BOSTON PUBLIC LIBRARY ,1:991 • ■ W Hi- ^ Smithsonian Year 1991 V^r c JUH23 mi Smithsonian Year 1991 ■k Smithsonian Year 1991 Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institution for the Year Ended September 30, 1991 Smithsonian Institution Ptess Washington, D.C. 1992. On the cover: Teenagers visit one of the world's most popular museums, the Smithsonian 's Na- tional Air and Space Mu- seum, renowned for its landmark exhibits chron- icling the history of air and space achievements. (Photograph by hen Rizzi) On the title page: This diorama of contemporary Andean potato farmers was prepared for "Seeds of Change, " the major Quincentenary exhibition that opened in fall 1 991 at the National Museum of Natural History. Smithsonian Year 1991 Supplement, containing the Chronology and Appendixes 1-8, is pub- lished in a microfiche edition from electronic files provided by the individual bureaus and offices of the Smithsonian Institution. The appendix con- tents are as follows: Appendix 1. Members of the Smithsonian Coun- cils, Boards, and Commissions Appendix 1. Visitors to Smithsonian Institution Museums Appendix 3. Academic, Research Training, and Internship Appointments and Research Associates Appendix 4. Publications of the Smithsonian In- stitution Press Appendix 5. Publications of the Staff of the Smithsonian Institution Appendix 6. The Smithsonian Institution and Its Subsidiaries {staff lists) Appendix 7. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution Appendix 8. Contributing Members of the Smithsonian Institution Please address requests for copies of the micro- fiche edition of the Supplement to Alan Burchell, Production Coordinator Smithsonian Institution Press 470 L' Enfant Plaza, Suite 7100 Washington, D.C. 10560 2.01-187-3738, Ext. 316 Smithsonian Institution 6 Statement by the Secretary 8 Report of the Board of Regents 10 Highlights of the Year n The Year in Review 31 Research Office of the Assistant Secretary for Research 31 National Zoological Park 31 Office of Environmental Awareness 31 Office of Fellowships and Grants 31 Office of Interdisciplinary Studies 3 3 Office of Quincentenary Programs 3 3 Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory 33 Smithsonian Environmental Research Center 34 Smithsonian Institution Archives 35 Smithsonian Institution Libraries 35 Smithsonian Institution Man and the Biosphere Biological Diversity Program 36 Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute 37 Museums Office of the Assistant Secretary for Museums 38 Anacostia Museum 38 Archives of American Art 39 Arthur M. Sackler Gallery 40 Conservation Analytical Laboratory 41 Cooper-Hewitt, National Museum of Design 41 Freer Gallery of Art 41 Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden 43 Institutional Studies Office 44 International Gallery 45 National Air and Space Museum 45 National Museum of African Art 46 National Museum of American Art 46 National Museum of American History 47 National Museum of the American Indian 48 National Museum of Natural History /National Museum of Man 49 National Portrait Gallery 50 Office of Exhibits Central 51 Office of Horticulture 5 2. Office of Museum Programs 5 1 Office of the Registrar 5 1 Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service 5 3 Public Service Office of the Assistant Secretary for Public Service 54 National Science Resources Center 54 Office of Conference Services 5 5 Office of Elementary and Secondary Education 3 5 Office of Folklife Programs 5 5 Office of Public Affairs 56 Smithsonian Office of Wider Audience Development 57 Visitor Information and Associates' Reception Center 57 External Affairs Office of the Assistant Secretary for External Affairs 5 8 National Demonstration Laboratory for Interactive Educational Technologies 58 Office of Development 58 Office of Government Relations 59 Office of International Relations 59 Office of Special Events 60 Office of Telecommunications 60 Smithsonian Institution Press 61 Smithsonian Magazine 61 Air & Space /Smithsonian Magazine 61 Smithsonian National Associate Program 6 2. Smithsonian Resident Associate Program 61 Smithsonian World " 63 Women's Committee of the Smithsonian Associates 63 Institutional Initiatives Office of the Assistant Secretary for Institutional Initiatives 64 National Museum of the American Indian National Campaign Office 64 Finance and Administration Office of the Assistant Secretary for Finance and Administration 65 Affiliated Organizations John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts 66 National Gallery of Art 67 Reading Is Fundamental, Inc. 68 Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars 69 Benefactors 7o Financial Report 77 Organization Chart 95 Smithsonian Institution The Smithsonian Institution was created by act of Congress in 1846 in accordance with the terms of the will of James Smithson of England, who in 1816 bequeathed his property to the United States of America "to found at Washington, un- der the name of the Smithsonian Institution, an establishment for the increase and diffusion of knowledge among men." After receiving the property and accepting the trust, Congress incor- porated the Institution in an "establishment," whose statutory members are the president, the vice president, the chief justice, and the heads of the executive departments, and vested responsi- bility for administering the trust in the Smith- sonian Board of Regents. The Establishment, September 30, 1991 George H. W. Bush, President of the United States J. Danforth Quayle, Vice President of the United States William H. Rehnquist, Chief Justice of the United States James A. Baker III, Secretary of State Nicholas F. Brady, Secretary of the Treasury Richard B. Cheney, Secretary of Defense William P. Barr, Acting Attorney General Manuel Lujan, Jr. , Secretary of the Interior Edward Madigan, Secretary of Agriculture Robert A. Mosbacher, Secretary of Commerce Lynn H. Martin, Secretary of Labor Louis W. Sullivan, Secretary of Health and Human Services Jack F. Kemp, Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Samuel K. Skinner, Secretary of Transportation Lamar Alexander, Secretary of Education James D. Watkins, Secretary of Energy EdwardJ. Derwinski, Secretary of Veterans Affairs Board of Regents and Secretary September 30, 1991 Board of Regents William H. Rehnquist, Chief Justice of the United States, ex officio J. Danforth Quayle, Vice President of the United States, ex officio EdwinJ. (Jake) Gam, Senator from Utah Daniel P. Moynihan, Senator from New York James R. Sasser, Senator from Tennessee Joseph M. McDade, Representative from Pennsylvania Norman Y. Mineta, Representative from California Jamie L. Whitten, Representative from Mississippi David C. Acheson, Citizen of the District of Columbia Anne L. Armstrong, Citizen of Texas William G. Bowen, Citizen of New Jersey Jeannine Smith Clark, Citizen of the District of Columbia I. Michael Heyman, Citizen of California Samuel C.Johnson, Citizen of Wisconsin Homer A. Neal, Citizen of Michigan R.James Woolsey, Citizen of Maryland The Secretary Robert McCormick Adams Carmen E. Turner, Under Secretary Ann Bay, Chair, Council of Information and Edu- cation Directors Kathy A. Boi, Special Assistant to the Secretary Elizabeth Broun, Chair, Council of Bureau Directors Alice Green Burnette, Assistant Secretary for Institutional Initiatives James C. Early, Assistant Secretary for Public Service Tom L. Freudenheim, Assistant Secretary for Museums Margaret C. Gaynor, Director, Office of Govern- ment Relations James M. Hobbins, Executive Assistant to the Secretary Robert S. Hoffmann, Assistant Secretary for Research Thomas E. Lovejoy, Assistant Secretary for Exter- nal Affairs Marie A. Mattson, Director of Development Peter G. Powers, General Counsel Nancy D. Suttenfield, Assistant Secretary for Finance and Administration Statement by the Secretary Robert McC. Adams The past year has been a challenging and reward- ing one at the Smithsonian. Challenging, be- cause the Smithsonian has not been immune from the economic recession in the United States and the uncertainty and political chaos around the world. Rewarding, because, as our annual re- port reveals, 1991 was a year of stunning pro- grams— in particular, an array of Quincentenary exhibitions, symposia, and public programs that have fully addressed the responsibility of seeing ourselves within the significance and grandeur of a half-millennium and an entire hemisphere. No less memorable have been other outstanding ex- hibitions, publications, and research accomplish- ments, highlighted herein. We can take pride in these accomplishments and look forward with confidence to many more such achievements in the year to come. This has also been a year in which the Smith- sonian has continued to examine its role as one of the country's great unifying institutions. In my travels in the United States and abroad, it is grati- fying to discover in encounters with individuals in cultural and scientific fields at many levels that the Smithsonian is almost universally recognized as a unique and marvelous example of an institu- tion whose strength comes from the breadth and depth of its active engagement in the "increase and diffusion of knowledge," the mission estab- lished at the time of the Institution's founding in At the same time, we have been examining the role of the Smithsonian as an educational organi- zation, seeking to delineate the unique and man- ifold ways in which the Institution's many components can help this nation achieve its edu- cational goals. In this report, you will find nu- merous examples of successful projects that may serve as models for museums and research organi- zations elsewhere in the country. The activism of the role envisioned for us re- minds us that we cannot isolate ourselves within our monumental buildings along the National Mall, content with the audiences, constituencies, and disciplinary approaches that we already serve and waiting for the storm of change around the world to subside. Given the severity of the chal- lenges this country faces, it would be irrespons- ible for a public institution like the Smithsonian to allow itself to become a bastion of exclusivity. To meet our responsibilities to diverse audi- ences, we must shift our thinking of museums as establishments whose timeless, unquestioned au- thority can be likened to that of a temple, toward a status much closer to that of a forum — a place, as Canadian museum director Duncan Cameron has written, for "confrontation, experimenta- tion, and debate." This is not a transition that has been warmly welcomed in all quarters. One well-known dragon-slayer of populism in mu- seums argues that a concern for reaching broader audiences is virtually to be equated with philistinism. However, museums have a special relationship with society, unlike most other institutions that are also broadly devoted to the "increase and dif- fusion of knowledge," such as colleges and uni- versities. Museum doors are open to all, without concern for age or educational credentials. Exhi- bitions are not the mere functional equivalents of monographs or articles in scholarly journals. They reach a much more diverse audience, parts of which may strongly object to having subsidized them. Usually, such exhibitions represent a pro- portionately much larger investment of the par- ent institution's — in most cases also the public's — resources. In any case, their contents and location make a close identification with the institution inescapable. Accordingly, while mu- seums must be no less zealous than universities in protecting the right of free expression of their staffs, the contents of at least major exhibitions need to be recognized not merely as the private statements of theit designers but also as institu- tional statements. The main challenge before the Smithsonian and all museums today is to find ways to address themselves to the increasing diversity, and, at the same time, the growing interdependence and vulnerability, of social life everywhere. Museums need to see themselves, and to be publicly recog- nized, as important institutional means by which every group, but especially underserved minor- ities, can define and maintain their place within complex, dynamic circumstances that seem to hold all of the risks as well as the promises of our American heritage. The annual total of museum visitors in this country is impressively large; reportedly, it even exceeds the total number of those who attend all professional sporting events. But it is also a highly skewed sample of our population — in a word, preponderantly white, middle class, and college educated. Minority participation is dis- couragingly limited. We are unlikely to be more successful in attracting underserved groups until we recognize our own limitations in conceptualiz- ing, as well as implementing, programming on their behalf. Museums will fail to meet their responsibility to pioneer in presenting new and diverse visions and challenges if they are unprepared to risk oc- casional criticism and controversy. We can and must continue to seek wider audiences, taking a frankly tolerant and experimental approach to traditional standards and canons as we do so in some exhibitions, while at the same time respect- ing and embodying those traditions in much of what is presented to the public in other exhibi- tions. I would, without hesitation, count on our public quickly to recognize and respect the need for a balance of these two approaches. As a further step, museums can and should move beyond their prevailing stance in exhibi- tions of authoritative anonymity. Where conten- tious views are important to an exhibition, they should be put forward. Our public is entitled, however, to have their controversial nature made plain, and to have them attributed to the particu- lar scholar or curator responsible for them. The place to search for balance, in a word, is not in the blandness of a particular exhibition but in the full range of a museum's public offerings. Museums can — and the Smithsonian must — play a unique and increasingly vital part in learn- ing about and finding ways to communicate and represent the pluralism that has always deeply characterized this country, as well as the increas- ingly multifaceted and problematical character of cultural knowledge itself. Yet in both efforts, ours is also a responsibility to hold high the corre- sponding vision of e pluribus unum. These are indeed central challenges concerning our rela- tionship to the public that we must meet as we seek to prepare this great institution for the list century. I believe the Smithsonian will meet these chal- lenges, because its highly dedicated staff will be working together toward a common goal — that of serving all of our public. For some time, we have had an informal slogan, "The Smithsonian is for everyone." I believe we are indeed making the Smithsonian a place where everyone can and does feel welcome. As you read through this annual review of the Smithsonian's achievements, I invite you to pon- der these challenges and join with us in reaching these goals. Under Secretary Carmen Turner and Secretary Robert McC. Adams stroll in the Haupt Gar- den following a press con- ference announcing Turner's appointment. (Photograph by Dane Penland) Report of the Board of Regents This brief annual report of the Board of Regents reviews its governance of the Smithsonian through three meetings in 1991 (February 4, May 6, and September 16) and through a host of other activities. The report covers key issues addressed during the year, significant issues discussed at specific meetings, and actions that the regents took with respect to the Institution's boards and commissions. These achievements would not have been possible without the contributions of its standing committees — the Executive Commit- tee, the Audit and Review Committee, the Nom- inating Committee, the Investment Policy Committee, and the Personnel Committee — whose membership includes a dedicated cadre of regents, regents emeritus, and others who gave unstintingly of their time and expertise through- out the year. In 1991, the Board of Regents resolved to move forward with the proposed establishment of a national African American museum within the Smithsonian, to be housed in the Arts and Indus- tries Building. Assured by a study into the matter that ample collections are available to and seem promising for such a museum, the regents agreed to seek the appropriate legislation in the coming year. The regents also reached a new understand- ing of the needs for the proposed extension of the National Air and Space Museum and asked con- gressional members of the board to support legis- lation for planning such a facility at Washington Dulles International Airport. Responding to the increasing demand for more light-industrial, warehouse, and special-purpose space for the Smithsonian, the board encouraged Secretary Robert McC. Adams to seek authorization and fi- nancing arrangements for the construction of a new administrative service center near the Na- tional Mall. The regents undertook several important ini- tiatives with respect to programs in the sciences. They held extensive discussions about the Smith- sonian's role in global change research and asked the secretary to continue planning toward the es- tablishment of an appropriate National Center for Biological Diversity within the Institution in the coming year. The regents authorized the sec- retary to conclude an agreement with Princeton University, the National Museums of Kenya, the Kenya Wildlife Services, and other parties for the establishment of an interdisciplinary research and training program in ecology, evolution, geology, and natural resource management at George Small's Mpala Ranch in Kenya. And as the re- gents grappled with the difficult questions posed by the Institution's indemnification of a re- searcher whose activities overseas became the sub- ject of a potential indictment, the staff promulgated a number of procedural improve- ments intended to minimize the Smithsonian's risks in carrying out its multifaceted international scholarly activities. The regents discussed at length questions posed hypothetically about the possibility of the Institution establishing bases for its public activ- ities throughout the nation at some point in the next century. They expressed particular interest in knowing what the implications of those questions might be for the integrity of the national collec- tions and in exploring information technologies that could provide true intellectual accessibility without requiring physical dispersion of collec- tions material, programs, and administration. The staff agreed to complete an inventory of its geographically dispersed activities and to under- take related studies. At their meeting on February 4, 1991, the re- gents welcomed I. Michael Heyman as a new member of the board. The board also named fa- cilities at Cooper-Hewitt, National Museum of Design, and at the Freer Gallery of Art for the generous contributions of Arthur Ross and Agnes and Eugene Meyer, respectively, and adopted a policy for the protection of the watershed envi- rons of the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center in Edgewater, Maryland. As voted by the board, the chancellor presented Henry Medals to John F.Jameson and Joseph J. Bonsignore at the regents' dinner on February 3 in recognition of their outstanding services to the Institution. On May 6, 1991, the regents held the Silvio O. Conte Memorial Meeting in honor of the late re- gent and member of Congress, to whom they made a formal tribute. Among a variety of other actions, the regents authorized the secretary and the director of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory to negotiate with the University of Hawaii for sites for the proposed array of sub- millimeter telescopes on Mauna Kea, Hawaii. At their final meeting of the year on Septem- ber 16, the regents designated Barnabas McHenry as a regent emeritus, nominated Hanna H. Gray for membership on the board, thanked Gay F. Wray for her service as chairman of the Smith- sonian Associates National Board, welcomed Lloyd G. Schermer as her successor, and voted to award the Henry Medal to Neil Harris in recogni- tion of his achievements as chairman of the Smithsonian Council. The board held an exten- sive discussion of the financial condition of the Institution, approved the expenditure of funds for fiscal 1991, and endorsed the Institution's re- quest to the Office of Management and Budget for 1993 appropriations. The regents also held a preliminary discussion about the Smithsonian's role in presenting balanced perspectives in con- temporary society and decided to hold a more lengthy dialogue on such matters at their first meeting in 1991. Throughout the year, the regents made key ap- pointments to several Smithsonian boards and commissions. They appointed Xuan-Chi Diep, John S. Hendricks, Donald Simmons, David Hicks, Jean Lane, and John C. Meeker to the Na- tional Council of the National Museum of Natu- ral History; Charles B. Benenson, John Conyers, Jr., Helen Kuhn, Robert Farris Thompson, and Walter E. Washington to the National Museum of African Art Commission; Wanda M. Corn, Nan Tucker McEvoy, Edwin I. Colodny, Ann Cousins, and Frank Ribelin to the National Museum of American Art Commission; and Allen V. Pink- ham, Harold Dean Salway, and Tom L. Freudenheim to the National Museum of the American Indian Board of Trustees. In addition, the Board of Regents renamed the Cooper-Hewitt Advisory Council the Cooper- Hewitt Board of Trustees to reflect the group's full responsibilities and obligations. Staff Changes Fiscal 1991 brought considerable turnover in man- agement staff. Toward the beginning of the year, the Institution was pleased to bring on as under secretary Carmen E. Turner, the highly respected former general manager of the Washington Met- ropolitan Area Transit Authority. At the same time, Nancy D. Suttenfield, who had served so successfully as director of the Office of Planning and Budget and acting under secretary, was ap- pointed to the new position of assistant secretary for finance and administration. John F. Jameson, the Institution's first assistant secretary for ad- ministration, was appointed senior adviser to the secretary. James C. Early, formerly deputy assis- tant secretary for public service and then acting assistant secretary, was named assistant secretary for public service. In the fall, Ann R. Leven, treasurer since 1984, resigned to accept a related position with the Na- tional Gallery of Art. Tom McCance left his posi- tion as director of membership and development fot a similar position at the Folger Shakespeare Library. After some study and reorganization, Marie Mattson, who had served as special assistant to the secretary, was appointed director of devel- opment. Kathy A. Boi was promoted from within the secretaty's office to the position of special assistant. This winter, one of Smithsonian's most be- loved colleagues, JosephJ. Bonsignore, publisher of Smithsonian magazine, retired after 11 years of service. The very able Ronald C. Walker, formerly with Lane Publishing, was named his successor. Claudine K. Btown, project manager for the Afri- can American Institutional Study, was appointed deputy assistant secretary for museums. Rick R. Johnson, formerly of the Treasurer's Office, was appointed deputy assistant secretary for finance, and D.J. (Jack) Hall from the Department of the Army was appointed deputy assistant secretary for administration. Steven C. Newsome of the Office of Cultural and Education Services, Maryland De- partment of Housing and Community Develop- ment, joined the Smithsonian staff as director of the Anacostia Museum in the early spring, fol- lowing a long search and the outstanding contri- butions of James E. Mayo and Sharon A. Reinckens as acting codirectors. The year's greatest tragedy for Smithsonian management came with the sudden passing of Colonel Robert B. Burke, director of the Office of Protection Services since 1973. Bob Burke's exper- tise in museum security was internationally ac- claimed, but nowhere will he be missed more than at the Smithsonian, where he was a trusted friend to all staff. As mentioned in this column year after year, the Smithsonian's greatest strength lies in the dedication of its staff. The Institution and its constituencies owe them a great debt for their all too often unheralded contributions. Highlights of the Year Anacostia Museum The Anacostia Museum's wooded location neat Fort Stanton Park in southeast Washing- ton, DC, provided the ideal setting this year for a variety of outdoor events that at- tracted thousands of participants from the metropolitan area. Through these events, the museum expanded both the scope of its out- reach efforts and the diversity of its audience. Educational and cultural programs in- cluded a health fair called "Straight Up: AIDS, Teens, and Denial"; "Juneteenth '91: Freedom Revisited," a day-long celebration featuring music, dance, and crafts; and the Third World Music Series, a showcase for mu- sic of the diaspora. The museum will continue to offer varied programs like these as part of its mission to develop broader audiences, provide neigh- borhood residents free access to diverse cul- tural programs, and make the Anacostia neighborhood a viable place for community and family activities. (Photograph by Harold Dorwin) Archives of American Art Painter Sam Gilliam, shown here in his stu- dio in 1971, donated a substantial collection of papers to the Archives of American Art this year. They document Gilliam's commit- ment to abstract art and his swift rise to prominence in the art world. Born in Tupelo, Mississippi, in 1933, Gilliam grew up in Louisville, Kentucky, and studied art at the University of Louisville. He settled in Wash- ington, D.C., in 1961. In the mid-1960s he developed a distinct style of pouring and ma- nipulating paint. These early experiments with color led to his exploration of large-scale work, suspended canvases, and outdoor paintings. Gilliam's papers include letters from col- lectors, curators, dealers, and artists, as well as photographs, scrapbooks, sketchbooks, and business files from 1966 to 1989. To com- plement the papers, Washington art critic Benjamin Forgey interviewed the artist for the Archives oral history program. The three- hour interview covers his early years, exhibi- tions, grants, stylistic development, and teaching and working methods. 13 Arthur M. Sadder Gallery As part of the summet-long exhibition "Court Arts of Indonesia" at the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, the public was treated to free performances of wayang kulit, the traditional shadow puppet theater of Java, Indonesia's most populous island. The presence of a liv- ing performing arts tradition within the exhi- bition reflected the central position of puppet drama, music, and dance in Indone- sian court culture. Directing the perfor- mances was dalang (puppeteer) Widiyanto S. Putro, an nth-generation puppet master who currently lectures in the Department of Mu- sic at the University of California, Berkeley. Widiyanto, shown above, was backed by a io-member gamelan orchestra from the town of Wonogiri in Central Java. In Indonesia, the dalang is revered because he has the power of the word. During a per- formance, he must impersonate dozens of characters and be intimately familiar with every detail of his story. He must speak flu- ently in high, middle, and low Javanese, as well as in Kawi, the language of poetry, for the dalang sets a standard for correct pronun- ciation and proper language use. The dalang 's traditional repertoire in- cludes several hundred shadow plays, based chiefly on two ancient Indian epics, the Ma- habharata and the Ramayana, and on Indo- nesian tales such as the Panji stories. In Indonesia, the plays go on all night, but at the Sackler Gallery, they were shortened to two hours. (Photograph by Jeffrey Crespi and John Tsantes) M Cooper- Hewitt, National Museum of Design This past summer at Cooper-Hewitt, Na- tional Museum of Design, a group of New York City junior high school students trans- formed plastic piping, garden hose, and polyester rope into a colorful 36-foot model of a suspension bridge. In the process of building and landscaping the bridge, these young people learned to understand and use design, construction, and engineering princi- ples— knowledge that can change the way they interact with the world around them. Dianne H. Pilgrim, director of Cooper- Hewitt, says of the project: "Presenting young people with opportunities to evaluate how things work, the way they look, and the effect they have on the quality of our lives is central to the museum's commitment to de- sign education and the future. The bridge in the garden is a wonderful way for students to create reality from abstract mathematical, en- gineering, and design concepts and to put into use ideas that can enrich their lives." The students were trained and supervised by the Salvadori Educational Center on the Built Environment (SECBE), a nonprofit ed- ucational organization dedicated to helping inner-city youth understand science and mathematics through the hands-on study of the built environment. The bridge they con- structed remained on view in the museum's Arthur Ross Terrace and Garden through the fall of 1991. (Photograph by Michael McDermott) [5 Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden Susan Rothenberg's painting IXI, which was included in the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden's ioth anniversary exhibi- tion, "Content: A Contemporary Focus 1974-1984," is the first painting by the artist to enter the permanent collection. During the mid-1970s, Rothenberg developed a series of monumental paintings based on simple equine imagery juxtaposed with se- vere geometric elements. This series, of which IXI is a fine example, marked a shift from an austere to a more expressive figura- tive imagery that characterized the art of the 1980s. Susan Rothenberg (American, b. 1945). IXI, 1976-77. Vinyl emulsion and acrylic on canvas; 78 1/8 x 104 inches. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Joseph H. Hirshhorn Purchase Fund, 1990 (90.19). (Photograph by Lee Stalsworth) t6 MK National Air and Space Museum As far as we know, the Earth is unique in the Solar System as an abode of life. Vast and sometimes violent natural forces shape the environment, and with long experience hu- mans have learned to cope with their effects. The life-sustaining ait and waters of our planet once seemed virtually limitless and impervious to the effects of human activity, but that perception is changing. Human forces are altering the Earth in unprece- dented, unintended, and unpredictable ways, and we have little experience to guide us as we try to comprehend theit impact. The natural and human forces that alter our environment are the theme oiBlue Planet, a large-format IMAX motion picture introduced this year at the National Air and Space Museum. The film looks at the Earth from the ground and from orbit; this view from 330 miles in space shows the planet's surface to be largely covered by water; islands of the Caribbean appear near the top of the photograph. Blue Planet was produced by the museum and the IMAX Systems Corpo- ration with support from the Lockheed Cot- potation and with the cooperation of the National Aeronautics and Space Administra- tion. It features breathtaking footage taken by U.S. space shuttle astronauts during five missions, including orbital views of tropical rainforests, deserts, tectonic fault zones, elec- trical storms, hurricanes, and volcanoes. It also examines the "greenhouse" effect, air and water pollution, soil erosion, the burn- ing of tropical forests, and the concomitant mass extinction of species. Blue Planet con- cludes on a hopeful note: that it is in our power to repair some of the damage we have done to the environment. (Photograph by IMAX Space Technology, Inc.) 17 National Museum of African Art The acquisition of an extraordinary Baga fig- ure of a kneeling woman supporting a drum on her head was a highlight of the past year at the National Museum of African Art. The drum is on view in the museum's Permanent Collection. The polychromed sculpture is from the Re- public of Guinea in West Africa. The Baga peoples of Guinea are famous for their mon- umental caryatid drums. This figure was pur- chased with funds provided by the Smithsonian Collections Acquisition Pro- gram and gifts of the Annie Laurie Aitken Charitable Trust, the Frances and Benjamin Benenson Foundation, David C. Driskell, Evelyn A.J. Hall Charitable Trust, Mr. and Mrs. Robert H. Nooter, Barry and Beverly Pierce, Mr. and Mrs. Edwin Silver, and Mr. and Mrs. Michael R. Sonnenreich. The National Museum of African Art's Permanent Collection includes works of art from numerous visual traditions from the Western Sudan, the Guinea Coast, and Cen- tral, Eastern, and Southern Africa. Since 1979, when the Museum of African Art be- came part of the Smithsonian Institution, the museum has engaged in an intensive effort to acquire works of outstanding aesthetic qual- ity. The Permanent Collection is the founda- tion for exhibitions and programs, research, and publications. Baga peoples, Guinea, West Africa. Drum, ca. 1910s. Polychromed wood and hide, 46 inches high. (Photograph by Franko Khoury) 18 National Museum of American Art The National Museum of American Art's landmark exhibition and catalogue, "The West as America: Reinterpreting Images of the Frontier," included 160 images showing how artists frequently revised an often ques- tionable record of frontier conquest to corre- spond to a national optimism favoring westward expansion. The exhibition drew unprecedented national media and public at- tention, and visitors filled four gallery com- ment books with personal views and reactions to the issue of national identity. To amplify all the exhibition's themes, the museum held 10 public programs. Among the artists' subjects were Native Americans, who were depicted in ways that portrayed changing white attitudes toward these people as conflicts over land became in- creasingly intense. In his painting Pigeon 's Egg Head (The Light) Going to and Retur- ning from Washington (1837-39), George Catlin showed how an Indian negotiating for his tribe became "corrupted" by civilization, suggesting that native cultures could never coexist with Euro-American societies. George Catlin (American, 1796-1872.). Pigeon 's Egg Head (The Light) Going to and Returning from Washington, 1837-39. Oil on canvas; 19 x 14 inches. National Museum of American Art, Gift of Mrs. Jo- seph Harrison, Jr. l9 National Museum of American History In its inaugural season of free concerts at the National Museum of American History, the Smithsonian Jazz Masterworks Orchestra helped bring to the public the rich heritage of jazz — America's own classical music. Re- nowned jazz composers, scholars, and educa- tors David N. Baker (pictured here) and Gunther Schuller conducted the season finale. The orchestra — the only jazz orchestra resi- dent in an American museum — is made pos- sible by a congressional appropriation for the study and performance of jazz at the mu- seum that began in 1987, when Congress de- clared jazz "a rare and valuable national American treasure" and called upon the na- tion and the government to "make certain it is preserved, understood, and promulgated." Congressional funds first enabled the mu- seum to acquire the Duke Ellington Collec- tion of more than 100,000 pages of music, photographs, scrapbook clippings, record- ings, and artifacts. Congress also helped sup- pott Jazz Masterworks Editions, a series of performance and study editions of works re- corded by well-known composers and ar- rangers that has been launched by the Smithsonian Institution and Oberlin College. The 1991 season of the Smithsonian Jazz Masterworks Orchestra included 19 perfor- mances of historically authentic music by Ellington, Count Basie, Jimmie Lunceford, Benny Goodman, Woody Herman, Sy Oliver, and others, conducted by Schuller and Baker. All the concerts were taped for later radio broadcast. (Photograph by Eric Long) National Museum of the American Indian In preparation for the 1994 opening of the George Gustav Heye Center in New York City, the National Museum of the American Indian (NMAI) is engaged in an innovative process that is testing and extending tradi- tional notions of what museums are and how they function. The museum is committed to involving the Native American community as a partner in every aspect of its development and operations while creating and experi- menting with new ways of carrying out the fundamental responsibilities of a museum. This commitment has been evident in the development of the museum's important ptemier exhibition, "Points of View." This year, 30 Native American people from North and South Ametica who represent diverse disciplines, geographic regions, and view- points spent a week teviewing NMAI hold- ings and selecting objects that will form the centerpiece of the exhibition. Unlike tradi- tional exhibitions, this one has had no re- strictions imposed on the content or the interpretive material. The museum's curators and collections specialists worked closely with the selectors to document their comments about the artifacts they chose for presenta- tion in the exhibition. This dialogue between Native American people and the museum will continue as "Points of View" enters the design phase. Through Native American involvement in NMAI programs and projects, the Smith- sonian expects to provide the nation with a more accurate and relevant experience of Na- tive American culture. (Photograph by Karen Furth) National Museum of Natural History Don Tenoso (Hunkpapa Lakota), an enrolled member of the Cheyenne River Sioux Nation in South Dakota and a graduate of the Insti- tute of American Indian Arts, Santa Fe, New Mexico, is the award-winning doll maker and storyteller who inaugurated the National Mu- seum of Natural History's Native American Artist-in-Residence Program in March 1991. During his residency, Tenoso created several dolls in a special area in the museum that was set up exactly like his home studio. On week- days, he visited schools in the Washington, D.C., area, seeking out classes with Native American students in particular. This popu- lar program, organized and conducted by Al- eta Ringlero (Salt River Pima) of the museum's Office of Education, is an out- growth of ongoing weekend programming that features live demonstrators selected in consultation with Native American commu- nities from throughout the country. This 2.4-inch faceless doll, which Tenoso affectionately calls "Bubba One-Wing," rep- resents a contemporary "old style" Lakota fancy dancer. It was commissioned especially by the museum and created in the traditional Lakota style by Tenoso while in residence. Every part of the carefully handcrafted doll has significance for its maker, from the "avia- tor" sunglasses, to the tiny beaded moc- casins, to the tattoos from Indian boarding school on its hand and from the U.S. Cavalry on its arm. The feathets of the endangered golden eagle used to create the bustle worn by the doll were obtained from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and come from illegally killed birds that had been seized. (Photo- graphs by Richard Strauss) National Portrait Gallery The dignity and quiet courage of the woman who is often called the "Mother of the Civil Rights Movement" are embodied in a bronze bust of Rosa L. Parks that was unveiled Feb- ruary 18, 1991, in ceremonies at the National Portrait Gallery. In commemoration of the event, Washington, D.C., Mayor Sharon Pratt Kelly presented the renowned civil rights leader with a key to the city. Rosa Parks's refusal to give up her seat on a Montgomery, Alabama, bus to a white pas- senger in 195 s led to a year- long boycott that sparked a national movement for racial jus- tice. The sculpture, by Artis Lane, was a gift to the gallery from Anheuser-Busch Com- panies and was presented by Wayman F. Smith, III, vice-president of corporate affairs. Orhers who joined in the tribute at the cer- emony were actress Cicely Tyson, civil rights leader Coretta Scott King, Smithsonian Un- der Secretary Carmen Turner, Dorothy Height, president of the National Council of Negro Women, and Joseph Lowery, president of the Southern Christian Leadership Confer- ence. (Photograph by Jason Miccolo Johnson) 2-3 National Science Resources Center Science is a gateway to undetstanding the natural world. Children learn science best when they are engaged in their own hands- on investigations of scientific phenomena. Hands-on experiences also are the best way to spark rhe enthusiasm of young learners. To give children access to an effective, hands-on elementary science program, the National Science Resources Center has initi- ated Science and Technology for Children (STC), a project that is developing 14 in- quiry-centered teaching units for grades one through six that will teach children impor- tant science concepts and problem-solving skills. This year marked the completion and pub- lication of the first three STC units: Plant Growth and Development (grade thtee), Electric Circuits (grade four), and Micro- worlds (grades five and six). Each unit con- sists of a teacher's guide, a set of student activity books, and a complete kit of science equipment and materials for a class of 30 stu- dents. Three more units were to be available in the fall. Each unit is trial-taught in Wash- ington, D.C., public schools, field-tested in schools across the nation, and reviewed by a panel of prominent scientists and educators before publication. These third-graders and their teacher from Watkins Elementary School in Washington, D.C., are testing the properties of an un- known substance while working with Chemi- cal Tests, one of the STC project's latest units. (Photograph by David Hartney) M National Zoological Park This male gorilla, born at the National Zoo on May 10, 1991, represents the success of the Zoo's strategy to ensure the survival of this endangered species. He is the fifth gorilla born at the Zoo, the first since 1972.. Zoos have had gorillas for about 100 years, but the first birth occurred only in 1956, and births did not begin to exceed deaths until the 1960s. Then National Zoo primatologists showed that most of the reproductively suc- cessful gorillas had been raised by their mothers in social groups, while most of those that did not breed had been raised by well- meaning humans in zoo nurseries. Five years ago, a gorilla family was estab- lished at NZP in an effort to create a social structure similar to that of a gorilla group in the wild. Eventually, two of the gorillas — the baby's mother, Mandara, born at the Mil- waukee Zoo, and Gus, a maturing male from Boston — began to mate. Zoo endocrinolo- gists traced Manadara's sexual maturity, her monthly cycles, and finally her pregnancy. Mandara is an excellent mother who breaks the cycle of nursery-induced incompetence. The baby is helping zoo visitors under- stand the importance of preserving biodiver- sity. Moreover, zoo research and management skills are flowing back to Africa in a coopera- tive effort to benefit wild gorillas. Gorillas caught in hunters' snares can now be safely immobilized with drugs that were pioneered by zoo veterinarians to move gorillas like Mandara and Gus between zoos to foster re- production. (Photograph by Jessie Cohen) 2-5 Office of Folklife Programs Visitors to the Quincentenary Program at the 1991 Festival of American Folklife, organized by the Office of Folklife Programs, heard the voices of members of Native American soci- eties that have endured for ^00 years main- taining an ancient care for the earth within the continuity of culture. "Land in Native American Cultures" presented Native Amer- ican knowledge about land as it informs sa- cred and secular practices and explored the connection between humans and land that is central to the worldview of many Native Americans. Tiwanaku participants from La Paz, Boli- via, perform a ritual dance here as they do every October before the potato harvest. The costumed men play flutes and wear cowhide and bird feathers; the women are wearing everyday traditional clothes. The Tiwanaku live in the high plateaus of the Andes Mountains. Members of these communities are engaged in the Wila-Jawira Project to recover the ancient raised-field, or suka kollm, farming technology of the pre- Inca Tiwanaku society. Lost centuries ago due to climatic changes, the arrival of the Span- iards, and the collapse of the Tiwanaku social organization, the method now holds great promise for economic development. (Photo- graph by Richard Strauss) 2.6 Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory During the July u, 1991, total solar eclipse, two Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO) experiments made unique and com- plementary images of the Sun's hot outer at- mosphere, or corona. In the first, an SAO- IBM telescope launched from White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico, captured the broiling corona over the Sun's unobscured surface in this extremely high-resolution X-ray photogtaph. (Because the eclipse had not yet begun over New Mexico, the dark sil- houette of the approaching Moon can be seen at the right of the photograph.) Simul- taneously, but thousands of miles away on Mauna Kea, Hawaii, where totality was al- ready under way and the Sun was fully oc- culted, a second Smithsonian team made infrared images of its corona, among the first ever obtained in this wavelength (inset). Data from the two images, combined with information gathered in other wavelengths, will be used to create a detailed three-dimen- sional model of the solar corona linking den- sity and temperature variations seen over the Sun's surface with structural features ob- served in its extended atmosphere. (X-ray photograph by SAO and IBM; infrared im- age by SAO and Amber Engineering) 2-7 Smithsonian Environmental Research Center The blue crab is perhaps the most celebrated inhabitant of the Chesapeake Bay, but its free-ranging behavior is difficult to observe in the bay's murky waters. Using a pioneer- ing technology, scientists at the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center in Edgewa- ter, Maryland, can listen to the crabs around the clock to learn about blue crab ecology. Dr. Anson Hines and his research associates strap small, battery-powered ultrasonic trans- mitters to the hard backs of the crabs. The transmitters are programmed to emit various frequencies of "beeps" that can be heard with underwater hydrophones by scientists patrolling in small boats. From the sounds they hear. Dr. Hines and his associates are investigating the blue crab's feeding habits. During the past three years, they have recorded the daily movements of blue crabs in the tidal waters, the time of day that feeding most often occurs, and the crabs' ability to select areas that contain high numbers of clams and other bottom-dwelling organisms, which crabs prefer to eat. Crabs sometimes travel thousands of yards in one day. The transmitters tell scientists which crab is beeping and where it is located. Then, using a transmitter wired to a crab's jaw mus- cles in order to detect movement, feeding ep- isodes or "bouts" can be monitored because crabs only use their jaw muscles when feed- ing. Studies often continue day and night to determine whether movement and feeding are correlated with time of day. (Photograph by Jeffrey Ploskonka) Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service A belt of unparalleled but threatened natural diversity extends across the center of North America from the Gulf Coast to the Pacific Slope. The area that bridges the United States and Mexico, linking the temperate world and the tropics, contains a rich selec- tion of flora and fauna living in a range of habitats — from grasslands to deserts to mountain islands. One hundred years after the last scientific surveys of the region, award-winning wildlife photographer Tupper Ansel Blake has em- barked on a three-year survey of the 1,936- mile border between the United States and Mexico. Blake's stunning color photographs serve as the centerpiece and departure point of "Borderlands: A Natutal History of the Mexican- American Boundary," an exhibition that examines the wondrous and complex natural environment of the region and ex- plores the social, historical, and cultural changes that have shaped both its land and its people. In this photograph, Blake cap- tures a summer rain storm in Sierra del Car- men, Coahuila, Mexico. "Borderlands" is organized by the Smith- sonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Ser- vice and the Nature Conservancy, a nonprofit organization that preserves plants, animals, and natural communities by protecting the lands and waters they need to survive. (Pho- tograph copyright Tupper Ansel Blake) 2-9 r-Cfi«3»fcT*3! f Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute The upper canopy of the tropical forest repre- sents one of the great gaps in our under- standing of life on Earth. This habitat, although it may be the most biologically di- verse of all, has remained almost unknown because it has been so difficult and dan- gerous to reach. The Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI) is developing a new Canopy Access System that will allow re- searchers to study the canopy environment with unprecedented ease and safety. This tower construction crane, ioo feet tall and with a 115-foot boom, has been deployed in Metropolitan Park near Panama City. The re- search gondola carries scientists and their equipment, offering reliable access in three dimensions to almost an acte of dry tropical forest. STRI plans eventually to install a much larger version of this prototype system, with a range of 5 acres, at a permanent site at its Barro Colorado Island field station. Duting the past year, STRI scientists, col- leagues, and students have carried out a wide range of studies that will provide a better un- derstanding of how tropical forests work. In one study, researchers found that canopy tree species differ sharply in their physiological re- sponses to light, temperature, and humidity, giving insight into how so many apparently similar tree species manage to coexist in trop- ical forests. Planned research on the physi- ological effects of elevated levels of catbon dioxide on trees will help predict how pro- cesses of global change will affect tropical for- ests. (Photographs by Carl C. Hansen) 3° their effort to better understand human social and cultural systems. ■ The International Center, which is a focal point for the international activities of the Smith- sonian, provided administrative and financial ser- vices for its six components: the Internarional Gallery, Office of Conference Services, Office of Environmental Awareness, Office of International Relations, Office of Quincentenary Programs, and the Man and the Biosphere Biological Diver- sity Program. National Zoological Park Research Robert Hoffmann, Assistant Secretary for Research Office of the Assistant Secretary for Research Since its inception, the Smithsonian Institution has nourished a commitment to scholarly research through programs characterized by breadth, depth, and outreach. The Institution is well known for studies that benefit the entire scholarly community, from long-term baseline monitoring of ultraviolet radiation on the Earth to invento- ries of American painting and sculpture. Research is carried out worldwide by scholars at the Smith- sonian's specialized institutes and museums. ■ The Institution again devoted attention to global environmental research and to under- standing the structure and composition of natural communities and ecosystems. ■ Fundamental research continues by the Institu- tion's systematic biologists, on whose shoulders rests the responsibility for inventorying and de- scribing the species richness of the biosphere, as well as monitoring the effects of deforestation on species diversity. ■ Smithsonian researchers also examined the na- ture of changing cultures throughout the world in Building on its historic mandate, the National Zoological Park (NZP) has as its mission the ad- vancement of science, biological conservation, education, and recreation. Accotdingly, the Zoo has progressed from a zoological park concerned only with exhibiting animals to a biological patk encompassing the entite living world and empha- sizing holistic themes concerning the interaction among species. The Zoo exhibits a wide range of living plants and animals on its 163-acre facility in Rock Creek Park in Washington, D.C., and maintains the Conservation and Research Center on 3,1^0 acres in Front Royal, Virginia, as a major animal breeding, conservation, and tesearch center. ■ Significant births included a male gorilla (the first at the Zoo in 19 years), an Andean condor, During an intensive one- month field course on the conservation and man- agement of natural areas in Panama, jointly orga- nized by the Smithsonian Institution Man and the Biosphere Biological Di- versity Program and the Smithsonian Tropical Re- search Institute, course participants survey the crater of Volcan Baru in western Panama. (Photo- graph by Carl C. Hansen) Teenage artists from the iMin American Youth Center in Washington, D. C. , directed by artist Jorge Somamba (third from left), paint a mural titled "The Amazon River and Its Forest ' ' at the lower end of a Na- tional Zoological Park parking lot. (Photograph by Jessie Cohen) an African pigmy falcon, a litter of red wolves, a sloth bear, and otters. ■ A new exhibit under construction at the Zoo will feature a tropical rainforest. The Amazonia Exhibit, scheduled to open in 1991, will have fish, invertebrates, birds, amphibians, and aquatic and terrestrial mammals. ■ The Zoo organized an international meeting to review and enhance plans to save pandas from ex- tinction. A group of 80 biologists from 13 coun- tries met in Washington, D.C. , to share data on the giant panda and the red panda. ■ Fifty-seven participants from 2.3 developing countries participated in the Zoo's Wildlife Con- servation Management Training Courses con- ducted in Malaysia, China, and at NZP's Conservation and Research Center. The Zoo's Bi- ology and Management Training Courses in Indo- nesia, Mexico, and Morocco were presented to 80 zoo professionals from five developing countries. ■ Each year the Zoo offers a variety of public pro- grams designed for the widest possible audiences. In fiscal 1991, these programs included concerts . by the Washington Civic Symphony, six Sunset Serenades, and a week-long series of events called "Super Summer." ■ A colorful 160-foot-long mural painting of the Amazon rainforest was unveiled at the Zoo in 1991. The project was part of the District of Co- lumbia's Summer Youth Program and was painted by young people from the Latin Ameri- can Youth Center. Office of Environmental Awareness The Office of Environmental Awareness (OEA) provides a bridge between scientific research and policy. Working with Smithsonian bureaus and offices, as well as with outside organizations, the OEA gathersjnformation on global environmen- tal issues and disseminates it to the general public and groups of professionals through publications, exhibitions, conferences, and workshops. ■ The Office of Environmental Awareness began organizing the National Forum on Ocean Conser- vation, to be held in fiscal 199X. ■ OEA also began collaborative planning for two exhibitions, on environmental issues that affect coastal and marine peoples and habitats (with the National Museum of Natural History) and on solid waste (with the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service). ■ More than 17,000 copies of OEA's colorful and informative poster, "A Better World Starts at Home," have been distributed free to individ- uals, schools, businesses, and community organi- zations in the United States and abroad. I Office of fellowships and Grants The Office ofJFeflowships and Grants (OFG) manages theJlnsAitution's centralized fellowship and internship programs, other stipend appoint- ments, andjpther programs that support research. These research programs enable students and scholars from throughout the world to visit the Institution and use its varied resources. The office also administers programs to increase minority participation in Smithsonian research activities and disciplines. Two competitive grant programs managed by the office provide scholarly support for Smithsonian professional staff. ■ Applications for the Minority Intern Program almost doubled this year, in part as a result of visits to colleges and universities by OFG staff. ■ The office awarded the first George E. Burch Fellowship to Professor Paul W Ewald of Am- herst College. This fellowship, which is largely funded by a gift from the Burch Heart Research and Education Fund, is designed to encourage and support creative research that has the poten- tial to benefit humankind. ■ Of the 1 2.1 Smithsonian pre- and postdoctoral fellowships offered this year, 37 were 10- week graduate student awards. Office of Interdisciplinary Studies The Office of Interdisciplinary Studies (OIS) pur- sues opportunities for diverse audiences to discuss global concerns and debate significant issues in contemporary life, to explore gaps in existing knowledge, and to present findings of new re- search. These activities have generated numerous seminars and symposia, books, and educational materials. The office also serves as a catalyst for communication and cooperation among Smith- sonian staff. ■ Two new intramural seminar series were launched this year: "Cultural Diversity" and "Research at the Smithsonian." The "Ways of Knowing" series focused on the role of profes- sional collaboration in different fields and cultures. ■ The office sponsored two public forums. "Is- sues of Literacy" brought together proponents of a variety of educational philosophies and meth- odologies, and "The 'Quality' Issue in Art" was led by a distinguished panel of artists, philoso- phers, critics, and curators. ■ Man and Beast Revisited and Sharing Innova- tion: Global Perspectives on Food, Agriculture, and Rural Development , two volumes based on OIS programs, were published by the Smith- sonian Institution Press. ■ An educational video documentary for junior and senior high schools, "Citizen Stories: De- mocracy and Responsibility in American Life," was produced by OIS and the Close Up Foundation. Office of Quincentenary Programs The Office of Quincentenary Programs coordi- nates Smithsonian programs leading to the com- memoration of the 500th anniversary of Columbus's landfall in the Americas. These pro- grams will number more than 100 and will pre- sent the cultural, historical, and scientific implications of the encounter between the origi- nal inhabitants of the Americas and other peo- ples. Exhibitions, public programs, symposia, publications, and television and radio programs ate planned for audiences in the United States and throughout the world. ■ "Symposium of the Americas" brought to- gether more than 50 leading scholars, authors, politicians, and journalists from North, Central, and South America in September in Washington, D.C. A gala reception for 600 people, cospon- sored by the Association of Ibeto- American Am- bassadors, was held during the three-day symposium, which officially launched the Smith- sonian's Quincentenary commemoration by ex- amining cultural identity in the Americas. ■ Reviews were completed on "The Buried Mir- ror: Reflections on Spain and the New World by Carlos Fuentes," a five-part bilingual television series produced by Malone-Gill Productions in collaboration with the Smithsonian, Sogetel, and the Spanish Quincentenary Commission. ■ Planning continued for an Institute of the Americas to facilitate interdisciplinary research on issues of high priority for the hemisphere. Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory The Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO) is dedicated to discovering and under- standing the physical processes governing the na- ture and evolution of the universe. As a member of the Center for Astrophysics (CfA) based in Cambridge, Massachusetts, SAO, in collabora- tion with the Harvard College Observatory, pur- sues a diverse program of research in the following disciplines: atomic and molecular physics, high-energy astrophysics, optical and in- frared astronomy, planetary sciences, radio and geoastronomy, solar and stellar physics, and theo- retical astrophysics. Facilities include the Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory (FLWO) in Ari- zona, the Oak Ridge Observatory in Massa- chusetts, and a millimeter-wave radio astronomy 33 In a landmark exchange of East- West timekeeping technology. Soviet-built atomic hydrogen maser clocks were brought to Cambridge. Massa- chusetts, to be compared for stability against simi- lar devices built at the Smithsonian Astrophysi- cal Observatory for appli- cations in space tracking, radio astronomy, and global navigation. (Pho- tograph by Joe Vi'nnn. Harvard University News Office) installation at CfA headquarters, as well as in- struments aboard satellites, rockets, and bal- loons. Research results are disseminated through professional journals and presentations and through publications and lectures for the public. Educational efforts include an innovative curricu- lum program for secondary school science. ■ Recognizing SAO's leadership in astronomy, astrophysics, and geophysics, the National Aero- nautics and Space Administration selected the observatory to plan, develop, and operate the in- ternational science center, which will receive, an- alyze, and store data from the Advanced X-Ray Astrophysics Facility (AXAF). ■ An independent review committee approved the design and program of research planned for SAO's unique array of submillimeter telescopes and recommended that negotiations begin to place the instrument on Mauna Kea, Hawaii. ■ The extremely powerful signal of an interstellar maser, representing the second strongest emission line ever seen at microwave frequencies, was de- tected from methanol molecules by an SAO sci- entist using the 140-foot radio antenna at Green Bank, West Virginia. The discovery has important implications for radio astronomy studies of newly formed stars. ■ A rocket-borne X-ray telescope developed by SAO and IBM obtained temarkably detailed im- ages of the Sun on July 11, 1991, the day of the to- tal solat eclipse. These images will be used to produce the first three-dimensional model of the solar corona linking density and temperature vari- ations with structure in the extended atmosphere. A second, ground-based SAO experiment yielded the first such infrared images of the corona. ■ A high-resolution imaging instrument built by SAO for the ROSAT satellite made detailed ob- servations of X-ray objects selected after the satel- lite's initial six-month all-sky survey. Striking images of the Andromeda Galaxy suggest that X-ray sources may be highly variable, since many seen a decade earlier have disappeared and other new sources now glow brightly. ■ SAO continued development of a submillime- ter wavelength telescope array and the conversion of the Multiple Mirror Telescope to a single-mir- ror instrument 6. <; meters in diameter. A new 48- inch telescope, designed for stellar and extra- galactic astronomy, was put into operation at the Whipple Observatory. A second, ii-meter-diame- ter, gamma-ray detector at FLWO saw its "first light" on September 1^, 1991. Smithsonian Environmental Research Center Scientists at the Smithsonian Environmental Re- search Center (SERC) in Edgewater, Maryland, conduct long-term interdisciplinary studies on how human use of the air, land, and water affect the Chesapeake Bay region. The center comple- ments research activities with educational pro- grams for students — from undergraduates to postdoctoral fellows — and for the public. SERC's research is the primary contribution on the Ches- apeake region to the United States Interagency Global Change Program and an important com- ponent of the International Geosphere/ Biosphere Program. ■ A U.S. Department of Energy-funded project studied the effects on tidal marshes of atmo- spheric carbon dioxide concentrations elevated to the level expected in the next century. The effects included increased methane emissions, reduced respiration rates, and reduced insect grazing. ■ With National Science Foundation support, re- searchers at SERC are testing the hypothesis that forests adjacent to bodies of water can convert a large proportion of the nitrogen they receive in agricultural runoff to gaseous forms, thereby pro- tecting downstream ecosystems from nitrogen pollution. The release of gases — including ni- 34 trous oxide, which contributes to the global greenhouse effect and the destruction of strato- spheric ozone — from the forest soil is measured using an infrared laser system. ■ The SERC Solar Radiation Laboratory ran a se- ries of experiments designed to measure sepa- rately the amount of ultraviolet-B radiation that reaches the surface of the Earth directly in the beam of the Sun and the amount that reaches the surface after it has been dispersed by the atmosphere. ■ SERC is developing improved methods of mea- suring how forests exchange heat and moisture with the atmosphere. Researchers successfully tested a new system employing temperature- and humidity-sensing devices coupled with a high- speed computer to take measurements 10 times a second and operate a micrometeorological model in real time. ■ A mathematical model of sunlight penetration in estuarine waters is being used to predict the water conditions necessary for the survival of sea- grasses in Chesapeake Bay tributaries. Results from the Rhode River indicate that the reduction of suspended sediment concentrations is a critical factor in achieving the necessary water clarity. ■ Dr. Shoichi Kawano, an internationally known plant ecologist who is professor of botany and di- rector of the herbarium at Kyoto University, Ja- pan, was named the first Regents Fellow at SERC. Smithsonian Institution Archives The Smithsonian Institution Archives (SIA) pre- serves and provides access to records of the Insti- tution's proceedings and its accomplishments. SIA ensures systematic and comprehensive histor- ical accountability for the Institution's national trust by accommodating and managing a con- stantly increasing volume and an ever-changing technological variety of records and historical doc- umentation. The Archives not only supports re- search, management, planning, exhibitions, and other Smithsonian activities, but also responds to public inquiries and advises archival programs within and outside the Institution. ■ Sixteen architectural drawings and concept de- signs for the Smithsonian Institution Building (the Castle) byjames Renwick, acquired from Jean Hewitt, a Renwick descendant, were added to the Smithsonian Architectural Drawings Collection. ■ SIA accessioned 150 hours of videotape with transcripts and related materials, collected by Smithsonian historians since 1986 in an experi- mental project funded by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation. Smithsonian Institution Libraries The Smithsonian Institution Libraries (SIL) sup- ports the Institution's curatorial, research, pub- lishing, education, and public service activities by providing reference and information services and by building, organizing, managing, preserving, and restoring its collections. SIL collections, ac- cessible through an on-line catalogue and avail- able to Smithsonian staff and outside scholars through a system of 16 branch libraries and through interlibrary loan, number some 1.1 mil- lion books, 15,000 current journals, 40,000 rare books, and 1,800 manuscript groups. This year, the Smith- sonian Institution Ar- chives began to arrange and describe the papers of malacologtst S. Still- man Berry (1887-1984), shown here with a squid specimen. Although Berry did not work for the Smithsonian, he sent many specimens to the collections and had close ties with the National Museum of Natural History, 35 Smithsonian Institution Libraries staff members David Holbert, Susan Blaine, and Conrad Ziyad (left to right) at a micro- film reader in the new of- fices of the Preservation Services Department. (Photograph by Richard Strauss) ■ Two educational efforts initiated by the Li- braries were awarded funding. The first program, the SIL/Dibner Library Resident Scholar Pro- gram, provides short-term study grants for re- search in the history of science and technology and will award stipends funded by the Dibner Fund to two scholars in late 1991. The second pro- gram, a symposium and an exhibition about world's fairs from 1850 to 1940 based on SIL's pre- eminent collection of world's fairs materials, re- ceived support from the Smithsonian Special Exhibition Fund. ■ SIL opened its first public exhibition gallery adjacent to the Dibner Library in the National Museum cf American History. The gallery's first two exhibitions were "Turning Over Old Leaves: A Sampler of Writings in the Smithsonian Insti- tution Libraries" and "Nusantara: Lands and People of Indonesia. ' ' ■ Director Barbara J. Smith began a develop- ment program for the Libraries by inaugurating an honorary and memorial gifts program that is publicized in the brochure "Gift Information for Donors." ■ A magnificent set of Auduboniana on long- term loan from the National Audubon Society, appraised at some $3 million, is now housed in SIL's Dibner Library. The set consists of John James Audubon's four-volume Birds of America, Viviparous Quadrupeds of North America, and manuscript materials that include correspon- dence, species descriptions from the "Or- nithological Biography," and an early text of Quadrupeds. Smithsonian Institution Man and the Biosphere Biological Diversity Program The Smithsonian Institution Man and the Bio- sphere Biological Diversity Program (SI/MAB) addresses the challenge of protecting the biolog- ical diversity of developing countries. The pro- gram focuses on two objectives: (1) to provide biodiversity sampling protocols for protected areas and other highly diverse ecosystems of the world in a way that will allow data from diverse sites to be compared in time and space and (1) to strengthen short-term professional training capa- bilities in host countries and thereby increase the number of managers and scientists in developing nations who can address their countries' conserva- tion priorities. ■ During the past year, the SI/MAB Program conducted successful regional training courses on conservation and management of protected areas and wildlands in Guatemala, Ecuador, Bolivia, Panama, and Peru. ■ Among SI/MAB research activities conducted this year were the second post-hurricane census of the biodiversity plot in the Luquillo Biosphere Reserve, Puerto Rico; the four-year census of the four biodiversity plots in the Beni Biosphere Re- serve, Bolivia; and the establishment of the first biodiversity plot in the unique dry forest ecosys- tem of the Virgin Islands National Park, St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands. ■ An evaluation of the last five regional training courses conducted by SI/MAB was completed this year. Three forthcoming publications are ex- pected to improve and modify the training courses to meet the national conservation objec- tives in the countries where courses are held. ■ Publications produced this year included the program's first newsletter, four user's guides and three field guides to the biodiversity plots, and two related papers. 36 Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute The Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI), with headquarters in Panama, is the na- tion's leading center for basic research on the ecology, behavior, and evolution of tropical or- ganisms. STRI's mission includes research on ter- restrial and marine organisms and ecosystems, molecular evolution, paleoecology, and human interactions with the biosphere; promotion of conservation and sustainable use of tropical re- sources; and education and training in tropical biology. STRI's resident scientific staff of 2.9 works throughout the New and Old World tropics, and the institute provides essential logis- tical support for the international scientific com- munity to conduct state-of-the-art investigations on natural tropical systems. ■ STRI established the Center for Tropical Forest Science in collaboration with Princeton and Har- vard universities, with major support from the John D. and Catherine T. Mac Arthur Founda- tion. The center will promote and coordinate long-term research on tropical forest ecology and management in a growing network of sites around the world, which at present include Pan- ama, Malaysia, India, Thailand, Indonesia, and Sri Lanka. ■ The innovative Canopy Access System, a tower construction crane bearing a gondola for scientists and equipment, demonstrated its practicality and versatility as a tool for investigating the virtually unknown tropical forest canopy. This year's studies, at a forested site near Panama City, fo- cused on the physiology of canopy trees, canopy microclimate, the growth and dynamics of lianas in tree crowns, and canopy invertebrates. ■ Empirical and theoretical evolutionary studies by STRI researchers and associates — including Mary Jane West-Eberhard, William G. Eberhard, A. Stanley Rand, John H. Christy, and MichaelJ. Ryan — have shown that elaborate male courtship displays may not originate because of greater re- productive success by females that choose showy males, as has been commonly thought. Instead, male displays often exploit preexisting biases in the sensory and behavioral responses of females, which originally evolved for escape from preda- tors or other reasons unrelated to mating. ■ Studies of the reproductive biology and mo- lecular evolution of marine organisms by STRI re- searchers and colleagues, including D. Ross Robertson, Eldredge Bermingham, Haris A. Les- sios, G. M. Wellington, M.J. Shulman, and J. R. Weinberg, have provided new insight into the re- lationships among larval dispersal, genetic struc- ture of populations, and population regulation and adaptation to local conditions. For example, fish species with pelagic larvae (larvae living in the open ocean) have been found to be genet- ically uniform over vast areas of the eastern Pa- cific Ocean and the Caribbean, while populations of a live-bearing isopod show extraordinary ge- netic divergence on beaches only a kilometer apart. ■ The publication of Long-Term Assessment of the Oil Spill at Bahia Las Minas, Panama: Interim Report by Brian D. Keller, Jeremy B. C.Jackson, and the staff of STRI's Oil Spill Project summa- rized the first three years of a five-year study on the effects of a major oil spill near STRI's Galeta field station in the San Bias Islands off the coast of Panama. In addition to documenting the ini- tial severe effects, the study has found that organ- isms and communities differ greatly in their recovery rates, from no recovery by reef- building corals after several years to very rapid recoloniza- tion by mangrove seedlings that may require three decades to mature. As apart of the Smith- sonian Tropical Research Institute 's ongoing studies of Panama 's bio- diversity, staff scientist Noris Salazar is catalogu- ing mosses and other bryophytes in a cloud for- est in Cerro Campana National Park. (Photo- Carl C. Hansen) 37 Laiba, a Soukous band from Zaire, performs at the Anacostia Museum as part of the museum 's Third World Music Series. (Photograph hy Harold Dorwin) ■ STRI expanded its international contacts for the promotion of educational and research pro- grams. Activities included a one-month intensive field course on the management of natural areas in Panama, in collaboration with the Smith- sonian Institution Man and the Biosphere Biolog- ical Diversity Program; a planning meeting for an exhibition on the conservation of tropical rain- forests for 14 Latin American countries, in collab- oration with the Institution's Office of International Relations; and discussions with Princeton University, the National Museums of Kenya, Kenya Wildlife Services, and other parties concerning the development of research and edu- cation programs at the Mpala Ranch in Kenya. Museums Tom L. Freudenheim, Assistant Secretary for Museums Office of the Assistant Secretary for Museums The Office of the Assistant Secretary for Mu- seums advises the secretary and the under secre- tary on matters concerning museum operations, policies, and advocacy issues. Current priorities of the office include collections management, intel- lectual and physical accessibility, exhibitions, mu- seum education, and public service. ■ An accessibility coordinator was appointed in 1991 to address physical accessibility in exhibi- tions, public programs, facilities, and grounds. ■ The new Experimental Gallery opened in the Arts and Industries Building, providing exhibit makers with space to explore and experiment with the exhibition development process, audi- ence and access, exhibition context, and tech- nique and style. Exhibitions created for the gallery have multicultural and multidisciplinary themes. ■ A n-member advisory committee recom- mended the establishment of a National African American Museum on the National Mall, to be administered by the Smithsonian. The proposed museum, approved by the Institution's Board of Regents at its May and September meetings, will be dedicated to the collection, preservation, re- search, and exhibition of African American mate- rial reflecting the breadth of the experience of black Americans. ■ Acquisitions supported by the Collections Ac- quisition Program included the remainder of the Duke Ellington archives (National Museum of American History), a Baga figure (National Mu- seum of African Art), and a collection of Chinese portraits (Arthur M. Sackler Gallery). Special Ex- hibition Fund awards, for projects in all disci- plines, included "The Art of Romare Bearden" (National Museum of American Art), "Principles of Flight" (National Air and Space Museum), and "Land of Promise: America in the 19th Cen- tury" (National Museum of American History). ■ Following a study of funding levels for the In- stitution's internship programs, the Smithsonian Internship Council began to seek corporate and foundation support to establish an Institution- wide stipend fund for students who need finan- cial assistance to participate in current programs. Anacostia Museum The Anacostia Museum is a national resource de- voted to identifying, documenting, protecting, and interpreting the African American experi- ence in Washington, DC. , and the upper South (Virginia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Car- olina, and Georgia). The museum also examines contemporary social issues such as housing, trans- portation, and health care and their impact on African American communities in the region. In addition, the museum is committed to the collec- tion, protection, and interpretation of popular culture in the African American population. ■ Steven Newsome, who became the museum's second director in March 1991, began to articulate a new vision for the museum that includes re- gional service and the collection of contemporary material culture. ■ The museum acquired more than 300 objects reflecting the life of the noted African American journalist Ethel Payne. Payne, who lived in Wash- ington for a number of years before her death, wrote for the Chicago Defender and the Wash- ington Afro-American newspapers and was active in local and national politics. ■ New equipment for artifact storage was in- stalled this year. The completion of the storage facility allows the museum to seek additions to its collection more aggressively. ■ The George Washington Carver Nature Trail on the museum grounds opened informally. The trail will give visitors an opportunity to learn about natural resources in an urban environment. A simulated Underground Railroad route will en- able visitors to learn how escaping slaves used the natural environment in their flights to freedom. The project received partial funding from the Smithsonian Educational Outreach Program and the Smithsonian Women's Committee. ■ The museum mounted "Kaleidoscope: African American Photography in Washington, D.C." The exhibition was organized by Marcia Battle, assistant curator of photography, National Mu- seum of American Art, and marked a new trend of greater collaboration between the Anacostia Museum and other Smithsonian bureaus. ■ The annual Juneteenth celebration, a day-long outdoor festival of music, dance, and crafts dem- onstrations, attracted more than 1,000 visitors. Washington, D.C, Mayor Sharon Pratt Kelly and D.C. Delegate Eleanor Holmes Norton helped to mark the day that slaves in Texas heard about the Emancipation Proclamation. ■ A Third World Music Series was developed as part of the Black Mosaic project, which examines community life and cultural exchange among people of African descent living in the metropoli- tan Washington, D.C, area. In cooperation with the various communities, the museum sponsored a series of performances, including reggae, Afro- Cuban, African Pop, and traditional West Afri- can music and dance. Archives of American Art The Archives of American Art, a national re- search repository with centers in Washington, D.C, New York, Boston, Detroit, and San Mar- ino, California, has the largest collection in the world of original source materials relating to the history of the visual arts in the United States, in- cluding documents, photographs, works of art on paper, and tape-recorded and video interviews. The Archives is dedicated to encouraging research in American art and cultural history by making its collections easily accessible to researchers. Original materials are housed in Washington, with microfilm copies of many items in the col- lections available in each of the Archives centers and around the world through interlibrary loan. ■ A notable advance for the Archives was the en- try in June 1991 of its catalogue data base in the Research Library Information Network (RLIN) system. This made the Archives catalogue of some 5,600 records instantly accessible to re- searchers in thousands of colleges, universities, Among recent acquisi- tions by the Archives of American Art were the Emmet family papers, which include this draw- ing by Ellen Emmet Rand (1875-19^1) of women painting at William Mer- ritt Chase 's Shinnecock Summer School of Art, Long Island, in the iSyos. (Photograph by Eligio Comglio) ■• - CURRENT DOLLAR Nancy D. Suttenfield, Chief Financial Officer The Smithsonian concluded the year with a balanced unrestricted trust fund budget despite an increasingly weak national and local economy, which took a toll on virtually all revenue-producing auxil- iary activities. However, a balanced budget was only accomplished by using previously established reserves and making significant cuts to existing budgets. Further cuts to baseline expenditures are required in fiscal 1992 to bring costs within reduced levels of income. Despite continuing fiscal constraints facing federal budget policy makers, the Institution's appropriation support provided core fun- ding for programs and operations and limited support for several new initiatives, primarily in the areas of cultural pluralism, the environ- ment, and education. Modest support was provided to address Smith- sonian infrastructure needs. However, a large backlog of identified needs in this category remains unfunded and will take most of the current decade to eliminate at recent rates of funding increases. Operations Federal appropriations provided $272,880,000 to fund ongoing oper- ations, approximately 14 percent more than fiscal 1990 after exclud- ing the $15.0 million pass-through for the Kennedy Center. New program support included $1.4 million to reduce Smithsonian Insti- tution Traveling Exhibition Service participation fees, $1.0 million for the National Museum of American Art's Inventory of Outdoor Sculp- ture, and $500,000 for Global Change research. Government agencies provided project grants and contracts to fund research at the Smithsonian. Funding provided by the National Aero- nautics and Space Administration, principally to the Smithsonian As- trophysical Observatory, increased $8.0 million over the prior year. Nonappropriated income from gifts, grants, endowments, current investments, and revenue-producing activities supplemented funds from federal sources. Unrestricted trust funds were allocated to cover their proper share of administrative costs and other Institution-wide program priorities. Allocations were made, as in the past but at re- duced levels, to fund internal award programs for acquisitions, special exhibitions, fellowships, scholarly studies, and educational outreach. In addition, $2.3 million in revenue generated from auxiliary enter- prises was transferred to endowment following past practice to build this important asset for the future. The Smithsonian is especially grateful to its many friends in the private sector whose generosity contributed vitally to its work. Donors are listed in the Benefactors section of this annual report. Gross Net Net Revenue Income Income Source of Fundi (SOOOs) (SOOOs) (%) Federal Appropriation 272,880 272,880 74 Government Grants and Contracts 36,801 36,801 10 All Trust Sources 233,259 59,937 16 Total Available for Operations 542,940 369,618 100 Endowment The Smithsonian endowment fund reached an all-time high of $348.9 million during the fiscal year. However, the market value of the endowment had dropped to $3138 million by the close of the fis- cal year, at which time the Institution had 33 percent of its portfolio TOTAL ENDOWMENT FUNDS EKiS Market Value 77 in bonds, 4 percent in cash and cash equivalents, and 63 percent in equities. The total return for the fiscal year was 24.7 percent. The Institution continues to use its two balanced managers: Fiduci- ary Trust Company of New York and Miller, Anderson and Sherrerd for the majority of its holdings. Regent Barnabas McHenry chaired the Investment Policy Commit- tee of the Board of Regents. Having completed his term as regent, Mr. McHenry leaves the committee after five years of dedicated ser- vice. The Institution is very grateful for the counsel and leadership that he provided to the committee. Regent William Bowen will re- place Mr. McHenry as acting chair of the committee. The Institution remains indebted to committee members Donald Moriarty, Charles H. Mott, Jane Mack Gould, John W. English, ThomasJ. Keresey, and Regent Norman Mineta for their continuing service. Construction and Plant Funds In addition to its appropriation for salaries and other operating ex- penses, the Institution receives federal support for the construction, repair, and restoration of facilities. In fiscal 1991, $31,190,000 was appropriated for work on fire detection and suppression systems, util- ities, facade restoration and replacement, and routine repairs. Appro- priations for other construction activities included $4,982,000 for minot construction and construction planning. Also, $1,542,000 was provided for new Smithsonian Tropical Re- search Institute research facilities; $7,391,000 for the planned Na- tional Museum of the American Indian; and $1,492,000 for the National Museum of Natural History East Court project. A separate appropriation of $6,636,000 allowed the National Zoological Park to continue a repair program and other projects in its master plan. TOTAL OPERATING FUNDS R & R APPROPRIATIONS $35 $30 $25 ! $20 I $15 $10 $5 ■ 1 111 ..l...ll.llllilll 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 Fiscal Year $600 $500 $400 J $300 $200- $100- $0 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 FISCAL YEAR - CONSTANT DOLLAR + CURRENT DOLLAR revalidate system requirements and software. Changes in the comput- ing environment have necessitated brief studies to reevaluate com- puter capacity and operating system requirements. To ensure that the eventual system meets the needs of its primary user and operator, the responsibility for the project was assigned to the comptroller. The Institution's finance offices are taking part in an effort to im- prove the quality of their products and services and the cost effective- ness of their work by applying the principles of Total Quality Management (TQM). All financial staff will receive training so that planning for and implementation of TQM can begin in fiscal 1992. Audit Activities The Institution's funds, federal and nonappropriated, are audited an- nually by an independent public accounting firm, currently Coopers & Lybrand. Coopers & Lybrand's unqualified report for fiscal 1991 is reprinted on the following pages. The Smithsonian's internal audit staff, pan of the Office of the Inspector General, regularly reviews the Institution's financial activities and fiscal systems, assists the outside auditors, and undertakes special projects as required. The Defense Contract Audit Agency audits grants and contracts received from fed- eral agencies and monitors allocated administrative costs. The Audit and Review Committee of the Board of Regents, chaired by Regent David C. Acheson, met three times duting the fiscal year pursuant to its fiduciary responsibilities under legislation pertinent to the Institution and the bylaws of the Board of Regents. The commit- tee reviewed the 1990 audit performed by Coopers & Lybrand and rhe 1991 audit plan and received reports from the Office of the Inspector General on a wide variety of Institutional programs and procedures. Financial Management Activities To improve financial management activities, the Smithsonian estab- lished the position of Assistant Secretary for Finance and Administra- tion and vested that position with responsibility as Chief Financial Officer of the Institution. All financial offices report to the chief fi- nancial officer. Additionally, cutrent staff were redeployed to create the Office of Financial and Management Analysis, a resource to im- prove the delivery of financial services and to examine the cost effec- tiveness of programs and operations. Although progress was being made on the implementation of a new accounting system, the new chief financial officer halted the project temporarily to reaffirm the vision for the new system and to Related Organizations The National Gallery of Art, the John F. Kennedy Center for the Per- forming Arts, and the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars were established by Congress within the Institution. Each or- ganization is administered by its own board of trustees and reports in- dependently on its financial status. The Smithsonian provides the Wilson Center with certain fiscal, administrative, and support services plus office space on a reimbursement basis. Administrative services are provided by the Institution on a con- tract basis for Reading Is Fundamental, Inc. The Friends of the Na- tional Zoo (FONZ), an independent nonprofit organization, operates under a concessions contract; proceeds accrue to the Zoo. 78 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION OPERATING FUNDS Fiscal Years 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991 (in $000,000s) FUNDS APPLIED Auxiliary and Bureau Activities Expenses Administration and Facilities Services mmmmm External Affairs Museums Public Service Research ===== ;;""".l:l".""!u'— — ' 79 Table 1. Financial Summary (in $000s) FY 1990 FY 1991 INSTITUTIONAL OPERATING FUNDS FUNDS PROVIDED: Federal Appropriations — (Salaries & Expenses) & Other Government Grants & Contracts Nonappropriated Trust Funds: For Restricted Purposes For Unrestricted & Special Purposes: Auxiliary & Bureau Activities Revenues — Gross Less Related Expenses Auxiliary & Bureau Activities Revenues — Net Investment, Gift, & Other Income Total Net Unrestricted & Special Purpose Revenue Total Nonappropriated Trust Funds — Gross —Net Total Operating Funds Provided — Gross -Net FUNDS APPLIED (see Note 1): Research Less SAO Overhead Recovery Museums Public Service Institutional Initiatives External Affairs International Activities Associates & Business Management Administration — Federal Nonappropriated Trust Funds Less Smithsonian Overhead Recovery Facilities Services Total Operating Funds Applied Ttansfers (Nonappropriated Trust Funds) Unrestricted Funds — To Plant — To Endowment Restticted Funds — To Endowment Total Operating Funds Applied & Transferred Out CHANGES IN FUND BALANCES: Nonappropriated Trust — Restricted Purpose Unrestricted — General Purpose — Special Purpose Appropriated (see Note 2) Total YEAR-END BALANCES— NONAPPROPRIATED TRUST FUNDS: Restricted Purpose Unrestricted — General Purpose — Special Purpose Total OTHER FEDERAL APPROPRIATIONS (see Note 3) Canal Zone Biological Area Fund Construction Total Federal Appropriation (Including S & E above) $225,479 29,089 $273,709 36,801 201,347 196,107 (173,365) (173,322) 27,982 22,785 14,551 14,330 42,533 37,115 243,570 233,259 70,205 59,937 498,138 543,769 324,773 370,447 83,943 100,154 (4,429) (4,459) 128,791 132,982 7,625 7,225 376 1,518 5,426 6,465 1,871 1,969 443 261 19,690 36,407 14,585 16,238 (11,945) (10,107) 67,003 73,634 313,379 362,287 (5) (1,753) 5,512 3,108 2,164 5,732 321,050 369,374 4,028 (3,939) 468 3 1,504 (4,198) (2,277) 9,207 $ 3,723 $ 1,073 $ 24,975 $ 21,036 13,769 13,772 35,312 31,115 $ 74,056 $ 65,923 $ 137 $ 159 41,211 53,233 $266,827 $327,101 Note 1: The funds applied for FY 1990 were regrouped to be consistent with organizational changes that occurred in FY 1991 ■ Note 2: The fund balance for federal funds represents no-year unobligated funds for instrumentation, collections acquisitions, repatriation, and exhibitions. Also, included in this amount are unobligated funds from FY 1991, FY 1990, and FY 1989 annual appropriation accounts. Note 3: Excludes $1,961 thousand received in FY 1990 and $837 thousand teceived in FY 1991 from the Department of State for research projects in India. These amounts reflect a $41 thousand and $414 thousand exchange rate fluctuation for FY 1990 and FY 1991, respectively. So Table 2. Source and Application of Operating Funds for the Year Ended September 30, 1991 (Excludes Canal Zone Biological Area Fund, Plant Funds, and Endowments) (in $000s) Nonappropriated Trust Funds Total Non- Federal appropriated Funds Funds Unrestricted General Auxiliary Activities Special Purpose Government Grants and General Contracts FUND BALANCES— Beginning of Year FUNDS PROVIDED: Federal Appropriations Investment Income Government Gtants and Contracts Gifts Sales and Membetship Revenue Other Total Provided Total Available FUNDS APPLIED: Research: Assistant Secretary Astrophysical Observatory Less Overhead Recovery Tropical Research Institute Environmental Research Center National Zoological Park Smithsonian Archives Smithsonian Libraries International Environmental Science Program Academic Programs Total Research Museums: Assistant Secretary Museum Programs National Museum of Natural History/ National Museum of Man National Air & Space Museum National Museum of American History National Museum of American Art National Pottrait Gallery Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden . . . Freer Gallery of Art Arthur M. Sackler Gallery Archives of American Art Cooper-Hewitt, National Museum of Design . National Museum of African Art Anacostia Neighborhood Museum Conservation Analytical Laboratory Office of Exhibits Central Traveling Exhibition Service National Museum of the American Indian . . . Museum Support Center Total Museums Public Service: Assistant Secretary Visitor Information and Associates' Reception Center Office of Public Affairs Folklife Educational Programs Total Public Service Institutional Initiatives: External Affairs : Assistant Secretary Development Office Office of Special Evenrs ($1,907) 272, S $ 74,057 $13,769 $35,313 $24,975 — 15,340 9,504 — 680 5,156 — — 36,801 — — — — 36,801 — 23,137 347 7,752 535 14,503 — — 188,355 — 178,073 10,282 — — 829 6,427 270,060 640 10,491 — 2,624 14,121 3,163 22,822 — 273,709 185,825 36,801 271,802 344,117 24,260 185,825 49,434 47,797 36,801 1,210 1.020 425 146 153 296 15,851 40,927 5,772 — 2,378 256 32,521 — (4,459) (4,459) — — — — 6,463 2,274 227 — 811 326 910 2,478 1,239 102 — 297 281 559 15,622 2,581 184 — 1,118 717 562 676 321 217 — 93 11 — 5,652 816 562 593 557 — 30 6 — 2,752 47,248 1,217 260 3,285 432 2,238 7,111 321 254 2,004 439 — 49,330 — 34,848 1,211 25 673 97 61 — 34 2 — 30,469 7,799 432 _ 2,284 4,152 931 10,761 6,112 208 — 4,672 879 353 16,652 3,972 168 — 1.602 2,148 54 6,463 2,188 222 — 1,103 863 — 5,020 407 38 — 184 99 86 3,562 3,136 213 — 813 2,110 — 1,278 2,959 9 — 719 2,231 — 3,092 2,271 89 — 800 1,382 — 1,137 1,073 71 — 1 1,001 — 1.786 3,026 1,025 — 1,456 515 30 3,612 422 60 — 210 152 — 1,092 121 108 — 3 — 10 2,676 140 — — 126 14 — 1,989 106 — — 106 — — 1.539 3,121 305 — 2,044 766 6 4,380 447 347 — 66 — 34 2,617 — — — — — — 100,009 38,614 3,788 — 16,544 16,753 1,529 175 1,154 1,119 825 731 679 1,362 1,434 776 673 474 425 3,394 4,080 3,169 — 1,518 988 1,287 110 710 50 1,799 1,590 64 208 208 34 1 — 49 3 — 240 131 287 39 10 146 — 478 287 45 186 273 — 5 142 67 — Table 2. Source and Application of Operating Funds fot the Year Ended September 30, 1991 (Excludes Canal Zone Biological Area Fund, Plant Funds, and Endowments) (in $000s) (continued) Nonappropriated Trust Funds Total Non- appropriated Funds Unresrricted Rest ricted Federal Funds General Auxiliary Activities Special Purpose General Government Grants and Contracts 314 346 1,398 15 78 1,041 19,869 78 584 15 19,800 214 50 180 19 63 Media Activities Congressional Liaison Telecommunications Smithsonian Press Toral External Affairs International Activities Associate Programs Business Management Administration Less Overhead Recovery Facilities Services Transfers Out I (In); Programs (see Note 1) Net Auxiliary Activities Other Designated Purposes Plant Endowment Total Transfers Total Funds Applied FUND BALANCES - End of Year (see Note 2) 264,502 $ 7,300 23,998 278,194 $ 65,923 $13,772 406 178 (10.872) 18,319 — 96,254 303 95,855 18 78 — 49,150 — 49,150 — — 36,407 17,555 12,334 — 4,183 1.038 — (10,107) (10,107) — — — 72,239 1,669 1,441 — 228 — 4,692 (4,692) — — (19,903) 19,903 — — — — 4,686 1,102 (5.890) 102 — (1.753) (1,705) — (48) — — 8,840 3,350 — (242) 5,732 5,834 26,761 $31,115 $21,036 Note 1: Includes Collections Acquisition, Scholarly Studies, Educational Outreach, and Special Exhibitions Programs. Note 2: The fund balance for federal funds represents no-year unobligared funds lor instrumentation, collections acquisitions, repatriation, and exhibitions. Also included in this amount are unobligated funds from FY 1991 , FY 1990, and FY 1989 annual appropriation accounts. Table 3- Government Grants and Contracts — Expenditures (in $000s) Fiscal Years 1990 and 1991 Government Agencies Department of Defense Depattment of Energy Departmenr of Healrh and Human Services Department of Interior National Aeronaurics and Space Adminisrrarion (see Note 1) National Science Foundation (see Note 2) Other Total FY 1990 FY 1991 $ 1,292 $ 883 364 425 645 613 1,426 1,242 23,660 31,616 790 852 911 1.170 $29,088 $36,801 Note 1: Includes $760 thousand (FY 1990) and $849 thousand (FY 1991) in subcontracts from organizations receiving prime contract from the National Aero- nautics and Space Administration. Note 2: Includes $241 thousand (FY 1991) in National Science Foundation subcontacts from Chesapeake Research Consorrium. Table 4. Auxiliary Activities, Fiscal Years 1990 and 1991 (in $000s) Sales and Membership Revenue Gifts Less Cost of Sales Gross Revenue Expenses Net Revenue (Loss) FY 1990 FY 1991: Associates Programs Business Management: (see Note 1) — Museum Shops/ Mail Order . . — Concessions —Other Smithsonian Press Media Activities (see Note 1) Total FY 1991 $185,049 $103,583 49,037 3,398 890 21,111 JM $178,073 $7,284 $7,752 $7,752 $100,070 $92,263 $65,495 $ 94,511 $91,314 $70,309 $26,768 $ 67,069 $44,266 $28,786 $15,480 21,940 27,097 23,335 3,762 — 3,398 2,955 443 — 890 920 (30) 5.502 15,609 14,298 1,311 — 54 15 39 $21,005 Note 1: Before revenue-sharing transfers to participating Smithsonian bureaus of $1,621 thousand (FY 1990) and $1,102 thousand (FY 1991) Table 5. Endowment and Similar Funds September 30, 1991 (in $000s) Book Value $ 8,007 588 8,595 Market Value $ 9,427 $ 9,427 20,154 22,728 2,180 2,206 67,080 71,407 31,566 32,137 3,345 3,940 132,313 172,622 6,171 6,171 272,236 320,638 1,120 1,122 23 23 587 790 1,730 1,935 $273,966 $322,573 ASSETS: Pooled Consolidated Endowment Funds: Cash and Equivalents Mutual Funds Interfund Receivable U.S. Government and Government Obligations Bonds Convertible Preferred Stocks Stocks Receivable for Securities Sold Total Pooled Fund Nonpooled Endowment Funds: Loan to U.S. Treasury in Perpetuity Receivables Investments in Charitable Trusts Total Nonpooled Funds Total Assets LIABILITIES AND FUND BALANCES: LIABILITIES: Payables for Securities Purchased Deferred Revenue — Charitable Trusts Total Liabilities FUND BALANCE: Unrestricted Purpose: True Endowment Quasi Endowment Total Unrestricted Purpose Restricted Purpose: True Endowmenr Quasi Endowment Total Restricted Purpose Total Fund Balances Total Liabilities and Fund Balances $ 8,007 790 8,797 7,211 116,373 9,183 134,022 123,584 143,205 92,612 49,175 112,718 57,853 141,787 170,571 265.371 313,776 $273,966 $322,573 Table 5A. Market Values of Endowment and Similar Funds (in $000s) Fund 9/30/87 9/30/88 9/30/89 9/30/90 9/30/91 $108,925 50,380 74,816 $234,121 $101,432 44,228 75,169 $220,829 $127,394 53,731 98,540 $279,665 $117,123 47,963 89,430 $254,516 $143,205 j 57,775 112,796 $313,776 Table 6. Changes in Pooled Consolidated Endowment — Fund Balances at Market (in $000s) Unrestricted Freer Other Total Market Value— 10/1/90 Changes: Gifts Transfers of Excess Yield (net of below) Interest and Dividends (see Note 1) . Income Paid Out Transfers of Other Income Market Value Depreciation Market Value— 9/30/91 (see Note 2) . . $116,075 $142,193 $47,963 $ 89,291 $57,775 $112,663 $253,329 5,442 2,187 4,161 11,790 (4,261) (1,735) (3,302) (9,298) 1,993 — 4,378 6,371 22,871 9,360 17,948 50,179 $312,631 Note 1: Income earned, less managers' fees of$l, 037 thousand. Note 2: Nonpooled Endowment Funds have a market value of $1,145 thousand for a total endowment market value of $313,776 thousand. Table 7. Endowment Fui ids September 30, 1991 Principal Income Book Value Market Value Net Income Unexpended Balance UNRESTRICTED PURPOSE— TRUE: Avery Fund (see Note 1) Higbee, Harry Memorial Hodgkins Fund (see Note 1 ) Morgan, Gilbert B. and Betty J. Memorial Fund Morrow, Dwight W. Mussinan, Alfred Olmsted, Helen A Poore, Lucy T. and George W. (see Note 1) Portet, Henry Kirke Memorial Sanford, George H. (see Note 1) Smithson, James (see Note 1) Smithson Society, James Walcott, Charles D. and Mary Vaux Research (Designated) Subtotal UNRESTRICTED PURPOSE— QUASI: Ettl, Charles H. Fund Ferguson, Frances B. Endowment Forrest, Robert Lee General Endowment (see Note 1) Goddard, Robert H Habel, Dr. S. (see Note 1) Hart, Gustavus E Henry, Caroline Henry, Joseph and Harriet A Heys, Maude C Hinton, Carrie Susan Koteen, Dorothy B Lambert, Paula C 240,758 $ 312,600 $ 10,266 86,424 109,357 3,285 357,911 407,112 19,483 38,591 43,187 1,297 431,124 570,584 17,140 131,676 166,863 5,012 4,469 5,823 175 955,134 1,257,334 39,436 1,593,323 2,106,960 63,290 6.580 8,234 316 802,242 832,324 58,859 74,127 78,565 590 2,489,195 3,283,753 98,639 9,182,696 1,114,873 1,260,338 37,859 571,132 625,289 18,010 5,665.113 6,349,513 190,730 93,277,124 107,512,434 3,227,018 44,844 50,284 1,510 741 768 54 3,040 3,763 113 7,515 9,281 279 301,614 371,203 11,150 546,246 617,842 18,559 151,225 180,739 5,429 203,388 215,596 6,476 274,231 331,588 9,960 136,020 136,020 84 Table 7. Endowment Funds September 30, 1991 (continued) Principal Book Market Net Unexpended Value Value Income Balance 5,418 6,150 185 — 182,452 211,125 6,342 — 764,217 850,634 26,904 — 3,795 4,506 172 — 251,505 288,588 8,669 — 1,208,215 1,044,878 32,368 — 439,123 774,073 23,298 — 2,680 3,516 106 — 707.323 872,528 26,209 53,999 5,918 7,292 219 5,895 3,300,241 3,834,689 123,503 67,141 2,620,502 3,021,948 90,775 203,650 42,884 48,653 1,461 8,915 28,915 33,052 958 2,725 185,058 217,150 6,452 (448) 29,673 32,894 1,165 1,116 1,719.936 2,117,663 63,611 129,459 1,502,078 1,849,426 55,554 2,740 1,211,869 1,274,718 38,291 137,397 Medinus, Grace L O'Dea, Laura I Phillips, Roy R. Estate Rhees, William Jones (see Note 1) Safford, Clara Louise Smithsonian Bequest Fund (see Note 1) Sultnet, Donald H. Endowment Taggart, Ganson Abbott. William L. (Designated) Barstow, Frederic D. (Designated) Hirshhorn Museum Acquisition Fund (Designated) Lindbergh Chair of Aerospace History (Designated) Lindbergh, Charles A. (Designated) Lyon, Marcus Ward, Jr. (Designated) Martin Marietta Internship (Designated) Smithsonian Agency Account (Designated) Smithsonian Press Scholarly Books Fund (Designated) Smithsonian Tropical Research Insritute Endowment Fund (Designated) . Webb, James E. Fellowship (Designated) Subtotal Total Unrestricted Purpose RESTRICTED PURPOSE— TRUE: Aitken, Annie Laurie Endowment Fund Arthur, James Baird, Spencer Fullerton Barney, Alice Pike Memorial Batchelor, Emma E Beauregard, Catherine Memorial Bergen, Charlorre V Brown, Roland W Burch, George Fellowship in Theoretic Medicine and Affiliated Theoretic Sciences Fund Canfield, Frederick A Casey. Thomas Lincoln Chamberlain, Frances Lea Cooper Fund for Paleobiology Division of Mammals Curators Fund Drake Foundation Drouer, Francis and Louderback, Harold B. Fund Dykes, Charles Bequest Eaton, Harriet Phillips Eickemeyer, Florence Brevoort Eppley Memorial Forbes, Edward Waldo Freer, Charles L Global Environmental Endowment Fund Grimm, Sergei N Groom, Barnck W Guggenheim, Daniel and Florence Hamilton, James (see Note 1) Henderson, Edward P Meteorite Fund Hewitt, Eleanor G. Repair Fund Hewitt, Sarah Cooper Hillyer, Virgil Hitchcock, Albert S Hodgkins Fund (see Nore 1 ) Hrdlicka, Ales and Marie Hughes, Bruce Huntington Publication Fund Johnson, Seward, Trust Fund for Oceanography Kellogg, Remington and Marguerite Memorial Kramar, Nada Maxwell, Mary E Mellon Foundation Challenge Grant /Endowment Mellon Publications Endowment Fund Milliken, H. Oothout Memorial Mineral Endowment Mitchell, William A 116,372,888 $123,584,442 134,022,121 $143,204,817 4,033,389 $ 4,351,177 748,609 286,343 $ 354,193 $ 10,639 $ 12,638 214,798 285,787 8,585 12,358 193,505 255,464 7,674 16,834 153,961 204,797 28,123 85,345 180,311 211,840 6,363 65,996 232,153 286,186 8,597 106,024 19,070 21,151 635 4,551 171,185 212,334 6,378 16,066 1,773,717 1,922,017 57,735 98,874 227,124 314,873 9,458 636 74,387 91,751 2,756 10,370 151,169 201,084 6,040 32,612 207,342 230,285 6,801 172 16,008 18,835 536 2,186 994,853 1,180,118 35,298 221,908 306,520 341,498 10,258 67,163 286,225 347,701 10,444 67,746 65,612 70,152 2,107 3,671 58,334 77,587 2,831 13.014 30,781 32,911 989 1.722 960,360 1,052,451 30,813 75,930 46,907,664 57,775,367 1,735,484 2,551,438 3,073 3,273 98 164 161,295 181,014 5,437 46,755 164,462 182,215 5,473 24,182 639,528 739,244 22,206 60,744 5,978 6,934 365 4,099 177,429 187,949 5,646 8,838 39,101 46,477 1,421 2,603 231,042 274,338 8,241 11,131 39,007 48,115 1,445 18,462 8,565 11,449 344 1,452 148.070 153,621 10,868 30,331 285.389 355,794 10,688 10,327 102,835 136.840 4,111 16,277 256,238 273,969 8,230 14,352 19,449,072 24,029,630 721,814 — 314,619 360,627 10,648 11,471 15,440 18,705 562 7,944 105.369 140,206 4,212 61,655 670,451 781,265 20,785 20,785 445,110 480,494 14,139 21,951 1,151 1,366 41 262 527,266 630,994 18,954 2,153 71,795 86,138 2,588 130 Table 7. Endowment Funds September 30, 1991 (continued) Principal Book Market Net Unexpended Value Value Income Balance 937,875 1,002,773 30,122 52,531 226,431 230,066 6,886 17,190 121,927 158,770 4,769 8,440 39,923 53,181 1,598 16,379 121,798 147.015 5,104 18,920 192,770 221,245 6,507 — 645,874 857,672 25,763 (223) 1,358,596 1,687,953 50,274 48,882 19,171 20,497 616 1,073 168,073 187,057 5,501 18,955 8,546,588 10,091.470 300,565 175,583 96,506 127,984 3,844 28,920 1,038,557 1,222,164 36,712 298,551 28,440 34,966 1,050 5,254 412,752 444,261 13,345 1,477 893,553 1,094,340 32,509 31,926 313,931 432,888 13,003 20,431 30,448 34,787 1,021 4,228 40,366 43.159 1,296 2,258 5,071 6,730 202 8,023 92,612,357 112,718,017 3,407,547 4,602,120 21,904 25,452 752 105,442 118,425 3.557 3,106 501,617 594,381 17,854 88,521 865,876 1,028,763 30,902 17,200 383,175 391,530 1,953 — 4,279,979 5,007,465 166,511 407,259 42,670 55,981 1.653 1,082 76,370 82,017 1.593 4 9,761 11,394 339 1,678 24,869 31,271 939 8,485 324,800 330,949 9,273 11,746 52,738 65,038 1,954 14,043 9,588,553 10,470,150 252,542 557,177 2,314,926 2,626,849 75,832 31,521 4,769,418 5,720,203 178,489 52,852 17,797,056 21,687,842 645,914 104,825 42,024 48,155 1,446 9,033 521,381 645,032 19,376 41,854 2,971 3,984 120 829 119,869 147,832 6,227 38,062 5,947 7.451 224 5,230 49,667 55,804 1,676 5.090 44,176 54,575 1,639 9,899 1.052,875 1.301,743 39,712 4,560 63,322 78,196 2,349 26,286 139,763 168.125 5,050 17,959 163,815 187,659 5,637 4,463 119,745 137,527 3,916 15,933 3,429,005 4,064,455 122,090 549,031 1,436,340 1,688,035 52,105 3,602 59.508 73,480 3,146 15,395 764,809 942,838 28,321 1,683,091 187,875 49,174,371 57,852,601 2,234,600 141,786,728 170.570,618 5,090,638 6,836,720 $265,371,170 $313,775,435 $ 9,441,815 $ 7,585,329 Museum of the American Indian — Heye Foundation Nelms, Henning Endowment Fund Nelson, Edward William Petrocelli, Joseph Memorial Reid, Addison T. (see Note 1) Ripley, S. Dillon and Mary Livingston Roebling Fund Rollins, Miriam and William Schmitt.JohnJ Sims, George W Sprague Fund Springer, Frank Stern, Harold P. Memorial Stevenson, John A. Mycological Library Sruart, Mary Horner Walcott, Charles D. and Mary Vaux Research Wakott Research Fund, Boranical Publications Williston, Samuel Wendell Diptera Research Williams, Blair and Elsie Zerbee. Frances Brinckle Subtotal RESTRICTED PURPOSE— QUASI: Armstrong, Edwinjames Au Panier Fleuri Bacon, Virginia Purdy Becker, George F. Cooper Hewitt Acquisition Endowment Fund Denghausen, Luisita L. and Franz H. Fund Desautels, Paul E Friends of Music Endowment Fund Gaver, Gordon Hachenberg, George P and Caroline Hammond, John. Performance Series Fund Hanson, Martin Gustav and Caroline R Hirshhorn Collecrions Endowment Fund Hirshhorn, Joseph H. Bequest Fund The Holenia Trust Fund Hunterdon Endowment Johnson, E. R. Fenimore Loeb, Morris Long, Annette E. and Edith C Myer, Carherine Waldcn Noyes, Frank B Noyes, Pauline Riggs Pell, Cornelia Livingston Ramsey. Adm. and Mrs. Dewitt Clinton (see Note 1) Rathbun. Richatd Memorial Roebling Solar Research Ruef, Bertha M Schultz, Leonard P Seidell, Atherton Smithsonian Agency Account Strong, Julia D Witherspoon. Thomas A. Memorial Subtotal Total Restricted Purpose TOTAL ENDOWMENT FUNDS Note 1: Invested all or in part in U.S. Treasury or other nonpooled investments. Table 8. Construction and Plant Funds Fiscal Years 1990 and 1991 (in $000s) FY 1990 FY 1991 FUNDS PROVIDED Federal Appropriations: National Zoological Park Restoration and Renovation of Buildings Construction Planning and Minor Construction Tropical Research Institute — Research Facilities National Museum of the American Indian National Museum of Natural History/National Museum of Man — East Court Total Federal Appropriations Nonappropriated Trust Funds: Income — Gift and Other Environmental Research Center — Land Acquisitions Tropical Research Institute — Research Facilities Cooper-Hewitt, National Museum of Design Quadrangle and Related Visitor Information and Reception Center Air and Space Museum — Dulles Shelter National Museum of the American Indian Freer Gallery and Auditorium National Museum of Natural History Gem Hall Other Total Income Transfers from Other Funds: Visitor Information and Reception Center Cooper-Hewitt, National Museum of Design National Museum of Natural History Gem Hall Quadrangle and Related Total Transfers Total Funds Provided * Funds reclassified to current operating funds. **The FY 1990 amounts are different from amounts reported in the Smithsonian Year 1990- These differences represent the FY 90 Gramm-Rudman-Hollings sequestered amounts. 6,423** 6,636 26,468** 31,190 4,770 4,982 1,930 1,542 1,620 7,391 — 1,492 41,211 53,233 37 37 1,177 (222)' 52 49 462 — 29 (109)' (35) — — 128 — 2,114 — 532 (47)* — 1,675 2,529 (6)* — 358 — (48)' — (2,063)' (6) (1.753) $42,880 $54,009 87 Coopers & Lybrand Certified Public Accountants Report of Independent Accountants To the Board of Regents Smithsonian Institution We have audited the accompanying statement of financial condition of the Smithsonian Institution as of September 30, 1991, and the related statement of financial activity for the year then ended. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Institution's man- agement. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audit. We previously audited and reported upon the financial statements of the Smithsonian Institution for the year ended September 30, 1990, totals of which are included in the accompanying financial statements for comparative purposes only. We conducted our audit in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and dis- closures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement ptesentation. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Smith- sonian Institution as of September 30, 1991, and the results of its opetations for the year then ended, in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles. Washington, D.C. V December 20, 1991 Smithsonian Institution Statement of Financial Condition, September 30, 1991 (with comparative totals for September 30, 1990) (thousands of dollars) Trust funds Federal funds Totals, all funds Totals, 1990 48,442 $150,003 $113,059 326,610 323,863 11,024 55,055 58,081 12,980 12,980 18,606 1,766 19.121 18,296 — 17,835 18,151 82,074 359,442 337,118 ASSETS: Fund balances with U.S. Treasury and cash on hand $ 1,561 Investments (Note 3) 326,610 Receivables (Note 5) 44,031 Advance payments (Note 6) — Inventories 17,355 Prepaid, deferred expense, and other 17,835 Property and equipment (Note 7) 77,368 Total assets $484,760 LIABILITIES: Accounts payable: Accounts payable and accrued expenses $ 24,335 Interfund payable 8,887 Payable fot investment secutities putchased 8,007 Deposits held in custody fot other organizations (Note 2) 4,476 Accrued annual leave — Deferred revenue 36,655 Long-term debt (Note 9) 10,714 Total liabilities 93,074 Undeliveted orders — Commitments and contingencies (Note 8) FUND BALANCES (deficit): Trust — Current: Unrestticted genetal purpose 13,772 Special purpose 31,115 Restficted 21,036 Trust — Endowment and similar funds (Note 4) 265,371 Trust — Plant funds (Note 7) 60,392 Fedetal — Operating funds (deficit) (Note 10) — Fedetal — Construction funds — Federal — Capital funds — Total fund balances 391 ,686 Total liabilities, undeliveted otders and fund balances $484,760 $456,286 $941,046 $887,174 $ 28,485 $ 52,820 $ 47,694 — 8,887 9,929 — 8,007 2,760 — 4,476 3,532 10,457 10,457 9,584 — 36,655 43,286 — 10,714 132,016 11,101 38,942 127,886 81,786 81,786 71,688 — 13,772 13,769 — 31,115 35,313 — 21,036 24,975 — 265,371 252,263 — 60,392 61,470 8,089 8,089 (531) 43,629 43,629 36,689 283.840 283,840 263,652 335,558 727,244 687,600 $456,286 $941,046 $887,174 The accompanying nores are an integtal part of these financial statements. Smithsonian Institution Statement of Financial Activity for the year ended September 30, 1991 (with comparative totals for the year ended September 30, 1990) (thousands of dollars) Trust funds Federal funds Totals, trust funds REVENUE AND OTHER ADDITIONS: Appropriations (Note 10) $ — Government grants and contracrs . . . 36,801 Investment income 15,671 Net gain on sale of securities 4,007 Gifts, bequests, and other grants 25.596 Additions to plant (Note 7) 2,359 Rentals, fees, commissions, and other (Note 10) Auxiliary activities Total revenue and other additions EXPENDITURES AND OTHER DEDUCTIONS: Research, educational, and collection acquisition (Note 11) 82,772 Administration 22,375 Facilities services 1 ,669 Acquisition of plant 1,631 Properry use and depreciation (Note 7) 2,582 Auxiliary activities 164,291 Total expenditures and other deductions 275,320 Excess of revenue and other additions over (under) expenditutes and other deductions 3,896 TRANSFERS AMONG FUNDS— Additions (deductions) (Note 12) . Net increase for the year 3,896 Return from (to) U.S. Treasury (Note 10) — Fund balances at beginning of year . . 387,790 FUND BALANCES (DEFICIT) AT END OF YEAR $391,686 Endow- ment and Totals, Current similar Plant federal funds funds funds funds Operating struction Capital Totals, Totals, funds funds funds all funds 1990 36,801 15,339 $326,113 $272,880 $53,233 $ 4,007 2,197 2,359 $326,113 $266,690 36,801 29,089 — 15,671 18,447 — 4,007 5,025 — 25,596 24,485 49,246 51,605 45,006 6,427 188,355 6,427 188,355 270,060 — — 996 996 7,423 188,355 655,571 12,124 194,062 279,216 4,268 4,888 376,355 273.876 53,233 49,246 594,928 82,772 22,375 1,669 164,291 156,952 36,894 72,239 46,293 29,058 156,952 36,894 72,239 46,293 — 239,724 215,668 — 59,269 40,577 — 73,908 67,272 — 47,924 39.140 — 29,058 31,640 28,992 — 164,291 164,802 4,213 341,436 266,085 46,293 29,058 616,756 556,451 (1,047) 4,268 675 34,919 6,940 20,1? 38,815 38,477 (7,087) (1,753) (8,134) 13,108 (1,078) 34,919 7,791 6,940 20. 74,057 252,263 829 61,470 299,810 38,815 38,477 829 829 (89) (531) 36,689 263,652 687,600 649,212 $ 65,923 $265,371 $60,392 $335,558 $ 8,089 $43,629 $283,840 $727,244 $687,600 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements. Smithsonian Institution Notes to Financial Statements 1 . Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Basis of Presentation These financial statements do not include the accounts of the National Gallery of Art, the John F. Kennedy Center for the Perform- ing Arts, or the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, which were established by Congress within the Smithsonian Institu- tion (the Institution) but are administered under separate boards of trustees. The financial statements of the Institution with respect to Federal Appropriations have been prepared on the obligation basis of ac- counting, which is in accordance with accounting principles pre- scribed by the Comptroller General of the United States as set forth in the Policy and Procedures Manual for Guidance of Federal Agen- cies. The obligation basis of accounting differs in some respects from generally accepted accounting principles. Under this method of ac- counting, approximately $44,458,000 of commitments of the oper- ating fund, such as purchase orders and contracts, have been recognized as expenditures, and the related obligations have been re- ported on the Statement of Financial Condition at September 30, 1991, even though the goods and services have not been received. Approximately $ 1 2 ,042 ,000 of these commitments are for grants un- der the toreign currency program. Approximately $9,961,511 of these commitments are for internal storage facilities and equipment at the Museum Support Center. In addition, construction fund commit- ments for other projects amounted to approximately $37,328,000 at September 30, 1991. The trust funds reflect the receipt and expenditure of funds ob- tained from private sources, government grants and contracts, invest- ment income, and certain business activities related to the operations of the Institution. Fund Accounting To ensure observance of the limitations and restrictions placed on the use of resources available to the Institution, accounts are maintained in accordance with the principles of fund accounting. This procedure classifies resources for control, accounting, and reporting purposes into distinct funds established according to their appropriation, na- ture, and purposes. Separate accounts are maintained for each fund; however, in the accompanying financial statements, funds that have similar characteristics have been combined into fund groups. Accord- ingly, all financial transactions have been recorded and reported by fund group. The assets, liabilities, and fund balances of the Institution are self- balancing as follows: Federal operating funds represent the portion of appropriated funds available for support of Institution operations. Federal construction funds represent that portion of appropriated funds available fot building and facility construction, restoration, renovation, and repair. Separate subfund groups are maintained for each appropriation — Construction and Improvements, National Zoo- logical Park, Restoration and Renovation of Buildings, Museum Sup- port Center, and the Center for African, Near Eastern, and Asian Cultures (Quadrangle). Federal capital funds represent the value of those assets of the Insti- tution acquired with federal funds and nonexpendable property transfers from government agencies. Trust current funds, which include unrestricted and restricted re- sources, represent the portion of nonappropriated funds available for support of Institution operations. Amounts restricted by the donor for specific purposes are segregated from other current funds. Trust endowment and similar funds include funds that are subject to restrictions of gift instruments requiring in perpetuity that the principal be invested and that only income be utilized. Also classified as endowment and similar funds are gifts that allow the expenditure of principal only under certain specified conditions. Quasi-endow- ment funds are funds established by the governing board for the same purposes as endowment funds; however, any portion of such funds may be expended with board approval. Restricted quasi-endowment funds represent gifts for restricted purposes where there is no stipula- tion that the principal be maintained in perpetuity or for a period of time, but the governing board has elected to invest the principal and expend only the income for the purpose stipulated by the donor. Trust plant funds represent resources restricted for future plant ac- quisitions and funds expended for plant. Investments All investment income, except that of endowment and similar funds, and gains and losses arising from the sale of investments and property are accounted for in the fund in which the related assets are recorded. Income of endowment and similar funds is accounted for in the fund to which it is restricted or, if unrestricted, as revenue in unrestricted current funds. Gains and losses on the sale of investments are recog- nized on the trade date basis using the average cost method. Inventory Inventories are carried at the lowet of cost or market. Cost is deter- mined using the first-in, first-out (FIFO) method or retail cost method (for those inventories held for resale). Merchandise inventory approximated $17,355,000 and materials and supplies inventory ap- proximated $1,766,000 at September 30, 1991. Deferred Revenue and Expense Revenue from subscriptions to Smithsonian magazine and Air & Space /Smithsonian magazine is recorded as income over the period of the related subscription, which is generally one year. Costs related to obtaining subscriptions to Smithsonian magazine and Air & Space/ Smithsonian magazine are charged against income over the period of the subscription. The Institution recognizes revenue and charges expenses of other auxiliary activities during the period in which the activity is conducted. Works of Art, Living or Other Specimens The Institution acquires its collections, which include works of art, li- brary books, photographic archives, objects, and specimens, through purchase by federal or private funds or by donation. In accordance with policies generally followed by museums, no value is assigned to the collections on the statement of financial condition. Purchases for the collections are expensed currently. Proceeds from the deaccessions are designated for future collection acquisitions. Property and Equipment — Federal Funds Property and equipment purchased with federal funds are recorded in the capital funds at cost and depreciated on a straight-line basis over their useful lives as follows: Buildings Major renovations Nonexpendable equipment 30 years 15 years 10 years 90 Certain lands occupied by the Institution's buildings were appro- priated and reserved by Congress for the Institution and are not re- flected in the accompanying financial statements. Property and nonexpendable equipment acquired through transfer from govern- ment agencies are capitalized at the transfer price or at estimated amounts, taking into consideration usefulness, condition, and market value. Property and Equipment — Trust Fundi Property and equipment purchased with trust funds for use by non- income-producing activities are recorded at cost, or appraised value at date of gift, except for gifts of certain islands in the Chesapeake Bay and the Carnegie Mansion, which have been recorded at nominal values. Property and equipment are treated as a deduction of the cur- rent fund and as a capitalized cost of the plant fund. Property and equipment for use by nonincome-producing activities are depreciated on the straight-line basis over their useful lives as follows: Buildings Major renovations Equipment 30 years 15 years 10 years Depreciation is recorded in the plant fund as a deduction to the in- vestment in plant. Capital improvements and equipment purchased with trust funds and utilized in income-producing activities are capitalized at cost and are depreciated on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives of 3 to 10 years. Government Grants and Contracts The Institution has a number of grants and contracts with the U.S. Government, which primarily provide for cost reimbursement to the Institution. Grant and contract revenue is recognized within trust funds as expenditutes are incurred. The Institution records significant pledges based upon letters signed by donors. Pledges are recorded at net realizable value as a receivable and as deferred revenue on the statement of financial condition. Rev- enue from pledges is recognized in the year the pledged funds are collected. Gifts, Bequests, and Other Grants The Institution recognizes revenue from gifts, bequests, and other grants in the year the cash is received. Contributed Services A substantial numbet of unpaid volunteers have made significant contributions of their time in the furrherance of the Institution's pro- grams. The value of this contributed time is not reflected in these statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Annual Leave The Institution's civil service employees earn annual leave in accordance with federal law and regulations. However, only the cost of the leave taken as salaries is funded and recorded as an expense. The cost of unused annual leave at year-end is reflected in the accom- panying financial statements as an asset and an accrued liability in the federal funds. Annual leave is expensed for trust employees in the trust fund as earned. 2. Related Activities The Institution provides certain fiscal and administrative services to several separately incorporated organizations in which certain officials of the Institution serve on the governing boards. The amounts paid to the Institution by these organizations for the aforementioned services, rogether with rent for Insritution facilities occupied, totaled $275,000 ($200,000 for the trust funds and $75,000 for the federal funds) for the year ended September 30, 1991. Deposits held in custody for these organizations were $4,476,000 as of September 30, 1991. The following summarizes the unaudited expenditures of these or- ganizations for the fiscal yeat ended September 30, 1991, as reflected in their individual financial statements, which are not included in the accompanying financial statements of the Institution: Reading Is Fundamental, Inc. $8,709,000 Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars: Federal appropriations $5,047,000 Trust funds $1,899,000 3. Investments Investments are recorded at cost on a trade date basis, if purchased, or estimated fair market value at the date of acquisition, if acquired by gift. At September 30, 1991, investments were composed of the fol- lowing: Carrying Market value value ($000s) ($000s) Current Funds: Short-term investments Endowment and Similar funds: Pooled investments: Short-term cash equivalents U S. Government and quasi-government obligations Cotpotate bonds and other obligations Common and preferred stock Subtotal pooled investments Nonpooled invesments: Deposit with U.S. Tteasury Charitable trusts Subtotal nonpooled investments Plant funds: Common stock Total investments $ 60,893 $ 61,173 $ 29,581 $ 32,155 67,079 71,407 34,911 36,077 132,313 172,622 263,884 312,261 1,120 1,122 588 790 1.912 265,592 314,173 125 192 $326,610 $375,538 The deposit with the U.S. Treasury is invested in U.S Government securities at a variable yield based on market rates. Substantially all the investments of the endowment and similar funds are pooled on a market value basis (consolidated fund) with each individual fund subscribing to, or disposing of, units on the basis of the pet unit market value at the beginning of the month in which the ttansaction takes place. Of the total units, each having a market value of $378.07, 319,587 units were owned by endowment funds, and 506,355 units were owned by quasi-endowment funds at September 30, 1991. The following tabulation summarizes changes in relationships be- tween cost and market values of the pooled investments at September 30, 1991. 91 (JOUOs) Net value Market Cosr change per unit End of year $312,261 $263,884 $48,377 $ 378.07 Beginning of year 251,801 249,570 2,231 312.32 Increase in unrealized ner gain for rhe year 46,146 Realized ner gain for rhe year 4,007 Toral ner gains for the year $50,153 $ 65.75 4. Endowment and Similar Funds The Institution utilizes the "total return" approach to investment management of endowment funds and quasi-endowment funds. Un- der this approach, an amount equal to the difference between actual interest and dividends earned during the year and the amount com- puted under the total return formula is transferred to or from the cur- rent funds. In applying this approach, it is the Institution's policy to provide, as being available for current expenditures, an amount taking into consideration such factors as, but not limited to: (1) 4'/:% of the five-year average of the market value of each fund (adjusted for gifts and transfers during this period), (2) current dividend and interest yield, (3) support needs for bureaus and scientists, and (4) inflation- ary factors as measured by the Consumer Price Index. However, where the market value of the assets of any endowment fund is less than 110% of the historic dollar value (value of gifts at date of donation), the amount provided is limited to only interesr and dividends received. The total return factor for 1991 was $11.37 per unit, equivalent to 4% of rhe five-year average of the Market Value of each participaring fund. Actual dividends and interest earned exceeded the total return for the year, and this excess was transferred from the current funds to the endowment funds (see Note 12). 5. Receivables Receivables at September 30, 1991, included the following: ($000s) Auxiliary activities and other accounts receivable, net of $8,902 allowance for doubtful accounts Receivables for investment securities sold Pledges receivable Endowment notes receivable Reimbursements due from grants and contracts Interest and dividends receivable Interfund receivables Value of accrued annual leave Other Totals, Trust Federal all funds funds funds $16,900 $ $16,900 6,171 — 6,171 6,190 — 6,190 23 — 23 2,697 _ 2,697 3,163 — 3.163 8,887 — 8,887 — 10,457 10,457 — 567 $11,024 567 $44,031 $55,055 6. Advance Payments Advance payments represenr prepayments made to government agen- cies, educational institutions, firms, and individuals for services to be rendered, or property or materials to be furnished. As of September 30, 1991, the Institution had advances outstand- ing to the General Services Adminisrration of $8,823,000, principally for construction services, including the Museum Support Center and other projects to be completed in future fiscal years. The Institution at that date also had advances outstanding to educational institutions amounting to approximately $1,837,000, principally under the Spe- cial Foreign Currency Program. 7. Properry and Equipment At September 30, 1991, property and equipment comprised the following: Trust Current funds Capital funds Equipment Building Leasehold improvements Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization Plant funds Land and buildings Equipment Less: accumulated depreciation Total, trusr funds Federal Capital funds Property Equipment Less: accumulated depreciation Total, federal funds Total, all funds ($000s) $ 23,607 9,789 3,963 1.170 38.529 (15.148) 23.381 64,659 7,477 72,136 (18,149) $ 460,450 45,824 506,274 (224,200) ($000s) 77,368 282,074 $359,442 Included in the accumulated depreciation of the federal capital funds is $22,408,000 of depreciation expense for 1991. Depreciation and amortization expense in the trust funds for fiscal year 1991 for income-producing assets amounted to $2,668,000 and is included in the current funds. Depreciation of nonincome-producing equipment and buildings for 1991 amounted to $2,582,736 and is in- cluded in the plant fund. The balance of the plant fund at September 30, 1991, included $6,405,064 of unexpected funds for future plant acquisitions. 8. Commitments and Contingencies Leases for various Smithsonian warehouse and office spaces provide for escalation of rents to coincide with increases in property taxes, op- erating expenses attributable to the leased property, and the Con- sumer Price Index. The Institution's operating leases require future minimum lease payments as follows: 92. Lease payments (000s) 1992 $ 5,672,323 1993 5,478,231 1994 5,042,549 1995 3,075,628 1996 442,320 Thereafter 222,083 $19,933,134 Rental expense for office facilities aggregated approximately $4,701,100 in 1991. The Institution receives funding or reimbursement from govern- mental agencies for various activities, which are subject to audit. Audits of sponsored program costs have been completed through Sep- tember 30, 1988; however, final resolution from the cognizant agency for audits of fiscal years 1983 through 1988 has not occurred. Any ad- justments that may result from those audits and the audits for fiscal years 1989 through 1991 are not expected to have a material effect on the Institution's financial statements. 9. Long-term Debt Long-term debt as of September 30, 1991, consists of the following: ($000s) 9% note payable to The Riggs National Bank, interest only payable quarterly commencing December 3 1 , 1986; interest and principal payable quarterly commencing September 30, 1991 and ending on June 30, 1998 $10,714 $10,714 of unexpended previous year's appropriations as of September 30, 1993. Under the act, unobligated balances of annual appropriation ac- counts from fiscal years 1989 and 1990, totaling $829,514, were re- turned by the U.S. Treasury to the Smithsonian Institution and will remain on the Institution's records until the appropriation accounts are closed. The federal operating funds for the year ended September 30, 1991, included the following: ($000s) The aggregate amount due for all borrowings for the years ending September 30, are as follows: $1,211 in 1992, $1,324 in 1993, $1,447 in 1994, $1,582 in 1995, $1,729 in 1996, and $3,421 in years thereafter. The proceeds of the note with The Riggs National Bank wete used to fund construction of a restaurant addition to the National Air and Space Museum. Approximately $990,000 was recorded as interest ex- pense and was paid by Auxiliary Activities funds for fiscal year 1991- On December 18, 1991, the Institution entered into a debt agree- ment in the amount of $3,800,000 for the purpose of financing a warehouse facility. The note bears interest at a rate equal to 1 % in ex- cess of the Federal Funds Rate, which was 4.56% on December 31, 1991. The unpaid principal balance of this note is payable in quar- terly installments of $63,333 until December 31, 1996. The remain- ing unpaid principal balance is due December 3 1 , 1996. 10. Federal Operating Funds The federal operating funds include appropriations for salaries and expenses that are expended in the year received. Also included are amounts approximating $18,136,000 received with the provision that such amounts can be expended over a period greater than one year. On November 5, 1990, the U.S. Congress enacted Public Law 101-510, the Defense Authorization Act, which prescribes the rules determining the availability of appropriation balances and establishes the procedures for closing appropriation accounts. The major purpose of the act is to restructure annual appropriation accounts. Beginning with the fiscal year 1989 appropriation accounts, agencies are now required to maintain annual appropriations for a six- year period. At the end of an appropriation's six-year life, the appro- priation account is closed and any unobligated balances are then re- turned to the U.S. Treasury. The act also provides for the phasing out Revenues and other additions Return from Fund Balance Appropri- (to) U.S. at Septem- ations Other Treasury ber 30, 1991 Salaries and expenses Special Foreign Currency Program U.S. India Fund (ttansfers from Department of State) Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute $272,880 $ $829 $272,8 159 $996 $829 $7,301 89 76 $8,089 The Institution has recorded an unrealized loss of $413,766 to reflect exchange rate changes related to the U.S. India Fund. On July 11, 1990, a settlement was awarded in the amount of $3,022,350 arising out of a suit against the United States by a contrac- tor who was defaulted by the General Services Administration for fail- ure to complete a project for the Museum Support Center in a timely fashion. This mandatory obligation falls outside the provisions of the Antideficiency Act. According to accounting principles prescribed by the Comptroller General of the United States, the Institution recog- nized this expense, in fiscal year 1990, when settlement by the United States resulted in an operating fund deficit. The Institution will re- ceive appropriations in fiscal year 1992 of approximately $1 ,007,000 as a partial payment of the claim. The Institution will request appro- priated funds in fiscal years 1993 and 1994 to pay the balance of the claim. 11. Collections In accordance with policies generally followed by museums, collec- tions purchased and donated are not included in the statement of fi- nancial condition. The Institution records the acquisition of collections as an expense in the year of purchase and records the deac- cession of collections as restricted revenue in the year of sale. For fiscal year 1991, $4,924,997 was expensed to trust funds and $1,054,214 to federal funds for the acquisition of collections and proceeds from deaccessions in trust funds were $1 ,401 ,567. There were no deacces- sions of collections purchased with federal funds in fiscal year 1991- 12. Transfer among Funds The following transfers increased (decreased) respective fund balances for the year ended September 30, 1991: 93 ($000s) Current funds Unre- similar Plant stricted $(1,215) Restricted funds funds Total return income reinvested $(2,279) $3,494 $ Income reallocated for special purposes (271) (39) — 310 Endowment reallocated to restricted and unrestricted funds 630 1,667 (2,297) — Designated as quasi- endowment (2.523) (4,527) 7,050 — Other 2,126 (656) 593 (2,063; Toral transfers among funds $(1,253) $(5,834) $8,840 $(1,753; 13 Retirement The federal employees of the Institution are covered by either the Civil Service Retirement System (CSRS) or the Federal Employee Re- tirement System (FERS). The features of both of these systems are de- fined in published government documents. Under both systems, the Institution withholds from the salary of each federal employee the percentage of salary required; the Institution also contributes spe- cified percentages. The cost of the programs for the year ended Sep- tember 30, 1991, was $11,716,833. The Institution has a separate retirement plan for trust employees. Under the plan, both the Institution and the employees contribute stipulated percentages of salary, which are used to purchase individual annuities, the rights to which are immediately vested with the em- ployees. The Institution's cost of the plan for the year ended Septem- ber 30, 1991, was $6,482,000. It is the policy of the Institution to fund the accrued costs of all plans currently. There are no unfunded prior service costs under the plans. 14. Income Taxes The Institution is exempt from income taxation under the provisions of Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. Organizations de- scribed in that section are taxable only on their unrelated business in- come. No provision for income taxes is required for the year ended September 30, 1991, since the Institution had a net loss from unre- lated business activity. It is the opinion of the Institution that it is also exempt from taxa- tion as an instrumentality of the United States as defined in Section 501(c)(1) of the Code. Organizations described in that section are ex- empt from all income taxation. The Institution has not as yet formally sought such dual status. 94 C/3 3 S H -a Pi 1 5^3 o 1 CO Z° Zoi — _ — J < o .-1 orSH"3 I z OZO | ""X O^"* 1 * ZH oo o Z | 1 D 1 iUL, z E g § c § g = z s I s'l S l-i. O cSeI § 1,5 I 5 5 OOOOI s s .5 H'~ £ »_0 II S c gag £ SSS S£t t£'§oSO£t=£££OC OCQ OOOO S Sj-Sirc^aPe'S.S-™ 5 R •5 S=S^Z« oo =#£.«■ g y a '2- 1 is II I cl|rs I g^ < £ mUS.2i£n.& cu2.2 a £ £ "J £ £ £ D 5* ZOO OOO > i<1 si* 3 SJ _ E Si*. »0 — - £! 2i3 s-fr-S*" °* g 3 2 2"g.a < if jjllljijllf gNiSii^o'.l .i.i .1.1 s.