOCIATES Secretary to the Board: Mr. Arthur W. Gardner Mr. W. L. Hadley Griffin, Chairman Mrs. Joe L. Allbritton Mr. Arthur G. Altschul Mr. Perry R. Bass Honorable Lucius D. Battle Mr. William W. Boeschenstein Honorable Nicholas F. Brady Mr. James H. Clement Mr. David L. Coffin Mr. James A. Elkins, Jr. Mr. Marshall Field Mr. Gordon Hanes Mr. John F. Harrigan Mrs. Parker T. Hart Mr. Richard D. Hill Honorable Carla Anderson Hills Mr. Samuel C. Johnson Mr. Seymour H. Knox III Mr. Brooks McCormick Mr. Arjay Miller Mrs. George M. Seignious II Mr. David E. Skinner Mr. Roger B. Smith Mrs. Edson W. Spencer Mr. Malcolm T. Stamper Mrs. E. Hadley Stuart, Jr. Mrs. Peter Wray Mr. Parke Wright HONORARY MEMBERS Mr. William S. Anderson Mr. Alfred C. Glassell, Jr. Honorable George C. McGhee Mr. Richard P. Cooley Mr. William A. Hewitt Justice Sandra D. O'Connor Mr. Joseph F. Cullman III Mr. James M. Kemper, Jr. Mr. Francis C. Rooney, Jr. Honorable Leonard K. Firestone Mr. Lewis A. Lapham Mr. Merritt Kirk Ruddock Honorable Thomas J. Watson, Jr. NATIONAL MUSEUM OF AFRICAN ART COMMISSION Sylvia Ardyn Boone Lee Bronson David Driskell John Duncan Frances Humphrey Howard Richard Long John Loughran Frank Moss Robert Nooter Susan Samuels Michael Sonnenreich Robert Farris Thompson Walter Washington Franklin Williams John E. Reinhardt, ex officio 5. Dillon Ripley, ex officio NATIONAL MUSEUM OF AFRICAN ART NATIONAL COUNCIL Joseph James Akston Arthur Ashe James Avery Ernie Barnes Saul Bellow Julian Bond John Brademas Dona Bronson Edward W. Brooke Joseph Campbell Rep. John Conyers Ossie Davis Lula Dawson Rep. Donald Dellums Barbaralee Diamonstein Charles Diggs Ofield Dukes Joanne duPont Ralph Ellison John Hope Franklin James Gibson Dick Gregory Chaim Gross Lily Polk Guest Alex Haley George Haley Eliot Halperin Geoffrey Holder Rep. Frank Horton Muriel Humphrey Brown David Lloyd Kreeger Jacob Lawrence Vera List J. Bruce Llewellyn Mary McFadden Robert McNamara Stanley Marcus Rae Alexander Minter Clarence Mitchell Nancy Negley Mace Neufeld Dorothy Porter Vincent Price Benjamin Quarles Milton Ratner Michael Rea Saunders Redding Norman B. Robbins Harold Rome Bayard Rustin Sen. Hugh Scott Stanley Scott Evelyn Sessler Mabel Smythe David Stratmon Lynette Taylor Anne Teabeau Maurice Tempelsman Paul Tishman Sterling Tucker Mike Wallace G. Mennen Williams Isabel Wilson Lester Wunderman Elizabeth Bouey Yates Andrew Young Nicholas Zervas 408 / Smithsonian Year 1983 NATIONAL MUSEUM OF AMERICAN ART COMMISSION Mrs. Nan Tucker McEvoy, Chairman Thomas S. Buechner, Vice-Chairman S. Dillon Ripley, Secretary, ex officio Donald Anderson Mrs. Hampton Barnes Mrs. Elizabeth Brooke Blake Walker Hancock R. Philip Hanes, Jr. HONORARY MEMBERS Martin Friedman Henry P. Mcllhenny Paul Mellon Bartlett H. Hayes, Jr. August Heckscher Thomas C. Howe Mrs. Jaquelin H. Hume Richard L. Hunt R. Crosby Kemper David Lloyd Kreeger Abram Lerner, ex officio Ogden Pleissner Edgar P. Richardson Philip Pearlstein David S. Purvis George Segal Mrs. Oliver Seth Mrs. John Farr Simmons Mrs. Otto L. Spaeth George B. Tatum Mrs. Charles Bagley Wright Charles H. Sawyer Andrew Wyeth NATIONAL PORTRAIT GALLERY COMMISSION Senator Barry Goldwater, Thomas Mellon Evans Chairman Katie Louchheim Robert O. Anderson Robert L. McNeil, Jr. Barry Bingham, Sr. Senator Robert Morgan Barbara Novak Robert Hilton Smith Frank Stanton Barbara Tuchman J. Carter Brown, Director, National Gallery of Art, ex officio Warren E. Burger, Chief Justice of the United States, ex officio S. Dillon Ripley, Secretary, Smithsonian Institution, ex officio OFFICE OF MUSEUM PROGRAMS NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE, W. K. KELLOGG FOUNDATION PROJECT Paul N. Perrot, Chairman Jane R. Glaser, ex officio Janet Solinger, ex officio Richard Fiske J. O. Grantham Neil Harris Philip S. Humphrey Watson Laetsch Abram Lerner William F. McSweeny Richard H. Randall, Jr. Adelle Robertson Susan Stitt Michael Templeton SMITHSONIAN FOREIGN CURRENCY PROGRAM Archeology and Related Disciplines Advisory Council Barbara Stoler Miller Michael Moffatt Bruno Nettl Barbara Ramusack William Trousdale Edward Wente Charles Redman (observer) Astrophysics and Earth Sciences Advisory Council Felix Chayes William Klein Victor Szebehely Irwin Shapiro Thornton Page Louis Walter Systematic and Environmental Biology Advisory Council Roger Cressey B. Jane Harrington Richard H. Tedford Lafayette Frederick Richard Highton David Young Appendix 1. Smithsonian Council, Boards, and Commissions I 409 SMITHSONIAN WOMEN'S COMMITTEE 1983-84 Chairman: Mrs. Parker T. Hart Vice-Chairman: Mrs. Peter T. Russell Secretary: Mrs. J. Edward Day Assistant Secretary: Mrs. James M. Beggs Treasurer: Mrs. William T. Hamilton Assistant Treasurer: Mrs. George W. Jones Christmas Dance Cochairmen: Mrs. C. Michael Price Mrs. Albert Barclay, Jr. Mrs. David C. Acheson Mrs. Donald Alexander Mrs. Huntington T. Block Mrs. Philip Bowie Mrs. Adelyn Breeskin Mrs. I. Townsend Burden III Mrs. George Bush Mrs. Thomas J. Camp, Jr. Mrs. Richard Cobb Mrs. James L. Collins, Jr. Mrs. Thomas E. Crocker Mrs. Stuart C. Davidson Mrs. Avery Faulkner Mrs. George C. Gerger Mrs. John Worden Gill Mrs. Robert Reed Gray Mrs. Karl G. Harr, Jr. Mrs. Walter Hodges Mrs. Edgar W. Holtz Mrs. Donald W. Jeffries Mrs. Clinton W. Kelly III Mrs. Roger G. Kennedy Mrs. Robert Koehler Mrs. Henry Krieger Mrs. Nevin E. Kuhl Mrs. George Varick Lauder Mrs. James Lehrer Mrs. Malcolm Maclntyre Mrs. Bruce MacLaury Mrs. Henry Roemer McPhee Mrs. Donald Notman Mrs. Lawrence Bruce Olds Mrs. Richard R. Palmer Mrs. James R. Patton, Jr. Mrs. Horace White Peters Mrs. Richard Powell Mrs. S. Dillon Ripley Mrs. Thomas M. Roberts Kirby Rodriquez Mrs. Robert E. Rogers Mrs. John T. Sapienza Mrs. W. Jerrold Scoutt, Jr. Mrs. Leonard Silverstein Mrs. Howard Smith, Jr. Mrs. Wells Stabler Mrs. Potter Stewart Mrs. James McKim Symington Mrs. Thomas K. Taylor Mrs. Richard L. Thompson Mrs. Robert D. van Roijen Mrs. Charles Verrill Mrs. Edmund Wellington, Jr. Mrs. Edwin M. Wheeler Mrs. Robert S. Wilkinson Mrs. Laurence I. Wood VJOODROVJ WILSON INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR SCHOLARS BOARD OF TRUSTEES William J. Baroody, Jr., Chairman Robert A. Mosbacher, Vice-Chairman James A. Baker III Theodore C. Barreaux William J. Bennett Daniel J. Boorstin Kenneth B. Clark Stuart E. Eizenstat Margaret M. Heckler Max M. Kampelman Jesse H. Oppenheimer S. Dillon Ripley Anne Firor Scott George P. Shultz Robert M. Warner Charles Z. Wick JOHN F. KENNEDY CENTER FOR THE PERFORMING ARTS BOARD OF TRUSTEES Honorary Chairmen Mrs. Ronald Reagan Mrs. Jimmy Carter Mrs. Gerald Ford Mrs. Richard M. Nixon Mrs. Lyndon B. Johnson Mrs. Aristotle Onassis 410 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Officers Roger L. Stevens, Chairman Senator Charles H. Percy, Vice-Chairman Henry Strong, Vice-Chairman Frank Ikard, Secretary Charlotte Woolard, Assistant Secretary VV. Jarvis Moody, Treasurer Harry C. McPherson, Jr. General Counsel William Becker, Associate Counsel James F. Rogers, Assistant Treasurer John J. Ronveaux, Assistant Treasurer Henry Strong, Assistant Treasurer Members Appointed by the President of the United States Mrs. Howard H. Baker, Jr. Mrs. Edward T. Breathitt Marshall B. Coyne Richmond D. Crinkley June Oppen Degnan Peter H. B. Frelinghuysen J. William Fulbright Cary Grant Mrs. William Lee Hanley, Jr. Orval Hansen Mrs. Bob Hope Frank Ikard Mrs. Earle Jorgensen [Appointed 9/83] Melvin R. Laird Marjorie M. Lawson Mrs. J. Willard Marriott Dina Merrill Joan Mondale Donna Stone Pesch Gerald M. Rafshoon Mrs. Abraham Ribicoff Jean Kennedy Smith John G. Spatuzza Roger L. Stevens Mrs. Theodore H. Strauss Henry Strong Donna Tuttle [Resigned 9/83] Jack J. Valenti Lew R. Wasserman Mrs. Jack Wrather Efrem Zimbalist, Jr. Members Ex Officio Designated by Act of Congress Margaret H. Heckler, Secretary of Health and Human Services T. H. Bell, Secretary of Education Charles Z. Wick, Director, United States Information Agency Senator James A. McClure Senator Edward M. Kennedy Senator Charles H. Percy Representative Joseph M. McDade Representative Charles Wilson Representative Sidney R. Yates Marion S. Barry, Mayor, District of Columbia S. Dillon Ripley, Secretary, Smithsonian Institution Daniel J. Boorstin, Librarian of Congress J. Carter Brown, Chairman of the Commission of Fine Arts Russell E. Dickenson, Director, National Park Service F. Alexis H. Roberson, Director, District of Columbia Department of Recreation Honorary Trustees Mrs. George A. Garrett Ralph E. Becker Mrs. Albert Lasker Mrs. Jouett Shouse Mrs. J. Clifford Folger Appendix 1. Smithsonian Council, Boards, and Commissions I 411 President's Advisory Committee on the Arts Herbert Hutner, Chairman Los Angeles, California Margaret Archambault Chicago, Illinois Robert D. Bain Bismarck, North Dakota Joy S. Burns Englewood, Colorado Charles Camalier, Jr. Potomac Falls, Maryland Claire Chambers Bloomfield Hills, Michigan Margot Denny Anchorage, Alaska William M. Fine New York, New York Richard A. Gallun Milwaukee, Wisconsin Beverly Gosnell Charleston, South Carolina Cynthia Crassby* Denver, Colorado Carl Halvorson Lake Oswego, Oregon Leota Hayes Jackson, Mississippi T. David Higgins South Charleston, West Virginia Martin B. Hoffman Needham, Massachusetts Stephen Jernigan Oklahoma City, Oklahoma Gerald Kirke* Des Moines, Iowa Gary Levine* Bellevue, Washington Peggy Mallick Casper, Wyoming John Marsh* Gainesville, Virginia Alyne Massey Nashville, Tennessee Julia M. McCabe Wilmington, Delaware Virginia McCann Short Hills, New Jersey Millicent L. Monks Cape Elizabeth, Maine Julie P. Montgomery Atlanta, Georgia Lindsay J. Morgenthaler Cleveland, Ohio Jim Nelson Rapid City, South Dakota Jeanette Nichols Shawnee Mission, Kansas Betty Noe New Orleans, Louisiana H. Davison Osgood, Jr.* Scarborough, Maine K. Voith Penberthy* Paradise Valley, Arizona Ann S. Penberthy Paradise Valley, Arizona John Piercey Salt Lake City, Utah Millie Pogna Albuquerque, New Mexico Gladys Prescott West Palm Beach, Florida Chesley Pruet El Dorado, Arkansas Ann Rydalch Idaho Falls, Idaho Hugh K. Schilling Minneapolis, Minnesota William Siems Billings, Montana Harriet Slaybaugh Montpelier, Vermont Eileen Slocum Newport, Rhode Island Charles C. Spalding Honolulu, Hawaii Richard Taylor Potomac, Maryland Dr. Paul Tessier New Castle, New Hampshire James Thompson Louisville, Kentucky Judith Thompson Birmingham, Alabama Diane Ushinski Shavertown, Pennsylvania Dorothy Vannerson Sugar Land, Texas Joseph Vetrano Bristol, Connecticut Judith Woods St. Louis, Missouri *Members resigned during 1982-83 412 / Smithsonian Year 1983 NATIONAL GALLERY OF ART BOARD OF TRUSTEES Paul Mellon, Carlisle H. Humelsine Franklin D. Murphy Chairman Ruth Carter Johnson John R. Stevenson Warren E. Burger, Chief Justice of the United States, ex officio George P. Shultz, Secretary of State, ex officio Donald T. Regan, Secretary of the Treasury, ex officio S. Dillon Ripley, Secretary, Smithsonian Institution, ex officio SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION WOMEN'S COUNCIL Betty Beuck, Carolyn Thompson, Chairperson Treasurer Sherrill Berger, Joanna Scherer, Vice-Chairperson Historian Ann Gilstrap, Secretary Martha Cappelletti Julie Hoover Prudence Clendenning Susan Jewett Audrey Davis Margaret Santiago Linda DuBro Linda St. Thomas Marge D'Urso Deborah Warner Roberta Geier Miriam Weissman Margery Gordon Edith Whiteman Appendix 1. Smithsonian Council, Boards, and Commissions I 413 APPENDIX 2. Smithsonian Special Foreign Currency Program Awards Made October 1, 1982, through September 30, 1983 ARCHEOLOGY AND RELATED DISCIPLINES (INCLUDING ANTHROPOLOGY) American Institute of Indian Studies, Chicago, Illinois. Continued support for administration; research fellowships; Center for Art and Archeology; Center for Ethnomusicology; Gujarat prehistoric project II; encyclopedia of Indian philosophies; conference on Hindi language. American Research Center in Egypt, Princeton, New Jersey. Operation of Cen- ter in Cairo; fellowship program in the study of archeology and related disci- plines in Egypt; continuation of the architectural and epigraphic survey of Egypt; archeological investigations of Qasr Ibrim; archeological investigations of Wadi Tumilat. Boston University, Massachusetts. Women's work and family life (India). Duke University, Durham, North Carolina. South Indian pastoralism. Indo-U.S. Subcommission on Education and Culture, New York, New York. Indo-American fellowship program. Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas. Prehistory of Egypt. State University of New York, Binghamton. Effects of Roman Colonial system in Serbia, Yugoslavia. Syracuse University, New York. Changing lives: Karimpur Village (India). Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts. Use of Indo-English for poetry. University of California, Berkeley. Excavations at Opovo-Bajbuk (Yugoslavia) ; Himalayan region conference (India and Pakistan); paleoclimatic studies of the Son Valley, India; shell manufacturing industry at Moenjodaro (Pakistan); archeological explorations at Balakot (Pakistan). University of Chicago, Illinois. The subcontinental empire and the regional kingdom in Indian state formation. University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico. Vijayanagara : Urban space in a medieval Hindu imperial capital (India). University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Conference on 20th century litera- ture (India); workshop on Late Cenozoic paleoclimatic changes (India); status, class and dominance patterns of politico-economic change in modern India. University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. International conference on Kharako- rum culture (Pakistan). University of Missouri, Columbia. International Punjab Studies Conference. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Garo language and society (India); Ajanta caves (India). 414 / Smithsonian Year 1983 University of Wisconsin, Madison. Analysis of Advaita Hindu monastic rit- uals and observances. University of Houston, Texas. Restudy of Khalapur village, India. University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras. Women's movement in Bengal (India). SYSTEMATIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY (INCLUDING PALEOBIOLOGY) Boston University, Massachusetts. Growth rates of tropical trees (India). Central Washington University, EUenburg, Washington. Systematics of Rhy- cophilidae (India). Duke University, Durham, North Carolina. Anthropological and paleontologi- cal research into the fossil anthropoid sites of the Egyptian Oligocene. Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Later Miocene hominoids (Pakistan). Howard University, Washington, D.C. Cenozoic mammals of Pakistan. Iowa State University, Ames. U.S. participation in the Indian environmental congress. Lamont Geological Laboratory, Columbia University, Palisades, New York. Ecology and paleoecology of planktonic foraminefera (India). National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Aquatic coleoptera of Hutovo Blato (Yugoslavia); recovery of putative Neanderthal remains (Egypt); systematics of the echuira/sipuncula of India; bird population survey of the Eastern Ghats, India; pictorial guide to the birds of the Indian sub- continent. National Zoological Park, Washington, D.C. Workshop on elephant conserva- tion (India); fruit-like and frugivorous pollinators (India). Pennsylvania State University, University, Pennsylvania. Comparative study of Old World and New World tiger beetle community structure (India). Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey. Comparative ecology of foraging behavior of Apis (India). Smithsonian Office of Biological Conservation, Washington, D.C. Consultation on Indian environment. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama. Cooperative phe- nology program (India). Southern Illinois University, Carbondale. The occlusal epidemiological transi- tion in population of North India; genetic analysis of dental occlusion (India). Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas. Pleistocene pollen studies (Pakistan). University of Massachusetts, Boston. Erosion of biological diversity (India); conversion rates of Indian forests. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. The burrowing amphibians of India; fig wasps and sexual selection (India). University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Tiger monitoring system (India). University of North Dakota, Grand Forks. Reproductive biology of the mugger crocodile (India). Appendix 2. Special Foreign Currency Program Awards I 415 University of Oregon, Pullman. Patterns of dental variation (India). University of Washington, Seattle. Conference on the environment and hor- mones (India). ASTROPHYSICS AND EARTH SCIENCES American Physical Society, New York, New York. International cosmic ray physics conference (India). Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Observa- tion of quasars with x-ray properties (India). Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Confer- ence on energetic extra galactic sources (India). University of Arizona, Tucson. Late quaternary geochronology (Egypt). University of Maryland, College Park. Second Indo-U.S. workshop on solar/ terrestrial physics. University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Paleomagnetic and paleoclimatic studies of Indian lake sediments. Washington State University, Pullman. Fission track determination of uranium sediments in sandstone (India). MUSEUM PROGRAMS Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Museum ex- changes (India); zoological collections workshop (India). Indo-U.S. Subcommission on Education and Culture, New York, New York. Joint Indo-U.S. programs. National Museum of American Art, Washington, D.C. Indian crafts exhibition. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Museum program for disabled children (India); model-making workshop (Egypt); folk art exchange (India). State University of New York, Stony Brook. Fossil preparation in the Geologic Museum, Cairo. 416 / Smithsonian Year 1983 APPENDIX 3. National Museum Act Grants Awarded in Fiscal Year 1 983 GRADUATE/PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING Columbia University, New York, New York New York State Historical Association, Cooperstown, New York New York University, New York, New York University of Delaware (Program in Early American Culture, Conservation Program), Newark, Delaware Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut MUSEUM INTERNSHIPS Afro-American Historical and Cultural Museum, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Denver Art Museum, Denver, Colorado Greater Los Angeles Zoo Association, Los Angeles, California Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Missouri Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Massachusetts New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York Northeast Document Conservation Center, Andover, Massachusetts Philadelphia Museum of Art, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania University of California, Los Angeles Museum of Cultural History, Los Angeles, California Walker Art Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut STIPENDS TO INDIVIDUALS FOR CONSERVATION STUDIES Roberta Chalfant, Columbia University, New York, New York James Coddington, Phillips Collection, Washington, D.C. Michael Connolly, Indianapolis Museum of Art, Indianapolis, Indiana Kathleen Dardes, Textile Conservation Centre, Surrey, England Suzanne Deal, Museum of International Folk Art, Santa Fe, New Mexico Antoinette Dwan, Winterthur Museum, Winterthur, Delaware Madeleine W. Fang, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada Appendix 3. National Museum Act Grants Awarded I 417 Sarah Gates, Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, San Francisco, California Julie Goldman, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada Holly Hotchner, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, New York Jane Ketcham, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada Lucy Kinsolving, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, New York Irene Konefal, Winterthur Museum, Winterthur, Delaware Candy Jean Kuhl, Courtauld Institute of Art, London, England Barbara Mangum, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Massachusetts Melissa Meighan, Walters Art Gallery, Baltimore, Maryland Alice Faterakis, American School of Classical Studies, Athens, Greece Paul Rabin, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada Anne Rosenthal, Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, San Francisco, California Martha Rothwarf, Textile Conservation Centre, Surrey, England Robert Sawchuck, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, New York Ann Schelpert, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada Donna Strahan, Walters Art Gallery, Baltimore, Maryland Nancy Lane Terry, Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, Texas Joann Yam, Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit, Michigan SEMINARS American Association for State and Local History, Nashville, Tennessee Arizona Commission on the Arts, Phoenix, Arizona Association of Science-Technology Centers, Washington, D.C. George Washington University, Washington, D.C. National Trust for Historic Preservation, Washington, D.C. Northeast Document Conservation Center, Andover, Massachusetts Southern Arts Federation, Atlanta, Georgia Textile Conservation Workshop, South Salem, New York Washington Park Zoo, Portland, Oregon SPECIAL STUDIES AND RESEARCH Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, New York New York State Historical Association, Cooperstown, New York North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina Pomerantz Institute for the Advancement of Fine Arts Conservation, Spring Grove, Illinois Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York Zoological Society of San Diego, San Diego, California 418 / Smithsonian Year 1983 SERVICES TO THE FIELD Afro-American Museums Association, Washington, D.C. American Association for State and Local History, Nashville, Tennessee American Association of Museums, Washington, D.C. Minnesota Zoological Gardens, Apple Valley, Minnesota National Institute for the Conservation of Cultural Property, Washington, D.C. Appendix 3. National Museum Act Grants Awarded I 419 APPENDIX 4. Academic, Research Training, and Internship Appointments in Fiscal Year 1982 ACADEMIC AND RESEARCH TRAINING APPOINTMENTS The Smithsonian offers, through the Office of Fellowships and Grants, research and study appointments to visiting scientists, scholars, and students. These appointees are provided access to the Institution's facilities, staff specialties, and reference resources. The persons — listed by bureau, office, or division — in this Appendix began their residencies between October 1, 1982, and September 30, 1983. Predoctoral fellows are designated as Ph.D candidates, and graduate student fellows are marked in addition with an asterisk. Postdoctoral fellows. Visiting Scientists and Scholars, holders of special awards, and participants in special programs are so listed. The institution where each individual received, or expects to receive, the degree, or the home university or institution of cer- tain Visiting Scientists or Scholars, is listed. A brief description of the project to be undertaken at the Smithsonian is included where appropriate. The fel- low's or visitor's host bureau or office and the Smithsonian adviser are also listed. ARCHIVES OF AMERICAN ART William Agee, Senior Visiting Scholar. Past Director of the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston. American art, 1910 to 1945 with emphasis on continuing tradi- tions of modern American art and its relation to art internationally, with Wil- liam Woolfenden, from February 1 through December 31, 1983. Tritobia Benjamin, Visiting Faculty Scholar, Department of Art, Howard Uni- versity. A resource guide to the artists and artifacts of Afro-Americans in the Smithsonian, with Garnett McCoy, from June 1 through August 31. 1983. CONSERVATION ANALYTICAL LABORATORY Albert Jornet-Marginet, Ph.D., University of Fribourg. Chemical and minera- logical characterization of Spanish majolica, with Jacqueline Olin, from Octo- ber 1, 1982, through June 30, 1984. Christopher Nagle, Ph.D. candidate, Brandeis University. Physical analysis of eastern Arctic nephrites, with Jacqueline Olin, Dr. James Blackman, and Dr. William Fitzhugh, Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, from April 1, 1983, through March 31, 1984. COOPER-HEWITT MUSEUM Leonard Amico,* Ph.D. candidate, Yale University. The ceramics of Bernard Palissy, with David McFadden, Department of Decorative Arts, from June 15 through August 30, 1983. Sir Francis Watson, Smithsonian Institution Regents Fellow. Guest Scholar, J. Paul Getty Museum; director, Wallace Collection, London; and Surveyor of the Queen's Works of Art, retired. The historical production of furniture, gilt bronze, and other decorative arts and their cultural significance, with the director and staff, from October 1, 1982 through December 31, 1983. 420 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Carol Willis, Ph.D. candidate, Columbia University. American skyscrapers; theory and design in the 1920s and 1930s, with Elaine Evans Dee, Department of Prints and Drawings, from September 1, 1983, through August 31, 1984. FREER GALLERY OF ART Timothy Clark,* Ph.D. candidate. Harvard University. Japanese 'ukiyo' paint- ings in the Freer Gallery of Art, with Dr. Yoshiaki Shimizu and Dr. John Winter, from June 6 through August 12, 1983. HIRSHHORN MUSEUM AND SCULPTURE GARDEN Melissa Dabakis, Ph.D. candidate, Boston University. The life and art of Saul Baizerman, with Valerie Fletcher, Department of Painting and Sculpture, from September 1, 1983, through August 31, 1984. NATIONAL AIR AND SPACE MUSEUM John M. Bruce, Lindbergh Chair of Aerospace History. Keeper of Aircraft and Research Studies, The Royal Air Force Museum, London. The manufacture of British aircraft in the United States during World War I, with the director and staff, from September 1, 1983, through October 31, 1984. Peter Grosz, A. Verville Fellow. Consultant, International Research Consul- tants, Inc. The development of Austro-Hungarian aircraft during 1914-1918, with Donald Lopez, Department of Aeronautics, from September 1, 1983, through August 31, 1984. Martin O. Harwit, National Air and Space Museum Chair in Space History. Department of Astronomy, Cornell University. The role of theory in astro- nomical discovery, a history, with the director and staff of the National Air and Space Museum, from January 3 through June 30, 1983. NATIONAL MUSEUM OF AFRICAN ART Frances Connelly, Ph.D. candidate. University of Pittsburgh. The origins of development of primitivism in 19th century French art and aesthetics, with Dr. Roy Sieber, from May 15 through August 14, 1983. John Wembah-Rashid, Visiting Scholar. Ph.D., University of Illinois. Masks and masked dancing in Tanzania, with Edward Lifschitz, from July 1 through August 31, 1983. NATIONAL MUSEUM OF AMERICAN ART Martha Anderson, Ph.D. candidate. University of Maryland. The indigenous roots of New York Dada, with Dr. Lillian Miller, editor, Charles Willson Peale Papers, National Portrait Gallery, from June 1, 1983, through May 31, 1984. Sarah Boehme, Ph.D. candidate, Bryn Mawr College. Seth Eastman's illustra- tions for Henry Schoolcraft's "Historical and Statistical Information Respect- ing the History, Condition and Prospects of the Indian Tribes of the United States," with Dr. Lois Fink, Office of Research and Fellowships, from Septem- ber 1, 1983, through August 31, 1984. Elizabeth Broun, Ph.D., University of Kansas. American students of Jean-Leon Gerome, with Dr. Charles Eldredge, director, and Dr. Lois Fink, Office of Research and Fellowships, from September 1, 1983, through July 31, 1984. Ralph T. Coe, Visiting Scholar. Past president of the Association of Art Mu- seum Directors and former director of the Nelson Gallery of Art, Kansas City. The survival of traditional Indian crafts, with Dr. Charles Eldredge, director, from November 1, 1982, through October 31, 1983. Appendix 4. Academic and Research Training Appointments I All Betsy Fahlman, Ph.D., University of Delaware. The art of John Ferguson Weir, 1841-1926, with Dr. Lois Fink, Office of Research and Fellowships, from Sep- tember 1, 1983, through August 31, 1984. Elizabeth Johns, Visiting Scholar. Ph.D., Emory University. Study of 19th- century American artists who have been notably mythologized, with Dr. Charles Eldredge, director, from June 13 through August 19, 1983. Dennis Montagna, Ph.D. candidate. University of Delaware. Covernment-sp on- sored public sculpture in Washington, D.C., 1895-1920, with Dr. Lois Fink, Office of Research and Fellowships, from October 1, 1982, through September 30, 1983. Sara Parrott, Ph.D. candidate, George Washington University. Expatriates and professionals; Italian careers of American women writers and artists horn be- tween 1810 and 1850, with Dr. Lillian Miller, editor, Charles Willson Peale Papers, National Portrait Gallery, from September 1, 1983, through August 31, 1984. Elizabeth Tebow, Ph.D. candidate. University of Maryland. The poetic muse; preoccupation with the ideal, the mythical and the imagination in American painting, with Dr. Lois Fink, Office of Research and Fellowships, from July 1 through December 31, 1983. Jerry Waters, Visiting Faculty Scholar. Department of Art, Fisk University. Aspects of the religious paintings of Henry Ossawa Tanner, with Dr. Lois Fink, Office of Research and Fellowships, from May 30 through August 12, 1983. NATIONAL MUSEUM OF AMERICAN HISTORY Cynthia Costello, Ph.D., University of Wisconsin. From typewriter to word processor; technology, ideology, and work in the office, 1880-1910 and 1950- 1980, with Dr. David Noble, Department of the History of Science and Tech- nology, from September 1, 1983, through August 31, 1984. Thomas J. Davis, Visiting Faculty Scholar. Department of History, Howard University. A social history of black New Yorkers during slavery and freedom, with Dr. James Horton, Afro-American Communities Project, from January 1 through June 30, 1983. Scott Ellsworth, George Mason University/Smithsonian Institution Joint Fel- lowship. Ph.D., Duke University. To reclaim the dispossessed; material culture and everday life of the Okies, with Carl Scheele, Department of Social and National History, from September 1, 1983, through June 30, 1984. Gladys-Marie Fry, Visiting Faculty Scholar. Department of English, University of Maryland. A Knot in the Thread; slave quilting in the ante-bellum South, with Doris Bowman, Department of Social and National History, from June 1 through September 30, 1983. Jerry Frye, Ph.D., University of Michigan. Images of women in American advertising, with Edith Mayo, Department of Social and National History, from September 1, 1983, through August 31, 1984. Luvenia George, Visiting Graduate Student. Ph.D. candidate. University of Maryland, Baltimore. A study and analysis of the gospel hymns and songs of Lucie Eddie Campbell, with Dr. Bernice Reagon, Office of Public and Aca- demic Programs, from June 27 through August 27, 1983. Patricia Gossel, Ph.D. candidate, Johns Hopkins University. The origins of bacteriology as a discipline in American Science, 1880-1900, with Dr. Ramu- nas Kondratas, Department of the History of Science and Technology, from June 1, 1983, through May 31, 1984. Sharon Harley, Ph.D., Howard University. Hidden bonds of womanhood; race, gender, and class in the Nation's Capital, 1890-1920, with Edith Mayo, De- 422 / Smithsonian Year 1983 partment of Social and National History, September 1, 1983, through August 31, 1984. Walter Hill, Ph.D. candidate. University of Maryland. Life, labor, and race; Black Charleston, South Carolina, 1880-1915, with Dr. Spencer Crew, Archives Center, and Dr. James Horton, Afro-American Communities Project, from September 1, 1983, through August 31, 1984. Donald R. Hoke, Ph.D. candidate. University of Wisconsin. The American sys- tem of manufactures; watches, typewriters, and technological convergence, with Dr. Otto Mayr, Department of the History of Science and Technology, from January 1 through July 31, 1983. Emory Kemp, Smithsonian Institution Regents Fellow. Professor of the history of science and technology. West Virginia University. A history of suspension bridges, with the director and staff, including Robert Vogel, Department of the History of Science and Technology, from September 1, 1983, through May 31, 1984. Lucy Long,* M.A. candidate. University of Maryland, Baltimore. The Scott Odell Fieldwork Collection folk music and musical instruments from south- west Virginia, with Scott Odell, Division of Conservation, and Cynthia Hoo- ver, Department of Social and National History, from June 6 through August 12, 1983. Miriam Milgram,* M.A. candidate. University of Washington. Survey and research of the Slavic textile collection in the Division of Community Life, with Richard Ahlborn, Department of Social and National History, from June 13 through August 19, 1983. Mary Neth, Ph.D. candidate. University of Wisconsin. Rural domestic life and the creation of national culture, 1890-1940, with Dr. Terry Sharrer, Depart- ment of the History of Science and Technology, and Anne Golovin, Depart- ment of Social and National History, from September 1, 1983, through May 31, 1984. Paula Petrik, Ph.D., Montana State University. Playthings for the Republic's children; gender socialization and the toy industry in America, 1840-1980, with Rodris Roth, Department of Social and National History, from Septem- ber 15, 1983, through September 14, 1984. Jonathan Prude, First Ladies Fellow. Department of History, Emory Univer- sity. The meaning of American occupational costume, 1775-1914, with Claudia Kidwell, Department of Social and National History, from January 1 through June 30, 1983. Priscilla Roberts, Ph.D., Kings College, Cambridge. The "internationalist" for- eign policy tradition of U.S. military, 1900-1950, with Dr. Forrest Pogue, Eisenhower Institute for Historical Studies, from September 1, 1983, through August 31, 1984. Joni K. Seager, Ph.D., Clark University. The domestic landscape of the Pro- gressive Era; design of domestic space as cultural history, with Rodris Roth, Department of Social and National History, and Deborah Warner, Department of the History of Science and Technology, from January 1 through June 30, 1983. Jan Sloan,* Ph.D. candidate. University of Kansas. American scientists at the Naples Zoological Station; the Smithsonian Table and the American Women's Table, with Deborah Warner, Department of the History of Science and Tech- nology, and William Deiss, Smithsonian Institution Archives, from June 6 through August 12, 1983. George Sweeting, Ph.D. candidate, Columbia University. Expansion of indus- trial capacity during World War II; government policy and structural eco- nomic change, with Edward Ezell, Department of the History of Science and Technology, from June 1, 1983, through May 31, 1984. Appendix 4. Academic and Research Training Appointments I 423 Mark Tucker, Ph.D. candidate. University of Michigan. Black bands in New York, 1927-1935, with Martin WilHams, Smithsonian Institution Press, and Cynthia Hoover, Department of Social and National History, from June 1, 1983, through May 31, 1984. Deborah Warner, James E. Webb Fellow. Curator in the Department of the History of Science and Technology; Executive Program in Business Adminis- tration, Columbia University, from June through August 1983. NATIONAL MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Catherine Agegian,* Ph.D. candidate. University of Hawaii. The growth and mineralogy of coralline red algae in past and present seas, with Dr. Walter Adey, Department of Paleobiology, from October 4, through December 11, 1982. Joseph Arminio,* Ph.D. candidate, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Imperial strategies to defuse nomadic pressures, with Dr. Gus Van Beek, De- partment of Anthropology, from June 6 through August 12, 1983. Stanley Blum, Ph.D. candidate. University of Hawaii. The phylogeny of the genus "Chaetodon" (Pisces, Perciformes, Chaetodontidae), with Dr. Victor Springer, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, August 15, 1983, through August 14, 1984. Michael Brown, Ph.D., University of Michigan. New perspectives on magic and medicine; an Amazonian case, with Dr. William Crocker, Department of Anthropology, from September 1, 1983, through August 31, 1984. John B. Burch, Smithsonian Institution Regents Fellow. Professor of biological sciences. University of Michigan. A monograph on the freshwater snails of North America, with the director and staff, from June 1, 1983, through May 31, 1984. James Carpenter, Ph.D., Cornell University. A phylogenetic analysis of the genera of the Polistinae (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), with Dr. Karl Krombein, Department of Entomology, from September 1, 1983, through August 31, 1984. James Decker,* M.S. candidate, George Washington University. Statistical analysis of suspended sediments, samples taken from the Rhode River estuary in Maryland, with Dr. Jack Pierce, Department of Paleobiology, from May 30 through August 5, 1983. Masahiro Dojiri, Ph.D., Boston University. Revision of the genera of the Taeniacanthidae, copepods predominantly parasitic on marine fishes, with Dr. Roger F. Cressey, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, from February 1, 1983, through January 31, 1984. Suzanne Fredericq,* M.S. candidate, George Mason University. Taxonomic concepts of Cracilaria morphology based on post-fertilization events, with Dr. James Norris, Department of Botany, from June 6 through August 12, 1983. Terrence Goslinger, Ph.D., University of New Hampshire. Systematics and biogeography of opisthobranch mollusks of the western Indian Ocean, with Dr. Joseph Rosewater, Department of Invertebrate Zoology, from January 1 through December 31, 1983. Robert Hard,* Ph.D. candidate. University of New Mexico. Tarahumara ethno- archaeological research, with Dr. William Merrill, Department of Anthropol- ogy, from February 28 through May 6, 1983. Kenneth Hopkins,* Ph.D. candidate, Oklahoma State University. A tribal his- tory of the Oteo-Missourias, with Dr. Herman Viola, Department of Anthro- pology, from May 30 through August 5, 1983. Stephen McNutt,* Ph.D. candidate, Columbia University. A study of earth- quake swarms preceding and accompanying explosive volcanic eruptions, with Dr. Thomas Simkin, Department of Mineral Sciences, from September 5 through November 11, 1983. 424 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Peter Michael, Ph.D., Columbia University. Chemical differentiation of Sierran plutons through crystal-liquid separation, with Dr. William Melson, Depart- ment of Mineral Sciences, from July 1, 1983, through June 30, 1984. George Milner, Ph.D., Northwestern University. Synchronic and diachronic variations in the health of Mississippian populations from the American Bot- tom, Illinois, with Dr. Douglas Ubelaker, Department of Anthropology, from September 1, 1983, through May 31, 1984. Timothy Rowe, Ph.D. candidate. University of California. Biomechanics and evolution of adaptations for cranial collisions in living and fossil amniotes, with Dr. Nicholas Hotton, Department of Paleobiology, from September 1, 1983, through August 31, 1984. Silvia Santiago,'^ M.S. candidate, Universidad National Autonoma de Mexico. Revision of the riffle beetles (Coleptera: Elmidae) of Mexico, Central America and the West Indies, with Dr. Paul Spangler, Department of Entomology, from June 27 through September 2, 1983. Thomas Sebeok, Smithsonian Institution Regents Fellow. Chairman, Research Center for Language and Semiotic Studies, Indiana University. The biological roots of art and an introduction to semiotics, with the director and staff, from September 1, 1983, through June 30, 1984. Jonathan Shaw, Ph.D., University of Michigan. A generic revision of the Bryaceae, subfamily, Mielichhoferioideae (Musci.), with Dr. Harold Robinson, Department of Botany, from September 1, 1983, through August 31, 1984. Robert Starcher,* Ph.D. candidate, Rutgers University. Functional, construc- tional and phylogenetic analysis of patterns of colony development in fan-like and vine-like bryozoans, with Dr. Richard Boardman, Department of Paleo- biology, from June 6 through August 12, 1983. Wayne Starnes, Ph.D., University of Tennessee. Phylogeny, relationships and biogeography of the South American characiform fish family Parodontidae, with Dr. Stanley Weitzman, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, from Septem- ber 1, 1983, through August 31, 1984. William Stein, Ph.D., University of Michigan. Reinvestigation of Asteropteris noveboracensis and possibly related members of the Cladoxylopsida from North American Devonian, with Dr. Francis Hueber, Department of Paleo- biology, from September 1, 1983, through August 31, 1984. Richard Stromberg, Ph.D. candidate. University of Toronto. Sealing and so- ciety; a study in Western Thule cultural ecology, with Dr. William Fitzhugh, Department of Anthropology, from October 1, 1982, through September 30, 1983. James L. Zarucchi, Ph.D., Harvard University. Biology of New World Plu- meriodeae, with Dr. John Wurdack, Department of Botany, from January 1 through December 31, 1983. NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK John Gittleman,* Ph.D. candidate. University of Sussex. The effects of folivory on ontogeny and maternal care in the red panda, with Dr. Devra Kleiman, Department of Zoological Research, from May 30 through September 16, 1983. Reena Mathur, Visiting Scientist. Ph.D., University of Rajasthan. Non-human primate eco-behavioral studies; their conservation and management, with Dr. Rasanayagam Rudran, Department of Zoological Research, from July 4 through September 9, 1983. David Scott,* M.S. candidate. University of Virginia. Species diversity and habitat complexity; a study of the herpetofauna at the NZP's Conservation and Research Center, with Dr. Dale Marcellini, Department of Herpetology, from June 11, 1983, through May 10, 1984. Willie Collins,* Ph.D. candidate. University of California at Los Angeles. Appendix 4. Academic and Research Training Appointments I 425 OFFICE OF FOLKLIFE PROGRAMS Identification of icons and musical instruments and musicians in African- American culture, with Dr. Kazadi wa Mukuna, from June 6 through August 12, 1983. Nicolas Schidlovsky, Ph.D., Princeton University. Music of the Old Believers; oral traditions of ancient Russia in the U.S. today, with Dr. Thomas Vennum, from March 1, 1983, through February 28, 1984. OFFICE OF PROGRAMMING AND BUDGET Jon E. Yellin, James E. Webb Fellow. Director, Smithsonian Institution Office of Programming and Budget; Lucius E. Littauer Master of Public Administra- tion Program, Harvard University, from August 1983 through May 1984. OFFICE OF THE TREASURER Brooks Parsons, James E. Webb Fellow. Master in Business Administration candidate. University of North Carolina, from May through August 1983. SMITHSONIAN ASTROPHYSICAL OBSERVATORY Kenneth Gibbs, Ph.D. candidate. University of Arizona. Study of high-energy gamma-ray astronomy using the 10m optical reflector at Mt. Hopkins, with Dr. Trevor Weekes, from May 16 through August 26, 1983. Margaret Graff, Ph.D., University of Oregon. Photodissociation of CH and OH application to molecular formation and destruction in the interstellar medium, with Dr. Irwin Shapiro and staff, from September 1, 1983, through August 31, 1984. Steven Kahn, Visiting Scientist. Ph.D., University of California. Study of Ein- stein data projects, with Dr. Harvey Tananbaum, Dr. Frederick Seward and D. P. Gorenstein, from July 1 through August 6, 1983. Scott Kenyon, Ph.D., University of Illinois. Study of symbolics and single M stars in the IR and optical, with Dr. Irwin Shapiro and staff, from September 1, 1983, through August 31, 1984. SMITHSONIAN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH CENTER Barbara Chereskin, Ph.D., University of California, Davis. Use of the cleavable cross-linking reagent, 2-iminothiolane, to determine phycohilisome structure, with Dr. Elisabeth Gantt, October 15, 1982, through October 14, 1983. Elizabeth Moore, Visiting Scientist. Life Sciences Department, Glassboro State College. The responses of the aclerotia, apothecia, and mycelium of Pyronema domesticum to light of different spectral qualities, with Dr. Walter Shrop- shire, Jr., from January 15 through June 30, 1983. Paul Spitzer, Visiting Scientist. Ph.D., Cornell University. Population param- eters of ospreys breeding in the Chesapeake Bay region, with Dr. James Lynch, from April 15 through August 31, 1983. Kiyotoshi Takeno-Wada, Ph.D., University of Tokyo. Analysis of endogenous hormones in Pharbitis nil in relation to flowering, with Dr. Charles Cleland, from December 1, 1982, through November 30, 1983. Laura Thompson, Ph.D., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Photocontrol of peanut (Arachis sp. L) embryo and ovule development in vitro, with Dr. Gerald Deitzer, from September 6, 1983 through August 31, 1984. 426 / Smithsonian Year 1983 I SMITHSONIAN MARINE STATION AT LINK PORT Maria Byrne, Ph.D., University of Victoria. Reproduction of Ophiolepus pau- cispina and Amphiura stimpsoni, with Dr. Mary Rice, from September 1, 1983, through August 31, 1984. Jon L. Norenburg, Ph.D., Northeastern University. Developmental biology of Nemertina from Florida, with Dr. Mary Rice, from October 1, 1982, through September 30, 1983. SMITHSONIAN MUSEUM SHOPS Rebecca Keith Webb, James E. Webb Fellow. Data control manager and assis- tant controller, Smithsonian Institution Museum Shops; Master of Business Administration Program, George Washington University, from January through December 1983. SMITHSONIAN TROPICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE Jacqueline Belwood, Ph.D. candidate. University of Florida. The effects of predation on the evolution of calling behavior in neotropical katydids, with Dr. Michael Robinson, from November 1, 1982, through October 31, 1983. Gloria Sullivan Caldwell, Ph.D., University of California, Berkeley. Experi- mental analysis of Ardeid color dimorphism, with Dr. Martin Moynihan, from November 1, 1982, through October 31, 1983. Kenneth Clifton, Ph.D. candidate. University of California, Santa Barbara. Territorial groups of the striped parrotfish, Scarus iserti, with Dr. Ross Robert- son, from June 15, 1983, through June 14, 1984. Richard Emlet,* Ph.D. candidate. University of Washington. Development, settlement, and metamorphosis of Clypeaster rosaceus, with Dr. Harilaos Les- sios, from September 5 through November 11, 1983. Leo Fleishman, Ph.D. candidate, Cornell University. Communication in Anolis lizards, with Dr. A. Stanley Rand, from October through December 31, 1982, and April 1 through December 31, 1983. Dolores Piperno, Ph.D., Temple University. The application of phytolith anal- ysis to tropical paleoecology, with Dr. Olga Linares, from July 1, 1983, through June 30, 1984. Myra Shulman, Ph.D., University of Washington. Functions of juvenile/ adult color dimorphism in coral reef fishes, with Dr. Ross Robertson, from Novem- ber 1, 1982, through October 31, 1983. Daniel Suman, Ph.D., University of California, San Diego. The morphologies of plant charcoal particles, their analysis in sediment cores from Parita Bay, Panama, with Dr. Olga Linares, from September 1, 1983, through August 31, 1984. Pepper Trail, Ph.D., Cornell University. Behavioral and genetic differentiation among allopatric populations of a neotropical bird, the thrushlike manakin, with Dr. Neal Smith, from October 15, 1983, through May 14, 1984. Lani West, Ph.D. candidate, Oregon State University. Prey selection by indi- vidual carnivorous snails in a Pacific rocky intertidal habitat of Panama, with Dr. Haris Lessios, from December 15, 1982, through December 14, 1983. Diana Wheeler, Ph.D., Duke University. Physiological control of worker poly- morphism in turtle ants and its evolutionary implications, with Dr. David Roubik, from October 1, 1982, through September 30, 1983. Ernest Williams, Smithsonian Institution Regents Fellow. Alexander Agassiz Professor of Geology, Harvard University. Research on the evolution of Anolis, with the director and staff, from February 1 through August 31, 1983. Appendix 4. Academic and Research Training Appointments I 427 INTERNSHIP AND OTHER STUDENT APPOINTMENTS The Smithsonian offers internship appointments to visiting graduate and undergraduate students. The persons — listed by bureau, office, or division — in this Appendix began their internships between October 1, 1982, and Sep- tember 30, 1983. Holders of special awards and participants in special pro- grams are so listed. The institution attended, the title or a brief description of the project to be undertaken, where appropriate, and the name of the Smithsonian supervisor are given for each intern. A list of student partici- pants in the cooperative education program, along with their placements within the institution, also is included. COOPER-HEWITT MUSEUM Kimberly Kelly, Ford Foundation Scholarship, Cooper-Hewitt Museum/Par- sons School of Design M.A. Program in the History of the Decorative Arts, with David McFadden, Department of Decorative Arts, from September 1, 1983, through May 31, 1985. Christopher Reed, Sidney and Celia Siegel Fellowship Student. B.A. candidate, Amherst College, with Elaine Evans Dee, Department of Drawings and Prints, from June 13 through August 19, 1983. Kimberly Dawn Van Dyke, Sidney and Celia Siegel Fellowship Student. B.F.A., Ohio University, with Ann Doftsman, Department of Wallpaper, from June 28 through August 26, 1983. Leslie Whitfield, B.A. candidate. University of Maryland, with Andrew Sved- low. Education Services, from July 11 through August 26, 1983. Other Interns Dara Caponigro, B.A. candidate, Barnard College, with Lisa Taylor, director, from June 13 through August 26, 1983. Alison Clark, B.A. candidate, Cornell University, with Andrew Svedlow, Edu- cational Services Office, from June 13 through August 19, 1983. Kirsten dePagter, B.A. candidate. Brown University, with staff of the Exhibi- tions Office, from June 13 through August 19, 1983. Wendy Frieze, B.F.A. candidate. Parsons School of Design, with Gillian Moss, Textiles Department, from June 13 through August 19, 1983. Anne Fuhrman, B.A. candidate. Drew University, with Andrew Svedlow, Edu- cational Services Office, from June 13 through August 19, 1983. Vance Koehler, M.A. candidate, Cooper-Hewitt/Parsons Program in Decora- tive Arts, with David McFadden, Decorative Arts Department, June 13 through August 19, 1983. Simah Kraus, M.A. candidate. City University of New York, with Peter Scherer, Director's Office, from June 13 through August 19, 1983. Karen Kratina, B.A. Kean College of Art, with Milton Sonday, Textiles De- partment, from June 28 through August 19, 1983. June Ross, B.A., Utah State University, with Isabelle Silverman, Public Infor- mation Office, from June 13 through August 19, 1983. Charlotte Sonnenblick, B.A. candidate, Wesleyan University, with Cordelia Rose, Registrar's Office, from June 13 through August 19, 1983. HIRSHHORN MUSEUM AND SCULPTURE GARDEN Lori Alexander, B.A., Wellesley College, with Abram Lerner, director, from June 6 through August 12, 1983. Michelle Kropf, B.A. candidate. University of Cincinnati, with Teresia Bush, 428 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Outreach Program, Department of Education, from June 6 through August 12, 1983. Sarah Meyer, B.A., Brown University, with Dr. Judith Zilczer, historian. De- partment of Painting and Sculpture, from June 6 through August 12, 1983. Matthew Postal, B.A., Vassar College, with Joseph Shannon, chief. Department of Exhibits and Design, from June 6 through August 12, 1983. Other Interns Janet Farber, M.A. candidate. Case Western Reserve University. Worked with Valerie Fletcher, Department of Painting and Sculpture, on a catalogue of the French sculpture in the museum's collection, from June 6 through August 21, 1983. Eve Maclntyre, B.A. candidate. University of Richmond. Worked with Miran- da McClintic, Howard Fox, and Phyllis Rosenzweig, Department of Painting and Sculpture, researching the HMSG's Tenth Anniversary Painting and Sculpture Exhibition, from June 6 through August 12, 1983. Carorle Zawatsky, George Washington University, MAT Program. Research and study in the Education Department with Edward Lawson, from January 3 to May 21, 1983. JOSEPH HENRY PAPERS Margaret Hanna, Smith College/Smithsonian American Studies Program Stu- dent. B.A. candidate. Smith College. Popular science in early 19th-century America (1820-1860), with Dr. Paul Theerman, from September 6 through December 16, 1983. NATIONAL AIR AND SPACE MUSEUM Donald Deland, B.A., Oberlin College, with Dr. Allan Needell, Department of Space Science and Exploration, June 6 through April 12, 1983. Deborah Douglas, B.A. candidate, Wellesley College, with Kathleen Brooks- Pazmany, Department of Aeronautics, from June 6 through August 12, 1983. Peter Jakab, Ph.D. candidate, Rutgers University, with Dr. Thomas Crouch, Department of Aeronautics, from June 6 through August 12, 1983. Katherine Kirkpatrick, B.A. candidate, Smith College, with Von Del Chamber- Iain, Department of Space Science and Exploration, from June 6 through August 12, 1983. Susan Lawson, B.F.A., Maryland Institute, College of Art, with Mary Valdivia, Department of Art, from June 6 through August 12, 1983. George Rees, A.A.S., Purdue University, with Walter Roderick, Restoration and Storage Division, Garber Facility, from June 6 through August 12, 1983. Other Intern John Tirpak, Rutgers University. Research for book on history of aviation, with Dr. Thomas Crouch, Department of Aeronautics, from January 3 through March 11, 1983. NATIONAL MUSEUM OF AFRICAN ART Adama Conteh, M.A. candidate, Howard University, with Gretchen Jennings, from June 6 through August 5, 1983. Marilyn Stevenson-Bryant, M.F.A. candidate. University of North Carolina at Greensboro, with Rosalyn Walker, from June 6 through August 5, 1983. Appendix 4. Academic and Research Training Appointments I 429 NATIONAL MUSEUM OF AMERICAN ART Marianne Beagan, B.A. candidate. Brown University, with Barbara Shissler Nosanow, Department of Education, from June 6 through August 5, 1983. Margaret Gilges, B.A., Dartmouth College, with Robin Bolton-Smith and Margery Sharpe, Department of 18th and 19th Century Painting and Sculp- ture, from June 20 through August 19, 1983. Andrew Conners, B.A. candidate, Yale College, with Georgine Reed, Office of Exhibition and Design, from June 6 through August 5, 1983. Linda Johnson, B.A. candidate, Wesleyan University, with Dr. Harry Rand, Department of 20th Century Painting and Sculpture, from June 6 through August 5, 1983. JoAnne Triplett, M.A. candidate. University of Louisville, with Robert Johns- ton, Registrar, from June 6 through August 5, 1983. Other Interns Virginia Delfico, George Washington University, January 21 through April 22, 1983. Cynthia Harris, George Washington University, September 13, 1982, through April 22, 1983. Anna Noll, George Washington University, September 13, 1982, through April 22, 1983. Karen Phillips, American University, September 13, 1982, through April 22, 1983. Marcellus Pope, George Washington University, September 13, 1982, through April 22, 1983. Additional Summer Intern Jan Lemons, B.A. candidate, Salem College, Winston-Salem, North Carolina. Evaluation and research of collection of 19th-century volumes for future exhi- bition of book illustrations, with Cecilia Chin, National Museum of American Art/National Portrait Gallery Library, from June 6 through July 29, 1983. NATIONAL MUSEUM OF AMERICAN HISTORY Grace Brill, B.S., University of New Mexico, with Deborah Warner, Depart- ment of the History of Science and Technology, from July 11 through August 19, 1983. Vanessa Broussard, M.A. candidate, George Washington University, with Dr. James Horton, Afro-American Communities Project, from May 30 through September 2, 1983. Reginald Butler, Ph.D. candidate, Johns Hopkins University, with Dr. James Horton, Afro-American Communities Project, from July 11 through August 19, 1983. Kathleen Campisano, M.A. candidate. University of South Carolina, with Dr. Douglas Evelyn, Deputy Director, from May 16 through August 12, 1983. Donatella Degiampietro, Diploma Superiore, University of Florence, Italy, with Scott Odell, Division of Conservation, from May 16 through August 31, 1983. Lynda Edwards, B.A., Smith College, with Dr. Arthur Molella, Department of the History of Science and Technology, from July 4 through September 23, 1983. Reba Fishman, M.A., Columbia University. Candidate for Certificate of Con- servation, New York University, with Dianne van der Reyden, Division of Conservation, from June 27 through August 26, 1983. Fuabeh Fonge, Ph.D. candidate, Howard University, with John Fleckner, Ar- chives, from June 13 through August 26, 1983. 430 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Vincent Fort, Ph.D. candidate, Emory University, with Dr. Bemice Reagon, Office of Public and Academic Programs, from September 6 through Novem- ber 11, 1983. Nancy Gardner, Smith College/Smithsonian American Studies Program Stu- dent. B.A. candidate. Smith College. Past Visions of American Futures project, with Brian Horrigan and Dr. Joseph Corn, Department of the History of Sci- ence and Technology, from September 6 through December 16, 1983. Joanne Harris, B.S. candidate. Smith College, with Path Davis Ruffins, Depart- ment of Social and National History, from June 6 through August 26, 1983. Ibrahim Kargbo, Ph.D. candidate, Howard University, with Dr. James Horton, Afro-American Communities Project, from June 6 through August 26, 1983. Kathleen Kelly, Smith College/Smithsonian American Studies Program Stu- dent. B.A. candidate. Smith College. Eighteenth-century "Life in America" project, with Path Davis Ruffins, Department of Social and National History, from September 6 through December 16, 1983. Marianna Knight, Smith College/Smithsonian American Studies Student. B.A. candidate. Smith College. Work on the M*A*S*H project, with Dr. Edward Ezell, Department of the History of Science and Technology, from September 6 through December 16, 1983. Marian Moore, Ph.D. candidate. Bowling Green State University, with Dr. Spencer Crew, Archives Center, from May 5 through August 19, 1983. Joan Orr, Smith College/Smithsonian American Studies Program Student. B.A. candidate. Smith College. Work on the "Field to Factory" project, with Dr. Spencer Crew, Archives Center, from September 6 through December 16, 1983. Jeanne Schwenk, Smith College/Smithsonian American Studies Program Stu- dent. B.A. candidate. Smith College. Work on Collection of Business Ameri- cana promotional campaigns, with Dr. Spencer Crew and John Fleckner, Ar- chives Center, from September 6 through December 16, 1983. Susan Wallace, Smith College/Smithsonian American Studies Program Stu- dent. B.A. candidate. Smith College. A study in mass communications in the 20th-century using high circulation magazines, with Claudia Kidwell, Depart- ment of Social and National History, from September 6 through December 16, 1983. Eloise Woods, B.A. candidate. Brown University, with Dr. Spencer Crew, Ar- chives Center, from June 13 through August 19, 1983. NATIONAL MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Mary Evalina Alexander, Ph.D. candidate. University of Puerto Rico, with Dr. Mark Littler, Department of Botany, from May 30 through August 5, 1983. Raymond Carthy, M.S. candidate. Slippery Rock State College, with Dr. Ron- ald Heyer, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, from June 6 through August 16, 1983. Brian Farrell, Ph.D. candidate. University of Maryland, with Dr. Terry Erwin, Department of Entomology, from June 6, 1983, through February 28, 1984. Jessamine Hemandez-Muniz, M.S. candidate. University of Puerto Rico, with Dr. Tom Soderstrom, Department of Botany, from May 30 through August 5, 1983. James Long, B.S. candidate, Howard University, with Fred Collier, Department of Paleobiology, from June 13 through September 2, 1983. Vivian Negron-Ortiz, M.S. candidate. University of Puerto Rico, with Dr. Rob- ert Read, Department of Botany, from May 30 through August 5, 1983. Carmen Parrott, B.S. candidate, Vassar College, with Dr. Robert Higgins and Dr. Charles Hart, Department of Invertebrate Zoology, from May 30 through August 19, 1983. Appendix 4. Academic and Research Training Appointments I 431 Mary Sangrey, B.S. candidate. University of Wisconsin, with Dr. Tom Soder- strom. Department of Botany, from May 31 through August 5, 1983. Beverly Spriggs, B.S. candidate. University of the District of Columbia, with Dr. Donald Ortner, Department of Anthropology, from June 6 through Sep- tember 16, 1983. NATIONAL PORTRAIT GALLERY Suzanne Masri, Smith College/Smithsonian American Studies Program Stu- dent. B.A. candidate. Smith College. Research and editing of Peale Papers, with Dr. Lillian Miller, Charles Willson Peale Papers, from September 6 through December 16, 1983. Other Interns Adele P. Bradlee, graduate student, George Mason University. Internship at Peale Family Papers project, from August 30 through December 11, 1982. Carolyn Cleaver, B.A. candidate. Smith College. Preparation of Permanent Collection Checklist, with Frances Wein, Editor's Office, from June 6 through September 1, 1983. James D. Dziedzio, B.A. candidate, Maryland Institute College of Art. Research of Mallett Papers, with Cecilia H. Chin, Library, from June 14 through August 18, 1983. Alexandra Espy, B.A. 1982, George Washington University. Resleeving Me- serve negatives, with William F. Stapp, Curatorial Department, from May 3 through August 12, 1983. Moira Gault, B.A. candidate, Georgetown University. Preparation of the "Museum Education" chapter in Museums: A Reference Guide, with Ken Yellis, Education Department, from May 23 through August 31, 1983. Rosanna Go, B.A. candidate, Bryn Mawr College. Preparation of Saint Memin catalog and other curatorial research, with Dr. Ellen Miles, Curatorial Depart- ment, from March 14 through March 18, 1983. Ann Kjellberg, B.A. candidate, Yale University. Preparation of NPG Perma- nent Collection Checklist, with Frances Wein, Editor's Office, from June 7 through August 31, 1983. Gina A. Marinilli, undergraduate student, Bryn Mawr College. Externship at Peale Family Papers project, from March 14 through March 18, 1983. Lisa Sommers, M.A.T. candidate. Museum Education Program, George Wash- ington University. Secondary and Senior Citizen Programs, with Harry Jack- son, Education Department, from February 15 through May 30, 1983. Caroline H. Sullivan, B.A. candidate, Hollins College. Assisted with prepara- tion of Hollywood Portrait exhibition, with Kristi Mathias, Department of Exhibits Design and Production, from January 5 through February 2, 1983. NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK Benedict Hren, B.A., Hiram College, Ohio, with Guy Greenwell, Conservation and Research Center, from June 1 through September 30, 1983. Carlos Saavedra, Conservation Training Program student. M.S. candidate. Uni- versity of Florida, with Dr. John Robinson, Primate Program, from May 1 through July 31, 1983. OFFICE OF FOLKLIFE PROGRAMS Sheila Jackson, B.S. candidate. University of Virginia, with Dr. Peter Seitel, from June 23 through June 27, 1983; June 30 through July 4, 1983; and July 18 through September 2, 1983. 432 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Other Interns Samantha Hawkins, Georgetown University. Francesca McLean, University of California, Berkeley. Daniel Metzel, Davidson College, North Carolina. Loretta Van Winkle, Western Kentucky University. Visiting Scholars Michald Licht, Ph.D. candidate. University of Texas, Austin. Robert McCarl, Ph.D., Memorial University of Newfoundland. SMITHSONIAN ARCHIVES Susan Bevelhimer, M.A. candidate, Portland State University, with William Deiss, from September 19 through November 25, 1983. Joan Brownell, M.A., Montana State University, with William Deiss, from April 4 through June 10, 1983. SMITHSONIAN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH CENTER Janet Bardwell, Work/Learn Student. B.S. candidate. Brown University, with Dr. James Lynch, from August 22 through December 23, 1983. Emily Field, Work/ Learn Student. B.S. candidate, Colorado State University, with Dr. John Falk, from May 23 through July 15, 1983. Christine Gordon, Work/Learn Student. B.S. candidate, Colorado State Uni- versity, with Dr. James Lynch, from May 23 through August 19, 1983. Linda Jones, B.S. candidate, Randolph-Macon Woman's College, with Dr. Mau- rice Margulies, from June 30 through August 19, 1983. Sarah Juram, Work/Learn Student. B.S. candidate, Swarthmore College, with Dr. John Balling, from May 23 through August 19, 1983. Craig Kelly, Work/Learn Student. B.A., Whitman College, with Dr. Anson Hines, from June 6 through October 28, 1983. Mark Kim-Leong Khoo, Work/Learn Student. B.S. candidate, McGill Univer- sity, with Dr. Dennis Whigham, from June 6 through August 5, 1983. Jennifer Lawson, Work/Learn Student. B.S., Tufts University, with Dr. Dennis Whigham, from June 6 through August 26, 1983. Patricia McGee, Work/Learn Student. B.S., Lehigh University, with Dr. Thomas Jordan, from May 23 through September 2, 1983. Sahle Melles, M.S. candidate, Howard University, with Dr. Roy Harding, from May 16 through August 5, 1983. Ellen Michaels, Work/Learn Student. B.S., University of Minnesota, with Dr. James Lynch, from May 16 through August 5, 1983. Mark Tedesco, Work/Learn Student. B.S., State University of New York, Stony Brook, with Dr. Anson Hines, from May 23 through October 28, 1983. Alison Unger, Work/Learn Student. B.S. candidate, Carleton College, with Dr. John Falk, from June 13 through August 26, 1983. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION TRAVELING EXHIBITION SERVICE Cherie Faini, Pennsylvania State University. Development of exhibition and education programs, with Marjorie Share, from September 1983 through January 1984. Elizabeth Shapiro, University of Michigan. Development of interpretive exhi- bitions for Ban Chiang and Native Harvests, with Martha Cappelletti, from August 1983 through January 1984. Appendix 4. Academic and Research Training Appointments I 433 Deborah Small, Carnegie-Mellon University. Exhibition, publicity, and regis- trarial assistance, with Marjorie Share, from January through May 1983. Elizabeth Eder, George Washington University. Research, writing, and design of educational programs, with Marjorie Share, from January through May 1983. Tracy Soulges, George Washington University. Research and implementation of several SITES exhibitions, with Betty Teller, from June 1983 through January 1984. SMITHSONIAN TROPICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE Mary Alice Coffroth, Ph.D. candidate. University of Miami. A study of mucus production in reef corals, with Dr. Peter Glynn and Dr. Harilaos Lessios, from May through July 31, 1983. Denis M. Kearns, Ph.D. candidate, Humboldt State University. Seed dispersal strategies in tropical understory herbs, with Dr. Alan Smith, from September 1 through November 30, 1983. David McLetchie, B.S. candidate, Howard University, with Dr. Alan Smith, from May 30 through August 5, 1983. Livingstone Marshall, B.S. candidate, Hampton Institute. Cooperative Educa- tion Intern, with Dr. Harilaos Lessios, from September 1 through December 16, 1983. Stephen Mulkey, Ph.D. candidate. University of Pennsylvania. An experimen- tal study of the influence of treefall light gaps on the growth and reproduction of two herbaceous understory grasses, with Dr. Alan Smith, from June 1 through August 30, 1983. Dianna Padilla, Ph.D. candidate. University of Alberta. The role of calcifica- tion as an herbivore defense mechanism, with Dr. John Cubit, from September 15 through December 15, 1983. Jonathan Reed, Ph.D. candidate. University of Wisconsin. Spectral sensitivity studies on four species of seabirds in the Bay of Panama, with Dr. Gene Mont- gomery, from March 15 through May 15, 1983. Eugene W. Schupp, Ph.D. candidate. University of Iowa. The adaptive signifi- cance of masting in Faramea occidentalis, with Dr. Egbert Leigh, from May 15 through August 31, 1983. Teresa Townshend, Ph.D. candidate. University College of Wales. Food avail- ability and reproduction in cichlid fishes, with Dr. Michael Robinson, from March 1 through April 30, 1983. SHORT-TERM FELLOWSHIPS! ASSIST ANT SHIPS IN TROPICAL BIOLOGY Educational Outreach Program Richard Emlet, University of Washington. Patricia Hansell, Temple University. Robert Schmalzel, University of Arizona. Douglas Yanega, Cornell University. EXXON Program Aurora Altamar, Universidad de Panama. Marta Arauz, Universidad de Panama. Remberto Daniel Bricefio, Universidad de Costa Rica. Aixa Cabrera, Universidad de Panama. Ricardo Caicedo, Universidad de Panama. Roberto Cambra, Universidad de Panama. 434 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Fred Castillero, Universidad de Panama. Erick Castillo, Universidad de Panama. Hector Cedeno, Universidad de Panama. Sandra Charity, Universidad de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Eugenio Chen, Universidad Autonoma Guadalajara, Mexico. Luz Chen, University of Miami. Luis De La Rosa, Universidad de Panama. Israel De Leon, Universidad de Panama. Yolanda Betsabe Figueroa, Universidad de Panama. Felipe Gallardo, Universidad de Panama. Milton Garcia, Universidad de Panama. Vielka Garcia, Universidad de Panama. Nelida Gomez, Universidad de Panama. Patricia Gutierrez, Universidad Simon Bolivar, Caracas, Venezuela. Ileana Harper, Universidad de Panama. Stanley Heckadon, University of Essex. Dora Hernandez, Universidad de Panama. Moraima Hill, Universidad de Panama. Jose Him, Universidad de Panama. Fidel Jaramillo, Universidad de Panama. Cesar Jaramillo, Universidad de Panama. Gustavo Kattan, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia. Jorge Laguna, Central College. Eulalia Lucia Maldonado, Universidad de Guayaquil, Ecuador. Claudette Mo, Universidad de Sao Paulo. Alvaro Morales, Universidad de Costa Rica. Rene Morris, State University of New York at Stony Brook. Carolina Murcia, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia. Luis Paz, Universidad de "Babes Bolyai" Cluj-Napoca, Rumania. Miguel Perez, Universidad de Panama. Francisco Reyes, Universidad Veracruzana, Mexico. Elena Rodriguez Peiia, Universidad de Panama. Vania da Silva, Universidad de Sao Paulo. Maria Beatriz R. do Valle, Universidad de Sao Paulo. Wilson Valerio, Universidad de Costa Rica. Eduardo Velasco, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia. Carlos Vergara, Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Cesar Vergara, Universidad de Panama. Luis A. Yallico, Universidad Central del Peru. SMITHSONIAN COOPERATIVE EDUCATION PROGRAM STUDENTS Melanie Blanding, B.S. candidate, Fisk University, with Robert Stewart, Na- tional Portrait Gallery, from June 6 through August 5, 1983. Theodore Cole, B.S. candidate. Northeastern University, with Michael Scofield, Office of Plant Services, from February 7 through April 1, 1983, and from June 27 through December 31, 1983. Wayne Gamble, A.A., University of the District of Columbia, with Shireen Dodson, Office of Accounting and Financial Services, from January 8 through July 8, 1983. Alton Garder, B.A. candidate, Howard University, with Dr. Edwin Gould, Na- tional Zoological Park, from June 6 through August 26, 1983. Anita Jones, M.A. candidate, George Washington University, with Josiah Hatch, Office of Public and Academic Programs, National Museum of Ameri- can History, from July 4 through August 31, 1983. Melanie Kreutzberger, B.S. candidate, Franklin and Marshall College, with Dr. Appendix 4. Academic and Research Training Appointments I 435 Robert Fudali, Department of Mineral Sciences, National Museum of Natural History, from May 30 through August 19, 1983. Lisa McQuail, B.A. candidate, George Mason University, with Dr. Paul Taylor, Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, from January 24 through June 10, 1983. Chitua Okoh, Ph.D. candidate, Howard University, with Dr. Edwin Gould and Dr. Olav Oftedal, National Zoological Park, from June 6 through August 26, 1983, and from October 17 through December 9, 1983. Byron Pickett, B.S. candidate. University of the District of Columbia, with Dr. Nathaniel Carleton, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, from June 6 through August 26, 1983. INTERNS PLACED BY OFFICE OF MUSEUM PROGRAMS COOPER-HEWITT MUSEUM Suzanne Juge, University of the South. Study of oriental art as related to up- coming exhibit, with David McFadden, from June 13 through August 12, 1983. Margarethe Pedersen, University of Arhus, Denmark. Study and research in registraral practices, with Cordelia Rose, from August 15 through November 15, 1983. HIRSHHORN MUSEUM AND SCULPTURE GARDEN Gisela S. Cooke, American University. Curatorial studies in Division of Paint- ings and Sculpture, with Valerie Fletcher, from January 11 through April 11, 1983. MUSEUM SHOPS Claudia Kolker. Study of administrative aspects of museum shop management, with Josephine Rowan, from June 14 through August 5, 1983. NATIONAL MUSEUM OF AMERICAN ART Shelby Baker, Pennsylvania State University. Research and development of public education program, with Judith Huston, from September 6 through December 20, 1983. NATIONAL MUSEUM OF AMERICAN HISTORY Sally Epskamp, Northern Virginia Community College. Study of exhibition production techniques, including photo mounting, color mixing, and label preparation, with Bud Ray, from January 12 through April 16, 1983. Katherine Grier, University of Delaware. Curatorial research related to exhi- bition in Division of Domestic Life, with Rodris Roth, from June 13 through August 30, 1983. Beth Hager, University of Delaware. Curatorial research in the Division of Community Life, with Carl Scheele, from May 31 through August 5, 1983. Elizabeth Riser, Wellesley College. Curatorial research related to women's history, with Carl Scheele, from June 12 through August 12, 1983. Kelley Sue Mathers, Michigan State University. Study of research material related to the upcoming exhibit. Artificial Images, with Shelley Foote, from June 12 through September 14, 1983. Richard Ohlhausen, School of the Art Institute of Chicago. Research in exten- sion services and outreach programming as related to the elderly, with Eliza- beth Sharpe, from May 12 through July 9, 1983. 