| ~Z HI liMI I — ' it .. i DEC 2 m Smithsonian Year 1992 Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institution for the Year Ended September 30, 1992 Smithsonian Institution Press Washington, D.C. 1993 Office of Government Relations Office of Public Affairs Assistant Secretary for the SCIENCES Assistant Secretary for FINANCE & ADMINISTRATION Assistant Secretary for the ARTS & HUMANITIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Board of Regents THE SECRETARY Inspector General Under Separate Boards of Trustees John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arcs National Gallery of Art Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars UNDER SECRETARY General Counsel Assistant Secretary for EDUCATION & PUBLIC SERVICE Assistant Secretary for EXTERNAL AFFAIRS Assistant Secretary for INSTITUTIONAL INITIATIVES Assistant Secretary for the ARTS & HUMANITIES Assistant Secretary for FINANCE & ADMINISTRATION Assistant Secretary for the SCIENCES Anacosti.1 Must um Business Management Office Conservattt n Analytical Laboratory Vr fiivi s "i \ car \i\ Office of Accounting and Financial Services National M useum of Natural History Arthui M Sadder Gallery and Office of Contracting and Property Management Museum Support Centei FreerGaller) ol \n 1 qual Employment and Minorirj Affairs National Zoological Park t looper 1 lewitt, National Museum of Design Office of Facilities Services Office of En vironmental Awareness Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Jardcn Office of Architectural History and Historic Office of Fellowships and Grants Institutional Studies Office Preservation Office of th Registrar International Galler) Office of Design and Construction Smith soniar Astrophysical Observatory Nation.il Air and Space Museum Office or Environmental Management and Safety Smirhsoma Environmental Research National Museum of African \n Office of Plant Services Center National Museum of American \it Office of Protection Services Smithsoniar Institution Archives Renwick Gallery Office or Financial and Management Analysis Smithsoniar Insritution Libraries National Museum of American Hi Office of Human Resources Smithsoniar Institution Man and the National Postal Museum Office ot Information Resource Management Biospher Biological Diversity Program National Museum of the American Indian Office of Planning and Budget Smithsoniar Tropical Research Institute National Portrait Gallery Office of Printing and Photographic Services Office or Exhibits Central Office of Risk Management Office of Museum Programs Office of Sponsored Projects Office of Quincentenary Programs Office of the Treasurer Smithsonian Instirurion Traveling Smithsonian Ombudsman Exhibition Service Travel Services Office Assistant Secretary for EDUCATION & PUBLIC SERVICE Center for Folklife Programs and Cultural Studies National Science Resources Center Office of Elementary and Secondary Education Wider Audience Development Progra Assistant Secretary for EXTERNAL AFFAIRS Office of International Relations Office of Conference Services Office of Special Events Office ofTelecommumcations Smithsonian Institution Press Smir/nnnnin Magazine Air & Space/Smithsonian Magazine Smithsonian National Associate Program Smithsonian Resident Associate Program Visitor Information and Associates' Reception Center Assistant Secretary for INSTITUTIONAL INITIATIVES National Museum ot the Ameri Campaign Office Office of Development Smithsonian Women's Com mi Contents Statement by the Secretary 4 Smithsonian Institution 6 Report of the Board of Regents 7 Highlights of the Year 9 The Year in Review 29 Sciences Office of the Assistant Secretary for the Sciences 29 Conservation Analytical Laboratory 29 National Museum of Natural History/ National Museum of Man 30 National Zoological Park 3 1 Office of Environmental Awareness 32 Office of Fellowships and Grants 33 Office of the Registrar 33 Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory 34 Smithsonian Environmental Research Center 35 Smithsonian Institution Archives 35 Smithsonian Institution Libraries 36 Smithsonian Institution Man and the Biosphere Biological Diversity Program 37 Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute 37 Arts and Humanities Office of the Assistant Secretary for the Arts and Humanities 38 Anacostia Museum 39 Archives of American Art 40 Arthur M. Sackler Gallery 41 Cooper-Hewitt, National Museum of Design 42 Freer Gallery of Art 43 Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden 44 Institutional Studies Office 45 International Gallery 45 National Air and Space Museum 45 National Museum of African Art 46 National Museum of American Art 47 National Museum of American History 48 National Museum of the American Indian 49 National Portrait Gallery 50 Office of Exhibits Central 5 1 Office of Museum Programs 52 Office of Quincentenary Programs 5 3 Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service 53 Education and Public Service Office of the Assistant Secretary for Education and Public Service 54 Center for Folklife Programs and Cultural Studies 55 National Science Resources Center 56 Office of Elementary and Secondary Education 56 Wider Audience Development Program 57 External Affairs Office of the Assistant Secretary for External Affairs 57 Office of International Relations 58 Office of Conference Services 58 Office of Special Events 59 Office of Telecommunications 59 Smithsonian Institution Press 60 Smithsonian Magazine 60 Air & Spacel Smithsonian Magazine 61 Smithsonian National Associate Program 61 Smithsonian Resident Associate Program 62 Visitor Information and Associates' Reception Center 63 Institutional Initiatives Office of the Assistant Secretary for Institutional Initiatives 64 National Museum of the American Indian National Campaign Office 65 Office of Development 66 Smithsonian Women's Committee 66 Finance and Administration Office of the Assistant Secretary for Finance and Administration 67 Under Secretary Office of the Under Secretary 68 Office of Government Relations 69 Office of Public Affairs 69 Affiliated Organizations John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts 70 National Gallery of Art 70 Reading Is Fundamental, Inc. 71 Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars 72 Benefactors 73 Financial Report 83 Smithsonian Year 1992 Supplement, con- taining a chronology of the year and records of Smithsonian advisory boards; visitor counts; fellows, interns, and research associ- ates; publications; staff; and donations to the Institution, is published in microfiche edition bv the Smithsonian Institution Press. Statement by the Secretary Robert McC. Acinus The Smithsonian's collections, a treasure of incal- culable scientific and cultural value held in trust for the nation, are the Institution's central focus. This was not the case initially, although a mu- seum and art gallery were mandated in the origi- nal Smithsonian Bill of Incorporation, passed by the Congress in 1846. The will of the Smithson- ian's founder, James Smithson, had identified its purpose as "the increase and diffusion of knowl- edge," and Joseph Henry, a noted physical scien- tist and the first secretary, identified research as the primary objective. At first there were, in any case, neither funds nor facilities to pursue the goal of amassing and exhibiting collections. The gradual change of direction at the Smith- sonian owes much to Spencer Baird, whom Henry recruited as his assistant in 1850, and who later succeeded him. Baird had begun his own formid- able natural history collection while still a youth, notably including some 750 species of American and European birds. That collection, as well as a larger concern for the importance of collections and museums, accompanied him to Washington, and this concern has remained with us ever since. The search for new knowledge in a number of fields remains a primary activity of the Institu- tion, albeit one that today is seldom as visible to the public as the exhibitions in our museums. But while growing slowly, collections increase cumula- tively in importance and spread unexpectedly into new areas of relevance. In this way they have be- come a magnet, helping to attract millions of visi- tors to our nation's capital every year. At the same time, they pose a cascade of new questions, becom- ing a magnet for scientists and scholars as well. Much of our own staffs current research also is de- voted to the puzzles and opportunities that our own collections now are bringing to the fore. The present total of some 140 million objects is un- rivaled anywhere; that number staggers our imagi- nations, as it surely would have Baird's. Welcome as this development is, we can never lose sight of the accompanying challenges in man- agement, conservation, and display. This annual report is intended to provide readers with an over- view of how we are meeting these challenges. Most impressive is their almost overwhelming di- versity, and the corresponding ingenuity and com- plexity of the responses they call for. Vast as our exhibition spaces are in what has grown over the years to an aggregate of 1 6 muse- ums and galleries and the National Zoo, it is obvi- ous that only a small proportion of the immense number of objects in our collections can ever be found on exhibit at any one time. Yet it must be emphasized that what remains out of sight is not static and inert but living and changing. New ac- quisitions continuously broaden and deepen the value of the collections as a scholarly resource. Fresh classifications and interpretive theories emerge, based on the application to the collec- tions of newly developed methodologies or the rec- ognition of new problems awaiting study. In this process, new features of objects may emerge as sig- nificant, or objects formerly viewed as singular may come to be better understood as having sev- eral components that deserve separate status. Conservation of collections, too, is a science in continuous flux. It is being improved in many re- spects by a host of new technologies, but at the same time made more urgent by accelerating envi- ronmental damage and the complex interactions and unassured permanence of many artificial, hi- tech materials that are flooding into popular use. Limited, highly selective deaccessioning some- times can strengthen our own holdings through exchanges with other museums, or advance the pace of research by making unneeded duplicates available to specialists elsewhere. Since the flow is seldom predictable or even, the burden of the ba- sic paperwork needed to keep track of so many dif- ferent kinds of transactions and moving parts can be at times almost overwhelming. Currently adding to this burden is the difficult budgetary climate in which the Institution must make its long-range plans as well as conduct its daily operations. The Office of Management and Budget and the Congress have been generous, at a time when growing deficits have limited the in- creases for most federally funded activities. But mandated increases have for the most part been di- rected toward the support of new programs and facilities. When provision is made for the high proportion of our costs represented by staff salaries and benefits, funds to maintain previously ex- isting programs have actually declined. Exacerbating this problem has been the eco- nomic recession, from which the country is only now emerging. Nonappropriated funds (net of the expenses of our auxiliary activities) are used to cover some 20 percent of the Institution's opera- tions. Some of these funds are drawn from trust and investment income reflecting earlier private donations. But a larger proportion is more depen- dent on the general state of economic well-being, since it derives from the Smithsonian's own busi- ness activities — the Smithsonian and Air & Space/ Smithsonian magazines, the Smithsonian Press, and our museum shops, restaurants, catalogue sales, and product licensing. Funding from some of these sources has not merely leveled off but substantially declined, placing in jeopardy the special uses to which nonappropriated funds are devoted. This includes key categories like collec- tions acquisition, special exhibitions, research, fel- lowships, educational outreach, and new project initiation. We have clearly entered an era in which the prospect of general growth, at a rate equivalent to that characterizing several past decades, is no longer realistic. Selective reductions may prove necessary in some programs that are less effective or central to our mission. Growth, where it does occur, henceforth will require trade-offs of com- pensating reductions in other activities. This is, in fact, an era in which our first order of business is to reassess carefully our ordering of priorities. To do so is not a task for a single occasion, but rather one that will need frequent repetition as we ap- proach a new century. Considerable progress has been made toward a reordering consistent with the needs and opportunities that lie ahead of the Smithsonian in the late 1990s. On that basis, we have commenced with a modest downsizing of the scale of operations so that it conforms more closely with what can be foreseen as the resources avail- able for it. Concurrent with the careful and deliberate re- duction in scale is an ongoing restructuring of the Institution. This has several objectives. Greater economies of operations are prominent among them. Our primary goal, however, is to ensure the Smithsonian reputation for excellence of re- search and quality of public service even as a leaner scale of operations is achieved. Among other aspects of this restructuring are a reduction in organizational complexity and a clearer delineation of lines of authority. The objec- tive is to speed and simplify decision-making, both by bringing responsibility closer to those im- mediately affected and by improving accountabil- ity and eliminating redundancies. Consistent with the principles of total quality management, em- phasis has been placed on incentives for improved, more responsive, and cost-effective service at every level. These efforts were initiated by Under Secre- tary Carmen Turner prior to her death in April 1992 and have been expanded and implemented by her successor Constance Berry Newman. It is compellingly evident that the receipt of nonappropriated funds is more important to the Smithsonian now than at any time in the past. The generosity of private citizens throughout the nation who, themselves, exemplify the spirit of the Smithsonian presents me with an opportunity to express my deep gratitude. Through their sup- port, our volunteers, benefactors, and foundations and corporations that have come to our assistance, add a special dimension to the Smithsonian and help to sustain some of the Institution's core pro- grams. Of particular note during fiscal 1992, the Institution received four gifts in excess of one mil- lion dollars each. The Benefactors section of Smith- sonian Year is dedicated to the many donors who have helped to make the Smithsonian an exciting and vibrant place. We are truly grateful. Smithsonian Institution The Establishment, September 30, 1992 George H. W. Bush, President of the United States J. Danforth Quayle, Vice President of the United States William H. Rehnquist, Chief Justice of the United States James A. Baker III, Secretary of State Nicholas F. Brady, Secretary of the Treasury Richard B. Cheney, Secretary of Defense William P. Barr, Acting Attorney General Manuel Lujan, Jr. , Secretary of the Interior Edward Madigan, Secretary of Agriculture Robert A. Mosbacher, Secretary of Commerce Lynn H. Martin, Secretary of Labor Louis W. Sullivan, Secretary of Health and Human Services Jack F. Kemp, Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Samuel K. Skinner, Secretary of Transportation Lamar Alexander, Secretary of Education James D. Watkins, Secretary of Energy Edward J. Derwinski, Secretary of Veterans Affairs Board of Regents and Secretary September 30, 1992 Board of Regents William H. Rehnquist, Chief Justice of the United States, ex officio J. Danforth Quayle, Vice President of the United States, ex officio Edwin J. (Jake) Garn, Senator from Utah Daniel P. Moynihan, Senator from New York James R. Sasser, Senator from Tennessee Joseph M. McDade, Representative from Pennsylvania Norman Y. Mineta, Representative from California Jamie L. Whitten, Representative from Mississippi David C. Acheson, Citizen of the District of Columbia Anne L. Armstrong, Citizen of Texas Jeannine Smith Clark, Citizen of the District of Columbia I. Michael Heyman, Citizen of California Samuel C. Johnson, Citizen of Wisconsin Homer A. Neal, Citizen of Michigan R. James Woolsey, Citizen of Maryland The Secretary Robert McCormick Adams Constance B. Newman, Under Secretary Sudeep Anand, Treasurer Kathy A. Boi, Special Assistant to the Secretary Joseph M. Carper, Chair, Council of Information and Education Directors Alice Green Burnette, Assistant Secretary for Institutional Initiatives James C. Early, Assistant Secretary for Education and Public Service Tom L. Freudenheim, Assistant Secretary for the Arts and Humanities Margaret C. Gaynor, Director, Office of Government Relations James M. Hobbins, Executive Assistant to the Secretary Robert S. Hoffmann, Assistant Secretary for the Sciences Thomas E. Lovejoy, Assistant Secretary for External Affairs Peter G. Powers, General Counsel Nancy D. Suttenfield, Assistant Secretary for Finance and Administration Frank H. Talbot, Chair, Council of Bureau Directors Report of the Board of Regents This annual report briefly reviews the governing activities of the Board of Regents conducted at three meetings in 1992 (February 3, May 1 1 , and September 2 1 ) with the help of their supporting committees and the secretary. After receiving a comprehensive report on the availability of collections, the regents endorsed the establishment of the National African Ameri- can Museum within the Smithsonian's Arts and Industries Building. The proposed legislation would also establish a 23-member board of trust- ees for the museum. In the context of having often discussed the dis- persal of Smithsonian activities, the regents consid- ered a proposal for a physical sciences museum as a Smithsonian branch in Arlington, Texas. While the board saw value in the establishment of a mu- seum associated with the Super-Conducting Super Collider Project and agreed to provide advice to- ward this end, it rejected any formal affiliation with the Smithsonian. An organizational review presented to the Board of Regents in February contained recom- mendations on management responsibilities, changes in organizational structure, and improved delivery of certain administrative and program-re- lated services. Changes to selected assistant secre- taries' titles clarified responsibilities and elimi- nated dual reporting relationships. As a result of other recommendations, the Office of Public Af- fairs and the Office of Government Relations now report directly to the under secretary, and the Res- ident and National Associate Programs are being merged . The legal investigation and indictment of a re- searcher for activities in Asia led the regents to re- view their policy on the indemnification of Smith- sonian officers, directors, and staff. The regents also noted that the Institution is revising policies and procedures for the administration of honorary research associates and other researchers not on its payroll. The secretary announced that a new pol- icy regarding field collecting for research is to be incorporated into the Institution's revised policy on collections management. At their February meeting the regents recorded their appreciation for Dr. William G. Bowen's outstanding service as a member of the board and designated him a regent emeritus. The regents also approved the appointment of I. Michael Hey- man as Chairman of their Nominating Commit- tee; nominated Wesley S. Williams, Jr., from the District of Columbia, and Barber B. Conable, Jr., of New York, for vacancies on the board; voted to present the Samuel Pierpont Langley Medal to Benjamin O. Davis, Jr., for his outstanding con- tributions to aviation; designated the photo lab at the National Zoo as the Barbara Watkins McEl- hinny Lib in recognition of her contributions to the Zoo and to photography; and voted to pur- chase and improve property for a field research sta- tion at Bocas del Toro, Panama. Secretary Robert McC. Adams reported that he had awarded the Secretary's Gold Medal for Exceptional Service to Margaret C. Gaynor, the Institution's director of government relations. Mr. Adams introduced a paper he wrote to prompt discussion on one of the Smithsonian's perennial challenges: how best to represent and communicate the present state of knowledge within the contentious domain of American and world culture. In a wide-ranging discussion, the regents expressed appreciation for the secretary's paper and encouraged him to publish it (see "Smithsonian Horizons" in Smithsonian magazine, April 1992). At the May meeting, Mr. Adams paid tribute to the late Carmen Turner, who died in April after serving as under secretary since December 1990. The board shared the secretary's apprecia- tion for the permanent contributions she made to the Smithsonian in her brief tenure. The regents applauded the Smithsonian Na- tional Board's initiative and approved in principle the proposed establishment of a special fund to attract significant donations for enhanced support of the Institution's programs. Cognizant of the strains on the Institution's budget, the regents en- couraged the secretary to explore the possibility of soliciting voluntary contributions in museums on an experimental basis. Mr. Adams indicated that further study will be conducted on security, pub- lic relations, and related considerations. The secretary discussed the controversial issue of quilts being reproduced under Smithsonian license. He noted that new sources of production are being sought and several educational programs are being planned to promote the quilters' craft. The regents reviewed the applicability of the Freedom of Information Act to the Smithsonian. While the Institution has consistently used the principles of the Freedom of Information Act as a guide in responding to public requests for docu- ments, the Smithsonian has not been legally re- quired to do so. The U.S. Department of Justice recently reaffirmed that view, notwithstanding a ruling specific to a case brought in U.S. District Court. The regents also discussed the relationship of a variety of federal regulations to Smithsonian operating procedures. At their meeting on September 21, 1992, the regents welcomed Constance B. Newman as the Smithsonian's new under secretary, and the board designated David Acheson and Senator Jake Garn as regents emeritus upon the expiration of their terms. The regents discussed the Institution's fed- eral and trust budgets and plans to balance the budget while preserving core programs during the coming fiscal year. It was noted that permanent programmatic and personnel reductions will cer- tainly need to be made to meet substantial budget- ary' limitations. The regents approved the estab- lishment of three named endowments, the Mary Bohrn Abbott Fund, the Smithsonian Institution Libraries Fund, and the National Museum of Natutal History Research Endowment Fund. During the year the Board of Regents made the following appointments and reappointments to Smithsonian boards and commissions: David C. Driskell, Frances Humphrey Howard, Robin B. Martin, and Robert H. Nooter to the Commis- sion of the National Museum of African Art; D. Brainerd Holmes, Arthur Gray, Jr. , and G. Rob- ert Durham to the National Board of the National Museum of Natural History; Ann Rockefeller Roberts and Keith H. Basso to the Board of Trust- ees of the National Museum of the American In- dian; Ronald D. Abramson, Wendell K. Castle, Barney A. Ebsworth, Patricia Frost, Melvin Len- kin, David S. Purvis, and Linda Lichtenberg Kaplan to the Commission of the National Mu- seum of American Art; and Betty Evans, Richard Hayden, and Sue Jane Smock to the Board of Trustees of Cooper-Hewitt, National Museum of Design. Staff Changes This year the Smithsonian family and its constitu- ents were rocked by the death in April of Carmen E. Turner, who had served as under secretary of the Institution since December 1990. In her all- too-short tenure, Mrs. Turner conducted a thor- ough organizational review of the Institution and effected a number of changes of long-standing sig- nificance. Her contribution to the Smithsonian was inestimable. After a brief but extensive search, during which time Alan Fern, director of the National Portrait Gallery, served as acting under secretary, we were delighted to attract Constance B. Newman, direc- tor of the U.S. Office of Personnel Management, to the position of under secretary. In the waning months of the fiscal year, as part of her transition process, Mrs. Newman and a team she assembled conducted an extensive series of briefings on Smithsonian programs and activities. Her find- ings and recommendations will be invaluable to continuing efforts to strengthen the Institution's fundamental operations in times of increasingly constrained finances. A number of changes in the ranks of senior management merit special mention, including the appointment of L. Carole Wharton as director of planning and budget, Sudeep Anand as treasurer, and Charles A. Hines as director of protection services. We had the regretful duty of announcing this year that the very accomplished Janet Sol- inger, director of the Resident Associate Program for some 20 years, is moving to the Office of the Assistant Secretary for External Affairs where she will undertake special projects. Her splendid achievements are very much appreciated. Toward year's end we also realized the need to effect reductions in personnel to balance the bud- get and maintain forward motion in activities of highest priority. Although this is always difficult and disruptive, we still hold the maxim that our most critical resource remains our highly re- spected staff. As always, we are deeply grateful to them all for their extraordinary support and effort throughout the year. Highlights of the Yeat Anacostia Museum In early 1939, the Daughters of the American Revolution barred the re- nowned operaric contralto Marian Ander- son from singing in their Constitution Hall in Washington, D.C. , because she was black. Instead, Anderson performed on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial be- fore an integrated audience of about 75,000 people. Her Easter Sunday con- cert has become a moving symbol of the civil rights movement. A captivating likeness of Anderson as she appeared that day was featured in "To Achieve These Rights: The Struggle for Equality and Self-Determination in the District of Columbia, 1 791- 1978," rhe Anacostia Museum's major exhibition of 1992. Visitors to the exhibition were able to listen to a recording of a radio broadcast of the historic performance. Developed as the museum's contribu- tion to the observance of the District of Columbia's bicentennial, "To Achieve These Rights" is the first major exhibi- tion to examine the role of Washington and its residents in the national civil rights movements throughout our coun- try's history. (Photograph by Harold Dorwin) Archives of American Art Almost ioo sketches and studies of Afri- can and Asian subjects by the American expatriate painter and writer Edwin Lord Weeks (1849- 1 903) were given by a de- scendant to the Archives of American Art this year. Weeks was known for his mon- umental paintings based on historical epi- sodes or daily life in North Africa, the Middle East, and India. After studying in Paris, Weeks spent most of his time living and traveling in Spain, Morocco, Egypt, the Middle East, Iran, and India, returning only occasion- ally to France and rarely to his native New England. In a fashion typical of ad- venturous Europeans and Americans of his day, Weeks followed a romantic quest for what were then considered to be exotic peoples and places. Although he re- corded what he saw with great clarity, as this oil sketch indicates, his copious travel writings reveal that he maintained his distance from native peoples. Objec- tionable though it may be to us today, his goal was neither intimate association with other cultures nor anthropological accuracy but the production for submis- sion to the prestigious annual Paris salons of elaborate historical and genre paint- ings, based on direct studies like Arab on Horseback. Edwin Lord Weeks (American, 1849-1903). Arab on Horseback, n.d. Oil on paper, 14'/. x 8/2 in. (36.8 x 21.6 cm). Edwin Lord Weeks Papers, Ar- chives of American Art. Arthur M. Sackler Gallery Nearly 500 people attended eight work- shops at the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery that were designed to help young people and their adult companions learn about Asian art through the museum's collec- tions. The popular free, drop-in work- shops— called "ImaginAsia" — prompted one parent to remark, "What a wonder- ful way to introduce a museum to chil- dren and get them to think about what they see." The workshops focused on two spe- cial exhibitions — "When Kingship De- scended from Heaven: Masterpieces of Mesopotamian Art from the Louvre" and "Ancient Japan" — and on the per- manent exhibition "Monsters, Myths, and Minerals." Guided by an activity sheet developed by the museum's Edu- cation Department, the participants ex- plored the galleries with certain ques- tions in mind. Then the children were invited to create their own works of art inspired by their impressions. The en- thusiasm of adults and children for these workshops in which they can par- ticipate together has prompted the Edu- cation Department to schedule more programs designed especially for families. Center for Folklife Programs and Cultural Studies More than ioo tradition-bearers from New Mexico came to the 1992 Festival of American Folklife to represent the cul- tural vitality, diversity, and dialogue that is a central part of the state's heri- tage. In re-created settings — town plaza, range, home, and sheep camp — partici- pants demonstrated traditions of family, community, and religious life. Los Bernalillo Matachines, a Hispanic dance group, enacted Los Matachines, a dance-drama found in both Pueblo Indian and Hispanic communities. The dance portrays the spiritual drama of the Spanish Conquest by combining indige- nous and European symbols in a sacred and sometimes burlesque discourse. Two lines of dancers holding rattles and tri- dents step, bow, and turn to the graceful music of violin and guitar. They are led by Monarca, a monarch figure referred to in some communities as Montezuma. La Malinche, played by a girl dressed in First Communion clothing, represents the first Christian convert. Other charac- ters are a bull and a clown-bogeyman figure. The dance usually is performed on special holidays. In Hispanic communi- ties it tends to be religious in nature, whereas in Pueblo Indian communities it is more of a secular celebration. (Photo- graph by Lyle Rosbotham ©1992) Conservation Analytical Laboratory Modern polymeric materials are a fast- growing presence in museum collections, both in objects of historical and techno- logical importance and in contemporary art works. Although at first these materi- als might seem to be quite stable, in real- ity their long-term preservation poses many problems. At the Conservation Analytical Labora- tory (CAL), scientific studies on objects from Smithsonian collections help scien- tists evaluate the ways in which materials deteriorate with time and devise methods to prolong the longevity of museum col- lections worldwide. In one such project, scientists are investigating the effects of cold storage on the rubber materials in the National Air and Space Museum's col- lection of space suits. Rubber crystallizes at low temperatures, and long-term low- temperature storage may make the suits brittle, even after they are warmed to room temperature. Here, CAL polymer chemist Mary Baker and conservation fel- low Eric Lange inspect a Project Mercury spaceflight boot and astronaut Donald "Deke" Slayton's Mercury training suit. They use a technology called differential scanning calorimetry to study samples of new rubber, as well as samples from deac- cessioned suits such as this one, to deter- mine the extent of crystallization in order to establish proper storage and handling procedures for the suits. (Photograph by Doc Dougherty) 13 Cooper-Hewitt, National Museum of Design For the past decade and a half, Cooper- Hewitt, National Museum of Design has concentrated on building its collections by documenting the design process, from the initial concept to the realized object. Designers' ideas and intentions and their skill in selecting and success in ma- nipulating materials with tools and tech- nology are assessed, along with appear- ance and function, to determine the suitability of objects for the collections of the National Museum of Design. Through exhibitions and documenta- tion of the permanent collection and ar- chives, Cooper-Hewitt conveys the idea that even the simplest of objects — such as this chair — reflects a design, and that design is the result of a problem-solving process. The 'vik-ter chair was created by the New York furniture designer Dakota Jackson (b. 1949). The entire design process, including sketches and notes for the initial concept, 67 working drawings, and 2 models, is documented in Jackson's gift to Cooper-Hewitt. Design is a process of shaping matter to a purpose. It responds to an infinite number of needs and desires. Jackson's aim was to create a chair that was beauti- ful, comfortable, adaptable, and practi- cal: the design becomes increasingly graceful as the drawings progress, the back and seat are curved, the back moves in response to the sitter, and the chair is made to stack. The archival documenta- tion of the piece illustrates that the de- signer drew and modeled for more than a year until he was satisfied with the chair design. Dakota Jackson (American, b. 1949). 'Vik-ter stacking chair, 1991. Laminated cherry wood, steel, ^4^/4 x 19 x 20 in. Cooper-Hewitt, National Museum of De- sign, gift of Zoe Jackson and Pierce Jack- son. (Photograph by John Bessler) 14 Freer Gallery of Art The small but growing collection of Southeast Asian ceramics at the Feer Gal- lery of Art was enriched this year by a 15th-century stoneware jar from Viet- nam's Le dynasty (1428-1793). The jar was purchased by the Friends of Asian Arts and the Smithsonian Institution Col- lections Acquisition Fund. The tall, slen- der vessel, decorated with cobalt pig- ment painted under a colorless glaze, was made at a kiln in the Red River delta in northern Vietnam. Fieldwork by foreign scholars in Viet- nam had been curtailed by war and politi- cal turmoil since the 1930s but is slowly resuming. Recent research in ceramics has identified the locations of several kiln complexes whose products, made with the fine white local clay, were traded to international markets ranging from Ja- pan to West Asia during the 15 th and 1 6th centuries. The dating of cobalt-dec- orated Vietnamese wares is still approxi- mate because few objects are available to fill the span between the famous bottle in the Topkapi Saray Museum, Istanbul, dated by inscription to 1450 (made in Nam Sach district in the delta), and in- scribed temple vessels whose earliest dates fall within the final quarter of the 16th century. Moreover, on jars similar to the Freer's, the motifs as well as the proportions of the registers in which they are arrayed appear to be modeled after Chinese blue-and- white jars of the 14th century. On this jar, three mythical lion- like beasts circle the shoulder above a pe- ony scroll related in execution to the one on the 1450 bottle, and elongated lotus- petal panels rise nearly halfway up the side. The base is coated with an iron wash. 15 Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden An extraordinary field of rich gold, articu- lated by jagged areas of red, brown, and white and by a quivering yellow, 7948-C is among the finest of Clyfford Still's paintings. Together with his peers Mark Rothko, Barnett Newman, and Jackson Pollock, Still was a leader of the explo- sion of Abstract Expressionist art in the United States in the 1940s. Already the beneficiary of a gift of three works from the artist in 1969, the Hirshhorn's collec- tion of Still's work now ranks among the finest in the world. Clyfford Still (American, 1904-80). /948-C, 1948. Oil on canvas, 8o7/s x 68Y4 in. (205.4 x x74-6 cm). Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Joseph H. Hirshhorn Purchase Fund, 1992 (92.8). (Photograph by Lee Stalsworth) National Air and Space In a departure from traditional museum displays on World War I aviation, the Museum National Air and Space Museum exhibi- tion, "Legend, Memory, and the Great War in the Air," contrasts the romantic myth of gallant combat in the sky with the grim reality faced by the aviators who fought and died during the war. The ex- hibition uses photographs, posrers, illus- trations, models, implements of war, pe- riod aircraft (all restored by museum personnel), and other artifacts, along with audiovisual presentations, to give an accurate picture of aviation's role in the war and to examine the interplay be- tween perception and reality in history. A rare French Voisin VIII bomber dispels the notion that all World War I military aircraft were fighters. A re-created 1930s movie theater presents clips from period aviation films that introduced many to the romantic view of the first air war. "Legend, Memory, and the Great War in the Air" explores the workings of his- tory and asks viewers to evaluate rarely challenged beliefs that guide aspects of their lives and their society. The exhibi- tion makes it clear that our judgment of military aviation continues to be influ- enced by the image of the fighter ace and the bomber, legacies of the first air war. Spad XIII fighter aircraft on display in "Legend, Memory, and the Great War in the Air." (Photograph by Evan Sheppard) National Museum of African Art The acquisition of a monumental bovine- shaped slit gong, collected in Zaire in the 1930s, was a highlight of the past year at the National Museum of African Art. The 98-inch-long wooden slit gong, carved as a stylized bush cow, has a nar- row tapered head with slender raised nose, round ears, and short curved horns on a long neck. The large ovoid body, which functions as a resonance chamber, is decorated with a carved border of zig- zags. This instrument is similar to slit gongs documented in the Ubangi region of north central Zaire. Large zoomorphic slit gongs such as this one typically are played during ritu- als, important ceremonial occasions, and other events where musical accompani- ment is desired. The gong is played by striking a stick on either side of the slit. Since the walls of the gong are of varied thickness, the instrument produces both high and low tones. The museum's instal- lation allows visitors to hear a recording of the percussion produced by slit gongs. The slit gong is part of the museum's permanent collection, which includes works of art from numerous visual tradi- tions from Western, Central, Eastern, and Southern Africa. The museum is en- gaged in an intensive effort to acquire works of outstanding aesthetic quality. The permanent collection is the founda- tion for exhibitions and programs, re- search, and publications. Lobala, Yangere, and neighboring peo- ples, Zaire and Central African Republic. Slit gong. Wood, 98 in. (248 cm). Na- tional Museum of African Art, 92-1 2-1, purchased with funds provided by the Smithsonian Collections Acquisition Pro- gram and museum purchase. (Photo- graph by Franko Khoury) National Museum of American Art The National Museum of American Art's exhibition, "Homecoming: William H. Johnson and Afro-America, 1938- 1946," offered a visual testament to one of America's most important but most ne- glected artists. Eighty vibrant paintings, drawn primarily from the museum's in- ventory of more than 1 ,000 works by Johnson, ranged from images of everyday life in the rural South to street scenes in Harlem. The exhibition focused exclu- sively on the artist's work in his native land, capturing in a folk- inspired style the artistic, political, and cultural accomplishments of African Americans in the 1940s. After closing in Washington, the exhi- bition and a smaller companion show sur- veying Johnson's entire career began trav- eling under the museum's auspices to 10 museums throughout the United States. Since the mid-1960s, the National Museum of American Art has been ac- quiring the work of African American art- ists, bringing their long-ignored achieve- ments into the artistic mainstream. In 1967, the museum was fortunate to re- ceive from the Johnson estate hundreds of paintings, drawings, and prints — a collection that thus was rescued from im- minent destruction. William H. Johnson (American, 1901—70). Mom and Dad, ca. 1944. Oil on paperboard, 31 x 25 Vs in. (78.7 x 64.5 cm). National Museum of American Art, gift of the Harmon Foundation. 19 National Museum of American History For the "American Encounters" exhibi- tion, the National Museum of American History collected contemporary objects from Hispanic and Pueblo families in New Mexico. One of those objects is El Gran Poder de Dios (The great power of God), a painted wooden bulto, or sculp- ture, created by Marie Romero Cash and enclosed in a tin nkho made by her hus- band, Don Cash. The sculpture is an im- portant addition to the museum's collec- tion of Hispanic religious and tourist art. Early in this century, Hispanic carvers in New Mexico stopped making sacred images and directed their production to- ward tourist consumption. Marie Ro- mero Cash, whose father made tourist tin- ware to supplement his income as a sheet-metal worker, is one of several con- temporary New Mexican carvers who have continued the secular and revived the sacred traditions. She makes bultos like this one, derived from a 19th-cen- tury piece, for collectors, but other exam- ples of her work adorn Catholic churches in New Mexico and Colorado. Marie Romero Cash was born in Santa Fe, but moved away as a young woman. She took up carving when she returned to New Mexico and studied the work of 19th-century religious carvers like Jose Rafael Aragon. "Many of us don't know where our roots are; we live in a cultural gap," Cash told "American Encounters" co-curator Lonn Taylor. "I started carv- ing when I moved back here. It made me feel connected to New Mexico, and with the 19th-century Hispanic artists here." Marie Romero Cash (American, b. 1942). El Gran Poder de Dios (The great power of God), 1990. Wood, enclosed in tin niche made by Don Cash, 37!^ x i75/fe x 15 in. (95 x 45 x 38 cm). Divi- sion of Community Life, National Mu- seum of American History. (Photograph by Eric Long) National Museum of the American Indian As the summer of 1992 drew to a close, the start" of" the National Museum ot the American Indian was hard at work pre- paring for the November 15, 1992, open- ing of the museum's first exhibition, "Pathways ot" Tradition: Indian Insights into Indian Worlds." This temporary ex- hibition of 100 objects represents a cross- section of American Indian culture and creativity. Objects from 28 tribes in loca- tions ranging from the Arctic Circle to South America were chosen for the exhibi- tion by 17 Native American selectors and Rick Hill (Tuscarora), curatot and the museum's assistant director for public programs. The symbol Hill chose for graphic reproduction and tepresentation of the exhibition is this Northern Plains shield of bison hide with a deerskin cover with the green-painted image of a snap- ping turtle, a symbol of the Earth. Objects selected for the exhibition from more than one million artifacts in the museum collection span the period from 800 AD. to the 1930s, articulating the indigenous peoples' continuing tela- tionship with their homeland. They in- clude a ceramic bowl decorated with ani- mal images by the Taino, the first people to encounter Columbus in the Western Hemisphere; two pre-Columbian gold pieces; a wooden deer mask and an in- cised conch shell from the Spiro Mounds in Oklahoma; carved house panels from the Tlingit people of Alaska; a Teton Sioux buckskin parasol decorated with quillwork and beadwork; Porno baskets decorated with feathets from California; cradleboards from various tribes; blankets from tribes ranging from the Haida of British Columbia to the Aymara of Bo- livia; Zuni and Mimbres pottery from New Mexico; and a wide range ot other items remarkable both for the variety ot their uses and the diversity of the people who made them. Shield with snapping turtle. Northern Plains. Buffalo hide with deetskin cover, pendant feathers and bells, 19 in. diame- ter. Collection of National Museum of the American Indian. (Photograph by Karen Furth) National Museum of Natural History/National Museum of Man "Seeds of Change," the largest exhibition ever undertaken by the National Mu- seum of Natural History, traces the pro- found cultural and biological changes that have occurred in the 500 years since Columbus's voyages to the New World. The exhibition has garnered unprece- dented national and international public- ity and attracted large crowds since it opened in October 1991, helping to bring museum attendance to just over 7 million in fiscal year 1992. This master- fully constructed 42-by-24-foot Spanish- style portal made from more than 14,000 ears of specially grown red, blue, black, and yellow corn marks the entrance to "Seeds of Change." Columbus's voyages brought about the first of many biological exchanges be- tween the Old World and the New. Through five case studies — corn, potato, sugar, the horse, and disease — the exhibi- tion explores the "seeds" whose seem- ingly simple transfer led to complex cul- tural and political change and ultimately shaped the course of history. "Seeds of Change" is a tremendous edu- cational resource. The demand for stu- dent and public tours is the greatest in the museum's history. Educational insti- tutions and teachers from all over the country are requesting copies of the teach- ing guide and curriculum materials. Pro- grams have included planting a garden with a local elementary school and using gardening to teach science, math, his- tory, music, art, environmental studies, and an appreciation for diverse cultures. Audiences throughout the country and abroad will be able to see "Seeds of Change" as versions of the exhibition travel under the auspices of the museum, the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Ex- hibition Service, the American Library Association, and the U.S. Information Agency. National Portrait Gallery The National Portrait Gallery has ac- quired an important portrait of an early American printer and publisher — one of the handful of colonial women who gained distinction in the public sphere. Charles Willson Peale, in depicting Anne Catharine Hoof Green, editor of the Maryland Gazette, has given us a por- trait of uncommon interest. In her hand, Mrs. Green holds a document inscribed, "ANNAPOLIS Printer to . . . /'sym- bolic of the satisfaction she must have felt after earning the appointment to carry on her husband's task as printer to the Prov- ince of Maryland. Anne Catharine Hoof married Jonas Green in Philadelphia in 1738 and moved with him to Annapolis, where he became printer to the province. In 1745, he began publication of the Maryland Ga- zette, the only newspaper in the colony un- til 1773. Anne Green was a participant in her husband's business affairs, fully ca- pable of assuming his responsibilities should the need arise. After Jonas Green's death in 1767, she continued publication of the Maryland Gazette with- out a break. Mrs. Green also fulfilled her husband's contract as printer to the prov- ince and published an almanac yearly. Her career as printer and publisher ended only with her death in March 1775. Charles Willson Peale — who painted Mrs. Green in 1769, shorrly after he re- turned from study in London with Benja- min West — was the preeminent portrait- ist of America's revolutionary generation. Charles Willson Peale (American, 1741-1827). Anne Catharine Hoof Green, 1769. Oil on canvas, 36'/, x 28 in. (92. 1 x 7 1 . 1 cm). Museum purchase and gift of Governor's Mansion Foundation of Maryland, Mrs. Hilda Mae Snoops, Exec- utive Director and the Honorable Wil- liam Donald Schaefer, Governor. (Photo- graph by Rolland White) National Zoological Park At 9:^0 on the morning of June 9, 1992, a 90-ton crane lowered a 15, 000- pound, 40-foot New World mahogany tree through an opening in the roof of the National Zoo's new "Amazonia" ex- hibit building. The mahogany, which has an 8-foot-square root box, is the largest plant among the 229 species of tropical trees, shrubs, epiphytes (some- times called air plants), and vines that grow in the 12,000-square-foot Amazon rainforest and river habitat building. The building is the centerpiece of the "Ama- zonia" exhibit, which is in two parts: the Habitat and the Gallery. The Habitat opened in November 1992, and the Gal- lery should open in late [993. To locate and acquire the 1 ,740 trees and shrubs necessary to create an authen- tic living rainforest, Zoo horriculturists searched botanical collections in south Florida. For more than a year before these larger plants were trucked to Washing- ton, D.C., they were conditioned for transplanting by root pruning, selective shading, and special feedings. They are planted in a noncompacting soil mixture that was developed by Zoo horticulturists and can be used indefinitely inside ani- mal exhibits. The rainforest and river ecosystem is es- tablished under a specially engineered in- sulating transparent domed roof. Misters and climate-control devices enable visi- tors to experience the heat and humidity of the rainforest. Neotropical animals in- cluding camouflaged insects, brightly col- ored frogs, toucans, parrots, monkeys, and many species of Amazon River fish have also been settled into the exhibit. "Amazonia" incorporates into its de- sign and operation the "Biopark" philoso- phy of Zoo Director Michael Robinson. This concept treats nature, including hu- man culture, from a broad perspective and includes elements commonly associ- ated with zoos, aquariums, botanical gar- dens, and natural history museums. The second phase of "Amazonia" will include an 8,000-square-foot gallery that ex- plains how the rainforest functions and features exhibits on research techniques in tropical biology and the dynamics of global ecology. Through exciting new methods of museum interpretation, visi- tors to the exhibit will experience the Amazon rainforest directly and learn about the complex interrelationships of organisms living in tropical ecosystems. (Photograph by Jessie Cohen) 24 Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory A 6.5-meter-diameter mirror intended to replace the six separate mirrors of the Multiple Mirror Telescope was success- fully cast at the University of Arizona, the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observa- tory's partner in this replacement project. The mirror is the largest single glass blank ever cast in the United States. In late April 1992, some 10 tons of borosili- cate glass chunks were melted over a ce- ramic mold in a special rotating oven. Formed with a roughly parabolic front surface by the spinning process, the mir- ror had to cool and congeal over a two- month period before it was ready for re- moval and cleaning. Final grinding and polishing is expected to take at least an- other year. (Photograph by Lori Stiles) 25 Smithsonian Environmental Research Center Scientists at the Smithsonian Environ- mental Research Center on the Chesa- peake Bay in Edgewater, Maryland, have been studying the population dynamics of various woodland herbaceous plants tor many years. Changes in a species popula- tion are related to changes in such factors as weather, herbivore activity, or land use. Detailed studies dealing with the ecology of individual organisms are also conducted to gain a better understanding of the basic biology and ecology of a species. Shoichi Kawano (left), a Regents Fel- low, and one of his graduate students are collecting herb specimens at one of the center's forest study sites. In collabora- tion with Dennis Whigham, a plant ecol- ogist on the center's staff, Kawano is studying the genetic diversity of wood- land herb populations. Kawano is profes- sor of botany and director of the herbar- ium at Kyoto University in Japan. (Photograph by AI Liszewski) 26 Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service In 1989, as the revolutions in Central Eu- rope swelled to a climax, mass rallies, workers' strikes, and demonstrations be- came daily events across Central and East- ern Europe. Posters seen plastered on walls and shop windows, hanging from statues, and carried by the people pro- claimed: "End Rule by One Party!" "Marx Is Dead!" "40 Years of Lies!" "Art as Activist: Revolutionary Posters from Central and Eastern Europe," an ex- hibition of 82 revolutionary posters circu- lated by the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service (SITES), fol- lows the democratic movement of Solidar- ity in Poland, Gorbachev's perestroika of the late 1980s, the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1990, the collapse of the Communist government in Czechoslovakia in 1989, and the ongoing struggle for indepen- dence in the Baltic republics. Poster art serves many functions. These posters are one way of studying complex social and political change. Poster art also is a critical means of self- expression. Through art, activists try to reach the people who need to hear the message. Many of the posters included in the exhibition were drawn for limited edi- tions by highly acclaimed artists, silk- screened by students, or hand-painted by anonymous citizens united in their desire for freedom. In this 1988 gouache, Latvian artist Vilnis Pikis expressed his wish for free- dom from the Soviets by depicting the morning star, a symbol of independent Latvia, blazing through the Kremlin wall. 27 Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Field observations and experimen- tation have been used in most of the studies carried out by scientists at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Insti- tute (STRI). In recent years, however, spectacular advances in molecular biol- ogy have permitted new approaches to problems that helclwork alone cannot solve. With an eye toward these devel- opments, STRI established one ol the lew tropically based molecular system- atics laboratories in the wotld. The in- teraction between field-based and mo- lecular scientists and the proximity to tropical forests and coral reefs are pro- viding a vital new petspective to the study of tropical species. Molecular biological techniques ate be- ing used to study brightly coloted dart- poison frogs. This species, Dendrobates pumilio, collected from the Bocas del Toro Islands of Panama, shows a remark- able degree of diversity in color and pat- tern. Somewhat patadoxically, three othet species of dart-poison trogs found on these islands do not exhibit much colot variation. One hypothesis was that D. pumilio hits simply been present in the islands longer than the othet species, and thus its populations have had more time to diverge in color pattern. DNA se- quence data collected for these species, howevet , did not support this view. An- othet hypothesis — that sexual selection in the form of female choice for male col- oration may have contnbuted to the di- vergence among populations — is being evaluated. D. pumilio is the only dart- poison frog species in the Bocas del Toro Islands in which females care for their young. All other species exhibit male pa- rental cate, a parenting strategy that may petmit females to be less choosy in theit selection of mates. (Photograph by Catl C. Hansen) 28 The Year in Review Sciences Office of the Assistant Secretary for the Sciences Robert S. Hoffmann, Assistant Secretary Since its inception, the Smithsonian Institution has nourished a commitment to scientific re- search. Scientific studies are carried on in several arenas: specialized research institutes such as the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, and the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory; muse- ums such as the National Air and Space Museum and the National Museum of Natural History/Na- tional Museum ot Man; the National Zoological Park and its Conservation and Research Center; the Conservation Analytical Laboratory; and cen- tral support units such as the Smithsonian Institu- tion Archives, the Office of Fellowships and Grants, the Smithsonian Institution Libraries, and the Scientific Diving Program. In all of these are- nas, the Smithsonian's scientific research is charac- terized by breadth, depth, and outreach. The Institution is well known for studies that benefit the scientific community worldwide. Smithsonian scientists are engaged in long-term baseline monitoring of ultraviolet radiation reach- ing the Earth. They are studying Caribbean coral reef and mangrove ecosystems and investigating the biological impact of deforestation. Using satel- lite observation, they are examining pollution damage to temperate forests. Scientific research is by its very nature an indi- vidual enterprise, but scientists often join forces to carry out team projects. The Smithsonian is com- mitted to providing a working atmosphere that en- hances creativity and leads to new insights about the natural and human worlds. These insights will enable us to deal more successfully with the challenges we face now and in the future. ■ Environmental research continues to be the em- phasis of the Institution's scientific research pro- grams. Projects include studies of the function of natural and disturbed ecosystems and of the dy- namic role of the Sun and atmosphere in the appar- ent warming of the Earth's temperature. It is equally important to gain an adequate understand- ing of the structure and composition of natural communities and ecosystems so that their richness and stability may be maintained of restored in the face of increasing human pressures. An example of such fundamental research is the work of the Insti- tution's systematic biologists, who have responsi- bility for inventorying and describing the species richness of the biosphere. ■ Smithsonian anthropologists are exploring the nature of changing cultures throughout the wotld. Their research ranges from studies of con- temporary West African art and culture to exami- nation of the influence on the Caribbean of the im- portation of peoples and their cultures during the slave trade. Conservation Analytical Laboratory Lambertus Van Zelst, Director The Conservation Analytical Laboratory (CAL) en- gages in research and ttaining in the conservation and technical study of museum objects and other materials of histotic importance. CAL addresses 29 Using computer modeling with mechanical proper- ties measured in the labo- ratory . Conservation A nalytical Laboratory r«- entist Marl McCormid Goodhart studies the re- sponse of photographic ma- terials to changes in environmental conditions in order to formulate bet- ter \tni\igc and exhibit conditions for these materi- als. (Photograph by Doc Dougherty I questions of concern to archaeology and art his- tory, as well as problems facing the Smithsonian and other institutions in the preservation and con- servation of" their collections. A multifaceted train- ing program provides unique educational opportu- nities for students in conservation, materials science, archaeology, and art history. ■ CAL has developed computer modeling tech- niques tor studying the effects of temperature, rela- tive humidity, shock, and vibration on paintings. The results of their application have enhanced chemical research in the preservation of collections in the Smithsonian and other museums through- out the world. The models also are used to exam- ine changes in the mechanical stability of photo- graphic image layers. These studies supply the information necessary for CAL to develop and rec- ommend appropriate guidelines for the long-term storage and exhibition of photographic materials. ■ Technical studies by CAL research collaborator Aslihan Yener and CAL scientists Pamela Van- diver and Emile Joel have resulted in a revision of the traditional understanding of Near and Middle Eastern tin sources in the Bronze Age. The studies were carried out on materials excavated under Yener's direction at the site of Goltepe in the Tau- rus Mountains of southeastern Turkey. ■ During her studies of the preservation of pro- teins and nucleic acids in hard tissue from paleon- tological and archaeological specimens, CAL re- search biochemist Noreen Tuross has extracted indigenous proteins from 350 million-year-old fos- sil Ling/da shells. Until this breakthrough, it was generally thought that biomolecules could not sur- vive in the fossil record beyond about 100,000 years. ■ Twenty-eight fellows or interns served at vari- ous levels and in various CAL specialties during the year. Ten courses were offered on conservation topics, including two new subjects: "Leather for Conservators" and "The Suction Table for Textiles and Paintings." Members of the Furniture Conser- vation Training Program's third class began their course work in August and are expected to gradu- ate in 1996. National Museum of Natural History I National Museum of Man Frank H. Talbot, Director The National Museum of Natural History/Na- tional Museum of Man (NMNH), the nation's largest research museum, is dedicated to under- standing the natural world and the place of hu- mans in it. With a staff of more than 600, in- cluding 120 staff scientists, and the world's largest and most extensive collection of docu- mented artifacts and specimens of plants, animals, fossils, rocks, and minerals, now numbering more than 121 million items, the museum conducts scholarly investigations in anthropology and the full range of the natural sciences. This extensive re- search in the field and the laboratory is shared with the scholarly community and the larger pub- lic through publications, symposia, educational programs, and a museum of popular exhibitions that annually attracts more visitors than any other natural history museum in the world. ■ Quest, a quarterly minimagazine that takes read- ers on a tour of behind-the-scenes research at the museum, was introduced in October 1991. Now reaching nearly 9,000 supporters, Quest has high- lighted museum projects as diverse as the excava- tion of African American artifacts from Southern plantations, the unique bird life of Hawaii, con- servation efforts in South America, and Antarctic meteorites. 30 ■ Three months before the cataclysmic eruption of Mt. Pinatubo in the Philippines on June 15, 1991, the museum's Global Volcanism Program (GVP) was reporting volcanic activity at this long-dormant volcano through its monthly Global Volcanism Network. GVP data show that the eruption was the world's largest since 1932. GVP is now working with interagency groups to study the possibility that Mt. Pinatubo's strato- spheric products are causing a cooler climate. ■ A team of curators, designers, scientists, archi- tects, artists, educators, writers, and researchers are at work on plans to renovate the museum's Hall of Geology, Gems, and Minerals beginning in early 1994. The new hall, which will open in late 1995, will incorporate the most recent earth science concepts and highlight dynamic earth pro- cesses, including crystal and ore formation, vol- cano and earthquake origins, the theory of plate tectonics, and the formation of the solar system. ■ Teirestrial Ecosystem through Time, a landmark history of life on the land from the earliest traces of terrestrial organisms more than 400 million years ago to the beginnings of human agriculture, was published in July 1992. An undertaking of a consortium of museum scientists, the book pro- vides access to the wealth of unique, thought- provoking ecological information contained in the fossil record. ■ In 1992, the museum began a $1 million, 14- month renovation of its Insect Zoo, made possible by a grant from Orkin Pest Control. The exhibi- tion will feature a giant termite mound tor chil- dren to explore, as well as insects from the exotic to the familiar in habitats ranging from tropical rainforests to our own backyards. ■ Twenty-five undergraduates, including 17 women and 8 minority students, participated in the summer session of the museum's 1992 Re- search Training Program, supported by the Na- tional Science Foundation, NMNH, and the Gesneriad Society. The heart of the program is the individual research project of each participant, di- rected by a museum scientist. Also offered are lec- tures, discussions, laboratory demonstrations, col- lection tours, and field trips. ■ Sites in Texas, Florida, Georgia, Ohio, and Missouri installed regional variations of the mu- seum's successful Columbus Quincentenary exhibi- tion, "Seeds of Change," in a unique collaboration with the museum and the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service (SITES). SITES and Watching a tarantula feeding at the National Museum of Natural His- tory 's Insect Zoo is a pop- ular event. (Photograph by Laurie Minor- Penland) the American Library Association have created a panel version that is traveling to 75 libraries and small museums in all 50 states and three territo- ries. The U.S. Information Agency has produced a poster version that has been distributed to more than 70 international locations. National Zoological Park Michael H. Robinson, Director Building on its historic mandate, the National Zoological Park (NZP) has as its primary mission the advancement of science, biological conserva- tion, and education and recreation of the people. To fulfill this mission, the Zoo has moved beyond being a zoological park concerned only with ani- mals to becoming a biological park with a scope that extends to the entire living world and ex- hibits that increasingly emphasize interaction and holism. In pursuit of its mission, NZP exhibits a range ofliving plants and animals on its 163-acre facility in Rock Creek Park in Washington, D.C., and maintains the Conservation and Re- 3i After years of scientific re- search and testing, the National Zoo taw its first American flamingo chick hatched on June 8. 1992. Increasing the size of the flock is thought to bt ,1 significant factor in stimulating reproduc- tion. (Photograph by Jessie Cohen) ers and volunteers offer unique glimpses into the world of reptiles and amphibians. ■ The staff of the Department of Zoological Re- search (DZR) began a program in developmental psychobiology and established a multimedia labo- ratory. DZR conducted a varied slate of research projects in Brazil (golden lion tamarins), Sri Lanka (toque macaque), Chile (Juan Fernandez sea lion), Panama (migratory birds), California (south- ern sea otter and San Joaquin kit fox), Nevada (de- sert tortoise), and Hawaii (amakihi, nene, and Ha- waiian crow). ■ The Zoo's New Opportunities in Animal Health Sciences (NOAHS) Center initiated a new outreach program to minority students with the purpose of stimulating young people to take an in- terest in science. NOAHS scientists regularly visit inner-city junior high and high schools, where they use hands-on items and interactive equip- ment to give talks and demonstrations about the Zoo's high-tech scientific programs. search Center on 3, 150 acres in Front Royal, Vir- ginia, as a major animal breeding, conservation, and research center. ■ Two Sumatran tiger cubs were born in March. The propagation of this nearly extinct species is an- other success in the Zoo's ongoing efforts to de- sign and participate in long-term preservation plans for endangered species. ■ The Zoo's new "Amazonia" rainforest exhibit opened in November. It features a vignette of the Amazon River with numerous species of diverse, colorful, and exciting fishes and a re-creation of a moist tropical forest containing more than 229 species of plants. Within the exhibit, a simulated research station allows visitors to explore the com- plexities of tropical biology. ■ The Cheetah Conservation Station opened in August. This state-of-the-art exhibit features a de- vice that stimulates the cheetahs to chase a lure around their enclosure at speeds of up to 35 miles per hour. Interactive graphics provide information on mating, social structure, hunting success, anat- omy of high-speed running, and the massive ef- fort now under way in zoos to preserve cheetahs from extinction. ■ The Reptile Discovery Center opened in Sep- tember. New interactive exhibits adjoining ani- mal enclosures highlight features of the animals. Special interpretive programs presented by keep- Office of Environmental Awareness Judith Gradwohl, Director The Office of Environmental Awareness (OEA) works with bureaus, offices, and outside organiza- tions to gather and disseminate timely and accu- rate information on global environmental issues. Publications, exhibitions, conferences, and work- shops are designed for both the general public and groups of professionals. ■ The Office of Environmental Awareness was the recipient of the second annual Swim Environ- mental Awareness Award to support work on the National Forum on Ocean Conservation and the exhibition "Ocean Planet." ■ Participants in the National Forum on Ocean Conservation, held November 19-21, 1991, filled Baird Auditorium at the National Museum of Natural History. Cosponsored by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the fo- rum assembled 53 speakers to discuss problems and solutions affecting the marine environment. ■ Planning continued for "Ocean Planet," a trav- eling exhibition on ocean conservation. Slated to open at the National Museum of Natural History 32 in March 1995, the exhibition is a collaborative ef- fort among OEA, the museum, and the Smithson- ian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service. ■ OEA's colorful and informative poster, "A Bet- ter World Starts at Home," was redesigned and re- printed to accompany the SITES exhibition, "No Laughing Matter: Political Cartoonists on the Environment." Office of Fellowships and Grants Roberta W. Rubinoff, Director The Office of Fellowships and Grants manages the Institution's centralized fellowship and internship programs, other stipend appointments, and other programs that support research. These research programs enable students and scholars from throughout the world to visit the Institution and use its varied resources. The office also administers programs to increase minority participation in Smithsonian research activities and disciplines. Two competitive grant programs managed by the office provide scholarly support for Smithsonian professional staff. ■ The office offered awards to more than 900 stu- dents, scholars, and scientists to utilize the Institu- tion's collections and resources. ■ A record 506 applications were received for the Smithsonian Fellowship Program, an 1 1 percent increase from 1991. Eighty-nine fellowships were offered. ■ This year the office received 186 applica- tions— an increase of almost 24 percent from 199 1 — for the Minority Internship Program. Funds were provided to support 33 interns to work on research and museum-related projects. In collaboration with the Quality Education for Minorities Network, the office placed three more interns in science policy projects. ■ The office worked with the Office of Museum Programs to design a new fellowship program in museum practice, which was funded by the Smith- sonian Women's Committee to celebrate its 25th anniversary. Four fellowships were offered this year. Office of the Registrar Mary E. Case, Director The Office of the Registrar supervises the manage- ment of the Institution's vast collection of 1 39 million objects and specimens. By monitoring Institution-wide collections management policies and procedures, the office works to ensure in- creased access to, and continued accountability for, the national collections. ■ The office updated its principal guiding docu- ment, Office Memorandum 808: Collections Man- agement Policy, to encompass mandates on col- lecting biological specimens and recovering loan costs. ■ In conjunction with the Office of Human Re- sources, the office initiated a study of the classifi- cation standard for the museum specialist and museum technician series (GS-1016) to develop a standard that accurately reflects collections management activities in the modern museum environment. Intern Jay Jones does field work in Panama on a project with Smithson- ian Tropical Research In- stitute scientists involving carrion-feeding insects and the disease cycle. This internship and many others around the Institution are sponsored each year through the Of- fice of Fellowships and Grants' Minority Intern- ship Program. 33 Smithsonian Astrophysi- cal Observatory astrono- mers (from left) Patrick Thaddeus, Seth Digel, and Tom Dame with the i .2-meter, millimeter- wave radio telescope they used to reveal two new features of the Milky Way: a thick layer of mo- la in 'a ■>■ hydrogen above and below the galaxy and a cluster of molecu- lar clouds some 100,000 light years from its cen- ter. (Photograph by Joe Wrinn. Harvard Ga- zette) ■ The office published A Primer to Endangered Spe- cies, a guide for museum staff in obtaining federal permits for specimens protected by endangered species laws. ■ The workshop "Project Success through Prob- lem Solving" helped participants clarify and solve project management problems associated with mu- seum collections management. Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory Irwin I. Shapiro, Director The Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO) is dedicated to studying the physical pro- cesses that determine the nature and evolution of the universe. A member of the Center for Astro- physics (CfA), based in Cambridge, Massachu- setts, SAO collaborates with the Harvard College Observatory in a diverse program of research orga- nized by various divisions: atomic and molecular physics, high-energy astrophysics, optical and in- frared astronomy, planetary sciences, radio and geoastronomy, solar and stellar physics, and theo- retical astrophysics. Facilities include the Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory (FLWO) in Ari- zona, the Oak Ridge Observatory in Massachu- setts, and a millimeter-wave radio astronomy installation at CfA headquarters, as well as instru- ments aboard satellites, rockets, and balloons. ■ A 6.5-meter-diameter mirror intended to re- place the six separate mirrors of the Multiple Mir- ror Telescope was successfully cast by SAO's part- ner in this project, the University of Arizona. The mirror is the largest glass blank ever cast in the United States. ■ An SAO-built far-infrared spectrometer flown aboard a DC-8 aircraft contributed to studies of ozone depletion over the Northern Hemisphere and, in subsequent balloon flights, determined new upper limits for ozone-threatening hydrogen bromide in the stratosphere. ■ The first ground-based detection of trillion-elec- tron-volt-level gamma rays from a source beyond our galaxy was made by an international team of scientists at the Whipple Observatory. ■ An SAO scientist, with colleagues elsewhere, found strong evidence that Nova Muscae (a star earlier observed to explode into sudden brilliance) is a binary system in which the ptimary compo- nent is a black hole. ■ Millimeter-wave radio observations revealed two new and surprising features of the Milky Way: a thick layer of molecular hydrogen gas ex- tending above and below the galaxy and a cluster of molecular clouds some 100,000 light-years from the galaxy's center. ■ Observations of cyclic brightening on a star in the Constellation Cetus show long-tetm variations in magnetic activity — the first direct evidence of a magnetic cycle on a star other than the Sun. ■ A tethered satellite system (TSS-i), conceived and designed by SAO, was flown aboard a space shuttle flight in July. Although engineering prob- lems prevented a full test, deployment and re- trieval of a small payload on a conducting cable were shown to be feasible, and SAO studies of sys- tem dynamics produced promising preliminary re- sults. ■ SAO continued the development of a submilli- meter-wavelength radio telescope array, a two- element optical and infrared interferometer, and various instruments intended for space flight, in- cluding a high-resolution imager for the Ad- vanced X-Ray Astrophysics Facility, an ultraviolet spectrograph for the Solar and Heliospheric Obser- vatory, and detectors for the Submillimeter Wave Astronomy Satellite. The Whipple Observatory dedicated an 1 1 -meter optical reflector for ground-based gamma-ray astronomy on January 22, 1992. 34 Smithsonian Environmental Research Center David L. Correll, Director Scientists at the Smithsonian Environmental Re- search Center (SERC) in Edgewater, Maryland, conduct long-tetm interdisciplinary studies on how human use of the air, land, and water affects the Chesapeake Bay region. The center comple- ments research activities with educational pro- grams for students — from undergraduates to post- doctoral fellows — and for the public. SERC's research is the primary contribution on the Chesa- peake region to the U.S. Interagency Global Change Program and an important component of the International Geosphere/Biosphere Program. ■ Responding to concerns that the stratospheric ozone layer is threatened, SERC has, for 17 years, monitored ultraviolet solar radiation at the Earth's surface with precision spectral radiometers. Re- sults for the Washington, D.C., region published in 1992 included a peak in the summer daily total ultraviolet-B dose in 198} that was 29 percent above the long-term mean. ■ SERC evaluated the effects of land use on the terrestrial sources of phosphorus in the Chesapeake Bay. Cropland that had been cultivated and fertil- ized discharged eight times as much total phos- phorus as a mature hardwood forest that had nevet been cleared. Phosphorus is a key nutrient in the Chesapeake Bay and much of the total input de- rives from cropland discharges. ■ Researchers at SERC determined that as nutri- ents move from the watershed of the Chesapeake Bay into the estuary, they ate assimilated by plankton, and dissolved inorganic phosphate is re- leased from eroded soil particles. As a result, the ratio of available inorganic phosphorus declines, and nitrogen becomes the limiting nutnent in the tidal headwaters of the subestuaries of the bay. Thus, management of nitrogen inputs is increas- ingly needed. ■ SERC scientists conducted experiments to test whether salinity or organic settlement factots re- leased by attached adults determined where plank- tonic larvae of three species of the barnacle genus Balanus occur in the Chesapeake Bay. They found that the intetaction of both factors combined to cause larvae to settle in their respective estuarine zones. ■ With National Science Foundation support, re- searchers at SERC studied an unusual class of sugar polymer known as chitin to see how much of it is produced by various marine and estuarine phytoplankton. This material has many of the chemical properties of proteins and has been mis- takenly lumped with proteins in global change models of the carbon cycle. Diatoms, abundant in coastal waters, have been shown to produce large amounts of this matetial. ■ Automated instruments were used to measure tidal exchanges of nutrients continuously at two brackish marshes of differing elevations. The lower marsh was found to import various organic nitrogen and phosphorus tractions, while the higher marsh exported organic fractions. Thus, these marshes had contrasting nutrient buffering effects. Smithsonian Institution Archives William W. Moss, Director The Smithsonian Institution Archives (SIA) en- sures historic accountability for the Institution's national trust by preserving and providing access to a constantly increasing volume and an ever- changing technological variety of records of the In- Smithsonian Environmen- tal Research Center Direc- tor David Correll is shown on the roof of the center in Edgewater, Maryland, with an in- strument that monitors levels of ultraviolet radia- tion reaching the Earth. (Photograph by Jeff Tins ley) 35 Dorothy Graham Echon began research in the Smithsonian Archives on a biography of her fa- ther. David Crockett Graham, an American missionary who spent the years 1911-48 in China and also collected natural history specimens for the Smithsonian. Gra- ham is shown here with several Chinese officials. stitution's proceedings and its accomplishments. The Archives supports research, management, planning, exhibitions, and other Smithsonian ac- tivities; responds to public inquiries; and advises archival programs both within and outside the Institution. ■ The Archives staff began writing a new Guide to the Smithsonian Archives, which will be published for the Smithsonian's 150th anniversary in 1996. The original guide, published in 197 1, described less than a thousand cubic feet of records. This edi- tion will lead users to 10 times that amount of documentary historical evidence. ■ Luther Chase Goldman donated the papers of Edward William Nelson and Edward Alphonso Goldman to the Smithsonian Archives. The rich diaries, field notes, and correspondence relating to late 19th-century investigations in Alaska, Mex- ico, and the southwestern United States give schol- ars firsthand evidence of landmark work by these distinguished scientists. William Fitzhugh, cura- tor of anthropology at the National Museum of Natural History, is transcribing selected diaries for publication. ■ The Archives published the second volume of Guide to Photographic Collections at the Smithsonian Institution, which deals with more than 2 million images in Smithsonian science bureau collections. The volume earned a finding aid award from the Mid-Atlantic Regional Archives Conference. Pub- lication of volume 3, a guide to more than 3 mil- lion images in photographic collections in Smith- sonian art museums, is scheduled for the fall of 1992. ■ The Smithsonian Videohistory Program, a five- year project funded by the Alfred P. Sloan Founda- tion, completed work on over 20 videohistory projects undertaken by Smithsonian historians and prepared a working guide to the resulting collec- tion of video recordings. A Practical Introduction to Videohistory: The Smithsonian Institution and Alfred P. Sloan Experiment, by program director Terri Schorzman and others, is scheduled for publica- tion in 1993. Smithsonian Institution Libraries Barbara J. Smith, Director The Smithsonian Institution Libraries (SIL) re- ports a variety of new efforts this year in the use of its collections for scholarship and study, the preser- vation of a major historic collection, and the dis- semination of information to its users. The Librar- ies' collections, accessible through an on-line catalogue and available to Smithsonian staff and outside scholars through a system of 1 7 branch li- braries and through interlibrary loan, number more than 1 million books, 15,000 current jour- nals, 40,000 rare books, and 1,800 manuscript groups. SIL supports the Institution's curatorial, research, publishing, education, and public ser- vice activities by providing reference and informa- tion services and by building, organizing, manag- ing, preserving, and restoring its collections. ■ To foster studies into the rich holdings in the history of science and technology housed in SIL's Dibner Library, the Libraries inaugurated a re- search awards program funded by the Dibner Fund. The first two Dibner Library Resident Scholars conducted research in Renaissance city planning and in 19th-century intercultural ex- change in bridge construction. ■ To preserve for future generations its collection of materials relating to world's fairs held between 36 1 8 }4 and 19 14, SIL launched a massive preserva- tion project, The Books of the Fairs, in which some 2,000 deteriorating volumes were microfilmed by a commercial publisher. As part of the project, SIL published an annotated, illustrated guide to the collection containing an essay that sets the world's fair literature into its historical and schol- arly context. ■ The range of disciplines that benefit by using world's fairs collections was demonstrated at a symposium, "World's Fairs and Modern Life," attended by scholars, collectors, and the public and organized by the Libraries in cooperation with the National Museum of American History. The symposium and an SIL exhibition on world's fairs were funded by the Smithsonian Special Exhibi- tion Fund and private supporters. ■ To assist Smithsonian scholars and program staff in their research, the Libraries opened the Database Searching Center in December. Funded by the James Smithson Society, the center pro- vides bibliographic information to offices around the Institution via remote access. Smithsonian Institution Man and the Biosphere Biological Diversity Program Francisco Dallmeier, Director The Smithsonian Institution Man and the Bio- sphere Biological Diversity Program (SI/MAB) deals with the challenge of protecting the biologi- cal diversity of developing countries. The program focuses on two objectives: (1) to provide biodiver- sity sampling protocols for protected areas and other highly diverse ecosystems of the world in a way that will allow data from diverse sites to be compared in time and space and (2) to strengthen short-term professional training capabilities in host countries and thereby increase the number of managers and scientists in developing nations who can address their countries' conservation priorities. ■ During the past year, SI/MAB conducted suc- cessful regional training courses on conservation and management of protected areas and wildlands in Guatemala, Ecuador, Bolivia, Panama, and Peru. ■ Among SI/MAB research activities carried out this year were the second posthurricane census of the biodiversity plot in the Luquillo Biosphere Re- serve, Puerto Rico; the four-year census of the four biodiversity plots in the Beni Biosphere Reserve, Bolivia; and the establishment of the first biodiver- sity plot in the unique dry forest ecosystem of the Virgin Islands National Park, St. John, U.S. Vir- gin Islands. ■ An evaluation of the last five regional training courses conducted by SI/MAB was completed this year. Three forthcoming publications are expected to improve and modify the courses to meet the na- tional conservation objectives in the countries where courses are held. ■ Publications produced this year included the program's first newsletter, four user's guides and three field guides to the biodiversity plots, and two related papers. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Ira Rubinoff, Director The Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI), based in Panama, is the nation's premier center for basic research on the ecology, evolution, and behavior of tropical organisms, with ex- panding programs in molecular biology, plant physiology, and paleoecology. STRI supports the Sylvia Williams, direc- tor. National Museum of African Art (left), Bar- bara J . Smith, director, Smithsonian Institution Libraries, and Janet L. Stanley, librarian, War- ren M. Robbins Library, admire the newly pub- lished Catalog of the Library of the National Museum of African Art Branch of the Smithsonian Institu- tion Libraries. (Photo- graph by Jim Young) 37 Ha lor Guzman, coral reef ecologist with the Oil Spill Project at the Smith- sonian 'Tropical Research Institute, prepares core samples for X-ra) analy- sis as part of a larger study using coral cores to main true! zoo years oj environmental change in Bah/a Ltis Minos, Pan- ama. (Photograph by Marcos A. Guerra) work of a permanent scientific staff of 30, which conducts research in the New and Old World trop- ics, as well as the efforts of the many scientific visi- tors who carry out field and laboratory investiga- tions at its facilities. ■ Klaus Winter and collaborators began investi- gating the biochemical basis of ecological adapta- tions of tropical plants to various environmental stresses. Their work will involve studies of the functional significance of these adaptations under conditions that simulate possible future increases of atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide. ■ Analysis of microfossils in ancient lake sedi- ments from the Amazon and Panama by the Qua- ternary paleoecology group formed by Dolores Piperno, Paul Colinvaux, and collaborators gave the first strong evidence of climatic cooling of the American tropics in the last ice age. In contrast, studies on shallow-water marine fossils, as part of the Panama Paleontology Program started by Jer- emy B. C. Jackson and Anthony G. Coates at STRI, demonstrate no major shift in temperature for at least the past 2 million years. These conflict- ing results suggest that climates on land and sea shift more independently than global climate models have indicated. ■ Initial surveys of the 50-hectare tropical forest plot in Lambir National Park in Malaysian Borneo indicated that it contains more than 1,100 species of trees, prompting scientists to hail the area as one of the most species-rich tropical forests ever discovered. Tree censuses also continued at Huai Kha Khaeng in Thailand, another site collaborat- ing with STRI's Center for Tropical Forest Science this year. ■ STRI anthropologist Olga Linares, elected to the National Academy of Sciences this year, pub- lished Power, Prayer and 'Production: Thejola People ofCasamance. Senegal (Cambridge University Press). The book reflects more than 30 years of re- search on these rice-growing people. ■ Glenn Tupper donated $1.5 million to STRI to establish a permanent fund supporting scientific research on tropical terrestrial and marine ecosys- tems. A portion of the gift will be used to re- model the former STRI administration building to house the Center for Tropical Paleoecology and to renovate the Naos Island Molecular Biology Laboratories, where evolutionary research is con- ducted on organisms separated by the rise of the Isthmus of Panama. ■ Efforts in international scientific collaboration were formalized in an agreement with the Pontifi- cia Universidad Catolica of Ecuador and with the establishment of the Mpala Wildlife Research Trust, consisting of the Kenyan Wildlife Service, the National Museums of Kenya, the Mpala Wild- lite Foundation, and Princeton University. STRI will administer the Smithsonian's interest in the trust, created to support research on wildlife, global change, and biological diversity, as well as the education of future scientists in these fields. Arts and Humanities Office of the Assistant Secretary for the Arts and Humanities Tom L. Freudenheim, Assistant Secretary The Office of the Assistant Secretary for the Arts and Humanities advises the secretary and the under secretary on issues relating to museum poli- cies, operations, and advocacy. Current priorities of the office include accessibility, exhibitions, and museum education. 38 ■ The Accessibility Program convened a 113- member Accessibility Liaison Council of Smithson- ian bureau representatives. The council partici- pated in a 10-month workshop series on accessibil- ity issues and completed the first phase of a comprehensive assessment ot physical and intellec- tual access to Smithsonian programs and facilities. Members will develop a pan-Institutional plan for improving access to the Smithsonian for staff and visitors with disabilities. ■ The Experimental Gallery explores and pre- sents exhibitions that take chances with exhibition style, content, and process. Unlike the typical changing exhibition space, the gallery is an open "exhibition laboratory" in which museum pro- fessionals from within and outside the Smithson- ian can experiment with audience development, interpretation, design, visitor learning styles, and interactive techniques. Staff members from participating museums also collaborate with Smithsonian staff in developing evaluation strate- gies, marketing plans, public programs, and printed materials. Among the exhibitions pre- sented in the gallery this year were "Finding Your Way," by the Exploratorium, San Francisco, Cali- fornia; "Psychology: Understanding Ourselves, Understanding Each Other," by the American Psy- chological Association, Washington, D.C.; and "Etiquette of the Undercaste," by Antenna The- ater, Sausalito, California. ■ The National African American Museum Proj- ect has identified more than 500 potential do- nors— including artists, art collectors, filmmak- ers, historians, and collectors of black memora- bilia and family history — who have more than 15,000 objects and who want to support the new museum with gifts, object loans, and financial contributions. In early 1992, task force commit- tees were established to assist with long-range planning for the museum, which will document and interpret the full range and breadth of experi- ences of people of African descent in the United States and throughout the diaspora. The commit- tees met to define the museum's research, collect- ing, and exhibition objectives and to discuss a vari- ety of issues relating to the museum's structure, operations, and programs. ■ Exhibitions that received awards from the Spe- cial Exhibition Fund, administered by the office, included "Crosscurrents of Modernism: Four Latin American Pioneers" (Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden), "Black Mosaic: The Changing Face of Black Life in Washington, D.C." (Anacos- tia Museum), and "Spiders" (National Museum of Natural History). Acquisitions supported by the Collections Acquisitions Program included Charles Willson Peale's portrait of Anna Green (National Portrait Gallery) and a Genard printing press (National Museum of American History). ■ Volume 6 ( 1 844-46) of the Joseph Henry Pa- pers, which document the life and times of the pi- oneer American physicist and first secretary of the Smithsonian, was published by Smithsonian Insti- tution Press. ■ The American Studies Program provided semi- nars and independent study opportunities for grad- uate students in American studies or American his- tory departments of affiliated universities to undertake programs of formal course work at the Institution. Anacostia Museum Steven C. Newsome, Director The Anacostia Museum is a national resource de- voted to the interpretation ot the African Ameri- can experience in Washington, D.C, Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia. The museum also examines contempo- rary social issues and their impact on African American communities in the region. ■ The museum's first collection management pol- icy was completed. The policy statement places community-based collecting and education at the core of the museum's efforts to protect local and re- gional African American patrimony. ■ The museum produced and premiered the film, "Climbin' Jacob's Ladder." The film, based on the museum's 1987 exhibition about the rise of Afri- can American churches in Eastern cities, will be used to encourage the protection and collection of materials related to the African American church and African American traditions of worship. ■ Bus service between the National Mall and the Anacostia Museum was inaugurated. The bus will also transport local school and civic groups to the museum. ■ "To Achieve These Rights: The Struggle for Equal Rights and Self-Determination in the Dis- trict of Columbia, 1791-1978" opened in Janu- 39 Noted dancer, author, choreographer, and an- thropologist (Catherine Dunham spoke at an Anacostia Museum event in July 1992. (Photo- graph by Harold Dorwin) CH h ary. The exhibition is the first to examine the role of the nation's capital in the national civil rights movement. ■ Juneteenth '92, the annual celebration of eman- cipation, attracted more than 5,000 people, who enjoyed live performances, craft demonstrations, and an Underground Railroad reenactment on the museum's George Washington Carver Nature Trail. ■ The new African American Family History Pro- gram provides local residents with instruction and guidance in genealogical and community history projects. Archives of American Art Richard J. Wattenmaker, Director A national research repository with centers in Washington, D.C.; New York; Boston; Detroit; and San Marino, California, the Archives of Amer- ican An has the largest collection in the world of original source materials on the history of the vi- sual arts in the United States. These materials in- clude documents, photographs, works of art on pa- per, and interviews recorded on audio- and video- tape. The Archives is dedicated to encouraging research in American art and cultural history by making its collections easily accessible. Original materials are housed in Washington, D.C., with microfilm copies of much of the collections avail- able in each of the Archives centers and around the world through interlibrary loan. ■ Work began on a revised, expanded edition of the 1989 booklet, The Papers of African American Artists. This publication features information about the papers of 1 o African American artists and includes a comprehensive list of the papers and oral history interviews of African American artists in the Archives. ■ A new semiannual newsletter for scholars and li- brarians provides up-to-date information about re- cent publications, forthcoming seminars, the com- pletion of special Archives projects, and work in progress. ■ In January, the Archives began an 18-month survey project of American art-related archival materials in public and private collections in Paris. The purpose is to locate correspondence, journals, sketchbooks, and unpublished manu- scripts, along with exhibition, gallery, and ship- ping records; school registration ledgers; and asso- ciation or organization records that illuminate the activities of American artists in France. The proj- ect's goal is to prepare a guide to all of the papers located. ■ Ira D. Glackens (1907-91) donated a collec- tion of papers relating to the life and works of his father, artist William J. Glackens (1870-1938). Included in the collection is a recorded interview from 1936, the only known recording of the artist. ■ In a three-hour taped interview on the eve of her 99th birthday, Beatrice Wood (b. 1893) re- flected on her experiences and early involvement with the Paris and New York avant-garde in the 1920s and 1930s. The interview is part of the Ar- chives' Women in the Arts in Southern California Project. ■ Two exhibitions from the collections of the Ar- chives of American Art were mounted at the gal- lery of the Archives' New York Regional Center. "Hiram Powers: An American Sculptor and His Private Patrons" presented a selection from the pa- pers of the influential 19th-century American sculptor. "Collections — Traces — Connections: Se- lections from the Robert Smithson Papers" featured aspects of the extensive papers of the con- temporary sculptor and pioneer of Earth Art, as well as paintings, film stills, and sculpture on loan from other institutions. 40 Arthur M. Sackler Gallery Milo C. Beach, Director The Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, which opened to the public in 1987, was established with a gift of nearly 1,000 works of Asian art from Dr. Arthur M. Sackler (1913—87). The permanent collection has grown beyond the original donation through gift, purchase, and transfer. Dedicated to ex- panding public knowledge of the arts and cultures of Asia through exhibition, research, and educa- tion, the gallery also organizes and presents travel- ing exhibitions, which are enhanced through a var- ied schedule of free public programs, scholarly activities, and special events. ■ This year, the Sackler Gallery organized and presented three major loan exhibitions and issued publications focusing on vastly different periods and cultures. "Challenging the Past: The Paint- ings of Chang Dai-chien" acquainted visitors with the work of the foremost Chinese artist of the 20th century. "When Kingship Descended from Heaven: Masterpieces of Mesopotamian Art from the Louvre" introduced Washington to one of the world's greatest collections of this ancient mate- rial. "Ancient Japan" presented the culture of pre- historic Japan as far back as 200,000 B.C. ■ The gallery continued its efforts to encourage new groups of visitors through two workshops for area teachers, one on the exhibition "The Arts of China" and another on "When Kingship De- scended from Heaven." The Education Depart- ment led discussions of how teachers could intro- duce Chinese art and culture into the school curriculum and how Mesopotamian art can be brought into the schools' study of ancient peoples through comparisons of rulers then and now. ■ In its efforts to be accessible to many audiences, the gallery produced a large-print brochure for vis- itors funded by the Smithsonian Women's Com- mittee. The "hands-on" collection, a group of rep- licas and other touchable objects that docents use to help public tour participants understand as- pects of Asian art, grew to 200 objects through do- v<> Artist Prentiss Taylor sent his mother this photo- graph postcard of himself with dancer Bill Rob- inson in Harlem, Febru- ary 6, 1932. The photograph is by Carl Van Vechten. On the back of the card Taylor wrote: "The gentleman in this picture with me is the world's greatest tap dancer — owns diamonds ( baseball and otherwise) real estate — horses too I reckon. " This 11th-century schist stele depicting the Hindu god Vishnu with his jo avatars (the forms he has assumed in different ages to combat evil forces) was made in northeastern In- dia (now Bangladesh) for a temple niche. The sculpture was given to the Arthur M. Sackler Gal- lery by Dr. David Nalin. (Photograph by John Tsantes) 4i nations from the public and the docents them- selves. ■ Scholatly activities included the publication of Neiv Perspectives on Chu Culture during the Eastern Zhou Period, edited by Thomas Lawton, senior re- search scholar. The book includes four essays on the ancient Chinese state of Chu between 770 and 221 B.C. Two scholarly symposia, "Chang Dai- chien and His Art" and the Sackler Gallery session of "Mughal Gardens: Sources, Representations, Places, and Prospects," cosponsored with Dumbar- ton Oaks, were made possible through the gener- osity of Mrs. Arthur M. Sackler. A third sympo- sium, "Art, Technology, and Society in Ancient Japan," was supported by a grant from the Japan Foundation. Additional support was provided by the Harold P. Stern Memorial Fund and by All Nippon Airways Co. , Ltd. ■ The cultural traditions of Korea were the focus of the Series in Celebration of Korean Performing Arts, featuring three free public concerts by Ko- rean artists. The series was cosponsored with the U.S. -Korea Foundation of Washington, D.C., and was made possible by funding from United Technologies Corporation. ■ The Sackler Gallery collection benefited from an outpouring of 65 gifts of art from China, Ko- rea, India, and Japan. Among this year's acquisi- tions was a green-glazed stoneware jar from China's Han dynasty (206 B C— AD. 220) pur- chased with funds from the gallery's membership organization, Friends of Asian Arts at the Freer and Sackler Galleries. Cooper-Hewitt , National Museum of Design Dianne H. Pilgrim, Director Cooper-Hewitt, National Museum of Design is one of the largest tepositoties for design, in the world and the only museum in the United States devoted exclusively to historical and contemporary design. The museum strives to explain the design process by recognizing the impact of design on so- ciety, the natural environment, and the individual and by acknowledging the interplay between cul- ture and design. Its diverse programs include exhi- bitions, publications, lectures, courses, school pro- grams, and conferences keyed to significant design issues. Cooper-Hewitt makes the collections avail- able for study, research, and display and offers fel- lowships, internships, and, in collaboration with Parsons School of Design, a master's degree pro- gram in the history of European decorative arts. Four curatorial departments — Decorative Arts, Drawings and Prints, Textiles, and Wallcover- ings— preserve, interpret, and add to the mu- seum's collection of nearly a quarter of a million objects. The museum also houses a library and sev- eral archival collections. ■ This summer the Arthut Ross Terrace and Gar- den at Cooper-Hewitt was replanted by the horti- cultural team of Linden B. Miller and Mary R. Smith, who transformed the garden and terrace into an oasis of beautiful flowers and shrubs. This beautification added to the enjoyment of the mu- seum's many visitors and made Cooper-Hewitt's summer concerts and performances in the garden even more spectacular. ■ Using funds from a federal appropriation desig- nated for educational purposes, Cooper-Hewitt presented a summer lecture-concert series, "De Generacion a Generacion: Mexico's Living Tradi- tions." The series celebrated the culture and tradi- tions that give form and meaning to Mexican craft, ritual, music, film, and dance. The concerts were held in the Arthur Ross Terrace and Garden. ■ During 1992, Cooper-Hewitt hired the archi- tectutal firm of James Srewart Polshek and Part- ners to create a plan to address Cooper-Hewitt's problems of accessibility and renovate the mu- seum's two townhouses adjacent to the main build- ing. The plan could serve as a model for other or- ganizations facing the challenges of compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act as they address the 20th-century programmatic needs of museums while preserving the integrity of his- toric structures. ■ The Colbert Foundation sponsored a benefit in celebration of Cooper-Hewitt on June 2, 1992. The foundation conttibuted $50,000 to the mu- seum's general operating funds. ■ A major symposium presented by Cooper-Hew- irr, "The Edge of the Millennium," was a critical exploration of the role of design at the approach of the year 2000. The speakers included well-known architects, industrial designers, graphic designers, philosophers, critics, and psychologists. ■ Cooper-Hewitt cosponsored a two-day confer- ence, "Universal Design: Access to Daily Living," with Pratt Institute's Center for Advanced Design Research and Columbia University College of Phy- sicians and Surgeons' Department of Rehabili- tation Medicine. The aim of the interdisciplinary conference was to educate the public, designers, and architects on practical and theoretical issues of access and to explore how designers of all kinds can create a "universally designed" environment by developing and redesigning products, services, transportation, and public spaces. Freer Gallery of Art Milo C. Beach, Director The international reputation of the Freer Gallery of Art is based on its outstanding collections of Asian art dating from Neolithic times to the early 20th century and on its major holdings of works by James McNeill Whistler (1834-1903). Addi- tions to the collection through gift and purchase have expanded the character of the original collec- tion, which was presented to the United States by Charles Lang Freer in 1906. The Freer Gallery will reopen in May 1993 after extensive renova- tion and expansion that will broaden its research, exhibition, and educational programs. ■ Six masterpieces of Japanese painting from the 1 6th to the 1 9th centuries from the Freer collec- tion were conserved by specialists in Tokyo and Kyoto and returned to Washington as part of a co- operative effort among the gallery, the govern- ment of Japan, the Tokyo University of Fine Arts and Music, and the Art Research Foundation, a Tokyo organization that supports international cul- tural projects. Four paintings remain in Japan for conservation, and additional paintings will be sent for conservation under a continuing agreement. ■ The B. Y. Lam Foundation of Hong Kong gave $1.5 million for the Freer to acquire Chinese works of art. The gift was the largest from a sin- gle donor that the gallery has received since it opened to the public in 1923. ■ The Freer and Sackler galleries and the Metro- politan Center for Far Eastern Studies of Kyoto, Ja- pan, announced the creation of the Shimada Prize, a biennial recognition of scholarship in the history of East Asian art, to be awarded for the first time in September 1993. The $10,000 prize, named in honor of the distinguished and influential Japa- nese scholar Shimada Shujiro, will be given to the author of an outstanding recent publication in the field of East Asian art history. ■ The Freer permanent collections grew by 143 works of art from Korea, China, Thailand, Viet- nam, India, and Japan; these acquisitions in- cluded 121 gifts and bequests. Six of the new works were purchased with funds given by the gal- lery's member organization, Friends of Asian Arts at the Freer and Sackler Galleries. ■ In preparation for the gallery's reopening, a new class of some 50 docents completed intensive instruction in Asian art history and culture and training in effective touring techniques. Together Cooper-Hewitt , National Museum of Design. Direc- tor Dianne Pilgrim poses with dancers from the National Dance Insti- tute, a troupe for inner- city children founded by Jacques d'Amboise, after their annual performance in the Arthur Ross Ter- race and Garden on July 28, 1992. (Photograph by Katherine McGlynn) This Japanese lacquer box for writing equip- ment, purchased by the Friends of Asian Art at the Freer and Sackler Galleries and the Smith- sonian Institution Collec- tions Acquisition Program, is the gallery's finest example of gold and silver decorated lac- quer of the Muromachi pe- riod (1392-1573). Lacquer objects from this period are seldom avail- able, and the Freer has only three others. (Photo- graph by John Tsantes) 43 Washington, D.C.. stu- dents aillaborate on a mu- ral-scaled painting for the Hirshborn Museum and Sculpture Garden's "Directions — Tim Rol- lins and K.O.S.: Ani- mal Farm, " an exhibition inspired by George Orwell's novel. (Photograph by Wendy Wnh with 50 veteran docents, the group will offer a greater variety and number of public tours of the Freer and Sackler galleries than had been possible befote. ■ Seto and Mino Ceramics, by Louise Cort, assis- tant curator for ceramics of the Freer and Sackler galleries, with an appendix by Pamela B. Van- diver, was published as the first in a series titled Japanese Collections in the Freer Gallery of Art. The book explores the colorfully glazed and eccen- trically shaped ceramics from Mino and the fine glazed pottery from Seto that are represented by outstanding examples in the Fteer's collection. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden James T. Demetrion, Director The Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden is the Smithsonian Institution's gallery for modern and contemporary art. The museum, which opened in 1974, is committed to increasing the awareness and understanding of art through acqui- sitions, exhibitions and publications, research ac- tivities, public programs, and the presentation of its collection in the galleries, plaza, and Sculptute Garden. The museum provides a public facility for the exhibition, study, and preservation of 19th- and 20th-century art while presenting a specttum of contemporary work. ■ With the help of various acquisitions funds and gifts from generous donors, the museum contin- ued to acquite significant works by modern and contempotary artists. Among the highlights for the year were Clyfford Still's oil painting 1948-6 (1948); Christo's mixed-media construction Store- front (1964); Sigmar Polke's acrylic painting Bun- nies (1966); Rufino Tamayo's oil painting The Soli- tary: One (1970); Christopher Wilmarth's bronze and steel construction Do Not Go Gently (1987); Magdalena Abakanowicz's burlap and wood sculp- ture Four on a Bench (1990); and Tony Cragg's steel rack of rubber stamps, Subcommittee (1991). ■ The museum's plaza underwent a majot trans- formation designed by landscape architect James Urban, of Annapolis, Maryland, in collaboration with museum staff. Gradually, six grassy "rooms" for the display of monumental sculpture from the permanent collection took shape, enclosed by trees and hedges and defined by granite paving. The new plaza will also have a contemplative path- way around its rectangular site and an access ramp from the Mall side. ■ "Crosscurrents of Modernism: Four Latin Amer- ican Pioneers" provided a showcase for 94 works by painters Diego Rivera (Mexican, 1886— 1957), Joaquin Torres-Garcia (Uruguayan, 1874- 1949), Wifredo Lam (Cuban, 1902-82), and Matta (French, b. Chile, 191 1). The exhibition, which was widely noted in the press, celebrated the infu- sion of New World culture into modern art. The project was made possible by grants from the Smithsonian Special Exhibition Fund and an in- demnity from the Federal Council on the Arts and the Humanities. Concurtent programs, supported by a grant from the Smithsonian Educational Out- reach Program, included a scholarly symposium and a Latin American festival for families with wotkshops, dance, and musical performances. The exhibition and programs were part of the Smith- sonian's Columbus Quincentenary observance. ■ Exhibitions also included a midcareer retrospec- tive for internationally celebrated, Washington- born sculptor Martin Puryear and smaller shows highlighting a theme, a group of works, or a site- generated project by such contemporary artists as Saint Clair Cemin, Alfredo Jaar, the collaborative team of Tim Rollins and K.O.S. (Kids of Sur- vival), Thomas Struth, and Francesc Torres. 44 ■ Workshops highlighted the museum's educa- tion programs. Sculptor Martin Puryear con- ducted a workshop for 35 students from local high schools, and 50 teachers spent an afternoon at the museum in a training session on Puryear's sculp- ture. The Smithsonian Women's Committee and the Silver Spring and Prince George's County chapters of the LINKS, Inc., made the programs possible. To create the centerpiece for their Direc- tions exhibition, the South Bronx-based collec- tive of Tim Rollins and K.O.S. held a week-long workshop at the Duke Ellington School of the Arts with 1 1 students from area schools. ■ Visitors were fascinated by A History of the Rus- sian Revolution from Marx to Mayakovsky (1965), by American artist Larry Rivers, newly reinstalled in the permanent collection galleries. The mural- scaled assemblage, which depicts one of the mod- ern era's most eventful narratives, gave viewers a historical backdrop for contemporary events in Eastern Europe. Institutional Studies Office Zahava D. Doering, Director The Institutional Studies Office is a pan-Institu- tional resource dedicated to the scientific study of the characteristics, attitudes, opinions, and experi- ences of Smithsonian constituencies. The office conducts studies for senior management, muse- ums, programs or research efforts within the muse- ums, and Smithsonian offices and operations that have a pan-Institutional focus. Among its topics are audience and membership profiles, the educa- tional value ot the museum experience, and self- study of Smithsonian operations, including ongo- ing analysis of employee composition. ■ The office, in conjunction with the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Education and Public Service, completed a major study, Educational Pro- gram Inventory, based on a 1991 program inven- tory. The study revealed the breadth and diversity ot Smithsonian educational activities. ■ Ongoing analyses of the racial, ethnic, and gen- der composition of the Smithsonian staff helped management monitor a changing environment. ■ Studies for Smithsonian bureaus and offices in- cluded an assessment of visitor experience at the exhibition " Degenerate Art': The Fate of the Avant-Garde in Nazi Germany" at both its Wash- ington, D.C., and Berlin, Germany, venues. The office also conducted surveys of the membership of the Cooper-Hewitt, National Museum of Design; visitors to the Anacostia Museum; and partici- pants in several Smithsonian concert series and symposia. International Gallery The International Gallery presents exhibitions that deal with significant topics from various disci- plinary or cultural perspectives and that either complement the work of Smithsonian bureaus or represent an area outside the Institution's collec- tions. Public and scholarly programs are planned in conjunction with exhibitions that appear in the gallery, which is located in the S. Dillon Ripley Center. ■ " Degenerate Art': The Fate of the Avant- Garde in Nazi Germany," an examination of mod- ern works condemned by the authorities in Nazi Germany, was featured this year in the Interna- tional Gallery. A well-attended all-day forum, "Degenerate Art: Perspectives and Issues," was presented in conjunction with the exhibition. ■ The gallery organized an exhibition of Arme- nian tiles from Jerusalem titled "Views of Para- dise: Tile Paintings by Marie Balian" for a show- ing in the S. Dillon Ripley Center concourse. ■ The gallery was host to "Art as Activist: Revo- lutionary Posters from Central and Eastern Eu- rope," organized by the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service. National Air and Space Museum Martin Harwit, Director The National Air and Space Museum has the largest collection of historic aircraft and spacecraft in the world. The museum's goal is to explore and 45 Russian President Boris Yeltsin presents National Air and Spaa Museum Director Martin Harwit with models of the Rus- sian tpace fhuttlei Buran «WEnergia. Yeltsin vis- ited the museum on June l6, X992, OS pur/ of bis official visit to Washing- ton, DC. (Photograph by Carolyn Russo) present the history, science, technology, and so- cial impact ol aeronautics and spaceflight and to investigate and exhibit the nature of the universe and our environment. The museum's two histori- cal research departments — Aeronautics and Space History — conduct studies on the origin and devel- opment of flight through the atmosphere and in space, while the museum's two scientific labora- tories— the Center for Earth and Planetary' Studies and the Laboratory for Astrophysics — carry out programs of basic research in satellite remote sens- ing ot the environment, planetary surfaces and at- mospheres, observational and theoretical astro- physics, and the development of infrared astronomical instruments for spacecraft. ■ The museum opened "Legend, Memory, and the Great War in the Air," which examines the mythology of World War I aviation. The gallery contrasts the popular perception of gallant knights of the air with the gritty reality of early military aviation. Accompanying the exhibition were a book ot the same title and a 1 o-week lecture and film series. ■ The museum's "Star Trek" exhibition commem- orated the 25 th anniversary of the popular 1960s television series and examined how the series used the science fiction genre to comment on the politi- cal, social, and ethical issues of its time, including superpower relations, civil rights and urban un- rest, sexuality, and Vietnam. ■ Scientific papers on the discovery of multiple jets outflowing from newly born stars, the possibil- ity of laser emission from coronal lines in galactic nuclei, and a new theoretical model for the origin of galaxies were published by the staff of the Labo- ratory for Astrophysics. The Center for Earth and Planetary Studies used new results from the Magel- lan mission to Venus in comparing surface tec- tonic features on the terrestrial planets and pub- lished a rationale for a return mission to Chryse Planitia on Mars, the site of the Viking I lander that is part of the museum's collection. ■ Efforts continue to reach out to diverse audi- ences. "Say Yes to a Youngster's Future," a pro- gram designed to enhance math and science learn- ing among children of varied ethnic backgrounds, was cosponsored by the National Urban Coalition and the museum's Minority Outreach Office. The museum also offers a summer jobs program that places local high school students in aerospace-re- lated and museum jobs in the Washington, D.C., area. ■ The Aeronautics Department and the Smithson- ian Institution Press marked the fifth anniversary of the Smithsonian History of Aviation Series, which publishes original monographs, reprints, and translations and has been recognized as a sig- nificant contribution to aviation history. Stanley Sandler's Segregated Skies, an account of the Tuskegee Airmen, and Michael Gorn's The Univer- sal Man, a biography of aerospace scientist Theo- dore Von Karman, were both published this year as part of the series. Also published this year by Oxford University Press was Cardinal Choices, which details the role of science advisers to the presidents during the Cold War; the author is the Department of Space History's chairman, Gregg Herken. ■ A temporary structure was erected at Washing- ton Dulles International Airport to house the SR-71 Blackbird, which has been stored outdoors since it was received last year. The structure, 65 feet wide by 12 feet long, is all steel and was fabri- cated on site with donated materials and services. National Museum of African Art Sylvia H. Williams, Director The National Museum of African Art is the only museum in the United States dedicated solely to the collection, preservation, research, exhibition, and interpretation of the visual arts of sub-Saharan 46 Africa. The museum offers visitors the opportu- nity to gain a better understanding of the extraor- dinarily diverse cultures and visual traditions of this vast region through its wide range of educa- tional programs and its permanent and temporary exhibitions. In addition, the museum serves as a research and reference center, housing the Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives and the Warren M. Robbins Library, a branch of the Smithsonian Institution Libraries, as well as exhibition galleries and educational facilities. ■ The museum opened "Purpose and Perfection: Pottery as a Woman's Art in Central Africa," a new permanent exhibition featuring more than 60 vessels collected between 1900 and 1950. ■ The Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives en- tered its entire collection of 26,500 field slides by renowned Life magazine photographer Eliot Eliso- fon into a new data base. The data base facilitates access to the collection and allows museum staff and archives visitors to conduct research by both theme and ethnic group. ■ The museum acquired a monumental Ubangi slit gong, carved in the form of a bush cow. ■ An exhibition of works by nine modern artists from Nigeria, Cote d'lvoire, South Africa, and Kenya — "Recent Acquisitions/New Dimen- sions"— featured etchings, linocuts, watercolors, tapestries, and ceramics. ■ Twenty-four men and women completed a nine-month docent training program. The mu- seum now has 88 weekday and weekend docents. ■ The museum displayed a rare cast metal ring from the collection in the exhibition, "Between Man and the Gods: Sacrifice and Ceremony on a Cast Metal Ring." The exhibition was the result of research conducted by Curator Roslyn Walker. National Museum of American Art Elizabeth Broun, Director The National Museum of American Art is com- mitted to the acquisition, preservation, study, and exhibition of American painting, sculpture, graphic arts, photography, folk arr, and crafts. As the largest collection of American art in the world, the museum houses more than 36,500 ob- jects. The Renwick Gallery, a curatorial depart- ment of the museum, collects and exhibits Ameri- can crafts and decorative arts and sponsors research and educational activities in the modern craft movement. Through all its programs for general audiences and scholars, the museum seeks to ex- Gilbert Bobbo Ahiagble, an Ewe weaver from Ghana, demonstrates Ewe weaving on a tradi- tional narrow-strip loom at the National Museum of African Art. (Photo- graph by James Young) Mrs. George Watson (IJ65). by John Single- ton Copley, was acquired by the National Museum of American Art in 1992. The painting was a partial gift of Hender- son Inches, Jr. . in honor of his parents, Mr. and Mrs. Henderson Inches, and a museum purchase made possible in part by Mr. and Mrs. R. Crosby Kemper through Crosby Kemper Founda- tions, the American Art Forum, and the Luisita L. and Franz H. Deng- hausen Endowment. Al pand public understanding of American art and to ensure that its collections include diverse artistic achievements that were once unrecognized. ■ The Renwick Gallery, the nation's premier col- lection of American craft, observed its 20th anni- versary in 1992 with a variety of public celebra- tions, including a gala benefit in April and the exhibition "American Crafts: The Nation's Collec- tion," which highlighted the scope and promi- nence of the Renwick's acquisitions. The biennial Patricia and Philip Frost Prize for Distinguished Scholarship in American Crafts was established in observance of the anniversary. ■ A unique new collection of landscape photogra- phy, acquired by the museum over the past four years entirely with outside support, was presented in the spring exhibition "Between Home and Heaven: Contemporary American Landscape Pho- tography." Numbering more than 300 images, the collection addresses a significant concern of many artists today: the fragile coexistence of na- ture and human culture in the late 20th century. A photography contest for high school students was held in conjunction with the exhibition, which will tour nationally to seven locations. ■ Save Outdoor Sculpture! (SOS!), a three-year nationwide campaign to identify and record the condition ot outdoor sculpture located in 50 states, was officially launched in February by the museum and the National Institute for the Conser- vation of Cultural Property. By the fall, SOS! had funded 63 projects in 36 states, and comprehen- sive survey training sessions for representatives of these projects were held at the museum in May and September. ■ An exceptionally fine porttait, Mrs. George Wat- son (1765), by John Singleton Copley (1738— [815), the most renowned of America's colonial- era artists, was acquired through partial gift and purchase. For more than a decade, the museum had searched for a Copley of this quality for its col- lections, which represent 200 years of American artistic achievement. ■ "Folk Art across America," a new installation designed to recognize the creativity of self-taught artists and delight visitors with its rich variety, opened in the spring on the museum's first floor. Embracing folk art as an equal partner in Ameri- can art, the display of 60 objects, ranging from a whimsical bottle-cap giraffe and visionary paint- ings to fancy quilts and trade signs, redefines the ways in which visitors are encouraged to think about the history of American art. ■ Free within Ourselves: African-American Artists in the Collection of the National Museum of American Art, published by the museum in association with Pomegranate Artbooks, is a testament to the ex- traordinary, yet often untold, contributions of black artists to the nation's art and culture. The il- lustrated book presents a dtamatic variety of paint- ings, sculpture, and wotks on paper by 31 artists from the 18th century to the 1980s. The museum plans to distribute 4,000 copies to school systems and educators nationwide, and an exhibition based on the book will go on tout to museums across the country for two years. The publication, distribution project, and exhibition were funded entirely by a donor. National Museum of American History Roger G. Kennedy, Director The National Museum of American History (NMAH) preserves, honors, and celebrates the na- tion's heritage in exhibitions, concerts, books, symposia, drama, films, recordings, and school outreach programs that promote understanding of the experiences and aspirations of all the American people. As an educational institution, NMAH uses its collections of more than 17 million ob- jects— ranging from American Indian artifacts and the original Star Spangled Banner to mighty locomotives and tiny computer chips — to docu- ment the amazing divetsity and vitality of Ameri- can culture and present this rich, living legacy to audiences on the National Mall and beyond. Re- search by scholars and specialists informs all NMAH undertakings, including the stewardship and conservation of the national treasures that make up its collections, and the museum's ar- chives are one of the most comprehensive reposi- tories of American history materials in existence. ■ "First Ladies: Political Role and Public Image" is the first major museum exhibition to study first ladies from Martha Washington to Barbara Bush in the contexts of political history, women's his- tory, and the American public's perceptions and evolving expectations. The permanent exhibition ttaces the experiences and impact of these women through hundteds of historic photogtaphs, docu- ments, and personal artifacts. "First Ladies" marked the welcome teturn to public view of 28 historic gowns and dtesses from the popular First Ladies Collection, removed in 1987 for extensive conservation work. ■ "American Encounters," a new permanent exhi- bition commemorating the Columbus Quincen- tenary, chronicles the experiences, struggles, com- promises, and eventual coexistence among Ameri- can Indian, Hispanic, and Anglo-American peo- ples in the Rio Grande Valley of New Mexico that began in 1539 with the arrival of Spanish soldiers and missionaries. An old story with modern impli- cations, it is told through historic and contempo- rary artifacts, works of art, and audio and video re- cordings of narrative stories, music, and dance. ■ The museum's Smithsonian Jazz Masterworks Orchestra, in conjunction with the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service, received a $7 million grant from the Lila Wallace-Reader's Digest Fund — the largest single grant ever given to the Smithsonian — to fund a 1 o-year program of traveling exhibitions, performances, educa- tional programs, recordings, and other activities at the Smithsonian and throughout the United States beginning in April 1993. ■ NMAH's Division of Musical History joined with the John F. Kennedy Center for the Per- forming Arts, the Library of Congress, the Na- tional Gallery of Art, and the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars to present a festi- val of performances, symposia, and exhibitions marking the 200th anniversary of Mozart's death. ■ The National Numismatic Collection acquired 142 counterfeit dies of ancient Greek, Roman, and Byzantine coins. These dies allow identifica- tion and documentation of counterfeit coins that have been considered authentic by experts and mu- seums throughout the world. ■ In a continuing innovative partnership with Washington, D.C., public schools, NMAH's Di- vision of Education introduced its pilot Young In- terpreters Program, in which five high school ju- niors trained and served as museum interpreters. For six weeks during the summer, they performed dramatic vignettes in the "Field to Factory" exhibi- tion and gave cart demonstrations throughout the museum. The students worked 30 hours a week and received stipends from DC Arts, a District of Columbia agency. ■ Duke Ellington's first Broadway musical, "Beg- gar's Holiday," unrecorded and lost for decades, was discovered in fragments among the vast Duke Ellington Collection in the museum's Archives Center. NMAH's Division of Museum Programs reconstructed the score, with lyrics by John La- touche, and produced the first performance in 45 years of Ellington's composition as part of the American Song series. National Museum of the American Indian W. Richard West, Jr., Director The National Museum of the American Indian is an institution of living culture dedicated to the preservation, study, and exhibition of the life, lan- guages, literature, history, and arts of the native peoples of the Western Hemisphere. Its formal mission is to recognize and affirm to native com- munities and the non-native public the historical and contemporary culture and cultural achieve- ments of the natives of the Western Hemisphere by advancing — in consultation, collaboration, and cooperation with natives — knowledge and un- derstanding of native cultures. The museum has a special responsibility, through innovative public programming, research, and collections, to pro- tect, support, and enhance the development, First Lady Barbara Bush. National Museum of American History Di- rector Roger Kennedy, and Smithsonian Institu- tion Secretary Robert McC. Adams took a pre- view tour of "First La- dies: Political Role and Public Image, " the first major museum exhibition to study the office of first lady in the contexts of po- litical history and women's history. (Photo- graph by Eric Long) 49 Linda Poolaw, a Deta- il a re/Kiou a pla yu right I rum Anadarko, Okla- homa, it ml A he Conklin, Ponca/Osagi dancer, story- teller, and traditionalist /row Guthrie, Okla- homa, help select artifacts in storage at the Research Branch of the National Museum oj the American hi J nni in New York City for one of the mu- seum's n)i)4 inaugural exhibitions at the Alex- ander Hamilton U .S. Custom House in New York City. (Photograph by Karen Ft/rthj maintenance, and perpetuation of native cultures and communities. ■ More than 600 objects have been selected by 28 native selectors from throughout the Western Hemisphere tor "Points of View," the working ti- tle of one of four inaugural exhibitions under de- velopment for the 1994 opening of the George Gustav Heye Center of the museum in New York City. "Points of View" will include documented comments of the selectors. A collaboration among 20 contemporary artists representing various cul- tures and disciplines, including performance and visual artists and writers, is also being developed, along with an orientation exhibition. The inaugu- ral will include "Shared Visions: Native American Painters and Sculptors in the Twentieth Century," an exhibition from the Heard Museum in Phoe- nix, Arizona. ■ "The Way of the People," the first report of the continuing dialogue and consultations with Amer- ican Indians, was released. The report summarizes the 1 1 consultations held through November 22, 1 99 1 . Dialogue between the museum and the Na- tive American community began in 1991 and con- tinued with six consultations held in fiscal year 1992, each attended by approximately 40 partici- pants. The purpose of these meetings, which will be a permanent aspect of the museum, is to obtain programmatic information that will guide the de- sign of the museum on the National Mall in Washington, D.C. , and the cultural resources cen- ter in Suitland, Maryland. ■ Progress continued on the renovation and his- toric preservation of the first two floors of the Alex- ander Hamilton U.S. Custom House, which will house the museum's George Gustav Heye Center in New York City. The rotunda was completed for the November 15, 1992, opening of "Path- ways of Tradition: Indian Insights into Indian Worlds," a temporary exhibition of 100 objects representing a cross section of American Indian culture and creativity and a microcosm of the mu- seum's mission. Objects for the exhibition were se- lected by 18 American Indians, continuing the policy of consultation and development by the peo- ples and cultures that the museum represents. ■ Architectural firms to design the museum's col- lections research center in suburban Maryland were selected in June. The design team consists of James Stewart Polshek and Partners, of New York City and San Francisco, a 50-person firm that was honored in 1992 for a decade of design excellence; Metcalf Tobey & Partners, of Reston, Virginia, specialists in the design of technologically com- plex buildings; and the Native American Design Collaborative, an association of 24 Native Ameri- can—owned architectural and engineering firms. Louis Weller (Caddo/Cherokee), of Albuquerque, New Mexico, is the chairman of the board of direc- tors of the collaborative. ■ As the year ended, the Smithsonian had re- quested submissions for qualifications of architects and engineers to design and construct the Na- tional Museum of the American Indian on the Na- tional Mall, which is scheduled for completion by the end of the decade. National Portrait Gallery Alan Fern, Director The National Portrait Gallery is dedicated to the collection, preservation, exhibition, and study of portraits of people who have made significant con- tributions to American history and to the study of the artists who created such portraiture. The gal- lery sponsors a variety of scholarly and public activ- ities for audiences interested in American art. ■ The National Portrait Gallery mounted several special exhibitions this year. "Ralph Earl: The Face of the Young Republic" was the first exhibi- tion ever devoted to this artist's work. "Noble 50 Heritage: Five Centuries of Portraits from the Ho- sokawa Family" was the latest in a series exhib- iting foreign portraits. "Arnold Newman's Ameri- cans" celebrated the acquisition (by purchase and gift, of io i photographic portraits by this contem- porary master, whose career spans more than 50 years. " The Spirit of Party': Hamilton and Jeffer- son at Odds" honored the 250th anniversary of Jef- ferson's birth and explored the interaction be- tween these men and their circles of supporters. ■ Major acquisitions by the National Portrait Gal- lery included a 1769 oil painting by Charles Will- son Peale titled Anne Catharine Hoof Green, a rare example of a portrait of a woman professional dur- ing colonial times, and Thomas Jefferson, an oil painting on panel copied in 1836 by Charles Bird King from Gilbert Stuart's 1805 medallion pro- file, which was the image most admired by Jeffer- son's family and discriminating friends. ■ Special programs and events in 1992 included "An Evening with Katharine Graham," an inter- view with the chairman of the board of the Wash- ington Post Company, the latest in the gallery's popular self-portrait series. ■ Among the many public programs at the Na- tional Portrait Gallery this year were a poetry read- ing highlighting the works of such American po- ets as Carl Sandburg, Langston Hughes, Anne Bradstreet, Walt Whitman, and Phillis Wheatley, part of the series Cultures in Motion: Portraits in American Diversity. Other programs included staged bilingual readings from the plays of Maria Irene Fornes, produced in collaboration with the Gala Hispanic Theater; staged readings of selected plays and poetry by Jessie Fauset and May Miller; a dramatization of the efforts of inde- pendent Hawaii's last queen, Liliuokalani, to pre- serve her country's culture and political status, as well as her own reign; a theatrical presentation of excerpts from the works of Theodor Geisel (Dr. Seuss); and lectures, performances, and demonstra- tions relating to the Hosokawa exhibition. ■ The Education Department held a number of workshops for families drawing inspiration from exhibitions and the collections. Among them were photo workshops in conjunction with the "Arnold Newman's Americans" exhibition that in- troduced participants to Newman's individual style and gave them an opportunity to explore photographic composition and produce their own Polaroid portraits. ■ The Catalog of American Portraits received a grant from the Smithsonian Women's Committee to survey and record portraits in New Mexico. ■ The gallery's publications this year included No- ble Heritage: Five Cent/tries of Portraits from the Hoso- kawa Family, by Jared Lubarsky, a catalogue docu- menting the role of this prominent Japanese family in government, art, and scholarship; Ar- nold Neuvmn's Americans, with essays by Newman and the gallery's director, Alan Fern, which high- lights the photographer's record of "a cross section of the history of our times"; and "The Spirit of Party": Hamilton and Jefferson at Odds, by National Portrait Gallery historian Margaret C. S. Christman, an account of the roots of the bitterly partisan rivalry between the two men in the 1790s. Office of Exhibits Central John F. Coppola, Director The Smithsonian Institution's largest and most comprehensive exhibition producer, the Office of Exhibits Central (OEC) works with Smithsonian Musician Isaac Stern, by the contemporary Ameri- can photographer Arnold Newman. This striking close-up is an exception to Newman's usual practice of photographing his sub- jects in their living or working environments . One hundred one of New- man's works were added to the collection of the Na- tional Portrait Gallery in 1992. (NPG file pho- tograph by Rolland White, © Arnold Newman) 51 Office of Exhibits Central model maker Richard Kil- day builds a prototype of a trail map for the visu- ally impaired, which will be installed at the Smithsonian Environ- mental Research Center. museums and galleries in virtually every aspect of exhibition design and production. OEC staff is ex- pert in traveling and temporary exhibitions, as well as permanent installations. The office also pro- vides training and guidance on exhibit develop- ment and state-of-the-art artifact storage and han- dling facilities. ■ OEC continues to prepare a variety of exhibi- tions for the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Ex- hibition Service (SITES). This year, working with curators from the National Museum ot American History, the office edited, designed, and produced "Perpetual Campaign: The Making of the People's President" and "Who's in Charge? Workers and Managers in the United States." OEC also de- signed, edited, and produced "Fragile Ecologies: Artists' Interpretations and Solutions," an art exhi- bition that addresses environmental concerns. In addition, OEC created graphics for, edited, pro- duced, crated, and shipped the SITES traveling version of "Seeds of Change," the major Columbus Quincentenary exhibition of the National Mu- seum of Natural History. ■ OEC has been actively involved in exhibits at the International and Experimental galleries since their inception. Recent projects have included " 'Degenerate Art': The Fate of the Avant-Garde in Nazi Germany" and "Imperial Austria: Trea- sures of Art, Arms & Armor from the State of Styria," as well as "The Kids Bridge," which con- fronts the issues of prejudice and racism. ■ OEC is involved in the establishment of exhibi- tions in the Smithsonian's newest museums: the National Postal History and Philatelic Museum and the National Museum of the American In- dian. For the 1993 opening of the Postal Mu- seum, for example, OEC is creating historically ac- curate ship and railway models, as well as sculpting horse and human mannequins. For the National Museum of the American Indian, OEC is editing scripts, fabricating exhibit furniture, and sculpting mannequins for the two inaugural exhibitions at the Alexander Hamilton U.S. Cus- tom House in New York City. ■ OEC undertakes a broad range of projects for the National Museum of Natural History, provid- ing specialized services such as taxidermy, speci- men restoration, freeze drying, and model mak- ing, in addition to editing and design. For the museum's new insect zoo, OEC is creating models and dioramas, editing text, and advising on ob- ject selection. Office of Museum Programs Rex M. Ellis, Director The Office of Museum Programs fosters public ac- cess to the Institution by providing training and professional development in museum practices. These opportunities are available to staff, interns, volunteers, and trustees from the Smithsonian and from museums throughout the United States and abroad . ■ The office continued its mandate to increase its muscology services to Smithsonian staff by spon- soring "Managing Smithsonian Collections," a 12-week training program attended by more than 40 employees from 15 Smithsonian bureaus and offices. The course addressed the legal and ethical responsibilities of assembling and maintaining col- lections, explained practical measures used to man- age and care for Smithsonian collections, and sug- gested ways to communicate collections management principles to other Smithsonian staff. ■ The office's American Indian Museum Studies programs sponsored five collections and museum management workshops at tribal museums and cultural centers throughout the United States and 52 hosted two American Indian interns at the Smith- sonian. The creation of the Native American Mu- seums and Cultural Centers Resource File in the Museum Reference Center will facilitate the shar- ing of information with tribal museums and cul- tural centers. The file contains printed and visual resources collected by the office since 1981 . ■ The promotion of leadership in museum man- agement and methods continued through two pro- grams. The Awards for Museum Leadership Pro- gram recognized the achievements of people of colot who work in museums. This year the award recipients gathered at the Smithsonian to debate the resolution "Our society does not need cultur- ally specific museums." The Fellowships in Mu- seum Practice Program, newly established through a grant from the Smithsonian Women's Committee, is the first program in the United States to fund research that strengthens and ex- pands the educational role of museums. ■ The office provided orientation and counseling services and career programs to more than 700 in- terns at the Smithsonian. Recruitment and out- reach were enhanced this year with the publica- tion of a new edition of Internship Opportunities at the Smithsonian Institution, a comprehensive descrip- tion of 40 internship programs. Office of Quincentenary Programs Alicia M. Gonzalez, Director The Office of Quincentenary Programs coordi- nated the broadest array of programs and activities the Institution has ever presented for an anniver- sary commemoration to observe the 500th anniver- sary of Christophet Columbus's 1492 arrival in the Americas. This occasion offered the opportu- nity to examine the cultural, historical, and scien- tific repercussions of the meeting of two hemi- spheres. Activities included exhibitions such as "Seeds of Change," "American Encounters," and "The West as America, 1820- 1920: Reinterpret- ing Images of the Frontier"; the Festival of Ameri- can Folklife and the Potato Festival; and myriad symposia, lectures, performances, publications, video recordings, and television and radio series. The pan-Institutional commemoration reflected the diversity of Smithsonian research interests and allowed the public to learn about the significance of Columbus's voyages from a broad perspective. A sampling of these activities follows. ■ The symposium "Images: Women in the Amer- icas" examined the ways women have been por- trayed among Europeans, Africans, and indige- nous Americans from the period of contact through contemporary times. The symposium, which featured speakers from around the world, looked at women's achievements and changes in theit social status from a variety of class, color, ra- cial, religious, and national perspectives. ■ The third issue of The New World, the newslet- ter of the Office of Quincentenary Programs, was published in August 1992; it examined the Asian influence in the Americas. More than 10,000 cop- ies of the newsletter — in English and Span- ish— were distributed throughout the United States, Latin America, and Spain. ■ A five-part television series, "Buried Mirror: Re- flections on Spain and the New Wotld by Carlos Fuentes," premiered on the Discovery Channel on April 19, 1992. The series offered a sweeping view of Spanish and Latin American history and was written and narrated by the well-known author. ■ Meetings were held during the year to develop a working paper on the Institute of the Americas, a permanent program to focus on the history and culture of the Americas. A study will be con- ducted in 1993. Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service Anna R. Cohn, Director The Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service (SITES) expands the Smithsonian's pres- ence beyond Washington, D.C., to millions of people each year by circulating exhibitions to mu- seums, libraries, science centers, historical soci- eties, zoos, aquariums, community centers, and schools. SITES programs represent a range of hu- man perspectives. They pose questions, communi- cate abstractions, and challenge visitors to make connections among objects, people, places, events, and ideas. By emphasizing diverse view- "Africa's Legacy in Mex- ico: Photographs by Tony Gleaton" brings to light the African experience and legacy in Mexico. This 1990 photograph is titled In My Grand- mother's House. (Photo- graph by Tony Gleaton) African Americans today. The exhibition opened in Washington in February. Three copies are trav- eling nationwide under the auspices of SITES through 1994. points and by using inquiry as a means for inter- preting exhibition themes and images, SITES en- courages visitors to explore the full breadth of possibilities inherent in themselves, others, and the world around them. ■ SITES, the National Museum of American His- tory, the Office of Public Affairs, and the Office of Development cosponsored a major media event in May to announce a $7 million grant from the Lila Wallace- Reader's Digest Fund awarded to the Smithsonian for a 10-year jazz initiative, "Amer- ica's Jazz Heritage." This project will include trav- eling exhibitions, performances, educational pro- grams, recordings, special events, publications, research, and radio programs at the Smithsonian and throughout the United States. ■ SITES and the American Library Association produced and began circulating a panel adaptation of the National Museum of Natural History's ma- jor Columbus Quincentenary exhibition, "Seeds of Change." Five copies began traveling nationwide in January and will visit public libtaries in all 50 states through early 1994. ■ Nineteen SITES staff became federal employees in April as the result of a significant federal appro- priation for staff salaries and benefits received by SITES in fiscal year 1991. Increased federal sup- port for SITES will translate into more affordable traveling exhibitions and thus into expanded op- portunities for people across the country to experi- ence the full range of Smithsonian programs. ■ In a distinctive partnership, SITES joined with Washington's Corcoran Gallery of Art, the non- profit organization New African Visions, and me- dia giant Time Warner, Inc. , to present "Songs of My People," a photography exhibition portraying Education and Public Service Office of the Assistant Secretary for Education and Public Service James C. Early, Assistant Secretary The Office of the Assistant Secretary for Education and Public Service advises the secretary and the under secretary on policy matters relating to pub- lic education, cultural pluralism and cultural eq- uity, and wider audience initiatives. The office and the units it oversees disseminate information about the Smithsonian to national and interna- tional audiences, collaborate with elementary and secondary schools and educational associations, and engage in applied research and the documenta- tion of living cultures. The office also provides pol- icy guidance and programmatic assistance to help strengthen the Institution's overall program of cul- tural diversity. ■ This year the office focused on developing pol- icy objectives and goals in education. While recog- nizing the importance of the Smithsonian's varied educational activities, the office identified precolle- giate educational programming as the top priority for Institution-wide action. ■ Guidelines for the Educational Outreach Pro- gram were revised. Grants were awarded in the fol- lowing areas: teacher enrichment projects; curricu- lum development projects that match the needs of school systems with the resources available at the 54 Smithsonian; educational projects that underscore collaboration between museums and other educa- tional institutions; and educational projects for teenagers and families in "at-risk" socioeconomic groups. ■ The Smithsonian published Educational Program Inventory, the first study categorizing such activi- ties at the Institution. The study provides the ba- sis for the cutrent priorities of the office: to foster stronger collegiality among educators at the Smithsonian and to monitor and coordinate educa- tional programs to eliminate the duplication of ef- fort and to ensure better allocation of budgetary resources. ■ The Smithsonian's Cultural Education Commit- tee advised the secretary to expand the employ- ment of culturally diverse staff throughout the In- stitution by placing greater accountability at the managerial level. The committee's recommenda- tions focused on the hiring and promotion of mi- norities in research, curatorial, editorial, and con- tract ateas. Center for Folklife Programs and Cultural Studies Richard Kurin, Director The Center for Folklife Programs and Cultural Studies engages in cultural conservation and repre- sentation activities that promote continuity, integ- rity, and equity for traditional ethnic, tribal, re- gional, minority, and working-class cultures in the United States and abroad. Staff folklorists, cul- tural anthropologists, and ethnomusicologists re- search the expressive traditions of American and worldwide grass roots cultures. They publish and present their work to scholarly and public audi- ences through the Festival of American Folklife, Smithsonian/Folkways Recordings, the Folklife Studies monograph/film series, cultural education programs, and the Folkways Archives. ■ The 26th annual Festival of American Folklife featured three programs on the occasion of the Co- lumbus Quincentenary that examined the encoun- ters of New and Old World cultures: "New Mex- ico," "Creativity and Resistance: Maroon Culture in the Americas," and "The Changing Soundscape in Indian Country." A fourth program, "Workers at the White House," celebrated the 200th anni- versary of the president's official residence. ■ The U.S. Virgin Islands program presented at the 1990 Festival of American Folklife was staged in St. Croix with support and collaboration from the center and included the participation of Sene- galese folk artists and the Freedom Singers. ■ In Indonesia, the first part of a 20-volume se- ries on Indonesian music and verbal arts has been published on Smithsonian/Folkways Recordings with the help of the Ford Foundation. The re- cordings use music to teach history, geography, and social studies to Indonesian students. The col- laborative project also helped train Indonesian re- searchers, technicians, and archivists. ■ A Mayan storyteller who participated in the 1 99 1 Folklife Festival published a book about the festival as he and other Chiapanecos experienced it. A film documentary by a Chiapaneco team ex- amines the participation of Chiapan Mayan people in the festival in relation to that of other Indian groups. ■ Joint teams of folklorists from the United States and the Commonwealth of Independent States continue theit fieldwork among American communities and related populations in the for- mer Soviet Union. Young visitors to the 1992 Festival of Ameri- can Folklife watch as Ra- fael Cassiani Cassiam demonstrates the use of a bird trap. (Photograph by Eric Long) 55 Members of school district teams from LaGrange. Georgia, and Baton Rouge. Louisiana, work together on a hands-on science learning activity for elementary children as part oj the National Sci- ence Resources Center's El- ementary Science Leadership Institute. {Photograph by Rick Vargas) National Science Resources Center Douglas M. Lapp, Executive Director The National Science Resources Centet (NSRC) is operated by the Smithsonian Institution and the National Academy of Sciences to help improve the teaching of science in the nation's schools. The NSRC collects and disseminates infotmation about exemplary science teaching tesources, devel- ops innovative science curriculum materials, and sponsors outreach and technical assistance activi- ties to help school districts develop and sustain hands-on science programs. ■ With its first Working Conference for Scien- tists and Engineers on Precollege Science Educa- tion, the NSRC launched the National Elemen- tary Science Leadership Initiative (NESLI). Twenty-eight scientists and engineers represent- ing academia, federal research facilities, and pri- vate industry participated. For one week, they worked at the California Institute of Technology with innovative science teaching materials, ob- served hands-on science teaching and learning in local public school classrooms, and discussed sci- ence education reform issues with national leaders in the field. Participants developed recommenda- tions on how scientists and engineers can most ef- fectively contribute to sustained improvement in precollege (K-12) science education. The NSRC has since begun national disttibution of the recom- mendations and plans to issue a formal report. ■ The NSRC's NESLI project also supported two Elementary Science Leadership Institutes, at- tended by 29 teams of teachers, administrators, and scientists from 84 school districts in 15 states. Since 1989, 72 teams from schools serving nearly 2 million children in 32 states, the District of Co- lumbia, Mexico, and Canada have participated in these week-long institutes, which feature work- shops and discussions on strategies for implement- ing effective elementary science programs at the lo- cal level. ■ The NSRC continued to develop, market, and publish units of hands-on lessons as part of its ele- mentary science curriculum project, Science and Technology for Children (STC). To date, 18 STC units have been trial-taught, 14 have been field- tested, and 6 are available in commercial editions. School districts across the country are now intro- ducing the units into their elementary schools. ■ The NSRC continued to collect and catalogue information for the publication of a guide to effec- tive secondary school science teaching resources similar to its elementary science guide. The ele- mentary-level guide is being revised, and comput- erized data bases of the information in both guides are being upgraded for eventual access by science educators through an electronic telecommunica- tions network. Office of Elementary and Secondary Education Ann Bay, Director As the Smithsonian Institution's central office for precollege education, the Office of Elementary and Secondary Education draws on resources from throughout the Institution to meet the needs of teachers and students in the Washington, D.C., area and nationwide. The office also serves as a clearinghouse of information about Smithsonian educational matetials and programs and works to encourage communication and collaboration among Smithsonian education units and between those units and outside educational organizations. An important goal of the office is to educate young people and their teachers about the value of museums and related institutions as learning re- sources and about how to use museums and their 56 primary source materials to acquire factual knowl- edge and analytical skills. These efforts involve col- laboration with schools, school systems, universi- ties, and other museums, reaching thousands of teachers and millions of students each year. The of- fice carries out programming in four categories: professional development for teachers, curriculum materials for schools, programs and materials for children and teenagers, and clearinghouse ser- vices. ■ For the second year, a collaboration with two District of Columbia public schools in affiliation with the Foxfire Foundation brought teachers into Smithsonian museums for internships to develop classroom materials and lessons on African Ameri- can history and culture. ■ The office's work in teacher preparation and en- hancement included the second annual day-long symposium, "Word of Mouth: Learning and Teaching through Stones,'' and a series of 1 1 one- week courses on a variety of subjects relating to school curricula. Course topics ranged from the history of U.S. political protest to teaching ecol- ogy to cross-cultural communications. ■ Supported by a grant from Brother Interna- tional, the office published "Protest and Patrio- tism," a high school curriculum kit that helps stu- dents explore the history of American protest by examining populism, the civil rights struggle, and the environmental movement. More than 1 5 ,000 copies were sent on request to schools na- tionwide. group of private citizens that advises Smithsonian management on cultural pluralism in education and hiring. ■ For American Indian Heritage Month in No- vember, the Honorable Elijah Harper (Ojibwa), a member of the Canadian Parliament and honorary chief of the Red Sucker Lake Band, spoke on sover- eignty issues facing indigenous Canadians. ■ Dr. Wyatt Tee Walker, ethnomusicologist and senior pastor of Canaan Baptist Church in Har- lem, was the speaker for Black History Month ob- servances in February. Walker spoke on the Afri- can roots of black sacred music. ■ The Smithsonian's commemoration of Women's History Month in March featured a talk by U.S. Representative Eleanor Holmes Norton (D-D.C.) on contemporary issues facing working women. ■ During Asian Pacific American Heritage Month in May, Evelyn Hu-DeHart, director of the Center for Studies of Ethnicity and Race in America, University of Colorado at Boulder, spoke on Asians throughout the Americas. ■ The Hispanic Heritage Month keynote address in September featured Luis Cancel, executive direc- tor of the Bronx Museum of the Arts. Cancel spoke about efforts to increase Latino representa- tion in museum programs and exhibitions. Wider Audience Development Program Marshall J. Wong, Director The Wider Audience Development Program sup- ports efforts to strengthen the Smithsonian's inter- action with culturally diverse communities. Exam- ples of the program's work include coordinating pan-Institutional observances of federally desig- nated ethnic and women's heritage, organizing pe- riodic forums for Smithsonian staff on issues telat- ing to cultural pluralism, and collecting and analyzing data on nontraditional audiences. The program also provides operational support to the Smithsonian Cultural Education Committee, a External Affairs Office of the Assistant Secretary for External Affairs Thomas E. Lovejoy, Assistant Secretary The Smithsonian Institution's response to the needs and concerns of its many external constituen- cies is the primary responsibility of the Office of the Assistant Secretary for External Affairs. The of- fice frames the Institution's goals and impact be- yond the National Mall by supervising its compo- nent units, using print and electronic media effectively, hosting diplomatic events and events in honot of friends of the Institution, and ad- dressing the role of the Smithsonian in national and international affairs. ■ In preparation for the United Nations Confer- ence on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro in June, the Office of External Affairs hosted conferences and briefings to discuss rele- vant issues with scientists, private sector leaders, members of Congress and their staffs, and federal agency officials. Assistant Secretary Thomas E. Lovejoy represented the United States as an alter- nate delegate at the Earth Summit, the largest gathering ever of heads of state. On his return, he reported conference results through testimony at congressional hearings, press conferences, and pub- lic briefings. ■ The Sustainable Biosphere Project, developed and conducted by the Office of External Affairs, is the first serious effort to institute the principles and practices of a sustainable biosphere interna- tionally through six regional workshops to iden- tify and disseminate successful management tech- niques. ■ The Office of External Affairs cosponsored with the United States Information Agency a number of conferences to enhance cultural exchanges with the former Soviet Union. Among them were the first meeting of Ministry of Education officials from former Soviet republics and a joint confer- ence of American and Soviet filmmakers on the vi- sual record of World War II. ■ Represented by Deputy Assistant Secretary Marc Pachter, the Smithsonian actively partici- pated in the President's Committee on the Arts and the Humanities, with special attention to its international cultural advisory group, organized to broaden national support for international cul- tural exchange. Office of International Relations Francine C. Berkowitz, Director The Office of International Relations (OIR) pro- vides technical assistance and diplomatic support for Smithsonian programs abroad. It serves as the link between the Smithsonian and foreign institu- tions or individuals, as well as between interna- tional organizations and government agencies. The office assists with the technical details of inter- national exchanges of museum objects and staff and administers two funding programs to encour- age international cooperation in scholarly research and museum programs. ■ A prototype version of a Latin American exhibi- tion on the rainforests of the Americas opened at the Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit in June 1992. OIR provided international coordination for the project consortium, which included 1 1 organiza- tions from throughout the Western Hemisphere, and also organized an education program for the exhibition. ■ The office coordinated visits to the Smithsonian by a member of the Supreme Council of Madagas- car, the chairman of the British Council, the presi- dent of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, minis- ters of culture from Gabon, Senegal, and Turkey, and ministers of education from all the republics of the former Soviet Union. Each year OIR makes arrangements for hundreds of official visits by for- eign scholars and cultural or scientific officials. ■ OIR participated in the formation of the U.S. -Mexico Foundation for Science in coopera- tion with the University of California Consortium on Mexico, the National Academy of Sciences, and agencies of the U.S. and Mexican govern- ments. On behalf of the Smithsonian, OIR staff assumed working-level and leadership roles in several binational cultural and scientific commissions. Office of Conference Services Katherine Kirlin, Acting Director The Office of Conference Services (OCS) helps Smithsonian scholars and managers plan and coor- dinate research conferences, international con- gresses, and collaborative programs. ■ Throughout the year, OCS provided logistical support for many research related conferences initi- ated by Smithsonian scholars. In October 1991, for example, OCS worked with the staff of African and Caribbean Programs, located in the Interna- tional Center, in managing the Columbus Quincentenary conference, " 'Race,' Discourse, 58 and the Origins of the Americas: A New World View of 1492." ■ In March, the office assisted with the 15th an- nual conference of the Society of Ethnobiology, sponsored by the Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History/National Museum of Man. Other collaborative programs co- ordinated by OCS include "Toward an Educated Society: Research and Policy,'' held in May and sponsored by the Office of the Assistant Secretary for the Arts and Humanities and the National Opinion Research Center. Office of Special Events Barbara H. Spraggins, Director The Office of Special Events (OSE) organizes events throughout the Institution that contribute to developing and maintaining important present and future constituencies. In 1992, the office coor- dinated activities with Smithsonian bureaus, with corporations, and with organizations whose mis- sions coincide with those of the Institution. ■ Varied events represented the diversity of the Smithsonian. Among them were dinners for the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, the Hispanic Association of Col- leges and Universities, and the President's Coun- cil of Advisers on Science and Technology; a recep- tion for the Garden Club of Bavaria; and a luncheon for the National Opinion Research Cen- ter. The office also coordinated events to support exhibitions such as "Art as Activist: Revolutionary Posters from Central and Eastern Europe. " ■ The office served as a clearinghouse for more than 1 ,000 requests from groups that wish to co- sponsor events at the Institution. The OSE also ad- vises Smithsonian offices on matters of protocol. Office of Telecommunications Paul B. Johnson, Director The Office of Telecommunications produces and markets audio, video, and film programs relating to a wide spectrum of Smithsonian interests. These programs extend the Institution's reach to audiences in the United States and abroad through television and radio broadcasts and through distribution in a variety of technologies to home and educational markets. The office also provides media planning and production services to Smithsonian units. ■ Radio Smithsonian developed several new proj- ects. "Spirits of the Present: The Legacy from Na- tive America" aired on 410 stations in North America; it was the most widely broadcast special series ever distributed by American Public Radio. "Folk Masters," a series featuring traditional mu- sic artists in concert, received the Gold Award for Music/Performance from the Corporation for Pub- lic Broadcasting and launched its second season with new programs recorded at the Barns of Wolf Trap near Washington, D.C. ■ "Dream Window: Reflections on the Japanese Garden," a one-hour film that reveals the rich beauty and artistry of the gardens of Japan, was produced by the office in association with Kajima- Vision, Tokyo. The film premiered nationwide on the Public Broadcasting Service on November 6, 1992. ■ Videos produced by the office with several Smithsonian bureaus helped enrich a range of new exhibitions. Notable among these were five com- plementary programs exploring the richly plural society of New Mexico for the National Museum of American History Columbus Quincentenary ex- hibition "American Encounters"; an evocative video produced for the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service on the tradition of English silver making; and, for the Anacostia Mu- seum, a video epilogue for the exhibition "To Achieve These Rights: The Struggle for Equality and Self-Determination in the District of Colum- bia, 1791-1978." ■ The office helped lead the Smithsonian into new media technologies as "Treasures of the Smithsonian," a pioneering compact disc-interac- tive (CD-I) program, met with great retail sue- Humankind's most power- ful intellectual creation, the book, is the theme of Smithsonian Book of Books, by Michael 01 in- ert, published this year by Smithsonian Institu- tion Press. cess. Two companion CD-Is, "The Downhome Blues" and "The Uptown Blues," entered produc- tion, and development began on two more titles, "Duke Ellington: The Man and His Legend" and "Space Exploration," linked to exhibitions in the National Museum of American History and the National Air and Space Museum, respectively. Smithsonian Institution Press Felix C. Lowe, Director As the Institution's publisher, the Smithsonian In- stitution Press is an important component of the Smithsonian's mission to increase and diffuse knowledge. The Press publishes books, videos, and recordings in connection with the Institu- tion's research, scholarship, collections, and exhi- bitions, as well as with outside experts working in areas consistent with Smithsonian interests. The Press serves scholars and general readers through its four divisions: Smithsonian Books, the Smith- sonian Collection of Recordings, the University Press, and the newly established Video Division. ■ The University Press highlight this year was Seeds oj Change, edited by Herman Viola and Carolyn Margolis and published to accompany the Columbus Quincentenary exhibition at the Na- tional Museum of Natural History/National Mu- seum of Man. The book received many outstand- ing reviews in the scholarly and popular press as one of the best books published on the Quincen- tenary. It has been translated into Spanish and Japanese and was a selection of two major U.S. book clubs. ■ The two main titles from Smithsonian Books were The Smithsonian Book oj Books, by Michael Olmert, and Washington, D.C.: A Smithsonian Book of the Nation's Capital. The first is a 320-page examination of the many-faceted world of the book, humankind's most powerful intellectual cre- ation, while the second is a multiauthor celebra- tion of our capital city in the year of its 200th an- niversary. ■ The Smithsonian Collection of Recordings pro- duced its first continuity series, American Songbook, with volume 1 released on January 15 and suc- ceeding volumes to be issued at six-week inter- vals. The series features the best of American com- posers Irving Berlin, George Gershwin, Cole Porter, Jerome Kern, Harold Aden, Richard Rodgers, Lorenz Hart, and Oscar Hammerstein. Alan Jay Lerner, Hoagy Carmichael, Duke Elling- ton, Johnny Mercer, and Jule Styne, among oth- ers, are still to come. ■ The Smithsonian Year 1991 Supplement — pro- duced with its companion volume, Smithsonian Year, by the University Press's manuscript editing department — was published entirely from elec- tronic files prepared by the bureaus and offices of the Institution. This innovative method resulted in a uniform and concise 2 1 i-page book, in con- trast to the 4 ^2-page volume of the previous year. Smithsonian Magazine Ronald C. Walker, Publisher Donald B. Moser, Editor Smithsonian is a monthly magazine provided as a benefit of membership in the Smithsonian Institu- tion. With a circulation of 2. 1 million, Smithson- ian is among the 30 largest magazines published today. It appeals to its diverse audience with arti- cles on history, the environment, conservation, the sciences, and the arts. Monthly features in- clude "Phenomena, Comment, and Notes," a com- mentary on nature and the natural world; "Smith- 60 soman Horizons," a column by the Smithsonian secretary; and reviews of recently released nonfic- tion. Smithsonian activities are covered in three regular departments: "Around the Mall," "Smith- sonian Highlights," and "The Object at Hand." ■ During the year, the magazine addressed the Columbus Quincentenary with three articles: on the explorers thought by some to have discovered America before Columbus; on the state of the con- tinent, its fauna, flora, and human inhabitants at the time of Columbus; and on Europe at the time of Columbus. Other stories covered a range of sub- jects: the Black Seminole, the electric car, artist George Bellows, the mountain lion, Little Saigon, chile peppers, ancient Troy, new telephone sys- tems, and the U.S. Forest Service. ■ In partnership with the American Society of Travel Agents (ASTA), Smithsonian magazine cre- ated the annual AST Al Smithsonian Magazine Envi- ronmental Award to recognize outstanding achievements and contributions by individuals, corporations, and countries toward furthering the goals of the environmental movement. The first re- cipients, honored at the Smithsonian in January, were Brazilian rubber tapper Chico Mendes (recog- nized posthumously), tor his peaceful resistance to deforestation in the Amazon rainforest, and the re- publics of Costa Rica and Rwanda, for their envi- ronmental efforts and conservation programs. ■ Smithsonian magazine was awarded the presti- gious First Place Award of Excellence for "out- standing coverage of the black condition" by the National Association of Black Journalists. The magazine was honored for its article, "Against All Odds, Black Seminole Won Their Freedom," writ- ten by Scott Thybony and published in the Au- gust 1 99 1 issue. Air & Space/Smithsonian Magazine Ronald C. Walker, Publisher George C. Larson, Editor Air & Space/Smithsonian magazine is published bi- monthly as a benefit of membership in the Na- tional Air and Space Museum and has a national circulation of more than 330,000. Articles cover the range of air and space-related topics that ap- peal to the magazine's general readership. Regular features include "In the Museum," an informa- tional column on museum artifacts; "Soundings," news briefs on aerospace topics; "Above and Be- yond," a commentary on unusual personal experi- ences in the air and space realm; and "Viewpoint," comments from the museum director. ■ In fiscal 1992, Air & SpacelSmithsoman launched a six-part series focusing on the most sought ob- jects in the cosmos, from extrasolar plants to black holes. A brief preface essay by astronomer Lau- rence Marschall in the October/November issue in- troduced the series of features. ■ The magazine celebrated its sixth anniversary with a folded poster insert in the April/May issue depicting the history of the quest for speed by in- creasingly advanced aircraft, beginning with the Wright brothers and culminating in the SR-7 1 Blackbird. Smithsonian National Associate Program Joseph M. Carper, Director The Smithsonian National Associate Program, the national membership and public outreach arm of the Institution, provides educational opportuni- ties and activities to Associate members and the general public in order to develop loyal national and international constituencies for the Smithson- ian. These activities deal with topics of concern to the Institution and include educational tours, re- search expedition programs, lectures, perfor- mances, workshops, and in-depth seminars, all de- signed to appeal to the current National Associate membership, as well as to new audiences. An im- portant source of income for the Institution, the Smithsonian National Associate Program raises un- restricted trust funds through surpluses generated by its activities and through corporate and individ- ual giving programs, including the Contributing Membership, the James Smithson Society, and the Young Benefactors. ■ Contributions from the Contributing Member- ship exceeded $8 million, a 4 percent increase over fiscal year 1991 . The total number of Con- tributing Membership households exceeded 70,000. Smithsonian Nat tonal As- wciate Program Research Expedition volunteers and staff posing with video- dist technology at the Of- fice oj Printing and Photographic Services. ■ James Smithson Society grants totaling $430,850 were awarded to 15 Smithsonian proj- ects. The Grant Review Board consisted of two members of the Smithsonian Institution Council and a Smithsonian Regents Fellow. The board, with Secretary Adams's final approval, awarded funds to the following projects, among others: The Center for Folklife Programs and Cultural Studies received a grant to cosponsor a photo-text panel exhibit, "Making the White House Work," which will be mounted in the presidential librar- ies. The National Air and Space Museum will de- velop two complementary computer-interactive programs for the new "How Things Fly" gallery, allowing visitors to explore the physics of aerody- namic lift. The National Museum of American Art will create an activity book series to teach ele- mentary school children fine art appreciation through activities that draw extensively on the museum's collections and curatorial staff. The Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO) re- ceived funds to renovate a 7-inch telescope and to modify SAO public education programs so that they are accessible to disabled visitors. The Smith- sonian Institution Libraries was awarded a grant to establish a one-year pilot study of a postgradu- ate residency for a minority member of the library and information sciences profession. ■ Participation in Smithsonian National Associ- ate Program U.S. study tours increased by 13 per- cent over fiscal 1991 . International study tour en- rollment increased by 1 3 percent, and Smithsonian Odyssey tour participation increased by 72 percent. Among the U.S. program high- lights was the Delta Queen's inaugural cruise on the Tennessee/Tombigbee Waterway. In addi- tion, six groups took advantage of special behind- the-scenes tours of the Smithsonian and other cul- tural and historic landmarks during week-long Odyssey tours of Washington, D.C. More than 250 Associates during the year took part in "France through the Ages," the most popular Od- yssey tour. On other international tours, more than 100 Associates participated in "Dutch Water- ways" and visited the Floriade, a vast international flower show that occurs every 10 years, while oth- ers joined the Smithsonian's first midwinter pro- gram in Tibet. ■ Smithsonian Research Expeditions had a re- cord-breaking year with 20 teams of Associates participating in scientific projects. A total of $202,000 and more than 1 3,000 hours of volun- teer labor were contributed to the Smithsonian. Three projects were completed at the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center (SERC), in- cluding a photographic documentation empha- sizing SERC research that will result in a publica- tion and two projects on plant ecology. A team of 25 volunteers gathered information on the Crow Indian role as veterans at the annual Crow Fair. Two teams of Associates assisted geologist Bill Melson of the National Museum of Natural His- tory in monitoring Arenal Volcano in Costa Rica. For the fifth year, a team of Associates helped the National Air and Space Museum with the inven- tory of aircraft technical files and manuals. Smithsonian Resident Associate Program Janet W. Solinger, Director The Resident Associate Program (RAP), the Smithsonian's cultural, continuing education, membership, and outreach arm for metropolitan Washington, continues its mission to bring a rich mix of cultural and educational programs to its more than 145,000 area members and the general public. Each year, more than 300,000 people at- tend RAP's events, which place increasing empha- sis on cultural diversity and worldwide environ- mental concerns. The loyalty of RAP members is 62 reflected in a membership retention rate of about 74 percent. ■ Highlights of the year included RAP's gala cele- bration honoring the 100th birthday of film great Hal Roach; a stellar evening with Rosemary Clooney; sold-out lectures by authors Robert Bly, Carlos Fuentes, Terry McMillan, and Gloria Steinem and by actress Kelly McGillis and archi- tectural historian Vincent Scully; the Washington film premiere of Howards End; performances by American Indian singer Bufty Sainte-Marie and African American singer Abbey Lincoln; and con- certs by jazz pianists Ellis Marsahs and Marcus Roberts. ■ RAP continues to reach national audiences in a variety of ways, including cosponsorship with the Teaching Company of weekend seminars, which are audio- and videotaped for national distribu- tion; taping of RAP lectures by Smithsonian Ra- dio for broadcast on National Public Radio's "Speakers Corner"; an innovative collaboration with the American Chemical Society and the American Institute of Physics on 1 2 workshops for young people, disseminated nationally; and six three-day seminars annually for university, corpo- rate, and government leaders. ■ This year, more than 6,000 students were en- rolled in Campus on the Mall in a single term. Courses with enrollment exceeding 400 included "The Opinion Makers: The Media and the Shap- ing of Public Opinion in the U.S."; "France To- day," in collaboration with the Embassy of France; "Probing the Mysteries of the Brain," taught by scientists from the National Institutes of Health; "Behind the Scenes at the New York Times," pre- senting key Times critics and columnists; and "Murder They Wrote," featuring some of today's foremost murder mystery authors. ■ Through its African American Studies Center, RAP emphasizes its programming for the local Af- rican American community. RAP public service activities include its scholarship program for in- ner-city young people and adults; Discover Graph- ics, the free printmaking program for local public high school students and teachers; and the annual Kite Festival on the National Mall. RAP's Discov- ery Theater, the area's only year-round live theater for young people, commissioned the original pro- duction Banneker to celebrate the Washington, D.C., bicentennial. The performances enjoyed record-breaking attendance and critical acclaim. Visitor Information and Associates' Reception Center Mary Grace Potter, Director Since 1970, the Visitor Information and Associ- ates' Reception Center (VIARC) has served as a central support unit responsible for Smithsonian information and assistance programs for the pub- lic, Associate members, staff, and volunteers. Sev- eral VIARC programs operate seven days a week and involve the coordination and direction of a large corps of volunteers, who provide a primary source of support for the Institution's public infor- mation programs and for project assistance behind the scenes. ■ Open at 9 A.M. daily, the Smithsonian Informa- tion Center assisted more than 1.6 million visi- tors, including some 50,000 Associate members and their families. Services were expanded to in- clude a Museum Shop sales component. ■ Smithsonian Columbus Quincentenary pro- grams were the training focus for VIARC's 600- plus volunteer information specialists, who staffed 16 museum information desks in 1 1 buildings and the Institution's central telephone lines. Some 96 information specialists volunteered for extra duty to support the National Air and Space Mu- seum "Star Trek" exhibition pass system, distrib- uting more than 3,500 passes a day from the Feb- ruary opening to Labor Day. Resident Associate Pro- gram camp counselor Catherine Evans intro- duces a group of RAP summer campers to an -Old World-New World" garden, inspired by the National Museum of Natural History exhi- bition "Seeds of Change. " (Photograph by Richard Strauss) 63 B pbhwhI %■ 1 mi ^^£^ lM fe^ M «p ■ Bk „ m\ *i 1 IV •> f i r «i ^ 9 ^_ Institutional Initiatives Volunteer Ben Axleroad, a retiree! Episcopalian minister, lends his broad experience and talents by using his translation skills, conducting research on issues of accessibility, or cheerfully stuffing en- velopes. Axleroad is among the nearly I , ioo Behind-the-Scenes volun- teers who served the Insti- tution in 1992. {Photograph by Kyle Hood) ■ The Public Inquiry Mail and Telephone Infor- mation Service Unit processed some 43,678 pieces ot mail and responded to some 368,916 telephone inquiries. The latter included some 1,467 calls for information on Smithsonian heritage celebrations and 3 1 ,679 to special "Star Trek" exhibition infor- mation lines. ■ VIARCs Behind-the-Scenes Volunteer Pro- gram implemented a new customized personal computer— based volunteer records management system. Developed in-house at considerable cost savings, this system greatly enhanced the effi- ciency and effectiveness of registration and place- ment activities for some 1 ,081 volunteers. ■ The Castle Docent Program added public Span- ish-language tours of the building. During the spring and autumn months, the program also added tours of the Enid A. Haupt Garden. ■ The Information Resource Division updated and maintained VIARCs automated information systems; redesigned the visitor orientation map used on publications and wayfinding signs; pub- lished monthly pan-Institutional information refer- ence materials and quarterly issues of the volun- teer newsletter InfoSpecial; and produced some 1 3 publications, including Planning Your Smithsonian Visit, The Castle & Beyond, and special "samplers" on Quincentenary and heritage celebrations. Office of the Assistant Secretary for Institutional Initiatives Alice Green Burnette, Assistant Secretary The wide-ranging development activities of the Smithsonian are the responsibility of the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Institutional Initia- tives. The office coordinates the Institution's broad efforts with those of the bureaus and offices to ensure that the Smithsonian receives the fullest possible private support for its research, exhibi- tions, and educational and public service activi- ties. The office also conducts special studies and demonstration projects on behalf of the Institution. ■ During 1992, an Institution-wide task force of development and administrative professionals re- viewed Smithsonian fund-raising activities with the goal of enhancing these efforts and increasing their efficiency. The assistant secretary will be re- sponsible for implementing the task force recom- mendations. ■ The Office of Institutional Initiatives continued to coordinate the implementation of the fund-rais- ing effort for the National Museum of the Ameri- can Indian, including the completion of staff hir- ing for the national campaign office. ■ The assistant secretary worked with the Smith- sonian National Board and the Office of Develop- ment to design a new subfund of the Smithsonian Trust as a conduit for the anticipated increase in development activity by the National Board. ■ In June 1992, the assistant secretary hosted a re- ception in Mazoe, Zimbabwe, for National Board members who traveled to Zimbabwe and Botswa- na on their annual study tour. 64 National Museum of the American Indian National Campaign Office John L. Colonghi, Director The National Museum of the American Indian (NMAI) National Campaign Office is responsible for conceiving and carrying out the fund-raising plan adopted for the museum by the Smithsonian Board of Regents. By legislative mandate, the In- stitution is required to provide one-third of the cost of constructing the museum's facility on the National Mall. The anticipated campaign goal ot $60 million includes funds for the Smithsonian one-third share of construction in addition to funds to endow the museum's education and out- reach programs. ■ The NMAI National Campaign continues to sponsor and benefit from many fund-raising events around the country, including the "Celebra- tion for the American Indian" held annually in Aspen, Colorado. The campaign also seeks finan- cial and in-kind support from individuals, corpora- tions, and foundations in pursuit of its fund-rais- ing goal. ■ Since its inception in April 1991, the NMAI national membership program has recruited more than 50,000 members and generated gross reve- nues of $1.8 million. The success of this program demonstrates the broad base of support for the vi- sion of the National Museum of the Ametican Indian. ■ The NMAI National Campaign has assembled a prestigious Honorary Committee (see box), in- cluding national Indian leaders, entertainment ce- lebrities, and all living former U.S. presidents. Committee members make a significant contribu- tion by helping to establish a positive environ- ment for the campaign, creating the enthusiasm and momentum needed to generate funds, and as- sisting the campaign staff in tecruiting the active support of another voluntary leadership group, the International Founders Council, which will take on the primary fund-raising role for the NMAI. HONORARY COMMITTEE National Museum of the American Indian National Campaign Senator Ben Nighthorse Campbell (Northern Cheyenne), Chair President George Bush The Right Reverend Robert M. Anderson Mr. and Mrs. Robert O. Anderson Willard L. Boyd Jimmy Carter and Rosalynn Carter Ralph T. Coe Kevin Costnet President Gerald R. Ford and Mrs. Ford Barry Goldwater R. C. Gorman (Navajo) LaDonna Harris (Comanche) James A. Joseph Doris Leader Charge (Rosebud Lakota) George F. MacDonald Wilma Mankiller (Cherokee) Jose Matos Mar Paul Newman President Richard Nixon and Mrs. Nixon Arnold Palmer Octavio Paz Janine Pease— Windy Boy (Crow) President and Mrs. Ronald Reagan Robert Redford W. Ann Reynolds Rabbi A. James Rudin Douglas W. Schwartz Sargent Shriver Martin Sullivan Maria Tallchief (Osage) Stewart L. Udall James D. Wolfensohn 65 Mrs. Dorem D. Whit- ney {l.d J olla. Cali jor- um) iincl Mr. John Mack Carter (New York, Neu' York) at the opening for the National Museum of American His- tory exhibition "First La- dies: Political Role and Public Image. " Mrs. Whitney is the national chairman of Friends of First Ladies. Air. Carter is editor-in-chief of Good Housekeeping. Contributions from both organizations made the exhibition possible. Office of Development Marie Mattson, Director The mission of the Office of Development is to generate private financial support from corpora- tions, foundations, and individual donors for the Smithsonian Institution to further its goals and ob- jectives. The office is responsible for fund raising in support of institutional priorities and selected bureau projects and programs and for leading and coordinating fund-raising initiatives, including re- lated marketing activities, throughout the Institu- tion. The office maintains central research and record -keeping functions and provides other spe- cialized support services, including management of volunteer organizations, stewardship of grants, maintenance of reference information and publica- tions, maintenance of a pan-Institutional constitu- ency data base, and development of an informa- tion data base. ■ Private sector gifts, grants, and pledges to the Smithsonian increased significantly in fiscal year 1992, with donations made in support of specific projects and programs increasing by 66 percent over 1 991; general unrestricted gifts to the Institu- tion increased by 39 percent. Major commitments received this year include a 10-year, $7 million gift from the Lila Wallace-Reader's Digest Fund to create and circulate jazz exhibitions and con- certs and create related programs; $1.5 million from Glenn Tupper in support of the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; $1.5 million from the Lam Foundation for acquisitions at the Freer Gallery of Art; and $950,000 from Grupo IGS in support of the "Where Next Columbus?" exhibi- tion at the National Air and Space Museum. ■ The Smithsonian National Board, the Institu- tion's primary volunteer fund-raising organiza- tion, held biannual meetings in Charleston, South Carolina, and Washington, D.C. The board also increased its activities in advancement and market- ing support to the Institution. ■ During 1992, the office completed installation of a new Institution-wide constituency and devel- opment information computer system. With this system, any Smithsonian development officer can check on-line information about gifts and grants, research requests, cultivation activity, and solicita- tion coordination. Smithsonian Women 'i Committee The Smithsonian Women's Committee supports the Institution through volunteer fund-raising and public relations services. Funds raised by the committee support educational and research pro- grams throughout the Smithsonian. ■ In celebration of its 25th anniversary, the com- mittee presented to the Institution a $175,000 Fellowship in Museum Practice. An additional $10,000 was given to support the initial awards under this fellowship. ■ The 1 oth annual Washington Craft Show in April attracted more than 14,000 visitors and net- ted a record $180,000. The Christmas Dance held at the National Air and Space Museum netted $50,000, and the Fourth of July Picnic held on the root of the National Museum of American His- tory showed a profit of $7,000. ■ The committee provided $216,435 in support of 24 projects in 14 bureaus. These projects in- cluded development of an educational kit on Na- tive American cultures, creation of a guide to the Smithsonian for disabled visitors, and construc- tion of modest research facilities at the new Mpala Research Center in Kenya. 66 Finance and Administration Office of the Assistant Secretary for Finance and Administration Nancy D. Suttenfield, Assistant Secretary- Operating behind the scenes at the Smithsonian, a network of administrative support offices serves the diverse operations of the Institution. These of- fices oversee the management and use of financial, human, and physical resources. Funding for these central services in 1992 amounted to about 6 per- cent of the Institution's total operating expenses. ■ The Office of Accounting and Financial Ser- vices began expanded dialogue with and training of users, with the goal of improving services. Dur- ing the year the office also designed and imple- mented a new data entry system that improved the efficiency of processing financial transactions. ■ The Office of Architectural History and His- toric Preservation continued research and publica- tion on the architectural history of Smithsonian buildings and oversight of the Smithsonian's obli- gations for historic preservation. ■ The Business Management Office oversees four revenue-producing activities: Museum Shops, Mail Order, Product Development and Licensing, and Concessions. The net income from these activ- ities increased significantly from fiscal 1991. ■ The Office of Contracting and Property Man- agement designed and implemented an auto- mated requisition tracking system to ensure timely action on procurement and installed a "Help Desk" for customer assistance. Contracts were awarded for a new mainframe computer and construction of the George Gustav Heye Center of the National Museum of the American Indian in New York City. ■ The Office of Design and Construction contin- ued to direct the facilities programming for the National Museum of the American Indian. A de- sign firm was selected this year for the museum's Suitland, Maryland, cultural resources center. The office also supervised construction of the new chiller plant at the National Museum of Natural History/National Museum of Man, the plaza reno- vation at the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, the renovation of the Freer Gallery of Art, and the replacement of the copper roof on the Cooper-Hewitt, National Museum of Design. ■ The Office of Environmental Management and Safety continued its responsibility for ensuring that safety, fire protection and prevention, indus- trial hygiene, and environmental principles are in- tegrated into all aspects of the Smithsonian. ■ The Office of Equal Employment and Minority Affairs advances cultural and gender diversity, as well as equal opportunity, by managing, monitor- ing, and evaluating equal employment opportu- nity and special emphasis programs. This year the office established a resource network for minori- ties, women, and individuals with disabilities; in- creased the number of participants in the upward mobility program; strengthened its monitoring of cultural diversity efforts; increased the number of complaints settled during the informal and formal stages; and provided assistance to bureaus and of- fices in achieving affirmative action objectives. ■ The Office of Facilities Services implemented the Institution's long-range facilities planning process with the establishment of the Capital Pro- gram Planning Board. ■ The Office of Financial and Management Analy- sis began making improvements to the directives issuance and distribution system. The office also expanded its emphasis on leading and partici- pating in comprehensive institutional studies and analyses. ■ The Office of Human Resources led the devel- opment of a new museum specialist occupational study affecting approximately 1,200 positions within the Smithsonian. The study will update oc- cupational information, which will be used to de- termine the grade level of these positions govern- ment-wide. ■ The Office of Information Resource Manage- ment worked closely with the Smithsonian Institu- tion Libraries and other users to evaluate replace- ment systems for the Smithsonian Institution Bibliographic System (SIBIS). The new system will be called SIRIS (Smithsonian Institution Re- search Information Systems) to reflect broader use as an automated reference tool. A contract for the new system was awarded at the close of the fiscal 67 year, with operation scheduled to begin in the spring of 1993. ■ The Smithsonian Ombudsman worked with employees and management as a neutral party in solving work-related problems. ■ The Office of Plant Services continued to refine employee training and development in the rapidly changing field of facilities maintenance and man- agement. Efforts in this area will assure the Insti- tution of better service from a well-trained work force. ■ The Office of Planning and Budget continued its efforts to improve the Personnel Cost Projec- tion System; undertook a comprehensive examina- tion of the Institution's planning process; and en- gaged all members of the office in a team effort to improve services to bureaus and offices. ■ The Office of Printing and Photographic Ser- vices is using video disc technologies to develop pioneering techniques tor the preservation of pho- tographic images while making them available si- multaneously in electronic form. A program of providing digitized Smithsonian photographs through computer networks was expanded to in- clude the Internet, a program that enables schools and nonprofit organizations to obtain electronic ac- cess to Smithsonian images without charge. ■ The Office of Protection Services centralized se- curity officer hiring procedures and worked to- ward improving services by performing security administration programs on site at major facili- ties. Assistance in cultural property protection was provided to the new Russian government through international conference and outreach programs. ■ The Office of Risk Management continued to provide risk and insurance management services to protect the Smithsonian's assets against risk or loss. The Institution's master Disaster Prepared- ness Plan was completed, and implementation is under way. ■ The Office of Sponsored Projects served the Smithsonian's research effort by supporting the work of 139 researchers, who submitted 221 pro- posals valued at $69 million to federal and nonfed- eral sponsors in 1992, an increase of 137 percent over fiscal 1 99 1 . One hundred fifty-two grant and contract awards having a value of approximately $18.5 million were received from the federal gov- ernment and other sponsors, an increase of 42 per- cent over 1 99 1 . ■ The Travel Services Office implemented its first contract with a travel agency, and through this contract received a rebate in excess of $148,000 for the year. ■ The Office of the Treasurer continues to man- age the administration and investment of the Smithsonian endowment and working capital funds. ■ The Smithsonian Institution Women's Council initiated discussions with the administration on a uniform family leave policy and more flexible work schedules for employees; continued to re- search options for an Institution-wide mentoring program; and, through a Women's History Month program on employees in nontraditional roles, inspired serious, constructive dialogue on possible solutions to the problems women face in many segments of the work force. Under Secretary Office of the Under Secretary Constance Berry Newman, Under Secretary The under secretary is the chief operating officer of the Smithsonian and is responsible for the day-to- day administration of the Institution. Under Secre- tary Constance Berry Newman also works with Secretary Robert McC. Adams and the Board of Regents to set long-range priorities tor the Smith- sonian and develop mechanisms for carrying them out. ■ The organizational review study conducted by the late under secretary, Carmen Turner, was im- plemented during the year, resulting in the consol- idation of several offices and the streamlining of institutional operations. ■ A detailed analysis of each bureau and office was carried out with the goal of testructuring the Smithsonian to better meet its priorities and to function more efficiently in the 21st century. 68 Office of Government Relations Margaret C. Gaynor, Director The Office of Government Relations represents the Institution on matters of legislation, policy, operations, and governance to the Congress and other government entities at the federal, state, and local levels. It is the primary conduit of legis- lative information, as well as the advocate of Smithsonian interests in the legislative process. ■ Legislation providing for the appointment of three new citizen members of the Board of Re- gents and legislation to establish a National Afri- can American Museum occupied the office throughout much of the i02d Congress. ■ Areas of ongoing legislative activity include the extension of the National Air and Space Museum, biological diversity research and conservation, and the acquisition of an administrative building for various Smithsonian offices. Office of Public Affairs Madeleine Jacobs, Director By coordinating publicity and advertising pro- grams at the Smithsonian, the Office of Public Af- fairs helps bring the Smithsonian story — its exhi- bitions, research, public programs, and other activities — to diverse cultural communities in the United States and abroad. The office serves as an information clearinghouse for print and broadcast journalists by providing news releases (600 a year), background papers, press conferences, pho- tographic support, videotapes, logistical support, and television and radio public service announce- ments. The office's publications include Research Reports (a quarterly research bulletin), Smithsonian Runner (a bimonthly newsletter for Native Ameri- cans), the Smithsonian News Service (a syndicated monthly feature story service for newspapers), the Torch (a monthly employee newspaper), and a wide variety of visitor and special resource publications. ■ With support from the Educational Outreach Program, the office formed and met with a Latino Media Advisory Committee composed of distin- guished communications experts from around the nation. In the area of Latino outreach, the office continued its year-long publicity and radio adver- tising campaign on the Columbus Quincentenary with a national radio promotion; continued bi- weekly ads in two local Spanish-language newspa- pers highlighting Smithsonian events of interest to Latinos in the Washington, D.C. , area; and im- plemented several of the committee's recommenda- tions, including the provision of Spanish-language flyers at several museum information desks and a Spanish-language events line. ■ The office published and distributed two new brochures funded by the Educational Outreach Program. "Exploring African American Heritage at the Smithsonian" is a four-color, 12-page visi- tor brochure for secondary-school students and the general public; "African & African American Re- sources at the Smithsonian" is a 32-page brochure with detailed information on research, collections, employment, and internships for scholars, journal- ists, students, and others. ■ The office expanded its publicity and advertis- ing efforts on radio by participating, at no cost to the Institution, in a weekly five-minute segment on WMAL-AM radio highlighting activities at Smithsonian museums; providing weekly paid commercials to three local radio stations oriented to African American listeners; and providing weekly paid commercials to the largest Washing- ton-area Spanish-language radio station and its af- filiated television station. ■ The office prepared long-range communications plans for the National Museum of the American Indian, including publicity plans for the Novem- ber 1992 opening of the exhibition "Pathways of Tradition," which is a prelude to the opening of the museum's New York facility in 1994. Affiliated Organizations The John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, the National Gallery of Art, and the Wood- row Wilson International Center for Scholars were established by Congress within the Smithsonian Institution, under their own boards of trustees. The Institution provides administrative services on contract for Reading Is Fundamental, Inc., an independent organization. John F . Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts James D. Wolfensohn, Chairman The John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts plays a unique role in the cultural life of the United States. It is the nation's stage, presenting the best of American and international artists in year-round presentations on six stages. The Ken- nedy Center's producing efforts, commissioning programs, competitions, and apprenticeship and training programs, stimulate the creation of new arts and the development of new artists. The cen- ter also seeds innovative programs that reach teach- ers and students from prekindergarten through col- lege in most of the 50 states. ■ The Kennedy Center was instrumental this year in organizing the Arts Education Partnership Working Group, a national bipartisan coalition of artists, educators, community leaders, arts present- ers, hinders, and policy makers committed to making arts education a meaningful part of educa- tion reform. In another national initiative, the Kennedy Center organized and hosted the Per- forming Arts Centers and Schools Institute, a fo- rum to explore and create new programs to incor- porate the performing arts into the curriculum. ■ Through partnerships with Broadway produc- ers and regional theaters, the Kennedy Center is working to keep American musical theater alive despite rising costs. Topping the list of new pro- ductions supported by the Kennedy Center was the Tony Award— winning Broadway sellout re- vival of Guys and Dolls. In addition, the Kennedy Center and the Metropolitan Opera Guild commis- sioned Carly Simon to compose an opera for young people for spring 1993. ■ The National Symphony Orchestra presented the world premier performances of rwo commis- sioned works by Russian composer Vyacheslav Ar- tyomov: Gentle Emanations and On the Threshold of a Bright New World. ■ The Kennedy Center Mozart Festival brought some of the nation's finest musical artists together to mark the Decembet 1991 Mozart Bicentennial. The Kennedy Center collaborated with the Li- brary of Congress, the National Gallery of Art, the National Museum of American History, and the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars to organize a citywide celebration that in- cluded performances, exhibits, and symposia. ■ The Kennedy Center Tribute to Germany treated festival-goers to dozens of performances of music by German composers, featuring fine Amer- ican and German artists; classical and contempo- rary ballet with the Stuttgart Ballet; masterworks of modern dance; and theatrical productions. ■ Ongoing Kennedy Center activities included the Arts Enterprise Zone Program, which brings performances, master classes, and much-needed role models and training to underserved neighbor- hoods, and the Cultural Passport Program, which encourages inner-city young people to explore the vast cultural resources of the capital city. The Na- tional Symphony Orchestra's NSO in Your Neigh- borhood Program presented free community and holiday concerts. National Gallery of Art J. Carter Brown, Director The National Gallery of Art serves the United States in a national role by preserving, collecting, exhibiting, and fostering the understanding of works of art at the highest possible museum and scholarly standards. 70 ■ In recognition of the 500th anniversary of Co- lumbus's first voyage to the Americas, the gallery mounted the most wide-ranging exhibition in its 50-year history. "Circa 1492: Art in the Age of Exploration" displayed more than 600 works of art, as well as maps and scientific instruments bor- rowed from lenders in the United States and 31 other countries. Programs accompanying the exhi- bition included a two-day public symposium, two special high school days for area students and their families, and a family day — the first held in con- nection with an exhibition — that drew more than 500 Washington, D.C., families. ■ Other exhibitions during the year included "Albert Bierstadt: Art & Enterprise," which fea- tured more than 70 works by this 19th-century artist, who was the first to capture the powerful visual impact of the American West on a monu- mental scale. A small but important exhibition brought together for the first time since the turn of the century the three National Gallery panels of the recently restored Saint Anne Altarpiece by Ge- rard David with six smaller panels believed to have been part of the original altarpiece. Other ex- hibitions focused on the Italian baroque artist Guercino, on Kiithe Kollwitz and Ernst Kirchner, and on American Indian Art. ■ Nearly 1 ,000 works in the permanent collec- tion were reorganized and reinstalled in refur- bished galleries in the West Building. The East Building galleries were reinstalled with 20th-cen- tury art, including works acquired during the gal- lery's recent 50th anniversary year and major loans from private collections. ■ The gallery's collections were greatly enriched by the acquisition of several collections. The Armand Hammer collection of old master and modern drawings includes drawings by Leonardo, Raphael, Correggio, Tiepolo, Watteau, Frago- nard, Ingres, and Degas. A group of 23 old mas- ter drawings that had been collected by Ian Woodner was given to the gallery by his daugh- ters. William B. O'Neal gave 88 old master draw- ings. A collection of 1 29 etchings and lithographs by Lovis Corinth was given by the family of Sig- bert H. Marcy, a close friend of the artist. ■ The Education Division introduced three new audio tours of the permanent collection and pre- sented a 24-session slide lecture survey of the his- tory of Western art and eight lectures on the art and artists of some of the world's best-loved cities. Grants from the Bauman Foundation and the Cir- cle of the National Gallery of Art underwrote a survey and directory of art museum-based teacher programs. ■ The viewing audience for Extension Programs materials was more than 43 million. For the first time, the use of materials by individual public and instructional television stations within the Af- filiate Loan system outstripped the broadcast activ- ity of national educational networks. ■ J. Carter Brown, who had been the gallery's di- rector for 23 years, announced his decision to re- tire. His successor, Earl A. Powell III, who had been a curator at the gallery before becoming di- rector of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, assumed his duties on September 8. Reading Is Fundamental, Inc. Ruth P. Graves, President During the past year, nearly 3 million children chose more than 9 million books and discovered the pleasures of reading through Reading Is Fun- damental, Inc. (RIF). Started in 1966, RIF has be- come the nation's largest children's literacy pro- gram, with a volunteer force of 141 ,000 citizens and a network of grass roots projects stretching from Maine to Guam, from the Virgin Islands to Alaska. RIF serves young people at more than 14,000 sites and in a range of settings: schools, li- braries, facilities for children with disabilities, Head Start and Even Start centers, Native Ameri- can reservations, migrant labor camps, juvenile de- tention centers, hospitals, and clinics. ■ Among the new initiatives launched this year were a $ 1 million effort in support of new and ex- Among the Nat tonal Gal- lery of Art's acquisitions this year was this paint- ing by Claude Monet, The Japanese Foot- bridge. 1899. The painting was a gift of the late Victoria Nebeker Coberly, in memory of her son John W. Mudd, with help from Walter H. and Leonore An- nenberg. 71 isting RIF projects underwritten by Nestle USA; the Chrysler- and GE-runded STAR (Science, Technology, and Reading) program to engage children in hands-on science activities that spark an interest in books about science and technology; a three-year New York Times Foundation pro- gram to establish RIF projects in communities where New York Times regional newspapers oper- ate; and Family of Readerssm, which trains adult learners to run RIF programs for their children. ■ While an Arkansas initiative is serving 8 out of i o fourth graders throughout the state, two serv- ice organizations — Kiwanis International and the General Federation of Women's Clubs — are estab- lishing RIF projects for preschoolers across the na- tion. The success of Running Start* for first-grad- ers led Chrysler to extend the program into a fourth year and expand its scope. ■ In Los Angeles, where RIF serves more than 30,000 children at 170 sites, RIF President Ruth Graves led a highly successful book drive during the American Booksellers Association convention to help public libraries destroyed in the riots. ■ In October, the Center for the Book in the Li- brary of Congress hosted a children's book party to launch To Ride a Butterfly, a RIF anthology pub- lished by Bantam Doubleday Dell to benefit RIF. ■ During the eighth annual Reading Is Fun Week in April, First Lady Barbara Bush presided over a ceremony in Washington, D.C. Woodroiv Wilson International Center for Scholars Charles Blitzer, Director The Wilson Center is an institute for advanced study established by Congress in 1968 as the offi- cial memorial to the nation's 28th president. Its mission is to honor the career and character of Woodrow Wilson by bringing together the world of learning and the world of public affairs. The center achieves this mission by addressing the en- tire spectrum of human knowledge and creativity, from the arts and humanities to the sciences. The center welcomes fellows and guest scholars from around the world, sponsors discussion programs, and conducts publishing and radio programs that deliver the results of scholarly research. ■ A highlight of the year was the Wilson Cen- ter's month-long citywide commemoration of the 200th anniversary of Mozart's death. The Wilson Center, together with other organizations, collabo- rated to present a celebration of Mozart's brilliance that emphasized fresh insights into creativity. Among the participants in the symposium and fes- tival were internationally known scholars of eco- nomics, history, music, philosophy, and psychol- ogy, as well as novelist Anthony Burgess and nu- merous musicians. ■ Another bicentennial program, cosponsored by the Wilson Center and the National Archives, commemorated the ratification of the Bill of Rights. On December 15, Bill of Rights Day, Chief Justice William Rehnquist delivered a timely lecture on the topic of an independent judi- ciary and individual rights. ■ The Wilson Center developed themes that will provide a focal point for scholarly research and events during the next few years: ethnicity, in broad comparative international terms; the plight of the world's cities politically, economically, and socially; and power sharing and governance in the global process of the changing relationship of the state and civil society. ■ "Dialogue," the Wilson Center's nationally syn- dicated radio program, was selected to join the prestigious American Public Radio network. ■ The Wilson Center announced the appoint- ment by the White House of Smithsonian secre- tary emeritus S. Dillon Ripley and New York Uni- versity professor of writing and literature Carol Iannone as members of its board of trustees. ■ The Wilson Council, an advisory body of pri- vate citizens, welcomed three new members: Al- bert Abramson, an active member of the Washing- ton, D.C, real estate and philanthropic communities; Theodore Barreaux, counselor to the comptroller general, General Accounting Of- fice; and William Slaughter, a partner in the law firm Ballard, Spahr, Andrews, &Ingersoll. 72 Benefactors The Smithsonian gratefully acknowledges the support of the individuals, foundations, and corporations whose gifts, grants, bequests, and contributing memberships have helped sustain the work of the Institution over the past fiscal year, October i, 1991, through September 30, 1992. The Smithsonian owes its founding to the generosity of one individual, James Smithson. The spirit of private support, as exemplified by James Smithson's gift, continues to play a vital role in providing the Smithsonian with the flexibility and in- dependence essential to its creative growth. During most of its history since 1846, the Institution has relied on a combination of both federal and private funding to carry out the terms of James Smithson's will. As a trust instru- mentality of the United States, the Smithsonian has received federal appropriations to support its basic operations and se- lected initiatives. The national and international reputation for excellence held by the Smithsonian is in large part a result of the innovative and imaginative activities underwritten by visionary private citizens. Of particular importance are gifts that have supported the Smithsonian's core functions — exhibi- tions, collections acquisition, research, and public educa- tion— that are central to its achievements. Several outstanding gifts during fiscal 1992 exemplify the diversity and impact of private support on the Smithsonian's programs: ■ The Lila Wallace— Reader's Digest Fund has awarded an un- precedented $7 million to the Smithsonian to create a unique national jazz celebration spanning 10 years. "America's Jazz Heritage," to be implemented by the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service, the National Museum of Ameri- can History, and the Office of Telecommunications, will in- clude exhibitions, performances, educational programs, recordings, special events, publications, research, and radio programs at the Smithsonian and in cities around the country. "America's Jazz Heritage" will begin in spring 1993 with the exhibition "Beyond Category: The Musical Genius of Duke El- lington" at the National Museum of American History and performances by the Smithsonian Jazz Masterworks Or- chestra. ■ The Freer Gallery of Art received a major gift from the B. Y. Lam Foundation, of Hong Kong, for the purchase of Chi- nese works of art. It is the largest donation received from a single donor since the gallery opened to the public in 1923, and it will allow the Freer to make important additions to its collections. ■ The Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, headquar- tered in Panama, has been the beneficiary of several major gifts from Glenn O. Tupper since 1985, including support for the construction of the Earl S. Tupper Research and Con- ference Center, named in honor of his father, a noted philan- thropist and founder of Tupperware. Mr. Tapper's fiscal 1992 gift establishes a permanent fund to support scientific research on tropical marine and terrestrial ecosystems and will assist in renovating STRI's previous administration building to house the new Center for Tropical Paleoecology. ■ "Where Next, Columbus?" — an exhibition examining the prospects for space exploration and discovery in the future, was made possible by a unique consortium of international corporate and government sponsors. The sponsors include the McDonnell Douglas Foundation; Ameritech Foundation; Grupo IGS, a real estate development company in Spain; United Technologies Sikorsky Aircraft; GE Aircraft Engines; Boeing Defense & Space Group, Helicopters Division; the Spain '92 Foundation; and United Airlines. ■ Friends of First Ladies, a group of more than 90 individuals from around the country chaired by volunteer fund-raiser Dor- ene D. Whitney, of La Jolla, California, contributed a substan- tial portion of the funds needed to conserve the first ladies' gowns and to install a new version of the first ladies exhibition entitled "First Ladies: Political Role and Public Image." This fund-raising effort is endorsed by the seven most recent first ladies. ■ Philip D. Reed, Jr. , and Elizabeth B. Reed's visionary con- cern for animal preservation and environmental conservation was recently expressed by gifts to the Smithsonian's New Op- portunities in Animal Health Sciences (NOAHS) Center and the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center (SERC) from the Philip D. Reed Foundation, Inc. The Reeds' gifts will en- able the NOAHS Center to inaugurate two post-doctoral fel- lowships in applications of biomedical research technology to the preservation of endangered species. SERC will build an ed- ucation/orientation center, named for the Reeds, for visitors to its Chesapeake Bay facility. 73 ■ Harry and Beverly Mandil, long-time members ot the Smithsonian, recently established an endowment fund to sup- port the Harry and Beverly Mandil Internship at the National Museum ot American Art. The Mandils' gift will allow a stu- dent who would otherwise not be able to participate in the in- ternship program to pursue professional training through full- time work during the fall, spring, or summer semesters. ■ For ten years, Pearl Rappaport Kaplan served as a docent at the Renwick Gallery of the National Museum of American Art. When she died in August 1991, her family and friends joined together and gave nearly 100 gifts to establish the Pearl Rappaport Kaplan Fund in her memory, which has al- ready begun to underwrite programs at the Renwick Gallery. Donors of Financial Support The following donors have made gifts of $ 1 ,000 or more to the Smithsonian. Certain donors have requested anonymity. If the name of any other donor has been omitted, it is unintentional and in no way diminishes the Smithsonian's appreciation. Holenia Trust B. Y. Lam Foundation Mt. Glenn O. Tupper I.ila Wallace- Reader's Digest Fund Grupo IGS The John D. & Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation ( )i t idencal Chemical Corp. Sikorsky Aircraft Spain '92 Foundation Xerox Corporation Mr. and Mrs. Philip D. Reed. Jr.. (Princeton. New Jersey) at the Exploring the Smithsonian Universe pro- gram. May 1992. Through the Philip D. Reed Foundation, they have supported scientific research pro- grams. The Reeds are longtime members of the James Smithson Society. Anonymous Abbott Charitable Trust The Aga Khan Trust for Culture American Psychological Association Ameritech Association forJapan-U.S. Community Exchanges Mr. and Mrs. James A. Block The Boeing Company Brother International Corp. Chesapeake Research Consortium, Inc. The Ford Foundation General Electric Aircraft Engine Group Mrs. Enid A. Haupt William & Flora Hewlett Foundation Knight Foundation Embassy of the State of Kuwait The Henry Luce Foundation, Inc. Mr. Henry Luce III Mr. and Mrs. Harry Mandil McDonnell Douglas Corporation NYNEX Corporation The Nomura Cultural Foundation The Nomura Securities Co. , Ltd. Orkin Pest Control The Pew Charitable Trusts Philip D. Reed Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Philip D. Reed. Jr. The Rockefeller Foundation Mr. David Rockefeller Mrs. Else Sackler Timex Corporation Harry Winston Research Foundation, Inc. World Wildlife Fund Anonymous American Express Company American Masters Foundation American Society of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgeons The Annenberg Foundation Beyond the Wall Morris & Gwendolyn Cafritz Foundation Computerworld Information Technology Awards Foundation, Inc. Consolidated Natural Gas Co. The Nathan Cummings Foundation Ethyl Corporation Exxon Corporation Government of Finland Government of Germany Horace W. Goldsmith Foundation The Hearst Corporation International Business Machines Corporation The Island Fund in the New York Community Trust William T. Kemper Foundation William Douglas McAdams, Inc. Andrew W. Mellon Foundation The Honorable and Mrs. Daniel P. Moymhan National Corn Growers Association National Geographic Society National Potato Promotion Board The Nature Company Norfolk Southern Foundation Paramount Communications Inc. Pitney Bowes Swim Environmental Awareness Time Warner Inc. Wolf Trap Foundation for the Performing Arts XIV World Congress of Accountants Zoologische Gesellschaft 74 Professor [and Mrs. Ikuo Hirayama (Tokyo. Japan) at the Smithsonian Benefactors' Circle annual event, September 1992. The Hirayamas have supported con- servation and collection reinstallation activities at the Freer Gallery of Art. Professor Hirayama has also ob- tained Japanese corporate support for a scholarly ex- change program. Professor and Mrs. Hirayama are both artists, and Professor Hirayama is president of Tokyo National University of Fine Arts and Music. Lt. Col. and Mrs. William K. Konze. Ret. U.S.A.. (Oxon Hill. Maryland) at the James Smith- son Society dinner. September 1992. The Konzes are James Smithson Society Endowed Life members. Anonymous AMS Foundation for the Arts, Sciences and Humanities Abbott Laboratories The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia Air Line Pilots Association Air Products & Chemicals, Inc. Allen & Company Incorporated American Institute or Aeronautics and Astronautics Ms. Elena D. Amos Mr. and Mrs. William S. Anderson The Art Research Foundation Mrs. Marine Arundel Mrs. Mary M. Ashmore Aspen/Snowmass Celebration for the American Indian Bank of America National Trust and Savings Association The Bay Foundation Diane & Norman Bernstein Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Norman Bernstein Mr. and Mrs. Barry Bingham, Jr. Blum-Kovler Foundation Bnstol-Myets Squibb Company The Eh & Edythe Broad Foundation Mr. Eh Broad The Brown Foundation, Inc. Emil Buehlet Trust Ms. Linda Butler C&P Telephone Company Cahners Publishing Company University ot California, Los Angeles Champion Internationa] Corp. Elizabeth F. Cheney Foundation Chiang Ching-Kuo Foundation for International Scholarly Exchange Citibank N.A. Clark-Winchcole Foundation Cleveland-Cliffs Inc. The Colbert Foundation, Inc. Consolidated Edison Co. of New York, Inc. Queene Ferry Coonley Foundation, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Thomas G. Cousins Cray Users Group, Inc. Mrs. William C. Cummings Ms. Florence D'Urso Dallas Zoological Society Dennis Trading Group, Inc. The Derrymore Foundation Dibner Fund, Inc. Mr. David Dibner Direct Marketing Association Ms. Marna Disbrow The Discovery Channel Mr. Charles H. Dodson Mrs. Anne C. Earhart Earthwatch Eastman Kodak Company Economic & Social Commission for Asia & the Pacific Elt Aquitaine F.T.P. Software, Inc. Fairchild Space & Defense Corp. Family Circle Magazine Federal Express Corp. Fidicomiso Para La Cultura Mexico/ USA Roger S. Firestone Foundation Frace Fund for Wildlite Pteservation Freeport-McMoRan Inc. Fried, Frank, Harris, Shriver & Jacobson Fund, Inc. Bob Frink Chevrolet-GEO Dr. and Mrs. Phillip Frost Luis E. Garcia, Inc. Gavel International General Service Foundation Embassy of the Federal Republic of Germany Gold Bond - Good Humor Ice Cream Florence J. Gould Foundation Graham Foundation for Advanced Studies in the Fine Arts Mr. Jerome L. Greene The Greenstone Foundation Ms. Linda A. Grimsley The Harry Frank Guggenheim Foundation Mrs. Carol P. Guyer Miriam & Peter Haas Fund Mr. and Mrs. Peter E. Haas, Sr. The Herbert Hafif Family Foundation Mr. John M. Harbert III Fred Harvey, AMFAC Resort, Inc. Hayden Family Foundation Mr. Richard M. Hayden Mr. Lloyd E. Herman Historic Georgetown Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Frank W. Hoch Hoffman-La Roche, Inc. Mrs. Ruth S. Holmberg Home Box Office The Homeland Foundation Mrs. Veronica A. Huber Hughes Danbury Optical Systems Mr. William J. Hume IVI Travel Inter Con Systems Corporation Intermedics Orthopedics, Inc. and Protek AG International Conference Management, Inc. International Creative Management, Inc. Investment Company Institute Island Press JHK & Associates The Jacobs Family Foundation Mr. Joseph J. Jacobs James Renwick Alliance The Japan Foundation The Johnson Foundation (Trust) Mr. and Mrs. Samuel C. Johnson W. Alton Jones Foundation, Inc. Kaman Music Corporation Keebler Company Ms. Nannder Kaur Keith W.K. Kellogg Foundation David Woods Kemper Memorial Foundation Mr. David Woods Kemper II Mr. and Mrs. James M. Kemper, Jr. The Khalili Family Trust Mr. Peter B. Kovler The Samuel H. Kress Foundation Mr. Harvey M. Krueger Peter Krueger-Christies Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Laurence W. Lane, Jr. Mr. Samuel Lehrman Levi Strauss & Company Richard Lounsbery Foundation MCI Communications Corp. 75 MCI Foundation Manomet Bird Observatory Marpat Foundation, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. John F. Mars Martin Marietta Corporation Masco Corporation McCasland Foundation Chauncey & Marion Deering McCormick Foundation Mr. Brooks McCormick Mr. Antony M. Merck Mill Pond Press Inc. Ms. Mary V. Mothary Morgan Stanley Realty, Inc. Mr. Richard Morrill National Fish and Wildlife Foundation National Grocers Association National Space Club The Nature Conservancy NeXT, Inc. New York State Council on the Arts Nippon Express Co. , Ltd. The Norclifre Fund Omnicom Group, Inc. The < hii,' Family Foundation Mrs. Mary Marvin Patterson Pedone& Partners, Inc. Peninsula Community Foundation Philip Morris Companies, In< Mrs Laura E. Phillips Howard Phipps Foundation Pon Royal Foundation, Inc. Ms. Kathleen A. Preciado Protek AG Red Sage LP Emerson & Delores Reinsch Foundation The Research Board, Inc. Roche Diagnostic Systems, Inc. Roche Molecular Systems, Inc. Susan & Hhhu Rose Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Milton F. Rosenthal Helena Rubinstein Foundation SEI Corporation Arthut M. Sackler Foundation Mrs. Arthur M. Sackler Catherine F. Scott and Kenneth J. Scott Shell Oil Company Foundation SNECMA, hu. Society ot Petroleum Engineers The Sttide Rite Corporation The Sulzbetget Foundation, Inc Daniel Swarovski Communications Mr. Daniel Swarovski Taubman Endowment tor the Arts A. Alfred Taubman Restated Revocable Trust Mr. A. Alfred Taubman TGV Incorporated The Truland Foundation The Truland Systems Corp. Turner Foundation, Inc. U.S. Korea Foundation United States Postal Service US Sprint Communications Co. USA Hosts Mr. George A. Vaughn III The Washington Post Company Waste Management, Inc. Frank Weeden Foundation Westinghouse Electtic Corp. Wildlife Preservation Trust International The Winslow Foundation Mrs. Gay F. Wray Mr. T. Evans Wyckoff Mr. John R. Young Anonymous AKC Fund, Inc Adolph Coors Company David H. Ahrenholz, M.D. Alexander Galleries Mr. Arthut G. Altschul American Association of Housing Educators American Envelope Company American Film Institute, Inc. Anheuser-Busch Companies, Inc. Art Dealers Association ot America The Bailey Wildlife Foundation Mr. David Baird, Jr. The Barnes Foundation The Barra Foundation, Inc. The Honorable and Mrs. Max N. Berry Botwinick-Woltensohn Foundation Mts. John W. Bowman Dr. and Mrs. William B. Boyd Buck Investments Mrs. Jackson Burke Caldwell Schools. Inc M.i|or General and Mrs. Daniel Stone- Campbell, USAF Ret. Caswell J. Caplan Charitable Income Trust Ms. Constance R Caplan Dorothy Jordan Chadwick Fund Chevton Corporation Mr. Willard G. Clark Mr. Melvin S. Cohen Comissao Nacional Comemoracoes Descrobimentos Portugueses Conservation International Ms. Florence Corder-Witter Dr. William H. Cosby Dr. Charlotte S. DeMetry Digital Equipment Corporation The Max and Victoria Dreyfus Foundation E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. Ms. Annehese Duncan Family ot Harrv F. Duncan Dr. Jack Durell Mr. Gilbert S. Edelson Electronic Data Systems Corp. Mr. Takashi Endo Richard C. & Susan B. Ernst Foundation Inc. Mr. John L. Ernst Leslie Fay Companies, Inc. Ms. Beatrice W. Feder Walter & Josephine Ford Fund Rita & Daniel Fraad Foundation, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Ernest Gallo Mr. Alfred C.Glassell, Jr. Mr. Hugh Halff, Jr. Ms. Suzanne E. Hanas Henry J. and Drue Heinz Foundation H. John Heinz III Charitable Trust Mrs. Drue M. Hemz Mrs. Teresa Heinz Mrs. Eleanor B. Herzman Alan Hilburg & Associates Mr. Alan Hilburg The Horn Foundation International Bank of Commerce International Design Iris Foundation Mt. EugeneJ. Kaplan Mr. Maurice H. Katz The Katzenberger Foundation, Inc. Mr. Victor Kaufman Ms. Rajinder Kaur Keith Mts. Olive Dibben Kemp Mrs. Janet Krissell Mr. Eugenio Garza Laguera Mr. James J. Lally Mr. Robert Lehrman Mrs. Jo Anne W. Lewis William & Nora Lichtenberg Foundation Mr. Chung Pak Lin Mr. and Mrs. Robert E. Linton Liz Claiborne Foundation Mr. Meredith J. Long Ms. Patricia C. Lusk Mrs. Jean B. Mahoney Mars foundation Nan Tucker McEvoy Foundation, Inc. Mrs. Nan Tucker McEvoy Ma, raw-Hill. Inc. Mr. Robert L. McNeil, Jr. Mr. Jeffrey W. Meyer Miss Julienne M. Michel Morning Star Gallery, Ltd. Mrs. Grace Nelson Overbrook Foundation Mr. David Parker Perkin-Elmer Corp. Ms. Dorothy N. Perkins Phillips Petroleum Company Placer Dome U.S., Inc. Mr. John J. Pomerantz Mrs. Annemarie H. Pope Mr. and Mrs. Meyer P. Potamkin Mr. David S. Purvis Frederick W. Richmond Foundation, Inc. Mt . Ralph C. Rinzler The Honorable and Mrs. S. Dillon Ripley II Mr and Mrs. Richard Roob Mr. and Mrs. John N. Rosekrans, Jr. Mr. Arthur Ross Ms. Mary Ell Ruffner Ms Dolores H. Russ The Salomon Foundation, Inc. Family of Senator Leverett Saltonstall Charles E. Sampson Memorial Foundation David Schwartz Foundation Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Richard J. Schwartz Nate S. & Ruth B. Shapero Foundation Robert & Anna Shapiro Foundation Esther Simon Chantable'Trust Sylvia Sinsabaugh John Sloan Memorial Foundation, Inc. Irvin Stern Foundation Sunwest Financial Services, Inc. Ellen Napiura Taubman, Ltd. The Ruth and Vernon Taylor Foundation Mts. Sandta Street Thompson Norman-Rita Tishman Fund, Inc. Tourism Association ot New Mexico Mr. T. T. Tsui Mrs. Patricia M. TuIIy Ralph N. & Anina M. Walter Charitable Trust Ellen Bayard Weedon Foundation Mrs. Nancy Brown Wellin Western Foundation of Vertebrate Zoology Mts. Annie B. Wetmore Mrs. Cheryl A. Wexler Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth Wilcox Zoo Atlanta Anonymous Mr and Mrs. Charles D. Aberle Mr. Christopher Addison Esthy & James Adler Philanthropic Fund Hon. and Mrs. James E. Akins Alaska Federation of Natives Mr. Garett J. Albert Albuquerque Convention & Visitors Bureau Aid Too Inc. Mr. Michael P. Alessio Allied-Signal Corporation Alsdorf Foundation Mr. James W. Alsdorf Ms. Ann Simmons Alspaugh American Association of Owners & Breeders ot Peruvian Paso Horses American Ornithologists' Union American Institute of Wine & Food Mrs. Robert Amory Mr. and Mrs Douglas Anderson Colonel John S. Anderson ARCO Foundation Art Resource Asian Cultural Council, Inc. AT&T Atochem North America Foundation Ballen & Company Mr. and Mrs. Fred C. Ballman Mr. Jack Banning Ms. June Barrymore Harry Bass Foundation Mr. Curtis Batket Ms. Donna Bayles Mr. C. Victor Beadles Bell & Howell Phillipsburg Co. Bellcore BellSouth Corporation Mr. John T. Bennett Mrs. Madeleine Bennett Benzav Trading Company Bergman Family Charitable Trust Norman Bernstein Management Mr. James H. Biben Mr. and Mrs. Richard Binder Mrs. Elsie F. Bixler Mr. M. H. Blakemore Board of Trade of the City ot Chicago Laura Boulton Foundation Inc. Ms. Margaret L. Bourgerie W.J. Bowen Foundarion Mr. and Mrs. W. J. Bowen Mrs. Sook Bower 76 Mr. and Mrs. Mirchell T. Bowie BP America Inc. Dr. and Mrs. John Brademas Mr. Samuel E. Braden Mr. William J. Breuer Mrs. Paulyne Brewer Mr. Warren Brule Mr. James L. Buckley Mrs. John B. Bunker Mr Ralph V. Burney Mr. Dan W. Burns Ms. Marcy L. Burns Mrs. Charles P. Cabell, Sr. Camalott Chanrable Foundanon Capital Intormer, Inc. Mrs. Kyle Adams Carney The Honorable Joseph P. Carroll and Mrs. Carrol! Mr. and Mrs. Frank T. Cary Mr. and Mrs. Cummins Catherwood, Jr- Chambord, Inc. Cheyenne Cultural Center Ms. Allene R Chiesman Dr. Timothy W. Childs Dr. and Mrs. Robert C. C. Chiu Ms. Anne K Christman Mr. Kenneth Chu Mr. Quincy Chuang CIGNA Corporation Citicorp Mr. Roy S. Clarke, Jr. Ms. Kay L. Clausen Mr. and Mrs. Landon T. Clay Mr. James A. Clements CNG Coca-Cola, Panama Dr. and Mrs. David A. Cofrin The Carl & Rene Cohen Foundanon Mr. BerrramJ. Cohn Cole National Corporation Mrs. Dollie A. Cole Mr. Jeffrey A. Cole Colgate-Palmolive Company Mr. Edwin I. Colodny Columbus Zoological Park Association Commodity Exchange, Inc. The Hon. Barber B. Conable, Jr. Conservation Treaty Supporr Fund Mr. Richard P. Cooley Corning Incorporated Mr. John Corroon Mrs. Carole D. Crocker Mr. and Mrs. Joseph F. Cullman III Mr. John R. Curtis The D & DF Foundation Dallas Postal Customers Council Mr. Frederick M. Danziger Mr. Richard Danziger Mr. John H. Darlington, Jr. Daval Foundarion Dr. and Mrs. Francis de Marneffe Mr. Steve Delonga DeLuxe Corp. Foundation Mr Charles D. Dickey, Jr. Valerie Charles Diker Fund, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. George C. Dillon Mrs. Tariana Dommick Mr. Dale F. Dorn The Douglass Foundation Dresser Indusrnes, Inc. Mrs. Fleur K. Dudman Mrs. M D Duracell, Inc Mr. and Mrs. Robert E. Eberly Mr. Barney A. Ebsworth The Ebsworth Foundation The Echo Foundation Mr James Economos Dr. and Mrs. Albert S. Edgerton Mr. and Mrs. Dean S. Edmonds III Mr Robert K. Edson Mr. Robert Elkins The Lois & Richard England Foundation Dennis Eros American Arts Mr. and Mrs. Giuseppe Eskenazi Esree Lauder Companies Ms. Cynthia A. Evancho Ms. Darlene M. Evancho Mr. George Fan Mr. and Mrs. Avery C. Faulkner Mr. PaulB. Fay, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Arthur A. Feder Dr. Robert S. Feinberg Mr. Stephen L. Feinberg Mrs. Nancy Fessenden Fine Arts of Ancient Lands, Inc. Harvey S. Firestone Foundation Mr. Aiken W. Fisher Mr. Charles T. Fisher III Mrs. Dielle Fleischmann Ms. Jane G. Flener Dr. Oliver S. Flinr, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Henry N. Flynt, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Walter B. Ford II Mr. John Forsythe Ms. Joanne du Pont Foster Foundarion tor the National Capital Region Sandy Frank Entertainment, Inc. Mr. George S. Franklin Mr. Rodney P. Frelinghuysen Mr. Michael R. French Friends of Free China, Inc. Mrs. Lloyd W. Frueh Fund for New York City Public Education Mr. Robert V. Gallegos Gallery 10, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Julian Ganz, Jr. Mrs. Allece Garrard General Dynamics Corp. General Elecrric Company General Motors Corp. Georgia-Pacific Sumner Gerard Foundarion Ms. Louise Dodd Gerken Gianr Food Foundarion, Inc. Mr. Paul R. Gibson Mr. Richard Gilbert Gilman Paper Co. Kurt Gitter, M . D. , and Alice Yelen Mr. Leslie H. Goldberg Ms. Mary W. Goodwillie Mr. Stephen Gordon Mr. Arvin Gottlieb Ms. Rurh C. Greenberg Ms. Frederica H. Gries Ms. Elsie R. Griffin Mrs. Martha Watson Griffin Gulf States Paper Corporation Mr. Jack Haas Mr. and Mrs. Robert D. Haas Evelyn A.J. Hall Charitable Trust Mr. John Van Hallie Mr. Jack R. Harlan Mr. and Mrs. Marion Edwyn Harrison John R. & Dora Haynes Foundation Mr. Bernard Heineman Mr. J. Marshall Hemphill Mr. Samuel J. Heyman Mr. David M. Hicks Berry Hill Galleries, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Frederick D. Hill Clarence and Jack Himmel Foundation Mr. Gerald D. Hines Mr. Alan J. Hirschfield Mr. Leroy E. Hoffberger Mr. Henry C. Hofheimer Mrs Flora A. Hogins Mrs. Richard W. Homer Hotel Santa Fe Mr. Joseph E. Hotung Mr. Frederick G. L. Huetwell Mr. Roy M. Huhndorff Mrs. Jacquehn Hume Mrs. Elizabeth L. Hunter Indianapolis Zoological Society, Inc. International Envelope Company International Centre for Diffraction Data Dr. and Mrs. Nelson S. Irey Ms. Betty A. Jackson Dr. Jay A. Jackson Mrs. Maureen R. Jacoby Mr. Richard J . Janes Mr. Dickjemison Dr Helen I Jessup Johnson & Johnson Mrs. Patricia C. Johnson Reverend Owen A. Jones Mr. and Mrs. Jacob Kainen Mr. Subhash Kapoor Mr. Jack Kay Mr. Francis A. Kearing Mr. and Mrs. Douglas Keats Mr. and Mrs. Dwight M. Kendall Mr. and Mrs. Thomas M. Keresey Ms. Sarah Kim Mr. and Mrs. Gilbert Hart Kinney Mrs. Garfield King Mrs. F. G Kingsley Mr. and Mrs. F. M. Kirby Mr. E. C. Kirkpatrick Mr. Lincoln Kirstein Ms. N. R. Klusmeyer Seymour H. Knox Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Seymour H. Knox III Mr. Seymour H. Knox IV Mr. Robert P. Kogod Lieutenant Colonel William K. and Mrs. Alice S. Konze Ms. Phyllis R. Kraus Ms. Dina K. Krissel Mr. James D. Krissel Mr. and Mrs. Robert E. Kreuger Mr. and Mrs. James S. Lacock Mr. Joseph R. Lasser Mr. Thomas Lawton Ms. Roxie Laybourne Mrs. Sharon LeeMaster Mr. Edward J. Lenkin and Ms. Katherine L. Meier Mr. Melvin Lenkin Mr. Jacques E. Lennon The Honorable William Leonhart Mr. William G. Lerchen, Jr. Liberry Maritime Corporation Eli Lilly and Company Mr. and Mrs. Robert V. Lindsay Linn's Stamp News Mr. R. Robert Linowes Mrs. Gam B. Louie Joe and Emily Lowe Foundation Mr. William E. Lucas Mr. and Mrs. Edmund C. Lynch Ms. Diana T. MacArrhur Mr. Thomas MacCracken Dr. Gwen R. MacDonald James A. Macdonald Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Bruce K. MacLaury Mr. Peter L. Malkin Ms. Helen J. Malmstead Mr. and Mrs. Forrest E. Mars, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. John F. Marshall, Jr. Ms. Johanne Master Mastervision Producrions, Inc. Mrs. K. Masrick Mr. Joseph J. Mathy Mr. George T. Matteson Mr. Patrick J. Maveery George S. May International Company Mr. Don W. McClelland Mr. Joseph McEwen McGhee Production Company The Honorable and Mrs. George C. McGhee The Meek Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Hassanali Mehran Mr. Paul Mellon Mr. R.K. Merrill, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Richard M. Merriman Ms. Evelyn J. Mettey Mr. Otto E. Meyer Mrs. Jane B. Meyerhofl Michigan Mineralogical Society Mr. Kenneth Miller Mrs. Mane B. Miller Mrs. George H. Milron Mrs. Marcia D. Minichiello Minneapolis Posral Cusromer Council Mitchell Energy & Development Inc. Mr. James A. Mitchell Mr. Walter W. Mitchell Mobil Corporation Mobile Post Office Society, Inc. Benjamin Moore & Co. Moore Farms Mr. W. T. Moran III J. P. Morgan & Company, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Paul S. Morgan Mr. Arthur H. Morowitz Mr. John W. Morrison Enid & Lester Morse Foundation, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Lester S. Morse, Jr. Dr. George E. Mueller Ms. Jane R. Mueller Multi-Plastics, Inc. Ms. Jeannette D. Naman National Society of the Sons ot the American Revolution National U.S. -Arab Chamber of Commerce National Affairs, Inc. National Association ot Dealers in Antiques National Gallery of An Nanonal League of Postmasters Nanonal Women's Christian Temperance Union The Native American Art Gallery Ms. Ann Navarra-Greenberg Navy Mail Service Veterans Association NCR Corporation 77 Nestle Beverage Company Mr. Charles F. Nettleship, Jr. Roy R. and Marie S. Neuberger Foundation, Inc New York Design Center, Inc. New York Mercantile Exchange The Newhall Land & Farming Co. Samuel I. Newhouse Foundation Mr. P. B. Newman Niagara Envelope Company, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. William A. Nitze II Mr. E. J. Nutter Dr. Stephen J. O'Brien Mr. and Mrs. Carroll O'Connor Oberlm College Mr. Morris W. Offit TheOhrstrom Foundation, Inc. Mr. Ricard R. Ohrsrrom Oklahoma City Zoological Park Dr Michael Olding Mr. David Allan Olive Ms. Elsie Olson Elis Olsson Memorial Foundation Organization or the Petroleum Exporting Countries Mr. L. Allen Osborne Mrs. Glenna Osnos PR'F Corporation of America Pace Caller)1 New York, Inc. Ms. Mary J. Papworth Parish-Hadlcy Associates, [nc, Hon. and Mrs Daniel Parker Mr. Jerry Pasek Paso Fino Horse Association, Inc. Mrs. Sandra L. Pay Mr Robert A. Perkins Mr and Mrs. Thomas Perkins Peruvian Paso Horse Registry ol North America The Peters Corporation Mr. and Mrs. Gerald Peters Mr. Rudolph A. Peterson Mrs Kathleen O. Petitt Mr Roy Pfeutch Mr. Richard B. Pfeil Philadelphia Bar Education Foundation Ms. Trigger Phillips Mr and Mrs. Barry M. Pierce Poindexter Enterprises, Inc. Mrs. Sandra A. Potter Precancel Stamp Society Mr. and Mrs. ThomasJ. Pritzker Procter & Gamble Company Dr. and Mrs. Alvin N. Puryear Mr. Jack Rachhn Mr. and Mrs. John V. Rainbolt Mr Harvey W. Rambach Mr. Roger L. Ranck Mrs. Lois S. Raphling Mr. Louis H. Rappaport Rastar Productions Reader's Digest Association Ms. Patricia Redmond Mrs. Sanae I. Reeves Mr. Nathan Reingold Miss Matie K. Remien Mr. Jack Rennert Research Publications, Inc. Reuters Corporation RJR Nabisco, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Steven C. Rockefeller Dr. Kenneth X. Robbins Dr. Michael H. Robinson The Honorable and Mrs. John D. Rockefeller IV Mr and Mrs Richard Roob Mr. Francis C. Rooney.Jr. Mr. Samuel G. Rose The Arthur Ross Foundation Mr. Kevin Roth Marietta Lutze Sackler, M.D. Mr. James F. Sams Mr. and Mrs. Leveo V. Sanchez Sanderling Properties Santa Fe Center Enrerprises Santa Fe Pacific Minerals Corp. Saudi Arabian Oil Company Scali, McCabe, Sloves, Inc. Ms. Judith Schalit Ms. Margaret Schink Mr. Harold A. Schwartz The Science Alliance Mrs. Frances W. Scott J.E. Seagram Corp. Margaret Sell Interiors Mrs. Margaret Sell Mrs. Dorothy M. Shelton Mrs. Sandra G. Shelton Mr. and Mrs. R. F. Sibert Mr. and Mrs. Warren H. Sichel Mrs. John Farr Simmons Mrs. Manley H. Simons Mr. Robert Skellv Dr. William J. L. Sladen C.G. Sloan & Company, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. E. Maynard Smith Ms. Laura Smith The Smithsonian National Board Ms Frances D. Smyth Ms. Wendy Snyder Mrs. Lillian Sokol Mr. and Mrs. William R. Solomon Southwest Studio Connection Southwestern Bell Ira Spanierman Gallery Mr. Ira Spanierman Mr. and Mrs. John L. Sparks Mr. Jerry I. Speyer St. Louis Zoological Park Dr. Frank Stanton Star Trading & Marine Inc. Mrs. Josephine H. Srawicki Mr. John Steigerwald Ms. Mary Irma Stevenson Stoever Glass & Company Mr William Storey Mrs. John M Stuart Svetdrup Corporation Mr. Saburo Takahashi Dr. and Mrs. Frank H. Talbot Tambaran Gallery Mr Robert Ching Tang Mr. JeffTarr Mrs. Walter Tauer, Jr. Texas Folklife Resources Textron Charitable Trust Dr. F. Christian Thompson Mr. John Thompson The Times Mirror Foundation Mrs. Jean C. Tito Mrs. Martha W. Tolman Ms. Marana W. Tost The Trophon Corporation The Jean L. & Raymond S. Troubh Fund Mr. Thomas A. Troyer Mr. Robert Truland Mary Anna Scan/on shares a moment with Heston Long, the youn- gest competitor in the traditional Native American dance competi- tion of the 1992 AspenlSnowmass Celebration. Proceeds from the second annual celebration benefited the National Museum of the American Indian. TRW Foundation Mr F. Earl Turner Mrs. Lillian Turner Mr. Robert E. Turner III United Technologies Corp. US West, Inc. Mr. W. G. Van Allen The Vanguard Group, Inc. Mrs. Elena L. Vignelli Dr. M. C. Vincent Waddell Trading Company Mr. Duane A. Wakeham Waletzky Charitable Lead Trust Dr. Lucy R. Waletzky The Richard Wallace Company Mr. and Mrs. James M. Walton Mr. John C. Walton Mr. Dennis E. Wamsley Mr. and Mrs. George E. Warner Mr. and Mrs. Jack W. Warner The Hon. and Mrs. ThomasJ. Watson, Jr. Mrs. Virginia Collins Weart- McDaniel Nina W. Werblow Charitable Trust Mr. W. Richard West, Jr. Miss Winifred E. Werer Miss Shelby White John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Mr. Austin B. Williams Ms. Elizabeth F. Williams Mrs. Harold B. Williams Ms. Ann B. Willis Eli Wilner & Company, Inc. Mr. Eli Wilner and Ms. Barbara Brennan Mr. Alfred S. Wilsey The Honorable Edward F. Wilson Dr. Edward T. Wilson Mr. Stephen V. Winthrop Ms. Estelle R. Wolf Mr. Michael B. Wray Mr. Man-Shih Yang Ms. Helen Yeakel Mr. Robert Yuen Ms. Stefanie Zable William & Marion Zeckendorf Foundation, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Sidney S. Zlotnick Zoological Society of Philadelphia Mr. Ben]amin Zucker 78 Smithsonian Benefactors' Circle The Smithsonian Benefactors' Circle recognizes and honors those indi- viduals whose exceptional gifts have preserved the traditions of the Smithsonian Institution while furthering its vision. Benefactors' gifts reflect the donors' personal interests and commitment and are as varied and broad as the Institution itself The Smithsonian Benefactors' Cir- cle exists to honor these distinguished philanthropists and to provide a lasting mark of their achievements. The Smithsonian recognizes the gifts of Founders and Patrons of the Smithsonian Benefactors' Circle listed below. Posthi Gifts through Will Honorary Founder Enid A. Haupt Founders Russell B. Aitken Joe L. and Batbara B. Allbntton Arthur G. and Diana L. Altschul William S. Anderson Mary Griggs Burke Joan K. Davidson Gaylord and Dorothy Donnelley Thomas M. Evans Katharine Graham Robert C. and Julie Graham, Jr. Herbert Wa.de Hemphill, Jr. William A. and Patricia W. Hewitt Ikuo Hirayama Olga Hirshhorn Rurh S. Holmberg Samuel C. Johnson Marvin Breckinridge Patterson Laura E. Phillips S. Dillon and Mary L. Ripley Arthur Ross Mrs. Arthur M. Sackler Else Sackler W. Mason and Jean D. Shehan T.T. Tsui Glenn O- Tupper Patrons Ronald D. and Anne Abramson Peter C. and Joan Andrews Marjone Arundel Edward P. Bass James and Barbara Block Michael J. Brophy Hildegard Bruck George E. Burch 111 Vivian G. Burch Michael W. Cassidy David Davies Parncia C. Dodge Anne G. Earhart Barney A. Ebsworth Kitty Fassett Rita Fraad John A. Friede Phillip and Patricia Frost Daniel D. and Alice P. Gilbett Alfred C.Glassell, Jr. Jerome L. Greene Barnck W. Groom Agnes S. Gund Joan D. Haig Evelyn A. J. Hall Drue M. Heinz Lloyd Herman Henry L. and Elsie H. Hillman John R. Huggard Jacob and Ruth C. Kainen James M. Kemper, Jr. R. Crosby Kemper, Jr. William K. and Alice S. Konze Harvey M. and Connie Krueger Robert E. and Elizabeth Krueger Robert and Helen Kuhn Rogerio S. Lam Robert Lehrman Sydney and Frances Lewis Henry Luce III Harry and Beverly Mandil John F. and Adrienne B. Mars Kathleen C. Mason Brooks and Hope B. McCormick Nan Tucker McEvoy Antony M. Merck James and Lolly Mitchell Honorable Daniel Patrick Moynihan and Elizabeth Moynihan Jean Niemeier Robert H. and Nancy Nooter Philip D. Reed, Jr., and Elizabeth Reed Frank K. Ribelin Carlyn Ring David Rockefeller Anton H. Rosenthal and Ruth E. Ganister Milton F. and Ftieda Rosenthal Wilbur L. Ross, Jr. Cecile Salomon Catherine F. Scott Richard J. and Sheila Schwartz Emma M. Sims James C. Slaughtet George L. Small Mrs. Sydney Stein, Jr. E. Hadley Stuart, Jr. , and Marion Stuart A. Alfted Taubman Vernon L. Taylor, Jr. Jeffrey and Diane Tobm John Weeden Daniel Weinstein Nancy Brown Wellin Gay F. Wray Helen Buckner Wilbur H. Claggett Mildred J. Dassett Robert C. Eddinger Pauline Edwards Frances B. Ferguson Dorothy B Koteen Laura I . O'Dea Alice I. Winterer Smithsonian Corporate Membership Program The Corporate Membership Program fosters corporate involvement and support for the Smithsonian Institution. Through generous annual con- tributions, these companies have demonstrated the critical role an en- lightened private sector can play on a national and international level in advancing the public good. The Smithsonian gratefully acknowledges the following members of the Corporate Membership Program. AFLAC Incorporated Anheuser-Busch Companies BellSouth Corporation Capital Cities/ABC, Inc. The Coca-Cola Company CSX Ttansportation The Walt Disney Company The Dow Chemical Company Eaton Corporation Electronic Data Systems Corporation Ford Motor Company General Electric Company Hitachi, Limited International Business Machines Corporation Kajima Corporation The Kansai Electric Power Company, Incorporated Lee Enterprises, Incorporated McDonald's Corporation Mobil Corporation Monsanto Company Simon and Schustet The Southern Companies Tokyo Electric Power Company TRW Inc. Bequests It is with special appreciation that we remember and acknowledge those friends who made gifts by will and thus continue the legacy of James Smithson, our founder. Unrestricted gifts become part of the Bequest Endowment Fund. The principal of this fund is maintained in perpetuity, while the in- come supports acquisitions, exhibitions, scholarly studies, educational outreach, and other functions of the Smithsonian. Some gifts are desig- nated for a special purpose by the donors. Gifts by bequest can be structured to meet donors' needs and goals. The following persons remembered the Smithsonian with gifts by will. 79 Marie B. Abbott Florence S. Berryman Mae Emilia Dahl Matthew J- Delaney Franz Dcnghausen Robert C. Eddinget Pauline Edwards John Bruce Fegan Walter C. Groff Dona I. Guimaraes Audrey K. Kingdon Morris Leverton Alice I. Winterer Ellen T. Work Memorial and Commemorative Giving Program Memorial and commemorative gifts to the Smithsonian honor loved ones, friends, and colleagues. These gifts not only express special ap- preciation for the individual being honored, but also help support, in a very direct way, the mission of the Institution. Donors may choose to apply the gift to the broadest work of the Smithsonian, or, in cer- tain instances, may direct the gift to a specific area of interest to the honorec. The following persons were so honored by their families and tnends. Don Baker CIos Pegase Winery Coutler Scientific Instruments Electronic Data Systems Corp. Excelsiot Publishing Flemish Community of Belgium Geographic Data Technologies Max Gurth Embassy of Hungary Inrernational Business Machines Corporation International Design Knogo Corporation Mazda Motors of America, Inc. McArdle Productions, Inc. Modine Manufacturing Company Music Performance Trust Funds Nairobi Hilton Novadyne Computet Systems Philips Interactive Media Ridgewell's Caterers SNECMA. Inc. Sociery for the Preservation of Greek Heritage Sun Microsystems, Inc. TGV Incorporated Tokyo National Research Insriruteof Cultural Properties WRC TV-4 Weadon Printing White House Histotical Association The Willatd Inter-Continental Paul Desautels Harry F. Duncan Gloria Haas Honorable John Heinz III Pearl Rappaport Kaplan Gurdit Singh Keirh Karani Kaur Keith Mahinder Singh Keith Rajinder Kaur Keith Narmder Kaur Keith Robett Downey Kemp Richard Louie Brigadier General Edwin R. Petzing Frederick Gaylord Pierce & Frederick Smyrhe Pierce Dr. Mary Rice Senator Leverett Saltonstall Antonio R. Sanchez, Sr. John Berry Scott Lisa Taylor Carmen Elizabeth Pawley Turner George A. Vaughn, Jr. Alexander Wetmore Donors ofln-Kind and Volunteer Support In addition to the financial support of individuals, foundations, and corporations, the Smithsonian Institution acknowledges donors of in- kind gifts. Ranging from equipment for office or program use to pro bono professional consulting services, such in-kind gifts conttibute greatly to the success of research and educational programs, as well as to efficient administration of the Institution. All Nippon Airways Co. , Lrd. American Airlines Anchor Brewing Company of San Francisco Apple Computer, Inc. Donors of volunteer service further enable rhe Smithsonian to accom- plish a variety of programs and to offer expanded services to the pub- lic. The names of our docents and behind-the-scenes volunteers are listed annually in the Torch (the employee newspaper). In fiscal 1992, 4,707 volunteers gave 464,680 hours of their time. These invaluable volunteers bring experrise, experience, and enthusiasm to their work here, and we express to them collectively our great appreciation for rheir dedication to the Smithsonian Institution. Smithsonian Contributing Members The Contributing Membership of the Smithsonian National Associate Program supports the Institution's work through generous annual con- tributions. The James Smithson Society was created in 1977 to encourage and recognize major gifts to the Institution. The Society, which is the highest level of Contributing Membership, is composed of Annual Members (S2,ooo), Life Members (appointed before 1985 for contrib- uting significant gifts to the Institution), and Endowed Lite Members. Endowed Life Members are individuals who make a one-time gift of $40,000, or pledge $45,000 over a three-year period, to become life- time Society Members. Extraordinary contributions to the Smithsonian are recognized through the Society's Founder Medal award and its ac- companying Life Membership. The Smithsonian gratefully acknowledges the generous support of the James Smithson Society and the Patron Members ($1,200) of the Contributing Membership. James Smithson Society Endowed Life Members Dan and Alice Gilbert Lieutenant Colonel William K. and Mrs. Alice S. Konze Mr. Anton H. Rosenthal and Ms. Ruth E. Ganister Colonel Bilhe G. Matheson, USAF Ret. Ruth Boyer Compton and Robert C. Compton Catherine F. Scott and Kenneth J. Scott James Smithson Society Life Members Mts. Anni Albets Mr. Joseph V. Alhadeff Mr. and Mrs. Joe L. Allbntton Mr. David K. Anderson Mr. and Mrs. William S. Anderson Mr. Ronald P. Anselmo Mr. Scott R. Anselmo Dr. Herbert R Axelrod Mr. and Mrs. Richard R. Bains Mr. and Mrs. F. John Barlow Mrs. Frederic C. Bartlett Mrs. Donald C. Beatty Mrs. Henry C. Beck, Jr. The Honorable Ralph E . Becker and Mrs. Becker Mr. and Mrs. Clay P. Bedford Mrs. Edward B Benjamin Mrs. John A. Benton Dr. and Mrs. William B. Berry Dr. and Mrs. B. Narayana Bhat Mr. Richard A. Bideaux Mr. and Mrs. Edwin W. Bitter Mr. and Mrs. Robert Blauner Mr. and Mrs. William Beaty Boyd Mr. Lee Bronson Mrs. David K. E. Bruce Dr. Ruth Dowling Bruun and Dr. Bertel Bruun Mrs. George E. Burch Mrs. Arthur J. Burstein Mrs. Barnet Burstein Mrs. Hyman Burstein Mt. and Mrs. Maxwell Burstein Dr. and Mrs. Benjamin H. Caldwell, Jr Major General Daniel S. Campbell and Mrs. Campbell Mrs. Catherine B. Cantrell Mr. and Mrs. Lawson J. Cantrell, Jr. Mr. Allan Caplan Mrs. George H. Capps Dr. and Mrs. Robert C. C. Chiu The Reverend and Mrs. Thomas G. Cleveland Mr. and Robert L. Coleman Dr. and Mrs. George L. Compton Dr. and Mrs. Roger D. Cornell Dr. and Mrs. Edwin J. Cunningham Dr. and Mrs. Bruce E. Dahrling III Mrs. Peter N. Delanoy Mr. Sam DeVincent Mrs. Gaylord Donnelley Mr. John R. Doss Mr. and Mrs. Willard D. Dover Mr. and Mrs. Edward R. Downe, Jr. Dr. Dale B. Dubin Mr. and Mrs. Willis H. duPont Mr Mercer Ellington Mr. Joseph M. Erdelac Mr. and Mrs. Thomas M. Evans Dr. and Mrs. Dan Feriozi Mr. and Mrs. Walter B. Ford II Patricia and Phillip Frost Mrs. Edwin Gaines Fullmwider Dr. and Mrs. Lawrence Andrew Funt Mr. and Mrs. George Garfield Mr. and Mrs. Julius Garfield Dr. and Mrs. Lamont W. Gaston Mr. and Mrs. Kirkland H. Gibson Mr. and Mrs. C. Paul Gilson Mr. and Mrs. Stephen P. Gott Dr. and Mrs. Wilbur J. Gould Mrs. Doris Stack Greene Mr. and Mrs. Jerome L. Greene Mrs. Chaim Gross Mr. and Mrs. Melville Hall Mr. and Mrs. Don C. Harrold Mrs. Enid A. Haupt Mrs. Lira Annenberg Hazen Mr. and Mrs. Wayne C. Hazen Mr. Herbert Waide Hemphill, Jr. Mrs. Elizaberh Henderson Mr. and Mrs. Edward L. Henning Mrs. Olga Hirshhorn Mrs. James Stewart Hooker Mr. Paul Horgan Dr. and Mrs. Howard Ihrig Mr. and Mrs. George H. Jacobus Mr. and Mrs. Jacob Kainen Mr. and Mrs. Donald E. Kastner Mr. and Mrs. Louis Kaufman Dr. and Mrs. Arthur A. Kirk Mr. and Mrs. Peter Merril Klein Mr. and Mrs. Samuel W. Koffler Mrs. Lewis Kurt Land Mrs. David Landau Dr. Maury P. Leibovitz Mr. and Mrs. L. E. Leininger Mr. and Mrs. Harry E. Lennon Mrs. Sara L. Lepman and Mr. Joshua M. Lepman Mr. and Mrs. John Levey Mr. and Mrs. Robert Levey Mr. and Mrs. Sydney Lewis Ms. Betty H. Llewellyn Mrs. John A. Logan Mr. and Mrs. Jack Lord Mrs. Louis Lozowick Mrs. Roberr A. Magowan Dr. and Mrs Leo J. Malone Mr. and Mrs. Richard A. Manoogian Mr. John A. Masek Mrs. Vincenr Melzac Mr. Jack L. Messman Mrs. Sandy Levey Miller Mr. W. A. Moldermaker Mrs. Edmund C. Monell Dr. and Mrs. Walter A H Mosmann Mr. and Mrs. Joe H. Mullins Dr. and Mrs. Marvin Murray Mr. Mortimer L. Neinken Ms. Melanie Newbill Mrs. Henry K. Osrrow Mrs. Rudolph Pabst The Honorable G. Burton Pearson and Mrs. Pearson Mr. and Mrs. Wallace R. Persons Mr. and Mrs. Edward M. Pflueger Mrs. John H. Phipps Mrs. Annemarie H. Pope Mrs. Abraham Rattner Mr. and Mrs. Ralph C. Rinzler Mr. and Mrs. Thomas M. Roberts The Honorable Marrin J. Roess and Mrs. Roess Dr. and Mrs. Richard G. Rogers, Jr. Mrs. Helen Goodwin Rose Mr. Arthur Ross Mr. and Mrs. Peter G. Sachs Mrs. Arthur M. Sackler Mr. Harry I. Saul Mr. and Mrs. Janos Scholz The Honorable Hugh Scott Mr. and Mrs. Morton Silverman Mr. and Mrs. Edward J. Slattery Mrs. Helen Farr Sloan Mr. and Mrs. Robert H. Smith Mr. and Mrs. Sherwood Smith Mrs. Raphael Soyer Mrs. Otto Spaeth Mr. and Mrs. Earl J. Spangler Mr. Sruart M . Speiser Mr. and Mrs. Harvey G. Stack Mr. and Mrs. Norman Stack Dr. Richard F. S. Starr Mr. and Mrs. Norman H. Stavisky Dr. and Mrs. Leo F. Stornelli Mr. and Mrs. E. Hadley Sruart, Jr. Mrs. Hans Syz Mrs. Kathenne Sergava Sznycer The Doctors Yen and Julia Tan Mr. and Mrs. Vernon L. Taylor, Jr. Dr. and Mrs. David J. Tepper Mr. Richard W. Thomssen Mr. Bardyl R Tirana Mr Glenn O. Tupper Mrs. Milron Turner Dr. and Mrs. Adolfo Villalon Mr. and Mrs. Robert Vo]voda Dr. and Mrs. Francis S. Walker Mr. and Mrs. C. C. Wang Mr. and Mrs. Thomas E. Whiteley Mr. Leonard John Wilkinson Mr. and Mrs. Thomas J. Williams Mr. Archibald M. Withers Dr. and Mrs. Laurence C. Witten II Mrs. David O. Woodbury Mr. Stanley Woodward Mr. and Mrs. James Y. M. Wu Mr. and Mrs. Barry Yampol James Smithson Society Annual Members Dr. J. Score Abercrombie, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. W. Mike Adams Mr. and Mrs. Arthur G. Altschul Mrs. Robert Amory, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. William G. Andersc Mr. Leonard E.B. Andrews Mr. and Mrs. Jack R. Aron Mrs. Russell M. Arundel Mrs. Mary M. Ashmore Ms. Jean M. Auel Mr. and Mrs. Fred C. Ballman Mr. Jack R. Barensfeld Mr. and Mrs. John R. Barnett Ms. Janine F. Barre Mr. and Mrs. John Barrlert Drs. Rhoda and Jordan Baruch Mr. and Mrs. Perry R. Bass Mr. and Mrs. Michael B. Beeman Mr. and Mrs. James M. Beggs Mr. John L. Black Mr. and Mrs. Douglas L. Blair The Honorable Robert O. Blake and Mrs. Blake Mr. and Mrs. William W. Boeschenscein Mrs. Richard W. Boiling Mr. and Mrs. Bennett Boskey Dr. and Mrs. Harold M. Boslow Ms. Margaret L. Bourgerie Colonel Donald S. Bowman Mrs. John W. Bowman Ms. Rebecca A. Bowman Mr. Alfred Pope Brooks Mr. Edward A. Burka Mr. and Mrs. John F. Burhngame Dr. Edwin W. Burnes Dr. J. A. Burwell Mrs. Charles Pearre Cabell Dr. Cesar A. Caceres Mr. and Mrs. John Otis Carney Mr. and Mrs. John B. Carter, Jr. Mrs. Winifred Carter Dr. and Mrs. David Challinor Mr. and Mrs. James H. Clement Dr. and Mrs. David Cofrin Melvin S. and Ryna G. Cohen The Honorable William T. Coleman, Jr. and Mrs. Coleman Mr. and Mrs. David F. Condon III Mr. and Mrs. Charles W. Consolvo Mr. Mark N. Cookingham and Ms. Nancy J. Robertson Ms. Florence Corder- Witter Mr. and Mrs. Merrill K. Cragun Carole Davis Crocker Mrs. Grerchen S. Crow Mr. John David Crow The Crown Family Mr. and Mrs. James H. Curl Mr. and Mrs. Dan J. Daly, Jr. Dr. and Mrs. T. Giffin Daughtridge Mr. and Mrs. Charles Alfred Davis Mrs. Evelyn Y. Davis Mrs. AnnaM. Day Mr. and Mrs. Samuel Dazzo, Sr. Mr. and Mrs. Joseph N. Deblinger Mr. Geert M. Depresr and Ms. Laura Travis-Deprest Mr. Lowell DeYoung Mr. and Mrs. Charles J. Dibona Mr. S. J. Dimeglio Ms. Marna Disbrow Mr. and Mrs. Wesley M. Dixon, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Alfred C. Dobbs, Jr. Mrs. Gaylord Donnelley Mr. and Mrs. Robert W. Duemling Mr. and Mrs. Leroy Eakin III Mr. and Mrs. Robert E. Ebetly Mr. and Mrs. Dean S. Edmonds III Mr. Dean S. Edmonds, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Robert K. Edson Miss Babs Eisman Mr. and Mrs. James A. Elkins, Jr. Mrs. Russell C. Ellis Mr. and Mrs. Takashi Endo Colonel Charles O Eshelman Mrs. Eric Eweson Lt. Colonel Pamela C. Eyre Dr. and Mrs. James J. Ferguson, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. John D. Firestone The Honorable William H. G. FitzGerald and Mrs. FirzGerald Mr. and Mrs. Gordon J. Flesch Ms. Ellen L. Fogle Mr. and Mrs. Owsley Brown Frazier Mrs. Lloyd W. Frueh Mrs. Vernon W. Furrow Mr. and Mrs. Ernest Gallo Mr. William May Garland HI Mr. and Mrs. Larry T. Gauger Mr. and Mrs. Michael C. Gelman Dr. and Mrs. William H. Gerber Ms. Louise Dodd Gerken Mr. and Mrs. Bert A. Getz Mr and Mrs. John T. Gibson Mrs. Elizabeth W. Glascock Carol R. and Avram J. Goldberg Mrs. Ted R. Goldsmith Mr Albert H. Gordon George and Marge Graham Mr and Mrs. John Bradley Greene Ms. Marion E. Greene Mrs Alton B. Grimes Mr. and Mrs. Patrick W. Gross The Honorable Najeeb Halaby and Mrs. Halaby Mr and Mrs. Gordon Hanes Mrs. Freddie Harby Ms. Helen Leale Harper Mr. David H. Hausmann Dr. and Mrs. Ray M. Hayworth Mr. Joseph H. Hazen Mr and Mrs. David R. Heebner Mr. and Mrs. Robert M. Henry Mr and Mrs. Stephen O. Hcsslct Ms. Gloria Hidalgo Mr. lames T. Hines.Jr. Mr and Mrs Wallace B HoUaday Mr. and Mrs. S. Roger Horchow Mr. Austin I. Hubbard Mrs. Rosemane McCulloch Hughes Mrs. Peter D Humlckcr, Jr. Mr R. Bruce Hunter Mr. John Ippohto and Ms. Diane M. Laird-lppohto Dr. and Mrs Nelson S. Irey Tlie Irwin Foundation The Honorable John N. Irwin II and Mrs. Irwin Mr. Eli S. Jacobs Mr. and Mrs. George D. Jagels David S. and Patricia H. Jernigan Mr. and Mrs. George F. Jewett, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Samuel C. Johnson Mr. and Mrs. Stanley B. Jones Mr. J. Erik Jonsson Mr. and Mrs. Richard Kaufman Mr. and Mrs. Jack Kay Dr and Mrs. Clinton W. Kelly III Mrs. Virginia W. Kettering The Honorable Randolph A. Kidder and Mrs. Kidder Dr. William M King F. M. Kirby Foundation Mr. and Mrs. F. M. Kirby Mr. E. C. Kirkparnck The Honorable Philip M. KJutznick and Mrs. Klutznick Mr. and Mrs. Ronald J. Knecht Mr. and Mrs. William T. Knight III Mr. David Hamilton Koch Dr. Jane E. Kosa Ms. Elizabeth G. Kossow Mr. and Mrs. Gerald E. Kron Mr. and Mrs. Robert E. Krueger Mr. John E. Kuenzl Mrs. James S. Lacock Judge and Mrs. Marion Ladwig Mr. and Mrs. Edward L. Lammerding Mr. and Mrs. James K. Leach Jacob & Charlotte Lehrman Foundation The Honorable William Leonhart and Mrs. Leonhart Mr. John H. Leslie Mrs. Jean Chisholm Lindsey Mr. and Mrs. Charles E. Long Ms. DorisJ. Lothrop Jack and Betty Lou Ludwick Dr. and Mrs. Fred R Lummis Mrs. Edmund C. Lynch, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. A. Bryan Mac Millan Mr. James A. MacKinnon Mr H. L. Mahoney III Mr. Michael Maloney Mr. and Mrs Forrest E. Mars. Jr. Mr and Mrs John F Mars Mrs. Virginia C. Mars Ms. Mary Martell The Honorable William McChesney Martin. Jr. and Mrs. Martin Mr Frederic k P. Mast ioli Major General Raymond E. Mason, Jr. and Mrs. Mason Mr. and Mrs. Edward J. Mathias Mr. and Mrs. Brooks McCormick Ms Mary B. McCulloch Mr. and Mrs James W. McCutcheon The Honorable Robert M. McKinney and Mrs. McKinney Mr. and Mrs. Alexander K. McLanahan Ms Merrill McLoughlin Mrs. Henry S. McNeil Gilbert and Jaylee Mead Mr. and Mrs. Henry W. Meers Mr. Paul Mellon Mr. and Mrs. Richard Melrod Mr and Mrs Ar|ay Miller Dr. W. Raymond Mize, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. James Robert Montgomery Dr Robert H. Moore Mr. and Mrs. Michael A. Moran Mr W'F. Morrisette Mr and Mrs. Richard P. Moser Mr. H. Duane Nelson The Honorable Paul H. Nitze Mr. and Mrs. William M. North Mr. and Mrs. James D. Oglevee Mr. Ricard R. Ohrstrom Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence B. Olds Mr. George M. Page Mrs. Mary J. Papworth Mr. and Mrs. Scott E. Pardee The Honorable Daniel Parker and Mrs. Parker Mr. and Mrs. Jack S. Parker Mrs. Jefferson Patterson Mr. and Mrs. C. Wesley Peebles Mr. J. Roy Pennell.Jr. John L. and Carolyn J. Peterson Mrs. Charles Emory Phillips Mr. and Mrs. Allan R. Phipps Mr. and Mrs. J. Michael Pierce Mr. and Mrs. Charles M. Pigorr Mr. and Mrs. George S. Pillsbury Mr. and Mrs. Guy H. Pitts Mrs. Jane P. Plakias Mr. and Mrs. Zigmund ). Podell Mr. and Mrs. Leon B. Polsky Mr. and Mrs. Charles L. Poor Dr. Kazuko K. Price Mr. and Mrs. John A. Radway, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Philip D. Reed, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Edward Hart Rice Mr. and Mrs. Joseph A. Rice Mrs. Dorothy Hyman Roberts Mr. and Mrs. John W. Roberts The Honorable John D. Rockefeller IV and Mrs. Rockefeller Mr. and Mrs. Thomas D. Rogers Ms. Marya Rowan Mrs. Lois B. Rowland Mr. Arthur N. Ryan Mr. and Mrs. William R. Salomon Mr. and Mrs. Albert Sbar Mr. and Mrs. Douglas R. Scheumann Mr. and Mrs. Edwin Schreiber Mr. Harold A. Schwartz Mr. and Mrs. S. Norman Seastedt Mr. and Mrs. Paul M. Shatz Dr. and Mrs. Richard Shaw Joan and Ev Shorey Mrs. Shirley P. Sichel Mrs. David E Skinner Mr. and Mrs. Albert H. Small Mts. Bernice Roe Smith Mr. Frank O Smith Mr. and Mrs. Page W. Smirh Mr and Mrs. Michael R. Sonnenreich Mr. and Mrs. Edson W. Spencer Mr. and Mrs. Malcolm T. Stamper Mr. and Mrs. Ellis M. Stephens Mr. and Mrs. Joseph T.J. Stewart Mr. and Mrs. Franz T. Stone The Honorable Robert D. Stuart and Mrs. Stuart Dr. and Mrs. William A. Sullivan Dr Russell Swanson and Dr. Marie Swanson Dr. Joan E. Thomas and Mr. Lee B. Thomas, Jr. Mrs. Margor K. Thomson Mr. and Mrs. Walter R. Truland Mr. Walter L. Vail Mr. and Mrs. C. Woods Vest, Jr. Ms. Alice B. Vincilione Mr. and Mrs. Ladislaus Von Hoffmann Colonel Harold W Vorhies Mr. and Mrs. Robert A. Waidner Mr. and Mrs. Raymond ). Wean, Jr. Mr. Lawrence J. Whelan and Dr. Deborah Black Mr. and Mrs. Ben White The Honorable John C. Whitehead and Mrs. Whitehead Mr. and Mrs. Laurence F. Whittemore Mr. Julius Wile Mr. David R. Williams Mr. and Mrs. W. Armin Wilhg Ms. Pauline E. Williman Dr. and Mrs. Ralph Wilson, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. John W. Winn Dr. Sheila Z. Wood and Mr. James L. Annis Mr. and Mrs. Frank L. Wright Mrs. Charlorre S. Wyman Mr. and Mrs. Bernard J. Young Mr. and Mrs. Sidney S. ZIotnick Patron Members Mr. Walter Alber Mr. Terry L. Albertson and Ms. Kathleen A. Blackburn Mr. Gene R. Bates Mr. John Baum Mrs. Anna S. Beckman and Mr. Kenneth W. Beckman Ms. Marguerite Bender Miss Eliza H. Bishop Ms. J. A. Boorman Dr. Anronio Bosch Mr. John F. Bricker Mr. Keith S. Brown Mrs. Cora S. Buell Mr. E. T. Byram Ms. Patricia Chamblin Mr. Joseph Decaminada Mrs. Deborah J. Denefrio Mr. Hilton B. Dickerson Mr. Douglas Dillon Mr. N.L. Dohgalski Ms. Diane M. Dudley Mr. and Mrs. S. Fischer Mrs. J. Gardiner Ms Ruth C. Greenberg Mrs. Florence L. Gussman Mr. Harold Haverty Mrs. H. Houseman Mr. and Mrs. Phillip S. Hughes Mr. Srephen D. Ishmael Dr. Jay A. Jackson Mr John H. Johnston Dr. Charles Joseph Mr. Robert M. Joyce Mr. and Mrs. Charles J. Kennedy Mr. Otto Kruse Mr. and Mrs. Robert H. Lando Mr. Edmund W. Littlefield Mr. Robert J. Lockridge Mr. and Mrs. John D. McLean Mr. Vincent Mercurio Mr. and Mrs. E. Mercy, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Petet R. Monrose, Jr. Mr. W.T. Moran III Mr. K. F. Mountcastle Mrs. M. E. Newcomb Mr. and Mrs Henry Nickel Ms. R. O'Hara Mr. James A. Pastore Mr. Paul E. Pontius Mrs. Helen G. Price Mr. and Mrs. Michael F. Reagan Ms. Nina Belle Redditt Mr. and Mrs L. Rothschild Mr. and Mrs. Gerald M. Rubin Mr. C. W. Scort Mr. and Mrs. Gene F. Seevers Mr. Harold Seyberr Mrs. W. Mason Shehan Mrs. Manley H. Simons Dr. Harvey C. Slocum, Jr. Mrs. V. Spratley Mr. William C. Sterling, Jr. Mr. R Tevelde Mr. and Mrs. Melville Tucker Mr. and Mrs. Charles A. Turner III Mrs. Maria C. Volpe Ms. Mary Wibel Mrs. Jane Ludwig Worley Mr. Walrer R. Wright 82 Financial Report Nancy D. Suttenfield, Chief Financial Officer Introduction The Smithsonian Institution receives funding from both federal ap- propriations and nonappropriated trust funds. Federal appropriations are the primary source of operating funds to address the Institution's fundamental responsibilities in caring for and conserving the national collections, sustaining basic research on the collections and in selected areas of traditional and unique strength, and educating the public through exhibitions and other outreach programs about the collec- tions and research findings. Administrative and support functions are also supported partially by federal appropriations. Federal appropria- tions account for 71 percent of the Institution's net operating funds. In addition, capital outlays for building repair and restoration and for most new construction are also supported primarily through federal appropriations, although certain construction projects, e.g., the Na- tional Museum of the American Indian and a planned West Court complex at the National Museum of Natural History, rely heavily on private fund-raising or other trust fund resources. Trust funds account fot the remaining 29 percent of the Institu- tion's net operating funds. The Smithsonian defines trust funds as all funds it receives from sources other than direct federal appropriations. These sources include gifts and grants from individuals, corporations, and foundations; earnings from short- and long-term investments; earnings from membership programs; and gross receipts from auxil- iary activities such as Smithsonian magazine, museum shops, food service concessions, and mail order activities. The Smithsonian re- ceives grants and contracts, primarily from other federal agencies, but also from state governments, which are considered trust funds. Smithsonian trust funds, depending on their source, purpose, and applicable restrictions, are used for operations, construction, and en- dowment. These nonapptoptiated trust funds are used to cover the expenses of income-producing auxiliary activities, supplement federal appropriations for programs, and cover an appropriate proportionate share of the Institution's administrative expenses. The use of Smith- sonian trust funds is further classified as restricted or unrestricted. Re- stricted funds are those on which the donor or funding agent places limitations. Seventy percent of the trust net operating funds are re- stricted. Approximately 54 percent of the endowment is restricted as well. The following sections describe the Institution's gerferal financial situation and its planned responses to changing conditions; specific fi- nancial outcomes for fiscal 1992; measures, both organizational and financial, to assure the future fiscal health of the Institution; and rela- tionships with other affiliated organizations. Financial Situation and Prospects During fiscal 1992, an analysis of federal appropriations to the Insti- tution for the past several years was conducted. That analysis revealed that a majot portion of each annual increment had gone not to sup- port general operating expenses, but to support specific and/or ear- marked purposes, such as the new National Museum of the American Indian, major scientific instrumentation for the Smithsonian Astro- physical Observatory, new global change research programs, subsi- dized participation fees for traveling exhibitions, and special commemorative events such as the Columbus Quincentenary. Despite the apparent increases in appropriation support, many factors, in- cluding the need to apply increases to specific activities, had the effect of eroding the purchasing power of the Institution's operating bud- get. Other such factors include shortfalls in appropriations relative to additional new costs, including mandated pay adjustments, employee benefits, new regulatoty requirements, and inflation. Although the Institution's federal appropriation for operating ex- penses was $97.3 million greater than in fiscal 1987, the fiscal 1992 funding level (in 1987 dollars) represented a decrease of $22.4 million actually available for the core programs that were in place in fiscal 1987. This loss of purchasing power resulted in the inability to fill many positions that perform essenrial functions, such as collections care and facilities maintenance and repair; the deferral of the replace- ment of scientific equipment; the postponement of the purchase of library books and serials; and the reduction of other basic program support. At the same time, the weakened national economy, along with a decrease in the number of visitors, has led to decreased revenues from the Smithsonian's various income producing activities. Unrestricted trust fund income from these activities dropped to pre-fiscal 1987 levels. In response, the Institution reduced its budget allocations to fellowships, collections acquisition, scholarly studies, educational out- reach, and special exhibitions to 28 percent below the fiscal 1987 level of $6.4 million. Prospects for catch-up funding from both appropriated and nonap- propriated sources are dim. Therefore, in planning for fiscal 1993, the Institution conducted a comprehensive examination of each of its pro- grams and activities, considering centrality to the Smithsonian's mis- sion, quality, and cost-effectiveness. As a result of that examination, it has begun a multi-year restructuring program to restore and main- tain financial equilibrium. 83 Fiscal 1992 Results R & R Appropriations Fiscal 1992 Sources of Operating Funds (Source: Tables 1 and 2) Source of Funds Gross Net Net Sources Sources Sources (SOOOs) (SOOOs) (%) Federal Appropriation Government Grants and Contracts Other Trust Resources Total Available for Operations 283,076 283,076 71 42,689 42,689 11 248,917 75.551 18 574,682 401,316 The fiscal 1992 federal appropriation of $281 .2 million, plus an addi- tional $1.9 million for the Special Foreign Currency, U.S. India, and the Canal Zone funds, provided the funding nucleus for ongoing pro- grams of the Institution and limited support for the new National Museum of the American Indian and for other areas of cultural plu- ralism, environmental, and education initiatives. Modest increments of funding were directed to the reinstallation of outdated exhibitions, the upgrading and replacement of essential information systems, and strengthening internal controls. The Smithsonian concluded fiscal 1992 with a shortfall of $3,813 million in unrestricted general trust funds. The shortfall derived from continued increases in expenditures while revenues from auxiliary ac- tivities remained essentially flat in comparison to fiscal 1991. Al- though management had already initiated reductions in baseline expenditures, it became evident that additional cuts were required in fiscal 1993 to bring costs within further reduced levels of unrestricted trust income. In fiscal 1992, government agencies sponsored research projects to- talling $42.7 million at the Smithsonian, an increase of $5.9 million, or 16 percent over fiscal 1991. Of this increase, $4.4 million repre- sents funding from the National Aeronautics and Space Administra- tion (NASA) to support research at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. Other nonappropriated income from gifts, non-government grants, endowments, current investments, and revenue-producing activities totaling $75.55 million augmented funds from federal sources. The Smithsonian is especially grateful to its many friends in the private sector whose generosity contributed vitally to its work. Donors are listed in the Benefactors section of this annual report. Construction and Plant Funds (Table 8) In fiscal 1992, the Smithsonian received $23,599 million in direct ap- propriations for replacement of major building systems at the Na- tional Museum of Natural History and the National Museum of American History, as well as for repair, restoration, and code compli- ance projects throughout the Institution. Appropriations for major construction included $9,874 million for reconfiguration of the National Museum of Natutal Hisrory's East Coutt; $2.37 million for the planned National Museum of the Ameri- can Indian; and $1,678 million for the initial design for the General Post Office Building. The National Zoological Park received $7,899 million for repairs and other projects in its master plan, including the Hall of Humankind and Amazonia. Appropriations for other con- $35 $30 $25 $20 $15 $10 $5 .I...II.I 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 Fiscal Year R&R □ Z00R&R Total Endowment Funds 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 Fiscal Year □ Market Value Total Operating Funds $600 $500 _ $400 o I $300 $200 $100 Ui - 1 ■ y ' Bflfln" ,--■■'" nnnnR," , , .1 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 i Fiscal Year Federal □ Unrestricted ■ Restricted □ Grants struction activities included $5,234 million for minor construction and planning for future capital projects. Endowment (Tables 5, 6, and 7) The Institution has a large number of endowment and quasi-endow- ment funds. For investment purposes, these funds are pooled into a consolidated portfolio, and the investment policy is focused on the total return (i.e., dividends, interest, and realized and unrealized capital gains) on the portfolio. Each year, the market value of the portfolio increases by new gifts, net transfers, and the total return on the portfolio. It is reduced by the annual payout for current expendi- tures, fees, and expenses. Each fund within the consolidated endow- ment purchases shares similar to an investor in a mutual fund. The value of each share increases as the marker value of the consolidated portfolio (net of new gifts and transfers) increases and, annually, it re- ceives the applicable payout per share for current expenditures. The Investment Policy Committee of the Smithsonian's Board of Regents oversees the development of the investment policy and the annual payout for the consolidated endowment. The overall objective of the endowment is to maintain its real purchasing power (net of new gifts and transfers). Current policy calls for an average payout of 4.5 percent of the average market value over the prior 5 years. To achieve the endowment objectives, the investment policy targets a real return of 5 percent. During fiscal 1992, the market value of the consolidated endow- ment increased to $343.6 million, a $29.8 million gain. Following past practice to increase the endowment fot the future, $3. 1 million in revenue generated from auxiliary enterprises was transferred to the unrestricted endowment. The total return was 10.3 percent, the pay- out was 4.2 percent of the five-year average market value, and fees were 0.4 percent of average market value of the portfolio. With infla- tion running at an annual rate of 2.4 percent, the real purchasing power of the endowment increased by 38 percent. At fiscal year-end, the portfolio of the Institution reflected 36 percent in bonds, 7 per- cent in cash and cash equivalents, and 57 percent in equities. • an external review, arranged by the Private Sector Council, of the management and organization of Smithsonian finance and admin- istration by executives from the Eastman Kodak Company, the Gillette Company, the Lockheed Corporation, and the American Express Company; • the development of a new accounts payable / purchase order sys- tem— to be completed by the end of fiscal 1993; • the development of a more highly coordinated fund-raising pro- gram plan; • collateralization of Smithsonian funds on deposit with major banks through the Federal Reserve Bank; • the establishment of a Smithsonian-wide disaster preparedness plan, the acquisition of a fully equipped disaster response trailer, and completion or initiation of disaster preparedness plans at 22 separate Smithsonian facilities; • initiation of a study to examine the planning and construction of exhibitions and recommend opportunities for cost savings — to be completed in fiscal 1993. The Institution's financial statements are audited annually by an in- dependent public accounting firm. Along with the audit report, management also receives a report from the auditors with suggested operational improvements, which management acts upon as appro- priate. Coopers & Lybrand's unqualified report for fiscal 1992 is re- printed on the following pages. The Smithsonian's internal audit staff, part of the Office of the Inspector General, assists the outside auditors and regularly audits the Institution's various programs, activ- ities, and internal control systems. The Defense Contract Audit Agency audits grants and contracts received from federal agencies, in- cluding the allowability and allocability of indirect cost charges. The Audit and Review Committee of the Board of Regents met three times during the fiscal year pursuant to its fiduciary responsi- bilities and the bylaws of the Board of Regents. The committee re- viewed the results of the 1991 audit of financial statements and the 1992 audit plan, received reports from the inspector general, and con- ducted inquiries on a variety of topics directed at safeguarding the Institution's various assets. Financial Management In 1990, to assure effective financial management, the Smithsonian established the position of assistant secretary for finance and adminis- tration and later designated that position as chief financial officer of the Institution. The chief financial officer has responsibilities for safe- guarding all of the Institution's assets and oversees all financial offices to assure integrated financial planning and proper coordination of all financial management functions. Although not required to comply with the Federal Chief Financial Officers Act of 1990, the Smithsonian has elected to comply volun- tarily with the spirit and intent of its objectives for sound financial management and internal controls. The Smithsonian is, in fact, well ahead of most federal agencies in implementing the principal require- ments of the act. In addition, the Institution's finance offices are tak- ing part in an effort to continuously improve the quality of their products and services and the cost-effectiveness of their business pro- cesses through total quality management (TQM). A program to train all financial staff is underway and implementation of the program is proceeding. Specific financial management improvement initiatives undertaken or completed in fiscal 1992 include Related Organizations The National Gallery of Art, the John F. Kennedy Center for the Per- forming Arts, and the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars were established by Congress within the Institution. Each or- ganization is administered by its own board of trustees and reports in- dependently on its financial status. The Smithsonian provides rhe Wilson Center with certain fiscal, administrative, and support ser- vices, as well as office space, on a reimbursement basis. Administrative services are provided by the Institution on a con- tract basis for Reading is Fundamental, Inc. The Friends of the Na- tional Zoo (FONZ), an independent nonprofit organization, operates under a concessions contract; proceeds accrue to the Zoo. 85 Table 1. Financial Summary (in $000s) INSTITUTIONAL OPERATING FUNDS FUNDS PROVIDED: Federal Appropriations — (Salaries & Expenses) & Other Government Grants & Contracts Nonappropriated Trust Funds: For Restricted Purposes For Unrestricted & Special Purposes: Auxiliary & Bureau Activities Revenues — Gross Less Related Expenses Auxiliary & Bureau Activities Revenues — Net Investment, Gift & Other Income Total Net Unrestricted & Special Purpose Revenue Total Nonappropriated Trust Funds — Gross -Net Total Operating Funds Provided — Gross —Net FUNDS APPLIED: Science Less SAO Overhead Recovery Arts and Humanities Education and Public Service International Activities External Affairs Institutional Initiatives Associates & Business Management Administration — Federal (sec Note 1) Nonappropriated Trust Funds Less Smithsonian Overhead Recovery Facilities Services Total Operating Funds Applied Transfers (Nonappropriated Trust Funds) Unrestricted Funds — To Plant — To Endowment Restricted Funds — To Plant — To Endowment Total Operating Funds Applied & Transferred Out CHANGES IN FUND BALANCES: Nonappropriated Trust — Restricted Purpose Unrestricted — General Purpose — Special Purpose Appropriated (see Note 2) Total YEAR-END BALANCES— NONAPPROPRIATED TRUST FUNDS: Restricted Purpose Unrestricted — General Purpose — Special Purpose Total OTHER FEDERAL APPROPRIATIONS (see Note 3) Canal Zone Biological Area Fund Construction Total Federal Appropriation (Including S & E above) $ 273,709 36,801 $ 283,076 42,689 196,107 196,625 (173,322) (173,366) 22,785 23,259 14,330 12,512 37,115 35,771 233,259 248,917 59,937 75,551 543.769 574,682 370.447 401,316 143,568 156,520 (4,459) (5,009) 89,568 107,130 4,352 4,777 1.969 2,577 5,541 5.491 3,229 4,655 399 356 37,546 26,575 17,047 15,334 (10,107) (10,591) 73,634 77,484 362,287 385,299 (1.753) (232) 3,108 3,633 — 975 5,732 3.941 369,374 393,616 (3,939) 7,096 3 (3.813) (4.198) (3,558) 9.207 7,975 $ 1,073 $ 7,700 $ 21,036 $ 28.132 13,772 9,959 31,115 27,557 $ 65,923 $ 65,648 $ 159 $ 154 53,233 50,653 $ 327,101 $ 333.883 Note 1: The funds applied for FY 1991 were regrouped to be consistent with organizational changes that occurred in FY 1992. Note 2: The fund balance for federal funds represents no-year unobligated funds for instrumentation, collections acquisition, repatriation, and exhibitions. Also, included in this amount are unobligated funds from FY 1992, FY 1991, FY 1990, and FY 1989 annual appropriation accounts. Note 3: Excludes $837 thousand received in FY 1991 and $1,325 thousand received in FY 1992 from the Department of State for research projects in India. These amounts reflect a $414 thousand and $48 thousand exchange rate fluctuation for FY 1991 and FY 1992, respectively. 86 ■ Table 2. Source and Application of Operating Funds for the Year Ended September 30, 1992 (Excludes Canal Zone Biological Area Fund, Plant Funds, and Endowments) (in $000s) Nonappropriated Trust Funds Total Non- Federal appropriated Funds Funds Unrestricted Auxiliary Activities Special Purpose Restricted Government Grants and General Contracts FUND BALANCES— Beginning of Year FUNDS PROVIDED: Federal Appropriations Investment Income Government Grants and Contracts Gifts Sales and Membership Revenue Other Total Provided Total Available FUNDS APPLIED: Sciences: Assistant Secretary Office of the Registrar Fellowships and Grants Office of Interdisciplinary Studies Astrophysical Observatory Less Overhead Recovery Tropical Research Institute Environmental Research Center National Zoological Park Smithsonian Archives Smithsonian Libraries International Environmental Science Program Major Scientific Instrumentation National Museum of Natural History Conservation Analytical Laboratory Museum Support Center Total Sciences Arts and Humanities: Assistant Secretary Office of Museum Programs Joseph Henry Papers American Studies National Air & Space Museum National Museum of American History National Museum of the American Indian . . . National Museum of American Art National Portrait Gallery AA/PG Building Manager Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden . . . Freer Gallery of Art Arthur M. Sackler Gallery Archives of American Art Cooper-Hewitt Museum National Museum of African Art Anacostia Neighborhood Museum Office of Exhibits Central Traveling Exhibition Service Total Arts and Humanities $ 7,300 283,076 $ 65,923 $ 13,772 $31,115 $21,036 14,170 7,616 — 562 5,992 42,689 — — — — 40,110 189 8,034 960 30,927 188,591 — 180,312 8,279 — 6,046 343 — 2,842 2,861 843 1,148 516 210 15 13 397 2,296 125 114 89 71 12,996 45,466 5,839 — (5,009) (5.009) 6,785 2,387 202 2,414 1,422 90 16,617 3,826 172 707 248 221 5.997 770 638 901 — — 2,277 — — 32,614 6,676 418 2,722 95 — 7,090 — — 1.366 1,050 506 555 71 53 269 8 — 106 19 — 1,500 7,334 253 .8,268 5,545 175 8,193 275 172 6.694 2,948 188 4,038 599 34 1,219 7 — 3,980 6.523 216 3,262 3,057 9 2,741 1,845 81 1,236 970 94 2,211 2,822 1,048 3,723 230 32 1.087 193 166 2,093 66 — 2,292 2,318 344 42,689 283,076 291,606 8,148 188,346 12,643 39,780 42,689 290,376 357,529 21,920 188,346 43,758 60,816 42,689 112 2 1.901 177 343 270 (26) 44 — 1,981 567 37,079 860 675 650 285 207 840 1,731 912 1,011 24 3 — 130 2 — 1.836 3,341 1.081 77 18 — 216 328 — 14 4 — 1 7 — 19 — — 4,432 2,147 502 1,609 3.181 580 102 1 — 1,129 1,631 — 332 7 642 231 2 5,665 _ 370 2,678 — 399 1,365 — — 876 — 1,328 411 35 58 140 — 26 1 — 66 — — 1,076 852 46 87 2,362 2,528 1,519 474 262 273 909 1,668 658 126 725 159 ■ Table 2. Source and Application of Operating Funds for the Year Ended September 30, 1992 (Excludes Canal Zone Biological Area Fund, Plant Funds, and Endowments) (in $000s) (continued) Nonappropriated Trust Funds -pota| Unrestricted Restricted Non- Government Federal appropriated Auxiliary Special Grants and Funds Funds General Activities Purpose General Contracts Education and Public Service: Assistant Secretary 384 389 298 70 21 Center for Folklife Programs and Cultural Studies 1,318 1,596 761 365 207 263 Office of Elementary and Secondary Education ... 418 353 270 39 34 10 National Science Resources Center 242 190 190 Total Education and Public Service International Center/ Activities External Affairs: Assistant Secretary $ 169 $ 936 $ 615 $ — $ — $ 284 $ 37 Office of Telecommunications 322 970 586 97 256 31 Visitor Information and Associates' Reception .... 182 1,073 1,051 23 (1) Office of Special Events and Conference Svs 72 182 182 — — Smithsonian Press Total External Affairs Institutional Initiatives Associates 96,489 240 96,133 56 42 18 Business Management /Activities 51,724 51,724 Admininistration 26,575 16,223 13,052 2.984 187 Less Overhead Recovery (10,591) (10,591) Facilities Services 75,408 2,400 1,551 846 3 Transfers Out/(In): Programs (see Note 1) 4,487 (4,487) — Net Auxiliary Activities (19,110) 19,110 — Other Designated Purposes 3,521 1,869 (5,485) 95 Plant 743 (232) 975 Endowment 7,574 3.093 540 3,941 Total Transfers 8.317 (8,009) 20,979 (9,664) 5,011 Total Funds Applied 275,101 291,881 11,961 188,346 16,201 32,684 42,689 FUND BALANCES— End of Year (see Note 2) ... $ 15,275 $65,648 $ 9,959 — $27,557 $28,132 — Note 1: Includes Collections Acquisition, Scholarly Studies, Educational Outreach, and Special Exhibitions Programs Note 2: The fund balance for federal funds represent no-year funding for instrumentation, collections acquisition, repatriation and exhibitions. 1.530 19,701 19,510 141 48 2 2,275 22,862 2,434 19,510 261 587 70 55 4,952 4,440 379 133 ■ Table 3. Government Grants and Conttacts — Expenditures (in $000s), Fiscal Years 1991 and 1992 Government Agencies FY 1991 FY 1992 Department of Defense $ 883 $ 779 Department of Energy 425 499 Department of Health and Human Services 613 591 Department of Interior 1 ,242 807 National Aeronautics and Space Administration (see Note 1) 31,616 35,999 National Science Foundation (see Note 2) 852 1 ,627 Other 1,170 2,387 Total $36,801 $42,689 Note 1: Includes $849 thousand (FY 1991) and $895 thousand (in FY 1992) in subcontracts from organizations receiving prime contracts from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Note 2: Includes $314 thousand (FY 1992) in National Science Foundation subcontracts from Chesapeake Research Consortium. ■ Table 4. Auxiliary Activities, Fiscal Years 1991 and 1992 (in $000s) Sales and Membership Less Cost Gross Revenue Gifts of Sales Revenue Expenses FY 1991 $178,073 $7,752 $94,511 $91,314 $70,309 FY 1992: Associates Programs $101,298 $8,034 $64,750 $44,582 $31,383 Business Management: (see Note 1) —Museum Shops/ Mail Order 54,128 24,384 29,744 23,510 —Concessions 3,788 3,788 2,923 —Other 1,436 1,436 907 Smithsonian Press 19,502 — 4,992 14,510 14,518 Media Activities (see Note 1 ) 160 160 Total FY 1992 $180,312 $8,034 $94,126 $94,220 $73,241 Note 1: Before revenue-sharing ttansfers to participating Smithsonian bureaus of $1,102 thousand (FY 1991) and $1,869 thousand (FY 1992). Net Revenue (Loss) $21,005 $13,199 6,234 865 529 (8) 160 $20,979 Table 5. Endowment and Similar Funds September 30, 1992 (in $000s) Book Value Market Value ASSETS: Pooled Consolidated Endowment Fundi: Cash and equivalents Mutual Funds Interfund Receivable U.S. Government and Government Obligations Bonds Convertible Pteferred Stocks Receivable for Securities Sold Total Pooled Funds Nonpooled Endowment Fundi: Loan to U.S. Treasury in Perpetuity Receivables Investments in Charitable Trusts Total Nonpooled Funds Total Assets LIABILITIES AND FUND BALANCES: LIABILITIES: Payables for Securities Purchased Deferred Revenue — Charitable Trusts Total Liabilities FUND BALANCE: Unrestticted Purpose: True Endowmenr Quasi Endowment Total Unrestricted Purpose Restricted Purpose: True Endowment Quasi Endowment Total Restricted Purpose Total Fund Balances Total Liabilities and Fund Balances $ 24,890 $ 24,890 23,928 26,916 2,545 2,545 70,586 73,360 53,310 56,463 1,861 2,482 122,504 164,472 7,541 7,541 307,165 358,669 1,036 1,072 20 20 595 834 1,651 1,926 $308,815 $360,595 $ 16,147 595 $ 16,148 834 16,742 16,982 7,793 127,526 9.849 146,546 135,319 156,395 100,408 56,347 121,584 65.634 156,755 187,218 292,074 343,613 $308,816 $360,595 Table 5 A. Market Values of Endowment and Similar Funds (in $000s) Unrestricted . . . Freer Other Restricted $101,432 $127,394 $117,123 $143,205 $156,395 44,228 53,731 47,963 57,775 61,523 75,169 98,540 89,430 112,796 125,695 $279,665 $254,516 $313,776 $343,613 Table 6. Changes in Pooled Consolidated Endowment — Fund Balances at Market (in Market Value— 10/ 1/91 Changes: Gifts Ttansfers of Excess Yield (Net of below) Interest and Dividends (see Note 1) . . Income Paid Out Ttansfers of Other Income Market Value Appreciation Market Value— 9/30/92 (see Note 2) . . Unrestricted Freer Restricted Total $142,193 $57,775 $112,663 $312,631 94 - 1,244 1,338 4,680 (4,771) 3,775 9,454 1,878 (1,908) 3,778 3,796 (3,845) 4,056 7,659 10,354 (10,524) 7,831 20,891 $155,425 $61,523 $125,573 $342,521 Note 1: Income earned, less managers' feesof$l ,140 thousand Note 2: Nonpooled Endowment Funds have a market value of $1,093 thousand for a total endowment market value of $343,613 thousand. Table 7. Endowment Funds September 30, 1992 Principal Book Value Market Value Unexpended Balance UNRESTRICTED PURPOSE— TRUE: Avery Fund (see Note 1 ) Higbcc, Harry, Memorial Hodgkins Fund (see Note 1) Morgan, Gilbert B. and Betty J . , Memotial Fund Morrow, Dwight W. Mussinan, Alfred Olmsted. Helen A Poore, Lucy T. and George W. (see Note 1) Porter, Henry Kirke, Memorial Sanford, George H. (see Note 1) Smithson, James (see Note 1) Smithson Society. James Walcott, Charles D. and Mary Vaux, Research (Designated) Subtotal UNRESTRICTED PURPOSE— QUASI: Ettl, Charles H , Fund Ferguson, Frances B. , Endowment Forrest, Robert Lee General Endowment (see Note 1 ) Goddatd, Robert H Habel, Dr. S. (see Note 1) Hart, Gustavus E Henry. Caroline Henry, Joseph and Harriet A Heys, Maude C Hinton, Carrie Susan Koteen, Dorothy B Lambert, Paula C Medinus, Grace L 257.525 92,454 376,458 40,972 462,588 140,877 4,790 1,023,570 1,709,508 6,997 829,925 176,824 2,670,273 7,792,761 332,332 116,451 428,988 45,989 607,599 177,688 6,202 1,337,858 2,243,643 8,725 865.158 181,638 3,496.777 9,849,048 11,034 3,612 19,335 1,426 18,843 5,511 192 42,876 69,580 328 54,980 4,659 08,442 340,8 U 1.184,373 1,342,099 41,621 605.675 665,916 20,651 6.015.246 6,761,421 209,685 102,271,760 117,626,928 3,612,168 47,617 53,546 1,661 766 799 51 3,247 4,007 124 8,027 9,883 306 322,084 395,284 12,259 580,316 657,922 20,404 161,192 192,464 5.969 215,277 229,582 7,120 292.516 353,099 10,950 5,757 6,549 203 90 Table 7. Endowment Funds September 30, 1992 (continued) Principal Book Market Net Unexpended Value Value Income Balance 194,094 224,821 6.972 _ 811,124 905.817 29,540 — 4,023 4,775 178 — 267,419 307.309 9,530 — 1,916,023 1,756,077 46,526 — 481,757 824,227 25,614 — 2,874 3,744 116 — 149,633 141,478 2,477 — 755,438 929,131 28,814 54,536 6,320 7,765 241 6,136 3,303,872 3,882,543 119,638 — 2,787,143 3,217,989 99,796 194,664 45,567 51,810 1,607 10,522 30,738 35,196 1,092 3,729 197,032 231,237 7,171 216 91,960 89,382 462 462 24,267 28,137 998 145 1,836,711 2,255,041 69,933 57,608 1,438,764 1,806,748 60,404 17.662 1,282,162 1,357,412 42,096 170,300 184,775 186.345 5,779 1,167 127,525.549 146,546,483 4,502,156 517,147 $135,318,310 $156,395,531 $ 4,842,974 $ 655,536 O'Dea, Laura 1 Phillips, Roy R., Estate Rhees, William Jones (see Note 1) Safford, Clara Louise Smithsonian Bequesr Fund (see Note 1 ) Sultner, Donald H. , Endowment Taggart , Ganson Winterer, Alice I Abbott, William L. (Designated) Barstow, Frederic D. (Designated) Hirshhorn Museum Acquisition Fund (Designated) Lindbergh Chair of Aerospace History (Designated) Lindbergh, Charles A (Designated) Lyon, Marcus Ward, Jr. (Designated) Martin Marietta Internship (Designated) NMNH Research (Designated) Smithsonian Agency Account (Designated) Smithsonian Press Scholarly Books Fund (Designated) Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Endowment Fund (Designated) Webb, James E., Fellowship (Designated) Women's Committee Fellowship (Designated) Subtotal Total Unrestricted Purpose RESTRICTED PURPOSE— TRUE: Aitken, Annie Laurie, Endowment Fund $ 356,553 $ 426,427 $ 11,951 $ 24,589 Arthur, James 230.557 304,327 9,438 19,035 Baird, Spencer Fullerton 207,592 272,037 8,436 18,771 Barney, Alice Pike, Memorial 165.254 218,083 6,763 67,880 Batchelor, Emma E 191.993 225,583 6,996 72,992 Beauregard, Catherine, Memorial 247.934 304,751 9,451 112,993 Bergen, Charlotte V. 20,237 22,523 698 4,293 Brown, Roland W 182,894 226,108 7,012 16,260 Burch. George, Fellowship in Theoretic Medicine and Affiliated Theoretic Sciences Fund 1.879,703 2,046,703 63,472 115,061 Canfield, Frederick A 244,487 335,300 10,398 284 Casey, Thomas Lincoln 79,446 97,703 3,030 12,908 Chamberlain, Frances Lea 162,257 214,129 6,641 28,899 Cooper Fund for Paleobiology 228,134 253,110 7,714 Division of Mammals Curators Fund 17,047 20,057 622 2,441 Drake Foundation 1,069,970 1,266.451 39,112 235,540 Drouet, Francis and Louderback, Harold B. Fund 325,351 363,651 11,278 73,415 Dykes, Charles, Bequest 305,398 370,257 11,482 79,229 Eaton, Harriet Phillips 69,481 74,703 2,317 5,988 Eickemeyer, Florence Brevoort 62,613 82,620 2,562 ' 1 16 Eppley Memorial 32,596 35,046 1,087 2,809 Forbes, Edward Waldo 1,018,396 1,120,726 34,756 110,686 Freer, Charles L 50,093,594 61,523,394 1,907,965 2,393,512 Global Environmental Endowment Fund 3,253 3,486 108 272 Grimm, Sergei N 171,277 192,757 5.978 51.082 Groom, Barrick W. 174,510 194,035 6,017 29,359 Guggenheim, Daniel and Florence 680,292 787,201 24,413 60,931 Hamilton, James (see Note 1) 6,276 7,286 356 4,384 Henderson, Edward P and Rebecca R., Meteorite Fund 187,793 200,142 6,207 8,834 Hewitt, Eleanor G., Repair Fund 41,664 49.493 1.535 1.420 Hewitt, Sarah Cooper 246,170 292,135 9,060 11,524 Hillyer, Virgil 41,661 51,236 1,589 17,801 Hitchcock, Albert S 9,197 12,191 378 1,830 Hodgkins Fund (see Note 1) 153,177 159,678 10,152 32,692 Hrdlicka, Ales and Marie 305,008 378,875 11,750 7,725 Hughes, Bruce 110,381 145,718 4,519 19.710 Huntington Publication Fund 271,346 291,742 9,047 23,399 Johnson, Seward. Trust Fund for Oceanography 20,774,148 25,588,490 793,551 Kellogg, Remington and Marguerite, Memorial 336,490 385,952 11,919 2,795 91 Table 7. Endowment Funds September 30, 1992 (continued) Principal Book Market Net Unexpended Value Value Income Balam s 23.514 26,978 636 1,020 105,401 106,954 3,026 4,191 113.100 149,301 4,630 62,974 714,319 832,714 25,810 46,595 577,170 613,533 18,502 34,264 883 1,455 45 307 562,061 671,928 20.838 315 76,545 91,726 2,845 34 993,171 1,067,826 33.115 85,647 35,959 34,789 446 446 244,492 250,220 7.653 24,842 130,682 169.071 5.243 13,684 42,856 56,631 1.756 15,053 129,535 156,123 5.414 24,024 216,329 246,503 7.492 — 693,169 913,311 28.324 143 1,480.503 1,825,521 56,143 49,839 20,301 21,827 677 1.749 178,388 199,191 6,177 25.132 9,275,416 10.913,924 335,651 190,836 103.564 136,286 4,226 31,163 1,105,952 1,301,449 40,360 264,722 30,368 37,234 1,155 5,709 437,250 473.082 14,671 773 1,016,089 1,002.014 12,902 12,902 978,597 1,189.379 36,481 38,279 337,801 460,970 14,296 20,263 32,367 37,044 1,149 5,427 42,746 45,959 1.425 3,684 5,442 7,166 222 8,246 100,408.100 121,584,215 3.751.070 4.658,022 189,158 183,855 950 950 24,183 27,955 853 - 111,973 126,107 3,911 3.417 534,393 632,940 19,629 92,716 105,586 106,483 3,302 3,302 922,605 1.095,501 33,974 17,048 608,075 617,050 18,885 1 9,826,147 10,680,004 303,568 394,224 42,794 56,734 1,851 1,082 88,866 94,989 2,798 — 11,315 13,013 393 1.542 26,593 33,300 1,033 9.517 343,049 352,418 10,929 17,906 56,325 69,258 2,148 12,924 7.254,733 8,343,557 313,234 390,006 1.872,064 2,225,269 78,429 — 6.870,013 7,727,118 198,664 — 18,992,998 23.094,784 716,216 225,134 44,679 51,279 1,590 10,623 556,950 686,877 21,301 20,879 3.191 4,242 132 960 128.021 157,423 4,882 46,076 6,358 7,935 246 5,476 52,745 59,424 1,843 4,933 47,186 58,115 1,802 11,701 1,101,818 1,363,534 42,841 (2,966) 67,634 83,269 2,582 27,476 149,034 179,031 5,552 21,050 174,163 199.833 6,197 1,775 127.329 146,449 4,542 23,329 Kramar, Nada Mandil, Harry and Beverly Maxwell, Mary E Mellon Foundation Challenge Grant/Endowment Mellon Publications Endowment Fund Milliken, H. Oothout, Memorial Mineral Endowment Mitchell, William A Museum of the American Indian — Heye Foundation NMAI Educational Endowment Fund Nelms, Henning, Endowment Fund Nelson, Edward William Petrocelli, Joseph, Memorial Reid, Addison T. (see Note 1) Ripley, S Dillon and Mary Livingston Roebling Fund Rollins, Miriam and William Schmitt, John J Sims, George W Sprague Fund Springer, Frank Stern, Harold R , Memorial Stevenson, John A., Mycological Library Stuart, Mary Horner Tupper, Earl S Walcott, Charles D and Mary Vaux, Research Walcott Research Fund, Botanical Publications Williston, Samuel Wendell, Diptera Research Williams, Blair & Elsie Zerbee, Frances Brincklc Subtotal RESTRICTED PURPOSE-QUASI: Abbott, Mafic Bohrn Armstrong, Edwin James Au Panicr Fleuri Bacon, Virginia Purdy Bateman, Robert Becker, George F Cooper Hewitt Acquisition Endowment Fund Denghausen, Luisita L. and Franz H., Fund Desautels, Paul E Friends of Music Endowment Fund Gaver, Gordon Hachenberg. George R and Caroline Hammond, John, Performance Series Fund Hanson, Martin Gustav and Caroline R Hirshhorn Collections Endowment Fund Hirshhorn, Joseph H , Bequest Fund The Holenia Trust Fund Hunrerdon Endowment Johnson, E R. Fenimore Loeb .Morris Long, Annette E. and Edith C Myer, Catherine Walden Noyes, Frank B Noyes, Pauline Riggs Pell, Cornelia Livingston Ramsey, Adm. and Mrs. Dewitt Clinton (see Note 1 ) Rathbun, Richard, Memorial Roebling Solar Research Ruef, Bertha M Schultz, Leonard P. 92 Table 7. Endowment Funds September 30, 1992 (continued) Principal Book Value Market Value Net Income Unexpended Balance 3,653,133 1,473,830 63,560 816,801 4,328,126 1,745,649 78,247 1,004,002 134,224 54,791 2,427 31.136 501,546 6,888 18,839 194,361 56,347,302 65,633,770 2,026,855 2,062,715 156,755,402 187,217,985 5,777,925 6,720,737 $292,073,712 $343,613,516 $10,620,899 $7,376,273 Seidell, Atherton Smithsonian Agency Account Strong, Jrlia D Witherspcon, Thomas A., Memorial Subtotal Total Restricted Purpose TOTAL ENDOWMENT FUNDS . . Note 1: Invested all or in part in U.S. Treasury or othet nonpooled investments. ■ Table 8. Construction and Plant Funds 'iscal Years 1991 and 1992 (in $000s) FUNDS PROVIDED federal Appropriations: National Zoological Park Restoration and Renovation of Buildings Construction Planning and Minor Consrruction Tropical Research Institute — Tupper Research Facilities National Museum of the American Indian Naric^il Museum of Natural History — East Court GPOB — Construction Total Federal Appropriations Nonappropriated Trust Funds: Income — Gift and Other Environmental Research Center Tropical Research Institute — Tupper Research Facilities Cooper- Hewirt Museum Visitot Information and Reception Center National Museum of the American Indian Freer Gallery and Auditorium Natural Museum of Natutal History Gem Hall Natural Museum of Natural History Insect Zoo Total Income Transfers from Other Funds: National Museum of the American Indian Cooper-Hewitt Museum Natural Museum of Natural Histoty Gem Hall Natural Museum of Natural History Insect Zoo Quadrangle and Related Total Transfers Total Funds Provided 6,636 7,899 31,190 23,599 4,982 5.233 1,542 — 7,391 2,370 1,492 9,874 1,678 53,233 50,653 37 149 (222)* 576 49 57 (109)* 10 128 2,022 2,114 686 532 352 105 2,529 3,957 950 358 — (48)* (202)' — (6)' (2,063)* (1,753) 742 $54,009 $55,352 * Funds reclassified to current operating funds 93 Coopers & Lybrand Certified Public Accountants Report of Independent Accountants To The Board of Regents Smithsonian Institution We have audited the accompanying statement of financial condition of the Smithsonian Institution as of September 30, 1992, and the related statements of financial activity and cash flows for the year then ended. We previously audited and reported upon the financial state- ments of the Smithsonian Institution for the year ended September 30, 1991, totals of which are included in the accompanying financial statements for comparative purposes only. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Institution's management. Out responsi- bility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audit. We conducted our audit in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards and generally accepted government auditing stan- dards. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting ptinciples used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Smith- sonian Institution as of September 30, 1992, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the yeat then ended, in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles. Washington, D.C. December 23, 1992 Ljrwu* jLL. Smithsonian Institution Statement of Financial Condition, September 30, 1992 (with comparative totals for September 30, 1991) (thousands of dollars) Trust funds Federal funds Totals, all funds Totals, 1991 58,587 $ 161,147 — 377,233 11,943 60,593 12,635 12,635 1,681 19,862 — 21,483 11,553 388,823 ASSETS: Fund balances with U.S. Tteasury and cash $ 2,560 Investments (Note 3) 377,233 Receivables (Note 5) 48,650 Advance payments (Note 6) Inventoties 18,181 Ptepaid, deferted expense and othet 21,483 Ptoperty and equipment (Note 7) 77,270 Collections (Note 11) Total assets LIABILITIES: Accounts payable and accrued expenses $ 23,949 lmerfund payable Payable for investment securities putchased Deposits held in custody for othet otganizations (Note 2) Accrued annual leave Deferred revenue Long-ietm debt (Note 9) Total liabilities Undelivered otdets Commitments and contingencies (Note 8) FUND BALANCES: Trust — Cuttent (Note 15): Untestticted general purpose Special purpose Restticted Trust — Endowment and similat funds (Note 4) Trust — Plant funds (Note 7) Federal — Opetating funds (Note 10) Fedetal — Construction funds Fedetal — Capital funds Total fund balances Total liabilities, undelivered orders and fund balances $545,377 $496,399 $1,041,776 $941,046 $ 23,949 $ 30,410 $ 54,359 $ 49,694 11,617 — 11,617 8,887 16,148 — 16,148 8,007 5,839 — 5,839 4,476 3,437 11,483 14,920 13,583 50,497 — 50,497 36,655 13,113 13.113 10,714 124,600 41,893 '• 166,493 132,016 68,713 " 68,713 81,786 9,959 — 9,959 13,772 27,557 — 27.557 31,115 28,132 — 28,132 21,036 292,074 — 292,074 265,371 63,055 — 63.055 60,392 — 15,977 15,977 8,089 — 56,582 56,582 43,629 313,234 313,234 283,840 420,777 385,793 806,570 727,244 $545,377 $496,399 $1,041,776 $941,046 The accompanying notes axe an integtal part of these financial statements. 94 Smithsonian Institution Statement of Financial Activity for the year ended September 30, 1992 (with comparative totals for the year ended September 30, 1991) (thousands of dollars) Trust funds Federal funds Endow- ment Totals, Current and Totals, Con- trust funds similar Plant federal Operating struction Capital Totals, Totals, funds (Note 15) funds funds funds funds funds funds all funds 1991 REVENUE AND OTHER ADDITIONS: Appropriations (Note 10) $ - $ $ — $ — $331,836 $281,183 $50,653 $ — $331,836 $326,113 Government grants and contracts .... 42,689 42,689 — 42,689 36,801 Investment income 14,563 14,170 393 — — 14,563 15,671 Net gain on sale of securities 17,790 — 17,790 — 17,790 4,007 Gifts, bequests and other grants 45,007 40,110 1,334 3,563 — — — 45,007 25,596 Additions to plant (Note 7) 3,032 — 3,032 62,597 — 62,597 65,629 51.605 Rentals, fees, commissions and other (Note 10) 6,046 6,046 — 1,473 1.473 — 7,519 7,423 Auxiliary activities 188,596 188,591 5 — 188,596 188,355 Total revenue and other additions 317,723 291,606 19,129 6,988 395,906 282,656 50,653 62,597 713,629 655,571 EXPENDITURES AND OTHER DEDUCTIONS: Research, educational, and collection acquisition (Note 11) 93,519 93,519 174,678 174,678 — 268,197 239,724 Administration 23,343 23,343 26.575 26,575 49,918 59,269 Facilities services 2,400 2,400 — 75,408 75,408 — — 77,808 73,908 Acquisition of plant 2,439 — 2,439 37,700 37,700 40,139 47,924 Property use and depreciation (Note 7) 2,629 — 2,629 33,203 — 33,203 35,832 31.640 Auxiliary activities 164,302 164,302 — — — 164,302 164,291 Total expenditures and other deductions 288,632 283.564 — 5,068 347,564 276,661 37,700 33,203 636,196 616,756 Excess of revenue and other additions over expendirures and other deductions 29,091 8,042 19,129 1,920 48,342 5,995 12,953 29,394 77,433 38,815 TRANSFERS AMONG FUNDS— additions (deductions) (Note 12) . . . — (8,317) 7,574 743 Net increase (decrease) for the year 29,091 (275) 26,703 2,663 48,342 5,995 12,953 29,394 77,433 38,815 Increase in unobligated balances (Note 10) 1,893 1,893 — 1,893 829 Fund balances at beginning of year .. . 391,686 65,923 265,371 60,392 335,558 8.089 43,629 283,840 727,244 687,600 FUND BALANCES AT END OF YEAR $420,777 $65,648 $292,074 $63,055 $385,793 $ 15,977 $56,582 $313,234 $806,570 $727,244 The accompanying nores are an integral part of rhese financial statements. Smithsonian Institution Combined Statement of Cash Flows for the year ended September 30, 1992 (with comparative totals for rhe year ended September 30, 1991) (thousands of dollars) 1991 Total Trust Fcdetal Total CASH ROWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES: Excessof revenue and other additions over expenditures and other deductions $ 29,091 $48,342 $ 77,433 $ 38,814 Adjustments to reconcile cash provided by operaring activities: Depreciation 5,028 25,830 30,858 27,658 Provision for losses on accounts receivable 4,006 4,006 5,276 Gain on disposition of investments (17,790) (17,790) (4,007) Increase in unobligated balances 1 ,893 1 ,893 829 95 Smithsonian Institution Combined Statement of Cash Flows for the yeat ended September 30, 1992 (with comparative totals for the year ended September 30 , 1 99 1 ) (thousands of dollars) (Increase) decrease in receivables (Increase) decrease in merchandise inventory (Increase) decrease in prepaid, deferred expense and other Decrease in advance payments Increase in accounts payable and accrued expenses Increase in deposits held in custody Increase (decrease) in deferred revenue Increase (decrease) in undelivered orders Net cash provided by operating activities CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES: Proceeds from sale of property and equipment Payments for purchase of property and equipment Purchases of investment securities Proceeds from sale of investment securities Net cash used for investing activities CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES: Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt Payments on long-term debt Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities Net increase in cash and fund balances with U.S. Treasury Cash and fund balances with U.S. Treasury at beginning of year CASH AND FUND BALANCES WITH U.S. TREASURY AT END OF YEAR Trust Federal Total Total (1,829) 107 (1,722) (287) (826) 83 (741) (825) (3,648) — (3,648) 316 — 345 345 5,626 3,371 1,188 4,559 3,910 1.363 — 1,363 944 11,146 — 11,146 (4,312) — (13,073) (13,073) 10,099 15 (5,265) (509,374) 483.312 (31.312) (54.572) (54,572) 15 — (59.837) (48,766) (509,374) (574,418) 483,312 576,474 (85,884) $158,587 $ 161,147 (46,710) (1,401) (1,401) (387) 2.399 2,399 (387) 999 1.561 10,145 148,442 11,144 150,003 36,944 113,059 $ 150,003 The accompanying notes are an intcgtal part of the financial statements. Smithsonian Institution Notes to Financial Statements 1 Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Basis of Presentation These financial statements do not include the accounts of the National Gallery of Art. the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts or the Woodtow Wilson International Centet for Scholars, which were established by Congress within the Smithsonian Institution (the Institution) but are administered un- der separate boards of trustees. The financial statements of the Institution with tespect to Federal Appro- priations have been prepated on the obligation basis of accounting, which is in accordance with accounting principles prescribed by the Comptroller General of the United States as set fot th in the Policy and Procedures Manual for Guid- ance of Federal Agencies. The obligation basis of accounting differs in some respects from generally accepted accounting principles Under this method of accounting, approximately $43,903,000 of commitments of the operating fund, such as purchase orders and contracts, have been recognized as expendi- tutes, and the telated obligations have been reported on the Statement of Fi- nancial Condition at September 30, 1992 even though the goods and services have not been received Approximately $1 1,964,000 of these commitments are for grants undet the foteign currency program. Approximately $ 1 1 ,088,000 of these commitments are for internal storage facilities and equipment at the Museum Support Center. In addition, construction fund commitments for other projects amounted to approximately $24,810,000 at September 30, 1992. The trust funds reflect the teceipt and expenditure of funds obtained from private sources, government grants and contracts, investment income and cet- tain business activities related to the operations of the Institution . Fund Accounting To ensure observance of the limitations and resttictions placed on the use of re- sources available to the Institution, accounts ate maintained in accordance with the principles of fund accounting. This procedure classifies resources for control, accounting and reporting purposes into distinct funds established according to their appropriation, nature and purposes. Separate accounts are maintained fot each fund; howevet, in the accompanying financial statements, funds that have similar characteristics have been combined into fund groups. Accordingly, all financial transactions have been recorded and reported by fund group. The assets, liabilities and fund balances of the Institution ate self-balancing as follows: Federal operating funds tepresent the portion of appropriated funds avail- able for support of Institution operations. Separate subfund groups are main- tained for each appropriation as follows: Salaries and Expense, Special Foreign Currency. Barro Colorado Island Trust Fund. Federal construction funds represent the portion of appropriated funds available for building and facility construction, restoration, renovation and re- pair. Separate subfund groups are maintained for each appropriation — Con- struction and Improvements, National Zoological Park, Repairs and Restoration of Buildings, Museum Support Center and the Centet for African. Near Eastern and Asian Cultures (Quadrangle). 96 Federal capital funds represent the value of those assets of the Institution ac- quired with federal funds and nonexpendable property transfers from govern- ment agencies. Trust current funds , which include unrestricted and restricted resources, rep- resent the portion of non-appropriated funds available for support of Institu- tion operations. Separate subfund groups of current unrestricted funds have been reflected in the financial statements for auxiliary activities (representing primarily the revenue and expenditures of the Smithsonian Associate Pro- grams, including Smithsonian magazine and Air & Space I Smithsonian maga- zine, museum shop and mail order sales) and for special purposes (representing internally segregated funds for certain designated purposes). Amounts restricted by the donor for specific purposes are segregated from other current funds. Trust endowment and similar funds include funds that are subject to restric- tions of gift instruments requiring in perpetuity that the principal be invested and that only income be utilized. Also classified as endowment and similar funds are gifts which allow the expenditure of principal only under certain specified conditions. Quasi-endowment funds are funds established by the governing board for the same purposes as endowment funds; however, any portion of such funds may be expended with board approval. Restricted quasi- endowment funds represent gifts for restricted purposes where rhere is no stip- ulation that the principal be maintained in perpetuity or for a period of time, but the governing board has elected to invest the principal and expend only the income for the purpose stipulated by the donor. Trust plant funds represent resources restricred for future plant acquisitions and funds expended for plant. lnterfund Balances Interfund balances result from short-term advances /borrowings between Insti- tution funds and are repaid, without interest, on a continual basis. Investments All investment income, except that of endowment and similar funds, and gains and losses arising from the sale of investments and property, are ac- counted for in the fund in which the felated assets are recorded. Income of endowment and similar funds is accounted for in the fund to which it is re- stricted or, if unrestricted, as revenue in unrestricted current funds. Gains and losses on the sale of investments are recognized on the trade date basis using the average cost method. Inventory Inventories are carried at the lower of cost or market. Cost is determined using the first-in, first-out (FIFO) method, standard cost method or retail cost method (for those inventories held for resale). Deferred Revenue and Expense Revenue from subscriptions to Smithsonian magazine and Air St Space /Smith- sonian magazine is recorded as income over the period of the telated subsctip- tion, which is genetally one year Costs related to obtaining subscriptions to Smithsonian magazine and Air St Space I Smithsonian magazine are charged againsr income over the period of the subscription. The Institution recognizes revenue and charges expenses of other auxiliary activities during the period in which the activity is conducted. Works of Art, Living or Other Specimens The Institution acquires its collections, which include works of art, library books, photographic archives, objects and specimens, through purchase by federal or private funds or by donation. In accordance with policies generally followed by museums, no value is assigned to the collections on the statement of financial condition. Purchases for the collections are expensed currently. Proceeds from deaccessions are designated for future collection acquisitions. Property and Equipment — Federal Funds Property and equipment purchased with federal funds are recorded in the cap- ital funds at cost and depteciated on a straight-line basis over their useful lives as follows. Buildings Major renovations Nonexpendable equipment 30 years 15 years 10 years Certain lands occupied by the Institution's buildings were appropriated and reserved by Congress for the Institution and are not reflected in the accom- panying financial statements. Property and nonexpendable equipment ac- quired through transfer from government agencies are capitalized at the ttansfer price or at estimated amounts, taking into consideration usefulness, condition and market value. Property and Equipment — Trust Funds Property and equipment purchased with trust funds for use by nonincome- producing activities are recorded at cost, or appraised value at date of gift, ex- cept for gifts of certain islands in the Chesapeake Bay and the Carnegie Man- sion, which have been recorded at nominal values. Property and equipment are treated as a deduction of the current fund and as a capitalized cost of the plant fund. Propery and equipment for use by nonincome-producing activities is depre- ciated on the straight-line basis over their useful lives as follows: Buildings 30 years Major renovations 15 years Equipment 10 years Depreciation is recorded in the plant fund as a deduction to the investment in plant. Capital improvements and equipment purchased with trust funds and uti- lized in income-producing activities are capitalized at cost in the current fund and are depreciated on a straight-line basis ovet theit estimated useful lives of 3 to 10 years. Government Grants and Contracts The Institution has a number of grants and contracts with the U.S. Govern- ment, which primarily provide for cost reimbursement to the Institution. Gov- ernmental giant and contract revenue is recognized within trust funds as expenditures are incurred. Pledges The Institution generally records pledges based upon letters signed by donors. Pledges are recorded at net realizable value as a receivable and as deferred rev- enue on the statement of financial condition. Revenue from pledges is recog- nized in the year the pledged funds are collected. Gifts, Bequests and Other Grants The Institution recognizes revenue from gifrs, bequests and other grants in the year the cash is received. Contributed Services A substantial number of unpaid volunteers have made significant contribu- tions of their time in the futthetance of the Institution's programs. This con- tributed time is not reflected in these statements since no objective basis is available to determine the value of these services. Annual Leave The Institution's civil service employees earn annual leave in accordance with federal laws and regulations. However, only the cost of leave taken as salaries is funded and recorded as an expense. The cost of unused annual leave at year- end is reflected in the accompanying financial statements as an asset and an ac- crued liability in the federal funds. Annual leave for trust employees is accrued as a liability and expensed in the trusr fund, as earned. 2. Related Activities The Institution provides certain fiscal and administrative services to several separately incorporated organizations in which certain officials of the Institu- tion serve on the governing boards. The amounts paid to the Institution by 97 these organizations for the aforementioned services, together with rent for In- stitution facilities occupied , totaled $265 ,000 ($ 190,000 for the trust funds and $75,000 for the federal funds) for the year ended September 30, 1992. Deposits held in custody for these organizations were $5,839,000 as of Sep- tember 30, 1992. 3. Investments Investments are recorded at cost on a trade date basis, if purchased, or esti- mated fair market value at date of acquisition, if acquired by gift At Septem- ber 30, 1992, investments were composed of the following: Current funds: Short-term investments Endowment and similar funds: Pooled investments: Short-tetm U.S. Government and quasi-govcinmcni obligaiii Corporate bonds and othct obligations Common and preferred stock Subtotal pooled investments Non-pooled investments* Deposit with U.S. Treasury Charitable trusts Subtotal non-pooled investments Plant funds Common U.S. Gov ock nmeni s Carrying value ($000s) Market value ($000s) $ 62,502 $ 63.102 48.724 70,587 53,309 124,365 51.292 73.360 56.882 166.954 296.985 ■148.488 1 .036 595 1,072 834 1.631 1 .906 298.616 350.394 125 15.090 215 16.110 16.115 16.325 $377,233 $429,821 Total investments The deposit with the U.S. Treasury is invested in U.S. Government securi- ties at a variable yield based on market interest rates. Substantially all the investments of the endowment and similat funds are pooled on a market value basis (consolidated fund) with each individual fund subscribing to or disposing of units on the basis of the per unit market value at the beginning of the month within which the transaction takes place. Of the total units, each having a market value of $410.20, 323.919 units were owned by endowment funds, and 525,629 units were owned by quasi-endowment funds at September 30, 1992. The following tabulation summarizes changes in relationships between cost and market values of the pooled investments at September 30, 1992. ($000s) Market Market Cost Net change value pet unit $348,488 312.261 $296,985 263.884 $51,503 48.377 $410.20 378.07 $20,916 $ 32.13 End of yeat Beginning of year Increase in unrealized nei gain for the year Realized net gain tor the year Total net gains for the yeat 4. Endowment and Similat Funds The Institution utilizes the "total return" approach to investment manage- ment of endowment funds and quasi-endowment funds Undet this approach, an amount equal to the difference between actual interest and dividends earned during the year and the amount computed undet the total return for- mula is transferred to or from the current funds In applying this approach, it is the Institution's policy to provide, as being available for current expenditures, an amount taking into consideration such factors as, but not limited to: ( 1 ) 4 ' / 2 % of the five-year average of the market value of each fund (adjusted for gifts and transfers during this period), (2) cur- rent dividend and interest yield, (3) support needs for bureaus and scientists, and (4) inflationary factors as measured by the Consumer Price Index. How- ever, where the market value of the assets of any endowment fund is less than 110% of the historic dollar value (value of gifts at date of donation), the amount provided is limited to only interest and dividends received. The total return factor for 1992 was $12.50 per unit, equivalent to 4% of the five-year average of the Market Value of each participating fund. The total return amount exceeded actual dividends and interest earned for the year and this excess was transferred from the endowment funds to the current funds (see Note 12). The endowment fund balance is comprised of the following at September 30, 1992: Endowment — unrestricted Endowment — restricted Quasi-endowment — unrestficted Quasi-endowment — restricted 5. Receivables Receivables at September 30, 1992 included the following: ($000s) $ 7,793 100.408 127,526 36,347 $292,074 ($000s) Totals. Trust Federal all funds funds funds Auxiliary activities and othef accounts receivable, net of $5,854 allowance for doubtful accounts $18,626 $ $18,626 Receivables fot investment securities sold 7,541 — 7,541 Pledges receivable 3,693 — 3,693 Reimbursements due ftom grants and conttacts 3.550 — 3.550 Interest and dividends receivable 3.604 — 3.604 lntcrfund receivables 11,617 — 11.617 Accrued annual leave — 11,483 11.483 Oihet 19 460 479 $48,650 $11,943 $60,593 6. Advance Payments Advance payments represent prepayments made to government agencies, edu- cational institutions, fitms and individuals for services to be rendered, or prop- erty or materials to be furnished. As of September 30, 1992, the most significant advances outstanding were: $6,753,000 to the General Services Administration, principally for construc- tion services including the Museum Support Center and other projects to be completed in future fiscal years; and approximately $1,608,000, principally undet the Special Foreign Currency Program. 7. Property and Equipment At September 30, 1992, property and equipment were comprised of the ,ll„,.,,„r, ($000s) ($000s) following: Trust Current funds Capital impiovements Equipment Building Leasehold improvements Less: accumulated depreci amortization $ 24.143 11.148 3.981 1.170 40.442 (17.547) 98 Plant funds Land and buildings Equipment Less: accumulated depreci; Total, trust funds Federal Capital funds Ptopetty Equipment Less: accumulated depreci; Total, federal funds Total, all funds 67,083 8,070 75,153 (20,778) $ 513,916 45,743 559.659 (248.106) $388,823 Included in the accumulated depreciation of the federal capital funds is $25,830,000 of depreciation expense for 1992. Depreciation and amortization expense in the trust funds for fiscal year 1992 for income-producing assets amounted to $2,399,000 and is included in auxiliary activities expenditures in the current funds. Depreciation of non- income-producing equipment and buildings for 1992 amounted to $2,629,000 and is included in the plant fund The balance of the plant fund at September 30, 1992 included $8,680,000 of unexpended funds for future plant acquisitions. 8. Commitments and Contingencies Leases for various Smithsonian warehouse and office spaces provide for escala- tion of rents to coincide with increases in property taxes, operating expenses attributable to the leased property and the Consumer Price Index The Institution's operating leases require future minimum lease payments as follows: Lease payments ($000s) 1993 $ 9,513 1994 7,598 1995 5,343 1996 1,724 1997 1,108 Thereafter 2,877 $28,163 Rental expense for office facilities aggregated approximately $10,407,000 in 1992. The Institution receives funding or reimbursement from governmental agencies for various activities, which are subject to audit. Audits of sponsored program costs have been completed through the fiscal year ending September 30, 1989, however, final resolution from the cognizant agency for audits of fis- cal years 1983 through 1989 has not occurred. Any adjustments which may re- sult from those audits and the audits for fiscal years 1990 through 1992 are not expected to have a matetial effect on the Institution's financial statements. 9. Long-term Debt Long-term debt as of September 30, 1992 consists of the following: :pay ible to The Riggs National Bank, interest only payable quarterly commencing December 31. 1986: interest and pt payable quatterly commencing September 30, 1991, untilj 1998, with the temaining unpaid principal balance duejun Note payable to Signet Bank, bearing interest at 1 % in exce Federal Funds Rate, which was 5.5% at September 30, 1992; interest and principal payable in quartetly installments of $63,000 until December 31. 1996, with the remaining unpaid ptmcipal balance du December 31, 1996. ipal nc 30, 30, 1998. s of the The aggregate amount due for all borrowings for the years ending Septem- ber 30, are as follows: $1,577,000 in 1993; $1,700,000 in 1994; $1,835,000 in 1995; $1,982,000 in 1996; $2,143,000 in 1997 and $3,876,000 in years thereafter. The proceeds of the note with The Riggs National Bank were used to fund construction of a restaurant addition to the National Air and Space Museum. The proceeds of the note with Signet Bank were used to finance a warehouse faciliry for Instirution museum shops. During the fiscal year ended Septembet 30, 1992, approximately $1,085,000 was recorded as interest expense and was paid by Auxiliary Activities funds. 10. Federal Operating Funds The federal operating funds include appropriations for salaries and expenses which are expended in the year received. Also included are amounts approx- imating $25,475,000 received with the provision rhat such amounts can be ex- pended over a period greater than one year. On November 5, 1990, the U.S. Congress enacted Public Law 101-510, the Defense Authorization Act (Act), which prescribes the rules for determining the availability of appropriation balances and establishes the ptocedutes for closing appropriation accounts. The major purpose of the Act is to restructure annual appropriation ac- counts. Beginning with the fiscal year 1989 appropriation accounts, agencies ate now tequired to maintain annual appropriations for a five-year period fol- lowing the year of appropriation. At the end of an appropriation's five-year life, the appropriation account is closed and any unobligated balances are then returned to the U.S. Treasury. The Act also provides fof the phasing out of un- expended previous year's appropriations as of September 30, 1993- Under the Act, unobligated balances of annual appropriation accounts will temain on the Institution's records unril the appropriation accounts are closed. The federal operating funds for the year ended September 30. 1992 in- cluded the following: ($000s) Revenues a nd othet addit: Fu Septi nd balance at Appropriations Other rmbcr 30, 1992 Salaries and expenses $281,183 $ - $15,274 Special Foreign Cutrencv Program — — 273 U.S. India Fund (transfers from Departmenr of State) — 1,319 361 Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute — 154 $1,-173 69 $281,183 $15,977 On July 11, 1990, a settlement was awarded in the amount of $3,022,350 arising out of a suit against the United States by a conttactor who was de- faulted by the General Services Administration for failure to complete a proj- ect for the Museum Support Centet in a timely fashion. This mandatory obligation falls outside the provisions of the Antideficiency Act. According to accounting principles prescribed by the Comptroller General of the United States, the Institution recognized this expense, in fiscal year 1990, when settle- ment by the United States resulted in an operating fund deficit. The Institu- tion received apptoptiations in fiscal year 1992 of approximarely $994,000 as a partial payment of the claim. The Institution will request appropriated funds in fiscal years 1993 and 1994 to pay the balance of the claim. The Institution has tecorded an unrealized loss of $54,000 to reflect ex- change rate changes related to the U.S. India Fund. 11 Collections In accordance with policies generally followed by museums, collections pur- chased and donated are nor included in the statement of financial condition. The Institution records the acquisition of collections as an expense in the year of purchase and records the deaccession of collections as testricted revenue in the year of sale. For fiscal year 1992, $8,340,000 was expensed to trust funds 99 and $1,587,000 to federal funds for the acquisition of collections, and pro- ceeds from deaccessions in trust funds were $635,000. There were no deacces- sions of collections purchased with federal funds in fiscal year 1992. 12. Transfers Among Trust Funds The following transfers increased (decreased) respecti year ended September 30, 1992: : fund balances for the ($000s) Curreni : funds Endowment and similar Unre- Plant stricred Restricted funds funds Total return income from endowment $ 232 $ 277 $ (509) $ - Income reallocated for special purposes (44) 44 — — Endowment reallocated to restricted and unrestricted funds 462 4,260 (4.722) — Designated as quasi- endowmcni (4.152) (8.477) 12.629 — Other 196 (1.115) 176 743 Total transfers among funds $(3,306) $(5,011) $ 7.574 $743 13. Retirement The federal employees of the Institution arc covered by either the Civil Service Retirement System (CSRS) or the Federal Employee Retirement System (FERS). The features of both of these systems are defined in published govern- menr documents. Under both systems, the Institution withholds from the sal- ary of each federal employee the percentage of salary required; the Institution also contributes specified percenrages The cost of the programs for the year ended September 30, 1992 was $13,021,000. The Institution has a separate retirement plan for trust employees, in which substantially all employees of the trust funds are eligible to participate. Under the plan the Institution contributes stipulated percentages of salary which are used to purchase individual annuities, the righrs to which are immediately vested with the employees. Employees can make voluntary contributions, sub- ject to certain limitations. The Institution's cost of the plan for the year ended September 30, 1992 was $7,285,000. It is the policy of the Institution to fund the accrued costs of all plans cur- rently There are no unfunded prior service costs under the plans. 14. Income Taxes The Institution is exempt from income raxation under the provisions of Sec- tion 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. Organizations described in that section are taxable only on their unrelared business income. No provision for income taxes is required for the year ended September 30, 1992 since the Insti- tution had a net loss from unrelated business activity. It is the opinion of the Institution that it is also exempt from taxation as an instrumentality of the United States as defined in Section 50 l(c)( 1 ) of rhe Code. Organizations described in that section are exempt from all income tax- ation. The Institution has not as yet formally sought such dual status. 15. Currenr Trust Funds Financial Activity The financial activity for the current trust funds by fund type is as follows: additions: its and contracrs Gifts, bequests and other grants Rentals, fees, commissions and other Auxiliary activities Total revenue and orher additions Expenditures and other deductions: Research, educational and acquisition Administration Facilities services Auxiliary acrivities Total expenditures and orher deductions Excess of revenue and other additions over (under) expendirures and other deductions Transfers among funds — addinons (deductions) Net increase for the year Fund balances at beginning of year Fund balances at end of year ($000s) General purpose Auxiliary acrivities Special purpose $ - 562 960 2.842 8.279 Total Unrestricted funds Restricted $42,689 5.992 30.927 2.861 Total $ 7.616 189 343 $ 8.034 180.312 $ 8,178 9.183 3.185 188.591 $ 42.689 14,170 40.110 6,046 188.591 8.148 188.346 12.643 209.137 82.469 291.606 10.677 7.742 1.551 8.197 159.170 19.341 546 846 5.132 30,018 16.485 2.397 164,302 63,501 6,858 3 93.519 23.343 2,400 164.302 19.970 167.367 25.865 213.202 70.362 283.564 (11.822) 20.979 (20.979) (13.222) 9.664 (4.065) (3.306) 12.107 (5.011) 8.042 8.009 (8.317) (3.813) 13.772 - (3.558) 31.115 $27,557 (7.371) 44.887 $ 37.516 7.096 21,036 $28,132 (275) 65,923 $ 9.959 $ $ 65.648 Peacock Room, the only existing interior design scheme by James McNeill Whistler (1834-1903) and an icon of the Freer Gallery of Art. was enhanced this year through gifts of some 32 examples of Chinese blue-and- white porcelain. I he Freer Gallery of Art reopens in May 1993 after a four- and-a-half-year renovation. (Photograph by John Tsantes and Jeffrey Crespi) mm flail! (■■■■caBsi Illfc-;*J1E ^SH^Krr-;TJ SMITHSONIAN YEAR (fl ^^^Bp^ 1993 j|jj fesiEX EiE: ^P^iai,^ j- " ^^^^^fi^fr "^~^J^B BEll = v.-.^lj |K v — "fry ? -~~ -~f j ^EUS I^^H I::;:|" j—T-rJ. 1 ~^~3 HMJB^^I J8g%=i^r<,'l'~re^.ML- — 5 SMITHSONIAN YEAR 1993 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION FOR THE YEAR ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 1993 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS WASHINGTON, D.C. 1994 Office of Government Relations Office of Policy and Program Development Assistant Secretary for the SCIENCES Assistant Secretary for EINANCE & ADMINISTRATION Assistant Secretary for the ARTS & HUMANITIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Board of Regents THE SECRETARY UNDER SECRETARY Inspector General Under Separate Boards of Trusti John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts National Gallery of Art Woodrow Wilson International Center fot Scholars General Counsel Office of Public Affairs Business Management Office Assistant Secretary for EDUCATION & PUBLIC SERVICE Assistant Secretary for EXTERNAL AFFAIRS Assistant Secretary for INSTITUTIONAL INITIATIVES Assistant Secretary for the ARTS & HUMANITIES Anacostia Mu& Archives of An Arthur M. Scklaer Gallery and Freer Gallery of An Cooper-Hewitt, National Nfuseu Hirshhorn Museum and Sculptu Institutional Studies Office International Gallery I Air and Space Museum ot African An i of Design ; Garden Njch National M Nat Art Renwick Gallery National Museum of American History National Postal Museum National Museum ot the American India National Portrait Gallery Othce ot Exhibits Central Office ot Museum Programs Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service Assistant Secretary' for FINANCE & ADMINISTRATION Office of the Comptroller Office of Contracting and Property Management Office of Equal Employment and Minority Affairs Office of Facilities Services Office of Architectural History and Historic Preservation Office of Design and Construction Office of Environmental Management and Safety Office of Plant Services Office of Protection Services Office of Financial and Management Analysis Office of Human Resources Office of Information Resoutce Management Office of Planning and Budget Office of Printing and Photographic Services Office of Risk Management Office of Sponsored Projects Office of the Treasurer Ombudsman Travel Services Office Assistant Secretary for the SCIENCES >n Analytical Laboratory luseum of Natural History Museum Support Center National Zoological Park Office of Fellowships and Grants Office of the Smithsonian Instution Archi' Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory Smithsonian Environmental Research Nam Smithsonian Institution Librarit Smithsonian Tropical Research 1 Assistant Secretary for EDUCATION & PUBLIC SERVICE Center for Folklife Programs and Cultural Studies National Science Resources Center Office ot Elementarv and Secondary Education Wider Audience Development Progr. Assistant Secretary for EXTERNAL AFFAIRS Office ot International Relations Otfice of Special Events and Conferences Office of Telecommunications The Smithsonian Associates National Program Resident Program Smithsonian Institution Press Smithsonian Magazine Air & Spatt Smithsonian Magazine Visitor Information and Associates' Reception Center Assistant Secretary for INSTITUTIONAL INITIATIVES National Museum of the Amer National Campaign Office of Development Smithsonian Women's Commii Contents 4 Statement by the Secretary 6 Smithsonian Institution 8 Report of the Board of Regents 1 1 Highlights of the Year 3 1 The Year in Review sciences 3 1 Office of the Assistant Secretary for the Sciences 3 1 Conservation Analytical Laboratory 32 National Museum of Natural History 33 National Zoological Park 34 Office of Fellowships and Grants 35 Office of the Smithsonian Institution Archives 35 Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory 36 Smithsonian Environmental Research Center 37 Smithsonian Institution Libraries 37 Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Arts and Humanities 38 Office of the Assistant Secretary for the Arts and Humanities 39 Anacostia Museum 39 Archives of American Art 40 Arthur M. Sackler Gallery 41 Cooper-Hewitt, National Museum of Design 42 Freer Gallery of Art 43 Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden 44 Institutional Studies Office 44 International Gallery 45 National Air and Space Museum 46 National Museum ot African Art 46 National Museum of American Art 47 National Museum of American History 49 National Museum of the American Indian 49 National Portrait Gallery 50 Office of Exhibits Central 5 1 Office of Museum Programs 52 Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service Education and Public Service 53 Office of the Assistant Secretary for Education and Public Service 53 Center for Folklife Programs and Cultural Studies 54 National Science Resources Center 54 Office of Elementary and Secondary Education 55 Wider Audience Development Program External Affairs 56 Office of the Assistant Secretary for External Affairs 56 Office of International Relations 57 Office of Special Events and Conferences 57 Office of Telecommunications 58 The Smithsonian Associates 58 Smithsonian Institution Press 59 Smithsonian Magazine 60 Air & Space/Smithsonian Magazine 60 Visitor Information and Associates' Reception Center INSTITUTIONAL INITIATIVES 61 Office of the Assistant Secretary for Institutional Initiatives 61 National Museum of the American Indian National Campaign 62 Office of Development 62 Smithsonian Women's Committee FINANCE AND ADMINISTRATION 63 Office of the Assistant Secretary for Finance and Administration UNDER SECRETARY 66 Office of the Under Secretary 67 Business Management Office 67 Office of Government Relations 67 Office of Policy and Program Development 68 Office of Public Affairs AFFILIATED ORGANIZATIONS 68 John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts 69 National Gallery of Art 70 Reading Is Fundamental, Inc. 71 Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars 72 Benefactors 83 Financial Report Annals oj the Smithsonian Institution 1993. con- taining a chronology of the year and records of Smithsonian advisory boards, narrative reports trom museums and offices; visitor counts; fel- lows, interns, and research associates; publica- tions; staff; and donations to the Institution is made available on Internet by the Smithsonian Institution Press and the Office of Information Resource Management. Statement by the Secretary Robert McC. Adams The Smithsonian's original mandate to devote itself to the "increase and diffusion of knowledge'' has con- sistently remained at the center of its responsibilities since its founding in 1846. Still today, this resonant and expansive phrase provides an accurate framework for the Institution's operations and planning. "In- ( rease" signals an involvement in research that ad- vances the frontiers of understanding in fields of scholarship where the Smithsonian has a traditional role and strong comparative advantage. "Diffusion," on the other hand, speaks to programs of outreach that communicate the present state of knowledge to a wide public. How these two aspects of the Smith- sonian's mandate intersect and complement one an- other is a serious question that is receiving close management attention in this time of budgetary stringency. Research has been chosen as the central and unify- ing theme for Smithsonian Year 7993. One important area of research at the Smithsonian is based on its enormous collections. Those in natural history are the largest in the world and are under continuing study by scientists from the many federal agencies as well as Smithsonian staff. They play a crucial role in providing the systematic, descriptive foundation necessary for mapping contemporary biodiversity, tracing the impact of environmental instability, and advancing the understanding of long-term evolu- tionary processes. Collection-based research is no less important in many cultural and historical fields. Here the individ- ual objects are more likely to be of great significance in themselves, in not a few cases constituting vener- ated national treasures that attract the attention of millions of museum visitors. Research on cultural materials sometimes takes the form of analyses that disclose details of provenance, design, and fabrica- tion, but more commonly it involves looking out- ward to the larger context of objects in their institu- tional settings, their purposes or uses, and the meanings attached to them. Much research of this kind accompanies preparations for new exhibitions, with assemblages of objects brought together for this purpose being published together in exhibition catalogues. Whether devoted to history or science, museums are sites for the production of new knowledge. The fundamental principle is that many converging lines of evidence take us further, and with greater certain- ty, than relying on a single approach. Field studies of biota distributions or geological stratigraphy, for ex- ample, require detailed, museum-based knowledge of species identifications if they are to be fruitful. Documentary history answers many questions, but again it can be greatly enriched if combined with other perspectives drawn from studies of the context, meaning, and use of artifacts known to or used by historic actors. History from Things is the evocative title of a recent Smithsonian publication that makes and effectively illustrates this point. Museum research, whether collection based or in preparation for exhibitions, is no less likely to pro- duce new and unexpected knowledge than is research in an archive or laboratory. Disciplined, intensive study of original materials such as works of art is al- ways in itself a process of discovery akin to conduct- ing field work in only partly explored terrain. Bring- ing together independent lines of evidence — textual, artistic, and contextual, for example — always creates new puzzles when the lines tail to harmonize com- pletely. Much of the work of Smithsonian scholars involves collaboration and exchange with counter- parts at other institutions around the world. Peer review is a guiding principle here, just as it is in ad- vanced research institutions everywhere. Still another orientation of museum-based re- search involves the nature of the educative process. Schools divide their students into uniform, age-grad- ed levels, and attendance requirements compel stu- dents' attention for long periods. Lifelong learning in museums, on the other hand, is a product of indi- vidual or family initiative and goes on mostly over much shorter periods and with largely voluntary groups. Museums provide an alternative mode of learning, in other words, that is under additional pressure to be broadly intelligible and appealing at every age and educational level. Accordingly, there is every reason to expect pioneering contributions from museums that may enhance our ability to educate more generally. In virtually every field, what is known with cer- tainty is very small in relation to areas of ignorance and questions that we do not yet know enough even to ask. One lesson that museums must accept, and also teach, is humility. Even where evidence may seem to support a single viewpoint, experience has shown that it is almost inevitable for later work to introduce richer, more complex understandings and open the door to alternate interpretations. Increas- ingly, therefore, museums find themselves entering into partnerships with their audiences, offering in- terpretations tentatively and inviting a dialogue with visitors from which curators can also expect to gain new insights. In this respect, too, museums be- come centers for the production of new knowledge. Not all Smithsonian research is museum related, of course. The Smithsonian Astrophysical Observa- tory carries on strong theoretical and instrument- based programs both in Cambridge and at the Insti- tution's observatory in Arizona. Natural and social scientists from many Smithsonian bureaus — the National Zoological Park, the Smithsonian Environ- mental Research Center on Chesapeake Bay, the National Museum of Natural History, and the Smith- sonian Tropical Research Institute in Panama — carry on field and laboratory studies that may have any part of the world, and its entire evolutionary record, as their focus. But there is always a logic to such work. It builds outward from the known to the unknown, employing new insights and methods to solve new problems that always tend to be generated even as older ones are mastered. Millions of visitors come to the Smithsonian every year. Many of them think of the Institution simply as a passive storehouse of wonderful things or as row upon row of great museums in which they can expect to find final judgments imparted with author- ity. Both expectations involve a distortion. Smith- sonian curators wrestle endlessly with deriving the fullest possible meaning and significance from the treasures in the storehouse. And they know that truth is an elusive goal that must be endlessly pur- sued but will never be fully attained. Research, in other words, is an absolutely fundamental part of what makes the Smithsonian a living, ceaselessly changing Institution that can offer rewarding dis- coveries to all. Smithsonian Institution The Smithsonian Institution was created by act of Congress in 1846 in accordance with the terms of the will ot James Smithson of England, who in 1826 bequeathed his property to the United States of America "to found at Washington, under the name of the Smithsonian Institution, an establishment for the increase and diffusion ot knowledge among men." After receiving the property and accepting the trust, Congress incorporated the Institution in an "establishment," whose statutory members are the president, the vice-president, the chief justice, and the heads of the executive departments, and vested responsibility for administering the trust in the Smithsonian Board of Regents. The Establishment, September 30, 1993 William J. Clinton, President of the United States Albert Gore, Jr., Vice-President of the United States William H. Rehnquist, Chief Justice of the United States Warren Christopher, Secretary of State Lloyd Bentsen, Secretary of the Treasury Les Aspin, Secretary of Defense Janet Reno, Attorney General Bruce Babbitt, Secretary of the Interior Mike Espy, Secretary of Agriculture Ronald Brown, Secretary of Commerce Robert Reich, Secretary of Labor Donna E. Shalala, Secretary of Health and Human Services Henry G. Cisneros, Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Federico F. Pena, Secretary of Transportation Richard Riley, Secretary of Education Hazel R. O'Leary, Secretary of Energy Jesse Brown, Secretary of Veteran Affairs Board of Regents and Secretary, September 30, 1993 Board of Regents William H. Rehnquist, Chief Justice of the United States, ex officio Albert Gore, Jr., Vice-President of the United States, ex officio Daniel P. Moynihan, Senator from New York James R. Sasser, Senator from Tennessee John W. Warner, Senator from Virginia Joseph M. McDade, Representative from Pennsylvania Norman Y. Mineta, Representative from California William H. Natcher, Representative from Kentucky Anne L. Armstrong, Citizen of Texas Jeannine Smith Clark, Citizen of the District of Columbia Barber B. Conable, Jr., Citizen of New York Hanna H. Gray, Citizen of Illinois I. Michael Heyman, Citizen of California Samuel C. Johnson, Citizen of Wisconsin Homer A. Neal, Citizen of Michigan Wesley S. Williams, Jr., Citizen of the District of Columbia The Secretary Robert McCortnick Adams, Secretary Constance Berry Newman, Under Secretary- Alice Green Burnette, Assistant Secretary for Institutional Initiatives James C. Early, Assistant Secretary lor Education and Public Service Tom L. Freudenheim, Assistant Secretary for the Arts and Humanities James M. Hobbins, Executive Assistant to the Secretary Robert S. Hoffmann, Assistant Secretary for the Sciences Thomas E. Love joy, Assistant Secretary for External Affairs Peter G. Powers, General Counsel Mark W Rodgers, Director, Office of Government Relations Linda St.Thomas, Acting Director, Office of Public Affairs Nancy Suttenfield, Assistant Secretary for Finance and Administration Report of the Board of Regents The Smithsonian Board ot Regents held three plen- ary meetings (February I, May 10, and September 13) and numerous committee meetings in perform- ing the governing activities of the Institution in fiscal year 1993. Considerable change in the compo- sition of the board occurred this year. The regents conferred on Jamie L. Whitten and R.James Woolsey the title of regent emeritus. On April 12, the Presi- dent approved joint resolutions of the Congress ap- pointing Hanna Holborn Gray, Barber B. Conable, Jr., and Wesley S. Williams, Jr., as citizen regents. The regents nominated Frank A. Shrontz and Manuel L. Ibanez for statutory' terms on the board, elected Mr. Conable as chairman of the Executive Committee and Homer A. Neal as a member of that committee, and appointed Jeannine S. Clark to chair the Audit and Review Committee and Mr. Williams to chair the Investment Policy Committee. The chancellor paid tribute to Anne L. Armstrong, who, because of her impending resignation, attended her last meeting as a member of the Board of Regents. In several discussions, the regents considered the Institution's restructuring process, agreeing with management that without structural changes, the Institution risks being unable to carry out its priori- ties with excellence. Despite consistent support from the Office of Management and Budget and the Con- gress, the Institution has effectively lost purchasing power for its core activities, and its unrestricted Trust fund income has fallen to pre- 1987 levels. Management undertook a number of initiatives to identify priorities, assess current operations, and, consequently, close certain programs, designate new sources and targets of fund raising, and enhance the effectiveness of development and business operations. The board took several actions to celebrate the past and enhance the future of the Smithsonian. Goals and plans to commemorate the Institution's 150th anniversary in 1996 were determined. The re- gents noted that nearly 50 years ago their predeces- sors appointed a distinguished commission to con- sider the Smithsonian's future. Secretary Adams suggested that, as both the sesquicentennial of the Institution and the new century approach, a compa- rable commission would be a salutary step. The re- gents voted to establish the Commission on the Future of the Smithsonian and appointed Maxine F. Singer, president of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, as its chair. Long concerned about the often-proposed dis- persion of Smithsonian collections, the regents con- sidered a new vision for Smithsonian information systems and products in order to reach distant audi- ences. Full development and implementation of an "electronic Smithsonian" will likely require a long- range commitment, partners in the information technology sector, and strong and continuous sup- port from regents, Congress, and private donors. The regents endorsed the Smithsonian National Board's proposal to establish the Smithsonian Fund for the Future. The fund will primarily seek endow- ment gifts but will also serve as a channel for current- use gifts from individuals, both unrestricted and re- stricted, for all components of the Institution. The fund will focus initially on the Smithsonian's 150th annivetsary. These efforts will no doubt enhance the staff's capacity to raise nonappropriated funds. In recognition of recent financial contributions, the Board of Regents established as part of the Insti- tution's endowment funds the Women's Committee Fellowship Endowment Fund, the Enid A. Haupt Garden Endowment Fund, the Richard Louie Memorial Endowment Fund, the National Zoologi- cal Park Programs Endowment Fund, the S. Dillon Ripley Library Endowment, and two endowment funds for the Smithsonian Fund for the Future. The regents recognized the generosity of Mrs. Jeanette Cantrell Rudy to the National Postal Muse- um and gratefully named an exhibition area in her honor. Similarly, with the regents' approval, the Na- tional Museum of Natural History's planned West Court theater will be named the Samuel C. Johnson Theater in recognition of this regent's manifold con- tributions to the Institution and his pledge to the Smithsonian Fund for the Future to support educa- tional film programming in natural history. Mr. Adams reported on the resolution of the com- plex issues stemming from licensing arrangements for the production and marketing of quilts from Smithsonian designs. The Smithsonian's March 20, 1993, memorandum of understanding with the American Quilt Defense Fund provides for the re- production of three quilt patterns in China under an amended licensing agreement; the domestic re- production of up to four patterns; and the study, education, and conservation of the art of American quilting. The regents accepted the revised bylaws of the board (formerly the national council) of the National Museum of Natural History and made the following appointments and reappointments to Smithsonian boards: William B. Ellis, Isabella C. M. Cunning- ham, Andrew Knoll, Jane Lubchenco, James Patton, and James A. McClure to the board of the National Museum of Natural History; John A. Friede, James L. Hudson, Brian S. Leyden, and Frieda Rosenthal to the commission of the National Museum of African Art; George Gillespie, Enid Morse, Harry G. Robin- son III, and Jorge L. Batista to the board of trustees of Cooper-Hewitt, National Museum of Design; and Hugh Halff, Jr., Francoise Rambach, Norman Bern- stein, Jacob Lawrence, and R. Crosby Kemper to the commission of the National Museum of American Art. In other actions, the regents endorsed a demon- stration on voluntary donations in selected Smith- sonian museums and the National Zoo and asked the secretary to assess the project and report to the board by its May 1994 meeting. The regents also approved Secretary Adams's acceptance of the Vasco Nunez de Balboa Award (in the grade of Grand Cross) from the president of Panama for "his vision, interest, and Vice-President Albert Gore greets some lucky visitors as he arrives at the Smith- sonian Castle for a Board of Regents meeting. (Photograph byJeffTinsley) support" in relation to the Smithsonian Tropical Re- search Institute. The board added its congratulations on this richly deserved recognition. The regents endorsed the redevelopment of the National Museum of Natural History's West Court, authorizing the secretary to borrow up to $35 mil- lion on most favorable terms with the approval of Congress. After a study determined that more than 20 Smithsonian bureaus and offices need over 3 mil- lion square feet of additional space by the year 2010, the regents approved the development of a new facil- ity at the Smithsonian's Suitland, Maryland, site to store, document, research, and conserve collections. The regents enjoyed legislative achievements in the Congress, especially enactment of the National Air and Space Museum Extension Act as Public Law 103—57. The act authorizes $8 million to plan and design an extension of the museum at Washington Dulles International Airport. Significant progress was also realized toward the authorization of the National African American Museum, extended authorization of the National Museum of Natural History East Court, and authorization of the redevel- opment of the museum's West Court. The secretary expressed great pleasure with the opening of the National Postal Museum, a joint venture with the U.S. Postal Service. At the September meeting, Mr. Adams reported Paul Gar her holds a model of the Wright Flyer in this 1991 photo taken on the Mall by Air and Space photographer Carolyn Russo. that he had concluded that it was time to ask the regents to establish a committee to search for his successor as Secretary. He noted that by next fall he will have served 10 full years and that, by then, he hoped the regents would be ready to install someone as secretary who can carry forward the long-range planning and executive direction of the Institution. The regents praised the secretary for his outstanding record of accomplishment during his first nine years. A search committee to find a successor was composed of regents Heyman (chair), Clark, Conable, Gray, and Williams and regent emeritus William G. Bowen. Staff Changes As in every year, the Smithsonian has sustained its share of loss from the departure of high-ranking staff. We were deeply saddened by the news of the death ot our inimitable National Air and Space Museum pioneer, Paul E. Garber, in September 1992. In fiscal year 1993, Roger G. Kennedy of the National Museum of American History, Madeleine Jacobs of the Office of Public Affairs, William W. Moss ot the Smithsonian Archives, Joseph Chmelik of the Business Management Office, and Barbara H. Spraggins of the Office of Special Events — each a highly creative director whose utility to the Smith- sonian was transcendent — left the Institution for other pursuits. We were pleased to welcome Nancy Johnson as our new senior business officer. As the year drew to a close, we were pleased to appoint M. Leslie Casson as comptroller. Very late in the previ- ous year, it should be noted, we welcomed Era L. Marshall as director of the Office of Equal Employ- ment and Minority Affairs. In a reorganization of personnel reporting to Under Secretary Constance Berry Newman, Mar- garet C. Gaynor, longtime director of the Office of Government Relations, was assigned to the new position of director of the Office of Policy and Pro- gram Development and was replaced by Mark W. Rodgers, a former member of the under secretary's transition team. To help Interior Secretary Bruce Babbitt establish the National Biological Survey, Assistant Secretary for External Affairs Thomas E. Lovejoy was detailed to the U.S. Department of the Interior for the second half of the fiscal year. John F. Jameson, senior adviser to the secretary, served as acting director of The Smithsonian Associates this year. In times when increasing budget stringencies place unforgiving pressures on our staff, we remain particularly grateful to valued personnel who persist in their tasks with enthusiasm. They are the life- blood of the Institution and its continued success. Highlights of the Year Anacostia Museum Six works of art, called "imitations" by the self-taught artist Leslie Payne, were ac- quired by the Anacostia Museum in 1993. The works are based on Payne's recollec- tions of a trip to a 19 18 air show and creat- ed from found materials. Payne, a fisherman from rural Virginia, began making his "imitations" in the 1940s. By the mid-1970s, his yard was a simulated airfield, featuring model aircraft, a tower, and a machine shop. Payne also created fantasy trips, which he documented in journals and instant photographs. Richmond Times-Dispatch photographer Bob Jones was the first to document Payne's work in 1972. Jonathan Green, di- rector of the California Museum of Photog- raphy, later saw his airplane "imitations" and exhibited them at the museum (above) in 1991. (Photograph by Jonathan Green) 1 1 ,— ' 1 — ~~~*> ! Ai» ■A . i"- u -i Timii .ant 1 1 K ^w MSk ■ — 1 1 1 1 ... m^NSi H •T ^^^^^* "W.* 1 -=s5aii *vt^j "VS -W > hi nm^J lK \Sk ... ^s»»_. ► 1 j ^^•i m i^^"m B^L^. m^ Arthur M. Sackler Gallery The Arthur M. Sackler Gallery's acquisition of this extraordinary sculptural teapot by Ah-Leon (b. 1953) launches a program to collect contemporary ceramics from China and complements the gallery's holdings of 20th-century Chinese paintings and mod- ern Japanese ceramics. As the first contem- porary Chinese ceramic in the collection, Branch Teapot, made in 1992, highlights new research in understanding the cultures of present-day Asia. The style of Branch Teapot is based on traditional Chinese Yixing ware, best known for purple clay teapots whose deco- ration was often inspired by natural objects, such as fruits or tree branches. The teapot was one of four purchases made this year with funds provided by Friends of Asian Arts at the Freer and Sackler Galleries. The Sackler Gallery is the only Smith- sonian museum that is actively collecting the contemporary arts of Asia. As part of his inaugural gift, gallery founder Arthur M. Sackler gave a group of 38 Chinese paintings made in the 20th century. These paintings were the basis for the gallery's growing contemporary collection. By ex- panding the scope of its holdings, which are a primary resource for research, the gallery attracts a larger circle of scholars and offers its research staff a more extensive selection of comparative material. In an effort to look at the modern artist's response to changing social and aesthetic standards, the insights gained from study- ing Branch Teapot and other 20th-century Chinese objects and paintings in the Sack- ler collection will be presented next year as a section of the current exhibition "Arts of China." Ah-Leon (Chinese, b. 1953)- Branch Teapot, 1992. Stoneware, 42.2 x 431 x 17.3 cm (l65/8 x 17 x 613/1S in.). Museum purchase, Friends of Asian Arts at the Freer and Sackler Galleries. (Photograph by Robb Harrell) Cooper-Hewitt, National Museum of Design The scholarly research for "The Power of Maps," which opened rhis year at Cooper- Hewitt, National Museum of Design, fo- cused on the unique relationship among our world, issues of design, and the dissem- ination of knowledge. Using more than 300 maps dating from 1500 B.C. to the present, the exhibition explored cartogra- phy, geography, cultural anthropology, and computer science and linked these diverse disciplines through design. One aim was to dispel the idea that maps are neutral ob- jects and show them instead as expressions of particular viewpoints. As the researchers for "The Power of Maps" set out to locate objects to document the exhibition themes, they took two avenues: investigating sources of unusual maps and searching for specific maps and mapmakers. Among their most intriguing finds were two maps of the Battle of the Little Bighorn, one from the viewpoint of the U.S. Army and the other from the per- spective of the Sioux. They also encoun- tered a researcher's dream in Richard Edes Harrison, a leading 20th-century cartogra- pher and writer long out of public life. Harrison welcomed the exhibition team to his studio and was their guide to his exten- sive collection of hand-drawn and printed maps dating from the 1930s to the present. While every scholarly project requires research, "The Power of Maps" went one step further. By presenting maps in a new light, it showed how creative research can shape an exhibition that is both innovative and accessible to a wide audience. (Photo- graph by Bill Jacobson) 13 Freer Gallery of Art When the Freer Gallery of Art reopened on May 9, 1993, after four and one-half years of construction and renovation, it resumed its position as a leading center for research in the arts and cultures of Asia and 19th- and early 20th-century American art. In Japan, the sound of drums is a traditional invocation at festivals and ceremonies, so it was fitting that the reopening of the Freer was heralded by Hono Daiko from Marto City, Japan. The highly energetic perfor- mance of this three-woman group drew large crowds to the new pedestrian plaza on the north side ot the building. Inside, visi- tors to the refurbished gallery saw the col- lections, which are the basis for all research, presented with better lighting, lower cases, and clearer labeling than in years past. During the period the Freer was closed, additions to the collections continued to broaden research possibilities. This year the gallery added 26 works of art, includ- ing 7 gifts and 19 purchases. One of these objects — a Chinese bronze basin from the early Western Zhou period (10th century B.C.), purchased through the B. Y. Lam Foundation Fund — adds to the Freer's re- sources as a center for the study of ancient Chinese civilization. The basin is the first provincial bronze from this period in the gallery's collection. It is unusual for the high qualiry of its manufacture, which sur- passes the caliber of many outstanding Freer bronzes from ancient metropolitan centers. (Photograph by Roger Whiteside) 14 1 u n 1 ! |SJj EN ^ ! lt-A\ V l^ 11 \ a B ^ \ I nS' 1 h\ V IT i 11 / » » LF 1 y^r // ■'■ Aw jKw ./v> #* \ MM f -^f\ J!5^~*^ JrT^Siii, *HL i / L «L-J>Z^j j|^w~ii^ |T\ yr / \L- / V/ Nk VJ r <■ «x ^^HHI^^IHB £^--1' t^i ir?\ \x^^ Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden Long respected for his luminous geometric fields of abstract color, American artist Brice Marden transformed his painting style in the mid-1980s. Following a trip to Asia in 1984, Marden became enamored of Chinese calligraphy, and he began to attach his brushes to long sticks to obtain a simi- lar "seismographic" stroke. Marden's initial group of new paintings, first exhibited in 1987, featured strongly contoured brush- work on opaque grounds. In contrast, Cold Mountain 2 (1989-91) yields a subtle rhythm ot layered form and a deep, evoca- tive space. The title refers to a book of poetry written by Han-shan, an eccentric Chinese recluse who lived during the Tang dynasty (a.D. 618-907). His poems, writ- ten in Cold Mountain, located in the Tian-tai Mountains in southern China, are considered among the most important examples ot Chinese Buddhist literature. First exhibited in New York in the fall of 1992, the seties of six "Cold Mountain" paintings and a series of attendant draw- ings have since been seen in Minneapolis, Houston, Bonn, and Madrid. Cold Mountain 2 is the first work by the artist to enter the Hirshhorn collection. Brice Marden (American, b. 1938). Cold Mountain 2, 1989-91. Oil on linen, 274 x 366 cm (108 x 144 in.). Hirshhorn Muse- um and Sculpture Garden, Holenia Pur- chase Fund, 1992. 15 National Air and Space Museum Five hundred years ago, Christopher Columbus sailed west across the Atlantic, using the stars to guide him. Today, mod- ern explorers are charting a course that may eventually take humanity out among the stars. How and why have we come from seafaring to spacefaring? What challenges and choices do we face now? The newest permanent exhibition at the National Air and Space Museum, "Where Next, Columbus:'", asks visitors to consider the motives and methods of exploration as well as the options and possibilities for fur- ther space exploration. The exhibition deals largely with the many technical and physi- ological challenges humans must overcome before they can cross vast distances of space or exist on other planets. Through a num- ber of displays and attractions — including interactive multimedia programs, feature films, a three-dimensional star map, a hy- droponic greenhouse for growing crops on Mars, and models of the U.S. Mars Observer and a Russian Mars rover — visitors can learn about many important dimensions of space exploration. Among the issues that "Where Next, Columbus?" addresses are the human moti- vations behind exploration; the possibly harmful effects of prolonged space travel on the human body; the debate over whether to send humans or robots into outer space; the development of alternative propulsion systems for long-distance space travel; the possibility of extraterrestrial life; and ethi- cal questions about establishing a human presence on other worlds. On display in the Exploring New Worlds section of the exhibition are an ad- vanced spacesuit designed for planetary ex- ploration and a model of a Russian Mars rover. (Photograph by C. Russo) 16 National Museum of African Art The National Museum of African Art's major 1993 exhibition, "Astonishment and Power: Kongo Minkisi and the Art of Renee Stout," explored the minkisi tradi- tion of the Kongo peoples ot central Africa and the contemporary work ot African American artist Renee Stout, who draws heavily on the visual and conceptual aspects of minkisi. The exhibition featured 31 visually im- pressive figures or constructions, called minkisi, made from natural and human- made materials and intended as containers for powerful medicines. Ritual specialists used minkisi for various purposes, both protective and aggressive. Among the works on view was a dynam- ic sculpture donated to the museum tor its permanent collection in 1991. Made trom wood, glass, iron, and other materials, the figure is typical of minkisi. Many objects were added to the figure over the years, from mirror-covered medicine containers to seed pods and a whistle. Carved in a natu- ralistic style, the figure is posed with an upraised arm that originally held a knife or spear. To help visitors understand minkisi in Kongo thought and ritual practices, the ex- hibition quoted from commentaries written from 1912 to 1919 by young Kongo men who had intimate knowledge of their own culture and of traditions associated with minkisi. Another important component ot the exhibition was an extensive schedule of educational activities, including several programs for adults and children with Renee Stout. Nkisi Nkondi, BaKongo, Congo and Zaire. Wood, glass, iron, other materials, 42.3 cm (16 5/8 in.). National Museum of African Art, 92-12-1, gift of Helen and Dr. Robert Kuhn. (Photograph by Franko Khoury) 17 National Museum of American Art The National Museum of American Art re- ceived one of the country's finest concentra- tions ot work by artists who traveled to New Mexico between 1900 and 1940 and were captivated by the dramatic landscape, clear light, and native cultures. These 22 paintings by 17 artists from the Midwest and East Coast were given to the museum by the late Arvin Gottlieb of Kansas City, Missouri, who was affiliated with the muse- um's American Art Forum, a patrons' group of distinguished collectors. Highlights from the Gottlieb gift are paintings by Victor Higgins, Kenneth Adams, and Joseph Henry Sharp. "The Arvin Gottlieb Collection: Paintings from the American Southwest" was introduced in an exhibition at the museum in September. The museum has long had a special in- terest in the arts of the West, featuring many painters drawn to the region in its 1986 landmark exhibition, "Art in New Mexico, 1900-1945: Paths to Taos and Santa Fe," and in the permanent galleries. Ernest Martin Hennings (American, 1886- 1956). Riders at Sunset, ca. 1935 — 45. Oil on canvas, 102.9 x 109.2 cm (40 1/2 x 43 in.). National Museum of American Art, gift of Arvin Gottlieb. National Museum of American History Each year the National Museum of Ameri- can History brings the living riches of the nation's cultures and traditions to new and appreciative audiences in more than 150 re- search-based museum programs, free and open to the public, that explore American history through music, dance, song, film, stories, and drama. In May 1993, the muse- um took the Smithsonian more than 2,000 miles from Washington, D.C., to the Southwest, producing the first Music of New Mexico Festival in Santa Fe. This his- toric, free, and unforgettable three days of traditional Hispanic and Native American music and dance saluted the artists, the people, and the region's enduring character of cultural diversity. The research that led to the festival began in the late 1980s during planning for public programs and publications to accompany the museum's Columbus Quincentenary exhibition, "American Encounters." In studying the music and dance traditions of northern New Mexico, Howard Bass of the Department of Public Programs became determined to collect, preserve, and present to the widest possible audience the region's indigenous musical treasures. Many of New Mexico's finest artists performed at the museum. With funding from the James Smithson Society and assistance from folklorists and ethno- musicologists, Bass also produced two Smithsonian/Folkways recordings, Music of New Mexico: Native American Traditions and Music of New Mexico: Hispanic Traditions, both selected by the Library of Congress for its list of notable recordings for 1992. A music festival, performances, and recordings — all are indications of the quali- ty of research the museum staff invests to- ward the goals of education, outreach, and culturally diverse programming. (Photo- graph by Annie Sahlin) 19 National Museum of the American Indian The creation of "Celebrations," an innova- tive exhibition for the inauguration of the George Gustav Heye Center of the Nation- al Museum of the American Indian in New York City, has opened some exciting new avenues of research for the museum. The exhibition, which will open in October 1994, will integrate objects from the muse- um's collections with art and performance pieces created by 16 contemporary Indian artists. Last June, the artists visited the muse- um's Research Branch to select the objects. As the curatorial staff listened to the artists' responses and heard them describe how they intend the objects to be used in the exhibition, these specialists discovered new ways of looking at familiar objects in the collection. During the development of the exhibi- tion, the artists are being documented cre- ating pieces at sites throughout the coun- try. Documentation of a creative process through video and audio recording offers a unique research opportunity for scholars. Observing artists as they create and listen- ing to them talk about their work can lead to a new understanding of the meaning of contemporary Indian art. In addition to "Celebrations," the cura- torial staff conducted research for "All Roads Are Good," which includes objects selected by 23 native people from North and South America. The staff worked close- ly with the selectors to provide information about the objects. A third exhibition, now in the early stages of development, will highlight curators' choices of the finest among the museum's holdings. Research for an accompanying publication focuses on the historical and cultural meanings of the objects. (Photograph by Walter Bigbee) National Museum of Natural History At the National Museum of Natural Histo- ry, critical behind-the-scenes activities — research and collection management — are becoming more visible to the public. This three-inch piece of amber exemplifies the trend. The amber, mined in the Dominican Republic, holds an extinct metalmark but- terfly that is at least 20 million years old. Exquisite preservation makes the finest details visible, so that today a scientist can identify the species as if it were just caught. Purchased through a gift from the Smith- sonian Women's Committee, this specimen is one of only five butterflies preserved in amber known to exist. Such fossil speci- mens provide tangible evidence of the di- versity of life in the past, which is critical to understanding biological diversity today. One of the museum's paleobiologists studies fossil insects, and he and a colleague this year published a ground-breaking paper challenging widespread views of in- sect fossil history. Insights such as theirs demonstrate the importance of collection- based research, which is most effectively conducted at museums. This piece of Dominican amber is the only one in the world on public display. It is on view in the museum's popular exhibit of live insects and their relatives, which was completely renovated and reopened in Sep- tember as the O. Orkin Insect Zoo. The new insect zoo is the most recent perma- nent exhibit to showcase the current re- search of museum scientists, thus sharing with visitors the excitement and value of museum research and collections. (Photo- graph by Chip Clark) National Portrait Gallery Red Grooms's three-dimensional color lith- ograph of 1987, De Kooning Breaks Through, is a witty and dynamic new addition to the National Portrait Gallery's collection. The abstract expressionist painter Willem de Kooning is depicted on a bicycle, burst- ing through the picture plane. Perched on his handlebars is a fierce-looking nude por- trayed with violent slashes of color, clearly in the style of the famous paintings of women de Kooning made in the 1950s. Combining fine lithographic color print- ing and the unexpected three-dimensional folding of the paper, Grooms's portrait pays tribute to his older colleague while demon- strating that he shares de Kooning's ability to break through cultural boundaries to- ward a new artistic expression. Red Grooms (American, b. 1937). De Koon- ing Breaks Through, 1987. Lithograph on sculpted paper on lucite, 1 19.4 x 83.8 x 22.2 cm (47 x 33 x 8 3/4 in.). National Portrait Gallery, gift of the James Smithson Society. (NPG file photograph by Rolland White) National Postal Museum The National Postal Museum opened its doors to the public on July 30, 1993, as the nation's first major postal history and phi- latelic museum. More than 5,000 people attended opening day events, a sign of the museum's importance to a wide communi- ty that includes stamp collectors and postal employees, families and educators. The museum was established by an agreement between the Smithsonian Institution and the U.S. Postal Service in 1990. The 75,000-square-foot facility, whose acclaimed architecture borrows from themes of postal history, is located on the lower level ot the newly renovated Wash- ington City Post Office on Capitol Hill next to Union Station. Five major exhibi- tions focus on different aspects of postal history and stamps: colonial history through the Civil War, the evolution of the postal service through the 20th century, mail transportation, the art of letter writ- ing, and an extraordinary display of stamps with an exploration of their history. Seven- teen videos, three interactive computer de- vices, six computer postcard kiosks, and an array of interactive areas make the Postal Museum a blend of the historic and the contemporary. The museum houses the world's largest collection of stamps, covers, and postal his- tory artifacts, numbering more than 16 million items. It also has a major philatelic library for public use. (Photograph by Dane Penland) 23 National Science Resources Center In developing a series of hands-on science curriculum units for the elementary grades (one through six) for the Science and Tech- nology for Children (STC) project, the Na- tional Science Resources Center is follow- ing a rigorous protocol that includes repeated experimental use in classrooms as well as the extensive involvement of teach- ers, learning theorists, and scientists. This research and development process produces curriculum materials that are exciting for children, scientifically accurate, and educa- tionally sound. In the first phase, STC research associates review relevant literature and discuss their ideas for unit topics with school adminis- trators, master elementary school teachers, and scientists. They conduct research on prototype apparatus in the STC laboratory and consult with Smithsonian researchers and curators. Once a unit topic and sequence of lessons have been established, research asso- ciates trial-teach the sequence in Washing- ton, D.C.-area public schools. Observations made during trial teaching inform the writing of a field-test edition, which is then taught by teachers in at least 10 schools across the country that have been selected to represent the nation's cultural, ethnic, and socioeconomic diversity. An advisory panel of educators and sci- entists finally reviews each unit for scientif- ic accuracy and pedagogical appropriate- ness. Simultaneously, the project's evaluation consultant reviews the assess- ment sections of each unit. Using information obtained from field- testing and external review, STC research associates revise the units and, working with the NSRC's publications staff, prepare them for publication. Fourteen commercial and field-test editions of the curriculum units are now in use by school districts na- tionwide. (Photograph by Eric Long) 24 National Zoological Park In a birth heralded as the herpetological event of the century, National Zoo her- petologists successfully bred Komodo drag- ons, the world's largest lizard. Keepers named one of the hatchlings "Kraken" after the mythical Norse sea monster. The Zoo's accomplishment marks the first time in history that these monitor lizards have been propagated outside their native Indonesia. It is also the first time the hatching of Komodo dragons has ever been filmed and the first time American her- petologists have been able to examine hatchlings, which are intricately patterned and tar more colorful than adults. The 1 3 young are being sent to other zoos to establish exhibition and education programs. Cooperative breeding efforts be- tween the National Zoo and the Cincinnati Zoo have resulted in additional hatchings. This breeding initiative is part of a larger conservation program that includes re- search and conservation efforts sponsored jointly by the National Zoo and the In- donesian government. The highly endan- gered Komodo dragons live only on four small islands east of Java, so they are at se- rious risk of any local or volcanic disaster. (Photograph by Jessie Cohen) 25 Office of Fellowships and Grants For more than 25 years, the Office of Fel- lowships and Grants has offered in-resi- dence fellowship programs for predoctoral students and postdoctoral scholars from all over the world to conduct creative and in- novative research in fields pursued by the Smithsonian Institution. This year a postdoctoral scientist at the National Air and Space Museum used land- scape analysis to study deforestation and biodiversity in Madagascar and make pre- dictions for biotic changes. Through the Minority Faculty Fellowship Program, an- other postdoctoral scholar conducted re- search at the National Museum of Ameri- can History' on the yellow ribbon as a patriotic symbol. He was particularly inter- ested in the role of women in developing the concept and marketing the ribbons. A predoctoral fellow at the National Zoologi- cal Park compared oocyte maturation and in vitro fertilization in domestic and non- domestic cats. This research will further Smithsonian efforts to preserve endangered species. Still another predoctoral fellow worked in the National Museum of Ameri- can History and the National Museum of American Art on a multidisciplinary exam- ination of how feminism and Native Amer- ican cultures intersected in women's art of the 1970s and 1980s ( above). The Office of Fellowships and Grants also administers fellowships funded by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation to promote research in the structure and evolution of terrestrial ecosystems by Smithsonian sci- entists and their colleagues at universities. Under this program one of the senior fel- lows worked with staff at the Laboratory for Molecular Systematics of the National Mu- seum of Natural History to analyze plant diversification at the molecular and mor- phological levels. (Photograph by Rick Vargas) 26 Renwick Gallery The Renwick Gallery of the National Mu- seum of American Art, located near the White House on Pennsylvania Avenue, opened as the Smithsonian Institution's American craft and design museum in 1972 in a French Second Empire-style building that James Renwick, Jr., designed in 1855 as the original Corcoran Gallery of Art. Today the Renwick houses the nation's premier collection of American crafts, with outstanding 20th-century works in glass, ceramics, wood, fiber, and metal. The col- lection contains about }oo objects acquired through gift and purchase since 1972. Many have been collected during the past five years. The James Renwick Alliance, a national nonprofit organization, was founded in 1982 to encourage support for the gallery and interest in American crafts. To date, the alliance has donated more than $220,000 toward the purchase of 46 excep- tional craft objects, including John Ced- erquist's Ghost Boy (1992), shown here. The gallery is also acclaimed for its exhi- bitions, fellowships for scholarly research in the modern craft movement, publication series, and educational programs. The Ren- wick's research mission has been advanced by the new Patricia and Phillip Frost Prize for Distinguished Scholarship in American Crafts and by stipends for study at the gallery under the James Renwick Fellow- ship Program for 20th-century American Crafts. John Cederquist (American, b. 1946), Ghost Boy, 1992. Birch plywood, poplar, copper leaf, epoxy resin inlay, analine dye, 224 x 112 x 38 cm (88 X44 x 15 in.). Gift of the James Renwick Alliance, Anne and Ronald Abramson, and museum purchase. (Photograph by Bruce Miller) 27 Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory Supernovas represent the brief, brilliant, and final outbursts of energy from stars en- tering their last and fatal stage of life. As the brightest such object seen from the Northern Hemisphere in more than 20 years, Supernova 1993J captured the atten- tion of the world's astronomical community in spring 1993. Discovered in the relatively nearby and well-studied galaxy M81, the supernova offered considerable insight on the physics of stellar evolution. The larger photo (top) shows the entire galaxy, with the supernova shining prominently at the lower right. The two smaller close-ups show this outer spiral region before (left) and after the cataclysmic explosion. (Elec- tronic images by Brian Schmidt) Smithsonian Environmental Research Center Pollution of the Chesapeake Bay is due, in part, to excessive concentrations of nitrate in agricultural runoff from surrounding croplands. This nitrate causes damaging algal blooms and low levels of dissolved oxygen. Most of the nitrate is transported from the drainage basin to stream channels in shallow groundwater. Bacteria in forest soils along stream banks remove much of the nitrate and convert it to nitrogen gases, which diffuse to the soil surface. Scientists have constructed special cham- bers over patches of headwater streamside, or riparian, forest soil to measure the re- lease rates of gases such as nitrous oxide produced by the soil bacteria. Using an au- tomated tuneable infrared laser housed in a small laboratory in the forest, they continu- ously measure the concentrations of trace gases in the air pumped into the chambers and the air inside the chambers. From the rate of pumping and the difference in con- centrations inside and outside the chamber, they calculate the emission rates of gases. The chambers are long (66 feet) and thin to avoid localized effects. Their long axis is oriented across the path ot the groundwater flow. This technology allows continuous ac- curate mapping of gas emissions through- out the forest. Measurements of gas emissions from the soil and other key physical and chemical environmental factors controlling soil bac- terial processes are used to develop, cali- brate, and test computer models of riparian forests. The results are already influencing how we manage our landscape. (Photo- graph by Al Liszewski) 29 Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute The Isthmus of Panama has long been rec- ognized as the highway for biotic inter- change between the Americas, with cata- strophic consequences for South American vertebrates. But because of inadequate fossils and age dating, the effects of isola- tion on Atlantic and Pacific marine organ- isms were not well understood. Studies have been restricted to comparisons of liv- ing species on opposite sides of the isthmus and use of isthmian emergence as a basis for testing assumptions about rates of molecu- lar evolution — the so-called molecular clock. Now, new geological and paleonto- logical research at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute is providing the frame- work to place these studies in historical context. Earlier work suggested that Atlantic fau- nas suffered mass extinction when the isth- mus formed due to oceanographic changes. New sampling of fossil snails and clams by Jeremy Jackson, Anthony Coates, and their colleagues shows, however, that extinction occurred more than i million years later and was balanced by rates of speciation high enough that diversity has changed very little. Refrigeration due to the onset of northern hemisphere glaciation may have been responsible, but the causes of the ex- tinctions remain controversial. The fossil data also suggest that isolation of Atlantic and Pacific faunas occurred gradually over millions of years. This find- ing is supported by comparisons of seven species pairs of snapping shrimp (Alpheus), such as the pair illustrated here, from opposite sides of the Isthmus. Studies by- Nancy Knowlton and colleagues of diver- gence in biochemical characteristics and re- productive compatibility indicated that these pairs did not all separate at the same time. (Photographs by Marcos A. Guerra and Carl C. Hansen) The Year in Review Sciences Office of the Assistant Secretary for the Sciences Robert S. Hoffmann, Assistant Secretary Since its inception the Smithsonian has nourished a commitment to a scientific research program charac- terized by breadth, depth, and outreach. The Smith- sonian's scientific studies, which are known for their benefit to the entire scientific community, are carried on not only in specialized research institutes such as the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, and the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory but in museums such as the National Air and Space Muse- um and the National Museum of Natural History. Basic research actively promotes the programs at the National Zoological Park and its Conservation and Research Center in Front Royal, Virginia, and at the Conservation Analytical Laboratory, while central units such as the Office of the Smithsonian Institu- tion Archives, Office of Fellowships and Grants, Smithsonian Institution Libraries, and Scientific Diving Program continue to support all research at the Institution. ♦ During 1993, global environmental research con- tinued to be the emphasis of the Institution's scien- tific studies. Current projects include studies of the function of natural and disturbed ecosystems and the dynamic role of the Sun and atmosphere on the ap- parent warming of the Earth's climate. Of equal im- portance is gaining an adequate understanding of the structure and composition of natural communities and ecosystems so that their richness and stability may be maintained or restored in the face of increas- ing human pressures. ♦ The Smithsonian Institution Man and the Bios- phere Biological Diversity Program (SI/MAB) this year conducted successful regional training courses on conservation and management of protected areas and wildlands in St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands, Guyana, Venezuela, and Bolivia and at the National Zoo's Conservation and Research Center. ♦ The Environmental Awareness Program began co- ordinating design and production of "Ocean Planet,'' a traveling exhibition on ocean conservation support- ed by the National Science Foundation, Times Mir- ror Magazines, Inc., the Pew Charitable Trusts, the Geraldine R. Dodge Foundation, and the David and Lucille Packard Foundation. The exhibition, which will open at the National Museum of Natural Histo- ry in April 1995, is being developed in cooperation with the museum and the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service. Conservation Analytical Laboratory Lambertus van Zelst, Director The Conservation Analytical Laboratory (CAL) en- gages in research and training in the conservation and technical study of museum objects and other materials of cultural importance. CAL addresses 31 Conservation Analytical Laboratory objects conser- vator Harriet F. Beaubien puts the finishing touches on the reconstruction of a fragile neolithic plaster statue, about 8,300 years old, found at the archaeo- logical site of Ain Ghazal in Jordan. (Photograph by Doc Dougherty) National Museum of Nat- ural History marine mam- mals specialist James Mead has investigated many East Coast bottle-nosed dolphin deaths. His findings may help reveal where and when dolphins are most likely to die in fishing nets, thus im- proving efforts to protect these animals. (Photograph by Laurie Minor-Penland) questions of concern to archaeology and art history as well as problems facing museums nationwide, in- cluding the Smithsonian, in the preservation and conservation of collections. A multifaceted training program provides valuable educational opportunities for students in conservation, materials science, ar- chaeology, and art history. ♦ CAL scientists have combined their understanding of the chemical deterioration and mechanical proper- ties of materials to predict what deterioration will be caused by environmental conditions and changes in the materials. When applied to photographic mate- rials, such predictions have enabled scientists to for- mulate new optimal storage conditions that may greatly reduce the cost of constructing and operating cold storage facilities. ♦ Ancient technology studies on materials excavated at the Paleolithic sites (dating between 26,000 and 23,000 years ago) of Dolni Vestonice and Pavlov in the Czech Republic and Kostienki in Russia contin- ue to provide surprising insights. Earlier studies identified a ceramic technology — subsequently lost — that blossomed at these sites. Now, studies of colored materials and mortars and pestles excavated at Dolni Vestonice there indicate the processing of pigments, although there is no conclusive evidence of their use on artifacts. CAL archaeologists con- tinue to explore the application of this technolo- gy with colleagues in the United States, the Czech Republic, Russia, and France. ♦ CAL, the Smithsonian Institution Libraries, and the Office of the Smithsonian Institution Archives have initiated a joint program that ad- dresses a growing need for training in conserva- tion and preservation of archival materials. Drawing on CAL expertise in conservation and the Libraries' and Archives' expertise in collec- tions management, the program will provide training within the settings of Smithsonian archival research collections. ♦ The second class of the Furniture Conservation Training Program graduated in August, while the joint Johns Hopkins University-CAL graduate pro- gram in conservation science awarded its first two doctoral degrees. National Museum of Natural History Frank H. Talbot, Director The National Museum of Natural History/National Museum of Man (NMNH) is dedicated to under- standing the natural world and the place of humans in it. The nation's largest research museum, it has a staff of more than 600, including 120 staff scientists, and the world's most extensive collection of docu- mented cultural artifacts and specimens of plants, animals, fossils, rocks, and minerals, now numbering more than 121 million items. Studies conducted by the museum's staff — and by scientists worldwide using its collections — increase understanding of the diversity, abundance, and ecological and evolutionary relationships of plants and animals living today and in earlier periods; shed light on the origin and evolu- tion of the Earth and solar system; and enhance knowledge of human evolution, adaptation, and cul- tural history. Through its educational programs, scholarly and popular publications, and many public exhibits — which annually attract more than 6 mil- lion visitors — NMNH leads the world's natural his- tory museums in disseminating knowledge about the natural and cultural diversity of the Earth. In 1993, the museum continued its tradition of research, public programs, and collections acquisi- tions and management with a range of activities. ♦ The O. Orkin Insect Zoo opened on September 10, 1993, replacing one of the museum's most popu- lar attractions with an entirely new and expanded exhibition. The insect zoo features a large variety of live insects and many hands-on activities to encour- age visitors of all ages to learn more about our di- verse natural environment. It represents a collabora- tion between public programs staff and museum entomologists, who together have created a stimulat- ing exhibit based on the latest research findings. ♦ The museum was host to the fourth annual Natur- al Science Institute for Teachers of Minority Stu- dents, managed by NMNH's Office of Education. Using the resources of the Naturalist Center, a group of Washington, D.C., teachers participated in activi- ties designed to develop more positive attitudes to- ward teaching science in the classroom and to in- crease interest among teachers and students in science and related studies. ♦ NMNH geologist Richard Fiske, with his Japan- ese colleagues, made a breakthrough discovery in 1993 by locating the site of an underwater volcanic eruption twice as large as the famous 188} eruption of Krakatau. This finding, made with a mini-subma- rine, opens an entirely new field of volcanology in today's oceans. ♦ The Museum's Repatriation Office returned to the Cheyenne and Arapaho tribes of Oklahoma human remains collected by the U.S. Army after the Col- orado Sand Creek Massacre of 1864. The return took place in a ceremony at the museum. It was one of several important repatriations of human remains carried out in 1993. ♦ Don Wilson, director of NMNH's Biodiversity Program, made a major contribution in 1993 to studies defining biological diversity with the publi- cation of Mammal Species of the World. Wilson co-edit- ed this indispensable handbook, which will not only serve the needs of scientists but also prove valuable to many other users around the world. ♦ The museum made a significant contribution to the Smithsonian Timelines of the Ancient World: A Visual Chronology from the Origins of Life to A.D. 7500, pub- lished this year. This book — the first of its kind — depicts the chronological history of the world using maps, drawings, photographs, and text. Several De- partment of Anthropology staff members were prin- cipal collaborators on the sections on North, Central, and South America, and the museum's vast collec- tions provided nearly all the objects used to illustrate the Americas. Most of these objects had never before been photographed or exhibited. National Zoological Park Michael H. Robinson, Director The National Zoological Park (NZP) has as its pri- mary mission the advancement of science, biological conservation, and the education and recreation of the people. To fulfill this mission, the Zoo has moved beyond being a zoological park concerned only with animals to becoming a biological park with a scope that extends to the whole living world and exhibits that increasingly emphasize interactions and holism. NZP exhibits a range of living plants and animals on its 16^-acre facility in Rock Creek Park in Washing- ton, D.C., and maintains the Conservation and Re- search Center on 3,150 acres in Front Royal, Vir- ginia, as a major animal breeding, conservation, and research center. Scientists from the Zoo pursue re- search around the world, advancing biological un- derstanding and the conservation of life on Earth. ♦ Amazonia, the Zoo's most ambitious project in 50 years, opened in mid-November 1992. In the exhib- it's first nine months, more than one-quarter million visitors experienced the sights, sounds, and feel of an authentic rainforest. In fact, the exhibit is so authen- tic that three species of birds have nested and reared young, many species offish have spawned, and the plants are nearly growing through the roof. ♦ Zoo herpetologists successfully bred Komodo monitor lizards (Komodo dragons), the world's largest lizard, for the first time outside their native Indonesia. Thirteen young were hatched and are being sent to other U.S. zoos. Cooperative breeding efforts with the Cincinnati Zoo have resulted in additional hatchings. The breeding effort complements an in situ research and conservation program sponsored by NZP and the Indonesian government. This giraffe, named "Stormy, " was born at the height of a spring thunder- storm at the National Zoo- logical Park. (Photograph by Jessie Cohen) As part of a project arranged and funded through the Office of Fel- lowships and Grants Mi- nority Internship Program, Nancy Smith of the Uni- versity of Washington and Christopher Guadiz of Northeastern University help analyze the population dynamics and feeding be- havior of Chesapeake Bay fishes at the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center. ♦ The New Opportunities in Animal Health Sci- ences (NOAHS) Center held a live Cheetah Satellite Field Trip from the Zoo's Cheetah Conservation Station to 3 million students in 10,000 elementary and middle schools. This televised event enabled students to talk directly with scientists and keepers. ♦ The Golden Lion Tamarin Conservation Program celebrated its 10th anniversary. Managed by Zoo sci- entists, it is the longest uninterrupted research and conservation effort for any New World primate. There are now more than 550 tamarins in zoos worldwide; the wild population has doubled to about 400; and 134 zoo-born tamarins have been reintroduced to the wild. Protection and reforesta- tion in the Poco das Antas Biological Reserve, the only protected area for this species in Brazil, have been greatly enhanced, and awareness and support for conservation have increased dramatically among Brazilians. ♦ Friends of the National Zoo (FONZ) sponsored the 10th annual ZooFari gala, with hundreds of local restaurateurs and enter- tainers providing a festive variety of food, drink, and music. This year 2,500 guests attended the event, which raised $190,000 to support many Zoo exhibi- tion and research pro- grams. FONZ volunteers contributed 76,000 hours of vital educational, re- search, and animal care assistance during the year. ♦ "Nuestros Bosques, Nuestra Herencia" (Our Forests, Our Heritage) went on display in the Ama- zonia Gallery in March. This Spanish-language ex- hibit on rainforests was created by a consortium of 1 1 Latin American museums and conservation orga- nizations and by the Smithsonian's Office of Interna- tional Relations. ♦ The Zoo made significant strides in recycling of waste. Besides recycling large quantities of office paper, cardboard, and aluminum cans. Zoo staff turned brush and tree limbs into mulch for Zoo grounds and composted herbivore manure, leaves, and weeds into "Z00D00" for the Zoo's landscaping program, ending the purchase of commercial fertilizers. Office of Fellowships and Grants Roberta W. Rubinoff, Director The Office of Fellowships and Grants manages the Smithsonian's centralized fellowship and internship programs, all stipend appointments, and other pro- grams that support research. Through these research programs, students and scholars from all over the world come to the Institution to use its varied re- sources. The office also administers programs to increase minority participation in Smithsonian re- search activities and disciplines. Two competitive grant programs managed by the office provide schol- arly support for Smithsonian professional staff. ♦ More than 900 awards were offered to students, scholars, and scientists from the United States and abroad to utilize the Institution's resources and col- lections. These awards included fellowships, intern- ships, and short-term travel awards. ♦ The office received a record 575 applications for the Smithsonian Fellowship Program, a 12 percent increase from 1992. Ninety-seven awards were of- fered, 18 to people from underrepresented groups. ♦ This year the office received a second grant from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation for the Smith- sonian Institution University Program in the Struc- ture and Evolution of Terrestrial Ecosystems. Four scientists received fellowships to conduct plant re- search in conjunction with predoctoral and postdoc- toral fellows and Smithsonian scientists. ♦ Two hundred ten applications were received for the Minority Internship Program. Thirty-nine stu- dents from 17 states and 28 schoos received awards to assist in ongoing research and museum-related projects in 16 bureaus and offices of the Institution. 34 Office of the Smithsonian Institution Archives Pamela M. Henson, Acting Director The Office of the Smithsonian Institution Archives (OSIA) was formed this year by combining the Joseph Henry Papers Project and the Office of the Registrar with the Smithsonian Institution Archives. OSIA consists of an archives division, a history divi- sion, and two national collections coordinators. ♦ William W. Moss III, director of the Archives since 1983, retired in 1993 and traveled to Beijing, China, where he is teaching in the International Pro- grams Office at the Foreign Affairs University. Be- fore his departure. Moss received the Secretary's Gold Medal for Exceptional Service and was named the first archivist emeritus. He will continue to advise the Smithsonian on matters relating to China. ♦ The Joseph Henry Papers Project completed work on volume 7, documenting the life of the Smith- sonian's first secretary from 1847 through 1849 and the struggle to establish the Smithsonian as a center for excellence in scientific research. ♦ The Society of American Archivists awarded its prestigious C. F. W. Coker Prize for finding aids to the multivolume Guide to Photographic Collections at the Smithsonian Institution, edited by Diane Vogt- O'Connor. Three volumes have been published, and a fourth has been completed. ♦ This year the archives division of OSIA purchased 16 original drawings of the Castle by James Ren- wick, its architect. The drawings are being con- served, photographed, and added to the architectural drawings collection. ♦ The office compiled and published the seventh an- nual collection statistics and compliance report and completed an international survey of automated mu- seum collection documentation for the International Council of Museums. Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory Irwin I. Shapiro, Director As a member of the Center for Astrophysics, based in Cambridge, Massachusetts, the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO) collaborates with the Harvard College Observatory in a broad program of research organized in divisions representing the diverse interests of its joint staff: atomic and molecu- lar physics, high-energy astrophysics, optical and in- frared astronomy, planetary sciences, radio and geoastronomy, solar and stellar physics, and theoreti- cal astrophysics. Data -gathering facilities include the Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory in Arizona, the Oak Ridge Observatory in Massachusetts, a millime- ter-wave radio astronomy installation in Cambridge, and instruments built tor flight aboard rockets, bal- loons, and spacecraft. With resources in almost every major area of modern astronomy and astrophysics, SAO is uniquely positioned to study the physical processes that determine the nature and evolution of the universe. ♦ Two small, expendable, tethered-satellite systems conceived and designed by SAO scientists were flown successfully in space in the spring of 199^. The first, launched March 19, confirmed the predict- ed performance and dynamics of the "satellite-on-a- string" concept. The second, an electrodynamic tether launched on June 26, demonstrated the ability of a tether to generate an electrical current in space. ♦ An ultraviolet coronagraph designed at SAO for studies of the Sun's hot outer atmosphere, or extend- ed corona, was one of two instruments constituting (Left) Spencer F. Baird, second secretary of the Smithsonian, is the subject of a biography by Edward F. Rivinus and Elizabeth M. Youssef. published in 1993 by Smithsonian In- stitution Press. Baird is shown here with his wife, Mary, and daughter. Lucy, about 1887. His correspon- dence is one of the most im- portant collections of the Office of the Smithsonian Institution Archives. A technician inspects the back of the 6. ^-meter- diameter glass blank creat- ed in the University of Arizona's Mirror Labora- tory as a replacement for the six separate elements of the Smithsontan-A rizona Multiple Mirror Telescope. (Photograph by Lori Stiles) 35 Smithsonian Environmen- tal Research Center techni- cian Jay O'Neill examines a sweet gum sapling in an experimental plot. Japanese honeysuckle will compete with the tree for water, nu- trients, and other resources below ami above ground. the free-flying Spartan experiment package deployed and retrieved by astronauts aboard the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Discovery space shuttle in April. Observations of structures and features extending far above the Sun's surface suggest scientists may be able to determine — and ultimately predict — how hot, electrically charged gas is acceler- ated out of the Sun at more than a million kilome- ters per hour to form the solar wind. ♦ The continued success of SAO 's rocket-borne solar X-ray observation program led to a $5 million grant from the U.S. Air Force to design a similar telescope payload for a multipurpose satellite called SWATH, or Space Weather and Terrestrial Hazards. The SAO instrument will make long-term observations of space debris in low Earth orbit and will provide high-resolution images of the Sun's corona. ♦ Development of the submillimeter telescope array (SMA), a unique astronomical instrument to observe the largely unexplored submillimeter region of the electromagnetic spectrum, marked some major mile- stones, including the start of construction of a test and assembly facility for the SMA's six movable radio antennas and the fabrication of a giant transporter that will position the antennas in different configu- rations. ♦ The cleaning of core material from the honeycomb interior of the 6.5-meter replacement mirror for the Multiple Mirror Telescope was completed by the University of Arizona's Mirror Lab in Tucson. Now free of all core material, the blank is ready for the nearly two-year process of grinding and polishing. ♦ The basic elements forming IOTA, an optical and infrared interferometer intended for high-resolution images of astronomical objects, were installed at the Whipple Observatory. In this system, two small (45- centimeter), movable telescopes will each gather light from the same astronomical object and com- bine it into one image, thus achieving an angular resolution comparable to a single telescope with a mirror 40 meters in diameter. Smithsonian Environmental Research Center David L. Correll, Director The Smithsonian Environmental Research Center (SERC) in Edgewater, Maryland, conducts long-term interdisciplinary studies of the interactions of flora and fauna with their environment and disseminates its findings to improve our stewardship of the bio- sphere. Research and education at SERC take a range of approaches to investigating ecological processes. Using the geographic features of the Chesapeake Bay region, SERC conducts intensive analyses of a com- plex landscape of interconnected ecosystems. SERC's research is the primary contribution on the Chesa- peake region to the U.S. Interagency Global Change Program and an important component of the Inter- national Geosphere-Biosphere Program. ♦ Chesapeake Bay is undergoing adverse changes as excessive amounts of mineral nutrients enter the bay from diffuse sources, especially agricultural cropland. SERC scientists measured nitrogen discharge rates from each of the majot geological formations on the bay's drainage basin. They found that more than twice as much nitrogen is discharged per acre of cropland in the Appalachians and the Piedmont for- mations as is discharged from cropland in the Coastal Plain. ♦ SERC scientists extended their studies of nitrate removal by headwater streamside, or riparian, forests from cropland drainage water to a different type of site: the floodplain of a larger stream. As shallow groundwater flowed through this floodplain forest, nitrate-nitrogen concentrations decreased from 8 parts per million to less than 0.4 parts per million. The efficiency of nitrate removal was almost constant for all seasons of the year, and the nitrate was not converted to other dissolved forms of nitrogen. ♦ When agricultural fields are abandoned, a succes- sion of plants colonizes them. In the Chesapeake re- gion an important aspect of this succession is the competition of vines with trees. A SERC study ex- perimentally manipulated the above- and below- ground competition between two species of vine and a common native species of forest tree, the sweet gum. The introduced vine, Japanese honeysuckle, had greater effects on the trees than the native Vir- ginia creeper vine; the effects were due largely to root competition for soil nitrogen. ♦ Carbon dioxide concentration in the Earth's at- mosphere is expected to double in the next 50 years. SERC scientists are using open-top chambers with continuously elevated carbon dioxide concentrations to study the direct physiological and ecological ef- fects on natural plant communities. After four years, the effects on the tidal marsh sedge Scirpus olneyi in- clude higher photosynthetic efficiency and capacity, reduced respiration, increased numbers of shoots, roots, and rhizomes, and decreased water use. Two 36 taftljrW>rlSollpSS.iu|te^n. grass species, Spartina patens and Distichlis tpicata, also had reduced water loss but have declined in size due to increased competition from the sedge. ♦ The brackish waters of Chesapeake Bay are among the most productive in the world. Protozoans are an important element in these very interesting and complex food webs. SERC microbiologists studied the dynamic interactions of a tintinnid ciliate, Favel- la panamensis, and a nonphotosynthetic, parasitic di- noflagellate, Duboscquella aspida. About a quarter of these ciliates, whose summertime population in the bay reaches 5,000 per gallon, were infected with this dinoflagellate. Infections were seldom lethal to the ciliate but sometimes forced it from its protective casing. ♦ SERC scientists studied the use of shallow, non- vegetated tidal waters by aquatic animals in Chesa- peake Bay. This type of habitat dominates most of the bay's area, but it has been little studied. Small species offish and crustaceans were most abundant at water depths of less than two feet. In field experi- ments with tethered animals, mortality increased with depth. Smithsonian Institution Libraries Barbara J. Smith, Director The Smithsonian Institution Libraries (SIL) supports the research activities of the Institution's staff, schol- ars from around the world, and members of the pub- lic by providing reference and information services and by building, organizing, managing, preserving, and conserving its collections. The Libraries' collec- tions— numbering 1.2 million volumes, with 15,000 current journals, 40,000 rare books, and 1,800 manuscript groups — are accessible in an on- line catalogue, at 18 branch libraries, and through interlibrary loan. SIL is a member of the Association of Research Libraries and a special member of the Research Libraries Group. ♦ The Libraries established two endowments to acquire materials in support of research. With the S. Dillon Ripley Library Endowment of some $270,000 and the Special Collections Endowment of $343,408, SIL has its first endowed funds to help purchase the library materials that the research com- munity relies upon. ♦ The Libraries installed a new computer system procured from NOTIS, Inc., that will bring enhanced searching capabilities to Smithsonian staff conducting research. The NOTIS system supports the Smithsonian Institution Research Information System (SIRIS), which carries the Libraries' on-line catalogue and pro- vides operational service for cataloguing, acquisitions, and circulation. ♦ With a $19,000 grant from the Atherton Seidell Endowment, the Libraries began processing its world-class collection of trade catalogues (estimated at 450,000 pieces) to make these unique items more widely known to the research community. ♦ The Seidell Endowment awarded funds to pur- chase a rare copy of a 161 5 book on mathematical instruments. This early work by Benjamin Bramer builds on existing collections in the Dibner Library of the History of Science and Technology and helps scholars better understand objects in the Smith- sonian's collections. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Ira Rubinoff, Director The Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI), based in the Republic of Panama, is dedicated to in- creasing our understanding of tropical natute and trop- ical peoples and communicating this knowledge inter- nationally to colleagues, students, and the public. To this end STRI maintains a fine library, well-equipped laboratories, and an array of forest and marine field sta- tions to support the research of its ^ 1 core staff and its many students and visiting scientists. ♦ On April 23, 1993, STRI celebrated the 70th birthday of its research station, Barro Colorado Is- land, one of the first neotropical reserves established for the study of a tropical forest and its animals. New and influential approaches to the study of ani- mal behavior and the defenses of plants against in- sect pests were developed there, and new insights into ecology, plant physiology, forest dynamics, and many other topics came from work on this island. ♦ Forest canopy studies became a permanent part of the STRI tesearch program with the purchase of a construction crane now located in Panama's Metro- politan Park, where it is used exclusively for studies In his 161 5 book on pro- portional instruments, Ben- jamin Bramer described the construction and operation of a new proportional com- pass. The rare volume was purchased this year by the Smithsonian Institution Libraries. 37 Smithsonian Tropical Re- search Institute scientist Klaus Winter and intern Juan Manuel DitPity mea- sure photosynthetic carbon dioxide fluxes in the leaves a/ a succulent plant from Madagascar. (Photo by Antonio Montaner) of the previously inaccessible tropical forest canopy. Funds tor the purchase were provided by the govern- ments of Germany and Norway and members of the Smithsonian National Board. ♦ In their study of canopy photosynthesis on Barro Colorado Island, doctoral student Gerhard Zotz and STRI scientist Klaus Winter found that by using "spot" measurements o( carbon dioxide exchange from one leaf they can predict its total carbon gain over 24 hours. These results greatly facilitate esti- mates of the energy that a tree gets from its leaves for building, maintaining, and replacing stems, roots, and leaves. ♦ STRI scientists Connie Kolman, Eldredge Bermingham, and Richard Cooke and University of Panama researchers Tomas Arias and Francois Sin- clair completed a study of the population genetics of the Ngbbe Amerind tribe in western Panama. They found sharp differences in mitochondrial DNA di- versity in the Ngobe in relation to other Amerind tribes. Their findings support archaeological and an- thropological data suggesting the in situ fragmenta- tion of an ancestral population in the central region of Panama into small, sedentary units during the Holocene. ♦ STRI scientists Paul Colinvaux, Dolores Piperno, and Richard Cooke, with postdoctoral collaborators from the United States and Latin America, contin- ued paleobotanical and archaeological studies of lakes and habitation sites. Their purpose is to recon- struct the natural and human influences on lowland vegetation and faunas since the last glacial period and document the evolution of human subsistence strategies and social complexity. ♦ Based on long-term studies, STRI's Center for Tropical Forest Science has begun a program to reestablish tropical forest on degraded agricultural lands near the Barro Colorado Nature Monument. With support from the Turner Foundation, the cen- ter has established two tree nurseries that will pro- vide 20,000 seedlings of native species to be planted during the coming year. Arts and Humanities Office of the Assistant Secretary for the Arts and Humanities Tom L. Freudenheim, Assistant Secretary The Office of the Assistant Secretary for the Arts and Humanities advises the secretary and the under secre- tary on issues relating to museum policy, operations, and advocacy. Exhibitions, accessibility, and museum education are the current priorities of the office. ♦ The Accessibility Program convened an Advisory Council on Accessibility composed of 18 interested constituents with disabilities. The council advised the program on matters such as developing institu- tional policy on accessibility and writing design guidelines for accessible exhibitions. Council mem- bers participated in the program's 10-month lecture series on accessibility and in training sessions for various bureaus and offices. ♦ The Experimental Gallery continued to present changing exhibitions that explore innovative and creative approaches to audience development and access, exhibition development, and context, tech- nique, and style. Visitors viewed the exhibition experiments — which this year included "The Kids Bridge" — and offered their opinions. ♦ The American Studies Program provided seminars and independent study opportunities for graduate students in American studies and American history departments of affiliated universities to undertake formal course work at the Smithsonian. ♦ Legislation establishing a National African Amer- ican Museum, to be located in the Arts and Indus- tries Building, passed the House of Representatives and awaits Senate action. The proposed museum will document and interpret the experiences of people of African descent in the United States and throughout the diaspora. To date, the museum project staff has identified more than 750 potential donors who have more than 25,000 objects and want to support the future museum by giving or lending objects and making financial contributions. ♦ Exhibitions that received awards from the Special Exhibition Fund, administered by the office, includ- ed "African Experiences" (National Museum of Nat- ural History), "Before Freedom Came" (Anacostia Museum), and "Mechanical Brides: Women and Machines from Home to Office" (Cooper-Hewitt, National Museum of Design). Anacostia Museum Steven Cameron Newsome, Director This year the Anacostia Museum observed its 25th anniversary, mounted three nationally important traveling exhibitions, and continued to explore ways to increase knowledge of the African American expe- rience in Washington and the upper South. In addi- tion to carrying on research and collections efforts, the museum was involved in a series of new and ex- citing collaborations and partnerships. ♦ The museum's first collection management policy statement was approved. At the core of the policy are 12 areas of inquiry and a community-based educa- tion campaign designed to improve citizens' ability to care for significant material in their possession. ♦ Collections development activities focused on three areas. The museum acquired the works of folk artist Leslie Payne, 30 videotapes of African Ameri- can worship traditions from Atlanta Interfaith Broadcasters, and photographs and autograph books from Anacostia resident Percival Bryant, which pro- vide important insight into black community and social life. ♦ The museum staff completed research for the Black Mosaic Project, which will explore the multi- cultural dimensions of Washington's black commu- nity. Focusing on the Jamaican, Afto-Latino, Brazil- ian, Ghanaian, and Haitian communities, the project explores the concepts of community, identity, and race as they intersect in Washington's dynamic cul- tural environment. It will result in an exhibition scheduled to open in August 1994. ♦ The museum established an ongoing partnership with the Moten Elementary School in which the museum staff works with students and teachers throughout the school year to develop exhibitions and programs. This year, Moten students and adults from the community joined ceramic sculptot Martha Jackson Jarvis in creating a work, The Table of Plenty. ♦ The museum mounted three ttaveling exhibitions during the year. "Two Sculptors/Two Eras" explored the work of Richmond Barthe and Richard Hunt. "Body and Soul" related the history of the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater. "Always There" gave voice to African Americans' contributions to quilting. ♦ The staff began work on a variety of new research endeavors. "The Unbroken Circle" will examine cur- rent trends in black church archives practices and will document contempotary traditions of worship in Washington. "Footsteps from the Past," a collabora- tive project with the Brentwood Historical Society, will focus on the history of Maryland's oldest incor- porated black township. The staff is also working with the D.C. Community Humanities Council to develop an exhibition investigating community life in one of the city's public housing complexes, Po- tomac Gardens. In an expansion of the museum's do- mestic emphasis, the staff began exploring ways to share its community-focused research methods with the Birmingham Museum in England and, as an out- growth of the Black Mosaic Project, started work on "Passports: Contemporary Black Community Life and Art in Europe." Archives of American Art Richard J. Wattenmaker, Director The Archives of American Art has the largest collec- tion in the world of original source materials on the history of the visual arts in the United States. The Archives is a national research repository with cen- ters in Washington, D.C, New York, Boston, Detroit, and San Marino, California, and a survey project to identify documentation on American art in Paris. The materials it holds include letters, scrap- books, photographs, works of art on paper, diaries, and interviews recorded on audio-and videotape. The Archives is dedicated to encouraging research in American art and cultural history by making its collections easily accessible. Its extensive and varied holdings offer researchers an in-depth, primary re- search base for advanced study not only in American Sharon Almey braids the hair ofCarlotta Mooney in a demonstration that was part of the annual J une- teenth celebration on the grounds of the Anacostia Museum. (Photograph by Harold Diiru 111) The papers of Robert C. Scull ( 1 9 ; 5-86), promi- nent collector of abstract expressionist, pop. and min- imalist art, provide valu- able insights into collector- artist relationships in the Neif York art world of the 1 9 5 os. The Scull papers, now in the Archives of American Art, include this snapshot taken at the collec- tor's summer place showing Lucas Samaras on the shoulders ofClaes Olden- burg and George Segal, behind Patti (Oldenburg) Mucha and Robert Rauschenberg. I 40 I art history but in other fields, including cultural, political, and social history. The Archives Journal, published quarterly, presents articles based on re- search conducted in the collections as well as book reviews and collecting reports from the regional centers. ♦ The Archives published its newest finding aid to the collections, A Guide to Archival Sources for French- American Art History in the Archives of American Art, which describes papers relating to American artists who lived, studied, and worked in France. ♦ The Gallery of the New York Regional Center mounted two exceptional exhibitions of papers. Romare Bearden Draws, Too: Tradition to Form" (January 7-March 12, 1993) displayed works never before shown, including more than 60 pen-and-ink drawings, watercolors, gouaches, a previously un- known composition book, and the artist's last col- lages "Dorothy Miller and Holger Cahill: An Exhi- bition of Paintings, Sculpture, and Documents from the Decade 1929-1939" documented the unique collaboration ot two figures who significantly influ- enced the course of American art and created a broader national audience for it. Dorothy C. Miller, former curator of museum collections. Museum of Modern Art, donated her papers and those of her husband Holger Cahill, national director. Federal Art Project, to the Archives, the Museum of Modern Art, and the New York Public Library. ♦ Among the Archives' significant acquisitions are the papers ot Frank Stella (b. 1936), one of the semi- nal artists of the post-World War II era. These docu- ments include Stella's student writings on art, early notebooks with drawings from his formative years, original manuscripts of his famous Charles Eliot Norton lectures at Harvard University, personal pho- tographs, clipping scrapbooks, and other records. ♦ A five-and-one-half-hour oral history interview was conducted with Eleanor Sayre (b. 1916), a schol- ar and museum curator well known for her studies of Goya. Sayre discusses her visits to the White House with her maternal grandfather Woodrow Wilson, her education at Bryn Mawr College, her graduate work under Edward Forbes and Paul Sachs at Harvard, and her experiences as a curator at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, beginning in 1946. ♦ With a grant from the Art Dealers Association of America, the Archives has undertaken the first phase of a series of oral history interviews of senior art deal- ers. Those interviewed this year include Klaus Perls, Andre Emmerich, Serge Sabarsky, Mrs. Leonard Hutton, and Jane Kallir. Arthur M. Sackler Gallery Milo C. Beach, Director The Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, which opened to the public in 1987, was established with a gift of nearly 1,000 works of Asian art from Dr. Arthur M. Sackler (1913-87). The permanent collection has grown be- yond the original donation through gift, purchase, and transfer. Dedicated to expanding public knowl- edge of the arts and cultures of Asia through exhibi- tion, research, and education programs, the gallery also organizes and presents traveling exhibitions, which are enhanced through a varied schedule of free public programs, scholarly activities, and special events. ♦ Recent archaeological finds in Sri Lanka and re- search on the symbolic meanings of the decoration of Chinese porcelain were presented in two internation- al loan exhibitions this year. Most of the gold and bronze objects on loan from the National Museums of Sri Lanka for "The Golden Age of Sculpture from Sri Lanka" were discovered during excavations spon- sored by the government of Sri Lanka during the last 30 years. Imperial ceramic wares were presented in an exhibition and a book, "Joined Colors: Decoration and Meaning in Chinese Porcelain," funded with generous contributions by members of the Min Chiu Society, Hong Kong. ♦ More than 3,000 people attended a festival of Sri Lankan dance and him made possible in part by the Embassy of Sri Lanka and Air Lanka. The festival — along with the exhibition of sculpture and a small presentation of "Nineteenth-Century Photographs from Sri Lanka" drawn from the archives of the Freer and Sackler galleries — gave public exposure to the Buddhist and Hindu traditions of this South Asian nation. ♦ An anonymous donor presented the gallery with a gift of $2.8 million to finance an endowment for public affairs activities aimed at increasing awareness of the gallery, its collections, and its programs. The endowment supports the expansion of the gallery's public affairs and advertising efforts, which have been supported by private gifts and appropriated funds since 1987. ♦ The Sackler and Freer galleries established a $900,000 publications endowment fund based on a $300,000 gift from rhe Andrew W. Mellon Founda- tion that was matched two-to-one by an anonymous donor, the estate of Leon Pomerance, William Douglas McAdams, Inc., and Elizabeth Ann and Willard G. Clark. The first catalogue published under the endowment, which will be used to support research catalogues and monographic studies of objects in the permanent collections, was Ancient Iranian Metalwork in the Arthur Al. Sackler Gallery and the Freer Gallery of Art, by Ann C. Gunter, asso- ciate curator of ancient Near Eastern art, and Paul R. Jett, supervisory conservator, Department of Conser- vation and Scientific Research. ♦ A large-format newsletter announcing materials and programs available to teachers and students was distributed to a local and national audience of 10,000 teachers. During the summer, some 350 teachers came to the Sackler and Freer galleries for specialized training. During the day-long sessions, teachers from all disciplines were introduced to the arts and cultures of Asia and offered suggestions on introducing these subjects into the curriculum. ♦ More than 100 objects were added to the collec- tion this year, including a 17th-century painting of a hunting scene attributed to the Mughal painter Payag, which will be the subject of a small exhibi- tion next year. Cooper-Hewitt, National Museum of Design Dianne H. Pilgrim, Director Cooper-Hewirt, National Museum of Design seeks to enrich the lives of all people by exploring the cre- ation and consequences of the designed environment. Design, a process of shaping matter to a purpose, is a fundamental activity. The design object may be as common as a paper cup, as distinctive as a crystal goblet, or as complex as a city. Cooper-Hewitt inves- tigates the uses, structures, effects, and meanings of these products of design and their roles as forces for communication and change in our daily lives. Four curatorial departments — Drawings and Prints, Dec- orative Arts, Textiles, and Wallcoverings — care for, inrerpret, and add to the museum's collection of nearly a quarter million objects. The museum also houses a Department of Contemporary Design and a reference library. ♦ During 1993, the architectural firm of James Stewart Polshek and Partners completed one phase of a plan to integrate the museum's separate compo- nents— the Carnegie Mansion and the Miller and Fox Houses — into a unified, accessible complex. They presented the designs for renovating the town- houses as the site of a resource-research center, cura- torial offices, and collection storage. The architects also submitted plans for an accessible front entrance to the museum and a connector linking the Carnegie Mansion, the townhouses, the terrace, and the gar- Several thousand people at- tended the free programs of the 10-day Sri Lankan Festival at the Arthur Al. Sackler Gallery, which included Sinhalese artists performing traditional dances. (Photo by Anusha Dharmasena) 41 Designer Cheryl R. Riley '.( Coin Encrusted Tudor Tables (1993) were fea- tured in a one-person exhi- bition at Cooper-Hewitt, National Museum of De- sign. (Photograph by Bill Jacobs on) rative arts cosponsored by the museum and Parsons School of Design celebrated the 10th anniversary of the graduation of its first class. Under the direction of Maria Ann Conelli, the program contin- ues to be a unique training ground for future scholars, curators, and educators. ♦ The one-person exhibition "Design Process: Cheryl R. Riley" marked the first major New York showing of Riley's furniture and lighting designs and the first exhibition drawn from the muse- um's African American Design Archive. The archive was established in 1991 to ensure that cultural diversity is a hall- mark of American design history. den. Construction is scheduled to begin in 1994. ♦ In two simultaneous exhibitions, Cooper-Hewitt explored the link between symbolic form and sym- bolic language as expressed in a particular culture "Czech Cubism: Architecture and Design, 1910- 1925" highlighted the communicative power of poetry and music as they inspired the design and decorative arts of the Czech cubists during the early 20th century. "A Memorial to Jan Palach," an instal- lation by American architect John Hejduk and poet David Shapiro, related to their memorial to the Czech poet who committed suicide in 1969 to protest the Soviet invasion and occupation of Czechoslovakia ♦ The museum added two paid summer internships to its internship program. The Mark Kaminski In- ternship encourages young students of architectural history, design, and design criticism to explore the extensive holdings of architectural drawings, the archives, and related collections while working on a specific project. The Crown Crafts/Perry Ellis Intern- ship in the history of pattern, ornament, and decora- tion in design was established for art history or de- sign students to participate in the research, analysis, and documentation of ornamental design in the col- lections and library. ♦ Special exhibitions included "The Power of Maps" and "Mechanical Brides: Women and Machines from Home to Office," which challenged perceptions of design as a neutral and unbiased medium. Exhibi- tions highlighting the permanent collection includ- ed "Revolution, Life, and Labor: Soviet Porcelains (1918-1985)" and "From Background to Fore- ground: Looking at an i8th-Century Wallpaper." ♦ The master of arts program in the history of deco- Freer Gallery of Art Milo C. Beach, Director The international reputation of the Freer Gallery of Art is based on its outstanding collections of Asian art dating from Neolithic times to the early 20th century and on its major holdings of works by James McNeill Whistler (1834-1903). Additions through gift and purchase have expanded the character of the original collection, which was deeded to the United States by Charles Lang Freer in 1906. Broad press coverage and enthusiastic crowds of visitors accom- panied the gallery's reopening following a four-and- a-half-year hiatus for renovation and expansion. ♦ The reopening of the Freer Gallery on Sunday, May 9, its 70th anniversary, was marked by two new books. Freer: A Legacy of Art, by Thomas Lawton, se- nior research scholar, and Linda Merrill, associate cu- rator of American art, presents research on the life and aesthetics of gallery founder Charles Lang Freer. The Princess and the Peacocks, a book for children by Linda Merrill and Sarah Ridley, assistant head of education, tells how the Peacock Room was created and includes an illustration, based on recent find- ings, of the room before James McNeill Whistler intervened. ♦ Katharine Graham, chairman of the executive committee of the Washington Post Company board of directors, and gallery director Milo C. Beach were co-hosts for dedication festivities in the Eugene and Agnes E. Meyer Auditorium on April 28. Afterward, master cellist Yo-Yo Ma entertained guests with solo selections in the galleries. The event marked the be- 42 ginning of a full calendar of public programs in the 300-seat auditorium, from the Bill and Mary Meyer Concert Series of chamber music to traditional Asian music and Asian films. ♦ Nancy Lyons, a sixth-grade English teacher from Howard County (Maryland) Public Schools, was se- lected as the Freer teacher associate for 1993 to de- velop curriculum materials for the gallery's Japanese collection. Working with members of the education and curatorial staffs, she developed a booklet, trans- parencies, lesson plans, and a list of resources for teachers. ♦ The gallery's first Forbes fellow, Jong-Ouk Hong of Seoul, Korea, began one year of research in the Department of Conservation and Scientific Research on September 1 . The Forbes Fellowship, to be awarded annually to a young scholar in the technical study of works of art, was established in memory of Edward Waldo Forbes, director of the Fogg Muse- um, Harvard University, from 1909 to 1944, and funded through the bequest of John S. Thacher, who was instrumental in establishing the gallery's techni- cal laboratory in 195 1. ♦ The Freer and Sackler galleries and the Metropoli- tan Center for Far Eastern Art Studies in Kyoto, Japan, named the Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art in Kansas City, Missouri, as recipient of the first bienni- al Shimada Prize for distinguished scholarship in the history of East Asian art. The $10,000 award was given for the museum's publication, The Century of Tung Ch'i-ch'ang ( 1 555-1636), a comprehensive ex- amination of the life and work of China's great Ming dynasty painter. ♦ The library of the Freer and Sackler galleries re- ceived a grant from the Smithsonian's Research Re- sources Program to safeguard fragile items in its Ernst Herzfeld Papers, an important resource for the study of Near Eastern architecture and archaeology. Funds were provided to preserve and duplicate 3,850 glass photo negatives and rehouse 1,000 drawings. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden James T. Demetrion, Director The Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, the Smithsonian Institution's gallery for modern and contemporary art, is committed to increasing the awareness and understanding of art through acquisi- tions, exhibitions and publications, research activi- ties, public programs, and the presentation of the collection in its galleries and outdoor exhibition spaces. The museum provides a public facility for the exhibition, study, and preservation of 19th- and 20th-century art while presenting a spectrum of contemporary work. ♦ With the help of various acquisitions funds as well as gifts from generous donors, the museum contin- ued to acquire significant works by modern and con- temporary artists. Among highlights for the year were Brice Marden's oil painting Cold Mountain 2 (1989-91), Bruce Nauman's wax over cloth sculp- ture From Hand to Mouth (1967), Lucian Freud's oil painting Nude with Leg Up (Leigh Bourey) (1992), Glenn Ligon's oilstick painting Black Like Me No. 2 (1992), and Philip Guston's oil painting Daydreams (1970). ♦ In the fall of 1992, the Hirshhorn undertook a major reinstallation of the permanent collection both The first event in the festiv- ities leading up to the pub- lic reopening ofi the Freer Gallery of Art — the dedi- cation of the Eugene and Agnes E. Meyer Auditori- um— featured reminiscences of her parents by Katharine Meyer Graham, chairman of the executive committee of the Washington Post Com- pany board of directors. Following the dedication, master cellist Yo-Yo Ma, shown here with Graham, entertained guests in the galleries. (© 1993 The Washington Post; reprinted with permission) 43 The Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden 's Conservation Laboratory was the site of detailed technical examination of several works by Willi m de Kooning from the collation. Infrared reflectography dis- closed hidden underdraw- ing! in the artist's works, proof that he used drawing and painting techniqut i simultaneously in a charac- teristic departure jrom tra- ditional practices. in its galleries and outside on the plaza and in the sculpture garden. The new installation, called "The Collection Reviewed," integrates European and American art, includes didactic materials, and puts a new emphasis on contemporary art. ♦ The Hirshhorn's exhibition program encompassed retrospectives tor the French artist Jean Dubuffet and more contemporary American artists Eva Hesse and Susan Rothenberg. Smaller shows focused on works by American artist Alison Saar and Brazilian artist Jac Leirner and included a site-generated pro- ject by American artist Joseph Kosuth. ♦ In conducting their research, the Hirshhorn's six curators interviewed artists and others in the modern and contemporary art field, visited libraries, and studied exhibitions ♦ Among the education programs presented this year were "Dane ing with Dubuffet," a specially com- missioned 40-minute performance by the all-teenage Amherst (Massachusetts) Ballet Theatre Company, and Young at Art, family programs held monthly beginning in May that enthralled more than 60 six- to-nine-year-olds and their parents with tours of an exhibition and hands-on art projects. ♦ Ongoing technical examination of major works in the collection received a new focus when the Conser- vation Laboratory began a systematic examination of the museum's paintings with an infrared reflectogra- phy video system acquired with a grant from the James Smithson Society. Institutional Studies Office Zahava D. Doering, Director The Institutional Studies Office, now in its sixth year, is a pan-Institutional resource dedicated to the scientific study of the characteristics, attitudes, opin- ions, and experiences of Smithsonian constituencies. The office conducts applied research and studies within the museums for senior management, pro- grams, and research efforts and for Smithsonian of- fices and operations. Among its study topics are au- dience and membership profiles, the educational value of the museum experience, self-study of Smith- sonian operations, and ongoing analyses of employee composition. ♦ The office completed the Smithsonian Institution Accessibility Study, a major Institution-wide base- line study on the accessibility of exhibitions, publi- cations, audiovisual productions, programs, meet- ings, training sessions, and receptions to people with disabilities. ♦ Results were disseminated from baseline and fol- low-up surveys in the 1991-92 Zoo Studies, a col- laborative effort of the National Zoological Park, Zoo Atlanta, and the Dallas Zoo to understand the extent to which physical and conceptual changes to their reptile-amphibian buildings (renamed Reptile Discovery Centers) affected visitors' experiences. ♦ Studies for Smithsonian bureaus and offices in- cluded assessments of visitor experience at the "Star Trek" exhibition at the National Air and Space Mu- seum and "The Power of Maps" and "Czech Cubism" at Cooper-Hewitt, National Museum of Design; background research for "Ocean Planet," a forthcom- ing exhibition on ocean conservation; and an initial study of the Smithsonian Early Enrichment Center. International Gallery Anne R. Gossett, Director The International Gallery presents exhibitions that deal with significant topics from various disciplines or cultural perspectives and that complement the work of Smithsonian bureaus or represent an area outside the Institution's collections. Public and scholarly programs are held along with exhibitions that appear in the gallery, which is located in the S. Dillon Ripley Center. ♦ Imperial Austria: Treasures of Art, Arms and Armor from the State of Styria," an important collec- tion of late medieval. Renaissance, and baroque art and armor from the Landeszeughaus and selected museums in Graz, Austria, was featured this year in the International Gallery. Opening weekend festivi- ties included a Knightly Day on the Mall with demonstrations of period crafts, music, dance, and mock combat. 