436 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Kathryn Shenkle, Frostburg State College. Research in the Office of Public Affairs, with Mary Dyer, from May 10 through August 20, 1983. Ruth Tanham, Guilford College. Study of various tasks related to public pro- gramming, with Rebecca Curzon, from May 16 through August 19, 1983. Marian Thayer, Mary Washington College. Research of educational informa- tion for outreach programs, with Helen Snyder, from September 1 through November 15, 1983. NATIONAL MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Rachel Carol Benton, Denison University. Research and study in the field of paleobiology, with Dr. Kenneth Towe, from September 6 through February 20, 1984. Robin Greenberg, Stanford University. Study and research in anthropological archives, with Paula Fleming, from September 12 through December 20, 1982. Dlan Lawrence, Sweet Briar College. Study of anthropological exhibits, with Stephen Hunter, from January 3 through April 4, 1983. Truth Hawk Putz, University of Iowa. Exploration of freeze-dry techniques as related to natural history exhibits, with Carl Alexander, from January 2 through June 2, 1983. Barbara Ritchie, Oxford University. Research related to Tongan history, with Adrienne Kaeppler, from July 12 through August 9, 1983. NATIONAL PORTRAIT GALLERY Keith Doree, George Washington University. Cataloguing and research of magazines related to anticipated exhibit, with Suzanne Jenkins and Linda Best, from June 27 through July 29, 1983. Heidi Jean Smith, University of Texas. Preparation of books and catalogues received for central cataloguing, and research in more specialized areas of library science in a museum setting, with Cecilia H. Chin, from June 1 through September 2, 1983. Mary Rose Smyth, University of New York. Analysis of outreach programs as related to workshops, with Ann Bay, Office of Elementary and Secondary Education, from July 7 through September 12, 1983; also, internship related to techniques of registration, with Amy Henderson, National Portrait Gallery, from September 14 through November 12, 1983. NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK Somers Adkinson, George Washington University. Study of exhibits design and productions, with Virginia Mahoney, from March 14 through June 14, 1983. Gloria Feeney, George Washington University. Study of labeling and silk- screening techniques as related to zoological exhibits, with Dr. Edwin Gould, from December 2 through May 16, 1983. OFFICE OF CURATOR OF THE CASTLE Edward McBee, Maryland Institute College of Art. Cataloguing photographs for new book to be published by curator James Goode, from May 31 through August 20, 1983. Melanie Richardson, University of Mississippi. Curatorial research related to publication for curator James Goode, from June 6 through August 26, 1983. OFFICE OF EXHIBITS CENTRAL Moira Fainberg, California State University. Study of exhibition design and production, with James Mahoney, from April 7 through June 5, 1983. Appendix 4. Academic and Research Training Appointments I \y7 Bonnie Fontaine, George Washington University. In-depth analysis of silk- screening process as related to exhibit design and production, with James Mahoney, from September 6 through December 29, 1983. Kathleen Hadfield, University of California. In-depth study of graphics design and production, with James Mahoney, from March 18 through July 12, 1983. Neil Hutton, American University. Study and research related to exhibits de- sign and production, with James Mahoney, from December 20 through May 30, 1983. Lauren Krouk, Corcoran School of Art. Study of exhibits in general and modelmaking, specifically, with Walter Sorrell, from January 4 through May 6, 1983. Alice Miller, Hiram College (Ohio). Study of exhibits design and production, with James Mahoney, from February 13 through May 20, 1983. Maura O'Connor, Chatham College. Display preparation and artifact preserva- tion, with James Mahoney, from December 27 through January 28, 1983. Elizabeth Safran, University of Toronto. Exploration of silkscreen techniques as related to exhibits design, with James Mahoney, from July 5 through Sep- tember 16, 1983. Heather Stewart, Montgomery College. Research related to exhibits design and production, with James Mahoney, from May 25 through August 25, 1983. OFFICE OF FOLKLIFE PROGRAMS Daniel Metzel, Davidson College. Study related to preparation of annual folk- life festival, with Kazadi Wamukuna, from May 30 through August 26, 1983. OFFICE OF INTERNATIONAL ACTIVITIES Caroline Tremblay, Indiana University. Research related to special guide for international visitors, with Richard Conroy, from June 14 through August 15, 1983. OFFICE OF MUSEUM PROGRAMS Adrienne Griffin, Howard University. Preparation of program for special inter- national project cosponsored by the United States Information Agency and the Smithsonian Institution, with Raymond Branham, from September 6 through December 18, 1983. Bruce Jeddeloh, University of Oregon. Development of slide presentation de- scribing the Office of Museum Programs, with Rodger Wedgeworth, from September 6 through December 14, 1983. Elizabeth Older, Mount Holyoke College. Development of newsletter for the Office of Museum Programs, with Raymond Branham, from July 1 through September 1, 1983. Stephanie Ratcliffe, Appalachian State University. Coordination of itinerary for international delegates to Education in Museums Seminar held at the Smithsonian Institution, with Raymond Branham, from February 22 through August 26, 1983. Stephanie Torrence, University of California at Los Angeles. Preparation of materials and studies related to Native American Indian Conference, with Nancy Fuller, from April 4 through June 15, 1983. Sigurd Uttgaard, Carbondale High School. Preparation of mailing list for in- tern alumni, with Raymond Branham, from March 7 through March 11, 1983. Daniela Vaglienti, Hautes Etudes Commerciales, France. Special evaluation project for conference related to Native American Indian Program, with Nancy Fuller, from June 20, 1983. 438 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Visiting Professionals Moses Abun, National Museum, Jos, Nigeria. Mohamad Akmal, National Museum of Science and Technology, University of Engineering and Technology, Pakistan. Farah Ahmed, Somalia National Museum, Magadishu, Somalia. Gabor Bandi, Savaria Museum, Hungary. Manfred Barthel, Natural History Museum of Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany. Ronald Black, Hocking Technical College, Nelsonville, Ohio. David Bradshaw, Newcastle Region Art Gallery, Newcastle, Australia. Juan Castro, Central Bank Museum, Ecuador. R. Chang, Division of Provincial Bureau of Housing and Urban Development, Taiwan. K. S. Chao, Chief of Division Five, Taiwan Province, Taiwan. Paul Chao, Embassy of the Republic of Free China and Taiwan, Taiwan. C. J. Chen, Tachi Province Senior High School, Taiwan. J. O. Y. Chen, Taichung Province Senior Industrial High School, Taiwan. T. C. Chen, Provincial Bureau of Housing and Urban Development, Taiwan. Wenhao Chou, National Museum of Natural Science, Taiwan. Y. C. Chu, Miaoli Province Senior Agricultural and Industrial High School, Taiwan. Mary Ellen Conway, Museum of Natural History, Providence, Rhode Island. Elizabeth Connell, Alberta Culture Historic Sites Service, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Len Davenport, Queens and Arts Council, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. Robert Dimit, Delaware Museum of Natural History, Delaware. Victor Ekwensi, National Museum, Kano, Nigeria. Michael Faber, Reinishces Freilichtmuseum, Germany. William Flanagan, New York. Thomas Fountain, Ramapo College Art Gallery, Mahwah, New Jersey. Hector Gamboa, National Museum, San Jose, Costa Rica. Sioux Garside, Newcastle Region Art Gallery, Newcastle, Australia. Atif Ghoneim, Manial Palace Museum, Egypt. Thelma Gunawardane, National Museum, Sri Lanka. Satyender Gupta, National Museum of Natural History, New Delhi, India. Hugh Hamilton, National Museum of Man, National Museums of Canada, Ottawa, Canada. Wolfgang Herbst, Museum of Germany History, Berlin, Germany. Auguste Hermanus, Chef de Cabinet to the Minister-President, Government of the French Community of Belgium, Belgium. Ferenc Horvath, Mora Ferenc Museum, Hungary. C. R. Hsu, Chiayi Province Senior Commercial High School, Taiwan. Ahmed Hussein, Somalia National Museum, Mogadishu, Somalia. Michael Hutley, Bermuda Aquarium, Natural History Museum and Zoo, Bermuda. Hans Jeppesen, Commercial and Maritime Museum, Kronburg Castle, Elsinore, Denmark. Kirsten Jeppesen, National Museum Board of Denmark, Elsinore, Denmark. Moria Johnson, National Art Gallery, Wellington, New Zealand. Li Jungie, Shanghi Museum, China. Chua Kee, National Museum, Singapore. Erzsebet Koczian-Szentpeteri, Transport Museum of Budapest, Hungary. Kothari, National Museum of Natural History, New Delhi, India. T. H. Liu, Department of Education, Taiwan Province, Taiwan. Mahalingam, National Museum of Natural History, New Delhi, India. Appendix 4. Academic and Research Training Appointments I 439 James Luckey, Lahaina Restoration Foundation, Hawaii. Assad Mahmoud, Antiquities, Dier Ezzour Region, Syria. Sola Mahoney, First National Museum, The Gambia. Zhu Manling, Shanghi Museum, China. Sharif Muhtem, Antiquities, Marib Province, Yemen. David Muir, Institute of Jamaica, Jamaica. Josephine Mundy, Norwich Castle Museum, Norwich, England. Nagarajin, National Museum of Natural History, New Delhi, India. S, M. Nair, National Museum of Natural History, New Delhi, India. Mihaela Neagoe, Bucharest Village and Folk Art Museum, Romania. Debra Orgera, Career Development Office, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts. F. Y. Ou, Pintumg Province Senior Industrial High School, Taiwan. Rebecca Pipe, W. H. Over Museum, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota. Hernan Rodriquez, National Historical Museum, Chile. Michel Rooryck, Centre for Agrarian Construction, Brussels, Belgium. Martin Sanderson, National Museums of Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe. Saraswat, National Museum of Natural History, New Delhi, India. 11 Satiadinata, National Museum, Jakarta, Indonesia. Judith Schiff, Point Council of Australia, Melbourne, Australia. Graciela Schmilchuk, Museum of Modern Art, Mexico City, Mexico. All Shikan, Ministry of Information and Culture, Yemen. Ross Sharpe, Leicestershire Museums, Leicester, England. David Silber, Museum of the Diaspora, Tel Aviv, Israel. Fawzi Sweha, Egypt. Sergei Troubetzkoy, Richmond on the James Foundation, Richmond, Virginia. Louise Upston, National Art Gallery, Wellington, New Zealand. K. Usha, National Museum of Natural History, New Delhi, India. Terry Whittington, Bluefield Fine Arts Commission, Bluefield, West Virginia. Zeng Wi, Shanghi Museum, China. Atecca Williams, American Embassy, Suva, Fiji. Jean Wilson, The Denver Art Museum, Denver, Colorado. Kim Young-Won, National Museum, Korea. Zhou Xiuquin, Shanghi Museum, China. SMITHSONIAN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH CENTER Susan S. Eaton, American University. Archival research in education, with Laura Greenberg, from January 12 through April 4, 1983. 440 / Smithsonian Year 1983 APPENDIX 5. Publications of the Smithsonian Institution Press in Fiscal Year 1983 GENERAL PUBLICATIONS TRADE PUBLICATIONS Karen A. Bjorndal, editor. Biology and Conservation of Sea Turtles: Proceed- ings of the World Conference on Sea Turtle Conservation. 583 pages, 99 tables, 98 figures, 22 maps, 8 black-and-white illustrations. December 6, 1982. Paper: $25.00. Mary Alice Heekin Burke. Elizabeth Nourse (1859-1938): A Salon Career. 280 pages, 12 color and 388 black-and-white illustrations. January 5, 1983. Cloth: $47.50. William K. Emerson. Chevrons: Illustrated History and Catalog of U.S. Army Insignia. 298 pages, 51 color and 557 black-and-white illustrations. June 30, 1983. Cloth: $49.50. Monroe, H. Fabian. Mr. Sully, Portrait Painter: The Works of Thomas Sully (1783-1872). 127 pages, 16 color and 92 black-and-white illustrations. May 31, 1983. Cloth: $35.00. Oliver W. Holmes and Peter T. Rohrbach. Stagecoast East: Stagecoach Days in the East from the Colonial Period to the Civil War. 234 pages, 37 black- and-white illustrations. August 15, 1983. Cloth: $17.50. Jarrell C. Jackman and Carla M. Borden, editors. The Muses Flee Hitler: Cultural Transfer and Adaptation, 1930-1945. 348 pages, 17 black-and-white illustrations. April 4, 1983. Cloth: $17.50; paper: $8.95. Paul A. Johnsgard. Hummingbirds of North America. 303 pages, 16 color and 75 black-and-white illustrations, 9 tables. June 30, 1983. Cloth: $35.00. Benjamin S. Kelsey. The Dragon's Teeth? The Creation of United States Air Power for World War II. 148 pages, 72 black-and-white illustrations. Febru- ary 15, 1983. Cloth: $15.00. Gregory P. Kennedy. Vengeance Weapon 2: The V-2 Guided Missile. August 12, 1983. 88 pages, 113 black-and-white illustrations. Paper: $9.95. Egbert G. Leigh, A. Stanley Rand, and Donald M. Windsor, editors. The Ecol- ogy of a Tropical Forest: Seasonal Rhythms and Long-term Changes. 468 pages, 142 black-and-white illustrations. April 16, 1983. Paper: $25.00. Patrick M. Mayerchak. Scholars' Guide to Washington, D.C. for Southeast Asian Studies. 411 pages. April 22, 1983. Cloth: $29.95; paper: $12.50. Donald J. Ortner, editor. How Humans Adapt: A Biocultural Odyssey, xxi -|- 560 pages. 30 figures, 15 tables. April 22, 1983. Cloth: $19.95; Paper: $9.95. Victor G. Springer, Pacific Plate Biogeography with Special Reference to Shorefishes. 182 pages, 65" figures, 5 tables. December 22, 1982. Paper: $7.95. Appendix 5. Smithsonian Institution Press Publications I 441 Thomas Vennum, Jr. The OUbwa Dance Drum. Its History and Construction. 320 pages, 108 black-and-white illustrations, 3 maps. May 4, 1983. Paper: $12.50. Claudia Wilds. Finding Birds in the National Capital Area. 215 pages, 12 black-and-white illustrations, 30 maps. May 30, 1983. Paper: $10.95. Stephen E. Weil. Beauty and the Beasts: On Museums, Art, the Law, and the Market, xvi + 256 pages. June 24, 1983. Cloth: $19.95; paper: $9.95. Frank H. Winter. Prelude to the Space Age: The Rocket Societies: 1924-1940. 221 pages, 52 black-and-white illustrations. August 21, 1983. Paper: $15.00. TRADE REPRINTS Edwin T. Adney and Howard I. Chapelle. The Bark Canoes and Skin Boats of North America, xiv -f 242 pages, 224 black-and-white illustrations. March, 1983. Cloth: $19.95. Michael Barrier and Martin Williams, editors. A Smithsonian Book of Comic Book Comics. 336 pages, 300 color illustrations. May 1983. Cloth: $25.00. Tom D. Crouch, editor. Charles 4- Lindbergh: An American Life. 128 pages, 46 black-and-white illustrations. Paper: $6.50. R. E. G. Davies. Airlines of the United States since 1914. 746 pages, 517 black-and-white illustrations, 29 maps, 27 tables. January 1983. Cloth: $35.00. Paul E. Desautels. The Gem Collection. 77 pages, 45 color and 9 black-and- white illustrations. June 1983. Cloth: $12.50; paper: $8.95. Allan A. Hodges and Carol A. Hodges. Washington on Foot. Second Edition. 202 pages. May 1983. Paper: $4.50. Allen Keast and Eugene S. Morton, editors. Migrant Birds in the Neotropics: Ecology, Behavior, Distribution, and Conservation. 576 pages, 169 figures, 138 tables, 33 black-and-white illustrations. October 1982. Cloth: $35.00; paper: $22.50. Margaret Klapthor. The First Ladies Hall. 24 pages, 9 color and 49 black-and- white illustrations. Fifth printing. Revised. February 1983. Paper: $3.50. Luis G. Lumbreras. The Peoples and Cultures of Ancient Peru. 248 pages. February 1983. Paper: $12.95. Jacqueline S. Olin and Alan D. Franklin. Archaeological Ceramics. 256 pages, 122 black-and-white illustrations, 2 maps, 46 tables. September 1983. Cloth: $22.50. Alan Stone, et al., editors. A Catalog of the Diptera of America North of Mexico. 1,700 pages. April 1983. Cloth: $37.50. Frederick W. True. The Whalebone Whales of the Western North Atlantic. 380 pages, 188 black-and-white illustrations. January 1983. Cloth: $35.00. Victor Turner. Celebration: Studies in Festivity and Ritual. 320 pages, 118 black-and-white illustrations. June 1983. Cloth: $25.00; paper: $9.95. TRADE DISTRIBUTION Olivia Stokes Hatch. Olivia's African Diary: Capetown to Cairo, 1932. 162 pages, 52 black-and-white illustrations. Cloth: $12.50. Alfonso Ortiz, editor. Southwest: Handbook of North American Indians, volume 10. 868 pages, 488 black-and-white illustrations. September 1983. Cloth: $25.00. 442 / Smithsonian Year 1983 RECORDINGS DIVISION Gunther Schuller and Martin Williams. Big Band Jazz: From the Beginnings to the Fifties. Six phonograph records and book. Big Band Jazz: From the Beginnings to the Fifties. 52 pages. August 1983. $41.96. ANNUAL REPORTS American Historical Association Annual Report, 1981. vii + 207 pages. Octo- ber 1982. Report of the Chesapeake Bay Center for Environmental Studies, 1981. 16 pages. October 1982. Report of the Chesapeake Bay Center for Environmental Studies, 1982. 15 pages, 1 black-and-white illustration. September 1983. Report of the Office of Folklife Programs, 1981. 8 pages, 4 black-and-white illustrations. December 1982. Report of the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, 1982. 28 pages, 2 black-and-white illustrations. September 1983. Smithsonian Year 1982. vii -f- 639 pages, 70 black-and-white illustrations. May 1983. Statement by the Secretary. 67 pages, 16 black-and-white illustrations. May 1983. BOOKS Conservation Analytical Laboratory Theodore A. and Steven F. Wertime. Early Pyrotechnology: The Evoluation of the First Fire-Using Industries. 294 pages, 156 black-and-white illustrations. January 1983. Museum Shops Peter F. Copeland. Dinosaurs and Other Strange Creatures: A Smithsonian Coloring Book. 32 pages, 31 black-and-white illustrations. May 1983. Peter F. Copeland. Balloons: A Smithsonian Coloring Book. 32 pages, 31 black-and-white illustrations. May 1983. Geraldine Lucas, illustrator. The First Ladies: A Smithsonian Coloring Book. 32 pages, 31 black-and-white illustrations. May 1983. Paul Salmon, illustrator. Aircraft: A Smithsonian Coloring Book. 32 pages, 31 black-and-white illustrations. June 1983. Research Institute on Immigration and Ethnic Studies Roy S. Bryce-LaPorte and Delores Mortimer. Caribbean Immigration to the United States: RUES Occasional Papers No. 1. Second Printing. 208 pages. January 1983. William F. Stinner, Klaus De Albuquerque, Roy S. Bryce La-Porte. Return Migration and Remittances: Developing A Caribbean Perspective. 316 pages. January 1983. BOOKLETS Freer Gallery of Art Seventh Presentation of the Charles Lang Freer Medal. 32 pages, 16 black- and-white illustrations. September 1983. Appendix 5. Smithsonian Institution Press Publications I 443 National Air and Space Museum Education Services Division: National Air and Space Museum. 16 pages, 16 black-and-white illustrations. June 1983. National Museum Act National Museum Act Guidelines for 1983: Grant Programs. 24 pages. Octo- ber 1982. National Museum Act Guidelines for 1984: Grant Programs. 24 pages. Sep- tember 1983. National Museum of American Art Gallery Guide to the National Museum of American Art. 6 pages, 8 black- and-white illustrations. October 1982. National Portrait Gallery The National Portrait Gallery. 14 pages, 24 black-and-white illustrations. August 1983. Office of Contributing Membership. Invitation to Join the James Smithson Society. 12 pages. September 1983. Seventh Annual Dinner of the James Smithson Society. 19 pages. September 1983. Office of Elementary and Secondary Education Of Kayaks and Ulus. 5 booklets, 16 pages each, and Teachers Guide. 24 pages, 83 black-and-white illustrations throughout. April 1983. The Smithsonian in a Few Words. 28 pages, 1 color and 28 black-and-white illustrations. August 1983. Office of Fellowships and Grants Smithsonian Opportunities for Research and Study in History, Art, and Science. 150 pages. September 1983. Office of Horticulture Trees of Christmas. 6 pages, 1 black-and-white illustration. December 1982. Office of Museum Programs Workshop Series, June 1983-May 1984. 16 pages. May 1983. Office of Public Affairs Employment at the Smithsonian: Questions & Answers. 15 pages. June 1983. Secretary's Office Bylaws of the Board of Regents and Charter Provisions of the Smithsonian Institution. June 1983. Smithsonian Institution Libraries Central Reference Services Branch. 4 pages. November 1982. Conservation Analytical Laboratory Branch. 4 pages. November 1982. Cooper-Hewitt Museum Branch. 4 pages. November 1982. Museum Reference Center Branch. 4 pages. November 1982. 444 / Smithsonian Year 1983 National Air and Space Museum Branch. 4 pages. November 1982. National Museum of American History Branch. 4 pages. November 1982. National Museum of Natural History Branch. 4 pages. November 1982. National Zoological Park Branch. 4 pages. November 1982. Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory Branch. 4 pages. November 1982. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Branch. 4 pages. November 1982. Special Collections Branch. 4 pages. November 1982. Visitors' Information and Reception Center Philip Kopper. Volunteer! O Volunteer! A Salute to the Smithsonian's Unpaid Legions. 46 pages, 8 black-and-white illustrations. December 1982. The Smithsonian Institution: An Overview. 24 pages, 10 black-and-white illustrations. May 1983. EXHIBITION CATALOGS Anacostia Neighborhood Museum Through Their Eyes. The Art of Lou and Di Stoval. September 18-December 18, 1983. 27 pages, 22 color and 3 black-and-white illustrations. August 1983. Victor Govier. "Here, Look at Mine!" Selected Works of John N. Richardson and Larry Francis Lebby. 7 pages, 6 black-and-white illustrations. December 1982. Archives of American Art From the Life of the Artist: A Documentary View of David Smith. 56 pages, 36 black-and-white illustrations. November 1982. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden Friedel Dzubas. 91 pages. 43 color and 18 black-and-white illustrations. June 1983. Joseph Stella: The Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden Collection. 64 pages, 35 black-and-white illustrations. June 1983. Phyllis D. Rosenzweig. Directions, 1983. 88 pages, 43 black-and-white, 5 color illustrations. March 1983. National Museum of African Art Bryna Freyer and Edward Lifschitz. From the Earth: African Ceramic Art. 13 pages, 8 black-and-white illustrations. April 1983. Roslyn Walker. African Art in Color. 13 pages, 12 black-and-white illustra- tions. April 1983. National Museum of American Art Adelyn D. Breeskin and Virginia Mecklenburg. Jose de Creeft: Sculpture and Drawings. 64 pages, 76 black-and-white illustrations. April 1983. Mary Alice Heekin Burke. Elizabeth Nourse (1859-1938): A Salon Career. 280 pages, 12 color plates and 388 black-and-white illustrations. January 1983. National Portrait Gallery James G. Barber and Frederick Voss. Blessed are the Peacemakers: A Com- Appendix 5. Smithsonian Institution Press Publications I 445 memoration of the 200th Anniversary of the Treaty of Paris. 47 pages, 10 color and 22 black-and-white illustrations. August 1982. . Portraits from the New Deal. 40 pages, 32 black-andwhite illustra- tions. March 1983. Smithsonian Institution Libraries Jack Goodman. Exhibition of Trade Catalogues: Clothing and Allied Indus- tries. 9 pages, 4 black-and-white illustrations. November 1982. EXHIBITION CHECKLISTS National Museum of American Art Clay for Walls: Surface Reliefs by American Artists. 5 pages, 6 color and 4 black-and-white illustrations. September 1983. Elizabeth Nourse: A Salon Career, 1859-1938. 12 pages. July 1983. National Portrait Gallery National Portrait Gallery Permanent Collection Illustrated Checklist. 320 pages, 1,274 black-and-white illustrations. November 1982. FLYERS Freer Gallery of Art Chinese Bronze Mirrors. 1 page, 4 black-and-white illustrations. September 1983. Freer Gallery of Art (pamphlet for the visually impaired.) 3 pages, 3 black- and-white illustrations. July 1983. National Air and Space Museum Flight and the Founding Fathers: Bicentennial of the Treaty of Paris. 1 page, 2 black-and-white illustrations. August 1983. National Museum of American Art An Evening at Barney Studio House, Program 2. 1 page. February 1983. An Evening at Barney Studio House, Program 3. 1 page. March 1983. An Evening at Barney Studio House, Program 4. 1 page, May 1983. An Evening at Barney Studio House, Program 5. 1 page. July 1983. Library of the National Museum of American Art /National Portrait Gallery. 1 page, 2 black-and-white illustrations. June 1983. Renwick Gallery of the National Museum of American Art. 4 pages, 5 black- and-white illustrations. May 1983. Office of Contributing Membership The James Smithson Society Enrollment Form. 1 page. September 1983. The James Smithson Society Membership Benefits. 1 page. September 1983. Office of Elementary and Secondary Education Invest a summer in the internship program of the Smithsonian Institution. 6 pages, 6 black-and-white illustrations. May 1983. 446 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Office of Fellowship and Grants Smithsonian Fellowships. 1 page, 11 black-and-white illustrations. September 1983. Office of Horticulture The American Garden at IGA. 1 page. June 1983. Office of Smithsonian Symposia and Seminars "The Work of Peace." 4 pages. May 1983. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Research Opportunities in the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute. 1 page. August 1983. FOLDERS National Museum of American Art The Capital Image: Painters in Washington, 1800-1915. 1 page, 1 black-and- white illustration. September 1983. Office of Public Affairs Welcome to the Smithsonian Institution. 10 pages, 17 black-and-white illus- trations. June 1983. Visitors' Information and Reception Center Does the Mail Get You Down? PIMS Can Help. 2 pages, 2 black-and-white illustrations. May 1983. INVITATIONS Freer Gallery of Art Charles L. Freer Memorial Medal. May 1983. Oriental Art Lecture Series. April 1983. Seventh Presentation of the Charles Lang Freer Medal. April 1983. National Museum of American Art The Capital Image: Painters in Washington, 1800-1915. September 1983. Charles Hawthorne: The Late Watercolors. July 1983. Clay for Walls. September 1983. Elizabeth Nourse, 1859-1938: A Salon Career. December 1982. The International Style: A Modernist Critique. January 1983. Joseph Cornell: An Exploration of Resources. November 1982. Jose de Creeft: Sculpture and Drawings. February 1983. Mr. Sully, Portrait Painter. July 1983. The Prints of Louis Lozowick. October 1982. Scandinavian Modern. June 1983. Office of Smithsonian Symposia and Seminars The Muses Flee Hitler. April 1983. Appendix 5. Smithsonian Institution Press Publications I 447 Smithsonian Institution Libraries Conservation at the Smithsonian Institution. September 1982. MISCELLANEOUS National Air and Space Museum Biographical Study Prints. 12 pages, 14 black-and-white illustrations. October 1982. Office of Elementary and Secondary Education Art to Zoo. Let's Co To the Smithsonian. POSTERS National Museum of American Art The Capital Image: Painters in Washington, 1800-1915. September 1983. Scandinavian Modern. June 1983. Mr. Sully, Portrait Painter. July 1983. Joseph Cornell: An Explanation of Resources. November 1982. SERIES PUBLICATIONS SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 53. Patricia G. Palmer and Alice E. Tucker. "A Scanning Electron Microscope Survey of the Epidermis of East African Grasses, II." 72 pages, 52 plates. March 22, 1983. 54. Harold Robinson. "A Generic Review of the Tribe Liabeae (Asteraceae). 69 pages, 16 figures. April 28, 1983. SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE EARTH SCIENCES 25. Brian Mason and S. R. Taylor. "Inclusions in the Allende Meteorite." 30 pages, 23 figures, 5 tables. October 5, 1982. SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MARINE SCIENCES 14. Stephen J. Culver and Martin A. Buzas. "Distribution of Recent Benthic Foraminifera in the Caribbean Region." 382 pages, 131 figures. November 17, 1982. 15. Walter H. Adey, Roberta A. Townsend, and William T. Boykins. "The Crustose Coralline Algae (Rhodophyta: Corallinaceae) of the Hawaiian Islands." 74 pages, 47 figures. December 17, 1982. 16. Martin A. Buzas and Kenneth P. Severin. "Distribution and Systematics of Formanifera in the Indian River, Florida." 73 pages, 25 figures, 6 tables, 11 plates. November 22, 1982. 17. Ernani G. Menez and Hilconida P. Calumpong. "The Genus Caulerpa from Central Visayas, Philippines." 21 pages, 2 figures, 3 plates. October 5, 1982. 18. Robert P. Higgins. "The Atlantic Barrier Reef Ecosystem at Carrie Bow Cay, Behze, 2: Kinorhyncha." 131 pages, 343 figures, 23 tables. May 18, 1983. 448 / Smithsonian Year 1983 19. Daniel Jean Stanley. "Parallel Laminated Deep-Sea Muds and Coupled Gravity Flow — Hemipelagic Settling in the Mediterranean." 19 pages, 7 fig- ures. March 31, 1983. 20. David L. Pawson and John E. Miller. "Systematics and Ecology of the Sea-Urchin Genus Centrostephanus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) from the Atlantic and Eastern Pacific Oceans." 15 pages, 5 figures, 5 tables. September 26, 1983. SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY 53. Clayton E. Ray, editor. "Geology and Paleontology of the Lee Creek Mine, North Carolina, Volume L 529 pages, frontispiece, 95 figures, 101 plates, 8 tables. September 13, 1983. SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY 356. Kristian Fauchald. "Revision of Onuphis, Northia and Paradiopatra (Polychaeta: Onuphidae) Based upon Type Material." 109 pages, 28 figures, 34 tables. October 21, 1983. 360. J. Laurens Barnard and Margaret M. Drummond. "Gammaridean Amphi- poda of Australia, Part V: Superfamily Haustorioidea." 148 pages, 58 figures, 1 table. December 30, 1982. 361. W. Donald Duckworth and Thomas D. Eichlin. "Revision of the Clear- wing Moth Genus Osminia (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae)." 15 pages, 27 figures, 1 map. April 18, 1983. 362. Brian Kensley and Use Walker. "Palaemonid Shrimps from the Amazon Basin, Brazil (Crustacea: Decapoda: Natantia." 28 pages, 24 figures, 3 tables. October 5, 1982. 363. Robert H. Gore. "Porcellanid Crabs from the Pacific and Atlantic Coasts of Central America (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura)." 34 pages, 2 figures, 1 table. October 5, 1982. 364. Horton H. Hobbs, Jr., and C. W. Hart, Jr. "The Shrimp Genus Atya (Decapoda: Atyidae)." 143 pages, 53 figures, 1 table. December 29, 1982. 365. Storrs L. Olson and Helen F. James. "Prodromus of the Fossil Avifauna of the Hawaiian Islands." 59 pages, 12 figures. December 1, 1982. 366. Alan Feduccia and Storrs L. Olson. "Morphological Similarities between the Menurae and the Rhinocryptidae, Relict Passerine Birds of the Southern Hemisphere." 22 pages, 17 figures, 1 table. October 5, 1982. 367. Victor G. Springer. "Pacific Plate Biogeography, with Special Reference to Shorefishes." 182 pages, 65 figures, 5 tables. December 22, 1982. 368. David K. Camp and Raymond B. Manning. "Five New Species of Nan- nosquilla from the Northwestern Atlantic (Crustacea: Stomatopoda)." 15 pages, 9 figures. November 4, 1982. 369. Dan Gerling, Paul D. Hurd, Jr., and Abraham Hefetz. "Comparative Be- havioral Biology of Two Middle East Species of Carpenter Bees {Xylocopa Latreille) (Hymenoptera : Apoidea)." 33 pages, 30 figures, 7 tables. February 14, 1983. 370. John B. Heppner. "Millieriinae, a New Subfamily of Choreautidae, with New Taxa from Chile and the United States (Lepidoptera: Sesioidea)." 27 pages, 63 figures, 1 table. October 5, 1982. Appendix 5. Smithsonian Institution Press Publications I 449 371. Louis S. Kornicker. "Rutidermatidae of the Continental Shelf of South- eastern North America and the Gulf of Mexico (Ostracoda: Myodocopina)." 89 pages, 51 figures, 3 plates, 1 table. June 2, 1983. 372. J. Laurens Barnard and Charline M. Barnard. "Revision of Foxiphalus and Eobrolgus (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Phoxocephalidae) from American Oceans." 35 pages, 5 figures. December 1, 1982. 374. Karl V. Krombein. "Biosystematic Studies of Ceylonese Wasps, IX: A Monograph of the Tiphiidae (Hymenoptera : Vespoidea)." 121 pages, 64 fig- ures. November 2, 1982. 375. James Darwin Thomas and J. Laurens Barnard. "The Platyischnopidae of America (Crustacea: Amphipoda)." 33 pages, 12 figures, 2 tables. March 22, 1983. 376. Karl V. Krombein. "Biosystematic Studies of Ceylonese Wasps, XI: A Monograph of the Amiseginae and Loboscelidiinae (Hymenoptera: Chrysi- didae)." 79 pages, 71 figures, 1 table. May 18, 1983. 377. Oliver S. Flint, Jr. "Studies of Neotropical Caddisflies, XXXIII: New Species from Austral South America (Trichoptera)." 100 pages, 345 figures. April 12, 1983. 378. Richard P. Vari. "Phylogenetic Relationships of the Families Curimati- dae, Prochilodontidae, Anostomidae, and Chilodontidae (Pisces: Characi- formes)." 60 pages, 41 figures, 1 table. May 3, 1983. 379. Louis S. Kornicker. "The Ostracode Family Cypridinidae and the Genus Pterocypridina." 29 pages, 9 figures, 4 plates, 2 tables. April 22, 1983. 380. Robert H. Gibbs, Jr., Thomas A. Clarke, and Janet R. Gomon. "Taxon- omy and Distribution of the Stomioid Fish Genus Eustomias (Melanosto- miidae), I: Subgenus Nominostomias." 139 pages, 44 figures, 13 tables. Sep- tember 20, 1983. 381. Fenner A. Chace, Jr. "The Caridean Shrimps (Crustacea: Decapoda) of the Albatross Philippine Expedition, 1907-10, Part I: Family Stylodactylidae." 21 pages, 8 figures. September 12, 1983. 450 / Smithsonian Year 1983 APPENDIX 6. Publications of the Staff of the Smithsonian Institution and Its Subsidiaries in Fiscal Year 1983 Publications are by staff members and, in some instances, research associates, collaborators, and fellows. SCIENCE NATIONAL AIR AND SPACE MUSEUM Office of the Director Boyne, Walter J. Aircraft Treasures of Silver Hill: The Behind-the-Scenes Workshop of Our Nation's Air Museums. New York: Rawson Associates, 1982. . "Martin-Baker MB 5." Air Line Pilot 51(10) (1982). . "Curtiss XP-87 Blackhawk." Air Line Pilot 51 (11) (1982). . "Fairchild F-46." Air Line Pilot 51(12) (1982). . "Curtiss XP-31." Air Line Pilot 52(1)(1983). . "Martin GMP." Air Line Pilot 52(2) (1983). . "Pterodactyl IB." Air Line Pilot 52(3) (1983). . "Hodkinson HT-1." Air Line Pilot 52(4) (1983). . "Caproni-Campini N.l." Air Line Pilot 52(5) (1983). . "Great Lakes XSG-1." Air Line Pilot 52(6)(1983). . "Breese-Dallas." Air Line Pilot 52(7) (1983). . "GA-X." Air Line Pilot 52(8)(1983). . "The 757 Advantage." Eastern Review (1983). . "TheB-52 Story." Air University Review (November-December 1982). . "The MiG Jets: From Myth to Menace." VJings 13(1) (1983). Center for Earth and Planetary Studies Andre, C. G., and Strain, P. L. "The Lunar Nearside Highlands: Evidence of Resurfacing." Journal of Geophysical Research 88(1983) :A544-A552. El-Baz, F., and Maxwell, T. A. Desert Landforms of Southwest Egypt: A Basis for Comparison with Mars. Washington, D.C.: NASA CR-3611, 1982. Haynes, C. V., and Maxwell, T. A. "Desert Navigation." In Desert Landforms of Southwest Egypt: A Basis for Comparison with Mars, pp. 27-36. NASA CR-3611, 1982. Hubbard, N., and Andre, C. G. [Abstract] "Lunar Magma Genesis: The Role of Large, Late Impacts." EOS 64(1983) :256. Jacobberger, P. A.; Arvidson, R. E.; and Rashka, D. L. "Applications of Landsat Multispectral Scanner Data and Sediment Spectral Reflectance Measurements to Mapping of the Meatiq Dome, Egypt." Geology. In press. Maxwell, T. A. "Orientation and Origin of Ridges in the Lunae Palus- Coprates Region of Mars." Journal of Geophysical Research 87(1982) :A97- A108. . [Abstract] "Plains Ridges: Indicators of Compressional Stress on the Appendix 6. Publications of the Staff I 451 Moon, Mars and Mercury." Reports of Planetary Geology Program — 1982, pp. 277-78. NASA TM-85127, 1982. "Sand Sheets and Lag Deposits in the Southwestern Desert." In Desert Landforms of Southwest Egypt: A Basis for Comparison with Mars, pp. 157-73. NASA CR-3611, 1982. 'Erosional Patterns of the Gilf Kebir Plateau and Implications for the Origin of Martian Canyonlands." In Desert Landforms of Southwest Egypt: A Basis for Comparison with Mars, pp. 281-300. NASA CR-3611, 1982. [Abstract] "Identification of Tectonic Trends in the Polar Regions of the Inner Planets: Preliminary Results for the Moon and Mars." In Lunar and Planetary Science XIV, pp. 470-71. Houston: Lunar and Planetary Institute, 1983. [Review] Planets of Rock and Ice: From Mercury to the Moons of Saturn, by C. R. Chapman. Science Books and Films 18(1982) :131. [Review] The Earth: Changes in its Surface, by Coronet Films. Sci- ence Books and Films 18(1982) :284. Maxwell, T. A., and El-Baz, F. "Analogs of Martian Eolian Features in the Western Desert of Egypt." In Desert Landforms of Southwest Egypt: A Basis for Comparison with Mars, pp. 247-59. NASA CR-3611, 1982. Strain, P. L., and Andre, C. G. [Abstract] "The Relationship of Rilles and High Magnesium Material in the Cauchy Region of the Moon." In Lunar and Planetary Science XIV, pp. 751-52. Houston: Lunar and Planetary Institute, 1983. Watters, T. R., and Maxwell, T. A. [Abstract] "Strain Estimates for the Ridged Plains of Mars: Evidence of Compression in the Coprates Quad- rangle." In Reports of Planetary Geology Program — 1982, pp. 279-80. NASA TM-85127, 1982. . [Abstract] "Lithospheric Thickness Based on Volcano Spacing in the Tharsis Region of Mars." In Lunar and Planetary Science XIV, pp. 836-37. Houston: Lunar and Planetary Institute, 1983. [Abstract] "Estimates of the Extent and Magnitude of Compressional Deformation Southeast of the Tharsis Region of Mars." In EOS 64(1983) : 257. Watters, T. R., and Stephens, G. C. [Abstract] "SEM and Electron Microprobe Studies of Dissolution Cleavage in the Martinsburg Formation of Northern Virginia." In Geological Society of America Bulletin Annual Meeting 15(1983) :175. Department of Aeronautics Crouch, Tom D. Flight and the Founding Fathers. Washington, D.C. : Smith- sonian Institution Press, 1983. Davies, R. E. G. Airlines of the United States since 1914. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982. . "The Early Airlines, 1919-1929." Air and Space 6(2) (1982). . "The Great Days of the Airmail." Air and Space 6(2) (1982). . "SABENA— Belgian Airlines." Exxon Air World 35(1) (1983). . "Marcel Bouilloux-Lafont — Was This the Shattered Dream? Part 1." Air Pictorial 45 (7) (1983). . "Marcel Bouilloux-Lafont — Was This the Shattered Dream? Part 2." Air Pictorial 45(8)(1983). -. "The World's Sixth Oldest Airline." Finnair, the Art of Flying Since 1923. Finland: Finnair, 1983. Hardesty, Von D. "Conflict and Stability in the Development of Modern Europe, 1870-1970." Student Course Guide, National University Consor- tium. Lexington, Mass. : Ginn Custom Publishing, 1982. 452 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Hardesty, Von D., and Pisano, Dominick A. Black Wings: The American Black in Aviation. Washington, D.C. : National Air and Space Museum, 1983. Kelsey, Benjamin S. The Dragon's Teeth? The Creation of United States Air Power for World War II. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982. Mikesh, Robert C. Aircraft Engines in Museums Around the World, Sections I and 11. Washington, D.C. : National Air and Space Museum, 1982. . Balloon Bomb Attacks on North America, Japan's World War II Assaults. Fallbrook, Calif.: Aero Publishers, Inc., 1983. "Tales of the Blue Mallards, Virgin Islands Seaplane Shuttle." Pro- fessional Pilot 17(6) (1983). 'An Albatros in America." Scale Models 14(166) (1983). Oakes, Claudia M., and Joels, Kerry M. Milestones of Flight: Pathfinders in the Sky. Washington, D.C: National Air and Space Museum, 1983. Oakes, Claudia M. "Flight Attendants." Air and Space 6(2) (1982). Pisano, Dominick A. "Blacks in Commercial Aviation." Air and Space 6(2) (1982). Pisano, Dominick A., and Hardesty, Von D. Black Wings: The American Black in Aviation. Washington, D.C: National Air and Space Museum, 1983. Spenser, Jay P. "The Green and Gray Hornet: Messerschmitt Me 210/410." Wings 13(1) (1983). . "Ocean Conquest: The Thoroughbred Propeller Airliner." Air and Space 6(2)(1982). van der Linden, F. Robert, and Winter, Frank H. [Monthly column] "Out of the Past — An Aerospace Chronology." Astronautics and Aeronautics. (Oc- tober 1982-September 1983). Department of Space Science and Exploration Chamberlain, Von Del. When Stars Came Down to Earth: Cosmology of the Skidi Pawnee Indians of North America. Los Altos, Calif, and College Park, Md. : Ballena Press/Center for Archaeoastronomy, 1982. . [Review] Ceremonies of the Pawnee: Parts I and II, by James R. Murie, ed. Douglas R. Parks. Archaeoastronomy 5(3) :15-17(1982). -. "Different Views of Earth and Sky." Air and Space 6(4)(1983). DeVorkin, David H. Nine articles on astronomical satellites contributed to Rockets, Missiles and Spacecraft of the National Air and Space Museum. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1983. . "Our Local Star." Air and Space 6(4) (1983). DeVorkin, David H., and Kenat, R. "Quantum Physics and the Stars (I) : The Establishment of a Stellar Temperature Scale." Journal for the History of Astronomy 14 (June 1983). Hanle, Paul A. "The Beeping Ball That Started a Dash into Outer Space." Smithsonian 13(7):148-67 (October 1982). . [Introduction] Rockets, Missiles and Spacecraft of the National Air and Space Museum. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1983. Joels, Kerry M. Eleven articles on applications and military satellites in Rockets, Missiles and Spacecraft of the National Air and Space Museum. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1983. Joels, Kerry M., and Kennedy, Gregory P. The Space Shuttle Operator's Manual. New York: Ballentine Books, 1982. Joels, Kerry M., and Oakes, Claudia M. Milestones of Flight: Pathfinders in the Sky. Washington, D.C: National Air and Space Museum, 1983. Kennedy, Gregory P. Vengeance Weapon Two: The V-2 Guided Missile. Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press, 1983. Appendix 6. Publications of the Staff I 453 , comp. Rockets, Missiles and Spacecraft of the National Air and Space Museum. Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press, 1983. "Spaceflight: A New Perspective." Air and Space 6(4) (1983). Kennedy, Gregory P., and Joels, Kerry M. The Space Shuttle Operator's Manual. New York: Ballentine Books, 1982. Needell, Allan A., ed. The First 25 Years in Space. Washington, D.C: Smith- sonian Institution Press, 1983. . "An Arena of Applied Science," [Review of JPL and the American Space Program by Clayton Koppes] Science 219(4586): 840-41 (February 1983). -. Fourteen articles on geophysical satellites in Rockets, Missiles and Spacecraft of the National Air and Space Museum. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1983. Purnell, Louis R. Three articles on space suits in Rockets, Missiles and Space- craft of the National Air and Space Museum. Washington, D.C: Smith- sonian Institution Press, 1983. Winter, Frank H. Seven articles on early rockets in Rockets, Missiles and Spacecraft of the National Air and Space Museum. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1983. . "A New Look at Early Chinese Rocketry, 1200's-1900." Journal of the British Interplanetary Society — Astronautics History 35(12) :522-29 (Decem- ber 1982). 'Celebrating Goddard's Centenary." Spaceflight 25(4)154-56 (April 1983). Prelude to the Space Age: The Rocket Societies 1924-1940. Washing- ton, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1983. "Robert Hutchings Goddard." Astronautics and Aeronautics 20:77-78 (October 1982). -. "Space Station: Circa 1920's." Space World 1-6-7-234-35:7-8 (June- July 1983). Winter, Frank H., and James, George S. "Early Educator-Supervised Student Rocketry — The GALCIT Rocket Research Project, 1936-1939: A Tribute to Frank J. Malina." AIAA Student Journal 20(4) :21-28 (Winter 1982-83). Winter, Frank H., and van der Linden, F. Robert. [Monthly column] "Out of the Past — An Aerospace Chronology." Astronautics and Aeronautics (Octo- ber 1982-September 1983). Spacearium Division Callen, Thomas H. [Quarterly column] "Sky Map." Air and Space 6(1) (1982) through 6(4)(1983). NATIONAL MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY/ NATIONAL MUSEUM OF MAN Department of Anthropology Angel, J. Lawrence. "Ancient Skeletons from Asine." Appendix 1: 105-38. In Soren Dietz, Excavations at Asine 1970-1977, Kobenhavn, Denmark, 1982. . "Osteoarthritis and Occupation (Ancient and Modern)." Second Anthropological Congress of Ales Hrdlicka, ed. V. V. Novotny, Universitas Carolina Pragensis, Charles University, Prague, (1982) : 443-46. Bowen, Thomas, and Goddard, R. H. Ives, III. "Synonymy" in the chapter "Seri." In Southwest, ed. Alfonso Ortiz, Handbook of North American Indians 10:247-48. W. Sturtevant, gen. ed. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution, 1983. 454 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Bragdon, Kathleen Joan. "Occupational Differences Reflected in Material Cul- ture." Council for Northeast Historical Archaeology 10(1982) :25-56. . "Crime and Punishment Among the Indians of Massachusetts, 1675- 1750." Ethnohistory 28(1) :23-32. Burch, Ernest S., Jr. "Sociodemographic Correlates of House Structures in Three Beringian Populations: An Exploratory Study." Cultures of the Bering Sea Region: Papers from an International Symposium, ed. Henry N. Michael and James W. Van Stone. New York: published for the American Council of Learned Societies and the Academy of Sciences of the USSR by the International Research and Exchanges Board, 1983. (Translation of 1981 paper published in Russian.) Caldwell, Peggy C. "Private Schools for Physical Anthropologists." Physical Anthropology News 1(2) (1982) :18. . "The Human Remains Discovered in the San Carlos River Valley Excavations." In Mogollon, Hohokam and Western Pueblo Settlement and Subsistence in the San Carlos River Valley, San Carlos, Arizona, ed. K. Ditzler, Appendix A. Tempe: Archaeological Research Services, 1981. Crocker, William H. "Ultimate Reality and Meaning for the Ramkokamekra- Canela (Eastern Timbira, Brazil: A Triadic Dualistic Cognitive Pattern." Ultimate Reality and Meaning: Interdisciplinary Studies in the Philosophy of Understanding 6(2)(1983) :84-lll. University of Toronto Press, Canada. Evans, Clifford, and Betty J. Meggers. "Tecnicas decorativas diagnosticas y variantes regionales Chorrera, un analisis preliminar. "Primer Simposio de Correlaciones Antropologicas Andino-Mesoamericano, 25-31 de julio de 1971, pp. 121-33. Guayaquil: Escuela Superior Politecnica del Litoral, 1982. Ewers, John C. "A Century and a Half of Blackfeet Picture-writing." Ameri- can Indian Art 8(3) (1983) :52-61. . "William Standing (1904-1951): Versatile Assiniboin Artist." Ameri- can Indian Art 8(4) (1983) :54-63. -. "Commentary on Explaining the Course of Human Events by Betty J. Meggers." In Donald J. Ortner, ed.. How Humans Adapt: A Biocultural Odyssey, pp. 183-86. Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press, 1983. Fitzhugh, William W. [Introduction and Appendices] The Eskimo About Bering Strait, 3d ed., by Edward William Nelson. Smithsonian Classics in Anthropology reprint. 1983. . "Archaeological Surveys in the Strait of Belle Isle." In Archaeology in Newfoundland and Labrador: 1982, ed. Jane Sproull Thomson and Callum Thomson, pp. 118-32. Annual Report No. 3, Historic Resources Division, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador. 1983. Fitzhugh, William W., and Kaplan, Susan. "Art of the Bering Sea: Where Magic Ruled." National Geographic 163(2) :198-205. . "Inua: Spirit World of the Bering Sea Eskimo." Smithsonian Institu- tion Traveling Exhibition Service catalogue. "Life in the Qasgiq," The Alaska Journal 13(2):4-13. (Extracted from Inua catalogue, with color photos.) Fowler, Don D., and Jennings, Jesse D. "Great Basin Archaeology, an His- torical Overview." In Man and Environment in the Great Basin., ed. D. B. Madsen and J. F. O'Connell, Society for American Archaeology Papers no. 2(1982) :105-20. Fowler, Don D., Van Beek, Gus W., and Sanoja, Mario. "Clifford Evans, 1920-1981." American Antiquity 47(3) :545-56. 1982. Frison, George C, and Stanford, Dennis. "The Agate Basin Components at the Agate Basin Site." In The Agate Basin Site. A Record of the Paleo- Indian Occupation of the Northwestern High Plains, ed. George C. Frison and Dennis Stanford, pp. 76-135. New York: Academic Press, 1982. Appendix 6. Publications of the Staff I 455 . "Summary and Conclusions." In The Agate Basin Site. A Record of the Paleo-Indian Occupation of the Northwestern High Plains, ed. George C. Prison and Dennis Stanford, pp. 361-70. New York: Academic Press, 1982. Frohlich, Bruno. "The Bahrain Burial Mounds." Dilmon. Journal of the Bahrain Historical and Archaeological Society. Bahrain Government Press 11(1983) :4-9. . "A Preliminary Report on the Human Remains from Bahrain Island Excavated by the Arab Expedition, 1978-1979." In Excavations of the Arab Expedition at Saar el-fisr, Bahrain, ed. M. Ibrahim. Ministry of Informa- tion, State of Bahrain (1982) :91-98. Frohlich, Bruno, and Ortner, Donald J. "Excavations of the Early Bronze Age Cemetery at Bab Edh-Dhra, Jordan, 1981. A Preliminary Report." Annual of the Department of Antiquities 26(1982) :249-67 and 491-500. Department of Antiquities, Hashemite Kingdom of Jordon. Glenn, James R. "DeLancey W. Gill: Photographs for the Bureau of American Ethnology." History of Photography 7(1) (1983) :7-22. . Register to the Papers of Neil Merton Judd, Smithsonian Institution National Anthropological Archives, 1982. Goddard, R. H. Ives, III. "Addenda and Corrigenda." Algonquian and Iro- quoian Linguistics 7(1982) :47-54. . "Synonymy" in the chapters "Havasupai," "Yavapai," "Mohave," "Maricopa," "Quechan," "Cocopa," "Pima and Papago: Introduction," "Tarahumara," "Karankawa," "Chiricahua Apache," "Mescalero Apache," "Jicarilla Apache," and "Western Apache." In Southwest, ed. Alfonso Ortiz. Handbook of North American Indians 10:23-24, 53-54, 70, 83-84, 97, 111, 134-35, 288, 366, 416-18, 437-38, 459-60, 487-88. W. Sturtevant, gen. ed. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, 1983. 'Technical Alphabet." In Southwest, ed. Alfonso Ortiz. Handbook of North American Indians 10:x-xi. W. Sturtevant, gen. ed. Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution, 1983. [linguistic ed.] Southwest, ed. Alfonso Ortiz. Handbook of North American Indians 10. W. Sturtevant, gen. ed. Washington, D.C: Smith- sonian Institution, 1983. Guagliardo, Mark F. "Tooth Crown Size Differences Between Age Groups: A Possible New Indicator of Stress in Skeletal Samples." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 54(4) (1982) :383-89. . "Craniofacial Structure, Aging and Dental Function: Their Relation- ships in Adult Human Skeletal Series." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 60(2) (1983) :202. Haynes, Gary. "Utilization of Megafaunal Carcasses." Abstracts of 5th Biennial Meeting, American Quaternary Association (1982) :98. . "Prey Bones and Predators: Potential Ecologic Information from Analyses of Bone Sites." Ossa 7(1980) :75-97. 'Utilization and Skeletal Disturbances of North American Prey Carcasses." Arctic 35(2) (1982) :266-81. "Frequencies of Spiral and Green-Bone Fractures on Ungulate Limb Bones in Modern Surface Assemblages." American Antiquity 48(1)(1983): 102-14. "On Bones: Ancient Men and Modern Myths," by L. R. Binford. North American Archaeologist 4(3) (1983) :245-54. "A Guide for Differentiating Mammalian Canivore Taxa Responsible for Gnaw Damage to Herbivore Limb Bones." Paleobiology 9(3) (1983): 341-51. Hesse, Brian. "Slaughter Patterns and Domestication: the Beginnings of Pastoralism in Western Iran." Man (N.S.) 17(1982) :403-17. 456 / Smithsonian Year 1983 . "Archaeological Evidence for Camelid Exploitation in the Chilean Andes." Saugetierkundliche Mitteilungen 30(3) (1982) :201-11. Houchins, Chang-su "Sumisonian Mi-gungnip pangmulgwan sojang Han'guk minhwa" [The Smithsonian Collection of Korean Folk Paintings]. Misul Charyo 30:56-63. Seoul: National Museum Journal of Arts. . "Ilbaengnyon-jon Wasingt'on ui Han'guk yosong [The First Korean Women Abroad in Washington]. Yosong Tonga (Asian Women) (Decem- ber 1982) : 152-55. Seoul. Jolley, Catherine A. "The Passive in Plains Cree." Journal of the Linguistic Association of the Southwest IV. Special Issue: Native Languages of the Americas IV. 2(1981) :161-84. . "On the Plains Cree Passive: An Analysis of Syntactic and Lexical Rules." The Ohio State University Working Papers in Linguistics: Gram- matical Relations and Relational Grammar, no. 26. (1982) :l-33. . "The Reduction of kika to ka in Plains Cree." Algonquian and Iro- quoian Linguistics. 8(1983) :8-10. Kaeppler, Adrienne. "Polynesian Dance: With a Selection for Contemporary Performances." Hawaii: Alpha Delta Kappa, 1983. . "Genealogy and Disrespect: A Study of Symbolism in Hawaiian Images." RES 3(1982) :82-107. Kelley, Jennifer O., and Angel, J. Lawrence. "The Workers of Catoctin Furnace." Maryland Archaeology 19, no. 1 (March 1983). Ledergerber, Paulina. "Comparacion entre la Ceramica brunida Guangala (del Ecuador) y Nasca (del Peru)." Boletin de la Academia Nacional de Historia del Ecuador Vo. LXII (1980) :291-360. . "EI origen de mas de un cuarto de siglo de investigaciones sobre la cultura Valdivia." Boletin de la Academia Nacional de Historia del Ecuador (1983) :l-34. McGuire, Thomas R., and Goddard, R. H. Ives, III. "Synonymy" in the chap- ter "Walapai." In Southwest, ed. Alfonso Ortiz. Handbook of North Amer- ican Indians 10:36. W. Sturtevant, gen. ed. Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution, 1983. Meggers, Betty J. "Explaining the Course of Human Events." In How Humans Adapt: A Biocultural Odyssey, ed. Donald J. Ortner, pp. 163-83. Washing- ton, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1983. Meggers, Betty J., and Clifford Evans. "Archaeology: South America." Hand- hook of Latin American Studies, no. 43:61-104. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1982. . "Lowland South America and the Antilles." In Ancient South Ameri- cans, ed. Jesse D. Jennings, pp. 287-335. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman, 1983. Meltzer, David J. "The Antiquity of Man and the Development of American Archaeology." In Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory, ed. M. B. Schiffer. New York: Academic Press, 1983. Meltzer, David J., and Mead, Jim I. "The Timing of Late Pleistocene Mam- malian Extinctions." Quaternary Research 19(1983) :130-35. Meltzer, David J., and Sturtevant, William C. "The Holy Oak Shell Game: an Historic Archaeological Fraud." In Lulu Linear Punctated: Essays in Honor of George Irving Quimby, ed. R. C. Dunnell and D. K. Grayson. Anthro- pological Paper 72. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 1983. Merrill, William L. "God's Saviours in the Sierra Madre," Natural History (March 1983). Milanich, Jerald T. "True Confessions of an Archaeologist." Contract Ab- stracts and CRM AVchealogy 2(3(1982) :9-10. . "Licensing American Applied Archaeologists Is Here." Practicing Anthropology 4(3-4) (1982) :19-20. Appendix 6. Publications of the Staff I 457 Milton, N. M.; Collins, William; Chang, Sheng-Huei; and Schmidt, R. G. "Remote Detection of Metal Anomalies on Pilot Mountain, Randolph County, North Carolina." Economic Geology 78(1983) :605-17. Nagle, Christopher. "1981 Field Investigations at the Fleur de Lys Soapstone Quarry, Baie Verte, Newfoundland." In Archaeology in Newfoundland and Labrador — 2981, ed. J. S. Thomson and C. Thomson, pp. 102-29. Annual Report no. 2, Historic Resources Division, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John's, Newfoundland, 1982. Nagle, Christopher, and Wilcox, U. V. "Optical Mark Recognition Forms in Data Entry: Some Applications." Journal of Field Archaeology 9(1982:538- 47. Ortner, Donald J. "The Skeletal Biology of an Early Bronze IB Charnel House at Bab edh-Dhra, Jordan. In Studies in the History and Archaeology of' Jordan I, ed. Adnan Hadidi, pp. 93-95. Amman, Jordan: Department of Antiquities, Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, 1982. . "Bab edh-Dhr: City of the Dead." Jordan 7(1983) :12-15. . "Case Report No. 1." Paleopathology Newsletter, no. 42(1983) :10. . "Biocultural Interaction 4n Human Adaptation." In How Humans Adapt: A Biocultural Odyssey, ed. D. J. Ortner, pp. 127-45. Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press, 1983. ed. How Humans Adapt: A Biocultural Odyssey. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1983. Pennington, Campbell W., and Goddard, R. H. Ives, III. "Synonymy" in the chapter "North Tepehuan." In Southwest, ed. Alfonso Ortiz. Handbook of North American Indians 10:313. W. Sturtevant, gen. ed. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution, 1983. Potter, Stephen R. "The Past Beneath Our Feet." National Parks Magazine 57(3-4) (1982) :12-15. Putschar, W. G. J., and Ortner, D. J. "Zur Palaeopathologie der Skelett- Missbildungen und-Dysplasien." Verhandlungen der Deutschen Cesellschaft fur Pathologie 66(1982) :147-50. Rollefson, Gary O., and Frohlich, Bruno. "A PPNB Burin Site on Jabal Uweinid, Eastern Jordan." The Annual of the Department of Antiquities. Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. 26(1982) :189-98. Schwarz, Shirley. "A Vulci Vase in the Getty Museum." In Greek Vases. Occasional Papers on Antiquities 1(1983) :121-34. . [translation from the German] Herakles: The Twelve Labors of the Hero in Ancient Art and Literature, by Frank Brommer. New Rochelle, N.Y. : Caratzas Brothers, 1983. Schmidt, Robert G. "Mineral Evaluation in Part of the Papago Indian Reser- vation, South Central Arizona, Using Digital Classification of Landsat Data." In Mineral Resource Potential and Related Studies of the Papago Indian Reservation, Southern Arizona, Chap. D9. Administrative Report prepared by the U.S. Geological Survey for the U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs, 1982. . "Visit to the Meishan Iron Ore Mine." In Journal, People-to-People Economic Geology and Mining Delegation to the People's Republic of China, April 11-May 4, 1982, P. K. Sims, Delegation Leader. Spokane, People-to-People International (1982) :22-26. Selig, Ruth Osterweis. Anthro-Notes 4(3); 5(1); 5(2). Smithsonian Publica- tion for Teachers. . "Bones and Stones — or Sheep?" Anthro-Notes 5(1), Winter 1983. . "A New Approach to Teacher Training." Museum News 61(6), August 1983. Selig, Ruth Osterweis, and Bay, Ann. "Of Kayaks and Ulus: The Bering Sea 458 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Eskimo Collection of Edward W. Nelson, The Man Who Collected Good- for-Nothing Things.' " Smithsonian Institution Press, 1983. Smith, Bruce D. "Explanation in Archaelogy." In Theory and Explanation in Archaeology, ed. Colin Renfrew, Michael J. Rowlands, and Barbara Segraves, pp. 73-82. New York: Academic Press, 1982. . Commentary on "Explaining the Course of Human Events" in Donald J. Ortner, ed.. How Humans Adapt: A Biocultural Odyssey. Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press, 1983. -. "Selectivity Determinations: A Continuum from Conservative to Confident." In Animals and Archaeology, ed. J. Clutton Brock and Caroline Grigson. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, 1983. Stanford, Dennis. "Pleistocene Studies in Northeast China and the Rocky Mountains of Colorado: A Joint U.S. -China Research Program on New World Cultural Origins: In China Exchange News 11(1)(1983) :6-8. . "Pre-Clovis Occupations South of the Ice Sheets." In Early Man in the New World, ed. Richard Shutler, Jr. Sage Publications, Beverly Hills, 1983. Stewart, T. Dale. "Background of American Forensic Anthropology." Criminal Justice Review 7(1) (1982) :4-7. . "Hrdlicka's Dream of an American Institute of Physical Anthropol- ogy." In Second Anthropological Congress at Ales Hrdlicka (held in Prague and Humpolec, September 3-7, 1979), ed. Vladimir V. Novotny, pp. 19-21. Universitas Carolina Pragensis, 1982. -. "Pioneer Contributions of Harris Hawthorne Wilder, Ph.D., to Foren- sic Sciences." Journal of Forensic Sciences 27(4)(1982) :754-62. . "Helmut de Terra, 1900-1981." American Antiquity 47(4) (1982) :793- 94. "William Levi Straus, Jr., 1900-1981." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 59(4) (1982) :359-60. . "Where Is Cope's Face?" Earth Sciences History 2(1) (1983) :76-77. . "Scaphocephaly in Blacks; a Variant Form of Pathologic Head De- formity." Bulletins et Memoires de Societe d' Anthropologic de Paris 9 (ser XIII) (1982) :267-79. Sturtevant, William C. "History of Anthropology in the Handbook of North American Indians." History of Anthropology Newsletter 9(2) (1982) :13-15. . "Seneca Masks." In The Power of Symbols: Mask and Masquerade in the Americas, ed. N. R. Crumrine and M. Halpin. Vancouver: University of Brit. Col. Press, 1983. Ubelaker, Douglas H. "Human Skeletal Remains from the Reedy Creek Site, 44Ha22, Virginia. Quarterly Bulletin of the Archaelogical Society of Virginia 37, no. 4:204-5. . "The Development of American Paleopathology." Chap. 14 in A His- tory of American Physical Anthropology, 1930-1980, ed. F. Spencer. New York: Academic Press, Inc. Valentour, Catharine. "Conservation." In Quseir al-Qadim 1980: Preliminary Report by Donald S. Whitcomb and Janet H. Johnson, pp. 385-89. Malibu: Undena, 1982. Van Beek, Gus W. "Digging up Tell Jemmeh." Archaeology 36(1) (1983) :12- 19. . "A Population Estimate for Marib: A Contemporary Tell Village in North Yemen." Bulletin of the American School of Oriental Research 268 (1983). Viola, Herman J. "Inman, McKenney, and the Indian Gallery." Indians of North America: Paintings by Henry Inman. Buffalo Bill Historical Center, 1983. Appendix 6. Publications of the Staff I 459 . [Introduction] Texas Ranchman: The Memoirs of John A. Loomis. Chadron, Nebraska: The Fur Press, 1982. Von Endt, D. W., and Ortner, D. J. "Amino Acid Analysis of Bone from a Possible Case of Prehistoric Iron Deficiency Anemia." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 59(1982) :377-85. Whitcomb, Donald. "Islamic Glass from Quseir al-Qadim, Egypt/' Journal of Class Studies 25(1983) :101--8. . "Quseir al-Qadim and Southwest Arabia." Proceedings of the Sem- inar for Arabian Studies, 1982. Department of Botany Baum, Vicki M.; Reveal, J. L.; and Nowicke, J. W. "Pulchranthus (Acantha- ceae), a New Genus from Northern South America." Systematic Botany 8(1983) :211-20. Bohlmann, F.; Adler, A.; Jakupovic, J.; King, R. M.; and Robinson, H. "A Dimeric Germacranolide and Other Sesquiterpene Lactones from Mikania Species." Phytochemistry 20(6) (1982) :1349-55. Bohlmann, F.; Ahmed, M.; Jakupovic, J.; King, R. M.; and Robinson, H. "Dimeric Sesquiterpene Lactones and Kolavane Derivatives from Cochna- tia paniculata." Phytochemistry 22(1) (1983) :191-95. Bohlmann, F.; Ahmed, M.; King, R. M.; and Robinson, H. "Acetylenic Com- pounds from Bidens graveolene." Phytochemistry 22(5)(1983) :1281-83. Bohlmann, F.; Ahmed, M.; Robinson, H.; and King, R. M. "Melampolides from Enhydra fluctuans var. fluctuans." Phytochemistry 21(7)(1982) :1675- 78. Bohlmann, F.; Ates (Goren), N.; Jakupovic, J.; King, R. M.; and Robinson H. "Types of Sesquiterpenes from Artemisia douglasiana." Phytochemistry 21(11) (1982) :2691-97. Bohlmann, F.; Borthakur, N.; King, R. M.; and Robinson, H. "Germacrane and Eudesmane Derivatives from Galea reticulata." Phytochemistry 21(7) (1982) :1793-94. Bohlmann, F.; Borthakur, N.; Robinson, H.; and King, R. M. "Eudesmane Derivatives from Epaltes hrasiliensis." Phytochemistry 21(7) (1982) :1795-97. Bohlmann, F.; Grenz, M.; Jakupovic, J.; King, R. M.; and Robinson, H. "Four Heliangolides and Other Sesquiterpenes from Brasilia sickii." Phytochemis- try 22(5) (1983) :1213-18. Bohlmann, F.; Gupta, R. K.; Jakupovic, J.; King, R. M.; and Robinson, H. "Four Oplopanone and Bisabolene Derivatives from Rugelia nudicaulis." Phytochemistry 21(7) (1982) :1665-68. . "Furanoheliangolides and Farnesol Derivatives from Galea hispida." Phytochemistry 21(12) (1982) :2899-2903. Bohlmann, F.; Gupta, R. K.; King, R. M.; and Robinson, H. "New Cadinene Derivatives from Heterotheca latifolia." Phytochemistry 21(12) (1982) :2982- 84. . "Three Furanoheliangolides from Galea villosa." Phytochemistry 21 (10) (1982) .-2593-95. "Two Furanoheliangolides from Galea angusta." Phytochemistry 21 (8)(1982):2117-18. Bohlmann, F.; Jakupovic, J.; Schuster, A.; King, R. M.; and Robinson, H. "New Melampolides, Kaurene Derivatives and Other Constituents from Ichthyothere species." Phytochemistry 21(9)(1982) :2317-27. Bohlmann, F.; Ludwig, G. W.; Jakupovic, J.; King, R. M.; and Robinson, H. "A Daucanolide and Further Farnesene Derivatives from Ageratum fasti- giatum." Phytochemistry 22(4) (1983) :983-86. Bohlmann, F.; Mathur, R.; Jakupovic, J.; Gupta, R. K.; King, R. M. and 460 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Robinson, H. "Furanoheliangolides and Other Compounds from Galea hy- menolepis." Phytochemistry 21(8)(1982) :2045-48. Bohlmann, F.; Singh, P.; Jakupovic, J.; King, R. 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DeSaint Laurent, Michele, and Manning, Raymond B. "Calliax punica, Espece Nouvelle de Callianassidae (Crustacea, Decapoda) des Eaux Mediterrane- enes." Quaderni del Laboratorio de Tecnologia della Pesa 3(2-5) (1982) : 211-24. Downey, Maureen E. "Evoplosoma virgo, a New Goniasterid Starfish (Echino- dermata: Asteroidea) from the Gulf of Mexico." Proceedings of the Bio- logical Society of Washington 95(4) (1982) :772-73. Factor, Jan R.; Van Dover, Cindy L.; and Williams, Austin B. "Development of the Mouth Parts and Setae of the Hydrothermal Vent Crab Bythograea." American Zoologist 22(4) (1983) :874, Abstract 159. Fauchald, Kristian. "Revision of Onuphis, Nothria, and Paradiopatra (Poly- Appendix 6. Publications of the Staff I 467 chaeta: Onuphidae). Based upon Type Material." Smithsonian Contribu- tions to Zoology, no. 336. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982. "A Euchinid Polychaete from a White Smoker." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 95(4)(1982) :781-87. "Description of Moorenuphis jonesi, a New Species of Onuphid Poly- chaete from Shallow Water in Bermuda, with Comments on Variability and Population Ecology." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 95(4) (1982) :807-25. Froglia, Carlo, and Manning, Raymond B. "Notes on Liocarcinus pusillus (Leach) and Related Species." Quaderni del Lahoratorio di Tecnologia della Pesca 3(2-5) (1982) :257-66. Garcia, Renato C, and Manning, Raymond B. "Four New Species of Stomato- pod Crustaceans from the Philippines." Proceedings of the Biological So- ciety of Washington 95(3)(1982) :537-44. Giles, Elizabeth, and Gosliner, Terrence, M. "Primary Type Specimens of Marine Mollusca (excluding Cephalopoda) in the South African Museum." Annals of the South African Museum 92(1) (1983) :l-52. Gosliner, Terrence M. "A New Record of the Nudibranch Gastropod Polycera hedgpethi Marcus, from the Indian Ocean of South Africa." Journal of Molluscan Studies 48:30-35. Harshbarger, J. C. "Histopathology of Neoplasms in Fish Collected from Polluted Habitats." 113th Annual Meeting of the American Fisheries So- ciety, August 16-20, 1983, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee. Harshbarger, J. C, and Gibson, D. L. "Canglioneuroblastoma in a Trematode, Otodistomum plunketi Fyfe, 1953." Proceedings of the lllrd International Colloquium on Invertebrate Pathology and the IVth Annual Meeting of the Society for Invertebrate Pathology, pp. 280-85. Brighton, England, Septem- ber 5-10, 1982. Harshbarger, J. C; Baumann, P. C; Parland, W. K.; Cullen, L. J.; Calabrese, M. J.; and Spero, P. M. [Abstract] "Epidermal Hepatocellular, and Chol- angiocellular Carcinomas in Brown Bullheads, Ictalurus nebulosus, from Industrially Polluted Black River, Ohio." Second International Symposium on Responses of Marine Animals to Pollutants. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Mass., April 27-29, 1983. . [Abstract] "Epizootic Neoplasms in a Brown Bullhead, Ictalurus nebulosus. Population from a Black River, Ohio Site Polluted with Polynu- clear Aromatic Hydrocarbons." Seventy-fourth Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research, San Diego, Calif., May 25-28, 1983. Higgins, Robert P. "The Atlantic Barrier Reef Ecosystem at Carrie Bow Cay, Belize, II. Kinorhyncha." Smithsonian Contributions to Marine Sciences, no. 18. Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press, 1983. . "Three New Species of Kinorhyncha from Bermuda." Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 104(1982) :305-16. "Kinorhyncha," ed. Sybil P. Parker. In Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, 5th ed., 1982. Hobbs, Horton, H., Jr. "The African Shrimp Genus Potamalpheops in Mexico (Decapoda, Alpheidae." Crustaceana 44(2) (1982) :221-24. . "On the Distribution of the Genus Procambarus." In Crayfish Dis- tribution Patterns, ed. James F. Payne, pp. 1-2. Louisville, Kentucky: Amer- ican Society of Zoologists, 1982. [Translation] "Crayfishes of Mexico (Crustacea: Decapoda)" [Cam- barinos de la Fauna Mexicana: Crustacea Decapoda], by Alejandro Villa- bolos, pp. i-xii, 1-276. Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Libraries, 1982. 468 / Smithsonian Year 1983 . "Distocambarus (Fitzcambarus) carlsoni, a New Subgenus and Spe- cies of Crayfish (Decapoda: Cambaridae) from South Carolina." Proceed- ings of the Biological Society of Washington 93(6) (1983) :429-39. -. "Distocambarus (Decapoda: Cambaridae) Elevated to Generic Rank, with an Account of D. crockeri, New Species, from South Carolina." Pro- ceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 93(6) (1983) :420-28. Hobbs, Horton, H., Jr., and Hart, C. W., Jr. "The Shrimp Genus Atya (De- capoda: Atyidae)." Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, no. 364. Wash- ington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982. Hobbs, Horton H., Jr., and Perez Farfante, I. "Alejandro Villalobos Figueroa, 1918-1982." Obituary. Journal of Crustacean Biology, 1983. Hobbs, Horton, H., Jr., and Peters, Daniel J. "The Entocytherid Ostracod Fauna of Northern Georgia." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 95(2) (1982) :297-318. Hobbs, Horton, H., Jr., and Robison, Henry W. "A New Crayfish of the Genus Procambarus from Southwestern Arkansas." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 95(3) (1982) :545-53. Iliffe, Thomas M.; Hart, C. W., Jr.; and Manning, Raymond B. "Biogeography and the Caves of Bermuda." Nature 303(5904) (1983) :141-42. Ingle, R. W., and Manning, Raymond B. "Variation, Synonymy and Dis- tribution of the Spider Crab, Macropodia rostrata (Linnaeus)." Quaderni del Laboratorio di Tecnologia delta Pesca 3(2-5) (1982) :271-83. Kenk, Roman, and Hampton, Anne M. "Freshwater Triclads (Turbellaria) of North America. XIV. Polycelis monticola, New Species, from the Sierra Nevada Range in California." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 95(3) (1982) :567-70. Kensley, B. "Revision of the Southern African Anthuridea (Crustacea: Iso- poda)." Annals of the South African Museum 90(3) (1982) :95-200. . "Biogeographical Relationships of Some Southern African Benthic Crustacea." Memoirs of the Australian Museum 18(1983) :173-82. Kensley, B., and Poore, G. C. B. "Anthurids from the Houtman Abrolhos Islands, Western Australia (Crustacea: Isopoda: Anthuridea)." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 95(3) (1983) :625-36. Kensley, B., and Walker, I. "Palaemonid Shrimps from the Amazon Basin, Brazil (Crustacea: Decapoda: Natantia)." Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, no. 362. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982. Kornicker, Louis S. "Harbansus, slatteryi, a New Species of Myodocopine Ostracode from the Great Barrier Reef of Australia (Philomedidae)." Pro- ceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 96(1) (1983) :181-88. . "Alternochelata lizardensis, a New Species of Myodocopine Ostra- code from the Great Barrier Reef of Australia (Rutidermatidae)." Proceed- ings of the Biological Society of Washington 95(4)(1982) :793-806. "Zeugophilomedes, a New Genus of Myodocopine Ostracode." Pro- ceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 96(3) (1983) :478-80. . "Rutidermatidae of the Continental Shelf of Southeastern North America and the Gulf of Mexico." Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, no. 371. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1983. "The Ostracode Family Cypridinidae and the Genus Pterocypridina. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, no. 379. Washington, D.C: Smith- sonian Institution Press, 1983. "New Species of Dantya from the Indian Ocean (Ostracoda: Sarsiel- lidae: Dantyinae)." Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, no. 383. Wash- ington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1983. -, ed. "Biology of the Antarctic Seas XIII." Antarctic Research Series 34. American Geophysical Union, 1982. Appendix 6. Publications of the Staff I 469 , ed. "Biology of the Antarctic Seas XIII." Antarctic Research Series 38. American Geophysical Union, 1983. -, ed. "Biology of the Antarctic Seas XIV." Antarctic Research Series 39. American Geophysical Union, 1983. Kristensen, Reinhardt M. "The First Record of Cyclomorphosis in Tardigrada Based on a New Genus and Species from Arctic Meiobenthos." Zeitschrift fUr Zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung 20(4) (1982) :249-70. . "Loricifera, a New Phylum with Aschelminthes Characters from Meiobenthos." Zeitschrift fUr Zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsfor- schung 21(1983) :174-98. Kristensen, Reinhardt M., and Niilonen, T. "Structural Studies on Diurodrilus Remane (Diurodrilodae fam. n.) with Description of Diurodrilus westheidei sp. n. from the Arctic Interstitial Meiobenthos, West Greenland." Zoologica Scripta 11(1982) :1-12. Kristensen, Reinhardt M., and Nerevang, A. "Description of Psammodrilus aedificator sp. n. (Polychaeta), with Notes on the Arctic Interstitial Fauna of Disko Island, West Greenland." Zoologica Scripta 11(1983). Manning, Raymond B. "A Redescription of Cancer sexpes Fabricius, 1798 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Hexapodidae)." Steenstrupia 8(5) (1982) :157-61. . "Achaeus powelli, a New Spider Crab from Nigeria (Crustacea, Decapoda, Majidae)." Journal of Crustacean Biology 2(3) (1982) :459-63. Manning, Raymond B., and Camp, David K. "Fennerosquilla, a New Genus of Stomatopod Crustacean from the Northwestern Atlantic." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 96(2) (1983) :317-22. Manning, Raymond B., and Froglia, Carlo. "On a Collection of Decapod Crustacea from Sardinia." Quaderni del Laboratorio di Tecnologia della Pesca 3(2-5) (1982) :319-34. Manning, Raymond B., and Garcia, Renato G. "Notes on Species of the Genus Coronidopsis (Crustacea, Stomatopoda, Eurysquillidae)." Journal of Crustacean Biology 2(4) (1982) :593-99. Manning, Raymond B., and Stevcic, Z. "Decapod Fauna of the Piran Gulf." Quaderni del Laboratorio di Tecnologia della Pesca 3(2-5) (1982) :285-304. Orsi, James J.; Bowman, Thomas E.; Marelli, Daniel C; and Hutchinson, Anne. "Recent Introductions of the Planktonic Calanoid Copepod Sino- calanus doerrii (Centropagidae) from Mainland China to the Sacramento- San Joaquin Estuary of California." Journal of Plankton Research 5(3) (1983) :357-75. Pawson, David L. "Echinodermata." In The Encyclopedia of Beaches and Coastal Environments, ed. M. L. Schwartz, pp. 381-85. Penn: Hutchinson Ross, 1982. . "Psychronaetes hanseni, a New Genus and Species of Elasipodan Sea Cucumber from the Eastern Pacific (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea)." Pro- ceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 96(1) (1983) :154-59. "Deep-Sea Echinoderms in the Tongue of the Ocean, Bahama Islands : A Survey, Using the Research Submersible Alvin." Australian Museum Memoir 16(1982) :129-45. Pawson, David L., and Miller, John E. "Systematics and Ecology of the Sea- Urchin Genus Centrostephanus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) from the At- lantic and Eastern Pacific Oceans." Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences, no. 20. Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press, 1983. Perez Farfante, Isabel. "The Geminate Shrimp Species Parapenaeus longiro- stris and Parapenaeus politus (Crustacea: Decapoda: Penaeoidea)." Quad- erni del Laboratorio di Tecnologia della Pesca 3(2-5) (1982) :187-205. . "Camarones." In Chirichigno, N.; Fischer, W.; and Nauen, C. E. 470 / Smithsonian Year 1983 INFOPESCA. Catdlogo de Especies Marinas de Interes Economico Actual o Potencial para America Latina, Pt. 2, pp. 363-81. Pacifico Centre y Surori- ental. Rome, FAO/PNUD, SIC/82/2/2, 1982. Pettibone, Marian H. "A New Scale Worm (Polychaeta: Polynoidae) from the Hydrothermal Rift Area off Western Mexico at 21° N." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 96(3)(1983) :392-99. . "Minusculisquama hughesi, a New Genus and Species of Scale Worm (Polychaeta: Polynoidae) from Eastern Canada." Proceedings of the Bio- logical Society of Washington 96(3) (1983) :400-406. Rehder, Harald A. "Marine Mollusks of Some Island Groups of Polynesia." National Geographic Society Research Reports, 1973 14(1983) :541-48. Roper, C. F. E. "An Overview of Cephalopod Systematics: Status, Problems and Recommendations." Memoirs of the National Museum of Victoria 44: 1983. Roper, C. F. E., and Sweeney, M. J. "Techniques for Fixation, Preservation and Curation of Cephalopods." Memoirs of the National Museum of Vic- toria, 1983. Roper, C. F. E., and Voss, G. L. "Guidelines for Taxonomic Descriptions of Cephalopod Species. Memoirs of the National Museum of Victoria, 1983. Roper, C. F. E., and Wormuth, J. H. "Quantitative Sampling of Oceanic Cephalopods by Nets: Problems and Recommendations." Biological Ocean- ography 2(1983) -.357-77. Rosewater, Joseph. [Book Review] "James Graham Cooper — Pioneer Western Naturalist," by Eugene Coan. In The Nautilus 97(1)(1983) :44-45. . "Another Bivalve-Aphrodita Association with Comments on Adap- tive Significance of Oddly-shaped Leptonacea." American Malacological Bulletin 1(1983) :90-91. "Review of Hawaiian Pinnidae and Revalidation of Pinna exquisita Dall, Bartsch, and Rehder, 1938 (Bivalvia: Mytiloida)." Pacific Science (1982) 36(4) (1983) :453-58. Ruppert, Edward E., and Rice, Mary E. "Structure, Ultrastructure, and Func- tion of the Terminal Organ of a Pelagosphera Larva (Sipuncula)." Zoo- morphology 102(1983) :143-63. Riitzler, Klaus. "Porifera." In The Encyclopedia of Beaches and Coastal En- vironments, ed. Maurice L. Schwartz, pp. 650-54. Stroudsburg, Pa.: Hutch- inson Ross Publishing Co., 1982. Thomas, J. D., and Barnard, J. L. "Transformation of the Leucothoides Morph to the Anamixis Morph (Crustacea: Amphipoda)." Journal of Crus- tacean Biology 3(1983) :154-57. . "The Platyischnopidae of America (Amphipoda, Crustacea)." Smith- sonian Contributions to Zoology, no. 375. Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press, 1983. Toll, Ronald B. "The lycoteuthid genus Oregoniateuthis Voss, 1956, a syn- onym of Lycoteuthis Pfeffer, 1900 (Cephalopoda: Teuthoidea)." Proceed- ings of the Biological Society of Washington 96(3) (1983) :365-69. Williams, Austin B. "Revision of the genus Latreillia Roux (Brachyura: Homoloidea)." Quaderni del Laboratorio de Tecnologia della Pesca 3(2-5) (1982) :227-55. . "Citation Classic. Marine Decapod Crustaceans of the Carolinas. Tish. Bull. 65:1-298. 1965." Current Contents 14(17) :20. Philadelphia, 1983. Department of Mineral Sciences Almohandis, A. A., and Clarke, R. S., Jr. "The South Dahna, Saudi Arabia, Iron Meteorite (Abstract)." Meteoritics 17(1982) :179-80. Appleman, D. E. "Crystal-chemical Behavior of the Cupric Ion in Basic Cop- Appendix 6. Publications of the Staff I 471 per Nitrate Minerals." Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Pro- grams 15(6). Bennett, J. T.; Krishnaswami, S.; Turekian, K. K.; Melson, W. G.; and Hop- son, C. A. "The Uranium and Thorium Decay Series Nuclides in Mt. St. Helens Effusives." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 60(1982) :61-69. Bowes, W. A.; Kutina, J.; Aaker, S. K.; Fredriksson, K.; and Golightly, D. W. "A Porphry-Type Mo-Cu Discovery at Granite Mountain, Nevada: Pre- dictions Based on Mineralogical and Geochemical Study of Zoning." Global Tectonics and Metallogeny 1 (4) (1982) . -402-39. Clarke, R. S., Jr. "Description of Iron Meteorites and Overview of Antarctic Irons." In Catalog of Meteorites from Victoria Land, Antarctica, 1978- 1980, ed. U. B. Marvin and B. Mason. Smithsonian Contributions to the Earth Sciences, no. 24(1982) :49-59. . "Meteoritic Metal from Antarctica." Antarctic Journal 16(5) (1982): 64-65. 'The Derrick Peak, Antarctica, Iron Meteorites." Meteoritics 17 (1982) :129-34. Clarke, R. S., Jr., and B. Mason. "A New Metal-Rich Mesosiderite from Antarctica, RKPA79015." Memoirs of the National Institute of Polar Re- search (Tokyo), Special Issue 25(1982) :78-85. Dodd, R. T., and Jarosewich, E. "Chemical Variations Among L-Groups Chondrites, III. Major Element Variations in L6 Chrondrites." Meteoritics 16(1981) :93-lll. . "The Compositions of Incipient Chock Melts in L6 Chondrites." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 59(1982) :355-63. Dodd, R. T.; Jarosewich, E.; and Hill, B. "Petrogenesis of Complex Veins in the Chantonay (L6F) Chondrite." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 59 (1982) :364-74. Fredriksson, K. "Chondrites are Not Metamorphic Rocks." Conference on Chondrules and Their Origins, LPI (1982) :17-18 [Extended abstract]. Fredriksson, K.; Brenner, Ph.; King-Frazier, G.; and Specht, S. "Rapid Bulk Analysis of Small Samples of Stony Meteorites, Rocks and Minerals [Abstract]." Meteoritics 17(1982) :215-16. Fredriksson, K., and Glass, B. P. "Micro-Irghizites from a Sediment Sample from the Zhamanshin Impact Structure [Extended abstract]." Lunar and Planet. Sci. XIV(1983) :209-10. Fredriksson, K.; Youngblood, E.; and Fredriksson, B. J. "The Celtic Vitrified Forts." In Petrology of Archaeological Artifacts, ed. D. R. C. Kempe and A. P. Harvey, pp. 154-70. Oxford, Clarendon Press. Fudali, R. F. "Gravity Measurements Across the Allan Hills Main Meteorite Collecting Area." Antarctic Journal of the United States 17, no. 5 (1982). Futrell, D. S., and Fredriksson, K. "Brecciated Muong Nong-Type Tektites." Meteoritics 18(1983) :15-17. Hopson, C. A., and Melson, W. "Stratigraphy of Mount St. Helens Crater Walls [Abstract]." EOS 63(45) (1982) :1144. Lonsdale, P. F.; Batiza, R.; and Simkin, T. "Metallogenesis at Seamounts on the East Pacific Rise." Marine Technical Society Journal 16(3) (1982) :54-61. Mason, B.; Berry, L. G.; and Dietrich, R. V. "Mineralogy: Concepts, Descrip- tions, Determinations." 2d ed. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman & Co., 1983. Mason, B., and Clarke, R. S., Jr. "Characterization of the 1980-81 Victoria Land Meteorite Collection." Memoirs of the National Institute of Polar Research (Tokyo), Special Issue 25(1982) :17-33. Mason, B., and Marvin, U. B. "Catalog of meteorites from Victoria Land, Antarctica, 1978-1980. Smithsonian Contributions to Earth Sciences, 24 (1982) :l-97. 472 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Mason, B., and Moore, C. B. "Principles of Geochemistry." 4th ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1982. Mason, B., and Taylor, S. R. "Inclusions in the Allende meteorite." Smith- sonian Contributions to Earth Sciences 25(1982) :l-30. Melson, W. G. "The Cyclical Nature of Explosive Volcanism: A Petrological Approach to Volcano Forecasting." In California Division of Mines and Geology Special Publication 69, "Status of Volcano Prediction and Emer- gency Response Capabilities in Volcano Hazard Zones of California," pp. 99-118. Melson, W. G., and Hopson, C. A. "Petrologic model of the 1980-82 Mt. St. Helens Magma Chamber [Abstract]." EOS 63(1982) :1144. Nakai, I., and Appleman, D. E. "Lafflttite, AgHgAsSs: Crystal Structure and Second Occurrence from the Getchell Mine, Nevada." American Mineralo- gist 68(1983) :235-44. Natland, J. H.; Adamson, A. C; Laverne, C; Melson, W. G.; and O'Hearn, T. "Compositionally Nearly Steady-State Magma Chamber at the Costa Rica Rift: Evidence from Basalt Glass and Mineral Data, Deep Sea Drilling Project Sites 501, 504, and 505." Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project 69(1983) :811-58. Pagoaga, M. K.; Stewart, J. M.; and Appleman, D. E. "Intralayer Bonding and Street Structure of Uranyl Oxide Hydrates." American Crystallo- graphic Association, Program and Abstracts 11(1983) :46. Robinson, P. T.; Melson, W. G.; O'Hearn, T.; and Schmincke, H-U. "Vol- canic Glass Compositions of the Troodos Ophiolite, Cyprus." Geology 11 (7)(1983):369-432. Simkin, T. "Volcanology : Review of 1982." Geotimes 28(1983) :39-41. Wlotzka, F.; Palme, H.; Spettel, G.; Wanke, H.; Fredriksson, K.; and Noonan, A. "Alkali Differentiation in LL-Chondrites." Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 47(1983) :743-57. Department of Paleobiology Adey, Walter H. "The Microcosm: a New Tool for Reef Research." Coral Reefs 1, no. 3 (1982) :193-201. Anastasakis, G. L., and Stanley, D. J. "Sapropels and Organic-Rich Variants in the Mediterranean: Sequence Development and Classification." London Geological Society Special Publication (1983). Behrensmeyer, A. K. "Commentary on: Parental Investment: The Hominid Adaptation." In How Humans Adapt: A Biocultural Odyssey, ed. D. J. Ortner, pp. 56-58. Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press, 1983. . "Natural Bone Distributions on Recent Land Surfaces: Implications for Archeological Site Formation." In Animals and Archeology: 1. Hunters and Their Prey, ed. J. Clutton-Brock and C. Grigson, pp. 93-106. British Archaeological Reports Series 163. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1983. . "Human Evolution and the Environments of the Plio-Pleistocene." Interim Evidence (Foundation for Research on Man Newsletter) 5, no. 1 (1983) :l-6. "Paleoenvironmental Changes Recorded in Overbank Facies of Flu- vial Systems in Northern Pakistan." [Abstract] Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 15, no. 7 (1983). Behrensmeyer, A. K., and Schindel, David. "Resolving Time in Paleobiology." Paleobiology 9, no. 1 (1983) :l-8. Benson, R. H. "Deformation, DaVinci's Concept of Form, and the Analy- sis of Events in Evolutionary History." In Palaeontology, Essential of His- torical Geology, ed. E. M. Gallitelli, pp. 241-77. Modena, Italy: Instituto di Paleontologia, Universita di Modena, 1982. Appendix 6. Publications of the Staff I 473 Benson, R. H.; Chapman, R. E.; and Siegel, A. F. "On the Measurement of Morphology and Its Change." Paleobiology 8, no 4 (1982) :328-39. Boardman, R. S. "General Features of the Stenolaemata." In Treatise on In- vertebrate Paleontology, Part G, Bryozoa, Revised, ed. R. A. Robison, pp. 49-137. Boulder, Colo., and Lawrence, Kan.: Geological Society of Amer- ica, Inc., and University of Kansas, 1983. Boardman, R. S., and Cheetham, A. H. "Glossary of Morphological Terms." In Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part C, Bryozoa, Revised, ed. R. A. Robison, pp. 304-20, Boulder, Colo., and Lawrence, Kan.: Geo- logical Society of America, Inc., and University of Kansas, 1983. Boardman, R. S.; Cheetham, A. H.; and Cook, P. L. "Introductions to the Bryozoa." In Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part C, Bryozoa, Re- vised, ed. R. A. Robison, pp. 3-48. Boulder, Colo., and Lawrence, Kan.: Geological Society of America, Inc., and University of Kansas, 1983. Burollet, P. F.; Lafitte, R.; Lazreg, H.; Movelli, C; and Stanley, D. J. "Affaire du Plateau Continental, Tunisie-Jamahiriya arabe libyenne. Etude scien- tifique de memoire libyen et son annexe II." Contre-Memoire, Couverne- ment de la Republique Ti4nisienne, International Court of Justice. The Hague: International Court of Justice, 1982. Buzas, M. A. "Regulation of Foraminiferal Densities by Predation in the Indian River, Florida." Journal of Foraminiferal Research 12, no. 1 (1982) : 66-71. Buzas, M. A., and Culver, S. J. "Biogeography of Modern Benthic Foramini- fera." In Foraminifera Notes for a Short Course Organized by M. A. Buzas and B. K. Sen Gupta, ed. T. W. Broadhead, pp. 90-106. University of Tennessee Studies in Geology 6, Knoxville, 1982. Buzas, M. A.; Koch, C. F.; Culver, S. J.; and Sohl, N. F. "On the Distribu- tion of Species Occurrence." Paleobiology 8, no. 2 (1982) :143-50. Cheetham, A. H. "Patterns of Morphologic Change in Late Tertiary Cheilo- stome Bryozoans from the Dominican Republic: Metrarabdotos Revisited." [Abstract] International Bryozoology Association, Sixth International Con- ference, University of Vienna, Austria: 1983. Cheetham, A. H., and Cook, P. 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Biological Society of Washington, Pro- ceedings 96, no. 1 (1983) : 178-80. Hueber, F. M. "A New Species of Baragwanathia from the Sextant Formation (Emsian) Northern Ontario, Canada." Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 86, nos. 1-2 (1983) -.57-79, 49 figs. . "A New Fern from the Tournaisian of North Queensland, Australia." [Abstract] European Paleobotanical Conference, Montpellier, France: Ab- stracts of Papers (1983) :20. Jarosewich, Eugene, and Macintyre, I. G. "Carbonate Reference Samples for Electron Microprobe and Scanning Electron Microscope Analyses." Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 53, no. 2 (1983) -.677-78. Eighty, R. G.; Macintyre, I. G.; and Stuckenrath, Robert. "Acropora palmata Reef Framework: A Reliable Indicator of Sea Level in the Western Atlantic for the Past 10,000 Years." Coral Reefs 1, no. 2 (1982) :125-30. Macintyre, I. G. "Growth, Depositional Facies, and Diagenesis of a Modern Bioherm, Galeta Point, Panama." 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[Foreword] The Japanese Crane, Birds of Happiness, by Dorothy Britton and Tsuneo Hayashida. Tokyo: Kodansha International, 1981. . "Joshua Taylor 'A Museum Is a Bridge That Should be Well- Traveled.' " ARTnews 80(6) (1981) :119. "Occurrence of Surf Scoter in Penobscot Bay, Maine." American Birds 37(1) (1983) :121. "Tibet: The High and Fragile Land Behind the Ranges." Smithsonian 11(10) (1981) :97-105. [Foreword] How Humans Adapt, A Biocultural Odyssey, ed. Donald J. Ortner. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1983. . "Yellow-collared Macaw in Fort Lauderdale." Florida Field Naturalist 10(1982) :59. [Review] Birds in Medieval Manuscripts, by Brunsdon Yapp. Ameri- can Scientist 70(1982) :636-37. Ripley, S. D., and Hadden, Don. "A New Subspecies of Zoothera (Aves: Muscicapidae: Turdinae) from the Northern Solomon Islands." Journal of the Yamashina Institute for Ornithology 14(2/3) (1982) :103-7. Springer, V. G. "Explorations for Coral Reef Fishes in the Molucca Islands, Indonesia." National Geographic Society Research Reports 14 (1982) :631- 33. . "Pacific Plate Biogeography, with Special Reference to Shorefishes." Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, no. 367. Washington, D.C: Smith- sonian Institution Press, 1982. Thorington, R. W., Jr. [Review] Mammalian Biology in South America, ed. M. A. Mares and H. H. Genoways. Science 221(1983) :49-50. 478 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Thorington, R. W., Jr.; Tannenbaum, B.; Tarak, A.; and Rudran, R. "Dis- tribution of Trees on Barro Colorado Island: A Five Hectare Sample." In The Ecology of a Tropical Forest, ed. E. C. Leigh, Jr.; A. 5. Rand; and D. M. Windsor, pp. 83-94. Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982. Vari, Richard P. "Curimatopsis myersi, a New Curimatid Characiform Fish (Pisces: Characiformes) from Paraquay." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 95(4) (1982) :788-92. . "Systematics of the Neotropical Characoid genus Curimatopsis (Pisces: Characoidei)." Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, no. 373. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982. . "The Seahorses (Subfamily Hippocampinae)." In Fishes of the West- ern North Atlantic, vol. 8, ed. J. E. Bohlke, pp. 178-89, 1982. -. "Phylogenetic Relationships of the Families Curimatidae, Prochilo- dontidae, Anostomidae and Chilodontidae (Pisces: Characiformes)." Smith- sonian Contributions to Zoology, no. 378. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1983. Wassersug, Richard J., and Heyer, W. Ronald. "Morphological Correlates of Subaerial Existence in Leptodactylid Tadpoles Associated with Flowing Water." Canadian Journal of Zoology 61(4)(1983) :761-69. Weitzman, Stanley. "Fluviphylax pygmaeus, a Miniature Killifish from Tropi- cal South American Freshwaters." Journal of the American Killifish Asso- ciation 15(5) (1982) :190-200. Wood, D. Scott; Zusi, Richard L.; and Jenkinson, Marion Anne. "World In- ventory of Avian Skeletal Specimens, 1982." Norman, Okla. : American Ornithologists' Union and Oklahoma Biological Survey, 1982. . "World Inventory of Avian Specimens, 1982." Norman, Okla.: American Ornithologists' Union and Oklahoma Biological Survey, 1982. Zug, George R. "Pacific Herpetology: Some Recent Books." Herpetologica 38(3) (1982) :445-46. . "Searching for Hidden Animals. An Inquiry into Zoological Mys- teries." [Review] Crypfozoo/ogj/ 1(1973) :84-85. Zug, George R.; Barber, Margaret; and Dudley, Joan. "Gonadal Histology and Reproduction in Carlia bicarinata (Scincidae, Sauria, Reptilia) of Port Moresby Area, Papua New Gunea." Herpetologica 38(3)(1982) :418-25. Zug, George R.; Wynn, Addison H.; and Ruckdeschel, Carol. "Age Estimates of Cumberland Island Loggerhead Sea Turtles." Marine Turtle News. 25(1983) :9-ll. Zusi, Richard L.; Wood, D. Scott; and Jenkinson, Marion Anne. "Remarks on a World-wide Inventory of Avian Anatomical Specimens." The Auk 99(4) (1982) :740-57. Handbook of North American Indians Brugge, David M.; Goddard, R. H. Ives, III; and de Reuse, Willem J. "Syn- onymy" in the chapter "Navajo Prehistory and History to 1850." In South- west, ed. Alfonso Ortiz. Handbook of North American Indians 10:496-98. W. Sturtevant, gen. ed. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution, 1983. de Reuse, Willem J. "Synonymy" in the chapter "The Apachean Culture Pat- tern and its Origins." In Southwest, ed. Alfonso Ortiz. Handbook of North American Indians 10:385-92. W. Sturtevant, gen. ed. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution, 1983. Sturtevant, William C, gen. ed. Southwest. Alfonso Ortiz, vol. ed. Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 10. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Insti- tution, 1983. Appendix 6. Publications of the Staff I 479 Smithsonian Oceanographic Sorting Center Hendler, G. "The Feeding Biology of Ophioderma brevispinum (Echino- dermata: Ophiuroidea)." In J. M. Lawrence, ed.. Proceedings of the Inter- national Echinoderms Conference — Tampa Bay, pp. 21-27. Rotterdam: A. A. Balkema, 1982. . "Slow Flicks Show Star Tricks: Elapsed-time Analysis of Basketstar (Astrophyton muricatum) Feeding Behavior." Bulletin of Marine Science 32(1982) :909-18. . "An Echinoderm Vitellaria with a Bilateral Larval Skeleton: Evi- dence for the Evolution of Ophiuroid Vitellariae from Ophioplutei." Bio- logical Bulletin 163(1982) :431-37. Landrum, B. J. "Processing and Systematic Analysis of Antarctic Collections." Antarctic Journal of the U.S. 1982 Review 17(5) (1982) :259. Menez, E., and Calumpong, H. "The Genus Caulerpa from Central Visayas, Philippines." Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences, no. 17. Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982. . "Thalassodendron ciliatum: An Unreported Seagrass in the Philip- pines." Micronesia 18(2) (1983) :103-11. Smithsonian Marine Station at Link Port Barnard, J. Laurens, and Thomas, J. D. "The Transformation of the Leu- cothoides Morphology into the Anamixis Morphology." Journal of Crusta- cean Biology 3(1) (1983) :154-57. Buzas, M. A., and Severin, K. P. "Distribution and Systematics of Foramini- fera in the Indian River, Florida." Smithsonian Contributions to Marine Science, no. 16. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press. Factor, J. R. "Development and Metamorphosis of the Feeding Apparatus of the Stone Crab, Menippe mercenaria (Brachyura: Xanthidae)." Journal of Morphology 172(3) (1982) :299-312. Fauchald, Kristian. "Life Diagram Patterns in Benthic Polychaetes." Proceed- ings of the Biological Society of Washington 97(1) (1983) :160-77. Gore, R. H. "Porcellanid Crabs from the Pacific and Atlantic Coasts of Cen- tral America (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura.)" Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, no. 363. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press. . "The Identity of Petrolisthes marginatus Stimpson 1859 and the De- scription of Petrolisthes dissimulatus sp. nov. (Crustacea: Decapoda: Porcel- lanidae." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 96(1)(1982): 89-102. Gore, R. H., and Scotto, L. E. "Studies on Decapod Crustacea from the Indian River Region of Florida. XXV. Carapacial and Abdominal Allometry in Five Species of Subtropical Parthenopid Crabs (Brachyura: Parthenopi- dae)." Crustaceana 44(1) (1982) :l-22. . "Cyclograpsus integer H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Brachyura, Grapsi- dae) : The Complete Larval Development in the Laboratory, with Notes on Larvae of the Genus Cyclograpsus. Fishery Bulletin, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 80(3) (1982) :501-21. "Studies on Decapod Crustacea from the Indian River Region of Florida. XXVII. Phimochirus holthuisi (Provenzano, 1961) (Anomura: Pagu- ridae) : The Complete Larval Development Under Laboratory Conditions, and the Systematic Position of Its Larvae." Journal of Crustacean Biology 3(1)(1981):93-116. Gore, R. H.; Scotto, L. E.; and Reed, John K. "Early Larval Stages of the Indo-Pacific Coral Gall-Forming Crab Hapalocarcinus marsupialis Stimp- son, 1859 (Brachyura: Hapalocarcinidae) Cultured in the Laboratory" Crus- taceana 44(2) (1982) :141-50. 480 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Gore, Robert H.; Scotto, L. E.; and Yang, Won Tack. "Microphrys hicornutus (Latreille, 1825) : The Complete Larval Development Under Laboratory Con- ditions with Notes on Other Mithracine Larvae (Decapoda: Brachyura: Majidae)." Journal of Crustacean Biology 2(4) (1982) :514-34. Hines, A. H. "Allometric Constraints and Variables of Reproductive Effort of Brachyuran Crabs." Marine Biology 69(1982) :309-20. Miller, John E., and Pawson, David L. "Holothurians (Echinodermata: Holo- thuroidea)." Memoirs of the Hourglass Cruises 7(1) (1983) :l-79. Pawson, David L., and Miller, John E. "Studies of Genetically Controlled Phenotypic Characters in Laboratory Reared Lytechinus variegatus (La- marck) (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) from Bermuda and Florida. In Echino- derms: Proceedings of the International Conference, Tampa Bay, 1981, ed. John L. Lawrence, pp. 165-71. Balkema, Rotterdam, 1983. Pawson, David L.; Miller, John E.; and Hoskin, C. M. "Distribution of Holothuria lentiginosa endois Miller and Pawson in Relation to a Deep Water Oculina coral Reef off Fort Pierce, Florida." In Echinoderms: Pro- ceedings of the International Conference, Tampa Bay, 1981, ed. John L. Lawrence. Balkema, Rotterdam, 1983. Rice, Mary E. "Sipuncula Oogenesis, Oviposition, and Oosorption." In Repro- ductive Biology of Invertebrates, vol. I, ed. K. G. Adiyodi and R. G. Adiyodi, pp. 283-96. London: John Wiley and Sons, 1982. Rice, Mary E.; Piraino, Julianne; and Reichardt, Hugh F. "Observations on the Ecology and Reproduction of the Sipunculan Phascolion cryptus in the Indian River Lagoon." Florida Scientist 46(3/4) (1983) :382-96. Ruppert, Edward E., and Rice, Mary E. "Structure, Ultrastructure, and Func- tion of the Terminal Organ of a Pelagosphera Larva (Sipuncula)." Zoo- morphology 102(1983) :143-63. Winston, Judith E. "Marine Bryozoans (Ectoprocta) of the Indian River Area (Florida)." Bulletin of American Museum of Natural History 173(2)(1982) : 100-176. Office of Biological Conservation Ayensu, Edward S. [Introduction] Medicinal Plants of North Africa, by L. Boulos. Algonac, Mich.: Reference Publications, Inc., 1983. . "Food, Energy and Technology: Perspectives from Developing Coun- tries." In How Humans Adapt: A Biocultural Odyssey, ed. D. Ortner, pp. 263-87. Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press, 1983. "Arte Creado por la Naturaleza en la Corteza del Eucalipto." Ceo- mundo (February 1983) : 158-63. "Technological Innovations and the Third World Nations." In New Frontiers in Technology Application, ed. E. U. von Weizsacker; M. S. Swaminanthan; and A. Lemma, pp. 21-27. Dublin, Ireland: Tycooly Inter- national Publishing, Ltd., and United Nations, 1983. Myers, N., and Ayensu, Edward S. "Reduction of Biological Diversity and Species Loss." Amhio 12(2) (1983) :72-74. SMITHSONIAN ASTROPHYSICAL OBSERVATORY Aaronson, M.; Huchra, J.; Mould, J.; Tully, R. B.; Fisher, J. R.; van Woerden, H.; Goss, W. M.; Chamaraux, P.; Mebold, U.; Siegman, B.; Berriman, G.; and Persson, S. E. "A Distance Scale from the Infrared Magnitude/ H I Velocity-Width Relation"* IV. A Catalog of Data for Nearby Galaxies." Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 50(1982) :241. Apt, J.; Carleton, N. P.; and Mackay, C. D. "Methane on Triton and Pluto: New CCD Spectra." Astrophysical Journal 270(1983) :342. Appendix 6. Publications of the Staff I 481 Araki, 5., and Lightman, A. P. "Relativistic Thermal Plasmas: Effects of Magnetic Fields." Astrophysical Journal 269(1983) :49-56. Asaro, S., and Dalgarno, A. "Stieljes-Imaging Calculations of Photodissocia- tion." Journal of Chemical Physics 78(1983) :200-205. Avni, Y., and Tananbaum, H. "On the Cosmological Evolution of the X-Ray Emission from Quasars." Astrophysical Journal (Letters) 262(1982) :L17. Baliunas, 5. L.; Blair, W. P.; and Guinan, E. F. "Observations of the RS CVn Star HD 26337 with the International Ultraviolet Explorer Satellite." Information Bulletin on Variable Stars 2323(1983). Baliunas, S. L.; Dupree, A. K.; and Guinan, E. F. "Lambda Andromedae." lAU Circular No. 3772 (1983). Baliunas, S. L.; Hartmann, L.; and Dupree, A. K. "Chromospheric and Cor- onal Emissions from the Giant Stars in the Hyades Cluster." Astrophysical Journal 271(1983) :672-80. Bartel, N.; Shapiro, I. I.; Corey, B. E.; Marcaide, J. M.; Rogers, A. E. E.; Whitney, A. R.; Cappallo, R. J.; Graham, D. A.; Romney, J. D.; and Preston, R. A. "Nucleus of M81: Simultaneous 2.3 and 8.3 GHz Mark III VLBI Observations." Astrophysical Journal 262(1982) :556. Bautz, M.; Howe, S.; Gorecki, A.; Lang, F.; Levine, A.; Primini, F. A.; and Lewin, W. H. G. "High-Energy X-Ray Observations of Vela X-1." Astro- physical Journal 266(1983) :794. Bechtold, J.; Forman, W.; Giacconi, R.; Jones, C; Schwarz, J.; Tucker, W.; and Van Speybroeck, L. "The X-Ray Morphology of Abell 1367." Astro- physical Journal 265(1983) :26-34. Beers, T. C; Huchra, J.; and Geller, M. J. "Galaxy Clusters with Multiple Components II. All5." Astrophysical Journal 264(1983) :356. Benson, P. J., and Myers, P. C. "Dense Cores in Dark Clouds. IV. HCbN Observations." Astrophysical Journal 270(1983) :589-604. Bienstock, S., and Dalgarno, A. "Mutual Neutralization and Chemi-Ioniza- tion Collisions of Lithium and Fluorine." Journal of Chemical Physics 78 (1983) :224-28. Bienstock, S.; Heil, T. G.; and Dalgarno, A. "Charge Transfer of O** Ions in Collisions with Atomic Hydrogen." Physical Review A 27(1983) :2741 — 42. Blair, W. P.; Kirshner, R. P.; and Winkler, P. F. "The Extraordinary Extra- galactic Supernova Remnant in NGC 4449: II. X-Ray and Optical Investi- gations." Astrophysical Journal 272(1983) :84-91. Blair, W. P.; Raymond, J. C; and Dupree, A. K. "Observations of the May 1979 Outburst of Centaurus X-4." In Advances in Ultraviolet Astronomy: Four Years of lUE Research, NASA Conference Publication 2238, ed. Y. Kondo, J. M. Mead, and R. D. Chapman, p. 558. Washington, D.C.: Na- tional Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1982. Bothun, G. D.; Geller, M. J.; Beers, T. C; and Huchra, J. P. "The Cancer Cluster: An Unbound Collection of Groups." Astrophysical Journal 268 (1983) :47. Brault, J. W., and Noyes, R. W. [Abstract] "Magnetically-Sensitive Solar Emission Lines near 12 Microns." Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society 15(1983) :702. . "Solar Emission Lines Near 12 Microns." Astrophysical Journal (Let- ters) 269(1983) :L61. Brown, J. M.; Schubert, J. E.; Evenson, K. M.; and Radford, H. E. "The Far- Infrared Spectrum of the OH Radical." Astrophysical Journal 258(1982): 899-903. 482 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Cassinelli, J. P.; Hartmann, L.; Sanders, W. T.; Dupree, A. K.; and Myers, R. W. "Simultaneous X-Ray and Ultraviolet Observations of e Ori and K Ori." Astrophysical Journal 268(1983) :205. Cawley, M. F.; Clear, J.; Fegan, D. J.; Gibbs, K.; Porter, N. A.; and Weekes, T. C. "The Whipple Observatory Camera for High Energy Gamma Ray Astronomy." In Proceedings of the International Workshop on Very High Energy Gamma Ray Astronomy, ed. P. V. Ramana Murthy and T. C. Weekes, pp. 292-94. Bombay, India: Tata Institute of Fundamental Re- search, 1982. Chaffee, F., and Latham, D. W. "An Image Stacker for High Resolution Spec- troscopy on the Multiple Mirror Telescope." Publications of the Astro- nomical Society of the Pacific 94(1982) :386-89. Chaffee, F. H., Jr.; Weymann, R. J.; Latham, D. W.; and Strittmatter, P. A. "High Resolution Spectroscopy of Selected Absorption Lines Toward Quasi-Stellar Objects I: Las Toward PHL 957." Astrophysical Journal 267 (1982) :12-15. Chaffee, F. H., Jr.; Weymann, R. J.; Latham, D. W.; Wyatt, W. F.; and Field, G. B. [Abstract] "High Resolution Spectroscopy of the High Redshift QSO 1159+124." Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society 14(1982) :908. Chaffee, F. H., Jr., and White, R. E. "A Survey of Interstellar Neutral Potas- sium I. Abundances and Physical Conditions in Clouds toward 188 Early- Type Stars." Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 50 (1982) :169-98. Chance, K. V., and Traub, W. A. "Q Branches in the Rotational Spectrum of HOCl." Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer 29(1983) :81-84. . "The Torsional Spectrum of Chlorine Nitrate." Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy 92(1982) :306-12. Collura, A.; Serio, S.; Sciortino, S.; Vaiana, G. S.; Harnden, F. R., Jr.; Max- son, C. W.; and Rosner, R. [Abstract] "Variable X-Ray Emission from Early-Type Stars." Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society 14(1982) : 945., Cooper, D. L. "Ab Initio Spin-Orbit Coupling Constants for Potential Exotic Interstellar Molecules." Astrophysical Journal 265(1983) :808. . "Spin-Orbit Coupling and Spin Splitting in HeNe*." Journal of Chemical Physics 76(1982) :6443-44. "Spin-Orbit Coupling Constants for the ^E States of CH3O and CHaF*." journal of Chemical Physics 76(1982) :2765-66. -. "Spin Splitting in the X^2;+ State of MgH." Journal of Chemical Physics 76(1982) :3692-93. Cooper, D. L.; Black, J. H.; Everard, M. A. L.; and Richards, W. G. "A Theoretical Study of AlH*: Spin Splitting, Core Polarization and Inter- stellar Chemistry." Journal of Chemical Physics 78(1983) :1371. Cooper, D. L.; Hutson, J. M.; and Uzer, T. "Accidental Predissociation in Lithium Dimer: A Theoretical Investigation." Chemical Physics Letters 86 (1982) : 472-76. Cooper, D. L.; Stutchbury, N. C. J.; and Richards, W. G. "Spin-Orbit Cou- pling Interaction in the ''■*-^n Phosphorescence of Formaldehyde." Journal of Chemical Physics 76(1982) :4671-72. Cooper, D. L., and Wilson, S. "Ab Initio Calculation of Atomic Spin-Orbit Coupling Constants Using a Universal Systematic Sequence of Even- Tempered Exponential Basis Functions." Journal of Physics B Bl5(1982): 493-501. . "Ab Initio Calculation of Molecular Spin-Orbit Coupling Constants Appendix 6. Publications of the Staff I 483 Using a Universal Even-Tempered Basis Set of Exponential Functions. Journal of Chemical Physics 76(1982) :6088-90. "Universal Even-Tempered Basis Sets of Negative Molecular Ions. Journal of Chemical Physics 78(1983) :2456. -. "Universal Systematic Sequences of Even-Tempered Basis Functions in Electronic Structure Studies of Negative Ions." Journal of Chemical Physics 77(1982) :4551-54. -. "Universal Systematic Sequence of Even-Tempered Exponential Func- tions in Electronic Structure Studies." Journal of Chemical Physics 77 (1982) :5053-57. Cornell, J., and Gorenstein, P., eds. Astronomy from Space. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1983. Dalgarno, A., and Sternberg, A. "The Excitation of the Triplet Lines of O^"^ in Nebulae." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 200 (1982) :77p-80p. Daniel, R. R.; Ghosh, S. K.; Iyengar, K. V. K.; Rengarajan, T. N.; Tandon, S. N.; and Verma, R. P. "Far-Infrared Brightness Temperature at Saturn's Disc and Its Rings." Icarus 49(1982) :205. Davis, M., and Huchra, J. "A Survey of Galaxy Redshifts III. The Density Field and the Induced Gravity Field." Astrophysical Journal 254(1982) :437. Davis, M.; Huchra, J.; Latham, D.; and Tonry, J. "A Survey of Galaxy Red- shifts II. The Large Scale Space Distribution." Astrophysical Journal 253 (1982) :423. Davis, R., and Hartmann, L. "Constraints on the Inclination and Masses of the HDE 226868/Cygnus X-1 System from the Observations." Astrophysi- cal Journal 270(1983) :671-78. de Vegt, C; Kohoutek, I.; and Marsden, B. G. "Improved Orbital Elements for Periodic Comet Schorr." Astronomy and Astrophysics 114(1982) :147- 50. Donahue, R. A.; Guinan, E. F.; and McCook, G. P. "Omega Orionis." lAU Circular No. 3779, 1983. Dorren, J. D., and Guinan, E. F. [Abstract] "A Photometric and UV Spectro- scopic Study of the Remarkable G8 III-IV + sd OB Eclipsing Binary FF Aqr." Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society 14(1982) :979. . "Evidence for Starspots on Single Solar-Like Stars." Astronomical Journal 87(1982) :1546. Dorren, J. D.; Guinan, E. F.; and McCook, G. P. [Abstract] "Analysis of the Light Curves of FK Comae with the Starspot Model." Bulletin of the Amer- ican Astronomical Society 14(1982) :634. . "Observation of Rapid Changes in the Light Curves of FK Comae." Information Bulletin on Variable Stars No. 2276, 1983. [Abstract] "Rapid Evolution of the Light Curve of FK Comae." Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society 14(1982) :981. Dorren, J. D.; Guinan, E. F.; and Paczkowski, B. [Abstract] "Evolution and Analysis of the Complex Light Curves of ^ and Using the Starspot Model." Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society 14(1982) :634. Dorren, J. D.; Guinan, E. F.; and Siah, M. J. "Extreme Surface Activity on the Cool Component of the Eclipsing Binary FF Aquarii." Information Bulletin on Variable Stars No. 2305, 1983. Dorren, J. D.; Guinan, E. F.; and Sion, E. M. "An Ultraviolet Investigation of the Unusual Eclipsing Binary System FF Aqr." In Advances in UV Astron- omy: Four Years of lUE Research, NASA Conference Publication 2238, ed. Y. Kondo, J. M. Mead, and R. D. Chapman, p. 517. Washington, D.C.: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1982. Doxsey, R.; Bradt, H.; McClintock, J.; Petro, L.; Remillard, R.; Ricker, G.; Schwartz, D.; and Wood, K. "H0323+022: A Puzzling High-Latitude X- 484 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Ray/Optical/Radio Source." Astrophysical Journal (letters) 264(1983) :L43. Draine, B. T.; Roberge, W. G.; and Dalgarno, A. "Magnetohydrodynamic Shock Waves in Molecular Clouds." Astrophysical 'journal 264(1983) :485- 507. Dupree, A. K. "Contact Binary Stars." In Proceedings of lAU Colloquium No. 71, Activity in Red Dwarf Stars, ed. P. J. Byrne and M. Rodono, p. 447. Dordrecht, Holland: D. Reidel Publishing Company, 1983. . "The Ultraviolet Sky." In Astronomy from Space, ed. J. Cornell and P. Gorenstein, pp. 116-40. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1983. "Ultraviolet Spectroscopy of Galactic X-Ray Sources." In Proceed- ings of NATO Advanced Study Institute on Galactic X-Ray Sources, ed. P. W. Sanford, P. Laskarides, and J. Salton, p. 269. New York: J. Wiley, 1982. "X-Ray Observations." In Commission 36: Theory of Stellar Atmos- pheres, lAU Transactions XVlllA, p. 492. Dordrecht, Holland: D. Reidel Publishing Company, 1983. Dupree, A. K., and Raymond, J. C. "Discovery of Highly Ionized Species in the Ultraviolet Spectrum of Feige 24." Astrophysical Journal (Letters) 263 (1982) :L63. Dupree, A. K., and Rosner, R. [Abstract] "Chromospheres and Coronae of Cool Stars." Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society 14(1982) :864. Einasto, J.; Corwin, H., Jr.; Huchra, J.; Miller, R. H.; and Tarenghy, M. "Local Cells of the Universe: Two Voids of Diameter 200 Mpc." In High- lights of Astronomy, ed. R. West, vol. 6, pp. 757-60. Dordrecht, Holland: D. Reidel Publishing Company, 1983. Elvis, M. "Quasars: Searching out the Smallest and Nearest." Nature 302 (5910)(1983):661. Elvis, M.; Briel, U.; and Henry, J. P. "Extended Soft X-Ray Emission from NGC 4151." Astrophysical Journal 268(1983) :105. Elvis, M.; Soltan, A.; and Keel, W. [Abstract] "Very Low Luminosity Active Galaxies and the X-Ray Background." Bulletin of the American Astro- nom.ical Society 14(4) (1982) :933. Everhart, E., and Marsden, B. G. "New Original and Future Orbits." 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[Astronomical Scrapbook] "Ancient Egyptian Sky Magic." Sky and Telescope 65(1983) :418-20. -. [Astronomical Scrapbook] "The Great Comet and the Carte." Sky and Telescope 64(1982) :237-39. [Astronomical Scrapbook] "The Great Comet that Never Came." Sky and Telescope 65(1983) :124-26. [Astronomical Scrapbook] "Ptolemy and the Maverick Motion of Mercury." Sky and Telescope 66(1983) :11-13. -. [Astronomical Scrapbook] "The Tower of the Winds and the Gre- gorian Calendar." Sky and Telescope 64(1982) :530-33. "Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin." Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astro- nomical Society 23(1982) :450-51. . "The Civil Reception of the Gregorian Calendar." In Gregorian Re- 486 / Smithsonian Year 1983 form of the Calendar, Proceedings of the Vatican Conference to Com- memorate its 400th Anniversary 1582-1982, ed. G. V. Coyne, M. A. Hoskin, and O. Pedersen, pp. 265-79. Vatican City: Pontifica Academia Scientiarum, 1983. -. [Translation] "Kepler's New Astronomy Introduction," chapters 7 and 59, and the resumes of chapters 39 and 40. In The Great Ideas Today 1983, ed. R. M. Hutchins, M. J. Adler, and J. Van Doren, pp. 306-41. Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1983. [Laboratory Exercise in Astronomy] "The Orbit of Mars." Sky and Telescope 66(1983) :300-302. 'Let There Be Light: Modern Cosmogony and Biblical Creation." In Is Cod a Creationist?, ed. R. Frye, pp. 119-37. New York: Charles Scrib- ner's Sons, 1983. "Ptolemy, Copernicus, and Kepler." In The Great Ideas Today 1983, ed. R. M. Hutchins, M. J. Adler, and J. Van Doren, pp. 137-80. Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1983. -. "Radio Astronomy and the Nature of Science." In The Early Years of Radio Astronomy, ed. W. T. Sullivan, pp. 399-407. London: Cambridge University Press, 1983. Gingerich, O., and Tresch-Feinberg, R. [Laboratory Exercise in Astronomy] "The Rotation of the Sun." Sky and Telescope 64(1982) :433-38. Gingerich, O., and Welther, B. "Planetary, Lunar and Solar Positions A.D. 1650-A.D. 1800." Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 59S (1983). Gioia, I. M.; Feigelson, E.; Maccacaro, T.; Schild, R.; and Zamorani, G. "VLA Observations of a Complete Sample of Extragalactic X-Ray Sources. II." Astrophysical Journal 271(1983) :524-30. Gioia, I. M.; Gregorini, L.; and Klein, U. "High Frequency Radio Continuum Observations of Bright Spiral Galaxies." Astronomy and Astrophysics 116 (1982) :164. Gioia, I. M.; Maccacaro, T.; Schild, R.; and Zamorani, G. [Abstract] "VLA Observation of X-Ray Selected AGNs and Cluster of Galaxies." Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society 14(1982) :910. Golub, L.; Harnden, F. R., Jr.; Maxson, C. W.; Rosner, R.; Vaiana, G. S.; Cash, W., Jr.; and Snow, T. P., Jr. "Einstein Observations of X-Ray Emission from A Stars." Astrophysical Journal 271(1983) :264-70. Golub, L.; Rosner, R.; Vaiana, G. S.; Zombeck, M. V.; Spiller, E.; and Wilczynski, J. [Abstract] "A Normal Incidence X-Ray Telescope for Solar Studies." Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society 14(1982) :976. Gorecki, A.; Levine, A. M.; Bautz, M.; Lang, F. L.; Primini, F. A.; Lewin, W. H. G.; Baity, W. A.; Gruber, D. E; and Rothschild, R. E. "HEAO-1 Observations of the Long-Term Variability of Hercules X-1." Astrophysical Journal 256(1982) :234. Gorenstein, M. V.; Shapiro, I. I.; Cohen, N. L.; Corey, B. E.; Falco, E. E.; Marcaide, J. M.; Rogers, A. E. E.; Whitney, A. R.; Porcas, R. W.; Preston, R. A.; and Ruis, A. "Detection of a Compact Radio Source near the Center of a Gravitational Lens: Quasar Image or Galactic Core?" Science 219(1983) :54-56. Gorenstein, P. "X-Rays Beyond the Milky Way." In Astronomy from Space, ed. J. Cornell and P. Gorenstein, pp. 171-92. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1983. Gorenstein, P.; Fabricant, D.; and Rosner, R. [Abstract] "Search for Effects of an Intergalactic Medium Upon the Hot Intracluster Gas of A2256." Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society 14(1982) :905. Gorenstein, P., and Mauche, C. "High Throughput Non-Dispersive Hard Appendix 6. Publications of the Staff I 487 X-Ray Spectrograph with Angular Resolution for Cosmic Bursts, Tran- sients, and Sources." IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science NS-30(1983) : 491-98. Gorham, P. W.; Stenger, V. J.; and Weekes, T. C. "Very High Energy Gamma Ray Observations on SS433." In Proceedings of the International Workshop on Very High Energy Camma Ray Astronomy, ed. P. V. Ramana Murthy and T. C. Weekes, p. 288. Bombay, India: Tata Institute of Funda- mental Research, 1982. Green, R. F.; Bechtold, J.; Weymann, R. J.; and Chaffee, F. H. Jr. [Abstract] "Optical High Resolution and lUE Spectroscopy of Two Absorption Sys- tems toward QSO PG 1634+706." "Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society 14(1982) :908-9. Grossi, M. D. "Limitations Imposed by Ionospheric Turbulence on Satellite- to-Satellite Doppler Measurement Accuracy." 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Quezon: Manila Marine Ser- vice Center, University of the Philippines, 1981. Moore-Landecker, E., and Shropshire, W., Jr. "Effects of Aeration and Light Appendix 6. Publications of the Staff I 501 on Apothecia, Sclerotia, and Mycelial Growth in the Discomycete Pyronema domesticum." Mycologia 74(1982) :1000-13. Ohki, K., and Gantt, E. "Functional Phycobilisomes from Tolypothrix tenuis (Cyanophyta) Grown Heterotropically in the Dark." Journal of Phycology 19(1983) :359-64. Pewe, T. L.; Dowan, D. E.; Pewe, R. H.; and Stuckenrath, R. "Glacial and Periglacial Geology of Northwest Blomsletta Peninsula, Spitsbergen, Sval- bard." Skrifter Nr. 177. Oslo: Norsk Polarinstitutt, 1982. Redlinger, T., and Gantt, E. "A Mr 95,000 Polypeptide in Porphyridium cruen- tum Phycobilisomes and Thylakoids: Possible Function in Linkage of Phy- cobilisomes to Thylakoids and in Energy Transfer." Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 79(1982) :5542-46. Rowan, D. R.; Pewe, T. L.; Pewe, R. H.; and Stuckenrath, R. "Holocene Glacial Geology of the Svea Lowland, Spitzbergen, Svalbard." Geografiska Annaler 64A(1982) :35-51. Sager, J. C.; Edwards, J. L.; and Klein, W. H. "Light Energy Utilization Effi- ciency for Photosynthesis." In Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers 25, no. 6 (1982) :1737-46. St. Joseph, Mich. Shaw, N., and Harding, R. W. "Calcium Inhibition of a Heat-Stable Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterase from Neurospora crassa." Federation of Euro- pean Biochemical Societies Letters 152(1983) :295-99. Simpson, R. L.; Good, R. E.; Leek, M. A.; and Whigham, D. F. "The Ecology of Freshwater Tidal Wetlands." BioScience 33(1983) :255-59. Smith, H., and Holmes, M. G., eds. Techniques in Photomorphogenesis. Lon- don: Academic Press, 1983. Tanaka, O.; Cleland, C. F.; and Ben-Tal, Y. "Effect of Ferricyanide, Ferro- cyanide and KCN on Growth and Flowering in the Short-Day Plant Lemna paucicostata 6746." Plant and Cell Physiology 24(1983) :705-ll. Whigham, D. F. "Wetlands of the World: The Long Wetland." The Geo- graphical Magazine (May 1983) :240-44. Whigham, D. F., and Simpson, R. L. "Germination and Dormancy Studies of Pontederia cordata." Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 108(1982) :524- 28. SMITHSONIAN TROPICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE Ackerman, James D.; Mesler, Michael R.; Lu, Karen L.; and Montalvo, Arlee M. "Food foraging behavior of male euglossini (Hymenoptera: Apidae) : vagabonds or trapliners?" Biotropica 14(4) (1982) :241-48. Ackerman, James D. "Euglossine bee pollination of the orchid, Cochleanthes lipscomhiae: a food source mimic." American Journal of Botany 70(6) (1983) :830-34. . "Diversity and seasonality of male euglossine bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Central Panama." Ecology 64(2) (1983) :274-83. Andrews, Robin M., and Rand, A. Stanley. "Seasonal breeding and long- term population fluctuations in the lizard Anolis limifrons." In The Ecology of a Tropical Forest. Seasonal Rhythms and Long-term Changes, ed. Leigh, Egbert G., Jr.; Rand, A. Stanley; and Windsor, Donald M., pp. 404-12. Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982. . "Limited dispersal of juvenile Anolis limifrons." Copeia 2(1983) :429- 34. Augspurger, Carol K. "Offspring recruitment around tropical trees : changes in cohort distance with time." Oikos 40(2) (1983) :189-96. Ayarza, R., Carlos J. "Estudio de la dinamica de poblacion de Coragyps atratus (Aves : Cathartidae) en las provincias de Panama y Colon, Repiiblica de Panama." Thesis, University of Panama, 1982. 502 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Barclay, Robert M. R. "Echolocation calls of Emballonurid bats from Pan- ama." Journal of Comparative Physiology 151(4)(1983) :515-20. Bailey, T. G., and Robertson, D. Ross. "Organic and caloric levels of fish feces in relation to its consumption by reef fishes." Marine Biology 69 (1982):45-50. Benalcazar, Cesar E., and Silva de Benalcazar, Fabiola. "Display of the Andean cock-of-the-rock." In The Cotingas, ed. David Snow, pp. 178-82. London: British Museum (Natural History), 1982. Bertness, Mark D. "Shell utilization, predation pressure, and thermal stress in Panamanian hermit crabs: an interoceanic comparison." Journal of Ex- perimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 64(2)(1982) :159-87. Brokaw, Nicholas V. L. "Treefalls: frequency, timing and consequences." In The Ecology of a Tropical Forest. Seasonal Rhythms and Long-term Changes, ed. Leigh, Egbert G., Jr.; Rand, A. Stanley; and Windsor, Don- ald M., pp. 101-8. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982. Bucher, Theresa L., and Worthington, Andrea. "Nocturnal hypothermia and oxygen consumption in manakins." The Condor 84(3) (1982) :327-31. Burghardt, Gordon M., and Rand, A. Stanley, eds. Iguanas of the World; their behavior, ecology and conservation. Park Ridge, N.J.: Noyes Publica- tions, 1982. Caceres C., Dalys Graciela, and Castillo, Paulina del Carmen. "Estudio de la relacion interespecifica entre los insectos de la sub-familia Cassidinae, familia Chrysomelidae y la planta Batatilla amerilla (Merremia umbellata, Hallier) de la familia Convolvulaceae." Thesis, University of Panama, 1982. Caldwell, Gloria Sullivan, and Rubinoff, Roberta Wolff. "Avoidance of ven- omous sea snakes by naive herons and egrets." The Auk, 100(1) (1983) : 195-98. Chang, Jose Carlos, and Solis D. Abby Elcebir. "Variacion en la comunidad de zooplancton en el Golfo de Panama." Thesis, University of Panama, 1982. Clayton, William S., Jr., and Lasker, Howard R. "Effects of light and dark treatments on feeding by the reef coral Pocillopora damicornis (Linnaeus)." Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 63(3) (1982) :269-79. Coley, Phyllis D. "Rates of herbivory on different tropical trees." In The Ecology of a Tropical Forest. Seasonal Rhythms and Long-term Changes, ed. Leigh, Egbert G., Jr.; Rand, A. Stanley; and Windsor, Donald M., pp. 123-32. Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982. Cooke, Richard G. "Current Research: Lower Central America, Panama." American Antiquity 48(1) (1983) :177-78. Cooke, Richard, and Rovira, Beatriz Elena. "Hisorical archaeology in Panama City." Archaeology 36(2)(1983) :51-57. De Alba, Georgina A., and Rubinoff, Roberta W., eds. Evolucion en los Tropi- cos. Publicaciones Selectas del Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute. Panama: Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute and Editorial Universi- taria, 1982. DeLong, Dwight M., and Wolda, Henk. "New species of Curtara, Polana and Acuera (Homoptera: Cicadellidae, Gyponinae) from Panama, Peru, Bolivia, and Venezuela." Entomologica Scandinavica 13(1982) :301-11. . "New species of Gyponana (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) from Panama and Mexico." Entolomogical News 93(1) (1982) :12-14. Dietrich, William E.; Windsor, Donald M.; and Dunne, Thomas. "Geology, climate and hydrology of Barro Colorado Island." In The Ecology of a Tropical Forest. Seasonal Rhythms and Long-term Changes, ed. Leigh, Egbert G., Jr.; Rand, A. Stanley; and Windsor, Donald M., pp. 21-46. Wash- ington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982. Appendix 6. Publications of the Staff I 503 Dressier, Robert L. "Biology of the orchid bees (Euglossini)." Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 13(1982) :373-94. . "Die Abrenzung der Gattungen im Epidendum-Komplex." Die Orchi- dee 33(1982) :177-85. "Dos Brachionidium nuevas de Panama." Orquideologia 15(1982): 152-64 (includes the English version). 'New species of Euglossa. II. (Hymenoptera : Apidae)." Revista de Biologia Tropical 30(1982) :121-29. "New species of Euglossa. III. The bursigera species group (Hymenop- tera: Apidae)." Revista de Biologia Tropical 30(1982) :131-40. 'New species of Euglossa. IV. The cordata and purpurea species groups (Hymenoptera: Apidae)." Revista de Biologia Tropical 30(1982): 141-50. "Vanda sanderiana is legal again." American Orchid Society Bulletin 51(1982) :20. Dressier, Robert L., and Williams, N. H. "Proposal for the conservation of the generic name 1770 Oncidium Swartz (Orchidaceae) with a conserved type species, Oncidium altissimum Sw." Taxon 31(1982) :752-53. Drewry, George E.; Heyer, W. Ronald; and Rand, A. Stanley. "A functional analysis of the complex call of the frog Physalaemus pustulosus." Copeia 1982(3) (1982) :636-45. Dugan, Beverly. "A field study of the headbob displays of male green iguanas (Iguana iguana): variation in form and context." Animal Behaviour 30(2) (1982) :327-38. Dyrcz, Andrzej. "Breeding ecology of the Clay-coloured Robin Turdus grayi in lowland Panama." Ibis 125(1983) :287-304. Eberhard, William G. "Behavioral characters for the higher classification of orb-weaving spiders." Evolution 36(5) (1982) :1067-95. Eberhard, William G., and Matthews, J. "Grooming in the fly Phormia." In Insect Behavior, ed. Matthews, J. R., and Matthews, R. W., pp. 203-10. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1982. Fisk, Frank W., and Wolda, Henk. "New species of Ceratinoptera cockroaches from Panama and Costa Rica (Blattaria: Blattellidae: Plectopterinae)." Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 85(2)(1983): 286-96. Foster, Robin B. "The seasonal rhythm of fruitfall on Barro Colorado Island." In The Ecology of a Tropical Forest. Seasonal Rhythms and Long-term Changes, ed. Leigh, Egbert G., Jr.; Rand, A. Stanley; and Windsor, Donald M., pp. 151-72. Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982. . "Famine on Barro Colorado Island." In The Ecology of a Tropical Forest. Seasonal Rhythms and Long-term Changes, ed. Leigh, Egbert G., Jr.; Rand, A. Stanley; and Windsor, Donald M., pp. 201-12. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982. Foster, Robin B., and Brokaw, Nicholas V. L. "Structure and history of the vegetation of Barro Colorado Island." In The Ecology of a Tropical Forest. Seasonal Rhythms and Long-term Changes, ed. Leigh, Egbert G., Jr.; Rand, A. Stanley; and Windsor, Donald M., pp. 67-82. Washington, D.C: Smith- sonian Institution Press, 1982. Franks, Nigel. "Ecology and population regulation in the army ant Eciton burchelli." In The Ecology of a Tropical Forest. Seasonal Rhythms and Long-term Changes, ed. Leigh, Egbert G., Jr.; Rand, A. Stanley; and Wind- sor, Donald M., pp. 389-98. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982. Froehlich, Jeffry W., and Thorington, Richard W., Jr. "The genetic structure and socioecology of howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata) on Barro Colorado 504 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Island." In The Ecology of a Tropical Forest. Seasonal Rhythms and Long- term Changes, ed. Leigh, Egbert G., Jr.; Rand, A. Stanley; and Windsor, Donald M., pp. 291-305. Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982. Garces B., Humberto Arturo. "Dinamica del zooplancton limnetico en los lagos Gatiin y Bayano." Thesis, University of Panama, 1982. Garrity, S. D., and Levings, S. C. "Homing to scars as a defense against predators in the pulmonates limpet Siphonaria gigas (Gastropoda)." Marine Biology 72(3) (1983) :319-24. Garwood, Nancy C. "Seasonal rhythm of seed germination in a semideciduous tropical forest." In The Ecology of a Tropical Forest. Seasonal Rhythms and Long-term Changes, ed. Leigh, Egbert G., Jr.; Rand, A. Stanley; and Windsor, Donald M., pp. 173-85. Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institu- tion Press, 1982. Glanz, William E. "The terrestrial mammal fauna of Barro Colorado Island: censuses and long-term changes." In The Ecology of a Tropical Forest. Seasonal Rhythms and Long-term Changes, ed. Leigh, Egbert G., Jr.; Rand, A. Stanley; and Windsor, Donald M., pp. 455-68. Washington, D.C: Smith- sonian Institution Press, 1982. Glanz, William E.; Thorington, Richard W., Jr.; Giacalone-Madden, Jaclyn; and Heaney, Lawrence R. "Seasonal food use and demographic trends in Sciurus granatensis." In The Ecology of a Tropical Forest. Seasonal Rhythms and Long-term Changes, ed. Leigh, Egbert G., Jr.; Rand, A. Stanley; and Windsor, Donald M., pp. 239-52. Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institu- tion Press, 1982. Glynn, Peter W. " Acanthaster population regulation by a shrimp and a worm." In Proceedings of the 4th International Coral Reef Symposium, Manila, 1982. . "Individual recognition and phenotypic variability in Acanthaster planci (Echinodermata: Asteroidea)." Coral Reefs, 1(2) (1982) :89-94. -. "Increased survivorship in corals harboring crustacean symbionts." Marine Biology Letters 4(2) (1983) :105-111. Gonzalez C; Eric Edgardo, and Polo G., Eira Mercedes. "Efectos de la sedi- mentacion en el crecimiento de algunas especies de corales en Panama." Thesis, University of Panama, 1982. Gradwohl, Judy, and Greenberg, Russell. "The breeding season of antwrens on Barro Colorado Island." In The Ecology of a Tropical Forest. Seasonal Rhythms and Long-term Changes, ed. Leigh, Egbert G., Jr.; Rand, A. Stan- ley; and Windsor, Donald M., pp. 345-51. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982. Graham, Jeffrey B. "The transition to air breathing in fishes. II. Effects of hypoxia acclimation on the bimodal gas exchange of Ancistrus chagresi (Loricaridae)." Journal of Experimental Biology 102(1983) :157-73. Graves, John E.; Rosenblatt, Richard H.; and Somero, George N. "Kinetic and electrophoretic differentiation of lactate dehydrogenases of teleost species-pairs from the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of Panama." Evolution 37(1) (1983) :30-37. Greenfield, Michael D. "Reproductive isolation in clearwing moths (Lepidop- tera: Sesiidae) : a tropical-temperate comparison." Ecology 64(2) (1983): 362-75. . "Unsynchronized chorusing in the coneheaded Katydid Neoconoce- phalus affinis (Beauvois)." Animal Behavior 31(1)(1983) :102-12. Hay, Mark E.; Colburn, Tina_; and Downing, Daphne. "Spatial and temporal patterns in herbivory on a Caribbean fringing reef: the effects on plant distribution." Oecologia (Berlin) 58(3)(1983) :299-308. Appendix 6. Publications of the Staff I 505 Handler, Gordon, and Meyer, David L. "An association of a polychaete, Branchiosyllis exilis with a ophiuroid, Ophiocoma echinata; in Panama." Bulletin of Marine Science 32(3) (1982) :736-44. Hoffmaster, Debra K. "Predator avoidance behaviors of five species of Pana- manian orb-weaver spiders (Araneae: Araneidae, Uloboridae)." Journal of Arachnology 10(1) (1982) :69-73. Howe, Henry F. "Fruit production and animal activity in two tropical trees." In The Ecology of a Tropical Forest. Seasonal Rhythms and Long-term Changes, ed. Leigh, Egbert G., Jr.; Rand, A. Stanley; and Windsor, Donald M., pp. 189-200. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982. Howe, Henry F., and Smallwood, Judith. "Ecology and seed dispersal." Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 13(1982) :201-28. Humphrey, Stephen R.; Bonaccorso, Frank J.; and Zinn, Terry L. "Guild structure of surface-gleaning bats in Panama." Ecology 64(2) (1983) :284-94. Johnson, L. K., and Wiemer, D.«F. "Nerol: an alarm substance of the sting- less bee, Trigona fulviventris (Hymenoptera: Apidae)." Journal of Chemical Ecology 8(9) (1982) :1167-81. Karr, James R. "Population variability and extinction in the avifauna of a tropical land bridge island." Ecology 63(6) (1982) :1975-78. Karr, James R.; Shemske, Douglas W.; and Brokaw, Nicholas V. L. "Temporal variation in the understory bird community of a tropical forest." In The Ecology of a Tropical Forest. Seasonal Rhythms and Long-term Changes, ed. Leigh, Egbert G., Jr.; Rand, A. Stanley; and Windsor, Donald M., pp. 441-54. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982. Kiester, A. Ross. "A new forest skink from Ponape." Breviora 468(1982) :1-10. Kiester, A. Ross; Schwartz, C. W.; and Schwartz, E. R. "Promotion of gene flow by transient individuals in the otherwise sedentary population of box turtles (Terrapene Carolina triunguis)." Evolution 36(3) (1982) :617-19. Kramer, Donald L. "Aquatic surface respiration in the fishes of Panama: dis- tribution in relation to risk of hypoxia." Environmental Biology of Fishes 8(1) (1983) :49-53. Leigh, Egbert G., Jr. "Introduction." In The Ecology of a Tropical Forest. Seasonal Rhythms and Long-term Changes, ed. Leigh, Egbert G., Jr.; Rand, A. Stanley; and Windsor, Donald M., pp. 11-17. Washington, D.C.: Smith- sonian Institution Press, 1982. . "Introduction: the significance of population fluctuations." In The Ecology of a Tropical Forest. Seasonal Rhythms and Long-term Changes, ed. Leigh, Egbert G., Jr.; Rand, A. Stanley; and Windsor, Donald M., pp. 435-40. Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982. "Introduction: Why are there so many kinds of tropical trees?" In The Ecology of a Tropical Forest. Seasonal Rhythms and Long-term Changes, ed. Leigh, Egbert G., Jr.; Rand, A. Stanley; and Windsor, Donald M., pp. 63-66. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982. "When does the good of the group override the advantage of the individual?" Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the U.S.A. 80(10) (1983) :2985-89. Leigh, Egbert G., Jr.; Rand, A. Stanley; and Windsor, Donald M., eds. The Ecology of a Tropical Forest. Seasonal Rhythms and Long-term Changes. Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982. Leigh, Egbert G., Jr., and Windsor, Donald M. "Forest production and regula- tion of primary consumers on Barro Colorado Island." In The Ecology of a Tropical Forest. Seasonal Rhythms and Long-term Changes, ed. Leigh, Egbert G., Jr.; Rand, A. Stanley; and Windsor, Donald M., pp. 111-122. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982. Leighton, Mark, and Leighton, Donna R. "The relationship of size of feeding 506 / Smithsonian Year 1983 aggregate to size of food patch: howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata) feeding in Trichilia cipo fruit trees on Barro Colorado Island." Biotropica 14(2) (1982) :81-90. Lessios, H. A. "Los erizos de mar panamenos, las lesiones que causan y su tratamiento." Revista Medica de Panama 8(1) (1983) :56-71. Levi, H. W.; Lubin, Y. D.; and Robinson, M. H. "Two new species of Achaea- ranea from Papua New Guinea, with notes on other theridiid spiders (Ara- neae: Theridiidae)." Pacific Insects 24(1982) :105-13. Levings, Sally C, and Windsor, Donald M. "Seasonal and annual variation in litter arthropod populations." In The Ecology of a Tropical Forest. Sea- sonal Rhythms and Long-term Changes, ed. Leigh, Egbert G., Jr.; Rand, A. Stanley; and Windsor, Donald M., pp. 355-88. Washington, D.C.: Smith- sonian Institution Press, 1982. Levings, Sally C, and Garrity, Stephen D. "Diet and tidal movement of two co-occurring neritid snails; differences in grazing patterns on a tropical rocky shore." Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 67(3) (1983) :261-78. Linares, Olga F. Comment to "Reductionism in cultural ecology: the Amazon case." Current Anthropology 23(4) (1982) :423. Lubin, Y. D. "Does the social spider, Achaearanea wau (Theridiidae), feed its young?" Z. Tierpsychol. 60(1982) :127-34. Lubin, Yael D., and Durugl, S. "Effectiveness of single-thread webs as insect traps: sticky trap models." Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society 5(9) (1982) .-399-407. Lubin, Yael D.; Opell, B. P.; Eberhard, William G.; and Levi, H. W. "Orb plus cone-webs in Uloboridae (Araneae), with a description of a new genus and four new species." Psyche 89(1-2) (1982) :29-64. Martinez, Marta Lucia. "Biologia reproductiva de Pelecanus occidentalis en relacion con el afloramiento de la Bahia de Panama." Thesis, Universidad del Valle, Colombia, 1983. McElravy, Eric P.; Wolda, Henk; and Resh, Vincent H. "Seasonality and annual variability of caddisfly adults (Trichoptera) in a "non-seasonal" tropical environment." Archiv. fur Hydrohiologie 94(3) (1982) :302-17. Mielke, Wolfgang. "Three variable Arenopontia species (Crustacea, Cope- poda) from Panama." Zoologica Scripta 11(2) (1982) :199-207. . "Two new Psammpopsyllus species (Copepoda) from the Caribbean Coast of Panama." Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment 18(1983) : 101-9. Milton, Katharine. "Dietary quality and population regulation in a howler monkey population." In The Ecology of a Tropical Forest. Seasonal Rhythms and Long-term Changes, ed. Leigh, Egbert G., Jr.; Rand, A. Stanley; and Windsor, Donald M., pp. 273-90. Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institu- tion Press, 1982. Milton, Katharine, and McBee, Richard H. "Rates of fermentation digestion in the howler monkey, Alouatta palliatta (Primates: Ceboidea)." Compara- tive Bio-chemistry and Physiology 74A(1)(1983) :29-31. Montgomery, G. Gene; Gale, N. B.; and Murdoch, W. P., Jr. "Have manatee entered the eastern Pacific Ocean?" Mammalia 46(2) (1982) :257-58. Moynihan, Martin. "Introduccion." Evolucion en los Tropicos, ed. Smith- sonian Tropical Research Institute, pp. 11-14. Panama: Smithsonian Tropi- cal Research Institute and Editorial Universitaria, 1982. . "A slight discrepancy." The American Naturalist 121(2)(1983) :301. Oppenheimer, John R. "Cebus capucinus: home range, population dynamics, and interspecific relationships." In The Ecology of a Tropical Forest. Sea- sonal Rhythms and Long-term Changes, ed. Leigh, Egbert G., Jr.; Rand, A. Appendix 6. Publications of the Staff I 507 Stanley; and Windsor, Donald M., pp. 253-72. Washington, D.C. : Smith- sonian Institution Press, 1982. Pennycuick, C. J. "Thermal soaring compared in three dissimilar tropical bird species, Fregata magnificens, Pelecanus occidentalis and Coragyps atratus." Journal of Experimental Biology 102(1983) :307-25. Platenkamp, Gert A. J. Seizoensfluctuaties in de vliegactiviteit van water- wantsen (Heteroptera: Nepomorpha) of Barro Colorado Island, Panama. Theses, Rijksuniversiteit Utrecht, 13p. [Seasonal fluctuations in flight activity of aquatic hemiptera (Heteroptera: Nepomorpha) on Barro Colo- rado Island, Panama.], 1982. Putz, Francis E., and Milton, Katharine. "Tree mortality rates on Barro Colo- rado Island." In The Ecology of a Tropical Forest. Seasonal Rhythms and Long-term Changes, ed. Leigh, Egbert G., Jr.; Rand, A. Stanley; and Windsor, Donald M., pp. 95-100. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institu- tion Press, 1982. Putz, Francis E. "Developmental morphology of Desmoncus isthmius, a climb- ing colonial, Cocosoid palm." Principes 27(1) (1983) :38-42. Rand, A. Stanley, and Rand, William M. "Variation in rainfall on Barro Colorado Island." In The Ecology of a Tropical Forest. Seasonal Rhythms and Long-term Changes, ed. Leigh, Egbert G., Jr.; Rand, A. Stanley; and Windsor, Donald M., pp. 47-60. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institu- tion Press, 1982. Rand, A. Stanley; Ryan, Michael J.; and Troyer, Katherine. "A population explosion in a tropical tree frog: Hyla rufitela on Barro Colorado Island, Panama." Biotropica 15(1)(1983) :72-73. Robbins, Robert K., and Aiello, Annette. "Foodplant and oviposition records for Panamanian Lycaenidae and Riodinidae." Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 36(2) (1982) :65-75. Roberts, Tyson R. "The Southeast Asian freshwater pufferfish genus Choner- hinos (Tetraodontidae), with descriptions of new species." Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 43(1) (1982) :1-16. . "Unculi (Horny projections arising from single cells), and adaptive feature of the epidermis of ostariophysan fishes." Zoologica Scripta 11(1) (1982) :55-76. Robertson, D. Ross, and Foster, Susan F. "Off reef emigration of young adults of the labrid fish Epibulus insidiator." Copeia (1982) -.227-29. Robertson, D. Ross; Reinboth, Rudolf; and Bruce, Robin W. "Gonochorism, protogynous sex-change and spawning in three sparisomatinine parrotfishes from the Western Indian Ocean." Bulletin of Marine Science 32(4) (1982): 868-79. Robinson, Michael H. "The philosophy and practice of environmental educa- tion in the tropics: a critical assessment." In Education for Environmental Planning and Conservation, ed. Bandhu, Desh, and Ramanathan, N. L., pp. 145-63. New Delhi: Indian Environmental Society, 1982. Roubik, David D. "Seasonality in colony food storage, brood production and adult survivorship: studies of Melipona in tropical forest (Hymenoptera: Apidae)." Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 55(4) (1982) :789-800. Roubik, David W., and Aluja, Martin. "Flight ranges of Melipona and Trigona in tropical forest." Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 56(2)(1983): 217-22. Rubinoff, Ira. "Una estrategia para conservar los bosques tropicales." Con- ciencia 9(3) (1982) :6-ll. . "Prologo." In Evolucion en los Tropicos, ed. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, pp. 9-10. Panama: Smithsonian Tropical Research Insti- tute and Editorial Universitaria, 1982. 508 / Smithsonian Year 1983 . "Tropical forests: can we afford not to give them a future?" The Ecohgist 12(6) (1982) :253-58. Russell, James K. "Timing of reproduction by coatis (Nasua narica) in rela- tion to fluctuations in food resources." In The Ecology of a Tropical Forest. Seasonal Rhythms and Long-term Changes, ed. Leigh, Egbert G., Jr.; Rand, A. Stanley; and Windsor, Donald M., pp. 413-31. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982. Ryan, Michael J. "Frequency modulated calls and species recognition in a neotropical frog." Journal of Comparative Physiology — A 150(2) (1983) : 217-21. . "Sexual selection and communication in a neotropical frog, Physalae- mus pustulosus." Evolution 37(2) (1983) :261-72. Ryan, Michael J.; Tuttle, Merlin D.; and Barclay, Robert M. R. "Behavioral responses of the frog-eating bat, Trachops cirrhosus, to sonic frequencies." Journal of Comparative Physiology 150(4) (1983) :413-18. Schemske, Douglas W. "Ecological correlates of a neotropical mutualism: ant assemblages at Costus extrafloral nectaries." Ecology 63(4) (1982) :932-41. . "Breeding system and habitat effects on fitness components in three neotropical Costus (Zingiberaceae)." Evolution 37(3) (1983) :523-39. Schneider, David, and Mallory, Elizabeth P. "Spring migration of shorebirds in Panama." The Condor 84(3) (1982) :344-45. Schwartz, Joshua, and Kentwood, D. Wells. "An experimental study of acoustic interference between two species of neotropical treefrogs." Animal Behaviour 31(1) (1983) :181-90. Shelly, Todd E. "Comparative foraging behavior of light — versus shade-seek- ing adult damselflies in a lowland neotropical forest (Odonata: Zygoptera)." Physiological Zoology 55(4) (1982) :335-43. Smith, Neal G. "Population irruptions and periodic migrations in the day- flying moth, Urania fulgens." In The Ecology of a Tropical Forest. Sea- sonal Rhythms and Long-term Changes, ed. Leigh, Egbert G., Jr.; Rand, A. Stanley; and Windsor, Donald M., pp. 331-44. Washington, D.C.: Smith- sonian Institution Press, 1982. . "Host plant toxicity and migration in the dayflying moth Urania." Florida Entomologist 66(1) (1983) :76-85. Smythe, Nicholas. "The seasonal abundance of night-flying insects in a neo- tropical forest." In The Ecology of a Tropical Forest. Seasonal Rhythms and Long-term Changes, ed. Leigh, Egbert G., Jr.; Rand, A. Stanley; and Windsor, Donald M., pp. 309-18. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institu- tion Press, 1982. Smythe, Nicholas; Glanz, William E.; and Leigh, Egbert G., Jr. "Population regulation in some terrestrial frugivores." In The Ecology of a Tropical Forest. Seasonal Rhythms and Long-term Changes, ed. Leigh, Egbert G., Jr.; Rand, A. Stanley; and Windsor, Donald M., pp. 227-38. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982. Sousa, Octavio E.; Wolda, Hendrick; and Batista, Franklin. "Triatominos encontrados en el ambiente silvestre de la Isla Barro Colorado." Revista Medica de Panama 8(1) (1983) :50-55. Spight, Tom M. "The intertidal snails of Panama City: an exceptionally diverse tropical rocky shore assemblage." Ecosynthesis 2(1983) :1-61. Steiner, Kim E. "Pollination of Mahea occidentalis (Euphorbiaceae) in Pan- ama." Systematic Botany 8(2) (1983) :105-17. Thorington, Richard W., Jr.; Tannenbaum, Vernice; Tarak, A.; and Rudran, R. "Distribution of trees on Barro Colorado Island: a five hectare sample." In The Ecology of a Tropical Forest. Seasonal Rhythms and Long-term Appendix 6. Publications of the Staff I 509 Changes, ed. Leigh, Egbert G., Jr.; Rand, A. Stanley; and Windsor, Donald M., pp. 83-94. Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982. Thorne, Barbara L. "Termite-termite interactions : workers as an agonistic caste." Psyche 89(1-2) (1982) :133-50. . "Population and reproductive dynamics of arboreal Nasutitermes (Isoptera: Termitidae) in Panama." Ph.D. dissertation. Harvard University, 1982. "Alate production and sex ratio in colonies of the Neotropical termite Nasutitermes corniger (Isoptera: Termitidae)." Oecologia 58(1)(1983) :103-9. Toft, Catherine A. "Community structure of litter anuran in a tropical forest, Makokou, Gabon: a preliminary analysis in the minor dry season." Revue D'Ecologie (La Terre et la Vie) 36(2) (1982) :223-32. Toft, Catherine A.; Rand, A. Stanley; and Clark, Milton. "Population dy- namics and seasonal recruitment in Bufo typhonius and Colostethus nu- hicola (Anura)." In The Ecology of a Tropical Forest. Seasonal Rhythms and Long-term Changes, ed. Leigh, Egbert G., Jr.; Rand, A. Stanley; and Windsor, Donald M., pp. 397-404. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institu- tion Press, 1982. Troyer, Katherine. "Posthatching yolk energy in a lizard: utilization pattern and interclutch variation." Oecologia (BerUn) 58(3) (1983) :340-44. Tuttle, Merlin D. "The amazing frog-eating bat." National Geographic 161 (l)(1982):78-90. Tuttle, Merlin D., and Ryan, Michael J. "The role of synchronized calling, ambient light, and ambient noise, in anti-bat-predator behavior of a tree- frog." Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 11(2)(1982) :125-31. Tuttle, Merlin D.; Taft, Lucinda K.; and Ryan, Michael J. "Evasive behaviour of a frog in response to bat predators." Animal Behaviour 30(2) (1982): 393-97. Vollrath, Fritz. "Colony foundation in a social spider." Zeitschrift fUr Tier- psychologie 60(4) (1982) :313-24. Vollrath, Fritz, and Rohde-Arndt, Dorothee. Prey capture and feeding in the social spider Anelosimus eximius. Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie 61(4) (1983) :334-40. Wellington, Gerard M. "Depth zonation of corals in the Gulf of Panama: control and facilitation by resident reef fishes." Ecological Monographs 52(3) (1982) :223-41. West-Eberhard, Mary Jane. Sexual selection, social competition, and specia- tion. The Quarterly Review of Biology 58(2) (1983) :155-83. Wolda, Henk. "Seasonality of homoptera on Barro Colorado Island." In The Ecology of a Tropical Forest. Seasonal Rhythms and Long-term Changes, ed. Leigh, Egbert G., Jr.; Rand, A. Stanley; and Windsor, Donald M., pp. 319-30. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982. — . "Diversity, diversity indices and tropical cockroaches." Oecologia (Berlin) 58(3) (1983) :290-98. "Long term" stability of tropical insect population." Researches on Population Ecology, supplement 3(1983) :112-26. Wolda, Henk; Fisk, Frank W.; and Estribi, Miguel. "Faunistics of Panamanian cockroaches (Blattaria)." Uttar Pradesh Journal of Zoology 3(1)(1983). Worthington, Andrea. "Population sizes and breeding rhythms of two species of manakins in relation to food supply." In The Ecology of a Tropical Forest. Seasonal Rhythms and Long-term Changes, ed. Leigh, Egbert G., Jr.; Rand, A. Stanley; and Windsor, Donald M., pp. 213-26. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982. Young, Orrey P. "Aggressive interaction between howler monkeys and turkey 510 / Smithsonian Year 1983 vultures: the need to thermoregulate behaviorally." Biotropica 14(3)(1982): 228-31. -. "Tree-rubbing behavior of a solitary male howler monkey." Primates 23(2) (1982) :303-6. HISTORY AND ART ARCHIVES OF AMERICAN ART Karlstrom, Paul J. Essays on DeWain Valentine, John McLaughlin, Robert Bechtel, Nathan Oliveira, Craig Kauffman, Charles Burchfield, and John Marin in Contemporary Artists. 2d ed. London: St. James Press, 1983. . "Henri Fantin-Latour, Master of 'Persistence Before Nature.' " Smith- sonian (July 1983) -.72-77. Claude Buck: American Symbolist, 1890-1974. San Francisco: Glas- tonbury Gallery, 1983. McCoy, Garnett. From the Life of the Artist: A Documentary View of David Smith. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982. Pennington, Estill Curtis. "Late Nights and Hot Jazz." In Gerald Murphy: Toward an Understanding of his Art and Inspiration. Washington, D.C. : The Federal Reserve Board, 1983. COOPER-HEWITT MUSEUM Dee, Elaine Evans. Contributor to Master Drawings from the Rhode Island School of Design. Providence: Rhode Island School of Design Museum, 1983. McFadden, David Revere. "Craft and Design, the Scandinavian Connection." Craft International, October 1982. . "Excellence by Design: Metalwork from Scandinavia." Metalsmith, Fall 1982. . "American and British Silver." Apollo, March 1983. 'With Loving Detail: The Scandinavian Marriage of Craft and Indus- try." Industrial Design, May/June 1983. -. "Documents of Design: Silver at the Cooper-Hewitt Museum." The Magazine Silver, 1983. "Historical Revivals in Glass." Journal of the Glass Art Society, 1983. Taylor, Lisa. [Foreword] Faberge: Jeweler to Royalty. New York: Cooper- Hewitt Museum, 1983. . [Foreword] Variations on a Theme: Embellished Elevations of the Carnegie Mansion. New York: Cooper-Hewitt Museum, 1983. FREER GALLERY OF ART Atil, Esin, ed. and trans. [Exhibition catalogue] Anatolian Civilisations: Seljuk and Ottoman. Istanbul: Topkapi Place Museum, 1983. Cort, Louise Allison. [Review] "Song Ceramics by Mary Tregear." American Craft (October/November 1982). . [Review] "Nabeshima," "Agano and Takatori," "Folk Kilns I," "Folk Kilns II," and "Kakiemon." Ars Orientalis 13(1982). . "Access to Pots." Studio Potter 11, no. 2 (June 1982). Translation of resume for Tokugawa Yoshinobu, Chatsubo. Kyoto: Tankosha, 1982. Curry, David Park. "Charles Lang Freer and American Art." Apollo 118, no. 258 (August 1983) :169-79. FitzHugh, Elisabeth West, with Lynda A. Zycherman. "An Early Man-Made Appendix 6. Publications of the Staff I 511 Blue Pigment from China — Barium Copper Silicate." Studies in Conserva- tion 28 (1983) :15-23. Fu, Shen C. Y. "Chang Dai-chien (1899-1983) and Shih-tao (1641-1707." Hsiung shih Art Monthly, no. 5 (1983). . Masterpieces of Chinese Calligraphy in American and European Col- lections. Vol. 5. Tokyo, 1983. Murray, JuUa K. "The Role of Art in the Southern Sung Dynastic Revival." Bulletin of Sung-YUan Studies, no. 19. Forthcoming. . "Some Problems Concerning China's Early Copper and Bronze Arti- facts." Early China, no. 8. (Translation of An Chih-min.) Forthcoming. -, with Suzanne E. Cahill. "Recent Advances in Understanding the Mystery of Ancient Chinese 'Magic Mirrors': A Brief Summary of Chinese Analytical and Experimental Studies." Chinese Science, no. 7. Forthcoming. Lawton, Thomas. "China's Artistic Legacy." Apollo 118, no. 258 (August 1983) :127-35. . "The Cold Treasure," Apollo 118, no. 258 (August 1983) :180-82. . [Exhibition catalogue] Chinese Art of the Warring States Period: Change and Continuity, 480-222 B.C. Washington, D.C. : Freer Gallery of Art, 1982. Shimizu, Yoshiaki. "Some Elementary Problems of the Japanese Narrative, Hiko-hoho-demi no Mikoto." Studia Artium Orientalis et Occidentalis 1 (1982) :29-41. Osaka, Japan. . "An Individual Taste for Japanese Painting," Apollo 118, no. 258 (August 1983) :136-49. Winter, John. "The Characterization of Pigments Based on Carbon." Studies in Conservation 28 (1983) :49-66. Yonemura, Ann. "Korean Art in the Freer Gallery of Art" (no. 5 in the series, "Korean Art in Western Collections"). Korean Culture 4, no. 2 (June 1983): 4-15. . "A Pioneer Collection of Korean Art." Apollo 118, no. 258 (August 1983) :150-53. HIRSHHORN MUSEUM AND SCULPTURE GARDEN Lerner, Abram. [Foreword] Directions 1983 by Phyllis D. Rosenzweig. Wash- ington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press for Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, 1983. . [Foreword] Dreams and Nightmares: Utopian Visions in Modern Art by Valerie Fletcher. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press for Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, 1983. [Foreword] Friedel Dzubas by Charles W. Millard. Washington, D.C : Smithsonian Institution Press for Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, 1983. -. [Foreword] Samuel Murray by Michael W. Panhorst. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press for Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, 1982. -. [Foreword] Joseph Stella by Judith Zilczer. Washington, D.C: Smith- sonian Institution Press for Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, 1983. McCabe, Cynthia Jaffee. "'Wanted by the Gestapo: Saved by America' — Varian Fry and the Emergency Rescue Committee," in The Muses Flee Hitler: Cultural Transfer and Adaptation, 1930--1945, ed. Jarrell C Jackman and Carla M. Borden. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1983. Millard, Charles W. "Adolph Gottlieb." Hudson Review (Winter 1982-83): 613-18. 512 / Smithsonian Year 1983 . "Jackson Pollock." Hudson Review (Summer 1983) :388-44. . Friedel Dzubas. Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press for Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, 1983. Panhorst, Michael W. Samuel Murray. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Insti- tution Press for Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, 1982. Rosenzweig, Phyllis D. Directions 1983. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Insti- tution Press for Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, 1983. Weil, Stephen E. "Breaches of Trust: Museums, Ethics and the Law." ARTnews 81(10) (December 1982):48-55. . "Breaches of Trust: Remedies and Standards in the American Private Museum." The biternational Journal of Museum Management and Curator- ship 2(1) (March 1983) :53-70. -. Beauty and the Beasts: On Museums, Art, the Law, and the Market. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1983. Zilczer, Judith. "In the Face of War: The Last Works of Raymond Duchamp- Villon." The Art Bulletin LXV, no. 1 (March 1983) :138-44. . Joseph Stella: The Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden Collec- tion. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1983. -. Direct Carving in Modern Sculpture: Selections from the Museum Collection [exhibition checklist]. Washington, D.C: Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, 1983. JOSEPH HENRY PAPERS Reingold, Nathan. "Clio as Physicist and Mechanist." Reviews in American History 10 (December 1982) :264-80. . "Reflections of an Unrepentant Editor." The American Archivist 46 (Winter 1983) :14-21. Rothenberg, Marc. The History of Science and Technology in the United States: A Critical and Selective Bibliography. New York and London: Garland Publishing, Inc., 1982. Stine, Jeffrey. "George Washington Goethals." APWA Reporter 50 (January 1983) :4-5. . "Regulating Wetlands in the 1970s: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the Environmental Organizations." Journal of Forest History 27 (April 1983) :60-75. NATIONAL MUSEUM OF AFRICAN ART Freyer, Bryna, and Lifschitz, Edward. [Exhibition brochure] From the Earth: African Ceramic Art. Washington, D.C: National Museum of African Art, 1983. Freyer, Bryna; Lifschitz, Edward; and Walker, Roslyn. [Exhibition brochure] African Emblems of Status. Washington, D.C: National Museum of African Art. Walker, Roslyn. [Exhibition brochure] African Art in Color. Washington, D.C. : National Museum of African Art, 1983. NATIONAL MUSEUM OF AMERICAN ART Bolton-Smith, Robin. "Fraser's Place in the Evolution of Miniature Portraits." In Charles Fraser of Charleston. Charleston, S.C: Gibbes Art Gallery, 1983. . [Introduction] Anson Dickinson, the Celebrated Miniature Painter, 1779-1852. Hartford: Connecticut Historical Society, 1983. Breeskin, Adelyn D., and Mecklenburg, Virginia M. Jose de Creeft: Sculpture and Drawings. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1983. Appendix 6. Publications of the Staff I 513 Burke, Mary Alice Heekin. Elizabeth Nourse, 1859-1938: A Salon Career. Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press, 1983. Cosentino, Andrew J. [Checklist] The Capital Image: Painters in Washington, 1800-1915. Washington, D.C, 1983. Decatur, Raylene. Clay for Walls: Surface Reliefs by American Artists. Wash- ington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1983. Eldredge, Charles C [Foreword] Elizabeth Nourse, 1859-1938: A Salon Career. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1983. . [Foreword] Jose de Creeft: Sculpture and Drawings. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1983. -. [Preface] Claude Buck: American Symbolist 1890-1974. San Fran- cisco: Glastonbury Gallery, 1983. Fink, Lois Marie. "Elizabeth Nourse: Painting the Motif of Humanity." In Elizabeth Nourse, 1859-1938: A Salon Career. Washington, D.C: Smith- sonian Institution Press, 1983. Flint, Janet A. The Prints of Louis Lozowick: A Catalogue Raisonne. New York: Hudson Hills Press, 1982. . Charles Hawthorne: The Late Watercolors. Washington, D.C: Smith- sonian Institution Press, 1983. Herman, Lloyd. Juror's statement in California Crafts Xlll. Sacramento, Calif. : The Creative Arts League of Sacramento, December 1982. . Essay in Trends in American Crafts (translated into Icelandic.) Reykjavik, Iceland: Kjarvalsstadir (City of Reykjavik Art Center), April 1983. "Cranbrook: Fifty Years of Art and Craft." Museum, September/ October 1982. Juror's statement in catalogue for 1983 Ohio State Fair Fine Arts Exhibition. Columbus, Ohio, July 1983. Lewton, Jean L. Seven programs for 1982-83 season, "Evening at Barney Studio House," Washington, D.C. Designed by Smithsonian Institution Press, privately printed. October 1982 through April 1983. . Announcement of 1983-84 season, "Evening at Barney Studio House," Washington, D.C Designed by Smithsonian Institution Press, privately printed, 1983. Norelli, Martina R. American Wildlife Painting. New York: Galahad Books, 1982. (Reprint of 1975 publication.) Rand, Harry. The Beginning of Things. [Translations, introduction, back- notes] San Francisco and Washington, D.C: Dryad Press, 1983. . Essay in Abstract Painting and Sculpture in America: 1927-1944. New York: Harry Abrams, 1983. . Essay in Kentucky Art 1983. Lexington: University of Kentucky, 1983. -. Jochen Seidel: Word Drawings. Vienna, Diisseldorf: Galerie Heike Curtze, 1983. 'Examining the New Expressionism." Artists and Critics Forum 1, no. 3 (Spring 1983). . "Notes and Conversation: John Raimondi." Arts Magazine (April 1983). . "Style and Utility." Arts Magazine (June 1983). . "Jacob Kainen." [Exhibition review] Arts Magazine (March 1983). "Jim Dine: Recent Drawings." [Book review] Leonardo (Winter 1983). Sharpe, Margy P., ed. Arthur B. Carles (1882-1952): Painting with Color. Washington, D.C: Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, 1983. , assistant ed. Elizabeth Nourse, 1859-1938: A Salon Career. Washing- ton, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press, 1983. 514 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Truettner, William H. [Introduction] Elizabeth Nourse, 1859-1938: A Salon Career. Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press, 1983. Yarnall, James L. "John La Farge's 'New England Pasture Lands.' " Newport History 55, no. 3. (Summer 1982) :76-91. . "John La Farge's 'The Last Valley.' " Newport History 55, no. 4. (Fall 1982) :130-42. -. "Tennyson Illustration in Boston, 1864-1972." Imprint: Journal of the American Historical Print Collector's Society 7, no. 2. (Autumn 1982) :10-16. NATIONAL MUSEUM OF AMERICAN HISTORY Department of Social and Cultural History Ahlborn, Richard E., and Rubenstein, Harry R. "Smithsonian Santos: Collect- ing and the Collection." In Hispanic Arts and Ethnohistory in the South- west, ed. Marta Weigle, with Claudia Larcombe and Samuel Larcombe, pp. 243-79. Santa Fe: Ancient City Press, 1983. Ahlborn, Richard E. "Frontier Possessions: Glossary of Material Culture Terms in Documentary Sources" and "Glossary of Material Culture Terms in Documentary Sources." In Colonial Frontiers: Art and Life in Spanish New Mexico, ed. Christine Mather, pp. 35-69. New Mexico: Ancient City Press, 1983. Bird, William L. "A Suggestion Concerning James Smithson's Concept of 'Increase and Diffusion.'" Technology and Culture 24 (April 1983). Harris, Elizabeth M. [Exhibition catalogue] The Fat and the Lean: American Wood Type in the 19th Century. Washington, D.C: National Museum of American History, 1983. Mayo, Edith P. "Contemporary Collecting." History News (Fall 1982). . "Women's History and Public History: The Museum Connection." The Public Historian (Spring 1983). Roth, Rodris. "Seating for Anyplace: The Folding Chair." In Victorian Furni- ture, ed. Kenneth Ames, pp. 131-52. Nineteenth Century 8(3,4) (1982). Wright, Helena E. The Merrimack Valley Textile Museum: A Guide to the Manuscript Collections of the History of Science and Technology. New York & London: Garland Publishing, 1983. Department of the History of Science and Technology Davis, Audrey B. Commentary on "Changing Aspirations for Mental and Physical Health," by G. M. Carstairs. In How Humans Adapt: A Biocul- tural Odyssey, pp. 308-11. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1983. . "The Development of Anesthesia." American Scientist 70(1982) :522- 28. . "The Development of Anesthesia." Virginia Dental Journal 60(1983) : 12-24. "The Rise of the Vitamin-Medicinal as Illustrated by Vitamin D." Pharmacy in History 24(1982) :59-72. -, ed. Newsletter, History of Science, 11, 12. Emerson, William K. Chevrons: Illustrated History and Catalog of U.S. Army Insignia. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1983. Forman, Paul. "Atomic Clocks: Preview of an Exhibit at the Smithsonian. In Proceedings of the 36th Annual Frequency Control Symposium, pp. 220-22. Ft. Monmouth, New Jersey: U.S. Army Electronics Research and Develop- ment Command, 1983. . "A Venture in Writing History." Science 220(1983) :824-27. Appendix 6. Publications of the Staff I 515 Harris, Michael R.; Ezell, Edward C; and Burton, Elsa M. [Exhibition cata- logue] M.*A*S*H: Binding Up the Wounds. New York: George Fenmore Associates, Inc., 1983. Hindle, Brooke. Emulation and Invention. (Paperback ed.) New York; W. W. Norton, 1983. . "Then and Now: Necessity Is Not the Mother of Invention." Ameri- can Heritage 34(December 1982) :8-9. . "The Contriving Mind. Science Digest 90(February 1983) :48. "Technology Through the 3-D Time Warp." Technology and Culture 24(July 1983) :450-64. -; Richardson, Edgar P., and Miller, Lillian B. Charles Willson Peale and His World. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 1982. Jackson, Everett A. "Treasures from the National Collections" column. Bulle- tin of the History of Dentistry. Kondratas, Ramunas A. "The Biologies Control Act of 1902." In The Early Years of Federal Food and Drug Control, ed. J. H. Young, pp. 8-27. Madi- son, Wis.: American Institute of the History of Pharmacy, 1982. Langley, Harold D. "Edward Field: A Pioneer Practitioner of the Old Navy." Connecticut Medicine 46(November 1982) :667-72. . "The Sailor's Life." In Fighting For Time, pp. 361-95. Vol. 4 in The Image of War: 1861-1865, ed. William C. Davis. Garden City: Doubleday & Co., 1983. Merzbach, Uta C. "Emmy Noether: Historical Contexts." In Emmy Noether in Bryn Mawr, ed. Bhama Srinivasen and Judith Sally. Proceedings of a sym- posium sponsored by the Association for Women in Mathematics in Honor of Emmy Noether's 100th birthday. New York: Springer- Verlag, Inc., 1983. Multhauf, Robert P. "Comment une culture technologique s'est developee aux Etats-Unis." In Science, Technique, et Industrie: Un Patrimoine des Per- spectives, pp. 163-71. Paris: Seminaries de I'Ecole du Louvre, 1983. Noble, David. Introduction to Ernst, Dieter, The Global Race in Microelec- tronics. Hamburg, Germany: Campus Press, 1983. . "Science for Sale: Academic, Incorporated." Science for the People, February 1983. -. "Present Tense Technology." (Two-part article.) Democracy, April and July 1983. Schlebecker, John T. "The Use of Objects in Historical Research." In Material Culture Studies in America, ed. Thomas J. Schlereth, pp. 106-13. Nashville: American Association for State and Local History, 1982. ; Sharer, G. Terry; and Walther, Robert G., editorial staff. The Living Historical Farms Bulletin, vol. 13. Vogel, Robert M. Building Brooklyn Bridge — the Design and Construction, 1867-1883. Washington, D.C. : National Museum of American History, 1983. Walther, Robert G. "Forest History Museums." Encyclopedia of American Forest and Conservation History. Santa Cruz: Forest History Society, 1983. White, John H., Jr. A Short History of American Locomotive Builders in the Steam Era. Washington, D.C: Bass, Inc., 1982. White, Roger B. "Whither the Urban History Exhibit? The Peale Museum's 'Rowhouse.' " Technology and Culture 24(January 1983) :76-90. Office of Public and Academic Programs Morrison, Howard A. "George Washington: What Manner of Man." In George Washington: His Life and Legacy, ed. Marc Lipsitz. Washington, D.C. : American Studies Center, 1983. 516 / Smithsonian Year 1983 National Philatelic Collections Newman, Lowell. "Barboursville, Virginia: A New Straightline Marking." SPA Journal 45(2) -.95-98. . "Charlottesville, Virginia: Handstamped postal markings 1845-1970." The Congress Book 1982, 48th American Philatelic Congress (1982) :141-50. . "The Wreck of the Hungarian." SPA Journal 45(5):301-2. "Louisville and Cairo Steamboat: The Handstamped Marking." The American Philatelist 97(2) :147-48, 182. Norby, Reidar, and Engstrom, Victor E., eds. Danish West Indies Mails, 1754- 1917. Vol. 3. Washington, D.C. : Scandinavian Philatelic Printing and Pub- lishing Company, 1981. NATIONAL PORTRAIT GALLERY Dearborn, Mona Leithiser. Anson Dickinson The Celebrated Miniature Painter 1779-1852. Hartford: Connecticut Historical Society, 1983. Education Department Staff. Portraits in Motion Program Notes: "Walt Whit- man: Liberal and Lusty as Nature" (October 1982); "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow (October 1982); "The Yellow Wallpaper" (November 1982); "Moby Dick" (November 1982); "The Children of Pride Play Series" (November 1982); "John Brown's Body (December 1982); "Oh, Mr. Faulkner, Do You Write?" (December 1982); "In Good Company" (December 1982); "A Visit with Charles Willson Peale" (December 1982); "Let Us Now Praise Famous Men" (March 1983); "Not Above a Whisper" (April 1983); "Ever So Humble" (May 1983); "The Sage of Emporia" (April 1983); "Affectionately, Fanny Kemble" (June 1983); "Playing the Palace" (September 1983). Fabian, Monroe H. Mr. Sully, Portrait Painter. Washington, D.C: Smithsoni- an Institution Press, 1983. . "Thomas Sully." Art & Antiques 6(3)(May/June 1983) :42-47. Hart, Sidney. [Review] Mr. Peale' s Museum: Charles Willson Peale and the First Popular Museum of Natural Science and Art by Charles Coleman Sellers. Winterthur Portfolio 17(2/3) (Summer/Autumn 1982). Henderson, Amy. [Review] Travels In America, 1851-1855 by Rosalie Roos. Translated and edited by Carl L. Anderson. History: Reviews of New Books (February 1983) :85. . [Review] Alexander Hamilton by Jacob E. Cooke. History: Reviews of New Books (February 1983) :99. -. [Review] Frederick Remington: A Biography by Peggy and Harold Samuels. Georgia Historical Quarterly (Spring 1983). Hollywood Portrait Photographers, 1921-1941. National Portrait Gallery (February 1983). Miles, Ellen G. "Portraits of the Heroes of Louisbourg, 1745-1751." American Art Journal 15(1) (Winter 1983):48-66. Miller, Lillian B. "Charles Willson Peale: A Life of Harmony and Purpose." In Charles Willson Peale and His World by Edgar P. Richardson, Brooke Hindle, and Lillian B. Miller. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 1983. Pachter, Marc. "American Cosmopolitanism 1870-1910." In Impressions of a Gilded Age; The American Fin de Siecle by Marc Chenetier and Rob Kroes. European Contributions to American Studies, VI Amerika Instituut, Amsterdam, 1983. . "The Rise of New York City." Humanities 4(3) (August 1983). Reaves, Wendy Wick. "A Print of 'Daddy' Pilmore by John Norman." Amer- ican Art Journal 4(August 1982):81-85. . "American Icon: The Eighteenth-Century Image of George Washing- ton." Imprint 7(Autumn 1982) :l-9. Appendix 6. Publications of the Staff I 517 . "Heroes, Marytrs, and Villains: Printed Portraits of the Civil War." Print Council of America Newsletter (1983) :8-12. Ward, David C. [Review] American Notes: Rudyard Kipling's West by Rud- yard Kipling, ed. Arrell Morgan Gibson. History: Reviews of New Book 10 (September 1982). Yellis, Ken. Roundtable Reports: The Journal of Museum Education 8(1-4). OFFICE OF AMERICAN STUDIES Washburn, Wilcomb E. "Spanish King Reflects on the New World." Op-Ed page, The Miami News, November 16, 1982. . "Leftist Academics and Ethnic Minorities." Op-Ed page. The Wash- ington Times, December 30, 1982. "Reflections on the Bibliographic Revolution in Arctic Studies." Arc- tica 1978, Seventh Northern Libraries Conference, Paris, September 19-23, 1978. Paris : Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (1982) :327-29. [Introduction] Narratives of North American Indian Captivity, 311 titles in 111 volumes, in Narratives of North American Indian Captivity: A Selective Bibliography, by Alden T. Vaughan. New York: Garland Publish- ing, Inc., 1983. "Prava amerikanskikh indeitsev" [The Rights of American Indians]. Amerika, no. 315 (February 1983) :2-4, 21. "The Successors to Bullets." Op-Ed page. The Washington Times, May 3, 1983. [Foreword] Captivity of the Oatman Girls [first published 1857], by R. B. Stratton. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1983. "The Supreme Court's Use and Abuse of History." OAH [Organiza- tion of American Historians] Newsletter Volume 11, no. 3 (August 1983) : 7-9. "Family Resemblance to the Brezhnev Doctrine," Op-Ed page. The Washington Times, August 1, 1983. CONSERVATION ANALYTICAL LABORATORY Blackman, M. J., and Nagle, C. "Characterization of Dorset Paleo-Eskimo Nephritic Jade Artifacts from Central Labrador, Canada." Proceedings of the 22nd Symposium on Archaeometry, Bradford, U.K.: University of Brad- ford (March 30-April 3, 1982) :411-19. Blackman, M. J. "The Manufacture and Use of Burned Lime Plaster at Proto- Elamite Anshan (Iran)." In Early Pyrotechnology, ed. T. A. Wertime and S. F. Wertime, pp. 107-15. Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982. DeAtley, S. P.; Blackman, M. J.; and Olin, J. S. "Comparison of Data Ob- tained by Neutron Activation and Electron Microprobe Analyses of Ce- ramics." In Archaeological Ceramics, ed. J. S. Olin and A. Franklin, pp. 107-15. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982. Mishara, J. "Early Hydraulic Cements." In Early Pyrotechnology, ed. T. A. Wertime and S. F. Wertime, pp. 125-34. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982. Olin, J. S., and Franklin, A., eds. Archaeological Ceramics. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982. OFFICE OF MUSEUM PROGRAMS Native American Museums Program/Office of Museum Programs. Bibliog- raphy on Native American Museums and Related Issues. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution, 1983. 518 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Spiess, Philip D., II. "The Schuetzenbuckel: Cincinnati Perpetuates an Old German Custom." Festschrift for the German-American Tricentennial Jubilee, Cincinnati, 1983. The Cincinnati Historical Society Studies in Re- gional and Local History, no. 2., ed. Don Heinrich Tolzmann. Cincinnati: Cincinnati Historical Society, 1982-83. Survey of Audiovisual Programs Produced by the Smithsonian Institution. A staff reference list. Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution, 1982-83. Booklets Borowski, Elena. Conservation Bookbinding. Technical Booklet CBV-90. Office of Museum Programs, Smithsonian Institution, 1982-83. Borowski, Elena. Communication: More than Sounds. Technical Booklet CIV- 91. Office of Museum Programs, Smithsonian Institution, 1983. Crow, Eleanor, and Andrews, Patrice. The Care of East Asian Paintings. Tech- nical Booklet EAS-15. Office of Museum Programs, Smithsonian Institution, 1982-83. Fuller, Nancy. Tribal Archives. Technical Booklet TAS-16. Office of Museum Programs, Smithsonian Institution, 1982-83. Evaluation Studies in Museology Wolf, Robert L., and Cave, Jenny. "Don't Brush Your Teeth Anymore. Tooth- paste's Got Earth In It!" A Study of the Role That Objects Play in the Experience of the Visitors to a Museum, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institu- tion, 1983. Non-Print Media Videotapes: Museum Accessibility for the Visually Impaired Visitor Conservation Bookbinding Communication: More than Sounds On Guard: Protection is Everyone's Business Slide Programs: The Care of East-Asian Paintings Tribal Archives SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION ARCHIVES Bain, Alan L. "The Archivist." In "Keeping Our Own House in Order: The Importance of Museum Records," ed. Carole Schwartz. Museum News 61 (1983) :44-48. Cox, William E. "Guide to the Papers of Waldo LaSalle Schmitt." Guides to Collections in the Smithsonian Archives, no. 1. Archives and Special Collec- tions of the Smithsonian Institution. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Ar- chives, 1983. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES Bedini, Silvio A. At the Sign of the Compass and Quadrant. The Life and Times of Anthony Lamb, Mathematical Instrument Maker of New York. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1983. . [Review] Leonardo da Vinci: The Marvellous Works of Nature and Man, by Martin Kemp, /sis 73, no. 4 (1982) :601. "Die mechanische Uhr in Japan and China." Alte Uhren (April 1982) : 287-93, (January 1983) :18-24. Appendix 6. Publications of the Staff I 519 . "Sun Time/' Europeo 10 (March 1983) :39-53. . "The Vatican Library and Archives." In The Bowker Annual of Library and Book Trade Information, 28th ed., pp. 419-27. New York: R. R. Bowker Co., 1983. Child, Margaret. "Reflections on Cooperation among Professions." American Archivist 46, no. 3 (Summer 1983) :286-92. "Federal Funds for Archivists: A View From NEH." American Archivist 45, no. 4 (Fall 1982) :469-71. Chilmonczyk, Dianne. "Program for Interns and Volunteers in the Field of Special Collections Cataloguing in the Smithsonian Institution Libraries." Journal of Education for Librarianship 23, no. 4 (1983). Goodwin, Jack. "Current Bibliography in the History of Technology (1981)." Technology and Culture 24 (April 1983) :316-98. . Exhibition of Trade Catalogues: Clothing and Allied Industries. Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Libraries, 1983. Jopling, Carol. Un Sistema de Informacion En-Linea: DIALOG. Grupo Pana- meno de Informacion Agricola, Memoria de la Tercera Reunion Panamena de Informacion Agricola. Panama, 21 de octubre de 1982. (1983). Levin, Amy Evans. Part-Time Work: A Bibliography. Alexandria, Va. : Asso- ciation of Part-time Professionals, Inc., 1982. Maloy, Robert. "Cultural/Scholarly Information." In Education for Informa- tion Management: Directions for the Future, ed. Eric H. Boehm and Michael K. Buckland, pp. 73-84. Santa Barbara: International Academy at Santa Barbara, 1983. Raitt, Mildred D. "Standards in Binding." Scholarly Publishing 14, no. 2 (February 1983) :187-89. Rey, Joyce M. Information Sources and Services in Astronomy, Astrophysics and Related Space Sciences. Smithsonian Institution Libraries Research Guide, 2. Cambridge, Mass.: Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, 1983. Rosenfeld, Mary Augusta. [Review] Collection Development and Acquisitions, 1970-80: an annotated critical bibliography, by Irene P. Godden, Karen W. Fachan, and Patricia A. Smith. AXIS 6, no. 1 (February 1983). Saquet, Janette. Register to the Papers of Frank Hanna Roberts Jr. National Anthropological Archives Finding Aid, no. 3. Washington, D.C: National Anthropological Archives, 1983. Stanley, Janet L. [Review] Crafts and the Arts of Living in the Cameroon, by Jocelyne Etienne-Nugue. Africa Today 29, no. 4 (1982) :64. . [Review] Flash of the Spirit: African and Afro-American Art and Philosophy, by Robert Farris Thompson. Library Journal (July 1983). [Review] Guide to the Hoover Institution Archives, by Charles G. Palm and Dale Reed. Africa Today, no. 4 (1982) :46. [Reviews] Kenya [and] Tunisia. Clio Press' World Bibliography series. Library Journal (August 1982). [Review] Tribal and Ethnic Arts. Library Journal (September 1, 1982). Toney, Stephen R. "Telefacsimile Experiment at the Smithsonian Institution Libraries," The Serials Librarian 7, no. 2 (Winter 1982) :17-26. Wells, Ellen. "Charting the History of Science," AB Bookman's Weekly (Sep- tember 12, 1983) :1491-96. . "Scientists' Libraries: A Handlist of Printed Sources." Annals of Science 40, no. 4 (July 1983) :317-89. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION TRAVELING EXHIBITION SERVICE PUBLICATIONS Books and Exhibition Catalogues Adelson, Laurie, and Tracht, Arthur. Aymara Weavings: Ceremonial Textiles 520 / Smithsonian Year 1983 of Colonial and 19th Century Bolivia. Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service, 1983. Boxer, David. Jamaican Art: 1922-1982. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service, 1983. Nygren, Edward J. John Singer Sargent: Drawings from the Corcoran Gallery of Art. Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service, 1983. Stevens, Andrea, ed. Update, 1982-83. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institu- tion Traveling Exhibition Service, 1982. White, Joyce C Ban Chiang: Discovery of a Lost Bronze Age. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service, 1982. Paper Panel Exhibitions Black Women: Achievements Against the Odds. Washington, D.C: Smith- sonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service, 1983. Colorful Kite Tales. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service, 1983. Booklets American Porcelain Daily. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Travel- ing Exhibition Service, 1983. Chambers, Katherine A., ed. Siteline, nos. 15, 16. Washington, D.C: Smith- sonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service, 1982-83. Fitzhugh, William, and Kaplan, Susan. Inua: Spirit World of the Bering Sea Eskimo. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service, 1982. Jamaican Art, 1922-1982. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Travel- ing Exhibition Service, 1983. Lambert, Luna. The Seasonal Trade: Holiday Gift and Greeting Cards. Kansas City, Mo.: Hallmark Cards, 1982. Peck, Robert McCracken. A Celebration of Birds: Louis Agassiz Fuertes and His Art. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service, 1982. Stapp, Will. Brady's Gallery. Photographs from the Frederick Hill Meserve Collection at the National Portrait Gallery. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service, 1983. Studied Beauty: Portraits by Cecil Beaton. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service, 1983. Posters American Porcelain Aspects of Color: Works on Paper from the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden Ban Chiang: Discovery of a Lost Bronze Age A Celebration of Birds: Louis Agassiz Fuertes and His Art China From Within Jamaican Art: 1922-1982 Kings, Heroes and Lovers: Pictorial Rugs from the Tribes and Villages of Iran The Seasonal Trade: Holiday Gift and Greeting Cards Studied Beauty: Portraits by Cecil Beaton OFFICE OF FOLKLIFE PROGRAMS Ancelet, Barry, and James, Kathy, eds. Vivre Pour Manger: Cajun and Aca- dian Cooking. Washington, D.C: Stnithsonian Institution, 1983. Appendix 6. Publications of the Staff I 521 Rinzler, Ralph; Sweezy, Nancy; and Wagner, Paul. Jugtown: Pottery Tradi- tion in Change. (A documentary film.) Smithsonian Folklife Studies Series. Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution, 1983. Vennum, Thomas, Jr. The Ojihawa Dance Drum: Its History and Construction. Smithsonian Folklife Studies Number 2. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982. , ed. 1983 Festival of American Folklife Program Book. Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution, 1983. OFFICE OF SMITHSONIAN SYMPOSIA AND SEMINARS Dillon, Wilton 5. Commentary on "The Natural Past and the Human Future: An Introductory Essay." In How Humans Adapt: A Biocultural Odyssey, ed. Donald J. Ortner. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1983. . "Adaptability: A Curse or a Technique of Survival?" [Epilog]. In How Humans Adapt: A Biocultural Odyssey, ed. Donald J. Ortner. Wash- ington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1983. 'On Gifts and Violence." In International Violence, ed. Tunde Ade- niran. University of Ibadan,*and Yonah Alexander, Center for Strategic and International Studies (Georgetown) and Institute for Studies in Interna- tional Terrorism (SUNY). New York: Praeger Publishers. PUBLIC SERVICE OFFICE OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS SMITHSONIAN GALAXY — 104 2V2-minute radio features. RADIO SMITHSONIAN — 52 half-hour radio programs. The partial listing of "Radio Smithsonian" segments, which follows, contains material based on research done by Smithsonian curators or other personnel: "Salt Water Crops" Plants that can grow in salt water may hold the key to global food needs. (RBL) October 11, 1982. "Racoons, Possums and Skunks" Scientists are learing how much we don't know about some of our fine furry friends. (NZP) October 11, 1982. "Return of the Golden Lion Tamarin" A look at a program to return the Tamarin to its native Brazilian jungle. (NZP) October 11, 1982. "Charles G. Shaw: At the Epicenter of the 20th Century" This famous artist, author, and historian of the 1920s has been rediscovered at the Ar- chives of American Art. (NMAA) October 18, 1982. "Anthropological Crime Fighters" Smithsonian anthropologist Douglas Ubelaker frequently assists the FBI in reconstructing human lives from fragmentary remains. (MNH) October 25, 1982. "Templo Mayor" The discovery of the principal temple of the Aztecs in Mexico. (RAP) October 25, 1982. "Mystery of Bird Migration" Ornithologist Roger Pasquier explores the mysteries of bird migration. (Secretary's Office, MNH) October 25, 1982. "Signals from Deep Space" The Circinus pulsar, recently discovered by Smithsonian astronomers, provides new information about the lives of stars. (SAO) November 15, 1982. "Origins of Deserts" The role of man in the evolution of deserts is both misunderstood and exaggerated. (NASM) November 15, 1982. "The Russian Phoenix" From the ashes of its destruction by the German Luftwaffe in 1941, the Soviet Air Force rose to victory in 1945, having 522 / Smithsonian Year 1983 amassed the largest tactical air force in the world. (NASM) December 13, 1982. "Ancient Skywatchers" A look at the astronomical and astrological studies of the people of ancient Mexico and Central America. (RAP) December 13, 1982. "HERPlab" A new facility brings the public in direct contact with reptiles and amphibians. (NZP) December 20, 1982. "Island in the Sun" A Smithsonian research station at Carrie Bow Cay yields a wealth of information about life in the ocean. (MNH) January 10, 1983. "Mammoth Discoveries" Tracking the mighty woolly mammoth through remains found from China to Washington, D.C. (MNH) January 10, 1983. "Astronomy for the 80's" From the Smithsonian's Astrophysical Observa- tory in Cambridge, scientists explore the origins, the substance, and the ultimate fate of the universe. (SAO) January 17, 1983. "They've Got an Awful Lot of Insects in Peru" A report on newly discov- ered species. (MNH) Janupary 31, 1983. "Twang II: The Story Continues" The saga of country & western music focuses on the depression years and the spread of country music via radio. (SI Press) February 7, 1983. "American Picture Palaces" An historical visit to America's great thrones of cinema by way of a Cooper-Hewitt exhibition. (SI Press, C-H) February 21, 1983. "Secrets of the Chipmunk" Examining the lives of these thrifty, inde- pendent creatures. (SI Press) February 28, 1983. "Live From Mars" Presenting TV and radio transmissions from the surface of Mars via the Viking Lander. (NASM) March 14, 1983. "Atomic Clocks" Timekeeping at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observa- tory is accurate to one second in 50 million years. (SAO) March 14, 1983. "Portraits of the Stars" The role of portrait photography in creating the stars of Hollywood's Golden Age (1925-1945). (NPG) March 21, 1983. "The Cold War Today" Woodrow Wilson Center Scholars compare the politics and ideologies of the United States and the Soviet Union today with those of the past four decades. (WWICS) March 28, 1983. "The Four-Cornered Earth" A comprehensive view of Native American science, technology, art and medicine from Smithsonian scientists and curators. (MAH, MNH, NASM) April 4, 1983. "More Biograffiti" More selections from entomologist John Burns's book of scientific poetry and puns. (MNH) April 11, 1983. "How It All Began" One of the world's leading researchers of the chem- ical evolution of life explores new evidence and new theories concerning the origin of life. (RAP) April 25, 1983. "How It All Continues" A tour of the Radiation Biology Laboratory and a look at the principal research programs. (RBL) April 25, 1983. "At the Heart of the Planet: Life In a Tropical Rain Forest" Scientists at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute study the intricate web of life in the rain forest, and search for ways to save the world's tropical forests from destruction. (STRI) May 9, 1983. "Two Traditions: Ceramics in Japan, Ceramics in Africa" Exploring dec- orative, artistic and practical uses of earthenware in the two cultures. (MAA, MNH) May 16, 1983. "Leaving the Farm?" American population and growth since WWII and an examination of new trends in American migrations. (WWICS) May 23, 1983. Appendix 6. Publications of the Staff I 523 "The Beginning and The End" The story of the universe — how it began and what its ultimate fate will be. {Smithsonian Magazine) June 6, 1983. "Anniversaries of Flight" Celebrating the first hot-air balloon launch and the first non-stop transatlantic flight. (NASM) June 13, 1983. "Antarctic Discoveries" Detailing the finding of the first land mammal fossil on the Antarctic continent. (MNH) June 27, 1983. "Freeze-Dried Pest Fighters" At the Smithsonian's freeze-dry lab, scien- tists are turning viruses into powder to combat gypsy moths. (MNH) June 27, 1983. "Bugs of Summer" Kay Weisberg and Wendy Shay of the Smithsonian's Insect Zoo offer instructions on insect cookery. (MNH) June 27, 1983. "Discovering the Earth from Space" Scientists at the National Air and Space Museum's Center for Earth and Planetary Studies are using satellites to uncover new information about the earth's structure. (NASM) July 11, 1983. "Wild Mothers" At the National Zoo, research is revealing a variety of mother- infant relationships among wild animals. (NZP) July 25, 1983. "Next Step with the Halophytes" Research scientist Bert Drake continues his pioneering studies of salt water plants. (RBL) July 25, 1983. "Old Bones" An eighty-thousand-year-old Egyption skeleton comes to the Smithsonian, where studies are underway to determine if the skeleton is a Neanderthal. (MNH) July 25, 1983. "The 1983 Festival of American Folklife" Highlights from this annual gala. (OAMERS) August 1, 1983. "The Secretary's Research Lab" Smithsonian Secretary S. Dillon Ripley is one of the world's foremost ornithologists and ecologists. He reviews his research in his laboratory in the Museum of Natural History. (MNH) Augustl5, 1983. "First Transatlantic Cable" The story of laying the first transatlantic cable in 1858. (MAH) August 15, 1983. "The Lady and The Spider" Ann Moreton, founder and president of the National Archnid Society, provides insights into the lives of her eight- legged friends. (RAP) August 22, 1983. "Lawn Life" Smithsonian lawn expert John Falk guides a family through a biological tour of their own lawn with the help of the family vacuum cleaner. (CBEC) August 22, 1983. "Is E.T. Really Out There?" Updates in the search for extraterrestrial life. (NASM) September 12, 1983. "Urban Cats" Tracking the ways and means of the common alley cat. (RAP) September 12, 1983. "When a Tree Falls" At the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in Panama, scientists trace the wide-ranging effects of tropical forest ecology. (STRI) September 19, 1983. HERE AT THE SMITHSONIAN . . . , — 20 2-minute TV features. This partial listing contains material based on research done by Smithsonian curators or other personnel: "Inside Meteorites" Exploring the many facets of meteorite collecting and research at the Smithsonian. (MNH) January 20, 1983. "Corals in Captivity" A look at the only coral reef in captivity living in an 1,800-gallon tank in the National Museum of Natural History. (MNH) January 20, 1983. "A Life with Aviation" A tribute to Paul Garber, a man who has done so much to make the National Air and Space Museum the world's favorite. (NASM) January 20, 1983. 524 / Smithsonian Year 1983 "The Universe in a Box" An exhibition of Joseph Cornell's highly ac- claimed art and a visit to the Joseph Cornell Study Center at the National Museum of American Art. (NMAA) January 20, 1983. "The Elephant's Tale" New tusks for the giant African bush elephant in the National Museum of Natural History, and a look back to when this creature was first mounted. (MNH) March 28, 1983. "A Museum for the Community" Going off the customary Washington tourist track to a vital small museum for the study of black American history and culture. (ANM) March 28, 1983. "The World of Mathew Brady" Examining the portrait photography from one of the most famous nineteenth-century studios. (NPG) March 28, 1983. "Video Astronomy" A look at the way astronomers are using a revolu- tionary new tool to produce highly detailed images of the sky that mean even more exciting discoveries are to come. (SAO) May 31, 1983. "France Meets New Jersey" The highlights from the annual Festival of American Folklife. (OAMERS) May 31, 1983. "Ballooning's 200th Birthday" Celebrating the anniversary of ballooning and tracing the milestones of balloon flight that followed. (NASM) May 31, 1983. "An Invasion of Painters" The story of American painters in Brittany and Normandy. (NMAA) May 31, 1983. "American Picture Places" The good old days of glittery movie theaters are remembered by celebrated organist Gaylord Carter. (C-H) August 12, 1983. "Time Capsule of the Revolution" The story of the Philadelphia, a Revo- lutionary War gunboat that was raised from Lake Champlain in 1935. (MAH) August 12, 1983. "The Smithsonian's Giant Squid" A visit to the National Museum of Natural History's star attraction, preserved in 150 gallons of alcohol. (MNH) August 12, 1983. "Design for People" A close-up look at a major exhibition of Scandi- navian design. (C-H) August 12, 1983. FILM PRODUCTIONS The following listing of films contains material based on research done by Smithsonian curators or other personnel: American Picture Palaces — 24 minutes. A vivid documentary of the "golden age" of movie theaters in the 1920s and 30s. (C-H) April 1983. The Quadrangle — 24 minutes. A chronicle of the development of the new museum complex with an emphasis on its educational value. (Secretary's Office) September 1983. That Damn Cowboy — 30 minutes. A new look at Theodore Roosevelt through the eyes of his biographer Edmund Morris. (NPG) September 1983. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS Williams, Martin. "Monk Goes to College." Jazz Times (June 1982). . "Art Tatum: Not for the Left Hand Alone." American Music 1 (1) (Spring 1983). "Horses in Midstream: Count Basic in the 1950s." Annual Review of Jazz Studies 2 (1983). Williams, Martin, and Schuller, Gunther. Selection and Annotation for The Smithsonian Collection of Big Band Jazz (Record Album). Appendix 6. Publications of the Staff I 525 SMITHSONIAN RESIDENT ASSOCIATE PROGRAM The Smithsonian Associate. Janet W. Solinger, publisher/executive editor, and Joanne Dann, editor. Solinger, Janet W. "Museum Patronage: An International Perspective." Mm- seum Public Relations Journal, published by the International Council of Museums, July 1983. . "Teaching Science to Adults in a Museum Environment." Interna- tional Meeting of the Universities for Adults, Universite Populaire du Rhin, Mulhouse, France, May 1983. Invitations David Smith: Painter, Sculptor, Draftsman, November 1982. A Festive Evening in Space, June 1983. Lithograph Limited edition of 100, signed and numbered, commissioned from artist Rich- ard Haas. PUBLIC INFORMATION OFFICE OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS Office of Public Affairs. Smithsonian Institution — Welcome. 12 pages, 16 black-and-white illustrations. 1983. . Smithsonian Institution — Research Reports. Three times per year. 8 pages. -. Smithsonian Institution — Yesterday and Today. 98 pages, 18 black- and-white illustrations. 1983. READING IS FUNDAMENTAL, INC. RIF Newsletter. Published three times a year, the Newsletter reports on RIF activities nationwide. A technical assistance insert, addressing local proj- ects' requests for information on how to motivate youngsters to read, is in- cluded in Newsletters sent to RIF projects. The Newsletter reaches 20,000 people throughout the United States and offshore territories. Books to Grow On: A Parent's Guide to Encouraging Young Readers. A maga- zine for parents of children from infancy to age 11. Books to Grow On was researched and developed under a grant from the John D. and Cath- erine T. MacArthur Foundation. Intended to aid parents in promoting read- ing in the home, the pilot issue was field tested in fall 1983 among an audience of parents whose children are served by RIF projects. / Want You. A brochure to assist RIF projects in recruiting and training vol- unteers, published in honor of RIF's late founder, Margaret McNamara, with a grant from the National Home Library Foundation. Reading Is Fun: Tips for Parents of Children Age Birth to Eight Years. Guide- lines for parents on how to promote reading in the home. Reading Is Fundamental, Inc. A pamphlet giving general information on RIF. Profiles. Descriptions of the 343 publishers and distributors that serve RIF projects. The Profiles list special discounts and services offered by each supplier and are distributed annually to all projects. 526 / Smithsonian Year 1983 APPENDIX 7. The Smithsonian Institution and Its Subsidiaries, September 30, 1983 OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY THE SECRETARY S. DILLON RIPLEY Executive Assistant James M. Hobbins Special Assistant Joseph Coudon Administrative Assistant (Correspondence) Mary Lynne McEIroy Administrative Assistant (Appointments) Mary Lee Nissley Supervisor, Secretary's Files Betty J. Edwards OFFICE OF THE UNDER SECRETARY The Under Secretary Phillip S. Hughes OFFICE OF THE SPECIAL ASSISTANT TO THE SECRETARY Special Assistant to the Secretary Richard H. Howland Curator, Smithsonian Institution Building James M. Goode Honorary Research Associate Paul H. Oehser OFFICE OF AUDITS Director Chris S. Peratino Assistant Directors Benedict T. Maltagliati Patrick J. Stanton SCIENCE Assistant Secretary for Science David Challinor Executive Officer Harold J. Michaelson NATIONAL AIR AND SPACE MUSEUM Director Walter J. Boyne Executive Officer Marcel W. Mayer Administrative Officer Wendy A. Stephens Historian Emeritus Paul E. Garber Chief, Research and Development Hernan I. Otano Chief, Public Affairs and Museum Services Rita C. Cipalla Special Events Assistant Marilyn E. Lyons Appendix 7. Smithsonian Institution and Its Subsidiaries I 527 Museum Facilities Manager Claude D. Russell Deputy Director for Curatorial Sciences Donald S. Lopez Registrar Robin A. Schroffel Chief, Records Management Karl P. Suthard Chief, Office of Research Support . . Kerry M. Joels Chief, Education Division Janet K. Wolfe Docent and Tour Program Manager . . Patricia E. Johnston Chief, Special Projects and Publications Division Helen C. McMahon Editor Linda S. DuBro Chairman, Aeronautics Department . . . Edmund T. Wooldridge, Jr. Special Advisor for Technology Howard S. Wolko Senior Curator Robert C. Mikesh Curators Tom D. Crouch C. Glen Sweeting Associate Curators Von D. Hardesty Claudia M. Oakes Dominick A. Pisano Research Associate William M. Leary Chairman, Center for Earth and Planetary Studies Ted A. Maxwell Geologists Patricia A. Jacobberger Priscilla L. Strain Research Associate Constance G. Andre Chairman, Space Science and Exploration Department Paul A. Hanle Curator Louis R. Purnell Associate Curators David H. DeVorkin Gregory P. Kennedy Allan A. Needell Astronomer Von Del Chamberlain Research Historian Frank H. Winter Assistant Director for Resource Management M. Antoinette Smith Theater Manager Ronald E. Wagaman Operations/Technical Manager .... Ralph T. Johnston Assistant Director for Operations Edward B. Chalkley Chief, Production Operations Division Walter Roderick Supervisory Museum Special Alfred J. Bachmeier Chief, Exhibits Production Division . . Harold J. Pippin Chief, Exhibits Division Richard D. Crawford Exhibits Program Manager Patricia A. Woodside Editor Edna W. Owens Chief, Design Unit Lucius E. Lomax Chief, Audiovisual Unit John E. Hartman Chief, Spacearium Division James H. Sharp NATIONAL MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY/ NATIONAL MUSEUM OF MAN Director Richard S. Fiske Associate Director James F. Mello Special Assistant to the Director Catherine J. Kerby Special Assistant to the Director Bruce D. Smith Special Assistant to the Associate 528 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Director Jerome A. Conlon Writer-Editor Thomas R. Harney Senior Budget Analyst Mary Rakow Tanner Budget Analyst Claretta Jackson Niles Management Analyst John C. Townsend, Jr. Registrar Margaret A. Santiago Building Manager Edward McCoy Supervisory Information and Education Specialist Joan C. Madden Information Systems Manager, Automatic Data Processing Program . T. Gary Gautier Acting Chief, Office of Exhibits Carl A. Alexander Supervisory Museum Specialist, Scanning Electron Microscope Laboratory Walter R. Brown Anthropology Chairman Douglas H. Ubelaker Administrative Assistant Clara Ann Simmons Conservation Laboratory, Supervisor . . . Carolyn L. Rose Illustrator, Supervisor George R. Lewis Processing Laboratory, Supervisor George E. Phebus (Resigned 5/31/83) Public Information Specialist Ruth O. Selig Curator, National Anthropological Archives Herman J. Viola Curator, Research Institute on Immigration and Ethnic Studies .... Roy S. Bryce-Laporte LATIN AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGY Curator Robert M. Laughlin Associate Curator William H. Crocker Expert Betty J. Meggers NORTH AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGY Curators William W. Fitzhugh Bruce D. Smith Dennis J. Stanford William C. Sturtevant Associate Curator William L. Merrill OLD WORLD ANTHROPOLOGY Curators Gordon D. Gibson (Retired 12/31/82) William B. Trousdale Gus Van Beek Associate Curators Adrienne Kaeppler Paul M. Taylor PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY Curators J. Lawrence Angel Donald J. Ortner Douglas H. Ubelaker LINGUISTICS Curator R. H. Ives Goddard III Appendix 7. Smithsonian Institution and Its Subsidiaries I 529 RESEARCH ASSOCIATES, COLLABORATORS, AND AFFILIATED SCIENTISTS James Adovasio (Archeology) JoAnne Lanouette (Education) Larry Banks (Archeology) Paulina Ledergerber (Archeology) Virginia L. Bavendam (Ethnology) David Meltzer (Archeology) Kathleen J. Bragdon (Linguistics) Jerald T. Milanich (Archeology) Sarah Brett-Smith (Ethnology) Stephen Potter (Archeology) Alison S. Brooks (Archeology) Walter G. J. Putschar (Physical Ernest S. Burch, Jr. (Archeology) Anthropology) Claire M. Cassidy (Physical Saul H. Risenberg (Ethnology) Anthropology) Lucile E. St. Hoyme (Physical Henry B. Collins (Archeology) Anthropology) John C. Ewers (Plains Ethnology) T. Dale Stewart (Physical Don D. Fowler (Archeology) Anthropology) Bruno Frohlich (Physical Anthropology) Robert G. Schmidt (Geology) Gary Haynes (Archeology) Shirley J. Schwarz (Archeology) Brian C. Hesse (Archeology) Jean Umiker-Sebeok (Linguistics) Neil C. Hughes (Archeology) Paula C. Wapnish (Archeology) Tirachai Kambhu na Ayuttahaya Mildred M. Wedel (Archeology (Ethnology) and Ethnohistory) Eugene Knez (Ethnology) Waldo R. Wedel (Archeology) Richard T. Koritzer (Physical Pamela J. Wintle (Film Archives) Anthropology) Botany Chairman Mark M. Littler Administrative Assistant Nella F. Lloyd Collections Manager George F. Russell Senior Botanists Edward S. Ayensu Richard S. Cowan Mason E. Hale, Jr. PHANEROGAMS Curators Dan H. Nicolson Robert W. Read Stanwyn G. Shetler Dieter C. Wasshausen John J. Wurdack Associate Curators Robert B. Faden Vicki A. Funk Marie-Helene Sachet Laurence E, Skog FERNS Associate Curator David B. Lellinger GRASSES Curator Thomas R. Soderstrom CRYPTOGAMS Curator Harold E. Robinson Associate Curator James N. Norris PALYNOLOGY Curator Joan W. Nowicke PLANT ANATOMY Curator Richard H. Eyde 530 / Smithsonian Year 1983 RESEARCH ASSOCIATES, COLLABORATORS, AND AFFILIATED SCIENTISTS Pamela Balough (Orchids) Alicia Lourteig (Neotropical Botany) Katina Bucher (Algae) Kittie F. Parker (Compositae) Jose Cuatrecasas (Flora of Tropical Duncan M. Porter (Phanerogams) South America) Muriel E. Poston (Loasaceae) Arthur Lyon Dahl (Algae) Clyde F. Reed (Phanerogams) Paul E. Desautels (Orchids) Velva E. Rudd (Leguminosae) James A. Duke (Flora of Panama) Amy Y. Rossman (Fungi) F. Raymond Fosberg (Tropical Edith E. B. Scott (Bryophyta) Island Plants) Lyman B. Smith (Flora of Brazil) Aaron Goldberg (Phanerogams) Frans A. Stafleu (Phanerogams) Charles R. Gunn (Seeds) William L. Stern (Plant Anatomy) LeRoy H. Harvey (Grasses) Phillip R. Taylor (Marine Mark Edward Hay (Marine Algae) Botanical Ecology) Joseph H. Kirkbride, Jr. (Rubiaceae) Edward E. Terrell (Phanerogams) James D. Lawrey (Lichens) Egbert H. Walker Elbert L. Little, Jr. (Dendrology) (East Asian Flora) Diane S. Littler (Marine Algae) Entomology Chairman Wayne N. Mathis Collections Manager Gary F. Revel Senior Scientist Karl V. Krombein NEUROPTEROIDS AND DIPTERA Curators Oliver S. Flint, Jr. Wayne N. Mathis LEPIDOPTERA Curators John M. Burns Don R. Davis W. Donald Duckworth Robert K. Robbins COLEOPTERA Curators Terry L. Erwin Paul J. Spangler HEMIPTERA AND HYMENOPTERA Curators Richard C. Froeschner Karl V. Krombein MYRIAPODA AND ARCHNIDA Curator Ralph E. Crabill, Jr. (Retired 1/83) RESEARCH ASSOCIATES, COLLABORATORS, AND AFFILIATED SCIENTISTS Annette Aiello (Lepidoptera) Jerry Coyne (Diptera) Donald W. Anderson (Coleoptera) Hilary Crusz (Insects of Sri Lanka) Edward W. Baker (Mites) K. C. Emerson (Mallophaga) S. W. T. Batra (Hymenoptera) John H. Fales (Lepidoptera) S. Franklin Blanton (Diptera) Douglas C. Ferguson (Lepidoptera) Barnard Burks (Hymenoptera) Richard H. Foote (Diptera) Robert W. Carlson (Hymenoptera) John G. Franclemont (Lepidoptera) J. F. Gates Clarke (Lepidoptera) Raymond J. Gagne (Diptera) Carleton M. Clifford (Ticks) Robert D. Gordon (Coleoptera) Margaret S. Collins E. Eric Grissell (Hymenoptera) Appendix 7. Smithsonian Institution and Its Subsidiaries I 531 Ashley B. Gurney (Orthoptera) George W. Ravvson (Lepidoptera) Ralph E. Harbach (Diptera) Mary Livingston Ripley (General Thomas Henry (Hemiptera) Entomology) John B. Heppner (Lepidoptera) Louise M. Russell (Homoptera) Jon L. Herring (Hemiptera) Curtis W. Sabrosky (Diptera) Ronald W. Hodges (Lepidoptera) Jay C. Shaffer (Microlepidoptera) Harry Hoogstraal Sunthorn Sirivanakarn (Mosquitoes) (Medical Entomology) Robert L. Smiley (Mites) W. L. Jellison (Mites, Ticks) David R. Smith (Hymenoptera) James E. Keirans (Ticks) Theodore J. Spilman (Coleoptera) John M. Kingsolver (Coleoptera) George C. Steyskal (Diptera) Lloyd Knutson (Diptera) Manya B. Stoetzel (Homoptera) James P. Kramer (Homoptera) F. Christian Thompson (Diptera) Paul M. Marsh (Hymenoptera) Edward L. Todd (Lepidoptera) Arnold S. Menke (Hymenoptera) Robert Traub (Siphonaptera) Douglass R. Miller (Homoptera) Hayo H. W. Velthuis Scott E. Miller (Microlepidoptera) (Hymenoptera) Carl F. W. Muesebeck Ronald A. Ward (Medical (Hymenoptera) Entomology) David F. Nickle (Orthoptera) Richard E. White (Coleoptera) Paul A. Opler (Lepidoptera) Donald R. Whitehead (Coleoptera) Robert V. Peterson (Diptera) Willis W. Wirth (Diptera) Kenelm W. Philip (Lepidoptera) David Wooldridge (Coleoptera) Robert W. Poole (Noctuidae) Invertebrate Zoology Chairman Clyde F. E. Roper Senior Zoologist Horton H. Hobbs, Jr. Collections Manager Roland H. Brown Administrative Assistant Martha J. Vincellette CRUSTACEA Curators J. Laurens Barnard Thomas E. Bowman Roger F. Cressey Charles W. Hart, Jr. Louis S. Kornicker Raymond B. Manning Associate Curator Brian F. Kensley ECHINODERMS Curators MOLLUSKS Curators WORMS Curators . . Frederick M. Bayer David L. Pawson Klaus Ruetzler Richard S. Houbrick Clyde F. E. Roper Joseph Rosewater Kristian Fauchald Robert P. Higgins W. Duane Hope Meredith L. Jones Mary E. Rice 532 / Smithsonian Year 1983 REGISTRY OF TUMORS IN LOWER ANIMALS Director John Harshbarger Microbiologist Sing Chen Chang Histotechnologic Specialist Linda Cullen Museum Specialist Phyllis Spero Biological Research Assistants Michael Calabrese (Resigned 5/83) Christine Louton Research Assistant Marilyn Slatick RESEARCH ASSOCIATES, COLLABORATORS, AND AFFILIATED SCIENTISTS S. Stillman Berry J. Bruce Bredin Stephen D. Cairns Fenner A. Chace, Jr. Steven Chambers Stephen L. Gardiner Lipke B. Holthuis Roman Kenk J. Ralph Lichtenfels Patsy McLaughlin Charles G. Messing Katherine Muzik Isabel Perez-Farfante (Canet) Richard E. Petit Marian Pettibone (Emeritus Zoologist, Retired) Anthony J. Provenzano, Jr. Harald A. Rehder (Emeritus Zoologist, Retired) L G. Sohn Ronald B. Toll Geerart J. Vermeij Gilbert L. Voss Austin B. Williams David K. Young Mineral Sciences Chairman Robert F. Fudali Administrative Assistant Elizabeth E. Greene METEORITES Curators Roy S. Clarke, Jr. Brian H. Mason Geochemist Kurt Fredriksson MINERALOGY Associate Curator John Sampson White Crystallographer Daniel E. Appleman PETROLOGY AND VOLCANOLOGY Curators Richard S. Fiske William G. Melson Tom Simkin PHYSICAL SCIENCES LABORATORY Chemists Eugene Jarosewich Joseph A. Nelen Electronics Technician James E. Collins SCIENTIFIC EVENT ALERT NETWORK Museum Specialist Lindsay R. McClelland Museum Technician Janet Crampton Appendix 7. Smithsonian Institution and Its Subsidiaries I 533 RESEARCH ASSOCIATES, COLLABORATORS, AND AFFILIATED SCIENTISTS Vagn F. Buchwald (Meteorites) Martin Flower (Petrology and William C. Buell IV (Volcanology) Volcanology) Cathy Busby-Spera (Petrology) Edward Henderson (Meteorites) Gary R. Byerly (Petrology) Peter Leavens (Mineralogy) Felix Chayes (Petrology and Paul B. Moore (Mineralogy) Volcanology) Debra S. Stakes (Petrology and Suzanne P. DeAtley (Petrology and Volcanology) Volcanology) Geoffrey Thompson (Petrology and Robert T. Dodd (Meteorites) Volcanology) Donald Elthon (Petrology) Othmar T. Tobisch (Petrology and John Filson (Petrology and Volcanology) Volcanology) Michael Fleischer (Mineralogy) Paleobiology Chairman Ian G. Macintyre Curators Emeritus G. Arthur Cooper C. Lewis Gazin Collections Manager Frederick J. Collier Deputy Collections Manager Jann W. M. Thompson ADP Paleobiology Inventory, Supervisor Timothy M. Collins Paleobiological Information (Resigned 9/13/83) Specialist Raymond T. Rye II Scientific Illustrator Lawrence B. Isham Vertebrate Paleontology Preparation Laboratory, Supervisor Arnold D. Lewis Senior Scientists Richard E. Grant Porter M. Kier Senior Scientist and Geological Oceanographer Daniel J. Stanley Geologists Ian G. Macintyre Kenneth M. Towe Curators Walter H. Adey Richard H. Benson Richard S. Boardman Martin A. Buzas Alan H. Cheetham Richard Cifelli Robert J. Emry Nicholas Hotton III Francis M. Hueber Jack W. Pierce Clayton E. Ray Thomas R. Waller Associate Curator Anna K. Behrensmeyer RESEARCH ASSOCIATES, COLLABORATORS, AND AFFILIATED SCIENTISTS Patricia Adey Daryl P. Domning Arthur J. Boucot Raymond C. Douglass Sankar Chatterjee J. Thomas Dutro, Jr. Anthony G. Coates Ralph E. Eshelman Josephine W. Cooper Jerzy A. Federowski Steven J. Culver Robert M. Finks 534 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Frank A. Garcia Mackenzie Gordon, Jr. David Govoni Richard Graus Peter J. Harmatuk Jessica A. Harrison Bruce N. Haugh Joseph E. Hazel Leo J. Hickey S. Taseer Hussain Ralph W. Imlay Jeremy B. C. Jackson Zofia Kielan-Jaworowskia Gilbert Kelling Carl F. Koch N. Gary Lane Kenneth E. Lohman Venka V. Macintyre Andres Maldonado Sergius H. Mamay Robert B. Neuman William A. Oliver, Jr. Thomas F. Phelen John Pojeta, Jr. Roy H. Reinhart Charles A. Repenning Bruce Runnegar William J. Sando Judith Schneider Vincent P. Schneider Frederick R. Siegel Elwyn L. Simons Judith Skog Roberta K. Smith-Evernden Norman F. Sohl L Gregory Sohn Donald Spoon George D. Stanley, Jr. Steven M. Stanley Robert 5. Steneck Margaret Ruth Todd Ronald R. West Frank C. Whitmore, Jr. Druid Wilson Ellis P. Yochelson Vertebrate Zoology Chairman George R. Zug Collections Manager J. Phillip Angle Administrative Assistant Anna L. Datcher FISHES Curators Robert H. Gibbs, Jr. Victor G. Springer Stanley H. Weitzman Associate Curator Richard P. Vari AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES Curators W. Ronald Heyer George R. Zug BIRDS Curators Storrs L. Olson George E. Watson Richard L. Zusi MAMMALS Curators Charles O. Handley, Jr. James G. Mead Richard W. Thorington, Jr. Associate Curator Michael D. Carleton secretary's research laboratory Administrative Specialist Adele Y. Issa Museum Specialist Bruce M. Beehler Appendix 7. Smithsonian Institution and Its Subsidiaries I 535 RESEARCH ASSOCIATES, COLLABORATORS, AND AFFILIATED SCIENTISTS John W. Aldrich (Birds) John S. Ash (Birds) Richard C. Banks (Birds) John C. Barber (Birds) William Belton (Birds) Michael A. Bogan (Mammals) Heraldo Britski (Fishes) Robert L. Brownell (Mammals) Daniel M. Cohen (Fishes) Bruce B. Collette (Fishes) Louise H. Emmons (Mammals) Robert K. Enders (Mammals) Carl H. Ernst (Reptiles and Amphibians) Alan Feduccia (Birds) Sara V. Fink (Fishes) William L. Fink (Fishes) Herbert Friedmann (Birds) Thomas H. Fritts (Amphibians and Reptiles) Jeffery Froehlich (Mammals) Alfred L. Gardner (Mammals) Michael Goulding (Fishes) Martha B. Hays (Birds) Richard Highton (Amphibians and Reptiles) George J. Jacobs (Amphibians and Reptiles) Frances C. James (Birds) Clyde J. Jones (Mammals) Warren B. King (Birds) Gordon L. Kirkland (Mammals) Irving L. Kornfield (Fishes) William H. Krueger (Fishes) Roxie C. Laybourne (Birds) Francisco Mago-Leccia (Fishes) Joe T. Marshall (Birds) Linda R. Maxson (Amphibians and Reptiles) Roy W. McDiarmid (Amphibians and Reptiles) Naercio Menezes (Fishes) Joseph C. Mitchell (Amphibians and Reptiles) Kenneth L Miyata (Amphibians and Reptiles) Ralph S. Palmer (Birds) Lynne R. Parenti (Fishes) William F. Perrin (Mammals) Allan R. Phillips (Birds) Ronald H. Pine (Mammals) Gregory K. Pregill (Amphibians and Reptiles) John E. Randall (Fishes) G. Carleton Ray (Mammals) Randall R. Reeves (Mammals) S. Dillon Ripley (Birds) C. Brian Robbins (Mammals) Alan H. Savitzky (Amphibians and Reptiles) Norman J. Scott, Jr. (Amphibians and Reptiles) William F. Smith- Vaniz (Fishes) David W. Steadman (Birds) Stephen G. Tilley (Amphibians and Reptiles) James C. Tyler (Fishes) Richard J. Wassersug (Amphibi- ans and Reptiles) Marilyn Weitzman (Fishes) John S. Weske (Birds) Ralph M. Wetzel (Mammals) Claudia F. Wilds (Birds) E. O. Wiley (Fishes) James D. Williams (Fishes) Don E. Wilson (Mammals) David B. Wingate (Birds) Handbook of North American Indians General Editor William C. Sturtevant Managing Editor Colin I. Busby Production Manager Diane Delia-Loggia Management Services Assistant Melvina Jackson Anthropologist Joanna C. Scherer Linguist R. H. Goddard III Librarian Lorraine H. Jacoby Smithsonian Oceanographic Sorting Center Director Leslie W. Knapp Administrative Assistant Patricia Buckley 536 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Marine Biologists Frank D. Ferrari Gordon Hendler Betty Landrum Ernani Menez Smithsonian Marine Station at Link Port Administrative Officer June J. Jones Scientist in Charge Mary E. Rice Research Assistants William D. Lee Sherry Anne Petry Julianne Piraino Hugh F. Reichardt MUSEUM SUPPORT CENTER Director U. Vincent Wilcox Administrative Assistant Patti B. Young Collections Coordinator Wendy C. Jessup Data Manager Joan B. Andrews Shipping Officer Mary L. Sheridan Facility Manager Charles E. Dunn NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK Acting Director Christen M. Wemmer (Appointed 4/3/83) Special Assistant to the Director Robert J. Hoage Chief, Office of Management Services . . Vincent J. Doyle Chief, Office of Education Judith White Senior Advisor for Animal Programs . . Theodore H. Reed (Appointed 4/3/83) Acting Assistant Director for Animal Programs Devra G. Kleiman Executive Assistant, Animal Programs Jaren G. Horsley Registrar, Animal Programs Judith Block Department of Herpetology Curator Dale L. Marcellini Department of Mammalogy Curator Edwin Gould Research Primatologist Benjamin Beck Department of Ornithology Curator Eugene S. Morton Department of Zoological Research Acting Scientist-in-Charge Katherine S. Ralls (Appointed 4/3/83) Scientific Staff Eugene S. Morton John C. Seidensticker research associates and affiliated scientists (zoological research) : Associate in Ecology . S. Dillon Ripley Collaborators Kenhelm W. Stott Adelmar Coinbra-Filho John F. Eisenberg Wolfgang Dittus Richard Estes Appendix 7. Smithsonian Institution and Its Subsidiaries I 537 Richard Faust Jeffrey A. McNeely John Frazier Nancy Muckenhirn Kenneth M. Green John Robinson James G. Hallett Rasanayagam Rudran Susan Lumpkin Melvin Sunquist Charles McDougal Susan Wilson Department of Animal Health Veterinarian-in-Charge R. Mitchell Bush Associate Veterinarian Lyndsay Phillips, Jr. Animal Physiologist David Wildt Research Associates Michael D. Abramowitz Max J. Appel Seth A. Koch Kenneth C. Bovee Douglas W. McKay James W. Carpenter Stephen J. O'Brien M. Kathryn Hammock U. S. Seal A. Everette James, Jr. John Knight Department of Pathology Pathologist-in-Charge .