44 ♦ In cooperation with the National Museum of the American Indian, the International Gallery present- ed "Shared Visions: Native American Painters and Sculptors in the Twentieth Century." During four informal salon evenings. Native American artists discussed their work and talked with visitors. ♦ "Life in the White House," sponsored by the White House and Very Special Arts, included more than 50 works by student artists with disabilities. The exhibition was shown in the Escalator Gallery in celebration of the 200th anniversary of the presi- dent's house. ♦ The evolution of cut crystal from the 19th century to the present was surveyed in "The Cutting Edge: 200 Years of Cut Crystal," exhibited in the Rotunda Gallery. National Air and Space Museum Martin Harwit, Director The National Air and Space Museum has the largest collection of historic air- and spacecraft in the world. The museum's goal is to explore and present the his- tory, science, technology, and social impact of aero- nautics and spaceflight and to investigate and exhibit the nature of the universe and the environment. Two historical research departments — Aeronautics and Space History — conduct studies on the origin and development of flight through the atmosphere and in space, while two scientific laboratories — the Center for Earth and Planetary Studies and the Laboratory for Astrophysics — carry out basic research in satellite remote sensing of the environment, planetary surfaces and atmospheres, observational and theoretical astrophysics, and the development of infrared astronomical instruments for spacecraft. ♦ President Clinton signed legislation on August 2, 1993, establishing an extension tor the National Air and Space Museum near Washington Dulles Interna- tional Airport in Virginia. The facility will provide space to house and restore the museum's collection of airplanes and spacecraft, many of which are too large for the building on the National Mall. ♦ As a finale to the 1992 Quincentenary commemo- ration of Columbus's voyages, the museum opened a major new exhibition, "Where Next, Columbus'" The exhibition focuses on the challenges and oppor- tunities of the next 500 years of space exploration. It deals largely with the many technical and physiolog- ical challenges that humans must overcome to cross vast distances of space or exist on other planets. ♦ Notable accessions to the museum's collection in- clude a MIG 2 1 jet fighter, which was transferred by the U.S. Air Force. Aerobatic champion Patty Wagstaff flew her award-winning plane, the Extra 260, to Andrews Air Force Base for presentation to the museum. The museum also acquired collections of memorabilia from General Curtis LeMay and from General Benjamin Davis, leader of the first squadrons of African American pilots — popularly known as the "Tuskegee Airmen" — into battle dur- ing World War II. ♦ The Special Events Office coordinated more than 150 events at the museum and at the Paul E. Garber Preservation, Restoration, and Storage Facility dur- ing 1993. A highlight was the presidential inaugural ball held at the museum in January, attended by President and Mrs. Clinton and Vice-President and Mrs. Gore. ♦ Using remotely sensed information from a variety of satellites, researchers at the Center for Earth and Planetary Studies continued their work on arid lands, concentrating on both the natural processes of sand transport and anthropogenic changes in central Kenya. Investigations of the extent and rates of for- est loss in Madagascar and the Czech Republic con- tinued, augmented by several field trips to check in- terpretations of satellite data. ♦ Staff of the Laboratory for Astrophysics completed development of an infrared Fabry-Perot observing system used to obtain high-spectral resolution im- ages of galactic and extragalactic sources. Observa- tional studies of very young stars concentrated on their mass loss rates and hydrogen emission charac- teristics. # National Air and Space Museum director Martin Harwit greets aerobatic champion Patty Wagstaff as she emerges from the Extra 260 following a fly- ing demonstration. The aircraft was presented to the museum and formally accepted into the aeronauti- cal collection. (Photograph by Mark Avino) 45 A young visitor creates a clay vessel at the National Museum of African Art, where more than 80 chil- dren ages 6 to 14 partici- pated in pottery workshops in July 1993- {Photograph by Janice L. Kaplan) National Museum of African Art Sylvia H. Williams, Director The National Museum of African Art celebrates the rich visual traditions and extraordinarily diverse cul- tures of Africa. Through its collections, exhibitions, research, and public programs, it fosters an apprecia- tion of African art and civilizations. The museum also has a research and reference center — housing the Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives and the War- ren M. Robbins Library, a branch of the Smithsonian Institution Libraries — as well as exhibition galleries and educational facilities. ♦ The museum opened a major exhibition, "Astonishment and Power: Kongo Minkisi and the Art of Renee Stout." Minkisi, frequently mischaracterized as fetishes in the West, are visually impressive figures or construc- tions intended as containers for powerful medicines. Stout, a con- temporary African American artist, draws on Kongo minkisi traditions in her work. ♦ The museum acquired an exceptional Lega mask and two rare Lega ivory pendants from /.aire. The objects are on display in the newly renovated Eastern Zaire section of the permanent exhibition "Images of Power and Identity. ♦ The museum also acquired three watercolor paintings by Djilatendo, a Zairian artist (b. ca. 1890), and an oil painting by artist Pilipili (1914-ca. 1992), also from Zaire. Both artists draw inspiration from nature and the rich traditions of contemporary Zairian lite. ♦ An iconographically complex iron altar of the Fon peoples of the Republic of Benin (formerly Dahomey) was a gift to the museum this year. The altar, which typifies the meeting and blending of European and African cultures, is the focus for a new exhibition in the museum's Point of View gallery, which opened in 1993. ♦ As part of its Living Artists series, the museum hosted African American artist Renee Stout and Gilbert Bobbo Ahiagble of Ghana. Stout presented a gallery discussion of her work and a program for children, while Ahiagble offered public weaving demonstrations and workshops for adults, teachers, and children. ♦ An exhibition in the Point of View gallery — "Elmina: Art and Trade on the West African Coast" — explored the artistic developments set in motion by the encounter between Europeans and the Akan peoples beginning in the late 15th century. Elmina, now in the nation of Ghana, was the site of the first European trading post on the West African coast. Among the works on view were unique gold objects, appliqued and embroidered cloths, and brass weights used in the gold trade. National Museum of American Art Elizabeth Broun, Director The National Museum of American Art is the na- tion's museum dedicated to the arts and artists of the United States from colonial times to the present. The museum's principal goal is to provide collec- tions and research resources that enable scholars and the public to use and enjoy the American visual arts. The museum, which includes the Renwick Gallery, serves diverse audiences throughout the nation as well as those who visit its two historic landmark buildings in Washington, D.C Outreach takes the form of circulating exhibitions, educational materi- als, publications, and automated research resources. ♦ "American Art at the 1893 Wotld's Fair," an exhi- bition co-organized with the National Portrait Gallery, presented 100 paintings and sculptures by American artists shown at the Chicago fair and in- cluded 20 works not seen publicly since 1893. The exhibition was based on a five-year research project and resulted in a major publication, Revisiting the White City: American Art at the 1893 World's Fair, which included essays and a catalogue of the Ameri- can paintings and sculptures exhibited at the fair. The project examined how Americans a century ago, on the 400th anniversary of Columbus's crossing, celebrated the historic voyage and how they viewed their own rapidly changing world. ♦ The Renwick Gallery of the National Museum of American Art awarded its first biennial Patricia and 46 Phillip Frost Prize for Distinguished Scholarship in American Crafts to the editors of Nebraska Quilts and Qu/ltmakers (1992), published by the University of Nebraska Press. The prize is awarded for an out- standing published work that provides new insight into the field of American crafts, including its his- tory, theory, and noted artists. The $2,000 prize was established in 1992 and funded by National Muse- um of American Art donors Patricia and Phillip Frost of Miami. The Renwick also encourages the study of the modern craft movement through fellow- ships for scholarly research. ♦ At the Renwick, "American Wicker" was the first museum exhibition of this subject, tracing the cul- tural history of American woven furniture from 1850 to 1930. The project, based on three years of research by Renwick curator Jeremy Adamson, ex- plored the techniques, styles, and social history of wicker. On view in period settings and illustrated in the catalogue were chairs, tables, music stands, baby carriages, and standing lamps reflecting a variety of decorative styles. ♦ The exhibition "American Impressions: Master- works from American Art Forum Collections, 1875-1935" was selected from the impressive hold- ings of the museum's supporting patrons' group, the American Art Forum. Among the works, seldom seen publicly, were major paintings by Childe Has- sam, Edward Hopper, Marsden Hartley, John Singer Sargent, Walt Kuhn, and Georgia O'Keeffe. ♦ One of the nation's finest concentrations of paint- ings— 22 works by 17 artists who were captivated by New Mexico's dramatic landscape and native cul- tures— was given to the National Museum of Ameri- can Art by Arvin Gottlieb of Kansas City, Missouri, who died in December 1992. Gottlieb was a mem- ber of the museum's American Art Forum. The exhi- bition, "The Arvin Gottlieb Collection: Paintings from the American Southwest," opened in September. ♦ A new traveling exhibition, "Free Within Our- selves: African American Art in the Collection of the National Museum of American Art," began a nation- al tour to six museums from Connecticut to Califor- nia. A testament to the contributions of black artists, the exhibition includes 58 paintings, sculpture, and works on paper by more than 30 internationally renowned artists — among them Henry Ossawa Tanner, Romare Bearden, William H. Johnson, Elizabeth Catlett, and Sam Gilliam — as well as other lesser-known African American artists. The exhibi- tion is based on a book of the same title published by the museum and Pomegranate Artbooks. ' ' " § National Museum of American History Spencer R. Crew, Acting Director The National Museum of American History investi- gates, collects, preserves, interprets, and honors the nation's heritage through original research, publica- tions, exhibitions, and public programs that promote understanding of the experiences and aspirations of all the American people. Its collections of more than 17 million objects and the extensive holdings of its Archives Center and the National Numismatic Col- lection represent the social, cultural, scientific, and technological development of the United States and form one of the most comprehensive history collec- tions in the world. ♦ After 13 years at the museum's helm, Roger Kennedy announced his retirement as director on October 6, 1992. Smithsonian Secretary Robert McC. Adams announced the appointments of Deputy Director Spencer R. Crew as acting director and Kennedy as director emeritus. ♦ The museum's Education Division opened the Hands On History Room, a popular 3,000-square- foot space with more than 40 hands-on activities. Museumgoers of all ages can find out what it is like to harness a mule, pick cotton, build a sod house. Abbott Handerson Thayer's Angel ( i88g), exhibited in Chicago at the 1 893 World's Columbian Exposi- tion, appeared in a centen- nial exhibition jointly or- ganized by the National Museum of American Art and the National Portrait Gallery. (Collection of the National Museum of American Art) 47 Poignant and powerful messages, farewells, trib- utes, and salutes to men and women who died in the Vietnam War, left at the Vietnam Veterans Memori- al and collected and pre- served by National Park Service staff, went on dis- play in October 1993 "> the National Museum of American History exhibi- tion "Personal Legacy: The Healing of a Nation. " (Photograph by Tracey Eller) send a message by telegraph, and make Spanish colo- nial furniture. ♦ The museum inaugurated the "History in the News" exhibition venue with a case honoring the life, work, and legacy of labor organizer Cesar Chavez. This new forum makes possible a swift re- sponse to current events and timely commemora- tions of notable individuals. ♦ "Personal Legacy: The Healing of a Nation," a compelling exhibition organized by the Division of Military History and the National Park Service to mark the 10th anniversary of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial, drew thousands of visitors to see 500 ex- amples of more than 25,000 mementos left at the memorial by families, friends, and loved ones. Un- adorned and unlabeled, the flags, dog tags, artificial flowers, letters, stuffed animals, combat boots, medals, and other artifacts collected and preserved by National Park Service employees are eloquent tes- timony to the price of war. ♦ "Beyond Category: The Musical Genius of Duke EWCKAAUMEYCR • 1UM IAZUN IUAM P BINN • THOMAS A IttRC LBROOKS • NORMAN O BROWN M CRUSH li- RICHARD I CYRAN J M FUILMI R • IlllON R I USSHL ttCOSUI-MICHAUl C.KIvVFllr Ellington," an exhibition that will tour the nation through the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhi- bition Service, opened on April 29, the 94th an- niversary of Ellington's birth. It celebrates the achievements of one of America's greatest composers, musicians, and innovators using memorabilia, musi- cal instruments, posters, original photographs, vin- tage him clips, and musical manuscripts from the museum's Duke Ellington Collection. ♦ "The Past as Memory and Model: Honoring the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, "orga- nized by Richard Ahlborn of the Division of Com- munity Life with guest curator Grace Cohen Gross- man of the Skirball Museum of Judaica in Los Angeles, opened in April 1993. The exhibition demonstrated continuity and survival in Jewish culture through the display of European artifacts that established the Smithsonian Institution Judaica Collection before 1890. ♦ Project teams at the museum and the National Air and Space Museum are organizing "The Smith- sonian's America: An Exhibition on American Histo- ry and Culture," which will travel to Japan for the American Festival '94 in July and August 1994 and offer Japan- ese visitors a wide-ranging depiction of the American experience. The festi- val— organized by NHK, the Japan Broadcasting Corporation; Yomiuri Shimbun; and MICO (Media Interna- tional Corporation) — will commemo- rate the 140th anniversary of the Treaty of Kanagawa and the origins of friendship between Japan and the United States. ♦ The National Postal Museum opened to the public on July 30 as a branch of the National Museum of American History. The new museum houses and displays the national phi- latelic and postal history collection, the largest and most comprehensive of its kind in the world. Five exhibit gal- leries tell the story of U.S. postal his- tory, while more than 40 audiovisual areas, interactive exhibits, and a Dis- covery Center provide an exploratory, participatory experience for visitors of all ages. The museum's 40,000-volume Library Research Center is the world's largest philatelic and postal history re- search facility. 48 National Museum of the American Indian W. Richard West, Jr., Director The National Museum of the American Indian is an institution of living culture dedicated to the preser- vation, study, and exhibition of the life, languages, literature, history, and arts of the native peoples of the Western Hemisphere. Its formal mission is to recognize and affirm to native communities and to the non-native public the historical and contempo- rary culture and cultural achievements of the natives of the Western Hemisphere by advancing — in con- sultation, collaboration, and cooperation with na- tives— knowledge and understanding of native cul- tures. The museum has a special responsibility, through innovative public programming, research, and collections, to protect, support, and enhance the development, maintenance, and perpetuation of native cultures and communities. ♦ "Pathways of Tradition: Indian Insights into Indi- an Worlds," the museum's first exhibition in the Alexander Hamilton U.S. Custom House in New York City, drew 35,000 visitors in the two and one- half months it was on view. From November 15, 1992, to January 24, 1993, the temporary exhibition offered the public a sampling of the one million ob- jects in the museum's collection and a pteview of what to expect when the George Gustav Heye Cen- ter opens permanently in the Custom House on Oc- tober 30, 1994. ♦ The museum staff continued research and devel- opment of four inaugural exhibitions for the center. "Celebrations" will culminate more than two years of research and collaboration by a diverse group of artists who will ptesent their views and concepts of creation, the importance of sacred places and objects, and the effects on the Indian universe of conflicts with Euroamerican beliefs and cultures. "Treasures" will present 240 major objects, dating from 2000 B.C. to the present, selected by the curatorial staff for their beauty, rarity, and historical significance, their artistic achievement, and their embodiment of di- verse cultures. "All Roads Are Good" will feature 260 objects selected by indigenous peoples. Twenty- three selectors have identified the objects and record- ed personal statements and perspectives that will form the exhibition text. An orientation exhibition will describe the history of the Delaware, or Lenni Lenape, the first inhabitants of Manhattan Island; the mission of the museum; the architecture of the Custom House; and other points of interest in lower Manhattan. ♦ On February 19, 1993, the Smithsonian an- nounced the selection of the firm of Geddes Brecher Quails Cunningham of Philadelphia in association with Douglas Cardinal Architect Ltd. of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, to design the museum on the Na- tional Mall. Cardinal, a Blackfoot Indian who de- signed the Canadian Museum ot Civilization in Hull, Quebec, will be the principal designer. ♦ Consultations with Indian communities continued in 1993, bringing to 22 the numbet of consultation meetings held since 1990. ♦ The Native American Dance Book, the first publica- tion of the NMAI Office of Publications, won the Golden Ink Award competition's Silver Award in all categories, including design, printing, and editorial. The book and the museum's press kit, general brochure, and stationery system won several graphics awards during the year. ♦ On July 17, the repatriation of nine Kwakiutl potlatch objects from the National Museum ot the American Indian was marked by a celebration at the Mungo Martin Big House, Thunderbird Park, Victo- ria, British Columbia, Canada. National Portrait Gallery Alan Fern, Director The National Portrait Gallery (NPG) is dedicated to the exhibition and study of portraits of people who have made significant contributions to American his- tory and culture and to the study of the artists who "We will always remember who we are as long as we keep dancing" is a Cheyenne saying that W. Richard West, Jr. (right), director of the National Museum of the American Indian, is fond of quoting. West danced with his fa- ther. W. Richard West. Sr.. 80, other family members, and Indians from more than jo tribes at the pow- wow for the opening of "Pathways of Tradition: Indian Insights into Indian Worlds" at the Alexander Hamilton U.S. Custom House in New York City, future home of the museum's George Gustav Heye Cen- ter. (Photograph by Pamela Dewey) 49 This modest-seeming print, a gift of Robert L. McNeil. Jr., u a dramatic new dis- covery for the Nat lima I Portrait Gallery: Charles Will son Peale's long-lost 1778 mezzotint of George Washington, previously known to scholars and col- lectors only through Peak's diaries and notebooks. (Photograph by Rolland White) created such portraiture. The gallery sponsors a vari- ety of scholarly and public activities for audiences in- terested in American art and American history. ♦ The gallery received a portrait of Arthur Ashe painted by Louis Briel just before Ashe's death. The portrait was a gift from the Commonwealth of Vir- ginia and Virginia Heroes, Inc. Other gifts were por- traits of Senator J. William Fulbnght by Gretta Bader and General Jonathan Wainwnght by An- tonin Sterba. Purchases included paintings of Paul Laurence Dunbar, Joseph Jefferson, Rabbi Samuel Isaacs, M.F.K. Fisher, and Eliot Porter (by Fairfield Porter). ♦ Major purchases by the Department of Prints in- cluded the 1710 mezzotint of Iroquois chief Tee Yee Neen Ho Ga Row; Marius De Zayas's charcoal draw- ing of electrical inventor Nikola Tesla; Amos Doolit- tle's 1791 political print of George Washington enti- tled Display of the United States of America; and 10 caricature portraits by Paolo Garretto. Gifts to the department included a charcoal drawing of Paul Haviland by Manus De Zayas and a large group of works by the caricaturist Al Frueh. Through the generosity of Robert L. McNeil, Jr., the gallery pur- chased a newly discovered, unique 1778 mezzotint of George Washington by Charles Willson Peale. ♦ The gallery acquired photographic portraits of Native American potters Maria and Julian Martinez and of Lorraine Hansberry, James Meredith, Willie Mays, Mary McCarthy, and James Thrall Soby. The gallery also acquired self-portraits by photographers Imogen Cunningham, Ralph Steiner, Lotte Jacobi, Beaumont Newhall, and Richard Avedon and a 16- part Polaroid self-portrait by Chuck Close. ♦ Among special exhibitions this year was "In Pur- suit of Fame: Rembrandt Peale, 1778-1860," a major exhibition on the life and art of the American portraitist. Two simultaneous exhibitions — "The Telling Image: Portrait Photographs from the Archives of American Art" and "The Family 1976: Richard Avedon's Portraits for Rolling Stone" — ex- plored the photographic medium from very different perspectives. "American Art at the 1893 World's Fair," celebrating the 100th anniversary of the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, was co- organized with the National Museum of American Art. The gallery also showed portraits by Washing- ton artist Marcella Comes Winslow and self-portraits made in the 1970s and 1980s from the collection of Washington, D.C., historian James Goode. ♦ The exhibition catalogue In Pursuit of Fame: Rem- brandt Peale. 1778—1860 was published in coopera- tion with the University of Washington Press. Revis- iting the White City: American Art at the 1893 World's Fair, created with the National Museum of Ameri- can Art, was published by the University Press of New England, supported by the Elizabeth F. Cheney Foundation. The Portrait in Eighteenth-Century Ameri- ca was published for NPG by the University of Delaware Press. A small catalogue for the James Goode collection exhibition was supported by the Marpat Foundation. ♦ Cultures in Motion featured "A Conversation with Thomas Jefferson and His Slave, Betty Hemings," "I lappy Birthday, Dear Todd" (for Todd Duncan's 90th birthday), "Women at an Exposition," and "Coming into Passion: Song tor a Sansei." ♦ The gallery received two grants from the James Smithson Society. One enabled the purchases of Red Grooms's witty and evocative paper sculpture of painter Willem de Kooning, De Kooning Breaks Through, and a rare theatrical mask of Myrna Loy by W. T Benda. The other allowed the Catalog of American Portraits to complete its survey of por- traits in the state of Hawaii. A substantial grant from the Annenberg Foundation underwrote in part the expenses of the exhibition and catalogue "In Pur- suit of Fame: Rembrandt Peale, 1778— 1860." Office of Exhibits Central John Coppola, Director The Office of Exhibits Central (OEC) provides Smithsonian museums, galleries, and exhibitors with expertise in the creation of permanent, temporary, and traveling exhibitions, from concept to crating. The office's services include thematic development. 50 writing, editing, design, prototyping, graphics pro- duction, matting and framing, fabrication, model making, artifact mounting, artifact reproduction, gallery installation, and packing. In the past year, OEC's principal clients were the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service (SITES), the International Gallery, the Center for Folklife Programs and Cultural Studies, the National Museum of the American Indian, the National Mu- seum of Natural History, and the National Postal Museum. ♦ Among the exhibitions that OEC prepared for SITES were "No Laughing Matter," "Lincoln and His Contemporaries," "Songs of My People," "The Kids Bridge," "The Realm of the Coin," "Produce for Victory," "Major League/Minor League," "Two Eagles/Dos Aguilas," "Before Freedom Came," and "Harlem Photographs by Aaron Siskind." ♦ OEC designed, produced, and installed "Imperial Austria" and "The Power of Maps" for the Interna- tional Gallery, installed "The Kids Bridge" for the Experimental Gallery, and produced the graphics for the Center for Folklife Programs and Cultural Stud- ies "U.S. -Mexico Borderlands" program at the 1993 Festival of American Folklife. For the National Mu- seum of the American Indian, the office designed and installed "Shared Visions" in the International Gallery and edited the script and constructed pedestals for the exhibition "Pathways of Tradition" at the Alexander Hamilton U.S. Custom House in New York City. The office helped construct the O. Orkin Insect Zoo at the National Museum of Natur- al History and designed, edited, and produced the museum's traveling exhibition "Crossroads Alaska." ♦ For the new National Postal Museum, OEC made models, mannequins, and a complete railroad car for the permanent installation. Office of Museum Programs Rex M. Ellis, Director The Office of Museum Programs strengthens muse- um services to diverse publics with information, as- sistance, and scholarship in museum practices. Through its programs and services, the office links people, places, and institutions in ways that encour- age dialogue, debate, and, ultimately, common ground. ♦ The office expanded information services to muse- ums with the publication of a new quarterly journal, the OMP Bulletin, which highlights current research in museum topics and shares what is learned from office programs. Working with the Smithsonian In- stitution Libraries, the office is developing an on-line database of museology thesis and dissertation topics that will be added to the SIBIS bibliographic data- base. ♦ The museum community received continued assis- tance and training from the office through the Amer- ican Indian Museum Studies program, which spon- sored courses for American Indian tribal museums and internships at the Smithsonian; through work- shops for Smithsonian staff on exhibition planning and development; and through the Awards for Muse- um Leadership program, an annual management seminar for people of color working in museums. Consultation services to museums were ex- panded this year with assistance given to the American As- sociation of Muse- ums, Anacostia Mu- seum, Arkansas Territorial Restora- tion, the Arkansas town of Blytheville, Colonial Williams- burg, Fort Wayne (Indiana) Museum of Art, National Park Service, Puerto Rican Preservation Senator Ted Stevens ID- Alaska) renews "Cross- roads Alaska" with curator Valerie Chaitssonnet and model shop supervisor Ben- jamin Snouffer. The Office of Exhibits Central de- signed and produced the ex- hibition for travel through- out Alaska. (Photograph by Richard Straits 1 ) I 5 1 "Beyond Category: The Musical Geniia of Duke 'Ellington, " a joint travel- ing exhibition of the Smith- sonian Institution Travel- ing Exhibition Service and the National Museum oj American History, cele- brates the achievements of one of America 's. greatest composers, musicians, and innovators. Pictured here in ca. 1945-46 is Duke Ellington in bis hometown of Washington, DC., with Harry Duke in front of Duke's record store, the Quality Musit Company. {Courtesy Frank Driggs Collection) Trust, and Shadows-on-the-Teche, a historic house museum in New Iberia, Louisiana. ♦ The office's Fellowships in Museum Practice Pro- gram sponsored four museum scholars at the Smith- sonian during the year. Research topics ranged (rom family learning in museums to collection manage- ment policies. ♦ This year the office hosted more than 700 Smith- sonian interns at orientation and registration sessions and provided career counseling and other programs for interns. Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service Anna R. Cohn, Director Since lysj . the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service (SITES) has been sharing the wealth of the Smithsonian's collections, research, and exhibitions with audiences around the world. Each year, millions of people beyond Washington, D.C., experience the treasures and opportunities of the National Mall by visiting SITES exhibitions on view in local museums, libraries, science centers, histori- cal societies, zoos, aquariums, community centers, and schools. ♦ In April, SITES and the National Museum of American History opened "Beyond Category: The Musical Genius of Duke Ellington," the first exhibi- tion in a 1 o-year series of jazz exhibitions, research projects, and public programming called "America's Jazz Heritage, A Partnership of the Lila Wallace- Reader's Digest Fund and the Smithsonian Institu- tion." "Beyond Category" is traveling nationwide under the care of SITES through mid- 1996. ♦ SITES exhibitions continue to celebrate the many voices of America's multicultural society. "Africa's Legacy in Mexico: Photographs by Tony Gleaton" includes photographs of the little-known experience of people of African descent living in present-day Mexico. "Saynday was coming along . . . Silverhorn's Drawings of the Kiowa Trickster," a joint project of SITES and the National Museum of Natural History, is the first exhibition organized with the collabora- tion of the Kiowa community in Oklahoma and the first to feature this important American Indian artist's work. "The Kids Bridge," organized by the Children's Museum in Boston, teaches children of all races to value themselves and others. ♦ Preparatory workshops play an integral role in SITES outreach services. These workshops bring to- gether curators, educators, content advisers, and representatives from host museums to discuss critical issues such as accessibility, exhibition themes and content, and creative public programming. This year, SITES held preparatory workshops for "More Than Meets the Eye," an exhi- bition offeting sighted audiences a new awareness of how the blind and visually impaired "see" their world; "Songs of My People," photographs documenting African Americans in the early 1990s; and "Strength and Diversity: Japanese Ameri- can Women, 1885-1990," an exhibition chronicling the lives of four generations. ♦ The profound impact of SITES and the Smithsonian on cultural life in small communities was exemplified in the April celebration at the Dane G. Hansen Memorial Museum in Logan, Kansas (population 680). The celebration — which marked the museum's 20th an- niversary and the occasion of its 100th SITES exhibition, "Perpetual Campaign: The Making of the People's President" — was typical of the ongoing support and enthusiasm SITES generates in small mu- seums and their communities. 52 Education and Public Service Office of the Assistant Secretary for Education and Public Service James C. Early, Assistant Secretary The Office of the Assistant Secretary for Education and Public Service advises the secretary and the under secretary on policy matters related to public education, cultutal equity, and wider audience initia- tives. The office and the units it oversees disseminate information on the Smithsonian to national and in- ternational audiences, collaborate with elementary and secondary schools and educational associations, and engage in applied research and documentation of living cultures. The office also provides policy guid- ance and programmatic assistance to help strengthen the Institution's general program of cultural diversity. ♦ On August 30, the office published the Smith- sonian Education Policy Statement, which establish- es a common vision for education at the Smith- sonian. The document is the culmination of a year of extensive discussions involving every office and bu- reau with educational responsibilities. ♦ To stimulate Institution-wide collaboration on ed- ucation, the office organized several projects, includ- ing a Town Meeting on Education; a science educa- tion forum for educators and scholars representing all Smithsonian science facilities; and an internship briefing for minority students in the Washington, D.O, area. ♦ Educational Outreach grants were awarded to teacher enrichment projects; curriculum develop- ment projects that match school systems' needs with the Smithsonian's disciplinary and subject-matter resources; projects that underscore collaboration between museums and educational institutions; and educational projects for "at-risk" socioeconomic groups. ♦ The Smithsonian's Cultural Education Committee continued to promote the employment of culturally diverse staff throughout the Institution, with em- phasis this year on the Office of Fellowships and Grants and Smithsonian magazine. Center for Folklife Programs and Cultural Studies Richard Kurin, Director The Center for Folklife Programs and Cultural Stud- ies promotes continuity, integrity, and equity for tra- ditional ethnic, tribal, regional, minority, and work- ing-class cultures in the United States and abroad through a variety of cultural conservation and repre- sentation activities. Staff folklorists, cultural anthro- pologists, and ethnomusicologists research the ex- J9fbn59S| A Town Meeting on Edu- cation for Smithsonian staff featured Amina Dickerson, director oj education and public programs, Chicago Historical Society, as guest speaker and Robert Sulli- van, associate director of public programs. National Museum of Natural Histo- ry, as one of several Smith- sonian representatives. The event was sponsored by the Smithsonian Council of Bureau Directors. (Photo- graph by Richard Strauss) pressive traditions of American and worldwide grass- roots cultures. They publish and present their work to scholarly and public audiences through the Festi- val of American Folklife, Smithsonian/Folkways Recordings, the Folklife Studies monograph-film series, cultural education programs, and the Folk- life/Folkways Archives. ♦ The 27th annual Festival of American Folklife featured four programs. "U.S. -Mexico Borderlands" presented the cultural creativity of people who live on the border; "American Social Dance" offered audi- ence participation in Appalachian, Iroquois, Cambo- Amer tea's Reunion on the Mall attracted some 600,000 visitors during the J993 presidential in- augural festivities. The Center for Folklife Pro- grams and Cultural Stud- ies helped define, program, and produce the event and coordinated the traditional crafts and performance pre- sentations. (Photograph by Carl Hansen ) 53 Second-graders from A mi- don Elementary School in Washington, D.C., explore a fulcrum's function in tht "Balancing and Weighing" unit of the National Science Resources Center's Science and Technology for Chil- dren elementary science cur- riculum project. {Photo- graph by Eric Long) dian, Bolivian, and African American dance; "Kids' Stuff" gave children an opportunity to take part in urban children's games and traditions; and "Metro Music" highlighted performances by diverse groups from the Washington, D.C., area. ♦ The center worked closely with the Presidential Inaugural Committee and Festival Productions, Inc., to define, program, and produce America's Reunion on the Mall during the presidential inauguration. The center coordinated all the traditional crafts and performance presentations for the events on the Mall and in the National Museum of American History, National Museum of Natural History, Anacostia Museum, and Ripley Center. The inaugural festival attracted some 600,000 visitors. ♦ Ethnomusicologists and archivists from around the world attended the conference, "New Directions in the Collection, Preservation, and Dissemination of Music and Dance," funded by the Ford Foundation and co-hosted by the Library of Congress American Folklife ( 1 mi 1 ♦ The Folklife Folkways Archives continued to ac- quire important documentation, including a collec- tion of original field tapes of Frederick Ramsey, |r s, work with African American communities in the South, the first-generation tapes of Leadbelly's last sessions, and a large collection of filmmaker Jim Brown's footage. National Science Resources Center Douglas Lapp, Executive Director The National Science Resources Center (NSRC) is operated by the Smithsonian Institution and the National Academy of Sciences to help improve the teaching of science in the nation's schools. The NSRC collects and disseminates information about exemplary science teaching resources, develops inno- vative science curriculum materials, and sponsors outreach and technical assistance activities to help school districts develop and sustain hands-on science programs. In the past year, the NSRC continued to expand involvement of scientists and engineers, community organizations, and teachers and school system offi- cials through its National Science Education Leader- ship initiative (NSEL) and its Science and Technolo- gy for Children curriculum development project. ♦ Under NSEL, the center held a second Working Conference for Scientists and Engineers on Science Education in the Schools at the University of Califor- nia at San Francisco. The 38 participants observed hands-on science teaching in public school class- rooms and discussed science education reform issues with national leaders in the field. ♦ As another part of NSEL, the center conducted two National Elementary Science Leadership Insti- tutes for 34 teams from school districts across the nation. Since 1989, 105 teams from districts serving more than 2 million elementary school children have participated in these week-long institutes. ♦ Also under NSEL, the center began the revision of its popular guide to exemplary curriculum materials and sources of support for hands-on science teaching, Science for Children: Resources for Teachers. ♦ Progress continued in the NSRC's Science and Technology for Children elementary science curricu- lum development project. Fourteen of the 24 planned science curriculum units for grades one through six are now available. Units field-tested last spring included Organisms, a first-grade life science unit, and Balancing and Weighing, a physical science unit for the second grade. Office of Elementary and Secondary Education Ann Bay, Director As the Smithsonian Institution's central office for precollege education, the Office of Elementary and Secondary Education draws on resources from throughout the Institution to create materials and programs for teachers and students in the Washing- ton, DC, area and nationwide. The office also serves as a clearinghouse about Smithsonian educational 54 materials and programs and encourages communica- tion and collaboration among Smithsonian education units and between those units and outside educa- tional organizations. An important goal of the office is to educate young people and their teachers about the value of museums and related institutions as learning re- sources. These efforts, which involve collaboration with schools, school systems, universities, and other museums, reach thousands of teachers and millions of students each year. The office carries out program- ming in four categories: professional development for teachers, curriculum materials for schools, pro- grams and materials for children and teenagers, and clearinghouse services. ♦ A pilot program with the National Faculty for the Humanities, Arts, and Sciences extends the office's work in developing new models for museum-school collaborations. Working with schools and museums in Atlanta, Seattle, St. Paul, and Washington, D.C., the program helps teachers explore ways to use mate- rial culture across the curriculum and from a multi- cultural perspective. Bi- a*U gMiuiUtii it ■35?yv^: "soma ♦ The second edition of the Smithsonian Resource Guide for Teachers was published and distributed to schools across the country. This expanded and revised edition lists more than 400 books, bibliographies, guides, recordings, and posters. In addition to print- ing almost 50,000 copies, the office published the guide electronically as part of a yeat-long pilot pro- ject with a commercial computer network. ♦ The office, several museums, the Smithsonian En- vironmental Research Center, and the National Zoo joined with the District of Columbia Public Schools to test a summer school program for first- through sixth-graders. The office designed the curriculum and coordinated the pilot program, which engaged 135 children in lessons based on exhibits and re- search projects. Wider Audience Development Program Marshall J. Wong, Director The Wider Audience Development Program (WADP) assists efforts to strengthen the Institution's interaction with culturally diverse communities. Examples of WADP's work include coordinating pan-institutional observances of federally designated ethnic and women's heritage commemorations, orga- nizing periodic forums for Smithsonian staff on is- sues relating to cultural pluralism, and collecting and analyzing data on audiences. The Wider Audi- ence Development Program also provides operational support to the Smithsonian Cultural Education Committee, a board of private citizens that advises Smithsonian management on issues of cultural plu- ralism in education and hiring. ♦ WADP coordinated more than 20 public pro- grams, including lectures, concerts, films, and the- ater productions, on themes of significance to women and communities of color. Highlights included an address by Navajo Nation President Peterson Zah on environmental issues facing indigenous people and a lecture by University of California at Berkeley pro- fessor Elaine Kim on the tensions between feminism and nationalism among Asian American women. ♦ The office also coordinated the Smithsonian's pres- ence at meetings of several ethnic studies associa- tions to provide information about Smithsonian em- ployment, traveling exhibitions, and tesearch opportunities. (Above) In celebration of Asian Pacific American Heritage Month, a member of the Hara Sho Kai Bugaku Association of Ashiya, Japan, performed a traditional Japanese court dance from the Heian period. (Photograph by Shoko Hara) (Left) Geovani Cuevas, an Office of Elementary and Secondary Education sum- mer high school intern, works in the Enid A. Haupt Garden, where he learns firsthand about the work of the Horticulture Services Division. (Photo- graph by David Kivan, high school intern. Office of Printing and Photographic Services) 55 External A i:i:ai rs Office of the Assistant Secretary for External Affairs Thomas E. Lovejoy, Assistant Secretary lit television) and the Yomiuri Shimbun newspaper group to ensure the c nation of an exhibit for the American Festival '94 near Tokyo. The National Museum of American I listory will produce the ex- hibit "The Smithsonian's America" in cooperation with the National Air and Space Museum. During her visit to the Smithsonian in April, Crown Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn of Thailand (right) presents j gift to Francine Berkowitz, director of the Office of In- ternational Relations. The Smithsonian's response to the needs and con- cerns of its many constituencies is the primary re- sponsibility of the Office of the Assistant Secretary for External Affairs. The office frames the Institu- tion's goals and impact beyond the National Mall by supervising its component units, using print and electronic media effectively, hosting diplomatic events and events in honor of friends of the Institu- tion, and addtessing the Smithsonian's role in na- tional and international affairs. ♦ Interior Secretary Btuce Babbitt asked Assistant Secretary Thomas E. Lovejoy to help coordinate the establishment of a national biological survey. During his six-month assignment, Lovejoy worked to con- solidate the biological research of several different government agencies into a comprehensive, accessi- ble database. This information will allow develop- ment decisions to be grounded in sound scientific research. ♦ The office launched the planning for the Smith- sonian's 150th anniversary, to be celebtated in 1996. Deputy Assistant Sectetary Marc Pachter heads the steering committee tor the Institution-wide cele- bration. ♦ The Smithsonian Council was transferred to the office's jurisdiction in the fall of 1992. The council is the major advisory body to the secretary on intellec- tual, programmatic, and educational matters affect- ing the entire Institution. ♦ The office assumed responsibility for the activities of the Smithsonian representative in Japan, Mrs. Hanako Matano. Patticularly important this year was support for negotiations with NHK (Japan pub- Office of International Relations Francine C. Berkowitz, Director The Office of International Relations (OIR) provides technical assistance and diplomatic support for Smithsonian programs abroad. It serves as the link between the Smithsonian and foreign institutions or individuals as well as international organizations and government agencies. OIR assists with the details of international exchanges of museum objects and staff and administers two funding programs to encourage international cooperation in scholarly research and museum programs. ♦ The office coordinated more than 75 official gov- ernment visits to the Smithsonian during 1993, in- cluding Crown Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn of Thailand, Egyptian First Lady Mrs. Hosni Mubarak, Sri Sultan Hamengku Buwono of Indonesia's Yogya- karta Province, and delegations from the Mongolian Academy of Sciences and the Chinese Ministry of Culture. ♦ OIR provided international coordination for a consortium of organizations from 1 1 Latin American countries that developed an exhibition on the rain- forests of the Americas. During 1993, the exhibition opened in 20 Latin American cities and at the Na- tional Zoo. ♦ During the year, the office provided visa docu- mentation for almost 170 foreign researchers and in- terns working at Smithsonian museums and other U.S. institutions. ♦ Among the conferences, meetings, and btiefings OIR organized for international groups were a week- long seminar for Fulbright scholars from the Ama- zon Basin in the Latin American Scholars Program at American Universities; an all-day briefing on the Smithsonian for the Ibero-American Cultural At- taches Association, which includes representatives of Washington diplomatic missions of Spain, Portugal, and 19 Latin American countties; and an interna- tional conference on ex situ conservation organized jointly with the U.S. Agency for International De- velopment. Office of Special Events and Conferences Katherine Kirlin, Acting Director The Office of Special Events and Conferences (OSEC) organizes events and conferences throughout the In- stitution that contribute to developing and main- taining important current and potential constituen- cies. In 1993, the office coordinated activities with Smithsonian bureaus, with corporations, and with organizations whose missions coincide with those of the Institution. Each year the office handles all arrangements for Smithsonian Board of Regents and Smithsonian Council meetings. The office also helps Smithsonian scholars and managers plan and coordi- nate conferences, international symposia, and collab- orative programs. ♦ In October 1992, OSEC worked with staff from the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery and the Freer Gallery of Art to present a symposium, "Art, Technology, and Society in Ancient Japan." ♦ In March 1993, the office helped the Program in African American Culture in the National Museum of American History coordinate a conference, "We'll Understand It Better By and By: A National Confid- ence on African American Gospel Music Scholarship in Tribute to Pearl Williams-Jones." ♦ Other collaborative programs that OSEC coordi- nated in 1993 included a workshop to plan educa- tional components for the exhibition "Ocean Planet," sponsored by the Environmental Awareness Pro- gram, and the conference "CO, Effects on Ecosys- tems," sponsored by the Office of the Assistant Sec- retary for External Affairs. ♦ OSEC also coordinated the National Science Re- sources Center Presidential Awards Ceremony. Office of Telecommunications Paul B.Johnson, Director The Office of Telecommunications (OTC) manages the development and creation of video, film, audio, and multimedia programs relating to the Smith- sonian. These programs share the Institution with audiences in the United States and abroad through television and radio broadcasts and through distribu- tion to home and educational markets by the latest technologies. The office also provides media plan- ning and production services to Smithsonian units. ♦ As part of the Institution's commitment to the study and dissemination of jazz, OTC created several programs, with more to follow. For the National Museum of American History-Smithsonian Institu- tion Traveling Exhibition Service exhibition "Be- yond Category: The Musical Genius of Duke Elling- ton," OTC produced a short documentary and an interactive video package. OTC's Radio Smithsonian produced a new national series, "Jazz Smithsonian," featuring the Smithsonian Jazz Masterworks Orches- tra in concert. ♦ OTC and The Smithsonian Associates began ex- ploring a Smithsonian Campus on the Air, envi- sioned as a "museum without walls" for the 2 1st century. This major new venture will carry Smith- sonian programs and courses to viewers around the world using cable, videocassette, satellite, and inter- active disc. ♦ Filming began for two of the three Smithsonian Expedition Specials being produced by Hearst Enter- tainment in coordination with OTC for broadcast in fiscal year 1994 on the Arts and Entertainment cable network. One program looks at "The Elephants of Timbuktu," and the other focuses on Paul Taylor of the National Museum of Natural History as he studies the isolated Korowai people of Irian Jaya, Indonesia. ♦ The office continued to develop new programs in ongoing projects. Two compact disc-interactive (CD-I) programs, The Downhome Blues and The Up- town Blues, were the latest in a series produced with Philips Interactive Media of America. Radio Smith- sonian broadcast the second season of the award-win- ning Folk Masters series, and the third season's pro- grams were recorded live at the Barns of Wolf Trap, to be aired beginning in January 1994. Now in its third season. Radio Smithsonian's Folk Masters concert series is recorded before a live audi- ence at the Barns of Wolf Trap and broadcast nation- wide by American Public Radio. Featured here are the Texas Playboys and the Sun Rhythm Section in a rousing performance. (Pho- tograph byJeffTinsley) 57 Cuban-born Celia Cruz performed on the Washing- tun Monument Grounds for Hispanic Heritage Month in a free concert sponsored by the Resident Associates Program. Queen Bess, presenting the brief but intense life of America's first African American woman aviator, has brought international attention to the Smithsonian Institution Press and its diverse list of scholarly and trade publications. The Smithsonian Associates John F. Jameson, Acting Director This was a year of transition, as the National and Resident Associate programs merged into one orga- nization— The Smithsonian Associates. With strong support from the programs' staffs and guidance from within and outside the Smithsonian, the Associates developed recommendations to achieve and sustain a successful consolidation. The search began for a di- rector for the combined organization. With increas- ing evidence of collaboration, the two programs maintained their separate membership and program- ming activities during the year. ♦ Almost 20,000 participants attended Campus on the Mall courses. Courses with enrollments exceed- ing 400 included "The American Musical Theater," featuring leading composers, lyricists, performers, and directors; "Discovering Ireland," in collaboration with the Embassy of Ireland; "The Magic of Shake- speare: Spotlight on Hamlet," cosponsored with the Shakespeare Theatre; and "Voices of the Game," with legendary baseball broadcasters reflecting on great moments in America's national pastime. ♦ In its 15th season of live theater for young audi- ences. Discovery Theater earned the 1993 Pup- peteers of America Award and attracted more than 73,000 people to its performances. A highlight was an original production of Unto These Shores, a story of immigrants to this country. ♦ More than 67,000 Resident Associates and others from the Washington metropolitan area heard lec- tures and performances by eminent scholars, authors, and artists, including Nobel Prize-winning physi- cists Leon Lederman and Steven Weinberg, leg- endary jazz violinist Stephane Grappelli, paleontolo- gist John Horner, and authors Tony Hillerman, Annie Dillard, and Marian Wright Edelman. ♦ Contributions from the Contributing Membership reached $8.5 million, a 6 percent increase over last year. The total number of Contributing Membership households reached 75,000 for the first time, also reflecting a 6 percent growth. Membership in the Young Benefactors grew to 2,280, a 9 percent in- crease. ♦ Eleven Smithsonian projects received James Smithson Society grants totaling $328,000. An additional $100,000 in Smithson Society funds was allocated to the Institution's special CARE (collec- tions, acquisition, research, and education) funds. ♦ The Smithsonian Associates kicked off a year- long, 10-city series of events in California focusing on cultural diversity. Statewide partners are Wells Fargo Bank and the California Council for the Hu- manities. ♦ In 1993, The Smithsonian Associates offered 275 study tours and seminars across the United States and throughout the world for 7,675 participants, a slight increase over 1992. A new series, "Accessible Adventures," was designed to integrate people with and without disabilities in wilderness learning expe- riences. Groups traveled by canoe on the Missouri River in Montana and through the Boundary Waters of Minnesota. Smithsonian Institution Press Felix C. Lowe, Director As the Institution's publisher, with an audience that includes the scholarly community, The Smithsonian Associates, and the general public, the Smithsonian 58 Institution Press produces scholarly books, trade books, recordings, and videos, as well as Smithsonian Year and Annals of the Smithsonian. Publications of the press's five divisions are sold through a commis- sioned retail sales force, direct mail, and republish- ing agreements. In addition, certain titles are dis- tributed free to Depository Libraries and the international academic community. ♦ Smithsonian University Press featured Doris Rich's biography of Bessie Coleman, Queen Bess: Daredevil Aviator, at the American Booksellers Asso- ciation meeting. Courierspeak: A Phrase Book for Couriers of Museum Objects, by Cordelia Rose, an illus- trated script and phrase book in English, French, German, Japanese, Russian, and Spanish, was hailed as a publishing masterwork by the American Associ- ation of Museums and the trade. ♦ Smithsonian Book Development republished Blue Planet with Harcourt Brace Jovanovich and Somer- ville House Books. Aimed at young readers, the book explores the science behind the "fragile planet" theme of the film by the same name. The develop- ment division also undertook five-year revisions of the individual museum guides. ♦ Smithsonian Collection of Recordings released three major collections, including The Blues: A Smithsonian Collection of the Blues Singers, produced with the Ozark Folk Center. ♦ Smithsonian Books published Frontiers of Flight, by Jeff Ethell, a companion to the 13-part Discovery Channel series that aired in October 1992. Smith- sonian Books also promoted Looking at Earth, written by geologist Priscilla Strain and geographer Freder- ick Engle and copublished with the National Air and Space Museum and Turner Publishing. Based on satellite imagery of the Earth, this book proved exceptionally popular with The Smithsonian Associates. Smithsonian Magazine Ronald C. Walker, Publisher Donald B. Moser, Editor Since its founding in 1970, Smithsonian magazine has extended the Institution's message, expanded its in- fluence, and increased its public visibility through- out the United States and abroad. Considered one of the greatest success stories in magazine publishing history, Smithsonian is now the 21st largest magazine in the country, with a circulation of 2.1 million. It continues to generate revenue for the Institution. The editorial subjects of Smithsonian inevitably ex- tend beyond the scope of the Institution's museums. Leading authors contribute articles about the arts, history, the environment, conservation, and the sci- ences, always written with the layperson in mind. The goal is a magazine that appeals to a range of readers' interests. Monthly features include "Phenomena, Comment, and Notes," a commentary on nature and the natural world; "Smithsonian Horizons," a column by the Smithsonian secretary; and reviews of recently re- leased nonfiction. Smithsonian activities are covered in three regular departments: "Around the Mall," "Smithsonian Highlights," and "The Object at Hand." ♦ The new National Postal Museum and the new Amazonia complex at the National Zoo were both featured in articles during the year. Other stories re- flected the broad interests of the Institution: Navajo code talkers, amber, ancient Nubia, shark conserva- tion, artist Luis Jimenez, the Agora, and the history of the department store. ♦ In partnership with the American Society of Trav- el Agents (ASTA), Smithsonian magazine awarded the second annual ASTA/5 niitbsonian Magazine Environ- mental Award to Abercrombie & Kent International, Inc., and British Airways. The award recognizes out- standing achievements by individuals, corporations, and countries toward furthering the goals of environ- mental conservation. ♦ Smithsonian's article on American sign language, which was widely reprinted, was a winner in the print journalism category of the National Easter Seal Society's competition for stories on issues affecting the disabled. ♦ In June, the magazine's advertising campaign re- ceived a certificate of excellence at the Addy Awards Event sponsored by the American Advertising Feder- ation (AAF). At the presentation 0/ the 1992 ASTA/Smithsoman Magazine Environmental Award to Abercrombie & Kent International. Inc. . and British Airways are (left to right): Tom Keesling, chairman, award selection committee: Ron Walker, publisher. Smith- sonian magazine: Jorie Butler Kent, vice-chair- man, and Geoffrey Kent, chairman. Abercrombie & Kent: Earlene Causey, pres- ident. American Society of Travel Agents: and Sir Colin Marshall, chairman. Hugh Somerville, head of environment, and David Hyde, director of safety, se- curity, and environment. British Airways. 59 Air & Space/Smithsonian Magazine Visitor Information and Associates' Reception Center Staff of the Visitor Infor- mation and Associates' Re- ception Center gathered in the Smithsonian Informa- tion Center for a Federal Times photograph an- nouncing the center as recip- ient of the Public Service Excellence Award presented by the Public Employees Roundtable. {Photograph by Rich Mason) Ronald C. Walker, Publisher George C. Larson, Editor Air & Space/Smithsonian magazine is published bi- monthly as a benefit of membership in the National Air and Space Museum. With a circulation of 330,000, it ranks in the top half of major magazines in the United States. Since 1990, just four years after its launch, Air & Space/Smithsonian has generated rev- enue for the Institution. Articles continue to cover the range of air and space-related topics that appeal to the magazine's general readership. Regular features include "In the Museum," a column about museum artifacts; "Soundings," aerospace news briefs; "Above and Be- yond," a commentary on unusual persona] experi- ences in the air and space realm; and "Viewport," . otiinii nis trom the museum direi tor. ♦ "Astronomy's Most Wanted," a six-part scries ex- ploring research in the astronomy community, was published in fiscal year 1993. The installment "The Planet I luntcrs" won for the magazine and its au- thor, Billy Goodman, the American Institute of Physics Annual Science Writing Award. ♦ The seventh anniversary edition (April/May 1993) carried .1 spe< ial treatment of planetary exploration, including a pullout graphic supplement depicting all interplanetary missions flown to date. ♦ The magazine published an excerpt from each issue as a visitors' guide and floor plan to the Na- tional Air and Space Museum. The excerpt saves the museum the cost of printing a separate monthly brochure and also generates advertising revenue. ♦ During the summer, Air & Space/Smithsonian went on-line with America Online, a com- mercial database service. In a test of electronic distribution of text materials, the maga- zine offered to America On- line subscribers two text ver- sions of feature articles from the August/September 1993 issue together with member- ship information and the op- tion of becoming an Associate member through an electrons application form. Mary Grace Potter, Director The Visitor Information and Associates' Reception Centet (VIARC) is a central support unit responsible for information and assistance programs for the pub- lic, Associate members, staff, and volunteers. Several VIARC programs operate seven days a week and in- volve coordination and direction of two large corps of volunteers, who are a primary source of support tor the Institution's public information programs and tor project assistance behind the scenes. ♦ In its 23rd year VIARC received the 1993 Public Employees Roundtable Award for Excellence in Pub- lic Service in the federal category. VIARC was select- ed for this honor from among some 300 nominees for its ongoing public information activities and for its project assistance services staffed by hundreds of dedicated volunteers. ♦ Midway through its third year, the Smithsonian Information Center served its 6 millionth visitor, making the Castle the fourth busiest Smithsonian building on the National Mall. The center's station- ary information components, theater orientation pro- gram, interactive touch-screen systems, and electron- ic maps were updated during the spring and summer, and a new unit was added to highlight the Institution's scientific research activities. ♦ The opening of the National Postal Museum and the reopening of the Freer Gallery of Art generated 60 the expansion of both of VIARC's centrally managed volunteer programs. The number of museum infor- mation desks staffed daily by volunteer information specialists increased to 18 desks in 14 buildings, and the number of volunteers registered and placed through VIARC's Behind-the-Scenes Volunteer Pro- gram rose to more than 1,200. ♦ VIARC's Public Inquiry Mail and Telephone In- formation Service Unit processed some 43,000 pieces of correspondence and responded to more than 327,000 phone inquiries. VIARC also expanded and enhanced its information reference tools and updated and revised hundreds of preprinted materials, bibli- ographies, and leaflets in accessible 12-point type. Institutional Initiatives Office of the Assistant Secretary for Institutional Initiatives Alice Green Burnette, Assistant Secretary The wide-ranging development activities of the Smithsonian are the responsibility of the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Institutional Initiatives. The office coordinates pan-institutional efforts with those of the bureaus and offices to ensure that the Smithsonian receives the fullest possible private sup- port for its research, exhibitions, and educational and public service activities. The office also conducts spe- cial studies and demonstration projects on behalf of the Institution. ♦ During 1993, the assistant secretary led a compre- hensive review and revision of the Smithsonian's policies and procedures for seeking, accepting, and administering support from external sources. A pan- institutional task force has recommended extensive changes to bring relevant policies up to date with contemporary practices. ♦ The office continued to coordinate the fund-rais- ing effort for the National Museum of the American Indian. During 1993, the assistant secretary directed a feasibility study of cause-related marketing as a fund-raising technique for the Institution. ♦ The assistant secretary worked with the Smith- sonian National Board and the Office of Develop- ment to implement the Smithsonian Fund tor the Future as a conduit for increased development activi- ty by the National Board. ♦ At the request of the under secretary, the assistant secretary began chairing the Institution's 150th An- niversary Marketing Committee. In coordination with committees for program and community, the committee will develop and execute a marketing plan for the anniversary celebration during 1996. 7 t i - J 1-- 1 f**l National Museum of the American Indian National Campaign John L. Colonghi, National Campaign Director The National Campaign of the National Museum of the American Indian is responsible for carrying out the fund-raising plan that the Smithsonian Board of Regents adopted for the museum. By legislative mandate, the Institution must provide one-third of the construction cost of the museum on the National Mall. The campaign has set a goal of $60 million for this purpose and to endow the museum's outreach and education programs. ♦ Twenty-six individuals have agreed to join the International Founders Council, a committee of prominent volunteers responsible for generating most of the campaign's fund-raising goal. Among the council's members are Smithsonian Secretary Robert McC. Adams, former U.S. representative Barber Conable, financier David Rockefeller, and communications executive Ted Turner. ♦ During fiscal year 1993 the campaign raised $6.8 million toward its goal. The Ford Foundation made a grant of $ r . 1 5 million, the largest foundation con- tribution to date. In addition, a fund-raising gala in New York City raised nearly $500,000 for the muse- um's construction fund. Merrill Lynch and Co. , Inc. . and David Rockefeller hosted a dinner to commem- orate the opening of the National Museum of the American Indian's exhibi- tion "Pathways of Tradi- tion: Indian Insights into Indian Worlds" at the Alexander Hamilton U.S. Custom House. From left are Rockefeller, chairman of the Rockefeller Group. Inc. . museum trustee, and mem- ber of the NMAl National Campaign International Founders Council; Con- stance Berry Newman. Smithsonian under secre- tary; and Daniel P. Tully. president and CEO. Mer- rill Lynch. (Photograph by Pamela Dewey) Furniture maker Anthony Beverly, who exhibited at the 1993 Smithsonian Craft Show, receives an award for excellence from Rebecca Klemm (right) and show director Hope Price. ♦ The national membership program launched in March 1991 continues to be successful. The muse- um's membership now numbers more than 68,000. Since its formation, the program has generated gross revenue of over $4 million. Members have partici- pated actively in special events in Washington, D.C., New York, Phoenix, Albuquerque, and other cities throughout the country. Office of Development Marie A. Mattson, Director The mission of the Office of Development is to gen- erate private financial support tor the Smithsonian from corporations, foundations, and individuals. The office is responsible for fund raising in support of in- stitutional priorities and selected bureau projects and programs and for leading and coordinating fund- raising initiatives throughout the Institution. The office maintains central research and record-keeping functions, including reference information and pub- lications, pan-institutional information and con- stituency databases, and gift records. The office also manages volunteer organizations and oversees stew- ardship of grants. ♦ Major gifts and pledges to the Smithsonian during fiscal year 1993 included $3 million from Enid A. Haupt for the Enid A. Haupt Garden Endowment Fund and a fellowship in horticulture; $3 million from Janet A. Hooker for the Hall of Geology, Gems, and Minerals, National Museum of Natural History; $2.8 million from an anonymous donor for a public affairs endowment at the Atthur M. Sackler Gallery; Si. 15 million from the Ford Foundation for the National Museum of the American Indian; $1 million from Smithsonian Regent Samuel C.John- son fot the Samuel C. Johnson Theater in the Na- tional Museum of Natural History; and Si million from Glenn O. Tupper for the Tupper Endowment Fund, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute. ♦ With the initiative and leadership of the Smith- sonian National Board, the office established the Smithsonian Fund fot the Future, through which the board will pursue major restricted and unrestricted endowment gifts. During 199}, the fund received its first $1 million gift. ♦ Special events for 1993 included the second annu- al two-day seminar, "Exploring the Smithsonian Universe," which offered individual donors and prospects behind-the-scenes exposure to Smithsonian activities; the Smithsonian National Board's spring meeting at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Insti- tute in Panama; a high-level panel discussion on technological and societal change for the Smith- sonian Corporate Membership Program; and an 80th birthday celebration (with the Smithsonian Institu- tion Libraries) for Smithsonian Secretary Emeritus S. Dillon Ripley at which the S. Dillon Ripley Library Endowment was announced. Smithsonian Women's Committee Jean Thompson, Chair Since its founding in 1966, the Smithsonian Women's Committee has supported the Institution through volunteer fund raising and public relations services. The funds the committee raises support ed- ucational and research programs throughout the Smithsonian. ♦ In April, the 1 ith annual Smithsonian Craft Show (formerly the Washington Craft Show) attracted more than 14,000 visitors and netted a record $205,000. The Holiday Dance held at the National Air and Space Museum netted $50,000, and the Fourth of July Picnic held on the roof of the Nation- al Museum of American History showed a profit of $8,000. ♦ The committee provided $234,786 in support of 27 projects in 13 bureaus. These projects included creation of the educational outreach program "Learn- 62 ing Is a Family Experience" at the National Air and Space Museum; development of a television series on "American Treasure Houses" by the Office of Tele- communications; and publication of English- and Spanish-language guidebooks to Barro Colorado Island, Panama, site of the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute's research station. ♦ The committee gave $10,000 to support awards under the Fellowships in Museum Practice Program, which it endowed in 1992. Finance and Administration Office of Architectural History and Historic Preservation Cynthia Field, Director The Office of Architectural History and Historic Preservation issued a Smithsonian-wide policy on historic preservation and an accompanying Guide to Historic Preservation at the Smithsonian, which together define and illuminate the Smithsonian's historic preservation practices. Years of architectural history research culminated in 1993 in the publication of The Castle: An Illustrated History of the Smithsonian Building, a team effort of all members of the office with the assistance of three graduate students. Office of the Assistant Secretary for Finance and Administration Nancy Suttenheld, Assistant Secretary Operating behind the scenes at the Smithsonian, a network of administrative offices serves the diverse programmatic needs of the Institution and facilitates the management and use of financial, human, and physical resources. Funding for central services in 1993 amounted to approximately 10.8 percent of the Institution's total operating expenses. Office of the Comptroller M. Leslie Casson, Comptroller The Office of the Comptroller designed and con- structed the accounts payable/purchase order module of a new Smithsonian Financial System. The module will provide improved Smithsonian-wide on-line in- quiry and reporting of accounts payable information. Office of Contracts and Property Management Robert Perkins, Director The Office of Contracts and Property Management lists a number of significant achievements for the year, including the successful implementation of an automated procurement system and the integration of quality management concepts into all contracting, procurement, property management, and supply op- erations. The office also established a consolidated and comprehensive cost-saving procurement pro- gram tor commonly used supplies. Joseph Henry's Bedroom in the Henry apartments, photo- graph by Thomas W. Smtllte. ca. 1878. From The Castle. 63 ' countability for cultural diversity-affirmative action initiatives at all levels of the Institution. Another new system within OEEMA assesses the effectiveness of the Smithsonian's recruitment efforts for minori- ties and women and monitors and evaluates each unit's employment practices. Office of Environmental ^v5r|E Management and Safety The Office of Design and Construction managed the renovation of the Freer Gallery of Art, which re- opened in May 1993. The project included constrm turn of 1 3,000 square feet of new storage and adminis- tration \pace beneath the original structure, gallery renovation, roof and sky- light replacement, renova- tiim nf the auditorium, and extensive site improvements. (Photograph by Robb Harrell) Office of Design and Construction Robert P. Dillman, Director The reopening of the renovated Freer Gallery of Art in May marked the completion of nearly $18 million of construction carried out under the Office of De- sign and Construction (ODC). ODC managed the construction of a chiller plant for the National Museum of Natural History, completed a $5 million renovation of the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden plaza, and started construction on the $.24 million, three-floor renovation of the Alexander Hamilton U.S. Custom House in New York City for the National Museum of the American Indian. Office of Equal Employment and Minority Affairs Era L. Marshall, Director This year the Office of Equal Employment and Mi- nority Affairs (OEEMA) established a program to ensure that small, minority, and women-owned firms receive equal opportunity and appropriate considera- tion in the Smithsonian's procurement of goods and services. OEEMA also developed and implemented the SI Diversity Action Plan, which establishes ac- William Billingsley, Director The Office of Environmental Management and Safety continued its responsibility for ensuring that safety, fire protection and prevention, industrial hygiene, and environmental principles are integrated into all aspects of Smithsonian operations. Office of Facilities Services Richard Siegle, Director The Office of Facilities Services continued to encour- age participation in management initiatives geared toward improving services, strengthening opera- tions, and optimizing use of resources. Office of Financial Management and Analysis Rick Johnson, Acting Director The Office of Financial Management and Analysis completed a major phase of improvements to the di- rectives issuance and distribution system. The office also continued its emphasis on leading and partici- pating in comprehensive Institution-wide studies and analyses. Office of Human Resources Marilyn Marton, Director The Office of Human Resources (OHR) embarked on a multiyear project using computer technology to teduce paperwork, increase the efficiency of person- nel operations, and enhance productivity and service. 64 During this first year, OHR has replaced all outdat- ed computer equipment, contracted for the installa- tion of a local area network, and laid the groundwork for the spring 1994 implementation of an electronic personnel action system. This system will eliminate forms and streamline processing, resulting in faster service to clients. Office of Information Resource Management Vincent Marcalus, Director The Office of Information Resource Management acquired and installed a new mainframe computer to meet the requirements of the new Smithsonian Financial System and new software for the Smith- sonian Institution Research Information System. Ombudsman Chandra Heilman, Ombudsman This year the Smithsonian Ombudsman worked with management and nearly 200 employees as a neutral party to resolve work-related concerns. The Ombudsman joined with the Smithsonian branch of the Agriculture Federal Credit Union to operate the Smithsonian Employee Emergency Assistance Fund, which made emergency loans to more than 50 employees. Office of Plant Services Michael League, Director To promote a partnership for Smithsonian energy management, the Office of Plant Services began pub- lishing a newsletter for all Smithsonian employees. Efforts in this area will assure that the work force is better informed about energy costs and can work with the Office of Plant Services to control energy consumption. Office of Planning and Budget L. Carole Wharton, Director The Office of Planning and Budget continued its ef- forts to improve the Personnel Cost Projection Sys- tem and revise the Institution's planning process. In addition, the office initiated a Smithsonian-wide study in preparation for response to the Government Performance and Results Act of 1993 and engaged all members of the office in a team effort to improve services to bureaus and offices. Office of Printing and Photographic Services James Wallace, Director The Office of Printing and Photographic Services ex- panded its program of making digitized Smithsonian photographs available through computer networks to include America Online. Through this program, which also includes the Internet, CompuServe, and GEnie networks, schools and nonprofit organizations can obtain electronic access to Smithsonian images. Also this year, the office's cold storage room was ex- panded to provide environmental safeguards for the growing photographic collection. Nick Parrella, Photo Ser- vices visual information specialist, foreground, makes a preliminary edit of inaugural film as Natural History photographer Carl Hansen, center, discusses a print with OP PS Chief of Photography Dane Pen- land, at right. At left, con- tractor Andy Gordon pro- duces an inaugural Photo CD from the final image selections. (Photo by Eric Long) 65 Garber Facility building 26 (rear center) containing collections from the Museum nj Natural History suffered the brunt of the small tor- nado that swept through Suitland, Md., early on the morning of Nov. 23. Ply- wood sheets cover the side of tlh Museum oj American History 's building number 19 (to the right), which lost part of its wall. (Photo by Doc Dougherty) Office of Protection Services Charles A. Hines, Director The Office of Protection Services, in conjunction with Jacksonville State University in Alabama, de- signed and implemented the world's first university- level museum security officer training course. Four classes of "The Sentinels of Our Nation's Treasures" graduated in 1993. In response to the increased role of occupational health at the Smithsonian and the dramatic increase in demand for staff and visitor medical services, the office invested in the expansion of its Health Services Division by acquiring more than 7,500 square feet for a health clinic at L'Enfant Plaza. Office of Risk Management Jacqueline C. Young, Acting Director The Office of Risk Management continued to pro- vide risk and insurance management services to pro- tect the Smithsonian's assets against risk or loss. A disaster response trailer was carefully outfitted and stands ready to provide emergency conservation ma- n-rials at the scene of a disaster. Office of Sponsored Projects Ardelle Foss, Director The Office of Sponsored Projects served the Smith- sonian's research efforts by supporting the work of 149 researchers who submitted 140 proposals valued at $23 million and by negotiating and accepting for the Institution 95 grant and contract awards having a value of $7.4 million. Travel Services Office Judith Petroski, Director The Travel Services Office completed the second year of a contract with a local travel agency, which has re- sulted in a rebate of more than $170,000 to Smith- sonian offices and bureaus. In addition to handling travel arrangements for staff members, the office processed reservations and tickets for a number of meetings and conferences, including the consulta- tions held by the National Museum of the American Indian and the annual Festival of American Folklife. Office of the Treasurer Sudeep Anand, Treasurer The Office of the Treasurer continued to manage the Smithsonian endowment and working capital funds. It established the financial viability of the National Museum of Natural History West Court project and began evaluating alternative funding sources for major institutional projects. The office is also dispos- ing of unneeded real estate. Under Secretary Office of the Under Secretary Constance Berry Newman, Under Secretary As the chief operating officer of the Smithsonian, the under secretary is responsible for the day-to-day ad- ministration of the Institution. Under Secretary Constance Berry Newman also works with Secretary Robert McC Adams and the Board of Regents to set long-range priorities and develop mechanisms for carrying them out. ♦ The Smithsonian continued the process of down- sizing and restructuring to meet stringent budget requirements and prepare for the challenges of the next decade. Continued growth and strength in the 66 future will require wise choices through a careful as- sessment of priorities. Central to this effort was de- veloping the flexibility to begin applying resources, according to the Institution's highest priorities, among equally appealing and valid alternatives. Business Management Office Nancy Johnson, Senior Business Officer The Business Management Office consists of four revenue-generating activities: Museum Shops, Mail Order, Concessions, and Product Development and Licensing. It also oversees the Marketing Database, which manages the names of people who have a rela- tionship with the Institution. ♦ The Museum Shops opened a new location at the National Postal Museum. Small specialty shops, including Dinostore in the National Museum of Natural History, continued to do well. ♦ The Mail Order division began redesigning its catalogue to better emphasize Smithsonian museums and their collections. ♦ The Concessions division revamped the menus in all public facilities to improve the food service of- fered to visitors. ♦ The Product Development and Licensing division added seven new licenses for the external sale of Smithsonian-authorized merchandise. Sixty-two li- censes now generate royalties for the Institution. ♦ The Marketing Database began training market- ing and development staff from Smithsonian bureaus and offices in the use of internal databases for direct- mail activities. Board of Regents; authorizing the Smithsonian to plan and design an extension of the National Air and Space Museum at Washington Dulles International Airport; and continuing the development of the Na- tional Museum of Natural History's East Court. The two museum facilities will meet critical storage, con- servation, and public programming space needs. ♦ Legislative negotiations continue to establish the National African American Museum in the Arts and Industries Building and authorize the development of the National Museum of Natural History's West Court. ♦ The office represented Smithsonian interests in legislative and executive branch deliberations in bio- logical conservation, high-performance computing, archaeological conservation, and American Indian issues. ♦ To resolve the dispute ovet the reproduction of Smithsonian quilts abroad, the office developed a memorandum of agreement with representatives of the American quilting community. The agreement provides for cooperation and collaboration to foster the study of traditional American quilt making. ♦ The office established individual relationships with each congressional office, resulting in improved communication with the Institution, awareness of its programs, and opportunities for outreach to nation- wide constituencies. The office also developed a "Congressional Reference Guide" to the Smith- sonian's history, operations, facilities, and programs. Office of Policy and Program Development Margaret C. Gaynor, Director Office of Government Relations Mark W. Rodgers, Director The Office of Government Relations represents the Institution on matters of legislation, policy, opera- tions, and governance to the Congress and other gov- ernment entities at the federal, state, and local levels. It is the primary conduit of legislative information as well as the coordinator and advocate of Smithsonian interests and positions in the legislative process. ♦ This year the office oversaw enactment of legisla- tion appointing three new citizen members to the The Office of Policy and Program Development (OPPD) prepares analyses and reports for the secre- tary and Board of Regents, anticipating long-range policy and programming needs of the Institution. ♦ This year OPPD helped organize the process to es- tablish the Commission on the Future of the Smith- sonian Institution, authorized by the Board of Re- gents in September 1993. The commission will consist of about 20 people whose reflections and con- tributions will assist the regents in guiding the Smithsonian as it moves into the 2 1st century. ♦ The office also contributed to planning and pro- grammatic directions for the celebration of the Smithsonian's 150th anniversary in 1996. 67 MES DE LA HERENCIA HISPANA En el mith ofrecemos todo un mundo etc actividades para celebrar el *^^V"' Mes de la Herencia Hispana: ^*- ' The Office of Public Affairs used this full-page adver- tisement to promote the Smithsonian 's Hispanic Heritage Month commemo- rations in six local Latino newspapers between Septem- ber 9 and 18. Office of Public Affairs Linda St. Thomas, Acting Director The Office of Public Affairs acquaints the public, in- cluding diverse cultural communities in the United States and abroad, with the programs and policies of the Smithsonian by working with newspapers, mag- azines, television, radio, and general publications. The office provides news releases (550 this year), background papers, press conferences, photographs, videotapes, logistical suppott, and broadcast public service announcements. The office also produces a number of publications: Research Reports (a quarterly research bulletin), Smithsonian Runner (a bimonthly newsletter for Native Ameticans), and the Torch (a monthly employee newspaper), along with brochures for the public. ♦ Madeleine Jacobs, director of the Office of Public Affairs for seven years, left the Smithsonian after 14 years to become managing editor of Chemical and En- gineering News, a weekly science newsmagazine. Prior to her departure. Secretary Adams presented het with the Secretary's Gold Medal for Exceptional Ser- vice for her work on Smithsonian outreach. ♦ In response to recommendations made by the Lati- no Media Advisory Committee, the office worked with the under secretary to establish the Task Force on Latino Issues at the Smithsonian. The Spanish- language events telephone line was updated biweek- ly year-round, and the Latino ptint media advertis- ing campaign included placement of pan-Institu- tional advertisements in six local Spanish-language newspapers throughout the year. ♦ The office published The Smithsonian Institution: A World of Discovery, a richly illustrated 128-page book that explores behind-the-scenes tesearch at the Insti- tution, for members of Congress, visiting digni- taries, potential donots, and journalists. The book, also sold in the museum shops and through the Smithsonian Institution Press, was made possible by a grant from the James Smithson Society and re- sources from the assistant secretaries. ♦ With the Institutional Studies Office, the office conducted a survey of African American visitors at four museums to learn how visitots find out about exhibits and activities in Smithsonian museums. Affiliated Organizations The John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, the National Gallery of Art, and the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars were estab- lished by Congress within the Smithsonian Institu- tion, under their own boards of trustees. The Institu- tion provides administrative services on contract fot Reading Is Fundamental, Inc., an independent orga- nization. John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts James D. Wolfensohn, Chairman Lawrence J. Wilker, President The John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts plays a unique role in the cultural life of the United States. As the nation's stage, it presents the best of American and international performing artists in year-round presentations on five stages. Through its producing efforts, commissioning programs, compe- titions, and apprenticeship and training programs, the center stimulates the creation of new arts and the development of new artists. As the nation's premier 68 educator in the performing arts, it seeds innovative education programs that reach teachers and students from prekindergarten through college in most of the 50 states. ♦ In October 1992 the National Symphony Orches- tra, the Kennedy Center's resident artistic affiliate, traveled to Alaska for the first program in a national outreach initiative called National Symphony Or- chestra American Residencies for the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts. The tour included public performances, educational events, and cultural exchange with Native American artists. ♦ The France Danse festival celebrated 200 years of French choreographic genius with performances by six internationally renowned companies, ranging from the majestic Paris Opera Ballet to the ultra-hip Compagnie Preljocaj. The festival featured discus- sions with the artists, open rehearsals, dance work- shops and master classes, concerts, films, and French cuisine served in Kennedy Center restaurants. ♦ "NSO in Your Neighborhood," a series of educa- tion programs and free concerts, strengthened com- munity bonds by sending members of the National Symphony Orchestra into Washington-area churches to perform with church choirs for their congrega- tions. ♦ The 1993 Kennedy Center Imagination Celebra- tion toured a program of music, dance, theater, and folk performances for young people throughout the United States. At home, more than 10,000 Wash- ington-area young people, their families, and their teachers attended the month-long festival. Two highlights were the premiere of Romulus Hunt, an opera for families by Carly Simon commissioned by the Kennedy Center and the Metropolitan Opera Guild, and Genie of the Lamp, a new play by 17-year- old Beth Lewis about an autistic street person, pre- sented as part of the Very Special Arts Festival. ♦ Eleven students from five states attended the first National Symphony Orchestra Summer Music Insti- tute, which offered talented music students the chance to develop their artistry through three inten- sive weeks of coaching, private lessons, and re- hearsals with orchestra members. ♦ The Kennedy Center launched its 1993-94 tne" ater season with its production oiThe Kentucky Cycle, Robert Schenkkan's seven-hour epic about the Amer- ican experience, which won the 1992 Pulitzer Prize for drama. Hailed as a "major event in the American theater," the Cycle was originally made possible by a grant from the Kennedy Center's Fund for New American Plays. National Gallery of Art Earl A. Powell III, Director The National Gallery of Art serves the United States in a national role by preserving, collecting, exhibiting, and fostering the understanding of works of art at the highest possible museum and scholarly standards. ♦ The year's first major exhibition, "The Greek Mir- acle: Classical Sculpture from the Dawn of Democ- racy, The Fifth Century B.C.," was the premiere event in the U.S. commemoration of the birth of de- mocracy 2,500 years ago. The exhibition of 34 mar- bles and bronzes, which included some 20 works that had never traveled outside Greece, presented the era's great sculptural innovations in the depiction of the human form. ♦ In May, the gallery presented 80 works from the extraordinary collection of French impressionist, postimpressionist, and early modern paintings estab- lished by the late Dr. Albert Barnes in Merion, Pennsylvania. Due to the collector's wishes, access to the museum and reproduction of the works had been restricted and the paintings had never been exhibit- ed outside Merion. Relatively few people had seen them before their exhibition at the gallery, which drew more than 520,000 visitors. ♦ Other exhibitions included "Ellsworth Kelly: The Years in France, 1948-1954," which traced a pivotal period in which the artist turned from representation to sophisticated, colorful abstraction. During an ex- hibition of the photography of Alfred Stieglitz, a National Symphony Or- chestra members perform with trombone students in Barron; Alaska, as part of the first program in a na- tional outreach initiative of the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts. 69 William Michael Harnett's The Old Violin. 1886, was ,1 gift tn the National Gallery of Art by Mr. and Mrs. Richard Mellon Scaife in honor of Paid Mellon. A volunteer shares a book with children at one of the 15,000 sites served by Reading Is Fundamental. Since RIF began nearly three decades ago, it has brought more than zjo million books to America's youngsters and involved millions of parents in their children's reading activi- ties. (Photograph by Rick Rtinhard) three-day colloquium addressed conservation issues related to Stieglitz's palladium prints. An exhibition devoted to the trompe l'oeil still lifes of William Harnett was the first comprehensive exhibition since the artist's death 101 years ago. Other exhibitions presented prints by Helen Frankenthaler; a survey of the great age of British watercolors from the period between 1750 and 1880; old master and modern drawings from the gift and promised gift to the gallery of William B. O'Neal's collection; and 70 prints and drawings by the turn-of-the-century Ger- man artist Lovis Corinth, a gift of the Sigbert H. Marcy family. ♦ Purchases for the collections are made possible by funds donated by private citizens. Some significant acquisitions were a large landscape, The Fortress of Konigstein (1756-58), by Bernardo Bellotto; The Old Violin (1886), by William Harnett; and a large wa- tercolor and gouache drawing by the Flemish painter Jacob Jordaens entitled Saint Martin of Tours Healing the Servant ofTetrodias (ca. 1630). Among the gifts re- ceived during the year were works by Robert Frank, Georgia O'Keeffe, Philip Guston, Jacob Lawrence, Arthur Dove, Louise Bourgeois, and Helen Franken- thaler, as well as 35 17th- and 18th-century draw- ings from the collection of the late Arthur Liebman. ♦ The Education Program focused on the permanent collection, inaugurating an annual series of lectures, films, and talks with "Rediscovering Picasso at the National Gallery of Art." The education division also published three new family guides to the collection and issued a videodisc, American Art from the National Gallery of Art, made possible through the generosity of the Annenberg Foundation. ♦ The computerization of the Index of American Design, a full inventory of the collection of more than 18,000 watercolor renderings depicting Ameri- can decorative arts objects, was completed after sev- eral years of work. Reading Is Fundamental, Inc. Ruth Graves, President Millions of children are developing a love of reading through Reading Is Fundamental's grassroots net- work of 4,500 projects that span all 50 states, the District of Columbia, and U.S. offshore possessions. Last year more than 152,000 citizens volunteered their time to bring 9.5 million books and reading activities to more than 3 million young people. RIF reaches youngsters at 15,000 sites and in many dif- ferent kinds of settings: schools, Indian reservations, libraries, hospitals, facilities for children with dis- abilities, homeless shelters, migrant camps, clinics for teen parents, juvenile detention centers, and even a prison, where fathers hold RIF book distributions and plan reading activities for their children on visi- tors' day. ♦ Across the country, children were involved in reading with older kids and community leaders, as RIF celebrated its ninth annual Reading Is Fun Week with a "Reading Buddies" theme. At a RIF National Awards ceremony, six members of Congress joined children from Washington, D.C.-area RIF 70 projects and shelters in honoring the RIF National Poster Contest winner and the National RIF Reader. ♦ Private-sector backing for RIF's Project Open Book®, which sets up reading corners for children in shelters and other facilities for the homeless, this year included American Express. By year's end the program was reaching nearly 206,000 children at 42 1 sites. ♦ With support from GE and Chrysler, RIF worked closely with teachers and science resource specialists to develop Science Technology and Reading (STARsm), an interdisciplinary program for upper elementary students. ♦ In partnership with the Maryland State Depart- ment of Education and two youth organizations, RIF is launching a program in which students will earn credits for sponsoring RIF programs. ♦ RIF is working to expand Shared Beginnings, a literacy program tor teen parents and their children. Demand for the program is high. This year, organi- zations that work daily with teen parents obtained grants underwritten by the Hearst Foundation to operate Shared Beginnings programs. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars Charles Blitzer, Director The Woodrow Wilson Center was established as a living memorial to the nation's 28th president to commemorate President Wilson's lifelong commit- ment to uniting scholarship with public affairs. Through an annual fellowship competition, out- standing scholars from around the world are invited to Washington, D.C., for extended periods of re- search and writing. The center also maintains an am- bitious program of public meetings and publications to explore issues and trends. The center carries out these activities through its formal divisions: History, Culture, and Society; International Studies; United States Studies; and Regional Comparative Studies, which includes the Kennan Institute for Advanced Russian Studies and programs on Asia, Eastern and Western Europe, and Latin America. ♦ This year the Wilson Center celebrated the achievements of several former fellows who were ap- pointed to positions in the Clinton administration. Madeleine K. Albright is the U.S. permanent repre- sentative to the United Nations. William A. Galston is deputy assistant to the president for domestic poli- cy. Lynn Davis, a specialist in arms control policy, is undersecretary of state for international security af- fairs. Jenonne Walker has joined the staff of the Na- tional Security Council, where she is responsible for overseeing Eastern and Western European matters. Joseph S. Nye, Jr., is chairman of the National Intel- ligence Council of the U. S. Intelligence Community. ♦ The Wilson Center welcomed new trustees James A. Baker III and Marlin Fitzwater, who were ap- pointed by President Bush. Serving as ex-officio members are Warren Christopher, secretary of state; Joseph Duffey, director, U.S. Information Agency; Sheldon Hackney, chairman. National Endowment for the Humanities; Richard Riley, secretary of edu- cation; and Donna Shalala, secretary ot health and human services. ♦ A workshop on ethnic conflict in the former Yu- goslavia brought together a distinguished group of academic experts and diplomatic officials to discuss prospects for peace in war-torn Bosnia. The results of the workshop were published by the Wilson Center Press and broadcast nationally on C-SPAN. ♦ The Wilson Center Press and the Johns Hopkins University Press reissued The Ordeal of Woodrow Wil- son, written by Herbert Hoover and first published in 1958, with a new introduction by U.S. Senator Mark Hatfield. ♦ A Wilson Center Dialogue program featured for- mer U.N. Ambassador Jeane Kirkpatrick, Pulitzer Prize-winning Washington Post columnist James Hoagland, and University of Southern California professor Ronald Steele in a panel discussion on "Se- curity and the Single Superpower" at the Public Radio Conference in Washington, D.C. The Woodrow Wilson Cen- ter Press and the Johns Hopkins University Press celebrated the republication of Herbert Hoover's The Ordeal of Woodrow Wilson, first issued in 1958. at a reception held at the center. Here. Senator Mark Hatfield, who urate a new introduction describ- ing the extraordinary rela- tionship between Wilson and Hoover, signs copies. {Photograph by Alan Hart) 71 Benefactors The Smithsonian gratefully acknowledges the sup- port oi the individuals, foundations, and corpora- tions whose gifts, grants, bequests, and contributing memberships have helped sustain the work of the In- stitution over the past fiscal year, October i, 1992, through September 30, 199 V The Smithsonian owes its founding to the gen- erosity of one individual, James Smithson. The spirit ot private support, as exemplified by James Smith- son's gift, continues to play a vital role in giving the Smithsonian the flexibility and independence essen- tial to its 1 reative growth. During most of its history since 1846, the Institu- tion has relied on a combination of federal and pri- vate funding to carry out the terms of James Smith- son's will. As a trust instrumentality of the United States, the Smithsonian has received federal appro- priations to support its basic operations and selected initiatives. The national and international reputation for excellence held by the Smithsonian is in large part a result of the innovative and imaginative activ- ities underwritten by visionary private citizens. Of particular importance are gifts that have supported the Smithsonian's core functions — exhibitions, col- lections acquisition, research, and public educa- tion— which are central to its achievements. Several outstanding gifts during fiscal year 1993 exemplify the diversity, spirit, and impact of private support on the Smithsonian's programs: ♦ Mrs. Enid A. Haupt, a renowned New York phil- anthropist who established the Enid A. Haupt Gar- den as part of the Smithsonian's Quadrangle complex in 1987, gave $3 million to maintain the garden in perpetuity and create the Enid A. Haupt Fellowship in Horticulture, the first such fellowship at the Smithsonian. The Enid A. Haupt Garden Endow- ment Fund is one of the largest endowment gifts ever received by the Smithsonian from an individual. Mrs. Haupt 's vision will ensure that future genera- tions will continue to enjoy the Smithsonian's mag- nificent rooftop garden. ♦ The National Museum of Natural History re- ceived a $3 million contribution from Mrs. Janet A. Hooker toward the renovation of the museum's geol- ogy, gems, and minerals exhibition. The renovation, to occur between 1994 and 1996, will include en- hancement of the current displays and addition of new features and will incorporate up-to-date earth science information. The new exhibition will be re- named the Mrs. James Stewart Hooker Hall of Geol- ogy, Gems, and Minerals in honor of Mrs. Hooker's generosity. ♦ The Arthur M. Sackler Gallery received $2.8 mil- lion from an anonymous donor to create the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery Public Affairs Endowment. The endowment will be used to support promotion of the museum's programs and activities. ♦ Smithsonian Regent Samuel C. Johnson, Jr., affirmed his ongoing support of the Institution by giving $1 million to create the Samuel C. Johnson Theater Endowment at the National Museum of Natural History. The gift is the first leadership con- tribution through the Smithsonian Fund for the Future, a Smithsonian National Board endowment initiative. The Johnson Endowment will underwrite educational programs in a new theater to be con- structed as part of the museum's West Court project. ♦ The National Museum of the American Indian National Campaign received $1.15 million from the Ford Foundarion, the largest foundation gift to date for the campaign. The gift will be used to link the museum's pro- grams to tribal communities throughout the Western Hemi- sphere through telecommunications and special services provided by the museum's Cultural Resources Center. ♦ The Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute again received a significant gift from Mr. Glenn O. Tupper. Mr. Tupper gave an additional $i million to strengthen the Tupper Endowment Fund, which will support scientific research in tropical biology. ♦ The Institution's research in plant biology was enhanced sig- nificantly by the renewal of a $700,000 grant over three years from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation for Fellowships in Ter- restrial Ecosystem Studies, administered by the Office of Fellow- ships and Grants. Scientists from the Smithsonian Tropical Re- search Institute and the National Museum of Natural History have benefited from collaboration with fellows representing nu- merous universities in the United States and abroad. Smithsonian National Board The Smithsonian National Board is composed of community, corporate, and cultural leaders from across the nation. As the Secretary's premier volunteer advisory body, the Board considers issues related to institutional advancement and public outreach. During fiscal year 1993, for example, the Board established the Smithsonian Fund for the Future, an effort to garner increased endowment support from the private sector, and its members contributed nearly $500,000 in annual gifts to the Secretary's Special Fund. Current Members Lloyd G. Schermer, chairmai Mrs. Margaret D. Ankeny Mrs. Anne T. Bass Mr. Joaquin F. Blaya Mr. W.J. Bowcn Dr. John Brademas Mrs. Jane C. Bradley Mr. Stephen F. Brauer Mr. Dan W. Burns Mr. Cason L. Callaway, Jr. Mr. Ivan Chermayeff Mr. Landon T. Clay Mrs. Dollie A. Cole Mrs. Allison Stacey Cowles Mrs. Joan Dillon Mr. Peter E. Haas Mr. John M. Harbert III Mr. Marion Edwyn Harrison Mr. Frank W. Hoch Mrs. Ruth S. Holmberg Mr. S. Roger Horchow Mrs Mary T. Kmnear Mr. Robert V. Lindsay Mr. Donald G. Lubin Mr. Frank N. Magid Mrs. Jean B. Mahoney Mrs. Adnenne B. Mars Mr. Antony M. Merck Mrs. Anne Murray Morgan Dr. George E. Mueller Mr. John N. Nordsrrom Mrs. Vivian W. Piasecki Mr. Thomas J. Pritzker Mr. David S. Purvis Mr. Alvin N Puryear Mr. Robert Red ford Mr. Wilbur L. Ross, Jr. Mr. Clive Runnells Mrs. Arthur M. Sackler Mr. Leveo V. Sanchez Dr. Ivan Selin Mrs. Holley Smirh Miss Kathleen D. Smith Mr. A. Alfred Taubman Mrs. Jean Thompson Mr. Jeffrey N. Watanabe Mr. Barry Lawson Williams Honorary Members Mr. William S. Anderson Mr. Richard P. Cooley Mr. Joseph F. Cullman III Mr. Charles D. Dickey, Jr. Hon. Leonard K. Firestone Mr. Alfred C. Glassell, Jr. Mr. W. L. Hadley Griffin Hon. William A. Hewitt Mr. James M. Kemper, Jr. Mr. Seymour H. Knox III Mr. Lewis A. Lapham Hon. George C. McGhee Justice Sandra D. O'Connor Mr. S. Dillon Ripley Mr. Francis C. Rooney, Jr. Hon. ThomasJ. Watson, Jr. Mrs. Gay F. Wray Resource Members Mr. George B. Bingham, Jr Mrs. Susan Catherwood Mr. S. Charles Kemp Mr. Thomas M. Keresey Mr. Alexander K. McLanahai Mr. John W. Morrison Mr. Charles W. Schmidt Mrs. Ellen Walton Mr. T. Evans Wyckoff Smithsonian National Board members Frank Hoch, with his wife, Lisina, and Dollie Cole experience a lift into the upper reaches of a tropical forest on the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute's canopy access crane during the National Board's spring meeting in Panama, April 7-5. 7993. 73 Donors of Financial Support The following donors have made gifts of $1,000 or more to the Smith- sonian. Certain donors have requested anonymity. If the name of any other donor has been omitted, the omission is unintentional and in no way diminishes the Smithsonian's appreciation. The Ford Foundation Mrs. Enid A. Haupt Mrs James Stewart Hooker Mr. Glenn O. Tupper Lila Wallace-Reader's Digest Fund Friends of the National Zoo Andrew W, Mellon Foundation American Chemical Society American Express Company Amentech Mr. and Mrs. James A. Block The Chubb Corporation Citicorp/Citibank Mrs. Evelyn Y. Davis The Greenwich Workshop, lm Hallmark Cards, Inc. Hughes Medical Institute S. C. Johnson & Son, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Samuel C.Johnson W. Alton Jones Foundation, Inc. John S. and James L. Knigln Foundation The John D. & Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation McDonnell Douglas Corporation NYNEX Material Enterprises Company National Association of Letter Carriers The Nature Conservancy Occidental Chemical Corp. Orkin Pest Control The Pew Charitable Trusts Philip D. Reed Foundation, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Philip D. Reed, Jr. Margaret Knowles Schink Mr. Bernie Stadiem Timex Corporation Wiken Promotion & Advertising Harry Winston Research Foundation, Inc. Mr. Ronald H. Winston Wolf Trap Foundation tor the Performing Arts Anonymous AT&T Mr. Arthur G. Altschul American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums American Postal Workers Union, AFL-CIO The Annenberg Foundation Arcadia Foundation BHP-Utah International, Inc. BOC Health Care Inc. Brother International Corporation Morris & Gwendolyn Cafritz Foundation Computerworld Information Technology Awards Foundation, Inc. The Nathan Cummings Foundation Gerald ine R. Dodge Foundation The Barbara Gauntlett Foundation, Inc. Mr. Robert C. Graham, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Frank W. Hoch The Island Fund in the New York Community Trust James Renwick Alliance Dr. Karl V. Krombein Mr. Robert B. Lehrman Merrill Lynch & Company Foundation, Inc. Eugene and Agnes E. Meyer Foundation Mr. John Murchake National Corn Growers Association National Geographic Society National Grange of The Order of Patrons of Husbandry National Postal Forum National Potato Promotion Board National Rural Letter Carriers' Association Norfolk Southern Foundation Overbrook Foundation The Rockefeller Foundation Mrs. Else Sackler Mr. and Mrs. W. Mason Shehan C. V. Starr Foundation SteifTUSA, L.P Time Warner Turner Foundation, Inc. Mr. Robert E. Turner III Frederick R. Weisman Art Foundatn Zoologische Gesellschaft AMS Foundation for the Arts, Sciences 'and Humanities Mr Alexander Acevedo The Aga Khan Trust for Culture Air Line Pilots Association Alexander Galleries American Advertising Federation American Association for tht- Advancement of Science American Bankers Association The American Law Institute- Mr. and Mrs. William S. Anderson Anheuser-Busch Companies, Inc. Arianespace Inc. Arts International Mrs. Russe! M. Arundel Ascom Hasler Mailing Systems, Inc. The Barker Welfare Foundation Mrs. Frederic C. Bartlett Mr. Perry R. Bass The Beinecke Foundation The Bohen Foundation Boston Whaler, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Stephen F. Brauer Mr. George W. Brett The Brown Foundation, Inc. Browning-Ferns Industries Inc Bryn Mawr College Emil Buehler Trust Mrs Jackson Burke California Council for the Humamtes, Inc. Cardiology Research Foundation Ms. Agnes Carvel Dorothy Jordan Chadwick Fund Chase Manhattan Bank N.A. Elizabeth F. Cheney Foundation Chicago Architecture Foundation Chrysler Corporation Clark Construction Group Inc. Robert Sterling Clark Foundation Clark- Winchcole Foundation The Coca-Cola Company The Colbert Foundation, Inc. The Columbia House Company Ruth Boyer Compton and Robert C. Compton Consolidated Edison Co. of New York. Inc. Crowell & Monng Crown Crafts, Inc. Mr. Tom Cruise Ms. Josephine R. Cunningham Cyprus Minerals Company Evelyn Y. Davis Foundation Democratic Party of South Carolina The Dibner Fund, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. David Dibner The Discovery Channel Government of the District of Columbia The Max and Victoria Dreynas Foundation Dun & Bradstreet International Du DynCorp Mr. and Mrs. John L. Ernst Exxon Corporation Fairchild Space & Defense Corp. Mr. Paul Fireman Roger S. Firestone Foundation Richard Florsheim Art Fund Folger Fund Mrs. Kathnne D. Folger Mr. Lee Merntt Folger Mr. Randy Freer Dr. and Mrs. Phillip Frost General Electric Japan J. Paul Getty Trust Mr. and Mrs. Daniel D. Gilbert The Gillette Company Ms. Patricia L. Glaser Glen Eagles Foundation Gold Bond-Good Humor Ice Cream Horace W. Goldsmith Foundation Florence J. Gould Foundation The Jerome L. Greene Foundation, Inc. The Greenstone Foundation Mr. and Mrs. W. L. Hadley Griffin Mr. H.Malcolm Grimmer Grumman Corporation Miriam & Peter Haas Fund Mr. Peter E. Haas, Sr. Drue Heinz Foundation Heller International Group Hewlett-Packard Co. Hill Wynne Troop & Meisinger Hillsdale Fund, Inc. HirschI & Adler Galleries, Inc Hitachi, Ltd. Ruth S. and A. William Holmberg Hong Kong Economic & Trade Office, British Embassy Hughes Danbury Optical Systems IBM Corporation Information Resources, Inc. Instituto Nacional De Pesquisas Espaciais Inter-American Development Bank International LInion for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Ittleson Foundation, Inc. JAFRA Cosmetics, Inc. Johnson & Johnson Ms. Mary Eddy Jones J. M. Kaplan Fund, Inc. W. K. Kellogg Foundation William T Kemper Foundation The David Woods Kemper Memorial Foundation Mr. and Mrs. James M. Kemper, Jr. Mrs. Dorothy R. Kidder Mr. John S.King F. M. Kirby Foundation, Inc. Mr. FredM.Kirbyll Kirkpatnck Foundation, Inc. Seymour H. Knox Foundation The Samuel H. Kress Foundation Krueger Family Foundation Mr. Walter Landor Lee Foundation, Inc. Sydney & Frances Lewis Foundation Richard Lounsbery Foundation Madison Charitable Fund, Inc. Mr. Richard A. Manoogian Mr. Stanley Marcus Marpat Foundation, Inc. Mars Foundation Mr. and Mrs. John F. Mars Martin Marietta Corporation Masco Corporation McDonald's Corporation 74 Secretary Robert McC. Adams joins Secretary Emeritus S. Dillon Rip- leys three daughters (left to right) — Rosemary Lanius, Julie Miller, and Sylvia Addison — at a gala celebrating Mr. Ripley's 8oth birth- day and the establishment of the S. Dillon Ripley Library Endowment for the Smithsonian Institution Libraries. McGraw Foundation McNeil Consumer Produces Company Mr. Robert L. McNeil, Jr. Gilbert and J ay lee Mead Mr. Paul Mellon Mr. and Mrs. Jeffery W. Meyer Mill Pond Press Inc. Morning Star Gallery, Ltd. Enid & Lester Morse Foundation, Inc. Henry & Lucy Moses Fund, Inc. Ruth Mott Fund NCR Corporation National Association of Postal Supervisors National Precast Concrete Association, Inc. National Space Club National Star Route Mail Contractors Association The Nature Company Neiman Marcus New York Telephone The New York Times Company Foundation Carroll ik Nancy O'Connor Foundation David & Lucile Packard Foundation Mrs. Mary Marvin Patterson J. C. Penney Company, Inc. The Pfizer Foundation, Inc. Phelps Dodge Corporation Philip Morris Companies, Inc. Mrs. Charles E. Phillips Piasecki Aircraft Corp. Postal Commemorative Society Price Waterhouse— U.S. Ralston Purina Company Mr. William M. Ray Mr. Michael Reagan Reebok Foundation Mr. Robert F. Rick Ms. Ann R Roberts Mr. John R. Robinson Rodale Press Mr. and Mrs. Milton F. Rosenthal The Arthur Ross Foundation Mr. Arthur Ross Helena Rubinstein Foundation Arthur M. Sackler Foundation Mrs. Arthur M. Sackler Mr. Kenneth I. Sawyer The Betty A. & Lloyd G Schermer Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Lloyd G Schermer The Science Alliance Catherine F. Scott and Kenneth J. Scott Shell International Petroleum Co. Ltd. Shell Oi! Company Foundation Mr. Charles Simon The Sister Fund Alfred P. Sloan Foundation The Society for In format ion Management Spring Creek Art Foundation, Inc. Stamp Venturers Taubman Endowment for the Arts Mr A. Alfred Taubman The Ruth and Vernon Taylor Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Vernon F. Taylor, Jr. Texaco, Inc. Eugene and Clair Thaw Charitable Trust Tianmmlou Foundation Tiffany ik Company Transamerica Occidental Life Insurance Company Trust for Mutual Understanding Turner Broadcasting Sales Turner Broadcasting Systemjnc U.S. Borax Inc. USA Network Unico Banking Group Waltham Centre for Pet Nutrition Mr. and Mrs. Milton H. Ward Waste Management, Inc, The Hon. and Mrs. ThomasJ. Watson, Jr. Mrs. Ruth L. Webb Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. Western Publishing Company Lawrence A. Wien Foundation, Inc. Daniel F. Williams, Ph.D. World Wildlife Fund Mrs. Gay F. Wray Mr. Robert J. Wynne Mr. John R. Young Mrs. Nancy Behrend Zirkle Sir Valentine Abdy Mr Roger Abelson Ms. Ann Simmons Alspaugh American Architectural Foundation American Institute of Aeronautics & Astronautics Mrs Robert Amory, Jr. Mrs. Dale Anderson The Art Research Foundation Mrs. Mary M. Ashmore Aspen National Indian Benefit BPI Communications Inc. Barra Foundation, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Austin Barrows The Richard & Amelia Bernstein Foundation, Inc. Mr. Richard A. Bernstein Hon. and Mrs. Max N. Berry The Boston Society of Architects Botwinick-Wolfensohn Foundation Bristol-Myers Squibb Company The Eli Broad Family Foundation Vaughn W. Brown Charitable Trust Brunschwig&Fils, Inc. Buck Investments C. E. & S. Foundation, Inc. Cahners Publishing Company Maj. Gen. and Mrs. Daniel S. Campbell, USAF (Ret.) Mr. Walter Carpenter Carrier Corporation Chevron Chevy Chase Federal Savings Bank Children's Television Workshop Mr. Willard G.Clark Community Foundation for Monterey County ComputerLand Conservation, Food & Health Foundation, Inc. Mrs. Lammot du Pont Copeland Ms. Florence Corder-Witter Mr. Roger E. Covey Mrs. Carole D. Crocker Mr. and Mrs. Joseph F. Cullman III Dade Community Foundation Mr. Donald Dan Data East USA, Inc. Mr Charles D. Dickey, Jr. Valerie Charles Diker Fund, inc. Mr. and Mrs. Charles M. Diker The Dillon Fund Ms. Mama Disbrow Mrs. Gaylord Donnelley The Douglass Foundation Mr. Donald J. Douglass Mr. and Mrs. G. Robert Durham Mr. and Mrs. Robert Eberly The Ebsworth Foundation Mr. James Economos Fidicomiso Para La Cultura Mexico/USA Mr. Richard B. Fisher Mrs. DielleFleischmann Walter & Josephine Ford Fund Mrs. Rita Fraad Freeport-McMoRan Inc. Mr. S. L. Fung Fung, Yu & Co. Ann & Gordon Getty Foundation Ms. Mary Helen Gildea Mr. George J. Gillespie Mr. and Mrs. Alfred C, Glassell, Jr. Goldman, Sachs & Co. Graham Foundation for Advanced Studies in the Fine Arts Mr and Mrs. Arthur Gray, Jr. Mary Livingston Griggs and Mary Griggs Burke Foundation Fundacao Calouste Gulbenkian Mrs. Carol P. Guyer Walter and Elise Haas Fund Mr. Walter A. Haas, Jr. Mr. HughHalffJr. Mrs. Alice Harris Mr. Stanley Harris Mr. Alan J. Hirschfield 01ga& Joseph H. Hirshhorn Foundation, Inc. Mrs. Olga Hirshhorn Mr. and Mrs. Christian C. Hohenlohe Mr. and Mrs. S. Roger Horchow Mrs. Dora Donner Ide JVC Company of America Mrs. Roy Z.Johnson Mr. David A. Jones, Jr. Mrs. Linda Lichtenberg Kaplan Mr. Maurice H. Katz The Katzenberger Foundation, Inc. Mrs. Loretta Kaufman Mr. Victor Kaufman Dr. and Mrs. Clinton W. Kelly III Mrs. Jean R. Knox Mr. Robert P. Kogod Ms. Phyllis R. Kraus Mr. James J. Lally Mr. and Mrs. Frank Y. Larkin Mr. Ralph Lauren Ms. Roxie C. Laybourne The General & Mrs. Curtis E. Lemay Foundation Mr. Melvin Lenkin The Lerner-Gray Foundation, Inc. Mr. Alan D. Levy Mr. Robert L. Lewin William & Nora Lichtenberg Foundation Mr. Meredith J. Long The Robert Mapplethorpe Foundation, Inc. Friends of Karen Marchioro The Stanley & Linda Marcus Foundation Col. Billie G. Matheson, USAF (Ret.) Mr. William P. McClure Chauncey & Marion Deering McCormick Foundation Mr. Brooks B. McCormick Nan Tucker McEvoy Foundation, Inc. Dextra Baldwin McGonagle Foundation McGovern Fund for the Behavioral Sciences McGraw-Hill, Inc. McKinsey & Company, lnc Mr. Scott McVay Mr. John C. Meeker Mrs. Withrow Weir Meeker Metropolitan Center for Far Easrern Art Studies Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago Miss Julienne M. Michel Monsanto Company Ms Lucille G.Murchison Mystic Stamp Company Natural Heritage Trust Mr. Assen Nicolov 75 Edward John Noble Foundation, Inc. The Norcliffe Fund Oceantrawl Inc. October Art Ltd. Ralph E. Ogden Foundation, Inc. John M. Olin Foundation The RLE. Mutual Insurance Company Ms. Sondra R. Peterson Ellis L. Phillips Foundation Phillips Petroleum Company R. L. Polk and Company Polo/Ralph Lauren Corporation Mr. John J. Pomerantz Mrs. Annemarie H. Pope Lt. Col. Norman S. Portcnoy, USAF(Ret.) Mr. Meyer P. Potamkin Ms. Kathleen A. Prcciado Mr. David S. Purvis Mr. and Mrs. Harvey W. Rambach Random House Inc. Ms. Mary W. Renoll Research Foundation of the City University of New York Tlu- Rex Foundation Dr. Wynetka Ann Reynolds Hon and Mrs. S. Dillon Ripley II The Robbms Company Mr. and Mrs. Richard Roob Mr. and Mrs. John N. Rosekrans, Jr. Mr. Arthur F.Sackler Mr. and Mrs. David Saity Salad King, Inc. Charles E. Sampson Memorial Foundation Mr. James F. Sams Sanderling Properties Mr. Fayez Sarofim Schwartz Family Foundation David Schwartz Foundation Inc. Mr Alan E. Schwartz Mr Richard J. Schwartz Mr. and Mrs. Robert F. Shapiro Mrs. Shirley P. Sichel Mr. William Kelly Simpson John Sloan Memorial Foundation, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. E. Maynard Smith Mr. Maury L. Spanier Steelcase Design Partnership Irvin Stern Foundation Dr. Judith P. Sulzberger The Swiss Academy of" Human and Social Sciences A. Alfred Taubman Restated Revocable Trust Mr. and Mrs. Bertrand L. Taylor III Roy and Niuta Titus Foundation Transmanche-Link Mr. T. T. Tsui VIPA Foundation The Washington Biologist Field Club, Inc. The Washington Press Ellen Bayard Weedon Foundation Mrs. Nancy Brown Wellin Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research Mrs. Alexander Wetmore Mr. Gerald Weymes Ms. Mary Gwen Wheeler Mrs. Linda H.White Wildlife Conservation International Edward M. Wilson Foundation Mr. James D. Wolfensohn Mr. and Mrs. T. Evans Wyckoff Anonymous Abbeville Press, Inc. Harry N. Abrams Incorporated Abramson Family Foundation, Inc Mr. Ronald D. Abramson Mr. Garett J. Albert Mr. Arnold J. Alderman Ms. Linda G. Alexander Mrs. Christine Allen Mrs. T Roosevelt Allen Allied-Signal Foundation Alsdorf Foundation Mrs. James W. Alsdorf American Society of Interior Designers American Turkish Friendship Council Ameleb Club of San Antonio American Institute of Architects, New York Chapter Amencan Institute of Architects American Institute of Wine & Food American Legion American Underground Space Association John Beverly Amos & Elena Diaz- Verson Amos Foundation, Inc. Amos Press, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Douglas Anderson Mr. and Mrs. William G. Anderson Antique Tribal Art Dealers Association, Inc ARCO Foundation Art of the Past, Inc Atlantic Mutual Companies Atwood Richards, Inc. BP America, ln< Mrs. Thomas K. Baker Mr. and Mrs. Robert Balzer Mr. Robert Barbanell BankAmenca Foundation Barnett Banks, Inc. Harry Bass Foundation Mr. C. Victor Beadles Mrs. Patricia Davis Beck Bellcore Benjamin Moore & Co. Mrs. Maria W. Bennett Dr. Richard H. Benson Bentley Mills, Inc. Mr. Richard H. Berg Bergman Family Charitable Trust Mrs. RuthM. Berlin Diane & Norman Bernstein Foundation, Inc. David Bernstein Fine Arts Berry-Hill Galleries, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Robert Bevins Beyond the Wall Biblical Archaeology Society Mr. and Mrs. Barry Bingham, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Moreton Binn Mr. and Mrs. Douglas L. Blair Mr. George J. Blitz Mr. and Mrs. Richard L. Bloch Mr. Stuart Marshall Bloch Mr. Huntington T. Block Edith C. Blum Foundation Blum-Kovler Foundation The Boeing Company Mrs. Howard M. Booth Ms. Margaret L. Bourgerie W.J. Bowen Foundation Mr. and Mrs. W.J. Bowen Mrs. John W, Bowman Dr. and Mrs. John Brademas Mr. and Mrs. John Bradley Brazilian-American Cultural Institut Inc. Ms. Colleen D. Bnndle Mr. Donald G. Bnnkman The British Embassy Mr. Howard Brokaw Mr. Donald A. Brown Mrs. David K. E. Bruce Mario Buatta, Inc. Ms. Joan Bull Mrs. John Lee Bunce Mrs. John B. Bunker Mrs. George E. Burch Mr. David A. Burns III Dr. and Mrs. Irving F. Burton Business Mail Express, Inc. CH2M Hill Incorporated Calgary Zoo Mr. and Mrs. Cason J. Callaway, Jr. Camalott Charitable Foundation Mrs. Constance R. Caplan Mr. Donald Carl Mr. and Mrs. Richard W. Carr Mr. and Mrs. Cummins Catherwood, Jr. Mrs. Hannah L. Cayton Mr. Fan Chai Chambord, Inc. Chanel, Inc. William E. Channing & Co., Inc. Ms. Sarah James Chapin Charvoz Chemical Bank Mr. and Mrs. Ivan Chermayeff Ms. Allene R. Chiesman Dr. and Mrs. Timothy W. Childs Dr. and Mrs. Robert C. C. Chiu Ms. Parscilla Meek Christy Mr. Kenneth Chu Mr. W. P. Chung CIGNA Corporation Mr. Dennis Cinllo Mrs. Dexter Cinllo Claritas Corporation Mr. and Mrs. Landon T Clay Mr. James A. Clements Mr. Harmon M. Cohen Mr. Saul Z. Cohen Mr. and Mrs. Marcus Cohn Mrs. Dollie A. Cole Mr. Edwin I. Colodny Computer Associates International Computer Sciences Corporation Conde Nast Publications, Inc. Conservation International Consolidated Natural Gas Co. Mr. Richard P. Cooley Coordination Council for North American Affairs Mr. Joseph Coppotelli Corning, Incorporated Mrs. Rosemary B. Corroon Mr. Lloyd E. Cotsen Ruth Covo Family Foundation Mr. Henry P. Cowen Mrs. William H. Cowles III Crestar Financial Corporation Mt. and Mrs. Kenneth M. Crosby Mr. Robert L. Cummings Mr. John R. Curtis Mr. Richard Danziger Mrs. Wahleah Faulkner Davis Mr. Wallace C. Dayton The Debs Foundation Mr. Joseph P. Decaminada Mrs. Kathleen C. Delfino DeLuxe Corporation Foundation Mrs. Mary J. Deutschbein Dewey Trading Company Dexter Shoe Company Mrs. Barbaralee Diamonstem- Spielvogel Orlando Diaz-Azcuy Designs, Inc. Mr. John Henry Dick Digital Equipment Corporation Mr. and Mrs. George C. Dillon Mr. Clarence Dodge, Jr. Mrs. Tatiana Dominick Mr. Larry D. Droppa Ms. Diane M. Dudley Hon. and Mrs. Robert W. Duemling Mrs. M. D. Duggan The Dunoir Fund Trust Dutch Institutional Holding Co. Mr. and Mrs. Robert K. Edson Mr. JoelS. Ehrenkranz R. H. Ellsworth, Limited Mary Emmerling, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Takashi Endo The Lois & Richard England Foundation Environmental Defense Fund Eskenazi, Ltd. Estee Lauder Companies Fairmont Trading Company Mr. George Fan Federal National Mortgage Association Mr. and Mrs. Avery C. Faulkner Dr. Robert S. Feinberg Mrs. Joan J. Feldman Mr. Mark Richard Feller Fenn Galleries Dr. James J. Ferguson, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Hart Fessenden Fireman's Fund Insurance Company Harvey S. Firestone Foundation Mr. Aiken W. Fisher Miles & Shirley Fiterman Charitable Trust Mr. Lawrence A. Fleischman Ms. Jane G. Flener Dr. OliverS. Flint, Jr. Flonan Papp, Inc. The Flowe Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Henry N. Flynt, Jr. Mr. John Gilmore Ford Mr. William C. Ford Foucus/Infinity Fund Ms. Jacqueline Fowler Mr. George S. Franklin Stephen & Barbara Friedman Foundation Alana &. Lewis Frumkes Foundation, Inc. Mrs. Norma Lee Funger GZA Geoenvironmental, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Ernest Gallo Mt. Howard Ganek Mr. and Mrs. Stephen Gans Ms. Cheryl Ganz TheJoAnn and Julian Ganz, Jr., Foundation Trust Mr. Paul Vickers Gardner Ari] Gasiunasen Fine Art of Palm Beach, Inc. General Dynamics General Electric Aircraft Engines Georgia-Pacific Sumner Gerard Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Paul R. Gibson Mr. Richard Gilbert 76 Mr. Norman E. Gill Mrs. J. A.Gill Mr. John D.Gilliam The Howard Gilman Foundation Dr. Kurt A. Gitter & Ms. Alice Yelen Mr. and Mrs. Joel Givertz Mr. Arnold B. Glimcher Mr. Marc Glimcher Mr. Robert G. Goelet Mr. Matthew A. Gohd Mr. Leslie H.Goldberg Mr. Mark L. Goldsmith The Goodman Family Foundation Mr. Stephen Gordon Robert C. Graebner Chapter #17, American First Day Cover Society Mr. Donald E. Graham Mrs. Katharine M. Graham Mr. Stephen Graham Ms. Margo Grant Greater Washington IBM Club Glenn Green Galleries Mr. E. A. Greenlee Mr. William Greer, Jr. Hon. and Mrs. Donald P. Gregg Bruce Gregga Interiors, Inc. Ms. FredericaH.Gnes Mrs. Alfred Grigis Grow Tunneling Mr. Charles Guggenheim Gull States Papet Corporation Gwathmey Siegel & Associates Architects Mr. Jack Haas Mohamed I. Hakki, Inc. Haley and Aldrich Company Mrs. Melville Hall Mr. Robert A. Hamilton Mr. Mark Hampton Mr. and Mrs. John M. Harbert III The Phil Hardin Foundation Mr. Jack R. Harlan Mr. Erwin Harris Mr. and Mrs. Marion Edwyn Harrison Law Offices of Marion Harrison Mr. John W. Hechinger, Sr. Mr. Charles Hess Hill's Pet Products, Inc. Mr. Frederick Hill Mrs.Janine W. Hill Leslie Hindman, Inc. Ms. Dorothy Hines Mr. Howard Hirsch Hirsch/Bender Associates Ms. Minette Goldsmith Hoffheimer Mr. Henry C. Hofheimer II Hoechst Celanese Mr. Jonathan Holstein Ms. Lynne Honickman Mrs. H. Earl Hoover Mr. Raymond J. Horowitz Elaine Horwitch Galleries Mr. Mark Horwitch Mr. Joseph E. Hotung Mrs. Veronica A. Huber Mr. Frederick G. L. Huetwell Mrs. Caroline H. Hume The Hunter Foundation Mr. Allan B. Hunter IFINT-USA, Inc. Ingersoll-Rand Mr. L. R. Inggels Ms. Jane H.Ingram Institute for Advanced Computer Studies Interior Space International International Centre for Diffraction Data International Council for Bird Preservation, U.S. Section Dr. and Mrs. Nelson S. Irey The Irwin Family Mr Robert Israel Dr. Jay A.Jackson Mrs. Maureen R. Jacoby Mr. Richard J. Janes Mrs. Yasmin Aga Khan Jeffries Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust The Jerusalem Fund for Education & Community Development Dr. Helen I.Jessup Mr. and Mrs. George F. Jewett, Jr. Mrs. Patricia C. Johnson Mrs. Janine I. Joseph Mr. William Josephson Mrs. Florence Jue Andrew Kahane, Ltd. Mr. and Mrs. Jacob Kainen Mrs. Marjone S. Kantor Mr Subhash Kapoor H. Kaveeshwar Mr. Jack Kay Mr. Allan Keeff Ms. Sharon H. Keim R. C. Kemper Charitable Trust Mr. David B. Kendall Mr. and Mrs. Jeffrey Kenner Mr. and Mrs. Thomas M. Keresey The Robert & Grayce Kerr Foundation, Inc. Mr. William G. Kerr Mr. Arthur H. Keyes, Jr. Mrs. Garfield King Mr. and Mrs. Gilbert Hart Kinney Mr. Lincoln K.rstein Mr. Frederick A. Klingenstein Ms. Nancy R. Klusmeyer The Knoll Group Mrs. Margaret R. Knudsen Ms. Virginia D. Koch Mr. Samuel W. Koffler Mr. Steven W. Kohlhagen Mr. and Mrs. Michael Kokin Lt. Col. William K. and Mrs. Alice S. Konze Mr. Ane L. Kopelman Mrs. Kate Kopp Dr. Charles Koski Mr. Peter B. Kovler Dr. S. Y Kwan Dr. Simon Sin-Ming Kwan LBJ Family Foundation Dr. Corliss Lamont Landsman & Katz Foundation, Inc The Allene & Jerome Lapides Foundation, Inc. Mr. Chester H. Lasell Mr. Leonard A. Lauder Mr. Jerome Lederer Naomi Leff & Associates, Inc. Mr. John H.Lehman Mrs. Suparp Lekagul Lemberg Foundation, Inc. Mr Edward J. Lenkin & Ms. Kachenne L. Meier Mr. Jacques E. Lennon Hon. William Leonhart Mrs. Linda S.Lese Mr. John H.Leslie Mr. Stephan J. Levine The Max and Anna Levinson Foundation Mr Marshall Levinson Mr. Arthur Levitt, Jr. Mr. James P. Liautaud Mrs. Alexander C. Liggett Eli Lilly & Company Mr. Richard H. Lindberg Mr. and Mrs. Robert V. Lindsay Mr. R. Robert Linowes Will.am Lipscomb Co., LP Ms. Elizabeth Lorentz Mrs. Catherine H. Luhn Mr. Peter Lunder Mr. and Mrs. Edmund C. Lynch, Jr. Russ Lyon Realty Company Mr Dennis H. Lyon Mr. Russ Lyon, Jr. James A. Macdonald Foundation Mr. and Mrs. A. Bryan MacMillan Dr. Iain Mackay Magowan Family Foundation Mrs. Dons M. Magowan Mr. IvanMakil Mr. and Mrs. Robert H. Malott Manchester Postal Customer Council Mr James Marinaccio Mr Peter Marino Mr Forrest E. Mars, Jr. Mrs. Virginia Mae Mars Mr and Mrs. John F. Marshall, Jr. Hon. and Mrs. William N. Martin, Jr. Maj. Gen. and Mrs. Raymond E. Mason, Jr. Ms. Johanne Master Mr. George T. Matteson Ms. Nedra Matteucci Jacob & Ruth Mazer Foundation, Inc Mr David Mazer Mrs. Nan Tucker McEvoy McGhee Production Company Hon. and Mrs. George C. McGhee Mr. George W. McKerrow, Sr. Mr and Mrs. Alexander K. McLanahan Mr. James E. McLeod Medicine Valley Trading Company The Meek Foundation Mr and Mrs. Hassanali Mehran Mrs. Constance Mellen Mrs. Ida C. Merriam Mr. and Mrs. Richard M. Mernman The Mernn Gallery, Inc. Ms. Vivian Merr.n Mr Jack L. Messman Mr. and Mrs. Otto E. Meyer Microsoft Corporation Midtown Payson Galleries, Inc. Mrs. Ellen G. Miles The Ar|ay and Frances Miller Foundation Mrs. George H. Milton Mr. Raymond J. Minella Mr. and Mrs. J. Kent Minichiello Mr Robert H. Moffat t, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Peter R. Monrose, Jr. Ms. Bridget Moore Elayne Mordes, A.S.I. D. J. P. Morgan & Company, Incorporated Mr. and Mrs. Paul S. Morgan Mr. John W. Morrison Mornson-Knudsen Corporation Mr. K. F Mountcastle Dr. and Mrs. George E. Mueller Mrs. Anne W. Murray Museum Educational Charitable Trust Myers Communications, Inc NAMSB Foundation, Inc. National Association of Postmasters of the U.S., Texas Chapter Naga Antiques, Ltd. National Association of Secondary School Principals National Association of Dealers in Antiques National Fish and Wildlife Foundation National Association of Life Underwriters Navy Mail Service Veterans Association The Nelson Foundation Mr H. Duane Nelson Mr. Howard Nelson Nestle Beverage Company The Netherlands-American Amity Trust, Inc. Roy R. and Mane S. Neuberger Foundation, Inc Neutrogena Corporation The New York Community Trust New York Foundation for the Arts The New York Posral Customer Council Mr. P B. Newman Niagara Envelope Company, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. William A. Nitze II Dr. Stanton P. Nolan Mr James R. Northcutt Mr. and Mrs. Lucio A. Noto Mr. E.J. Nutter Mr. and Mrs. Carroll O'Connor Mrs. Kay D. O'Rourke The Ohrstrom Foundation, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Ricard R. Ohrstrom Mr and Mrs. Lawrence B. Olds The Bernard Osher Foundation Mrs. Glenna Osnos Ms. MachikoOyama PPG Industries, Inc. Pace Gallery New York, Inc. Walter Pach Acquistion Fund Pacific Enterprises Mr. William Pappjr Mrs. Mary J. Pap worth Mrs. Dorothy Parish Pansh-Hadley Associates, Inc. The Parsons Corporation Parsons, Brinckerhoff, Quade & Douglass Inc. Mrs. George I. Pattee Mr and Mrs. James Patton, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. John W. Payson Perkin-EImer Corp. Mr. and Mrs. Robert A. Perkins The Peters Corporation Mr. Gerald P. Peters The Pfeil Family Foundation Mr Richard B. Pfeil Phelps Dodge Foundation Mr Jim Philips Mr Lawrence S. Phillips Phillips-van Heusen Foundation, Inc. Beverly and Barry Pierce Pine Mountain Benevolent Foundation, Inc. Mr Max Pine Mr. Joseph T. Pisciotta Potndexter Enterprises, Inc. Mr Ronald Poon The Port Royal Foundation, Inc Mrs. CarolC. Price Mr and Mrs. Thomas J. Pritzker 77 Paul R. Gibson Associates International Dr. and Mrs. Alvm N Puryear RJR Nabisco, In, Mr.JackRachlm Mrs. Lois S. Raphling Dr. Patricia E. Redmond Mr. and Mrs. Douglas F. Reeves Mr. Rodney D. Reeves Dr. Nathan Reingold Mr. and Mrs. Keith Reinhard Emerson & Delores Reinsch Foundation The Research Foundation ol State University of New York Mr. Danforth K. Richardson \1. Ril. Ms. Nancy Rivera Dr. Kenneth X. Robbins Mr David Rockefeller, Sr. Hon and Mrs John D. Rockefeller. IV Mrs. Mary Ellene Rockwell Ms. Karol Kirberger Rodriquez Mr. Francis C, Rooney.Jr, Mr and Mrs. Robert W. Root Mr. Samuel G. Rose Mrs. Gloria F. Ross Ms. Kathenne Ross Mr. Gary Roth Dr. and Mrs. Robert C. Rothenberg Clive RunnelK Enterprises Mr. and Mrs. Clive Runnells Mr. Ronald Ruskin Ms Dolores II Russ Mrs. Robert A Ruyle Ms. Elizabeth A. Sackler Dr. Marietta Lutze Sackler Mr. Marvin S.uhk Saga Musical Instruments Ms. I telen Leidy Samson San Diego (Community Foundation Santa Fe 1 totel Joint Venture Santa Fe Pacihc Minerals Corp Dr. Raiindra K. Sarin Saudi Arabian Oil Company Mr ( lurlesW. Schmidt Mr. Anthony H. Schnellmg Mr. David Schoenbach Mr. Morton L.Scholnick Mrs. Gene Marble Schroeder O.P. Schuman & Sons, Inc. Scott Publishing Companv, Inc Mrs. Frances W. Scott Mr. and Mrs. Isadore M. Scott J.E. Seagram Corp. Mrs. Florence B. Selden Mr UaoSetsu Shannon and Wilson, Inc. Mr. J. Gary Shansby J.F Shea Company, Inc. Dr. Robert M. Shepard.Jr. Sherwoods Spirit of America Dr. and Mrs. Roger J. Shott Mr. and Mrs. R. F. Sibert Mrs. John Farr Simmons Mrs. Dorre Simmons Esther Simon Charitable Trust Mrs. Leo Simon Mr. Stephen Simon Mrs. Manley H. Simons Mrs. Wilson Sked Mr. and Mrs. Robert Skelly Mrs. Alan P. Smith Dr. Frank O. Smith Mr. Dean B. Smith Gordon and Norma Smith Family Foundation Miss Jean Chandler Sm.th Ms. Kathy Daubert Smith Ms. Laura Smith SmithKlineBeecham Mr. and Mrs. Eliot Snider Mrs. Lillian Sokol Sotheby's, Inc. Ira Spanierman Gallery Mr. and Mrs. John L. Sparks Mr. Carl Spielvogel Mr. Theodore R. Stanley Dr. Frank Stanton Steelcase, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. William C. Storey Mr. Stephen M. Stroud Siructure Tone, Inc. Ms. Marjone Louise Stuart The Summerlee Foundation The Swiss African Society TRW Foundation TRW Space & Defense Ms. Mahindc-rK Tak Mr. Saburo Takahashi Dr. and Mrs. Frank H. Talbot I he Martin Tanabaum Foundation, In. Mr. Robert Ching Tang Mr. George Terasaki Texas Folk life Resources J Walter Thompson Co. Mrs 1 linor B. Thompson Dr. F. Christian Thompson Mrs Ru hard L. Thompson Ms. Joyce Thurston Time-Life Books, Inc. The Times Mirror Foundation Tishman Speyer Propen ies Mr. John Tishman Mr. Donald G. Tober Ms. Marana W. Tost Mr. Theow H. Tow Mr. Ted Trotta, Jr. Traveler's Companies Mr. Alexander B. Trowbridge Tyler Graphics Ltd. Mr. Kenneth E. Tyler U. S. Council lor Energy Awareness US West USG Interiors, Inc. United Technologies Corporation Hon. and Mrs. Thomas G. Upton Charlotte von Graftenned, Ph.D. Mr. and Mrs. George W. Veale IV Ms. Marion J. Veale Dr. M. C. Vincent Mr. John C Waddell Waletzky Charitable Lead Trust Dr. Jeremy P. Waletzky Walker Group/CNI. Inc. Mr. Kenneth H.Walker Mr Paul F. Walter Mr. and Mrs. James M. Walton Mr. John C.Walton Mr. Allen Wardwell Warner Brothers Television Mr. Jack W.Warner Mrs. Saul Warshaw The Washington Post Company Washington Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Jeffrey N. Watanabe Mrs. Arvid G. Wedin Mr. and Mrs. Dietrich Weismann Pierre J. Wertheimer Foundation, In Mrs. James Stewart Honker and son Gilbert S. Kahn attend the Na- tional Museum of Natural History's Founders Dinner given to honor the founding donors of the museum's National Gem and Mineral Col- lation, Mrs. Hooker is wearing the 75-carat Hooker emerald, which Jh donated to tht museum in 1977. This year, she contributed $3 mil- lion to the renovation of the new Hall of Geology, Gems, and Minerals, which will he named in her honor on its completion in 1996. On an early spring day, Enid A. Haupt takes a stroll through the 4-2- a ere garden she established and endowed. (Photo by Rick Vargas) Robert Westheimer Family Fund Westinghouse Electric Mrs. Catherine M. Weston Miss Winifred E. Weter Shelby White Dr. David E. Wildt Mr. Julius Wile Mr. Austin B. Williams Dave H. & Reba W. Williams Foundation Mrs. Marguerite Neal Williams Eh Wilner& Company, Inc. Mr. Mark Winter Wisdom Import Sales Company Ms. Esrelle R. Wolf Mrs. Susie June Wolfe World's Finest Chocolate, Inc. Yale University You Bet Your Life Productions Mrs. Anne T Young Ms. Emily S. Young 78 Smithsonian Benefactors' Circle The Smithsonian Benefactors' Circle recognizes and honors those individ- uals whose exceptional gilts have preserved the traditions of the Smithsonian Institution while furthering its vision. Benefactors' gifts reflect the donors' personal interests and commitment and are as varied and broad as the Institution itself. The Smithsonian Benefactors' Circle honors these distinguished philanthropists and provides a lasting mark or their achievements. The Smithsonian recognizes the gifts of Founders and Patrons of the Smithsonian Benefactors' Circle as listed below. Honorary Founder Enid A. Haupt James C. Slaughter George L. Small Bernie E. Stadiem Mrs. Sydney Stein, Jr. E. Hadley Stuart, Jr., and Marion Stuart A. Alfred Taubman Vernon L. Taylor, Jr. Jeffrey and Diane Tobin John Weeden Daniel Weinstein Nancy Brown Wellin Ronald H. Winston and Heidi Jensen- Winston Gay F. Wray Posthumous: Gifts through Will Helen Buckner Wilbur H. Claggett Mildred J. Dassett Charles P. Deibel Robert C. Eddinger Pauline Edwards Frances B. Ferguson Clinton B. Ford Edward P and Rebecca R Henderson Dorothy B. Koteen Laura I. O'Dea Alice I. Winterer Smithsonian Corporate Membership Program Founders Russell B. Aitken Joe L. and Barbara B Allbritton Arthur G. and Diana L. Alrschul WilliamS. Anderson Mary Griggs Burke Joan K. Davidson Gaylord and Dorothy Donnelley Thomas M. Evans Katharine Graham Robert C. and Julie Graham, Jr. Herbert Waide Hemphill, Jr. William A. and Patricia W Hewi IkuoHirayama Oiga Hirshhorn Ruth S. Holmberg Samuel C.Johnson Marvin Breckinridge Patterson Laura E. Phillips S.Dillon and Mary L. Ripley Arthur Ross Mrs. Arthur M.Sackler Else Sacklet W. Mason and Jean D. Shehan T T Tsui Glenn O. Tupper Patrons Ronald D. and Anne Abramson Peter C. and Joan Andrews Marjone Arundel Edward P. Bass Randy and Nancy Best James and Barbara Block Michael J. Brophy Hildegard Bruck George E. Burch III Vivian G. Burch Michael W. Cassidy David Davies Evelyn Y. Davis Patricia C. Dodge Anne G. Earhart Barney A. Ebsworth Kitty Fassett Rita Fraad John A. Friede Phillip and Patricia Frost Darnel D. and Alice P. Gilbert Alfred CGlassell, Jr. Jerome L. Greene Barnck W. Groom Agnes S. Gund Joan D. Haig Evelyn A.J. Hall Drue M. Heinz Lloyd Herman Henry L. and Elsie H. Hillman Frank W. and Lisina M. Hoch Mrs. James Stewart Hooker John R. Huggard Mrs.JaquehnH. Hume Jacob and Ruth C. Kainen James M. Kemper, Jr. R. Crosby Kemper, Jr. William K. and Alice S. Konze Karl V Krombe.n Harvey M. and Connie Krueger Robert E. and Elizabeth Ktueger Robert and Helen Kuhn Rogerio S. Lam Robert Lehrman Sydney and Frances Lewis Henry Luce III Harry and Beverly Mandil John F. and Adnenne B. Mars Kathleen C. Mason Brooks and Hope B. McCotmick Nan Tucker McEvoy Antony M. Merck James and Lolly Mitchell Hon. Daniel Patrick Moynihan and Elizabeth Moynihan Jean Niemeier Robert H. and Nancy Nooter Philip D. Reed, Jr. and Elizabeth Reed Frank K. Ribelin Carlyn Ring David Rockefeller Anton H. Rosenthal and Ruth E. Ganister Milton F. and Frieda Rosenthal Wilbur L. Ross, Jr. Cecile Salomon Margaret Knowles Schink Catherine F Scott Richard J. and Sheila Schwartz Emma M. Sims Since its inception in 1990, the Smithsonian Corporate Membership Program has brought global corporate citizens into partnership with the Smithsonian Institution. The Corporate Members listed below have joined with the Smithsonian to support its vital work in education and research while affirming the importance of exchanging information in an increasingly complex world. The Smithsonian gratefully acknowledges the following members of the Corporate Membership Program. AFLAC Incorporated Anheuser-Busch Companies BellSouth Corporation Brother International Corporation Capital Cities/ABC, Inc. The Coca-Cola Company CSX Transportation The Walt Disney Company The Dow Chemical Company Eaton Corporation Electronic Data Systems Corporation Ford Motor Company General Electric Company Hitachi Limited Hunter Engineering Company International Business Machines Corporation S. C. Johnson & Son, Incorporated Kajima Corporation The Kansai Electric Powet Company, Incorporated Lee Enterprises Incorporated Marubeni Corporation McDermott International, Incorporated MCI Communications Corporation Mobil Corporation Simon and Schuster Sony Corporation of America The Southern Company Tokyo Electric Powet Company TRW Incorporated Bequests With special appreciation we remember and acknowledge those friends who made gifts by will and thus continue the legacy of James Smithson, the Smithsonian's founder. Unrestricted gifts become part of the Bequesr Endowment Fund. The principal of this fund is maintained in perpetuity, while the income sup- ports acquisitions, exhibitions, scholarly studies, educational outreach, and other functions of the Smithsonian. Some gifts are designated for a special purpose by the donors. Gifts by bequest can be structured to meet the donors' needs and goals. The following remembered the Smithsonian with gifts by will. Marie B. Abbott Wilfred M. Baldwir Mane V. Brendel David Collegeman Charles P. Deibel Clinton B. Ford Dona I. Guimaraes Edward P. Henderson Karl V. Hirschmann Betty J. Ives Joseph R. Kimbell George B. Vogt 79 Memorial and Commemorative Gifts Memorial and commemorative gifts to the Smithsonian honor loved ones, friends, and colleagues. These gifts not only express special appreciation for the individual being honored but also help support, in a very direct way, the mission of the Institution. Donors may choose to apply the gift to the broadest work of the Smithsonian, or, in certain instances, may direct the gift to a specific area of interest to the honoree. The following were so honored by their families and friends. Howard Cayton Jill Dilger Lester Dundes David W. Gafill Felix Ganz James C Gildea ( arolj ii McKerrow Glas Katharine Graham Mark Kaminski Peter Krueger Ling-Ling 1 toward Lippman Ru hard Louie Jan McColl Dinny Morse Frederick Gaylord Fieri < and Frederick Smythe Pierce Eleanor Houghton Anderson Ida Hornstem Reingold S. Dillon Ripley Lillian Saxe Elmer J Scon Carl L. Seklen Frames Smyth Frank Stella Stephen rhurston Alexander Wetmore Ray Donors of In-Kind and Volunteer Support In addition to the financial support ot individuals, foundations, and cor- porations, the Smithsonian Institution acknowledges donors of in-kind gifts. Ranging from equipment for office or program use to pro bono pro- fessional consulting services, such in-kind gifts contribute greatly to the success of research and educarional programs as well as ro efficient admin- istration ol the Institution. Ben and Jerry's Ii < Cream Bentley Carpet Mills, Inc. The Brazilian Embassy Richard O. Bierregaard CVS Consumer Value Stores DuPont Corporation Earth Observation Satellite Company- General Motors Corporation. Chevrolet Motor Division Georgetown Floorcoverings Halley Moving Systems, Inc. Hewlett-Packard Co. Richard H. Hromk Ilford Photo Intercity Communications Network Japan Airlines The Japan Foundation JLG Industries, Inc. Marjorie S. Kantor Kenneth J Km; Lufthansa Getman Aitlines Luso-Ametican Foundation M&M Mars MacMillan/McGraw Hill Men li.inl Tire Mr. and Mrs. Jeffery Meyer Music Performance Trust Funds Paramount Home Video Pioneer Laser Disc Corporation of America, Inc. Thacher Proffitt and Wood LIniversidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon-Centro de Inrormacion de Histona Regional US Travel Vente Music \\ illuw Springs Tree Farm Donors ot volunteer service further enable the Smithsonian to accomplish a variery of programs and offer expanded services to the public. The names ot docents and behind-the-scenes volunteers are listed annually in the employee newsletter, the Torch. In fiscal year 1993, 4,844 volunteers gave 540,715 hours of their time. These invaluable volunteers bring experrise, experience, and enthusiasm to their work here, and we express to them collectively our great appreciation for their dedication ro rhe Smithsonian Institution. Vice-President Albert Gore addresses members of the Smithsonian Cor- porate Membership Program and Board of Regents at a luncheon fol- lowing the May 10, 1993. Corporate Membership panel, "The Future of Knowledge. " I Photograph by Jeff Tinsley) Friends of the National Zoo In support of the mission of the National Zoological Park, Friends of the National Zoo (FONZ) is dedicared ro providing biological education, to preserving biological diversiry, to protecting the environment, and to serving the needs of visitors and the community for high-quality recre- ational experiences. To that end, in Fiscal Year 1993 FONZ provided ser- vices to 58,000 individuals through nearly 23,000 memberships; con- tributed $27,000 towards purchase of a van for FONZ's new Zoo on Wheels program; gave 86,000 volunteer hours at the Zoo; sponsored Zoo Olympics for D.C. children; and hosred "Orang Shebang," the Zoos annual ZooFari benefit, which raised a record $190,000 for the Theodore Reed Animal Fund. Smithsonian Contributing Members The Conrnbuting Membership ot The Smithsonian Associares supports the Institution's work through generous annual contributions. The James Smithson Society was created in 1977 to encourage and rec- ognize major gifts ro rhe Institution. The society, which is the highest level of Contributing Membership, is composed of Annual Members ($2,000 or morel, Lite Members (appointed before 1985 for concributing significant gifts to the Institution), and Endowed Life Members. Endowed Life Members are individuals who make a one-time gift of $40,000 or pledge $45,000 over rhree years to become lifetime society members. Exrraordinary contributions to the Smithsonian are recognized through the Society's Founder Medal award and its accompanying Lite Membership. The Smithsonian gratefully acknowledges the generous support of the James Smithson Society and the Patron Members ($1,200) of the Contriburing Membership. James Smithson Society Endowed Life Members Ruth Boyer Compton and Robert C. Compton Dan and Alice Gilbert Lt. Col. William K. and Mrs. Alice S. Konze Col. Billie G. Matheson, USAF Ret. Gilbert and Jaylee Mead Mr. Anton H. Rosenthal and Ms Ruth E. Ganister Catherine F. Scott and Kenneth J. Scott 80 James Smithson Society Life Members Mrs. Anni Albers Mr. Joseph V. Alhadeff Mr. and Mrs. Joe L. Alibntton Mr. David K. Anderson Mr. and Mrs. William S. Anderson Mr. Ronald P. Anselmo Mr. Scott R. Anselmo Dr. Herbert R. Axelrod Mr. Richard R. Bains Mr. and Mrs. F. John Barlow Mrs. Frederic C. Bartlett Mrs. Donald C. Beatty Mrs. Henry C. Beck, Jr. Hon. Ralph E. Becker and Mrs. Becker Mr. and Mrs. Clay P. Bedford Mrs. Edward B. Benjamin Mrs. John A. Benton Dr. and Mrs. William B. Berry Dr. and Mrs. B. Narayana Bhat Mr. Richard A. Bideaux Mr. and Mrs. Edw.n W. Bitter Mr. and Mrs. Robert Blauner Mr. and Mrs. William Beaty Boyd Mr. Lee Bronson Mrs. David K. E. Bruce Dr Ruth Dowling Bruun and Dr. Bertel Bruun Mrs. George E. Burch Mrs. ArthurJ. Burstein Mrs. Hyman Burstein Mr. and Mrs. Maxwell Burstein Mrs. Barnet Burstein-Morns Dr. and Mrs. Benjamin Hubbard Caldwell, Jr. Maj. Gen. and Mrs. Daniel S. Campbell Mrs. Catherine B. Cantrell Mr. and Mrs. Lawson J. Cantrell, Jr. Mr Allan Caplan Mrs. George H. Capps Dr. and Mrs. Robert C. C. Chiu Rev. and Mrs. Thomas G. Cleveland Mr. and Mrs. Robert L. Coleman Dr. and Mrs. George L. Compton Dr. and Mrs. Roger D. Cornell Dr. and Mrs. Edwin J. Cunningham Dr. and Mrs. Bruce E. Dahrling II Mrs. Peter N. Delanoy Mr. Sam DeVincent Mrs. Gay lord Donnelley Mr. John R. Doss Mr. and Mrs. Willard D. Dover Mr. and Mrs. Edward R. Downe, Jr. Dr. Dale B. Dubin Mr. and Mrs. Willis H. duPont Mr. Mercer Ellington Mr. Joseph M. Erdelac Mr. and Mrs. Thomas M. Evans Dr. and Mrs. Dan Feriozi Mr. and Mrs. Walter B. Ford II Patricia and Phillip Frost Mrs. Edwin Gaines Fullinwider Dr. and Mrs. Lawrence Andrew Funt Mr. and Mrs. George Garfield Mr. and Mrs. Julius Garfield Dr. and Mrs. Lamont W. Gaston Mr. and Mrs. Kirkland H. Gibson Mr. and Mrs. C. Paul Gilson Mr. and Mrs. Stephen P. Gotc Dr. and Mrs. Wilbur J. Gould Mrs. Doris Stack Greene and Mrs Jerome L. Greene . Chaim Gross and Mrs. Melville Hall and Mrs. Don C. Harrold . Enid A. Haupt Mrs. Lita Annenberg Hazen Mr. and Mrs. Wayne C. Hazen Herbert Waide Hemphill, Jr. Mrs. Elizabeth Henderson Mr. and Mrs. Edward L. Henn.ng Mrs. Edith Mansfield Hills Mrs. Olga Hirshhorn Mrs. James Stewart Hooker Mr. Paul Horgan Dr. and Mrs Howard Ihng Mr. and Mrs. George H. Jacobus Mr. and Mrs. Jacob Kainen and Mrs. Donald E. Kastner and Mrs. Louis Kaufman and Mrs. Arthur A. Kirk and Mrs. Peter Mernl Klein and Mrs. Samuel W. Koffler . Lewis Kurt Land . David Landau Maury P. Leibovitz and Mrs. L. E. Leininger and Mrs. Harry E. Lennon Mrs. Sara L. Lepman and Mr. Joshua M. Lepman Mr. and Mrs. John Levey Mr. and Mrs. Robert Levey Mr. and Mrs. Sydney Lewis Ms. Betty H. Llewellyn Mrs. John A. Logan and Mrs. Jack Lord . Louis Lozowick s. Robert A. Magowan and Mrs LeoJ. Malone and Mrs. Richard A. Manoogian John A. Masek . Vincent Melzac Mr. Jack L. Messman Mrs. Sandy Levey Miller Mr. W. A. Moldermaker Mrs. Edmund C.Monell Dr. and Mrs. Walter A. H Mosmann Mr. and Mrs. Joe H. Mullins and Mrs. Marvin Murray Mortimer L. Neinken ,. Melame Newbill , Henry K. Ostrow Hon. G. Burton Pearson and Mrs. Pearson nd Mrs. Wallace R. Persons nd Mrs. Edward M. Pflueger Mrs. Abraham Rattner Mr. and Mrs. Ralph C. Rinzler Mr. and Mrs. Thomas M. Roberts Hon. Martin J. Roess and Mrs. Roess Dr. and Mrs. Richard G. Rogers, Jr. Mr. Arthur Ross Mr. and Mrs. Peter G. Sachs Mrs. Arthur M. Sackler Mr. Harry I. Saul Mr. and Mrs. Janos Scholz Hon. Hugh Scott Mr. and Mrs. Morton Silverman Mr. and Mrs. Edward J. Slattery Mrs. Helen Farr Sloan Mr. and Mrs. Robert H. Smith Mr. and Mrs. Sherwood Smith Mrs. Otto Spaeth Mr. and Mrs. Earl J. Spangler Mr. Stuart M.Speiser Mr. and Mrs. Harvey G. Stack Mr. and Mrs. Norman Stack Dr. Richard F. S. Starr Mr. and Mrs. Norman H. Stavisky Dr. and Mrs. Leo F. Stornelli Mr. and Mrs. E. Hadley Stuart, Jr. Mrs. Hans Syz Mrs. Kathenne Sergava Sznycer The Doctors Yen and Julia Tan Mr. and Mrs. Vernon L. Taylor, Jr. Dr. and Mrs. David J. Tepper Mr. Richard W. Thomssen Mr. Bardyl R. Tirana Mr. Glenn O. Tup per Mrs. Milton Turner Dr. and Mrs. Adolfo Villalon Mr. and Mrs. Robert Vojvoda Dr. and Mrs. Francis S. Walker Mr. and Mrs. C. C. Wang Mr. Thomas E. Whiteley Mr. Leonard John Wilkinson Mr and Mrs. Thomas J. Williams Mr. Archibald M. Withers Mrs. David O. Woodbury Mr. and Mrs. James Y. M. Wu Mr. and Mrs. Barry Yampol James Smithson Society Annual Members Anonymous (2) Dr. J. Scott Abercrombie Mr. and Mrs. W. Mike Adams Mr. and Mrs. Arthur G. Altschul Mrs. Robert Amory, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. William G. Anderson Mr. Leonard E. B. Andrews Mr. and Mrs. Jack R. Aron Mrs. Russell M. Arundel Mrs. Mary M. Ashmore Mr. and Mrs. Fred C. Ballman Mr. Jack R. Barensfeld Mr. and Mrs. John R. Barnett Ms. Janine F. Barre Mr. and Mrs. John Bartlett Drs. Rhoda and Jordan J. Baruch Mr. and Mrs. Perry R. Bass Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth W. Beckman Mr. and Mrs. Michael B. Beeman Mr and Mrs. James M. Beggs Mr. John L. Black Mr. and Mrs. Douglas L. Blair Hon. Robert O. Blake and Mrs. Blake Mr. and Mrs. William W. Boeschenstein Mrs. Richard W. Boiling Mrs. Howard M. Booth Mr. and Mrs. Bennett Boskey Dr. and Mrs. Harold M. Boslow Ms. Margaret L. Bourgene Col. Donald S. Bowman Mrs. John W. Bowman Ms. Rebecca A. Bowman Mr. and Mrs. Stephen F. Brauer Mr. Alfred Pope Brooks Mr. and Mrs. Warren J. Brule Mr. Edward A. Burka Mr. and Mrs. John F. Burlingame Dr. and Mrs. Edwin W. Burnes Dr. J. A. Burwell Ms. Christine Cabell and Mrs. Murray W. Cabell Dr. Cesar A. Caceres Mr. and Mrs. John Otis Carney Mr and Mrs. John B. Carter, Jr. Mrs. Winifred T. Carter David and Joan Challmor Mr. and Mrs. James H. Clement Dr. and Mrs. David Cofrin Melvin S. and Ryna G. Cohen Hon. William T. Coleman, Jr., and Mrs. Coleman Mr. and Mrs. David F. Condon III Mr. and Mrs. Charles W. Consolvo Mr. Mark N. Cookingham and Ms. Nancy J. Robertson Ms. Florence Corder-Witter Mr. and Mrs. Merrill K. Cragun Carole Davis Crocker Mr. John D. Crow The Crown Family Dr. and Mrs. James H. Curl Dr. and Mrs. T. Giffin Daughtridge Mr. and Mrs. Charles Alfred Davis Mrs. Evelyn Y. Davis Mrs. Anna M. Day Mr. and Mrs. Samuel Dazzo, Sr. Mr. and Mrs. Joseph N. Debhnger Mr. Geert M. Deprest and Ms. Laura Travis-Deprest Mr. Lowell De Young Mr. and Mrs. Charles J. DiBona Mr. S. J. Dimeglio Ms. Mama Disbrow Mr. and Mrs. Ralph Dixon Mr. and Mrs. Wesley M. Dixon, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Alfred C. Dobbs, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. N. L. Doligalski Ms. Diane M. Dudley Hon. Robert W. Duemling and Mrs. Du aline Mr. and Mrs. LeRoy Eakin III Mr. and Mrs. Robert E. Eberly Mr. and Mrs. Dean S. Edmonds III Mr. and Mrs. Robert K. Edson Miss Babs Eisman Mr. and Mrs. James A. Elkins, Jr. Mrs. Russell C. Ellis Mr. and Mrs. Takashi Endo Col. Charles O. Eshelman Mrs. Eric Eweson Lt. Col. Pamela C. Eyre Dr. and Mrs. JamesJ. Ferguson, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. John D. Firestone Ambassador William H. G. FitzGerald and Mrs. FitzGerald Mr. and Mrs. Gordon J. Flesch Ms. Ellen L. Fogle Mr. and Mrs. Owsley Brown Frazier Ms. Virginia Friend Mrs. Lloyd W. Frueh Mrs. Vernon W. Furrow Mr. and Mrs. Ernest Gallo Mr. and Mrs. Arthur W. Gardner Mr. William May Garland III Mr. and Mrs. Larry T. Gauger Mr. and Mrs. Michael C. Gelman & The Morningstar Foundation Dr. and Mrs. William H. Gerber Ms. Louise Dodd Gerken Mr. and Mrs. Bert A. Getz Mr. and Mrs. John T Gibson Ms. Elizabeth W Glascock Mr. and Mrs. Joel Glick Carol R. and Avram J. Goldberg Mrs. Ted R. Goldsmith Mr. Albert H. Gordon George and Marge Graham Mr. and Mrs. John Bradley Greene Ms. Marion E. Greene Mrs. Ann Y. Gr.m Mrs. Alton B. Grimes Mr. and Mrs. Calvin B. Gross Mr. and Mrs. Patrick W. Gross Hon. Najeeb E. Halaby and Mrs. Halaby Mr. and Mrs. Gordon Hams Mrs. Freddie Harby Mrs. James H Harger Ms Helen Leak Harper Mr. and Mrs. Max Hani Mr. David H. Hausmann Mr and Mrs Joseph II Hazen Hon John \V Hechingerand Mrs Hechinger Mr. and Mrs David R. Heebner Mr. and Mrs. Robert M Henry Mr. and Mrs Stephen O. Hessler Ms ( pinna 1 lidalgo Mr. James T, I lines, Jr. Mi and Mrs Wallace I Holladay Mr and Mrs Stephen I lopkins Mr and Mrs S. Roger Hon. how Mr Austin 1 Hubbard Mrs. Peter D I lumleker. Jr. Mr. R. Bruce Hunter Mr. John [ppolitoand Ms Diane M Laird-Ippolito Dr and Mrs Nt Ison S lm The Irwin Family Mr EliS Jacobs Mi and Mrs t leorge D Jagels David S and Patricia H.Jernigan Mrs Roy Johnson Mr and Mrs Samuel ( .Johnson Mr. and Mrs Stanley B.Jones Mr. J. Erik Jonsson Mr and Mrs Richard kaolin. in Mr and Mrs Jat k k.iy Dr. and Mrs. Clinron W. Kelly III Mrs Virginia W. Kettering Hon Randolph A Kidder and Mrs Kidder Dr. William M King The F M. Kirby Foundation Mr. E. C. Kirkpatrii k Hon. Philip M. Klutznick and Mrs. Klutznick Mr. and Mrs. Ronald J Knecht Mr. and Mrs. William T. Knight III Ms. Barbara Korp-Daly Dr. Jane E. Kosa Ms. Elizabeth G. Kossow Mr. and Mrs. Gerald E. Kron Mr. and Mrs. Robert E. Krueger Mr. John E. Kuenzl Mrs. James S. Lacock Judge and Mrs. Marion Ladwig Mr. and Mrs. Edward L. Lammerding Ms. Agatha Larson Mr. James K. Leach Mr Melvin F. Lee Jacob and Charlotte Lehrman Foundation Hon. William Leonhart and Mrs. Leonhart Mr. John H. Leslie Mrs. Millard Lewis Mrs. Jean Chisholm Lindsey Mr. and Mrs. Charles E. Long Ms. Dons J. Lothrop Dr. and Mrs. Fred R. Lummis Mr. and Mrs. Edmund C. Lynch, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. James A. MacKinnon Mr. and Mrs. A. Bryan MacMillan Mr H. L Mahoncy 111 Mr Michael Maloney Mr. and Mrs. Forrest E. Mars, Jr Mr. and Mrs. John F.Mars Mrs. Virginia C. Mars Ms. Mary Martell and Mr. Paul Johnson Hon. William McChesney Martin, Jr. and Mrs. Martin Mr. Frederick P. Mascioli Maj Gen and Mrs Raymond E. Mason, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Edward J. Mathias Mr and Mrs Brooks McCormtck Ms. Mary B. McCulloch Mr. and Mrs. James W. McCutcheon Hun and Mrs Roben M Mi Kinne) Mi and Mrs Alexander K McLanahan Ms Merrill Mcl.oughlin Mis Henry S. McNeil Mr and Mrs Henry W Meets Mr. Paul Mellon Mr and Mrs Richard Melrod Mr and Mrs Richard M Merriman Mr. and Mrs. Arjay Miller Dr. W. Raymond Mize, Jr. Mr. and Mrs James Robert Montgomery Hi Roben 11 Moore Mi and Mrs Michael A. Moran Mr II Duane Nelson Mr Paul H Nirze Mr. and Mrs \\ ,lm M North Mr. and Mrs James D. Oglevee Mr Ricard R. Ohrstrom Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence B. Olds Mr. George M. Page Mrs. Mary J Papworth Mr and Mrs ScOtl E Pardee Mrs Daniel Parker Mr. and Mrs Jat kS. Parker Mrs [ctUrsnn Patterson Mr. and Mrs. C. Wesley Peebles Mr. J. Roy Pcnnell.Jr Mr. and Mrs. John L. Peterson Mr. Dave Pfuetze Mrs. Charles Emory Phillips Mr and Mrs. J. Michael Pierce Mr. and Mrs ( harlesM Pigott Mr. and Mrs. George S. Pillsbury Mr. and Mrs. Guy H Pitts Mrs. Jane P. Plakias Mr. and Mrs. Zigmund J. Podell Mr. and Mrs. Leon B. Polsky Mr. and Mrs. Charles L. Poor Dr. Kazuko K Price Mr. and Mrs. John A. Radwav. Jr Mr. and Mrs. Michael F. Reagan Mr. and Mrs. Philip D. Reed. J r Mr. and Mrs. Edward Hart Rice Mr. and Mrs. Joseph A. Rice Mrs. Carlyn Ring Mrs. Dorothy Hyman Roberts Mr. and Mrs. John W. Roberts Hon. John D. Rockefeller IV and Mrs Rockefeller Mr. and Mrs. Roberr Rosenthal Ms. Marya Rowan Mrs. Lois B. Rowland Mr. and Mrs. Marcos Russek Mr. Arthur N. Ryan Mr. and Mrs. William R. Salomon Ms. Leidy Samson and Ms. Kathy Kempa Mr. and Mrs Albert Sbar Mr. and Mrs. Douglas R. Scheumann Mr and Mrs. Edwin Schreiber Mr. Harold A. Schwartz Mrs. Clayton B. Seagears Mr. and Mrs. S. Norman Seastedt Mr. Harold Seyberr Mr. and Mrs. Paul M. Shatz Dr. and Mrs. Richard C. Shaw Mr. and Mrs. Clyde E. Shorcy, Jr. Mrs. Shirley P. Sichel Mrs. Wilson Sked Mrs. David E. Skinner Mr. and Mrs. Albert H. Small Mrs. Bernice Roe Smith Dr. Frank O. Smith Mr. and Mrs. Page W. Smith Mr and Mrs. Michael R. Sonnenreich Mr. and Mrs. Edson W. Spencer Mr. and Mrs. Malcolm T. Stamper Ms. Susan Steinsapir Mi and Mrs 1 His M Stephens Mr. and Mrs. Joseph T J Stewart Ml and Mrs Franz T Stone I hiu Robert D. Stuart and Mrs. Stuart Dr. and Mrs William A Sullivan Ms Patricia S. Swaney Drs Russell and Mane Swanson Mt R Tevelde Joan E. Thomas, MD Mr. Martin A. Thomas M I M irgot K. Thomson Mrs C Trenckmann Mr and Mrs. Walter R. Truland Mr Walter I Vail Mr and Mrs. C. Woods Vest, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Ladislaus Von Holtmann Ms. Nancy Voorhees Col Harold W. Vorhics Mr and Mrs Robert A Waidner Mr. and Mrs. Raymond J. Wean, Jr. Mr. Lawrence J. Whelan and Dr. Deborah Black Mr. and Mrs. Ben White Hon. John C. Whitehead and Mrs. Whitehead Mr. and Mrs. Laurence F. Whittemore Mr Julius Wile Mr. and Mrs. David R. Williams Mrs. W Armin W.llig Ms. Pauline E. Will, man Dr. and Mrs. Ralph Wilson, Jr Mr. and Mrs. John W. Winn Dr. Sheila Z. Wood and Mr. James L. Annis Mrs. Frank L. Wright Mrs. Charlotte S. Wyman Ellen and Bernard Young Mrs. Robert Zicarelli Mr. and Mrs. Sidney S. Zlotnick Patron Members Mr. Terry L. Albertson and Ms. Kathleen A. Blackburn Mr. Gene R. Bates Mr. John Baum Ms. Jeanne V. Beekhu.s Ms. Marguenre Bender Miss Eliza H. Bishop Ms. J. A. Boorman Dr. Anronio Bosch Ms. Jo Anne Brasel Mr. John F. Bricker Mrs. Keith S. Brown Mr. E. T. Byram Mrs. Harold W. Cheel Ms. Anne K. Christman Mr. and Mrs. Page B. Clagett Mr. Fred Clemenrs Ms. Leslie A. L. Coggins Mr. Joseph Decaminada Mr. E A. DeFalco Mrs. Deborah J. Denefrio Mr. Hilton B. Dickerson Mr. Douglas Dillon Mr. and Mrs. S. Fischer Mrs.) Gardiner Mrs J A. Gill Ms. Ruth C. Greenberg Mr Harold Haverty Mr. and Mrs. William Herbster Mrs. H. Houseman Mr. and Mrs. Phillip S. Hughes Dr. Jay A. Jackson Mr. John H.Johnston Mr. Robert M.Joyce Mrs. R. H. Karns Mr. and Mrs. Charles J. Kennedy Ms. Rebecca Klemm Mr. Otto Kruse Mr. and Mrs. Robert H. Lando Mr. John F. Lanson Mr. Edmund W. Littlefield Mr Robert J. Lockridge Mr. and Mrs. John D. McLean Mr. and Mrs. M. McNulty Mr. Vincent Mercuno Mr. and Mrs. E. Mercy, Jr. Mr. W. T. Moran III Mr. K. F. Mountcastle Mr. and Mrs. Henry Nickel Mr. James A. Pasrore Mr. Stephen E. Peat Mr. Paul E. Ponrius Ms. Ida Vander Poorte Mr. H. Posner.Jr. Mr. Elmer Rasmuson Ms. Nina Belle Redditt Mr. L. A. Roepcke Mr. and Mrs. L. Rothschild Ms. Marcia Rubenstein Hon. James H. Scheuer and Mrs. Scheuer Mr. C. W. Scott Mr. Harold A. Serr Mr. and Mrs. J. H. Sheffield Mrs. W. Mason Shehan Mrs. Manley H. Simons Mr. George J. Sisley Dr. and Mrs. Harvey C. Slocum, Jr. Mrs. V Spratley Mr. and Mrs. William C. Sterling, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Melville Tucker Mr. and Mrs. Charles A. Turner III Mrs. Beatrice Utley Col. and Mrs. W G. Van Allen Mrs. Maria C. Volpe Mr. James E.Wiley Mr. Meade Willis, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Robert Willson Mrs. Jane Ludwig Worley Mr. Walter R. Wright 82 Financial Report Nancy D. Suttenfield, Chief Financial Officer Introduction The Smithsonian Institution receives funding trom both federal appropriations and nonappropriated trust sources. Federal appropri- ations provide funding for the Institution's operations, for building repair and restoration, and for new construction. They currently comprise approximately 70 percent of the Institution's net operat- ing revenues and are the primary source of funding for the Institu- tion's fundamental responsibilities: caring for and conserving the national collections, sustaining basic research on the collections and in selected areas of traditional and unique strength, and educating the public through exhibitions and other outreach programs about the collections and research findings. Federal appropriations also fund a majority of the administrative and support functions. Nonappropriated trust funds account for the remaining 30 per- cent of the Institution's net operating revenues. The Smithsonian defines trust funds as all funds it receives from sources other than direct federal appropriations. These sources include gifts and grants from individuals, corporations, and foundations; grants and con- FY 1993 Sources of Net Operating Funds FY 1993 Sources of Net Operating Funds tracts from federal agencies and other government sources; earnings from short- and long-term investments; and receipts from member- ship programs and sales activities, such as Smithsonian magazine, museum shops, food service concessions, and mail order catalogues. Smithsonian trust funds, depending on their source, purpose, and restrictions, cover the expenses of income-producing auxiliary activities, allow the Institution to undertake new ventures and enhance existing programs in ways that would not otherwise be possible, and support a portion of the Institution's administrative expenses. Funds received from donors or funding agents who have placed limitations on their use are classified as restricted. Over 64 percent of the trust net operating funds received in fiscal 1993 were restricted. While the primary support for the Institution's capital program is federal appropriations, growing constraints on the federal budget have required that the Smithsonian rely increasingly on public- private cooperation through both donative and business opportuni- ties for new construction projects. Recent examples include the National Museum of the American Indian, which will combine support trom the state of New York, New York City, federal appro- priations and private donations, and the West Court complex at the National Museum of Natural History which will be paid for by income from business activities within the museum. The following sections describe the external environmental factors affecting the Institution's general financial condition, the Institution's financial status and its planned response to changing conditions; specific financial outcomes for fiscal 1993; measures, both organizational and financial, to assure the future fiscal health of the Institution; and relationships with other affiliated organizations. Financial Situation and Prospects Like most educational or nonprofit institutions, the Institution has not been immune to the impact of a fragile and sluggish economy. As income from revenue-producing activities has declined, net unrestricted trust fund income generated through investments and central auxiliary activities has fallen to pre-1987 levels. The much reduced levels of income that the Institution is experiencing in the 1990s combined with increased unrestricted trust expenses during the late 1980s has resulted in a serious imbalance in unrestricted financing. At the same time, annual increases in federal appropria- tions to the Institution, although generous and consistent, have largely been dedicated to specific programs and projects, such as the National Museum ot the American Indian, and have not been available for other general operating expenses. In the spring of 1992, the Secretary initiated a comprehensive, multi-year financial restructuring to permit the Smithsonian to continue its history of excellence in research, exhibitions, and edu- cational outreach. He established two near-term goals: to redirect approximately $30 million within the federal operating budget and to reduce baseline expenses supported by unrestricted trust funds by $10 million. During fiscal 1993, the Institution made significant progress toward realizing these goals. With the understanding and support of the Congress, over $14 million in federal funding was redirected to cover high priority but unfunded operating expenses. At the same time, the Institution reduced fiscal 1993 unrestricted trust fund expenses by over $4 million. An early retirement program for trust-funded employees will generate additional annualized savings in fiscal 1994. In total, the workforce paid from unrestricted trust funds has been reduced by over 8 percent. In the process of achieving the economies described above, the Institution realized many benefits. It sharpened its programmatic planning and priority setting, eliminated redundant and outdated programs not central to the Smithsonian mission, and examined the appropriateness of sources and uses of program funding The Institution has undertaken numerous special studies in preparation for the second phase of restructuring. These studies focus not only on options for future year downsizing and cost con- tainment, but also on identification of new revenue-producing opportunities and fund-raising strategies. While the restructuring that will restore financial equilibrium is not yet complete, the Institution has made considerable progress toward restoring its vitality and advancing toward its primary goals. Total Funds Provided - Fiscal 1993 (Net of Auxiliary Activity Expenses) Total Funds Provided - Fiscal 1993 (Net of Auxiliarj Aclivit) I xpenses] Fiscal 1993 Results Revenues and other additions during fiscal 1993 totalled $670 million. When adjusted to eliminate auxiliary activity expenses of $175 million, net revenues provided $495 million for operations, construction and additions to endowment principal. Operations (Tables 1,2, and 3) Fiscal 1993 Sources of Net Operating Funds Percent Gross Net Net Sources Sources Sources ({millions) ({millions) (%) Federal Appropriation 295.6 295.6 72 Trust Unrestricted 215.8 40.3 10 Restricted Gov't Grants and Contracts 43.8 43.8 11 General Restricted 29.2 29.2 7 Total Available for Operations 584.4 408.9 100 The fiscal 1993 federal appropriation of {295.6 million provid- ed the funding nucleus for ongoing programs of the Institution and increased support for the new National Museum of the Ameri- can Indian, the proposed African-American Museum, major scien- tific instrumentation, and global change research. Approximately $6 million of the $14 million in federal funds that were redirected as part of the Institution's multi-year restructuring and realign- ment covered the unfunded cost of legislated fiscal 1993 salary adjustments. The balance of approximately {8 million was redi- rected to high priority programs including exhibition moderniza- tion at the National Museum of Natural History, replacement of outdated research equipment, information resource management initiatives, and preventive maintenance and building repairs. The Smithsonian ended fiscal 1993 with an increase of {1.1 mil- lion in the unrestricted trust fund balance, compared to a decrease of {7.4 million for the previous year. Factors contributing to this improved result were the reduction of baseline operating costs of $4.1 million and the decision to forego on an interim basis the annual $3 million transfer of unrestricted funds to endowment. Net income from auxiliary activities improved slightly from fiscal 1992, providing over $24 million of the Institution's net revenues. While food service concessions, the Smithsonian Press and product development and licensing recorded significant gains, the Associ- ates Programs, Mail Order and the Museum Shops experienced a decrease in earnings, in part as a result of capital investments designed to enhance future years' revenues. In fiscal 1993, the Institution received $43.8 million from gov- ernment agencies, an increase of {1.1 million, or 3 percent, over fiscal 1992. Support from government agencies constitutes an important source of research monies for the Institution while also benefiting the granting agencies by providing access to Smith- sonian expertise and resources. Table 2 reflects the primary sources of this funding. The Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory ac- counted for {39.2 million, or 90 percent, of all government grant 84 Table 1. Source and Application of Operating Funds for the Fiscal Year Ended September 30, 1993 (in Nonappropriated Trust Funds Restricted Federal Funds FUND BALANCES - Beginning of Year . . $3,792 (see Note 1 ) FUNDS PROVIDED: Federal Appropriations (see Note 2) $295,560 Investment Income Government Grants and Contracts Gifts & Non-Government Grants Sales and Membership Revenue Other Total Funds Provided 295,560 Total Available 299,352 FUNDS APPLIED: Sciences: Assistant Secretary 853 Office of the Registrar Fellowships and Grants 437 Astrophysical Observatory 14,000 Less Overhead Recovery Tropical Research Institute 7,691 Environmental Research Center 2,459 National Zoological Park 17,986 Smithsonian Archives 1 ,367 Smithsonian Libraries 6,794 International Environmental Science Program 735 Major Scientific Instrumentation 10,172 National Museum of Natural History. . . . 35,082 Conservation Analytical Laboratory 2,862 Museum Support Center 3,125 Total Sciences 103,563 Arts and Humanities: Assistant Secretary 1 ,878 Office of Museum Programs 563 Joseph Henry Papers American Studies National Air & Space Museum 11 ,860 National Museum of American History . 17,982 National Postal Museum 447 National Museum ot the American Indian 9,072 National Museum ot American Art 7,673 National Portrait Gallery 5,105 Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden 4,121 Freer Gallery of Art 2,368 Arthur M. Sadder Gallery 3,040 Archives ot American Art 1 ,360 Cooper-Hewitt Museum 2,362 National Museum of African Art 3,845 Anacostia Museum 1,153 Office of Exhibits Central 2,245 Traveling Exhibition Service 2,261 Total Art and Humanities 77,335 Education and Public Service: Assistant Secretary 408 Center for Folklite Programs and Cultural Studies 1.230 Ofc of Elementary & Secondary Education 489 Un- Restricted General Total Gov't Non- Grants & Appropriated Contracts Trust Funds Federal Funds and Nonappropriated Trust Funds FY 1993 FY 1992 $37,516 10,086 9,386 190,821 5,490 215,783 253,299 14,562 307 $28,132 9,059 16,162 4,037 $ — 43,767 $65,648 69.440 29,258 43,767 584,368 57,390 43,767 354,456 653,808 6,353 333 62,766 — 295,560 281,183 19,145 19,145 14,170 43,767 43,767 42,689 25,548 25,548 40,110 190,821 190,821 188,591 9,527 9,527 6,046 572,789 635,555 469 254 320 1,043 1,896 2,198 225 2,698 1,659 360 2,019 2,456 7,489 610 39,221 47,320 61,320 58,620 (6,048) — — (6,048) (6,048) (5,009) 1,345 834 522 2,701 10,392 9,190 270 152 795 1,217 3,676 3,844 1,023 607 775 2,405 20,391 20,484 80 10 — 90 1,457 957 743 61 — 804 7,598 6,780 735 903 — — — — 10,172 2,282 1,978 3,457 1,248 6,683 41,765 39.368 52 8 — 60 2,922 2,823 1 — — 1 3,126 7,104 152,467 912 173 — 1,085 2,963 2,422 63 11 — 74 637 627 278 125 _ 4,945 1,504 368 6,817 18,677 18,872 1,891 1,732 264 3,887 21,869 23,860 15 3,317 — 3,332 3,779 — 237 14 251 9,323 8,485 1,271 1,597 — 2,868 10,541 10,275 466 105 — 571 5,676 5,260 653 1,796 — 2,449 6,570 10,524 200 4,881 — 5,081 7,449 6.332 8 1,572 — 1,580 4,620 4,595 87 835 — 922 2,282 2,210 2,492 892 37 3,421 5,783 5,043 64 75 — 139 3,984 3.961 222 27 — 249 1,402 1.283 34 — — 34 2,279 2,163 1,002 1,782 1 2.785 5,046 1,619 1,171 120 (75) 1,216 2,446 2,919 285 146 65 496 985 773 Table 1. Source and Application of Operating Funds for the Fiscal Year Ended September 30, 1993 (in $000s) (continued) Nonappropriated Trust Funds Total Restricted Federal Funds Un- Restricted Gov't Grants & Contracts Total Non- Appropriated Trust Funds Federal Funds and Nonappropriated Trust Funds FY 1993 FY 1992 National Science Resources Center .... Total Education and Public Service International Center/Activities External Affairs: Assistant Sectetary 155 Office of Telecommunications 362 Visitor Information & Associates' Reception Centet 1 86 Office of Special Events & Conferences . . 95 Smithsonian Institution Press 1,532 Associates Programs Media Activities Total External Affairs Institutional Initiatives Business Management/Activities .... Admininistration 27,829 Less Overhead Recovery Facilities Services 78,991 Transfers Outl(ln): Treasury Plant Endowment Total Transfers Total Funds Applied Increase (Decrease) in I _' nohlyiatecl Balance. Annual Appropriation . CHANGES IN FUND BALANCES . . FUND BALANCES - End of Year (see Note 1) 269 215 — — 215 484 433 2,396 1 ,978 292 (10) 2,260 4,656 4,900 780 467 301 276 1,044 1,824 2,577 743 170 616 211 1.295 65 138 — 16,513 31 100,216 59 21 — 52,096 17,139 (10,466) 1,381 921 1,076 1,107 829 1,191 1,295 1 .360 1,546 1,258 138 233 255 16,544 18,076 21,231 100,275 100,275 96,489 21 21 — 2.SS0 119,542 536 10 120.088 122,418 121,635 57 4,966 260 — 5,226 5,283 5,007 1,532 52,096 18,671 (10,466) 1,393 52,096 46,500 (10,466) 5,384 51,724 42,933 (10,591) 78,105 1,917 1,917 (238) 4,234 3,996 2,249 3,380 5,629 (60) (60) 1,951 7,614 9,565 1.917 1,951 7,614 11,482 1,653 743 7,574 9,970 295.198 214,722 35,228 43,767 293,717 588,915 569,661 4,815 4,815 3,546 5,177 1,061 (5,970) — (4,909) 268 6,674 $8,969 $38,577 $22,162 $60,739 $69,708 $69,440 Note 1: FY 1993 Fedetal fund balances include unobligated funds in annual and no-year appropriations, offset by the cost of unfunded annual leave. FY 1992 Federal fund balances and expenditures reflected in last yeat's tepott have been adjusted to incorporate the cost of unfunded annual leave. Note 2: Excludes $154 thousand in FY 1992 and $179 thousand in FY 1993 received as a permanent indefinite appropriation fot Canal Zone Biological Area Fund. Also excludes $1,319 thousand teceived in FY 1992 and $1,145 thousand teceived in FY 1993 from the Department of State for research projects in India. 86 Table 2. Auxiliary Activities, Fiscal Years 1992 and 1993 (in $000s) Sales and Membership Revenue Gifts Expenses FY 1992 $188,591 $8,296 $173,366 FY 1993: Central Auxiliary Activities: Associates Programs $103,764 $8,500 $100,183 Business Management: (see Note 1) —Museum Shops/Mail Ordet 53,106 48,406 —Concessions 4,010 2,791 —Other 2,092 899 Smithsonian Institution Press 16,845 16,388 Media Activities (see Note 1) 76 21 Bureau Auxiliary Activities: Air and Space Theatre & Einstein Planetarium 4,216 2,359 Cooper-Hewitt Museum 1,004 32 694 Traveling Exhibition Service 679 509 Othet 5,029 373 3,190 Total FY 1993 $190,821 $8,')05 $175,440 Note 1: Before revenue-sharing transfers to participating Smithsonian bureaus of $1,869 thousand (FY 1992) and $2,058 thousand (FY 1993) Net Revenue (Loss) $23,521 $12,081 4,700 1,219 1,193 457 55 1,857 342 170 2,212 $24,286 Table 3- Government Grants and Contracts-Expenditures, Fiscal Years 1992 and 1993 (in $000s) Government Agencies Department of Defense Department of Energy Department of Health and Human Services Department of Interior National Aeronautics and Space Administration (see Note 1) National Science Foundation (see Note 2) Other Total $779 $1,464 499 676 591 471 807 485 35,999 37,402 1,627 1,897 2,387 1,372 $42,689 $43,767 Note 1: Includes $895 thousand (FY 1992) and $204 thousand (FY 1993) in subcontracts from organizations receiving prime conttacts from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Note 2: Includes $314 thousand (FY 1992) and $118 thousand (FY 1993) in National Science Foundation subcontracts from Chesapeake Research Consottium. 87 and contract activity at the Smithsonian in fiscal 1993. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) provided the majority of this funding to support research. Restricted income from gifts, non-government grants, and endowments totalling $29. 3 million supported a wide range of educational and exhibition programs throughout the Institution. The Smithsonian is especially grateful to its many friends in the private sector whose generosity contributed vitally to its work. Donors are listed in the Benefactors section of the report. Endowment (Tables 4, 5, 6, and 7) The Institution pools its endowment funds for investment purpos- es into a consolidated portfolio, with each endowment purchasing shares similar to an investor in a mutual fund. The Investment Policy Committee of the Smithsonian's Board of Regents establishes investment policy and recommends the annual payout for the consolidated endowment. The investment policy focuses on the total return (i.e., dividends, interest, and realized and unrealized capital gains) on the portfolio. The Institution strives to provide a growing stream of payouts for current expenditures and to maintain the real purchasing power of the endowment. Current pol- icy calls for an average payout of 4.5 percent of the average market value over the prior 5 years. With this payout policy, to achieve the endowment's objectives, the investment policy targets a real rate of return of 5 percent. The following chart illustrates the growth in market value of the endowment funds over the past five years. Market Value of Endowment Funds Market Value of Endowment Funds « During fiscal 1993, the market value of the endowment increased from $343.6 million to $387.6 million. The $44 million growth included $10.5 million in new gifts and internal transfers. Particu- larly noteworthy were gifts teceived for the Enid A. Haupt Garden Endowment, the Sackler Public Affairs Endowment, and the Earl S. Tupper Endowment for the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute. The total return for the consolidated endowment was 13.9 percent, the payout was 4.6 percent of the average market value over the prior five years, and fees were 0.3 percent of the average market value of the portfolio. With an annual inflation rate of 2.7 percent, the real purchasing power of the endowment increased by 7.4 per- cent. At year-end, the Institution's consolidated portfolio comprised 59 percent in equities, 33 percent in bonds, and 8 percent in cash and cash equivalents. Construction and Plant Funds (Table 8) In fiscal 1993, the Smithsonian received federal appropriations for construction totalling $48.7 million. Approximately half, $24.2 million, was fot general repair, restoration, and code compliance projects throughout the Institution, including the replacement of major building systems at the National Museum of Natural His- tory and National Museum of American History. Appropriations for major construction included $9-9 million for the reconfigura- tion of the National Museum of Natural History's East Court and $2.1 million for the planned National Museum of the American Indian. The National Zoological Park received $7.8 million for repairs and other projects in its master plan, including construc- tion of the Aquatic Trail, Grasslands and Forest exhibits. Appro- priations for minor construction and planning for future capital projects totaled approximately $4.7 million. Additions and transfers to plant funds totalled $14.2 million, including $12.4 million for constructing facilities for the National Museum of the American Indian and the first payment of a $3 mil- lion pledge for construction of the Mrs. James Stewart Hooker Hall of Geology, Gems and Minerals in the National Museum of Natural History. Financial Management The Institution's Chief Financial Officer, the Assistant Secretary for Finance and Administration, has responsibility for safeguarding all of the Institution's assets, ensuring integtated financial planning, and coordinating all financial management functions. The Institution took the first major step towards replacement of its outdated central accounting system with a phased implementa- tion of a new accounts payable/purchase order module beginning on October 1, 1993. This action coincided with the implementa- tion of a new contracting system in the Office of Contracting and Property Management. These two systems provide greatly en- hanced control over and improved information about purchasing and payables activities at the Smithsonian. Planning for imple- mentation of a new general ledger and budgeting system is well underway. Other financial management improvement initiatives under- taken in fiscal 1993 include: • Expanded scope and depth of annual audit to assure compliance with all relevant government and private sector standards. • Reorganization and system upgrades by the Museum Shops, reducing inventory investment by $1 million. • Change from a fully insured health plan to a minimum premi- um arrangement, whereby the Institution maintains its own reserves and retains premiums until funds are required to pay claims. This change allows the Institution to earn interest on the over $1 million recovered. • Identification of information technology priorities through an Institution-wide information resource management planning process. The resulting acquisition plan will result in wiser dis- tribution of resources in this critical area. • Implementation of a number of organizational and reporting realignments recommended following an independent Table 4. Endowment and Similar Funds, September 30, 1993 (in $000s) Book Value $28,840 28,726 2,511 60,166 66,230 1,428 142,025 181 330,107 1,027 19 656 $331,809 $8,430 656 9,086 8,405 138,938 Market Value $28,840 33,602 2,511 64,670 70,707 1,785 192,596 181 39-1,892 1,106 19 932 !,057 ASSETS: Pooled Consolidated Endowment Fundi: Cash and equivalents Mutual Funds Interfund Receivable U.S. Government and Government Obligations Bonds Convertible Preferred Stocks Receivable fot Securities Sold Total Pooled Funds Nonpoo/ed Endowment Funds: Loan to U.S. Treasury in Perpetuity Receivables Investments in Charitable Trusts Total Nonpooled Funds Total Assets LIABILITIES AND FUND BALANCES: LIABILITIES: Payables tor securities purchased Deferred Revenue — Charitable Trusts Total Liabilities FUND BALANCE: Unrestricted Purpose: Ttue Endowment Quasi Endowment Total Untestticted Purpose Restricted Purpose: True Endowment Quasi Endowment Total Restricted Putpose Total Fund Balances Total Liabilities and Fund Balances 1396,949 $8,430 932 9,362 10,846 163,546 147,343 174,392 114,337 61,043 140,329 72,866 175,380 213,195 322,723 387,587 5396,949 Table 5. Market Values of Endowment and Similar Funds (in $000s) Fund Unrestricted Freer Other Restticted Total 127,394 $117,123 $143,205 $156,395 53,731 47,963 57,775 61,523 98,540 89,430 112,796 125,695 $279,665 $254,516 $313,776 $343,613 (174,392 67,484 145,711 387,587 89 Table 6. Changes in Market Value of Endowment and Similar Funds (in Market Value- 10/1/92 Changes: i nil True Gifts-Quasi Internal Transfers Other Interest and Dividends . . . Market Value Apprri iai Payout Managers' Fees Market Value - 9/30/93 $61,523 (125,695 5343,613 79 — 5,785 5,864 3,725 — 2,920 6,645 (859) — (1,168) (2,027) 7,823 3,043 6,421 17,287 13,674 5,428 11,379 30,481 (5,885) (2,290) (4,857) (13,032) (560) (220) 1 164) (1,244) $174,392 $67,484 $145,711 $387,587 Tabic 7. Endowment Funds, September 30, 1993 ipal Book Market Net Unexpended Value Value Income Balance $275,975 $363,771 $12,753 $ 99,186 127,734 4,334 — 394,931 464,252 19,156 — i .... 50,445 1,711 — 497,717 666,469 22,611 — 151,151 iv 1,904 6,613 — 5,149 6,803 231 — 1 ,099,466 1 . (66,033 50,521 — 1,839,228 2,461,027 83,496 — 7,442 9,511 355 — 268,246 280,437 7,815 — 850,408 919,581 47,090 — 2,872,444 3,835,576 l }0,l 51 125,358 UNRESTRICTED PURPOSE— TRUE Avery Fund (See Note 1 ) 1 ligbee, Harry, Memorial I lodgkins Fund (See Note 1 ) Morgan, Gilbert B. and Betty. I , Memorial Fund Morrow, Dwight W Mussman, Alfred Olmsted, IlclenA Poore, Lucy T. and George W. (See Note 1 ) Porter, Henry Kirke, Memorial Sanlotd, George H. (See Note 1 ) Smithson, James (See Note 1 ) Smithson Society, James Walcott, Charles D. and Mary Vaux, Research (Designated) Subtotal UNRESTRICTED PURPOSE— QUASI: Ettl, Charles H. Fund Ferguson, Frances B., Endowment Forrest, Robert Lee Fund for the Future — Unrestricted Genetal Endowment (See Note 1) Goddard, Robert H Habel, Dr. S. (See Note 1 ) Hatt, Gustavus E Henry, Caroline Henry, Joseph and Harriet A Heys, Maude C Hinton, Carrie Susan Koteen, Dorothy B Lambert, Paula C Medinus, Grace L O'Dea, Laura I Phillips, Roy R., Estate Rhees, William Jones (See Note 1) Saffotd, Clara Louise Smithsonian Bequest Fund (See Note 1 ) Sultner, Donald H , Endowment Taggart, Ganson Winteter, Alice I Abbott, William L. (Designated) Barstow, Frederic D. (Designated) Hirshhorn Museum Acquisition Fund (Designated) Lindbetgh Chair of Aerospace History (Designated) Lindbergh, Charles A. (Designated) Lyon, Marcus Ward, Jr. (Designated) Martin Marietta Internship (Designated) NMNH Research (Designated) NZP Programs (Designated) 8,404,974 10,846,543 1,261,968 1,472,134 644,175 730,435 6,406,168 7,416,527 18,617 50,620 09,078,379 128,909,906 50,712 58,734 785 849 3,479 4,396 8,598 10,840 344,938 433,582 618,354 721,668 172,319 211,111 228,551 251,826 312,930 387,311 6,136 7,183 207,093 246,604 863,495 993,580 4,267 5,205 285,186 337,084 2,267,457 2,173,163 529,467 904,116 3,091 4,107 157,845 155,219 809,157 1,019,153 6,769 8,518 3,258,009 3,974,061 2,973,196 3,529,776 48,562 56,830 32,825 38,659 210,402 253,642 99,742 100,860 3,318,479 3,325,735 386,817 49,945 24,782 251,622 675 1,379,024 1,993 43 149 368 14,710 24,484 7,162 8,544 13,140 244 8,367 36,607 194 11,436 73,836 30,652 139 5,297 34,577 289 129,062 119,756 1,928 1,311 8,605 3,344 56,417 59,531 6,425 202,879 12,450 4,901 2,422 3,806 41,417 9° Table 7. Endowment Funds, Septemlx-r 30, 1993 (continued) Principal Book Value Market Value Net Income Unexpended Balance Smithsonian Agency Account (Designated) Smithsonian Press Scholarly Books Fund (Designated) . Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Endowment Fund (Designated) Webb, James E., Fellowship (Designated) Women's Committee Fellowship (Designated) Subtotal Total Unrestricted Purpose RESTRICTED PURPOSE— TRUE: Aitken, Annie Laurie, Endowment Fund Arthut, James Baird, Spencer Fullerton Barney, Alice Pike, Memorial Batchelor, Emma E Beauregard, Catherine, Memorial Bergen, Charlotte V Brown, Roland W. Burch, George, Fellowship in Theoretic Medicine and Affiliated Theoretic Sciences Fund Canfield, Frederick A Casey, Thomas Lincoln Chamberlain, Frances Lea Cooper Fund for Paleobiology Deibel, Charles P. Division ol Mammals Curators Fund Drake Foundation Drouet, Francis, and Louderback, Harold B., Fund Dykes, Charles, Bequest Eaton, Harriet Phillips Eickemeyer, Florence Brevoort Eppley Memorial Forbes, Edward Waldo Freer, Charles L Global Environmental Endowment Fund Grimm, Sergei N Groom, Barrick W. Guggenheim, Daniel and Florence Hamilton, James (See Note 1) Haupt, Enid A. Garden Henderson, Edward P. and Rebecca R , Meteorite Fund Hewitt, Eleanor G., Repair Fund Hewitt, Sarah Cooper Hillyer, Virgil Hitchcock, Albert S Hodgkins Fund (See Note 1 ) Hrdlicka, Ales and Marie Hughes, Bruce Huntington Publication Fund Johnson, Seward, Trust Fund lot Oceanography Kellogg, Remington and Marguerite, Memorial Kramar, Nada Krombein, Karl V. Mandil, Harry and Beverly Maxwell, Mary E Mellon Foundation Challenge Gfant/Endowment Mellon Publications Endowment Fund Milliken, H. Oothout, Memorial Mineral Endowment Mitchell, William A Museum ot the American Indian — Heye Foundation. . NMAI Educational Endowment Fund Nelms, Henning Endowment Fund Nelson, Edward William Petrocelli, Joseph, Memorial Reid, Addison T. (See Note 1) 17,606 1,967,090 980,830 1,516,230 195,549 138,938,456 $147,343,430 22,570 2,473,530 1,408,149 1,643,525 204,399 978 83,920 60,964 54,012 6,935 163,545,607 5,505,511 $174,392,150 $5,892,328 (18,702) 16,487 46,006 77,614 529 455,765 $581,123 381,208 467,744 15,869 40,458 248,152 333,813 11,325 16,576 223,321 298,394 10,124 26,960 177,863 239,212 8,116 70,002 205,035 247,439 8,395 21,770 329,055 398,849 12,619 57,715 21,539 24,705 838 3,996 204,038 256,221 8,484 9,933 1,998,036 2,245,006 76,117 159,697 263,873 367,786 12,478 35 85,095 107,170 3,636 14,064 174,637 234,876 7,969 29,691 252,575 287,545 9,576 — 104,365 104,588 2,661 2,661 18,206 22,000 746 2,757 1,155,310 1,401,405 47,325 79,105 418,072 471,788 14,976 12,141 326,805 406,131 13,779 93,008 73,799 81,941 2,780 8,768 67,389 90,625 3,075 12,787 34,622 38,442 1,304 4,113 1,146,648 1,295,110 43,940 88,127 53,650,662 67,484,324 2,289,557 1,689,250 3,455 3,823 130 402 182,421 211,433 7,173 54,972 185,729 212,835 7,221 31,916 725,805 863,472 29,295 46,339 6,561 7,856 340 4,706 1.695.041 1,691,574 48,489 43,353 311,367 333,616 9,836 9,844 44,525 54,288 1,842 2,262 263,060 320,439 10,872 8,594 44,623 56,200 1,907 10,832 9,902 13,372 454 2,284 156,953 169,718 8,693 28,073 326,914 415,584 14,100 11.293 118,806 159,836 5,423 9,699 296,678 328,432 11,095 34,494 22,253,585 28,067,729 952,261 — 358,805 423,346 14,363 899 25,074 29,592 1,004 888 52,831 54,381 615 615 111,584 117,316 3,980 3,509 121,732 163,767 5,556 48,432 762,464 913,394 30,989 57,110 996,406 1,061,148 31,965 23,585 967 1,596 54 361 600,910 737,030 25,005 575 81,848 100.613 3,414 — 1,054,909 1,171,286 39,739 125.385 48,033 48,436 1,353 1,798 260,947 276,486 9,344 29,186 140,457 185,452 6,292 17,713 46,130 62,118 2,107 14,341 137,961 170,652 6,113 30,056 Table 7. Endowment Funds, September 30, 1993 (continued) Principal Book Market Net Unexpended Value Value Income Balance 243,345 283,260 9,407 _ 745,974 1,001,801 33,988 979 1,621,126 2,037,846 68,499 53,277 2,981,582 2,987,953 76,030 76,030 21,563 23,942 812 2,562 1 89,904 218,491 7,413 32,545 10,116,134 12,183,315 409,525 152,303 111,443 149,491 5,072 26,518 1,181,197 1,427,545 48,433 291,721 i2.52l 40,842 1,386 6,395 164,602 518,918 17,605 498 2,088,662 2,159,795 52,284 65,186 1,077,918 1,335,498 44,752 53,194 564,453 505,633 17,155 23,735 37,819 (3,970 1,452 2,753 45,403 50,412 1,710 5,394 5,856 7,861 267 8,512 20,241 20,671 167 — Ripley, S. Dillon and Mary Livingston Roebling Fund Rollins, Miriam and William Sackler Public Affairs Schmitt, John J Sims, George W Sprague Fund Springer, Frank Stem, Hatold P., Memorial Stevenson, John A., Mycological Library Stuart, Mary Horner Tupper, Earl S Walcott, Charles D. and Mary Vaux, Research Walcott Research Fund, Botanical Publications .... Williston, Samuel Wendell Diptera Research Williams, Blair & Elsie Zerbee, Frances Brinckle Zirkle, Nancy Bc-hrend Subtotal RESTRICTED PURPOSE— QUASI: Abbott, Marie Bohrn Armstrong, Edwin James Au Panier Fleuri Bacon, Virginia Purdy Bateman, Robert Becker, George F < oopi i 1 1' win Acquisition Endowment Fund IVnghaiiscn. I.uisit.i I. and It. in/ II fund Desautcls. Paul E Eru nds of Music Endowment Fund Fund tor the Future — Samuel (Johnson Theati i Gavcr, Gordon Haas, Gloria, Fellowship I lachenberg, George P. and Caroline Hammond, John, Performance Series Fund Hanson, Martin Gustav and Catoline R Hirshhorn Collections Endowment Fund Hirshhorn, Joseph H , Bequest Fund The Holenia Trust Fund Hunterdon Endowment Johnson, E. R. Fenimore Loeb, Morris Long, Annette E. and Edith C Louie, Richard Memorial Myer, Catherine Walden Noyes, Frank B Noyes, Pauline Riggs Pell, Cornelia Livingston Ramsey, Adm. and Mrs. Dewitt Clinton (See Note 1) Rathbun, Richard, Memorial Ripley Library Roebling Solar Research Ruef, Bertha M Schultz, Leonard P. Seidell. Athetton Smithsonian Agency Account Smithsonian Institution Libraries Strong, Julia D Witherspoon, Thomas A., Memorial Subtotal Total Restricted Purpose TOTAL ENDOWMENT FUNDS I I i,336,53I 201,728 :6 88 119.26 1 570,988 111." 12 985,943 561,152 10,443,628 5,190 107,447 253,120 13,633 18,908 28,519 60,329 8,588,636 2,091,697 6,322,758 20,635,524 17,644 596,663 3,436 40,308 137,123 6,816 56,180 50,546 1,180,654 72,448 107,478 159,385 185,717 135,796 3,903,370 1,539,654 362,829 68,084 874,849 61,042,793 140,329,178 203,647 31,758 I $8,325 694,265 l 16,799 1,201,643 596,070 I IT! 1,777 20,515 117,478 260,544 15,839 18,773 36,526 386,564 75,968 9,976,587 2,548,219 7,451,841 25,644,851 56,247 753,428 4,653 40,523 172,675 8,703 65,182 63,746 1,495,645 91,337 109,663 196,377 219,195 160,639 4,747,473 1,880,414 361,520 85,828 1,101,279 72,865,516 4,692,670 6,901 473 1 ,058 — 4,693 3,710 23,554 68,359 3,963 3,115 40,768 15,653 21.060 285 397,450 152,030 1,863 1,082 3,883 2,640 2,947 2,947 516 1,102 53 — 1,239 10,757 13,115 21,615 2,577 14,697 347,222 1,657 83,154 25 244,166 400,067 865,642 152,302 1,908 5,901 25,562 18,530 158 1,118 975 975 5,858 54,352 295 4,859 2,211 5,146 2,163 12,883 50,743 4,571 3,099 26,639 917 130,732 6,663 19,165 7,437 9,212 5,450 28,461 161,069 472,823 65,224 (1,297,495) 9,034 4,194 2,912 22,753 37,363 227,136 2,454,865 604,471 175,379,324 213,194,694 7,147,535 4,503,203 $322,722,754 3387,586,844 $13,039,8 5,084,326 sted all of in part in U.S. Treasury or other nonpooled investment Table 8. Construction and Plant Funds, Fiscal Years 1992 and 1993 (in fOOOs) FY 1 992 I 7,899 23,599 5,233 2,370 9,874 1,678 50,653 742 $ 7.833 24,192 4,641 2,132 9,914 FUNDS PROVIDED Federal Construction Appropriations: National Zoological Park Restoration and Renovation ot Buildings Construction Planning and Minot Construction National Museum of the Ametican Indian National Museum of Natural History - East Coutt General Post Office Building - Construction Total Federal Construction Appropriations Nonappropriated Trust Plant Funds: Income - Gilt and Other Environmental Research Center Tropical Reseatch Institute - Tupper Research Facihtu Coopet-Hewitt Museum Visitor Information and Associates Reception Center National Museum of the Ametican Indian Freer Gallery and Auditorium National Museum of Natural History - Gem Hall . . National Museum of Natural History - Insect Zoo . Total Income Transfers from Other Funds National Museum oi the American Indian Freer Gallery and Auditorium National Museum of Natural History - Gem Hall . . National Museum of Natutal History - Insect Zoo . . . Visitot Infotmation and Associates Reception Center Other Total Transfers Total Funds Provided 149 153 576 68 57 46 10 1 2,022 10,245 686 121 352 1,413 105 174 950 2,113 (25)* (202)* (51)* (6)* (84)* (2)* 1,951 $55,35' $62,884 * Funds reclassified to current operating funds. 93 assessment of financial management functions conducted by the Private Sector Council. These changes will result in better economies of scale and improved accountabilities. • Completion of a vulnerability assessment for the Institution's major management information systems, which resulted in the adoption of tighter security standards and contingency plans for all critical systems. Audit Activities The Institution's financial statements are audited annually by an independent public accounting firm. After an extensive evaluation process, the Board of Regents selected KPMG Peat Marwick to perform the Institution's audit for fiscal 1993. Beginning in fiscal 1993, the audit plan was expanded to include a more in-depth review of the Institution's internal control structure and confor- mance with the Chief Financial Officers Act. In addition to the audit report, management receives a report from the auditors with suggested operational improvements, which management acts upon as appropriate. KPMG Peat Marwick's Independent Auditors' Report for fiscal 1993 and the accompanying financial statements are presented on pages 95 through 1 00. The Smithsonian's internal audit staff, part of the Office of Inspector General, assists the external auditors and regularly audits the Institution's various programs, activities, and internal control systems. In accordance with the government requirement tor the use of coordinated audit teams, the Defense Contract Audit Agency, the Smithsonian Office of Inspector General, and KPMG Peat Marwick coordinate the audit of grants and contracts received from federal agencies, including the allowability and allocability of indirect costs. The Audit and Review Committee of the Board of Regents met three times during the fiscal year pursuant to its fiduciary responsi- bilities and the bylaws of the Board of Regents. The Committee reviewed the results of the 1992 audit of financial statements and the 1993 audit plan, received reports from the Inspector General, and conducted inquiries on a variety of topics directed at safe- guarding the Institution's assets. Related Organizations The National Gallery of Art, the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, and the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars were established by Congress within the Institution. Each organization is administered by its own board of trustees and reports independently on its financial status. The Smithsonian pro- vides the Wilson Center with certain fiscal, administrative, and support services, and office space, on a reimbursable basis. The Institution provides administrative services on a contract basis for Reading is Fundamental, Inc. The Friends of the National Zoo (FONZ), an independent nonprofit organization, operates under a concessions contract; proceeds accrue to the Zoo. 94 Kpm^ £W" ^[aAM/ie^ Independent Auditors' Report Board of Regents includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the Smithsonian Institution: amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant We have audited the accompanying statement of financial condi- estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall tion of the Smithsonian Institution as of September 30, 1993, and financial statement presentation. We believe that our audit provides the related statements of financial activity and cash flows for the a reasonable basis for our opinion. year then ended. These financial statements are the responsibility of In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present the Smithsonian Institution's management. Our responsibility is to fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Smith- express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audit. sonian Institution as of September 30, 1993, and the results of its We conducted our audit in accordance with generally accepted operations and its cash flows for the year then ended, in conformity auditing standards. Those standards require that we plan and per- with generally accepted accounting principles, form the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit December 7, 1993 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION: Statement of Financial Condition, September 30, 1993 (with comparative totals for September 30, 1992) (In thousands) Trust Federal Total Totals funds funds all funds 1992 Assets: Fund balances with U.S. Treasury and cash $1,364 165,420 166,784 165,496 Investments (note 3) 399,111 399,111 372,884 Receivables (note 5) 45,971 45,971 48,650 Advance payments (note 6) 11 ,767 1 1 ,767 1 3,095 Inventory 17,283 1,355 18,638 19,862 Prepaid, deferred expense and other 20,186 20,186 21,483 Property and equipment, net (note 7) 84,335 3.30,671 415,006 388,823 Collections (note 11) Total assets Liabilities: Accounts payable and accrued expenses Payable for investment securities purchased Deposits held in custody for others (note 2) Accrued annual leave Deferred tevenue Long-tetm debt (note 9) Total liabilities Unliquidated obligations (note 8) Commitments and contingencies (note 8) Fund balances: Trust: Current: Unrestricted general purpose Unrestricted special purpose Restticted Endowment and similar funds (note 4) Plant lunds Federal: Operating funds (note 10) Consttuction funds Capital funds Total fund balances Total liabilities, unliquidated obligations and fund balances .... See accompanying notes to financial statements. I 95 $568,250 509,2 1 3 1,077,463 1,030,293 34,289 22,523 56,812 65,976 8,431 - 8,431 16,148 5,753 - 5,753 5,839 3,559 12,184 15,743 14,920 46,763 - 46,763 50,497 11,536 " 11,536 13,113 110.331 34,707 145,038 166,493 " 69,588 69,588 68,713 10,193 - 10,193 9,959 28,384 - 28,384 27,557 22,162 - 22,162 28,132 322,723 - 322,723 292,07 i 74,457 - 74,457 63,055 _ 10,661 10,661 4,494 - 62,231 62,231 56,582 - 332,026 332,026 313,234 457,919 404,918 862,837 795.087 $568,250 509,213 1,077,463 1,030,293 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION: Statement of Financial Activity. For the year ended September 30, 1993 (with comparative totals for the year ended September 30, 1992) (In thousands) Trust Funds Federal Funds Endowment Total Current funds and similar Plant trust Operating Construction Capital (note 1 5 ) funds funds funds funds funds funds REVENUE AND OTHER ADDITIONS: Appropriations (note 10) $ - 295,560 48,712 Government gtants and conttacts 43,768 — 43,768 Investment income 19,076 493 19,569 Net gain on sale of securities 44 17,171 — 17,215 Gifts, bequests and private grants 25,547 5,864 11,728 43,139 Additions to plant 10,542 10,542 - 48,607 Rentals, tees, commissions and other (note 10) 9,527 - 9,527 1,324 Auxiliary activities 190,846 190,846 Total fevenue and other additions 288,808 23,035 22,763 334,606 296,884 48,712 48,607 EXPENDITURES AND OTHER DEDUCTIONS: Research, education and collection acquisition (note 11) 91.80 1 91,804 186,795 Administration 24,285 24,285 27,829 Facilities services 1,392 1392 78,991 Acquisition of plant 10,496 10,496 43,063 Property use and depreciation (note 7) 2,816 2,816 - 29,815 Auxiliary activities 166,671 166,671 Total expenditutes and othet deductions 284,152 13,312 297,464 293,615 43,063 29,815 Excess of fevenue and other additions over expenditures and other deductions 4,656 23,035 9,451 37,142 3,269 5,649 18,792 TRANSFERS AMONG 11 NDS (note 12) (9,565) 7,614 1 ,95 1 Net increase (decrease) for the yeat . (4,909) 30,649 11,402 37,142 3,269 5,649 18,792 Increase in unobligated balances (note Si — 4,815 Retutned to U.S. Treasury (note 10) .... - (1,917) Fund balances at beginning of year 65,648 292,074 63,055 420,777 4,494 56,582 313,234 Fund balances at end of yeat $60,739 322,723 74,457 457,919 10,661 62,231 332,026 See accompanying notes to financial statements. Total fedetal Total Totals funds all funds 1992 44,272 344,272 331,836 - 43,768 42,689 - 19,569 14,563 - 17,215 17,790 - 43,139 45,012 48,607 59,149 58,341 1,324 10,851 7,519 - 190,846 188,591 394,203 728,809 706,341 186,795 27,829 78,991 43,063 29,815 278,599 268,843 52,114 50,021 80,383 78,085 53,559 40,139 32,631 28,544 166,671 164,302 366,493 663,957 629,934 27,710 64,852 76,407 4,815 (1,917) 374,310 4,815 3,546 (1,917) (1,653) 795,087 716,787 404,918 862,837 795,087 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION: Statement of Cash Flows for the year ended September 30, 1993 (with comparative totals for the yeat ended September 30, 1992) (In thousands) Trust funds Federal funds Total .11 funds Totals 1992 Cash flows from operating activities: Excess of revenue and other additions ovet expenditures and other deductions Adjustments to reconcile to net cash provided by operating activities: Depteciation and amortization Loss on disposition of property and equipment Provision tor losses on accounts receivable Gain on disposition of investments $37,142 27,710 64,852 76,407 5,299 29,176 34,475 30,858 - 313 313 - 3,248 - 3,248 4,006 (17,215) - (17,215) (17,790) 96 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION: Statement of Cash Flows for the year ended September 30, 1993 (continued) (with comparative totals for the year ended September 30, 1992) (In thousands) Trust funds Federal funds Total .11 funds Totals 1992 Increase in unobligated balances Funds returned to U.S. Treasury (Increase) decrease in receivables (Increase) decrease in inventory (Increase) decrease in prepaid and deterred expense Decrease in advance payments Cash flows from operating activities: Adjustments to reconcile to net cash provided by operating activities: (continued) Increase (decrease) in accounts payable and accrued expenses Increase (decrease) in deposits held in custody Increase in accrued annual leave Increase (decrease) in deterred revenue Increase (decrease) in unliquidated obligations Net cash provided by operating activities Cash flows from investing activities: Payments for purchase ot property and equipment Purchases ot investment securities Proceeds from sale ot investment securities Net cash used for investing activities Cash flows from financing activities: Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt Repayments of long-term debt Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities Net increase (decrease) in fund balances with U.S. Treasury and cash Fund balances with U.S. Treasury and cash at the beginning ot year Fund balances with U.S. Treasury and cash at the end of year - 4,815 4,815 3,546 - (1,917) (1,917) (1,653) (68) - (68) (1.829) 898 326 1,224 (741) 1,297 - 1,297 (3,648) - 1,328 1,328 452 (6,482) (7,887) (14,369) 4,248 (86) - (86) 1,363 122 701 823 1,337 (8,025) - (8,025) 11,146 — 875 875 (13,073) (10,764) (593,865) 584,531 20,098) (1,577) (1,577) 55,440 (48,607) (5,545) 6,833 6,909 158,587 165,420 (59,371) (593,865) 584,531 (68,705) 165,496 94,629 (59,822) (509,374) 480,855 (88,341) 3,800 (1,401) ,399 8,687 156,809 165,496 Supplemental information: Cash paid for interest was $986,000 and $1,079,000 in 1993 and 1992, respectively. See accompanying notes to financial statements. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Notes to Financial Statements: Sep ( 1 ) Summary of Significant Ad (a) Baas of Presentation ber30, 1993 nting Policies These financial statements teflect the Smithsonian Institution's teceipt and expendi- ture of funds obtained from all sources. These include federal appropriations, pri- vate sources, government grants and contracts, investment income, and certain business activities. Funds received from direct federal appropriations are shown in the columns titled Federal Funds in the financial statements. These funds are accounted for on the ob- ligation basis ot accounting, which differs in some respects from generally accepted accounting principles. Under this method of accounting, obligations of the federal operating fund, such as purchase orders and contracts, have been recognized as expendirures, and the relared obligations have been reporred on the Statement of Financial Condition at September 30, 1993, even though the goods and services have not been received. All other funds are shown in the columns titled Trust Funds in the financial state- ments. Trust funds are accounted for on the accrual basis of accounting. These financial statements do not include the accounts of the National Gallery of Art, the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, or the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, which were established by Congress within the Institution, but ate administered under separate boards of trustees. (bj Fund Accounting To ensure observance of the limitations and restrictions placed on the use of re- sources available to the Institution, accounts are maintained in accordance wirh rhe principles of fund accounting. This procedure classifies resources for control, ac- counting and reporting purposes into distinct funds established according to their nature and purposes. Separate accounts are maintained for each fund; however, in the accompanying financial statements, funds that have similar characteristics have been combined tor presentation into fund gtoups. Accordingly, all financial transac- tions have been reported by fund group. The assers, liabilities, and fund balances of rhe Institution are self-balancing as Federal operating funds represent appropriated funds available for support of the Institution's operarions and are generally available for obligation only in the year received. Separate subtund groups are maintained for each appropriation as follows: Salaries and Expenses; Special Foreign Currency; and rhe Barro Colorado Island Trust Fund, which supporrs the Smithsonian Tropical Research Insntute. Federal construction funds represent the portion of appropriated funds available for building and facility construction, resrorarion, renovation and repair and are avail- able for obligation until expended. Separate subfund groups are maintained for each appropnarion; Construction and Improvements, Repaits and Restoration of Buildings, and the National Zoological Park. Federal capital funds represenr the value ot the Institution's assets acquired with federal funds plus nonexpendable property transfers from U.S. Government agencies. 97 Trust current funds y which include unrestricted and restricted resources, represent nonappropriated funds available tor support of the Institution's operations. Amounts restricted by the donor for specific purposes are segregated from other current funds. Trust endowment and similar funds include funds that are subject to restrictions of gift instruments requiring that the principal be invested in perpetuity and that only income be expended. Also classified as endowment and similar funds are gifts which allow the expenditure of principal only under specified conditions. Quasi - endowment funds are funds established by the governing board for the same pur- poses as endowment funds; however, any portion of such funds may be expended with board approval. Restricted quasi -endowment funds represent gifts for restrict- ed purposes where there is no stipulation that the principal be maintained in perpe- tuity or for a period of time, but the governing board has elected to invest the prin- i ipal and expend only the income for the purpose stipulated by the donor. Trust plant funds represent resources restricted or internally designated for future plant acquisitions, and funds expended for plant. (c) Investment! Investments are stared at cost or amortized cost. Investments are recorded at cost on a trade date basis, if purchased, or estimated fair value at date of acquisition if acquired by gift. All investment income, except that of endowment and similar funds, and gains and losses arising from the sale of investments and property, are accounted for in the fund in which the related assets are recorded. Income of endowment and similar funds is accounted for in the fund to which it is restricted or, it unrestricted, as rev- enue in unrestricted current funds < iains and losses on ili< sale of investments are recognized on the trade date basis using the average tost method. (d) Inventory Inventories are reported at the lower of cost or market. Cost is determined using the first-in, first-out method. (e) Deferred Revenue and Expense Revenue from subscriptions CO Smithsonian magazine and Air & Space/Smithsonian magazine is recorded as income over the period of the telated subscription, which is generally one year. Costs related to obtaining subscriptions to Smithsonian magazine and Air & Space/Snntbsonian magazine are t barged against income over the period of the subscription The Institution recognizes revenue and charges expenses of other auxiliary activi- ties during the period in whit h the activity is conducted. (fiWorks of Art, Living and Other Specimens The Institution acquires its collections, which include works of art. library books, photographic archives, objects and specimens, through purchase with federal or pri- vate funds or by donation. All collections are held for public exhibition, education, or research in furtherance of the Institution's mission to increase and diffuse knowl- edge to the public. The Institution provides protection and preservation services for its collections. In accordance with policies generally followed by museums, no value is assigned to the collections on the statement of financial condition. Purchases of collections are expensed currently. Proceeds from deaccessions are recognized as other revenue in the year of sale, and are designated for future collection acquisitions. At September 30, I993i approximately SH, 500,000 was so designated in the trust funds. tg)Property and Equipment (1 )Federal Funds Property and equipment purchased with federal funds are recorded in the capital funds at cost and depreciated on a straight-line basis over their useful lives as fol- Buildings 30 years Major renovations 15 years Nonexpendable equipment 10 years Certain lands occupied by the Institution's buildings were appropriated and reserved by Congress for the Institution and are not reflected in the accompanying financial statements. Property and nonexpendable equipment acquired through transfer from government agencies are capitalized at the transfer price or fair value. (2)Trust Funds Property and equipment purchased with trust funds for use by nonincome-produc- mg activities are recorded at cost, or appraised value at date of gift, except for gifts of certain islands in the Chesapeake Bay and the Carnegie Mansion, which have been recorded at nominal values. Property and equipment acquisitions are treated as a deduction of the current funds and are capitalized and depreciated in the plant funds. Capital improvements and equipment purchased with trust funds for use by 98 income-producing activities are capitalized at cost in the current funds. Property and equipment are depreciated on the sttaight-Iine basis over their use- ful lives as follows: Buildings 30 years Major renovations 15 years Equipment 3-10 years (h) Government Grants and Contracts The Institution has a number of grants and contracts with the U.S. government and other state and local governments which primarily provide for cost reimbursement to the Institution. Governmental grant and contract revenue is recognized as reim- bursable expenditures are incurred. (i) Pledges The Institution records pledges based upon letters signed by donors. Pledges are re- corded at net realizable value as a receivable and as deferred revenue on the state- ment of financial condition. Revenue from pledges is recognized in the year the pledged funds are collected. (J) Gifts. Bequests, and Other Grants The Institution recognizes revenue from gifts, bequ year the cash is received. (k) Contributed Services and Fat il it its A substantial number of volunteers make significant contributions of their time in the furtherance of the Institution's programs. The Institution also uses certain facilities for a nominal charge. The value of the contributed time and facilities is not reflected in these statements as it is not susceptible to objective measurement or valuation. (h Annual Leavt The Institution's civil service employees earn annual leave in accordance with feder- al laws and regulations. Annual leave is recognized as expense as earned. The 1992 federal annual leave balances were previously reported as a receivable from rhe fed- eral government. The 1992 comparative amounts, including fund balances, have been restated to conform to the current federal accounting guidance. Annual leave for trust employees is accrued and expensed in the trust fund as earned (m) Fund Balances with the U.S. Treasury and Cash Amounts represent cash deposited with financial instii the U.S. Treasury which are available for disbu nd private grants in the i held by (n) Reclassifications Certain 1992 balances have been reclassified to confoi urrent presentation. (2) Related Entities The Institution provides certain fiscal and administrative services to several sepa- rately incorporated organizations in which certain officials of the Institution serve on the governing boards. The amounts paid to the Institution by these organiza- tions for the aforementioned services, together with rent for Institutional facilities occupied, totaled $165,000 for the trust funds and $75,000 for the federal funds for fiscal year 1993. Deposits held in custody for these organizations were $5,753,000 at September 30, 1993. (3) Investments At September 30, 1993, investments comprised of the following: (SOOOs) Current funds: Cash equivalents U.S. government obligations Common stocks Plant funds: Common stocks U.S. government obligations Endowment and similar funds: Pooled investments: Cash equivalents Carrying value Market vain $28,896 32,212 6 61.114 125 8.775 8.900 9,067 28,726 60,166 66,230 143.453 327.415 1,027 6S1 1.682 329.097 $399,111 53,602 64,670 70,707 194.381 392.200 1,106 ail 2.038 394.2 38 Mutual funds U.S. government and quasi-government obligations Corporate bonds and other obligations Common and ptetetred stocks Subtotal pooled investments Nonpooled investments: Deposit with U.S. Treasury Charitable trusts Subtotal nonpooled investments Total endowment and similar funds Total investments (4) Endowment and Similar Funds The Institution uses the "total return" approach ro investment management of endowment funds and quasi-endowment funds. Each year, the endowment pays out an amount for current expenditutes based upon a number ol factots evaluated and approved by the Board of Regents. The payout for 1993 was 4.6 percenr of the aver- age market value of the endowment over the prior five years. The difference be- tween rhe income (i.e., dividends, interesr and realized capital gams) and the payout for rhe year is reinvested or withdrawn from previously accumulated returns. Actual income exceeded the payout amount in fiscal year 1993 and the excess was trans- ferred from current funds to the endowment and similar funds (see nore 12). Substantially all of the investments of the endowment and similar funds are pooled on a market value basis, with each individual fund subscribing to or dispos- ing of unirs on the basis of the pet unit market value at the beginning of the month within which the transaction takes place. At September 30, 1993, each unit had a matket value of $442. The market value of the pool's net assets at September 30, 1993 was $386,461 ,000, representing all pooled investments (see note 3) plus net receivables and payables related to investment transactions. Each fund participating in the investment pool receives an annual payout equal to the number of units owned times the annual payout amount per unit. The pay- out for fiscal year 1993 was $15.00 per unit. Based on approved Board policy, if rhe market value of any endowment fund is less than 1 10 percent of the historical value, the current payout is limited to the actual interest and dividends allocable to that fund. Fund balances of the endowment and similat funds are comprised of the follow- ing at September 30, 1993: Units (2000s) 22,784 $ 8,405 317,115 114,337 369,397 138,938 164.809 61.043 874,105 $322,723 Endowment - unrestricred Endowment - restricted Quasi-endowment - unrestricted Quasi-endowment - restricted (5) Receivables Trust fund teceivables at September 30, 1993 comprised the folio Auxiliary activities and other, net of $923 allowance for doubtful accounts Investment securities sold Pledges i able Granrs and contracts Interest and dividends Interfund receivables and (6) Advance Payments Advance payments represent prepayments made ro government agencies, education- al institutions, firms and individuals for services to be rendered, or property or materials to be furnished. At September 30, 1993, the Institution had advance payments outstanding to the General Services Administration of $8,315,000, principally for equipment purchas- es for the Museum Support Center and other projecrs to be completed in future fis- cal years. Advance payments outstanding to educational institutions amounting to $1,130,000 were principally under the Special Foteign Currency Program. Other advance payments totaled $2,262,000. (7) Property and Equipment At September 30, 1993, property and equipment comprised the following: Trust: Current funds: Building Capital improvements Equipment Leasehold improvements Less - accumulated depteciarii Plant funds: Land and buildings Equipment Less - accumulated depteciatii $ 4,125 25,061 11,585 1.529 42,300 (20.065) 22.235 77,575 8.119 85,694 (23.594) 62.100 Total trust funds $ 84,335 deral: Capital funds: Buildings 281,305 Capital improve ments 275,352 Equipment 49.688 606,345 Less - accumulated depreciation (275.674) Total fedetal funds 330.671 Total all funds $ 415,006 ng ild- Property use and depreciation expense in the federal funds tor fiscal year 1993 included $29,176,000 of depreciation expense in the capital funds. Depreciation expense in the trust funds for fiscal year 1993 for income-produc assets amounted to $2,518,000 and is included in auxiliary activities expenditur in the current funds. Depreciation for nonincome-producing equipment and bi ings for fiscal year 1993 amounted to $2,816,000 and is included in the plant funds. At September 30, 1993, the fund balance of the trust plant funds included $1 1,568,000 of restricted funds and $788,000 of unrestricted funds designated for future plant acquisitions. (8) Commitments and Contingencies (a) Activities Leases for various Smithsonian warehouse and office spaces provide for escalation of rents to coincide with increases in property taxes, operating expenses attributable to the leased property and the Consumer Price Index. The Institution has the authori- ty to enter into leases for up to 30 years using federal funds. The Institution's operating leases for the warehouse and office spaces require future minimum lease payments as follows: ($000s) 1994 $ 7,085 1995 6,513 1996 4,034 1997 3,594 1998 3,061 Thereafter 12.894 $ 37,181 Rental expense for these real property leases totaled $9,670,000 for fiscal year 1993- (b) Government Grants and Contracts The Institution receives funding or reimbursement from governmental agencies for various activities which are subject to audit. Audits of these activities have been completed through the fiscal year 1992. However, audits of fiscal years 1986 through 1992 have not been finalized with the cognizant agency. Management believes that any adjustments which may result from those audits and the audits for fiscal year 1993 would not have a material effect on the Institution's financial statements. (c) Unliquidated Obligations Unliquidated obligations totaled $69,588,000 at September 30, 1993 including $41,721,000 in the operating funds and $27,867,000 in the construction funds. The increase in unobligated balances reported in the Statement of Financial Activity consists of adjustments to obligations which were estimated and recorded in a prior fiscal year. 99 (9) Long-term Debt Long-term debt as of September 30, 1993 consists of the following: (SOOOs) Unsecured note payable to Riggs National Bank, bearing interest of 9%; interest only payable quarterly through Sep- tember 30, 1991; interest and principal payable quarterly commencing September 30, 1991 until June 30, 1998, with the remaining unpaid principal balance due June 30, 1998. $8,179 Unsecured note payable to Signet Bank, bearing interest at I % in excess of the Federal Funds Rate, which was 5.09£ at September 50, 1993, payable quarterly; principal payable in quarterly installments of $63,333 until December 31, 1996 with remain- ing unpaid principal balance due December 31, 1996. 3.S57 Total long-term debt $ 1 1,536 The proceeds of the note with Riggs National Bank financed construction of a restaurant addition to the National Air and Space Museum. The proceeds of the note with Signet Bank financed a warehouse facility for Institution museum shops. During (he fiscal year L993, $986,000 was recorded as interest expense in the auxil- iary activities funds. ng September $0, arc (12) Transfers Among Trust Funds The following transfers increased (decreased) trust funds for fiscal year 1993: The aggregate amount J le lor all borr wings tor ye. as follows: (SOOOs) 1994 $1,700 1995 1,835 1996 ! 98 1997 1,486 1998 1,533 < 10) Returned to I V Treasury On November 5, 1990, the U.S. Congress enacted Public Law 101-510, the I >< ft nr Authorization Act (the Act) which prescribes the rules for determining the availability of appropriation balances and establishes the procedures for closing appropriation accounts. The major purpose of the Act is to restructure annual appropriation accounts. Beginning with the fiscal year 1989 appropriation accounts, recipients are now required co maintain annual appropriations for a five-year period following the year ot appropriation At the end of an appropriation's six-year life, the appropriation account is closed and any unobligated balan.es are returned to the U.S. Treasury. The Act also provides tor the cancellation of fiscal years 1988 and prior appropria- tions as of September 30, 1993. (11) Accessions and Deaccessions For fiscal year 1993, $5,852,000 of trust funds and SI ,070,000 of federal funds were expended tor the acquisition of collections. Proceeds from trust funds deacces- sions were $99^,000. There were no deaccessions of collections purchased with fed- eral funds m fiscal year L993 988 2,879 (3,867) (3,859) (4,626) (2.190) (5,569) 8,485 (3,996) 7,614 Current funds Endowment and Plant Unrestricted Restricted similar funds funds Interest in excess of payout $ (1,364) (1,632) 2,996 Endowment reallocated to restricted and unrestricted Designated as quasi-endowment Other, net Total transfers (13) Retirement Plan The federal employees of the Institution are covered by either the Civil Service Retirement System (CSRS) or the Federal Employee Retirement System (FERS). The features of both of these systems are defined in published government documents. Under both systems, the Institution withholds from the salary of each appropriated employee the percentage of salary required. The Institution also contributes specified percentages. The cost of the programs for fiscal year 1993 was $15,009,000. The Institution has a separate defined contribution retirement plan for trust employees, in which substantially all employees of the crust funds are eligible to participate. Under the plan, the Institution contributes stipulated percentages of salary which are used to purchase individual annuities, the rights to which are immediately vested with the employees. Employees can make voluntary contribu- tions, subject to certain limitations. The Institution's cost of the plan for fiscal year 1993 was $7,451,000 It is the policy of the Institution to pay the accrued costs of all plans currently. (14) Income Taxes The Institution is exempt from income taxation under the provisions of Section 501(c) (3) of the Internal Revenue Code (the Code). Organizations described in that section are taxable only on their unrelated business income. No provision for income taxes is required for fiscal year 1993 since the Institution had a net loss from its unrelated business activity. It is the opinion of the Institution's management that it is also exempt from taxa- tion as an instrumentality of the United States as defined in Section 501(c) (1) of the Code. Organizations described in that section are exempt from all income taxa- tion. The Institution has not yet formally sought such dual status. (15) Current Trust Funds Financial Activity Current unrestricted funds are comprised of separate subfunds. These subfunds include the auxiliary activities fund that represents primarily the revenue and expenditures of the Smithsonian Associates Programs, Smithsonian and Air & SpacelSmithsoman maga- zines, and museum shop and mail order sales; the special purpose fund that represents funds internally designated for specific purposes; and the general purpose fund that consists of all other unrestricted activity in the current funds. The financial ; : funds by subfund for fiscal year 1 993 is .i- folio Revenue and other additions: Government grants and contracts Investment income Net gain on sale of securities Gifts, bequests and private grants Rentals, fees, commissions and other Auxiliary activities Total revenue and other additions Expenditures and other deductions: Research, educational and collection acquisition Administration Facilities services Auxiliary activities Total expenditures and other deductions Excess of revenue and other additions over (under) expenditures and other deductions Transfers among funds Net increase (decrease) for the year IOO General Auxiliary Special urpose activities purpose $ - 9.184 - 44 - 41 8,500 500 - = 179.893 9.769 188.393 10,593 _ 7,769 7,881 1,248 - = 160.807 19.610 168.688 (9,841) 19,705 10.075 (19.705) S 234 - 22.428 (4,807) Total Restricted _ 13,768 10.017 9,059 44 - 9.386 16,161 5,490 4,037 190.846 = 15,806 26,399 626 16,276 132 1,380 5.864 166.671 2 10. "26 Totals 43,768 19,076 44 25,547 9,527 190.8(6 65,405 91,804 8,009 24,285 12 1,392 = 166.671 28-1.15: (401) 4,656 (5.569) (9.565) (5,970) (4,909) SMITHSONIAN YEAR 1994 Sr «$ '* SMITHSONIAN YEAR ♦ 1994 Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institution for the Year Ended September 30, 1994 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS WASHINGTON, D.C. ♦ 1994 Secretariat Office of Government Relations Office of Policy and Program Development Assistant Secretary for the SCIENCES Assistant Secretary for FINANCE & ADMINISTRATION Assistant Secretary for the ARTS & HUMANITIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Board of Regents THE SECRETARY Inspector General Under Separate Boards of Trustees John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts National Gallery of Art Woodrow Wilsoi International Center for Sehola UNDER SECRETARY General Counsel Office of Public Affairs Business Management Office Assistant Secretary for EDUCATION & PUBLIC SERVICE Assistant Secretary for ENVIRONMENTAL & EXTERNAL AFFAIRS Assistant Secretary for INSTITUTIONAL INITIATIVES Assistant Secretary for the ARTS & HUMANITIES Museum Archives of American Art Arthur M. Saclcler Gallery and Freer Gallery of Art Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden Institutional Studies Office International Gallery National Air and Space Museum National Museum of African Art National Museum of American Art Renwick Gallery National Museum of American History National Postal Museum National Museum of the American Indian National Portrait Gallery Office of Exhibits Central Office of Museum Programs Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service Assistant Secretary for FINANCE & ADMINISTRATION Office of the Comptroller Office of Contracting and Property Management Office of Equal Employment and Minority Affairs Office of Facilities Services Office of Architectural History and Historic Preservation Office of Design and Construction Office of Environmental Management and Safety Office of Plant Services Office of Protection Services Office of Human Resources Office of Information Resource Management Office of Planning, Management, and Budget Office of Printing and Photographic Services Office of Risk and Asset Management Office of Sponsored Projects Ombudsman Assistant Secretary for the SCIENCES Conservation Analytical Laboratory National Museum of Natural History Museum Support Center National Zoological Park Office of Fellowships and Grants Office of Smithsonian Institution Archive Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory Smithsonian Environmental Research Center Smithsonian Institution Libraries Smithsonian Tropical Research In Assistant Secretary for EDUCATION & PUBLIC SERVICE Center for Folklife Programs and Cultural Studies National Science Resources Center Office of Elementary and Secondary Education Wider Audience Development Progran Assistant Secretary for ENVIRONMENTAL & EXTERNAL AFFAIRS Office of International Relations Office of Special Events and Conferences Office of Telecommunications The Smithsonian Associates National Program Resident Program Smithsonian Institution Press Smithsonian Magazine Air & Space I Smithsonian Magazine Visitor Information and Associates' Reception Center Assistant Secretary for INSTITUTIONAL INITIATIVES National Museum of the National Campaign Office of Development Smithsonian Women's Committee CONTENTS 4 STATEMENT BY THE SECRETARY EMERITUS 5 STATEMENT BY THE SECRETARY 6 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION 8 REPORT OF THE BOARD OF REGENTS 11 HIGHLIGHTS OF THE YEAR 31 THE YEAR IN REVIEW Sciences 31 Office of the Assistant Secretary for the Sciences 31 Conservation Analytical Laboratory 32 National Museum of Natural History 33 National Zoological Park 34 Office of Fellowships and Grants 34 Office of Smithsonian Institution Archives 35 Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory 36 Smithsonian Environmental Research Center 37 Smithsonian Institution Libraries 38 Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Arts and Humanities 39 Office of the Assistant Secretary for the Arts and Humanities 39 Anacostia Museum 40 Archives of American Art 41 Arthur M. Sackler Gallery 42 Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum 42 Freer Gallery of Art 44 Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden 44 Institutional Studies Office 45 International Gallery 45 National Air and Space Museum 46 National Museum of African Art 47 National Museum of American Art 48 National Museum of American History 49 National Museum of the American Indian 50 National Portrait Gallery 50 Office of Exhibits Central 51 Office of Museum Programs 51 Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service Education and Public Service 52 Office of the Assistant Secretary for Education and Public Service 53 Center for Folklife Programs and Cultural Studies 53 National Science Resources Center 54 Office of Elementary and Secondary Education 55 Wider Audience Development Program Environmental and External Affairs 55 Office of the Assistant Secretary for Environmental and External Affairs 56 Office of International Relations 56 Office of Special Events and Conferences 56 Office of Telecommunications 57 The Smithsonian Associates 58 Smithsonian Institution Press 58 Smithsonian Magazine 59 Air & Space/Smithsonian Magazine 60 Visitor Information and Associates' Reception Center Institutional Initiatives 60 Office of the Assistant Secretary for Institutional Initiatives 61 National Museum of the American Indian National Campaign 62 Office of Development 62 Smithsonian National Board 63 Smithsonian Women's Committee Finance and Administration 63 Office of the Assistant Secretary for Finance and Administration Under Secretary 66 Office of the Under Secretary 66 Business Management Office 67 Office of Government Relations 67 Office of Policy and Program Development 67 Office of Public Affairs Affiliated Organizations 68 John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts 69 National Gallery of Art 70 Reading Is Fundamental, Inc. 70 Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars 72 BENEFACTORS 83 FINANCIAL REPORT Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1994, containing a chronology of the year and records of Smithsonian advisory boards, narrative reports from museums and offices; visitor counts; fellows, interns, and research associates; publications; staff; and donations to the Institution is made available on Internet by the Smithsonian Institution Press and the Office of Information Resource Management. STATEMENT BY THE SECRETARY EMERITUS Robert McC. Adams The following remarks were made at the installation ceremony of the Smithsonian's ioth secretary on September 19, 1994, by outgoing Secretary Robert McCormick Adams: "Increase and diffusion of knowledge" is a credo for the Smithsonian to which I, and many others, reso- nate very warmly. It has the drawback, however, of providing neither guidelines nor limits in a time of uncertainty as well as constraint. There is, of course, no formula that applies to every setting. In the par- lance of modern complexity theory, the task of man- aging the Smithsonian involves uneasily threading one's way along a knife-edge ridge between two deep but dangerously single-minded basins of at- traction— change and opportunity on the one side, and stability and caution on the other. My own conviction is that a decade is long enough to engage in this balancing act. Although obviously also with feelings of regret, I am confident of the timeliness of passing on this responsibility. Overshadowing any other purely personal reaction is a sense of satisfaction and pleasure at the choice the Board of Regents has made for my successor. I have come to know Michael Heyman well dur- ing his three years as a regent, and even better dur- ing recent months as this remarkably smooth and cordial transition has been under way. He is an acutely perceptive, supple, pragmatic, broad-ranging generalist who believes in and understands this Institution. (His breadth, I might add, is signifi- cantly extended by Therese Heyman's long profes- sional experience in the arts.) I think he can be counted upon to provide wise leadership during the lean times that lie ahead — committed to the defense of the Smithsonian's core values and priorities while always open to the prospect of new initiatives. We are especially fortunate that he is deeply fa- miliar with the public-private partnership on which the Smithsonian has been based since the very outset and on which it now must rely increasingly. But at the same time, he is no less wise in the ways of pub- lic organization and bureaucracies. He knows that they, too, can and must be infused anew with vision and the spirit of public service. They, too, can best be improved and made more efficient through de- centralization and a greater reliance on incentives than on rules and restraints. STATEMENT BY THE SECRETARY J. Michael Heyman The following excerpts are from the installation ad- dress of the Smithsonian's ioth secretary, I. Michael Heyman, on September 19, 1994: Every secretarial era reflects unique circumstances and poses its own opportunities and problems. At present, resources are relatively short. My recent predecessors until a few years ago could count on a generous Congress and executive branch. Public fiscal prospects, however, are bleaker at this time. While we must argue vigorously for special treat- ment, realism counsels that we not depend solely on public revenues to grow substantially in the near future. Realistically, we must work very hard to guard against erosion of our base budget and for adequate resources to fund heavy future obligations. This means that the Smithsonian must rely more on private support from individuals and corpora- tions. A systematic effort to increase private support has started very well under Secretary Adams. We must enhance that success by working closely with donor groups. And we must enlarge our connections with the corporate world. This new era also demands from public (as well as private) organizations increased fiscal account- ability. We must use our resources efficiently and intelligently both to husband them and to under- score our credibility to those who provide them — the government and our donors. The Smithsonian resembles to me a great public university with a very broadly stated mission: the increase and diffusion of knowledge. Within this, we have centered on three major tasks. First is pub- lic education. Second is a university-like research operation. The third task is hosting and maintaining, at last count, 140 million objects. It is crucial that we sustain excellence in all that we do. If our resource base shrinks, we must be pre- pared to jettison the less important of our activities rather than reduce all our activities pro rata and thus threaten the excellence of our most important ones. And we must find ways to finance needed new activities, including deeper participation in the envi- ronmental debates raging in this country, develop- ment of our capacity to give electronic access to our collections throughout the nation, and educating all of us about our origins in a way that will foster senses of pride and thus counter separation and make more attainable the creation of one set of Americans out of many. I am delighted to be named the ioth secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. I look forward with pleasure to leading one of the great cultural and sci- entific institutions of the United States. I urge all of you to participate deeply in our 150th-year celebra- tion through your energy, your creativity, and, when the time comes, your pocketbook. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION The Smithsonian Institution was created by act of Congress in 1846 in accordance with the terms of the will of James Smithson of England, who in 1826 bequeathed his property to the United States of America "to found at Washington, under the name of the Smithsonian Institution, an establish- ment for the increase and diffusion of knowledge among men." After receiving the property and accepting the trust. Congress vested responsibility for administering the trust in the Smithsonian Board of Regents. Board of Regents and Secretary, September 30, 1994 Board of Regents William H. Rehnquist, Chief Justice of the United States, ex officio Albert Gore Jr., Vice-President of the United States, ex officio Daniel P. Moynihan, Senator from New York James R. Sasser, Senator from Tennessee John W. Warner, Senator from Virginia Thomas S. Foley, Speaker of the House of Representatives Joseph M. McDade, Representative from Pennsylvania Norman Y. Mineta, Representative from California Jeannine Smith Clark, Citizen of the District of Columbia Barber B. Conable Jr., Citizen of New York Hanna H. Gray, Citizen of Illinois Samuel C. Johnson, Citizen of Wisconsin Homer A. Neal, Citizen of Michigan Frank A. Shrontz, Citizen of Washington Manuel L. Ibanez, Citizen of Texas Wesley A. Williams Jr., Citizen of the District of Columbia The Secretary I. Michael Heyman, Secretary Constance Berry Newman, Under Secretary Alice Green Burnette, Assistant Secretary for Institutional Initiatives James C. Early, Assistant Secretary for Education and Public Service Tom L. Freudenheim, Assistant Secretary for the Arts and Humanities James M. Hobbins, Executive Assistant to the Secretary Robert S. Hoffmann, Assistant Secretary for the Sciences Thomas E. Lovejoy, Assistant Secretary for Environmental and External Affairs Peter C. Powers, General Counsel Mark W. Rodgers, Director, Office of Government Relations Linda St. Thomas, Acting Director, Office of Public Affairs Nancy Suttenfield, Assistant Secretary for Finance and Administration Smithsonian National Board, September 30, 1994 Mr. Lloyd G. Schermer, Chair Mr. Wilbur L. Ross Jr., Vice Chair Current Members Mr. Lester M. Alberthal Jr., ex officio Mrs. Margaret D. Ankeny Mrs. Robert M. Bass The Honorable Max N. Berry Mr. Joaquin F. Blaya Dr. John Brademas Mrs. John M. Bradley Mr. Stephen F. Brauer Mr. Cason J. Callaway Jr. Mr. Ivan Chermayeff Mr. Landon T. Clay Mrs. Dollie A. Cole Mr. Peter R. Coneway Mr. Thomas Edward Congdon Mrs. William H. Cowles III Mrs. Joan Kent Dillon Mrs. Gloria Shaw Hamilton, ex officio Mr. John M. Harbert III Mr. Marion Edwyn Harrison, Esq. Mrs. Ruth Sulzberger Holmberg Mr. Roger Horchow Mr. Richard Hunt Mr. Robert L. James Mrs. James W. Kinnear Mr. Donald G. Lubin Mr. Frank N. Magid Mrs. Jean B. Mahoney Mrs. John F. Mars Mrs. Nan Tucker McEvoy Dr. George E. Mueller Mr. Thomas D. Mullins Mr. John N. Nordstrom Mrs. Vivian W. Piasecki Mr. Heinz C. Prechter Mr. David S. Purvis Dr. Alvin N. Puryear Mr. Robert Redford Mr. Clive Runnells Mrs. Arthur M. Sackler Mr. Leveo V. Sanchez Dr. Ivan Selin Mrs. Esther Simplot Mr. Kenneth L. Smith Ms. Kathy Daubert Smith Mrs. E. Maynard Smith Mr. Jeffrey N. Watanabe Mr. Frank A. Weil Honorary Members Mr. William S. Anderson Mr. Richard P. Cooley Mr. Joseph F. Cullman III Mr. Charles D. Dickey Jr. The Honorable Leonard K. Firestone Mr. Alfred C. Glassell Jr. Mr. W L. Hadley Griffin The Honorable William A. Hewitt Mr. James M. Kemper Jr. Mr. Seymour H. Knox III Mr. Lewis A. Lapham The Honorable George C. McGhee Justice Sandra Day O'Connor The Honorable S. Dillon Ripley II Mr. Francis C. Rooney Jr. Mrs. Gay F. Wray REPORT OF THE BOARD OF REGENTS Three plenary sessions (on January 24, May 9, and September 19), a special meeting on May 25, meetings of the regents' standing committees, and deliberations of its Search Committee for a new secretary marked an extremely active year for the Board of Regents. The Board of Regents carried out its most impor- tant responsibility in electing the 10th secretary of the Smithsonian, 1. Michael Heyman. The Search Committee originally consisted of regents Jeannine S. Clark, Barber B. Conable Jr., Hanna H. Gray, Mr. Heyman, and Wesley S. Williams Jr. and regent emeritus William G. Bowen. After getting the search off to a solid start, Mr. Heyman resigned in March to become a candidate for the post himself. With Mr. Conable as chairman, the committee considered more than 300 candidates and recommended Mr. Heyman. Agreeing that his talents and experience were the best fit for the Smithsonian's needs, the members of the board elected Mr. Heyman on May 25, 1994. Chancellor William H. Rehnquist in- stalled him as secretary in a ceremony in front of the Smithsonian Castle on September 19. The regents voted to recognize Secretary Robert McC. Adams's outstanding decade of service by presenting to him the Institution's most prestigious award, the James Smithson Medal, and naming him secretary emeritus. The board paid tribute to regent William H. Natcher, who died on March 29, 1994, at age 84. A U.S. representative from Bowling Green, Kentucky, for nearly 41 years and chairman of the House Appropriations Committee, Mr. Natcher had been a regent since January 1993. Representative Thomas S. Foley of Washington, Speaker of the House, was appointed to the board on June 29. Frank A. Shrontz and Manuel L. Ibanez were appointed citizen regents on May 4. Anne L. Armstrong, the first woman to serve as a citizen regent and a regent since 1978, retired from the board and was named regent emeritus. The board approved appointments of Homer A. Neal, Dr. Gray, and Dr. Ibanez to the Nominating Committee and Dr. Gray to the Investment Policy Committee. The Commission on the Future of the Smith- sonian Institution, supported by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation and the John D. and Catherine T MacArthur Foundation, met three times during the year. The commission, which was charged with developing a vision for the Smithsonian as it moved into the next century, was to submit a report for the regents' consideration in 1995. Commission Chair Maxine F. Singer and other members reported on the group's progress at regents' meetings. The commission members, who were appointed by the regents, are: Barber B. Conable Jr., Paul J. DiMaggio, Sandra M. Faber, Henry Louis Gates Jr., Stephen Jay Gould, Robert E. Grady, Najeeb E. Halaby, Neil Harris, Irene Y. Hirano, Ruth S. Holmberg, Roy M. Huhndorf, Jorge Klor de Alva, William H. Luers, Michael A. Mares, John S. Mayo, Frank Press, Wilbur L. Ross Jr., John C. Sawhill, Lloyd G. Schermer, Maxine F. Singer, Harold K. Skramstad Jr., and R. James Woolsey. Mrs. Clark represented the Board of Regents at the opening ceremonies for the American Festival '94 in Japan with Secretary Adams and Under Secretary Constance B. Newman. Smithsonian management believed that if trends toward democracy in South Africa continued, the Institution should lift its restrictions on investment of Smithsonian funds in companies doing business there. The Board of Regents delegated authority for the decision to the Executive Committee, and on March 8, 1994, the committee authorized removing restrictions. The Board of Regents authorized the secretary to establish the following institutional endowment funds: quasi-restricted funds to be known as the Holenia Trust Fund II, the Gloria Haas Fellowship Fund, the Smithsonian Fund for the Future — Restricted, the Arthur Ross Garden and Terrace Endowment, the Robert Lane and Mildred Katchmar Lane Endowment, and the Elinor Merrell Endowment as well as a quasi-unrestricted fund to be known as the Smithsonian Fund for the Future — Unrestricted. The regents appointed the following individuals to Smithsonian boards: Nancy Marks to the board of trustees of Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum; Frederick Brown, Rita Fraad, Richard J. Schwartz, Raymond J. Horowitz, Peter H. Lunder, and Samuel Yanes to the commission of the National Museum of American Art; Anthony Beilenson, Julie Harris, Ruth S. Holmberg, Bene Bao Lord, Thomas Mellon Evans, R.W.B. Lewis, Barbara Novak, and Robert Morgan to the National Portrait Gallery commission; I. Michael Heyman, Gilbert Kahn, Quentin R. Lawson, Elmer E. Rasmuson, Alan G. Spoon, and Howard H. Williams to the board of the National Museum of Natural History; and Helen Kuhn, Robert Farris Thompson, Walter E. Washington, Joseph Golden- berg, and Joseph E. Harris to the commission of the National Museum of African Art. The regents discussed the planning for the exten- sion of the National Air and Space Museum at Washington Dulles International Airport. They approved in principle the Smithsonian's receipt of up to $3 million in interest-free loans from the Commonwealth of Virginia for further planning, authorized borrowing an initial $500,000 at no in- terest from Virginia for extension planning, and del- egated authority to the Executive Committee for borrowing up to $2.5 million more as needed. Over several meetings, the regents considered plans for a National Air and Space Museum exhibi- tion on the Enola Gay, the atomic bomb, and the end of World War II. The regents were aware of the inevitable controversy of this exhibition but urged the museum director and the secretary to proceed with a balanced presentation that includes the his- torical events preceding the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The regents received the report of the Smith- sonian Task Force on Latino Issues, "Willful Neglect: The Smithsonian Institution and U.S. Latinos." Secretary Adams took immediate steps to implement a significant number of the task force's recommendations with the assistance of a special consultant. These measures should lead to enhanced programming and address the presence of Latinos at the Smithsonian as a reflection of the nation's cultural mosaic. The regents were concerned that the program to request voluntary donations from Smithsonian visi- tors, authorized during the previous fiscal year, might be seen as the first step toward admission fees. Boxes were first installed in unobtrusive loca- tions, and the resulting donations were fewer than expected. The boxes were placed in new locations, and after receiving reports on the donations, the regents authorized continuation of the demonstra- tion program and requested annual reports. The Board of Regents approved changing the name of Cooper-Hewitt, National Museum of Design, Smithsonian Institution, to Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum, Smithsonian Institution, in order to promote a new graphic identity for the museum. In recognition of Discovery Communi- cations' pledged endowment, the board gratefully approved the naming of the National Museum of Natural History West Court facility as the Dis- covery Center. The regents expressed their gratitude to Mr. and Mrs. Lloyd Schermer for their magnifi- cent gift and service to the Smithsonian Fund for the Future and named the Castle's Lloyd and Betty Schermer Hall, Smithsonian National Board Room, in their honor. In several of their meetings, the regents discussed the Smithsonian's initiatives in electronic media. A number of these programs are reaching thousands of people throughout the nation on computer net- works. The regents commended the path-breaking nature of a proposed joint project with the Library of Congress and the National Archives under the auspices of the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy. The project will create digital images of 19th-century collections for use on the in- formation superhighway. After reviewing a range of planned activities for the Smithsonian's 150th anniversary observance in 1996, the regents authorized the secretary to seek congressional approval for commemorative coins issued by the U.S. Treasury and honorary American citizenship for the Institution's founder, James Smithson. Staff Changes On September 19, 1994, Secretary Adams became secretary emeritus and I. Michael Heyman, a law professor and former chancellor of the University of California at Berkeley, became secretary. Secretary Adams's 10-year tour was filled with great change for the Smithsonian. With the installation of Secretary Heyman, the Smithsonian can anticipate still further changes and challenges. Both men par- ticipated fully in a smooth transition. On a steamy morning in July, the Smithsonian paused at the Festival of American Folklife to pay tribute to Ralph Rinzler, who died after a long ill- ness. A former director of the Office of Folklife Programs and assistant secretary for public service, Mr. Rinzler was highly respected within the Insti- tution and throughout the country as an affection- ate, compassionate, and inspiring pioneer in efforts to preserve, honor, and enjoy the many manifesta- tions of American folk traditions. During fiscal year 1994, Frank Talbot resigned from the directorship of the National Museum of Natural History to resume research and writing, and Michael League, director of the Office of Plant Services, retired after eight years in that post and 21 years at the Smithsonian. The Natural History Museum's Donald Ortner was named acting direc- tor, and Patrick Miller of the University of New Hampshire agreed to take Mr. League's place. At the National Museum of American History, Spencer R. Crew was appointed director; he had been chair- man of the Division of Social and Cultural History and acting director of the museum. As the year closed, Felix Lowe, director of the Smithsonian Institution Press, retired after 17 years of service at the press. Senior Adviser to the Secretary John Jameson completed a year as acting director of The Smithsonian Associates and became acting director of the Office of Smithsonian Institution Archives. Among the most significant appointments of the year were Mara Mayor, formerly of the Annenberg/Corporation for Public Broadcasting Project, to head The Smithsonian Associates and Arthur "Lee" Denny of the Office of Information Technology, State of Maryland, to assume the new Ralph Rinzler listens through headphones during the 1988 recording session for the alburn Folkways: A Vision Shared. (Photograph by Dane Penland) role of senior information officer. Miguel Bretos from Paterson College in New Jersey accepted a contract to advise the secretary and under secretary on the implementation of recommendations from the Task Force on Latino Issues. The turnover in personnel this year was signifi- cant. As in the past, the Institution owes a great debt of gratitude to the many staff and volunteers who served with distinction throughout the year. Much of the integrity and progress of the Smith- sonian rests with them and their successors. HIGHLIGHTS OF THE YEAR Anacostia Museum The Anacostia Museum's major social and cultural history exhibition, "Black Mosaic: Community, Race, and Ethnicity among Black Immigrants in Washington, D.C.," examined the linguistic, cultural, social, and national diversity within Washington's black populations. Developed in partner- ship with the featured communities, this innovative exhibition had changing com- ponents that focused on the music of Latin America, Brazil, Haiti, and Jamaica as well as on work, worship, food, festivals, holi- days, and family celebrations. The multi- lingual exhibition (with text in English, French, and Spanish) covered important social and cultural issues such as the African diaspora, childhood memories of countries of origin, race and ethnicity at home and in the United States, reasons for immigration, Washington-based connec- tions with the home countries, and the de- velopment of distinct communities in the Washington metropolitan region. Juana H. Campos (right) is shown visiting "Black Mosaic" with her daughter Carmen Tor- ruellas Quander to see her sewing ma- chine, which was on exhibit. (Photograph by Clifford Russell) Archives of American Art Last fall, the gallery of the New York Re- gional Center of the Archives of American Art exhibited one of its most important re- cent acquisitions: the papers of renowned postwar artist Frank Stella (b. 1936). Stella's stark black abstractions in the early 1 960s touched off a new round of impres- sive American painting and sculpture that followed abstract expressionism, American art's breakthrough to international impor- tance. "Stella!" contained extraordinary gifts from the artist, including his famous college thesis, notebooks, drafts of lec- tures, the original manuscripts for his Charles Eliot Norton lectures at Harvard University (published as Working Space in 1986), and personal material. Perhaps the highlight of the exhibition was the collec- tion of seven largely unknown sketch- books from the 1950s and 1960s, when Stella began the black paintings and shaped canvases that established his repu- tation (a representative page is shown here). A selection of his prints generously- lent by Ken Tyler, his master printer, com- plemented the show. (Photograph by Stephen Tucker) Arthur M. Sackler Gallery The Arthur M. Sackler Gallery's first major exhibition presenting the arts of Korea found an enthusiastic audience among Korean Americans and many other visitors during its three-month stay. A variety of public programs enriched "Korean Arts of the Eighteenth Century: Splendor &c Simplicity," including videos on Korean culture, lectures, tours given by Korean- speaking docents, and a commissioned dance concert based on the exhibition by the second-generation Korean American artist Dana Tai-Soon Burgess, shown here. Burgess, founding director and choreo- grapher of the Moving Forward Dance Company, used the exhibition to inspire his five-part work "Searching for the Sun and Moon," which he and members of Moving Forward performed at three public concerts held in the Eugene and Agnes E. Meyer Auditorium. The performances were part of the gallery's efforts to express the richness of Asian cultures by linking arts in many media through both contemporary and traditional interpretations. Presentation of "Searching for the Sun and Moon" was made possible with support from the Smithsonian's Educational Outreach Fund; the Korea Society, Washington office; and the Eugene and Agnes E. Meyer Foundation. The exhibition was organized by the Asia Society Galleries, New York, in col- laboration with the National Museum of Korea. Its presentation at the Sackler Gallery was made possible by public funds and a grant from the Smithsonian Special Exhibition Fund. The Asia Society's Festi- val of Korea was sponsored by Philip Morris Companies, Inc. (Photograph by John Tsantes) !3 Center for Folklife Programs and Cultural Studies Ralph Rinzler, a founder of the Festival of American Folklife in 1967, was committed to celebrating and presenting grassroots culture. Through his devotion, the festival has grown to become the largest annual cultural event in the nation's capital. Mr. Rinzler died in July 1994 during the time of the 28th annual festival. When the Thai delegation heard of Mr. Rinzler's death, they dedicated a Buddhist ceremony to his spirit. Thailand was represented at this year's festival in a program that highlighted the cultural activities vital in the home, the public arts celebrated in Buddhist temples, and the continuing influence of the court in everyday life. Eighty-five participants from Thailand joined thousands of Thai Ameri- cans and almost a million visitors to cele- brate the diversity and vitality of the coun- try's traditional arts. Her Royal Highness Princess Chulab- horn Didyasarin Mahidol and Thailand's ambassador to the United States inaugu- rated the program. More than a dozen Buddhist monks from several local wats (temples) blessed the site and performed chants each week for the well-being of the participants and the audience. These cere- monies took place in a traditional teak sola (pavilion) constructed on the Mall by Thai craftspeople especially for the occasion. During the ceremony dedicated to Ralph Rinzler, his photograph was placed on the dais as the abbot from the Wat Thai in Silver Spring, Maryland, intoned his name as part of a chant. This dedication and several other memorials during the festival were appropriate tributes to Mr. Rinzler's inclusive vision. (Photograph by- Richard Strauss) fck 14 Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum Objects that have been central to "women's work" in 20th-century Amer- ica— including the telephone, typewriter, washing machine, and electric iron — were the focus of "Mechanical Brides: Women and Machines from Home to Office" at Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum. The exhibition juxtaposed three-dimen- sional pieces with advertisements, film stills, photographs, and personal narratives to show how these everyday objects were designed, marketed, used, and imagined. At the "telephone wall," visitors were introduced to the cultural history of the telephone. Designed in collaboration with NYNEX Science and Technology, this sec- tion of the exhibition featured telephones on which visitors could hear recorded oral histories of women who have spent their lives working on the telephone. Lily Tom- lin produced new material especially for the exhibition, reviving her comic charac- ter Ernestine, the telephone operator. The curatorial team sought vivid ways to incorporate individual experiences. A 15-minute video combined interviews about laundry with film clips, commer- cials, and documentary photographs. Passionate quotations on housework, past and present, were inscribed on bed sheets hanging on a laundry line in the museum's sunlit glass conservatory. "Mechanical Brides" reflected the museum's mission to explore how design affects daily life by encouraging people to think in new ways about the creation and consequences of the built environment. This exhibition looked at some of those consequences by linking designed objects to cultural identity. (Photograph by Bill Jacobson) 'S Freer Gallery of Art His Majesty Emperor Akihito and Her Majesty Empress Michiko of Japan visited the Freer Gallery on June 12, 1994. It was the first time in the gallery's history that a reigning Japanese emperor had visited. The royal couple is shown touring the Freer with Director Milo Beach. Sur- rounded by members of the U.S. and Japanese press corps, the royal party viewed selections from the gallery's world-famous collection of Japanese art, including paintings recently conserved and remounted in Japan as part of a multi- million-dollar effort to preserve important Japanese art in cultural institutions world- wide. The project, now in its third year, is sponsored by the Japanese government and private organizations in Japan. Begun by Professor Ikuo Hirayama, president of the Tokyo National University of Fine Arts and Music and senior director of the Art Research Foundation, the pro- ject is supported by in-kind gifts and fund- ing from the Art Research Foundation; Tokyo National Research Institute for Cultural Properties, a department of Japan's Agency for Cultural Affairs; Tokyo National University of Fine Arts and Music; and six distinguished private conservation studios, which are donating labor and supplies. The effort originally involved 25 Japanese paintings in the Freer collection dating from the 12th through the 19th century. Treatment of 2.3 paint- ings has been completed, and the agree- ment has been expanded to include addi- tional works. The emperor and empress also visited the Freer's East Asian painting conserva- tion studio, where gallery specialists trained in Asia combine high technology with centuries-old methods to repair and mount scrolls, screens, and album leaves. The studio, which was established in 1924, is one of only three such facilities in the United States. (Photograph by John Tsantes) 16 Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden The Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden commemorated the 90th birthday of pioneer abstract expressionist Willem de Kooning with a major traveling exhibition showcasing its collection of paintings, drawings, and sculptures by this preemi- nent 20th-century artist. Considered to be the most comprehensive holdings of de Kooning's work in any public institu- tion, the collection was built by founding donor Joseph H. Hirshhorn, a loyal patron and friend of the artist. "Willem de Kooning from the Hirsh- horn Museum Collection" was the first of a number of international celebrations to honor the Dutch-born American artist. The exhibition presented the 50 most sig- nificant works from the Hirshhorn collec- tion and charted de Kooning's evolution and vigor in several media over nearly five decades. It was accompanied by a 2.15- page catalogue, copublished with Rizzoli International Publications, with art histori- cal essays by exhibition organizer Judith Zilczer of the Hirshhorn and a guest scholar; a section of previously unpub- lished correspondence between Hirshhorn and de Kooning; a conservator's analysis of de Kooning's technique; and extensive documentation. Public programs included a roundtable discussion, a symposium, several documentary films, two family workshops, and a seminar for high school juniors. The Washington presentation was made possible in part by a grant from Time Warner Inc. Honoring an artist whose work is widely known but seldom seen in depth outside of a few cities, the exhibition is touring in 1994-95 to Barcelona, Atlanta, Boston, and Houston. 'A^Tyt-rirti^ Willem de Kooning (American, b. 1904), Woman, 1948. Oil and enamel on fiber- board, 136. 1 x 113. 2 cm (53 5/8 x 44 3/8 in.). Gift of the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Foundation, 1966. (Photograph by Lee Stalsworth, © 1993 Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden) 17 National Air and Space Museum Destiny in Space, an IMAX film that ex- amines space exploration by humans and robots, opened in June at the National Air and Space Museum. The 40-minute film features footage taken during nine space shuttle flights and includes the first IMAX footage of a shuttle in flight around the Earth. The film is the third in the IMAX space-film trilogy presented by the National Air and Space Museum and Lockheed Corporation in cooperation with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. In breathtaking sequences created by computers, the viewer is transported to the broiling landscape of Venus and the vast canyons of Mars. The scenes are highly ac- curate visualizations of the data from space probes, collected and analyzed by scientists at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Destiny in Space illustrates the roles that robots can play in paving the way for human space explorers, or as alternatives to them. The film also shows how humans live and work in space. Astronauts are seen performing scientific experiments to learn how weightlessness affects our senses and how our bodies adapt to zero gravity. Destiny in Space reveals how today's space technology extends our vision far be- yond the solar system. It traces the launch, servicing, and redeployment of the Hubble Space Telescope, capturing the excitement, tension, and importance of the mission. The film also features stunning images of astronomical discoveries made with the Hubble telescope. (Photograph © 1994 Smithsonian Institution and Lockheed Corporation) 18 National Museum of African Art A resplendent, ornately decorated Yoruba crown — an important gift in 1994 to the National Museum of African Art — was the centerpiece of the exhibition "Beaded Splendor." The crown was one of 14 bead- embellished works of art on view in the museum's Point of View Gallery, which focuses on selected objects from the mu- seum's permanent collection and works on loan from other institutions or individuals. From a simple heart-shaped belt ornament to the brightly colored crown, the works helped museum visitors understand the im- portant role these objects play in the per- sonal lives of Africans and in the court life of African kingdoms. In Yoruba tradition, wearing a beaded crown with a veil is the quintessential sign of kingship. The faces on the crown represent ancestors, one of whom might be Oduduwa, the legendary founder of the Yoruba peoples. The gathering of the birds alludes to the world of the spirits and the king's ability to mediate between the human and the supernatural realms. The crown will eventually go on permanent display in the museum's "Images of Power and Identity" exhibi- tion, which presents masterworks from the museum's collection. In conjunction with "Beaded Splen- dor," the museum published a 28-page illustrated brochure that highlights the history and importance of beads in Africa. A family booklet produced by the mu- seum's Education Department introduces children, their families, and their friends to five other beaded artworks in the galleries. Crown (ade), Yoruba peoples, Nigeria. Glass beads, fiber, cotton, h. 78.1 x da. 12.8 x circ. 73.4 cm (30 3/4 x 8 7/8 x 28 7/8 in.). Gift of Milton F. and Friede Rosenthal. (Photograph by Franko Khoury) 19 National Museum of American Art The National Museum of American Art's popular exhibition "Thomas Cole: Land- scape into History" brought together more than 70 paintings to illustrate the rich vari- ety of landscape formats Cole developed, from wilderness views and pastoral scenes to imaginary compositions and allegorical history paintings. The exhibition was the largest and most comprehensive display of Cole's work since the 1848 Cole Memorial Exhibition at the American Art-Union in New York. Through the exhibition, a major publi- cation, and a video in the installation, cocurators William H. Truettner, the mu- seum's curator of painting and sculpture, and Alan Wallach, Ralph H. Wark Profes- sor of the Fine Arts at the College of William and Mary, connected the artist's work to the social and political issues of his time, the era of Jacksonian Democracy. Cole's dramatic five-part series The Course of Empire (1835-36), of which The Consummation of Empire is the third and largest painting, was the centerpiece of "Thomas Cole: Landscape into History." The occasion marked the first time the se- ries has been lent by the New-York Histor- ical Society. It was also the first time since 1848 that the Empire works and Cole's other great allegorical series, The Voyage of Life (1842., National Gallery of Art), have been hung together. Thomas Cole (American, 1801-48), The Course of Empire: The Consummation of Empire, 1835-36. Oil on canvas, 130.2 x 193 cm (51 1/4 x 76 in.). The New- York Historical Society, New York City National Museum of American History "Science in American Life," a permanent exhibition that explores the intersections of science and society since the Civil War, opened in April at the National Museum of American History. Led by chief curator Arthur Molella, chair of the Department of Science and Technology, a team of 75 curators, educators, writers, designers, scientific consultants, and production staff invested more than four years in planning and creating the exhibition. "Science in American Life" is the mu- seum's first exhibition on the history of science to feature an interactive area, the Hands On Science Center (shown here), in which visitors of all ages can study basic scientific principles and techniques through a wide and intriguing array of experiments. Supported by $5.3 million from the American Chemical Society, "Science in American Life" moves from the founding of the first university research laboratory at Johns Hopkins in 1876 and the teaching of science at a historically black college, Hampton Institute, to the rise of industrial research laboratories, the impact of science on daily life in the 1950s, and the emer- gence and social implications of genetic en- gineering. It emphasizes the importance of understanding basic science and the range of practical and ethical issues related to science and technology policy. More than 900 artifacts, 600 historical photographs and graphics, and 20 com- puter and mechanical interactive displays illustrate the theme that society and science in modern America are inextricably linked. On view are several re-creations of pioneer- ing laboratories, a family fallout shelter, several re-creations of pioneering laborato- ries, and a life-size kitchen, living room, and lawn from an Albuquerque, New Mex- ico, housing development of the 1950s. "Science in American Life" documents shifting public attitudes toward the concept of scientific and technological progress, from science's identification with social progress in the 1920s to its wartime role in national defense. It concludes with more recent postwar concerns about environ- mental safety and the ethical, moral, and financial considerations that shape public opinion, policies, and funding for scientific research. (Photograph by Rick Vargas) National Museum of the American Indian From the earliest planning stages, the National Museum of the American Indian has sought the advice and opinions of native peoples about every aspect of the museum. This involvement is essential to the museum's mission as an institution of living cultures dedicated to the preserva- tion, study, and exhibition of the life and arts of the native people of the Western Hemisphere. This year, native participation was inte- gral to preparations for the three exhibi- tions prepared for the October 30, 1994, opening of the museum's George Gustav Heye Center in New York City. An object in the exhibition "Creation's Journey: Masterworks of Native American Identity and Belief" exemplifies the museum's commitment to including the voices of the peoples and cultures it represents. In the concluding section, "Objects Live When Used as Intended," the ceremonial bear sbadakookb (crest hat) of the Chilkat clan of the Tlingit of Alaska is exhibited. The hat is somewhat analogous to a royal crown, displayed on important ceremonial occasions and worn only by the reigning head of the family. Consistent with its pol- icy about exhibiting sensitive material, the museum asked for and received permission from the Chilkat Tlingit to show the hat and to photograph it being worn by the only Tlingit man permitted to wear it. As a result, visitors have a sense of the hat's intended use in the community. An accompanying label by Richard W. Hill (Tuscarora), special assistant to the director, reads: "Each object in this exhibi- tion has at least two histories — one before it left native hands and one since it has been in the hands of collectors. Seeing these objects in a display case can never replicate their original uses." Through consultations with the Chilkat Tlingit and other native peoples, the museum is presenting objects like the shadakookh to the public in ways that are appropriate for the cultures the objects represent. Chilkat Tlingit shadakookh (crest hat) of a bear, 19th century. Wood, copper, abalone shell, h. 36 cm (14 1/8 in.) National Museum of Natural History To appreciate the point of view of the spi- der— an animal that is perhaps as different from humans as one could imagine — is to appreciate the surroundings we share with other living things. "Spiders!," a popular exhibition at the National Museum of Natural History, gave visitors a glimpse of the world from the spider's perspective. Scientists estimate that there may be as many as 170,000 species of spiders on our planet. Just 34,000 species have been iden- tified. "Spiders!" invited visitors to learn about these fascinating animals through live and mounted specimens, interactive displays, weblike graphics, and spider myths. Four deadly spiders were featured: the brown recluse, black widow, Aus- tralian funnel-web spider, and tropical wandering spider. Museum arachnologist Jonathan Cod- dington — shown here enjoying a hands-on activity with the comic book hero Spider- Man and friends— says spiders are the finest architects in the animal kingdom, en- gineering fantastic webs like orbs, nets, tangles, sheets, and funnels. In the exhibi- tion, visitors could see a time-enhanced video of web creation and weave their own webs on a computer. Spiders! explained how webs serve as homes, lifelines to food and survival, and means of communication. Victims of Venom, an award-winning film, revealed the strategies spiders use to catch their prey, including immobilizing their targets with poison. Scientists are now investigating the pharmaceutical uses of spider venom for such conditions as epilepsy and Alzheimer's disease. "Spiders!" was made possible through the generous support of Marvel Entertain- ment Group, Inc. Organized by the mu- seum, the exhibition is being circulated by the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service to 10 cities throughout North America until 1998. (Photograph by Laurie Minor-Penland) *3 National Portrait Gallery Kentucky statesman Henry Clay welcomed artist John Neagle to Ashland, his home near Lexington, in November 1841 so that Neagle might paint a full-length like- ness commissioned by the Clay Club of Philadelphia. This portrait, laden with political symbolism and engraved by John Sartain, was an important campaign image for the Whig Party in the 1844 presidential election. While Neagle was still in Lexington, Clay told an acquaintance that the artist was making a "faithful and spirited" por- trait, a life study for the larger image. This animated bust, praised by Clay as being the "most perfect likeness of me that has been hitherto made," was recently ac- quired by the National Portrait Gallery. Clay's favorite portrait remained in the family of a well-known Philadelphia politi- cian and newspaper publisher who had been instrumental in the Clay Club's com- mission for the full-length portrait. When it was sold in 1993, an inscription was dis- covered on the reverse of the canvas denot- ing it as the life portrait. This inscription and the painting's provenance make it clear that the Portrait Gallery has acquired the long-lost study — that "spirited" like- ness of which Henry Clay was so fond. John Neagle (American, 1796-1865), Portrait of Henry Clay, 1842. Oil on canvas, 70 x 54.5 cm (27 1/2 x 21 1/2 in.). National Portrait Gallery, Gallery pur- chase, 1994. (Photograph by Rolland G. White) M National Postal Museum The timeless importance of written com- munication is a common theme of the exhibits at the National Postal Museum. The museum encapsulates the essential role of the postal service in the history of our nation while portraying the integral part that personal letters have played in recording and understanding that history. Through letters shared between family and friends, our cultural and social history is poignantly revealed. It is difficult for a contemporary audi- ence, accustomed to the immediacy of tele- phones, computers, and fax machines, to understand that mail was once the prima- ry communication source. The exhibit "Binding the Nation" is a chronological examination of postal history from colo- nial times to the end of the 19th century. The flow of information was crucial to the creation and maintenance of a democratic system of government. The postal service provided the delivery system for that information. The exhibit also highlights Benjamin Franklin's role in standardizing rates and broadening the reach of the postal service, the work of the Committees of Cor- respondence, and the search for mail routes to the far West. Well-known sub- jects such as the Civil War and the Pony Express are included alongside less famil- iar stories of the early overland mail ser- vice and antebellum efforts to control and censor abolitionist newspapers by remov- ing them from the mail. Letters are used throughout the exhibit to bring history to life in an interesting style. Presented with letters representing diverse voices and issues, visitors have said that they enjoy having the opportunity to contemplate these colorful windows on their past. (Photograph by Richard Strauss) 2-5 National Zoological Park The National Zoological Park reached another milestone in its effort to breed endangered species when its first elephant calf was born at 9:48 p.m. on December 14, 1993. Kumari, a female Asian elephant who weighed 2.64 pounds at birth, is al- ready a favorite of Zoo visitors. Kumari means "princess" in Sinhalese, one of the principal languages of Sri Lanka. Her mother Shanthi ("peace") was a gift to the people of the United States from Sri Lanka in 1976. Assistant mammal curator John Lehn- hardt devoted five years to making the birth of Kumari a reality. The wild popula- tion of Asian elephants has been reduced to about 40,000. Because their numbers will continue to decline, it is essential that zoos make every effort to propagate these magnificent animals to assure their contin- ued existence. Kumari was born after a n-month gestation period. At first, both mother and calf had a difficult time. Six weeks of 24- hour care from dedicated Zoo veterinari- ans and keeper staff saved both newborn and mother. Kumari reached a healthy 500 pounds in July 1994. (Photograph by Jessie Cohen) 26 Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory The Smithsonian Astrophysical Observa- tory's Project IOTA (infrared-optical tele- scope array) is an innovative approach to achieving sharper images of astronomical objects by overcoming the size limits of conventional telescopes. Two small tele- scopes, each 45 centimeters in diameter, on an L-shaped track gather light from the same object and combine it into one image with the same resolution that a single tele- scope with a mirror 40 meters in diameter could produce. The IOTA system can create images of objects the size of a city bus on the surface of the moon — that is, an object more than 4 meters (12 feet) wide and some 400 mil- lion meters (240 thousand miles) away. The system can accurately measure the di- ameters of bright stars and observe spots on their surfaces, probe the cores of active galaxies, and, at infrared wavelengths, search for disks of dust and gas surround- ing stars suspected of forming planetary systems. Located at SAO's Whipple Observatory in Arizona, Project IOTA occupies a site just below the summit of Mt. Hopkins and the Multiple Mirror Telescope. In this pho- tograph, a late-summer thunderstorm cre- ates a rainbow between the two movable shelters housing the IOTA telescopes. Project IOTA is a collaborative effort of the Smithsonian Institution, Harvard Uni- versity, the University of Massachusetts, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Lincoln Laboratory, and the University of Wyoming. (Photograph by Wesley Traub) Smithsonian Environmental Research Center Although forest is the dominant vegetation over much of the world, it has been ex- tremely difficult to study. Access to the canopy, where much of the biological ac- tivity occurs, has been very limited. The use of modified construction cranes allows scientists to gain safe, ready access over large areas of forest canopy. Here scientists from the Smithsonian Environmental Re- search Center use a crane to study a decid- uous hardwood forest dominated by tulip poplars on the Coastal Plain of Maryland. To understand better how the canopy harvests sunlight for photosynthesis, scien- tists measured leaf angles at different times of day using the canopy leaves of a number of individual trees from each of several tree species. At times of high temperature and light intensity, some species turn their leaves parallel to the sunlight to avoid ab- sorbing too much light. Light will pene- trate deeper into the canopy than is the case when the tree orients its leaves at a right angle to the sunbeam. By varying the leaf angles to match the environmental conditions, the trees can carry out photo- synthesis but avoid excessive moisture losses from the leaves or destruction of leaf components by photo-oxidation. Such detailed information about how individual trees of different species respond to temperature and light intensity allows SERC scientists to expand their under- standing of this complex photobiology, which has evolved over thousands of years. The results may help us to comprehend and interpret the information obtained from satellites. (Photograph by Jeff Tinsley) 28 Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service Reproductions of colorful posters, circu- lated throughout the United States during World War II to mobilize the nation's sup- port of the overseas war effort, began a one-year tour in September 1994 under the auspices of the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service (SITES). "Pro- duce for Victory: Posters on the American Home Front, 1 941-194 5" is part of an in- novative program tailored to the needs of the country's rural communities. Five lightweight copies, reformatted from the original exhibition organized by the National Museum of American History and SITES, are traveling to 25 locations in Georgia, Illinois, Oregon, Utah, and West Virginia in cooperation with the humani- ties councils of those states. Curator Larry Bird and labor history specialist Harry Rubenstein, both of the museum, were the curators for the original exhibition. "Produce for Victory" focuses on the artwork — displayed in factories, shop win- dows, schools, and other public places — that rallied a nation. This exhibition of 26 poster images also includes objects such as ration cards, victory garden cookbooks, period magazines, and airplane spotter guides. The freestanding panel version was created with rural sites in mind. It is less expensive, smaller, and more flexible than many other traveling exhibitions, and it was specially designed by the Office of Exhibits Central to fit into smaller, tighter public spaces. Rural exhibitors will com- plement the display with local objects and public programming. This partnership between the Smith- sonian and state humanities councils is making the Institution's offerings accessi- ble in underserved areas of the nation, one of SITES' primary goals. Funding was provided by the Rockefeller Foundation, the Smithsonian Special Exhibition Fund, and the National Endowment for the Humanities. (Poster by General Cable Corporation, 1942) 2-9 Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute The Smithsonian Tropical Research Insti- tute (STRI) has initiated the most ambi- tious exhibition project in its history at the Culebra Island Marine Education Center. Located near STRI's major marine research facility at Naos Island, Culebra features a microcosm of Panama's near-shore habi- tats and a spectacular view of the Bay of Panama and the entrance of the Panama Canal. It is an ideal site to foster under- standing by local residents and interna- tional visitors of Panama's marine environ- ments and the importance of their conservation. Exhibitions at Culebra began in 1990, when STRI, with support from the Smith- sonian Women's Committee, purchased and installed large salt-water aquariums for the display of marine fauna from both sides of the Isthmus of Panama. STRI is now developing "Where Land Meets Sea," which will incorporate indoor and outdoor exhibits, including nature trails. The exhi- bition will have displays on Panama's geo- logic history and the rise of the isthmus; Panama's marine environments; human use of the area's abundant marine resources from 11,000 years ago to the present; and important conservation issues. Outdoor signs will describe the island's habitats and historical features, including the sandy beach, rocky shore, dry forest, and rem- nants of major military fortifications that once defended the Panama Canal. STRI's Office of Education conducts en- vironmental education programs, shown here, for local schoolchildren and other visitors several times a week at Culebra. Development of the Culebra exhibition is supported by the Smithsonian Special Ex- hibition Fund, the Smithsonian Women's Committee, STRI internal funds, contribu- tions from local corporations, and a major grant from the Department of Defense Legacy Resource Management Program. (Photograph by Marcos A. Guerra) 30 THE YEAR IN REVIEW Sciences Office of the Assistant Secretary for the Sciences ROBERT S. HOFFMANN, ASSISTANT SECRETARY National Museum of Natural History in April 1995. The program also participated in an interagency work- ing group convened by the White House on federal environmental research and educational activities. Conservation Analytical Laboratory LAMBERTUS VAN ZELST, DIRECTOR Since its inception, the Smithsonian has nourished a commitment to a scientific research program charac- terized by breadth, depth, and outreach. The Smith- sonian's scientific studies, known for their benefit to the entire scientific community, are carried on in spe- cialized research institutes and laboratories, in muse- ums, in the National Zoological Park, and in central support units. In all its scientific endeavors, the Smithsonian strives to maintain an institutional at- mosphere that enhances creativity and stimulates new insights into the natural and human worlds that will enable us to deal successfully with the challenges we face now and in the future. ♦ During 1994, scientific studies continued to em- phasize global environmental research. Smithsonian scientists are working to develop an adequate under- standing of the structure and composition of natural communities and ecosystems so that their richness and stability can be maintained or restored in the face of increasing human pressures. Through fundamental research by the Institution's systematic biologists, the species richness of the biosphere is being inventoried and described. In addition to environmental research by Smithsonian scientists, anthropologists at the Insti- tution are examining changing cultures, ranging from contemporary West African art and culture to the in- fluence on the Caribbean region of the importation of peoples and their cultures during the slave era. ♦ The Environmental Awareness Program continued design and production of "Ocean Planet," a traveling exhibition on ocean conservation that will open at the The Conservation Analytical Laboratory (CAL) en- gages in research and training in the conservation and technical study of museum objects and other materi- als of cultural importance. CAL addresses questions of concern to archaeology and art history as well as problems facing museums, including the Smithsonian, in the preservation and conservation of collections. A multifaceted training program provides valuable edu- cational opportunities for students in conservation, materials science, archaeology, and art history. ♦ Conservation scientists at CAL announced an important advance in understanding the effects of environmental conditions on materials and complex objects in museum collections. The allowable fluctua- tions appear to be larger than had been generally as- sumed, and it is now possible to calculate safe ranges of relative humidity for storage and exhibition areas. Significant savings in climate control costs may result. ♦ In a collaborative project with the National Mu- seum of African Art and outside scholars, CAL re- searchers are using lead isotope mass spectrometry to examine the origins of the metal ores used for the manufacture of Benin bronzes. The project promises to make interesting contributions to our knowledge of these objects and the people who made them. ♦ Collaborative studies of Maya polychrome ceramic vessels, in which CAL scholars' research led to prove- nance attributions, culminated with the opening of a major traveling exhibition, "Painting the Maya Uni- verse: Royal Ceramics of the Classic Period." The project made important additions to our understand- 31 Conservation Analytical Laboratory intern Elizabeth Brown prac- tices furniture finishing techniques as part of her preparation for admission to a graduate conservation training program. ing of the political, social, and economic structure of Maya society. ♦ The preservation of archival materials is the focus of the RELACT (research collections, libraries, and archives conservation training) program, conducted by CAL in collaboration with the Office of the Smithsonian Institution Archives and the Smith- sonian Institution Libraries. This year, many collec- tions maintenance staff received training in preser- vation management and practices, and staff in four research collections undertook preservation pro- jects. Several CAL conservation interns gained prac- tical experience through the projects. National Museum of Natural History DONALD J. ORTNER, ACTING DIRECTOR The National Museum of Natural History (NMNH) is dedicated to understanding the natural world and the place of humans in it. The nation's largest re- search museum, it has a staff of more than 600, in- cluding 114 scientists, and one of the world's most extensive collections of cultural artifacts and speci- mens of plants, animals, fossils, rocks, and minerals, now numbering more than izi million items. Stud- ies conducted by the museum's staff, and by scien- tists worldwide using its collections, increase under- standing of plants and animals living today and in earlier periods; shed light on the origin and evolu- tion of Earth and the solar system; and enhance knowledge of human evolution, adaptation, and cultural history. Through its educational programs, scholarly and popular publications, and many public exhibitions — which attract more than 6 million visitors annually — NMNH disseminates knowledge about the natural and cultural diversity of the Earth. In 1994, the museum continued its traditions of research, public programs, and collec- tion acquisition and management through a variety of activities. ♦ "Spiders!," a traveling exhibition created by the museum and made possible through the generous support of Marvel Entertainment Group, Inc., ex- plored the fact and fiction of spiders. Visitors learned how spiders solve the fundamental problems that confront all living things, such as finding food, producing healthy offspring, and fending off danger. The exhibition curator was arachnologist Jonathan Coddington. ♦ A new National Museum of Natural History- Alaska State Museum Arctic Studies Center opened in the spring of 1994 with the mission of generating Alaska-based research and educational programs. The five-year agreement calls for cooperation in research, exhibit development, staff training, and publications. ♦ "In Search of Giant Squid," a new permanent exhibition, explores and interprets the mystery and complexity of the world's largest invertebrates. A bioluminescent "giant" squid, able to flash blue- green light in the ocean depths, is a highlight of the exhibition. The curator was Clyde Roper, a leading authority on squids. Exhibition construction was made possible by the generous support of the people of Chevron. ♦ Museum paleobiologist Douglas Erwin is a joint author of The Fossils of the Burgess Shale, a Smith- sonian Institution Press book that provides the most comprehensive look yet at one of this century's most important fossil finds, discovered in 1909 by Smith- sonian secretary Charles Walcott. ♦ Museum botanists Mark and Diane Littler an- nounced the alarming discovery that coralline reefs in the South Pacific are being killed by an unknown bacterial pathogen called coralline lethal orange. Corallines are critical to the growth of reefs. The Littlers are continuing studies of the long-term im- plications of the pathogen and canvasing colleagues throughout the Pacific on the range of distribution of the disease. ♦ At the 1994 Society for American Archaeology annual meeting, the museum's J. Daniel Rogers noted that archaeologists are finding that climate change and overuse of natural resources have con- tributed to the collapse of human cultures. Recent archaeological work by the museum's Melinda Zeder at Umm Qseir in northern Mesopotamia 32 documented the expansion of grazing and farming that led to the vast deforestation and decline in agri- cultural productivity now evident in many parts of West Asia. ♦ The Smithsonian Institution Man and the Biosphere Program (SI/MAB), based at the museum, focuses on problems associated with maintaining global forest biodiversity. Projects are developed in concert with sponsoring organizations and host countries. This year, SI/MAB conducted its second five-week course in measuring and monitoring bio- diversity, with participants from Asia, Latin Amer- ica, Africa, and North America. A two-week course in establishing plots for studying biodiversity was held in Canada, where the methodology will be im- plemented in national parks. National Zoological Park MICHAEL H. ROBINSON, DIRECTOR The principal mission of the National Zoological Park (NZP) is the advancement of science, biologi- cal conservation, and the education and recreation of the people. To fulfill this mission, the Zoo has moved beyond being a zoological park concerned only with animals to becoming a biological park with a scope that extends to the whole living world and exhibits that increasingly emphasize interac- tions among animals and plants. NZP exhibits liv- ing plants as well as animals on its 163 -acre facility in Rock Creek Park in Washington, D.C., and main- tains the Conservation and Research Center on 3,150 acres in Front Royal, Virginia, as a major animal breeding, conservation, and research center. Scientists from the Zoo pursue research around the world, advancing biological understanding and the conservation of life on Earth. ♦ The birth of the Zoo's first elephant calf, Kumari, on December 14, 1993, was another milestone in the Zoo's efforts to conserve endangered species. The female Asian elephant, which weighed 264 pounds, was born after a zz-month gestation pe- riod. Other significant births or hatchings of threat- ened species included a female gorilla (the third low- land gorilla born in three years), a white-cheeked gibbon, black-footed ferrets, Eld's deer, flamingos, and Komodo dragons. ♦ The refurbished Great Outdoor Flight exhibit, one of the 10 largest outdoor aviaries in North America, reopened in August, 1994. This avian habitat features North and South American birds such as the scarlet ibis, roseate spoonbill, Inca tern, blue heron, and white-faced ibis as well as a collec- tion of state birds of the United States. New shrubs complement the rock faces and waterfall, and a re- designed pathway ensures access for people with disabilities. ♦ Children of all ages from highly diverse commu- nities had a firsthand look at the Zoo through sev- eral new educational programs, including NOAHS (New Opportunities in Animal Health Sciences) Sci- entists in the Classroom project, funded by the Hughes Foundation; the LIFE (Learning Is a Family Experience) program (pioneered at the National Air and Space Museum); and the Concerned Black Men's mentorship program. The children, and in some cases their parents, learned about the Zoo from the perspectives of keepers, curators, scientists, and exhibit designers. ♦ "Is Conservation Going Extinct?" — an Earth Day symposium organized by the Zoo's Office of Public Affairs — explored such central conservation issues as the role of habitat fragmentation and human population in the process of extinction; the convergence of ecology, international development, and anthropology into the new discipline of conser- vation biology; and the differences between media and public perceptions of conservation problems. ♦ The Friends of the National Zoo (FONZ) sup- ports the efforts of the NZP to increase public awareness of wildlife conservation issues. This year, FONZ members contributed more than 86,000 hours of vital volunteer assistance, ranging from ed- ucational research to animal care; funded the Audio Tour, a self-guided safari through 30 animal ex- hibits; held its first annual Menagerie Masquerade on October 30, at which 300 costumed spirits danced to live music and consumed hors d'oeuvres, treats, and drinks supplied by Washington-area restaurants; and sponsored Giants, the annual Zoo- Japanese Emperor Akihito, an ichthyologist, met with staff scientists at the National Museum of Natural History during his visit to the Smithsonian last summer. Here G. David Johnson, chair of the museum's Department of Vertebrate Zoology and curator of fishes, shows specimens of the fish family that is the emperor's research specialization. 