• Richard J. Montali Research Associates Richard Alsaker Max J. G. Appel Bruce Smith Chris Gardiner John Strandberg Ted L. Hatfield Bernard Zook Department of Conservation, Front Royal, Virginia Curator-in-Charge Christen M. Wemmer Research Associates Jon Rood Charles McDougal Joel Berger Facility Manager John N. Williams Assistant Director for Support Services Gaetano G. Calise, Jr. Office of Construction Management Chief Donald Muddiman Office of Graphics and Exhibits Chief . . Robert L. Mulcahy Office of Facilities Management Chief . . Emanuel Petrella Office of Police, Safety, & Health Chief Samuel L. Middleton, Jr. Friends of the National Zoo Executive Director Sabin Robbins OFFICE OF BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION Director Edward S. Ayensu Coordinator Robert A. DeFilipps Program Administrator Marsha Cox OFFICE OF FELLOWSHIPS AND GRANTS Director Gretchen Gayle Ellsworth Assistant Director , . Roberta W. Rubinoff Administrative Officer Catherine F. Harris Grants Program Manager Francine C. Berkowitz Grants Program Assistant Jacki L. Precourt Academic Programs Specialist Edith McRee Whiteman Academic Programs Assistant Mary Estelle Kennelly Records Manager Grace Murphy 538 / Smithsonian Year 1983 SMITHSONIAN ASTROPHYSICAL OBSERVATORY Director (1982) George B. Field (1983) Irwin I. Shapiro Deputy Director John G. Gregory Yoram Avni Daniel E. Harris Mark Reid Eugene H. Avrett Lee W. Hartmann T. N. Rengarajan Robert VV. Babcock John P. Huchra Christopher Rogers Sallie Baliunas Luigi G. Jacchia Micheline C. Roufosse David R. Bates Christine Jones-Forman George B. Rybicki William Blair Wolfgang Kalkofen Rudolph E. Schild Gregory Bothun Elisabeth Kallne Matthew Schneps Nathaniel P. Carleton Jan Kallne Ethan J. Schreier Frederic Chaffee Kate Kirby Daniel A. Schwartz Kelly Chance David Koch Joseph Schwarz John F. Chandler John L. Kohl Frederick D. Seward John H. Chappell Robert L. Kurucz Jack W. Slowey Giuseppe Colombo Gregory Lafyatis David Soderblom Allan F. Cook Don Lamb Graeme Smith David L. Cooper David W. Latham Robert Stachnik Alexander Dalgarno Myron Lecar John Stauffer Robert J. Davis Alan P. Lightman Robert Stefanik Andrea K. Dupree Tommaso Maccacaro Steven Stabler Martin S. Elvis Richard E. McCrosky Eugene Symbalisty Giuseppina Fabbiano Brian G. Marsden Harvey D. Tananbaum Daniel G. Fabricant Ursula B. Marvin Wesley A. Traub Giovanni G. Fazio Edward M. Mattison Ginervra Trinchieri Edward L. Fireman Charles W. Maxson Wallace H. Tucker William R. Forman Gary Melnick Giuseppe S. Vaiana Jane L. Fox Peter Meszaros Leon P. van Speybroeck Fred A. Franklin James M. Moran Robert F. C. Vessot Larry Gardner Stephen S. Murray George A. Victor John C. Geary Philip Myers Yuli Vladimirsky Owen Gingerich Robert W. Noyes Trevor C. Weekes Isabella Gioia Keith Olive Rainer Wehrse Zachary Goldberg Stanley Owocki Steven Weinberg Leon Golub Costas Papaliolios Fred L. Whipple Paul Gorenstein William H. Parkinson Charles A. Whitney Richard E. Griffiths Joseph O. Patterson Steven Willner Mario Grossi Michael R. Pearlman Allan Wirth Edward Guinan Harrison E. Radford George L. Withbroe Shadia Habbal John C. Raymond John A. Wood F. R. Harnden, Jr. Robert Reasenberg Martin V. Zombeck SMITHSONIAN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH CENTER Director William H. Klein Assistant Directors David L. Correll Walter Shropshire, Jr. Executive Officer Carolyn M. Walker Administrative Officers Joseph C. Fisher Donald L. Wilhelm Facilities Manager Robert N. Davis Program Assistant for Public Information Jamie L. Harms Agricultural Engineer John Sager Appendix 7. Smithsonian Institution and Its Subsidiaries I 539 Anthropologist Robert Stuckenrath Biochemist Maurice Marguhes Biologist Elisabeth Gantt Geneticist Roy W. Harding, Jr. Microbiologist Maria A. Faust Physicist Bernard Goldberg Plant Ecologist Dennis F. Whigham Plant Physiologists Charles F. Cleland Gerald Deitzer Bert G. Drake William O. Smith Terrestrial Ecologist John H. Falk Psychologist John D. Balling Zoologists Anson H. Hines James F. Lynch Affiliated Scientists Biochemists Jenny Clement-Metral Nicholas M. Shaw Ecologists Thomas E. Jordan Educational Specialists Gary Heath Barbara Steinberg Microbial Ecologist Parke Rublee Mycologist Elizabeth Moore-Landecker Plant Physiologists M. G. Holmes Rita Khanna Thomas Redlinger Kyotoshi Takeno-Wada Hugo Vogel Zoologists Ann Sorenson Paul Spitzer David Stevens SMITHSONIAN TROPICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE Director Ira Rubinoff Deputy Director Michael H. Robinson Special Assistant to Director Adela Gomez Deputy Special Assistant to Director . . Elena Lombardo Senior Scientists Martin Moynihan A. Stanley Rand Executive Officer Frank Morris Superintendent, Barro Colorado Nature Monument Gilberto Ocana Facilities Manager Ramon Ely Educational Coordinator Georgina de Alba Budget Assistant Carmen Sucre Scientific Staff John H. Christy Egbert G. Leigh, Jr. Alan P. Smith Richard G. Cooke Harilaos A. Lessios Neal G. Smith John Cubit Olga F. Linares Nicholas Smythe Robert L. Dressier G. Gene Montgomery Mary Jane West-Eberhard William G. Eberhard D. Ross Robertson Donald M. Windsor Peter W. Glynn Arcadio F. Rodaniche Hindrik Wolda Stephen P. Hubbell David W. Roubik S. Joseph Wright 540 / Smithsonian Year 1983 RESEARCH ASSOCIATES Annette Aiello Robin Andrews Charles Bennett, Jr. Nicholas Brokaw Gordon M. Burghardt Terry E. Christensen Mireya Correa Luis D'Croz Kerry Ann Dressier Robin Foster Nathan Gale Pedro Galindo Judy Gradwohl Jeffrey B. Graham Leslie Johnson James R. Karr Ross Kiester Jane Lubchenco Yael Lubin Ernst Mayr Bruce Menge Katharine Milton Anthony Ranere Tyson Roberts Barbara Robinson Gordon B. Small W. John Smith Henry Stockwell Alastair M. Stuart Katherine E. Trover Paulo E. Vanzolini Fritz Vollrath HISTORY AND ART Assistant Secretary John E. Reinhardt Special Assistant Dean Anderson Administrative Officer Patricia DuVall Program Management Officer Beverly Lang ANACOSTIA NEIGHBORHOOD MUSEUM Director John R. Kinard Administrative Officer Audrey M. Archer Historian Louise Daniel Hutchinson Exhibits Program Manager Victor M. Govier Education Specialist Zora Martin-Felton Supervisory Visual Information Specialist Sharon A. Reinckens Supervisory Exhibits Specialist James E. Mayo Photographer Christopher Capilongo ARCHIVES OF AMERICAN ART New York (Administrative Center) Director Richard N. Murray (current) William E, Woolfenden (retired) Deputy Director Susan A. Hamilton Washington (Processing Center) Senior Curator Garnett McCoy Administrative Officer Sherrill Berger Curator of Manuscripts Arthur Breton Associate Curator of Manuscripts Judy E. Throm Area Collector Buck Pennington New York Area Center Area Director William McNaught Boston Area Center Area Director Robert Brown Detroit Area Center Area Director . Dennis Barrie San Francisco Area Center Area Director Paul Karlstrom Appendix 7. Smithsonian Institution and Its Subsidiaries I 541 COOPER-HEWITT MUSEUM Director Lisa Taylor Assistant Director Harold Francis Pfister Administrator Linda Dunne Special Assistant to the Director Peter Scherer Business Office Manager Elizabeth McKirdie Curator of Drawings and Prints Elaine Evans Dee Curator of Decorative Arts David Revere McFadden Curator of Textiles Milton Sonday Textile Assistant Gillian Moss Librarian Kathy Martinez Conservator, Textiles Lucy Commoner Conservator, Paper Konstanze Bachmann Registrar Cordelia Rose Editor Nancy Akre Exhibition Coordinator Dorothy Globus Exhibition Designer Robin Parkinson Exhibition Researcher Lucy Fellowes Public Information Manager Isabelle Silverman Development Manager Eileen White Special Events Coordinator Chauncie McKeever Program Coordinators Jennifer Parkinson Susan Yelavich Education Specialist Andrew Svedlow Chief of Security Luis Palau Building Manager Jim Ledford Building Foreman Benard Feudi FREER GALLERY OF ART Director Thomas Lawton Assistant Director for Administration . . Richard Louie Administrative Officer Sarah Newmeyer-Hill Curator, Chinese Art Shen C. Y. Fu Curator, Japanese Art Yoshiaki Shimizu Assistant Curator, American Art David Park Curry Assistant Curator, Japanese Art Ann Yonemura Museum Specialist, Japanese Ceramics . Louise A. Cort Museum Specialist, Chinese Art Julia K. Murray Head Conservator, Technical Laboratory W. Thomas Chase III Conservator John Winter Conservator Paul Jett Coordinator of Special Programs, Center for Asian Art Esin Atil Research Assistant Josephine) |H- Knapp Librarian Ellen A. Nollman Assistant Librarian Lydia Hsieh Registrar Eleanor Radcliffe Registrarial Specialist Harriet McWilliams Docent Coordinator Gayle Southworth Building Manager Robert W. Evans Honorary Associates Richard Edwards Calvin French 542 / Smithsonian Year 1983 HIRSHHORN MUSEUM AND SCULPTURE GARDEN Director Abram Lemer Deputy Director Stephen E. Weil Executive Officer Nancy F. Kirkpatrick Chief Curator Charles W. Millard Curator of Exhibitions Cynthia J. McCabe Associate Curators Howard N. Fox Frank B. Gettings Phyllis Rosenzweig Judith Zilczer Assistant Curators Valerie Fletcher Miranda McClintic Librarian Anna Brooke Chief Conservator Felrath Mines Conservators Leland Aks Clarke Bedford Susan Lake Antoinette Owen Registrar Douglas Robinson Chief, Education Edward Lawson Chief, Exhibits and Design Joseph Shannon Public Information Specialist Sidney Lawrence Photographer Lee Stalsworth Building Services Coordinator Frank Underwood JOSEPH HENRY PAPERS Editor Nathan Reingold Associate Editor Marc Rothenberg Assistant Editors Kathleen W. Dorman Paul Theerman Administrative Officer Beverly Jo Lepley NATIONAL MUSEUM OF AFRICAN ART Director Sylvia H. Williams Associate Director for Collections and Research Roy Sieber Assistant Director Jean Salan Founding Director Emeritus Warren Robbins Curator Lydia Puccinelli Curator Roslyn Walker Public Information Officer Amina Dickerson Curator of Education Edward Lifschitz Operations Manager Basil Arendse Registrar Lee Williams Conservator Renee Welfeld Archives Assistant Bryna Freyer Docent/Intern Coordinator Gretchen Jennings NATIONAL MUSEUM OF AMERICAN ART Director Charles C. Eldredge Deputy Director Harry Lowe Assistant Director, Programs Barbara Nosanow Appendix 7. Smithsonian Institution and Its Subsidiaries I 543 Assistant Director, Resources Charles J. Robertson Administrator Sherwood A. Dowling Assistant to the Director Birute Anne Vileisis Senior Curatorial Advisor Adelyn Breeskin Curator, 20th Century Painting and Sculpture Harry Rand Associate Curator, 20th Century Painting and Sculpture Virginia Mecklenburg Assistant Curator, 20th Century Painting and Sculpture Merry Foresta Assistant Curator, Joseph Cornell Study Center Lynda Hartigan Curator, 18th and 19th Century Painting and Sculpture William H. Truettner Associate Curator, 18th and 19th Century Painting and Sculpture Robin Bolton-Smith Curator, Graphic Arts Janet Flint Associate Curator, Graphic Arts Martina Norelli Chief, Office of Public Programs Margaret P. Cogswell Producer, Art Documentaries, Office of Public Museum Programs . . Alison Abelson Head of Docents and Volunteer Services Nora Panzer Director, Renwick Gallery Lloyd E. Herman Curator, Renwick Gallery Michael Monroe Associate Curator, Renwick Gallery . . . Ellen Myette Curator, Barney Studio House Jean Lewton Curator of Research Lois M. Fink Chief, Office of Intern Programs Patricia H. Chieffo Chief, Office of Design and Production David Keeler Chief, Design Unit, Office of Design and Production Val Lewton Senior Conservator Stefano Scafetta Editor, Office of Publications Carroll S. Clark Registrar W. Robert Johnston Assistant Registrar, Permanent Collection Thomas W. Bower Assistant Registrar, Loans Melissa L. Kroning Assistant Registrar, Packing and Shipping Michael Smallwood Chief, Office of Public Affairs Margery Byers Chief, Office of Research Support Eleanor Fink Assistant Chief, Office of Research Support Rachel Allen Chief Photographer Michael Fischer Coordinator, Inventory of American Paintings Martha Andrews Librarian nmaa/npg Cecilia Chin NATIONAL MUSEUM OF AMERICAN HISTORY Director Roger G. Kennedy Deputy Director Douglas E. Evelyn Assistant Director for Administration . . Ronald E. Becker Special Assistants Lawrence A. Bush Eleanor Trowbridge 544 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Museum Program Coordinator Susan B. Beaudette Public Information Officer Mary W. Dyer Assistant Administrator Richard Nicastro National Philatelic Collections Executive Director Herbert R. Collins Associate Curator Reidar Norby National Numismatics Collections Historians Vladimir Clain-Stefanelli (Deceased 10/19/82) Elvira Clain-Stefanelli Eisenhower Institute for Historical Research Historians Forrest C. Pogue James Hutchins Office of Building Management Building Manager William Sanford Division of Conservation Head Conservator ]. Scott Odell Department of Exhibits Assistant Director for Exhibitions and Public Spaces J. Michael Carrigan Chief, Exhibits Design Nadya Makovenyi Chief, Exhibits Production, Exhibits Maintenance Walter N. Lewis Office of Public and Academic Programs Director Josiah Hatch Director, Program in Black American Culture Bernice Johnson Reagon Director, Performances James Weaver Office of the Registrar Registrar Virginia Beets Assistant Registrar Martha Morris Department of Social and Cultural History Chairman Gary B. Kulik Historian, Life in America Project Path D. Ruffins CERAMICS AND GLASS Assistant Curator Susan Myers Curators Emeriti Paul V. Gardner J. Jefferson Miller II C. Malcolm Watkins Collaborators Joan P. Watkins Ivor Noel Hume COMMUNITY LIFE Curators Richard E. Ahlborn Carl H. Scheele Appendix 7 . Smithsonian Institution and Its Subsidiaries I 545 COSTUME Curator Claudia B. Kidwell Curator Emeritus Anne W. Murray DOMESTIC LIFE Curators Anne C. Golovin Rodris C. Roth Associate Curator Barbara Clark Smith GRAPHIC ARTS Curator Elizabeth M. Harris Assistant Curator Helena C. Wright MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS Curators John T. Fesperman Cynthia A. Hoover Research Associate Sheridan Germann PHOTOGRAPHIC HISTORY Curator Eugene Ostroff POLITICAL HISTORY Curators Michael R. Beschloss Margaret B. Klapthor Keith E. Melder Associate Curator Edith P. Mayo TEXTILES Curator Rita J. Adrosko Department of the History of Science and Technology Chairman Arthur P. Molella Administrator William L. Withuhn Research Associates Derek J. De Solla Price Bern Dibner Rayna Green ELECTRICITY AND MODERN PHYSICS Curators Bernard Finn Paul Forman EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES Curators Pete Daniel John T. Schlebecker Associate Curator George T. Sharrer Research Associate Philip W. Bishop MATHEMATICS Curator Uta C. Merzbach Research Associates Judy Green Jeanne LaDuke MECHANISMS Curators Otto Mayr David F. Noble Research Associate Stuart Bennett 546 / Smithsonian Year 1983 MEDICAL SCIENCES Curators Audrey B. Davis Ramunas A. Kondratas Curator Emeritus Sami K. Hamameh MECHANICAL AND CIVIL ENGINEERING Curator Robert M. Vogel Research Associates Charles T. G. Looney Dian O. Belanger MILITARY HISTORY Curator Edward C. Ezell Associate Curator Donald E. Kloster Curator Emeritus Craddock R. Coins, Jr. Research Associate Mrs. John Nicholas Brown NAVAL HISTORY Curators Philip K. Lundeberg Harold D. Langley Research Associate Lee Houchins PHYSICAL SCIENCES Curators Deborah J. Warner Jon B. Eklund Research Associate Arthur Frazier TRANSPORTATION Curators John H. White William L. Withuhn Research Associates Peter B. Bell Arthur D. Dubin George Hilton Melvin H. Jackson Senior Historian's Office Senior Historian Brooke Hindle Senior Scientific Scholar Robert P. Multhauf Archives Center Archivist John Fleckner Historian Spencer Crew Technology & Culture Editor Robert C. Post Afro-American Communities Project Director James Horton NATIONAL PORTRAIT GALLERY Director Alan Fern Assistant Director for History and Public Programs Marc Pachter (Appointed 2/6/83) Executive Officer Barbara A. Hart (Appointed 3/6/83) Appendix 7. Smithsonian Institution and Its Subsidiaries I 547 Curator of Painting and Sculpture .... Robert G. Stewart Curator of Exhibitions Beverly J. Cox Associate Curators of Painting and Sculpture Monroe Fabian Ellen Miles Curator of Prints Wendy Wick Reaves Curator of Photographs William F. Stapp Curator of Education Kenneth Yellis Editor of Publications Frances S. Wein Chief, Design and Production Nello Marconi Keeper, Catalog of American Portraits Mona Dearborn National Survey Coordinator, Catalog of American Portraits Richard K. Doud Editor of the Charles Willson Peale Papers and Historian of American Culture Lillian B. Miller Librarian Cecilia Chin Senior Conservator Rosamond Westmoreland Senior Photographer Eugene Mantie Registrar Suzanne Jenkins Public Affairs Officer Sandra Westin OFFICE OF AMERICAN STUDIES Director Wilcomb E. Washburn MUSEUM PROGRAMS Assistant Secretary Paul N. Perrot Executive Assistant William N. Richards Special Assistant W. Donald Duckworth Program Analyst Thomas J. Peyton CONSERVATION ANALYTICAL LABORATORY Acting Director Alan W. Postlethwaite Administrative Officer Vernetta M. Williams Information Specialist Marjorie Cleveland CONSERVATION TREATMENT Supervisor Eleanor McMillan Furniture Conservator Walter Angst Objects Conservator Mary L. Garbin Paintings Conservator Roland Cunningham Paper Conservator Timothy Vitale Conservation Technician Thomas Raysor CONSERVATION SCIENCE Supervisor Timothy Padfield Metallurgy and Microscopy Martha Goodway Infra-Red Spectrophotometry, etc Walter Hopwood Ultraviolet Spectrography Harold Westley 548 / Smithsonian Year 1983 X-Ray Diffraction and X-Radiography . . Joan Mishara Organic Chemists David Erhardt David Von Endt ARCHAEOMETRY Administrator Jacqueline S. Olin Neutron Activation Analysis M. James Blackman Neutron Induced Autoradiography .... Yu-tarng Cheng Fellows in Material Science Albert Jornet Emlen Myers Rita Wright Librarian (5IL) Karen Preslock NATIONAL MUSEUM ACT PROGRAMS Coordinator Barbara K. Schneider OFFICE OF EXHIBITS CENTRAL Chief, OEC Director of Design James A. Mahoney, Jr. Assistant Chief Chief of Production John Widener Assistant to the Chief Chief, Editor's Office Karen Hummer Fort Administrative Officer William M. Clark, Jr. Assistant Chief of Production Supervisor, Graphic Production James A. Speight, Jr. Supervisor, Fabrication Kenneth R. Clevinger Supervisor, Models Shop Walter G. Sorrell OFFICE OF HORTICULTURE Director James R. Buckler Assistant Director John W. Monday Chief of Education Division Lauranne C. Nash Foreman, Grounds Management Division Kenneth Hawkins Foreman, Greenhouse-Nursery Division August A. Dietz IV OFFICE OF INTERNATIONAL ACTIVITIES Director Kennedy B. Schmertz Deputy Director Richard T. Conroy International Liaison Specialist Saundra Tilghman-Thomas Coordinator Brian J. LeMay OFFICE OF MUSEUM PROGRAMS Program Manager Jane R. Glaser Assistant Program Manager and Native American Museums Program Coordinator Nancy J. Fuller Kellogg Project Coordinator Philip Speiss II Museum Evaluator Dr. Robert L. Wolf Training Program Coordinator Mary Lynn Perry Intern and Visiting Professionals Program Raymond Branham Appendix 7. Smithsonian Institution and Its Subsidiaries I 549 Program Assistant Pamela Leupen Conservation Information Program Coordinator Elena Borowski A.V. Production Specialist Rodger Wedgeworth Distribution Coordinator Bettie J. Lee Administrative Clerk Mary J. Paden Museum Reference Center Librarian . . Catherine Scott OFFICE OF THE REGISTRAR Registrar Philip Leslie SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION ARCHIVES Acting Archivist William A. Deiss Associate Archivists Alan L. Bain Richard V. Szary Assistant Archivists William E. Cox Susan Westgate Glenn William R. Massa, Jr. James A. Steed Historian Pamela M. Henson Supervisory Archives Technician Norwood N. Biggs SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES Director Robert Maloy Special Assistant Silvio Bedini Asst. for Resource Development Mary A. Rosenfeld Manager, Systems, Planning and Administration Stephen Toney Administrative Officer Jean Middleton Associate Director and Manager Bibliographic Systems Division Vija L. Karklins Chief, Acquisition Services Mildred D. Raitt Supervisor, Monographs Purchasing and Gifts/Exchanges William B. Neff Supervisor, Serials Purchasing Lucien R. Rossignol Supervisor, Binding Purchasing James E. Lawson Chief, Automated Bibliographic Control Victoria Avera Acting Chief, Catalogue Records Brooke Henley Chief, Original Indexing Services Mary Jane H. Linn Cataloguers Margaret A. Sealor Helen Nordberg Trade Literature Indexer Mildred Scharf Assistant Director and Manager, Research Services Division Margaret Child Chief Librarian, Central Reference and Loan Services Mary C. Gray Reference Librarians Gloria Atkinson Bertha S. Sohn Susan VanHaften-Mackler Barbara Veloz Library of Congress Liaison Librarian Janette K. Saquet 550 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Chief Librarian, Museum Reference Center Catherine D. Scott Chief Librarian, Special Collections . . . Ellen B. Wells Branch Research Libraries Chief, SIL Branch, SERC Angel Haggins Chief Librarian, SIL Branch, C-HM Katharine Martinez Chief Librarian, SIL Branch, NASM .... Frank Pietropaoli Reference Librarians Philip Edwards Amy Levin Chief Librarian, SIL Branch, NMAf A . . Janet L. Stanley Chief Librarian, Museum Support Center Karen Preslock Chief Librarian, SIL Branch, NMAH Rhoda Ratner Reference Librarian Charles Berger Chief Librarian, SIL Branch, NMNH . . . Sylvia J. Churgin Assistant Librarians Ruth Schallert Angeline Smith Senior Science Reference Librarian . . Jack Marquardt Chief Librarian, SIL Branch, NZP Kay Kenyon Chief Librarian, SIL Branch, STRI Carol Jopling Chief Librarian, SIL Branch, SAO Joyce M. Rey Assistant Director and Manager Collection Management Division .... Jack S. Goodwin Book Conservation Laboratory Chief Conservator Johannes H. Hyltoft Conservator Maria Nugent Research Associate Jean C. Smith SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION TRAVELING EXHIBITION SERVICE Director Peggy A. Loar Public Affairs Officer Eileen Harakal Assistant Director for Administration and Program Analysis Antonio Diez Publications Officer Andrea Stevens Head Registrar Mary Jane Clark Registrar for Shipping Mary Sheridan (Resigned 9/19/83) Registrar for Scheduling Vera Hyatt Assistant Director for International Programs Eileen Rose Exhibitions Coordinator Donald McClelland Project Director, "The Precious Legacy" Anna R. Cohn (Under contract) Assistant Director for Program Administration Deborah Dawson Exhibition Coordinators Martha Cappelletti Judith Cox Elizabeth Driscoll Susan Schreiber Betty Teller Educational Specialist Marjorie Share Education Coordinators Deborah Lerme Goodman Julia Shepherd Assistant Director for Exhibition Development Anne R. Gossett Appendix 7. Smithsonian Institution and Its Subsidiaries I 551 PUBLIC SERVICE Assistant Secretary Peter Seitel Administrative Officer Andrew W. McCoy OFFICE OF ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION Education Program Coordinator Ann Bay Museum Education Specialist Alan Cartenhaus Thomas Lowderbaugh Special Education Coordinator Janice Majewski OFFICE OF FOLKLIFE PROGRAMS Director Peter Seitel Senior Ethnomusicologist Thomas Vennum Administrative Officer Betty Beuck Senior Folklife Program Officer Jeffrey LaRiche Associate Festival Director Diana Parker Folklorists Marjorie Hunt Jack Santino Ethnomusicologist Kazadi wa Mukuna Designer Daphne Shuttleworth Technical Specialist Richard Derbyshire Archive Assistant Cal Southworth Assistant Film Editor Steve Secor Administrative Assistant Sarah Lewis Fiscal Technician Barbara Strickland Staff Assistant Arlene Liebenau Festival Services Manager Jackie Dulaney Renwick "Celebration" Exhibition Project Manager Kristie Miller Program Specialist Beth Hantzes Production Assistant Magdalena Gilinsky OFFICE OF SMITHSONIAN SYMPOSIA AND SEMINARS Director Wilton S. Dillon Associate Directors Dorothy Richardson Carla M. Borden OFFICE OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS Director Nazaret Cherkezian Assistant Director Paul B. Johnson Director of Special Projects Karen Loveland Telecommunications Specialists Ann M. Carroll Jean B. Quinnette Production Coordinator Lawrence E. Kline TV Production Specialist Peter R. C. Erikson Motion Picture Production Specialist . . . John W. Hiller Radio Production Specialists Jesse E. Boggs John P. Meehan Radio Production/Marketing Specialist . Denise E. Freeland Administrative Officer Kate M. Hartley 552 / Smithsonian Year 1983 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS Director Felix C. Lowe Deputy Director Glen B. Ruh Financial Manager John R. Ouellette Marketing Consultant William Kelty Administrative Officer Georgiana Hahn University Press Division Assistant Director and Managing Editor Maureen R. Jacoby Senior Science Editor Edward F. Rivinus Editor, Special Projects Martin Williams Production Manager Lawrence J. Long Series Publications Supervisor Barbara J. Spann Distribution Section Supervisor Rosa E. Maness Senior Designer Stephen J. Kraft Direct Mail Book Division Director Glen B. Ruh Senior Editor Alexis Doster III Recordings Division Director Felix C. Lowe Executive Producer Vacant Associate Producer James R. Taylor SMITHSONIAN MAGAZINE Editor Don Moser Publisher Joseph J. Bonsignore Executive Editor Ralph Backlund Members, Board of Editors: Caroline Despard Nancy Seaman Jim Doherty Paul Trachtman Timothy Foote John P. Wiley, Jr. Bennett Schiff Associate Publisher, Advertising Thomas H. Black Associate Publisher, Circulation Anne Keating General Manager Carey O. Randall Production Manager Ruth Ravenel Printing and Distribution E. Cherry Doyle Consultant to the Secretary Edward K. Thompson VISITOR INFORMATION AND ASSOCIATES' RECEPTION CENTER Director Mary Grace Potter Deputy Director Carolyn Clampitt Program Editor Maria Heasly Manager, Staff/Volunteer Service Unit . Sally Covel Manager, Public Inquiry Mail Unit .... Vacant Manager, Telephone Information Program Katherine Neill Coordinator, Group Information Services Julia Daniel Coordinator, Information Ontreach Program Molly Sawyer Office Manager Bee Gee Livsey Appendix 7. Smithsonian Institution and Its Subsidiaries I 553 ADMINISTRATION Assistant Secretary John F. Jameson Planning Officer Robert L. Farrell Contracting Officer, Contracts Office . . . Elbridge O. Hurlbut Director, Management Analysis Office . John G. Motheral Director, Office of Equal Opportunity . . Will Douglas, Jr. Director, Office of Facilities Services . . . Tom L. Peyton, Jr. Director, Office of Design and Construction Phillip K. Reiss Director, Office of Plant Services .... Kenneth E. Shaw Director, Office of Protection Services Robert B. Burke, Jr. Director, Office of Information Resource Management Richard H. Lytle Director, Office of Personnel Administration Howard Toy Director, Office of Printing and Photographic Services James H. Wallace, Jr. Director, Office of Programming and Budget Jon E. Yellin Acting Director, Office of Programming and Budget John R. Clarke Director, Office of Supply Services . . . Robert P. Perkins Director, Travel Services Office Ann H. Krafthofer FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES Treasurer Christian C. Hohenlohe Assistant to the Treasurer John R. Clarke Financial Analyst Frances C. Rooney Assistant Treasurer, Office of Accounting and Financial Services . . . Allen S. Goff Assistant Director, Office of Accounting and Financial Services Shireen L. Dodson Chief Systems Accountant John P. Howser Cash and Investment Analyst Adele R. Bock Chief, Procedures and Review Edward J. Ballotta Director, Office of Grants and Risk Management Phillip H. Babcock Assistant Director, Grants Management Rick R. Johnson Assistant Director, Risk Management . . Judith A. Ferraiolo Director, Business Management Office . James J. Chmelik Product Licensing Specialist, Business Management Office Ann I. McClellan Director, Smithsonian Museum Shops . . Samuel J. Greenberg Director, Mail Order Division Donald E. Press Director (Acting), Department of Food Services Ohlen J. Boyd Manager, Parking Office Charles K. Ruffin Director, Belmont Conference Center . . Mary B. Force (Center sold 9/9/83) OFFICE OF THE GENERAL COUNSEL General Counsel Peter G, Powers Associate General Counsel Alan D. Ullberg 554 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Assistant General Counsels: Robert A. Dierker George S. Robinson Sharon A. White Marie C. Malaro Marsha S. Shaines Janies I. Wilson Suzanne Dupre Murphy MEMBERSHIP AND DEVELOPMENT Director James McK. Symington OFFICE OF DEVELOPMENT Deputy Director E. Jeffrey Stann Associate Development Officers Arthur W. Gardner Salvatore G. Cilella, Jr. Research Coordinator Susan J. Kalcik NATIONAL ASSOCIATE PROGRAM Director Jacqueline Austin Program Analyst Abby Whitenack Program Coordinator for the Women's Committee Marta Doggett Regional Events Program Manager Charlene James-Duguid Program Assistants Amy Kotkin and MaryBeth Mullen Contributing Membership Program Manager Janet Fesler Program Assistant Robert Smulian Selected Studies Program Manager Nancy Starr Program Assistant Nancy Mitchell Associates Travel Program Manager, Domestic Study Tours Prudence Clendenning Program Manager, Foreign Study Tours Barbara Tuceling RESIDENT ASSOCIATE PROGRAM Director Janet W. Solinger Associate Director Michael C. Alin Associate Director Eugene S. Szopa Program Coordinators Roslyn Beitler Paul J. Edelson Moya B. King Carol L. Malmi Marcus L. Overton Associate Program Coordinators Karen M. Gray Elizabeth H. McClung Marsha Semmel Alice Dana Spencer Susan Swarthout Taub Appendix 7. Smithsonian Institution and Its Subsidiaries I 555 Art Director Margaret V. Lee Public Information Specialist Joanne Dann Associate Editor Bruce E. Tapper Publicist Catherine J. Cole Membership Coordinator Jeanne B. George Assistant Membership Coordinator .... Claudette E. Moore Registration Manager Marjorie Lee Walker Assistant Registration Manager Xenia Sorokin Arnelle Volunteer Coordinator Elinor K. Emlet OFFICE OF COORDINATOR OF PUBLIC INFORMATION Coordinator Lawrence Taylor Executive Officer Eileen Hall OFFICE OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS Director Alvin Rosenfeld Assistant Director Madeleine Jacobs Public Affairs Specialists: Susan Bliss Kathryn Lineman Linda St. Thomas Mary Combs David Maxfield William C. Schuiz Johnnie Douthis Ingrid Mendelsohn Lilas Wiltshire Richard Friedman OFFICE OF CONGRESSIONAL LIAISON Special Assistant to the Secretary Margaret Hird Congressional Liaison Assistant Carey Wilkins OFFICE OF SPECIAL EVENTS Director Barbara Spraggins Assistant Director Anne Blattberg READING IS FUNDAMENTAL, INC. Chairman of the Board Mrs. Elliot Richardson President Ruth Graves Executive Assistant Nancy Lewis Director of Development Wade St. Clair Director of Supplier and Organizational Relations Barbara Atkinson Director of Financial Operations and Special Projects Christina D. Mead Director of Publications and Research Kristine Wilcox Program Services Officer Jessie L. Lacy Regional Program Coordinator Mary Chor Subcontract and Data Retrieval Officer . Don Perron Resource Coordination Specialist Deborah K. Stoeckle Finance Manager Donna M. Wagley Materials/Supplies Manager Calvin L. McFadden Writer/Editor/Researcher Gail Oerke Manager, Parent Services James Wendorf 556 I Smithsonian Year 1983 WOODROW WILSON INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR SCHOLARS Director James H. Billington Deputy Director Prosser Gifford Editor Peter Braestrup Librarian Zdenek V. David Publications Program Manager Elizabeth Dixon Assistant Director for Administration . . William M. Dunn Secretary, Kennan Institute Herbert J. Ellison Secretary, American Society and Politics Program Michael J. Lacey Secretary, Latin American Program .... Abraham F. Lowenthal Secretary, East Asia Program Ronald A. Morse Assistant Director for Development .... George Liston Seay Assistant Director for Fellowships and Coordinator of History, Culture, and Society Ann Sheffield Executive Assistant to the Director .... Mernie Wright Weathers Secretary, International Security Studies Program Samuel F. Wells, Jr. JOHN F. KENNEDY CENTER FOR THE PERFORMING ARTS Artistic Director Marta Istomin Director of Operations Thomas R. Kendrick Deputy Director of Operations Geraldine M. Otremba General Manager of Theaters Judith O'Dea Morr Associate Manager of Theaters Richard H. Owens Controller Clifton B. Jeter Director of Development Jillian H. Poole Director of Building Services Edward G. Schessler Budget Officer Verda V. Welch Administrative Assistant for Programming Wayne Richardson Director of Education Jack W. Kukuk Marketing Manager John H. McAuliffe Director of Communications Laura Longley Manager of Sales Carl A. Matte Television Consultant Chloe Aaron Theater Productions Consultant Ralph G. Allen Multi-Cultural Affairs Adviser Archie L. Buffkins NATIONAL GALLERY OF ART President John R. Stevenson Vice-President Carlisle H. Humelsine Director J. Carter Brown Deputy Director John H. Wilmerding Dean, Center for Advanced Study in the Visual Arts Henry A. Millon Treasurer Robert C. Goetz Administrator Joseph G. English Appendix 7. Smithsonian Institution and Its Subsidiaries I 357 Secretary-General Counsel Carroll J. Cavanagh Chief Curator Sydney J. Freedberg Construction Manager Hurley F. Offenbacher Assistant to the Director, Music Richard Bales Assistant to the Director, Public Information Katherine Warwick Assistant to the Director, Special Events Cenevra Higginson Planning Consultant David W. Scott Chief Librarian J. M. Edelstein Chief, Education Department Margaret I. Bouton Head, Extension Program Department . Ruth R. Perlin Head, Art Information Service Elise V. H. Ferber Editor Frances Smyth Chief, Photographic Laboratory William J. Sumits Curator of Photographic Archives Ruth Rowe Philbrick Head, Photographic Services Ira A. Bartfield Chief of Conservation Ross M. Merrill Chief of Exhibitions Program D. Dodge Thompson Head, Department of Design and Installation Gaillard F. Ravenel Registrar Peter Davidock, Jr. Curator of Graphic Arts Andrew C. Robison, Jr. Curator of Early Italian and Tuscan Painting David A. Brown Curator of Northern and Later Italian Painting Sheldon Grossman Acting Curator of American Art Linda Ayres Curator of Italian Drawings Diane DeGrazia Curator of French Prints H. Diane Russell Curator of Sculpture Douglas Lewis, Jr. Curator of Twentieth-Century Art E. A. Carmean, Jr. Curator of Northern European Painting John O. Hand Curator of Dutch Painting Arthur K. Wheelock Curator, Department of Graphic Arts . . Ruth Fine Assistant Dean, Center for Advanced Study in the Visual Arts Schreve Simpson Assistant Administrator George W. Riggs Associate Secretary-General Counsel . . Elizabeth A. Croog Assistant Secretary Kathryn K. Bartfield Personnel Officer Michael B. Bloom 558 / Smithsonian Year 1983 APPENDIX 8. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution in Fiscal Year 1983 The Board of Regents and the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution join with the entire staff in thanking all of the Institution's friends for their gen- erous financial support and for their gifts to the collections. If perchance the name of any donor has been omitted from the following list, it is an inad- vertence and in no way diminishes the Institution's gratitude. Many gifts were received from donors who prefer to remain anonymous; the Smithsonian wishes to thank them for their generosity. OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY SPECIAL PROJECTS Donors to the Furnishings Collection Peter Mack Brown: 1 circular parlor table. Daniel M. Child: 6 caned side chairs. James M. Goode: 1 Chinese folding screen. Kier Helberg: 1 Empire sofa, 1 Gothic Revival canterbury. Dr. and Mrs. Walter Hepner: 2 Renaissance Revival print cabinets, set of 6 Renaissance Revival chairs, set of 1 arm chair, 2 side chairs, and 1 sofa, all Renaissance Revival. Ray Herbert: 2 panorama photographs of the Mall and U.S. Capitol. Jeffrey La Riche: 1 antelope skin. Miss Christine Mattier: 1 Rocco Revival six-light chandelier. Mrs. M. M. Patrick: 1 Renaissance Revival side chair. Ralph Rinzler: 1 Eastlake four-light chandelier. Mrs. Milton Turner: 17 etchings of Washington, D.C., by Gustav Trois. SCIENCE NATIONAL AIR AND SPACE MUSEUM Donors of Financial Support Air Line Pilots Association, General Electric International Grumman Corporation Ms. Helen Rogers Binney Itek Optical Systems Ms. Florence M. Boring Jay M. Jaffe British Aerospace Incorporated Japan Aeronautical Engineers' Delta Vee, Inc. Association Mr. Clyde B. Finley Mr. Archie J. Lenzi Friends and Co-Workers of Lockheed Missiles and Space Westinghouse Electric Company Company, Inc. Appendix 8. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 559 Mr. William T. McCormick Mr. Blair D. Shwedo Mrs. Helen J. McCray Mr. Donald R. Speck National Space Club Mr. D. S. Stephanadis The Perkins-Elmer Corporation Time-Life Books, Inc. Mr. H. R. Perot TRW, Defense and Systems Group Prime Computer, Inc. TRW, Space and Technology Group Rockwell International, Space U.S. Air Operations United Technologies Donors to the Collections Mr. John W. Abiuso: 2 parachutes. Mrs. Alfred Africano: 2 films, 2 records, and 1 cassette describing American Rocket Society rocket tests. Alaska State Chamber of Commerce: model of RCA SATCOM (ALASCOM) communications satellite. Mr. John C. Andrews: U.S. Army Air Forces World War II enlisted man's flight jacket. Amateur Radio Club, Maryland Chapter: U.S. Army Signal Corps airplane radio receiving set. Amelia Earhart American Legion Auxiliary, Post #678 (through Mrs. Estelle Manbeck) : scissors. Contessa Maria Fede Caproni Armani: model of Savoia-Marchetti S55X sea- plane. Mr. Norbert Aubuchon: flying goggles. Mr. John Baker: Weedhopper ultralight aircraft. Butler Aviation International: collection of 36 photographs by Mr. Budd Davisson. Mrs. Louise Swift Chambers: painting, SST Two, by Lorraine Chambers McCarty. Mr. John Charlton: collection of World War I Royal Flying Corps uniforms and memorabilia, 29 objects. Mr. Mance Clayton: collection of 33 space flight mission patches. Cleveland Pneumatic Co.: Louis W. Greve trophy. Commercial Plastic and Supply Corp.: 2 B-25 turret enclosures. Cornell University, Center for Radio Physics and Space Research: infrared rocket payload. Mr. Emre E. Dluhos: bombsight, aircraft, type Mark lA, U.S. Army Air Service. Mr. Alan D. Dunphy: J. W. Hadfield skyrocket, patent model, ca. 1865, 2 J. W. Hadfield skyrockets, patent model, ca. 1867, and a P. Licht sky- rocket, patent model, ca. 1872. Mr. Paul Edward Garber: Korean kite reel and Chinese kite reel. General Dynamics, Convair Division: model of Atlas Centaur. Mr. E. J. Gothard: Antonov AN-2 Colt aircraft. Mr. William F. Goza: model of Fokker D VII, World War I. Mr. Stephen W. Henninger: model of USS Enterprise aircraft carrier. High Altitude Observatory, Boulder, Colo, and National Aeronautics and Space Administration: coronagraph for Apollo telescope mount. Mr. Kenneth W. Hyde: Farman Sport aircraft. Individual Protection Laboratory, U.S. Army Natick Research and Develop- ment Laboratories: flying helmet, and armor flyer's vest. Mr. Paul Jokelson: Montgolfier paperweight. Mr. Johan Kala: Mooney M-18 Mite aircraft. Mrs. Benjamin S. Kelsey: flying helmet, type T-30-H microphone, souvenir propeller, and U.S. Navy parachute. 560 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Mr. Robert Koch : model of Lockheed D-21 drone. Mr. Richard Kolter: U.S. Army Air Forces World War II flight jacket, flight helmet, cap, trousers, anti-G garment, radio headset, throat microphone, and Royal Air Force flying helmet. Mr. Robert Chad Le Beau: 2 U.S. Army Air Corps oxygen masks. Lewis University (through Brother David Delahanty, FSC) : Frankfort TG-lA sailplane aircraft. Mr. Henry A. Liese: two-blade wood propeller. Lockheed Missiles and Space Co.: space telescope (support systems module). Martin Marietta Aerospace, Denver Division: model of space shuttle astro- naut with manned maneuvering unit. Capt. Russell Maugans: pilot's directional indicator from Martin B-26 Marauder. Mr. Russell J. Morrison: Sperry A-1 turret. Col. William B. Mozey, Jr.: U.S. Army Signal Corps guidon, airline mega- phone, shaving kit, and venturi tube. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Goddard Space Flight Cen- ter, Laboratory for Astronomy and Physics: OSO-V X-ray Spectrometer. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Headquarters, Washington, D.C.: Viking Lander biology instrument. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Jet Propulsion Laboratory: deep space network antenna model. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Johnson Space Center: Gemi- ni spacesuit, U.S. flag and STS-1 patch mounted on a certificate, Apollo spacesuit with helmet, ALSEP charged particle lunar environment experi- ment, and laser ranging reflector. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Marshall Space Flight Cen- ter: Apollo telescope mount. National Aeronautics and Space Administration and Dr. Sally Ride: STS-7 flight suit. Mr. Eric Nyman: 9 radio transmitters, radio modular unit, radio switch unit, microphone, altitude transmitter, 2 fuel quantity instruments, artificial hori- zon, 2 gyroscopes, and an oxygen cylinder. Mrs. Jan Palmer-Humphrey: German Air Force World War II officer's service cap, dress belt, and aiguillette. Mrs. Jefferson Patterson: flying goggles. Perkin-Elmer Corporation: space telescope (optical telescope assembly). Mr. Russell Pierce: World War II German artificial horizon. Mr. Karl Schneide: U.S. Army Air Corps officer's breeches. Science Digest: 3 paintings Binary Sunset, Earth's Crust Forming, and New Moon Risiiig by April Lawton. Sig Manufacturing Co.: model of North American P-51D aircraft. Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Center on Astrophysics: gamma ray experiment from OSO-1. Mrs. Mildred Stambach: smoke balloon with accessories, and 2 parachutes. Mr. Stan Stokes: painting, P-40 B, by Stan Stokes. U.S. Air Force, Headquarters, Pentagon: Lockheed U-2C aircraft, and a Pratt & Whitney turbojet engine. U.S. Air Force, Sheppard Air Force Base: Cessna 0-2A Skymaster aircraft. U.S. Navy (through Honorable John F. Lehman, Secretary of the Navy) : Kawanishi N1K2-J George aircraft. U.S. Navy, Naval Air Systems Command: Grumman US-2A Tracker aircraft, and a Grumman TS-2A Tracker aircraft. Mr. Virgil W. Vaughan: U.S. -Army Air Corps garrison cap, service coat, ser- vice breeches, belt, riding boots with spurs, officer's cap and summer shirt. Appendix 8. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 561 Donors to the Records Management Division Mr. Chris Beilstein: 323 photographs of World War II and post- World War II U.S. and international aircraft. Mr. Wayne Bengston: 34 photographs of significant aviation events and aviators. Mrs. Victor Bonnano: 231 World War II photographs on P. I. "Pappy Gunn." Mr. Gary Brounstein : over 221 miscellaneous aircraft photographs. Mrs. Eloise and Mr. John Charlton: the Wes Archer Collection of Cockburn- Lange World War I documents and photographs (1 cubic foot). Mrs. Helen Dolan: Lindbergh photos and 1928 flight record. Mr. Fred Hoover: personal mementos. Mr. W. Klinefelter: 13 volumes Wright Martin publications, September 1916- February 1919. Mr. D. Merritt: 1842 letter on aeronautics. Mr. Herbert Nash: 941 photographs and slides, log, and clippings related to the Boeing C-97 aircraft. Mr. Walter Pentecost: 9 cassette tapes, 81 photographs of the Flying Tigers. Embry Riddle Aeronautical University: 150 cubic feet of technical manuals and photographs of U.S. civilian and military aircraft. Mr. Malcolm Rosholt: pictorial magazine of Flying Tigers and 9 photographs of American volunteer group. Mr. Charles A. Sanford: aviation insurance documents, complementing ma- terials donated last year. Mrs. Pat Thaden Webb and Mr. William V. Thaden: Louis Thaden Collection of photographs (1 cubic foot). Mr. Alfred Verville: over 15 cubic feet of documents, photographs, drawings and personal memorabilia. Mr. Bernard Vierling: 11 cubic feet of SST/FAA materials. NATIONAL MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY/ NATIONAL MUSEUM OF MAN Donors of Financial Support J. Lawrence Angel American Gloxinia and Gesneriad Society Anonymous Mrs. E. L. Bethel The Bio-Energy Council Dr. and Mrs. J. F. Gates Clarke Diamond Shamrock Corporation Earthwatch Summer Gerard Foundation Mrs. Bea Gold Dr. and Mrs. Kenneth S. Hagen Edward P. Henderson Mrs. Gwendolyn A. Higgins Mr. Howard W. Hruschka Mrs. Marguerite H. Kellogg Estate of Mrs. Kei Kikuchi Mr. and Mrs. Wendell Lund Ms. Christine L. Mahoney Edgar J. Maiz R. B. Manning Mr. and Mrs. Charles A. Miller Alexander J. Morin National Geographic Society C. L. Newcombe Dr. Paul V. Ponitz Mr. Lloyd E. Raport Mrs. Mary L. Ripley Richard W. Schey Ms. Virginia Lee Shirley The Sidney Fund W. Lloyd and Jean M. Southman Ms. Catherine Tarabulski Friends of Thailand, Inc. Mrs. Elizabeth D. Walsh Mr. and Mrs. John H. Young 562 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Donors to the National Collections INSTITUTIONS Academia Sinica, China: 2 meteorites (351255, exchange); 29 fossils (351442, 352301); 4 casts of human fossils (354830); 2 bird skins (353330, exchange). Academy of Sciences, USSR: 236 plants (354932, 355013, exchange); 20 crus- taceans (350575); 34 bird skeltons (349914, exchange); 41 fossils (354911, exchange). Adelaide, University of, Australia: 86 plants (355013, exchange). Agriculture, U.S. Department of: 391 plants (348648, 352213, 352605, 354376); 5,742 insects (353081, 354269, 355227); 2 volcanic ash samples (353152). Alabama Cooperative Extension Service: 4 bamboos (351516). Alabama, University of: 41 ferns (353418); 34 crustaceans and 20 crustacean slides (352813; 355667); 11 fishes (353888). Alberta, University of, Canada: 60 plants (352211, 354035, exchanges). American Museum of Natural History: 57 plants (352906). Arabian American Oil Company, Saudi Arabia: 17 worms (353876). Arizona, University of: 26 plants (347537, 355009); 55 plants (351874, ex- change); 3 beetles (354259). Arizona State University: 12 plants (352592, exchange); 232 cicadas (354848). Arkansas, University of: 2 plants (355292). Australian Museum, Australia: 1 meteorite (352152, exchange); 25 crustaceans (354227). Baltimore Zoo: 4 mammals (353601). Bernice P. Bishop Museum: 468 plants (347202, 351182, 354984, exchanges); 7 corals (353206); 3 mosquitoes (353064); 28 fishes (307556, 350167, 350176, 350185, 353906, exchanges). Biosystematics Research Institute, Canada: 105 bamboos (352581, 354989); 11 insects (353051, 353057, 353073, 354253); 5 small moths (355659, ex- change). Boston University: 10 crustaceans (353523); 7 worms (347608). Botanische Staatssammlung, Germany: 38 plants (347608); 175 plants (354089, exchange). Botanischer Garten and Botanische Museum, Germany: 21 plants (354092, exchange). Botanisches Museum Berlin-Dahlem, Germany: 110 plants (350770, 352855, exchanges). Brigham Young University: 14 bird skins (353311, exchange); 2 plants (353469). British Columbia Provincial Museum, Canada: 2 mollusks (351030). British Museum (Natural History), England: 1 crustacean (349504); 45 plants (351201, exchange); 607 fossils (349504); 11 pumice samples (353164, ex- change); 2 insects (354261, exchange). Bryn Mawr College: 16 crustaceans, 1 echinoderm (354775). California Academy of Sciences: 1 mollusk (351377); 2 fruitflies (351819, ex- change); 31 plants (352232, 354918); 3 crustaceans (352283). California Department of Agriculture: 2 small moths (354267). California, University of: 151 plants (347230, 350736, 351223, 354349); 25 crustaceans (347327); 4 insects (355663); 18 fossils (354733); 525 worm slides (311314); Scripps Institution of Oceanography: 309 crustaceans (352285, 352331, 352811, 355240); 38 sponges (329211). California State University: 3 crustaceans (353199). Cambridge, University of, England: 3 volcanic rocks (353153, exchange). Canada Pacific Biological Station, Canada: 3 crustaceans (351668, 354464). Canfield Fund: 1 mineral (352721). Appendix 8. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 563 Cape Town, University of. South Africa: 14 crustaceans (255217). Carnegie Museum: a cast of a fossil bear's jaw (351428). Centre National de Tri d'Oceanographie Biologique, France: 10 worms (353879). Centre Orstom de Cayenne, France: 147 plants (350752, 352838). Centro de Pesquisas do Cacau, Brazil: 8 plants (341429, 350273, exchanges); 11 plants (355014). Centro Internacional de la Papa, Peru: 27 plants (346530). Chadron State College: 5 plants (351917). Chamberlain Fund: 2 faceted gems (352489). Chile, University of, Chile: 50 fruitflies (351686, exchange). Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong: 30 plants (352586, exchange). Clemson University: 4 dry sponges (353190). Colegio de Postgraduados, Mexico: 1 plant (354983). College of Great Falls: 6 plants (354330). Commerce, U.S. Department of: 13 volcanic ash and glass samples (353129, 353159); 4 dolphins and 34 assorted marine mammals (350058, 350071). Commonwealth Associates Inc.: 1 echinoderm (346021). Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Australia: 2 minerals (351572, 354583); 1 insect (354139, exchange). Copenhagen, University of, Denmark: 11 worms (352928). Cornell University: 6 insects (353056); 20 corals (354500, 355184); 56 plants (352640, 355279, exchanges). Cureton Mineral Company: 13 minerals (354549, exchange). Dames and Moore: 2 fishes (355025). Defense, U.S. Department of. Department of the Army: 2 insects (355234); 369 worms (351656); Department of the Navy: 3 manganese crust samples (353166); 40 worms (353495). Delaware, University of: 200 echinoderms, 43 fishes, 5,000 worms (351648). Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Zealand: 2 moths (353702, exchange). Dickinson College: 1 plant (354980). Drake Fund: 9,156 true bugs (354250, 354840). Duke Medical Center: 8 minerals (354291, exchange). Duke University Herbarium: 523 plants (350767, 353475, 354997, exchanges). Escuda Nacional de Agricultura, Mexico: 39 plants and 3 bamboos (352604); 10 plants (352604, exchange). Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biologicas, Mexico: 110 plants (351236, ex- change). Fairchild Tropical Garden: 2 plants (352839, 353391); 71 plants (352876, exchange). Fairfield Osborn Preserve: 90 crustaceans (352718). Fairleigh-Dickinson University: 2 minerals (352319). Field Museum of Natural History: 108 plants (348659, 351521, 351878, 354085, 354094, 355304); 70 plants (355304, exchange); 61 crustaceans (354554); 18 fishes (351120, 353894, exchanges); 3 tadpoles (351720, exchange). Fiji Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Fiji: 8 crustaceans, 10 fishes (351121). Florida Department of Natural Resources: 1 crustacean (350899). Florida International University: 13 crustaceans (354570). Florida, University of: 1 plant (351191, exchange); 1 plant (355012); 16 crus- taceans (278402); Florida State Museum: 47 crustaceans (350866, 352286, 353200, 355599); 10 fishes (350163). Florida State University: 44 plants (352237, exchange); 356 crustaceans (338820, 351402, 353198, 353483, 354696, 354742). 564 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Forschungsinstitut Senekenberg, Germany: 1 plaster cast of 9 brachiopods (353854). Fundacao Insituto Brasileiro de geografia e Estatistica, Brazil: 116 plants (346542). Fundacion Jardin Botanico, Colombia: 1 plant (353452). Fundacion Miquel Lillo, Argentina: 25 mayflies (355665). Gemological Institute of America: 3 minerals (352732, exchange). Geological Survey of Canada, Canada: 4 minerals (352726, exchange). Geophysical Laboratory: 1 mineral (351298). Georgia Department of Natural Resources: 28 crustaceans (352713). Georgia Museum of Arts and Sciences: 86 fossils (352120). Georgia, University of: 16 plants (349132). Goteborg, University of, Sweden: Botanical Museum: 143 plants (348192, 348637, 351841, 355275, 355310); 211 plants (351458, 352606, exchanges); 5 worms (351299). Graz, University of Australia: 1 plant (350766). Grice Marine Biological Laboratory: 2 fishes (351125). Gulf Coast Research Laboratory: 5 crustaceans (354903); Museum: 12 crusta- ceans (352312). Harbor Branch Foundation, Inc.: 1 coral (354720). Harvard University: Botanical Museum: 17 plants (346606); 5 echinoderms (350584); Gray Herbarium: 12 plants (351832, 354946); 877 plants (351833, 352613, 352635, 353455, exchanges); Museum of Comparative Zoology: 9 echinoderms (353375); 1 fish (353895); a tail and a hind limb of a fossil Eryops (355522, exchange). Hawaii, University of: 116 plants (349150, 350737, 352918, 353376); 17 echino- derms (348685); 2 fishes (335128). Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel: 1 fish (352410); 44 plants (354106). Helsingfors Universitets Zoologiska Institution, Finland: 2 seals (350075). Herbario Alberto Castellanos, Brazil: 176 plants (346598, 348604, 351894, 355313). Herbario Centro de Pesquisas do Cacau (CEPEC), Brazil: 53 plants (355268). Herbario Nacional de Bolivia, Bolivia: 131 plants (347582); 95 plants (347582, exchange). Herbario Nacional Colombiano, Colombia: 2 plants (354329). Herbario Nacional de Mexico, Mexico: 204 plants (352205, exchange). Herbario Unicamp-U.E.C, Brazil: 74 plants (352834, exchange). Herbarium Australiense, Australia: 165 plants (351863, 354418, exchanges). Herbarium Vadense, The Netherlands: 1 plant (352578). Herbier du Centre Orstom de Cayenne, France: 720 plants (351188, 354088, 354955, 355288, 355289). Herbier National de Cameroun, Cameroun: 1 plant (352903). Hillman Foundation Grant: 1 mineral (353172). Houston, University of: 8 crustaceans (352815). Hubbs — Sea World Research Institute: a pair of whale earbones (350077). Illinois, University of: 239 plants (354334, 355297, exchanges); 2 plants (353382). Indian River Coastal Zone Museum: 28 echinoderms (351257, 352306, 352719). Institut de Recherches Entomologiques de la Caraibe, French Antilles: 2 beetles (353364, exchange). Institut fiir Mineralogie und Kristallographie der Universitat Wien, Austria: 1 mineral (354527). Institut fiir Zoologie der Universitat Wien Abteilung fiir Meeresbiologie, Austria: 6 worms (352796). Institute for Botanical Exploration: 379 plants (352648). Institute of Jamaica, Jamaica: 14 plants (349121, exchange). Appendix 8. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 565 Institute of Marine Affairs, Trinidad and Tobago: 11 crustaceans (355555). Institute of Ocean Sciences, British Columbia: 78 worms and 8 worm slides (353560). Institute for Systematic Botany, The Netherlands: 240 plants (346239, 351473, 351866, 352840, 355313, exchanges); 42 plants (346239, 347228, 355315). Institute Argentine de Oceanografia, Argentina: 4 crustaceans (354240). Institute Botanico, Venezuela: 71 plants (355278, exchange); 503 plants (346200, 347567, 347587, 355277, 355298, 355299). Institute Botanico A.J. Cavanilles, Spain: 36 plants (352984, exchange). Institute Brasileiro de Geografia E Estatistica, Brazil: 678 plants (347229, 348164, 349097, 354368, 355016). Institute de Botanica Darwinion, Argentina: 224 plants (352572, 354921, exchanges). Institute di Mineralogia dell Universita, Italy: 1 mineral (354705). Institute Nacienal de Investigaciones Sobre Recursos Bieticos, Mexico: 33 bamboos (351895). Institute Nacienal de Parques, Venezuela: 19 plants (351195, exchange); 628 plants (350676, 350759, 351178, 351222, 351235, 351240, 352268, 352570, 355259). Institute Nacienal de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Brazil: 158 plants (352203, 352204, 352907, 354020); 2 insects (354252). Institute Universitario de Tecnolegia, Venezuela: 15 plants (347244). Instituut veer Taxenomische Zoelegie, The Netherlands: 14 echinoderms (352072, exchange); 8 corals (352700). Interior, U.S. Department of: Bureau of Land Management: 50,000 echino- derms (345592); U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service: 1,996 birds (349874, 351992, 351993, 351994, 352032, 353325, 353340); 675 mammals (353619, 353639); 24 reptiles or amphibians (346032, 349739, 350375, 351726); U.S. Geological Survey: 1 bird (352045); 102 crustaceans (351426, 352787); 76 minerals (350582, 352555, 352701, 353853, 354577, 354702); 310 petrology and vol- canology samples (353127, 353128, 353144, 353146, 353147, 353156, 353158, 353160, 353161, 353162); 300 mellusks (333066); 125,838 fossils (351439, 351589, 351672, 352302, 352506, 352753, 352827, 352954, 353497, 353557, 353848, 354528, 355136, 355137, 355138, 355139, 355210, 355523, 355548, 355549, 355550, 355551, 355694, 355696); National Park Service: 1 fossil (352823); 16 geologic samples (353135). Invemar, South America: 15 echinoderms (352549, 354773). International Crane Foundation: 2 cranes (352041). International Potato Center, Peru: 178 plants (347610, 348614, 349688, 353454, 354937). Iowa State University: 13 bamboos (353381, exchange); 29 plants (346160, 351179). Japan Whaling Association, Japan: 1 seal (353628). Jardin Botanico Nacienal, Santo Domingo: 10 plants (355264, exchange); 1 plant (355337). Jardin Botanico de Maracaibe, Venezuela: 396 plants (348151, 354037). Jardin Botanico de Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: 107 plants (354991, exchange). Jardin Betanique National de Belgique, Belgium: 8 plants (346603); 45 plants (346603, 352615, exchanges). Kansas, University of: 11 crustaceans (354512). Katholieke Universitt, The Netherlands: 41 mites (353080). Kentucky, University of. See also North Carolina State Museum of National History (287783). Kidd Creek Mines Ltd., Canada: 4 minerals (354284). Kuwait University, Kuwait: 147 plants (354361); 4 crustaceans (354514). 566 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Kyushu University, Japan: 1 mineral (349558, exchange). Lae, Papua and New Guinea, Government of. Department of Primary Indus- try: 48 plants (351241, exchange). Lockheed Ocean Science Laboratory: 2 echinoderms (351929). Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History: 5 worms (351268); 8 mol- lusks (352969); 17 ants (353069). Los Angeles Zoo: 41 monkeys (350016). Maine, University of: 4 plants (352836). Malaya, University of, Malaysia: 32 plants (354971, exchange). Manitoba, University of, Canada: 2 plants (353429). Manomet Bird Observatory: 2 bird skins and skeletons (352014, 353282). Marie Selby Botanical Gardens: 146 plants (348140, 352207, 355389); 46 plants (352207, exchange). Maryland, University of: 2 crustaceans (350900); 70 plants (355002, exchange). McNeese State University: 1,425 worms (351649). Memorial University of New Foundland, Canada: 7 marine mammals (353622). Memphis State University: 4 plants (351887). Mexico, Government of: 75 dance masks (353025). Miami, University of: Rosentiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science: 1 crustacean and 5 crustacean slides (295887). Michigan, University of. Herbarium: 251 plants (352874, 354332, 355015, ex- changes); 1 plant (354360); 221 crustaceans (351296); 11 fishes (352402, exchange); a cast of a fossil sirenian (347657, exchange). Milwaukee, Public Museum: 62 ground beetles (324152, exchange). Mineral Fund: 51 minerals (352288, 352496, 352553, 352691, 352692, 352703, 354586, 353014). Missouri Botanical Garden: 670 plants (351197, 352258, 352607, 352884, 353417, 354941, exchanges); 2,220 plants (346196, 347219, 347232, 347246, 347533, 347581, 348126, 348588, 348591, 348628, 349690, 351142, 351491, 351849, 351916, 352247, 352249, 352255, 352270, 352608, 352886, 353406, 353459, 353464, 354078, 354099, 354379, 354387, 354939, 354944, 354951, 355302, 355321, 355361). Moclips Cetological Society: 1 beaked whale (353627). Montana State University: 6 crustaceans (354902). Musee Royal de L'Afrique Centrale, Belgium: 1 mineral (352961). Museo Biologico Nacional, Paraquay: 219 plants (351164). Museo Botanico Municipal, Brazil: 130 plants (351526, 354084). Museo Nacional de Costa Rica, Costa Rica: 1 plant (351872). Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Chile: 20 plants (350722). Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Brazil: 3 plants (351144). Museum National d'Historie Naturalle, France: 351 plants (352611, 354990, 355330, exchanges). Muzeum v Bojniciach, Czechoslovakia: 81 crustaceans (354565, exchange). Mystic Marinelife Aquarium: 8 white beaked whales and 1 true beaked whale (353598). National Aeronautics and Space Administration: 2 tektites (354274). National Committee of Soviet Biologists, USSR: 14 water beetles (353370, exchange). National Institute of Health: 6 chimpanzee skeletons (354829). National Museum of Natural Sciences, Canada: 216 plants (352210, exchange); 145 crustaceans (353995). National Museum of Korea, Korea: 3 porcelain pieces and 3 silk cushions (353027). National Museum of New Zealand, New Zealand: 2 echinoderms (349573); 1 fish (351106); 9 crustaceans (352482); 1 bird skeleton (353332). Appendix 8. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 567 National Museum of Wales, Wales: 1 mineral (354703). National Science Foundation: 186 birds, 47 bats (351970). National Science Museum, Japan: 2 minerals (352952). National Sun Yat-Sen University, China: 15 fishes (353892). Naturhistoriska Rikmuseet, Sweden: 10 fishes (350175). New England Aquarium: 10 marine mammals (350013). New Jersey Zinc Company, Incorporated: 5 minerals (351552, 354526). New Mexico, University of: 1 plant (354016). New Mexico State University: 14 plants (352246, 354927). New York Botanical Garden: 2,738 plants (351145, 352599, 354090, exchanges); 1,000 plants (346604, 347565, 349683, 352266, 352624, 352881, 353425, 354024, 354928, 354993, 355316). New Zealand Geological Survey, New Zealand: 1 mineral (354701). North Carolina, University of: 28 crustaceans (352960); 76 plants (354359). North Carolina State Museum of Natural History: 4 fishes (287783); 4 echino- derm slides (352343). North Carolina State University: 6 plants (354963). Northeastern University: 1 dolphin skull (349495, exchange). Northeast Louisiana University: 1 plant (352577); 187 plants (353411, ex- change). Northern Illinois University: 2 fishes (350183). Northern Territory Museum of Arts and Sciences, Australia: 3 crustaceans (352812, 354752). Ohio State University: 10 birds (351995); 1 plant (352226); 5 crustaceans (354776). Oklahoma, University of: 2 corals (355197). Otago, University of. New Zealand: 8 petrology samples (353130). Oxford, University of, England: 25 plants (351483, 354093). Papua New Guinea, University of. New Guinea: 1 plant (353377). Pennsylvania State University: 27 tiger beetles (353544, exchange). Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences: 2 fishes (352395, 353913). Philippines, University of: 14 plants (351870). Pittsburgh Aviary: 15 birds (353347). Plumbago Mining Corporation: 1 neuel gem pit (335396, exchange). Princeton University: 1,500 fossils (353513). Puerto Rico, University of: 413 crustaceans (349767, 351699, 352303, 352958): 21 echinoderms (343578); 34 worms (351444, 352335). Purdue University: 1 mayfly (354268). Queensland Herbarium, Australia: 146 plants (354922, exchange). Queensland National Parks and Wildlife Service, Australia: 11 echinoderms (352333). Queensland, University of, Australia: 9 crustaceans (353873). Raymond Technical Facilities Incorporated: 3 crustaceans, 4 echinoderms, 8 fossils (353207). Reserva Ecologica do Instituto Brasilerica de Geografia e Estatistica, Brazil: 1,684 plants (348113, 348115, 348117, 348642, 350197, 350200, 350229, 351229, 351455, 351532, 352924, 354331). Rhodes University: J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology, South Africa: 32 fishes (351124, 355030). Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, The Netherlands: 6 crustaceans (348759, exchange); 22 echinoderms (352071, exchange). Rochester, University of: 69 crustaceans (351548). Roebling Fund: 65 minerals (351706, 351707, 352486, 352487, 352702, 353512, 353996, 354629). Roland W. Brown Fund: 2 pieces of petrified wood and 13 polished ambers (354778, 355616). 568 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Royal Botanic Gardens, Australia: 63 plants (354415, exchange). Royal Botanic Gardens, England: 547 plants (350739, 350746, 352208, 352598, 352657, 353380, exchanges); 21 plants (350739, 352587, 355306). Saint Joseph's College, India: 24 plants (348204, 351510). Salisbury Zoological Park: 1 black-backed gull (352055). San Diego Natural History Museum: 75 echinoderms (285361); 1 bird skeleton (349885, exchange); 18 caddisflies (354290); 5 lacewings (354290, exchange); 59 plants (355001, exchange). Santo Domingo Museum of Natural History, Dominican Republic: 2 crusta- ceans (330893). Saudi Arabian Tetra Tech, Ltd.: Saudi Arabia: 1,000 worms (353878). Servicio Forestal Nacional, Paraguay: 179 fishes (350193). Shell Oil Company: 25 crustaceans (353551). Sonoma State University: 5 marine algaes (353393). South Alabama, University of: 27 crustaceans (351705, 355587); 2 fishes (353881). South Australia State Herbarium, Australia: 46 plants (352663, exchange). South Dakota School of Mines: 30 minerals (350893, 352505). South Florida, University of: 2 plants (351219, 351238). Southern California, University of: 21 plants (351883); Allan Hancock Foun- dation: 33 worms (290995); 3 crustaceans (354753). Southern Illinois University: 110 crustaceans (353010). Southeastern Oklahoma State University: 99 plants (352661, exchange). Southwestern Louisiana, University of: 26 crustaceans (351250, 351703, 354901, 355020). Soviet Antarctic Company. See also Japan Whaling Association (353628). Springer Fund: 857 fossils (352145). Staatliches Forschungsinstitut fiir Angewandte Mineralogie, Germany: 1 mineral (351323). Staatliches Naturhistorisches Museum, Germany: 1 fish (350174). Stafford Senior High School: 1 fossil brittlestar (354202). Stillwater PGM Resources: 1 platinum and palladium sample (353149). T.F.H. Publications Incorporated: 18 fishes (350168, 353890). Technische Universitat, Germany: 5 minerals (351549, 351550). Tel-Aviv, University of, Israel: 10 crustaceans (351547); 609 flower flies (353540, 354847, exchanges). Tennessee, University of: 559 crustaceans, 25 mollusks (352341). Tennessee Valley Authority: 27 mollusks (349026); 1 mineral (354601). Termeszettudomanyi Museum Allatarra, Hungary: 14 flies (349519, exchange). Texas A&M University: 35 crustaceans (274523, 349831, 352789, 353353, 355195); 8 plants (349106); 320 plants (349118, 351190, exchanges). Texasgulf Incorporated: 1 zinc ore sample (353150). Texas Memorial Museum: 3 crustaceans (353213). Texas Tech University: 3 ants (353039); 10 crustaceans (355691). Texas, University of: 25 crustaceans, 1 frog (351606, exchange); 7 worms (353360). Tokyo, University of, Japan: 19 dolphin skulls (350032). Tokyo University of Fisheries, Japan: 13 crustaceans (353482, 354718). Treasury, U.S. Department of: 2 crustaceans (351251). Tsukuba, University of, Japan: 1 mineral (354588). Tulane University: 8 plants (349145, 354427). Universidad Catolica de Valparaiso, Chile: 6 fishes (355026). Universidad Central de Venezuela, Venezuela: 402 fishes (316831, 350162); 32 plants (348108, 353420); 11 plants (354988, exchange); 8 crustaceans (351546). Universidad de Antioquia, Colombia: 68 plants (347233, 350768, 352253). Appendix 8. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 569 Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina: 1 plant (354102). Universidad de Concepcion, Chile: 1 fish (345855). Universidad de Costa Rica, Costa Rica: 45 fishes (350181, 352399). Universidad de El Salvador, El Salvador: 18 crustaceans (279754). Universidad de Los Andes, Venezuela: 241 plants (346170, 347165, 347214, 348122, 350774, 351855, 352923, 354933). Universidad Mayor de San Andes, Bolivia: 30 plants (347557). Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico: 25 crustaceans (351927). Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Colombia: 266 plants (353451, 354091, exchanges); 193 plants (347555, 354091). Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Argentina: 527 plants (347173, 349113, 351447, 352664); 71 plants (352664, exchange). Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos de Lima, Lima: 225 plants (248194, 352922); 106 plants (352922, exchange). Universidad de Sao Paulo, Brazil: 13 plants (351446); 58 fishes (351109, ex- change). Universidade de Brasilia, Brazil: 1,013 plants (354076, 355267); 12 rodents (353625). Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Brazil: 7 fishes (351108, exchange). Universidade Estadual Paulista, Brazil: 29 plants (354054). Universita di Roma, Italy: 1 mineral (354244, exchange). Universitat Heidelberg, Germany: 4 plants (351488, exchange); 1 plant (352231). Universitat Stuttgart, Germany: 3 minerals (350881, 53555); 1 mineral (352723, exchange). Universite de Liege, Belgium: 1 mineral (351580, exchange). Universite Laval, Canada: 1 plant (354992). University for Agriculture: Herbarium Vadense, The Netherlands: 117 plants (350205). University College, Ireland: 20 algaes (352919, exchange). University of the South: 102 crustaceans (354777). Uppsala, University of, Sweden: 25 plants (354017, exchange). Utah, University of: 104 plants (351856). Vanderbilt University Herbarium: 22 plants (354336, exchange). Victoria, University of, Canada: 3 crustaceans (355469). Virginia Commonwealth University: 1 plant (355285). Virginia Highlands Community College: 1 plant (355284). Virginia Institute of Marine Sciences: 3 fishes (351112); 1,005 worms (333399, 341920). Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University: 1 mineral (352495). Vrije Universitet, The Netherlands: 9 olivine gabbros and iron ore samples (353134). Walcott Fund: 20,000 fossils (351591); a fossil porpoise skull (355519); a fossil whale skull (355520). Washington State Game Department: 2 beaked whales (353640). Washington, University of: Thomas Burke Washington State Museum: 10 bird skeletons (353309, exchange). Washington State University: 310 plants (353473, exchange). Wellcome Parasitology Unit, Brazil: 207 mammals (350061). Western Australian Museum, Australia: 23 fishes (350112, 353912, 355028). Western Kentucky University: 10 crustaceans (352791). Wisconsin, University of: 216 plants (351860, 351899, 352221, exchanges); 55 plants (347241, 351208, 351234, 351513, 351826, 352230, 354104, 354931). Worcester Polytechnic Institute: 1 mineral (352521, exchange). Wuhan College of Geology, China: 15 gastropods (354868). 570 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Yale University: 6 crustaceans (353204); Peabody Museum: 220 leaf beetles (353121); 10 cast of fossil marine mammals (355505, exchange). Zoologisches Institut der Universitat Miinchen, Germany: 1 sponge (350903). INDIVIDUALS Aalbu, Rolf L.: 30 insects (354206). Aaronheim, Robert E.: 175 butterflies (353087, 355658). Adams, Billy T.: a partial fossil upper molar of a mastodon (355255). Adelberg, Mrs. Barbara: 6,690 butterflies (353055). Alcazar, Sally N.: 8 mollusks (349480). Amor, Dr. Analia: 1 worm (355621). Anderson, Joseph: 16 moss beetles (353034). Anselmo, Ronald P.: 461 gems (329811). Ash, Dr. Sidney R.: 10 fossil plants and 1 fossil plant slide (355565). Ashley, Burton E.: 31 minerals (352821). Astleford, Betty L. See also Robert L. Astleford (348037). Astleford, Robert L. : 1 eight panel Chinese jade screen (348037). Baggett, Dave: 43 insects (353043). Bailey-Brock, Dr. Julia: 43 worms (343526). Baker, Aura L. : a fossil femur and a tibia end of a seal (355510). Baker, H. Randy (Deceased): 19 worms (352722, 355168). Barata, Jose: a fossil seal metacarpal (352694). Barnes, Dr. Christopher R.: 47 conodonts microslides (354559). Barbour, Henry: 3 minerals (352124). Barnby, Mark A.: 110 insects (354264). Bauer, Dr. Ray: 40 mollusks (351374). Baugh, James: half of a mastodon tooth (352822). Bay, Ernest C: 72 fishes (352408). Beetle, Dr. A. A.: 21 plants (347248). Begley, Robert: 1 mineral (351659). Bell, Dr. Robert E.: 2 human skeletons (355225). Bellamy, Dr. Charles: 106 seed and leaf beetles (353048); 21 metallic wood- boring beetles (353835). Belshser, Dennis O.: 7 minerals (352962). Bernabe, Ezio: 13 minerals (353568, exchange). Bernard, Dr. Frank: 2 mollusks (351930). Bertach, Dr. Hans: 2 echinoderms (353724). Biernbaum, Dr. Charles K. : 2 crustaceans (353831). Bivin, Captain Kenneth L.: 3,200 beetles (353092). Blake, Dr. Daniel: cast of a starfish (353230). Blake, Dr. James A.: 88 worms (354287). Blake, Dr. Nancy Maciolek: 13 worms (354462). Blanchard, Andre: 11 small moths (355655, 355880); (see also Knudson, Dr. Edward C, 355882). Blasdell, Francis 5.: 18 reptiles and amphibians (351765). Bogner, Josef: 95 plants (347607). Bongers, Tom: 1,000 worms (352148). Boone, Mrs. Hollis Q.: 100 mollusks (353692). Boulier, Kenneth: 1 mineral (352968). Boursot, John: 19 crustaceans (349642, 354297). Boyd, Jerry Richard: 1 fossil (354175). Bradley, Mrs. Evelyn F. : a fossil horse femur and a whale earbone (354170). Brandon, Marielle: 5 marine mollusks (354461). Bratcher, Twila: 1 coral (351592). Brewer, George N.: 10 minerals (352966). Brinkhurst, Dr. Ralph O.: 1,069 worms (354755, 355211). Appendix 8. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 571 Brokaw, Clifford V., Ill: 1 topaz (353208). Brou, Vernon Antoine: 102 small moths (355230). Brown, Dr. F. Martin: 112 moths (353047). Browning, Jack A.: 1 quartz (354600). Bruce, Dr. Robin W.: 26 fishes (355037). Bruckner, Helmut: 1 mineral (354699). Brumbach, William C: 17 plants (351196). Buckingham, Nelsa M.: 1 plant (355349). Burdick, Dennis W.: 28 fossil slabs (334546). Burgess, Mrs. Ruth Ann: 1 fossil braincase with a partial horn core (354172). Burns, Dr. J. M.: 1 insect (354844). Burns, Reverend Paul C: 4 fishes (351111). Burreson, Dr. Eugene M.: 4 worms (352795). Busack, Gail A.: a salamander and a turtle skeleton (351780). Bussard, Pierre: a crocodile skull (353730). Byer, Stephen B.: 750 letters and manuscripts of Dr. George F. Kunz (348065). Campbell, Thomas: 2 minerals (350931). Cand, Jean-Pierre: 1 mineral (351138, exchange). Carlson, Dr. Sandy: 1 fossil (354866). Carney, Dr. Robert S.: 50 echinoderms, 59 worms (352305). Casagrande, Luigi g Renzo: 5 minerals (352990, exchange). Catlin, John Wm.: 1 bamboo (351873). Cernohorsky, Dr. Walter O.: 8 mollusks (350482). Chalumeau, Dr. F.: 26 beetles (353072, 354265). Chandler, Dr. Donald S.: 6 beetles (355660). Chaney, Dan 5.: a collection of 482 fossils (352825). Chang-Po, Cheng: 100 worms (351557). Ching, Dr. Carlos A.: 23 shrimps (352570). Christie, Dr. David: 23 dredged samples (353138). Cianciulli, John: 1 mineral (354466). Clapp, Roger, III: 1 snake skeleton (351783). Clark, Dr. Arthur H.: 1 mollusk (355471). Clark, Dr. J. F. Gates: 1,081 miscellaneous insects (353035, 353061). Coe, Mr. & Mrs. Peter: 2 human skeletal fragments (355224). Comin-Chiaramonti, Dr. Piero: 4 analcime-bearing rocks (353148). Conner, Kathy: 1 piece of a whale tooth (332518). Cooper, Dan I.: 1 fossil slab (352300). Corbett, Herbert: 2 minerals (352967). Corder, Mrs. Michell: 2 crustaceans (351404). Costa, Dr. Cleide: 1 ground beetle (353067). Couturier, Dr. G.: 5 lace bugs (355229). Covell, Dr. Charles V., Jr.: 332 moths and butterflies (353098). Cox, Philip: a fossil auk humerus (352559). Coyle, Kenneth O.: 10 crustaceans (351654). Croft, Richard: 132 crustaceans (347387). Cross, Dr. Jarrett L.: 11,702 miscellaneous insects (354257). Crumly, Charles R.: 3 frog skeletons (351782). Daggy, Dr. Tom: 20 weevils (353041). Danielsson, Roy: 26 aphid slides (353076). Davis, Dr. Don R.: 1,234 miscellaneous insects (353070). Dayvault, Richard: a fossil squalodon tooth (354169). Decker, Colin J.: 58 miscellaneous insects (354843). Deonier, Dr. Richard: 25,367 shoreflies (352930). de Wailly, Dr.: 3,041 ground beetles (353066, exchange). Dexter, Dr. Deborah: 1 crustacean, 463 worms (351935). Dietz, Augustus: 10 cut gems (347677, exchange). 572 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Dockery, Dr. David T., Ill: 42 fossils (352494). Douglas, Raymond: a collection of fossil bird and mammal remains (351427). Downer, Mrs. Audrey C: 1 potoo skeleton (352017). Duncan, Thomas O.: 2 fishes (353896). DuPont, James M.: 2 meteorites (350491, exchange). Duque, C. : 2 echinoderms (350871). Dye, George: 1 fish (353898). Eadington, Dr. P. J.: 3 quartz-topaz rocks (353131). Eckhart, Mr. & Mrs. Carl: 3 ash glass items (351132). Ehrenberg, Dr. Stephen: 225 garnet Iherzolites (353136). Emerson, Dr. K. C: 100 lice (353045). Emerson, Dr. William K.: 6 mollusks (347707). England, Dr. Brian: 6 gypsums (354587). Epstein, Marc: 71 ground beetles (355657). Eriksson, Roland: 45 minerals (352316, 354467). Ernst, Carl H.: 8 frogs (353750). Erseus, Christer: 5 worms (352080). Escayg, Gerry: 1 worm (353022). Etnier, Dr. D. A.: 997 caddisflies (354255). Everette, John D.: the distal of a left femur of a pelican (355506). Featherstone, Wray W. : 1 glass faceted gem (350879). Feinglos, Dr. Mark: 10 minerals (354803, exchange). Felker, Allan: 3 minerals (353562). Ferguson, Dr. Douglas C. : 2,865 moths and butterflies (353099). Ferraiolo, James: 1 mineral (354584). Ferreira, Dr. Antonio J.: 191 mollusks (351373, 352491). Fincher, Dr. Truman: 1 beetle (352948). Finger, Dr. Kenneth L. : 20 ostracodes (351432). Flint, Dr. & Mrs. Oliver S., Jr.: 1,344 miscellaneous insects (353085). Flower, Dr. Rousseau H. : 50 brachiopods (354286). Folsom, James P.: 48 plants (343510). Fonger, George C: a collection of fossil fish and reptile remains (355692). Fowler, James: 4 minerals (353554). Fox, Dr. Richard S.: 1 worm (353728). Foye, Harry: 5 minerals (353553, 354628). Francis, Mr. & Mrs. Bob: 1 mineral (354507). Frazier, Dr. John G.: 50 mollusks (330168); 870 worms (349033); 8 bird skele- tons, 25 mollusks, 3 fossil echinoids (350354); 5 birds (352042). Friis, Dr. Elso-Marie: 17 fossils (350526, exchange). Froeschner, Dr. Richard C. : 361 miscellaneous insects (353042, 354256). Frye, Richard L.: a fossil ulna of a felis (354174). Garrison, Dr. Rosser W. : 1 dragonfly (353713). Gaspare, Maletto: 2 minerals (352731, exchange). Gaspari, Giovanni: 3 minerals (352998, exchange). Gardner, James E. : 1 crustacean (352716). Gerberich, Andrew: 63 crustaceans (352504, 352956). Gerk, Arthur: 5,872 gastropods (355557). Germon, Raye N.: 1 marine mollusk (354687). Gibson, Dr. Ray: 80 worms (354774). Gilbert, Douglas K.: 10 mollusks (351653). Gillespie, Dr. William: 8 fossils (354442). Glenn, Leroy, Jr.: plastic cast of two skull caps (332438). Gooday, Dr. A. J.: 200 fossils (352503). Gordh, Dr. Gordon: 11 insects (353077). Gottschald, Dr. John 5.: 17 beetles (354262). Grau, Professor J.: 3 fruits (352281). Appendix 8. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 573 Grady, Frederick V.: a collection of fossils (352103). Greening, Holly: 4 crustaceans (353723). Griggs, Zoe A., Estate of : 11 minerals (349780). Gunther, Lloyd F.: 17 fossils (352752). Hadley, F. E.: 1 brachiopod cast (354242). Hall, George K. & Virginia C.: a collection of 945 polished opals (346119). Hall, Jack: 1 insect (354433). Handley, Dr. Charles O., Jr.: 64 assorted small mammals (350081). Harkless, Mr. & Mrs. Ray: cast of a bison tooth and a fragment of a smilo- don jaw (353984). Harman, Dr. Walter J.: 3 worms (354808). Harmatuk, Peter J.: a collection of 2,347 fossil fish, reptile, bird and mammal remains (351429, 352567). Harrington, Francis A.: 1 lizard (350063). Harry, Dr. Harold W.: 3 crustaceans (351135); 9 mollusks (352076). Hartstein, Eugene F.: 2 fossil seal bones (352696). Harwood, Dr. David: 3 diatom holotype slides (352142). Hatton, Dr. C. J.: 198 petrology samples (353168). Hayes, Fred: 2 fossil seal bones (354108). Hecker, Barbara: 11 deep water corals (353188). Henderson, William A.: 3 minerals (350932). Hendricks, Dr. Michael E.: 7 echinoderms (351320). Henning, Mr. & Mrs. Philip: 9 quartzes (350895). Heslinga, Jerry: 500 marine mollusks (354754). Hespenheide, Dr. Henry A.: 54 beetles (353059). Hevel, Gary F.: 13,967 miscellaneous insects (354273, 354831). Hernandez, Aguilera, Dr. Jorge Luis: 1 crustacean (353511). Hilchie, Dr. Gerald J.: 6 wasps (354270). Hoffman, Dr. R. L.: 22 crustaceans (352075); 1 beetle (353044). Holt, Dr. Perry C.: 8 worms (353358, 355219). Hope, Dr. W. Duane: 1 fish (355032). Hopson, Dr. Clifford A.: 18 petrology samples (353163). Horn, Edith: a fossil shark's tooth (352751). Horodski, Dr. Robert: 8 fossils (352144). Howden, Dr. Henry: 756 beetles (355233). Hubbard, Dr. Fred: 17 charnockitic rocks (353139). Hueber, Dr. Francis M.: 1 r.mber (345515). Hulings, Dr. Neil C. : 200 marine mollusks (351574). Hutchings, Dr. Pat: 17 worms (351554). Hyatt, Dr. John A.: 215 butterflies (355881). Hyne, Mr. & Mrs. Frank: a collection of 7 sharks (352568). Ingelson, Allan: 4 minerals (354504). Inoue, Dr. Hiroshi: 98 small moths (354258). Jefferies, Dr. William B.: 128 crustaceans (351134). Jensen, Gregory C. : 7 caridean shrimps (351360). Jimenez, Adolfo M. : 12 plants (347518). Jimenez A., Dr. Jose de Js.: 9 plants (349110, 351451). Johnson, Dr. J. G.: 132 brachiopods (351440, 353229). Johnson, John W. : 10 moths (353036). Johnson, Scott: 94 marine mollusks (352112, 352502, 354503). Jones, Howard R. : 8 worms (332097). Jones, Dr. Robert H.: 840 biting midges (353030). Juliano, Dr. Steve: 72 ground beetles (353038). Jump, Danny: 806 insects (354845). Kadolsky, Dietrich: 850 marine mollusks (347717). Kahn, Walter: 1 mineral (351598, exchange). 