33 This 45-foot-tall tower, one of eight erected this year at the National Zoo, will allow orangutans to "commute" by overhead steel cables between their living quarters and Think Tank, a new interactive exhibit being built 500 feet away. The towers are equipped with safety features to keep the apes from climbing down. (Photograph by Jessie Cohen) and disciplines. Two competitive grant programs managed by the office provide scholarly support for Smithsonian professional staff. ♦ More than 900 awards were offered to students, scholars, and scientists from the United States and abroad to use the Institution's resources and collec- tions. These awards included fellowships, intern- ships, and short-term travel awards. ♦ The office and the National Zoological Park cosponsored a public talk by Paul Ewald about his new book, Evolution of Infectious Disease (Oxford University Press). The book grew largely out of re- search conducted during Ewald's George E. Burch Fellowship, administered by the office. ♦ The office offered 77 awards under the Smith- sonian Fellowship Program. Fifteen fellowships — 19 percent of the total — were to students and scholars from underrepresented groups. ♦ The Minority Internship Program had more than 200 applicants. Thirty-seven students from 16 states and 19 schools received awards to assist in ongoing research and museum-related projects in 16 bureaus and offices of the Institution. Fari gala, which raised a record $210,000 for NZP research, exhibits, and educational programs. ♦ "The Tropical Nature of Venezuela," a photographic exhibition provided by the Venezuelan government, was on display in the Amazonia Gallery during the summer. The exhibition featured stunning scenes of protected natural areas in the re- gions of Guyana, Los Andes, El Caribe, Los Llanos, Amazonas, and Cordillera de la Costa. ♦ The Zoo's Conservation and Research Center ex- panded its training programs to include three-month undergraduate internships as well as three one-week intensive courses. A remote sensing-geographic in- formation systems laboratory began operations for use in international training programs and biodiver- sity investigations. Office of Fellowships and Grants ROBERTA W. RUBINOFF, DIRECTOR The Office of Fellowships and Grants manages the Smithsonian's centralized fellowship and internship programs, all stipend appointments, and other pro- grams that support research. Through these research programs, scholars and students from throughout the world come to the Institution to use its varied collections and work with Smithsonian staff. The office also administers programs to increase minor- ity participation in Smithsonian research activities Office of Smithsonian Institution Archives JOHN F. JAMESON, ACTING DIRECTOR The Office of Smithsonian Institution Archives (OSIA), through its archives, institutional history, and collections management divisions, serves as a resource for Smithsonian administrative and pro- gram activities, investigates and reports on signifi- cant aspects of the Institution's history, and advises on museum, archival, and library collection man- agement matters. OSIA responds to more than 2,000 requests for information and research assis- tance each year. ♦ This year, OSIA used funding from the Institu- tion's Research Resources Program to begin, with the assistance of the Conservation Analytical Labo- ratory, a pan-institutional initiative to improve preservation of archival collections. Other partici- pants were the National Museum of Natural His- tory's Division of Fishes, the Freer Gallery of Art-Arthur M. Sackler Gallery Archives, and the National Air and Space Museum's Aeronautics Department. ♦ OSIA's Institutional History Division undertook several projects in preparation for the Smithsonian's 150th anniversary celebration in 1996. The staff began to compile a chronology, revise and enlarge a bibliography on Smithsonian history, and assemble 34 a database of photographic citations. Interns re- searched the history of African Americans at the In- stitution and Smithsonian-Latin American relations. Oral history interviews of Theodore H. Reed, Louis R. Purnell, Robert McC. Adams, and C. Malcolm Watkins were recorded. With volume 7 of the Joseph Henry Papers scheduled for publication in 1995, the staff began research on volume 8, which documents Henry's career from 1850 through 1853. ♦ The Archives Division appraised, boxed, and transferred 231 cubic feet of records from the Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum. The records included valuable documentation from the Office of the Director, Department of Decorative Arts, Registrar, Exhibitions Department, and a li- brary collection on the history of the Cooper Union. ♦ The National Collections Program compiled and published the eighth annual collection statistics, which this year offered consolidated data on collec- tions growth, acquisitions, deaccessioning, and loan activity for museum, archival, and library collections. »$; ■ f fcj ; t # A **- d* "»~-v^- Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory IRWIN I. SHAPIRO, DIRECTOR The Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO) is dedicated to the "increase" of knowledge — through the discovery and explanation of the physical processes that determine the nature and evolution of the universe — and to its "diffusion" — through dissemination of research results to the scientific community, educational materials for teachers and students, teacher training, and educational outreach to the public. Headquartered in Cambridge, Massachusetts, SAO and the Harvard College Observatory form the Center for Astrophysics (CfA), whose more than 200 professional staff are engaged in a broad pro- gram of research in astronomy, astrophysics, and earth and space sciences organized by divisions: atomic and molecular physics, high-energy astro- physics, optical and infrared astronomy, planetary sciences, radio and geoastronomy, solar and stellar physics, and theoretical astrophysics. Observational data are gathered by instruments aboard rockets, balloons, and spacecraft as well as by ground-based telescopes at SAO's Fred Lawrence Whipple Obser- vatory in Arizona and Oak Ridge Observatory in Massachusetts and at the millimeter-wave radio installation in Cambridge. Current initiatives include the creation of a sub- millimeter telescope array in Hawaii, the conversion of the Multiple Mirror Telescope to a single-mirror instrument 6.5 meters in diameter, and preparation for the launch of space experiments in x-ray, sub- millimeter, and solar astronomy. ♦ The unusual orbital history of Comet Shoemaker- Levy 9 and the prediction of its collision with Jupiter The first full-time African American on the Smith- sonian 's guard force may have been James Thomas Gant (far right rear), shown here with his co- workers, ca. 1890-1900. The Office of Smith- sonian Institution Ar- chives is documenting the history of African Ameri- cans at the Institution. Smithsonian Astrophysi- cal Observatory scientists (from left) Robert Reasenberg, Charley Noecker, and Robert Babcock observe a vacu- um chamber used to test components of a pro- posed space-borne tele- scope designed to search for planets outside our solar system. (Photograph by Jon Chase) 35 At the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, scientists lower a "caisson" into the Rhode River to sample inverte- brate populations near underwater logs and other large woody debris. (Photograph by Greg Ruiz) were first established at SAO based on precise obser- vations made at the Oak Ridge Observatory. ♦ The landmark CfA Redshift Survey of galaxy dis- tribution was extended to the sky above the South- ern Hemisphere. Done in collaboration with four other observatories, this mapping brings the total of galaxies surveyed to more than 14,000 and repre- sents coverage of about one-third of the sky. The striking bubblelike patterns of large-scale structure seen earlier in the northern survey continue in the south. ♦ An experiment conceived and designed at SAO confirmed that a 20-kilometer-long, 0.8-centimeter- thick plastic cable could suspend a tethered satellite with a minimum of oscillation and swing. The tether, the longest object ever placed in orbit, was the third such SAO-developed system successfully launched by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration within a year. ♦ Project IOTA, a two-element optical and infrared interferometer intended for high-resolution observa- tions of astronomical objects, took its "first light" (obtained the infrared signature of a single star) in early December 1993. The system is installed at the Whipple Observatory. ♦ SAO's Science Media Group received a $2.6 million grant from the Annenberg-Corporation for Public Broadcasting Math and Science project to develop six educational videos exploring common student misconceptions in science. As part of this Private Universe Project, nationally televised interac- tive evaluation conferences will elicit comment and consultation on the videos from teachers. ♦ With a $240,000 grant from the National Science Foundation, SAO provided 10-week summer intern- ships for 13 college undergraduates specializing in astronomy and astrophysics. The program, which emphasizes opportunities for women and minorities, t will be conducted at the observatory for two more summers. Smithsonian Environmental Research Center DAVID L. CORRELL, DIRECTOR Research and education at the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center (SERC) in Edgewa- ter, Maryland, take a range of approaches to investi- gating basic ecological processes and improving our ability to protect and manage important natural re- sources. Using the geographic features of the Chesa- peake Bay region, SERC conducts intensive analyses of a complex landscape of interconnected ecosys- tems. SERC's research is the primary contribution on the region to the U.S. Interagency Global Change Program and an important component of the Inter- national Geosphere-Biosphere Program. ♦ A SERC study has been evaluating the impact of the so-called ozone hole on oceanic phytoplankton. Research into the effects of increased levels of ultra- violet radiation has helped develop a model for pre- dicting the short-term effects of ozone depletion on photosynthesis. The model suggests that the ozone hole might reduce near-surface photosynthesis by 12 to 15 percent. ♦ Scientists believe that the declining population of long-distance migratory birds in temperate breeding areas is due partly to the changing land use practices that threaten tropical forests. In their studies of mi- gratory birds that winter in the Yucatan Peninsula, SERC scientists have concluded that traditional agriculture involving the shifting cultivation of small plots poses no threat to migrant species in the Yu- catan. However, more recent land use forms, such as mechanized agriculture and large-scale cattle ranching, are harmful to most of these species. ♦ In their continuing investigation of the Chesa- peake Bay food web, SERC scientists have shown that the Baltic clam — one of the most abundant shellfish in the bay — is extremely adaptable in feed- ing in different environments. When there is a low population of plankton, it prefers to graze on the surface of the bottom sediments where it lives. To do so, it must extend its siphon and expose itself to predators such as crabs. Therefore, it is sometimes advantageous for the clam to avoid predators by feeding from the overlying water even if plankton densities are low. 36 ♦ Coarse woody debris, such as tree branches and logs, gives aquatic animals refuge from their preda- tors. When SERC scientists added debris to experi- mental plots, the populations of crabs, small fishes, and grass shrimp grew significantly. Access to coarse woody debris also increased the survival of grass shrimp in laboratory and field experiments. These results indicate the need to maintain shoreline forests and allow woody debris to accumulate along estuarine shorelines. ♦ The concentration of carbon dioxide in the at- mosphere is expected to double in about 50 years due to the worldwide burning of fossil fuels and the destruction of forests. In studies of salt marsh com- munities and, most recently, a deciduous woody shrub called a spice bush, SERC scientists have been investigating how this increase will affect various natural plant communities. ♦ Large organisms called planktonic dinoflagellates commonly form "red tides" during the growing season in the central part of Chesapeake Bay. They obtain energy by photosynthesis and by ingesting phytoplankton and small zooplankton. In another aspect of ongoing studies of the bay's food web, SERC scientists found that these adaptable organ- isms had more food vacuoles, or small cavities for ingesting food, when large numbers of suitable prey were available. At other times they derived their en- ergy from photosynthesis. Smithsonian Institution Libraries BARBARA J. SMITH, DIRECTOR The Smithsonian Institution Libraries supports the research activities of the Institution's staff, scholars from around the world, and members of the public by providing reference and information services and by building, organizing, managing, preserving, and conserving its collections. The Libraries' collec- tions— numbering 1.2 million volumes, 15,000 journals, 40,000 rare books, and 1,800 manuscript groups — are available in 18 branch libraries and through interlibrary loan, and its catalogue records are accessible on-line. The Libraries is a member of the Association of Research Libraries. ♦ To support Native American research and pro- grams, the Libraries purchased, with funds donated by Ruth L. Webb, an illustrated account by the artist and topographer Heinrich B. Mollhausen of the Pacific Railroad Survey of 1853. The S. Dillon Ripley Library Endowment provided funds for pur- chases of other books in Native American studies as well as a 12-volume series on African American life from 1 86 1 to 1900 and the first of several projected volumes of the Flora of Japan. ♦ As a special member of the Research Libraries Group, the Libraries participates in a resource- sharing program along with more than 100 of the nation's largest research libraries. The program pro- vides priority lending with expedited loan service, giving Libraries users direct access to these premiere collections. ♦ The Libraries opened two exhibitions this year in its gallery in the National Museum of American History. "Balloons: The Birth of Flight, 1783- 1793" displayed books from three branch libraries, and "Tunnels!" featured books and manuscripts tracing the development of tunnels from antiquity to the present. At Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum, the branch librarian organized "Walter Crane: Design for Children," which included 19 lavishly illustrated books from the collection. The Libraries' exhibitions are funded with private dona- tions and grants. ♦ After 34 years of providing research support through the Translations Publishing Program, the Libraries closed the program this year when the Special Foreign Currency operating funds that sup- ported it were exhausted. Since i960, the Libraries has distributed free of charge copies of 274 scientific Secretary Emeritus S. Dillon Ripley and his wife Mary Livingston Ripley (seated), Smithsonian Institution Libraries Director Barbara J. Smith, and David Challinor, science adviser to the secretary, examine the first purchas- es made with funds from the S. Dillon Ripley Library Endowment, established in 1993. (Photograph by Jeff Tinsley) 37 Coral reef scientist Hector Guzman is direct- ing Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute efforts to help the government of Honduras develop a management and pro- tection plan for the Cochmos Archipelago on the Caribbean coast. (Photograph by Marcos A. Cuerra) books and articles translated into English and made them available through the National Technical In- formation Service. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute IRA RUBINOFF, DIRECTOR The Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI), based in the Republic of Panama, is dedicated to re- search on tropical nature and peoples and to com- municating this knowledge internationally. To fur- ther its mission, STRI operates tropical forest and marine field stations, well-equipped laboratories, and a major tropical science library. These facilities support the work of more than 30 staff scientists and hundreds of visiting researchers and students each year. ♦ STRI's new 32-meter (96-foot) general purpose research vessel, the RV Urracd, was delivered in April. Replacing the retired RV Benjamin, the new vessel is equipped with a laboratory, darkroom, scuba facilities, and the latest communication and navigation gear. The increased size, capabilities, and range of the Urracd will allow STRI scientists not only to continue their work on both sides of the Isthmus of Panama but to expand their studies much farther afield. ♦ STRI was awarded a five-year contract to advise the government of Honduras on management and protection of the Cochinos Archipelago, a group of small islands off the Caribbean coast that are desig- nated for protected status. STRI will also initiate a research and biological monitoring program for the area, which contains a diverse, well-developed coral reef system of considerable scientific interest. ♦ The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation awarded STRI a three-year, $900,000 grant for plant ecologi- cal research. Among the projects the grant will sup- port are installation of a large-scale forest dynamics plot in Amazonian Ecuador; studies in botanical pa- leoecology; research in canopy biology using STRI's tower crane canopy access system; research in plant physiological ecology; and studies in the molecular biology of marine algae. ♦ STRI's Oil Spill Project submitted its final report on a five-year study of the consequences of a major oil spill on coral reefs, mangroves, and other habi- tats in Bahia Las Minas near STRI's Galeta Marine Laboratory on the Caribbean coast. The report, which is the most comprehensive study of its kind, has important implications for evaluating the conse- quences of marine contamination and the effective- ness of cleanup efforts. ♦ The first facilities for researchers opened at the Mpala Research Center in Kenya, located at the Mpala Ranch, a 48,500-acre working cattle ranch on the Laikipia Plateau. Mpala is operated by a consortium including the Smithsonian Institution (with STRI, the National Museum of Natural His- tory, the National Air and Space Museum, and the National Zoological Park as the major participating bureaus), National Museums of Kenya, Kenya Wildlife Service, Mpala Wildlife Foundation, and Princeton University. The center offers scientists and students access to a rich savanna habitat where they can examine interactions among wildlife, livestock, humans, and the fragile landscape. ♦ The Tropical Forest Canopy Project submitted its first report to the United Nations Environment Pro- gram (UNEP) on research conducted with STRI's tower crane canopy access system. The crane, pur- chased with the assistance of the Smithsonian Na- tional Board and, through UNEP, of the govern- ments of Finland, Germany, and Norway, has been a major breakthrough in advancing understanding of this highly diverse habitat. The report describes 25 research projects by scientists from 14 countries on topics including pollination, insect biodiversity, herbivory, seed predation, and the effects of carbon dioxide levels, ultraviolet light, and microclimate on plant physiology. . Arts and Humanities Office of the Assistant Secretary for the Arts and Humanities TOM L. FREUDENHEIM, ASSISTANT SECRETARY The Office of the Assistant Secretary for the Arts and Humanities oversees most of the Smithsonian museums and service organizations. The office for- mulates museum policy and works with bureaus and offices to ensure its implementation. The office also advises the secretary and the under secretary on issues relating to museum policy, operations, and exhibitions. ♦ As a technical assistance and resource office, the Accessibility Program worked with almost every Smithsonian bureau to improve accessibility for people with disabilities. The program provided technical reviews of facilities and exhibitions, staff and volunteer training, and accessibility services for visitors. With the acquisition of a braille printer and software, the program was able to translate printed materials into braille for Smithsonian organizations. ♦ The National African American Museum Project presented an Elder Mentors Award to Cholly Atkins, recognizing his contributions to American music and dance. The project's first exhibition, "Imagining Families: Images and Voices," opened in August 1994. With photographs, installation art, and slide-projected images from 1 5 American pho- tographers, the exhibition is a photographic essay about the American family experience. A catalogue and a series of public and educational programs were developed with the exhibition. ♦ By the close of the fiscal year, the National African American Museum Project had identified more than 1,500 potential donors who would sup- port a future museum. The project's quarterly newsletter, Orator, is beginning its third year of publication. Legislation authorizing the National African American Museum was not approved by the Congress. Future plans for the project were scheduled to be discussed by the Smithsonian Board of Regents in early 1995. ♦ Exhibitions that received awards from the Smith- sonian Special Exhibition Fund, administered by the office, included "Arts and Culture of the Islamic World" (Arthur M. Sackler Gallery and National Museum of African Art), "Red, Hot, and Blue" (National Portrait Gallery), and "Barro Colorado Island Visitor Center" (Smithsonian Tropical Re- search Institute). Anacostia Museum STEVEN NEWSOME, DIRECTOR The Anacostia Museum, a community-based, con- stituency-focused museum, develops exhibitions and programs that increase public awareness of the black experience in Washington, D.C., and the upper South. The museum strives to involve com- munity residents in all its activities, including re- search and exhibition development. Many such co- operative and collaborative efforts marked this year. ♦ "Black Mosaic: Community, Race, and Ethnicity among Black Immigrants in Washington, D.C.," the museum's innovative exhibition examining national, social, cultural, and linguistic diversity in Washing- ton's black population, opened on August 21, 1994. An advisory board representing the Afro-Latino, Brazilian, Haitian, Jamaican, Ghanaian, and Rasta- farian communities worked with the museum in de- veloping the exhibition. Members of each commu- nity conducted significant sections of the research. To celebrate the opening, the museum held a festival featuring music, crafts, and foods. ♦ In the second year of the museum's partnership with Moten Elementary School in Anacostia, two special exhibitions were developed. The first, a panel exhibition mounted in the school, featured 16 Members of the audience enjoy "Africa Fete '94, " a half-day festival of diverse musical styles of Africa and the African diaspora, held at the Anacostia Museum in July 1994. (Photograph by Harold Dorwin) 39 African American collectors who shared their ob- jects and their expertise with the students. The sec- ond, mounted in the museum, highlighted the stu- dents' collections and those of adults in the school's evening sewing class. ♦ To coincide with the presentation of the Walker Art Center's "Malcolm X: Man, Ideal, and Icon," the museum organized "Takbir! Allah Akbar! Pho- tographs of African American Muslims in Washing- ton" with the American Muslim Center. This exhi- bition was the first in the nation to focus on African American Muslims in a museum setting. ♦ In celebration of Hispanic Heritage Month, the museum mounted "Afro-Caribe: The Art of Dennis Rivera." Rivera, who works in Washington, San Juan, and Paris, designed the 1993 Hispanic Heritage Month poster. ♦ Work began on two new collaborative, commu- nity-based projects that will result in exhibitions. The first, "How Excellent: The African American Church in Contemporary Society," will address black churches' response to a variety of social issues that affect the Washington-area black community. It is an outgrowth of "Unbroken Circle," the mu- seum's archival and documentation technical assis- tance project. The second, "Positive: HIV and AIDS and Washington's African American Community," is the first attempt by a museum to present a com- prehensive examination of AIDS and its impact on African Americans. ♦ Director Steven Newsome traveled to South Africa to conduct workshops at community art cen- ters and the University of Fort Hare. He also met with arts and cultural administrators and historians. tion for advanced study in American art history and in other fields. The Archives' Journal, published quarterly, presents articles based on research con- ducted in the collections along with book reviews and collecting reports from the regional centers. ♦ The Archives restructured some of its operations during the year to make its microfilm collections more accessible. In Boston, the New England Re- search Center and its bank of unrestricted microfilm were relocated to the Boston Public Library, where the materials are now available during extended evening and weekend hours. In San Francisco, an Archives Depository opened at the M. H. de Young Memorial Museum of the Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco. California now has two Archives microfilm libraries; the second is at the Huntington Library, Art Collections, and Botanical Gardens in San Marino. ♦ The Archives published its newest finding aids to the collections — A Guide to Archival Sources for Italian-American Art History in the Archives of American Art and Philadelphia: A Guide to Art- Related Archival Materials. ♦ The Archives and the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden cosponsored a symposium, "Willem de Kooning Reconsidered," which ex- plored such topics as de Kooning's early work in the Netherlands, the critical response to his paint- ings of women in the 1950s, and the continuity of a pictorial tradition in his painting. ♦ The gallery of the New York Regional Center organized a special exhibition of letters, diaries, Alexander Calder drew this map in a 1949 letter to Ben Shahn that marked the beginning of a long friendship between the two artists. The map, which bears a striking similarity to Calder's work, was on view in the Archives of American Art exhibition "Artist-Made Maps. " (Ben Shahn Papers, Archives of American Art) Archives of American Art RICHARD J. WATTENMAKER, DIRECTOR The Archives of American Art is the nation's reposi- tory for documentation of the visual arts and cul- ture in the United States. It collects, preserves, and makes available for study a range of records, origi- nal papers, photographs, diaries, sketchbooks, and oral history interviews. On the subject of art in America, it is the largest archive in the world, hold- ing more than 13 million documents. Dedicated to encouraging research in American art and cultural history, the Archives makes its col- lections easily accessible through reference centers across the country and an extensive interlibrary loan program. Its catalogue database is available nation- wide and internationally on the Internet and through the Research Libraries Information Net- work. The Archives' varied holdings are a founda- 40 sketchbooks, and works of art from the Frank Stella Papers. The gallery also presented "Provincetown Papers: Selections from New Collections," which highlighted the newly available papers of Houghton Cranford Smith, George Yater, and Ross Moffett, and "The 'Aura of Human Experience': Jacob Kainen from the Archives of American Art," which examined the career of painter, printmaker, writer, teacher, and Smithsonian curator Jacob Kainen. Ex- hibitions presented by the Washington Center of the Archives included "Artist-Made Maps" and "The Mural Drawings of George Biddle, 1935-1945." ♦ Among the great strengths of the Archives are its holdings related to women in the visual arts. Col- lected as part of ongoing efforts to document art in America, many of the papers were acquired well before feminist history and women's studies were firmly established. Several significant recent acquisi- tions in this area are the papers of artists Henriette Wyeth, Florence Arnold, and Beatrice Wood, col- lected by the West Coast Regional Center. Arthur M. Sackler Gallery MILO C. BEACH, DIRECTOR The Arthur M. Sackler Gallery is devoted to ex- panding public knowledge of the arts and cultures of Asia through exhibition, research, and education programs. Founded on a gift of nearly 1,000 works of Asian art from Dr. Arthur M. Sackler (191 3-87), the gallery opened in 1987. Its collection has grown beyond the original donation through gift, purchase, and transfer. The gallery's calendar fea- tures important thematic loan exhibitions, which are enhanced through a varied schedule of free pub- lic programs, scholarly activities, and special events. ♦ "Contemporary Porcelain from Japan," an exhi- bition of 30 innovative and dramatically varied porcelain vessels by 30 Japanese artists, celebrated the Japan Foundation's gift of these masterworks to the Sackler Gallery. The exhibition, presented in co- operation with the Embassy of Japan, the Japan Foundation, and the Kokusai Bunka Kyokai (Inter- national Cultural Association), emphasized the crafting of porcelain as a living art. An accompany- ing videotape showed the makers at work, and gallery text highlighted their commentary on the creative process. ♦ The full-color journal Asian Art & Culture, for- merly called Asian Art, began its seventh year with a new name, a new design, and a new board of advis- ers, including artists, writers, and scholars. Published three times a year by the Sackler Gallery and Oxford University Press, the journal examines new interpre- tations of the arts, literature, and history of Asia as they relate to cultural, social, and religious life. ♦ The gallery's first example of Korean art — a 14th- century painting of Ji-jiang, the bodhisattva (enlight- ened being) revered by Buddhists for his merciful deliverance of living beings from the world of suffer- ing— was placed on exhibition this year. The paint- ing, a hanging scroll executed in ink, color, and silk, was an anonymous gift to the gallery. ♦ The Sackler Gallery and the Freer Gallery of Art organized a symposium, "Artists and Traditions: New Studies of Indian Paintings," in connection with a small Sackler Gallery exhibition, "A Mughal Hunt." The exhibition examined how a scholar uses evidence from other paintings to identify the sub- ject, artist, and origin of a work of art. The sympo- sium was made possible by the generosity of Leon B. Polsky and Cynthia Hazen Polsky. ♦ A week-long symposium in Lahore, Pakistan, culminated a three-year project to document the evolution of urbanism and garden design under the Mughals, a dynasty of Mongol and Turkic origin that ruled most of present-day north India and Pakistan for 200 years beginning in the early 16th century. The project was a joint endeavor of the Sackler Gallery; the School of Architecture and Planning, Lahore University of Engineering and Technology; and the Department of Archaeology of the Government of Pakistan, with funding from the Smithsonian Foreign Currency Program. ♦ Funds provided by the Friends of Asian Arts at the Freer and Sackler Galleries enabled the gallery to acquire its first example of calligraphy from This porcelain plate by Japanese artist Hazama Koicbi was a gift to the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery from the Japan Foundation. A contempo- rary interpretation of the traditional Kutani style, the plate was shown along with the ii'ork of 29 other artists in the exhibition "Contem- porary Porcelain from Japan. " 41 New York City public school teachers (from left) Paul Kaplan, Helen Henderson, Joyce Vagle, and Michael Butler designed a chair during Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum's first annual Summer Design Institute. (Photograph by Janet C. Koltick) Japan, a hanging scroll by the 17th-century Bud- dhist monk Obaku Kosen. Born in China, Kosen emigrated to live and work in Kyoto at the principal temple of the Obaku school in Japan. The artist's close association with the elite patronage of the em- peror and the shogun relates the scroll to examples of painting and lacquerware in the Sackler Gallery collection. Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum DIANNE H. PILGRIM, DIRECTOR Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum presented a variety of exhibitions during 1994 that reflected the museum's mission to "enrich the lives of all peo- ple by exploring the creation and consequences of the designed environment." These exhibitions en- compassed many aspects of design, from consumer culture in "Packaging the New: Design and the American Consumer, 1 925-1975" to individual ob- jects in "A Royal Gift: The 182.6 Porcelain Jewel Cabinet." ♦ For the first time, an exhibition created by Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum was presented at the Smithsonian Institution in Washing- ton. "The Power of Maps," which featured more than 200 maps from diverse periods and cultures, opened to acclaim at the International Gallery on the National Mall just one year after its debut at the museum in New York. Both the New York and Washington venues were generously underwritten by the American Express Company. With the Washington showing, the New York museum established a presence in the nation's capital while bringing one of its most innovative exhibitions to a broader audience. ♦ The museum unveiled a new graphic identity created by the New York design firm of Drenttel Doyle Partners. The graphic identity gives a visually recognizable point of view to all the museum's communication, from stationery to signage to busi- ness cards to the building itself. This new identity signals a broad spectrum of changes reflecting the museum's mission: to raise public awareness about the ways in which design affects every aspect of daily life. ♦ With the Board of Education of the City of New York, Division of School Facilities, the museum cosponsored the first annual Summer Design Insti- tute, "The Urban School: A Resource of Design Ed- ucation." Seventy-five public school teachers took part in this collaborative effort. They worked with architects, graphic designers, industrial designers, urban planners, interactive multimedia specialists, environmental educators, and museum educators to explore how design shapes the world and how New York City public schools can be laboratories for design education across the curriculum. ♦ The museum concluded the preconstruction phase of its $10 million renovation and accessibility project. The firm of Polshek and Partners Architects completed the design, which includes renovating two townhouses into collection storage and study centers and building an accessible connector be- tween the Carnegie Mansion, the townhouses, and the Arthur Ross Terrace and Garden. National De- sign Museum staff planned and executed a complex move of almost 48,000 collection objects from the townhouses to temporary storage in the Carnegie Mansion. In addition, plans were made to move staff and offices from the townhouses to the Man- sion for the duration of the project. ♦ In the spring of 1994, the museum held a gala benefit auction. More than 400 friends of the museum attended the benefit, which raised over $40,000 for the National Design Museum's general operating funds. Freer Gallery of Art MILO C. BEACH, DIRECTOR The Freer Gallery of Art, known around the world for its outstanding collections of Asian art dating 42- from Neolithic times to the early 20th century and for its important holdings of works by James McNeill Whistler, opened to the public in 1923 as the first art museum of the Smithsonian. Gifts and purchases have expanded the number and character of the original collection, which was deeded to the United States by Charles Lang Freer of Detroit in 1906. While only a small portion of the gallery's holdings can be displayed at once, regular exhibi- tion changes present the collections in all their richness. ♦ The Eugene and Agnes E. Meyer Auditorium of the Freer Gallery was the Washington, D.C., venue for Musicians from Marlboro, who presented three free public concerts this year. The series commemo- rates a long association between the Marlboro musi- cians and the Meyer family and is given in memory of the Meyers' son. Dr. Eugene Meyer III, and his wife, Mary Adelaide Bradley Meyer. The concerts are generously supported by the Island Fund in the New York Community Trust and Elizabeth E. Meyer. ♦ Prime Minister Narasimha Rao of India was honored at a tea given at the Freer by director Milo Beach and Thomas Pritzker, cochairman of the Indo-U.S. Subcommission on Education and Cul- ture. After a tour of the South Asian gallery, the prime minister greeted other guests, including Sena- tor Daniel Patrick Moynihan and Mrs. Moynihan, Mrs. Arthur M. Sackler, and Smithsonian Secretary Robert McC. Adams. ♦ Stephen Y. Liang was selected from among 120 high school juniors and seniors to serve as the Freer and Sackler Galleries' first Dick Louie Intern. The eight-week summer internship, awarded annually to a high school student of Asian descent living in the Washington metropolitan area, is an opportunity for a young person to gain practical experience in a museum setting. The internship includes a stipend supported through contributions to the Richard Louie Memorial Fund, which honors the galleries' late associate director. ♦ Two simultaneous Chinese calligraphy exhibi- tions focused on the Freer's large and varied collec- tions. "Masterpieces of Chinese Calligraphy" ex- plored the work of more than 30 masters from the mid-first century B.C. to the 20th century, with al- most half of the scrolls, album leaves, and folding fans dating from the Ming dynasty (1368-1644). "Beyond Paper: Chinese Calligraphy on Objects" examined the often-surprising uses of writing on utilitarian and decorative objects made of clay, lac- quer, metal, jade, bamboo, silk, wood, and rhinoc- eros horn. ♦ Significant additions to the collection included a This 1 fth- to 16th- century Ming dynasty hanging scroll is the mate to the first Chinese paint- ing purchased by Freer Gallery of Art founder Charles Lang Freer. It was given to the gallery by staff member Kyoichi Itoh exactly 100 years after Freer's original purchase. mate to Herons and Water Plants, by an anonymous Ming dynasty artist, which was the first Chinese painting purchased by Charles Lang Freer. The simi- lar hanging scroll, which shows a heron with a large pink lotus blossom, was donated by Kyoichi Itoh, an East Asian painting conservator on the gallery's staff, 100 years after Freer's purchase. Also this year, a painting from India's Mughal dynasty and a Qing dynasty porcelain basin and hardwood stand were purchased for the Freer using funds from the Friends of Asian Arts at the Freer and Sackler Gal- leries and an anonymous gift. 43 New York-based artist Glenn Ligon with Mrs. Joseph H. Hirshhorn at the opening reception for an exhibition of his new work at the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden. In the back- ground is one of Ligon's stenciled wall drawings, applied in oilstick, based on writer Zora Neale Hurston's ironic rumina- tions on "being colored. " Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden JAMES T. DEMETRION, DIRECTOR The Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, the Smithsonian Institution's showcase for modern and contemporary art, is committed to increasing the awareness and understanding of art through acqui- sitions, exhibitions and publications, research activi- ties, public programs, and the presentation of the collection in its galleries and outdoor exhibition spaces. The museum provides a public facility for the exhibition, study, and preservation of 19th- and 20th-century art while presenting a spectrum of contemporary work. ♦ With the help of various acquisitions funds, as well as gifts from generous donors, the museum continued to acquire significant works by modern and contemporary artists. Among highlights for the year were Claes Oldenburg's painted plaster-soaked cloth relief 7-Up (1961), Gerhard Richter's oil painting The Annunciation after Titian (1973), Georg Baselitz's oil painting Meissen Woodsmen (1968-69), Julian SchnabePs oil painting Portrait of Andy Warhol (1982), and Alison Saar's carved- wood sculpture Snake Charmer (1985). ♦ "The Collection Reviewed," the Hirshhorn's rein- stallations integrating American and European art with a new emphasis on contemporary art, included single-gallery educational presentations of works by Alexander Calder and Thomas Eakins and the de- velopment of an area in the garden primarily for whimsical and fanciful sculptures. ♦ The Hirshhorn's exhibition program highlighting contemporary American artists included a major touring show of Willem de Kooning's work from the museum's collection in honor of the artist's 90th birthday. Video installations by Gary Hill and a multigallery exhibition of mixed-media installations by Felix Gonzalez-Torres were also presented, to- gether with smaller shows focusing on works by- Glenn Ligon, Sue Coe, and Jeanne Dunning. ♦ Among the education programs presented this year was the Mordes Lecture in Contemporary Art, which launched an annual series sponsored by Dr. Marvin Mordes and Elayne Mordes of Baltimore. Also presented were a roundtable discussion and a half-day symposium on Willem de Kooning. De- signed to broaden public awareness and under- standing of the Hirshhorn's permanent collection, "The Collection Reviewed" program included lec- tures by sculptor Siah Armajani and painter Eliza- beth Murray, artists represented in the museum's galleries. ♦ "Conversations with a Conservator" consisted of informal talks by a Hirshhorn conservator, held twice weekly during the summer, about the preser- vation of the sculpture in the garden and plaza. Six "Young at Art" family programs enthralled more than 120 6-to-n-year-olds and their parents with tours of an exhibition followed by hands-on art projects. ♦ More than 22,000 people attended free film pro- grams featuring cutting-edge international indepen- dent cinema, documentaries on contemporary artists, and family-oriented animation. Institutional Studies Office ZAHAVA D. DOERING, DIRECTOR The Institutional Studies Office (ISO) is a pan-insti- tutional resource dedicated to the scientific study of the characteristics, attitudes, opinions, and experi- ences of Smithsonian constituencies. Its research program includes long-term visitor studies at Smith- sonian museums, background studies and assess- ments of exhibitions and public programs, and studies of staff. On a limited basis, ISO conducts seminars in applied quantitative and qualitative research and program evaluation and provides technical consultation to cultural organizations throughout the country. « A new ISO report, Visits and Visitors to the St7iithsonian Institution, provides a demographic profile of the millions of local, national, and inter- national visitors to Smithsonian museums and the 44 National Zoological Park. It is based on informa- tion from ISO studies conducted between 1987 and 1993 and on data from the Smithsonian's Office of Protection Services, the U.S. Bureau of the Census, and the Washington Convention and Visitors Association. ♦ The office provided research and technical sup- port for three activities associated with planning the Smithsonian's 150th anniversary celebration. ISO participated in all aspects of an economic impact study conducted by the Greater Washington Re- search Center. For a national telephone survey of public expectations and views of the Smithsonian, ISO assisted in questionnaire development, sample selection, and data collection oversight. ISO also tested, at a variety of United States locations, the effectiveness of several proposed logo designs. ♦ Research for Smithsonian bureaus included an assessment of visitor experience at the "Mechanical Brides: Women and Machines from Home to Of- fice" exhibition at Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum; background research for a forthcoming study at the Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery; preliminary research for a year-long visitor study at the National Museum of American History; data collection for an update of the 1988 National Air and Space Museum survey; and data collection for a year-long visitor study at the Na- tional Museum of Natural History. International Gallery ANNE R. GOSSETT, DIRECTOR stone ossuary, on loan from the Israel Museum and the Israel Antiquities Authority. ♦ "Talents of the Brush: Jill Sackler Chinese Callig- raphy Competition," organized by the International Gallery in cooperation with the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, featured more than 100 examples of the highest achievements of the art of beautiful writing. Regular calligraphy demonstrations and a rich menu of other educational activities accompanied the exhibition. ♦ "Sculptures from the Flames: Ceramics by Gustav and Ulla Kraitz" presented contemporary Swedish art. National Air and Space Museum MARTIN HARWIT, DIRECTOR The National Air and Space Museum takes great pride in its status as the world's most-visited mu- seum and its ability to present high-caliber exhibi- tions, films, and public programs. That tradition continued in 1994, with a spectacular new IMAX film and exhibitions and public programs that brought attention to the environment and to women in aviation. Most of the activity, however, took place behind the scenes. The museum increased its planning and design efforts for a new extension near Washing- ton's Dulles International Airport. These efforts in- cluded a continuation of master planning, ongoing meetings with representatives of local government and the Commonwealth of Virginia, and discussions with community groups about the planned facility. The contributions of Patty Wagstaff, the first woman to win the U.S. National Aerobatic Championship, were highlighted in a 1 994 exhibition at the Air and Space Museum. The plane in which Wagstaff won the championship was on view in the exhi- bition. (Photograph by Carolyn Russo) The International Gallery presents exhibitions that deal with significant topics from various disciplinary or cultural perspectives and either complement the work of Smithsonian bureaus or represent an area outside the Institution's collections. Public and scholarly programs are planned in conjunction with the exhibitions. ♦ Among the special programs and activities devel- oped to accompany "The Power of Maps" were teacher workshops for Washington metropolitan area teachers, docent-led tours for schoolchildren, a popular series of family day activities, and the publi- cation of Geographic Journey. A collaborative effort between Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum and the International Gallery resulted in the success- ful Washington presentation of this exhibition. ♦ Organized by the International Gallery in con- junction with an important conference of archaeolo- gists and biblical scholars, "In the Temple of Solomon and the Tomb of Caiaphas" presented two unique antiquities, an ivory pomegranate and lime- 45 / The artist applies dye to a silk canvas that later went on view in the Air and Space Museum exhibition "Aerial Inspirations: Silk Batiks by Mary Edna Fraser. " A student in a week-long mask-making workshop, held in conjunction with the National Museum of African Art exhibition "Face of the Spirits: Masks from the Zaire Basin, " puts the finishing touches on his creation. (Photograph by Jeff Tinsley) ♦ In June, with partners Lockheed Corporation and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the museum premiered Destiny in Space, the third film in its IMAX space-film trilogy. The film intro- duces viewers to the excitement and challenges of future human and robotic space exploration. ♦ Two exhibitions highlight the contributions of women in aviation. "Patty Wagstaff: National Aero- batic Champion" honors the three-time and current U.S. champion. In "Aerial Inspirations: Silk Batiks by Mary Edna Fraser," the artist uses satellite im- ages and her own aerial photography to create beautiful abstract renderings of coastal and moun- tainous regions of North America. ♦ As part of the museum's commemoration of the 2.5th anniversary of the first lunar landing, the plex- iglass covering of the Apollo 1 1 command module Columbia was removed for the first time in nearly zo years so conservators could inspect and treat the capsule and its contents. A new protective covering was added in time for the July 19, 1994, anniver- sary celebration. The conservation effort was made possible by a generous contribution from Omega Watch. ♦ The Educational Services Department expanded its programming for visitors. Two events of excep- tional quality were an evening program honoring Bessie Coleman, the first African American to re- ceive a pilot's license, and a day-long paper airplane workshop and contest. ♦ The museum expanded its internal research activ- ities with two initiatives. A year-long visitor survey, conducted in cooperation with the Smithsonian's In- stitutional Studies Office, will help determine how visitors are being served and what improvements can be made. A survey of museum employees led to the formation of internal working groups that are examining workplace issues. ♦ The museum began construction on an urgently needed chemical corrosion treatment shop at the Paul E. Garber Preservation, Restoration, and Storage Fa- cility for treating metal aircraft and spacecraft com- ponents and coating them with preservatives to en- sure their long-term place in the national collection. National Museum of African Art SYLVIA H. WILLIAMS, DIRECTOR The National Museum of African Art celebrates the rich visual traditions and extraordinarily diverse cultures of Africa. Through its collections, exhibi- tions, research, and public programs, the museum fosters an appreciation of African art and civiliza- tions. It is also a research and reference center, housing the Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives and the Warren M. Robbins Library, a branch of the Smithsonian Institution Libraries, as well as exhibi- tion galleries and educational facilities. * The museum opened a major exhibition, "Face of the Spirits: Masks from the Zaire Basin," accompa- nied by an extensive series of programs for teachers and the general public. The exhibition featured more than 100 masks from 40 ethnic groups in the Zaire River Basin. ♦ A carved figure called an elek from the Baga peoples of Guinea and Guinea Bissau was added to the museum's collection. A composite of a human 46 face, a bird beak, and the jaws of a crocodile, fig- ures such as this one were used in agricultural rites and funeral celebrations. ♦ The museum published The Voyage of King Njoya's Gift: A Beaded Sculpture from the Bamum Kingdom, Cameroon, in the National Museum of African Art. The illustrated volume, which examines an important work in the permanent collection, was written by Christraud Geary, curator of the Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives. ♦ The museum acquired an important collection of Tuareg metalwork, including jewelry boxes, tea glass containers, locks and keys, a sword and dag- gers with sheaths, and a bed. The works will be featured in a 1995 exhibition, "Art from the Forge: Tuareg Metalwork." ♦ The Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives com- pleted the first year of an extensive motion picture film collection preservation and classification pro- ject. The Smithsonian Research Resources Program funded the project. ♦ The exhibition "Beaded Splendor" featured an important new gift to the museum's permanent col- lection: a beaded crown from the Yoruba of Nige- ria. In conjunction with the exhibition, the museum published a 28-page illustrated brochure and an ed- ucational guide for families. National Museum of American Art ELIZABETH BROUN, DIRECTOR The National Museum of American Art, the na- tion's museum dedicated to the arts and artists of the United States from colonial times to the present, provides collections and research resources that en- able the public and scholars to use and enjoy Amer- ica's visual arts. The museum, which includes the Renwick Gallery, serves diverse audiences through- out the nation as well as those who visit its two his- toric landmark buildings in Washington, D.C. Out- reach takes the form of circulating exhibitions, educational materials, publications, automated re- search resources, and participation in an interactive computer network. ♦ A major retrospective exhibition of works by Thomas Cole (1801-48), America's most important landscape painter of the early 19th century, opened at the museum in March. "Thomas Cole: Landscape into History" presented the rich variety of landscape formats Cole developed and introduced new ideas about the relationship of the artist's work to the so- cial and political issues of his day. The exhibition, organized by William H. Truettner, the museum's curator of painting and sculpture, and Alan Wal- lach, Ralph H. Wark Professor of Fine Arts at the College of William and Mary, reexamined the mes- sages Cole's canvases might have conveyed to view- ers during his era. For the first time in nearly 150 years, Cole's two masterful allegorical series, The Course of Empire (1834-36) and The Voyage of Life (1842), were hung in the same exhibition. ♦ An outstanding collection of 22 contemporary American crafts was presented to the Renwick Gallery by KPMG Peat Marwick. The objects, made from clay, fiber, wood, paper, and metal by 18 mod- ern masters, included a large stoneware wall plate by Peter Voulkos, two unusual collages on paper by Lenore Tawney, two luminous porcelains by Rudolf Staffel, and an earthenware "landscape" of five lidded boxes by Wayne Higby. ♦ Eighty paintings from public and private collec- tions representing the career of Jacob Kainen, long known for his gift for form and color, were mounted in a traveling exhibition that opened at the museum. The works on view represented Kainen's explora- tion of abstraction and figurative subjects during six decades. They included examples of his early, expressive responses to human suffering during the Depression; turbulent abstractions created during the McCarthy era of the 1950s; evocative figurative studies from the 1960s; and recent canvases noted for their assured compositions and poetic color. This view of the Washington Monument is one of 14 panels in a full-circle panorama of Washington, D.C, taken by Mark Klett and commissioned by the National Museum of American Art. The commission was made possible by Hogan & Hartson and by Hines Interests Limited Partnership. 47 Familiar American icons welcomed Japanese visitors to "The Smith- sonian's America," an exhibition created by the National Museum of American History for American Festival Japan '94 near Tokyo in July 1994. (Photograph by Rick Vargas) Virginia Mecklenburg, chief curator, was the exhibi- tion coordinator. ♦ A 35-foot-long print of a monumental, full-circle color panorama of Washington, D.C., which the museum commissioned from photographer Mark Klett, was highlighted in a summer exhibition. Klett photographed the view from the Nancy Hanks Tower of the Old Post Office Building on Pennsylva- nia Avenue. It was shown with two historic panora- mas of the city: an 1875 view from the Smithsonian Castle on the National Mall, taken by railroad pho- tographer Francis Hacker, and a 1903 view from the Treasury Annex on Pennsylvania Avenue pho- tographed by Frederick Brehm. ♦ The museum began to make extensive informa- tion about its collections, publications, and activities available to home and school personal computer users through America Online. Selected publica- tions— including articles from the quarterly journal American Art and the text of the best-selling book Free Within Ourselves, complete with images — can be read on-line or printed. Press releases, exhibition schedules, informational brochures, and up-to-the- minute information about museum events are in- cluded, as are digital images from the permanent collection. National Museum of American History SPENCER R. CREW, DIRECTOR The National Museum of American History (NMAH) dedicates its collections and scholarship to inspiring a broader understanding of our nation and its many peoples. Drawing on the 17 million artifacts and the holdings of its Archives Center, the museum creates learning opportunities, stimulates the imagination, and presents challenging ideas about our country's past through original research, publications, exhibitions, and public programs. ♦ "The Smithsonian's America: An Exhibition on American History and Culture" opened outside Tokyo at the American Festival Japan '94 in July. The $40 million effort was supported by the Japan Broadcasting Corporation (NHK) and Yomiuri Shimbun, Japan's largest newspaper. In a multime- dia setting, "The Smithsonian's America" presented more than 300 icons of American life, including a Kiowa tepee, an Apollo 15 space capsule, George Washington's mess kit, Judy Garland's ruby slippers from The Wizard ofOz, and Wilbur and Orville Wright's 191 1 "Vin Fiz" airplane. Two weeks of performances by traditional and contemporary American musicians accompanied the exhibition. ♦ Secretary Robert McC. Adams announced the appointment of acting director Spencer Crew, a historian and a former NMAH curator, as director of the museum. ♦ Museumwide task forces recommended new ap- proaches to achieving the goals of a new museum mission statement. The task forces were the leading edge of a major strategic planning initiative de- signed to restructure the museum and address the challenges of the 21st century while striving to en- hance the working environment for staff and make the best use of resources. ♦ NMAH swept the top two categories in the Smithsonian Exhibition Awards. Nancy McCoy of the Education Division won the Superior Individual Effort Award for creating the Hands On History Room, and director Spencer Crew accepted the prize for Best Overall Exhibition ("Field to Factory: Afro- American Migration, 1915-1940"). A third award, for Best Public Programs within an Exhibition, was accepted by Lonn Taylor on behalf of the Depart- ment of Public Programs for "American Encounters." ♦ With the Woolworth Corporation's announce- ment that it would close 970 stores around the country, Bill Yeingst of the Division of Community Life began a successful campaign to acquire the lunch counter from the store in Greensboro, North Carolina. The sit-in that four black students began there on February 1, i960, led to the desegregation of lunch counters throughout the South. Assistant director Lonnie Bunch described the acquisition as "one of the most significant in recent years for the museum in the realm of human rights activities." ♦ Descendants of some of the 5,000 black cowboys who worked in Texas following the Civil War gathered at the museum to share experiences of 48 ranching, rodeos, and racism and to sing traditional cowboy songs. "Preserving the Legacy: African American Cowboys in Texas" was produced by Niani Kilkenny of the Program in African American Culture. ♦ This year, the National Postal Museum mounted its first major temporary philatelic exhibition, "Gems of Hawaii: The Persis Collection of Hawai- ian Stamps." The museum also began work on the second stage of exhibition openings and conducted an impressive array of highly popular public pro- grams, including lectures, seminars, and musical performances. National Museum of the American Indian W. RICHARD WEST JR., DIRECTOR The National Museum of the American Indian (NMAI) recognizes and affirms to native communi- ties and the non-native public the historical and contemporary culture and cultural achievements of the natives of the Western Hemisphere by advanc- ing— in consultation, collaboration, and coopera- tion with natives — knowledge and understanding of native cultures. The museum has a special re- sponsibility through innovative public program- ming, research, and collections to protect, support, and enhance the development, maintenance, and perpetuation of native cultures and communities. Museum activities during the year were directed toward fulfilling this mission. ♦ The installation of "All Roads Are Good: Native Voices on Life and Culture," one of three inaugural exhibitions at the museum's George Gustav Heye Center in New York City, began in August as the October 30, 1994, opening approached. The exhibi- tion includes more than 300 objects chosen and de- scribed in labels by 23 Native American selectors. The second exhibition, "Creation's Journey: Master- works of Native American Identity and Belief," fea- tures 165 objects dating from 3200 B.C. to the 20th century, selected for their beauty, rarity, and histori- cal significance from tribal groups throughout the hemisphere. "This Path We Travel: Celebrations of Contemporary Native American Creativity," the third exhibition, is a collaborative installation com- bining sculpture, performance, poetry, music, and video by 15 contemporary Native American artists. ♦ Publications and products developed in prepara- tion for the opening of the Heye Center include three exhibition books, a recording of Native American music on compact disc and audiocassette, a calendar, a postcard book, and T-shirts. ♦ Nobel Peace Prize laureate Rigoberta Menchii, Quiche Maya exile from Guatemala, proposed a Decade of Indigenous People to an audience of 1,200 during a speech sponsored by the National Museum of the American Indian and The Smith- sonian Associates. ♦ In ceremonies at the museum's Research Branch in the Bronx, New York, 86 ceremonial objects were repatriated to the Pueblo of Jemez, New Mexico. The board of trustees voted unanimously to return the objects based on the museum's repatriation policy, which provides for the return of objects of religious, ceremonial, and historical importance as well as com- munally owned materials illegally acquired and later transferred to the museum. ♦ The museum's Repatriation Office mailed item- ized inventories of the museum's collections to tribes with possible cultural affiliation to the materials. The inventories went to more than 700 tribes recog- nized under the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) and to state- recognized tribes not included under NAGPRA but covered in policies adopted by the museum's board of trustees. ♦ Fifty-five people attended a repatriation workshop sponsored by the museum, the Office of Repatriation of the National Museum of Natural History, and the Keepers of the Treasures, National Park Service. The workshop was designed to inform American Indi- ans, Native Alaskans, and Native Hawaiians who are beginning the repatriation process about the procedures outlined under NAGPRA. National Museum of the American Indian Registrar Lee Callender (left) and Registration Technician Ann Drumheller (Onondaga) prepare for the opening of the museum 's George Gustav Heye Center as they unpack a jar made by the Southern Cali- fornia Serrano-Cahuilla tribes. (Photograph by Roy Gumpel) 49 Spanning the last 60 years and encompassing presidents from Hoover to Clinton, the National Portrait Gallery exhibi- tion "To the President: Folk Portraits by the People " showcased one-of-a-kind creations given as gifts of gen- erosity and affection to our heads of state. (Photograph by Judith Hummer) National Portrait Gallery ALAN FERN, DIRECTOR The National Portrait Gallery (NPG) is dedicated to the exhibition and study of portraits of people who have made significant contributions to American history and culture and to the study of the artists who created such portraiture. The gallery sponsors a variety of scholarly and public activities for audiences interested in American art and American history. ♦ A major special exhibition, "VanDerZee, Photog- rapher (1 886-1983)," featured more than 100 pho- tographs by one of the most important African American photographers of the 2.0th century, James VanDerZee, who is best known for the photographs he took in New York's Harlem during the 1920s and 1930s. The Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service will circulate a smaller version of the exhibition beginning in 1995. In connection with the exhibition, the museum held a symposium for a general audience about African American photographers in America, 1920-50, "James VanDerZee and His Contemporaries." VanDerZee: Photographer 1886-1983, by Deborah Willis- Braithwaite and Rodger C. Birt, was published by Harry N. Abrams to accompany the exhibition. ♦ With funds from the Research Equipment Pool, the National Portrait Gallery and the National Museum of American Art acquired an infrared reflectography video system with accompanying computer imaging capabilities for the museums' shared Conservation Laboratory. Conservators will use this equipment to expand the ongoing technical examination of major works in the collection. The Research Equipment Pool also funded the purchase of a reflection densitometer and a colorimeter to measure the effects of light damage on works of art and a new deionized water system to provide filtered water for testing and treatment. ♦ The gallery has acquired the ability to scan black- and-white and color photographs up to 8 x 10 inches in size. Black-and-white or color prints can be produced immediately, reducing reliance on com- mercial laboratories. These images will be used in the computerized collection management file and in printed and electronic-media publications. ♦ The Catalog of American Portraits (CAP) contin- ued its field survey of portraits in public and private collections, cataloguing major collections in Kansas and at the Sterling and Francine Clark Art Institute, Massachusetts; New York Genealogical and Bio- graphical Society; Seattle Art Museum; Westmore- land Museum and Woodmere Art Museum, Penn- sylvania; Hillwood Museum, Washington, D.C.; and the collection of American portraits belonging to Versailles. With a grant from the Smithsonian Women's Committee, CAP completed biographical research on sitters and artists represented in Puerto Rican collections. CAP staff continued to add digi- tized images to the interactive research database. ♦ With a grant from the James Smithson Society, the gallery purchased 24 color photographs of prominent contemporary artists and architects by Hans Namuth. ♦ A major exhibition, "Reporting the War: The Journalistic Coverage of World War II," showed the experiences and perspectives of 35 men and women — including Edward R. Murrow, John Hersey, Bill Mauldin, and Margaret Bourke-White — who brought the story of the war home to the American people. Reporting the War: The journalistic Cover- age of World War II, by Frederick S. Voss, was published by Smithsonian Institution Press to accompany the exhibition. Office of Exhibits Central JOHN COPPOLA, DIRECTOR The Office of Exhibits Central (OEC) provides Smithsonian museums, galleries, and exhibitors with expertise in the creation of permanent, temporary, and traveling exhibitions, from concept to crating. The office's services include thematic development, writing, editing, design, prototyping, graphics pro- 5° duction, matting and framing, fabrication, model making, artifact mounting, packing, and installation. This year, OEC's principal clients were the Smith- sonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service (SITES), the International Gallery, the Center for Folklife Programs and Cultural Studies, the National Museum of Natural History, and the National Mu- seum of American History. ♦ The exhibitions that the office designed, edited, and produced for SITES included "Louis Arm- strong: A Cultural Legacy"; "Before Freedom Came: African American Life in the Antebellum South"; "Mexico: A Landscape Revisited"; "The Tongass: Alaska's Magnificent Rain Forest"; "Sayn- day was coming along . . . : Silverhorn's Drawings of the Kiowa Trickster"; "Produce for Victory: Posters on the American Home Front, 1941-1945"; and "More Than Meets the Eye." ♦ For the National Museum of Natural History and SITES, the office designed "Spiders!" and pro- duced the models and some of the cases and graphic panels for that exhibition. For the International Gallery, the office designed and installed "The Power of Maps" in collaboration with Cooper- Hewitt, National Design Museum and "In the Temple of Solomon and the Tomb of Caiaphas." OEC installed "Talents of the Brush: The Jill Sackler Chinese Calligraphy Competition" in the Interna- tional Gallery. For the National African American Museum Project, a new client this year, the office installed the project's first exhibition, "Imagining Families: Images and Voices." Office of Museum Programs REX M. ELLIS, DIRECTOR The Office of Museum Programs helps museums ful- fill their public service mission. In its programs, the office emphasizes the needs of staff working in small, emerging, minority, and rural museums and, as the Smithsonian's central intern office, more than 600 participants in the Institution's internship programs. ♦ Through its programming, the office continued to bring new voices to the Smithsonian for discussion and debate on issues affecting the Institution and the national museum community. Programs in- cluded "Interpreting Latino Cultures: Research and Museums," the 1994 Latino Graduate Training Seminar coorganized with the Center for Mexican American Studies, University of Texas at Austin; the Asian/Pacific Islander/Smithsonian Institution Work- ing Meeting on Collection Indexing; and the annual Awards for Museum Leadership, a management seminar for people of color working in museums. ♦ The American Indian Museum Studies program sponsored workshops with the Makah Cultural and Research Center in Neah Bay, Washington; the Ke- naitze Indian Tribe I.R.A. in Kenai, Alaska; and the Wichita and Affiliated Tribes in Anadarko, Okla- homa. The program also organized the Research Methods seminar in cooperation with the National Museum of the American Indian. ♦ The office's Fellowships in Museum Practice, funded by the Smithsonian Women's Committee, sponsored four research projects at the Institution on exhibitions as agents of social critique; current and new approaches to traveling exhibitions; lifelong learning and museums; and the development of sci- ence education lessons about Maryland dinosaurs. ♦ The office inaugurated a new on-line database featuring more than 2,000 citations to museology theses, dissertations, and references to museum legal and educational issues. Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service ANNA R. COHN, DIRECTOR Since 1952, the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service (SITES) has been sharing the wealth of the Smithsonian's exhibitions, collections, and research with audiences around the world. Each Rex M. Ellis, director of the Office of Museum Programs, moderates a town meeting held during the Awards for Museum Leadership program, an annual management sem- inar for people of color working in museums. 51 This modern print of a 1932 photograph by James VanDerZee, the principal chronicler of the Harlem Renaissance, is featured in " VanDer Zee: Photographer (1886-1983)," culled from a National Portrait Gallery exhibition and circulated by the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service. (Photograph courtesy of Consolidated Freightways, Inc., Palo Alto, Calif.) year, millions of people beyond Washington, D.C., experience the treasures and opportunities of the National Mall by visiting SITES exhibitions on view in local museums, libraries, science centers, histori- cal societies, zoos, aquariums, community centers, and schools. ♦ "Beyond Category: The Musical Genius of Duke Ellington," an exhibition organized by SITES and the National Museum of American History and the inaugural exhibition of a 10-year Smithsonian jazz initiative, America's Jazz Heritage: A Partnership of the Lila Wallace-Reader's Digest Fund and the Smithsonian Institution, began its national tour. In October, the exhibition traveled to the Museum of the City of New York, where it opened with a con- cert at Harlem's historic Apollo Theater that fea- tured the Smithsonian Jazz Masterworks Orchestra. The museum offered an impressive array of public programs throughout the exhibition's stay. In June, "Beyond Category" traveled to the American Ad- venture rotunda of Epcot Center at Walt Disney World. "Ellington under the Stars: A Salute to the Duke," a musical tribute featuring many of Amer- ica's jazz legends, was planned in conjunction with the exhibition. In addition, Disney's All-American College Big Band offered concerts that featured Ellington's best-known compositions. "Beyond Category" will continue traveling the United States through mid-1996. ♦ The Queens Museum of Art and SITES opened "Louis Armstrong: A Cultural Legacy," an exhibi- tion that is also part of the America's Jazz Heritage initiative. Organized by the museum and SITES in cooperation with the Louis Armstrong Archives at Queens College, City University of New York, the exhibition illuminates the life and countless contri- butions of the artist who defined the modern voice of jazz. It is traveling nationally under SITES' auspices through 1996. ♦ In association with the Mexican Cultural Insti- tute, Washington, D.C., and with support from the Mexican Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Na- tional Council for Culture and the Arts, Mexico City, SITES opened "Mexico: A Landscape Revis- ited/Mexico: Una Vision Paisaje," spanning more than 200 years in the history of landscape painting in Mexico. The paintings, which were selected from many of Mexico's leading private collections, museums, and galleries, illustrate the origins and evolution of the landscape tradition and its various expressions in 19th- and 20th-century art. The exhi- bition was made possible through the generous sup- port of Vitro, S.A., Monterrey, Mexico. Additional support was provided by the U.S. -Mexico Fund for Culture. The exhibition will travel to museums in North America through 1996. Education and Public Service Office of the Assistant Secretary for Education and Public Service JAMES EARLY, ASSISTANT SECRETARY The Office of the Assistant Secretary for Education and Public Service fosters and facilitates educational activities — throughout the Institution, nationwide, and in many foreign countries — that strengthen the Smithsonian's leadership role as a national educa- tional institution. A particular emphasis is on pro- grams that meet the needs of diverse constituencies, especially underrepresented and underserved com- munities, in the arts, humanities, and sciences. The office and the units it oversees provide information about the Smithsonian to national and international audiences, engage in applied research and documen- tation of living cultures, and collaborate with ele- mentary and secondary schools, museums, and edu- cational associations. ♦ The Educational Outreach Fund, an unrestricted trust fund administered by the office, expanded its scope to include the emerging needs of the Smith- sonian's educational units. A range of planning, im- plementation, and consultation grants from the fund S2- focused on education, cultural interpretation, and audience development. ♦ Through a new category of the Educational Outreach Fund — Research in Museum Education — two Smithsonian educators pursued independent research and critical thinking projects. Proposals were evaluated through a peer review process. One research project proposed using established learn- ing patterns to measure how elementary and sec- ondary school students learn in programs cospon- sored by museums and schools. The second project proposed using new methods for teaching museum visitors about difficult, complex contemporary art exhibitions. ♦ The office appointed a director of college and university relations to evaluate alliances between colleges and universities and the Smithsonian. The analysis will allow the Institution to suggest mutu- ally beneficial collaborations with institutions of higher education. ♦ David Perkins, codirector of Project Zero at Harvard University School of Education, delivered the keynote address, "Learning from Things," at a forum organized with the Council of Museum Education Directors. Center for Folklife Programs and Cultural Studies RICHARD KURIN, DIRECTOR The Center for Folklife Programs and Cultural Stud- ies promotes the understanding and continuity of di- verse contemporary grassroots cultures in the United States and throughout the world. A primary goal is to foster the importance of community cul- ture in our society. The center produces the annual Festival of American Folklife, Smithsonian/Folk- ways Recordings, museum and traveling exhibi- tions, documentary films and videos, symposiums, and educational materials, and it maintains a docu- mentary archive. ♦ The 28th annual Festival of American Folklife featured four programs: "The Bahamas" presented participants of African, British, and Seminole de- scent who demonstrated and discussed traditions of family, community, and religious life. "Culture and Development" examined how grassroots culture has contributed to participatory economic and social development programs in Latin America and the Caribbean with 16 self-help organizations from nine countries. "Thailand: Household, Temple Fair, and Court" highlighted the diversity and vitality of Thai culture through the arts in those three settings. Finally, "Masters of Traditional Arts" featured exemplary traditional artists who are recipients of the National Endowment for the Arts National Heritage Fellowships. ♦ The African Immigrant Folklife Study continues to work with African-born community scholars living in the Washington area. This year, the group completed a 12-week training program to develop skills in folklife research and begin to explore ideas and issues of community cultural identity. ♦ The American Bus Association named the Festival of American Folklife the Top Event in the United States. ♦ The New Mexico program at the 1992 Festival of American Folklife was restaged in Las Cruces, featuring artists from 35 communities and repre- senting every part of the state. ♦ "Workers at the White House," a traveling exhibition based on the 1992 Festival of American Folklife program, is touring presidential libraries across the nation. ♦ Smithsonian/Folkways Recordings continues to use high-technology CD-ROM and multimedia CD- interactive to disseminate traditional, community- based art forms. Sounds from Folkways recordings, for example, are among those used on the CD- ROM Microsoft Musical Instruments, produced by Microsoft Corporation. National Science Resources Center DOUGLAS LAPP, EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR The National Science Resources Center (NSRC), a program of the Smithsonian Institution and the National Academy of Sciences, helps the nation's A member of The Bahamas delegation's 150-person Junkanoo contingent to the Festival of American Folklife dances in a July 4th pro- cession. His costume and the banner are made of intricately cut and pasted crepe paper. (Photograph by Richard Strauss) 53 The National Science Resources Center's 1994 institutes and conferences featured ivorkshops on the elements of successful elementary science educa- tion programs. (Photo- graph by Rick Vargas) schools improve the teaching of science. The NSRC collects and publishes information about current science teaching resources, develops innovative cur- riculum materials, and sponsors activities to help teachers and administrators develop and sustain exemplary hands-on science programs. In the past year, the NSRC continued to involve teachers and school system officials, scientists and engineers, community organizations, and corpora- tions in science education reform through the Na- tional Science Education Leadership initiative (NSEL), the Science and Technology for Children (STC) curriculum development project, and distrib- ution and revision of the popular guide, Science for Children: Resources for Teachers. ♦ This year's Elementary Science Leadership Insti- tutes, a part of NSEL, brought together teams of lead teachers and top administrators from 34 school districts for training in the planning and implemen- tation of exemplary science education programs. To date, 140 school districts have participated, serving as many as 3 million children in kindergarten through grade six. ♦ Scientists and engineers from universities, corpo- rations, museums, and government laboratories shared their views on critical issues in precollege sci- ence education at the third annual Working Confer- ence for Scientists and Engineers on Science Educa- tion in the Schools, another component of NSEL. ♦ Sixteen of 24 STC hands-on science modules for the elementary and early middle school grades are now available in commercial or field-test editions. This year, Chemical Tests, Measuring Time, and Food Chemistry were published, and Soils and Rocks and Minerals reached the field-test stage. STC units have been tested in more than 60 school dis- tricts, and more than 12,000 have been distributed for classroom use. ♦ The NSRC has continued to review exemplary curriculum materials for the new edition of Science for Children: Resources for Teachers, a guide to hands-on science teaching. More than 50,000 copies of the first edition have been distributed in the LInited States and abroad. Office of Elementary and Secondary Education ANN BAY, DIRECTOR The Office of Elementary and Secondary Education (OESE), the Smithsonian's central office focusing on precollege education, has a threefold mission: First, it fosters communication and collaboration among Smithsonian education units and between those units and outside educational organizations. Sec- ond, it makes Smithsonian resources available to teachers and students in the Washington, D.C., area and nationwide. Finally, it provides materials and training that enable teachers and students to use museums, and the primary sources they contain for hands-on, experiential learning in classroom and museum settings. ♦ Smithsonian Online — a pan-institutional project via America Online — celebrated its first anniversary, with subscribers in the first 12 months spending almost 49,000 hours on-line. OESE coordinates Smithsonian Online, which offers interactive ser- vices as well as message boards, research services, publications, and photographs. ♦ Collecting Their Thoughts, an activity guide that shows teachers how to teach writing using muse- ums, was published and distributed. It was also published on-line and adapted for the spring 1994 issue of Art to Zoo, the office's journal for elemen- tary teachers. The publication was supported by a grant from Brother International Corporation. ♦ A program with the National Faculty for the Humanities, Arts, and Sciences has extended the office's work in developing new models for mu- seum-school collaborations. Working with schools and museums in Atlanta, St. Paul, Seattle, and Washington, D.C., the program helps teachers ex- plore ways to use material culture across the cur- riculum and from a multicultural perspective. ♦ "Teaching and Learning in a Diverse Society," a series of professional development seminars, was taught by Smithsonian staff with museum and school educators in 10 California cities. The semi- 54 nars gave teachers an overview of their community's and the Smithsonian's resources for multicultural education. The program was funded by the Smith- sonian Educational Outreach Fund, the California Council for the Humanities, Wells Fargo Bank, and ScottForesman. Wider Audience Development Program MARSHALL J. WONG, DIRECTOR The Wider Audience Development Program (WADP) assists efforts to strengthen the Institution's interaction with culturally diverse communities. Ex- amples of the program's work include coordinating pan-institutional observances of federally designated ethnic and women's heritage commemorations, organizing periodic forums for Smithsonian staff on issues relating to cultural diversity, and building col- laborations with organizations, networks, and insti- tutions that represent nontraditional audiences. The program also provides operational support to the Smithsonian Institution Cultural Education Com- mittee, a board of private citizens that advises Smithsonian management on issues of cultural pluralism in education and hiring. ♦ This year, the program sponsored lectures and panel discussions on topics as diverse as the impact of pop culture on youth violence, gender influences in visual art, and the current state of Asian Pacific American film. ♦ Performing arts presentations included a festival of Latino music and dance, a concert featuring a traditional Japanese instrument, the shamisen, and a tribute to women in jazz. ♦ The program cosponsored conferences and spe- cial educational events with national organizations such as the Japanese American Citizens League, MANA (the national Latina organization), and the Filipino American National Historical Society. Environmental and External Affairs Office of the Assistant Secretary for Environmental and External Affairs THOMAS E. LOVEJOY, ASSISTANT SECRETARY The Smithsonian Institution's response to the needs and concerns of its many external constituencies is the primary responsibility of the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Environmental and External Affairs. The office frames the Institution's goals and impact beyond the National Mall by supervising its component units, using print and electronic media, hosting diplomatic events and events in honor of friends of the Institution, and addressing the role of the Smithsonian in national and international affairs. ♦ During a six-month assignment as science advisor to Secretary of the Interior Bruce Babbitt, the assis- tant secretary coordinated the establishment of the National Biological Survey and worked to consoli- date the biological research of several different agencies into a comprehensive and accessible data- base. ♦ The assistant secretary served as cochair of the Committee for Environmental and Natural Re- sources (CENR) within the President's National Science and Technology Council. CENR is leading the effort to coordinate federal environment and natural resource research and development activities and improve the links between the scientific and policy components of the executive branch. ♦ Through its International Project Development Group, the office worked with various Smithsonian bureaus to develop sources of outside funding for research and training initiatives. ♦ The assistant secretary chaired the planning advi- sory group for a possible National Biodiversity In- formation Center, which would link existing U.S. databases on biodiversity in an electronic informa- tion network. Latin American dancers join in a parade at the third annual Fun Fiesta Musical during Hispanic Heritage Month 1993. (Photograph by Vilma Ortiz) 55 ♦ The secretary approved the final plan for the Smithsonian's i 50th anniversary observance. The deputy assistant secretary for external affairs heads the steering committee for the celebration. ♦ The secretary invited Thomas Ybarra-Frausto of the Rockefeller Foundation to serve as chair of the Smithsonian Council upon the retirement as chair of Maxine F. Singer, who assumed a new role as chair of the Commission on the Future of the Smithsonian Institution. Office of International Relations FRANCINE C. BERKOWITZ, DIRECTOR The Office of International Relations (OIR) pro- vides technical assistance and diplomatic support for Smithsonian programs abroad and for interna- tional exchanges of museum objects and staff. It is the Smithsonian's channel of communication with foreign institutions and individuals as well as with international organizations and government agen- cies. OIR administers two funding programs to encourage international cooperation in scholarly research and museum programs. ♦ The office coordinated more than 80 official visits to the Smithsonian during 1994, including the emperor of Japan, the ministers of culture from Belarus, the Czech Republic, Mongolia, Norway, and Tajikistan, and the president of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts. The office continued to handle arrangements for the long-term exchange program between the Smithsonian and Japan's Min- istry of Construction, working with the Tokyo Uni- versity of Fine Arts and Music. ♦ OIR obtained more than zoo foreign visas for Smithsonian staff members traveling abroad and provided U.S. visa documentation for more than 175 foreign researchers and interns working at the Smithsonian and other institutions in this country. ♦ The office arranged for Smithsonian staff to ob- tain permits to conduct research and collect or ex- port specimens from a number of countries, includ- ing Australia, the Bahamas, Germany, and Japan. ♦ Special conferences, meetings, or briefings were organized by OIR for a number of international groups, including the delegates to the ASEAN-U.S. Economic Dialogue and planners for new museums in Australia, Japan, and Thailand. ♦ To help Smithsonian staff who pursue re-search in foreign countries or work with colleagues from abroad, OIR prepared and distributed the Guide to International Research and Exchanges, a 200-page compendium of practical advice and useful technical information. Office of Special Events and Conferences KATHERINE KIRLIN, ACTING DIRECTOR The Office of Special Events and Conferences (OSEC) organizes events and conferences through- out the Institution that contribute to developing and maintaining important current and potential con- stituencies. In 1994, the office coordinated activities with Smithsonian bureaus, corporations, and orga- nizations whose missions coincide with those of the Institution. Each year, the office handles all arrange- ments for the Smithsonian Board of Regents, the Smithsonian Council, and, this year, the Commis- sion on the Future of the Smithsonian Institution. The office also helps Smithsonian scholars and man- agers plan and coordinate conferences, international symposiums, and collaborative programs. ♦ In September 1994, OSEC coordinated all logis- tics for the installation of I. Michael Heyman as the 10th secretary of the Institution. The office also or- ganized the regents' dinner in honor of Secretary Robert McC. Adams. ♦ This year, OSEC coordinated several large con- ferences, including the 75th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Mammalogists, the Second In- ternational Conference on Ancient DNA, and the So- ciety for the History of Technology annual meeting. ♦ OSEC assisted staff from the National African American Museum Project with arrangements for the project task force meeting as well as for the spe- cial event "From Tap to R&B: Celebrating Cholly Atkins." OSEC also worked with staff from the Program in African American Culture at the Na- tional Museum of American History to present a symposium, "Currents of the Spirit in the African Diaspora." ♦ OSEC supervised the opening events for the In- ternational Gallery exhibitions "Talents of the Brush: The Jill Sackler Chinese Calligraphy Compe- tition," "Sculptures from the Flames: Ceramics by Gustav and Ulla Kraitz," and "The Power of Maps." Other special events coordinated by OSEC included the Small and Disadvantaged Business Utilization Program reception and the Black Family Reunion celebration and reception. Office of Telecommunications PAUL B. JOHNSON, DIRECTOR The Office of Telecommunications (OTC) shapes a cohesive electronic media presence for the Smithso- 56 nian by combining the Institution's unsurpassed re- sources with advanced technologies and delivery systems. OTC's efforts include television and radio broadcasts, multimedia productions, and video and audio programs, all aimed at broadening the Smith- sonian's national and international audience. ♦ In preparation for creation of new multimedia projects, OTC continued to identify partners and hinders, develop content with Smithsonian bureaus, and serve as a primary liaison with the electronic media industry. ♦ With 50 hours of original programming, Radio Smithsonian was a leading source of programs for public radio. It was heard on three continents, on the Internet, and on cassettes sold nationwide. Major series this year included the premiere of Jazz Smith- sonian, hosted by Lena Home; the fourth season of the award-winning Folk Masters; and the sixth sea- son of the Dialogue series, produced with the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. ♦ Expanding outreach to multicultural audiences, OTC released three new videos inspired by the Na- tional Museum of American History's exhibition "American Encounters." These programs about the lifestyles of Latino and Native American people in New Mexico will be distributed to schools and general audiences. The office also began developing the pilot for a television feature series for Spanish- speaking audiences, highlighting Smithsonian collec- tions, research, exhibitions, festivals, and perfor- mances relating to Latino culture. ♦ Among the exhibitions that OTC supported with productions were "Reporting the War: The Journal- istic Coverage of World War II" at the National Portrait Gallery and "Louis Armstrong: A Cultural Legacy," mounted by the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service. In collaboration with the Visitor Information and Associates' Reception Center, OTC updated the interactive orientation to Smithsonian museums to include the National Postal Museum and the renovated Freer Gallery of Art. The Smithsonian Associates MARA MAYOR, DIRECTOR Created from the merger of the National and Resi- dent Associate Programs, The Smithsonian Associ- ates (TSA) strengthens the ties of the American people to the Institution by providing a wide array of educational programs on the National Mall and around the world. Through TSA, participants can become members, or "Associates," of the Institution and receive special benefits as well as the opportu- nity to provide direct financial support for the work of the Smithsonian. ♦ Membership grew to a new high of 134,200 households, including 77,100 Contributing Mem- bers, 54,500 Resident Members, and z,6oo Young Benefactors. Their joint contributions reached a record $11.5 million. ♦ Through a competitive grant process, the James Smithson Society awarded $432,000 to diverse pro- jects that enrich collections, acquisitions, research, and education programs throughout the Institution. ♦ Associates traveled on 330 study tours and semi- nars to all seven continents and more than 35 states and on 400 short study tours in the mid-Atlantic re- gion. Led by experts and staff, Smithsonian travelers learned about topics from the indigenous arts of Bali, to theater in London, to environmental issues in East Africa. ♦ The Smithsonian Associates' offerings mirrored the cultural diversity of the nation. More than 80 programs, including discussions with James Earl Jones and Judith Jamison and a lecture on racism by Cornel West, explored and celebrated the history, research, and talents of African Americans. The cul- ture and influences of Asian Americans, Latinos, and American Indians were the focus of dozens of other programs, ranging from a California series on the theme of "Many Cultures — One Nation" to a Abner jay, minstrel banjo player from Fitzgerald, Georgia, brought 60 years of experience to the Radio Smithsonian Folk Masters program "Banjo Breakdown. " The award- winning Folk Masters is now in its fourth season and is broadcast nation- wide by Public Radio International. 57 Nobel Peace Laureate Rigoberta Menchu greets participants after her lec- ture and a musical tribute to her sponsored by The Smithsonian Associates. (Photograph by Hugh Talman) tribute to 1992 Nobel Peace Prize winner Rigoberta Menchu, a Quiche Mayan Indian from Guatemala. ♦ Highlighting the research, collections, and exhibi- tions of the bureaus was an important goal. Through the Research Expeditions program, volunteers con- tributed 15,000 hours of service and $1 15,000 to the pro]ects of 25 Smithsonian scientists. Many edu- cational programs were developed in conjunction with exhibitions, including the National Museum of American Art's "Thomas Cole: Landscape into His- tory," the National Portrait Gallery's "VanDerZee, Photographer (1886-1983)," and Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum's "The Power of Maps." ♦ The Smithsonian Associates developed programs for all ages. Preschoolers learned in summer camp about moon travelers; more than 70,000 youngsters attended live performances in Discovery Theater; families experienced the thrill of flying at the annual Kite Festival on the National Mall; and senior citizens enjoyed daytime lecture series featuring Smithsonian scholars. Smithsonian Institution Press FELIX C. LOWE, DIRECTOR The more than 125 titles the Smithsonian Institution Press publishes or distributes each year encompass a range of scholarship, from technical academic sub- jects to general-interest illustrated books, classic recordings, historic videos, and publications created with commercial partners. As the Institution's pub- lisher, the press also produces Smithsonian Year and Annals of the Smithsonian as well as other docu- ments for distribution to designated Depository Li- braries and the international academic community. ♦ Smithsonian University Press received favorable reviews for books such as The Bee Genera of North and Central America, in Spanish and English, by Charles D. Michener, Ronald McGinley, and Bryan Danforth; South of the Border: Mexico in the Amer- ican Imagination, another bilingual work, by James Oles; American Indian Lacrosse: Little Brother of War, by Thomas Vennum Jr.; and Reporting the War: The Journalistic Coverage of World War 11, by Frederick S. Voss. The Book Development division copubhshed, with Dorling Kindersley, Smithsonian Timelines of the Ancient World: A Visual Chronol- ogy from the Origins of Life to A.D. 1500. ♦ Smithsonian Books copublished The Natwe Americans with Turner Publishing; Atlas of Wild Places with Marshall Editions Limited; and, with the Roland Company, Nature on the Rampage, as- sisted by Harm de Blij, geographer and television commentator. This division also oversaw production of the first five volumes of Ancient Civilizations. ♦ Smithsonian Collection of Recordings released eight volumes in the American Songbook series and two collections documenting radio shows from the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s. A double-CD Duke Ellington collection and a four-CD Louis Armstrong set were produced in association with the Smithson- ian jazz initiative, America's Jazz Heritage: A Part- nership of the Lila Wallace-Reader's Digest Fund and the Smithsonian Institution. ♦ Smithsonian Video division coproduced with the Library of Congress a collection of vintage silent films featuring fantasy, animation art, and films by African American and women filmmakers. Addi- tional releases include Eastern Europe: Breaking with the Past — a 13-part series on the 1989 revolu- tions targeted for teaching use — and the full-length version of Dinosaurs. Smithsonian Magazine RONALD C. WALKER, PUBLISHER DONALD B. MOSER, EDITOR Since its founding in 1970, Smithsonian magazine has extended the Institution's message, expanded its influence, and increased its public visibility through- out the United States and abroad. Considered one of the greatest success stories in magazine publishing msmamm history, Smithsonian is now the 21st largest maga- zine in the country, with a circulation of z.i million. It continues to generate revenue for the Institution. Editorial subjects inevitably extend beyond the scope of the Institution's museums. Leading authors contribute articles about the arts, history, the envi- ronment, conservation, and the sciences, always written with the layperson in mind. Monthly features include "Phenomena, Com- ment, and Notes," a commentary on nature and the natural world; "Smithsonian Horizons," a column by the Smithsonian secretary; and reviews of re- cently released nonfiction. Smithsonian activities are covered in three regular departments: "Around the Mall and Beyond," "Smithsonian Highlights," and "The Object at Hand." ♦ In July, to coincide with the Institution's exhi- bition at the American Festival Japan '94, the maga- zine ran a cover story on Matthew Perry and the opening of Japan to the West. Copies were distrib- uted to attending Smithsonian Corporate Members, members of the press, and special guests. ♦ The Thomas Cole exhibition at the National Mu- seum of American Art and the Korean art exhibition at the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery were featured in articles during the year. Other stories reflected the broad interests of the Institution: the architectural restoration of Ponce, Puerto Rico; tropical vines; tsunamis; Roberto Clemente; Comet Shoemaker- Levy 9's collision with Jupiter; Plessy vs. Ferguson; kangaroos; and Modigliani. ♦ At this summer's Unity '94 Convention, which brought together professionals from the four minor- ity journalism associations, Smithsonian magazine conducted a workshop on freelancing and cospon- sored a reception for journalists interested in maga- zine work. ♦ In partnership with the American Society of Travel Agents (ASTA), the magazine awarded the third annual ASTAJSmithsoman Magazine Environ- mental Award to the government and people of Bermuda and Sven Olof Lindblad's Special Expedi- tions, Inc. The award recognizes outstanding achievements by individuals, corporations, and countries toward furthering the goals of environ- mental conservation. Air & Space/Smithsonian Magazine RONALD C. WALKER, PUBLISHER GEORGE C. LARSON, EDITOR Air & Space/Smithsonian is published bimonthly as a benefit of membership in the National Air and Space Museum. With a circulation of 320,000, it ranks in the top half of major magazines in the United States and has the largest paid circulation of any aerospace periodical in the world. Since 1990, just four years after its launch, the magazine has generated revenue for the Institution. Articles cover the range of air- and space-related topics that appeal to the magazine's general reader- ship. Regular features include "In the Museum," a The Bee Genera of North and Central America, published in Spanish and English, garnered favor- able reviews for Smith- sonian Institution Press. Featured on the cover of Smithsonian magazine's December 1993 issue, mannequin Charlie McCarthy was mentioned in an article about ven- triloquism. Photographer Theo Westenberger took this shot of Charlie McCarthy in his per- manent home at the Smithsonian Institution 5 National Museum of American History. 59 Sheila Stampfli, president of the Washington, D.C., Convention and Visitors Association (left) present- ed the 1994 Capital Ambassador Award to Katherine Neill Ridgley of the Visitor Informa- tion and Associates' Reception Center during National Tourism Week in May. column about happenings in the museum; "Sound- ings," short takes on events in the aerospace com- munity; "Above & Beyond," usually a first-person account of a personal experience; "Viewport," comments from the museum director; and "Collec- tions," a narrated tour of less-visited aerospace museums and collections. ♦ New products relating to Air & Space/ Smithson- ian magazine included a three-video set, Dreams of Flight, which traces the history of human flight; in-depth "Special Reports," the first of which de- scribed the art and science of aircraft restoration; "Showtime," a magazine insert distributed at air shows; an appointment calendar; and an informa- tional publication for visitors to the museum's the- ater and planetarium. ♦ The award-winning series "Astronomy's Most Wanted" inspired a 1994 lecture series in Boston and Washington sponsored by the Smithsonian As- trophysical Observatory. ♦ Two issues included full-color graphic supple- ments featuring classic airplanes: "Aircraft of the Skunk Works" and "The X-Planes." Both images were available by mail order as posters. ♦ A new series on the Cold War began in the August/September issue with a feature describing top-secret missions to the Soviet Union and their lingering after-effects. ♦ As part of its continuing participation in Smith- sonian-wide experimentation with on-line services through America Online, the magazine offered access to the editors via e-mail during 1994. Visitor Information and Associates' Reception Center MARY GRACE POTTER, DIRECTOR As a central support organization, the Visitor Infor- mation and Associates' Reception Center (VIARC) is responsible for a range of information and assis- tance programs that serve the public, Associate members, Smithsonian staff, and volunteers. Several VIARC programs operate seven days a week and involve the coordination and direction of two large corps of volunteers, who provide the primary sup- port for the Institution's public information pro- grams and for project assistance behind the scenes. ♦ VIARC's on-line activities with commercial data- base services expanded significantly during 1994. In late March, an "Ask the Smithsonian" feature was added to VIARC segments on America Online, re- sulting in as many as 500 public inquiries a month — a 40 percent increase. On-line previsit in- formation was made available to the public through the Internet and extended to more than 250,000 national and international travel agents via Travel- File. Internally, VIARC's continuing efforts to provide automated reference sources to volunteer information specialists staffing museum information desks resulted in the addition of six more sites to the VIARC network. ♦ Take Metrorail to the Smithsonian Museums, a leaflet designed by VIARC and produced by the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority, was published in early summer. Distributed free of charge through Metro and the Smithsonian, this leaflet is VIARC's second public service collabora- tion with Washington's transit authority. ♦ During National Tourism Week in May, in recog- nition of efforts to facilitate travel industry access to previsit information about the Smithsonian and its activities, VIARC's outreach coordinator Katherine Neill Ridgley received the prestigious Capital Ambassador Award presented annually by the Washington Convention and Visitors Association. ♦ After months of painstaking revisions and in time for the heavy spring volume of visitors, VIARC's popular electronic maps were reinstalled in the Smithsonian Information Center, which continued to serve record numbers of visitors. Institutional Initiatives Office of the Assistant Secretary for Institutional Initiatives ALICE GREEN BURNETTE, ASSISTANT SECRETARY The wide-ranging development activities of the Smithsonian are the responsibility of the Office of 60 the Assistant Secretary for Institutional Initiatives. The office coordinates the Institution's broad efforts with those of the bureaus and offices to ensure that the Smithsonian receives the fullest possible private support for its research, exhibitions, and educa- tional and public service activities. The office also conducts special studies and demonstration projects on behalf of the Institution. ♦ During 1994, the assistant secretary led the plan- ning and implementation for marketing the Institu- tion's 150th anniversary celebration in 1996. The marketing plan encompasses public relations, adver- tising, communications, fund raising, visitor ser- vices, membership, telecommunications, and busi- ness activities. ♦ The office continued to coordinate the National Museum of the American Indian National Campaign. During 1994, the assistant secretary supervised planning the campaign's events associ- ated with the October 1994 opening of the mu- seum's George Gustav Heye Center in New York City. ♦ The assistant secretary commissioned the Greater Washington Research Center to assess the Institu- tion's economic impact on the Washington metro- politan area. The study revealed that the Institution generates 5 percent of the area's gross regional product each year — a total of $6.7 billion. Each dollar that the Smithsonian spent in the area in 1993 stimulated an additional $16.35 ln economic activity. About 91 percent of the Smithsonian's total impact comes from spending by out-of-town visitors. ♦ The assistant secretary continued to work with the Smithsonian National Board and the Office of Development to launch the Smithsonian Fund for the Future and to implement the Smithsonian Insti- tution Marketing Study. National Museum of the American Indian National Campaign JOHN L. COLONGHI, NATIONAL CAMPAIGN DIRECTOR The National Campaign for the National Museum of the American Indian is responsible for carrying out the fund-raising plan that the Smithsonian Board of Regents adopted for the museum. By leg- islative mandate, the Institution must provide one- third of the construction costs of the museum on the National Mall. The campaign has established a goal of $60 million to fund construction and an endow- ment for ongoing educational and outreach pro- grams. Now in its third year, the campaign devoted 1994 to strengthening its base of leadership and donors, increasing visibility for the museum and its fund-raising efforts, and raising a substantial por- tion of its goal. ♦ Four new members joined the International Founders Council, a committee of prominent volun- teers responsible for generating most of the cam- paign's fund-raising goal: Ellen and William Taub- man and Peterson and Rosalind Zah. The campaign received major gifts during 1994 from David and Peggy Rockefeller, the George Gund Foundation, Nancy and Carroll O'Connor, and the Eugene and Clare Thaw Charitable Trust. Additional corporate and foundation support came from the Chase Man- hattan Bank, the Merrill Lynch & Company Foun- dation, Inc., Turner Broadcasting System, Inc., the Kerr Foundation, Inc., the Procter & Gamble Fund, and the Zemurray Foundation. ♦ To raise the visibility of the museum and its fund- raising efforts and prepare for the opening of the George Gustav Heye Center in New York City, the campaign initiated a nationwide public relations and advertising program and held a number of special events throughout the country. Ada Deer (Menominee), Bureau of Indian Affairs commissioner, with W. Richard West Jr. (Southern Cheyenne), National Museum of the American Indian director, and Norbert Hill (Oneida), chairman of the museum's board of trustees at a fund-raising event for the National Campaign. (Photograph by Carol Grace Woodruff) 6l Smithsonian National Board member Esther Simplot and her husband, Jack, admire artwork at a black-tie dinner in the Renwick Gallery of the National Museum of American Art. ♦ The Educational Foundation of America, the Booth Ferris Foundation, AT&T Foundation, and the New York Times Company Foundation pro- vided support for the opening exhibitions at the Heye Center. ♦ Charter membership in the museum now num- bers more than 70,000. Since its formation, the membership program has generated gross revenue of more than $6.4 million. Interested individuals may now call a toll-free number (800-142-NMAI) to become members or request materials about the museum. Office of Development MARIE A. MATTSON, DIRECTOR The Office of Development generates restricted and unrestricted private financial support for the Smith- sonian from corporations, foundations, and individ- uals to fund pan-institutional priorities as well as bureau projects and programs. The office maintains central research and record-keeping functions, manages volunteer organizations, and oversees stewardship of grants. ♦ Major gifts and pledges to the Smithsonian during fiscal year 1994 included a $3 million en- dowment gift from Discovery Communications for the new Discovery Center complex at the National Museum of Natural History; $2.5 million from the Holenia Trust for the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden; $1.4 million from the Boeing Company for the National Air and Space Museum exhibit, "How Things Fly"; $1 million from Lloyd G. and Betty A. Schermer for the Smithsonian Fund for the Future; $1 million from the Estate of Franz H. Denghausen for the Denghausen Endowment for Acquisitions at the National Museum of American Art; $1 million from the George Gund Foundation for the National Museum of the American Indian National Campaign; and $900,000 from the An- drew W. Mellon Foundation for plant ecological research at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute. ♦ Lester M. Alberthal, chairman, president, and chief executive officer of Electronic Data Systems, chaired the Smithsonian Corporate Membership Program. Under his leadership, the program has grown to include 37 members from various indus- tries and locations. In May 1994, the program's annual luncheon meeting brought together top- ranking executives of national and international companies, members of Congress, Smithsonian research experts, and environmental experts to discuss "Science Education for the Environment." ♦ The office increased its emphasis on creative forms of planned giving. Bequests and other de- ferred gifts accounted for 1 8 percent of the total funds raised in fiscal year 1994, underscoring the importance of this renewed effort. Smithsonian National Board LLOYD G. SCHERMER, CHAIR Smithsonian National Board members work for the advancement of the Institution as advocates, as pri- vate sector advisers to the secretary and under secre- tary, and through personal financial support and fund-raising activities. ♦ Lloyd G. Schermer and Wilbur Ross served as chair and vice-chair during 1994. Board members have elected Wilbur Ross as chair and Jean B. Mahoney as vice-chair for 1995. ♦ With the leadership of the Smithsonian National Board, the Smithsonian Fund for the Future endow- ment initiative is helping to increase private contri- butions and provide a long-term base of private support. ♦ Board members contributed nearly $700,000 to the Smithsonian. These funds were earmarked for the Secretary's Special Fund to underwrite research fellows in the sciences and the Smithsonian Institu- tion Marketing Study. The contributions also sup- ported special projects throughout the Smithsonian. 62 Smithsonian Women's Committee GLORIA HAMILTON, CHAIR Since its founding in 1966, the Smithsonian Women's Committee has supported the Institution through volunteer fund raising and public relations services. The funds the committee raises support educational and research programs throughout the Smithsonian. Jean Thompson served as the commit- tee's chair until June 1994. ♦ In December 1993, the holiday dance held at the National Museum of Natural History netted more than $40,000. In April 1994, the 12th annual Smithsonian Craft Show attracted more than 15,000 visitors and netted approximately $154,000. The Fourth of July picnic held on the roof of the National Museum of American History showed a profit of $6,000. ♦ The committee provided $268,863 >n support of 29 projects in 19 museums and offices. These pro- jects included development of educational and out- reach activities for the exhibition "Black Mosaic: Community, Race, and Ethnicity among Black Im- migrants in Washington, D.C." at the Anacostia Museum, development of an exhibition of quilt making by Native American women at the National Museum of the American Indian, and conservation of garden designs by French art deco designers Andre and Paul Vera at Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum. ♦ The committee gave $10,000 to support awards under the Fellowships in Museum Practice Program, which it endowed in 1992. Finance and Administration Office of the Assistant Secretary for Finance and Administration NANCY SUTTENFIELD, ASSISTANT SECRETARY of the Institution's total operating expenses. Central services for physical plant, security, and environ- mental safety account for an additional $53 million on behalf of the entire Institution. Office of Architectural History and Historic Preservation CYNTHIA R. FIELD, DIRECTOR The Office of Architectural History and Historic Preservation organized a panel exhibition and pub- lished an informational brochure on the history of the west end of the Smithsonian Building known as the Commons. The office has registered approxi- mately 3,000 documents in the National Museum of the American Indian architectural history, an in- novative project to assemble the primary documents relating to the future buildings of the museum. Office of the Comptroller M. LESLIE CASSON, COMPTROLLER During a memorial tea for Hildy van Roijen, the first chair of the Smith- sonian Women's Com- mittee, Mary Livingston Ripley (right), founder of the committee, and Marian Cobb enjoy a moment in the garden that honors Mrs. Ripley. Operating behind the scenes at the Smithsonian, a network of central services serves the diverse pro- grammatic needs of the Institution and facilitates the effective management and use of financial, human, and physical resources. Funding for finan- cial and administrative services in 1994 amounted to nearly $35 million, or approximately 8.5 percent The Office of the Comptroller implemented the ac- counts payable and purchase order modules of the Smithsonian Financial System and began work on the next phases, which include a new accounting classification code structure. The office also created a decentralized process for procuring and paying for the Smithsonian's training needs. 63 One project of the Office of Design and Construct- ion was a new research greenhouse facility, which opened this year at the Museum Support Center in Suitland, Maryland. The new facility, run hy the National Museum of Natural History's Botany Department, will allow botanists to expand stud- ies of living plants. The "tall room, " pictured here, accommodates trees such as bananas and palms. (Photograph by Doc Dougherty) Office of Contracting and Property Management ROBERT PERKINS, DIRECTOR The Office of Contracting and Property Manage- ment (OCPM) completed contracts and administra- tion for building, renovation, and exhibit fabrica- tion and furnishings for the George Gustav Heye Center of the National Museum of the American In- dian in New York City. The Travel Services Office, now a division of OCPM, completed the third year of a contract with a travel agency that will result in a rebate of approximately $178,000 to Smithsonian offices and bureaus. Office of Design and Construction ROBERT P. DILLMAN, DIRECTOR The office completed construction on the $24 mil- lion renovation of the Alexander Hamilton U.S. Custom House in New York City for the George Gustav Heye Center, which will house administra- tive and exhibition space for the National Museum of the American Indian. Other current projects in- clude construction and renovation at the Museum Support Center in Suitland, Maryland, to provide expanded artifact storage for the National Air and Space Museum and the National Museum of Ameri- can History; design for the National Museum of the American Indian's Cultural Resources Center in Suitland; and design for a renovation, restoration, and accessibility project at Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum. Office of Environmental Management and Safety F. WILLIAM BILLINGSLEY, DIRECTOR |L The Office of Environmental Management and Safety continued its responsibility for ensuring that safety, fire protection and prevention, industrial hy- giene, and environmental principles are integrated into all aspects of the Smithsonian. Office of Equal Employment and Minority Affairs ERA L. MARSHALL, DIRECTOR The Office of Equal Employment and Minority Af- fairs continued to monitor the effectiveness of the Smithsonian's recruitment efforts for minorities, women, and people with disabilities. As part of the Institution's commitment to increase procurement opportunities for small, minority, and women- owned businesses, the office developed policies and procedures to implement the Small and Disadvan- taged Business Utilization Program. For employees, the office initiated changes in the informal com- plaints program with a view toward resolving com- plaints before they are formally made. Office of Facilities Services RICHARD L. SIEGLE, DIRECTOR The Office of Facilities Services, with other organizations in the Facilities Services Group, initi- ated collaborative efforts to improve service to the Institution. Among these efforts were a team to im- prove the development of the repair and restoration program, initial implementation of a computer- aided facilities management system, an organiza- tional development project focusing on the treat- ment of people within the Facilities Services Group, and creation of a Smithsonian-wide leased space management program. 64 Office of Human Resources SUSAN G. ROEHMER, ACTING DIRECTOR The Office of Human Resources (OHR) worked closely with senior Smithsonian management in efforts to reduce Smithsonian staffing levels. One initiative was the offering of employee "buyouts," which were intended to encourage voluntary retire- ment or separation. This program spared the Smith- sonian potential staff reductions-in-force. The office also initiated the second phase of a proiect that will lead to a fully automated, paperless human resources management system. Office of Information Resource Management VINCENT MARCALUS, DIRECTOR This year, the Office of Information Resource Man- agement implemented the Smithsonian Institution Research Information System, expanded the Smith- sonian Institution data communications network (SINET) to provide at least one connection to every bureau and office, completed the transfer of collec- tions information systems to the office's mainframe computer, and continued modernizing the automated systems of The Smithsonian Associates. Office of Planning, Management, and Budget L. CAROLE WHARTON, DIRECTOR The Office of Planning, Management, and Budget was created in November 1993 from a merger of the Office of Planning and Budget with the Office of Financial and Management Analysis. As part of its effort to simplify processes and documents, the of- fice streamlined the Institution's budget submission to the U.S. Office of Management and Budget, re- sulting in substantial savings in production time and costs. The office also has taken the lead in develop- ing recommendations for implementing the Govern- ment Performance Results Act. Office of Plant Services PATRICK MILLER, DIRECTOR The Office of Plant Services oversees maintenance and operation of Smithsonian buildings and grounds and provides transportation, mail, audiovisual, and other related services. This year, the office began providing exhibit construction and minor space ren- ovation assistance on a fee-for-service basis. The of- fice also established a Customer Service Task Force to investigate ways to improve customer service. The office's director, Michael League, retired after 21 years with the Smithsonian and was replaced by Patrick Miller, formerly of the University of New Hampshire. Office of Printing and Photographic Services JAMES WALLACE, DIRECTOR The Office of Printing and Photographic Services (OPPS) continued to expand its program of making digitized Smithsonian photographs available through computer networks. More than one-half million image files were delivered through the Inter- net, America Online, CompuServe, and GEnie net- works. In recognition of growing demands for diti- gal delivery, the office formed an Imaging and Technology Services Branch. The office also pro- vided substantial support for professional training, including sponsorship of a high school seminar with the White House News Photographers Association Finance and Administration offices were extensively involved this year in preparations for the opening of the National Museum of the American Indian's George Gustav Heye Center. The center is located on the first and second floors of the Alexander Hamilton U.S. Custom House in New York City, a beaux-arts style National Historic Landmark. (Photograph by Roy Cumpel) 65 and a workshop for Native Americans cosponsored with the National Park Service. Office of Protection Services CHARLES A. HINES, DIRECTOR a neutral party to resolve work-related concerns. The Smithsonian Employee Emergency Assistance Fund, coordinated by the Ombudsman and the Agriculture Federal Credit Union, made more than 50 loans to help employees through personal finan- cial difficulties. The Office of Protection Services reorganized and decentralized its operations to improve support to the Institution. In a pilot study initiated this year, the office is examining posting and scheduling pat- terns for security officers. Officers continued to par- ticipate in a three-week course, "Training the Sen- tinels of Our Nation's Treasures," conducted by the office with Fort McClellan and Jacksonville State University in Alabama. As an additional training tool, the office acquired a video training simulator. Office of Risk and Asset Management SUDEEP ANAND, TREASURER The Office of Risk and Asset Management was cre- ated by a merger of the Offices of the Treasurer and Risk Management. The office manages the Smith- sonian endowment and working capital funds and provides risk and insurance management services to protect the Institution's assets against risk or loss. The office also evaluates and develops financing for large new trust projects and implements real estate transactions. Under Secretary Office of the Under Secretary CONSTANCE BERRY NEWMAN, UNDER SECRETARY As the chief operating officer of the Smithsonian, the under secretary is responsible for the day-to-day administration of the Institution. Under Secretary Constance Berry Newman also works with the sec- retary and the Smithsonian Board of Regents to set long-range priorities and develop mechanisms for carrying them out. ♦ Among the many projects involving the under secretary this year were the Smithsonian's participa- tion in the American Festival Japan '94, which re- quired the coordination and cooperation of many parts of the Institution; institutional support for the opening of the George Gustav Heye Center of the National Museum of the American Indian; an increase in efforts to generate increased revenue through public-private partnerships; and the devel- opment of a plan for the Institution's 150th anniver- sary commemoration in 1996. Office of Sponsored Projects ARDELLE FOSS, DIRECTOR The Office of Sponsored Projects served Smith- sonian researchers and scholars by supporting the work of 130 principal investigators who submitted 2.00 new proposals valued at $30 million and by negotiating and accepting for the Institution 170 grant and contract awards having a value of approximately $12 million. Ombudsman CHANDRA HEILMAN, SMITHSONIAN OMBUDSMAN This year, the Smithsonian Ombudsman worked with managers and approximately 250 employees as Business Management Office NANCY E. JOHNSON, SENIOR BUSINESS OFFICER The Business Management Office consists of three revenue-generating activities: Retail Operations, Concessions, and Product Development and Licens- ing. It also oversees Business Development, which identifies additional revenue opportunities for the Institution, and the Marketing Database, which manages the lists of people who have a relationship with the Institution. ♦ A merger of the Museum Shops and Mail Order divisions created one retail group responsible for merchandising and operations. This new structure offers a more efficient way to develop Smithsonian- specific merchandise and target items that may be profitable for both the shops and the mail order cat- 66 alogue. A single group will also be better organized to seek the additional revenue opportunities that are a vital part of long-term trust fund growth. ♦ The mail order catalogue and marketing strate- gies have been redesigned to reach traditional cus- tomers more effectively. The new catalogue contin- ues to highlight individual bureaus and items from specific collections as well as special events and exhibitions. ♦ In cooperation with the Office of Architectural History and Historic Preservation, the Concessions Office renovated the Commons dining facility in the Castle to re-create the look of the original refectory space. A revised menu provides a better dining expe- rience for Contributing Members, who are the main customers of the Commons. ♦ As a part of the "Smithsonian's America" exhibi- tion at the American Festival Japan '94, the Retail Operations and Product Development and Licensing divisions supplied merchandise for the special shop. The merchandise reflected the collections of the National Museum of American History and the National Air and Space Museum, on which the ex- hibition was based. Office of Government Relations MARK W. RODGERS, DIRECTOR The Office of Government Relations represents the Institution on matters of legislation, policy, opera- tions, and governance to the Congress and other federal, state, and local government entities. It is the coordinator and advocate of Smithsonian interests and positions in the legislative process as well as the primary conduit of legislative information. ♦ During the year, the office oversaw enactment of legislation appointing two citizen members to the Smithsonian Board of Regents. ♦ The office was involved in continuing legislative negotiations to establish the National African Amer- ican Museum in the Arts and Industries Building. ♦ The office sought enactment of authorizing legis- lation for the minting of commemorative coins to be issued in observance of the Smithsonian's 150th anniversary. Office of Policy and Program Development MARGARET C. GAYNOR, DIRECTOR The Office of Policy and Program Development (OPPD) prepares analyses and reports for the secre- tary and the Board of Regents, anticipating the long-range policy and programming needs of the Institution. ♦ OPPD's chief activity during 1994 revolved around the activities of the Commission on the Fu- ture of the Smithsonian Institution, which the Board of Regents convened in September 1993 to examine the cultural environment and nature of operations of the Institution and recommend programmatic and planning directions for the coming century. The commission held its first meeting in January 1994, with subsequent plenary sessions in June, Septem- ber, and December. Issues that the commission examined included sociodemographic trends and impacts on audience development, educational pro- gramming and research, and internal structure and governance. The commission's report to the Board of Regents was expected in early 1995. ♦ OPPD also contributed to the institution-wide planning for celebrating the Smithsonian's 1 50th anniversary in 1996. Office of Public Affairs LINDA ST. THOMAS, ACTING DIRECTOR The Office of Public Affairs (OPA) acquaints the public, including diverse cultural communities in the United States and abroad, with the programs and policies of the Smithsonian by working with news- Producer Robert Johnson (center), working in co- operation with the Smithsonian's Office of Public Affairs, directs the videotaping of the Alexander Hamilton U.S. Custom House in New York City. The footage was used to publicize the National Museum of the American Indian in a television public service announcement. (Photo- graph by Roy Gumpel) 67 Modern dance choreogra- pher Tivyla Tharp spent the summer of 1994 at the John F. Kennedy Center for the Perform- ing Arts creating new works with this specially assembled group of dancers. papers, magazines, television, radio, and general publications. The office provides news releases (650 this year), photographs, videotapes, logistical sup- port, and broadcast public service announcements. The office also produces a number of publications, including Research Reports (a quarterly bulletin), Smithsonian Runner (a bimonthly newsletter about Native American activities at the Smithsonian), the Torch (a monthly employee newspaper), and brochures for the public. ♦ Among the important media events that the office held this year were press conferences announcing the appointment of the new Smithsonian secretary, the results of a study of the Institution's economic impact on the Washington area, and the outcome of the Smithsonian-commissioned Latino Task Force study. OPA coordinated publicity and national ad- vertising campaigns for the October 30, 1994, open- ing of the National Museum of the American Indian's George Gustav Heye Center in New York. ♦ This year, the office issued a number of updated publications for visitors, including the Smithsonian's general information brochure in six languages (Ara- bic, Chinese, French, German, Japanese, and Span- ish) and "Smithsonian Access" (formerly "Smith- sonian Institution: A Guide for Disabled Visitors"). ♦ The office continued its programs designed to reach new audiences with a radio advertising cam- paign geared to local African American listeners and a print advertising campaign targeting Latino readers. ♦ Planning for the commemoration of the Smith- sonian's 150th anniversary in 1996 moved into high gear this year, with the office playing a key role on the marketing committee, which developed a plan aimed at increasing public awareness of the Smithsonian. Affiliated Organizations The John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, the National Gallery of Art, and the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars were es- tablished by Congress within the Smithsonian Insti- tution, under their own boards of trustees. The In- stitution provides adminstrative services on contract for Reading Is Fundamental, Inc., an independent organization. John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts JAMES D. WOLFENSOHN, CHAIRMAN LAWRENCE J. WILKER, PRESIDENT The John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts plays a distinctive role in the cultural life of the United States. Each year in its six theaters, it pre- sents the best of American and international artists to audiences numbering more than a million people. Nationwide tours, television and radio broadcasts, and performances in the community reach zo mil- lion others. Through its producing efforts, commis- sions, competitions, and apprenticeship and training programs, the center nurtures artists and stimulates the creation of new works. Innovative programs for teachers and for students of all ages in most of the 50 states make the center a leader in arts education. ♦ In March 1994, the renowned American conduc- tor Leonard Slatkin was named the National Sym- phony Orchestra's new music director, succeeding Mstislav Rostropovich, now conductor laureate, who led the orchestra for 17 seasons. ♦ The Kennedy Center and Dance Theatre of Harlem's community residency began a three-year collaborative program that gives more than 400 Washington-area young people and their families opportunities to participate in the art of dance through auditions, classes, lecture-demonstrations, workshops, and performances. ♦ The Kennedy Center appointed Billy Taylor, the distinguished jazz performer, historian, and lecturer, as artistic adviser on jazz. His first program, a joint project with National Public Radio, is a 2.6-session series to be broadcast on NPR stations next year. ♦ The Kennedy Center Fund for New American Plays awarded a total of $316,500 to five American plays and the theaters that will premiere them and to five other American playwrights. The awards cer- emony also paid tribute to the fund's founder, Roger L. Stevens, the Kennedy Center's founding chairman 68 and one of the most prolific producers in the Ameri- can theater. In seven years, the fund has enabled not-for-profit theaters to mount premieres of 49 new American plays, many of which have gone on to win such accolades as the Tony Award and the Pulitzer Prize. ♦ The Kennedy Center continued to be a catalyst for the creation of new American dance works. In September 1994, Twyla Tharp's summer-long resi- dency culminated in a public performance of works- in-progress by Tharp and a specially assembled group of dancers. A few weeks later, David Parsons's Mood Swing was given its premiere by the Pennsyl- vania Ballet in the Opera House; it was the sixth new work created by the Kennedy Center Ballet Commissioning Project. ♦ The Kennedy Center Festival Australia celebrated the arts and artists of Australia with a week of per- formances, readings, film programs, street theater, art exhibitions, and displays of native landscapes and animals. The Australian Embassy, National Zoological Park, American Film Institute, and Library of Congress also participated in the festival. National Gallery of Art EARL A. POWELL III, DIRECTOR Carved and gilded teredos {at rear) from the church of Sao Francisco, Evora, along with other 18th-century Portuguese works of art in the exhi- bition "The Age of the Baroque in Portugal" at the National Gallery of Art, November 7, 1993, to February 6, 1994 (Photograph by Rob Shelley) The National Gallery preserves, collects, exhibits, and fosters the understanding of works of art at the highest possible museum and scholarly standards. ♦ The year opened with the first major exhibition sent by the Portuguese government to the United States, "The Age of the Baroque in Portugal." The exhibition included many extraordinary treasures from the 18th century, a period of brilliant achieve- ment and patronage in Portugal. An exhibition of Renaissance portrait medals drew from the gallery's collection and from other museums throughout the world. A retrospective exhibition of 80 paintings, watercolors, and drawings by the early 20th-century Austrian expressionist artist Egon Schiele was sup- ported by the Austrian government and the city of Vienna. A survey of the work of Willem de Kooning from the late 1930s to the mid-1980s celebrated the 90th birthday of one of America's foremost artists. Two other exhibitions showed the prints of Roy Lichtenstein from the 1950s to the present and the photographs of Robert Frank, whose work influ- enced the course of post- World War II photography. The exhibition "The Waking Dream: Photography's First Century — Selections from the Gilman Paper Company Collection" consisted of 260 works, some rare or unique, that illustrated the beginnings of photography. Exhibitions of contemporary works included an overview of recent prints and sculpture from the gallery's Gemini G.E.L. Archive and "Mil- ton Avery: Works on Paper," featuring works given by the artist's family. ♦ Purchases for the collections are made possible by funds donated by private citizens. Among the im- portant acquisitions this year were a large landscape by the American master Thomas Cole, Coast Scene with Ruined Tower, and a recently discovered por- trait of The Marquis de Beringhen by Jean-Baptiste Oudry, the most important French 18th-century painter of still life and hunting scenes. Another painting by Oudry, Misse and Lutine, was given by Mr. and Mrs. Eugene V. Thaw. ♦ A large gift of 31 French, English, and American works from Paul Mellon included an early Winslow Homer and three Toulouse-Lautrec paintings. Ruth Benedict bequeathed 68 prints and drawings by American and European artists from the 16th to the 20th century. Tyler Graphics donated a number of prints by Frank Stella and Roy Lichtenstein, and Dorothy and Herbert Vogel gave a colored-ink- wash wall drawing by Sol Lewitt. ♦ Publications during the year included the first systematic catalogue for the sculpture and decora- tive arts collection. In Parkersburg, West Virginia, a General Electric scientist explains the principles of flight to a fourth grader during the field testing of STAR Science Technology and ReadingR, an innovative Reading Is Fundamental program that combines hands-on science experi- ments with literature and a mentoring program. (Photograph by Tom Wildt) ♦ The Education Division offered programs on the French collection that included lectures, films, an audio tour, a panel discussion honoring the bicen- tennial of the Louvre, and a new guide to the gallery's French paintings. The division also distrib- uted the Directory of Teacher Programs in Art Museums in computer disk form to 1,500 teachers. ♦ The Office of Design and Installation received the prestigious Presidential Award for Design Excellence for consistently maintaining "standards of excel- lence in exhibition design that are appreciated and admired by museum goers and other institutions the world over." Reading Is Fundamental, Inc. RUTH GRAVES, PRESIDENT During nearly three decades, Reading Is Fundamen- tal, Inc. (RIF) has emerged as the nation's largest children's literacy program, serving young people in all 50 states, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Guam. Through RIF, young people are reading at 16,000 sites nationwide, including schools, li- braries, housing projects, Native American reserva- tions, hospitals, migrant worker camps, juvenile de- tention centers, and homeless shelters. This year, a record number of 166,000 volunteers put 10.5 mil- lion books into the homes of 3.4 million youngsters. ♦ Twelve outstanding volunteers were honored as Leaders for Literacy at RIF's National Awards cere- mony. Among the honorees were an octogenarian who has started more than 100 RIF projects in El Paso, Texas, and a blind newspaper vendor who has worked for 24 years to help children on Chicago's South Side become readers. ♦ RIF pilot programs begun in the late 1980s made the transition to nationwide programs. For example, RUNNING STARTR, for beginning readers, ex- panded to schools and school districts in all 50 states through a grant from the Chrysler Corpora- tion Fund. ♦ Project Open BookR, a program for homeless and other seriously at-risk children, distributed its millionth book. The program relies entirely on donations from publishers and other private-sector groups. As Open Book honorary chairperson, Miss America Kimberly Aiken worked for recognition of homeless children's special reading needs. ♦ This year, RIF drew praise from Education Secre- tary Richard W. Riley, who commended the pro- gram for its "crucial work of preparing Americans for life in the zist century." The New York Times Company Foundation, in its president's report, cited RIF as "one of its most successful partnerships." Parenting magazine listed RIF as one of 15 national charities that "really help kids," while the Charity Rating Guide, a publication of the American Insti- tute of Philanthropy, gave RIF an "A plus" rating, bestowed on fewer than 3 percent of the 300 orga- nizations rated. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars CHARLES BLITZER, DIRECTOR The Woodrow Wilson Center is dedicated to reflect- ing Woodrow Wilson's ideals and concerns and hon- oring him both as a president and as an educational leader. Through an annual fellowship competition, outstanding scholars from around the world are in- vited to the center for extended periods of research and writing. The center also sponsors public meet- ings and generates publications that explore both historical and contemporary issues. ♦ This year, the Woodrow Wilson Center cele- brated its 25th anniversary by sponsoring a lecture series on "The Complex Legacy of Woodrow Wil- son." Distinguished speakers from academia and public life addressed subjects connected to President Wilson's interests and achievements at various stages of his life. Speakers throughout the year in- cluded Hanna Holborn Gray, president emeritus of the University of Chicago; Madeleine K. Albright, United States permanent representative to the United Nations and a former fellow at the center; James A. Baker III, former secretary of state; James A. Florio, former governor of New Jersey; and Rep- resentative David Price (D-N.C). ♦ Vice-President Al Gore and Tipper Gore, who is mental health adviser to the president's Health Care 7° Task Force, joined other panelists in an Evening Dialogue entitled "The Time Has Come: Closing the Gap between Mental Health Policy and Medical Reality." ♦ The center's Cold War International History Project received widespread attention in leading national newspapers for its efforts to uncover for- merly classified material from the Soviet archives. ♦ David Levering Lewis, professor of history at Rutgers University, won the 1994 Pulitzer Prize for biography for W.E.B. Dubois: Biography of a Race, 1868-1919, a book he researched and wrote while a fellow at the center. ♦ President Clinton appointed Joseph H. Flom, a partner in the New York law firm of Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher &: Flom, to be chairman of the board of trustees of the Woodrow Wilson Center. Flom brings wide experience in legal, business, and philanthropic circles to his new position. He suc- ceeded William J. Baroody Jr., chairman from 1982 to 1994. In an Oval Office ceremony, President Bill Clinton signed into law legislation naming the space adjacent to the Woodrow Wilson Center's new home on Pennsylvania Avenue "Woodrow Wilson Plaza." From left are Senator Mark O. Hatfield of Oregon; Joseph H. Flom, chairman, Woodrow Wilson Center board of trustees; William T. Coleman, Jr., member, Wilson Council; William J. Baroody, Jr., former chairman, board of trustees; Max M. Kampelman, former chairman, Woodrow Wilson Center board of trustees; Memphis A. Norman, staff specialist, Office of Management and Budget; Frances Humphrey Howard, member, Wilson Council; Charles Blitzer, director, Woodrow Wilson Center; Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan of New York, former vice-chairman, board of trustees; Craig Dumas, architect, Federal Triangle Building, Pei Cobb Freed & Partners; Alex Washburn, legislative assistant to Senator Moynihan. BENEFACTORS Public-spirited citizens have supported the Institution's many and varied activities for almost one and one-half centuries. Private support, as exemplified by James Smithson's original gift, plays an increasingly important role at the Smithsonian. The Smithsonian gratefully acknowledges the support of the individuals, foundations, and corporations whose gifts, grants, bequests, and contributing memberships have lent critical support and have had a major impact on the work of the Institution over the past fiscal year, October i, 1993, through September 30, 1994: ♦ The George Gund Foundation committed $1 million to the Construction Fund of the Campaign for the National Museum of the American Indian. ♦ A group of donors established a fund for the creation of a por- trait of Secretary Robert McC. Adams, which is displayed in the Smithsonian Castle along with portraits of previous secretaries. ♦ The Luisita L. and Franz H. Denghausen Fund at the National Museum of American Art received a $1 million distri- bution from their estate. This endowment was established in 1988 and now is valued at over $9 million. ♦ Jeannette Cantrell Rudy committed $500,000 toward exhibits and the maintenance of collections at the National Postal Museum. ♦ Lloyd G. and Betty A. Schermer established a named endow- ment fund with a gift of $1 million to the Smithsonian Fund for the Future, which Mr. Schermer was instrumental in estab- lishing during his tenure as chairman of the Smithsonian National Board. ♦ The Holenia Trust Endowment Fund, established during the lifetime of Joseph Hirshhorn, received $1 million from the Holenia Trust toward support at the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden. Smithsonian National Board member Heinz C. Precbter greets corporate representatives Mr. and Mrs. Nobuo Asai, from the Smithsonian Corporate Membership Program, during "Exploring the Smithsonian Universe" program for friends of the Institution. (Photo- graph by Richard Strauss) 71 Smithsonian Benefactors' Circle The Smithsonian Benefactors' Circle recognizes and honors those individuals whose exceptional gifts have preserved the traditions of the Smithsonian Institution while furthering its vision. Bene- factors' gifts reflect the donors' personal interests and commit- ment and are as varied and broad as the Institution itself. The Smithsonian Benefactors' Circle exists to honor these distin- guished philanthropists and to provide a lasting mark of their achievements. The Smithsonian recognizes the gifts of Founders and Patrons of the Smithsonian Benefactors' Circle as listed below. Ronald D. and Anne Abramson Peter C. and Joan Andrews Marjorie Arundel Edward P. Bass Randy and Nancy Best James and Barbara Block Michael J. Brophy Hildegard Bruck George E. Burch III Vivian G. Burch Michael W. Cassidy Barber B. Conable Jr. and Charlotte Conable David Davies Evelyn Y. Davis Charles M. and Valerie T. Diker Patricia C. Dodge Anne G. Earhart Barney A. Ebsworth John L. and Margot P. Ernst Kitty Fassett Rita Fraad John A. Friede Phillip and Patricia Frost Daniel D. and Alice P. Gilbert Alfred C. Glassell Jr. Jerome L. Greene Barrick W. Groom Russell B. Aitken Joe L. and Barbara B. Allbritton Arthur G. Altschul William S. Anderson Mary Griggs Burke Joan K. Davidson Gaylord and Dorothy Donnelley Thomas M. Evans Katharine Graham Robert C. and Julie Graham Jr. Herbert Waide Hemphill Jr. William A. and Patricia W. Hewitt Ikuo Hirayama Olga Hirshhorn Ruth S. Holmberg Samuel C. Johnson Marvin Breckinridge Patterson Laura E. Phillips S. Dillon and Mary L. Ripley Arthur Ross Mrs. Arthur M. Sackler Else Sackler W. Mason and Jean D. Shehan T. T. Tsui Glenn O. Tupper Agnes S. Gund Joan D. Haig Evelyn A. J. Hall Martha A. Healy Drue M. Heinz Lloyd Herman Henry L. and Elsie H. Hillman Frank W. and Lisina M. Hoch Mrs. James Stewart Hooker John R. Huggard Mrs. Jaquelin H. Hume Jacob and Ruth C. Kainen Victor and Loretta Kaufman James M. Kemper Jr. R. Crosby Kemper Jr. James W and Mary T. Kinnear Ethel Niki Kominik William K. and Alice S. Konze Karl V Krombein Harvey M. and Connie Krueger Robert E. and Elizabeth Krueger Robert and Helen Kuhn Rogerio S. Lam Robert and Carrie Lehrman Sydney and Frances Lewis Henry Luce III Harry and Beverly Mandil John F. and Adrienne B. Mars Kathleen C. Mason Brooks and Hope B. McCormick Nan Tucker McEvoy Antony M. Merck Jeffery W and Janet Meyer James and Lolly Mitchell Lester S. Morse Jr. and Enid W. Morse Honorable Daniel Patrick Moynihan and Elizabeth Moynihan Jean Niemeier Robert H. and Nancy Nooter Carroll and Nancy Fields O'Connor Al and Cecilia Podell Philip D. Reed Jr. and Elizabeth Reed Frank K. Ribelin Carlyn Ring David Rockefeller Anton H. Rosenthal and Ruth E. Ganister Milton F. and Frieda Rosenthal Wilbur L. Ross Jr. Jeanerte Cantrell Rudy Cecile Salomon Margaret Knowles Schink Catherine F. Scott Lloyd G. and Betty L. Schermer Richard J. and Sheila Schwartz Charles Simon Emma M. Sims James C. Slaughter George L. Small Kathy Daubert Smith Bernie E. Stadiem Mrs. Sydney Stein Jr. Doris Z. Stone E. Hadley Stuart Jr. and Marion Stuart A. Alfred Taubman Vernon L. Taylor Jr. Eugene V and Clare E. Thaw Jeffrey and Diane Tobin John Weeden Daniel Weinstein Nancy Brown Wellin Ronald H. Winston and Heidi Jensen-Winston Gay F. Wray Nancy B. Zirkle Posthumous: Gifts through Will Florence B. Dowdy Elinor Merrell George J. Sisley 73 Donors of Financial Support The following donors have made gifts or pledges of $1,000 or more to the Smithsonian between October i, 1993, and September 30, 1994. Certain donors have requested anonymity. If the name of any other donor has been omitted, it is unintentional and in no way diminishes the Smithsonian's appreciation. $1,000,000 or more Anonymous American Chemical Society The Boeing Company Discovery Communications, Inc. The George Gund Foundation Mrs. Enid A. Haupt Holenia Trust Mrs. Janet Annenberg Hooker Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Lloyd G. Schermer Mr. Glenn O. Tupper Lila Wallace-Reader's Digest $500,000 or more Philip & Henrietta Adler Foundation American Quilt Defense Fund The Coca-Cola Company Friends of the National Zoo Mr. and Mrs. Frank W. Hoch Mr. and Mrs. A. William Holmberg Mr. and Mrs. Carroll O'Connor Mr. and Mrs. David Rockefeller Sr. Mrs. Jeanette Cantrell Rudy Mrs. Doris Stone (Zemurray Foundation) HJ.'