574 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Kaicher, Mrs. Sally D. : 1 marine mollusk (354579). Kalman, Mrs. Marie Dickey: 2 skulls (355223). Kaufmann, James: 4 minerals (350609). Kaulbars, M.: 6 tiger beetles (355656). Kawakatsu, Dr. Masamaru: 1 worm (350896). Kennedy, Dr. Victor 5.: 20 freshwater mollusks (351671). Kensley, Dr. Brian: 22 fishes (352411); 13 worms (355526). Kienle, Richard and Molly: 2 volcanology samples (353155). Kirchner, R. F. : 4 stoneflies and 4 caddisflies (354846). Kistler, Alfred: 4,313 beetles (355883). Kistner, Dr. David H.: 790 rove beetles (353091). Knight, Dr. Harry M. (Deceased): 91,208 insects (340204). Knight, Kenneth R.: 1,631 butterflies (353060). Knisley, Dr. C. Barry: 2 insects (353065). Knudsen, Dr. Jens W. : 12 ground beetles (354251). Knudson, Dr. Edward C: 12 small moths (355882). Kohn, Dr. Alan J.: 14 marine mollusks (353999). Kolic, John: 3 minerals (352315). Kondratieff, Dr. Boris C: 2 stoneflies and 3 dragonflies (353068, 353075). Krafft, Dr. Maurice: 1 volcanic sample (353126). Kretzler, Dr. Jon E.: 11 crustaceans (354697). Krishnaswami, Dr. S.: 9 samples of pumice and dome rocks (353157). Kristensen, Dr. Reinhardt: 19 worms (352136, 352139). Kristoffersson, Torgny: 5 minerals (352318, 352497). Krutak, Dr. Paul R.: 30 ostracodes (353191). Kudenov, Dr. Jerry D.: 2 worms (351266). Kues, Dr. Barry S.: 1 dinosaur skull fragment (351821). Kuntz, Pierre: a collection of fossil reptiles and bird egg (355590). Kyte, Michael A.: 2 echinoderms (351258). Lake, Robert: 14 miscellaneous butterflies (354263). Lamar, William W.: 1 snake (350405). La Marca, Enrique: 32 frogs (351799). Land, Mr. & Mrs. L. K.: 1 mineral (354439). Lanoie, Dr. Leo O. : 1 squirrel and 1 grass mouse (350027). Lawson, Dale: 1 worm (353211). Levin, Mr. & Mrs. George C: 2 opals (354241). Lindberg, Dr. David R.: 5 mollusks (351443). Little, Dr. Elbert L., Jr.: 875 tree species (353387). Locy, Steve: 5 worms (355141). Loeblich, Dr. & Mrs. (A. R. Loeblich and H. Tappan) : 48 fossils (355547). Long, Charlene: 1 worm (354560). Louton, Dr. & Mrs. J. A.: 865 miscellaneous insects (353090). Lovesy, Richard 5.: 3 fossil whale and turtle bones (354111). Lurvey, Edith: 1 plant (346222). Macintosh, Mrs. Ann: cast of skulls and skull parts and a cast of an occiput (353028). Maciolek, Nancy J.: 11 worms (351359). Mackie, Dr. A. 5. Y.: 14 worms (355487). MacQuitty, Miranda: 10 worms (352138). Maggetti, Dr. M. : 47 orbicular gabbro samples (353137). Maier, Bruce: 1 mineral (352963). Maier, Dr. Kenneth J.: 1 pearl pendant necklace with diamonds, 1 pair of pearl and diamond earrings (350894, 352499). Maldonado Capriles, Dr. J.: 3 plant bugs (355661). Manhoff, Milton: 1 mineral (352334). Manzitti, Robert: 50 fossiliferous rocks (355022). Appendix 8. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 575 Marshall, Sylvan M.: 1 mineral (351553). Mather, Bryant: 5 lacewings (354833). Mathiessen, Edward A. See also Mrs. Marie Dickey Kalman (355223). Mattlin, Dr. Rob: 5 mollusks (351965). McArdle, Dr. John: 5 assorted primates (350069). McDanal, Emory: 8 minerals (354726). McDowall, Marion: 8 enchinoderms (347800). Mclnnis, Mrs. Debora. See also Michael Mclnnis (355226). Mclnnis, Michael: 1 butterfly (355226). Mcintosh, Dr. George: 22 fossils (352826). McKinney, Dr. F. K.: 6 bryozoans (352562). McPherson, Dr. J. E.: 1 stink bug (355654). Melrose, John C. : 20 minerals (354591). Mercando, Dr. Neil A.: 4 worms (351263). Merlino, Dr. Stefano: 2 minerals (351669). Meruane, Z. Jaime: 1 crustacean (352786). Metzler, Eric H. : 282 moths (353084, 354838). Middlekauff, Dr. Woodrow W. : 710 sawfly larvae (353097). Miller, Dr. Scott: 638 miscellaneous insects (353093, 353096). Miller, Dr. Walter B.: 3 land mollusks (353998). Minette, Jim: 3 minerals (354691). Mitchell, Dr. Myron: 6 alcoholic worms (352146). Morejohn, Dr. G. Victor: a fossil cast (352695). Moron, Dr. Karen M.: 53 cretaceous slides (351701). Morse, Dr. John C: 352 caddisflies (353046). Morton, Professor Brian: 25 mollusks (352793). Murphy, Dr. Don G.: 27 worms (354853). Murphy, Honora: 340 plants (352669). Myrick, Albert C., Jr.: a collection of 1,600 fossil plant, vertebrate, and in- vertebrate remains (355589). Navarro, Loida T. : 8 crustaceans (352790). Neboiss, Dr. A.: 8 burrowing bugs (354897). Neill, Dr. G. B.: 4 adult and larvae insects (355662). Nelson, Dr. Gayle H. : 1 metallic wood boring beetle (355232). Nichols, Dr. J. A.: 24 worm slides (351590). Norden, Arnold: 6 mollusks (337163). Norrocky, Jim: 2 crayfishes (352135). Nosek, Eng. J.: 50 insect slides (354849). Oliver, Dr. D. R.: 1 midge slide (353049). Olson, Sheryn: 8 assorted small mammals (350057). Onderdonk, Dr. John A., Jr.: a fossil seal metatarsal (354107). O'Neal, William: a piece of fossil walrus tusk and a toe bone (354171). Orlandi, Dr. Paolo. See also Dr. Stefano Merlino: (351669). Ortt, Marilyn: 6 ferns (354079). Ossian, Dr. Clair R. : 83 fossil slides (353532). Owens, Dr. Charles H.: 1 least weasel (353617). Park, Mrs. Janet: 1 volcanic ash sample (353132). Peisley, Vincent: 12 minerals (354585). Pendergrast, Jim: a fossil dugong sternum (355509). Penny, Dr. Norman D.: 1 lacewing (353052). Perkins, Dr. Philip D. : 1,217 aquatic insects (354835). Perkins, Thomas: 61 worm slides (354581). Perrault, Dr. Guy: 1 mineral (352317). Persons, W. R.: 1 sapphire (351321). Pessagno, Dr. Emile A., Jr.: 36 mesozoic fossils (351611). Petit, Richard E.: 2 mollusks (351375). 576 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Petuch, Dr. Edward J.: 6,000 mollusks (340672); 22 gastropods (351441, 354201). Phelps, William H., Jr.: 1 bird skin (353305, exchange). Philip, Dr. Kenelm W.: 3 alpine butterflies (354834). Pieters, 5.: 11 minerals (350878, 351297, 353171). Piggott, Audrey: 3 ferns (352904). Pilcher, Keith R.: 2 minerals (354589). Pinch, William W.: 52 minerals (351597, 354599, exchanges). Platonova, Dr. T.: 2 worm slides (352291). Pletsch, Dr. Donald J.: 35 fishes (315976). Pohwat, Paul: 1 mineral (354582). Poland, Phil: 4,836 small mollusks (351376). Pope, Dr. R. D.: 2 beetles (352939). Potter, Mr. and Mrs. George A.: 5 fossil mammal bones (354109). Powell, Charles L., Ill: 200 mollusks (354569). Powell, Dr. Jerry A.: 47 moths (354316). Prado, Manoel de Almeida: 1 mineral (350468). Pregill, Gregory K. : 10 juvenile toads (351743, exchange). Radovsky, Dr. F. J.: 1 burrowing bug (354841). Rahn, Russell A.: 1,886 miscellaneous insects (353032, 353053, 354230, 354249, 354254, 354842). Rainer, Sebastian F. : 1 worm (354468). Rasch, Arthur A.: 1 mineral (350442). Ravdin, Nino G.: 107 moths (353079). Raynsford, Anthony: 2 plants (351200, 351854). Redford, Kent: 10 mollusks (352501). Remaudiere, Dr. G.: 11 aphid slides (353054). Reynolds, Dr. C. Lentz, Jr.: 1 mineral (350882). Richardson, Dr. Joyce: 900 brachiopods (355254). Regby, Dr. J. Keith: 7 fossil sponges (352704). Rilling, Gerald: 1 snake (353755). Robertson, D. S.: 14 sponges (353189). Robinson, Dr. Paul: 63 glass-bearing rocks (353167). Rae, Dr. Pamela: 6 worms (355552). Rohr, Dr. David M.: 86 gastropods (350444). Rolfe, Dr. W. D. Ian: 32 fossil crustaceans (354524). Rolan, E.: 48 marine mollusks (352490). Rolston, Holmes, III: 1 plant (351205). Rolston, Dr. L. H.: 33 true bugs (355228). Ross, Charles A.: 1,468 reptiles and amphibians (342367); 1 turtle skeleton (351750). Ruckdeschel, Carol: 5 crustaceans (353832). Ruff, R. Eugene: 16 worms (354813). Sabrosky, Dr. Curtis W. : 267 flies (353062). Sage, Dr. Richard D.: 761 land and freshwater mollusks (347003). Sala, Frank P.: 1,189 moths and butterflies (353031). Salvat, Dr. B.: 2 mollusks (354328, exchange). Sanders, Dr. Ian: 2 petrology and volcanology samples (353143). Saunders, Jan: 11 plants (346173). Sato, Professor Mosataka: 10 insects (353058). Savitsky, Alan H. : 4 reptiles and amphibians (351749). Sawyer, Dr. Thomas K. : 236 worms (349546). Sayar, Dr. C: 50 fossil and rock samples (354285). Scarboro, Mrs. Gloria: 75 mollusks (351600). Scarbrough, Don R.: 1 mineral (354506). Appendix 8. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 577 Schaefermeyer, Fred: 3 minerals (352498). Schaffner, Dr. Joseph C: 17 plant bugs (353063). Schaller, Dr. G.: 16 bamboos (350282). Schiefer, Lt. Col. Bernard A.: 2,862 miscellaneous insects (354272). Schmetzer, Dr. Karl: 1 mineral (352550). Schneider, Vincent P.: a collection of 612 fossil fish, turtle, bird, whale, seal, mammal and reptile remains (351430, 352561, 352824). Schneider, Mrs. Vincent P. See also Vincent P. Schneider (352824). Schultz, Dr. George A.: 56 crustaceans (353017, 354743). Schuster, R. O.: 1 beetle (354548). Scott, Dr. David B.: 20 fossils (355135). Scott, Dr. R. M.: 1 fossil coral (355512). Scott, Randy: a collection of 18 fossil crab fingers, fish, turtle, bird, whale, seal, and marine-mammal remains (352560, 355503). Seapey, Dr. Roger: 12 mollusks (352079). Sefoyianes, Emanoel: 1 fish (353886). Segeler, Curt: 2 minerals (350880). Shadish, Dr. and Mrs. William R., family of: 2 pieces of fossil wood (355695). Shipp, Mrs. Eve: 200 shells (354568). Shrader, Ron: a fossil dugong vertebra (355507). Siddons, Derek C. : a fossil skull and associated vertebrae (354176). Sigle, Mr. and Mrs. Roy: 2 amethyst (349783). Simons, Dr. Mark: 13 butterflies (353082, exchange). Sladen, William J. L. : 2 bird bones (352043). Smith, Allan: 1 fossile coral (352493). Smith, Dr. Judy Terry: 1,100 marine mollusks (351966). Sonier, Leonard: 8 faceted gems (351588). Stagnaro, Sig. Angelo: 1 mineral (352705). Starnes, Dr. Wayne C: 1 fish (350192). Steadman, Dr. David W.: 14 reptiles and amphibians (351781). Steiner, Warren E.: 12 crustaceans (352957); 6,014 miscellaneous insects and arthropods (353083, 353094, 354271). Stephan, Karl: 3 wrinkled bark beetles (355235). Stewart, Robert H., and Mrs. Jay: 27 minerals (353563). Stinchcomb, B. L.: 4 fossils (355617). Stoddard, Dr. Edward: 2 rock samples with Zn-bearing spinel (353142). Stone, Francine L. : 20 butterflies (353050). Stratton, Vernon: 56 minerals (352488, 352500, 354578). Swindell, Clyde: 6 fossil seal and walrus remains (354173). Tallman, Dr. Dan: 1 bird skin (351976). Tanke, Darren: 1 badger (350065). Tankington, Horace: 2 fossil peccary femoras (351431). Tarp, Thomas Gloerfelt: 18 fishes (352392). Taylor, Calvin: 2 fossils (354110). Taylor, Dr. John L. : 50 worms (351378). Taylor, Dr. Paul: 2,141 marine, land and freshwater mollusks (355564). Templeton, Robert D. See also Robert L. Astleford (348037). Tepper, Dr. David: 1 oval-cut quartz (352965). Thomas, James: 2 fossil sponge fragments (352817). Thomas, Ralph: 2 minerals (350819). Thompson, Dr. Geoff: 1 palagonite sample (353125). Tommasi, Professor Luiz R.: 17 brachiopods (354867, exchange). Topor, Mike: 269 crinoids (352953). Troubridge, James T. : 1 butterfly (353089). Tumturk, Ismet: 48 marine mollusks (354580). 578 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Turner, Mrs. Milton: 1 quartz carved bowl and 1 jade carved bowl (351551). Turner, Dr. Ruth D.: 50 worms (353559). Uehlinger, Professor E. A.: 2 human skeletons (353029). Upchurch, Dr. Garland R., Jr.: 600 fossil plants (355134). Van den Hoven, W.: 16 bird skeletons (349935, exchange). Van der Vecht, Dr. J.: 2 wasps (353074). Van Deventer, Corrie: 2 minerals (354602). Van Laer, Christian: 4 zircon with quartz (351322). Van Scriver, Brad: 6 minerals (348744). Velde, Dr. Danielle: 1 volcanc sample (351952, exchange). Vink, D. L. N.: 1 mollusk (354502). Vokes, Drs. Harold and Emily: 13 fossil sponges and 1 sponge slide (352143). Voris, Dr. Harold K. See also Dr. William B. Jefferies (351134). VVaisman, Dave: 1 quartz (352523, exchange). Waldbauer, Dr. Gilbert P.: 349 flower flies (353514, 354850). Walker, Dr. Francis S.: 13 minerals (351608). Walker, William A.: 3 porpoises and 1 whale dolphin (350070). Wallace, Dr. J. Bruce: 17 caddisflies (355664). Ward, Don: a fossil dugong vertebra (355508). Ward, Larry B.: a fossil cetacean tooth (354168). Warner, Dr. William B.: 5 ground beetles (352736). Watters, John L., Jr.: a fossil seal jaw with 2 postcanine teeth (352566). Weber, Mrs. Charles H.: 7 minerals (350933, 354700). Weible, Lt. Gen. and Mrs. Walter L.: a complete suit of Japanese samurai armor with storage box and exhibit stand (353026). Weinberg, Rolf: 1 mineral (352964). Weiss, Gerald: 17 reptiles and amphibians (347060). WeUington, Dr. Gerald M.: 15 marine mollusks (352078). West, Forest L., Jr.: 22 marine mollusks (354235). Westcott, Dr. Richard L.: 1 metallic wood-boring beetle (354836). Whitaker, J. David: 1 mollusk (351967). Wilke, Dr. Hans-Jurgen: 1 mineral (353021). Wilson, Jonathan H.: 1 fox squirrel (350083). Win, U Kyi: 6 worms (351934). Winters, Mrs. Charles Ernest: 3 quartzes (354704). Wittlake, Dr. Eugene B.: 48 fossil mosses and a gymnosperm (355021). Wood, Dr. D. A.: 11 lava samples (353141). Woodard, Bryan: 1 crustacean (353552). Woodruff, Dr. Robert E. : 57 beetles (353573). Wright, Eugenia I.: 1,071 mollusks (348868). Wygodzinsky, Dr. Pedro: 50 black flies (354832). Yamada, Dr. Sylvia B.: 50 mollusks (352111). Yamane, Dr. Seiki: 6 insects (354837). Young, Dr. Allen M.: 1 squash bug (355231). Young, Dr. Frank N.: 549 beetles (353037, 353088). Yount, Victor: 3 minerals (351607). Zarra, Larry: 4 fossils (352693). Zarucchi, Dr. James L.: 109 plants (354372). Zea, S., Sven: 5 echinoderm specs (351408). Zeller, Dr. Edward J.: 2 faceted gems (351571). Zibrowius, Dr. Helmut: 200 worms, 24 echinoderms (352069); 20 corals (352548). Zuhl, Mr. and Mrs. Herbert A.: 5 pieces of polished petrified wood (354779). Appendix 8. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 579 NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK Donors of Financial Support Mr. Phillip A. DuSault Mrs. Elizabeth P. Guest Grants American Association of Zoo Veterinarians Frankfurt Zoological Society Friends of the National Zoo (Funds earned by FONZ according to pro- visions of public service under contract to Smithsonian) National Geographic Society Mrs. Mary Scott Guest National Science Foundation New York Zoological Society The Harkness Fellowships World WildHfe Fund World Wildlife Fund — International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources SMITHSONIAN ASTROPHYSICAL OBSERVATORY Mr. Seth G. Atwood: Tektronix Model 2236 oscilloscope. SMITHSONIAN TROPICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE Donors of Financial Support ALTERNATIVES TO DESTRUCTION PROGRAM W. Alton Jones Foundation International Foundation Print, the Giant Panda, from Endangered Species portfolio by Andy Warhol fellowship/assistantship program Exxon Corporation Citibank N.A. (Panama) Panama Kodak Companies Petroterminal de Panama, S.A. THE ROBERT E. SILBERGLIED MEMORIAL FUND Mary Batten Martin D. and Ronni F. Begleiter Frances S. Chew Diane W. Davidson Mr. and Mrs. Charles Kimerling Jason Weintraub HISTORY AND ART ANACOSTIA NEIGHBORHOOD MUSEUM Howard Felder: Master's diploma of former slave and educator Anna Julia Haywood Cooper (1858?-1964), awarded by Oberlin College in 1885. Cecilia Rothman: porcelain figure of the former slave, abolitionist, suffragette Sojourner Truth (1797?-1883), commissioned by Helen B. Lanze and created by San Francisco doll artist Cecilia Rothman. Daniel Traub: Presidential appointment papers of Robert Herberton Terrell (1859-1925), the first black municipal judge in the District of Columbia. The papers are signed by Theodore Roosevelt, January 1, 1906; William Howard Taft, January 11, 1910; and Woodrow Wilson, April 24, 1918. 580 / Smithsonian Year 1983 ARCHIVES OF AMERICAN ART Donors of Financial Support $10,000 AND ABOVE The Brown Foundation Mrs. W. Rodman Fay Robert Wood Johnson, Jr. Charitable Trust The Henry Luce Foundation $5,000 AND ABOVE Anonymous Miss Caroline R. Alexander Atlantic Richfield Foundation Viola E. Bray Charitable Trust Mr. and Mrs. Eli Broad Mr. and Mrs. George R. Brown Mr. Robert J. Cruikshank Mr. and Mrs. Harold Farb Mrs. Walter B. Ford II Mr. and Mrs. Alfred Glassell Mrs. Emma Swan Hall Honorable and Mrs. Roy H. Hofheinz Mrs. Henry Clyde Johnson Mr. Jack Josey Mr. and Mrs. Dwight M. Kendall Mr. and Mrs. Gilbert H. Kinney Mr. and Mrs. Irvin A. Levy $1,000 AND ABOVE Mrs. Josephine Abercrombie The Ahmanson Foundation Mr. Arthur G. Altschul Mr. Don Baker Mr. and Mrs. Edwin A. Bergman Mrs. Carol Bohannon Mr. Slade Brown Mr. and Mrs. Peter R. Coneway Denton A. Cooley Foundation Mr. James C. Cooper Mr. Warren Coville Dr. and Mrs. E. L. Grain, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Walter Davis Mr. and Mrs. Jonathan Day Mrs. John de Menil Mrs. Peggy de Salle Mr. Pat Diclements Mr. Les Eckert Mr. and Mrs. Joel S. Ehrenkranz Mr. Billy Francis Mr. and Mrs. Henry Goldberg Mr. Robert H. Gries Mr. Gary Hardison Mr. Gerald D. Hines Michigan Council for the Arts Mrs. Nancy B. Negley Mr. A. Alfred Taubman Warner Communications Weyerhaeuser Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Howard W. Lipman Mr. and Mrs. Meredith Long Mary E. McCarthy Mrs. Elizabeth H. Maddux Mr. and Mrs. Harris Masterson Mrs. William L. Mitchell Mrs. Anne W. Phillips Mr. Nat Rogers The Mark Rothko Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Fayez Sarofim Mr. and Mrs. Robert F. Shapiro The John Sloan Memorial Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Herbert Towning Mrs. Esteban Vicente Mr. Herbert C. Wells Mr. and Mrs. Wallace S. Wilson Harry Winston Mr. and Mrs. Don D. Jordan Mr. Richard Keating Mr. Kep Keplinger Dr. and Mrs. Charles Kessler Mr. and Mrs. Rollin King Mrs. Marilyn Lubetkin Mr. and Mrs. Sanford E. McCormick Mrs. Maria Z. McRae Mr. and Mrs. Richard Manney Mr. and Mrs. Edwin Marks Mr. James Maroney Mr. and Mrs. Tom F. Marsh Mr. and Mrs. Douglas B. Marshall, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Walter Maynard, Jr. Mr. Alexander R. Mehran Mr. and Mrs. John F. Merriam Michigan Foundation for the Arts Mr. and Mrs. Earl D. Mitchell Mr. George Murray Mrs. Muriel Kallis Newman Mrs. Laurie O'Connell Mr. and Mrs. Dan Oppenheimer Mrs. George Peterkin Appendix 8. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 581 Ms. Elyse Robbins Mr. and Mrs. Corbin J. Robertson Mrs. John Rosekrans, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Harry Rubin Ms. Arlene Schnitzer Seattle Art Museum Mr. and Mrs. George C. Seybolt Mrs. Otto L. Spaeth Mrs. Maury L. Spanier Dr. and Mrs. Anthony W. Viola Nina A. Werblow Charitable Trust Mr. and Mrs. Jerome Westheimer $500 AND ABOVE Dr. Lourdes V. Andaya Mrs. Lucille B. Askin Mrs. Norma Baumgold Mrs. Alvin L. Blume Dr. and Mrs. Irving F. Burton Mrs. Robert Johns Clark Mr. and Mrs. S. Z. Cohen Mrs. J. Rorick Cravens Mrs. Janice P. Daniel Mrs. Lucille Daum Mr. and Mrs. Richard P. Doerer Mr. and Mrs. Alex J. Etkin Mrs. Evelyn H. Fellows Mrs. George R. Fink Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence A. Fleischman Mr. and Mrs. William C. Ford Mrs. Helena Fraser Miss Elizabeth Fuller Mr. and Mrs. Aron S. Gordon Mrs. Mason L. Gordon Dr. Armand Hammer Mrs. Alfred C. Harrison, Jr. Mrs. Tola S. Haverstick Mr. John L. Jones Mrs. Robert L. Kemper Mr. Tibor Kerekes, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Robert P. Kogod Mr. Raymond J. Learsy Mr. Alan D. Levy Mrs. Janet Cook Loeb Mr. and Mrs. Edward McGrath Mr. and Mrs. Alexander McLanahan Mr. and Mrs. Robert L. McNeil, Jr. Mrs. Maria P. McPhail Mr. Richard H. Manoogian Mr. and Mrs. William A. Marsteller Mrs. Hope Ridings Miller Mrs. Janice Miller Mobil Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Irving Nusbaum Mr. and Mrs. Peter O'Donnell Mr. and Mrs. Samuel Oroshnik Mrs. Cornelia Watts Perry Mrs. Shirley Polykoff Mrs. Dorothy Rautbord Mr. David Rockefeller, Jr. Mrs. John D. Rockefeller III Mrs. Ednah Root Mr. and Mrs. Jeffrey R. Roth Mr. and Mrs. Thomas W. Russell, Jr. Mrs. Joan W. Saltzstein Michael E. Schultz Mr. and Mrs. Dudley C. Sharp Dr. and Mrs. Robert Silver Mrs. J. Scott Smart Mr. Joel Spira Mr. J. T. Trotter Mr. and Mrs. William Warner Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Weinstein Mrs. Marcia Simon Weisman Mr. and Mrs. Victor W. Wertz Mr. Henry Wade White Mr. Marion J. Wise, Jr. Mr. David S. Wolff Mr. and Mrs. Warren R. Woodward $250 AND ABOVE Mr. and Mrs. Stanford Alexander Mrs. Edward H. Andrews Mr. and Mrs. Louis C. Baker Mr. and Mrs. Henry de Forest Baldwin Mr. W. N. Banks Mrs. Daniel N. Belin Mr. and Mrs. Philip I. Berman Mr. and Mrs. Charles L. Biggs Mr. and Mrs. Donald J. Bortz, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Jay Bowman Mr. and Mrs. Edwin R. Brown Mr. and Mrs. Howard B. Camden Carter Hawley Hale Stores Chapellier Galleries Mrs. Lammot duPont Copeland Dr. Milton Covensky Mr. Craig F. Cullinan, Jr. Mr. J. S. Cullinan II Mrs. Susan L. Cullman Mrs. Elizabeth de Cuevas John Deere Foundation 582 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Mrs. J. P. Delmas Mr. C. Douglas Dillon Mr. and Mrs. Neil T. Haslett Mr. and Mrs. Frank M. Hicks Mrs. Augusta Hoiles Mr. William J. Hokin Mr. and Mrs. James Humphrey III IBM Corporation Dr. and Mrs. David Jacknow Mrs. Carter Johnson Mr. and Mrs. Alfred Winslow Jones Mr. and Mrs. Saul Kalt Mr. Maxwell E. Katzen Mr. and Mrs. Sidney Katzman Mr. and Mrs. Stephen M. Kaufman Ms. Karen A. Kelsey Mr. and Mrs. Denny Kempner Kennedy Galleries Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Klein Mr. and Mrs. Nat Korash Mr. and Mrs. Leonard Lauder Dr. and Mrs. I. H. Leopold Mr. and Mrs. Barney A. Ebsworth Mr. Sanford B. Ehrenkranz Mrs. George M. Endicott Mr. and Mrs. Douglas Eyberg Mr. and Mrs. Arthur A. Feder Mr. and Mrs. Walter W. Fisher Mr. and Mrs. Daniel Fraad Mrs. Irma L. Fraad Mrs. Eleanor K. Freed Mr. and Mrs. Walter J. Fried Mr. and Mrs. Ben H. Fuller Mr. and Mrs. Julian Ganz, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Yale Ginsberg Mr. and Mrs. Robert L. Goldstein Mr. William T. Gossett Mrs. P. Thomas Green Mr. and Mrs. Robert S. Greenbaum Mr. and Mrs. William Greenwalt Ms. Elyse Grinstein Mrs. F. V. Grunbaum Mr. and Mrs. Melville W. Hall Dr. Susan E. Harold Mrs. Janice H. Levine Mr. and Mrs. Harold O. Love Mrs. E. A. McCullough Mrs. Eugene McDermott Mrs. Nan Tucker McEvoy Mr. C. Richard McGrath Mr. and Mrs. John D. Mack Mrs. Patricia B. McMahon Mrs. Robert Magowan Mr. and Mrs. Whitfield H. Marshall Mr. and Mrs. P. J. Maveety Maxwell Galleries Dr. and Mrs. Matthew S. Mickiewicz Mr. and Dr. Napoleonas Miskinis Mr. and Mrs. Robert N. Murray Charles Namm Mrs. Annalee G. Newman Mr. and Mrs. Roy O'Connor Mrs. Henry O'Neil Mrs. Harris K. Oppenheimer Mrs. Mary T. Osborn Mr. and Mrs. Henry Pearlman Ms. Cynthia H. Polsky Mr. and Mrs. John Rakolta, Jr. Ms. Donna K. Rautbord Mrs. Dana Raymond Mrs. Elizabeth Beach Rea Dr. and Mrs. Benjamin Reder Mrs. Sylvia Robins Mr. and Mrs. Richard Roob Elly Rosenthal Mr. Lewis J. Sappington Dr. Ivan Schatten Mr. and Mrs. Walter Scheuer Mr. and Mrs. Abbott K. Schlain Mark Schlesinger Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Schoenith Mr. and Mrs. Douglas A. Schubot Mr. and Mrs. Steven A. Seiden Mrs. Carl L. Seiden Ethlyne J. Seligman Mr. Stephen Sloan Mrs. R. E. Smith Mr. and Mrs. Jerry Spiegel State Street Bank and Trust Company Mr. and Mrs. Michael Stein Mr. and Mrs. Mark C. Stevens Mr. and Mrs. Emanuel M. Sulkes Mr. and Mrs. David J. Supino Mr. and Mrs. Albert Susman Mr. and Mrs. Harold Tanner Mr. Charles Tapley Mrs. William C. Tost Mrs. Harold Uris Mrs. Joseph A. Vance, Jr. Mrs. Hudson D. Walker Mr. and Mrs. William C. Wallstein Mr. and Mrs. Edward M. M. Warburg Mr. and Mrs. Alvin Wasserman Mr. John West Mrs. Dave Williams Mr. and Mrs. Anthony M. Wilson Mr. and Mrs. Stanley Wojtalik Mr. and Mrs. Leroy H. Wulfmeier III Mr. and Mrs. Roy Zurkowski Appendix 8. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 583 $100 AND ABOVE Mrs. Richard F. Alden Mrs. Frederick Alger Mr. and Mrs. Hale R. Allen Mrs. John E. Anderson Mr. and Mrs. Christopher C. Angell Mr. and Mrs. E. J. Applewhite Mrs. Patsy Arcidiacono Mr. and Mrs. George Arden Mr. and Mrs. Thomas G. Armstrong Mrs. Anna Bing Arnold Mr. and Mrs. Leslie H. Arps Dr. James E. Austin Mrs. R. Stanton Avery Mrs. Waldo Avery Mrs. Samuel Ayres III Ms. Linda Bade Mr. and Mrs. Eliot Bailen Mr. T. R. Baird Mr. Richard Brown Baker Dr. and Mrs. James Bannon Mr. Morton Barak Mrs. Norman Barker, Jr. Ms. Joyce Barnes Mr. and Mrs. J. Addison Bartush Franklin L. Bass Miss Harriet Bath Mr. and Mrs. Bogdan Baynert Mr. and Mrs. Bruce Beal Mr. Gifford R. Beal Ms. Toni Beauchamp Mr. and Mrs. Bernhard G. Bechhoefer Walter H. Beebe Mrs. Lionel Bell Mr. and Mrs. Mack Beltaire Dr. and Mrs. James Benedict Bry Benjamin Mr. and Mrs. W. Victor Benjamin Mrs. James A. Beresford Mrs. Marion W. Berger Mr. John Berggruen Mr. Sidney L. Bergin Mrs. Edna S. Beron Mr. and Mrs. Max N. Berry Mr. and Mrs. Livingston L. Biddle, Jr. Mrs. Sidney Biddle Mr. and Mrs. Raymond Bigar Mrs. Peter S. Bing Mrs. Emil Bisttram Mr. and Mrs. H. Glenn Bixby Mrs. Polly Blakeley Richard F. Blanchard Mr. and Mrs. Chet Blanton Mrs. Walter Blenk Miss Florence M. Blume Mr. and Mrs. John M. Booth Mr. Steven J. Borick Mr. and Mrs. Paul Borman Mr. E. C. Bovey Mr. and Mrs. John L. Bradley Liane Beebe Brent Dr. Philip L. Brewer Dr. and Mrs. William J. Briggs Mr. and Mrs. David R. C. Brown Mr. Peter A. Brown Mr. and Mrs. Donald J. Bruckman Dr. and Mrs. Michael Bucciero Mrs. Elizabeth Buckley Mrs. Lawrence Buell, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. John Lee Bunce Mrs. Gene Burton Mrs. Helen R. Busch Mr. and Mrs. Jack E. Butler Mr. and Mrs. Norman Cahners Mr. and Mrs. John T. Caldwell Mr. Alan L. Cameros Mrs. Edward L. Carter Dr. and Mrs. Sidney F. Chapin Mr. David Chapman Mr. and Mrs. Jonathan H. Churchill Mr. and Mrs. Charles D. Clark Mrs. James H. Clements Amy S. Cohen Mr. and Mrs. Ralph L. Cohen Mr. and Mrs. Ralph F. Colin Mrs. Theodore G. Congdon Mr. and Mrs. Ransom Cook Mrs. Robert Coryell Mrs. Jean C. Cott Barbara T. Cowan Mr. Gardner Cowles Mrs. Earle E. Crandall Mr. and Mrs. Bert Cremers Dr. and Mrs. Burrill B. Crohn Dr. and Mrs. Cosme Cruz Mr. Michael Cullinan Mr. and Mrs. Lewis Dabney Mr. and Mrs. William D. Dahling Mrs. Chester Dale Mr. and Mrs. Lewis B. Daniels Mr. and Mrs. Richard M. Danziger Miss Bernice W. Davidson Mrs. Mary M. Davis Mr. and Mrs. Robert E. Day Mr. and Mrs. Stanley R. Day Antal P. de Bekessy Dr. and Mrs. Francis de Marneffe Mrs. Corwin D. Denney Mr. and Mrs. Martin Diamond 584 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Mr. and Mrs. Paul Dietz Mr. Rene di Rosa Dr. M. Jan Dray Mrs. Lincoln Dryden Mrs. Louisa C. Duemling Mr. Lawrence F. Du Mouchelle Mr. and Mrs. Saul H. Dunitz Mr. and Mrs. Larry Dunlap Dr. John H. Dvyer Mr. and Mrs. Henry Earle Sir James and Lady Easton Mrs. Beatrice Elkin Mrs. Robert F. Erburu Mr. and Mrs. Jimmy Ernst Mrs. Richard Evans II Mrs. Irving X. Fabrikant Mr. Peter M. Fairbanks Mrs. Gary Familian Mrs. Hortense F. Feldblum Mrs. John H. Ferguson Mrs. Alvin M. Ferst, Jr. Fischbach Gallery Mrs. E. G. Fischer Mr. and Mrs. Alfred J. Fisher III Mr. and Mrs. Donald G. Fisher Mr. George Hooper Fitch Mrs. Patricia Kane Flach Mrs. Mortimer Fleishhacker, Jr. Mrs. Joan H. Fleming Mrs. Frank W. Ford, Jr. Mrs. Marie Denise Fouquet Mr. and Mrs. Benjamin Frank Kathy G. Frank Mrs. Stanley Frank Mr. and Mrs. Ivan Frankel Dr. and Mrs. J. B. Freedman Mrs. John S. French Mr. and Mrs. B. H. Friedman Mrs. K. Evan Friedman Mrs. F. Daniel Frost Frederick J. Fuller, Jr. Mr. Sheldon Fuller Mr. and Mrs. Alan K. Gage Mr. and Mrs. Kennedy Galpin David A. Gardner Mr. and Mrs. Richard Gargiulo Mr. and Mrs. Frank Germack, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Gordon P. Getty James Howard Gibbons Mrs. Ross Gilbert Mr. Howard Gilman Mrs. Sylvia Gilman Mrs. Bernard F. Gimbel Mr. and Mrs. Stanley Glen Mr. and Mrs. Seth M. Glickenhaus Judith Whitney Godwin Dr. and Mrs. Donald Golden Mr. and Mrs. Richard S. Golden Mr. and Mrs. Abner Goldstone Mrs. John V. Good Mrs. James L. Goodwin Mr. Stuart Gorelick Mr. and Mrs. Richard W. Goss II Mr. Frederic J. Graber Mr. Charles M. Grace Mr. Bernard S. Green Mrs. Arthur Greenberg Mr. and Mrs. Bernard Greenberg Dr. and Mrs. Frank J. Greene Lancaster Greene Mr. and Mrs. John Griffin Mr. Harold E. Grove Mrs. Joseph Haddad Mr. and Mrs. Jerome Y. Halperin Mrs. Samuel Hamburger Mrs. Robert Hamilton Mrs. David Handleman Mrs. Roy E. Hanson, Jr. Mr. Joseph Hardy Mr. David F. Harris Mrs. Alfred C. Harrison Mr. and Mrs. E. J. Hartmann John R. Hearst, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. E. H. Heaton Mr. and Mrs. Stephen Heller Mr. and Mrs. Frank Hennessey Mr. and Mrs. Charles L. Henritzy Mr. Frederick D. Hill Mrs. Bernard Hirsch Dr. and Mrs. Paul Hirsch Mrs. Joseph Hirshhorn Mrs. Oveta Gulp Hobby Mr. Lewis Hoffacker Mr. Stephen Horn II Mr. and Mrs. Gedale Bob Horowitz Mr. and Mrs. Raymond J. Horowitz Mr. Thomas C. Howe Mr. and Mrs. William K. Howenstein Mr. and Mrs. Felix Hower Mrs. J. Stewart Hudson Mr. Frederick G. L. Huetwell Mr. and Mrs. A. D. Hulings Mrs. Anne D. Hull Mrs. Margot Hunt Mrs. Robert E. Hunter, Jr. Mrs. Ira J. Jackson Mr. and Mrs. Earl R. Jacobs Mr. and Mrs. Selden James Jeffrey Alan Gallery Ms. Regina B. Jensen Appendix 8. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 585 Mr. and Mrs. George Frederick Jewett, Jr. Mrs. William E. Johnston Mr. Forrest Lowell Jones Mrs. Earle M. Jorgensen Maxwell Jospcy Mr. and Mrs. Albert Kabak Mr. and Mrs. Jacob M. Kaplan Joan Kaplan Mr. Bernard Karpel Mrs. Richard B. Kaufman Mrs. William Kaynor Mr. and Mrs. Martin A. Kellman Mr. James M. Kemper, Jr. Mr. William T. Kemper Mrs. Virginia W. Kettering Mrs. Dorothy R. Kidder Mrs. William Kieschnick Mr. and Mrs. Peter Kimmelman Mrs. Miriam Klein Mrs. Philip J. Koen Mr. and Mrs. David W. Kornblatt Miss Antoinette Kraushaar Mr. and Mrs. William Ku Mrs. Geraldine Kunstadter Mrs. Roger M. Kyes Mr. and Mrs. G. V. Lamont Mrs. W. Loeber Landau Mr. and Mrs. Alvin S. Lane Terese L. Lane Mrs. Richard E. Lang Mr. Carl E. Larson Mr. and Mrs. Henry Lauve Mrs. Rodney M. Layton Mr. Rensselaer W. Lee Mrs. Harry Lenart Mrs. Fernand Leval Mr. Theodore R. Levey Mrs. Leonard Levine Mr. and Mrs. Irvin L. Levy Jean F. Levy Mr. Orme Lewis Mr. and Mrs. Sydney Lewis Dr. Marjorie Lewisohn Mrs. Ann Jones Light Mr. and Mrs. Morris Lipnik Dr. and Mrs. Lawrence Lipson Mr. Carl D. Lobell Nancy F. Loeb Mrs. Renee Logan Mr. and Mrs. Patrick Longe Mr. and Mrs. Donald Longyear Mr. and Mrs. E. F. Loveland Mrs. Madeleine M. Low Mr. Henry Luce III Mr. and Mrs. George M. Luhn Jane B. Lynch Mr. and Mrs. Russell Lynes Mr. and Mrs. David Hunter McAlpin Mr. and Mrs. Robert McCabe Mr. Porter McCray Mrs. Nancy McDermott Mr. and Mrs. Gregg McDuffee Mr. James T. McKay Mrs. Hiram W. McKee Mr. Roderick A. McManigal Mrs. Robert F. Maguire III Mrs. Bert Burgess Malouf Mrs. Thomas Malouf Mrs. Fleur Manning Mrs. Bernard Marcus Mrs. Edward Marcus Mrs. James S. Marcus Mr. and Mrs. Robert P. Marcus Dr. and Mrs. Jerome Mark Marlborough Gallery Mrs. Samuel Maslon William D. Mayer Mr. and Mrs. Philip H. Meltzer Drs. Paul and Laura Mesaros Mrs. Vaughan B. Meyer Mrs. Jane B. Meyerhoff Mr. Samuel Miller Mrs. Barbara B. Millhouse Mrs. Virginia S. Milner Mr. and Mrs. Irving J. Minett Mr. and Mrs. David Mirvish Mrs. Ralph Mishkin Mr. Edwin Lee Morrell Mr. and Mrs. Donald Morris Mr. Peter Morris Dr. and Mrs. Hugh Mullan Mrs. David Murdock Mrs. Franklin D. Murphy Mr. and Mrs. Louis S. Myers Raymond D. Nasher Company Miss Emily Nathan Mrs. Louis Nathanson Mr. and Mrs. John U. Nef Mrs. William Negley Mr. and Mrs. Eldo S. Netto Mr. and Mrs. Roy R. Neuberger Mr. Fred Nevill Mrs. James Neville Donald E. Newhouse Mr. John Nicholls, Jr. Mrs. Paul Nine Mrs. Dorothy S. Norman Mrs. Louise R. Noun Mrs. Nancy M. O'Boyle 586 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Mr. and Mrs. Bertram L. O'Neill Mrs. Janice C. Oresman Mrs. Jane B. Owen Mr. and Mrs. Herbert H. Owens The Pace Gallery Mrs. Lynda Palevsky Dr. and Mrs. David B. Pall Mr. Richard C. Palmer Dr. and Mrs. Emanuel M. Papper Mrs. Nathaniel Paschall Mrs. Margaret Patch Mrs. Carl Pearl Mr. and Mrs. S. Barksdale Penick, Jr. Mrs. John Penido Mr. and Mrs. Donald A. Petrie Mr. Donald L. Petrulis Mr. and Mrs. James Phelan O. George Philipp Mr. and Mrs. Gifford Phillips Mr. and Mrs. Laughlin Phillips Mr. and Mrs. H. Lynn Pierson J. M. Pincus Mrs. Natalie R. Pion Ms. Rita McNamara Pleet Mr. and Mrs. Saul Poliak Mr. and Mrs. William J. Poplack Mr. William Postar Mr. and Mrs. Mayer P. Potamkin Mrs. Robert E. Power Mr. and Mrs. David Prager Mr. and Mrs. Robert O. Preusser Dr. and Mrs. A. Michael Prus Mr. and Mrs. Jerome Pustilnik Mrs. John J. Quinn Mrs. Judith S. Randal Esther Rattner Mrs. James A. Rawley Dr. and Mrs. Thomas Rees Muriel Henle Reis Mr. and Mrs. Donald Reynaert Mr. and Mrs. Edgar P. Richardson Mrs. Thomas C. Ridgeway, Jr. Dr. and Mrs. Harold Rifkin Mr. and Mrs. Chapin Riley Mrs Andrew C. Ritchie Dr. and Mrs. Marvin Rivkin Mr. and Mrs. Lester Robbins Mr. David Rockefeller Mr. Alvin S. Romansky Mr. and Mrs. Daniel Rose Mrs. Shirley S. Rosenberg Michelle Rosenfeld Felice T. Ross Mr. and Mrs. Joseph R. Roth Mrs. Georgina Rothenberg Mrs. Alford P. Rudnick Mrs. Madeleine H. Russell Mrs. Ann McGovern Scheiner Mr. and Mrs. James H. Scheuer Mr. Herbert D. Schimmel Mr. and Mrs. Robert Schoelkopf Mr. and Mrs. Harry H. Schnabel, Jr. Ed Flynn Schneider Mrs. Jo Anne Schneider Mr. and Mrs. Morton L. Scholnick Mr. Jacob Schulman Mr. and Mrs. Alan E. Schwartz Mrs. Samuel Schwartz Mrs. A. A. Seeligson, Jr. Mr. Walter Seid Mr. Melvin R. Seiden Mr. and Mrs. Frederic A. Sharf Marion M. Shaw Mr. and Mrs. Max Shaye Mrs. Allan Shelden III Mr. Peter L. Sheldon Mr. Peter N. Sherrill Robert J. Silton Sharon R. Simons Mrs. Miriam Siporin Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Slatkin Mr. and Mrs. George M. Slocum Mrs. Lawrence M. C. Smith Ms. Marilyn Smith Mr. and Mrs. Robert E. Smith Mr. and Mrs. Howard Smits Mrs. Nathan Smooke Mr. and Mrs. Jerome Solomon Richard Solomon Mr. Robert Sosnick Mr. and Mrs. Ernest P. Spear Mr. Jerry L Speyer Honorable and Mrs. Peter B. Spivak Mr. and Mrs. Dennis Stanfill Mr. Robert E. Steinberg Robert A. M. Stern Mr. and Mrs. William Stone Mr. and Mrs. Sidney Stoneman Mrs. Leonard H. Straus Mr. and Mrs. Philip Straus Mrs. Robert D. Straus Mr. and Mrs. Peter Stroh Mrs. Henry W. Suydam, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Richard L. Swig Tatsuno Mr. and Mrs. Robert S. Taubman Mrs. Willard B. Taylor Mr. and Mrs. Frederick A. Terry, Jr. Mr. Eugene Victor Thaw Mr. Paul Thiry Appendix 8. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 587 Barbara S. Thomas Mrs. Barbara B. Toole Mr. John E. Toole Mr. and Mrs. Lynn A. Townsend Mr. and Mrs. Emmet Tracy Dr. Patricia Trenton Mr. and Mrs. Raymond S. Troubh Mrs. Hooper Truettner Mr. Elliott Trumbull Mr. George T. Trumbull Mrs. Helen Tucker Mr. and Mrs. Jerome Turken Mr. and Mrs. W. Anthony Ullman Mrs. John K. Van de Camp Dr. and Mrs. Arthur Victor Mrs. T. Vreeland Mr. Duane A. Wakeham Mrs. Norton Walbridge Mr. McClelland Wallace Mr. and Mrs. E. Dennis Walsh Mrs. Joan Washburn Mr. and Mrs. Max Wasserman Mr. F. Carrington Weems Mrs. Rudolph W. Weitz Mrs. Elaine G. Weitzen Mrs. Harry Wetzel Mrs. Barbara Whipple Mrs. Frances J. Whitney Mrs. Elaine Wilde Mr. and Mrs. Frank Wille Mrs. Harold Williams Mr. and Mrs. R. Jamison Williams Mrs. Robert R. Williams Mr. John Wilmerding Mr. and Mrs. James H. Wineman Mr. James L. Winokur Mr. Erving Wolf Mr. and Mrs. Robert Wolfe Mr. and Mrs. C. A. Wollenzin, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Clarence J. Woodard Mrs. Margaret C. Wray Mrs. Thaw Wright Mrs. Theodore O. Yntema Mr. and Mrs. William J. Young, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Martin Zankel Mrs. Guri Lie Zeckendorf COOPER-HEWITT MUSEUM Donors of Financial Support $100,000 OR MORE Arthur Ross $10,000 OR MORE A La Vieille Russie Galleries, Inc. Karen Johnson Boyd Helen Buckner Ford Foundation C. E. Heath Public Limited Company $1,000 OR MORE Adweek/ASM Corp. American Express Foundation American Scandinavian Foundation Anonymous Laura Ashley, Inc. AT&T Avon Products Baker, Knapp & Tubbs, Inc. Mary Barnes Bristol-Myers Fund Brunschwig & Fils, Inc. Burlington Industries Coach Leatherware, Inc. Con Edison Mr. and Mrs. John A. Corroon Lester 5. Morse, Jr. Helena Rubinstein Foundation Simpson, Thacher, Bartlett Warner Communications Foundation, Inc. Ralph J. Weiler Foundation Covven & Company Byron Donzis Faberge, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Gordon P. Getty Howard Gilman Foundation Hallmark Cards, Inc. Harmonie Club E. F. Hauserman Co. Johnson & Higgins Knapp Communications, Inc. Knoll International, Inc. Lee/Jofa, Inc. Mobil Oil Corp. Philip Morris, Inc. The Ohrstrom Foundation 588 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Pace Collection, Inc. Petochi & Gorevic Salomon Brothers, Inc. Saudi International Bank Joseph E. Seagram & Sons Rosemarie Sena $500 OR MORE Charles W. Ireland Samuel C. Johnson Mr. and Mrs. Robert Massar Donors to the Collection Anonymous H. Cecilia Bailey Bequest of Martin Battersby Ruth M. Blaine August Boj Bradbury & Bradbury Wallpapers Estate of Elizabeth Brush Boris Bucan China Seas, Inc. Arthur Cohen Lucy Commoner, in memory of Babette Deutsch Rosemary Corroon Entertainment Systems of America Anna Ferrarini Firma Svenskt Tenn Focus Belysning Foreningen for Nutida Svenskt Silver Fritz Hansen A/S Robert Furhoff Francis Ceck Rose Gottschalk Richard Harden ICF, Inc. Mrs. John Jay Ide littala Glassworks Mrs. H. Klee Kooperativa Forbundet Theodore Krieg Boris Kroll Dr. and Mrs. Jerrold Lieberman Celia Siegel Stravropoulos, Inc. Louis Comfort Tiffany Foundation Uris Brothers Foundation John Wiley & Sons Mitchell J. Nelson Barbara J. Strauss John H. Liedberg for Royal Copenhagen Porcelain Co. Judge and Mrs. Walter Mansfield David McFadden Mr. and Mrs. Robert T. Mertz Andreas Mikkelsen Orrefors AB Daren Pierce RFSU Rehab Zandra Rhodes Eva K. Roberts John Sailer Astrid Sampe Katherine C. Schmidt Mrs. Pierrpont Davis Schreiber Robert and Sherry Schreiber Eric Shrubsole Society for the Preservation of Long Island Antiquities A/S Stelton Dr. and Mrs. Robert L. Tannenbaum Taunus Textldruk Zimmer Dr. and Mrs. Lawrence Thurman, in memory of Alice Baldwin Beer Dalmar Tifft Mrs. Robert C. Van Ness Vivero Oy Jordan Volpe Gallery Phelps Warren Mrs. Edward Willett FREER GALLERY OF ART Donors of Financial Support American Telephone and Telegraph Company Chinese Brush Painting Society Clark Endowment Fund Mr. Willard G. Clark Peggy and Richard Danziger Fund Mr. Peter Drucker Mary Livingston Griggs and Mary Griggs Burke Foundation Mrs. Silvia Horvath Phi Delta Epsilon Women's Auxiliary Appendix 8. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 589 Donors to the Freer Collection Mrs. Elizabeth Lorentz Donors to the Study Collection Mrs. Ada G. Appleton Colonel Harold B. Chase, Jr. Dr. and Mrs. Thomas H. Clark Ms. Louise A. Cort Mr. John de Bry Donors to the Library Ms. Louise Alport George and Frances Armour Foundation in Memory of George and Frances Armour Donor to the Facility Mrs. Annemarie Pope Mrs. William S. Weedon Robert and Linda Goldman and son Francis Mrs. Garnet C. Hulings Mr. Shigenori Ito Miss Mary Jane Pagan Mr. N. P. Wong Mrs. James E. Bannon Mr. John W. Gruber Mr. and Mrs. Murray Lebwohl Ellen Bayard Weedon Foundation HIRSHHORN MUSEUM AND SCULPTURE GARDEN Donors of Financial Support Louise Alport Anonymous Gift Mrs. Bettina Bancroft Donors to the Collection Anonymous Gift Mrs. Bettina Bancroft Murray S. Bring, Esq. Arthur Cohen Dr. and Mrs. Julian Eisenstein Ann and Robert Freeman Donors to the Library Louise Alport Mrs. Joseph H. Hirshhorn Mr. Raymond Eyes and Anne Coleman Eyes Smithson Society Mr. and Mrs. Otto Grun Francesco Messina Scott Nordheimer Roy Nydorf Estate of Robert Phillip Charles Millard NATIONAL MUSEUM OF AFRICAN ART Donors of Financial Support David and Nancy Anderson Mr. Martin W. Bell Rosemary F. Crockett Scot M. Faulkner Nancy McElroy Folger Joseph Gerofsky Mrs. Milton P. Higgins The J. M. Kaplan Fund, Inc. David Lloyd Kreeger Beatrice C. Mayer Mr. and Mrs. G. William Miller Franklin C. Moore Stenio Alexandre Schiavo Shell Companies Foundation Mrs. Irwin Smiley Estate of Clare Timberlake The Westport Fund 590 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Donors to the Collection Leo Craig Gaston deHavenon Melvin and H. Alan Frank Friends of the National Museum of African Art Timothy P. Hauser Robert and Nancy Nooter Warren Robbins Mr. and Mrs. Marc S. Sherman Joseph Sinclair Mrs. Eleanor Lee Templeman NATIONAL MUSEUM OF AMERICAN ART Donors of Financial Support Mary Jo Aagerstoun American Security Bank, N.A. American Society of Association Executives The Art Lovers' League Boise Cascade Corporation Queene Ferry Coonley Foundation, Inc. Corning Glass Works Foundation Janet Sharon Farr Mrs. Elizabeth C. Faulker Fendrick Gallery First American Bank Mrs. Johnson Garrett The Philip L. Graham Fund Marcia C. Growdon Thomas C. Howe Caroline H. Hume Mrs. Walter Johnson, Sr. Mr. Richard Kamm Edgar Kaufmann, Jr. Samuel H. Kress Foundation Milton S. Kronheim & Company, Inc. Donors to the Collections Anonymous Donor Katherine Alley Ruth B. Benedict Flora M. Biddle Mortimer Brandt Darryl A. Brittain Harry Brodsky Herbert Brook Mrs. Claude Buck Mrs. Mildred V. Budny William H. Calfee Jerome Canter Mr. and Mrs. David J. Carlson Allyn Cox Mary Griffin Crowell Patricia Daly Frederick Darling Mr. and Mrs. Salvatore Del Deo Mr. and Mrs. Wendell Lund Nan Tucker McEvoy The McKee Foundation Inc. P. J. & Darle Maveety Nazarian Brothers Inc. N S & T Bank The Parthenon David S. Purvis Esther W. Putnam The Rau Foundation Inc. James Renwick Collectors Alliance Billy Rose Foundation, Inc. Jean M. Seth Caroline T. Simmons Eloise A. Spaeth Standard Brands Incorporated Stanley Enterprises, Inc. Charles H. Tompkins Company Trilogy Design Incorporated The Washington Craft Show Virginia Bloedel Wright The Yale Club of Washington, D.C. Werner Drewes Helen Williams Drutt S. Arlent Edwards Katherine G. Eirk Dr. Richard Flax Estelle E. Friedman Minnette L. Frohlich Margaret J. Garrett Lorrie Goulet Arthur and Anne Granick Chaim and Renee Gross Mr. and Mrs. Otto Grun George A. Haas Mary Jane Haas Walker Hancock Harcourts Gallery Grace Van Line Hartley Miss Charlotte Heilbron Appendix 8. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 591 Brian A. Higgins Jane Edington Higgins Barbara Hoerr Jem W. Horn Phyllis Graham Ingram Thomas J. Ingram III Elaine Kurtz Aaron Kozak Herb Kruckman S. W. & B. M. Koffler Foundation Michael Lantz Robert L. Lennon David Levine Helen Levitt The Reverend Alexander Livesay Patricia Colleen McCall George McNeil Juliet Man Ray Maryland Committee for the Humanities Theresa B. Meyerowitz David W. Munn Enid H. Munroe Arnold Newman Augusta Newman Emily Abbott Nordfeldt Roy Nydorf O'Hara Picture Trust Violet Oakley Memorial Foundation Ms. Ruth Pondrom Bequest of Henry Ward Ranger through the National Academy of Design James Renwick Collectors Alliance Edouard Roditi Chuck and Jan Rosenak Caroline B. Shephard James A. Shephard Mrs. Sarah J. Shulman Rene E. St. Ives Amelia St. Ives Richard Stuart Gallery David M. Tofsky Frank C. Treseder Roberta R. Treseder Cynthia Corcoran Tuttle Robert Tuttle Isaac Witkin Martin Woldow Harry W. Zichterman NATIONAL MUSEUM OF AMERICAN HISTORY Donors of Financial Support Catherine Absalom AKC Fund American Legion Post 88 American Radio Relay League, Inc. American Society of Anesthesiologists American Watchmakers Institute, Inc. Amos Press, Inc. Robert M. Armstrong Atwood Foundation Mrs. J. W. Auchincloss Donald B. Avey, Sr. Katherine Baker Virginia Ballard Mrs. Helen H. Barnes The Bass Foundation Laura F. Beavers Mr. and Mrs. William P. Bebbington Nicholas Benton Helene D. Bodman Mrs. Fred C. Bowers Mrs. Robert A. Brooks Mrs. Percy W. Brown Weir M. Brown Mr. and Mrs. Edward L. Campbell Canadian Pacific Anthony Chanaka Timothy W. Childs CITIBANK, N.A. Mrs. Thomas K. Cline Joan P. Collings Lt. Col. Robert D. Crea Dr. Herta G. Dagen Mr. and Mrs. Leroy E. Doggett Mr. and Mrs. George A. T. Donely Mr. and Mrs. William F. Dormire Edison Electric Institute Efratom, Inc. EG&G Technical Products Group Ruth T. Entrekin Frances J. Fahnestock Ruth P. Fenton Mr. and Mrs. Craig Fields Mr. and Mrs. David Fitzgerald The Ford Foundation Frequency Electronics Joseph F. Gargiulo Raymond & Florence Garland Mrs. Shirley T. Garrison Stephanie Glaser Ms. Genevieve H. Goodwin Edward Grainger 592 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Gulf + Western Manufacturing Company Hallmark Cards, Inc. Lola M. Hanson Mr. and Mrs. James Hansz Robert Harlan, Jr. Harmers of New York, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Parker T. Hart Mrs. William A. Harty Mr. William H. Helfand Mr. and Mrs. Richard Hinkel Mrs. Henry W. Hoagland Mr. and Mrs. Eugen Holben George B. Holmes Alfred Holzer Dr. Bruce Howe Hughes Aircraft Company Research Laboratories Adriana Huyer Hydro-Quebec Mrs. Dorothy Ingersoll International Association of Amusement Parks J. C. Penney Company, Inc. Johns Hopkins University Mrs. R. Keith Kane Kernco Genevieve Koester Lawrence Kolp Mrs. Walter Kravitz Cameron J. Laclair, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. James F. Lawrence Phyllis J. Lee Litton Guidance & Control Systems Mrs. William A. Long Magnavox Advanced Products Co. H. Allen Mali Arnold Manor, M.D. Mrs. Donald Marks Nancy M. McCabe Mildred R. Mclntyre Lt. Col. Anna M. McKim Margaret McLaughlin Mrs. Russell B. McNeill Mrs. Louden Mellen Mr. J. Jefferson Miller III Mrs. Theodore W. Mix W. Raymond Mize, Jr., M.D. Mary Modell Mr. and Mrs. L. E. Moranda Jeanne H. Morris Mrs. Stephen V. C. Morris Mrs. Dwight Morrow, Jr. National Railway Historical Society, Washington, D.C., Chaptec National Railway Publication Company Mr. Hal Needham Lowell Newman Gerson Nordlinger, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Donald Notman Mr. and Mrs. William H. O'Brien Mr. Frank O'Leary Mr. and Mrs. George O'Sullivan Outdoor Amusement Business, Inc. Mrs. Horace Peters Lionel I. Pincus Foundation, Inc. Peter G. Powers PTTI Planning Conference Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence J. Radice The Radiological Society of North America, Inc. Allen J. Reiter Thomas M. Roberts Rockwell International Ferdinand W. Roebling III Mr. and Mrs. Daniel Rosenbaum Rodris Roth Mrs. Evelyn Beveridge Russell Estate of Ruth A. Safford Irene R. Schriber Sears, Roebuck & Co. Ms. S. T. Shook Mr. and Mrs. Irving E. Silverman Mrs. John Farr Simmons Mr. and Mrs. Zigmund J. Skupski Alan B. Slifka Foundation, Inc. Mrs. Francis A. Smith Mrs. Henry Smith III Mrs. James Russell Smith Mrs. Lawrence M. C. Smith Rachel M. Smith Smithsonian Resident Associates The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc. Society of Women Engineers Janet W. Solinger Davidson Sommers Henry Z. Steinway Janet Hart Sylvester Mrs. Sylvia Symington Ruth and Vernon Taylor Foundation Dr. Dulany Terrett Elaine Thornburgh Emily M. Touey Tracor, Inc. Pauline Bird Treman Mrs. Bronson Tweedy Twentieth Century-Fox Film Corporation Appendix 8. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 593 Verian Associates Mrs. C. H. West, Jr. Peggy D. Winston Miss Sara E. West Constanze Crea Wales Anita J. Willens Mr. and Mrs. Edwin Walthall Mr. and Mrs. Burke Wilkinson Mrs. Sylvia K. Ward Mrs. Donald Wood James E. Wesner Helen Wooley Donors to the National Collections Mrs. Bonita Abernathy: 19th-century silk pieced-work quilt with a design of stars and trapunto-stitched plants made by Mary Hise Norton of Russell- ville, Kentucky (1982.0392). Dale Abrams, Anne E. Abramson, Ronald Abramson, Robert Loeffler, M.D., and Vera Loeffler: matte-black studio glass vase with orange, blue, and white designs made by Joel Philip Myers, Bloomington, Illinois, 1981 (1981.0388). Dale Edward Abrams: glass dipper titled Covenant by Vernon Brejcha and a glass vase by John Kuhn, both made in 1981 (1981.0813). Dr. Arthur S. Adams: Whieldon ceramic platter with brown and green tor- toise-shell glaze (1981.0270). Deborah A. Adrian: shaving set consisting of a razor, razor blades, strop, and box, 1920-60 (1982.0253). Dorothy S. Ahlborn: archery equipment including 11 arrows and 2 arrow shafts in a box, a quiver, a bow sight kit, and an arrow repair device all used during the 1930s and 1940s (1982.0495). Francis J. Alfter: crystal radio set made and used by Glen E. Alfter while in a German prisoner-of-war camp during WW II (1982.0721). Mrs. Richard L. Allen: deck of 68 contract bridge playing cards in 5 suits made by the Russell Playing Card Co., ca. 1938 (1983.0294). Amateur Softball Association of America (through William H. Plummet III) : 2 patches from the "III Women's World Softball Championship, 1974, USA, Stratford, Conn." (1982.0746). American Association of University Women (through Mary H. Purcell) : 3 posters, 2 circulars, 2 pamphlets, 2 bumper stickers, and a book concerning women's rights (1981.0884); 38 documentary items, buttons, and pins con- cerning the American Association of University Women and women's rights (1982.0391). The American National Red Cross (through Mary D. Doering) : 14 publica- tions, a book, sticker, form, and a pin (1983.0270). American President Lines, Ltd. (through Timothy J. Rhein) : 4 photographs, 3 press releases, a pamphlet, and a paperweight concerning the christening and launching of the M. V. President Washington container ship on April 24, 1982 (1982.0683). Diane Amussen: 2 ceramic plates with blue transfer-printed designs of the "Landing of Gen La Fayette," 1818-34, and "The Pavilion, Fort Ticonder- Oga," 1895-1949 (1981.0965). Theo Charles Andersen: camera with lens and flange (1983.0060). Richard H. Anderson: Seattle Mariners Baseball Club pennant (1983.0101). Paul H. Angel III: waist belt plate of a U.S. Militia officer in the Infantry or Dragoons, 1814-40 (1983.0109). Robt. A. Angsten: model of Al-Vista 180-degree sweep panoramic camera invented by Peter N. Angsten, 1890s, in leather case (1983.0103). Anonymous: off-white satin wedding dress with long train, off-white cap with veil, white seamed stockings, white silk garter and satin pumps both trimmed with wax orange blossoms, off-white crepe sleeveless nightgown, and an off-white crepe teddy, bill for the wedding dress, wedding and 594 / Smithsonian Year 1983 reception invitations, envelopes, at home cards, stationery box, white leather bride's book, 7 wedding photographs, 2 pieces of wedding cake in original boxes, bride and groom cake decorations, and bouquet fragments, 1928 (1980.0030). Mrs. Joseph Aschheim: 3 brass Girl Guide pins, ca. 1900 (1982.0653); 3 tin cigarette boxes labeled "Player's Medium Navy Cut" (1983.0026); George McGovern "Worldsavers" candy wrapper (1983.0164). Dorothy C. and Ruth Bacon: blue and white striped wool blanket, ca. 1898 (1982.0296); brown wool striped blanket of the Civil War era used in Cuba during the Spanish-American War, 1898 (1982.0602). Rolfe M. Baggett: 2 press passes for the 1981 presidential inauguration and inaugural ball (1982.0409). J. V. Balzer: hand-carved wooden model of a man in a wagon pulled by two Percheron horses made by John V. Balzer of Hooker, Oklahoma, 1982 (1982.0413). The Most Honorable Bapsybanoo Marchioness of Winchester and Dasturzada Dr. Jal Pavry: 29 medals and coins commemorating great historic occasions (1979.1107). Susan A. Barber: woman's black silk cape with a wide boat-shaped neckline believed to have been worn by Gertrude Margaret Wengler Kinney, 1895- 1905 (1981.0400). Carol S. Barie: 5 pieces of women's clothing from 1950s and 1960s including two 2-piece dresses by Anne Fogarty, a sleeveless lightweight navy blue dress by Howard Wolf, and a pale-pink dotted swiss robe and pink crepe nightgown by Tula (1980.0546). Gary Barnhard: Koralla camera (1983.0061). Stan Barrett: uniform and goggles worn by Mr. Barrett while driving the Budweiser rocket car, the first land vehicle to break the speed of sound in an unofficial run at Edwards Air Force Base, California on December 17, 1979 (1982.0662). Joseph E. Baudino: thermonic voltmeter and a spare triode tube (1983.0106). Carter Bays: Betsy Ross toy sewing machine (1982.0516). Bruce S. Bazelon: 1881 helmet and 84 U.S. military insignia badges, buttons, and accessories (1979.1211); 52 insignia badges, buttons, and accessories (1981.0938). Dita Davis Beard: 2 maroon and white decals "If I were 21 I'd Vote for Nixon" (1983.0266). The Andrew H. and Walter R. Beardsley Foundation (through Robert B. Beardsley) : 3 eyeglass cases and a pair of sunglasses in a case owned by Eleanor Roosevelt and a pair of pince-nez eyeglasses owned by President Franklin D. Roosevelt (1983.0152). Katherine Patricia Becker in memory of Frank Horger Becker: Model 5 American adding machine (1983.0290). Silvio A. Bedini: Christmas card from President and Mrs. Ford, 1976 (1983. 0112). Russell Bernard Belcher, P.C., U.S.N. : U.S. Navy commissioning cover can- celled "U.S. Navy, U.S.S. Tisdale (FFG-27), November 13, 1982" with cachet (1983.0029). Marion S. Bergesen: white linen damask tablecloth (1982.0143). Berkey K & L Custom Services, Inc. (through Ken Lieberman and Arthur Rothstein) : 10 prints of Farm Security Administration photographs, 1930s (1983.0069). Samuel Bernstein: Victor adding machine used by Mr. Bernstein while secretary-treasurer of the Workmen's Circle (1982.0475). Martha Berrien: 6 pochoir brushes (1982.0610). Appendix 8. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 595 Blair Birdsall: 91 groups of photographs and specifications of bridge, tram- way, and ski lift construction from the records of John A. Roeblings's Sons Company (1982.0720). F. E. Bitting in memory of Ralph Lee Bitting: 25 envelopes with lithographed patriotic designs from the Spanish-American War period (1980.0258). Alice C. and Edward F. Blackman: 2 programs, a silk souvenir program, and a photographic postcard from the New York Hippodrome Theater, 1919 (1982.0738). Mrs. William McCormick Blair, Jr.: woman's navy blue Givenchy coat, light- grey Christian Dior 4-piece dress, black and brown Balenciaga dress, dark- green Dior pantsuit, black Yves St. Laurent pantsuit, black knit quilted bag by Chanel, black velvet pumps, grey crepe shoes, green sandals, Yves St. Laurent necklace, and a boy's navy blue blazer (1982.0020). Dorothy Blanchard: white wool wedding dress worn in 1881 by Alice Vara Proctor Cobb (1981.0636). Walter P. Blount, M.D. : 2 Milwaukee braces for treatment of spinal curva- tures, ca. 1950 and 1970 (308163). Thayer M. Boardman on behalf of the University of Kansas: blue felt pen- nant from the University of Kansas (1982.0563). Ann F. Boyce: photomontage poster of the National Women's Conference, International Women's Year, held in Houston, Texas, 1977 (1981.0638). Charles H. Bradford on behalf of Allen Putnam: pre-Civil War oil lamp pos- sibly from the USS Constitution (1983.0340). Jeremiah D. Brady: New York Numismatic Club bronze medal by Karl Gruppe inscribed "Jeremiah D. Brady, President, 1980-81," (1982.0713). Braille Institute of America, Inc. (through Russell W. Kirbey) : Atkinson model portable braille writer designed by J. Robert Atkinson and William Goetze, ca. 1931 (1982.0592). Mildred Brainard: 2 photographs of Mrs. Brainard taken by Arnold Genthe, ca. 1935 (1982.0698). Helene Bress: fragment of a coverlet with the woven inscription "Made by C. Nicklas/Chambersburgh/Franklin County/1855" (1982.0142). W. E. Brockel: Voigtlander Avus folding plate camera with film pack adapter. Autographic Kodak folding rollfilm camera with case. Expo subminiature rollfilm "watch" camera, Diaphot visual exposure meter by Zeiss Ikon with case, and Leudi and Leudi II visual exposure meters with cases (1982.0555). The Brooklyn Museum: woman's silk dress bodice with a black ground of interlocking gold hoops, ca. 1890, and a woman's 3-piece long pale-purple taffeta dress by I. Magnin, ca. 1934 (1981.0229). Laura-May Spain Brown: black Quaker bonnet, silver mesh purse, and a black taffeta bag (1981.0808). Marcia H. Brown: 2-piece off-white satin dress trimmed with black lace and a pair of white kid elbow-length gloves worn by Jessie Fremont Smith-Brown, 1893-95 (1981.0480). Michael J. Brown: German Kriegsflagge, WW II (1982.0569). Linda Brughelli: seltzer bottle used by Clarabell the Clown on the "Howdy Doody" television show (1982.0478). Elsa M. Bruton: 2 blue soaps with cameo portraits of George and Martha Washington and a clear glass soap plate with an eagle motif issued by Avon during the Bicentennial, 1976 (1982.0411). Bulbul (through Gen. Pilgrim Guracar) : 3 cartoon booklets and a cartoon con- cerning women's rights (1983.0163). The Bunker Hill Company (through J. W. Kendrick) : 20-kilowatt Edison bi- polar generator, ca. 1890 (1983.0142). Katherine G. Byrnes: woman's black straw hat trimmed with a cluster of blue 596 / Smithsonian Year 1983 and beige artificial flowers and a black velvet hat trimmed with black ostrich feathers, both 1880-1900 (1981.0753). Call Carl, Inc. (through Wm. O. Herrmann) : 5-year service pin given to em- ployees of Call Carl, Inc., Washington, D.C., ca. 1945 (1982.0664). Camp Springs Christian Schools (through Myrtle H. Raines): Perkin-Elmer spectrophotometer model 202 with 2 thermospacer sets, a photomultiplier attachment, and a cell compartment assembly (1982.0630). Leopoldo Cancio: 61 medieval Middle Eastern coins of bronze and silver (1981.0772). Heloise Canter: 3 conical bronze dies of native workmanship for coins of the Indian State of Tonk (1981.1068). Carlisle Colonial Minute Men, Inc. (through Robert R. Heath): 2 1981 Esta- brook Trail Walk medals (1981.0750). Carpenter Body Works, Inc. (through John A. Foddrill and Don J. Hardin): restored 1936 Carpenter-Dodge school bus (1982.0600). Douglas A. Carr: U.S. Army and Navy song and service book for ship and field, 1942 (1982.0372). Russell K. Cashdollar: man's formal long-sleeved shirt, a white collar, and an original shirt box (1982.0247). Russell K. Cashdollar and David M. Novak: reflector for a gas lighting fix- ture used in a Methodist church in Jim Thorpe, Pennsylvania, 1870s (1982. 0301). Ruth T. Cathcart: 6 pairs of porcelain cups and saucers with transfer-printed decorations honoring the U.S. Centennial of 1876 made by William T. Copeland & Sons, Staffordshire, England (1982.0127). Jeffrey P. Cave: 4-keyed boxwood flute by Goulding D'Almaine, Potter & Company, 12-keyed flute by Wm. G. Schulze, 10-keyed flute marked "NACH/H. F. MEYER/HANNOVER," 8-keyed rosewood flute by E. Riley, 6-keyed piccolo, Bohm flute by Carl Schreiber, and a Bohm flute by Wm. S. Haynes (1983.0234). The Chase Manhattan Bank, N. A. (through A. Wright Elliott) : collection of coins, paper currencies, checks, documents of value, tokens, scrip, primitive media of exchange, medals, and related materials (1979.1263). Chicago Historical Society (through Olivia Mahoney) : 13-star U.S. ensign boat flag from the second USS Maine (1982.0044); (through Teresa Krutz) : life jacket from White Star Liner Titanic, sunk April 15, 1912 (1982.0319); through Ellsworth H. Brown) : leather boxing gloves worn and autographed by Jack Dempsey (1982.0360). Owen T. Churchill: 3 pairs of swim fins, a 1939 working model swim fin, key ring with miniature swim fin, an advertisement for swim fins, and a yacht- ing award plaque "Angelita, 8 Meter Yacht, Winner Olympic Gold Medal, 1932" (1983.0200). Elvira Clain-Stefanelli: 6 Norwegian and 3 Portuguese coins (1979.1251); 4 French art medals, 1970s, and a medal commemorating the International Exposition of Medals held in Paris in October, 1967 (1983.0258); 7 medal series issued by the Leonardo da Vinci National Museum of Science and Technology in Milan, Italy, 1970, and 2 medals commemorating the "Selective Fund Mediolanum," 1973 and 1974 (1983.0259); 2 French art medals, 1972 and 1973, and a Greek commemorative medal (1983.0261). Elvira Clain-Stefanelli in memory of Vladimir Clain-Stefanelli: 18 dies used by modern counterfeiters to strike the obverse and reverse of 9 very rare gold coins of Roman en>presses (1982.0761); 4-subject copper plate for printing Maryland 1- and 2-dollar notes, 1840 (1982.0762); 2 proof sheets of obsolete notes of the Manhattan Company of New York engraved by Rawdon, Wright, Hatch & Co., New York (1982.0763); 12 samples of Appendix 8. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 597 experimental minting alloys from the Franklin Mint contained in an album (1982.0764); 64 ancient Greco-Roman coins struck in Viminacium (1982. 0777); 19 ancient Greek silver drachms of Corinth (1982.0778). Elvira and V. Clain-Stefanelli: 6 dies for making counterfeit solidi of Byzan- tine Emperor Heraclius, A.D. 610-41 (1980.0963); 4 steel dies used to counterfeit gold coins of Byzantine Emperor Heraclius and his son Con- stantine, A.D. 613-41 (1980.0964); 6 dies used to counterfeit gold solidi of Byzantine Emperor Constantine III, A.D. 641-68 (1980.0965); 6 dies used to counterfeit solidi by Byzantine Emperors Constantine III, A.D. 641-68, and Tiberius III Apsimarus, A.D. 698-705 (1980.0966); 4 dies used to counterfeit gold coins of Byzantine Emperor Constantine V, A.D. 741-75 (1980.0967); 6 dies used to counterfeit gold solidi of Byzantine Emperor Constantine V with his son Leo IV, A.D. 751-75 (1980.0968); 6 dies made by master engraver Tardani for counterfeiting gold solidi of Byzantine Emperor Leo IV, A.D. 775-80 (1980.0969); 6 dies used to counterfeit gold solidi of Byzentine Emperor Leo IV, the Khazar, with Constantine VI, A.D. 776-80 (1980.0970); 4 dies used to counterfeit gold solidi of Byzantine Emperor Constantine VI wi^h his mother, Irene of Athens, A.D. 780-97 (1980.0971); 6 steel dies with copper inserts made by master engraver Tardani for counterfeiting gold solidi of Byzantine emperors of the 8th century A.D. (1980.0972); 4 steel dies with copper inserts used to counter- feit gold coins of Byzantine emperors of the 8th and 9th century A.D. (1980.0973); 2 dies with lead copies attributed to master engraver Tardani used to counterfeit gold solidi of Byzantine Emperor Leo III, the Isaurian, A.D. 717-41 (1980.0974); 3 dies with lead copies used to counterfeit gold solidi of Byzantine Emperor Artavasdus and Artavasdus with Nicephorus, A.D. 742-43 (1980.0975). Mrs. Robert W. Clark, Jr. : hand-made off-white crepe graduation dress worn by Evelyn Powell Beach (1981.0575). Elizabeth Clarke: anti-ERA button and handout (1982.0418). Cleveland Board of Education (through Harrison Dillard and Carl A. Long) : 30 objects from Room 201 of the Dunham School in Cleveland, Ohio com- prised of architectural elements, furniture, teaching aids, and decorations (1982.0718). Carl E. Clever: Vitascope camera (1983.0062). Dwight M. Collins: 32 phonorecords (1982.0611). Lynn Conlee: pair of cotton painter's pants and a pair of Candle's high- heeled shoes, ca. 1979 (1980.0869). Avlyn Dodd Conley: woman's black rhinestone-studded cosmetic purse used by Mary Margaret Conley, ca. 1925 (1982.0438). Edith P. and Philip S. Cook: 3 infant's dresses, child's dress, infant's slip, and undershirt worn by Paul Cook, born in 1847 (1980.0136). Marjorie A. Cope: Chambre Claire Universelle camera lucida (1982.0430). Thelma Craddock: wooden box containing a Tru-Vue film viewer and 12 boxes of film (1983.0063). Helen A. Crane: 1902 postcard of President Theodore Roosevelt with the quotation "The need in public and private life is common sense, honesty, decency, and courage" (1982.0215). Margret Craver: 3 silversmith's raising stakes of cast-iron reproduced from 17th-century stakes housed in the London School of Art, England (1983. 0231). Margaret Sands Crebbin: 2 woman's white petticoats, 1850-69 (1981.0953). Carol S. Cunningham: pochoir print Bell Flowers by Carol Cunningham, 1981 (1982.0628). 598 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Estate of Field Curry (through Ruth Curry) : color lithograph Entrance of the Railway at Edge Hill, Liverpool, ca. 1833 (1982.0557). Mary R. Daily: Red Cross volunteer service pin, 1940 (1982.0695). Helen Bickel Dale and Robert B. Dale: walking stick with a small chip of the Liberty Bell soldered to the silver cap made, according to family tradi- tion, from a beam removed from the Pennsylvania State House during renovations in 1872 (1983.0277). Ruth K. Davies: brown leather child's shoe found in the wall of the Old Tavern at Great Falls, Virginia, 1775-1850 (1979.0907). Carterette C. Davis: woman's 2-piece brocade dress made by Carterette C. Davis, the dress pattern, an extra piece of brocade, a piece of aqua-colored synthetic fabric lining, a pair of elbow-length brown suede gloves from I. Magnin, and a plastic bag for the gloves (1980.0871). Thomas L. Davis: 5 Royal Crown Cola cans with pictures of baseball players Claudell Washington, Richie Hebner, Bert Campaneris, Rod Carew, and Chris Chambliss (1982.0471). Mrs. Francis M. Day: Centennial printed fabric (1981.0332). Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee (through John Franzen) : 2 videotape cassettes concerning Social Security featuring Congressman Claude Pepper, dated October 6, 1982 (1983.0158). Democratic National Committee (through John Franzen) : 2 videotape cassettes of the 1982 television campaign (1983.0131). Elizabeth H. Denholm: woman's white cotton petticoat with an embroidered eyelet design and a scalloped border, 1840-60, and a woman's nightgown of white cotton with floral embroidery on neckline and cuffs, 1860-80 (1981.0294). Albert J. Desrosiers: serigraph titled Circus Bicyclist and a lithograph titled Circus Horses by John August Swanson (1983.0036). Barbara Dickstein: 3 man's neckties, man's blue Lacoste shirt, boy's striped Lacoste shirt, woman's T-shirt with inscription "Dannon Yogurt," girl's Speedo bathing suit, green socks, and a Lanz of Salsburg nightgown, all from the 1970s (1980.0455); orange knit turtleneck sweater, Conair hair dryer, Clairol curling iron, and a set of Clairol hair curlers (1980.0870). Matthew Dickstein: light-green T-shirt with "Colorado Sun Day" emblem, 2 white T-shirts, one with a Grateful Dead emblem and one with a Rolling Stones and "Colorado Sun Day 11" emblem (1980.0873). Wilton S. Dillon: green and white button "Cranston '84!" (1983.0267). The District of Columbia League of Women Voters (through Ruth P. Dixon) : 10 dolls used in 1929 to promote District of Columbia voting rights and a special edition copy of The Evening Star dated February 1-March 12, 1928 (1982.0420). Mrs. Alan J. Dixon: 2 pamphlets, a book, and a manual about the Masons, Masonic uniform worn by William Gerard Dixon in the 1930s, and a suit- case (1982.0442). Mary D. Doering: woman's green madras plaid clutch-style bag by Villager (1981.0413). Dr. A. W. and Shirley M. Donan: girl scout uniform consisting of a hat, belted jacket, and a skirt worn by Ruth Colby Donan, 1915-20 (1982.0770). Earl W. Dorfman: violin made by August Gemunder in the late 19th century (1983.0205). H. Dwight Duce, Jr., in the name of H. Dwight Duce, Sr. and Family: rim lock patent model in wooden box with specifications, drawings, and docu- ment of patent granted to Joseph Duce, Jr., of Wolverhampton, England, May 24, 1842 (1982.0259). Appendix 8. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 599 Josephine H. Duncan and Mrs. Gary Thornbill: woman's gray silk dress over- laid with black net, 1908-12 (1981.0917). Ray Eames: 2 shirts, 2 ties, 2 handkerchiefs, tan raincoat, tan corduroy suit, grey suit, olive green vest, tan cashmere socks, white shorts, and under- shirt, all worn by Charles Eames (1981.0891). Betty J. Barley: Purple Heart medal with a bar ribbon and a bar ribbon with an oak leaf cluster awarded to Pfc. William Allerton, WW I (1982.0657). The Edison Institute, Henry Ford Museum & Greenfield Village (through Robert E. Springer) : 2 two-passenger railroad car seats made by Hale and Kilburn Manufacturing Gompany (1982.0793). S. Arlent Edwards, Jr.: 581 mezzotint prints, 44 printmaking tools, 4 albums, 2 engraved copper plates, and a photograph, all made or used by artist S. Arlent Edwards, Sr., late 19th to early 20th century (1983.0217). Gayle Kroudvird Eisenstat: T-shirt and racing number "7047" worn in the Gapitol Hill Glassic lOK race on April 17, 1983 (1983.0219). Garl Ek: clear glass vase with cut and enameled decorations from the early 19th century and a clear cut glass dish, ca. 1825 (1981.1007). William G. Eliot III: 2 exposure meters with instruction pamphlets (1983. 0064). Dr. Garl E. and Norma Emmerich: President and Mrs. Eisenhower's personal Ghristmas card for 1960 designed by Norma Sanden Emmerich for Hall- mark Gards Incorporated (1983.0272). Gloria and Jerome Engel: light-brown short mink jacket lined with beige moire, ca. 1958 (1982.0113). ERAmerica (through Mariwyn D. Heath) : 10 photographs, 9 flyers, 3 enve- lopes, 3 instruction sheets, 2 negatives, a draft, and a tag, all part of the effort to pass the Equal Rights Amendment in 1982 (1982.0680). Herbert I. and Robert E. Fahnestock: U.S. Army Assault gas mask and jacket hood, ca. 1943 (1979.0336). Samuel Falk: 7 35mm negative strips and 8 silver prints of rock music singer Janis Joplin taken by Mr. Falk in February 1969 (1982.0523). Linda Sue Faucett: indigo-blue wool and white cotton jacquard double-woven coverlet in "Peacocks Feeding Their Young" pattern with an "Old Boston Town" border (1982.0573). Stuart P. Feld: painting of the Civil War military service record of Gapt. William E. Ware, 27th Missouri Volunteer Infantry (1982.0108). Martha B. Feldman: white refined-earthenware bowl decorated with Dutch scenes, 1940-55 (1981.0761). Edwin Bennett Filbert and Portia Melown Filbert: framed earthenware tile panel titled Reading the Returns in 3 sections subtitled Anticipation, Ap- preciation, and Realization made by the Edwin Bennett Tile Works, Balti- more, Maryland, 1876-90 (1982.0182). Bernard S. Finn: flatiron with a detachable hose designed for use with a carbide gas system, ca. 1903 (1982.0510). Mrs. Brown Focht: woman's coat with sable collar and buttons, 1890s (1980. 0378). Folly F. Fodor: 9 anti-Vietnam War posters (1982.0405). Jane Jeffcoat Foote: Wilson "University" model tennis racket with press, ca. 1938 (1982.0329). Shelly J. Foote: pair of ladies boot-style roller skates and a wood and plastic case for skates used by Ms. Foote during the 1950s (1982.0737). Four D Productions, Inc. (through Danny Arnold) : 3 videocassettes from the final 3-part episode of the television show "Barney Miller" titled "Land- mark," 1982 (1982.0561). William L. Fredrick: helmet worn by Stan Barrett while driving the Bud- 600 / Smithsonian Year 1983 weiser rocket car, the first land vehicle to break the speed of sound in an unofficial run at Edwards Air Force Base, California on December 17, 1979 (1982.0661). David Freeman: 2 Victor 7Q rpm phonorecords featuring Jimmie Rodgers (1982.0655). Freestyle Sales Company, Inc. (through Sam Fatman) : box of Ilford Multi- grade photographic paper, set of cardboard-mounted acetate Multigrade filters, and an example of number 1 and 2 Multigrade single filters (1983. 0008). Robert A. Furhoff: sample of ingrain carpet power-woven to look like Brus- sels carpeting, second half 19th century (1982.0369). Furst and Mooney, Inc. (through Ron Furst and Janice Mooney) : 4 multi- colored clutch-style handbags of reptile leather and a blue flannel protec- tive bag with "Furst and Mooney" emblem (1981.0577). GAF Corporation (through James T. Sherwin) : GAF historical camera and photographic equipment collection (1982.0390). Margaret E. Galligan: field hockey stick (1982.0400); field hockey ball (1982. 0489). Anne H. Ganz: lace barbe, knitted lace shawl, knitted washcloth, patterned silk fabric strip and ribbon, pair of sleeves and cuff of white-work, pair of sleeves and collar of Brussels Point de Gaze lace, damask towel from the World's Columbian Exposition of 1892, embroidered muslin christening dress made for Mary Perrine Bell of Trenton, New Jersey in 1842, and a piece of unfinished embroidery on net made by Mrs. Henry Hotchkiss of New Haven, Connecticut in 1822 (1982.0579). D. L. Ganz: minting process set commemorating the Civil War Centennial Commission consisting of 5 bronze medals showing the various stages of production of a medal, 1965 (1981.0995); 4 small-sized dollar pattern pieces produced by Gould, Inc., 1977 (1981.0996); 2 California gold quarter- dollars, 1865 and 1870, a nickel struck on a dime planchet, and a U.S. Mint bronze medal commemorating George Washington, 1862 (1983.0018). Eleanor J. Gawne: U.S. Army clothing including a pair of combat overshoes of the Vietnam War period, a single combat overshoe, and a woman's knit jacket and skirt (1982.0297). John B. Geers, Ph.D.: 26 phonorecords (1983.0181). Donna-Lyn Geils: 2-piece basketball uniform worn by Ms. Geils while a member of the Chicago Hustle team of the Women's Professional Basket- ball League (1982.0488). Joanna R. Gilbride: toy tin pipe possibly used to blow soap bubbles, late 19th century (1982.0487). Max Gimpel: print in the form of a flag of the "Pledge of Allegiance" and "The Star-Spangled Banner" by Max Gimpel (1982.0601). Harry F. Gipe and Joseph St. Lawrence: 2 dry-plate lithographic prints and 2 plates (1982.0688). Lillian D. Gish: black wool coat with a black velvet upper collar believed to have been worn by James Madison, 1815-40 (1981.0433). Richard Ralph Gomez and Anna McNally: original Dixieland Jazz Band phonorecord titled Dixie Jazz Band One Step (1983.0296). James M. Goode: 9 U.S. WW II ration books issued to the family of George B. Goode and a leather ration book billfold (1979.1157); letter to Mr. Goode from Senator Sam J. Ervin, Jr., of North Carolina dated May 26, 1977 (1983.0111). Rosalie S. Goodman: woman's mantle of green and red wool lined with burgundy silk, 1880-92 (1981.0027). Appendix 8. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 601 Elizabeth B. Goodway: pair of U.S. Army enlisted-rank scale insignia, 1851- 72 (1982.0603). Elizabeth M. Gordon: framed human-hair wreath with glass beads and sea- shells possibly made by Margaret Arnett, late 19th century (1983.0080). Susan D. Gould: brown and white plastic donkey with pink inner ears, 1960 (1983.0206). Harry Goz: cap, vest, shirt, and pants worn by Zero Mostel and Mr. Goz in Fiddler on the Roof (1983.0345). Ellen and Jerry Granat: check filled out and signed by U.S. President Jimmy Carter while president of Carters Warehouse, 1960 (1981.0319). Victor Greenblatt: Remington Rand adding machine (1982.0474). Barbara J. Grinberg: 17 pieces of clothing and accessories including 2, white batiste infant's caps, long white cotton infant's dress, pair of white wool infant's mitts, quilted white cotton bib, infant's pink coat trimmed with floral embroidery, pair of woman's white cotton wedding stockings, 3-piece white satin wedding dress, 2-piece silk dress in several shades of purple with a pale-pink taffeta, insert, sheer white batiste dress, 2-piece white satin wedding dress with leg-of-mutton sleeves, parasol with brown and black plaid cover, black taffeta shawl, light-pink crepe shawl, gold silk fringed shawl, pair of off-white kid woman's gloves, and a piece of white satin (1981.0431); 2 pieces of white silk wedding dress fabric, 19th cen- tury (1981.0684). Jane Frances Grolig: 78 newspapers containing articles on Charles Lind- bergh's flight in 1927, Thomas A. Edison's death in 1931, the George Wash- ington Bicentennial in 1932, the flood of 1936 in the eastern U.S., the bomb- ing of Pearl Harbor in 1941, the Casablanca Meeting of 1943, and V.E. and V.J. Days in 1945 (1982.0342). Nicholas Grossman: pair of Zeiss binoculars and a Zeiss Ikon Polytest color comparator with a set of 9 sample cells and a set of 3 interference filter disks (1983.0056). Samuel H. Gurvitz: postcard-ticket for the opening day of the Walt Disney World Epcot Center on October 1, 1982, a 3-day Walt Disney World Worldpassport ticket stamped October 1 and 2, 1982, and a silver-colored envelope for the tickets (1983.0174). Hahn Shoes (through William Hahn and Stephen Heller) : 3 pairs of woman's tennis shoes and 9 pairs of man's shoes including white Keds and blue Footgear tennis shoes, Bass Tacks, Clark's Wallabees, light-brown leather workboots, Sperry Top-Siders, Italian black leather loafers, Acme cowboy boots, and Florsheim black Ramblers (1979.1004). Charles C. Hall: treadle loom and warping reel from West Virginia, 19th century (1982.0249). Hallmark Cards Incorporated (through Donald J. Hall) : 21 Christmas greeting cards made for various U.S. Presidents, 4 Christmas cards designed by Mrs. Kennedy in 1963, a 1963 Christmas card ordered, but unsent, by President and Mrs. Kennedy, a thank-you note sent by President and Mrs. Johnson after the 1963 holidays, and an album which contained the series of 1963 cards (1982.0679). H & S Freezer Food Center (through Henry H. and Sylvia Cohen) : St. Louis cash register (1982.0735). James A. Hanson: leather side-saddle, early 19th century (1983.0326). David- Jon Harrigan: 5 military maps of France and a leather dispatch map case, WW I (1977.0864). Jean D. Harris: 2 Vera blouses in a bold abstract design, 2 pieces of lingerie, a sheer chiffon-like floral print blouse, a pink twill skirt, a dark-green dress, and a Cole of California bathing suit (1980.0543). 602 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Karen Jean Harris: 30 items of woman's clothing from the late 1960s and early 1970s including a 2-piece floral micromini, 2-piece pink velveteen mini, abstract floral Indian border print dress, 2-piece knit dress in a symmetrical geometric print, A-line style knit dress in dark-green with printed leaf pattern, yellow linen and silk sleeveless dress, halter dress in floral pattern, 4 pairs of trousers, 3 leotards, 3 skirts, 3 paper clothing patterns, 2 scarves, 2 pairs of sandals, pair of shoes, pink long sleeved shirt, yellow pantsuit, light-blue pinwale corduroy suit, pullover sweater, and pair of culottes (1980.0755). Michael R. Harris: Judaic advertising calendar. New York, 1953 (1982.0477). Elizabeth A. Harrison: woman's 3-piece brown taffeta dress trimmed in burgundy velvet made for the 18th birthday of lanna Lore, August 27, 1972, and a woman's hood of black fiber silk with black ribbons and a quilted lining used for sleigh riding, 1860-1910 (1981.0232). Marion Bower Harrison: hand-embroidered linen dress worn by Agnes Lee Fuller Bower, ca. 1905 (1980.0135). Louise W. Haskin: boy's white cotton dress with floral embroidered cuffs, a girl's pink cotton dress with short puff sieves, and a girl's sheer white cotton sleeveless slip (1981.0374). William T. Hassett, Jr.: electrostatic generator (1982.0587). Oliver 5. Hayward, M.D.: infant's long white cotton empire-style christening gown worn by Nathan Rhyno Smith, born 1797 (1981.0629). Byrd C. Hazelton: Voigtlander Koilos camera with case, instruction sheet for using a Leudi exposure meter, and a wooden printing frame all used by photographer Arnold Genthe (1982.0697). Charles A. Heavrin: "Kentucky pattern" felling axe head, 1780-1800, "Yankee pattern" felling axe head, 1800-20, and a coachmaker's axe (1983.0228). Meryem S. and Raymond J. Hebert: 30 mainly Middle Eastern gold, silver, and bronze coins, medals, and a die (1982.0758). Margaret J. Hedbring: 11 monetary notes issued during the siege of Palma- nova in 1848 (1981.1032). Eric Heiden (through Arthur C. Kaminsky) : gold-colored speed skater's rac- ing suit worn by Eric Heiden during the Winter Olympics at Lake Placid, New York, February 12-23, 1980 (1982.0469). Helmet and Horn Antiques (through Arnold Merkitch) : fireman's helmet and air tank, 1890s (1983.0182). Barry C. and Linda L. Hilbert: 6 trousseau items including 2 chemises, a pair of drawers trimmed with lace, a dressing sacque, a nightgown trimmed with embroidery and lace, and a white cotton wrapper, all ca. 1884 (1981.0633). Capt. Robert A. Hinners: plated half-model of a 3,000-ton 5" gun cruiser made by Captain Hinners and Rear Adm. Philip W. Snyder while Master of Science students at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1932 (1982.0383). Betty Hirschfield: 15 pieces of uniform items and clothing worn by Mrs. Hirschfield's father while a cadet at Staunton Military Academy, Staunton, Virginia, 1909-11 (1982.0422). Edward P. Hock on behalf of the Hock Family: 2 cacheted philatelic covers, one of which was carried by the Hashknife Gang Sheriff's Posse Pony Express Riders, cancelled on February 2, 1982 (1983.0139). Eunice L. Hoffman: ship's journal kept by Daniel Noble Johnson of the U.S. Navy while aboard the U.S. ship Delaware and the U.S. schooner Enter- prise, 1841-42 (1983.0335). Arona Hoffmann: dark-brown suede shoes, 1943 (1981.0845). John P. Hogan: 4 "T" patches signifying "Remember Tehran" worn by Amer- Appendix 8. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 603 icans and others in Ouagadougou, Upper Volta while U.S. citizens were held hostage in Iran (1982.0625). Lillian Marino Holman: blue and white double-woven jacquard coverlet in- scribed in two corners "Matilda Gray, 1830, Scipio, N.Y." (1982.0459). DeWitt Hornor: 93 etchings, engravings, and drypoint prints (1982.0231). Amos C. Hostetler: U.S. Lighthouse Establishment brass oil can (1982.0673). Gertrude S. (French) Howalt: 5 pieces of U.S. Navy Reserve Forces Yeoman (F) uniform clothing, WW I, 3 non-regulation white blouses, and a scrap- book (1983.0159). Howard County National Organization for Women Chapter: 3 pamphlets, a newspaper, brochure, and card (1981.0658). Forrest W. Howard, Ph.D.: belt plate and a leaflet with fire cracker titled "Remember the Maine" (1982.0730). Hudson Tool & Die Co., Inc., in memory of Charles Batka, Sr. (through W. J. Herbert) : number 1V2 cam-operated drawing press manufactured by E. W. Bliss Co., ca. 1882, and a plunger adjustment wrench (1982.0300). David M. Hufstetler: comic section in color from the Atlanta Constitution newspaper dated Sunday, July 7, 1918 (1983.0180). Edwin M. Hutchins, Jr. and Jean H. Hutchins: 3 military draft documents of Mark Aurelius Atuesta, 1917-18, and a kepi-style cap of the Grand Army of the Republic and 14 papers documenting the Civil War military career and subsequent pension of William James Spendley, 1863-1920 (1979.0675). James S. Hutchins: dress uniform jacket, dress shako with plume, bathrobe, sweater, and shirt worn by Mr. Hutchins while a cadet at the U.S. Military Academy, 1942-46 (1982.0520). Illinois Central Gulf Railroad (through William J. Taylor) : original photo- graph of a Chicago and Alton Limited train photographed with a mural- sized camera by George R. Lawrence in 1901 and framed with 7 smaller photographs of interior and exterior scenes (1983.0197). Helen Ann Immitti: banjo ukelele labeled "Bruno, New York" (1982.0204). The International Barbie Doll Collectors Club (through Ruth R. Cronk) : "Beauty Secrets Barbie" doll made by Mattel, Inc., 1980 (1982.0063). Dotty Jacobs: framed photograph of Presidents Lincoln and Garfield with the caption "Our Martyred Presidents" (1982.0039). Grace V. Jakubowski: lighting arrestor (1982.0608). The Bank of Japan, Coordination Division, Cash Department (through Y. Tanahashi) : 2 500-yen coins of cupro-nickel issued April 1, 1982 (1982. 0212). Jitneymen's Association of Atlantic City (through Domenic F. Cappella and Bruce O'Malley) : jitney bus made by International Harvester, 1963 (1982. 0574). Betsy Jochum: uniform dress, bloomers, socks, shoes, a pair of sliding pads, baseball glove, autographed baseball, souvenir pen, and a set of 2 rule books all used by Ms. Jochum while playing with the South Bend Blue Sox team of the Ail-American Girl's Baseball League, 1943-48, and a 1951 schedule, pass card, and contract (1983.0183). Edward J. Johannemann: 12 U.S. Navy officer's uniform items and insignia, a metal box marked "C. T. Hull" which contained some of the objects, ca. 1913, and a U.S. Navy officer's chapeau with feather plume, 1850-66 (1983.0129). Charles E. Johnson: pressed-glass saucer inscribed "Gladstone, For The Million" used in a British political campaign, 19th century (1982.0678). Mrs. Dorothy T. Johnson: 2 electro-therapeutic machines, a hand-held x-ray viewer, "Sinustat" sinusodal machine, neuro-pulse generator, "Burdick" 604 / Smithsonian Year 1983 rhythmic constrictor, brain-wave synchronizer, and an "Aloesonic" treat- ment machine (1982.0306). Louis M. Jones: baggy pants and red suspenders worn by country-western entertainer Grandpa Jones (1982.0239). The Juilliard School (through Charles C. Lucas, Jr., and Peter Mennin) : piano made by A. Babcock of Boston, Massachusetts between 1822 and 1829 possibly used in the White House during the administration of President John Quincy Adams (1982.0434). Alvin R. and Marjorie S. Kantor: undivided lO^/o interest of the Benjamin Franklin General Post Office Account written entirely in Franklin's own hand and including 8 of his signatures, 1770-72 (1982.0786). Joan E. Kaufman: poster of the Hagerstown Mollys All-Girl Baseball Club of 1954 (1982.0401). Nancy H. Keiser: 3 50-cent and a 75-cent unissued Merchant's Scrip, ca. 1837 (1981.0046). Kenneth Kendall: painted plaster life mask of James Dean (1983.0104). Frances H. and Roger G. Kennedy: 11 pieces of porcelain dinner service manufactured by Noritake Co., Nogoya, Japan, 1962-66, which are a later edition of the service designed by Frank Lloyd Wright for the Imperial Hotel in Tokyo, ca. 1922 (1981.1084). Verna Rudd Kenvin and Joan W. Smith: 12 pieces of American paper money including Colonial, Continental, Confederate, U.S. legal tender and frac- tional papers, and State Bank Notes from Connecticut and the District of Columbia (1982.0594); letter dated April 15, 1831 to Dr. A. P. Beers, U.S. Navy, from Captain Isaac Chauncey, commandant of the New York Navy Yard, and an envelope addressed to Mrs. C. M. Beers (1983.0003). Claudia B. Kidwell: 11 toys and games used in the 1960s and 1970s (1982. 0769). Gene W. Kijowski: hand-forged wrought iron cooper's cresset (1982.0640); cooper's V-iron croze plane, 18th century, and a roofer's hatchet copper, probably 19th century (1983.0185). H. J. Klapmeyer: 2 cotton shirts and a field jacket of U.S. Army make issued to U.S. Naval Air Cadets, \NW II (1983.0014). Frank E. Klapthor: 6 items of woman's clothing including 2 fur scarves, wool coat trimmed with fur, ermine and silk cape, ermine muff and a pair of gold brocade shoes (1980.0064); fragment of Fortuny fabric (1982.0458). Norma G. Kline: 2-piece pantsuit, 2-piece dress, and a beige quilted bag all designed by Mary McFadden, a brown and white textured bag by Gucci, and a multicolored scarf by Teal Traina (1980.0383). Robert Lee Klinger: veteran's cap of WW I worn by Aubrey Allen Klinger (1982.0560). Nelly G. Knight: 7 tintypes, 2 photographic prints, a daguerreotype, and a handwritten diary (1982.0771). Ronald A. KoUbeck: man's roll-type grey felt hat, ca. 1965, and a set of man's garters with a navy blue band, ca. 1945 (1981.0432). Evelyn Hecht Kramer: 2 French fencing foils, a carrying bag for foils, a fencing trophy, and a white fencing uniform including face mask, jacket, and pants, all used by Mrs. Kramer while a member of the Women's Fenc- ing Club of George Washington University in the 1940s (1983.0079). Gerald E. Kron, Ph.D.: astronomical electronic camera (1982.0404); quartz potassium-hydride photocell made by Jakob Kuntz for Joel Stebbins's work at Lick Observatory in the mid-1920s (1982.0623). Labor Institute of Public Affairs (through Gwenn K. Kelly) : 2 videotape cassettes, 2 audio tape reels, and a set of press releases for the advertising campaign "Unemployment's Up and I'm Down" (1982.0677). Appendix 8. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 605 Blanche B. and Jeffrey B. Lake: 15 blueprints and drawings of submarines by Simon Lake 1913-41 (1983.0055). David Lampe: bumper sticker "Free Dr. Mudd" (1983.0113). David K. Lander: U.S. 84th Colored Infantry regimental flag from the Civil War period (1982.0379). Margaret D. R. Langdon (through Anne R. Langdon) : beige silk petticoat possibly vvmorn by Sarah Saunders Hartshorne, 1760-99, and a woman's handkerchief of sheer linen, 1800-50 (1981.0024). John P. Langellier: U.S. rifleman button, ca. 1960, and a web belt, ca. 1977 (1982.0134). Margaret R. Lawrence: 3-piece white satin wedding dress trimmed with lace, pearls, and pearl drops and a white veil worn by Caroline Summer Case Freeman at her wedding in 1888 (1981.0479). James R. Lee: drumstick and ticket from a West, Bruce and Laing concert in 1973 and 4 phonorecords (1981.0591). John C. Leeds, Jr., and Mary E. Leeds: Troughton of London refractor tele- scope with a tripod head and accessories (1983.0088). Lehigh University, Department of Chemistry (through G. Doyle Davis, Jr.): Jarrell-Ash model 70-15e automatic spectrograph (1982.0643); Department of Civil Engineering, Fritz Engineering Laboratory (through Prof. Roger G. Slutter) : Pelton water wheel and nozzle, Pelton impulse turbine motor, and a Francis turbine model (1982.0562). George E. and Jackie Lenko: 2 buttons "I'm a Beatle Booster" and "Member Beatles Fan Club" (1983.0318). Lens Chemical Corporation (through W. Jeffrey Culbert) : World Labeller Model S machine for labelling glass bottles, 1904 (1983.0188). Grace C. and Walter Leonard: Erika portable typewriter made by Seidel & Naumann of Dresden, Germany, post-1927 (1982.0202). Mrs. Marcella Leonard: black velvet theatrical costume and a pink costume with sequins, a matching cuff, and a headband (1982.0577). Erminia C. Leonardo (through Ercole Leonardo): 50-star U.S. flag (1982.0571); 6 uniform items, 3 pins, and an identification badge from WW I, a menu from the USS New Orleans dated Februard 15, 1934, and a National Yeo- men (F) membership card, 1973, all related to the career of U.S. Navy Yeoman (F) Erminia C. Leonardo (1982.0590). Dr. Harry Lepman: 4 handouts, 2 broadsides, an announcement, and a sticker (269634). Sara L. Lepman: Ernemann camera in leather case (1982.0773). Mrs. Stewart Lindsay: ticket to the funeral services of President Warren G. Harding, who died August 2, 1923, and a program for a memorial service at Westminster Abbey for Harding (1983.0274). Elisabeth Lineaweaver: porcelain vase with owl faces carved into pedestal feet made by Adelaide Alsop Robineau, ca. 1915 (1981.1029). Lions International (through Dennis Brennan) : 2 plaques titled "Lions Code of Ethics" and "Lions Club Objects," and a "Lions International" sign (1982.0797). Frank Lary Lipshultz: gold 8-escudo coin bearing a portrait of Philip V of Spain struck at the Lima mint in 1704 (1982.0800). Estate of Eleanor Hoffman Livingston (through Mary Livingston Ripley and S. Dillon Ripley) : Brewster-style hand-held wooden stereoscope made by Unis-France Stereoscopes of Paris, ca. 1920 (1978.1033). Robert Loeffler, M.D., and Vera Loeffler: blue-amber glass box made by Howard Ben Tre, Providence, Rhode Island, ca. 1978 (1981.0380). Albert M. Lopez: Leica Illf synchronized 35-mm camera with self-timer, ca. 1951, a Leica Illf 35-mm camera, ca. 1955, Prado Leitz 250 miniature pro- 606 / Smithsonian Year 1983 jector, ca. 1950, and a Wollensak 9-mm wide-angle Cine Raptor lens, all in cases with various accessories (1983.0222). Jack and Marie Lord: 16 color progressives for Jean Chariot's lithograph Hawaiian Swimmer for Picture Book II (1983.0059). Barbara Brooks Lotz: 2-piece brown faille wedding dress and a silk hat worn by Hattie Hubbard Kay in 1892 (1980.0190). Roberta A. McAllister: 28 insignia, 10 uniform clothing items, and a duffle bag from the U.S. Army career of Ms. McAllister (1983.0081). William L. McCaughey: distinctive insignia from the Defense Language School of the Presidio of Monterey, California, worn by Mr. McCaughey, 1967-68 (1982.0373). Col. J. B. McGurk: preassignment orders for Mobilization Day for Retired Regular Army Officers, 1982 (1982.0376). Mary T. MacKesey: black crocheted headdress worn by Susanna Hans Donini, 1880-99 (1981.0920). Nadya Makovenyi: 18 medals, 13 patches, and a trophy from various riflery competitions; 2 bowling patches and a "G W" emblem (1982.0615). Alice Reno Malone: red plastic "Hula Hoop" made by the Wham-o Manu- facturing Co., ca. 1958 (1982.0578); 33 phonorecords, 2 gym suits, and a sweatshirt (1982.0620). Marble Collector's Society of America (through Claire W. and Stanley A. Block): razor sharpener (1981.1031). R. Markey & Sons, Inc. (through Hugh A. Markey) : A-frame scale used to weigh coffee and sugar upon entry into port, ca. 1900 (1982.0588). Donna Markus: 6 pieces of ingrain carpeting, 3 carpet bags, and a piece of Brussels tapestry carpeting (1980.0779). Martin Surfacing & Decking, Inc. (through Gerald L. Bosse) : 3 samples of "Versaturf 360" athletic surfacing (1983.0316). Mr. and Mrs. John Bartlow Martin: cast-iron baseburner-type parlor heating stove with isinglass panels and nickel, copper, and brass decorations made by the Detroit Stove Works, late 19th century (1982.0633). John Russell Mason: melodeon made by Estey and Green of Brattleboro, Ver- mont, ca. 1856 (1982.0293). John C. Mathes: white wedding gown with a pearl and silver-beaded chiffon cap worn by Cletus Fagan Mathes on December 27, 1929 (1981.0795). Margot Bell Maw: man's navy blue knit bathing suit worn by Col. J. Franklin Bell, ca. 1905 (1981.0797). Vera Maxwell, Inc. (through Vera Maxwell) : brown A-line kick-pleat skirt by Vera Maxwell (1982.0527). George E. Mayakis: 6 commemorative medals (1982.0703). Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of the State of Maryland (through Dr. Arthur T. Keefe, Jr. and Dr. Paul A. Mullan) : 443 medical instruments (302606). The Medical Society of the County of Kings and The Academy of Medicine of Brooklyn, Inc. (through Norman S. Blackman, M.D.) : medical kit with 22 instruments in a mahogany case used by attending physicians while conducting an autopsy of President Abraham Lincoln on April 15, 1865 (1983.0051). Eliza and Gertrude Merrill: white coat worn by Enoch Merrill, 1810-28 (1981.0796). Bertrand H. Merwin: 2 shield-back side chairs possibly from Charleston, South Carolina, ca. 1800 (1982.0651). J. George Midgley: set of 5 bromoil transfer prints (1983.0007). Midwest Old Settlers and Threshers Association (through Helen M. Virden) : 3 news clippings from the Des Moines Sunday Register and a program Appendix 8. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 607 dated 1918 concerning the adult education Chautauqua movement in Iowa (285169). Caroline Benes Miller: candle holder brought from Bohemia in 1882 and a meerschaum pipe carved in the shape of an eagle's talon used by Josef Benes, prior to WW I (1982.0767). Deborah K. and Michael J. Miller: 5 Royal Crown Cola cans with pictures of baseball players Joe Rudi, Ron Cey, Cesar Cedeno, Gene Tenace, and Butch Wynegar (1982.0472). Dorothea S. Miller: 4 pairs of gloves, 4 handkerchiefs, 2 coats, 2 hats, 2 sets of cuff links, 2 sets of vest studs, 2 sets of shirt studs, 2 boxes, 2 vests, 2 neckties, 2 collars, a suit, shirt, accessory case, pair of socks, button hook, set of suspenders, cigarette holder, and a glass boutonniere, all worn and used by Frank Miller (1979.0383). Edward R. Miller: set of 4 photographs taken by Mr. Miller (1983.0013). Milton Bradley Company (through Millens W. Taft, Jr.) : boxed game, "The Game of Life," ca. 1979, developed in 1960 by Reuben Klamer, an inventor, and Bill Markham, co-inventor (1981.0911); 2 boxed games, "Game of Life," ca. 1960, developed by Reuben Klamer, an inventor, and Bill Mark- ham, co-inventor, and an original version of the game invented by Milton Bradley in 1860, "The Checkered Game of Life," ca. 1910 (1981.0944). Christine Minter-Dowd: Qiana nylon scarf printed with sketches of Old Town, Alexandria, dated 1979, and a cotton scarf printed with a design in honor of the Bicentennial of the American Revolution dated 1976, both designed by Frankie Welch (1981.0122). Christopher S. and Nancy M. Moffitt: child's brown cotton dress, 1825-35 (1981.0809). Ruth Cotton Mommessin: woman's purple satin formal gown by Lanvin and a girl's white cotton dress decorated with openwork (1981.0067). Albert E. Montague: Premograph single-lens reflex plate camera with case (1982.0554). Joe Moore: 2 insignia, one with metallic block letters "U.S." and the other with a metallic eagle (1982.0132). Jesslyn Morse, M.T.: anti-venom snake bite kit manufactured by the Monarch Drug Co. of San Diego, California, 1910-20 (1982.0351). Ruth V. Morse: boy's red, white, and blue plaid cotton dress worn by Charles Vezin, Jr. (1981.0371). Lt. Col. William B. Mozey, Jr.: pair of wooden roller skates (1982.0509). Wm. P. Murphy, Jr., M.D.: 1,762 linen tracings of machinery produced by the Corliss Steam Engine Co. and its successors, mid-19th to early 20th century, (1982.0784). Mrs. John H. Murray: woman's 2-piece knit dress by Leslie Fay, ca. 1970 (1980.0868); 17 examples of white ironstone tableware, 5 pieces of Ameri- can pressed pattern glass including a "Nellie Bly" platter, ceramic plate by Wedgewood depicting "The Old North Bridge" of Concord, Massachusetts, and a Rockingham-glazed earthenware bowl (1981.1037); chromolithograph Li by Guth dated 1896 (1982.0242); porcelain-and-cloth doll marked "Helen" manufactured by Butler Bros., early 20th century (1982.0416). Ann B. and James C. Muth: infant's off-white wool winter baptismal coat, 1890-1910 (1981.0373). Constance A. Myers: 2 pamphlets and a circular concerning women's rights (1981.0885). Susan H. Myers: 8 examples of U.S. ceramics including 2 turquoise-glazed plates, a mug, soap dish, stacking device for jugs in a kiln, advertising jug, advertising ash tray, and a sugar bowl with cover (1981.1040). 608 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Mrs. John Myrdek: song book for Christmas and Easter written in Ukrainian Slavic, 19th century (1982.0219). Dr. Perham C. Nahl: 214 U.S. domestic first flight air mail covers from C.A.M. routes 4 and 11 and A.M. routes 73, 86, 97, and 98 (1982.0775). National Conservative Political Action Committee (through Mike Murphy) 2 videotape cassettes of television commercials (1982.0654). National Organization for Women (through Judy Goldsmith) : 2 videotape cassettes of television commercials (1982.0626). National Republican Congressional Committee (through Edward N. Blakely, Jr., and Lawrence J. Holloran) : 2 videotape cassettes of the 1981 and 1982 television campaigns (1983.0132). National Society Children of the American Revolution (through James H. Johnson) : 8 pieces of 19-century Quaker clothing including 2 woman's caps, a dark-grey silk bonnet, a dark-green silk bonnet cover, a dark-grey taffeta dress, a 2-piece brown taffeta dress, a man's tan and white gingham handkerchief, and a woman's white linen handkerchief (1980.0591); 2 woman's parasols, black silk and white silk, 1875-1900, a white cotton nightgown with embroidered cuffs and collar, 1850-70, brooch made with silk and hair, 1850-90, and a box which contained the brooch (1981.0560). Hal Needham: Budweiser rocket car, the first land vehicle to break the sound barrier in an unofficial run at Edwards Air Force Base, California, on De- cember 17, 1979, via transference of 50 shares of Speed of Sound, Inc. stock, the entire outstanding interest in the company whose only asset was the rocket car (1982.0648). Mortimer L. Neinken: 112 ancient coins from Judaea and neighboring areas (1979.1159); 22 coins, 5 weights, and a tessera of ancient Greek and Roman manufacture (1982.0787). Alice Newell: set of 28 family photographs (1982.0772). Andrew A. Nilles: woman's 2-piece black and orange wool print dress, 1860- 69, and a woman's black silk apron (1981.0573). Ens. Douglas B. Nordman: U.S. Naval Academy full-dress uniform blouse and trousers with the insignia of the USNA Drum and Bugle Corps, 1982 (1982.0669). Emery May Holden Norweb in memory of Dr. Vladimir Clain-Stefanelli: 52 silver, copper, and lead Colonial American coins (1982.0798). Norman S. Novack: "Philadelphia Tricentennial 1682-1982" button (1982. 0467). Helen McK. Oakley: woman's organdy formal dress worn by Mrs. Helen Fairchild McKelvey, 1948-52 (1981.0026). J. G. Olson: 38 Byzantine, Ottoman, Greco-Roman, and Crusader coins, tokens, and sealings made mainly of lead (1982.0759); 35 Islamic bronzes (1982.0760). John W. Olson: woman's mink coat lined with brown satin by Ransohoffs, 1940-45 (1980.0665). Capt. and Mrs. Noel Sever O'Reilly: 19th-century boxwood flute made in London by Henry Potter with a period case of walnut (1982.0719). Ralph Oswald: International Union Representative identification card, 1969, and a membership card in the International Union of Operating Engineers, 1980-81 (1982.0792). Betty J. Ourisman: 11 pieces of woman's clothing including 2 two-piece crepe dresses by Chloe, a bright-green wool Galanos coat, 3-piece multi- colored wool and silk dress by Galanos, 2-piece tan wool Ralph Lauren pantsuit, Ralph Lauren Argyle sweater, beige silk crepe blouse by Frank Olivier, 2-piece rust knit dress by Courreges, 4-piece abstract-print chiffon Appendix 8. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 609 dress by Zandra Rhodes, long black silk dress by Holly's Harp, and a 2-piece long white wool dress by Norell (1981.0345). Dr. E. C. Page: Marconi wireless receiver, ca. 1912, with headphones and a crystal detector (1981.0082). Gust W. and Robby Pagonis: 5 Royal Crown Cola cans with pictures of sportsmen Doyle Alexander, Johnny Bench, Jim Chones, Tony Perez, and Jake Scott (1982.0470). Mildred R. Palmer: pair of man's black leather boots, pair of heather biege wool socks, man's dark-green and white checked wool shirt, all worn by G. E. Palmer, and a woman's 2-piece beige, brown, and green plaid wool Davidow suit and a green crepe blouse worn by Mildred R. Palmer (1980. 0192); bracelet, brooch, and a brooch with a watch worn by Mrs. Palmer during the 1920s (1982.0437). Richard L. Palmer: scrapbook kept by Ruth Timmons while a college sorority member, 1925-31 (1982.0576). Elmerina L. and Dr. Paul D. Parkman: glass sculpture titled Veiled Form by Sylvia B. Vigiletti, Southfield, Michigan, 1981 (1981.1081). Martha M. Patrick: Handel Company electric table lamp with a stained glass globe and a Tiffany Studios metal candlestick with an opaque green glass cup (1980.0794). Christe and Otto J. Patzau: grand piano with inscription "L. A. Vogel priv. Mobilfabrik Pest," from Budapest, Hungary, ca. 1815 (1982.0740). Mrs. J. C. Pearce (through Mrs. Virginia H. Yates) : pair of white elbow- length kid gloves worn by Mrs. J. C. Pearce at her wedding in August, 1914 (1981.0468). Dr. Sidney A. Peerless: 2 Roman imperial coins including a denarius "Tribute Penny" of Tiberius, A.D. 14-37, and a sestertius of Nero, A.D. 54-68 (1982.0779); 2 tetradrachms struck in the Greek city of Syracuse, Sicily, in the early 5th century B.C. (1982.0780); 24 tetradrachms struck in the Greek city of Messana, Sicily, in the early 5th century B.C. (1982.0781); 15 tetra- drachms struck in the Greek city of Messana, Sicily, in the middle of the 5th century B.C. (1982.0782); 3 tetradrachms struck in the Greek city of Messana, Sicily, in the middle of the 5th century B.C. and a tetradrachm struck in the city of Rhegium, Magna Graecia, in the early 5th century B.C. (1982.0783). Pamela Day Pelletreau: woman's long ermine cloak lined with turquoise velvet worn by Lotawana Plateau Nims, 1923-25 (1981.0164). Anna Peluso: tablecloth of synthetic fabric with traditional Italian cutwork made by Mrs. Peluso in 1981 (1983.0178). Allen J. Perry: salesman's suitcase used in selling the Bartlett drafting system containing 150 broadsides, a 53-piece drafting tool set, 45 contracts, 3 pattern drafts, and an advertising sign, ca. 1892 (1980.0381). Roy Perry: silver print photograph of a store in the Bowery area of New York City taken by Mr. Perry in August 1939 (1983.0009). M. Peterson: 1743 sou marque of Canada recovered from the wreck site of the French frigate St. Ceran, which sank in 1744 (1982.0705). Robert B. Picking: Swiss cheese kettle, ca. 1917, and an apple butter kettle, ca. 1982, both made of copper and iron with iron stands by D. Picking & Co., Bucyrus, Ohio (1982.0599). Clarice Pierce: metal and wood soap saver, 1930s (1982.0694). Grace B. and Homer G. Pierce: roulette-like choza gambling table-top from New Mexico, 1860-1910 (1983.0022). Janice Plowman: 17 pieces of sheet music and 2 report cards dated 1897 and 1915-16 (1982.0736). Arent Pol: 2 coins commemorating the abdication of Queen Juliana issued 610 / Smithsonian Year 1983 in 1980 and 2 coins of a new series issued in 1982, all from the Nether- lands (1982.0276). Polish American Numismatic Association (through Arthur Marquart) : 2 Millennium, 2 Copernicus, and 2 Pulaski commemorative medallions (1981. 0044). Constance Potter: poster with "No Nukes" slogan on a short yellow stick (1982.0340). William L. Pringle: Seneca No. 9 camera (1983.0065). Professional Pool Players Association (through Albert Balukas) : set of 16 billiard balls and a wooden billiard rack used by Jean Balukas when she won the Women's World Champion Pocket Billiards title in 1982 (1983. 0184). The Queen and Her Court (through Royal Beaird) : poster, souvenir booklet, and a softball and bat autographed by The Queen and Her Court comedy Softball team (1983.0315). Edward Allen and Martin N. Rasmussen: reflecting telescope made by Martin N. Rasmussen between 1931 and 1936 including 2-star diagonals, 2 eye- pieces, an accessory lens, and an adapter (1982.0789). Ann M. Rauscher: certificate and patch for the Presidential Physical Fitness Award, 1972 (1982.0559). Raybestos Brakettes (through Joseph P. Barber) : wood and metal trophy won by the Raybestos Brakettes at the 1975 American Softball Association World Championship (1983.0046); 2 Raybestos Brakettes uniforms from the 1950s and 1980s, one worn by team member Kathy Arendsen (1983. 0295). Thomas McT. S. Raysor, Jr.: ticket for a rally and speech by President Rea- gan concerning the Balanced Budget Amendment, July 19, 1982 (1982.0476). Republican National Committee (through Kathryn Mattoon) : 2 videotape cassettes of the 1982 television campaign (1983.0130). Dr. R. Kurt Retrum in memory of Obert S. Retrum: field desk marked "Headquarters, Army of the Potomac, Records" possibly used by Gen. George B. McClellan during the Civil War (1983.0248). Oscar W. Richards, Ph.D.: drawing apparatus with 12 lenses and a case for use with a microscope (1982.0429). Harriet C. Riddile: Red Cross volunteer uniform, a white headpiece, and a headpiece with a navy blue veil, WW II (1981.0785). Riley Associates (through Paul F. Riley): WW II naval aircraft camera and processing unit (1981.0962). Joseph E. Riley: booklet titled ]oe Worker and the Story of Labor (1980.0792). Mrs. H. R. Rinehart: group of 6 daguerreotypes (1983.0012). F. E. Ringe, Jr., and Rosemary A. Ringe: wooden tourist cabin building with 20 pieces of furnishings, 4 signs, and a privy building used from the 1930s to the 1950s (1983.0179). Mary Livingston Ripley: New Home treadle sewing machine, ca. 1920 (1982.0156). S. Dillon Ripley: medal commemorating the bicentennial of the Government Palace, now the City Museum, in Havana, Cuba, 1976 (1981.0096); York- town Bicentennial commemorative medal, 1781-1981, struck by the Franklin Mint (1982.0378). Stanley Q. Rodbell and Arnold D. Wolfe: folding bed, a folding table and 2 benches in a door frame with double doors made for the Gwenwood Apartment House, Washington, D.C., built in 1938 (1981.0776). Sophie Rofofsky: boy's khaki-colored twill coat called an "Eisenhower jacket," worn by Gary Rofofsky, 1945-47 (1981.0233). Appendix 8. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 611 Carol A. Rolle and Susan J. Taylor: 2 pairs of stockings, a pink knit T-shirt, white shorts, and exercise shoes (1982.0066). Hazelle H. and J. Woodson Rollins: puppet stage used by Hazelle Rollins from the 1930s through the 1970s (1982.0558). Clara G. Romero: 2 booklets titled Proposed Executive Mansion published in March, 1898, and Washington Our Nation's Capital published in 1907 by L. H. Nelson Co. of Portland, Maine (1983.0166). Mrs. A. K. Rose: number 3 folding rollfilm camera with case made by Ansco (1982.0553). Samuel J. Rosenberg: number 3, model F folding pocket rollfilm camera made by Kodak (1982.0552). Irving Rosenzweig: 197 coins of ancient Greece and the Greek colonies (1981.1018). Ruth E. Rothschild: woman's 3-piece white satin dress trimmed in ecru lace worn by Rachel Cohen, 1850-93, and a pair of woman's white leather shoes, 1840-69 (1981.0230). Harry Rubenstein: matchbook bearing the slogans "Strike a Light for Liberty" and "Right to Work is a Must in New Mexico" (1983.0293). Rubin Brothers Waste Company (through Bruce S. Bazelon) : 8 U.S. Marine Corps, U.S. Coast Guard, and U.S. Navy uniform items (1983.0240). Rutgers University, Rutgers University Libraries, Department of Special Collections and Archives (through Ruth J. Simmons) : copy of a photograph of Washington A. Roebling and an engraved profile portrait of Mr. Roebling prepared by the National Cyclopedia of American Biography (1982.0479). Helen A. S. Ryan: 2 three-piece vanity sets and a photograph of the Prahar decorating shop (1982.0407). John W. Ryan, Jr.: U.S. Army overseas garrison-style enlisted man's green wool cap (1981.0033); "Mendets" kit for repairing leaks in metalware and rubber goods, early 20th century (1982.0299). Luann Ryon: silver trophy plate won by Ms. Ryon at the Federation Inter- nationale de Terre I'Arc World Championship held in Canberra, Australia, in 1977 (1982.0627). Michael M. Salerno: prison shirt with "May 1975, James W. McCord, Jr." written across a pocket flap (1982.0507). Geraldine B. Sanderson: pair of girl's black patent leather Mary Jane-style shoes and a navy blue denim quilted jacket, 1975-76 (1981.0183). Joseph J. Sandler: 2 carved-wooden bookends each representing a cowboy drinking at a bar (1983.0149). Adolfo T. Sardina: red wool coat with satin lining and a matching wreath- style hat by Adolfo, as worn by Mrs. Ronald Reagan at the inauguration ceremony of President Reagan, January 20, 1981 (1981.0293). Eric A. Saul: Massachusetts Militia uniform coatee, 19th century (1982.0699). August K. Scheele: 36 football cards (1982.0621). Clara G. Schiffer: page 909 from Harper's Bazaar of November 28, 1868, with an article titled "Why Should We Not Vote?" (1983.0276). Lee-lee Schlegel: sleeveless wool knit sweater, WW I (1982.0622). Robert Jos. Schurk: 8 posters supporting ERA and disclaiming draft registra- tion and communists (1982.0314). Jacqueline Mallio Sciales: plastic identification tag worn by Mrs. Sciales in 2d grade at a New York City public school, 1942 (1983.0314). Sy Seidman: 6 ambrotypes, 3 daguerreotypes, 2 tintypes, a photograph on milk or opal glass, and a box of miscellaneous photographic apparatus, clippings, and booklets (1983.0144). Susan A. Shaffer: poster depicting a slot machine (1982.0494). 612 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Ron Shapiro: envelope and letter on official stationery signed by Adm. W. S. Benson, U.S. Navy, the first Chief of Naval Operations (1983.0194). Scott Shaw: 7 autographs on cards of baseball players Earl Averill, James Bell, Johnny Bench, Lou Boudreau, Ron Cey, Reggie Jackson, and Johnny Mize (1983.0102). Mrs. Allan Sherman: Cine-Kodak model A, 16-mm, crank-operated motion picture camera (1983.0017). Joseph F. Shores: white silk handkerchief and a pair of off-white kid gloves used by Joseph Ingle at his wedding, ca. 1820, and 2 pieces of fabric, one from the wedding dress and the other from the "second day" dress of Mary Ingle, 1825 (1981.0251). Shirley E. Siebert: 2 Camp Vail newspapers, a Camp Vail souvenir booklet, entrenching shovel, and a Private 1st Class insignia (1978.2501). Joseph S. Simms, Jr.: woman's cotton wrapper with a brown printed design on an off-white ground, 1877-87 (1981.0742). George W. Sims: 3 bicentennial commemorative plates and a hand-painted plate with a portrait of a woman (1981.0724). Frank Sinatra: 2 bow ties worn by Frank Sinatra, ca. 1942 (1982.0512). Vijai Pal Singh, M.D.: 7 postally used covers with stamps from the Indian Feudatory States of Bhor, Charkhari, Duttia, Nandgaon, and Wadhwan (1982.0660). Nancy Brenner Sinnott: final edition of the Washington Star newspaper, Washington, D.C., dated Friday, August 7, 1981 (1981.0695). Charlotte and Edgar H. Sittig: brass stencil with cutout letters "D. W. ROTHERMEL" made by F. H. Paff of Reading, Pennsylvania, ca. 1850, and a brass stencil with cutout letters "BAYOULABATRE, ALA." made by Southern Stamp & Stationery Co., of Richmond, Virginia, ca. 1850 (1982. 0632). Marjorie N. Smith: woman's striped wrapper of white cotton, 1900-5 (1980. 0867). Robert J. Smith: 5 insignia, a khaki cap, and an identification tag (1983.0352). Smithsonian Institution, Business Management Office, Mail Order Division (through Ann McClellen Miller): 5 tumblers, a pitcher, a compote, and compote with cover in the Broken Column pattern, late 19th century, 2 celery vases, 1820-40, and a reproduction of a Broken Column tumbler, 1980 (1981.0085); (through Luna Lambert): reproduction of an 18th-century Meissen "Flying Squirrel" leaf-shaped tray made by Lenox China, Inc., 1981 (1981.0862). Smithsonian Institution, Smithsonian Institution Libraries, Office of Collec- tion Development and Collection Management (through Jack Goodwin) : 61 original manuscript and printed pages from various books, 14th century through 18th century (1981.0253). The Smith-VVorthington Saddlery Co. (through Curtis Hanks): saddletree, ca. 1920 (1982.0663). Society for the Preservation of Long-Island Antiquities (through Robert B. MacKay, Ph.D.): 23 scroll-sawn wooden artifacts (1982.0049). The Society of Medalists (through Donald A. Schwartz) : bronze medal por- traying Ronald Reagan and George Bush with the inscription "A New Beginning," November 4, 1980 (1983.0257); 5 bronze medals issued by The Society of Medalists, issues 99, 100, 102, 103, and 104 (1983.0260). Janet W. Solinger: untitled airbrush stencil print with birds, flowers, and a butterfly by William E. Hentschel, pre-1944 (1983.0071). South African Mint (through J. J. Groenewald) : 7 coins composing a 1982 proof set of South African coins (1983.0264). Appendix 8. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 613 Margaret B. Southwick: child's blue and white striped cotton dress, 1860-69 (1981.0372). Diana and Neil P. Sowards: 957 specimens of U.S. stocks and bonds (1980. 0960). Arabella S. Sparnon: concert harp with original trunk made in the early 20th century by Rudolph Wurlitzer Company (1982.0739). James E. Spears: oval-shaped photographic print (1983.0118). Virginia B. Spicer: 40 theatrical programs and 8 pieces of sheet music (1982.0745). Dr. Athelstan Spilhaus: electric space clock showing local time, world time, and astronomical positions designed by Dr. Spilhaus and manufactured by Edmund Scientific Company of Barrington, New Jersey, ca. 1964 (1982.0519). Springbrook High School (through Robert Milloy) : 3 football-shaped patches with the emblem "Maryland State Champions/Springbrook," 1979-81 (1982.0616). Benjamin, Harvey G., and Norman Stack: ancient bronze coin of Scylletium, possibly 4th century B.C. (1979.1067); 210 silver coins of Tabaristan struck during the 8th century A.D. (1980.0887) ; 171 silver half-dirhems of Tabaris- tan struck in the names of Umar and Sa'id, several of which were previ- ously unknown (1980.0888); 95 silver coins of Tabaristan struck in the names of Hani and Unqatil including some previously unlisted, unique pieces (1980.0891); 30 half-dirhems struck with the names of Abbasid Governors of Tabaristan (1980.0893); 95 silver coins of Tabaristan all bearing the Pehlevi word "AFZUT" and including several coins struck in the name of Jarir, A.D. 787 (1980.0894); Washington half-dollar of 1792 made of copper with an ornamented edge by Peter Getz (1981.1023); 4 ancient coins from the Asia Minor area (1981.1047); extremely rare didrachm of Eryz, Sicily struck during the 5th century B.C. (1981.1051); tetradrachm of Ephesus with a characteristic bee design and the name of the magistrate Pythagoras (1981.1052); 2 ancient Greek coins from Cyzicus and Priene respectively (1981.1053); 2 rare tesserae and an ancient Roman sestertius commemorating the Emperor Septimius Severus (1981.1054); 17 electrum coins struck in the name of Byzantine Emperior Manuel I, Com- nenus, A.D. 1143-80 (1981.1074); 2 bronze medallions portraying George Washington and Benjamin Franklin, possibly made in France during the late 1700s (1981.1077); 11 Byzantine electrum coins struck in the names of Emperors John II, Comnenus, A.D. 1118-43, and Manuel I, Comnenus, A.D. 1143-80 (1981.1078); 2 Roman Republican denarii of the 1st century B.C. (1982.0702); shield-shaped plaster plaque commemorating George Washington (1982.0704); 3 medals from France, Great Britain, and Vene- zuela and a German plaquette (1982.0706); 6 rare U.S. fractional notes, 1862-64 (1982.0707); 5-dollar gold piece of the Massachusetts and Cali- fornia Company of San Francisco and a U.S. copper 3-cent piece, 1864 (1982.0708); gold medal commemorating the centennial of the battle and massacre of Wyoming settlers on July 3, 1778 (1982.0709); U.S. gold medal by Morgan commemorating Joseph E. Temple conferred upon Julian Levi in 1962 by the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts (1982.0710); Danish- mendid coin of Sivas, Turkey, 12th century A.D. (1982.0712); 2 contem- porary counterfeits of Christopher Bechtler's North Carolina 1- and 5- dollar gold pieces (1982.0714); 163 contemporary imitations of ancient coins and modern American and foreign coins (1982.0731); 16 dies for striking the obverse and reverse of 8 gold solidi of late Roman Emperors (1982. 0732); 20 dies for striking the obverse and reverse of 10 gold solidi of the Roman Empire (1982.0733); 5 unique U.S. fractional currency essays (1982. 0734); 46 U.S. commemorative medals and tokens and an Italian medal 614 / Smithsonian Year 1983 (1982.0752); 12 dies for striking the obverse and reverse of 6 late Roman and Byzantine gold solidi and tremisses (1982.0753); 8 Byzantine bronze coins struck in the provincial cities of Catania and Syracuse (1982.0754); 5 dies for striking the obverse of rare tremisses of Roman and Byzantine Emperors (1982.0755); 2 U.S. coins including an 1832 half-dime and a 1955 double-struck Lincoln cent (1982.0756); 100-dollar stock certificate issued by Hope and Company of Amsterdam to the Bank of the United States in Philadelphia on August 29, 1844 (1982.0757); 6 rare counterstamped gold coins of the 18th century (1982.0765); 624 Rhode Island Colonial notes issued July 2, 1780 (1982.0768). Mabel Sterns: slide rule which belonged to George L. Sterns, ca. 1897 (1983.0042). St. John X-Ray Laboratory (through Herbert R. Isenburger) : 3 Laue-pattern photographic prints, 2 photographs, and a radiograph print of noose-hook aluminum castings used on gliders which carried U.S. troops to Normandy (1983.0011). Lois Greene Stone: woman's blue handkerchief with an embroidered Air Force emblem, ca. 1945, silk handkerchief case, and a roll of film taken at a wedding in 1930 (1981.0401). Storz Instrument Company (through Dr. Ramon Castroviejo) : 29 ophthal- mological instruments designed by Dr. Ramon Castroviejo (1982.0048). 5TP Corporation (through Alfred W. Vitale) : STP-Paxton Turbocar, the Siletit Screamer, ca. 1967, driven by Parnelli Jones in the 1968 Indianapolis 500, Brawner-Ford racing car, the Hawk, ca. 1966, driven by Mario An- dretti to win the 1969 Indianapolis 500, and 2 racing suits with helmets and gloves (1978.0418). Lewis L. Strauss: box containing glass negatives and positives (1983.0068). Estate of Edwin Bates Stroble (through Wm. Ernest Gasch) : 2 WW II German enlisted-rank caps and a Nazi flag (1977.0788). George A. Stroud: Filmplate Premo folding camera with case manufactured by Rochester Optical Company (1982.0551); Brownie-Automatic camera (1983.0067). Mary E. Studebaker: jacquard woven coverlet with a central medallion design (1982.0750). Helen C. Sunday: set of 28 albumen carte de visite photographs, set of 28 albumen cabinet prints, set of 4 tintypes, and an albumen card print (1982.0524). Susquehanna Broadcasting Company, The Pfaltzgraff Company (through Louis J. Appell, Jr.) : 5 porcelain cups of French and American manufacture with portraits of U.S. Presidents John Adams, John Quincy Adams, James Madison, Andrew Jackson, and James Monroe, mid-19th century (1982. 0117). Mrs. Marie P. Tarnapowicz: letter and check for $1.25 from the U.S. Depart- ment of the Treasury, "President's Prayer" in frame with support, his- torical statement about the prayer, and an inaugural committee member Eisenhower medal (1982.0462). Eleanor Lee Templeman: 4 optical lens testers in a leather case (1982.0354); regulation 1851 officer's sword belt buckle and an ordnance insignia (1982.0380). Jerome Thor: trench coat worn by Mr. Thor in the television series "Foreign Intrigue," 1951-54 (1982.0614). Joayline T. C. Tilney: 2 Abraham Lincoln postcards (1983.0268). Mary D. Titus: 2-piece off-white satin wedding dress, white veil, white satin slippers, and a sheer white handkerchief all worn by Alice Mary Kleinhans Titus at her wedding on January 20, 1902 (1980.0754). Appendix 8. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 615 Transport Museum Association (through John P. Roberts, M.D.): reproduc- tion of a Harlan & Hollingsworth car builder's plate (1982.0371). Laura M. Trexler: navy blue wool streetcar conductor's coat worn in Atlantic City, New Jersey, 1910-11 (1980.0406). Trinity College, Department of Biology (through Marie T. Dimond, S.N.D.): 25 pieces of biochemical and botanical science teaching apparatus (1982. 0367). John Q. Tucker: combination Christmas program and menu from the US5 Franklin, 1911 (1982.0543). Tufflight Track Corporation (through Rodney Hughes and Craig Lawrence): 2 Tufflight rubber track surface samples (1983.0317). Lillian Scheffres Turner: porcelain vase with silver overlay decoration and a beehive-shaped honey pot with cover (1981.0763). Dr. Stephen R. Turner: 2 porcelain mugs decorated with scenes of monks in a wine cellar, 1892-1906 (1981.0759). Maxine Kennedy Turquette: 2 pairs of ice-skating panties and a membership card from the Saint Paul Figure Skating Club, 1941-42 season (1981.0165). International Union, United Automobile, Aerospace & Agricultural Implement Workers of America — UAW (through Douglas A. Fraser) : 11 posters con- cerning American trade and labor rights, 2 videotape cassettes titled "Build- ing America," and an audiotape reel of advertisements (1982.0412). UOP, Inc. (through John D. Culton and David O. Stephens) : B. F. Sturtevant steam engine-generator, 1897, revolution counter from the engine "Minne- haha," I. P. Morris builder's plate from the pumping engine "Michigan," 1889, and a photographic copy of a tracing of the engines "Michigan" and "Winnipeg" dated 1888, all from the Calumet & Hecla copper mine in Upper Michigan (1982.0597); (through John D. Culton): 2 wire reels, a shaft measuring device, and a dynamite blasting machine patented by H. Julius Smith, ca. 1895 (1983.0077). Kenneth Trist Urquhart: daguerreotype possibly of Betty Taylor Bliss Dand- ridge (1983.0110). U.S. American Revolution Bicentennial Administration: 8 pewter plaquettes from "The Bicentennial History of the United States Ingot Series" issued by the Franklin Mint (1981.0547); 24 silver and 21 pewter plaquettes from "The Bicentennial History of the United States Ingot Series" issued by the Franklin Mint (1983.0265). U.S. Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards (through Dr. James M. Cassell) : panoramic dental X-ray machine (1978.0254). U.S. Department of Defense, Department of the Air Force, U.S. Air Force Academy, Cadet Wing Tradition Committee (through Cadet Michael L. Eberle and Maj. Theodore J. Fahrlander) : 40 U.S. Air Force Academy cadet squadron patches (1977.0722); Department of the Army, U.S. Army Trans- portation Center, U.S. Army Transportation Museum (through Les Jensen) : German tropical shorts, WW II (1982.0682); Department of the Navy, Naval Historical Center, Navy Department Library (through Fred Meigs): 5 Lucky Bag yearbooks from the U.S. Naval Academy for the years 1898, 1910, 1912, 1916, and 1927 (1977.0880); Naval Research Laboratory (through Capt. James C. Matheson) : first pulse radar receiver developed in 1936 (1983.0256). U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases, Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, Section of Rheumatic Diseases (through Leon Sokoloff, M.D.): O'Dwyer intubation surgical kit in a canvas case (1982.0636). U.S. Department of Justice, U.S. Marshals Service, U.S. Marshal: 19 U.S. 616 / Smithsonian Year 1983 half-dollars, 15 U.S. dollars, and 14 U.S. pennies, all coinage dating between 1879 and 1959 (1983.0045). U.S. Department of State, Office of the Chief of Protocol: Republic of Panama mint proof set composed of 9 coins, 1975 (1979.0651). U.S. Department of the Treasury: 62 U.S. coins struck in 1979 in Philadelphia, Denver, and San Francisco (1982.0799); Bureau of the Mint (through Donna Pope): 2 George Washington commemorative half-dollars, 1982 (1983.0262); through George E. Hunter, Ph.D.) : 2 George Washington commemorative 50-cent proof coins, 1982 (1983.0263). U.S. Legislative Branch, Library of Congress: Bureau of Engraving and Print- ing presentation volume of U.S. specimen notes prepared for Secretary of the Treasury, J. Sherman, 1877-78 (1981.0872); Prints Division: 30 docu- mentary objects including cartoons and pages from The Illustrated London News, The Graphic, Harper's Weekly and Cleason's Pictorial Drawing Room Companion (1982.0339). Virginia Hot Springs, Inc. (through Thomas J. Lennon) : Zander Type A adjustable-weight shoulder unit (1982.0213). Harry C. Vonk: 27 phonorecords (1982.0357). Nellie Ward (through Carol Cooper) : pair of women's beige suede shoes trimmed with tan silk and steel beads, 1880-95, and a pair of woman's light-orange seamed silk stockings, 1900-24, both worn by Helen Wilder Cross Denison (1981.0231). Walter Phelps Warren: 2 silver serving spoons made by Lewis Fueter, ca. 1769, and a silver ladle made by William Terry, after 1755 (1983.0047). Washington and Jefferson College (through Howard J. Burnett) : combination ihercury barometer and thermometer made by J. M. Wightman of Boston, Massachusetts (1982.0570). Waterbury Companies, Inc., a subsidiary of Talley Industries, Inc. (through L. P. Sperry, Jr.) : collection of 974 objects including 2 books, a bakelite cast, camera obscura, stereoscope-graphoscope, miscellaneous boxes, mir- rors, spectacles, collotypes by Eadweard Muybridge, and Union cases with photographs, daguerreotypes, ambrotypes, and tintypes (322775). C. Malcolm Watkins: silver Boehm concert flute made by William S. Haynes Co. of Boston, ca. 1920, with case (1982.0511). Joan Pearson Watkins: teapot and sugar bowl with covers, cream pitcher, platter, and a pair of candlesticks all made of coarse red earthenware pottery by Benjamin Wade Owen of Seagrove, North Carolina, ca. 1965 (1981.1039). Laura Woodside Watkins (through C. Malcolm Watkins) : 4 fragments of clay molds used for pouring iron at a 17th-century iron furnace in Braintree, Massachusetts (1979.0109). Bernice Webster: 2 boy's fancy-dress suits (1982.0027). Weider Hardware Wholesalers (through Sam Weider) : kitchen pendant switch with cord and a spare switch (1983.0297). Cheryl R. Weiss: Erpophon portable disc phonograph (1981.0690). Adam A. Weschler & Son, Auctioneers (through Michael J. Weschler) : 11 hand tools from the Green Estate in Alexandria, Virginia (1982.0426). The Wheeler School (through William C. Prescott, Jr.) : 3 field hockey sticks showing changes in form from the 1920s to the 1980s, 2 pairs of shin guards, pre- and post-1970s, and a girl's field hockey uniform, including sweat shirt, shirt, tunic, kilt, briefs, and socks in the school colors of navy blue and white (1983.0058). The White House, Office of the Curator (through Clement E. Conger) : 19- piece place setting of the state dinner and dessert service selected by Mrs. Ronald Reagan and made by Lenox, Inc., 1982 (1982.0624). Appendix 8. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 617 J. H. White, Jr.: 2-wheel Willis planimeter, late 19th century (1983.0173). Roger White: 4 glass lantern slides called "Song-Hit Slides "depicting song lyrics and scenes (1982.0271). Richard and Sarah Boys Widhu: wedding items including 3 brightly colored banners, man's off-white muslin hand-embroidered shirt, full-length white sleeveless wedding dress, circular headdress trimmed with artificial roses and ribbons, and a pair of woman's espadrilles (1980.0385). Doreen V. Wilber: U.S. archery team uniform consisting of a T-shirt and skirt worn by Doreen V. Wilber during the 1972 Olympic Games (1982. 0595). Shedrick Williames: 5 photographic prints by Mr. Williames (1983.0050). Rollin L. Wilson: man's tan raincoat, navy blue and green plaid robe, a blue and grey plaid jacket, dark-grey heather-colored trousers, white short- sleeved shirt, burgundy striped tie, navy blue socks, and gold cuff links (1979.0552). Dr. Paul Winchell: ventriloquist's puppet "Knucklehead Smiff" made in 1951 and used by Dr. Winchell (1982.0424). Barbara N. Winslow: 38-star U.S. national flag in use from July 4, 1877, to July 3, 1890 (1983.0349). Marie K. Wolf: Wang Programmable Calculator 700 with 5 reference man- uals and a cassette tape (198^.0171). Judy A. and Robert James Womack: 4 official Ronald Reagan presidential inaugural medals, 1981 (1982.0381). The Honorable Mark D. Woodward: linen sheet marked in ink "Willards Hotel No 122 1874" (1982.0676). Norman Wootton: vest-pocket sized Autographic camera with case by Kodak (1983.0066). George W. Workman: 3 police badges labeled "Commander," "Physician," and "Handwriting Examiner," from the City of Long Beach, California, 1982 (1982.0402). Johnnie R. Wright: jacket and pants decorated with appliqued horses and brass tacks worn by country-western singer Johnny Wright (1982.0361). Edwin L. Young: numismatist's store card used by Edwin Young of Engle- wood, Colorado (1982.0711). Lewis Ludington Young: group of photographs consisting of 4 ambrotypes, 2 daguerreotypes, a tintype, and a card (1983.0010). NATIONAL PORTRAIT GALLERY Donors of Financial Support Ahmanson Foundation Associates Corporation of North America Barra Foundation, Inc. Barry Bingham, Sr. Ambassador and Mrs. Ben Hill Brown CBS Television Network Fisher Theatre Foundation, Inc. Gerald R. Ford Library Monica and Herman Greenberg Foundation Clarence and Jack Himmel Foundation Ralph Hopkins Illinois Arts Council Eugenie and Joseph Jones Family Foundation Mrs. Donald Klopfer Lilly Endowment, Inc. T. Bragg McLeod Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Minnesota Historical Society National Art Seminars Corporation New York Community Trust Simon Foundation, Inc. Rosalind Solomon Robert G. Stewart Swann Foundation for Caricature & Cartoon 618 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Edmond E. Talbot Time-Life Books, Inc. Barbara Tuckman Donors to the Collections C. W. Baumgarten August Belmont IV Barry Bingham, Sr. Marcella Brenner Mrs. Vincent L. Buckley Mrs. James Caldwell Allyn Cox Herb Cruckman Salvatore Del Deo Alan Fern Charles F. Flynn Jem Horn Mr. and Mrs. Herbert Hoover III Mrs. Herbert Clark Hoover Mr. and Mrs. Arthur St. Clair Johnson Paul Katz University of Chicago Club of Washington, D.C. William Allen White Foundation Clifford Krainik Katie Louchheim Clare Boothe Luce Mrs. Henry Lyne, Jr. T. Bragg McLeod Robert L. McNeil, Jr. Violet Oakley Memorial Foundation John O'Brien George R. Rinhart Edouard Roditi Charles Rowe Mr. and Mrs. Leslie J. Schreyer Richard Shack Donald R. Simon William F. Stapp University of Alaska Erwin Vollmer OFFICES OF MUSEUM PROGRAMS Donors of Financial Support Educational Outreach Fund for support of On-site Workshop Series cospon- sored with the Virginia Association of Museums. Educational Outreach Fund for the Native American Museum and Cultural Center Directors and Administrators National Workshop. Adolph Coors Company for the Native American Museum and Cultural Cen- ter Directors and Administrators National Workshop. United Indian Development Association, Los Angeles, California, for the Native American Museum and Cultural Center Directors and Administrators National Workshop. Edward W. Hazen Foundation for the support of an intern from Ghana. Native American Archives Project grant to produce a slide-cassette program, Tribal Archives. W. H. Kellogg Foundation grant for programs to "Expand the Educational Influence of Museums." OFFICE OF HORTICULTURE Donors of Financial Support Mrs. Watson Blair Alf. Christianson Seed Co. Crosby Arboretum Fahnestock & Co. Garden Club of America Mrs. Alfred C. Harrison Mrs. Dorothy Kidder Longwood Foundation, Inc. NCR Corporation Old Westbury Gardens, Inc. Colonel & Mrs. Harry Parham Mrs. Sherman Pratt Mrs.Oakleigh Thome The Oakleigh L. Thome Foundation United Catalysts, Inc. Dr. and Mrs. Karl Wamsler Mrs. Henry A. Wilmerding Appendix 8. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 619 In-Kind Donations and Special Assistance Delta Air Lines, Inc. : shipping of garden furnishings and exhibition materials from the United States to Frankfurt, West Germany ($20,000). Garden Club of Bavaria: bricks for walkway in American Garden and silver trophies awarded at American Week races ($5,600). Kemnitzer, Reid, & Haffler Architects: preparation of architectural drawings for construction of the summerhouse in the American Garden ($5,703). Pan American World Airways, Inc.: three first-class round-trip tickets Wash- ington, D.C., to Munich, West Germany, and shipping of exhibition mate- rials ($10,000). Robert W. Reinhardt: design and preparation of architectural drawings for construction of the bower in the American Garden ($2,014). Robinson Iron: reduction in purchase price of cast-iron reproduction settees, urns, and pedestals ($5,166.85). Mrs. Honore Wamsler: made possible the construction and installation of the summerhouse, bower, and pergola, as well as underwriting costs for travel, plantings, supplies, garden furnishings, and American Week activities ($111,500). Women's Committee of the Smithsonian Institution: $2,500 for flasking laboratory. Donors to the Seed Catalogue Collection Mrs. David Burpee and the W. Atlee Burpee Co.: 165 cases of antique and contemporary seed catalogues and records of the Burpee family and the W. Atlee Burpee Co. Donors to the Trees of Christmas Ornament Collection Barbara Hanft: 65 handmade decorations for the Christmas tree "Bread Dough Dummies." Elaine E. Head: 359 handmade decorations for the Christmas tree "Enchanted Wonderland." Donna Morgan: 697 handmade decorations for the Christmas tree "Interna- tional Paper Tree." Naval Officer's Wives Club, Washington, D.C., and the Awa Lau Wahine, Hawaii: 112 handmade decorations for the Christmas tree "Birds of Paradise." SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION ARCHIVES Donors to the Collections INDIVIDUAL Andrew J. Berger: the papers of Andrew J. Berger. Richard E. Blackwelder: the papers of Richard E. Blackwelder. Ellen Burden: the papers of Robert E. Snodgrass. Arthur Detmers Dubin: the papers of Arthur Detmers Dubin. Farouk El-Baz : the papers of Farouk El-Baz. George B. Field: the papers of George B. Field. Mrs. A. Remington Kellogg: the papers of A. Remington Kellogg. Leo J. Hickey: the papers of Leo J. Hickey. Patricia Knight: the papers of Harry H. Knight. Jane Ladd: the papers of Harry S. Ladd. Otto Mayr: the papers of Otto Mayr. George Sprague Myers: the papers of George Sprague Myers. 620 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Watson M. Perrygo : the papers of Watson M. Perrygo. Joseph E. Randall: the papers of Frederick A. Greeley. Theodore H. Reed: the records of the International Union of Directors of Zoological Gardens. S. Dillon Ripley: the papers of S. Dillon Ripley. Paul J. Spangler: the records of the Biological Society of Washington, the records of the Coleopterists' Society. T. Dale Stewart: taped reminiscences. Lawrence H. Walkinshaw: the papers of Lawrence H. Walkinshaw. Austin B. Williams: the papers of Austin B. Williams and the records of the Estuarine Research Foundation. INSTITUTIONAL American Ornithologists' Union: a collection from the union. American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists: the records of the society. Colonial Waterbird Group: the records of the group. Eastern Bird-Banding Association: the records of the association. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES Donors of Financial Support $10,000 OR MORE Dibner Fund Inc., Norwalk, Connecticut. $1,000 OR MORE David Dibner, Wilton, Connecticut. Donors to the Collections Susan Abrams: 8 volumes. Lady Emily Dreker Armstrong: 8 volumes. Richard Banks: Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat of American Samoa, pts. 1, 2. Dr. Bruce M. Beehler: The Behavioral Ecology of Four Birds of Paradise. John A. Betcher: 16 volumes. Dr. Rhea Blue: several volumes of Journal of the American Oriental Society. C. G. Boerner: 2 volumes. Melanie Bond: 9 volumes. Edwin Botwin: various volumes. Mrs. Edgar V. Bythiner: various volumes. Mrs. Lester Cahn: various volumes. Dr. Paul Campanella: 2 volumes. Dr. Margaret Child: Graphic materials. Roger Clapp: Marine Birds of the Southeastern United States and Gulf of Mexico, pt. 2: Anseriformes. Mrs. James H. Clement: The Sublime Heritage of Martha Mood, vol. 2. Quintina Colio: Das Kostumwerk. Mary Combs: Brooms, Buttons and Beaux. Dorothy Mann Cordry: 42 books on puppetry plus several journals. Dr. David Correll: 2 volumes. Dr. Donovan Correll: Index Filicum and supplements, 1-3. Appendix 8. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 621 Dr. Richard Cowan: 3 volumes plus a subscription to Zandera. Marsha Cox. Galapagos: Siudi Richerche. Janet Crampton: various journals. Janet W. Crampton: 258 issues of scientific journals. Elaine Dee: 17 volumes. Gerald Deitzler: Strategies of Plant Reproduction. Dr. Bern Dibner: 2 volumes. Polly DuFresne: Celebration of Carnegie in Pittsburgh. William J. Ellenberger: 12 volumes. Dr. Richard Hyde: 3 volumes. Robert Faden: Monocot Weeds 3. Ellen Farr: 2 volumes. Gertrude Fehl: 22 photographs. Dr. William Field: Atlanta, volumes 1-10. Barbara Chaney Ferguson: The Paper Doll: A Collector's Guide with prices. Dr. Richard Fiske: 2 volumes. Michael Fleischer: Manganese Nodules. Richard Foote: Report on Agricultural Entomology in Cambodia. Shelly Foote: 3 volumes. Paul Forman: 12 volumes. Dr. Raymond Fosberg: A Handbook to the Flora of Ceylon. Katarine L. Fox: Celebration: A World of Art and Ritual. Marilyn Francis : 2 booklets. Dr. Vicki A. Funk: Advances in Cladistics, vol. 11: Proceedings of the second meeting of the Willi Hennig Society. Joan W. Gandy: 2 volumes. Thomas H. Garver: 6 volumes. Dr. Robert Gibbs: Turbidity in the Aquatic Environment. James R. Glenn: 2 volumes. Dorothy Globus: 6 volumes. Rita Goodfleisch: various volumes. Robert Gordon: Academy Players Directory, 75th ed., plus several journal issues. Dr. Richard Grant: Geological and Ecological studies of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, vol. 1. Dona Guimaraes: 2 volumes. Dr. Charles Handley: A.A.Z.P.A. Manual of Federal Wildlife Regulations. Letitia Hanson: 2 volumes of National Geographic magazine. Elizabeth R. Harriage: 2 volumes. Ray Hebert: 4 volumes. Michael Heisches: Ruby and Sapphire. Dr. Gordon Hendler: 7 volumes. Dr. William R. Heyer: Evolutionary Relationships among Advances Snakes, plus several journal issues. Mr. and Mrs. William J. Hoff : Animate Creation. Donald W. Hoist: The British Establishment, 1760-1784. vols. 1-2. Lee S. Houchins : 800 volumes. Margot Hunt : 22 volumes. Everett Jackson: 4 volumes. Albert Jornet: Aanlyse Mineralogique et Chimique de la Ceramique Romaine Suisse a Enduit Brillant. Howard Kaylan: various volumes. Vija Karklins: issues of American Libraries. Robert Kaufmann: Texas Boots. Dr. Roman Kenk: Flora I Fauna Vodoemov Evropeiskogo Severa. An SSSR. 622 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Claudia Kidwell: 9 volumes. Eylene King: 9 journal issues. Judith King: Man and Beast: A Visual History. Kohn Kingsolver: A Catalog of the Coleoptera of America North of Mexico. Donald Kloster: Supplying Washington's Armies. Dr. Leslie Knapp: 7 volumes. Ray Kondratas: Public Health Nursing in North Carolina: Oral Histories of Earlier Years. Barbara A. Kazosky: 38 volumes. Dr. Karl V. Krombein: Pereponchatokrylye Dalnego Bostoka. Sara Jane Lamlein: 8 volumes. Dr. Robert Laughlin: Estudios Preliminares Sohre los Mayas de las Tierras Bajas N oroccidentales. Roxie Laybourne: Dictionary of Alaska place names. Dr. David Lellinger: 4 volumes. Kathleen Lepercq: 4 volumes. Leo Lerman: various volumes. Mark Lewis : packet of photos and brochures. Dr. Elbert Little: 7 volumes. Felicia Lovelett: subscription to Association of Avian Verterinarians News- letter. Robert Luck: 25 volumes. Richard H. Lytle: various journal issues. Fiona McCleary: A Bad Boy's Diary. David McFadden: 133 volumes and catalogues. Dr. Raymond Manning: NMFS Circ, no. 446. Mrs. E. A. G. Manton: various journal issues. Dr. Maurice Margulies : Arahidopsis Information Services. Mr. and Mrs. Wallace Markert, Sr. : The Lady's Book. 4 volumes. Susan B. Mason: The Only Sure Guide to the English Tongue. Dr. Otto Mayr: 118 books and journal issues. Dr. James Mead: Aufsatze und Reden der Senckenbergergischen Naturfor- schenden Cesellschaft. Lavinia Meeks: various newspapers and bulletins. Dr. Arnold Menke: complete run of the journal Sphecos: Newsletter for Aculeate Wasp Researchers. Pauline Metcalf : 46 journals and catalogues. Terese Milbauer: 9 journals. Dr. Scott Miller: various Chinese texts on entomology. Joseph Calvin Mitchell: Population Ecology and Demography of the Fresh- water Turtles Chrysemys Picta and Sternotherus Odoratus. Kinki Moriyama : 2 Japanese volumes. Aurelia Munos : Tapisseries I Muntatges Textils. Charles Murphy: 2 volumes. Dr. Dan Nicolson: 3 volumes. Mike Nocera: microfishe of 71 trade catalogues. Joan Norwicks: The Pahynology of the Malpighiaceae and Its Contribution to Family Systematics. Jacqueline Olin: 2 volumes. Dr. Storrs Olsen: 6 volumes. Jean Orteig: 34 volumes. Derek Ostergaard: L' Architecture, La Decoration, L'Ameublement. Roger Pasquier: various books and serials. Edgar E. Peck: 59 auction catalogues. Paul Perrot: Modern Kuwait. Appendix 8. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 623 Karen Preslock : 2 volumes. Princeton University: Project Matterhorn Stellarator Division. Log Book: July 1952-June 1953. Robert Purdy: History of the Smithsonian Exchanges. Mildred Raitt: Icelandic Sagas, Eddas, and Art. Dr. Clayton Ray: Treasury of Big Came Animals. Dr. Robert Read: Flora of Trinidad and Tobago, vol. LL part XI. Ernst S. Reese: Contrasts in Behavior. Dr. Harold Rehder: journal issue. Frank Rettenberg: Slave songs of the United States. 5. Dillon Ripley: Naissance de la Louisiane 1682-1731. Ingrid Risop: 2 volumes. Dr. Warren Robbins: La Peinture Francaise (1905-1914) et "L'Art Negre." Christian Rohlfing: 3 volumes. Susan A. Romine: 6 volumes. Renata Rutledge: Behring Zum Cedachtnis. Peter Scherer: 2 volumes. James Seeman: 6 volumes. Nick Schliapin: 4 volumes. Waldo Schmidt estate: 5 volumes. Fares Schbouk: Dykes Catalog of Mouldings, 1949. Frederick D. Sharp: Relation Historique de la Virginie. Dr. Stanwyn Shetler: 7 volumes. Walter Shropshire: Marine Phytoplankton: Line Auswahl der Helgolander Pkanktonalgen. Mrs. P. O. Sigler: various Smithsonian annual reports and magazines. Dr. Laurence Skog: 2 volumes. Dr. Paul Slud: 3 volumes. Mrs. L. Smiley: various journal issues. Jean Chandler Smith: Charles Meryon: Prints and Drawings. Dr. Lyman B. Smith: Flore Manuel de la Province de Quebec. Sheila Smith: 3 volumes. Stephen Smith: 2 volumes. Dr. Thomas Soderstrom: 3 volumes. Dr. Theodore Spilman: various books and journals. Dr. Victor Springer: Histoire Naturelle des Poissons, plus other books and journals. Helen Stark: 16 journal issues. Wayne C. Starnes: Tennessee's Rare Wildlife: Vol. 1: The Vertebrates. John Stine: 6 volumes. Dr. Hans Syz: Meissen: Die Bibliophilen Taschenbucher. Lisa Taylor: various books and journals. Elizabeth Ten Houten: 10 volumes. Dr. F. Christian Thompson: Helvetischa Entomologie. Dr. Richard Thorington: Maiferos en la Coleccion de la Estacion Biologica de Rahcno Grande, Venezuela. Harold A. Treitel: 6 journals. Louise Ufland: various books and journals. Robert Vogel: 7 volumes. Dorothy Warren: various books. Pierra Watkins: The Artist and the Animal. Dr. George Watson: 19 volumes. Ellen Wells : 5 volumes. Dr. Dennis Whigham: Arctic and Alpine Research. 10 volumes. Eileen White: Importants Bijoux-Succession de Madame ]. Thors. 624 / Smithsonian Year 1983 James White: 4 volumes. John H. White: 9 volumes. Dr. Richard White: Serials Sources for the Biosis Data Base. Roger White: The Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters. Carlos Whiting: Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institution, 1946-1956. Dr. John Wierdack: Ferns and Flowering Plants of South Dakota. Herbert H. Wise: 2 volumes. Mrs. Marshall Wolf: various auction catalogues. T. G. Yuncher estate: 6 volumes. Dr. George Zug: 2 volumes. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION TRAVELING EXHIBITION SERVICE Donors of Financial Support Harold Abroms Mr. and Mrs. Paul J. Adelson Anheuser-Busch Companies, Incorporated Jeffrey Appleby Weiler Arnow Investment Company Dr. and Mrs. Larry Averbuch Dr. and Mrs. Richard Bader Nancy Beren Mrs. Henrietta Berger Steven Berger Best Foundation Leonard Block BIum-Kovler Foundation Ivan Boesky Marshall Brachman The Samuel Bronfman Foundation Champion International George and Phyllis Cohen Melvin Cohen Victor and Ellen Cohn Conoco, Incorporated Continental Services Corporation Arie and Ida Crown Memorial Culbro Corporation Harry J. and Claire S. Dworkin Foundation Editions Alecto, Ltd. Mrs. Allan Emil Federation of Jewish Philanthropies of New York Mrs. Susan Feer Mrs. Joseph Finer Philip William Fisher Mr. and Mrs. Jack Freedman Mr. and Mrs. Jacobo Furman Susan and Michael Gelman Joan and Elan Gerson Gilbert Gertner The Gimprich Family Foundation Fred P. Goldhirsch Mr. and Mrs. Richard N. Goldman Richard W. Goldman The Horace W. Goldsmith Foundation Alan Greenberg Arnold C. Greenberg Homer and Martha Gudelsky Foundation The Isadore and Bertha Gudelsky Family Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Peter Haas Mrs. Walter A. Haas Mr. Kenneth Heriot Leon Hess (Hess Foundation) Mr. Gale Hoskins Frederick Jaffe Jesselson Foundation Sam Kane Mr. and Mrs. Abe Katz Mr. and Mrs. Herbert Katz Kekst and Company, Incorporated Kirchner Fine Art, Ltd. David and Sadie Klau Mr. George Klein Simon Konover Mr. Robert Koch Miles Lerman Suzanne S. Levatin Mr. Richard Levy Lions Club International David and Marjorie Lissy Ms. Renee Logan Sam and Anna Lopin Mr. and Mrs. Edward Low Steven A. Ludsin Barbara and Morton L. Mandel Florence and Joseph C. Mandel Lilyan and Jack N. Mandel Philip and Phyllis Margolius Appendix 8. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 625 Ernest Martin Mrs. Robert Mayer William and Helen Mazer The Giles W. and Elise G. Mead Foundation Metromedia, Incorporated Mobil Oil Corporation Mrs. Melvin Moore Sondra Myers Jack Nash Mrs. Louis Nathanson Albert Nerken NVF Company Community Services Trust (V. Posner ) Gerald and Lynn Ostrow Pepsico International Perkins School for the Blind Charles I. Petschek Philip Morris Incorporated Mr. and Mrs. Howard Polinger Mr. and Mrs. Charles Primds Mr. and Mrs. Mortimer Propp The Regis Foundation (Myron Kunin) Rite Aid Corporation Esther Leah Ritz Philanthropic Fund The RGK Foundation Rose Associates Norman and Dulcie Rosenfeld Mrs. William Rosenwald Mrs. Madeleine Russell Salem Management Company Gary N. Schahet S. H. and Helen R. Scheuer Family Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Ivan Schick Steven Schwarz Jane F. Sherman William S. Siegal Herbert M. Singer Philanthropic Fund James Smithson Society Smithsonian Institution Education Outreach Jerry and Lynne Speyer Abraham and Edita Spiegel Elliot Stein Mr. and Mrs. Myron Stone Sigmund Strochlitz Sukum Navapan Foundation Mrs. Peggy Tishman Mrs. Phyllis Tishman Susan Tomchin Julius Trump United Jewish Appeal of Greater New York United Jewish Appeal of Greater Washington, Inc. United States Information Agency (USIA) Warner Communications Washington Cathedral, Mount Saint Alban Mrs. Bernard Weinberg Harold M. and Anna M. Weinberg Family Foundation Sandra and Leon Weiner Mr. and Mrs. Mark Weinstein Mr. Sherwood Weiser Peter Wiesz Xerox Corporation Roger Yorke Mr. and Mrs. Louis I. Zorensky Donors of Support in Kind Aer Lingus Australian News and Information Bureau, Department of the Interior, Canberra Australia Beka, Incorporated By-Word Corporation Entheos Communications Hyatt Hotels Pantheon Books Philip Morris Incorporated Straw into Gold Donors to the Education Department Australian News and Information Bureau, Department of the Interior, Can- berra, Australia: 20 booklets. Beka, Inc., St. Paul, Minnesota: 3 looms. Entheos Books, Bainbridge Island, Washington: 20 books. Straw into Gold, Berkeley, California: natural dyes. U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C.: visitor's guides. 626 / Smithsonian Year 1983 PUBLIC SERVICE OFFICE OF FOLKLIFE PROGRAMS Festival New Jersey '83, Inc. Air France The Government of France Reelsound, Inc. Continental Telecom Inc. 3M Corporation The Music Performance Trust Fund Sony Corporation John and Clara Higgins Foundation Eastern Airlines OFFICE OF SMITHSONIAN SYMPOSIA AND SEMINARS Donors of Financial Support Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. Electronic Data Systems Corporation Ellis L. Phillips Foundation Gannett Foundation General Instrument Corporation Hogan Systems, Inc. Joseph H. Hazen Foundation, Inc. M/A-COM Development Corporation Nippon Electric Company, Ltd. N. V. Philips' Gloeilampenfabrieken (Eindhoven, The Netherlands) Psi Search Institute Rosenstiel Foundation Sage Foundation United Education and Software UVB Foundation MEMBERSHIP AND DEVELOPMENT SMITHSONIAN RESIDENT ASSOCIATE PROGRAM Donors of Financial Support Educational Outreach Fund, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Public Ser- vice and the Smithsonian Women's Committee: partial funding for the Free Film Theater. Netherlands-America Amity Trust, Inc.: funds for the director's participation as vice-chairperson for culture and publications, in connection with activi- ties to commemorate the bicentennial of the 1782 opening of diplomatic relations and the signing of a treaty of amity and commerce between the two countries; funds for designing and coordinating the printing of a poster commemorating the same events; and funds for programming and coor- dinating a nationwide Dutch Film Festival. The Rouse Company: funds for an exploratory study regarding possible con- tinuing education activities in shopping malls. Office of the Mayor, District of Columbia Commission on the Arts and Humanities and the Educational Outreach Fund, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Public Service: partial funding for "Discover Graphics" pro- gram for area high school students and teachers. Educational Outreach Fund, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Public Service: partial funding for outreach to the Indian and Pakistani com- munities for the Imrat Khan concert. Appendix 8. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 627 Office of the Mayor, District of Columbia Commission on the Arts and Humanities: partial funding of musical tribute to Earl "Fatha" Hines by Dizzy Gillespie and Billy Eckstine. JOHN F. KENNEDY CENTER FOR THE PERFORMING ARTS CORPORATE FUND LEADERSHIP BOARD OF GOVERNORS James H. Evans, Chairman Vice-Chairmen : Robert A. Beck Thornton F. Bradshaw Charles L. Brown James E. Burke Thomas E. Drohan James L. Ferguson Roberto C. Goizueta John P. Harbin Edward L. Hennessy, Jr. John J. Horan Edward G. Jefferson Howard C. Kauffmann James L. Ketelsen William F. Kieschnick Harold Burson, Secretary GOVERNORS Warren M. Anderson Bennett E. Bidwell Theodore A. Burtis Joseph E. Connor Donald F. Craib, Jr. Hugh Cullman J. Robert Fluor Thomas F. Frist, Jr. Howard Goldfeder Katharine Graham John H. Gutfreund Robert A. Hanson Edwin K. Hoffman Amory Houghton, Jr. James E. Lee M. Paul LeBlanc, Jr. Ruben F. Mettler John R. Opel Joseph H. Riley James D. Robinson III Roger B. Smith J. Paul Sticht Philip W. K. Sweet, Jr. Rawleigh Warner, Jr. Lew R. Wasserman John F. Welch, Jr. Thomas H. Wyman Charles F. Knight John G. McElwee Edward N. Ney T. Boone Pickens, Jr. Max Pine Edmund T. Pratt, Jr. Donald E. Procknow Theodore C. Rogers Thomas F. Russell Donald V. Seibert Rocco C. Siciliano Donald R. Sloan Morton M. Winston DONORS OF SUPPORT TO THE CORPORATE FUND— FY 1983 CORPORATE LEADERSHIP CIRCLE American Digital Systems Corporation American Telephone & Telegraph Company Atlantic Richfield Foundation Conoco Inc. Digital Equipment Corporation 628 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Exxon Corporation The General Foods Fund Inc. International Business Machines Corporation Merrill Lynch & Co. Foundation, Inc. Mobil Foundation, Inc. R. J. Reynolds Industries, Inc. Standard Oil Company (Indiana) Union Pacific Foundation CORPORATE PATRONS CBS Inc. Champion International Foundation Chevron U.S.A. Inc. Clark-Winchcole Foundation General Electric Foundation Herrick Foundation Merck & Co., Inc. The Procter & Gamble Fund Shell Companies Foundation, Inc. Texaco Philanthropic Foundation, Inc. Time Incorporated United States Steel Foundation, Inc. Warner Communications Program for the Arts The Xerox Foundation CORPORATE SPONSORS Allied Corporation The Allstate Foundation American Express Foundation American Security Bank, N.A. Arthur Andersen & Co. Ashland Oil, Inc. Bender Foundation, Inc. The Bendix Corporation The Chase Manhattan Bank Citicorp Coastal Corporation The Coca-Cola Company Deloitte Haskins & Sells Delphines Foundation E-Systems Inc. E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company, Inc. Ernst & Whinney Ford Motor Company Fund Foremost-McKesson Foundation, Inc. General Motors Foundation, Inc. GTE Foundation Gulf Oil Corporation Halliburton Company Johnson & Johnson Family of Companies Contribution Fund LKP International, Ltd. Metropolitan Life Foundation The N.C.R. Foundation The NL Industries Foundation Appendix 8. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 629 Northrop Corporation Philip Morris Incorporated PhiUips Petroleum Foundation Inc. Potomac Electric Power Company Price Waterhouse The Prudential Foundation Raytheon Company The Riggs National Bank of Washington, D.C. Schering-Plough Foundation, Inc. Sears, Roebuck and Co. Sheller-GIobe Corporation Sundstrand Corporation Foundation Tenneco Inc. The Times Mirror Foundation The Washington Post Company Whirlpool Foundation CORPORATE DONORS ALCOA Foundation Alexander & Alexander Services Inc. American Broadcasting Company The Andreas Foundation BankAmerica Foundation Bankers Trust Company The BDM Corporation Bechtel Foundation Bethlehem Steel Corporation The Boeing Company Borg- Warner Foundation, Inc. The Bristol-Myers Fund, Inc. Brown-Forman Corporation Burlington Industries Foundation The C & P Telephone Company Caterpillar Foundation Celanese Corporation Charles E. Smith Companies Chemical Bank Chesebrough-Pond's Inc. CIBA-GEIGY Corporation Cities Service Foundation Communications Satellite Corporation Coopers & Lybrand Cox Communications, Inc. District Photo Dow Corning Corporation Dresser Industries, Inc. The Dun & Bradstreet Corporation Foundation Eastman Kodak Company Fairchild Industries Foundation, Inc. Federal-Mogul Corporation Charitable Trust Fund Federal National Mortgage Association Federated Department Stores, Inc. First Virginia Banks, Inc. The Fluor Foundation Gannett Foundation 630 / Smithsonian Year 1983 General Dynamics General Bills Foundation The George Hyman Construction Company Getty Oil Company The Gillette Company Goldman Sachs & Co. Gould Inc. Foundation Grace Foundation Inc. Grumman Corporation Hallmark Cards Incorporated Harris Foundation Hoffman-La Roche Inc. Honeywell Foundation Hughes Aircraft Company Humana Inc. International Telephone and Telegraph John Hancock Charitable Trust Johnson & Higgins The Johnson's Wax Fund, Inc. Kimberly-Clark Foundation, Inc. Lomas & Nettleton Financial Corporation MCA Foundation Ltd. The McGraw-Hill Foundation, Inc. Manville Fund Martin Marietta Mary Horner Stuart Foundation The May Stores Foundation, Inc. Meredith Corporation Mesa Petroleum Co. Monsanto Fund Morgan Guaranty Trust Company of New York National Geographic Society National Steel Corporation The Northern Trust Company Occidental Petroleum Corporation The Olayan Group Owens-Illinois, Inc. Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co. J. C. Penney Company, Inc. The Pfizer Foundation, Inc. Phelps-Dodge Industries, Inc. Phibro-Salomon Inc. Radio Corporation of America The Reader's Digest Association, Inc. Reynolds Metals Company Foundation Rockwell International Corporation Trust St. Regis Corporation Saks Fifth Avenue Security Pacific Foundation The Signal Companies, Inc. SmithKline Beckman Corporation Sperry Corporation The Standard Oil Company (Ohio) Sun Company, Inc. Ticor Foundation Appendix 8. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 631 TRW Foundation Union Carbide Corporation Union Oil Company of California Foundation United Technologies Walt Disney Productions The Warner-Lambert Foundation Wells Fargo Foundation Wells, Rich, Greene, Inc. Western Electric Fund Woodward & Lothrop, Inc. CORPORATE CONTRIBUTORS AMF, Inc. Acacia Mutual Life Insurance Co. The Air Products Foundation American Airlines, Inc. American Cyanamid Company American Stock Exchange Automatic Data Processing, Inc. Avco Corporation The Burroughs Corporation Burson-Marsteller Cabot Corporation Foundation, Inc. Campbell Soup Company Capital Cities Communciations Carter Hawley Hale Stores, Inc. Columbia Pictures Industries, Inc. Comerica Inc. Consolidated Natural Gas Company Continental Bank The Continental Group Foundation, Inc. Cooper Industries Foundation Corning Glass Works Foundation Cross & Trecker Foundation Damon Raike and Company Dancer Fitzgerald Sample, Inc. Detroit Bank & Trust Company Donohoe Construction Co., Inc. Earl G. Graves Ltd. Earle M. Craig, Jr. Corporation Edward Larrabee Barnes Associates, P.C. Eli Lilly and Company Ellen Newman Associates Emerson Charitable Trust Engelhard Enserch Foundation Ethyl Corporation First & Merchants National Bank The First Boston Corporation Garfinckel's GEICO Philanthropic Foundation General Signal Corporation Giant Food Foundation, Inc. GK Technologies Incorporated B. F. Goodrich Company 632 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Grey Advertising Good Neighbor Foundation Inc. Handy & Harman Foundation Harnischfeger Foundation, Inc. Hecht's H. J. Heinz II Charitable and Fan\ily Trust Hiram Walker & Sons, Inc. Hitachi America, Ltd. Holiday Inns, Inc. Hoover Universal Hospital Corporation of America The Howard P. Foley Company Investors Diversified Services Inc. John Deere Foundation Kellogg Company Ketchum Communications Kidder, Peabody & Co. The Kiplinger Foundation The Kissinger Family Foundation L. B. Foster Company Lazard Freres & Co. Levi Strauss Foundation Loews Foundation Lutz and Carr Main Hurdman KMG Mapco Inc. Mars Foundation Maugus Manufacturing, Inc. McCaffrey and McCall, Inc. McLachlen National Bank Mitusi & Co. (U.S.A.) Inc. Morgan Stanley & Co. National Bank of Detroit Neiman-Marcus Norton Simon Inc. Social Responsibility Fund NS&T Bank The Oakleigh L. Thome Foundation Ogilvy & Mather The Oliver T. Carr Company Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corporation Peoples Drug Stores, Incorporated Pittsburgh Corning Corporation Pittsburgh National Foundation Pritzker Foundation Raleigh Stores Foundation Reading & Bates Corporation Restaurant Associates Industries, Inc. Rorer Group The Rouse Company Sandoz, Inc. B. F. Saul Company Scali, McCabe, Sloves Inc. The Scott & Fetzer Foundation Sheraton Foundation, Inc. The Silverstein Family Foundation The Southland Corporation Appendix 8. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 633 Square D Foundation Squibb Corporation Stewart-Warner Foundation The Stouffer Corporation Fund Suburban Bank A. Sulka & Company SYMS Clothing Inc. Taft Broadcasting Company Technicolor, Inc. Thomas J. Lipton Foundation Inc. J. Walter Thompson Company Fund Inc. Touche Ross & Co. UOP Foundation USAir U.S. News & World Report Washington Fish Exchange, Inc. Weaver Bros., Inc. Weyerhaeuser Company Foundation The Young & Rubicam Foundation NATIONAL GALLERY OF ART Donors of Works of Art and Financial Support Mr. and Mrs. William Howard Adams William A. Albaugh Mr. and Mrs. Edward K. Aldworth Thomas Alexander III Joe L. and Barbara B. Allbritton The Honorable Walter H. and Lenore Annenberg Anonymous Mr. and Mrs. Isaac Arnold, Jr. The Art Lovers' League of Baltimore The Atlas Foundation Avalon Fund Margaret M. Bailey Mr. and Mrs. A. L. Ballard Mr. and Mrs. Perry R. Bass Mr. and Mrs. Robert M. Bass Mr. and Mrs. Sid R. Bass Eugenio Battisti William E. and Kathleen T. Baxter Davitt S. Bell in memory of Constance Barber Mellon Ruth B. Benedict Mr. and Mrs. Edwin A. Bergman Siegfried and Josephine Bieber Foundation Arthur A. and Alison B. Birney The Brown Foundation, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. George R. Brown Robert Brown Ailsa Mellon Bruce Fund Mildred G. Bryan Butterick Company, Inc. The Morris and Gwendolyn Cafritz Foundation Mr. and Mrs. William N. Cafritz Amon G. Carter Foundation The Honorable and Mrs. Henry E. Catto, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. George V. Charlton Jean Chatelain Michael Clark Collectors Committee Catherine Mellon Conover Mr. and Mrs. B. J. Cutler G. DeVito John Dimick Mr. and Mrs. Charles E. Ducommun Jacques Dufwa Alessandro and Mano d'Urso Y. Egami Mr. and Mrs. James A. Elkins, Jr. Mrs. Charles W. Engelhard David B. Epstein James R. Epstein Miles Epstein Richard A. Epstein Sarah Carianne Epstein Epstein Family Fund Frank and Jeannette Eyerly Thomas and Betty B. Evans Paul B. Fay, Jr. David Edward Finley 634 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Margaret Eustis Finley Mr. and Mrs. Donald G. Fisher Lawrence A. Fleischman Mrs. Julius Fleischmann Raquel Forner Mr. and Mrs. Ben J. Fortson Rita and Daniel Fraad The Fuller Foundation, Inc. Jo Ann and Julian Ganz, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Robert N. Ganz Charles R. Gardner Mrs. George Angus Garrett Anthony Geber GTE Corporation David Gensburg Mr. and Mrs. Gordon P. Getty Katharine Graham Philip L. Graham Fund Mr. and Mrs. Charles L. Griswold George Gund, III Leo S. Guthman Walter and Elise Haas Fund Mr. and Mrs. Prentis Cobb Hale Hallmark Educational Foundations Mr. and Mrs. Mark Hampton Mr. and Mrs. Gordon Hanes Mr. and Mrs. James Gordon Hanes III Mrs. Horace Havemeyer, in memory of her mother-in-law, Louisine W. Havemeyer Mr. and Mrs. Joseph H. Hazen Mrs. Rudolf J. Heinemann Joanne King Herring Susan Morse Hilles H. R. Hitchcock Oveta Gulp Hobby Mrs. Ernest W. Hony Mrs. James Stewart Hooker Mr. and Mrs. Edward R. Hudson, Jr. International Business Machines Corporation R. L. Ireland III Everette James, Jr. Pupul Jayakar Mr. and Mrs. George F. Jewett, Jr. Mrs. J. Seward Johnson Robert Wood Johnson Jr. Charitable Trust Ruth Carter Stevenson S. C. Johnson & Son, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Jacob Kainen, in honor of Charles Parkhurst Kaiser Aluminum and Chemical Corporation Mr. and Mrs. George M. Kaufman Mr. and Mrs. Stephen M. Kellen Roger Kennedy The Honorable and Mrs. Randolph A. Kidder Marian King Seymour H. Knox Mr. and Mrs. Robert P. Kogod The Samuel H. Kress Foundation Loula D. Lasker Fund Mr. and Mrs. Theodore N. Law Joan Lees Mr. and Mrs. Judd Leighton Mr. and Mrs. Irvin L. Levy Mr. and Mrs. Sydney Lewis Edward R. MacCrone Charitable Trust Frank L. Mansell Mr. and Mrs. John A. Mayer in memory of Constance Barber Mellon Mrs. Robert B. Mayer Mr. and Mrs. John A. McCone Mrs. Eugene McDermott Arthur J. McLaughlin The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Constance B. Mellon Paul Mellon Dr. George and Dr. Lois de Menil Mr. and Mrs. Edwin Van R. Milbury Charles Millard Mobil Foundation, Inc. Montgomery Sign Mr. and Mrs. Richard W. Moncrief Ruth-Maria Muthmann The National Italian American Foundation Nancy Brown Negley Hugo V. Neuhaus, Jr. Mrs. P. Roussel Norman John O'Brien Georgia O'Keeffe William S. Paley Charles Parkhurst Javier Perez de Salazar y Solana Jay H. Perry, in honor of Susan Huffard Mary Lynn Perry Phillips Family Fund James Pipkin Pittway Corporation Charitable Foundation Kimiko and John Powers Mr. and Mrs. A. N. Pritzker Mr. and Mrs. Jay Pritzker Appendix 8. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 635 Angela A. Puglisi General and Mrs. Dillman A. Rash Mr. and Mrs. Stewart A. Resnick Ann Michelle Roberts David Rockefeller Mr. and Mrs. John B. Rogers, Jr. Cornelius Van S. Roosevelt Alexandre P. Rosenberg Judy Rosenblum Harry E. Rothman Madeleine Haas Russell Mr. and Mrs. Richard Salomon Lili-Charlotte Sarnoff, in memory of Robert and Martha von Hirsch Mrs. H. S. Schaeffer Mrs. Paul Scheerer Mr. and Mrs. Benno C. Schmidt Evelyn Sharp Joseph Sheppard Leonard L. Silverstein William K. Simpson Carolyn Skelly Regina Slatkin Dorothy J. and Benjamin B. Smith Joshua P. Smith Robert H. and Clarice Smith Mr. and Mrs. James R. Sowell George F. Spilenberg Mr. and Mrs. John Steiner H. Peter Stern John R. Stevenson Ruth Stokoe Mary Swift Countess Szembek-Milobenski Anne Burnett and Charles Tandy Foundation Mrs. Raymond F. Tartiere Time-Life Books, Inc. David Tunick, in honor of Charles Parkhurst Maurizio Valenzi Arthur and Charlotte Vershbow Lila Acheson Wallace Mr. and Mrs. F. Howard Walsh, Jr. Rachel Mellon Walton Fund of the Pittsburgh Foundation "The Washington Dossier" C. Malcolm Watkins P. Devers Weaver John C. and Joan Whitehead John Hay Whitney Mrs. John Hay Whitney Mr. and Mrs. Wallace S. Wilson Emile Wolf Mr. and Mrs. William Wood Prince Ian Woodner The Honorable and Mrs. Stanley Woodward George W. Wyckoff Mrs. Lowe Yost Mr. and Mrs. George M. Young 636 / Smithsonian Year 1983 APPENDIX 9. Benefactors of the Smithsonian Institution in Fiscal Year 1983 As a trust instrumentality of the United States, the Smithsonian Institution has received federal support since it was established in 1846 to carry out the terms of James Smithson's will. Appropriated funds have long provided important additions to the trust funds, donated by Smithson and subsequent benefactors, to enable the Institution to carry out its responsibilities for research and exhibition of the national collections and maintenance of the valuable objects and records of science, history, and culture entrusted to the Institution. The Smithsonian's basic trust funds have provided the Institution with the elements of flexibility and independence essential to its creative, innovative growth. Trust funds traditionally have made possible many of the research, acquisition, and educational programs that are central to the Smithsonian's achievements. The Smithsonian is extremely grateful to the foundations, corporations, and individuals listed below for their gifts, bequests, and contributing member- ships in the Smithsonian Associates. If the name of any benefactor has been omitted from the following list, it is unintentional and in no way lessens the Smithsonian's appreciation. GIFTS AND BEQUESTS TO THE SMITHSONIAN Mrs. Enid A. Haupt The Pew Memorial Trust Dr. Arthur M. Sackler $1,000,000 or more $100,000 or more The American Scandinavian Foundation American Society of Anesthesiologists The Morris and Gwendolyn Cafritz Foundation The Coca-Cola Company The Commemorative Association for the Japan World Exposition The Dallah Establishment Mr. Gaylord Donnelley The Ford Foundation Mr. Arnold C. Greenberg H. J. Heinz II Charitable & Family Trust The Hillman Foundation International Business Machines Corporation The Japan Foundation W. Alton Jones Foundation, Inc. Estate of Mrs. Kei Kikuchi L. A. W. Fund Marriott Corporation Brooks and Hope B. McCormick Foundation Mobil Oil Corporation Philip Morris Incorporated Mr. Arthur Ross Mr. and Mrs. E. Hadley Stuart, Jr. Mary Horner Stuart Foundation Warner Communications Foundation, Inc. Yorktown International Bicentennial Committee, Inc. Appendix 9. Benefactors of the Smithsonian Institution I 637 $10,000 or more The Ahmanson Foundation The Joe L. and Barbara B. AUbritton Foundation American Association of Zoo Veterinarians American Can Company Foundation American Express Foundation American Security Bank American Society of Association Executives American Telephone and Telegraph Anonymous Argonaut Securities Company Weiler Arnow Investment Atlantic Richfield Foundation State of Bahrain Mrs. Evelyn F. Bartlett The Barra Foundation, Inc. Bass Foundation Mr. Henry C. Beck, Jr. Estate of Charlotte V. Bergen Best Products Foundation The Bio-Energy Council Britain Salutes New York, Inc. Bronfman Foundation The Brown Foundation, Inc. Brown Group, Inc. Charitable Trust Miss Helen Buckner Mary Livingston Griggs & Mary Griggs Burke Foundation Cabot Corporation Foundation, Inc. The Morris and Gwendolyn Cafritz Foundation Citibank, N.A. Clark-Winchcole Foundation Mr. David Coffin Carr P. Collins Foundation Community Service Trust Continental Telecom, Inc. Dr. G. Arthur Cooper Arie and Ida Crown Memorial Peggy and Richard Danziger Fund Dart & Kraft Foundation The Dibner Fund, Inc. Duke University Earthwatch Expeditions, Inc. Edison Electric Institute Mr. and Mrs. James A. Elkins, Jr. Exxon Corporation The Fashion Group, Inc. Miss Gertrude Helen Fay Federation of Jewish Philanthropies of New York Mr. and Mrs. Gilbert Gertner Mr. Alfred C. Glassell, Jr. Goldsmith Foundation Alan C. Greenberg Foundation, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. John B. Greene Mr. W. L. Hadley Griffin GTE Foundation Gudelsky Foundation Mr. Gordon Hanes C. E. Heath and Company John W. and Clara C. Higgins Foundation Holocaust Remembrance Foundation, Inc. Jewish Community Federation of San Francisco The Johnson's Wax Fund, Inc. Robert Wood Johnson, Jr. 1962 Charitable Trust Sam Kane Beef Processors, Inc. Kekst and Company, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Gilbert H. Kinney The Seymour H. Knox Foundation, Inc. Mr. David Lloyd Kreeger Samuel H. Kress Foundation L. S. B. Leakey Foundation Mr. Richard Levy Lions Club International Foundation Longwood Foundation, Inc. The Henry Luce Foundation, Inc. Mr. Larue R. Lutkins MASCO Corporation Mr. T. Bragg McLeod Giles W. and Elise G. Mead Foundation The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Mr. Ruben F. Mettler Michigan Council for the Arts Mr. Arjay Miller Mr. Lester S. Morse, Jr. Nash Foundation National Geographic Society The NCR Foundation Mrs. Nancy B. Negley The Overbrook Foundation Pepsico Foundation, Inc. The Perkin Fund Mr. H. R. Perot Mr. Milton Petrie Petschek Foundation Ellis L. Phillips Foundation Frederick Henry Prince Trust 638 / Smithsonian Year 1983 The Radiological Society of North America, Inc. The Regis Foundation R. J. Reynolds Industries, Inc. RGK Foundation Smith Richardson Foundation, Inc. The Riggs National Bank of Washington, D.C. Rite Aid Corporation The Rosenstiel Foundation Helena Rubenstein Foundation, Inc. Mr. B. Francis Saul II Schering-Plough Foundation, Inc. Estate of Ottilie Schilling Sears, Roebuck and Co. Mrs. Sonia P. Seherr-Thoss Mr. Arthur A. Seeligson, Jr. Shell Companies Foundation, Inc. Simpson, Thacker & Bartlett The Southways Foundation Mrs. Edson W. Spencer Standard Chartered Bank PLC Estate of Donald H. Sultner The Swann Foundation for Caricature and Cartoon Dr. Hans Syz Mr. A. Alfred Taubman The Ruth and Vernon Taylor Foundation Tenneco Oil Company, Inc. Friends of Thailand, Inc. Time Incorporated Twentieth Century-Fox Corporation United Jewish Appeal of Greater New York United Jewish Endowment Fund of the United Jewish Appeal Ralph J. VVeiler Foundation Mrs. Bernard Weinberg Weyerhaeuser Foundation, Inc. Mr. John G. Wolbach The Women's Committee of the Smithsonian Associates World Wildlife Fund Zoological Society of San Diego $1,000 or more Mrs. Josephine Abercrombie Abroms Charitable Foundation, Inc. Mr. Harold L. Abroms Mr. Paul J. Adelson Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. The Ahmanson Foundation Air Line Pilots Association International AKC Fund The Robert Alan Foundation, Inc. Miss Caroline R. Alexander Mr. and Mrs. E. Rudge Allen The Alvord Foundation Amax Foundation, Incorporated American Legion Post 88 American Philanthropic Foundation American Philosophical Society American Radio Relay League, Inc. The American Scandinavian Foundation American Watchmakers Institute Inc. Amos Press Mr. William S. Anderson Dr. J. Lawrence Angel Anheuser-Busch Companies Anonymous Mr. Jeffrey J. Appleby The Arcadia Foundation The Asia Society, Inc. Associates Corporation of North America Atwood Foundation Mr. Don Baker The George F. Baker Trust Miss Bettina Bancroft J. M. R. Barker Foundation Miss Mary Barnes The Barra Foundation, Inc. The Bass Foundation Mr. Ernest Bel Fay The Bendix Corporation Beneficia Foundation Beneficial Foundation, Inc. Bergman Family Charitable Trust Mr. Barry Bingham, Sr. Mrs. Julia A. Bissell Blum-Kovler Foundation Mr. and Mrs. William W. Bodine, Jr. The Boeing Company Mr. Ivan Boesky Mrs. Carol Bohannon Boise Cascade Corporation Mrs. John Bowles Viola E. Bray Charitable Trust British Aerospace, Inc. Eli and Edythe L. Broad Foundation Mr. and Mrs. George Brown Mr. Slade Brown Appendix 9. Benefactors of the Smithsonian Institution I 639 Bull's Head Foundation, Inc. Burlington Industries, Inc. Byron Protective Equipment Canadian Pacific Mr. Waller Carson, Sr. CBS Television Network Challenge Fund Clark Endowment Fund Communities Foundation of Texas, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Peter R. Coneway The Consolidated Natural Gas System Continental Services Denton A. Cooley Foundation Mr. James C. Cooper Mr. and Mrs. Lammot DuPont Copeland Mr. John Corroon Mr. Warren Covill Cowen and Co. Dr. and Mrs. E. L. Crain, Jr. The Crosley Foundation Mr. Robert J. Cruikshank Mr. and Mrs. Walker Davis Mr. and Mrs. Jonathan Day D.C. Commission on Arts and Humanities Diamond Shamrock Corporation Mr. David Dibner Mr. Pat Diclements Mr. Peter F. Drucker Mrs. Henry B. Dupont Les Eckert of Emett & Chandler Texas, Inc. Consolidated Edison Mr. Joel S. Ehrenkranz Dr. Eisenberg Estate of Lynette Forde Eltinge Mr. Ostrom Enders Mr. and Mrs. Harold Farb Fendrick Gallery Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Finer Mr. Phillip W. Fisher Fisher Theatre Foundation, Inc. Walter and Josephine Ford Fund Ford Aerospace & Communications Corporation Mr. Billy Francis Frankfurt Zoological Society Stein Freiler Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Jacob Furman Gannett Foundation The Garden Club of America Mrs. Johnson Garrett General Dynamics Corporation General Electric Company General Instruments Corporation Sumner Gerard Foundation Miss Joan Nathan Gerson Gordon P. and Ann G. Getty Gimprich Family Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Alfred Glassell Mrs. Bea Gold Henry L. Goldberg Foundation Miss Roberta Golding Mr. Richard W. Goldman The Phillip L. Graham Fund Monica and Hermen Greenberg Foundation The Lucile and Robert H. Gries Charity Fund Grumman Corporation Homer and Martha Gudelsky Foundation Gulf States Paper Corporation Gulf+ Western Manufacturing Company J. Gurwin Foundation, Inc. Mrs. Emma Swan Hall Hallmark Cards Incorporated Mr. Gary Hardison The E. F. Hauserman Company Mr. and Mrs. Herbert E. Hawkes Mr. Joseph Hawthorne Joseph H. Hazen Foundation, Inc. Hess Foundation The Henry L. Hillman Foundation The Clarence and Jack Himmel Foundation Mr. Gerald Hines Judge and Mrs. Roy H. Hofheinz Hogan Systems, Inc. Mr. Ralph Hopkins Hughes Aircraft Company Miss Suzanne Huguenin Mrs. Caroline H. Hume Idaho Art at the Smithsonian Illinois Arts Council International Association of Amusement Parks The Society for Investigative Dermatology Inc. The Irwin Family Itek Optical Systems International Union for the Conservation of Nature Dr. Joseph M. Jacobson Jesseksin Foundation Jewish Communal Fund of New York 640 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Jewish Federation of Greater Houston, Inc. Johns Hopkins Mrs. Henry Clyde Johnson Mrs. Lyndon B. Johnson Eugenie and Joseph Jones Family Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Don D. Jordan Mr. Jack Josey The M. Kaplan Fund, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Katz The Katzenberger Foundation Mr. Edgar Kaufmann, Jr. Mr. Richard Keating Mrs. Marguerite H. Kellogg Miss Dona S. Kendall Mr. Kep Keplinger Mr. Warren B. King The Kiplinger Foundation, Inc. Klau Foundation Mr. George Klein Mrs. Donald Klopfer Robert Koch, Inc. Mr. David Lloyd Kreeger Laclede Gas Charitable Trust Dr. Catherine C. Lastavica Fund Mr. Donald E. Lefton Richard S. Levitt Foundation Mr. Irving Levy Lilly Endowment, Inc. Lindblad Travel, Inc. Mrs. Jean C. Lindsey Howard and Jean Lipman Foundation, Inc. Little Gallery Mr. George D. Lockhart Lockheed Missiles & Space Company, Inc. Miss Renee Logan Mr. and Mrs. Meredith Long Sam and Anna Lopin Foundation Mrs. Kathleen 5. Louchheim Mr. and Mrs. Bruce Lovelett Miss Marilyn Lubetkin M/A-COM Development Corporation Clark MacGregor Revolving Fund Mad River Foundation Lt. General and Mrs. Sam Maddux, Jr. Mrs. Elizabeth H. Maddux The Magowan Family Foundation, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Richard Manney & Daughter Phillip N. and Phyllis G. Margolius Martin Marietta Carl Marks & Co., Inc. Mr. James Maroney Mr. and Mrs. Douglas B. Marshall, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Tom Marsh Mr. Ernest L. Martin III Dr. Brian H. Mason Mr. and Mrs. Harris Masterson P. J. and Darle Maveety William and Helen Mazer Foundation, Inc. Miss Mary E. McCarthy Mr. and Mrs. Sanford E. McCormick Mr. George C. McGhee Dextra Baldwin McGonagle Foundation, Inc. The McKee Foundation Inc. Katherine Mabis McKenna Foundation, Inc. Mrs. Maria Z. McRae Mr. Alexander R. Mehran Mr. and Mrs. Paul Mellon Menil Foundation, Inc. Mr. George Wall Merck Mr. and Mrs. John F. Merriam Mr. and Mrs. Charles A. Miller Milwaukee Federation Minnesota Historical Society Mr. and Mrs. Earl D. Mitchell Miss Marian Mitchell Mr. Carter R. Montgomery Mr. George Murray The Mutual Benefit Life Charitable Trust Mrs. Louise Nathanson National Railway Publication Co. National Space Club Native Imports The NCR Foundation NCR Corporation NEC Corporation Mr. Hal Needham Mr. Albert Nerken New York City Audubon Society The New York Community Trust The New York Institute for the Humanities New York Zoological Society Mrs. Muriel Kallis Newman Mr. Bruce W. Nichols Miss Laurie O'Connell The Ohrstrom Foundation, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Dan Oppenheimer Appendix 9. Benefactors of the Smithsonian Institution I 641 Tane Orfebres, Inc. Outdoor Amusement Business, Inc. The Overbrook Foundation Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corporation Paper Group, Inc. J. C. Penney Company, Inc. The Perkins-Elmer Corporation Perot Fund of the Communities Mr. John Perruzzi Mrs. George Peterkin Mr. Richard S. Petit Leslie Petranek Fine Art Mrs. Anne W. Phillips N. V. Phillips' Gloeilampenfabrieken Phillips Petroleum Foundation, Inc. Lionel I. Pincus Foundation, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Howard Polinger Mrs. Annemarie H. Pope Prana Corporation Mrs. Sherman Pratt Prime Computer, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Charles Primus PTTI Planning Conference Mr. David S. Purvis Mr. Lloyd E. Raport Anne S. Richardson Fund Mrs. Sheila Riddell The Riggs National Bank of Washington, D.C. Dr. and Mrs. S. Dillon Ripley II Miss Elyse Robbins Mr. and Mrs. Corbin J. Robertson Mrs. John D. Rockefeller III Rockwell International Mr. Ferdinand W. Roebling III Mr. Nat Rogers Billy Rose Foundation, Inc. Mrs. John Rosekrans The Mark Rothko Foundation, Inc. The Rouse Communications Company Mr. Harry Rubin Mrs. Madeleine H. Russell Sage Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Fayez Sarofim S. H. & Helen R. Scheuer Family Foundation, Inc. Irving and Helen Schneider Miss Arlene Schnitzer Sea-Land Industries, Inc. Seattle Art Museum Miss Rosemarie Sena Mr. George Seybolt Mr. and Mrs. Robert F. Shapiro Miss Jane F. Sherman The Sidney Fund Miss Celia Siegel Simon Foundation, Inc. Singer Philanthropic Fund Skinner Foundation Mr. David E. Skinner Mr. Frank W. Skinner, Jr. Alan B. Slifka Foundation, Inc. The John Sloan Memorial Foundation Society of Women Engineers The Southways Foundation Mrs. Eloise A. Spaeth Speigel Family Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Speyer Mr. Malcolm Stamper Standard Brands Incorporated Mr. George R. Steiner Mr. and Mrs. Myron K. Stone Stanley and Polly Stone Foundation Allie L. Sylvester Fund Inc. The Taubman Company, Inc. Thiokol-Wasatch Division Miss Dorothy F. Thorne The Oakleigh L. Thorne Foundation Lois Comfort Tiffany Foundation Time-Life Books Inc. Mrs. Phyllis Tishman Mr. and Mrs. Herbert Towning TRW Space and Technology Group TRW Defense and Systems Group Mrs. Barbara Tuchman United Education and Software United Catalysts, Inc. United Technologies UVB Foundation Estate of Evelyn Van Duyn Mrs. Robert D. Van Roijen Miss Harriet G. Vicente Dr. and Mrs. Anthony W. Viola Mr. Stephen Wainger Mr. and Mrs. Karl Wamsler The Washington Craft Show The Raymond John Wean Foundation The Ellen Bayard Weedon Foundation Weinberg Family Foundation Mr. Sherwood Weiser Mr. Herbert C. Wells Nina A. Werblow Charitable Trust Mr. Jerome Westheimer Westminster Biologic Mrs. Annie B. Wetmore Miss Kathleen R. Wilmerding Mr. and Mrs. Wallace S. Wilson Harry Winston, Inc. 642 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Mr. Parke Wright Miss Virginia Bloedel Wright Steven and Gail Burger and Roger Yorke $500 or more Agricultural and Industrial Corporation Mr. Malcolm P. Aldrich Amos Press Inc. Lourdes V. Andaya, M.D., P.C. Anonymous Mrs. Lucille B. Askin Atari Incorporated Mr. Louis C. Baker Mrs. Norma Baumgold Diane and Norman Bernstein Foundation, Inc. Mr. Barry Bingham, Sr. Mr. Leonard Block Miss Dorothea S. Blume Mrs. Dorothy N. Bowie Dr. and Mrs. Irving Burton Mr. Timothy W. Childs Mrs. Robert Johns Clark Dr. and Mrs. J. F. Gates Clarke Queene Ferry Coonley Foundation, Inc. Adolph Coors Company Mrs. J. Rorick Cravens Mrs. Priscilla Cunningham Mrs. Janice P. Daniel Miss Lucile Daum The Dover Fund, Inc. Harry J. and Claire S. Dworkin Foundation Efratom Inc. EG&G Technical Products Group Mr. Joel S. Ehrenkranz Mr. Rey Eilers Mrs. Elizabeth C. Faulkner Mrs. Evelyn H. Fellows First American Bank, N.A. Mr. Lawrence A. Fleischman William and Martha Ford Fund Miss Helena Fraser Frequency Electronics Miss Elizabeth N. Fuller Goldhirsch Special Mr. and Mrs. Aron S. Gordon Mrs. Mason L. Gordon Miss Elyse Grinstein Mrs. Elizabeth P. Guest Mr. Alfred C. Harrison, Jr. Miss Pauline L. Harrison Mrs. lola Haverstick Mrs. Gwendolyn A. Higgins Mr. Gerald D. Hines Remembrance of the Holocaust Foundation Hughes Aircraft Company Research Laboratories Hydro-Quebec Mr. Calin Lawton Johnson Mrs. Dorothy M. Johnson Mrs. George W. Johnson Mrs. Henry Clyde Johnson Mr. and Mrs. Samuel C. Johnson Mr. John L. Jones JVC Company of America Mrs. Dorothy I. Kemper Tibor Kerekes, Jr. Dr. and Mrs. Charles Kessler Mr. Robert P. Kogod Lakeside Foundation Mr. Alan D. Levy Litton Guidance & Control Systems Miss Janet Cook Loeb Mrs. Margro Reppert Long Mrs. Hin-cheung Lovell Mr. and Mrs. Wendell Lund Mrs. Robert T. Lundy James A. MacDonald Foundation Magnavox Advanced Products Co. Mr. Richard Manoogian Mr. William A. Marsteller Mr. and Mrs. Robert Massar Professor Ernst Mayr Mrs. Helen J. McCray Miss Nan Tucker McEvoy Edward and Joan McGrath Mr. and Mrs. Alexander McLanahan Mr. T. Bragg McLeod Mrs. Maria P. McPhail The Mediators, Inc. Miles Petroleum Inc. Mrs. Janice Miller Mrs. Hope Ridings Miller Miss Marian S. Mitchell Mobil Foundation, Inc. Miss Elaine Pohi Moore Mr. Mitchell J. Nelson New York Carpet World NS&T Bank O'Donnell Foundation Occidental Petroleum Corp. Appendix 9. Benefactors of the Smithsonian Institution I 643 Organization of Black Pilots Mr. and Mrs. Samuel Oroshnik Miss Cornelia Watts Perry Mrs. Shirley Polykoff Mr. Gustavus D. Pope The Rau Foundation Inc. Mrs. Dorothy Rautbord Miss Elizabeth B. Rea Miss Jacquelin Rea James Renwick Collectors Alliance Miss Blanchette H. Rockefeller Mr. David Rockefeller, Jr. Rockwell International Mrs. Ednah Root Mr. Harry Rosani Miss Rodris R. Roth Mr. Michael Rothenberg Miss Mary F. Russell Salem Management Co. Mrs. Joan W. Saltzstein Miss Jean M. Seth Mr. and Mrs. Dudley C. Sharp Dr. and Mrs. Robert Silver Miss Caroline T. Simmons World Wide Sires, Inc. Mrs. J. Scott Smart Mrs. Otto L. Spaeth Mr. Maury Spanier Mr. Joel Spira Mr. Jack C. Staehle Stanley Enterprises, Inc. The Stebbins Fund, Inc. Mr. Elliott Stein Estate of Clare Timberlake Charles H. Tompkins Co. Tracer Inc. Miss Marietta Tree The Tilman Trotter Foundation Mr. Julius Trump Verian Associates Mr. and Mrs. John S. Warringer Mr. Joseph Weinstein Mr. and Mrs. Victor Wertz The Westport Fund Mr. H. Wade White John Wiley & Son, Publishers, Inc. Mr. Marion J. Wise, Jr. Mr. David S. Wolff Mr. Warren R. Woodward Miss Jean Davies Wright The Yale Club of Washington, D.C. Mr. Harry W. Zichterman SMITHSONIAN ASSOCIATES CONTRIBUTING MEMBERS The Contributing Members of the Smithsonian National Associates support the Institution's work through annual contributions of $50, $100, $250, $500, and $1,000. The James Smithson Society was created in 1977 to encourage and recog- nize major gifts to the Smithsonian Institution. The Society, which is the highest order of the Contributing Membership in the Smithsonian Associates, is comprised of Annual and Life Membership categories. Extraordinary con- tributions to the Smithsonian Institution are recognized through the Society's Founder Medal award and Life Membership. The Smithsonian Institution gratefully acknowledges the generous support of the James Smithson Society and the Contributing Membership of the Smithsonian Associates. JAMES SMITHSON SOCIETY LIFE MEMBERS Mrs. Anni Albers Mr. Joseph V. Alhadeff Mr. and Mrs. Joe L. Allbritton Mr. David K. Anderson Mr. Ronald P. Anselmo Mr. Scott R. Anselmo Mr. and Mrs. Richard R. Bains Mrs. Joan Hay Baizerman Mr. and Mrs. F. John Barlow Mrs. Frederic C. Bartlett Mr. and Mrs. Preston R. Bassett Mrs. Donald C. Beatty Mr. and Mrs. Clay P. Bedford Mrs. Edward B. Benjamin Mr. and Mrs. John A. Benton Dr. and Mrs. William B. Berry Mr. and Mrs. Gerald M. Best Dr. and Mrs. B. Narayana Bhat 644 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Mr. Richard A. Bideaux Mr. and Mrs. Robert Blauner Mr. Leigh B. Block Mr. and Mrs. William Beaty Boyd Mr. Lee Bronson Mrs. David K. E. Bruce Dr. Ruth Dowling Brunn and Dr. Bertel Brunn Dr. and Mrs. George E. Burch Mrs. Arthur J. Burstein Mr. and Mrs. Barnet Burstein Mr. and Mrs. Hyman Burstein Mr. and Mrs. Maxwell Burstein Dr. and Mrs. Benjamin Hubbard Caldwell, Jr. Maj. Gen. and Mrs. Daniel Stone Campbell Mr. and Mrs. Lawson J. Cantrell, Jr. Mrs. Catherine B. Cantrell Mr. Allan Caplan Mr. and Mrs. George H. Capps Dr. and Mrs. Robert C. C. Chiu Mr. and Mrs. Thomas G. Cleveland Mr. Robert L. Coleman Dr. and Mrs. George L. Compton Mrs. Howard F. Cook Dr. and Mrs. Roger D. Cornell Dr. and Mrs. E. J. Cunningham Dr. and Mrs. Bruce E. Dahrling II Mr. John R. Doss Mr. and Mrs. Willard D. Dover Mr. Edward R. Downe, Jr. Dr. Dale B. Dubin Mr. and Mrs. Willis H. duPont Mr. Duncan L. Edwards Mr. Joseph M. Erdelac Mr. and Mrs. Thomas M. Evans Dr. and Mrs. Dan Feriozi Mr. and Mrs. Walter B. Ford II Mrs. Edwin Gaines Fullinwider Dr. and Mrs. Lawrence Andrew Funt Mr. and Mrs. George Garfield Mr. and Mrs. Julius Garfield Dr. and Mrs. Lamont W. Gaston Mr. Kirkland H. Gibson Mr. and Mrs. C. Paul Gilson Mr. and Mrs. Stephen P. Gott Dr. and Mrs. Wilbur J. Gould Mr. Jerome L. Greene Mr. and Mrs. Chaim Gross Mr. and Mrs. Melville Hall Dr. and Mrs. Armand Hammer Mrs. Richard Harkness Mr. and Mrs. Don C. Harrold Mrs. Enid A. Haupt Mrs. Lita Annenberg Hazen Mr. and Mrs. Wayne C. Hazen Mrs. Francis Tracy Henderson Mr. and Mrs. Edward L. Henning Mrs. Edith Mansfield Hills Mrs. Joseph H. Hirshhorn Mrs. James Stewart Hooker Mr. Paul Horgan Dr. and Mrs. Howard Ihrig Mr. and Mrs. George H. Jacobus Mr. and Mrs. Jacob Kainen Mr. and Mrs. Donald E. Kastner Mr. and Mrs. Louis Kaufman Dr. and Mrs. Arthur A. Kirk Mr. and Mrs. Peter Merrill Klein Mr. and Mrs. Samuel W. Koffler Dr. and Mrs. David Landau Mr. and Mrs. Lewis Kurt Land Dr. Morris P. Leibovitz Mr. and Mrs. L. E. Leininger Mr. and Mrs. Harry E. Lennon Mrs. Sara L. Lepman and Mr. Joshua M. Lepman Mr. and Mrs. John Levey Mr. and Mrs. Robert Levey Mr. and Mrs. Sydney Lewis Ms. Betty H. Llewellyn Mr. and Mrs. John A. Logan Mr. and Mrs. Jack Lord Mrs. Louis Lozowick Mr. and Mrs. Robert A. Magowan Dr. and Mrs. Leo J. Malone Mr. and Mrs. Richard A. Manoogian Mr. John A. Masek Honorable and Mrs. Robert M. McKinney Mr. Vincent Melzac Mr. Jack L. Messman Mrs. Sandy Levey Miller Mr. and Mrs. W. A. Moldermaker Mrs. Edmund C. Monell Dr. and Mrs. Walter A. H. Mosmann Mr. Fredric Mueller Mr. and Mrs. Joe H. Mullins Dr. and Mrs. Marvin Murray Mr. Mortimer L. Neinken Dr and Mrs. James Brooks Newbill Honorable and Mrs. R. Henry Norweb Mr. and Mrs. Henry K. Ostrow Mrs. Rudolf Pabst Honorable and Mrs. G. Burton Pearson Mr. and Mrs. Wallace R. Persons Mr. and Mrs. Edward M. Pflueger Appendix 9. Benefactors of the Smithsonian Institution I 645 Mrs. John H. Phipps Mrs. John A. Pope Mrs. Abraham Rattner Mr. John Paul Remensnyder Mr. and Mrs. Ralph C. Rinzler Mr. and Mrs. Thomas M. Roberts Mr. and Mrs. Ellis H. Robison Honorable Martin J. Roess Dr. and Mrs. Richard G. Rogers, Jr. Mrs. Helen Goodwin Rose Mr. Arthur Ross Mrs. Edgar L. Rossin Mrs. Howard J. Sachs Mr. and Mrs. Peter G. Sachs Dr. and Mrs. Arthur M. Sackler Mr. and Mrs. Harry I. Saul Mr. and Mrs. Janos Scholz Honorable and Mrs. Hugh Scott Mr. and Mrs. Morton Silverman Mr. and Mrs. Edward J. Slattery Mrs. Helen Farr Sloan Mr. and Mrs. Robert H. Smith Mr. Raphael Soyer Mrs. Otto Spaeth Mr. and Mrs. Earl J. Spangler Mr. Stuart M. Speiser Mr. and Mrs. Benjamin Stack Mr. and Mrs. Harvey G. Stack Mr. and Mrs. Norman Stack Dr. Richard F. S. Starr Mr. and Mrs. Norman H. Stavisky Dr. and Mrs. Leo F. Stornelli Mr. and Mrs. E. Hadley Stuart, Jr. Dr. and Mrs. Hans Syz Mrs. Katherine S. Sznycer The Drs. Yen Tan Mr. and Mrs. Vernon L. Taylor, Jr. Dr. and Mrs. David J. Tepper Mrs. Edith Hale Thomas Mr. Richard W. Thomssen Mr. Bardyl R. Tirana Mrs. Juan Terry Trippe Mrs. Milton Turner Dr. and Mrs. Adolfo Villalon Mr. and Mrs. Robert Vojvoda Dr. and Mrs. Francis S. Walker Mr. and Mrs. C. C. Wang Mr. Richard W. Weatherhead Mr. and Mrs. Thomas E. Whiteley Mrs. Leonard E. Wilkinson Mr. Leonard J. Wilkinson Mr. and Mrs. Thomas J. Williams Mr. and Mrs. A. M. Withers Mr. and Mrs. Laurence C. Witlen II Mrs. David O. Woodbury Mr. and Mrs. Stanley Woodward Mr. and Mrs. James Wu Mr. and Mrs. Barry Yampol $1,500 JAMES SMITH50N SOCIETY ANNUAL MEMBERS Mr. Arthur G. Altschul Mr. and Mrs. William G. Anderson Mr. and Mrs. William S. Anderson Honorable Walter H. Annenberg and Honorable Lenore Annenberg Mr. and Mrs. John Bartlett Mr. and Mrs. Harry Hood Bassett Mr. and Mrs. Perry R. Bass Mr. and Mrs. Lucius D. Battle Mr. and Mrs. Henry C. Beck Mrs. Harry Payne Bingham Mr. William Blackie Honorable and Mrs. Robert O. Blake Mr. and Mrs. Winton M. Blount Mrs. William W. Bodine, Jr. Mrs. John Bowles Honorable and Mrs. Nicholas F. Brady Mr. and Mrs. Bob Brinkerhoff Mr. Alfred Pope Brooks Mr. Keith S. Brown Honorable and Mrs. Wiley T. Buchanan, Jr. Honorable and Mrs. Philip W. Buchen Mrs. Jackson Burke Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence Butner Mr. and Mrs. William D. Campbell Mr. and Mrs. John B. Carter, Jr. Honorable and Mrs. Henry E. Catto, Jr. Honorable and Mrs. Robert Home Charles Mr. and Mrs. Taylor Chewning, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Blair Childs Mr. and Mrs. James H. Clement Mr. David L. Coffin Honorable and Mrs. James M. Collins Mr. Joseph E. Connor Mr. Richard P. Cooley Mr. and Mrs. Gardner Cowles Mrs. Raymond E. Cox Mr. Marshall B. Coyne Miss Louise Crane Mr. John D. Crow Mr. and Mrs. John David Crow 646 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Mr. Joseph F. Cullman III Mr. Arthur J. Curry Mr. Kent T. Cushenberry Mr. and Mrs. Justin Dart Honorable and Mrs. Shelby Cullom Davis Mr. and Mrs. Walter Davis Mr. and Mrs. Stanley R. Day Mr. and Mrs. Morse C. Dial, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Charles J. Di Bona Mr. Norman L. Dobyns Mrs. Kathryn W. Donaldson Mr. and Mrs. Gaylord Donnelley Mr. and Mrs. John T. Dorrance, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Leslie Douglas Mr. and Mrs. J. A. Elkins, Jr. Mrs. Eric Eweson Mr. and Mrs. Charles E. Exley, Jr. Honorable and Mrs. William H. FitzGerald Mrs. John Clifford Folger Mr. and Mrs. John Dulin Folger Mr. and Mrs. John B. Gantt Mrs. George A. Garrett Miss Rachel Gay Mr. and Mrs. John T. Gibson Mr. and Mrs. Alfred C. Glassell, Jr. Mr. William B. Graham Mr. and Mrs. John B. Greene Mr. and Mrs. Gilbert C. Greenway Mr. and Mrs. William H. Greer, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. W. L. Hadley Griffin Mr. and Mrs. Alton B. Grimes Mr. William A. Hall III Mr. and Mrs. Gordon Hanes Honorable and Mrs. W. Averell Harriman Mrs. Alfred C. Harrison Honorable and Mrs. Parker T. Hart Mr. Joseph H. Hazen Mr. and Mrs. Patrick Healy III John and Lucia Heard Mr. and Mrs. Andrew Heiskell Mrs. Olivia Antoine Helmeherbert Mr. Richard D. Hill Mr. and Mrs. Wallace R. Holladay Mr. R. Bruce Hunter Mr. and Mrs. R. L. Ireland III Honorable and Mrs. John N. Irwin II Mr. and Mrs. George D. Jagels Mr. and Mrs. George F. Jewett, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Robert E. Johnson Mr. and Mrs. Samuel C. Johnson Mr. and Mrs. J. E. Jonsson Mrs. Garfield Kass Mr. and Mrs. Richard B. Kaufmann Mr. and Mrs. James M. Kemper, Jr. Honorable and Mrs. W. John Kenney Mrs. Virginia K. Kettering Honorable and Mrs. Randolph A. Kidder Mr. and Mrs. Gilbert H. Kinney Mr. and Mrs. F. M. Kirby Honorable and Mrs. Philip M. Klutznick Mrs. S. Kent Legare Mrs. Jean Chisholm Lindsey Mr. and Mrs. Alfred L. Loomis, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. H. M. Love Jack and Betty Lou Ludwick Mr. Edmund C. Lynch, Jr. Mrs. Edward Macauley Lt. Gen. and Mrs. Sam Maddux, Jr. Mr. Edgar S. Mangiafico Honorable and Mrs. Leonard H. Marks Mr. and Mrs. J. Willard Marriott, Sr. Honorable and Mrs. William McChesney Martin, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Frederick P. Mascioli Mr. David O. Maxwell Mr. and Mrs. Brooks McCormick Honorable and Mrs. George C. McGhee Mr. and Mrs. Donald McNeely Mr. and Mrs. Robert L. McNeil, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Henry S. McNeil Mr. and Mrs. Henry W. Meers Dr. Ruben F. Mettler Mr. and Mrs. Arjay Miller Dr. W. Raymond Mize, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Robert P. Mountain, Jr. Dr. Josephine L. Murray Mrs. Nancy B. Negley Honorable and Mrs. Paul H. Nitze Mr. and Mrs. John R. Norton III Cmdr. and Mrs. Lester E. Ogilvy Mr. and Mrs. George Ohrstrom Mr. and Mrs. Ricard R. Ohrstrom Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence Bruce Olds Mr. and Mrs. Daniel Oliver Mr. M. G. O'Neil Honorable and Mrs. Daniel Parker Mrs. Jefferson Patterson Mr. and Mrs. C. Wesley Peebles Mr. and Mrs. Charles Emory Phillips Mr. and Mrs. Charles M. Pigott Mr. and Mrs. George S. Pillsbury Mr. and Mrs. Louis F. Polk Mr. and Mrs. Malcolm Price Appendix 9. Benefactors of the Smithsonian Institution I 647 Mr. and Mrs. W. G. Reed Mr. H. Smith Richardson, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Robert B. Ridder Mr. and Mrs. Walter T. Ridder Mr. and Mrs. Hamilton Robinson Mr. Laurance S. Rockefeller Dr. and Mrs. Milton L. Rock Mr. and Mrs. Robert A. Roth Honorable and Mrs. Kenneth Rush Mr. and Mrs. William R. Salomon Mr. and Mrs. B. Francis Saul II Mr. and Mrs. Arthur A. Seeligson, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Frates Seeligson Lt. Gen. and Mrs. George M. Seignious II Mr. William McAlphin Shiland Mr. and Mrs. Leonard L. Silverstein Dr. and Mrs. Lionel J. Skidmore Mr. and Mrs. David E. Skinner Honorable and Mrs. Gerard C. Smith Mr. and Mrs. Raymond F. Smith Mr. and Mrs. Edson W. Spencer Mr. and Mrs. Malcolm T. Stamper Miss Edith C. Steinbright Miss Marilyn L. Steinbright Mr. David A. Sutherlund Mrs. Clark W. Thompson Mr. and Mrs. Walter R. Truland Mr. and Mrs. C. Woods Vest, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Raymond J. Wean, Jr. Mr. Leigh L. Weiner Mr. and Mrs. David Wintermann Mr. James O. Wright Mr. Parke Wright Mr. Jerome Zipkin $1,000 PATRON MEMBERS Mrs. L. M. Aroniss Mr. Laurence L. Champion Mr. James H. Curl Mr. Charles T. Fisher III Mrs. Ted R. Goldsmith Mr. John G. Makauskas Dr. R. A. McReynolds Mr. and Mrs. Gilbert D. Mead Ms. Helen Ann Patton Mr. and Mrs. Gerald Slawecki Dr. and Mrs. William A. Sullivan Mrs. Gardiner Symonds Mr. and Mrs. Jean L. Vaillant Mr. and Mrs. Warren K. Wilhelm $500 SUSTAINING MEMBERS Mr. W. Mike Adams Mr. and Mrs. Donald Agger Mr. and Mrs. James E. Akins Mr. Thomas Aldredge Ms. Camilla D. Alexander Mr. G. J. Andrews Mr. and Mrs. R. S. Antes Mr. and Mrs. George A. Argabrite Ms. Mary M. Ashmore Mrs. Theodore Babbitt Mrs. W. P. Battell Mr. and Mrs. James R. Bemis Colonel and Mrs. George C. Berger Mr. and Mrs. Seymour Bernett Mr. and Mrs. William J. Bettingen Mr. John L. Black Mr. John A. Blakemore Mr. Christopher T. Blayney Mr. and Mrs. Allen A. H. Blessman Dr. Joan Blondin Mr. and Mrs. David H. Blumberg Mr. and Mrs. Robert K. Blum Dr. George P. Bogumill Mr. J. A. Boorman Dr. Harold M. Boslow Mr. and Mrs. Mitchell T. Bowie Mr. and Mrs. Paul A. Bowles Mrs. John W. Bowman Mr. and Mrs. George J. Brown Mr. and Mrs. Townsend Burden III Mrs. Poe Burling Dr. and Mrs. J. A. Burwell Mr. Nicholas Bush Dr. Cesar A. Caceres Mr. and Mrs. Leo A. Garten Mrs. Harold W. Cheel Mr. and Mrs. Page B. Clagett Mrs. Louise Black Clark Mrs. Sylvia M. Clark Mr. and Mrs. Francis X. Coleman, Jr. Colonel J. M. Compton Mrs. Jack Coopersmith Mr. Curtis W. Cox Mr. James R. Cramblett Ms. Joyce Creamer Mr. Michael 5. Currier The Honorable and Mrs. Antonio F. A. Da Silveira 648 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Captain and Mrs. R. L. Daniels Mr. and Mrs. F. Davis Mrs. Keith Davis Mr. and Mrs. William J. Dean Mr. Donald W. Douglas, Jr. Mr. Charles S. Draper Mr. and Mrs. David C. Dressier Mr. and Mrs. H. Stewart Dunn, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Iienee Dupont, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Harry Emlet Mr. Richard England Dr. and Mrs. John Esswein Mr. and Mrs. John N. Eustis Mr. Julius Fleischman Mr. Henry W. Franklin Captain and Mrs. J. E. Galloway Mrs. J. Gardiner Mrs. Melvin Gelman Mr. Mario F. George Mr. and Mrs. Richard W. Goldman Ms. Susan R. Goldman Mr. Stuart N. Goodman Mr. Ernest T. Guy Mr. and Mrs. Frederick J. Haas Mr. Theodore J. Hadraba, Jr. Miss Elizabeth P. Hagen Mr. and Mrs. Kingsley W. Hamilton Ms. Helen Leale Harper, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Allen H. Harrison, Jr. Mr. Daniel P. Hays Mr. John W. Hechinger Mr. and Mrs. Felder F. Heflin Ms. Nona G. Herndon Mr. and Mrs. Robert M. Hinton Mr. and Mrs. Edgar W. Holtz Mr. and Mrs. George F. Hoover Dr. and Mrs. N. S. Irey Mr. Edward Jonas Dr. Charles Joseph Mrs. George C. Keiser Mr. and Mrs. Harris L. Kempner, Jr. Mr. A. Atwater Kent, Jr. Mr. Patrick T. King Mr. and Mrs. Joseph M. Kirchheimer Mr. E. C. Kirkpatrick Ms. Elizabeth G. Kossow Mr. Albert Kramer Mr. Norman H. Kreisman Mr. E. C. Kubik Mr. Stanley J. Kuliczkowski Mr. and Mrs. James S. Lacock Ms. Agatha Larson Dr. Walter E. Lawrinson Mr. Charles W. Lee Mr. Melvin F. Lee Mrs. Halleck Lefferts Mrs. Jac J. Lehrman Mr. William Leier Mr. and Mrs. M. William Levy Mr. Edmund W. Littlefield Mrs. John E. Long Mr. and Mrs. Malcolm Maclntyre The Honorable Rebecca Mathews Mr. and Mrs. Terence McAuliffe Mr. and Mrs. Gordon W. McBride Mr. Thomas C. McCague Mr. James D. McClary Mr. E. J. McCormack, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Clayton McCuistion Mr. and Mrs. Marcus Mehtonen Mr. Paul Mellon Mr. and Mrs. Gordon K. Milestone Dr. William J. Mitchell Mr. and Mrs. Peter Monrose Mr. M. G. Morris Mr. William J. O'Connor, Jr. Mr. John F. Olmstead Mr. and Mrs. Gerald H. Patrick Mrs. Alys E. Phreaner Mr. George B. Pletsch Ms. Doris D. Poole Mr. and Mrs. John G. Powell Miss Helen G. Price Mr. and Mrs. Philip E. Ratcliffe Mr. Joseph A. Rice Mr. and Mrs. William W. Richardson Ms. Mary M. Roberts Mr. Francis C. Rooney, Jr. Mr. Anton H. Rosenthal Mr. Ray W. Rosevear Mr. and Mrs. Bennett Y. Ryan, Sr. Ms. Louise Sagalyn Mr. and Mrs. Thorndike Saville, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Morton W. Schomer Mr. C. W. Scott Mrs. Leonora D. Scott Mr. and Mrs. William W. Sharp Mr. and Mrs. M. Silverman Mr. Charles E. Smith Mr. and Mrs. Dean Smith Mr. Jonah Smith Mr. and Mrs. Hugh M. South Mr. and Mrs. John J. Stanton Mr. William R. Sullivan II Mrs. Arthur H. Sulzberger Dr. Arthur L. Thiele Ms. Arlene K. Thomashow Mr. and Mrs. Max E. Thompson Dr. John L. Thornton Mr. Charles Lee Turner Appendix 9. Benefactors of the Smithsonian Institution I 649 Mr. John H. Turner Ms. Ann T. Van Rosevelt Mr. and Mrs. L. Von Hoffmann Ms. Nancy B. Wagner Dr. Joseph Walker Mr. Richard B. Wallace Mr. and Mrs. Robert L. Waters Miss Lida Whitaker Colonel and Mrs. Grover C. White, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Thomas L. Wiebe Mrs. Vivian Wildman Dr. and Mrs. Robert S. Wilkinson, Jr. Mrs. John M. Willits Mrs. Louise W. Willson Mr. W. H. Wolf Mrs. S. T. Wyland Mr. and Mrs. Gary B. Yost Mr. Bernard J. Young Mr. and Mrs. Thomas E. Zitter $250 SPONSORING MEMBERS Mr. David E. Aaronson Mr. and Mrs. Byrle M. Abbin Ms. Drucilla Adams Mrs. Jobeth J. Adamson Dr. B. N. Addis Mr. David Agnew Mr. P. Albiez Mr. and Mrs. Richard T. Alexander, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Danny Alexander Mr. and Mrs. Donald C. Alexander Mr. and Mrs. William C. Allbert Mr. Ethan Allen Mr. and Mrs. H. K. Allen Mr. and Mrs. Robert H. Allen Mr. Thomas Roy Allen Ms. Marcia Y. Almassy Mrs. Carolyn Alper Mr. and Mrs. H. Max Ammerman Mr. and Mrs. David Anderson Mr. and Mrs. David R. Anderson Mr. and Mrs. Ellis B. Anderson Mr. F. C. Anderson Mr. John Anderson Colonel and Mrs. John S. Anderson Mrs. Myron Anderson Mrs. Paul S. Anderson Mr. Samuel D. Anderson Dr. Thomas W. Anderson Mr. Alfred C. Antoniewicz Mr. Nicolas A. Apgar Miss Marcia Ann Appel Mr. Earl S. Archibald Mr. and Mrs. Walter W. Arensberg Mr. Philip R. Armstrong Mr. and Mrs. John C. Atwood, Jr. Mr. G. Augustin Dr. Doris B. Autry Ms. Mildred Bach Mr. and Mrs. Norman G. Bach Mr. and Mrs. Harold Baer Lt. Col. Dorothy A. Baetcke Mr. Warren Baker Mr. and Mrs. Edward Balfour Mr. and Mrs. C. L. Barbieri Mr. Michael Barczak Mr. Jean L. Barker Mr. and Mrs. Allen E. Barlow Mrs. Earl W. Barnes Ms. Janine F. Barre Mr. William Barstow Mr. and Mrs. Jay Barton Mr. and Mrs. Charles W. Bash Ms. Ileana C. Basil Ms. Margaret R. Baudoin Mr. Ralph B. Beals Mr. Donald R. Bean Mr. John W. Bean Mr. W. H. Beardsley Mr. and Mrs. William L. Becker Mr. Brent L. Beckstead Mr. Charles Beer Mrs. Jack Bender Mr. and Mrs. E. E. Benedict Dr. and Mrs. Richard W. Benjamin Mr. C. R. Bennett Dr. Barry M. Berger Ms. Marie Bergmann Mr. and Mrs. George W. Bermant Mr. Samuel W. Bernheimer Ms. Margaret Bethany Mr. John A. Biddle Ms. Mary E. Biehusen Mr. E. A. Bigornia Mr. H. Harold Bishop Mr. Frederick Blachly Mr. and Mrs. Donald Eric Black Mrs. Page Blackstock Mr. and Mrs. Timothy N. Black Mr. C. N. Blair Mr. Harrye Blethroad Mr. Frank Bliss, Jr. Mrs. Edna F. Blum Mr. Fred W. Borrish 650 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Ms. Barbara C. Bottarini Mr. and Mrs. Steven R. Bowen Colonel Donald S. Bowman Mr. Jay M. Boyd Mr. and Mrs. John Gordon Boyd Miss Eugenie R. Bradford Mrs. Julio J. Brancoli Mr. and Mrs. Calvin Brantley Ms. Ceraldine Braun Mr. and Mrs. Robert A. Brechler Mr. and Mrs. Karl K. Breit Mr. and Mrs. Roy Bremerman, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Leo V. Brenna Mr. and Mrs. Clemens B. Bribitzer Mr. and Mrs. Stephen B. Brickel Mr. Robert L. Bridges Miss E. G. Brintnall Mr. Ronald C. Britt Mr. and Mrs. George H. Brodie Ms. Patricia L. Brown Mr. and Mrs. Charles B. Brownson Mr. and Mrs. Gerard E. Brundige Mr. Glen W. Bruner Mr. and Mrs. Frederick B. Bryant Mr. and Mrs. Frederick P. Burgee Mr. James M. Burger Mr. and Mrs. Edward A. Burka Mr. and Mrs. Frederick F. Burks Mr. and Mrs. R. L. Burnham, Sr. Mr. and Mrs. James J. Burr Miss Edna-Lea Burruss Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Burton Miss Martha E. Burton Mr. and Mrs. E. L. Buttner Mr. E. T. Byram Mr. Boyd W. Caffey Mr. Carrol D. Cagle Mr. Donald E. Callahan Mr. G. W. Callender Mr. and Mrs. Jerry Campbell Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth S. Carpenter Mr. and Mrs. J. A. Carrera Mr. Philip L. Carret Dr. and Mrs. Frank E. Carroll Ms. Patricia Carroll Colonel and Mrs. Douglas H. Carter Mrs. George A. Carver, Jr. Mrs. Robert A. Cashell Dr. and Mrs. Rocco Cassone Mr. and Mrs. Joseph J. Catania Dr. Ann B. Catts Mr. Richard S. Cayo Dr. William M. Chardack Mr. Harry R. Charles, Jr. Mr. Robert F. Charles Mr. Joel Chaseman Mr. and Mrs. John C. Chester Mr. John C. Cini Mr. H. Lawrence Clark Mr. and Mrs. Jerold L. Clark Mr. and Mrs. William A. Clark Mr. Harry Clauss Mr. William H. Cochrane Dr. and Mrs. David A. Cofrin Mr. S. Harold Cohen Mrs. William T. Coleman, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Sydney Cole Mr. T. Clyde Collins, Jr. Ms. Margaret S. Collins Ms. Virginia M. Collins Mr. and Mrs. Philip L. Collyer Miss Bertita E. Compton Mr. and Mrs. Louis C. Conant Miss Vivian G. Conklin Mrs. H. P. Connable Mr. Gerard Conn Mr. Ormand F. Cook Mr. Thomas Cook Ms. Mary L. Cooper Mr. and Mrs. George L. Cornell Mrs. Louis Corson Mr. Walter H. Corson Mr. and Mrs. Ralph J. Coselli Mr. Melvin E. Cox Mr. and Mrs. David M. Crabtree Mr. and Mrs. Geoffrey Creede Ms. Margery Cridland Mr. W. Raymond Crosier Mrs. Richard S. Cross Mr. Joseph William Cuddy Mr. Charles S. Curran Mr. and Mrs. Mark H. Curtis Ms. Ida D. Cuthbertson Mrs. Richard M. Cutts Mr. Terry G. Dallas Mr. and Mrs. Douglas Dalton Mr. Kevin B. Dalton Major Robert E. Dalton Mrs. Evelyn Y. Davis Mrs. Jerry R. Davis Mr. and Mrs. Tom L. Davis Mrs. Alva A. Dawson Mr. E. A. Dawson Mr. and Mrs. Walter L. Day, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. C. Woodford Dayton Mr. Robert M. Decker Mr. and Mrs. Arthur F. Dellheim Mr. and Mrs. Joseph P. Dellinger Mr. and Mrs. Andrew S. Deming Dr. Hugh F. Demorest Mr. and Mrs. Paul F. Dickens, Jr. Mr. Hilton B. Dickerson Appendix 9. Benefactors of the Smithsonian Institution I 651 Mr. Phil Dickey Mr. Raymond C. Diebel, Jr. Mr. T. A. Dietz The Honorable Douglas Dillon Mrs. W. M. Dillon Dr. and Mrs. Ernest M. Dixon Mrs. Walter W. Doescher Mr. and Mrs. Austin F. Dohrman, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Sumner A. Dole, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. H. R. Dolstra Mr. Sigmund R. Domanski Mr. and Mrs. D. A. Doran Mr. Alden Lowell Doud Mr. Karl Douma Mr. George A. Dragan, Jr. Dr. and Mrs. Joseph S. Drage Mr. Russell F. Dubes Ms. Mary Jane C. Due Mr. and Mrs. Thomas L. Dunn Dr. and Mrs. Vernon J. Dwyer Mr. and Mrs. Leroy Eakin Mr. and Mrs. John A. Earnest Mr. and Mrs. Lynn R. Eastridge Mr. Edward E. Eckert Mr. and Mrs. Mark K. Edmondson Miss V. A. Edwards Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence A. Ehrhart Mr. Bertwin Einfalt Mr. Robert B. Eldridge Mrs. Leila Eley Mr. F. H. Ellenberger Mrs. Virginia Ellingsworth Mr. Ward H. Ellis Mr. and Mrs. George T. Elmore Mr. Ostrom Enders Colonel Charles O. Eshelman Mr. and Mrs. R. B. Estridge Mr. and Mrs. James G. Evans, Jr. Mr. W. M. Evans Mr. Henri Eyl Mr. John Farnam Ms. Marilyn Farrand Miss Patricia C. Farrell Miss Patricia Fenton Mr. Joseph C. V. Ferrusi Mr. and Mrs. R. D. Fesler Dr. Jack Fine Colonel Gerald Fink, USMC (Ret.) Mr. James P. Finn Mr. Thomas T. Finn Mr. and Mrs. S. Fischer Ms. Mary G. Fitzpatrick Mr. and Mrs. M. F. Flaherty Mr. Dennis M. Flemons Ms. Josephine E. Flood Mr. R. E. Fochtman Mr. and Mrs. Stephen Folkerth Mr. Albert A. Folop Miss Helen E. Forshier Dr. and Mrs. Giraud V. Foster Miss Alta Fowler Mr. Wilbur H. Friedman Mr. Cary J. Frieze Mr. William C. Frogale Mr. and Mrs. James E. Gadde Mr. and Mrs. Bob Gardner Mr. and Mrs. Malcolm O. Garfink Mr. and Mrs. John Garney Mr. and Mrs. Carleton G. Gebhardt Mr. Edward K. Geehan Mr. Lee Geismar Mr. and Mrs. Daniel Geller Dr. William H. Gerber Mr. Arthur F. Gerding Mr. Carl S. Gewirz Mr. Joseph P. Ghilardi Miss Helen W. Giacobine Ms. Frances E. Gibson Mr. Wallace E. Giles Mrs. Sara E. Gillis Mr. and Mrs. Gerald K. Gleason Mrs. C. Leslie Glenn Colone and Mrs. Julius Goldstein Mrs. Winifred L. Goodwyn Mrs. Louis R. Gordon Mr. Louis Gordon Mrs. Seabury S. Gould IV Mr. and Mrs. William Gouldsbury Mr. Harold D. Grant, Jr. Mrs. Earle Gray Dr. and Mrs. Joseph E. Green II Mr. and Mrs. Bernard Green Mr. Preston Greene Mr. and Mrs. Peter B. Greenough Ms. Rosemary Green Mr. Seymour D. Greenstone Mrs. Joseph B. Gregg Mr. Barron K. Grier Mr. and Mrs. Thomas N. Grigg Mr. William A. Grimes Ms. Audrey J. Groene Mr. and Mrs. William P. Groves Ms. Helena Gunnarsson Mr. and Mrs. Alvin Guttag Mr. Marc Haas Mr. and Mrs. Alexander S. Haig Mrs. Najeeb Halaby Mr. and Mrs. Maxwell L. Hall Mr. and Mrs. Samuel Halpern Miss Anne E. Hamill Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth A. Hamman Mr. and Mrs. B. C. Hammock 652 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Mr. H. H. Hamra Mr. Bernard J. Hansen Ms. Morella R. Hansen Mr. Charles C. Hansult Mr. and Mrs. Paul O. Harder Mr. Hardy Hargreaves Dr. Robert A. Harper Mr. and Mrs. William J. Harris, Jr. Mr. Robert C. Harris Dr. Michael J. Hartman Mrs. Robert K. Hartwick Mr. and Mrs. Ronald W. Haughton Mr. Mones E. Hawley Dr. John T. Hayes Dr. Kenneth P. Head Miss Annabelle Heath Ms. Linda A. Heckman Mr. and Mrs. Robert C. Hector Mr. Frederick H. Heierding Mr. H. C. Heldenfels Mr. Jeffrey L. Hendry Mrs. Catherine W. Herman Mr. and Mrs. Paul C. Herndon Mr. and Mrs. William B. Hewitt Mr. William L. Higgins Mr. and Mrs. William J. Hines Mrs. J. H. Ward Hinkson Mr. Joseph U. Hinshaw Mrs. Robert H. Hoexter Mr. Andy W. Hogan Dr. and Mrs. Raymond T. Holden Mr. Nick Holland Mr. and Mrs. Franklin P. Holman Ms. Ann Hopping Miss Jennifer J. Horinek Mr. and Mrs. William E. Horn Mr. J. King Horner Mr. John K. Hoskinson Mrs. Ruth Housek Dr. and Mrs. John H. Hoyert Mr. Samuel G. Hubbard Mr. and Mrs. Phillip S. Hughes Mr. William R. Hunter Mr. Claude D. Hurd Ms. Eleanor Ingman Admiral and Mrs. Walter D. E. Innis Mr. John Ippolito Mr. and Mrs. Alfred Ireson Mr. and Mrs. R. D. Isinger Mr. Rollo E. Jacobs, Jr. Dr. John R. Jacoway Mr. John M. Jacquemin Dr. and Mrs. Jonathan David Jaffe Mr. Sidney A. Jaffe Mr. Reinhardt H. Jahn Mr. William P. Jambor, Jr. Mrs. W. N. Jardine Mr. and Mrs. Robert T. Jaske Mr. and Mrs. Thomas E. Jenks Mr. J. J. Jeresek Colonel Alfred H. Johnson Ms. Diane S. Johnson Mr. Charles Johnston Dr. and Mrs. James V. Jolliff Mr. G. Quinton Jones, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. John B. Jones, Jr. Mr. Charles W. Jones Miss Charlotte Jones Mr. and Mrs. Richard E. Jones Mr. and Mrs. Ted Jones Mr. Thomas O. Jones Mr. Thomas A. Jordan Dr. N. Jorgenson Dr. Herbert H. Joseph Dr. and Mrs. S. C. Kaim Mr. John M. Kalbermatten Mr. and Mrs. Wayne W. Kaley Admiral and Mrs. John D. H. Kane Dr. John J. Kane Mrs. R. H. Karns Dr. and Mrs. Richard A. Kaslow Mr. Walter Keating Major John R. Keiper, Jr. Ms. Juanita C. Kelly Dr. and Mrs. George A. Kelser, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. George P. Kendall, Jr. Ms. Anna Marie Kent Mr. Ralph A. Kerber Mr. Walter H. Kidd Ms. Eleanor Kingsley Mr. George H. Kinkel Mr. and Mrs. Philip C. Kirby David P. Kirschbaum Mr. and Mrs. K. W. Klages Mr. Kenneth W. Klein Mrs. J. K. Knee Mr. and Mrs. Walter Knight Ms. Diana Sinkler Knop Ms. Anne Knowles Mr. Steven R. Koman Mr. and Mrs. John D. Kotler Mr. Irving Kreisberg Ms. Janet Anastacia Krombar Mr. and Mrs. M. J. Kuff Mr. and Mrs. W. O. Kurtz, Jr. Miss Martha Ladd The Honorable and Mrs. Marion Ladwig Mr. John A. Laird Mr. Garry Lambert Mr. Gary A. Lane Mr. Sanford A. Langworthy Appendix 9. Benefactors of the Smithsonian Institution I 653 Mr. Sperry Lea Mr. C. W. Ledebur Ms. G. E. Lemos Ms. Rachael Lemus Mrs. Ethelynne H. Leonard Mr. Richard J. Leonard The Honorable William Leonhart Mrs. Lawrence 5. Lesser Mr. Daniel W. Leubecker Mr. and Mrs. William B. Levin, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Ernest E. Lewis Mr. and Mrs. Alfred B. Lichtenstein Mr. and Mrs. Charles Lindberg Mr. Frank W. Lindenberger Mr. Gary Dean Lindsay Ms. R. Lindstrom Mr. Robert F. Lint Mr. and Mrs. Robert J. List Mr. Clyde R. Littlefield Mr. David H. Lloyd Dr. R. H. Lloyd Mr. Walter H. Long, Jr. Mr. William A. Long Mr. Joseph R. Lorence Miss Doris J. Lothrop Mr. P. H. Loughlin III Mr. Bart W. Lovins Mr. Charles L. Lowery Mr. La Rue R. Lutkins Mr. Maurice B. Lynch Mrs. Alexander F. MacDonald Ms. Marian S. Maclntyre Ms. Ellen B. MacNeille Mr. and Mrs. A. Martin Macy Mrs. Louise Mann Madden Mr. and Mrs. Rex A. Maddox Mr. and Mrs. Edward P. Maffitt Mrs. James T. Magee Mr. Philippe L. Maleval Mr. E. Mandac Mr. Duane F. Marble Mr. and Mrs. Paul Margus Mr. Edward Marks Mr. F. E. Mars, Jr. Mr. 5. C. Marshall Mr. George H. Marston Mr. Alfred 5. Martin Mrs. Elizabeth Martin Mr. M. S. Martin Dr. Robert B. Matheny Dr. and Mrs. Glenn B. Mather Mrs. Elbert G. Mathews Mr. and Mrs. Edward J. Mathias Lt. Col. and Mrs. Glenn W. Mayer Dr. William B. May Mr. and Mrs. Joseph S. Mazza Mr. James L McAuliff Mrs. Violet McCandlish Mr. Jack H. McCreery Mr. Brian L. McDonald Mrs. Nan Tucker McEvoy Ms. Nancy J. McGinness Mr. James P. McGranery, Jr. Dr. and Mrs. John J. McGrath Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth C. McGuiness Mr. and Mrs. Philip L. McHugh Mr. John S. Mclnnes Dr. and Mrs. W. E. Mclntyre Dr. and Mrs. Douglas W. McKay Mrs. G. H. McKee Mr. Arthur J. McLaughlin Mrs. W. J. McNeil Mr. Ralph Eugene McWhorter Mr. Ted S. Merrill Mrs. Kathryn Mervenne Mr. Paul D. Meyer Mr. and Mrs. Samuel H. Meyers Mr. Dominic L. Meylor Ms. Helen J. Migh Ms. Joan H. Militzer Mr. and Mrs. E. Kirkbride Miller Mr. and Mrs. Herbert E. Miller Mr. and Mrs. James T. Miller Mr. Malcolm Miller Mr. Warren G. Miller Mr. and Mrs. James T. Milne Mr. and Mrs. Glenn J. Mischel Mr. and Mrs. George B. Mitchell Mr. Dexter N. Mohr Mr. and Mrs. Leo Molinaro Mr. James A. Montanye Colonel and Mrs. E. W. Moody Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Cotton Moore Mrs. E. Moore Mr. and Mrs. James A. Moore Mr. and Mrs. Richard H. Moore Mr. Michael A. Moran Mrs. Theda A. Moreno Mr. Shane Moriarity Mr. Charles W. Morris Dr. W. Dickson Moss III Mr. Philip M. Mount Mr. and Mrs. Carl J. Mulert, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. James Mulshine Mr. Jerry L. Mungo Dr. and Mrs. John C. Munson Mr. and Mrs. James Murphy Mr. John M. Murray Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence S. Myers, Jr. Miss Lucile Myers Mr. and Mrs. Stephen H. Nash Mr. Robert H. Neff 654 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Dr. Heidar Nemat Ms. Nancy C. Nersesian Mr. and Mrs. William Nevvlin Mr. Stuart C. Nichols Mr. Robert H. Nicholson Mr. and Mrs. Richard A. Niles Mr. Carl F. Norden Mr. and Mrs. Giles R. Norrington Mr. Milton G. Nottingham, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Michael P. Novelli Ms. Eileen O'Brian Mr. Robert C. Ochsner Ms. R. O'Hara Mr. Carl L. Olson Mr. and Mrs. Stanley Olyniec Mrs. John Omaster Mr. and Mrs. Robert Orben Mrs. Arthur E. Orloff Mr. and Mrs. E. G. Osborne Mr. Newton G. Osborne Ms. Christine C. Osmun Mr. James C. Overholt Mrs. Henry S. Owens Mr. Arnold E. Palmer Dr. and Mrs. Michael N. Papadopoulos Commander Everett A. Parke Mr. and Mrs. A. E. Parker Dr. and Mrs. J. R. Parsons Mr. and Mrs. Leonard E. Pasek Dr. and Mrs. E. Passamani Mr. William Patterson Mr. and Mrs. James R. Patton, Jr. Dr. M. P. Paularena Mr. James R. Peace The Peacock Foundation Mr. Raymond Pearlstine Mr. C. L. Pecchenino Mr. Louis Peller Mrs. Doris T. Pendleton Mr. Edmund Pendleton Mr. and Mrs. William C. Penick Mr. Clarence Pennington Mr. David T. Perkins Dr. Philip L. Perkins Mr. J. Perruzzi Ms. Dorothy F. Perry Mr. Gene Perry Miss Jacqueline Perry Mr. James P. Perry Ms. Samantha A. Peterson Dr. J. C. Petricciani Mr. John W. Pfeiffer Mrs. Jackman Pfouts Mr. Joseph J. Phelan Mr. W. M. Piatt III Mr. and Mrs. James S. Picken Ms. Jacqueline Pierce Mr. and Mrs. Laurence B. Pike Mr. Welch Pogue Mr. Paul E. Pontius Mr. and Mrs. Charles L. Poor Ms. Janice Popp Mr. and Mrs. Dwight J. Porter Mr. Louis Potkonski Miss Amy H. Pound Dr. and Mrs. W. F. Pounds Mrs. Anne D. Pozzi Mr. Charles P. Price Mr. and Mrs. Melville J. Price Miss Jeanne Priester Dr. and Mrs. Jerold Principato Mr. and Mrs. John E. Purcell Mr. and Mrs. R. E. Purnell Mr. N. B. Randall Mr. and Mrs. Anthony J. Raso Mr. Michael F. Reagan Mr. Philip D. Reed, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. William B. Reese Mr. and Mrs. Albert P. Reidhead Dr. Michael J. Reilly Mr. Frank C. Reynolds, Jr. Mrs. Frank M. Reynolds Mrs. H. L Rhine Mr. and Mrs. John V. Rhoads Mr. Arthur H. Rice General and Mrs. Ralph J. Richards, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Charles S. Richards Ms. Melissa J. Richens Mrs. Richard Riddell Dr. Monira K. Rifaat Dr. J. Jerome Rinaldi Mr. and Mrs. John H. Rixse, Jr. Mr. Lew Roberts Ms. Nancy J. Robertson Admiral W. D. Robertson Mr. Walter P. Robinson, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Ray Robinson Mr. D. Roesler Mrs. Claire V. Rogers Mr. Thomas D. Rogers Mr. and Mrs. Robert W. Root Mr. Charles H. Rose Mr. Kurt E. Rosinger Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence J. Ross Ms. Janice K. Rothlauf Mr. and Mrs. H. J. Rowe Mr. and Mrs. Josiah P. Rowe Drs. Philip and Randi Rubovits-Seitz Mr. and Mrs. Arthur R. Rule Mr. and Mrs. Roy R. Russo Appendix 9. Benefactors of the Smithsonian Institution I 655 Mr. and Mrs. Jack B. Ryan Mr. Wayne D. Rydberg Mr. R. A. Sadler Mr. and Mrs. Wesley R. Sandell Mr. and Mrs. Richard E. Sander Mr. and Mrs. Cameron H. Sanders, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Marcus A. Sandleman Mr. Milton C. Sappe Mrs. Stanley J. Sarnoff Mr. David Saunders Mr. and Mrs. Theodore Sawick Mr. James P. Scannell Mr. and Mrs. Charles W. Schaffer, Jr. The Honorable and Mrs. James H. Scheuer Miss Matilda P. Schlicht Mr. Anthony A. Schoendorf Mr. and Mrs. J. Schroeder Dr. and Mrs. James Schwartz Mr. and Mrs. Robert M. Scott Mr. Richard J. Sekerka Mr. and Mrs. Harold J. Selinsky Mr. and Mrs. Arnold Selk Mrs. Catherine H. Sells Mr. and Mrs. Joseph E. Seubert Shaw Investment Mr. and Mrs. Gerard E. Shelton Mr. and Mrs. George E. Sherman Mr. Theodore J. Shively Mr. Rufus Shivers Mr. and Mrs. Abraham Shore Mr. Robert H. Short Dr. Stefan Shrier Mr. Roy Shrobe Mr. and Mrs. Milton L. Shurr Mr. W. W. Sidney Mr. and Mrs. Jack Silberman Dr. A. E. Silver Mrs. John Farr Simmons Mr. and Mrs. Wilbur M. Sims, Jr. Mr. A. R. Jarvis Sinclair Mr. and Mrs. Andrew Singer Mrs. E. Slack Mr. and Mrs. Albert H. Small Mrs. Beth D. Small Mr. Benjamin M. Smith, Jr. Ms. Ella E. Smith Mr. James B. Smith Mr. and Mrs. Thomas F. Smith Mr. Zachary Smith Mr .and Mrs. Robert G. Sobeck Mr. Richard P. Solloway Mr. and Mrs. John J. Sottile Mr. and Mrs. Denny Stam Mr. Ellwood C. Stang Mr. Gary Staples Admiral and Mrs. M. H. Staring Lieutenant Allan R. Starkie Mr. Stuart L. Stauss Mr. and Mrs. John A. Steib Mr. and Mrs. Robert B. Stephens Mr. W. Clington Sterling III Mr. William C. Sterling, Jr. Dr. and Mrs. T. Dale Stewart Mr. and Mrs. William O. Stewart Mr. W. K. Straley, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Richard H. Stratton Mrs. Hamilton S. Styron Miss Sally A. Sullivan Ms. Mary Swanson Dr. Russell Swanson Mr. and Mrs. Robert L. Swart, Jr. Mrs. Phelps H. Swift Mr. and Mrs. Richard O. Swim Mr. Paul C. Symmons Mr. Albert Szvetics Mr. and Mrs. Leland E. Talbott Mr. John Taylor Mrs. May Taylor Mrs. Richard R. Taylor Mr. Joseph M. Tessmer Mr. Alan Thebert Mr. and Mrs. Frank A. Therrell The Thiry Foundation Mr. Allen D. Thomas Mr. Holcombe H. Thomas Mr. and Mrs. William S. Thomas Mr. Beverly T. Thompson Mrs. Gilda B. Thompson Mr. W. Thompson Mrs. Margot K. Thomson Mr. J. Cockrell Thornton Mrs. B. W. Thoron Mrs. Vincent M. Throop Mrs. Alfred Tietze Mr. and Mrs. Phillip E. Tiger Mr. Neil Tillotson Mr. Richard Timmons Mrs. Clarence O. Tormoen Mrs. William C. Tost Mr. and Mrs. Wilbur L. Townsend Mr. and Mrs. Anthony Tralla Mr. and Mrs. Timothy Traub Mr. George S. Trees, Jr. Mrs. James N. Tulloh Mr. Robert L. TuU Mr. and Mrs. Charles A. Turner III Mrs. Jean A. Twitchell S. J. Ungar Foundation Mr. and Mrs. C. W. Valencourt, Jr. Ms. Caroline E. VanMason 656 / Smithsonian Year 1983 Ms. Natalie D. Venneman Ms. Margaret S. Vining Mr. Theodore H. N. Wales Mr. and Mrs. Carl Walske Mr. and Mrs. Frank S. Walters Mrs. Harry Wanger Miss Carolee J. Ward Mr. and Mrs. Gary W. Ware Mr. George E. Watson Mr. V. Phillips Weaver Ms. Mary E. Weber Mr. and Mrs. Nathan Wechsler Mr. and Mrs. Eric W. Weinmann Dr. H. T. Weinstein Dr. and Mrs. Alan Weintraub Mr. and Mrs. Jack W. Wells Mr. O. B. Werntz Miss Hilda Wexler Mr. H. E. Whalen Ms. Annette P. Whatley Mr. and Mrs. George Y. Wheeler III Ms. Adelia C. Wheeler Mr. Dennis A. Wheeler Dr. John P. Whiteley Mr. Peter C. White Mrs. Catherine L. Whitsitt Mr. and Mrs. P. Widener Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth R. H. Williams, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Ellis W. Williamson Mr. J. Reid Williamson Ms. Pauline E. Williman Mr. David C. Willmon Mr. and Mrs. John E. Willoughby Dr. and Mrs. Ralph Wilson, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Henry T. Wilson Mr. and Mrs. Kendall W. Wilson Ms. Harriet L. Wilt Ms. Louise Woerner Mr. Peter K. Wolff, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Payson Wolff Dr. and Mrs. Allan Y. Wolins Mr. David L. Wood Mr. William S. Woods Mrs. Jane Ludwig Worley Ms. Judith C. Wright Mr. and Mrs. Nelson Wurz Mr. David E. Wyman, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Frederick B. Wynn Mr. and Mrs. Philip D. Yaney Mr. and Mrs. Gregory B. Young Mr. and Mrs. Edwin Zimmerman Mr. and Mrs. Joseph M. Zorc Mr. and Mrs. Barry Zorthian Appendix 9. Benefactors of the Smithsonian Institution I 657 APPENDIX 10. Visitors to the Smithsonian Institution in Fiscal Year 1983 Smith- sonian National Institu- Arts and Natural Air and Freer Museum of tion Industries History Space Gallery American Month Building Building Building Building of Art History Totals October 1982 75,771 89,934 338,991 679,595 29,318 288,118 1,501,727 November 58,132 71,320 342,971 541,897 22,438 260,440 1,297,198 December 44,150 53,828 273,650 368,645 16,412 216,949 973,634 January 1983 32,734 41,906 192,827 304,139 13,702 148,904 734,212 February 33,492 41,321 247,976 284,717 11,389 167,536 786,431 March 77,387 92,150 493,729 662,147 23,022 354,858 1,703,293 April 125,099 130,407 828,456 1,195,635 29,665 684,439 2,993,701 May 89,985 111,007 662,476 1,125,010 22,739 584,213 2,595,430 June 115,438 116,178 685,424 1,160,636 25,404 684,379 2,787,459 July 131,498 125,810 694,889 1,430,123 26,457 662,024 3,070,801 August 110,298 111,363 631,504 1,326,224 29,936 680,114 2,889,439 September 56,442 58,000 257,513 758,883 19,498 317,064 1,467,400 TOTALS 950,426 1,043,224 5,650,406 9,837,651 269,980 5,049,038 22,800,725 American Anacostia Museum Art and Neigh- Cooper- of Portrait Renwick Hirshhorn borhood Hewitt African Month Gallery Gallery Gallery Museum Museum Art Totals October 1982 33,927 13,915 81,006 104 17,681 4,874 151,507 November 33,013 14,012 74,286 1,315 12,980 6,489 142,095 December 27,816 12,612 54,133 1,526 10,957 9,104 116,148 January 1983 25,375 13,117 49,018 1,799 8,825 5,661 103,795 February 43,539 9,475 39,774 2,567 10,062 6,204 111,621 March 44,116 11,938 87,707 0 11,453 8,571 163,785 April 31,860 11,865 120,202 849 34,142 5,234 204,152 May 30,837 10,615 127,913 1,923 40,127 8,229 219,644 June 31,588 8,746 118,209 1,694 31,895 6,272 198,404 July 34,301 14,395 123,994 2,842 15,533 6,006 197,071 August 32,145 13,439 111,355 1,695 10,697 5,407 174,738 September 28,715 15,318 65,189 896 12,368 3,187 125,673 TOTALS 397,232 149,447 1,052,786 17,210 216,720 75,238 1,908,633 Grand Total 24,709,358 Note : Not reflected in the above tabulation are an estimated 3,300,000 visitors to the National Zoological Park in fiscal year 1983. The very nature of the park, with its indoor ancf outdoor exhibits and its several vehicular and pedestrian entrances, makes it impos- sible to obtain exact visitor statistics. To overcome this difficulty, NZP has developed a reliable sampling system, which was used to determine this fiscal year 1983 estimate. 658 I Smithsonian Year 1983