.I.'.'.MJ Anonymous American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums Amoco Eurasia Petroleum Company Mr. and Mrs. William S. Anderson Brother International Corporation The Chase Manhattan Corporation The Chubb Corporation CITIBANK, N.A. Computerworld Information Technology Awards Foundation, Inc. The Hon. Barber B. Conable Jr. Corning Incorporated Mr. and Mrs. Richard M. Danziger S. Sidney De Young Foundation Mrs. Patricia C. Dodge Mr. R. Hatfield Ellsworth The Ford Foundation Freeport-McMoRan Inc. S.C. Johnson &: Son, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Samuel C. Johnson Mr. and Mrs. James W. Kinnear Mrs. Ethel Niki Kominik Lannan Foundation The John D. &£ Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation NYNEX Corporation Orkin Pest Control Procter &: Gamble Company Mr. and Mrs. Philip D. Reed Jr. (Philip D. Reed Foundation, Inc.) Mr. and Mrs. Clive Runnells Ms. Kathy Daubert Smith Smithsonian Women's Committee The Southern Company Space Biospheres Ventures Mr. Eugene V. Thaw (Eugene and Clare Thaw Charitable Trust) Time Warner Inc. Timex Corporation Mr. Robert E. Turner III (Turner Foundation Inc.) VITRO Mr. Ronald H. Winston (Harry Winston Research Foundation, Inc.) Wolf Trap Foundation for the Performing Arts World Wildlife Fund AMS Foundation for the Arts, Sciences and Humanities AT&T American Express Company Mr. and Mrs. Robert M. Bass Booth Ferns Foundation Morris & Gwendolyn Cafritz Foundation Chevy Chase Bank Columbia First Bank Mr. and Mrs. Charles M. Diker The Walt Disney Company Geraldine R. Dodge Foundation The Educational Foundation of America Mr. and Mrs. John L. Ernst Joseph and Bessie Feinberg Foundation Georgetown Heritage Trust Horace W. Goldsmith Foundation Fundacao Calouste Gulbenkian Mr. and Mrs. Peter E. Haas Sr. Mrs. Patrick Healy III Loretta &; Victor Kaufman Mr. and Mrs. Robert S. Kerr Jr. (The Kerr Foundation Inc.) Peter Krueger-Chnstie's Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Jeffery W. Meyer Norfolk Southern Corporation Peter Norton Foundation The Pew Charitable Trusts Pleasant Company Publications, Inc. Ralston Purina Company James Renwick Alliance Mrs. Arthur M. Sackler Mr. and Mrs. B. Francis Saul II Margaret Knowles Schink Scnpps Howard Foundation The Tinker Foundation Toyota USA, Inc. Union Pacific Corporation Zoologische Gesellschaft iwwin-1-m Anonymous Mr. Ronald D. Abramson (Abran Family Foundation, Inc.) Lloyd G. Schermer addresses the Smithsonian Institution Regents. Lloyd and his wife, Betty A. Schermer, made the first major gift to the Smithsonian Fund for the Future. (Photograph by Eric Long) The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia Secretary and Mrs. Robert McC. Adams Air Line Pilots Association Allen & Company Incorporated Ms. Charmay B. Allred Ms. Ann Simmons Alspaugh Mr. Arthur G. Altschul American Association for the Advancement of Science The American Law Institute American Zinc Association Anheuser-Busch Companies Arcana Foundation, Inc. Mrs. Russell M. Arundel Ascom Hasler Mailing Systems, Inc. Aspen Celebration for the American Indian Avery Dennison Corporation Dr. Herbert R. Axelrod Bachman Information Systems, Inc. The Barker Welfare Foundation Benzav Trading Company The Honorable and Mrs. Max N. Berry XVIIe Biennale Internationale des Antiquaires, Paris Mr. and Mrs. Robert H. Bloom Book of the Month Club, Inc. The Boston Society of Architects Botwinick-Wolfensohn Foundation Bristol-Myers Squibb Company Mr. and Mrs. Tom Brokaw The Brown Foundation, Inc. Browning-Ferris Industries Inc. The Emil Buehler Trust 74 Mrs. Joan Bull Mrs. Mary Griggs Burke Mr. David A. Burns III Cargill Incorporated Carstar Automotive, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Harvey Berry Cash Center tor International Forestry Research Dorothy Jordan Chadwick Fund Chemical Bank Chemical Manufacturers Association Robert Sterling Clark Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Willard G. Clark Clark-Winchcole Foundation Cleveland-Cliffs Inc. The Colbert Foundation, Inc. Ms. Ruth Boyer Compton Concreto, S.A. Dr. G. Arthur Cooper Mr. Robert Cosgnff Mr. Lloyd E. Cotsen Creative Artists Agency, Inc. Ms. Josephine R. Cunningham Cyprus Amax Minerals Company Edward J. Daly Foundation J. N. "Ding" Darling Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Carl B. Davis Deskey Associates, Inc. Dexter Shoe Company Valerie Charles Diker Fund, Inc. Government of the District of Columbia Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrerte, Inc. Ducks Unlimited, Inc. Mr. G. Robert Durham Ecuambiente S.A. Mr. and Mrs. Dean S. Edmonds III (Dean S. Edmonds Foundation) Ernst fie Young Exxon Fairchild Space and Defense Corp. Ms. Audrey G. Falkenstein Farmers Insurance Group Roger S. Firestone Foundation Fisher Scientific International, Inc. Folger Fund Mrs. Kathrine D. Folger Mr. Lee Merntt Folger Mr. Gerald J. Ford Fried, Frank, Harris, Shriver &c Jacobson Fund, Inc. Dr. and Mrs. Phillip Frost General Motors Corporation Gerber Scientific, Inc. Mr. Irwin C. Gerson Mr. and Mrs. Alfred C. Glassell Jr. Glen Eagles Foundation Mr. Marc Glimcher Goldman, Sachs 6c Co. B. F. Goodrich Aerospace Florence J. Gould Foundation Graham Foundation for Advanced Studies in the Fine Arts Mr. Robert C. Graham Jr. Mrs. Ruth C. Greenberg (The Mayer Greenberg Foundation) Mr. H. Malcolm Grimmer Grumman Corporation Mrs. Carol P. Guyer Phoebe W. Haas Charitable Trust Miriam & Peter Haas Fund Mr. and Mrs. Thomas W. Haas HarperCollins Publishers The Hearst Foundation, Inc. Mrs. Drue M. Heinz (Drue Heinz Trust) Hill Wynne Troop fie Meismger Mr. Barron Hilton Hines Interests Limited Partnership Hogan 6c Hartson Home Box Office Honeywell, Inc. The Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corp., Ltd. Hong Kong Economic 6c Trade Office, British Embassy Mr. and Mrs. Raymond J. Horowitz Hughes Danbury Optical Systems IEEE Computer Society Imperial Archives International Business Machines Corporation International Creative Management, Inc. International Institute tor Traditional Music Intersolv, Inc. The Island Fund in the New York Community Trust Dr. Joseph J. Jacobs (The Jacobs Family Foundation) Jewish Federation of Greater Miami Philanthropies Incorporated Jewish Federation of the North Shore, Inc. Endowment Fund Christian A. Johnson Endeavor Foundation (Ms. Julie Kidd) The Honorable Max M. Kampelman Mrs. Linda Lichtenberg Kaplan W. K. Kellogg Foundation Mrs. Dorothy R. Kidder Mr. Fred M. Kirby II (F. M. Kirby Foundation, Inc.) Mr. and Mrs. Seymour H. Knox III (Seymour H. Knox Foundation) Embassy of the Republic of Korea Mr. Sanford Kneger Mr. and Mrs. Robert Krissel Mr. Harvey M. Krueger (Krueger Family Foundation) Mr. Arthur Lazarus Jr. Jerome H. and Dorothy Lemelson Lionel Trains, Inc. Howard &: Jean Lipman Foundation, Inc. Mr. Meredith J. Long Richard Lounsbery Foundation Joe and Emily Lowe Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Peter H. Lunder MCI Foundation Mrs. Jean B. Mahoney Mr. and Mrs. Richard A. Manoogian Marine Spill Response Corporation The Marks Family Foundation Marpat Foundation, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. John F. Mars Martin Marietta Corporation Masco Corporation William Douglas McAdams, Inc. McGraw-Hill, Inc. Mrs. Katherine Medlinger Merck Company Foundation Merrill Lynch 6c Company Foundation, Inc. Mr. Sam Mernn (The Merrin Gallery, Inc.) Eugene and Agnes E. Meyer Foundation Microsoft Corporation Foundations of the Milken Families Mobil Corporation Morning Star Gallery Morse Family Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Lester S. Morse Jr. (Enid &c Lester Morse Foundation, Inc.) National Geographic Society National Space Club The Nature Company The Nature Conservancy Neutrogena Corporation New York State Council on the Arts New York Stock Exchange New York Telephone The New York Times Company Foundation The New-Land Foundation Ocean Spray Mr. and Mrs. Morris W. Offit Omega Watch Mr. and Mrs. Abraham Ostrovsky Overbrook Foundation PaceWildenstein Pacific Telesis Group David &c Lucile Packard Foundation Mrs. Jefferson Patterson James C. Penney Foundation, Inc. Persis Corporation Mr. Gerald P. Peters (The Peters Corporation) Philadelphia Community Foundation, Inc. Philip Morris Companies, Inc. Mrs. Charles E. Phillips Mr. Steve Pickelner Mr. and Mrs. Leon B. Polsky The Port Royal Foundation, Inc. Postal Commemorative Society Ms. Kathleen A. Preciado Price Waterhouse-U.S. Publicis/Bloom Mr. and Mrs. Harvey W. Rambach Mr. and Mrs. Lewis S. Ranieri Mr. William M. Ray Refinena Panama, S.A. Rock Foundation, Inc. Mr. David Rockefeller Jr. The Ida & William Rosenthal Foundation, Inc. Mr. Arthur Ross (Arthur Ross Foundation) Ms. Harriet M. Ross Mr. Wilbur L. Ross Jr. Mr. Robert M. Rubin SEMASS Partnership Saks Fifth Avenue Ms. Leidy Samson and Ms. Kathy Kempa San Francisco Foundation Savoy Pictures Entertainment The Betty A. 6c Lloyd G. Schermer Foundation Mr. David Schoenbach David Schwartz Foundation Inc. Mr. Richard J. Schwartz The Science Alliance Scott Foresman Shell Oil Company Foundation Mr. Charles Simon Sir Speedy, Inc. Mr. Bruce Slovin (Slovin Foundation) Society of Industrial and Office Realtors The Starr Foundation Sun Life Assurance Company of Canada T F H Publications, Inc. Mr. A. Alfred Taubman (Taubman Endowment for the Arts) Mr. and Mrs. William Taubman (Ellen Napiura Taubman, Ltd.) The Institution lost a trite friend with the passing of the Honorable Thomas J. Watson Jr., former IBM chairman, Smithsonian Institution regent, founding chairman of the Smithsonian National Board, and founder, Smithsonian magazine. (Photograph by Richard Strauss) Teradyne, Inc. Tetra Pak Inc. Time Inc. Mr. John Tishman (John and Daniel Tishman Fund) Ms. Rita Tishman (Norman-Rita Tishman Fund, Inc.) TransamericJ Occidental Life Insuran Company Tnnitas Foundation Turner Publishing, Inc. Mr. Thurston Twigg-Smith U.S. Borax Inc. USX Corporation Unico Banking Group Uniroyal-Goodrich Co. The United States Pharmacopeia! Convention, Inc. Beatrix and Ladislaus von Hoffman Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts Mrs. Ruth L. Webb Mrs. Nancy Brown Wellin Ms. Eileen A. Wells Lawrence A. Wien Foundation, Inc. Wildlife Conservation International Robert H. Winn Foundation 75 Chancellor of the Smithsonian Institution Board of Regents, the Honorable William H. Rehnquist (right), talks with Alan Fern, director. National Portrait Gallery (left), during the May 1994 Regents' Dinner. (Photograph by Nicholas ]. Parrella) Mr. James D. Wolfensohn World Wildlife Fund-Canada Worldesign Foundanon, Inc. Mrs. Gay F. Wray Mr. Robert J. Wynne Mr. John R. Young Zeneca AG Products Zeneca Inc. Mrs. Nancy Behrend Zirkle Louis & Anne Abrons Foundation, Inc. Albuquerque/Rio Grande Zoo Ahco Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth Altshuler American Conservation Association, Inc. American Federation of Mineralogical Societies American Life Insurance Company American Society of Plant Taxonomists Arianespace Inc. Art Dealers Association of America Asian Cultural Council, Inc. Mr. Gary Avery Aviation/Space Writers Foundation Mr. David G. Baird Jr. The Baird Family Fund at New York Community Trust Mr. and Mrs. Robert Balzer Banco General, S.A. Banfi Vintners Foundation Barra Foundation, Inc. Baterias Nacionales, S.A. Mr. Herbert A. Belkin Mr. and Mrs. Leonard H. Bernheim Jr. (The Bernheim Foundation, Inc.) Norman Bernstein Management Mr. and Mrs. Norman Bernstein Philip Birnbaum Foundation, Inc. Mr. Eli Broad (The Eli Broad Family Foundation) Brokaw Family Foundation The Samuel Bronfman Foundation Dr. Jeanerte Grasselli Brown Mr. Gerald E. Buck (Buck Investments) C. E. fie S. Foundation, Inc. Camalott Charitable Foundation Champion International Corp. Chanel, Inc. Chevron Mr. John L. Colonghi Consolidated Edison Company of New York Consolidated Natural Gas Co. Copley Health Systems Cornell University Mrs. Carole D. Crocker Mr. H. King Cummings (King and Jean Cummings Charitable Trust) Drs. William H. and Isabella C. M. Cunningham Dallas Semiconductor Corporation Mr. Donald Dan Dewey-Ballantine Frederick Douglass Housing Corporation The Eberly Foundation Electronic Industries Association Dr. William B. Ellis F. Hoffman-La Roche AG Fidelity Investments Fidicomiso Para La Cultura Mexico/USA Mr. and Mrs. John Gilmore Ford Walter fie Josephine Ford Fund Fort Worth Zoo Mrs. Rita Fraad The Freedom Forum GFC Financial Corporation Mr. and Mrs. Gordon P. Getty (Ann &c Gordon Getty Foundation) Mr. and Mrs. George Gillespie III Mr. Howard Gilman (The Howard Gilman Foundation) Mr. Robert D. Gleichenhaus Mary Livingston Griggs and Mary Griggs Burke Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Hugh Halff Jr. Mr. and Mrs. John M. Harbert III Mr. Richard M. Hayden Herman Miller, Inc. Herzog Heine Geduld, Inc. Clarence and Jack Himmel Foundation Mrs. Olga Hirshhorn I.D. Magazine Ingeniena R.M., S.A. George M. Jaffin, Esq. Mr. and Mrs. Robert L. James Jaques Admiralty Law Firm Mr. Leonard C. Jaques Mr. David A. Jones and Ms. Mary Gwen Wheeler The Katzenberger Foundation, Inc. Mr. Werner H. Kramarsky Mr. and Mrs. James J. Lally Ms. Kay Partney Lautman (Lautman &c Company) Ms. Jeanne M. Lemmer William & Nora Lichtenberg Foundation The Lucius N. Littauer Foundation, Inc. Liz Claiborne Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Donald G. Lubin Kenneth Lynch fie Sons, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Frank N. Magid (Frank N. Magid Associates, Inc.) Mr. and Mrs. Robert H. Malott Mars Foundation Mr. Frank Martucci Col. Billie G. Matheson, USAF Ret. Mr. and Mrs. William P. McClure Chauncey fie Marion Deering McCormick Foundation Mr. Robert L. McNeil Jr. Metropolitan Center for Far Eastern Art Studies Wilson &c Geo. Meyer fie Company The Minneapolis Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Paul S. Morgan Mr. Anthony J. Mourek NAMSB Foundation, Inc. National Retail Federation NationsBank of Maryland Native Peoples Magazine The Norcliffe Fund Northeast Utilities Omni Construction Petrolera Nacional Phelps Dodge Corporation Phillips Petroleum Foundation Placer Dome U.S., Inc. Points of Light Foundation Mrs. John A. Pope Mr. and Mrs. Meyer P. Potamkin (Vivian O. fie Meyer P. Potamkin Foundation) Poten and Partners, Inc. Mr. David S. Purvis Raytheon Company Honorable and Mrs. S. Dillon Ripley II Mr. and Mrs. Richard Roob Mr. and Mrs. John N. Rosekrans Jr. Helena Rubinstein Foundation Mr. and Mrs. David Sairy Santa Fe Pacific Foundation Sarah Cooper Associates, Inc. Mr. Fayez Sarofim Sarah I. Schieffelin Residuary Trust Mr. Charles W. Schmidt Mr. Alan E. Schwartz Sea Group, Inc. Nate S. &c Ruth B. Shapero Foundation Charles S. and Ruth C. Sharp Foundation, Inc. Mrs. Mary S. Slusser Snack Food Association Hattie M. Strong Foundation Mr. Robert Ching Tang Mr. and Mrs. Vernon L. Taylor Jr. Jim Thompson Thai Silk Co., Ltd. Roy and Niuta Titus Foundation US West Foundation UTC/The Telecommunications Association United Technologies Corp. Ventas Y Proyectos, S. A. Ms. Alice Walton Walton Family Foundation, Inc. (Mr. and Mrs. John Walton) Ellen Bayard Weedon Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Robert Werbel Mr. and Mrs. W. Richard West Jr. Mr. Harris K. Weston Mrs. Alexander Wetmore Mrs. Carol Whken Ralph Wilson Plastics Company Mr. and Mrs. T Evans Wyckoff 76 Mr. and Mrs. Sidney S. Zlotnick Zoo Atlanta Anonymous 21 International Holding Inc. Foundation AG Industries, Inc. AKC Fund, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Joseph C. Abeles Sir Valentine Abdy Ms. Werner Abegg Dr. and Mrs. Sander M. Abend Mr. and Mrs. Laurence J. Adams Esrhy & James Adler Philanthropic Fund The Advertising Club of Metropolitan Washington, Inc. Advertising Mail Marketing Association Airbus Industrie of North America, Inc. Aircraft Spruce & Specialty Company Alaska Seafood Marketing Institute Mr. Terry L. Albertson and Ms. Kathleen A. Blackburn Mr. and Mrs. Joe L. Allbritton Allied-Signal Corporation Mrs. James W. Alsdorf (Alsdorf Foundation) American Association of University Women American Institute of Wine & Food Mrs. Mary Armstrong Amory Mrs. Dale Anderson Mr. and Mrs. Douglas Anderson Mr. Philip S. Anderson Mr. and Mrs. Dewalt H. Ankeny Jr. Ms. Louise S. Ansberry The Appleman Foundation Miss Edith-Mane Appleton ARCO Foundation Arctic Slope Regional Corporation Mr. Ian Arnof Art of the Past, Inc. Association of Space Development 6c Information, Ltd. Australian Government BP America Joshua Baer, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Fred C. Ballman Bank America Mr. and Mrs. Robert Barbanell Barclays Bank Barkin fie Davis, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Arnold Barnett Mr. and Mrs. Thomas W. Barwick Harry Bass Foundation Mr. Sid R. Bass Mr. John Baum Mr. Claude P. Baumann Mr. and Mrs. Alfred W. Baxter The Bay Foundation Mr. and Mrs. C. Victor Beadles Ms. Nancy T. Behrman Mr. and Mrs. William Beierwaltes The Beinecke Foundation Ms. Marguerite Bender Mr. and Mrs. John T. Bennett Mr. Anthony Berlant Diane 8c Norman Bernstein Foundation Berry-Hill Galleries, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Steven Bershad Mrs. Elsie F. Bixler Mr. Joaquin F. Blaya Dr. Charles Blitzer Mr. and Mrs. Richard L. Bloch Mr. William W Boeschenstein Mr. and Mrs. Robert E. Bonerte Ms. J. A. Boorman Mrs. Howard M. Booth Mrs. Irene D. Bosse Ms. Margaret L. Bourgene Dr. Edward G. Bourns and La Vida Liena Mr. and Mrs. W. J. Bowen (W J. Bowen Foundation) Dr. and Mrs. William B. Boyd Dr. Norman Boyer Bremen House Inc. Mr. William J. Breuer Vaughan W Brown Charitable Trust Mr. Mario Buatta (Mario Buarta, Inc.) The Honorable and Mrs. James L. Buckley- Mrs. Barbara L. Buesing Mr. and Mrs. John B. Bunker Mrs. Ella Poe Burling Mr. Dan W. Burns Mrs. Lenora Burstein Mrs. Charles M. Butler Ms. Margaret S. Buzzelh Mr. E. T Byram Mr. and Mrs. John Cacciola Caldwell Schools, Inc. Calgary Zoo Cambodian Royal Government Canadian River Trading Company Canyon Records and Indian Art Mr. and Mrs. Caswell J. Caplan Christopher Cardozo, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. John Otis Carney Mr. and Mrs. Richard W Carr Caterpillar Mr. Silas S. Cathcart Mr. and Mrs. Cummins Catherwood Jr. Dr. and Mrs. David Challinor Ms. Anne Cox Chambers Col. G. E. Chapin Jr. and M. T. Chapin Charlotte Postal Customer Council Mrs. Harold W Cheel Mr. Joyce E. Chelberg Mr. and Mrs. Edward R. Cheramy Chesapeake Environmental Protection Association Chicago Postal Customers Council Ms. Allene R. Chiesman Dr. and Mrs. Timothy W. Childs Christie's Ms. Priscilla Christy Mr. Sang Ho Chung In Sc Out Gifts Fund of the Greater Cincinnati Foundation Dr. and Mrs. Dennis Cirillo Citibank Ecuador Mr. and Mrs. Page B. Clagett The Claggett/Rey Gallery The Honorable Jeannme Smith Clark Mr. James H. Clement Mr. Fred Clements Mr. James A. Clements Dr. and Mrs. David Cofrin Mr. and Mrs. Marshall Cogan Ms. Leslie A. L. Coggins Mr. and Mrs. Howard Cohen Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Cohen Coldwater Creek Mrs. Dollie A. Cole Mr. and Mrs. Ralph F. Colin Jr. Computer Associates International Mr. and Mrs. Tom Conlon Mrs. Marjorie Conroy Mr. William Constantine Mr. and Mrs. Richard P. Cooley Coordination Council for North American Affairs Mr. Henry P. Cowen Mrs. Joyce Cowm (The Joyce and Daniel Cowin Foundation, Inc.) Mrs. William H. Cowles III Mr. Douglas S. Cramer Crane Foundation, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth M. Crosby Mr. and Mrs. James W. Crystal Mr. and Mrs. Edgar M. Cullman Jr. Lewis B. &: Dorothy Cullman Foundation, Inc. Ms. Susan R. Cullman Mr. Charles A. Cunningham Dr. Robert D. Cunningham John D'Addano Jr. (The D'Addano Foundation for the Performing Arts) Mr. Frederick M. Danziger Mr. John H. Darlington Jr. Mr. F Arnold Daum Dr. Gail S. Davidson Mrs. Dominique S. de Menil Wannia de Moreno Mr. E.A. DeFalco DeGrazia Art Sc Cultural Foundation Dudley Del Balso Mrs. Kathleen C. Delfino DeLuxe Corp. Foundation Mrs. Deborah J. Denefrio Mrs. Mary J. Deutschbein Dewey Galleries Ltd. Mr. Hilton B. Dickerson Mr. and Mrs. Charles D. Dickey Jr. Mrs. Gerald Dickler Digital Mr. David B. Dill Mr. and Mrs. George C. Dillon Diversified Expositions Mr. and Mrs. Alan Docter Marcellene S. Doctor, M.D. Mr. Robert G. Donnelley (The Donnelley Foundation) Mr. and Mrs. Robert Donner Jr. (William H. Donner Foundation) Dr. William H. L. Dornette and Ms. Betty K. Dornette Mr. and Mrs. Donald J. Douglass (The Douglass Foundation) Frederick Douglass Memorial 6c Historical Association Dover Fund, Incorporated The Doyon Foundation The Max and Victoria Dreyfus Foundation Ms. Diane M. Dudley The Honorable and Mrs. Roberr W. Duemling Mrs. M. D. Duggan Ms. Mildred King Dunn The Dunoir Fund Trust U.N. ESCAP/UNDP Project Dr. Gary F. Earle Mr. Gordon Eastburn Mr. and Mrs. Barney A. Ebsworth (The Ebsworth Foundation) Economos Works of Art The Edipa Foundation, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Robert K. Edson Eli Lilly Mr. James A. Elkins Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Giuseppe Eskenazi Esso Standard Thailand, Ltd. Estee Lauder Companies Mr. Thomas M. Evans (The T. M. Evans Foundation) FKW, Incorporated Mrs. Carolyn Stewart Fabrici Fairmont Trading Company Mr. and Mrs. Mark G. Falcone Mrs. Myron S. Falk Jr. Mr. and Mrs. George Fan Fannie Mae Fayez Sarofim fie Co. Dr. and Mrs. Robert Feinberg Mr. Stephen L. Feinberg Alfred and Harriet Feinman Foundation Mrs. Joan J. Feldman Mr. and Mrs. Steve Felsher Mr. and Mrs. Hart Fessenden Ms. Elizabeth W. Fischer Mr. and Mrs. S. Fischer FISH EXPO Mr. and Mrs. Richard Fisher Mr. and Mrs. John Fletcher III Dr. Oliver S. Flint Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Henry N. Flynt Jr. Ms. Dolores C. Foley Foundation for New Era Philanthropy Foundation for the National Capital Region Fountainhead Water Systems, Inc. The Four Corporation Rita Sc Daniel Fraad Foundation, Inc. Susan L. Frame, Ph.D. Ms. Karen P. Free Mr. Stephen Friedman (Stephen fie Barbara Friedman Foundation) Fundacion Esquel Mr. Howard Ganek Mr. and Mrs. Julian Ganz Jr. (The JoAnn and Julian Ganz Jr. Foundation Trust) Mrs. J. Gardiner Reverend Mary Ellen Gaylord Ms. Cornelia M. Geddes The David Geffen Foundation General Electric Company General Mills Georgia-Pacific The Honorable Sumner Gerard (Sumner Gerard Foundation) Patrick A. Gerschel Foundarion, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Paul R. Gibson (Paul R. Gibson Associates International) Mrs. J. A. Gill Dr. Kurt A. Gitter fie Ms. Alice Yelen Glaxo, Inc. The Glenmede Trust Company Mr. Leslie H. Goldberg The Goldie-Anna Charitable Trust Mrs. Ted R. Goldsmith Dr. and Mrs. Charles Goodell Mr. and Mrs. Stephen Gordon Mr. Milton M. Gottesman (The Gottesman Fund) Dr. Harry W. Graff The Philip L. Graham Fund The Gramercy Park Foundarion, Inc. Dr. Hanna Holborn Gray Greater Long Island Postal Customer Council Greater Scranton Chamber of Commerce The Green Point Savings Bank Mr. Srephen Greene Ms. Frederica H. Gries Mr. and Mrs. W. L. Hadley Griffin Gulf States Paper Corporation 77 Mr. Paul S. Gumbinner Mr. and Mrs. Corbin Gwaltney Mr. Jack Haas The Honorable and Mrs. Najeeb E. Halaby Mrs. Evelyn Annenberg J. Hall (Evelyn A.J. Hall Charitable Trust) Mr. Melville W. Hall Hallmark Cards, Inc. Mr. Robert A. Hamilton Mrs. Eleanor Tulman Hancock (Eleanor Tulman Hancock, Inc.) Mrs. Sandra J. Hardilek Ms. Miriam Hard Mr. Jack R. Harlan The William H. & Martie Warns Harris Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Erwin Harris Mr. and Mrs. Marion I'.dwyn Harrison Mr. Harold Havcrty The Honorable John W. Hechinger Sr. Mr. and Mrs. George L. Heldman Ms. Rebecca Hemphill Mr. and Mrs. Peter Henle Mr. and Mrs. William Herbster Ms. Catherine W. Herman Ms. Lisa W Hess Mr. Caspar W. Hiatl Mr. David M. Hicks (Hicks Charitable Foundation) Dr. Albert G. Hill Mr. Frederick Hill Ms. Minette Goldsmith Hotfheimer Mr. Ronald W. Hoffman Mr. Henry C. Hofheimer II Mrs. Jean Hogan Ms. Miriam S. Hogan Mr. D. Bramerd Holmes Ms. Robyn Horn Sir Joseph E. Hotung Houston Postal Customer Council Mr. James L. Hudson Mr. Frederick G. L. Huerwell Mr. and Mrs. Phillip S. Hughes Jaquehn Hume Foundation Mr. William J. Hume Ms. Jean Hunse Mrs. Elizabeth L. Hunter Mr. R. Carlos and Ms. Pam Hyde- Nakai Mrs. Dora Donner lde Mr. L. R. Ingels Institute of International Education International Boston Seafood Show Mr. William Ireland Jr. The Irwin Family Irwin International, Inc. Mrs. Rolf Jacoby Mr. and Mrs. Robert H. Janowsky Dr. and Mrs. A. Janusz Ms. Marian B. Javits Mr. and Mrs. Philip C. Jessup Jr. Jewish Communal Fund of New York Johnson &: Johnson The Samuel S. Johnson Foundation Mr. John H. Johnston Mr. Robert M. Joyce Mr. and Mrs. Sranton Jue Mr. Arthur Jung Jr. Mr. Andrew Kahane (Andrew Kahane, Ltd.) Mr. and Mrs. Jacob C. Kainen Mr. Subhash Kapoor Mrs. R. H. Karns Mr. and Mrs. Maurice H. Karz Mr. Roland Katz Dr. and Mrs. Clinton W. Kelly III Mr. S. Charles Kemp Mr. R. Crosby Kemper Jr. (Enid & Crosby Kemper Foundation) Mr. and Mrs. Dwight M. Kendall Mr. and Mrs. Charles J. Kennedy Mrs. R. Grice Kennelly Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Keresey Mr. and Mrs. William G. Kerr (The Robert S. & Grayce B. Kerr Foundation, Inc.) Mrs. Virginia W. Kertenng Mr. Bruce A. Kinander Mrs. F. G. Kmgsley Mr. and Mrs. Gilbert Hart Kinney Mr. Lincoln Kirstein Kito, Inc. Dr. Walter Kleindienst Mrs. Margaret R. Knudsen Mr. L. L. Knuth Mr. and Mrs. Samuel W. Koffler Mr. Robert P. Kogod Mr. and Mrs. Steven W. Kohlhagen Ms. Dina K. Krissel Mr. James Krissel and Miss Jessica Fowler The Kristufek Agency Mrs. Tahlman Krumm Mr. Otto Krusc Dr. Richard Kurin Mr. Thomas J. Lamphier Mrs. Edwin H. land Mrs. Emily Fisher Landau Mr. and Mrs. Robert H. Lando Mr. A. R. Landsman (Landsman & Katz Foundation, Inc.) Ms. Marilyn Brody Lane Mr. and Mrs. John Lansdale Mr. Chester H. Lasell Mr. Leonard A. Lauder Mr. Ronald S. Lauder Mr. and Mrs. Mel Lavitt Ms. Roxie C. Laybourne Mr. Samuel Lehrman The Lemberg Foundation Mr. Edward J. Lenkin &: Ms. Katherme L. Meier Mr. and Mrs. Melvin Lenkin Mr. Jacques E. Lennon The Honorable and Mrs. William Leonhart Mr. John H. Leslie Mr. Stephan J. Levine Mr. Marshall Levinson Ms. Phyllis Goldsmith Levinson Mr. and Mrs. Sydney L. Lewis (Sydney 8c Frances Lewis Foundation) The Lindemann Foundation, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Robert V. Lindsay Mr. and Mrs. R. Robert Linowes Mr. and Mrs. Robert E. Linton Mr. Edmund W. Littlefield Longview Foundation for Education in World Affairs and International Understanding Ms. Mary T. Lott Dr. Thomas E. Lovejoy Loving & Weintraub Mrs. Catherine H. Luhn Ms. Evelyn W. Lurie Mr. Carol Lynton (Lynton Foundation) Mr. Dennis H. Lyon Mr. and Mrs. E. Phillip Lyon Mr. Russ Lyon Jr. (Russ Lyon Realty Company) M/B Foundation Mr. Thomas MacCracken James A. Macdonald Foundation Mr. William Mack (William Mack Charitable Trust) Ms. Carol Ann Mackay Dr. Iain Mackay and Cynthia Mackay Mr. and Mrs. Bruce K. MacLaury Mr. and Mrs. A. Bryan MacMillan Mrs. Cecile E. Mactaggart Mrs. Elena A. Macy State Treasurer, Treasury Sabah, Malaysia Mr. and Mrs. James Marinaccio Mr. and Mrs. John F. Marshall Jr. Mr. and Mrs. William Martin Hon. and Mrs. William M. Martin Jr. Raymond E. Mason Foundation Major General and Mrs. Raymond E. Mason Jr. Ms. Johanne Master Masters of Foxhounds Association Dr. Wayne Mathews Nedra Marteucci's Fenn Galleries Mr. Michael L. Maxwell Ms. Beatrice Cummings Mayer Mr. Takeo Mayuyama (Mayuyama & Company Ltd.) Mr. Kevin McAuliffe McDonald's Corporation Mrs. Nan Tucker McEvoy The Honorable and Mrs. George C. McGhee (McGhee Production Company) Dextra Baldwin McGonagle Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Alexander K. McLanahan Mr. and Mrs. John D. McLean Mr. and Mrs. James R. McManus Mr. and Mrs. M. McNulty and Joy G. McNulty Mr. Edwin E. Meader Mr. Paul Mellon Mr. and Mrs. Robert S. Melville Joe Mendelsohn III Fund of the Greater Cincinnati Foundation Menil Foundation. Inc. Mr. Robert B. Menschel (Robert & Joyce Menschel Foundation) Mr. and Mrs. Antony M. Merck Mr. Vincent Mercurio Mr. and Mrs. E. Mercy Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Richard M. Merriman Mr. Jack L. Messman Michelin Aircraft Tire Corporation Mr. Kenneth B. Miller Mrs. Marie B. Miller Mr. and Mrs. Robert Miller (Robert Miller Gallery, Inc.) Ms. Rosetta A. Miller Mr. Samuel C. Miller Mr. Damon F. Mills Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians Mr. and Mrs. Peter R. Monrose Jr. Monsanto MONY James Starr Moore Memorial Foundation Mr. W. T. Moran III Marvin and Elayne Mordes Mr. and Mrs. H.W. Morgan Mr. John W. Morrison Dr. and Mrs. George E. Mueller Mrs. Jean Mulford Ms. Patricia S. Murdock The Museum Company, Inc. Museum Educational Charitable Trust NCR Nabisco Naga Antiques, Ltd. Nashville Zoo Mr. Andrew Nasser National Academy of Sciences National Association of Catering Executives National Capitol Section, AIAA National Council of La Raza National Fisherman Magazine National Prescription Drug Administration, Inc. NationsBank Nestle Beverage Company Mr. Roy R. Neuberger (Roy R. and Marie S. Neuberger Foundation, Inc.) The New York Community Trust New York Marriott Financial Center The New York Vista Ms. Annalee Newman Mr. Bruce M. Newman Conley Lott Nichols Machinery Company Mr. Robert Nichols Mr. and Mrs. Henry Nickel Dr. Beth B. Norden Ms. Katherine Nordsieck Nordstrom Ms. Margaret M. Norton Ms. R. O'Hara Mrs. Kay D. O'Rourke Ocean Trust Oceantrawl Inc. Mr. Harry Oelbaum (Harold & Nancy Oelbaum Foundation) Ogilvy & Mather Mr. and Mrs. Ricard R. Ohrstrom (The Ohrstrom Foundation, Inc.) Mr. Toshihiko Okoshi and Ms. Machiko Oyama Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence B. Olds Mr. and Mrs. David A. Olive Mr. and Mrs. David M. Osnos Ounsman Automotive Enterprises Mr. Mandell J. Ourisman Mr. and Mrs. Michael S. Ovitz (The Ovitz Family Foundation) PPG Industries Foundation PRC, Inc. Pacific Enterprises Mrs. Elizabeth N. Paepcke Mr. Jack S. Parker Mrs. George I. Pattee The Joan Whitney and Charles Shipman Payson Foundation Mr. and Mrs. John W Payson Mrs. Julian Peabody Mr. Stephen E. Peat Ms. Barbara Peck Pepsi-Cola Company Mr. and Mrs. Robert A. Perkins Mrs. Thomas Perkins Mr. William Peskoff Mr. and Mrs. Rudolph A. Peterson Mr. Richard B. Pfeil (The Pfeil Family Foundation) Pfizer Phelps Dodge Foundation Mr. Jim Philips Mr. Howard Phipps Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Frank Piasecki 78 Beverly and Barry Pierce Mr. and Mrs. George S. Pillsbury Lt. Col. Joseph T. and Mrs. Lee Barbaro Pisciorta Mr. and Mrs. John J. Planer Pogo Producing Company Mr. James S. Polshek Polshek Mercalf Tobey and Partners Mr. and Mrs. Charles L. Poor Mr. H. Posner Jr. Postal Customer Councils of California Mr. Alan L. Potter and Louise B. Potter Mr. and Mrs. William Potter Mrs. Helen G. Price Mrs. Thomas Malcolm Price Mr. and Mrs. Thomas J. Pritzker Mrs. Marion Stirling Pugh Dr. and Mrs. Alvin N. Puryear Mr. and Mrs. Allen Questrom RWS Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Jack Rachlin Mr. and Mrs. William Raczko Dr. and Mrs. James L. Rand Dr. and Mrs. David Raphling Mr. and Mrs. Paul Rawn Raytheon Service Company Reader's Digest Ms. Nina Belle Reddirt Mr. and Mrs. Douglas F. Reeves Regional Airline Association Dr. Nathan Reingold Miss Marie K. Remien Ms. Elizabeth G. Reynolds Mrs. Nancy Clark Reynolds (Reynolds Investments) Dr. Wynetka Ann Reynolds Rhodes College Ms. Dora Laurinda Richardson Mr. Daniel M. Ricker Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Bernard Ridder Mr. Jack L. Rivkin Dr. and Mrs. Kenneth X. Robbins Mr. W. R. Robbins Mrs. Juliet C. Roberts Mr. John R. Robinson Mr. and Mrs. John Robson Mrs. Margaret McG. Rockefeller Ms. Karol Kirberger Rodriguez Mr. L. A. Roepcke Mr. Samuel G. Rose Susan and Elihu Rose Foundation Mr. and Mrs. L. Rothschild Dr. James A. Rourke Ms. Marcia Rubenstein Mary A. H. Rumsey Foundation Ms. Celia C. Rumsey Mr. Herbert J. A. Runsdorf Mr. and Mrs. Ronald Ruskin Sabah Parks Ms. Elizabeth A. Sackler and Mr. Fred Berner Dr. Marietta Lutze Sackler David Saity, Inc. Salomon Brothers Dr. Paul P. Salter Mr. James F. Sams San Antonio Museum of Art San Francisco Gem & Mineral Society, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Leveo V. Sanchez Santa Fe Pacific Gold Corporation Sargent Management Company Mr. Robert Sarnoff Saudi Arabian Oil Company (Saudi Aramco) Ms. Charlotte M. Sawyer Mr. and Mrs. Donald P. Scanlon Hon. and Mrs. James H. Scheuer Mr. Roger Schlemmer and Nancy Schlemmer Mr. C. William Schlosser (The Nancy I and C. William Schlosser Family Foundation) Ms. Helen G. Schneider Mr. Anthony H. M. Schnelling Mrs. Jean D. Schrader Mr. Harold A. Schwartz Scott Publishing Company, Inc. Mrs. Frances W. Scott Seafood Business Magazine Joseph E. Seagram 6c Sons, Inc. Sealaska Corporation Mrs. Florence B. Selden Mr. Christopher Selser Mr. Harold A. Serr Mrs. W. Mason Shehan Dr. Spencer E. Sherman Ms. Lynne Sherwood Mrs. Richard E. Sherwood Mr. and Mrs. Jeffrey R. Short Jr. Mr. and Mrs. R. F. Sibert Mrs. Shirley P. Sichel Mrs. John Farr Simmons Mr. and Mrs. Walter A. Simmons Sippican, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Robert Sivard Mr. and Mrs. Robert Skelly Mr. Theodore J. Slavin C.G. Sloan & Company, Inc. Smith Barney Shearson Inc. Mr. Dean B. Smith Dr. Dwight Smith and Ms. Marillyn Suzuki-Day Mr. and Mrs. E. Maynard Smith Mr. Gordon H. Smith (Gordon and Norma Smith Family Foundation) Mr. and Mrs. Greg A. Smith Miss Jean Chandler Smith Laura C. Smith Grantee, Art Trust Ms. Laura Smith Ms. Frances D. Smyth Mr. and Mrs. Frank W. Soderling Mr. and Mrs. Benjamin Sokol Mr. Jacques Soukup and Mr. Kirk Thomas Southwestern Bell Mrs. Frank E. Spain Mr. Maury L. Spanier Mr. Ira Spanierman (Spanierman Gallery) Mrs. V. Spratley Frank and Domna Stanton Foundation Inc. Dr. Frank Stanton Mr. Philip Stanton Mr. and Mrs. Terry Stent Mr. and Mrs. Ellis M. Stephens B. Walter & Geraldine E. Sterenfeld Foundation, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. William C. Sterling Jr. Mr. and Mrs. William C. Storey Mr. Harold Strickland Mr. Jeffrey Sturgess Sugar Foods Corporation Sumitomo Corporation of America Ms. Elizabeth Swetz The Swiss Academy of Social Sciences Synergos Institute Syntex Pharmaceutical International Ltd. TRW Foundation June and John Hechinger, James Smithson Society members, conduct an experiment in the Hands On Science Center of the "Science in American Life" exhibit. J. Richard Taft Organization Dr. and Mrs. Frank H. Talbot Walter Dorwin Teague Associates Berrin Tekiner Mr. and Mrs. John E. Temple Terner Foundation Textron Charitable Trust Thai Farmers Bank Thailand Education and Public Welfare Foundation Dr. F. Christian Thompson The JHW Thompson Foundation Mr. Joseph H. Thompson Mrs. Richard L. Thompson Mr. Stephen Tilton Time-Life Books, Inc. The Times Mirror Company Mr. and Mrs. Donald Tober Ms. Lucie Wray Todd Ms. Marana W Tost Tower Foundation Mr. Ted Trorta and Ms. Anna Bono Mr. and Mrs. Raymond S. Troubh (The Jean L. & Raymond S. Troubh Fund) Ms. Helen Tucker Mr. and Mrs. Melville Tucker Mr. and Mrs. Charles A. Turner III Mr, Richard O. Ullman Mr. Kenneth Uyeda Mr. and Mrs. J. Bernard Vallandingham Col. and Mrs. W G. Van Allen The Vanguard Group, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. George W. Veale IV Mrs. Maria C. Volpe and Mr. Robert P. Volpe Mr. Thomas A. Waldron Dr. Jeremy P. Waletzky (Waletzky Charitable Lead Trust) Walker/Free Associates Mr. and Mrs. John C. Walton Mr. and Mrs. John T. Walton Mr. and Mrs. Allen Wardwell Mr. Jack W. Warner Washington Metropolitan Postal Customer Council Mr. and Mrs. Jeffrey N. Watanabe Wear Me Apparel Corporation Mr. John L. Weinberg Mrs. Marione Weinberg Mr. Richard Werner Ms. Harriet Weintraub Mr. Myles and Ms. Vera V. J. Weintraub Mr. Alex F. Weisberg Jr. Westinghouse Miss Winifred E. Weter Shelby White The Honorable John C. Whitehead (The Whitehead Foundation) Ms. Mary Wibel Ms. Mary Ellen Wiggs Mr. Julius Wile Mr. James E. Wiley Dr. Austin B. Williams Mr. Dave H. Williams (Dave H. & Reba W. Williams Foundation) Mr. Meade Willis Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Robert Willson Eh Wilner cv Company, Inc. Mr. Eli Wilner & Ms. Barbara Brennan The Honorable Edward F. Wilson Dr. Edward T. Wilson Mr. Mark Winter Dr. and Mrs. Carl P. Wisoff Mr. K.R. Wollenberg Woo Lae Oak of Seoul C. N. Wood Co., Inc. Mr. Jahleel D. Woodbridge Woolworth Corporation Mrs. Frank L. Wright Mrs. Richard E. Wright Mrs. Elizabeth Yaggy Yale LIniversiry Mr. B. E. Yester and Mrs. Donna Yester University of York Zoological Society of Philadelphia 79 Smithsonian Corporate Membership Program Since its inception in 1990, the Smithsonian Corporate Membership Program has brought global corporate citizens into partnership with the Smithsonian Institution. The Corporate Members listed below have joined with the Smithsonian to support its vital work in education and research while affirming the importance of exchanging information in an increas- ingly complex world. The Smithsonian gratefully acknowledges the following members of the Corporate Membership Program. Mr. Lester M. Alberthal Jr. Chairman, President, and Chief Executive Officer, EDS 1994 Chair, Smithsonian Corporate Membership Program EZSSESS AFLAC Incorporated American Express Company Anheuser-Busch Companies BellSouth Corporation British Airways Brother International Corporation Capital Cities/ABC, Inc. Cardiology Research Foundation Cellular Telecommunications Industry- Association Chevy Chase Bank CITIBANK, N.A. The Coca-Cola Company The Walt Disney Company DuPont EDS Ford Motor Company General Elecrric Company Hitachi Limited Hunter Engineering Company International Business Machines Corporation Japan Airlines S.C. Johnson & Son, Inc. Kajima Corporation The Kansai Electric Power Company, Inc. Lee Enterprises, Inc. Mars Incorporated Marubeni Corporation McCann-Erickson Worldwide McDermort International, Incorporated MCI Communications Corporation Mohil Corporation Northern Telecom Scripps Howard Simon and Schuster Sony Corporation of America The Southern Company Sprint The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. James Smithson Society The Conttibuting Membership of The Smithsonian Associates, of which the James Smithson Society is the highest giving level, supports the Institution's work through annual contributions. The Smithsonian gratefully acknowledges the generous support of the members of the James Smithson Society and the lifetime commitment of the James Smithson Society Endowed Life Members. The Society, which is the highest level of Contributing Membership, is composed of Annual Members ($z,ooo or more), Life Members (appointed prior to 1985 for the contribution of significant gifts to the Institution), and Endowed Life Members (a one-time gift of $40,000 or a pledge of $45,000). The com- bined contributions of all members support a range of programs and activities central to the Smithsonian's core programs in exhibitions, educa- tion, and research. Funding grants are issued on an annual basis through a competitive selection process. Extraordinary contributions to the Smithsonian are recognized through the Society's Foundet Medal award, indicated by asterisks in the list. Ruth Boyer Compton Dean S. Edmonds III and Lynn Ann Edmonds Dan and Alice Gilbert Lt. Col. William K. and Mrs. Alice S. Konze Col. Bilhe G. Matheson, USAF Ret. Gilbert and Jaylee Mead Anton H. Rosenthal and Ruth E. Canister Catherine F. Scon and Kenneth J. Scott Shelby Shapiro Dr. J. Scott Abercrombie Jr. Mr. W. Mike Adams Mrs. Robert Amory Jr. Mr. and Mrs. William G. Anderson Mr. Leonard E. B. Andrews Mrs. Jack R. Aron Mrs. Vivian Arpad Mrs. Russell M. Arundel Mrs. Mary M. Ashmore The Axlerod Memorial Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Fred C. Ballman Mr. Jack R. Barensfeld Ms. Janine F. Barre Mr. and Mrs. John Bartlett Rhoda and Jordan Baruch Mrs. Anna S. Beckman Mr. and Mrs. Michael B. Beeman Mr. and Mrs. James M. Beggs Miss Eliza H. Bishop Mr. John L. Black Mr. William Blackie Mr. and Mrs. Douglas L. Blair The Hon. and Mrs. Warren E. Blair The Hon. and Mrs. Robert O. Blake Mr. and Mrs. William W. Boeschenstein Mrs. Richard W. Boiling Mrs. Howard M. Booth Mr. Roland S. Boreham Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Walter Borten Mr. and Mrs. Bennert Boskey Dr. and Mrs. Harold M. Boslow Ms. Margaret L. Bourgerie Col. Donald S. Bowman Ms. Rebecca A. Bowman Mr. and Mrs. Srephen F. Brauer Mr. Alfred Pope Brooks Mrs. Keith S. Brown Mr. Warren J. Brule Mr. and Mrs. George R. Bunch George and Clare Burch Karen and Edward Burka Dr. and Mrs. Edwin W. Burnes Dr. J. A. Burwell Mrs. Murray W. Cabell and Mrs. Christine Cabell Dr. Cesar A. Caceres Mr. and Mrs. John Otis Carney Mrs. Winifred T. Carter Mr. and Mrs. John B. Carter Jr. David and Joan Challinor Mr. and Mrs. James H. Clement Mr. James R. Cochran Dr. and Mrs. David Cofrin Melvin and Ryna Cohen Mr. and Mrs. David Cole The Hon. and Mrs. William T. Coleman Mr. and Mrs. David F. Condon III Ms. Marjorie D. Conroy Mr. and Mrs. Charles W Consolvo Mr. Mark N. Cookingham and Ms. Nancy J. Robertson Ms. Florence Corder-Witter Mrs. Carole D. Crocker Mr. John D. Crow Mrs. Gretchen Crow The Crown Family Dr. and Mrs. James H. Curl Dr. and Mrs. T. G. Daughtndge Charles A. and Gwendolyn P. Davis Mr. and Mrs. F. Elwood Davis Mrs. Anna M. Day Mr. and Mrs. Samuel Dazzo Sr. Dr. and Mrs. Philip C. Deaton Mr. and Mrs. Joseph N. Deblinger Mr. Geert M. Deprest and Ms. Laura Travis-Deprest Mr. Lowell DeYoung Mr. and Mrs. Charles J. DiBona Mr. Douglas Dillon Mr. S. J. Dimeglio Ms. Marna Disbrow Mr. and Mrs. Ralph Dixon Mr. and Mrs. Wesley M. Dixon Mr. and Mrs. Alfred C. Dobbs Jr. Mr. and Mrs. N.L. Doligalski Mrs. Gaylord Donnelley Ms. Diane M. Dudley Mr. and Mrs. Roberr W Duemhng The Eberly Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Robert K. Edson Miss Babs Eisman Mr. and Mrs. James A. Elkins Jr. Mrs. Russell C. Ellis Mr. and Mrs. Takashi Endo Col. Charles O. Eshelman Mrs. Eric Eweson Lt. Colonel Pamela C. Eyre Dr. and Mrs. James J. Ferguson Jr. The Hon. and Mrs. William H. FitzGerald Mr. Gordon J. Flesch Ms. Ellen L. Fogle Mr. Owsley Brown Frazier Virginia Friend Mrs. Vernon W. Furrow Mr. and Mrs. Ernest Gallo Mr. and Mrs. Arthur W Gardner Mr. and Mrs. Michael C. Gelman (The Morningstar Foundation) Dr. and Mrs. William H. Gerber Ms. Louise Dodd Gerken Mr. and Mrs. Bert A. Getz Mr. and Mrs. John T. Gibson Mrs. Elizabeth W. Glascock Carol R. and Avram J. Goldberg Mrs. Ted R. Goldsmith Mr. Albert H. Gordon Mr. and Mrs. George C. Graham Mrs. Mary Graham and Ms. Molly Graham Mr. and Mrs. John B. Greene Ms. Marion E. Greene Mrs. Ann Y. Grim Mrs. Alton B. Grimes Mr. and Mrs. Calvin Gross Sheila and Parrick Gross The Hon. and Mrs. Naieeb Halaby Mr. and Mrs. Gordon Hanes Mrs. Freddie Harby Mrs. James H. Harger Ms. Helen Leale Harper Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Max Hartl Dr. and Mrs. Herbert A. Hartman Jr. Mr. Joseph H. Hazen The Hon. and Mrs. John W. Hechinger Mr. and Mrs. David R. Heebner Robert and Phyllis Henigson Mr. and Mrs. Robert M. Henry Mr. and Mrs. Stephen O. Hessler Mrs. Gloria Hidalgo Mr. James T. Hines Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Wallace F. Holladay Mr. and Mrs. Stephen A. Hopkins Mr. and Mrs. Roger Horchow Mrs. Ruth Housek Mrs. Perer D. Humleker Jr. Mr. R. Bruce Hunter 80 Mr. John Ippolito and Ms. Diane M. Laird-Ippolito Mr. Ben F. Jackson Dr. Jay A. Jackson David and Pat Jernigan Mr. and Mrs. Samuel C. Johnson Mrs. Roy Johnson Mr. and Mrs. Stanley B. Jones Mr. J. Erik Jonsson Mr. and Mrs. Richard Kaufman Mr. and Mrs. Jack Kay Dr. and Mrs. Clinton W. Kelly III Mrs. Virginia W. Kettering The Hon. Randolph A. Kidder Dr. William M. King Mr. and Mrs. Norman Kinsey Ms. Rebecca Klemm The Hon. and Mrs. Philip M. Klutznick Mr. and Mrs. Ronald J. Knecht Mr. and Mrs. William T. Knight III Ms. Barbara Korp-Daly Ms. Elizabeth G. Kossow Mr. and Mrs. Robert E. Krueger Mr. John E. Kuenzl Mrs. James S. Lacock Judge and Mrs. Marion Ladwig Edward and Beverly Lammerding Mr. and Mrs. James K. Leach Mr. Melvin F. Lee Jacob and Charlotte Lehrman Foundation The Hon. and Mrs. William Leonhart Mr. John H. Leslie Mrs. Millard Lewis Mrs. Jean Chisholm Lindsey Mr. and Mrs. Charles E. Long Ms. Doris J. Lothrop Mr. and Mrs. Jack Ludwick Mr. and Mrs. Fred R. Lummis Mr. and Mrs. Edmund C. Lynch Jr. Mr. and Mrs. A. Bryan MacMillan Mr. and Mrs. James Mackinnon Mr. and Mrs. Forrest E. Mars Jr. Mr. and Mrs. John F. Mars Virginia C. Mars Ms. Mary Martell and Mr. Paul Johnson Mr. Frederick P. Mascioli Maj. Gen. and Mrs. Raymond E. Mason Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Edward J. Mathias Mrs. J. Tate McBroom Mr. Brooks McCormick The Hon. James W. McCutcheon The Hon. and Mrs. Robert M. McKinney Ms. Merrill McLoughhn Mrs. Henry S. McNeil Mr. Paul Mellon Shelley Kay Melrod Mr. and Mrs. Richard M. Merriman Mr. and Mrs. Arjay Miller Dr. W Raymond Mize Jr. Mr. and Mrs. James Robert Montgomery Dr. Robert H. Moore Mr. and Mrs. Michael A. Moran Ellen H. and H. Duane Nelson The Hon. Paul H. Nitze Dr. and Mrs. Sranton P. Nolan Mr. and Mrs. William M. North Mr. and Mrs. James D. Oglevee Mr. and Mrs. Ricard R. Ohrstrom Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence B. Olds Mr. George M. Page Mrs. Mary J. Papworth Mrs. Daniel Parker Mr. and Mrs. Jack S. Parker Mrs. Jefferson Patterson Mr. and Mrs. C. Wesley Peebles Mr. J. Roy Pennell Jr. John L. and Carolyn J. Peterson Mr. Dave Pfuetze Mrs. Charles Emory Phillips Mr. and Mrs. J. Michael Pierce Mr. and Mrs. Charles M. Pigort Sally and George Pillsbury (The Minneapolis Foundation) Mr. and Mrs. Guy H. Pitts Mrs. Jane P. Plakias Mr. and Mrs. Zigmund J. Podell Mr. and Mrs. Leon B. Polsky Mr. and Mrs. Charles L. Poor The Rev. and Mrs. Charles Philip Price Dr. Kazuko K. Price Mr. and Mrs. John A. Radway Jr. Mr. Elmer Rasmuson Mr. and Mrs. Michael F. Reagan Mr. and Mrs. Philip D. Reed Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Edward Hart Rice Mr. and Mrs. Joseph A. Rice Mrs. Carlyn Ring Mrs. Dorothy Hyman Roberts Mr. and Mrs. John W. Roberts The Hon. and Mrs. John D. Rockefeller IV Mr. and Mrs. Robert Rosenthal Ms. Marya Rowan Mrs. Lois B. Rowland Mr. and Mrs. Marcos Russek Mr. and Mrs. William R. Salomon Mr. and Mrs. Albert Sbar Mr. and Mrs. Douglas R. Scheumann Mr. and Mrs. Edwin Schreiber Mr. Harold A. Schwartz Mrs. Clayton B. Seagears Mr. and Mrs. S. Norman Seastedt Mr. Harold Seybert Mr. Shelby Shapiro Mr. and Mrs. Paul M. Shatz Mr. J. H. Sheffield and Mrs. Virginia K. Sheffield Mr. and Mrs. Allen E. Shore Mr. and Mrs. Clyde E. Shorey Jr. Mrs. Shirley P. Sichel Mrs. Kathryne C. Simons Mr. George J. Sisley Mrs. Wilson Sked Mrs. David E. Skinner Dr. and Mrs. Harvey C. Slocum Jr. Dr. Frank O. Smith Mr. and Mrs. Page W. Smith Mr. and Mrs. Michael R. Sonnenreich Mr. and Mrs. Edson W. Spencer Mr. and Mrs. Ellis M. Stephens Mr. and Mrs. Joseph T. J. Stewart Mr. and Mrs. Franz T. Stone The Hon. Robert D. Stuart Dr. and Mrs. William A. Sullivan Ms. Patricia S. Swaney Dr. Russell Swanson and Dr. Mane Swanson Mr. R. Tevelde Joan E. Thomas, M.D. Mr. Martin A. Thomas Mrs. Margot K. Thomson Frances and Guy Tortora Helen Bnce Trenckmann The Truland Foundation Mr. Walter L. Vail Col. and Mrs. W. G. Van Allen Mr. and Mrs. Ladislaus Von Hoffmann Col. Harold W. Vorhies Mr. and Mrs. Robert Waidner The Raymond John Wean Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Ben White The Hon. John C. Whitehead Mr. and Mrs. Laurence F. Whirtemore Mr. Julius Wile Mrs. W. Armin Willig Ms. Pauline E. Williman Dr. and Mrs. Ralph Wilson Jr. Mr. John W. Winn Dr. Sheila Z. Wood and Mr. James L. Annis Mrs. Jane Ludwig Worley Mrs. Frank L. Wright Mrs. Charlotte S. Wyman Mr. and Mrs. Bernard J. Young Mrs. Robert Zicarelli Mr. and Mrs. Sidney S. Zlotnick Ms. Anni Albers Mr. Joseph V. Alhadeff Mr. and Mrs. Joe L. Allbritton Mr. David K. Anderson* Mr. and Mrs. William S. Anderson* Mr. Ronald P. Anselmo Mr. Scott R. Anselmo Dt. Herbert R. Axelrod* Mr. and Mrs. Richard R. Bains Mr. and Mrs. F. John Barlow Mrs. Frederic C. Bartlett Mrs. Donald C. Beatty Mrs. Henry C. Beck Jr. Mrs. Ralph E. Becker Mrs. Clay P. Bedford Mrs. Edward B. Benjamin Mrs. John A. Benton Dt. and Mrs. William B. Berry Dr. and Mrs. B. N. Bhat Mr. Richard A. Bideaux Mr. and Mrs. Edwin W. Bitter* Mr. and Mrs. Robert Blauner Mr. and Mrs. William B. Boyd Mr. Lee Bronson Mrs. David K. E. Bruce Doctors Ruth and Bertel Bruun Mrs. George E. Burch Mrs. Arthur J. Butstein Mrs. Hyman Burstein Mr. and Mrs. Ma>^vell Burstein Mrs. Barnet Burstein-Morris Dr. and Mrs. Benjamin H. Caldwell Jr. Maj. Gen. and Mrs. Daniel S. Campbell Mrs. Catherine B. Cantrell Mr. and Mrs. Lawson J. Cantrell Jr. Mr. Allan Caplan Mrs. George H. Capps Dr. and Mrs. Robert C. C. Chiu Rev. and Mrs. Thomas G. Cleveland Mr. Robert L. Coleman Dr. and Mrs. George L. Compton Dr. and Mrs. Roger D. Cornell Dr. and Mrs. E. J. Cunningham Dr. and Mrs. Bruce E. Dahrling II Mrs. Peter N. Delanoy Mr. Sam Devincent* Mrs. Gaylord Donnelley* Mr. John R. Doss Mr. and Mrs. Willard D. Dover Mr. Edward R. Downe Jr. Dr. Dale B. Dubin* Mr. and Mrs. Willis H. Dupont Mr. Mercer Ellington* Mr. Joseph M. Erdelac Mr. and Mrs. Thomas M. Evans* Dr. and Mrs. Dan Fenozi Mrs. Walter B. Ford II Patricia and Phillip Frost* Mrs. Edwin Fullinwider Dr. and Mrs. Lawrence Andrew Funt Dr. and Mrs. Lamont W. Gaston Mr. Kirkland H. Gibson Mr. and Mrs. C. Paul Gilson Mr. and Mrs. Stephen P. Gott Dr. and Mrs. Wilbur J. Gould Mrs. Dons Stack Greene Mr. and Mrs. Jerome L. Greene Mrs. Chaim Gross Mr. and Mrs. Melville Hall Mr. and Mrs. Don C. Harrold Mrs. Enid A. Haupt* Mrs. Lita Annenberg Hazen* Mr. and Mrs. Wayne C. Hazen Mr. Herbert Waide Hemphill Jr.* Mrs. E. W. Henderson and Ms. Jessica Smith Mr. Edward L. Henning Mrs. Joseph Hirshhorn* Professor Ikuo Hirayama* Janet Annenberg Hooker* Mr. Paul Horgan Dr. and Mrs. Howard Ihrig Mr. and Mrs. George H. Jacobus Mr. and Mrs. Jacob Kainen Mr. and Mrs. Donald E. Kastner Mr. and Mrs. Louis Kaufman Dr. and Mrs. Arthur A. Kirk Mr. and Mrs. Peter M. Klein Mr. and Mrs. Samuel W. Koffler Mrs. Lewis Kurt Land Mrs. David Landau Dr. Maury P. Leibovitz Mr. and Mrs. L. E. Leininger Mr. and Mrs. Harry E. Lennon Mrs. Sara L. Lepman Mr. Joshua M. Lepman Mr. and Mrs. John Levey Mr. and Mrs. Robert Levey Mr. and Mrs. Sydney Lewis Ms. Betty H. Llewellyn Mrs. John A. Logan Mr. and Mrs. Jack Lord Mrs. Louis Lozowick Mrs. Robert A. Magowan Dr. and Mrs. Leo J. Malone Mr. and Mrs. Richard A. Manoogian Mr. John A. Masek Mrs. Vincent Melzac* Mr. Jack L. Messman Mrs. Sandy Levey Miller Mr. W. A. Moldermaker Mrs. Edmund C. Monell Dr. and Mrs. Walter A. H. Mosmann Mr. and Mrs. Joe H. Mullins Dr. and Mrs. Marvin Murray- Mr. Mortimer L. Neinken Mrs. Melanie Newbill Mrs. Henry K. Ostrow The Hon. and Mrs. G. Burton Pearson Mr. and Mrs. Wallace R. Persons Mr. and Mrs. Edward M. Pflueger Mrs. John H. Phipps* Mrs. Annemarie Pope Mrs. Abraham Rattner Mrs. Ralph C. Rinzler Mr. Thomas M. Roberts 81 The Hon. Martin J. Roess Dr. and Mrs. Richard G. Rogers Jr. Mr. Arthur Ross Mr. and Mrs. Peter G. Sachs Mrs. Arthur M. Sackler* Mr. Harry I. Saul Mrs. Janos Scholz The Hon. Hugh Scott Mr. and Mrs. Morton Silverman Mr. and Mrs. Edward J. Slartery Mrs. Helen Farr Sloan Mr. and Mrs. Robert H. Smith Mr. and Mrs. Sherwood Smith Mrs. Raphael Soyer* Mrs. Otto Spaeth Mr. and Mrs. Earl J. Spangler Mr. Stuart M. Speiser* Mr. and Mrs. Harvey G. Stack Mr. and Mrs. Norman Stack Dr. Richard F. S. Starr Mr. and Mrs. Norman H. Stavisky Dr. and Mrs. Leo E Stornelli Mr. and Mrs. E. Hadley Stuart Jr. Mrs. Hans Syz Mrs. Katherine S. Sznycer Doctors Yen and Julia Tan Mr. and Mrs. Vernon L. Taylor Jr. Dr. and Mrs. David J. Tepper Mr. Richard W. Thomssen Mr. Bardyl R. Tirana Mr. Earl S. Tupper* Lillian Scheftres Turner* Dr. and Mrs. Adolfo Villalon Mr. and Mrs. Robert Vojvoda Dr. and Mrs. Francis S. Walker Mr. and Mrs. C. C. Wang Mr. Thomas E. Whiteley Mr. Leonard John Wilkinson* Mr. and Mrs. Thomas J. Williams Mr. Archibald M. Withers Mrs. David O. Woodbury Mr. and Mrs. James Wu Mr. and Mrs. Barry Yampol instances, may direct the gift to a specific area of interest to the honoree. The following were so honored by their families and friends. Bequests It is with special appreciation that we remember and acknowledge those friends who made gifts by will and thus continue the legacy of James Smithson, our founder. Unrestricted gifts become part of the Bequest Endowment Fund. The principal of this fund is maintained in perpetuity, while the income sup- ports acquisitions, exhibitions, scholarly studies, educational outreach, and other functions of the Smithsonian. Some gifts are designated for a special purpose by the donors. Gifts by bequest can be structured to meet the donors' needs and goals. The following persons remembered the Smithsonian with gifts by will. Arthur R. Armstrong Esther Hoffman Beller Luisita L. and Franz H. Denghau Florence B. Dowdy Beatrice T. Ganz Geneva Goldbach William C. Herbert Helen katchmar Audrey K. Kmgdon Esther A. Manion Elinor Merrell Roy Rogers Phillips Trigger V. Phillips John S. Pietras Mary McCarthy Roberts George J. Sisley Memorial and Commemorative Gifts Memorial and commemorative gifts to the Smithsonian honor loved ones, friends, and colleagues. These gifts not only express special appre- ciation for the individual being honored, but also help support, in a very direct way, the mission of the Institution. Donors may choose to apply the gift to the broadest work of the Smithsonian, or, in certain Robert McC. Adams James Block Lone Chan Edward C. Ezell Dave Faulkner Lois Marie Fink Carolyn McKerrow Glass Agnes Gund Gloria Haas Jana Harcharek Joe (Richard) Houbnck Gertrude Howalt Mike llyin Katharine Kuh Richard Louie Marvin Mordes David Pickelner Eleanor Houghton Anderson Ray Ida Hornstein Reingold S. Dillon Ripley Rosebud Yellow Robe Minna Rosenblatt Sunil Roy Carl L. Selden Alan P. Smith Mary (Kit) Soderling Stephen Thurston Alexander Wetmore Donors of In-Kind and Volunteer Support In addition to the financial support of individuals, foundations, and cor- porations, the Smithsonian Institution acknowledges donors of in-kind gifts. Ranging from equipment for office or program use to pro bono professional consulting services, such in-kind gifts contribute greatly to the success of research and educational programs as well as to efficient administration of the Institution. Amos Press Inc. Apple Computer, Inc. Barnstead/Thermolyne Corp. Cabletron Systems, Inc. Carlyle Suites Hotel Christmas Tree Growers Assn. Mr. & Mrs. William Eberhart Fisher Furniture Division Fusion Lighting, Inc. General Analysis Corporation General Electric Aircraft Engines B. F. Goodrich Aerospace The Government of the Commonwealth of The Bahamas Hach Company Hewlett-Packard Co. Holiday Inn Capitol Inter-American Foundation Intergraph Corporation International Business Machines Corporation L'Academie de Cuisine La Prensa Carrie and Robert Lehrman Lockheed Corporation Macromedia, Inc. Mitsubishi Electronics America, Inc. Netframe Systems, Inc. Oracle Corporation Pioneer Electronics Pitney Bowes Inc. Polaroid Corporation PPG Industries, Inc. The Recording Industries Music Performance Trust Funds RGB Spectrum, Inc. The Sign of the Dove Thailand Office of the National Cultural Commission Toy op an Tesa Turner Broadcasting System Inc. US Industrial Tool and Supply Co. Westvaco Corporation White House Historical Association Willow Springs Tree Farm Donors of volunteer service further enable the Smithsonian to accomplish a vari- ety of programs and to offer expanded services to the public. The names of our docents and behind-the-scenes volunteers are listed annually in the Torch (the employee newspaper). In fiscal year 1994, 5,156 volunteers gave 574,816 hours of their time. These invaluable volunteers bring expertise, experience, and enthusiasm to their work here, and we express to them collectively our great appreciation for their dedication to the Smithsonian Institution. FINANCIAL REPORT Introduction NANCY D. SUTTENFIELD, CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER The Smithsonian Institution receives funding from both federal appropriations and nonappropriated trust sources. Nonappro- priated trust funds include all funds received from sources other than direct federal appropriations. These sources include gifts and grants from individuals, corporations, and foundations; grants and contracts from federal agencies and other govern- ment sources; earnings from short- and long-term investments; and receipts from membership programs and sales activities, such as Smithsonian magazine, museum shops, mail order cata- logues, and food service concessions. Federal appropriations provide funding for the Institution's core functions: caring for and conserving the national collec- tions, sustaining basic research on the collections and in selected areas of traditional and unique strength, and educating the public about the collections and research findings through exhi- bitions and other public programs. Federal appropriations also fund a majority of the activities associated with maintaining and securing the facilities and with various administrative and support services. Smithsonian trust funds allow the Institution to undertake new ventures and enrich existing programs in ways that would not otherwise be possible. They provide the critical margin of funding for innovative research, building and strengthening the national collections, constructing effective and up-to-date exhibi- tions, and reaching out to new and under-represented audiences. In recent years, the Smithsonian has also begun to rely on trust funds for a portion of the funding for major new construction projects. The following sections describe the external environmental factors affecting the Institution's general financial condition, Children enjoy meeting a tortoise at an event sponsored by the Friends of the National Zoo, one of many public-private partnerships that enrich the content and extend the outreach of the Institution s public programs. 83 the Institution's financial status and its planned response to changing conditions; financial results for fiscal year 1994; and measures, both organizational and financial, being taken to en- sure the future fiscal health of the Institution. Financial Situation and Prospects The Smithsonian approaches its 150th anniversary in 1996 in an austere financial climate. Income from the business activities, which have been confronted with decreased sales and rising pro- duction costs, is declining. Federal increases, while generous, have been directed primarily to specific programs or projects, such as the National Museum of the American Indian, and have not been available for other general operating expenses. The amount of federal funds for general operations has been further diminished by executive orders requiring reductions in the fed- eral workforce and administrative costs. To conform with Presi- dent Clinton's executive order requiring the entire federal gov- ernment to reduce its workforce by the end of fiscal year 1995, the Institution offered its staff, both federal and trust, a volun- tary separation incentive plan. By the middle of fiscal year 1995, federal positions will have been reduced by 206, and trust fund positions by 23. These 23 positions are in addition to 40 trust positions previously eliminated as a part of the fiscal year 1993 restructuring process. Federal savings, which will accrue in future years, will be withdrawn from the Institution's budget. Despite the rather significant changes in the external environ- ment that have impacted upon the financial condition of all pri- vate, public, and nonprofit organizations over the last several years, the Smithsonian's balance sheet remains stable and strong. The strength of the balance sheet and the high level of liquidity are solid evidence that recent actions to restructure financially have been effective. Efforts begun in fiscal year 1993 to contain costs and identify new revenue-producing opportunities and fund-raising strategies are continuing. All Institutional business activities are exploring ways to improve productivity of staff, space, and inventory. Two major reorganizations to reduce redundancies in operations were accomplished this year. These include the combining of two retail operations — the Museum Shops and the Mail Order Division — and of two membership operations — the National Associates and the Resident Associates. Other strategic changes in the business activities include new restaurant concepts, fea- turing the installation of up-to-date formats within existing space; a focus on specialty museum shops; and a test of off-Mall retailing. One of the goals of the Institution's restructuring plan is to seek expanded levels of support from individual donors. With information gathered over the past year from a series of focus groups, a study of the economic impact of the Smithsonian on the metropolitan Washington area, and a national telephone survey of prospective contributors, the Institution has more in- formation related to its private sector fund-raising potential than at any time in its history. This information will provide a sound basis for choosing the course of the future of fund-raising at the Institution. In addition to its effort to restore financial equilibrium in the funding for its operating programs, the Institution must respond to another need of compelling urgency — the deterioration and obsolescence of its facilities, conditions which, if unaddressed, place the collections and ongoing activities and public accessi- bility at risk. Smithsonian facilities total more than 5.5 million square feet of space and range in age from new to more than 140 years old. Funding for maintenance, repair and renovation has not kept pace with the deterioration of the buildings, result- ing in an unacceptable accumulation of deficiencies. The situa- tion has been exacerbated by new legislative requirements for life safety standards (such as removal of lead paint and chlo- roflorocarbons), heightened public awareness of environmental hazards, and the inflationary effect of delaying needed work. The Institution seeks to achieve a balance between correcting the unacceptable condition of its older buildings and maintaining the current condition of its newer facilities through systematic renewal and repair. An annual investment of $40 million would enable the Institution to arrest the rate of decline in the four old- est buildings with the greatest need — the Natural History, Arts and Industries, Smithsonian Castle and American Art and Por- trait Gallery buildings. At least $50 million annually is required both to meet the full need for systematic facilities renewal and to offset normal wear and tear in the newer buildings. While the future is always uncertain, the Smithsonian is determined it will not be without choices. With the arrival of I. Michael Heyman as the new Secretary and the work of the Commission on the Future to help shape a vision of the Smith- sonian in the 21st century, the Institution is well positioned to advance its mission in the years to come. Fiscal Year 1994 Results Revenues received by the Institution in fiscal year 1994 from all sources totalled $678.5 million. Federal appropriations ac- counted for $343.8 million, and nonappropriated trust funds provided an additional $334.7 million. When adjusted to elimi- nate auxiliary activity expenses of $183.1 million, net revenues for operations, construction and endowment principal totalled $495.4 million, reflecting virtually no change from fiscal year 1993. The table on p. 85 reflects revenues by source and broad purpose of use. Operations (Tables 1 and 2) Federal appropriations of $304 million provided the core fund- ing for ongoing programs of the Institution. An increase of $7.1 million above fiscal year 1993 appropriations provided addi- tional support for operational requirements of the George Gustav Heye Center of the National Museum of the American Indian; inflationary increases in rent, utilities, salary and benefits 221.9 38.8 9 45.7 45.7 11 34.7 34.7 8 606.3 423.2 100 39.8 39.8 11.7 11.7 51.5 51.5 20.7 20.7 678.5 495.4 Fiscal Year 1994 Sources of Gross/Net Revenues Gross Net Percent Net Revenues Revenues Operating (Smillions) (Smillions) Revenues (%; OPERATIONS Federal Appropriations Nonappropriated Trust Funds Unrestricted Restricted Gov't Grants and Contracts General Restricted Total Sources for Operations CONSTRUCTION Federal Appropriations Nonappropriated Trust Funds Total Sources lor Construction ENDOWMENT AND SIMILAR FUNDS Total Revenues from All Sources costs; and asbestos decontamination of collections which became contaminated when a tornado damaged several storage buildings in Suitland, Maryland. A small drop in net unrestricted trust fund income was more than offset by reduced expenditures and transfers, allowing the Smithsonian to end the year with an increase of approximately $0.8 million in the unrestricted trust fund balance. Restricted income from investments, gifts, and non-govern- ment grants and contracts totalled $34.7 million. As a conse- quence of the Institution's intensified effort to expand its public- private partnerships and its focus on new fund-raising strategies, restricted gift and non-government grant and contract income increased by 38 percent over the previous year. These funds sup- ported a wide range of educational and exhibition programs throughout the Institution. Major funding received in fiscal year 1994 helped to fund the operating budget of the National Postal Museum, ecological research at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, the Science in American Life exhibit at the National Museum of American History, and a joint initiative of the Traveling Exhibition Service and the National Museum of American History aimed at bringing jazz to public audiences across the nation. The Smithsonian is especially grateful to its many friends in the private sector whose generosity contributed vitally to its work. Donors are listed in the Benefactors section of this publication. In fiscal year 1994, the Institution received $45.7 million in contracts and grants from government agencies, an increase of $1.9 million over fiscal year 1993. Support from government agencies constitutes an important source of research monies for the Institution while also benefiting the granting agencies by pro- viding access to Smithsonian expertise and resources. As in prior years, the majority of these funds were provided by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration for research programs at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. Endowment (Tables 3, 4, and S) The Institution pools its endowment funds for investment purposes into a consolidated portfolio, with each endowment purchasing shares in a manner similar to shares purchased by an investor in a mutual fund. The Investment Policy Committee of the Smithsonian's Board of Regents establishes investment policy and recommends the annual payout for the consolidated endowment. The Smith- sonian's policies for managing the endowment are designed to achieve two objectives: 1) to provide a stable, growing stream of payouts for current expenditures and 2) to protect the value of the endowment against inflation and maintain its purchasing power. Current policy calls for an average payout of 4.5 percent of the average market value over the prior 5 years. With this payout policy, to achieve the endowment's objectives, the invest- ment policy targets a real rate of return of 5 percent. During the year, the Institution conducted an in-depth study of the long-term asset allocation policy of the endowment to determine if it would allow the endowment to achieve its rate of return objectives. The study recommended an increase in the allocation to equities to increase the long-term return and in- creased diversification into international assets to control overall risk. The Investment Policy Committee accepted this recommen- dation and it will be implemented in fiscal year 1995. In 1994, free elections in South Africa signalled the end of apartheid. Based on the recommendation of the Investment Policy Committee, the Board of Regents lifted its restriction on investment in companies operating in South Africa. Following four years of significant growth, as depicted in the chart below, the market value of the endowment decreased from $387.6 million to $379 million during fiscal year 1994. Of the $379 million, $166.8 million, or 44 percent, was unrestricted and the balance of $212.2 million was restricted. New gifts and internal transfers totalled $7.1 million while the payout was $14.2 million and fees were $1.3 million. The total return on the consolidated portfolio was -0.04 percent. This low return was due to poor performance of the stock and bond markets caused by rising interest rates during the year. At year end, the Institu- tion's portfolio was invested 58 percent in equities, 39 percent in bonds and 3 percent in cash equivalents. Market Value of Endowment and Similar Funds ($ millions) IZZ1 Restricted, Freer E3 Restricted, Other HH Unrestricted $314 $300 -I *255 $500 $400 200 Noteworthy gifts were received for the Enid A. Haupt Garden endowment, the Earl S. Tupper endowment for the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, the Holenia Trust II endowment for the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, and the Luisita L. and Franz H. Denghausen endowment for American art. Construction and Plant funds (Table 6) In fiscal year 1994, the Smithsonian received federal appropria- tions for construction totalling $39.8 million. More than half, $24 million, was for general repair, restoration, and code com- pliance projects throughout the Institution. Although a substan- tial sum, it is less than half the estimated $50 million per year required to keep up with the deterioration in the physical plant described earlier in this report. Appropriations earmarked for new construction, alterations, and modifications totalled $10.4 million, of which $6.2 million was to continue development of a collections study, reference and support facility in Suitland, Maryland, for the National Museum of the American Indian. An appropriation of $5.4 million was received for renovations, re- pairs and master plan projects at the National Zoological Park, including in fiscal year 1994, construction of Aquatic Trail and African Grasslands exhibits. Additions and transfers to nonappropriated trust construc- tion funds, termed plant funds, totalled $12.7 million. Ap- proximately $1 1 million was for constructing facilities for the National Museum of the American Indian. Financial Management The Institution completed the first phase cf replacing its central accounting system with the successful implementation of a pur- chasing and payables module. Dramatic improvements in the ability to ensure timely payments to vendors and to take advan- tage of prompt payment discounts have resulted. Work is pro- ceeding now on Phase II which involves the replacement of the Institution's general ledger, financial reporting, and management information system. Other financial management improvement initiatives under- taken in 1994 include: ♦ A comprehensive study assessing the effectiveness of the cur- rent Institutional management controls program resulted in the formation of an oversight council and the implementation of a new process which will substantially enhance internal controls. ♦ As part of the annual call for plans and budgets, organiza- tions have developed strategic plans and planning processes that are guiding them in more careful allocation of their scarce resources. ♦ The use of performance measurements has become an inte- gral part of Finance and Administration operations, and their use is expanding across the Institution. ♦ Implementation of a single vendor concept for the purchase of office supplies has resulted in decreased reliance on petty cash, lower item pricing, and an efficient purchasing and payment system. ♦ Seven key information resources management (IRM) initia- tives were identified through the work of the IRM Vision Pro- ject, an Institution-wide, participative review and planning process. The IRM Vision Project provided a blueprint for the long-range direction of information technology and short-term goals to set a course for the future. Audit Activities The Institution's financial statements are audited annually by KPMG Peat Marwick, an independent public accounting firm. The audit plan includes an in-depth review of the Institution's internal control structure. KPMG Peat Marwick's Independent Auditors' Report for fiscal year 1994 and the accompanying financial statements are presented on the following pages. The Smithsonian's internal audit staff, part of the Office of Inspector General, assists the external auditors and regularly audits the Institution's various programs, activities, and internal control systems. The Audit and Review Committee of the Board of Regents provides an additional level of financial oversight and review. In accordance with the government requirement for the use of coordinated audit teams, the Defense Contract Audit Agency, the Smithsonian Office of Inspector General, and KPMG Peat Marwick coordinate the audit of grants and contracts received from federal agencies. 86 Table 1. Source and Application of Operating Funds for the Year Ended September 30, 1994 (in $000s) Nonappropriated Trust Funds Total Unrestricted Restricted Total Non- Appropriated Trust Funds Federal Funds and Federal Funds Government Grants and General Contracts Nonappropriated Trust Funds FY 1994 FY 1993 FUND BALANCES - Beginning of Year (see Note 1) FUNDS PROVIDED: Federal Appropriations (see Note 2) . Investment Income Government Grants and Contracts . . Gifts & Non-Government Grants Sales and Membership Revenue . . . . Other TOTAL FUNDS PROVIDED TOTAL FUNDS AVAILABLE FUNDS APPLIED: Sciences: Assistant Secretary Office of Fellowships and Grants . . . Astrophysical Observatory Less Overhead Recovery Tropical Research Institute Environmental Research Center . . . . National Zoological Park Smithsonian Archives Smithsonian Libraries International Environmental Science Program Major Scientific Instrumentation National Museum of Natural History Conservation Analytical Laboratory . Museum Support Center Total Sciences Arts and Humanities: Assistant Secretary Office of Museum Programs National Air and Space Museum . . . National Museum of American History National Postal Museum National Museum of the American Indian National Museum of American Art . National Portrait Gallery Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden Freer Gallery of Art Arthur M. Saclder Gallery Archives of American Art Cooper-Hewirt, National Design Museum National Museum of African Art Anacostia Museum Office of Exhibits Central Traveling Exhibition Service Total Art and Humanities Education and Public Service: Assistant Secretary Center for Folklife Programs and Cultural Studies $40,427 302,349 302,349 9,848 197,233 5,161 260,426 622,162 8,661 22,327 3,683 $60,739 34,671 56,833 45,701 362,960 S101.166 705,736 6101,375 — 302,349 295,560 18,268 18,268 19,145 45,701 45,701 43,767 32,175 32,175 25,548 .97,233 197,233 190,821 8,844 8,844 9,527 hSST4i 968 327 142 207 676 1,644 1,861 55 1,383 275 — 1,658 1,713 2,246 13,051 7,607 459 40,960 49,026 62,077 59,492 — (6,879) — — (6,879) (6,879) (6,048) 8,087 1,807 545 276 2,628 10,715 10,008 2,557 269 30 735 1,034 3,591 3,548 18,401 1,409 701 657 2,767 21,168 19,791 1,120 85 20 — 105 1,225 1,378 6,178 701 58 — 759 6,937 7,064 671 _ _ 671 715 7,796 — — — — 7,796 4,386 35,896 3,308 3,444 1,864 8,616 44,512 40,687 2,743 43 17 — 60 2,803 2,845 3,172 1 — — 1 3,173 3,040 100,695 10,061 5,691 44,699 60,451 161,146 151,013 1,587 954 103 1,057 2,644 3,031 850 98 14 — 112 962 625 12,145 6,067 913 625 7,605 19,750 18,557 18,191 3,141 3,235 87 6,463 24,654 21,455 642 62 2,664 — 2,726 3,368 3,779 12,656 225 28 _ 253 12,909 10,147 7,032 1,168 1,130 — 2,298 9,330 9,637 5,145 166 130 — 296 5,441 5,481 4,026 1,272 2,957 _ 4,229 8,255 6,507 2,157 184 3,160 — 3,344 5,501 8,405 2,851 203 1,668 — 1,871 4,722 4,578 1,364 84 720 — 804 2,168 2,253 2,327 2,309 963 4 3,276 5,603 5,745 3,650 236 14 — 250 3,900 3,832 1,240 358 14 — 372 1,612 1,400 2,655 5 — — 5 2,660 2,262 2,217 1,664 893 32 2,589 4,806 4,701 80,735 18,196 18,606 748 37,550 118,285 112,395 505 420 15 _ 435 940 731 1,237 1,717 158 — 1,875 3,112 2,423 87 Table 1. Source and Application of Operating Funds for the Year Ended September 30, 1994 (in SOOOs) (continued) Nonappropriated Trust Funds Total Restricted Federal Funds and Total Nonappropriated Government Non- Trust Funds Federal Grants and Appropriated Funds Unrestricted General Conrracts Trust Funds FY 1994 FY 1993 Office of Elementary and Secondary Education 514 298 154 85 537 1,051 983 National Science Resources Center Total Education and Public Service .... International Center/Activities External Affairs: Assistant Secretary 195 667 194 861 1,056 1,073 Office of Telecommunications 367 648 131 779 1,146 1,179 Visitor Information and Associates' Reception Center 164 1,273 62 1,335 1,499 1,542 Office of Special Events and Conference Services 84 169 169 253 215 Smithsonian Institution Press 1,684 21,907 35 21,942 23,626 18,071 Magazines 63,119 63,119 63,119 66,636 The Smithsonian Associates 34,576 168 34,744 34,744 33,639 Media Activities 10 10 10 21 Total External Affairs Institutional Initiatives Business Management/Activities 53,634 53,634 53,634 52,096 Admininistration 27,486 17,965 309 18,274 45,760 45,154 Less Overhead Recovery (10,669) (10,669) (10,669) (10,466) Facilities Services 80,862 1,589 6 1,595 82,457 79,183 Transfers Out/(In): Treasury 1,163 1,163 1,917 Plant — (109) 1,493 1,384 1,384 1,951 Endowment — (466) 4,850 4,384 4,384 7,614 Total Transfers TOTAL FUNDS APPLIED Expenses Against Prior Years' Obligations 10,683 10,683 9,854 CHANGES IN FUND BALANCES (4,803) 819 2,414 3,233 (1,570) (209) FUND BALANCES - End of Year (see Note 3) $35,624 $39,396 $24,576 — _ $63,972 $99,596 $101,166 Note 1: As a result of changing from an obligation basis to an accrual basis of accounting for federal funds, the beginning fund balance has been restated to exclude obligations. Note 2: Excludes $179 thousand in FY 1993 and $225 thousand in FY 1994 received as a permanent indefinite appropriation for Canal Zone Biological Area Fund. Also excludes $1,145 thousand received in FY 1993 and $1,459 thousand received in FY 1994 in foreign currency for research projects in India. Note 3: The Federal fund balance includes $32 million associated with no-year appropriations and $3.6 million associated with annual appropriations for fiscal years 1990-1994. 233 218 - - 218 451 467 2,489 2,653 527 85 3,0b5 5,554 4,604 527 437 56 169 662 1,189 1,603 2,494 !.'.'. w.'i 590 122,959 125,453 122,376 18 5,370 329 — 5,699 5,717 5,283 1,163 (575) 6,343 - 5,768 6,931 11,482 296,469 221,030 32,257 45,701 298,988 595,457 574,723 Table 2. Auxiliary Activities, Fiscal Year 1994 (in SOOOs) Sales and Membership Revenue Gifts Net Revenue Expenses (Loss) FY 1993 FY 1994: Central Auxiliary Activities: Magazines The Smithsonian Associates Business Management: Museum Shops/Mail Order Concessions Other Smithsonian Institution Press Electronic Media Activities Bureau Auxiliary Activities: Air and Space Theatre and Einstein Planetarium Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum Traveling Exhibition Service Other TOTAL FY 1994 $190,821 $197,233 $175,440 $24,286 $71,888 $7 $63,119 $8,776 29,196 8,894 34,513 3,577 54,924 _ 50,268 4,656 3,616 — 2,350 1,266 1,910 — 1,015 895 22,179 — 21,840 339 130 — 10 120 4,523 3,257 1,266 1,058 i9 728 369 593 — 686 (93) 7,216 432 5,356 2,292 $23,463 Table 3. Endowment and Similar Funds, September 30, 1994 (in $000s) Book Value Market Value $9,668 ASSETS: Pooled Consolidated Endowment Funds: Cash and Equivalents Mutual Funds Interfund Receivable U.S. Government and Government Obligations . . Bonds Convertible Preferred Stocks Receivable for Securities Sold Total Pooled Funds Nonpooled Endowment Funds: Loan to U.S. Treasury in Perpetuity Receivables Investments in Charitable Trusts Total Nonpooled Funds TOTAL ASSETS LIABILITIES AND FUND BALANCES: LIABILITIES: Payables for Securities Purchased Deferred Revenue - Charitable Trusts Total Liabilities FUND BALANCE: Unrestricted Purpose: True Endowment Quasi Endowment Total Unrestricted Purpose Restricted Purpose: True Endowment Quasi Endowment Total Restricted Purpose Total Fund Balances TOTAL LIABILITIES AND FUND BALANCES . 2,582 109,357 43,981 6,334 177,400 7,413 2,582 106,508 43,025 6,416 211,946 7,413 356,735 387,558 1,018 19 459 997 19 694 1,496 1,710 $358,231 $389,268 $9,544 459 $9,544 694 10,003 10,238 9,147 145,670 10,636 156,163 154,817 166,799 124,964 68,447 138,586 73,645 193,411 212,231 348,228 379,030 $358,231 $389,268 89 Table 4. Changes in Market Value of Endowment and Similar Funds, Fiscal Year 1994 (in $000s) Market Value - 10/1/93 Changes: Gifts-True Gifts-Quasi Internal Transfers ln/(Out) . . Other: Interest and Dividends . . . Market Value Appreciation Payout Managers' Fees Market Value - 9/30/94 .... $174,392 $67,484 $145,711 $387,587 211 337 (1,241) — 3,127 5,650 (1,029) 3,338 5,987 (2,270) 7,356 (7,388) (6,309) (559) 2,848 (2,849) (2,444) (218) 6,358 (6,447) (5,473) (487) 16,562 (16,684) (14,226) (1,264) 5166,799 $64,821 ;i47,410 $379,030 Table 5. Endowment Funds, September 30, 1994 Principal Book Market Net Unexpended Value Value Income Balance $292,507 $348,694 $13,522 $ 174,921 170,485 535 — 51,527 49,105 1,847 — 105,221 122,693 4,623 — 411,445 439,949 19,766 — 46,014 48,454 1,826 — 529,203 640,168 24,119 — 160,358 187,212 7,053 — 5,470 6,535 246 — 1,167,479 1,406,803 53,736 — 1,955,492 2,363,908 89,062 — 7,840 9,079 372 — 868,561 855,372 47,116 — 316,944 303,828 10,627 — 3,053,646 3,684,213 138,806 143,674 UNRESTRICTED PURPOSE - TRUE: Avery Fund (See Note 1 ) Dodge, Patricia Fund for Future-Unrestricted Higbee, Harry, Memorial Hodgkins Fund (See Note 1) Morgan, Gilbert B. and Betty J. Memorial Fund Morrow, Dwight W. Mussinan, Alfred Olmsted, Helen A Poore, Lucy T and George W. (See Note 1 ) Porter, Henry Kirke, Memorial Sanford, George H. (See Note 1 ) Sinithson, James (See Note 1 ) Smithson Society, James Walcott, Charles D. and Mary Vaux, Research (Designated) Subtotal UNRESTRICTED PURPOSE - QUASI: Ettl, Charles H. Fund Ferguson, Frances B. Endowment Forrest, Robert Lee Fund for the Future - Unrestricted General Endowment (See Note 1 ) Goddard, Robert H Habel, Dr. S. (See Note 1) Hart, Gustavus E Henry, Caroline Henry, Joseph and Harriet A Heys, Maude C Hinton, Carrie Susan Koteen, Dorothy B Lambert, Paula C Medinus, Grace L O'Dea, Laura I Phillips, Roy R., Estate Rhees, William Jones (See Note 1 ) Safford, Clara Louise Smithsonian Bequest Fund (See Note 1) Sultner, Donald H. Endowment Taggart, Ganson Winterer, Alice I Abbott, William L. (Designated) Barstow, Frederic D. (Designated) Hirshhorn Museum Acquisition Fund (Designated) Lindbergh Chair of Aerospace History (Designated) Lindbergh, Charles A. (Designated) Lyon, Marcus Ward, Jr. (Designated) Martin Marietta Internship (Designated) 9,146,628 10,636,498 1,331,515 1,414,039 53,275 — 678,683 701,610 26,434 — 6,756,542 7,123,849 268,397 — 102,176 92,217 2,317 — 15,159,691 123,815,512 4,669,890 — 53,487 56,416 2,126 — 802 789 43 — 3,687 4,222 159 — 9,110 10,413 392 — 365,421 416,472 15,691 — 652,447 693,189 26,117 — 182,293 202,780 7,640 — 240,448 241,888 9,113 — 331,228 372,026 14,017 — 6,475 6,900 260 — 218,743 236,872 8,924 — 969,415 1,011,917 39,939 — 4,486 4,969 203 — 301,111 325,361 12,199 — 2,488,976 2,199,643 82,093 — 572,177 868,429 32,717 — 3,285 3,945 149 — 165,178 149,094 5,617 — 857,304 978,935 36,882 51,379 7,172 8,182 308 6,733 2,766,911 3,174,860 123,194 — 3,139,951 3,390,481 127,739 149,340 51,247 54,587 2,057 14,506 34,652 37,134 1,399 6,300 222,384 243,632 9,179 7,101 90 Table 5. Endowment Funds, September 30, 1994 (continued) Principal Book Market Net Unexpended Value Value Income Balance 152,347 144,043 4,250 8,056 3,475,595 3,194,492 120,355 20,072 18,672 21,679 817 (19,110) 2,083,945 2,375,917 89,515 39,973 463,058 810,947 39,937 _ 1,593,874 1,578,666 59,478 133,087 205,205 196,333 7,397 6,529 UNRESTRICTED PURPOSE - QUASI: (continued) NMNH Research (Designated) NZP Programs (Designated) Smithsonian Agency Account (Designated) Smithsonian Press Scholarly Books Fund (Designated) . Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Endowment Fund (Designated) Webb, James E., Fellowship (Designated) Women's Committee Fellowship (Designated) Subtotal TOTAL UNRESTRICTED PURPOSE RESTRICTED PURPOSE - TRUE: Aitken, Annie Laurie, Endowment Fund Arthur, James Baird, Spencer Fullerton Barney, Alice Pike, Memorial Batchelor, Emma E Beauregard, Catherine, Memorial Bergen, Charlotte V. Brown, Roland W. Burch, George, Fellowship in Theoretic Medicine and Affiliated Theoretic Sciences Fund Camel Fund Canfield, Frederick A Casey, Thomas Lincoln Chamberlain, Frances Lea Cooper Fund for Paleobiology Deibel, Charles P. Division of Mammals Curators Fund Drake Foundation Drouet, Francis and Louderback, Harold B. Fund .... Dykes, Charles, Bequest Eaton, Harriet Phillips Eickemeyer, Florence Brevoort Eppley Memorial Forbes, Edward Waldo Freer, Charles L Fund for Future - Samuel C. Johnson Theater Fund for Future • Mary L. Ripley Garden Fund for Future - Ethel Niki Kominik Global Environmental Endowment Fund Grimm, Sergei N Groom, Barrick W. Guggenheim, Daniel and Florence Hamilton, James (See Note 1) Haupt, Enid A. Garden Henderson, Edward P. and Rebecca R., Meteorite Fund Hewitt, Eleanor G., Repair Fund Hewitt, Sarah Cooper Hillyer, Virgil Hitchcock, Albert S Hodgkins Fund (See Note 1) Hrdlicka, Ales and Marie Hughes, Bruce Huntington Publication Fund Johnson, Seward, Trust Fund for Oceanography Kellogg, Remington and Marguerite, Memorial Kramar, Nada Krombein, Karl V. Mandil, Harry and Beverly Maxwell, Mary E Mellon Foundation Challenge Grant/Endowment Mellon Publications Endowment Fund Milliken, H. Oothout, Memorial Mineral Endowment Mitchell, William A Moynihan, Elizabeth Museum of the American Indian - Heye Foundation . . , NMAI Educational Endowment Fund Nelms, Henning Endowment Fund Nelson, Edward William Petrocelli, Joseph, Memorial Reid, Addison T. (See Note 1) 145,669,693 $154,816,321 156,162,440 $166,798,938 429,394 472,993 17,746 58,204 263,922 320,640 12,080 18,433 237,418 286,619 10,799 21,394 189,164 229,773 8,657 46,706 216,725 237,674 8,955 22,405 347,898 383,109 14,434 70,104 22,706 23,730 894 4,454 216,143 246,110 9,272 10,771 2,104,096 2,156,412 81,245 235,989 105,161 95,639 3,283 946 281,248 353,272 13,310 102 90,158 102,940 3,878 17,410 185,733 225,607 8,500 28,393 296,372 306,189 10,754 4,072 109,306 100,461 3,785 6,446 19,246 21,132 796 3,293 1,234,461 1,358,474 50,927 114,934 440,360 453,169 17,074 17,615 415,944 454,710 16,523 41,523 77,671 78,708 2,965 11,733 71,671 87,049 3,280 5,536 36,438 36,925 1,391 5,504 1,207,832 1,244,001 46,869 106,163 56,838,783 64,821,193 2,442,195 2,049,867 516,820 498,179 12,542 15,489 10,197 9,203 231 231 101,761 99,287 1,870 1,870 3,635 3,673 138 541 192,410 203,089 7,652 39,132 195,783 204,436 7,702 26,624 766,598 829,397 31,248 20,860 6,815 7,417 348 5,040 3,317,861 3,049,802 101,482 139,467 327,128 320,451 12,073 12,778 47,090 52,145 1,965 3,227 278,198 307,794 11,596 11,519 47,278 53,983 2,034 12,866 10,533 12,845 484 2,768 160,299 157,864 8,698 33,273 346,547 399,184 15,040 13,686 126,357 153,528 5,784 13,395 320,659 323,289 12,107 46,601 23,579,572 26,960,094 1,015,745 — 378,805 406,639 15,321 1,052 26,472 28,424 1,071 1,917 55,400 52,235 1,968 615 117,127 112,687 4,246 2,717 129,468 157,304 5,927 39,115 805,615 877,349 33,055 90,165 1,046,537 1,019,271 38,402 61,987 1,042 1,533 58 419 635,729 707,945 26,672 86 86,601 96,642 3,641 443 51,149 46,161 1,159 1,159 1,110,244 1,125,064 42,388 167,773 54,297 50,401 1,790 — 275,453 266,960 10,031 36,117 149,218 178,133 6,711 26,424 49,065 59,667 2,248 11,939 145,509 163,350 6,457 33,411 9i Table 5. Endowment Funds, September 30, 1994 (continued) Principal Book Market Net Unexpended Value Value Income Balance 270,492 285,142 10,505 793,301 962,267 36,254 737 1,755,204 1,993,562 74,364 72,254 3,122,740 2,870,040 108,131 136,032 22,694 22,997 866 3,428 200,226 209,868 7,907 40,452 109,072 109,655 1,032 1,032 10,917,721 11,918,568 444,585 193,997 118,506 143,592 5,410 23,584 1,248,638 1,371,209 51,661 334,767 34,451 39,230 1,478 7,173 489,117 498,440 18,779 47 3,269,799 3,127,996 95,859 23,099 1,174,526 1,314,836 48,875 59,103 388,340 485,679 18,298 26,932 41,953 44,134 1,645 640 47,785 48,423 1,824 7,219 6,228 7,550 284 8,797 42,324 41,032 952 — RESTRICTED PURPOSE - TRUE: (continued) Ripley, S. Dillon and Mary Livingston Roebling Eund Rollins, Miriam and William Sackler Public Affairs Schmitt, John J Sims, George W. Sisley, George Sprague Fund Springer, Frank Stern, Harold P., Memorial Stevenson, John A., Mycological Library Stuart, Mary Horner Tupper, Earl S Walcott, Charles D. and Mary Vaux, Research Walcott Research Fund, Botanical Publications Williston, Samuel Wendell Diptera Research Williams, Blair & Elsie Zerbee, Frances Brinckle Zirkle, Nancy Behrend Subtotal RESTRICTED PURPOSE - QUASI: Abbott, Marie Bohrn Armstrong, Edwin James Au Panicr Fleuri Bacon, Virginia Purdy Bateman, Robert Becker, George F. Cooper Hewitt Acquisition Endowment Eund Denghausen, Luisita L. and Franz H. Fund Dcsautels, Paul E Friends of Music Endowment Fund Gaver, Gordon Haas, Gloria, Fellowship Hachenberg, George P. and Caroline Hammond, John, Performance Series Fund Hanson, Martin Gustav and Caroline R Hirshhorn Collections Endowment Fund Hirshhorn, Joseph H., Bequest Fund The Holenia Trust Fund The Holenia Trust II Fund Hunterdon Endowment Johnson, E. R. Fenimore Lane, Mildred Katchmar Loeb, Morris Long, Annette E. and Edith C Louie, Richard Memorial Merrell, Elinor Myer, Catherine Walden Noyes, Frank B Noyes, Pauline Riggs Pell, Cornelia Livingston Ramsey, Adm. and Mrs. Dewitt Clinton (See Note 1) Rathbun, Richard, Memorial Ripley Library Roebling Solar Research Ross, Arthur, Garden and Terrace Endowment Ruef, Bertha M Schultz, Leonard P. Seidell, Atherton Smithsonian Agency Account Smithsonian Institution Libraries Strong, Julia D Witherspoon, Thomas A., Memorial Subtotal TOTAL RESTRICTED PURPOSE TOTAL ENDOWMENT FUNDS 8,447,139 138,586,174 73,644,538 2,748,136 4,715,996 211,349 195,610 7,370 3,094 29,571 31,641 1,169 — 125,798 132,867 5,006 4,334 603,787 666,867 25,125 28,040 117,260 112,190 4,227 3,095 1,042,712 1,154,223 43,486 42,849 592,612 572,548 21,571 29,742 12,008,335 12,244,272 439,516 341,167 4,853 18,416 717 82 117,986 117,658 4,326 6,966 14,629 15,441 580 1,936 21,780 19,962 710 — 30,244 35,084 1,322 12,078 381,687 371,309 13,989 14,699 63,918 72,970 2,749 17,082 9,054,812 9,574,265 368,738 1,414 2,145,736 2,379,997 92,686 25 6,253,484 6,742,277 263,017 67 2,693,190 2,451,706 83,128 — 22,000,004 24,770,870 931,530 322,660 50,301 54,027 2,036 7,937 203,940 184,054 4,623 320 632,257 723,696 27,266 25,942 3,656 4,470 168 166 57,636 53,372 1,895 870 223,875 218,431 4,115 4,115 145,281 165,861 6,249 63,018 7,227 8,360 315 174 59,260 62,609 2,359 5,638 53,557 61,230 2,307 11,040 1,095,737 1,292,024 50,948 157,481 76,763 87,733 3,305 28,442 248,385 238,456 6,056 6,974 168,662 188,628 7,107 26,272 407,856 379,107 8,361 1,361 196,072 210,544 7,932 12,417 153,561 164,228 6,000 31,386 4,127,652 4,560,124 171,807 499,253 1,628,490 1,806,207 68,050 (1,334,959) 394,209 360,944 13,315 — 72,139 82,441 3,106 21,160 926,876 1,057,819 39,854 232,073 630,410 $212,230,712 $7,916,341 $5,346,406 $34S,227,699 $379,029,650 $14,229,816 $5,914,046 Note 1: Invested all or in part in U.S. Treasury or other nonpooled investments. 9i Table 6. Construction and Plant Funds, Fiscal Years 1994 and 1993 (in $000s) FY 1994 FY 1993 $5,400 $7,833 24,000 24,192 4,200 4,641 6,200 2,132 9,914 39,800 48,712 FUNDS PROVIDED Federal Construction Appropriations: National Zoological Park Repair and Restoration of Buildings Construction Planning and Minor Construction National Museum of the American Indian National Museum of Natural History - East Court Total Federal Construction Appropriations Nonappropriated Trust Plant Funds: Income - Gift and Other: Environmental Research Center Tropical Research Institute - Tupper Research Facilities Cooper-Hewirt, National Design Museum Visitor Information and Associates' Reception Center . National Museum of the American Indian Freer Gallery and Auditorium National Museum of Natural History - Gem Hall National Museum of Natural History - Insect Zoo . . . . Total Income Transfers (to)/from Other Funds: National Museum of the American Indian Freer Gallery and Auditorium National Museum of Natural History - Gem Hall . . . . Cooper-Hewirt, National Design Museum Visitor Information and Associates' Reception Center . Other Total Transfers TOTAL FUNDS PROVIDED 141 153 42 68 30 46 — 1 9,042 10,245 13 121 2,434 1,413 — 174 11,702 12,221 1,600 2,113 — (25) (216)* (51) (401)** — — (84) — (2) 983 1,951 $52,485 $62,884 * Funds reclassified to current operating funds. '* Funds transferred to an endowment fund. During the summer of 1 994, the Smithsonian Jazz Masterworks Orchestra performed many free concerts for Washingtomans. The Orchestra receives funding from a Congressional appropriation and from the Recording Industries Music Performance Trust Fund. i ash km ob orchest* 93 Independent Auditors' Report BOARD OF REGENTS SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION: We have audited the accompanying statement of financial condition of the Smithsonian Institution as of September 30, 1994, and the re- lated statements of financial activity and cash flows for the year then ended. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Insti- tution's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audit. We conducted our audit in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards. Those standards require that we plan and per- form the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the fi- nancial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit in- cludes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audit provides a reason- able basis for our opinion. In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Smithson- ian Institution as of September 30, 1994, and the results of its oper- ations and its cash flows for the year then ended, in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles. As discussed in note 12 to the financial statements, the Institu- tion adopted the Financial Accounting Standards Board's Statement of Financial Accounting for Postretirement Benefits Other Than Pensions, during fiscal year 1994. December 9, 1994 \.i I lesign m^\ t onstruction Office ol I nvironmental Management Safet) Ofl of Plant Services t >fficc oi Protection Vi\ ices < >fficc mi I luiiun Resources Office of Printing and Photographic Servr on i Risk and Vsset Management t )ffic< ol Sponsored Projects Ombudsman The Under Secretary OTHER FUNCTIONS Busin ss Management Office Offio ol the Senior h ormarion Officer ifl of rclccommui llu s n.thson.an Ass< ciatcs Smith sonian Institution Press S/>.-/;/ onian Magazin Air 6- Space/Smitbsoi ran Magazine INSTITUTIONAL ADVANCEMENT National Campaign for the National Museum of the American Indian Offici ol Membership and Development Office of Special Events and Conference Services Smithsonian National Board Smithsonian Women's Committee The Provost SCIENCES ARTS & HUMANITIES EDUCATIONAL & Conservation Analytical Laboratory Anacostia Museum CULTURAL PROGRAMS National Museum of Natural History Museum Support Center Archives of American Art Arthur M. Sadder Gallery and Center for Folklife Programs and Cultural Studies National Zoological Park Offic( of Fellowships and Grants Office of lntcrn.iiion.il Relations Office of Smithsonian Institution Archives Freer Gallery of Art Center for Museum Studies Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden National Science Resources Center Office of Elementary and Secondary Education Smithsonian Astrophvsic.il Observatory Institutional Studies Office Smithsonian 1 uvio.nnicnt.il Research t enter National Air .mJ Space Museum Smithsonian Institution Libraries National Museum of African Art Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute National Museum of American Art Renwick Gallery National Museum of American Historj National Postal Museum National Museum of the American Indian National Portrait Gallery Office of Exhibits Central Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service CONTENTS 4 STATEMENT BY THE SECRETARY 6 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION 8 REPORT OF THE BOARD OF REGENTS IO HIGHLIGHTS OF THE YEAR 31 THE YEAR IN REVIEW The Provost 3 1 Office of the Provost Sciences 32 Conservation Analytical Laboratory 32 National Museum of Natural History 33 National Zoological Park 35 Office of Fellowships and Grants 35 Office of International Relations }6 Office of Smithsonian Institution Archives 36 Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory 37 Smithsonian Environmental Research Center 38 Smithsonian Institution Libraries 39 Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Arts and Humanities 41 Anacostia Museum 41 Archives of American Art 42 Arthur M. Sackler Gallery 43 Center for Museum Studies 44 Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum 45 Freer Gallery of Art 46 Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden 47 Institutional Studies Office 48 National Air and Space Museum 49 National Museum of African Art 50 National Museum of American Art 51 National Museum of American History 52 National Museum of the American Indian 53 National Portrait Gallery 54 Office of Exhibits Central 54 Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service Educational and Cultural Programs 55 Center for Folkhfe Programs and Cultural Studies 56 National Science Resources Center 57 Office of Elementary and Secondary Education The Under Secretary 57 Office of the Under Secretary 58 Finance and Administration 60 Institutional Advancement 61 National Campaign for the National Museum of the American Indian 61 Office of Membership and Development 62 Office of Special Events and Conference Services 62 Smithsonian National Board 62 Smithsonian Women's Committee 63 Other Functions 63 Business Management Office 63 Office of Communications 65 Office of Government Relations 65 Office of Planning, Management, and Budget 65 Office of Telecommunications 66 Office of the Senior Information Officer 66 The Smithsonian Associates 68 Smithsonian Institution Press 69 Smithsonian Magazine 69 Air & Space/Smithsonian Magazine Affiliated Organizations 70 John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts 71 National Gallery of Art 71 Reading Is Fundamental, Inc. 72 Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars 74 Benefactors 83 Financial Report Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1995, containing a chronology of the year and records of Smithsonian advisory boards; narrative re- ports from museums and offices; visitor counts; fellows, interns, and research associates; publi- cations; staff; and donations to the Institution, is made available on the World Wide Web by the Smithsonian Institution Press and the Office of the Senior Information Officer at http://www.si.edu. Cover: Original drawing and computer manipu- lation by Jane Fitzgerald and James Killian of F&S Graphic Design. STATEMENT BY THE SECRETARY When I look back at my installation as Smithsonian Secretary, in September 1994, it seems simultaneously to have happened yesterday and a decade ago. I can hardly remember doing anything else; yet I don't know where the year went. For me, one of the most exciting events of the year was the launching of the Smithsonian's World Wide Web site on May 8, 1995. The Smithsonian Home Page (http://wvvw.si.edu) is a gateway to more than 2,000 electronic pages and thousands of images in a fully integrated, cross-referenced presentation of the Smithsonian's sues, people, and resources. This was the Hist step toward fulfilling the commitment I made at m\ installation, a promise that the Smithsonian would become more than the place to visit in Washington, that we should become present through- out the country in new ways, and that we would become deeply engaged in this new world of infor- mation transmission and sharing. As of September 30, more than 8.5 million "hits" have been recorded at the site. At the heart of the information revolution is some- thing far more than an advance in technology. It is the fulfilling of one central promise of democracy: to make knowledge available to as many citizens as possible, and to allow that access to be shaped by their needs. The "Electronic Smithsonian" gives us an opportunity to interact with America's homes, schools, senior-citizen and youth centers, universities, museums, laboratories, and research centers in ways undreamed of a few years ago. As we prepare for the celebration of our 150th anniversary in 1996, we have continued to enlarge our technological capacity and knowledge to extend the reach of our historic mission. James Smithson's goal of the "increase and diffusion of knowledge" has been reborn for a new century. Three major challenges have also punctuated the year: First, leadership changed in Congress, and we have had to get to know a whole new group of legis- lators and staff whose actions can deeply affect us. Second, the Enola Gay episode exploded, raising other issues as well, and disproportionately domi- nated attention internally and externally; we were uncertain whether the Smithsonian would continue to be cherished in the light of so much negative publicity. However, a public opinion survey taken before the exhibit opened showed encouraging re- sults. Seventy-two percent of the people who were surveyed said that the Smithsonian was extremely important or very important as a major place in which to understand American culture and American history. Just fourteen percent said they were some- what less favorable toward the Smithsonian given what had happened. Third, it became apparent that Congress was going to take serious action to tame the budget defi- cit, that our budget would have to be affected, and that we would have to concentrate on where to re- duce operations to live within a lower appropriation. It appears that we have established a good relation- ship with our oversight and appropriation committees and others in the legislature. This is evidenced by fair treatment in the budget process, real participation by our Congressional Regents, both old and new, at Institution events, and a showing of great interest in various of our activities by the Speaker, other legisla- tors, and key Congressional staff. The Enola Gay imbroglio was an enormous trial. The conflict required us to question anew how both to respect scholarly integrity and to assure our gen- eral and specific publics when we deal in controver- sial areas that we are not using exhibitions to incul- cate a particular viewpoint. This is no easy task, and we now have a set of guidelines that set forth useful processes for future exhibitions. However, there is no substitute for good judgment and a disposition to try to be objective, no matter how hard the quest. I do not urge the avoidance of all potentially controversial exhibitions. When they are done well, they respect both subject and audience and promote genuine understanding of tough issues. The Smithsonian's budget problems are very real. We have received sympathetic treatment in Congress which, at this writing, has saved the planned Cultural and Conservation Center of the National Museum of the American Indian (although completion will also require the expenditure of some private funds raised by the museum) and in- creased our repair and renovation budget by 30 percent (a welcome enhancement to address serious facility problems). However, by not funding man- datory wage and inflationary increases Congress has effectively cut our base budget by four to five percent. Since we cannot assume that this base cut is a one-year phenomenon, it is clear that change in the management structure and style of the Institu- tion is required to prepare the Institution for the challenges of the 21st century. We must continue to reconfigure ourselves and to make permanent reductions and consolidations. To that end, our newly formed Provost's Office (which replaces three Assistant Secretary offices) will emphasize service to the museums, research institutes, and other program and support offices; coordinate cen- tral oversight more efficiently; decentralize decision- making; and encourage greater coordination and cooperation among the various program units across the Institution. I end this report on my first year as Secretary with an enthusiastic look ahead at our 150th year celebration in 1996. We see the 150th anniversary as an opportunity to say "thank you" to the Ameri- can public, which has supported the Smithsonian for all these years, by offering many of our best exhibits and programming. Although there will be special exhibitions and events here in the nation's capital, the Institution's home, the most ambitious projects for our celebra- tion will bring the national museums to millions of people who may not plan to visit Washington next year. If they cannot come to us, we will go to them. These include a wonderful traveling exhibition, 'America's Smithsonian," which will take highlights from the national collections to people around the country, and television programs throughout the year on CBS. And we will continue to expand and enhance the role of the "Electronic Smithsonian." As we end the fiscal year, Discover Card and Intel have joined the Smithsonian's Corporate Partner Program, which will support the network television programming, the traveling exhibition, and a celebration on the National Mall in Washing- ton on August 10, 1996, the actual anniversary of the act of Congress that established the Institution. Thanks to their cooperation, the Smithsonian will be able to touch the lives of Americans nationwide in ways new to all of us. I hope that these activities will both reinforce the splendor and importance of the Smithsonian in the minds of Americans and lead to expanded private support for our undertakings. We have entered an era in which the Smithsonian must rely more heavily on private support from individuals and corpora- tions, and this presents us with both challenges and great opportunities. (SJki^JfY*^ I. Michael Heyman Secretary September 30, 1995 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION The Smithsonian Institution was created by act of Congress in 1846 in accordance with the terms of the will of James Smithson of England, who in 1826 be- queathed his property to the United States of America "to found at Washington, under the name of the Smithsonian Institution, an establishment for the in- crease and diffusion of knowledge among men." After receiving the property and accepting the trust. Congress vested responsibility for administering the trust in the Smithsonian Board of Regents. Board of Regents and Secretary, September 30, 1995 Board of Regents William H. Rehnquist, Chief Justice of the United States, ex officio Albert Gore Jr., Vice-President of the United States, ex officio Thad Cochran, Senator from Mississippi Daniel P. Moynihan, Senator from New York Alan K. Simpson, Senator from Wyoming Sam Johnson, Representative from Texas Bob Livingston, Representative from Louisiana Norman Y. Mineta, Representative from California Barber B. Conable Jr., Citizen of New York Hanna H. Gray, Citizen of Illinois Samuel C. Johnson, Citizen of Wisconsin Manuel L. Ibanez, Citizen of Texas Homer A. Neal, Citizen of Michigan Frank A. Shrontz, Citizen of Washington Wesley S. Williams Jr., Citizen of the District of Columbia The Secretary /. Michael Heytnan, Secretary Constance Berry Newman, Under Secretary M. John Berry, Director of Government Relations Thomas D. Blair, Inspector General Miguel A. Bretos, Counselor for Latino Affairs Alice Green Burnette, Assistant Secretary for Institutional Advancement James D. Douglas, Acting General Counsel James C. Early, Assistant Provost for Educational and Cultural Programs Tom L. Freudenheim, Assistant Provost for Arts and Humanities James M. Hobbins, Executive Assistant to the Secretary Robert S. Hoffmann, Acting Provost Thomas E. Lovejoy, Counselor for Biodiversity and Environmental Affairs Marc J. Pachter, Counselor for Electronic Communications and Special Projects Ross B. Simons, Acting Assistant Provost for the Sciences Nancy D. Suttenfield, Assistant Secretary for Finance and Administration David J. Umansky, Director of Communications L. Carole Wharton, Director of the Office of Planning, Management, and Budget Smithsonian National Board, September 30, 1995 Mr. Wilbur L. Ross Jr., Chair Mrs. Jean B. Kilborne, Vice Chair Current Members Sir Valentine Abdy Mr. Lester M. Alberthal Jr., ex officio Mrs. Margaret D. Ankeny Mrs. Robert M. Bass The Honorable Max N. Berry Mrs. John M. Bradley Mr. Stephen F. Brauer Mr. Charles T. Brumback Mr. Cason J. Callaway Jr. Mr. Landon T. Clay Mrs. Dollie A. Cole Mr. Peter R. Coneway Mr. Thomas Edward Congdon Mrs. William H. Cowles III Mr. Ivan Chermayeff Ms. Joan Dillon Mrs. Patricia Frost Ms. Nely Galan Mr. Bert A. Getz Mrs. Gloria Shaw Hamilton, ex officio Mrs. Marguerite Harbert Marion Edwyn Harrison, Esq. Mr. Paul Hertelendy Mrs. Ruth S. Holmberg Mr. S. Roger Horchow Mr. Richard Hunt Mr. Robert L. James Mr. Edward C. Johnson III Mrs. James W. Kinnear Mrs. Marie L. Knowles The Honorable Marc E. Leland Mr. Donald G. Lubin Mr. Frank N. Magid Mrs. John F. Mars Mr. Michael Peter McBride Mrs. Nan Tucker McEvoy Dr. George E. Mueller Mr. Thomas D. Mullins Mr. John N. Nordstrom Mrs. Lucio A. Noto Mrs. Vivian W. Piasecki Mr. Heinz C. Prechter Mr. David S. Purvis Mr. Alvin Puryear Mr. Robert Redford Mr. Clive Runnells Ms. Jill Sackler Mr. Leveo V. Sanchez Mr. Ivan Selin Mrs. Esther Simplot Mr. Kenneth L. Smith Ms. Kathy Daubert Smith Mrs. E. Maynard Smith Mr. Kelso F. Sutton Mr. Jack W. Warner Mr. Jeffrey N. Watanabe Mr. Frank A. Weil Mr. William R. Wiley Honorary Members Mr. Robert McC. Adams Mr. William S. Anderson Mr. Richard P. Cooley Mr. Joseph F. Cullman III Mr. Charles D. Dickey Jr. The Honorable Leonard K. Firestone Mr. Alfred C. Glassell Jr. Mr. W L. Hadley Griffin The Honorable William A. Hewitt Mr. James M. Kemper Jr. Mr. Seymour H. Knox III Mr. Lewis A. Lapham The Honorable George C. McGhee Justice Sandra Day O'Connor The Honorable S. Dillon Ripley II Mr. Francis C. Rooney Jr. Mr. Lloyd G. Schermer Mrs. Gay F. Wray REPORT OF THE BOARD OF REGENTS The Smithsonian's Board of Regents held plenary meetings on January 30, May 8, and September 18, 1995, and sponsored committee meetings throughout the year. The Executive Committee, the Nominating Committee, the Audit and Review Committee, the Investment Policy Committee, and the Personnel Committee advanced the work of the board with in- creasing effectiveness. Membership on the board sustained a fair degree of turnover. In the November 1994 elections, House Speaker Thomas S. Foley and Senator James R. Sasser were not returned to office and left the Board of Regents at the end of the 103rd Congress. Senator John W. Warner resigned to take on addi- tional Senate responsibilities. Representative Norman Y. Mineta resigned from the Congress and thereby- left the board. The board designated all four of these former Regents as Regents Emeritus. New Regents from the Congress were Representative Bob Livingston, Representative Sam Johnson, Senator Alan K. Simpson, and Senator Thad Cochran. There was also turnover among the citizen members, as I. Michael Heyman resigned to become Secretary of the Smithsonian and the second terms of Jeannine Smith Clark and Samuel C. Johnson ex- pired. To fill these vacancies, efforts were initiated to provide for the appointments of three citizen mem- bers and the reappointment of a third. During the fiscal year, the Regents met with their Commission on the Future of the Smithsonian, re- ceived the commission's report, and, with the assis- tance of the new ad hoc Committee on Policy and Programs, formulated responses to the recommenda- tions. Noting that a number of the recommendations required the Secretary's response over time, they asked for a progress report at least once a year. Working with the ad hoc committee and the Secre- tary, the Regents adopted guidelines to help Smith- sonian advisory boards fulfill their support functions. Secretary Heyman engaged the Regents in discus- sions of particularly difficult issues. After extensive deliberations, the Regents publicly expressed their support for the Secretary's decision to cancel the long- planned and highly controversial exhibition on the Enola Gay and the end of World War II at the National Air and Space Museum and replace it with a display of the aircraft and related artifacts. After re- viewing the findings of a National Academy of Public Administration study on the organization and man- agement of the museum, the board adopted guiding principles for recruiting a new director and develop- ing a mission statement. The Board of Regents reviewed the Secretary's plans for reorganization of Smithsonian senior man- agement and adopted changes in its bylaws to con- form to the new organization. The Regents also ap- proved revised bylaws for the Smithsonian National Board and appointed its officers and membership. By Regents' resolution, the chairman of the Smithsonian National Board will remain a nonvoting participant in Regents' meetings. The Regents also adopted revi- sions to the bylaws of the Commission of the National Portrait Gallery. Several reports to the Board of Regents during the year were especially significant with respect to the fu- ture of the Smithsonian. The board received reports on Latino initiatives, plans for the 1996 150th an- niversary year and the traveling exhibition "America's Smithsonian," the development of the 150th Anniversary Corporate Partner Program, and the debut of the Smithsonian's home page on the World Wide Web. The Regents also discussed issues of rev- enue enhancement, development initiatives, and in- creasing fiscal stringencies. In the latter context, the Regents authorized the deaccession of the Barney Studio House subject to review by the Executive Committee. In other actions, the Board of Regents approved the development of an affinity credit card, endorsed the phased planning of the extension of the National Air and Space Museum and reaffirmed its placement at Washington Dulles International Airport, and voted to continue soliciting voluntary donations in se- lected Smithsonian museums. The board also noted that the Senate has requested a feasibility study on collecting admission fees in the museums. The Regents awarded the Joseph Henry Medal to retiring General Counsel Peter G. Powers and to Representative Sidney R. Yates, a Regent Emeritus, in grateful recognition of their decades of extraordinary- service to the Smithsonian. During the year, the Regents appointed the follow- ing individuals to boards and commissions: Manley Alan Begay Jr., George L. Cornell, Billy L. Cypress, Dwight Gourneau, Gerald R. McMaster, Joann Sebastian Morris, Nancy Clark Reynolds, Phyllis Young, James A. Block, Ellsworth H. Brown, Catherine Sweeney Fowler, Douglas M. George, Jorge Flores Ochoa, Luci Tapahonso, and Bernard Julian Whitebear to the Board of Trustees of the National Museum of the American Indian; Kathleen Allaire, Harvey Krueger, Richard Smith, Agnes Bourne, Barbara Levin, and Richard Hayden to the Board of Trustees of Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum; David C. Driskell, Frances Humphrey Howard, Robin B. Martin, and Robert H. Nooter to the Commission of the National Museum of African Art; Nancy Ruth Morin, Alan K. Simpson, and Stanley O. Ikenberry to the Board of the National Museum of Natural History; Edwin I. Colodny, Ann Cousins, Frank K. Ribelin, Wanda M. Corn, Rosa Rionda de la Cruz, Paul D. Parkman, and Gerald L. Pearson to the Commission of the National Museum of American Art; Mrs. Hart Fessenden, Kurt Gitter, Jill Hornor Ma, Aboulala Soudavar, and Paul Walter to the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery Visiting Committee; and Roger Covey, Richard Danziger, and Cynthia Helms to the Freer Gallery of Art Visiting Committee. Alice Green Burnette was given the new title of Assistant Secretary for Institutional Advancement. Retiring from the administrative ranks were Peter G. Powers, the Smithsonian's first General Counsel, former Assistant Secretary John F. Jameson, and Contracting Officer Robert P. Perkins. Other depar- tures of note included Director of Government Relations Mark W Rodgers, Deputy Assistant Secretary Claudine K. Brown, Director of Facilities Services Richard L. Siegle, Director of Protection Services Charles A. Hines, and National Air and Space Museum Director Martin O. Harwit. We were fortunate to have recruited by year's end J. Dennis O'Connor to become the Smithsonian's first perma- nent Provost on January i, 1996; John E. Huerta to assume the position of General Counsel on November 13, 1995; David J. Umansky, who was appointed to the new position of Director of Communications in March 1995; M. John Berry, who became Director of Government Relations in April 1995; John W Cobert to assume the directorship of the Contracts Office; Edith W. Hedlin, who became Director of the Office of Smithsonian Institution Archives in October 1994; and Nicole L. Krakora, who was appointed Director of Special Events and Conference Services in June 1995- To these officers and countless others, we owe a debt of gratitude for their efforts to bring the Smithsonian to its present greatness and envision its possibilities for the future. Staff Changes Throughout fiscal year 1995, under the new leader- ship of I. Michael Heyman, various reorganizations were undertaken to place greater emphasis on the re- sponsibilities of the museums, research centers, and offices. The Office of the Provost was established under Robert S. Hoffmann, the Smithsonian's former assistant secretary for science. On an interim basis, former Assistant Secretaries Tom L. Freudenheim and James C Early and Deputy Assistant Secretary Ross B. Simons served as Assistant Provosts. Former Assistant Secretary Thomas E. Lovejoy was named Counselor to the Secretary for Biodiversity and Environmental Affairs, former Deputy Assistant Secretary Marc J. Pachter became Counselor to the Secretary for Special Projects and the Electronic Media, and Miguel A. Bretos served under contract as Counselor to the Secretary for Latino Affairs. HIGHLIGHTS OF THE YEAR Anacostia Museum An important work by John Robinson (1912-94), the most prolific visual chroni- cler of black life in the Anacostia neigh- borhood of Washington, D.C., became part of the Anacostia Museum's collection this year. Here Look at Mine is a touching portrait of the artist's grandchildren at the family dining table in their Southeast Washington home. The painting realisti- cally captures the youthful images and the details of the household interior. Robinson, who was primarily self- taught, focused on local street scenes and his favorite flower, the lilac. His work has been exhibited at local cultural institutions including the Anacostia Museum, the Cor- coran Gallery of Art, and the Washington Project for the Arts. In Here Look at Mine, the museum has a long-term reminder of the special relationship it shared with Mr. Robinson and his family. John Robinson (American, 1912-94), Here Look at Mine, 1980. Acrylic on can- vas, 61 x 88.9 cm (24 x 35 in.). Anacostia Museum Collection. (Photograph by Harold Dorwin) Archives of American Art The Archives of American Art is preparing for publication a comprehensive guide to its papers of Latino and Latin American artists that will be widely distributed free of charge. The guide will highlight a wealth of primary source materials such as the diary that Carlos Lopez kept while serving as an artist, war correspondent, and photographer for Life magazine in 1943; 84 sketchbooks and journals of painter Carlos Almaraz; the records of Octavio Medellin's art school in Dallas, lix.is; the correspondence and writings of Edward Chavez, Antonio Sotomayer, and Mel < lasas; a collection of 3,504 color slides documenting 741 murals in Califor- nia; and significant documentation on Pa- trociiio Barela, Jose Guerrero, George 1 ope/, Alexander Maldonado, Marisol, Jose Moya del Pino, Manuel Neri, Michael Ponce de Leon, Frank Romero, Diego Rivera, and Emilio Sanchez. The guide will also provide information about the Archives' extensive oral history interviews of artists David Avalos, Judith Baca, Edward Chavez, Raphael Ferrer, Luis Jimenez, Jose and Malai]iuas Montoya, and others from 1 964 to the present. Emilio Sanchez (Cuban American, b. 1921 1, Senado, Cuba, 1946. Watercolor, 24.8 x 19.7 cm (9 3/4 x 7 3/4 in.). Emilio Sanchez Papers, Archives of American Art. ur M. Sackler Gallery *WMngr»ig L ^% Hiroshima Kazuo (b. 1915) is the last itin- erant professional basketmaker in the mountainous Hinokage region on Japan's island of Kyushu. Hinokage lies in steeply sloped mountainous terrain where tea, shiitake mushrooms, and charcoal are produced. These products are intimately linked to the bamboo baskets that figure in their cultivation. The exhibition "A Basketmaker in Rural Japan" presented the complete repertoire of baskets that Hiroshima learned to make for use in the home, field, and stream during his 64-year career as a bamboo craftsman. The exhibition was the first in the United States to focus on Japan- ese baskets as objects of use. It exemplified the Sackler Gallery's efforts to identify works of art with their makers and place them within a cultural context. Hiroshima Kazuo made his first trip outside Japan to visit the gallery during the exhibition. High points of his stay in- cluded opportunities to meet the public, the press, and guests at a reception in his honor. Here he demonstrates the use of a bamboo whirligig, a toy that he often makes for the children of Hinokage. The exhibition of Hiroshima's baskets was popular not only because of the simple elegance of the objects and their weave, but also because of the basketmaker himself, who was represented in photo murals and a videotape that were inte- grated into the installation. Visitors were invited to touch and hold four baskets that Hiroshima had made especially for this purpose. Most of the objects on view were on loan from the Nakamuro Kunio Col- lection, Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History. (Photograph by Neil Greentree) 13 oper-Hewitt, National Design Museum A group of rare French wallpapers repre- senting the work of some of the premier wallpaper producers of the late 18th and 19th centuries has been added to the renowned collection of wallcoverings in Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum. Two panels are hand-painted and printed to simulate bronze-inlaid wood, fooling the eye with the virtuoso techniques for which the French manufacturers are well- known. The museum's wallcovering collection consists of more than 10,000 pieces and is the largest in the United States. All the collections originally were assembled as a design resource for the public's use, a function that continues today. The White House used this resource in the recent ren- ovation of the Blue Room. Joanne Warner, assistant curator of wallcoverings, helped the renovation committee choose wall- coverings to reflect the history of the room and complement the French objects that President James Monroe purchased in 1817. Two wallpaper borders were repro- duced from early- 19th-century French papers in the museum's collection. When the museum's $2.0 million reno- vation project is complete in late 1996, the wallcovering holdings will be housed along with other collections in the new Design Resource Center, where they will be more accessible than they are in current storage areas. This improved storage and research facility will help the museum achieve its aim of making its collections available to inspire students of design, as well as the general public. Wallpaper panel, Paris, 1833. Produced by Amable Leroy (d. 1880). Block-printed, hand-painted on handmade sheets. Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum, Museum Purchase. 14 Freer Gallery of Art Since the Freer Gallery reopened following renovation in 1993, concerts of Asian music and Western chamber music have drawn audiences of music lovers to the grassy plaza at the gallery's north entrance and to the Eugene and Agnes E. Meyer Auditorium inside. At this twilight summer concert, Partha Chatterjee played mgas, or compositions, on the sitar, which re- sembles a lute, and Samir Chatterjee accompanied him on the tabla, or drums. Three other concerts this year featured the music of Afghanistan, North India, and Pakistan as performed, respectively, by Wali Ahmad Raoufi and Broto Roy, the Gundecha brothers, and Shiv Kumar Sharma with Shafaat Ahmed Khan. The Bill and Mary Meyer Concert Series, now in its third year, included six programs of chamber music by such artists as Musi- cians from Marlboro, Pamela Frank, and the Takacs Quartet. A highlight of the con- cert by the Shanghai Quartet was the Washington, D.C., premiere of "Song of the Ch'in" by the contemporary Chinese composer Zhou Long. The Bill and Mary Meyer Concert Series has been established in memory of Dr. Eugene Meyer III and Mary Adelaide Bradley Meyer. It is generously supported by The Island Fund in the New York Com- munity Trust and Elizabeth E. Meyer. (Photograph by Neil Greentree) 15 Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden The Drummer, a bronze sculpture by British artist Barry Flanagan (b. 1941), was acquired this year by the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden and in- stalled outdoors, where it attracted a steady stream of summer visitors. This rubbery and volatile noisemaker, mischie- vously poised on a mound, seems almost human in scale and demeanor, as if sprung from legends, proverbs, and fairy tales. Flanagan, prominent among innovative sculptors from Great Britain who chal- lenged the previous generation's influence, began his career in the 1960s. He first created humorously eccentric, fossil-like compositions in rope, clay, and sand-filled burlap. In 1979, after learning bronze cast- ing, he turned to using traditional animal subjects in highly untraditional ways. His most consistent subject has been the hare. Using a free-form yet anatomically accu- rate style, he has conceived the creature as leaping, dancing, tumbling, boxing, play- ing cricket, and stretched out in headlong flight. Today, Flanagan's bronze hares are compelling additions to museums, plazas, and squares in cities around the world, among them London, Minneapolis, New- York, and Osaka. The Hirshhorn plaza, where Flanagan's work and some dozen other sculptures are exhibited, won a 1995 Federal Design Achievement Award. A renovation and landscaping project completed in 1993 by James Urban Associates of Annapolis, Maryland, introduced trees, lawn areas, and granite flooring to the site and im- proved the structural, drainage, and acces- sibility features. Chosen from more than 400 entrants, the revamped plaza was one of 77 federal projects nationwide that re- ceived Design Achievement Awards. Barry Flanagan (British, b. 1941), The Drummer, 1989-90. Bronze, 2.43.8 x 172.7 x 91.4 cm (96 x 68 x 36 in.). The Joseph H. Hirshhorn Bequest Fund and the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Purchase Fund, 1995 (95-4)- (Photograph by Lee Stalsworth) 16 iPd HIT National Air and Space Museum Throughout 1995, the National Air and Space Museum commemorated the 50th anniversary of the end of World War II with exhibitions and programs that ex- panded public understanding of this im- portant period in modern history. In April, the Grumman F6F-5 Hellcat went on display. Hellcat pilots are credited with destroying more than 5,100 enemy aircraft in aerial combat and with achiev- ing nearly 75 percent of the U.S. Navy's air-to-air victories. That same month, the museum opened "Building the Arsenal of Democracy: World War II Photographs from the National Air and Space Museum Archives," which illustrated military and civilian efforts to protect the country against foreign invasion, the training of U.S. pilots and troops, and wartime indus- trial production. The museum's much-anticipated exhibi- tion of the B-29 Superfortress Enola Gay (above) showcased the aircraft's carefully restored forward fuselage, engines, and vertical stabilizer. The gallery also included a video featuring the men who flew the air- craft on its historic August 1945 mission. World War II combat fighter pilot Quentin C. Aanenson gave the museum's annual Charles A. Lindbergh Memorial Lecture. During his tour of duty, Aanenson participated in some of the deadliest com- bat of the war. He flew 5 1 missions in the P-47 Thunderbolt with the 366th Fighter Group and 24 missions with other groups in the 9th Air Force, including n missions in P-51 Mustangs. The 366th Fighter Group lost 90 of its 125 pilots to enemy action. Nearly 50 years later, Aanenson created A Fighter Pilot's Story, a PBS docu- mentary about his experiences. The 1995-96 General Electric Aviation Lecture Series opened with a panel dis- cussion of Marine Corps combat aviation in the Pacific war, from operations at Guadalcanal in 1942 to aerial combat with Japanese kamikazes in 1945. Participants included two Congressional Medal of Honor recipients and a recipient of the Distinguished Flying Cross. (Photograph by Carolyn Russo) 17 National Museum of African Art The acquisition of a superb, carved wooden face mask from the Lele peoples of Zaire was a highlight of the past year at the National Museum of African Art. The mask will be on view in the exhibition "Images of Power and Identity," which serves as an introduction to the museum's permanent collection. Masks of the Lele peoples, who live in the Western Kasai region, are rare, so this object is an especially important addition to the collection. The mask has an elabo- rate headdress embellished on the front and back with cowrie shells and glass beads of multiple colors. Beads and cowrie shells were valuable trade items used ex- tensively as currency and decoration in Central Africa. The areas under the eyes and the nose are covered with copper and iron sheets secured by wood and iron pegs. Lele masks such as this may have been worn in dances for the funerary rites of chiefs or used in annual reenactments of the founding of the Lele peoples. This mask will join the museum's other outstanding Central African masks from the Chokwe, Lega, Pende, Hemba, and Tetela peoples. Mask, Lele peoples, Zaire. Wood, copper, iron, pigment, fiber, cotton, wool, cowrie shells, glass beads, 28 x 22 x 6 cm (11 1/16x8 n/16 x 2 3/8 in.). National Museum of African Art (1994-14-001). (Photograph by Franko Khoury) ional Museum of can Art The National Museum of American Art embraced a rare opportunity to work with the White House this year, producing a popular exhibition, a publication, and a state-of-the-art World Wide Web Internet tour. A traveling exhibition of the "White House Collection of American Crafts" pre- miered at the museum's main building in Washington and will be featured in seven or more American museums through 1997. The exhibition is based on a remarkable collection of 72 contemporary crafts as- sembled for the home of the First Family in honor of the Year of the American Craft in 1993. Michael W. Monroe, then cura- tor-in-charge of the museum's Renwick Gallery, advised the President and Mrs. Clinton on crafts to complement the his- toric furnishings of the public and private rooms of the White House. Seventy-seven artists supported the project by giving works in glass, ceramic, wood, metal, and fiber — modern expressions of traditions dating to the first civilizations. The exhibition is a stunning display of color, texture, and virtuosity. Highlights include Dante Marioni's Yellow Pair (shown here); Dale Chihuly's Cerulean Blue Macchia with Chartreuse Lip Wrap, a gigantic, multicolored glass shell form that is one of Hillary Rodham Clinton's per- sonal favorites; and a walnut rocking chair created by Sam Maloof, who made a similar chair for President Kennedy. Mrs. Clinton expressed her enthusiasm for craft objects "made by the hand" when she spoke to 100 reporters at a museum press conference to open the exhibition. The museum inaugurated its home page on the World Wide Web (http://www. nmaa.si.edu) with a virtual tour of the ex- hibition made possible by a gift from MCI. Electronic visitors are guided through the White House to see some of the objects in their original settings. They can also ex- plore each work in detail and see and hear from the artists at work in their studios. (Photograph by John Bigelow Taylor) 19 National Museum of American History The Jerome and Dorothy Lemelson Center for the Study of Invention and Innovation was established at the National Museum of American History on May 31, 1995, through a $10.4 million gift from inventor Jerome Lemelson, who holds more than 500 patents, and his wife Dorothy. Theirs is the largest personal donation ever made to the Smithsonian Institution. The Lemelson Center's primary mission is to document, interpret, and disseminate information about invention and inno- vation. Through public programs, ex- hibitions, research efforts, and electronic outreach projects, the center hopes to encourage inventive creativity in young people and foster an appreciation for the central role of invention in the history of the United States. The Lemelson Center kicked off its "In- novative Lives" program for children and young adults with a lecture-demonstration by Hal Walker, a former aerospace engi- neer who shared his ideas on innovation as a career and explained his research on lasers. He also helped illustrate the proper- ties and applications of laser light for 85 middle-school students in the museum's Hands On Science Center. Jerome Lemelson, shown here, was also on hand to work with the students. The Lemelson Center's programs are highlighted on its World Wide Web home page, which can be reached via the Smithsonian's home page, http://www.si.edu. (Photograph by Jeff Tinsley) National Museum of the American Indian When Moses Starr Jr., Southern Cheyenne camp crier, gave a traditional blessing and announced the opening of the George Gustav Heye Center of the National Mu- seum of the American Indian on Sunday morning, October 30, 1994, a new era in the presentation of Native American arts and cultures began. After honor songs by Louis Mofsie (Hopi/Winnebago) and the Silvercloud Singers (left), museum Director W. Richard West Jr. (Southern Cheyenne) and Starr (right) led the gathering up the stairs of the Alexander Hamilton U.S. Cus- tom House in New York City and through the museum's entrance to see the inaugural exhibitions. The Heye Center is the first large public museum to offer American Indians full in- volvement in the planning, interpretation, and presentation of the materials and events of their cultures. Since 1990, the museum has gathered the ideas and advice of native peoples on every aspect of the museum, including preparation of the three premiere exhibitions — "Creation's Journey: Masterworks of Native American Identity and Belief," "All Roads Are Good: Native Voices on Life and Culture," and "This Path We Travel: Celebrations of Contemporary Native American Creativ- ity." The opening ceremonies, current and future exhibitions, and continuing public programs are the tangible result of work- ing with Native American communities. They confirm the museum's commitment to provide a forum for the voices of the peoples and cultures it represents. (Photo- graph by Roy Gumpel) Jational Museum of latural History A magnificent display of marine organisms opened on May 19, 1995, m tne National Museum of Natural History. In "Exploring Marine Ecosystems," a new permanent exhibition, visitors can explore two of Earth's most fascinating natural commu- nities: a temperate rocky shore and a tropi- cal coral reef. Entering through a simulated undersea kelp forest off the rocky coast of Maine, visitors encounter two living model eco- systems. Much more than simple aquari- ums, the models contain self-sustaining food webs that function much like those in natural communities. The Maine Rocky Shore Ecosystem represents intertidal and subtidal communities in the Gulf of Maine, featuring green sea urchins, hermit crabs, northern lobsters, hard tube worms, and deep-sea scallops. Regional plants include kelp, knotted rockweed, crustose coralline algae, and Irish moss algae. In the Caribbean Coral Reef Ecosystem, visitors see a striking array of marine life, includ- ing stony corals, green reef crabs, pencil urchins, magpie shells, and such exotic fish as striped parrotfish, flamefish, French grunts, damselfish, and blue tangs. The exhibition also shows how healthy ecosystems function through the interac- tion of physical factors such as sediment type, wave action, and sunlight with bio- logical factors, including plants and ani- mals. Visitors learn how healthy marine ecosystems contribute to the well-being of our planet and how people everywhere can help protect them. "Exploring Marine Ecosystems" is the second part of a three-phase rejuvenation of the museum's Marine Hall. The first sec- tion, "In Search of Giant Squid," opened in 1994. The renovation will culminate in 1998 with an exhibition devoted to the diversity of marine life. (Photograph by Laurie Minor-Penland) National Portrait Gallery A distinguished veteran of the War of 1812 and the Mexican War, Winfield Scott was nicknamed "Old Fuss and Feathers" for his insistence on strict dress codes and con- duct. Even in his later years, he was a memorable figure — well over 6 feet tall, ruggedly independent, and blunt of speech. This portrait was painted by Robert Walter Weir around 1855, about the time Scott, general-in-chief of the U.S. Army for nearly 20 years, was granted the rank of lieutenant general. He was the first man since George Washington to achieve the honor. Weir, a successful painter of portraits and historical subjects (including The Em- barkation of the Pilgrims for the Capitol Rotunda) and professor of drawing at the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, undertook several portraits of Scott at the request of the general's friends. "The grati- fication it will give the army," the artist was told, "the peculiar fitness you should do them all, all alike combine to — I would not say demand — you should not decline." This painting is one of several portraits of Scott by Weir, all virtually alike, that portray the general in full dress uniform. The freshness of execution and vividness of painterly detail mark this version as one of the finest of Weir's efforts to document the forceful personality of his sitter and belie his status by then as aging hero and failed Whig presidential candidate. The portrait is included in the exhibition "1846: Por- trait of a Nation," the gallery's tribute to the 150th anniversary of the Smithsonian. Robert Walter Weir (American, 1803-89), Portrait of Winfield Scott, ca. 1855. Oil on canvas, 86.4 x 68.6 cm (34 x 27 1/4 in.). National Portrait Gallery, Gallery Pur- chase, 1995. 23 National Postal Museum The nation's most famous error stamp, this 19 1 8 24-cent "Jenny Invert" will be the subject of a major philatelic exhibition planned at the National Postal Museum for the summer of 1996 in celebration of the Smithsonian's 150th anniversary. One sheet of 100 stamps with the error escaped detection and was sold in Washington, D.C. This rarity, which is considered among the gems of philately, features the famous JN-4H biplane, also known as the Jenny. The plane was actually printed first, and the frame was printed upside down. The exhibition of these renowned error stamps is the first to be produced under the auspices of Friends of Philately, a new program of the National Postal Museum that enables prominent stamp collectors to underwrite philatelic exhibitions. Airmail stamp, 1918. National Philatelic Collection, National Postal Museum. National Zoological Park A history-making cheetah became a part of the National Zoo's Cheetah Conservation Station this year. Jomu, a zi -month-old fe- male, was one of the world's first cheetahs produced by artificial insemination. The new arrival was a product of trail-blazing research in assisted reproduction of endan- gered cats conducted by the Zoo's New Opportunities in Animal Health Sciences (NOAHS) Center and represents a break- through in efforts to preserve endangered species. Jomu was born at the Caldwell Zoo in Tyler, Texas, June 4, 1993, follow- ing artificial insemination of her mother bv a NOAHS mobile laboratory team under the leadership of the Zoo's Dr. JoGayle Howard. At the Cheetah Conservation Sta- tion, Jomu will become part of an ongoing study of cheetah behavior that will enable biologists to propagate the species success- fully. (Photograph by Jessie Cohen) Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory Groundbreaking for the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory's submillimeter array (SMA) of telescopes took place June 8 just below the summit of Mauna Kea, Hawaii. Some ioo guests attended the cer- emonies, including Smithsonian Secretary I. Michael Heyman, representatives of state and local government, and astrono- mers from around the world. When com- pleted in i 998, the SMA will consist of six antennas, each 6 meters 121 feet, 6 inches) in diameter, capable of operating together as a single giant telescope <;oo meters (1,650 feet) in diameter. Sensitive to radia- tion in the still largely unexplored submil- limeter band between radio and infrared wavelengths, the instrument will observe, with unprecedented resolution, planets, newly forming stars, galaxies, and quasars. Shown here are the official "ground- breakers," posing with O'o sticks, tradi- tional Hawaiian farming implements used to cultivate taro and hand-carved from native Kao wood. At front, from left, are Robert McLaren, associate director, Insti- tute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii; Dean O. Smith, senior vice-president for research and graduate education, Univer- sity of Hawaii; Stephen K. Yamashiro, mayor, Hawaii County; Eric Silverberg, SMA project director; Don Hall, director, Institute for Astronomy; Robert Hoff- mann, acting provost, Smithsonian Institu- tion; Al Castro, governor's liaison, East Hawaii; Monsignor Charles A. Kekumano; and chanter Kepi Maly. Rear, from left, are James Moran, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory; Ross Simons, acting assistant provost for the sciences, Smithsonian Insti- tution; and Secretary Heyman. (Photo- graph by Eileen Harrington) Smithsonian Environmental Research Center Oceangoing freighters often arrive in U.S. harbors "under ballast," with large water- filled tanks on board to stabilize the ship at sea. When this ballast water is dis- charged, living organisms from all over the world are released, disrupting the food web and causing problems that have an economic impact. Scientists from the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center are studying these organisms in two of the busiest seaports on the East Coast — Norfolk, Virginia, and Baltimore, Maryland. Scientists sample the ballast water either before it is discharged or immediately after discharge in the waters next to the freighters. Live pathogenic microorgan- isms, shellfish parasites, and exotic species are among the organisms commonly trans- ported from harbors all over the world to Chesapeake Bay. Even live finfish are among the released organisms. These in- troduced species have already caused many problems in Chesapeake Bay and else- where in the United States. Scientists are establishing a detailed database on the frequencies of release of various living organisms, the sources of the ballast water, and the survivorship of these organisms in ballast tanks while ships travel from port to port. Here a scientist samples a freighter's ballast water before it is pumped into Baltimore harbor. (Photo- graph by Gregory Ruiz) 27 Smithsonian Institution Libraries A new publication from the Smithsonian Institution Libraries takes the reader on a visual journey through the special collec- tions supporting research for the museums and research centers that have been estab- lished during the Institution's 150-year his- tory. Rare Books and Special Collections in the Smithsonian Institution I ibraries, published this year by the Smithsonian In- stitution Press, provides a richly illustrated sampling of the most valuable and unusual treasures in the Libraries' collections. The Libraries' 1.2. million items include 40,000 rare books and 1,800 groups of manuscripts that researchers use to identify and study the Smithsonian's vast assem- blage of artifacts and specimens. Smith- sonian staff consult the unique collection of 285,600 trade catalogues, for example, to document objects manufactured from the 1 9th century to the present day. Taxon- omists still use the extensive holdings in natural history to identity specimens in the collections of the National Museum of Natural History. The handsome illustrations in Rare Books and Special Collections provide a glimpse into the collections of the Dibner Library of the History of Science and Technology, located in the National Museum of American History; the Admiral Dewitt Clinton Ramsey Room at the National Air and Space Museum Branch; and the Bradley Room at the Cooper- Hewitt, National Design Museum Branch. Bern Dibner, whose collection of books and manuscripts was donated to the Libraries by the Burndy Library, is hon- ored in a frontispiece; production of the book was supported by the Dibner Fund. Rare Books and Special Collections 111 the Smithsonian Institution Libraries underscores the broad scope of research interests embraced by Smithsonian muse- ums and research centers and served by the Smithsonian Institution Libraries. (Photo- graph by Rick Vargas) 28 • N / sonian Institution eling Exhibition Service "Louis Armstrong: A Cultural Legacy" connects the arts of painting, collage, drawing, and photography with the art of jazz to illuminate the life and countless contributions of Louis Armstrong (1900/1901-71), one of the creative giants of the 20th century. The exhibition pre- miered in the fall of 1994 at the Queens Museum of Art in Queens, New York, and will end its eight-city national tour at the National Portrait Gallery in the summer of 1996. Many people know or recall Armstrong only as a genial, world-famous entertainer whose face, smile, and gravelly voice were instantly recognizable. Yet behind the show-biz image was a revolutionary artist — one of a handful of radical visionaries who changed the face of art in the 20th century. The exhibition follows Armstrong from his youth in New Orleans, to his years in Chicago and New York City, to his inter- national status as "Ambassador of Jazz." Artworks and a vast array of artifacts and memorabilia document Armstrong's life. Curator Marc Miller worked closely with Michael Cogswell, curator of the Louis Armstrong Archives at Queens College, Julian Euell of the Armstrong House, and Phoebe Jacobs, vice-president of the Louis Armstrong Educational Foundation, to assemble the more than 325 objects pre- sented in the exhibition. "Louis Armstrong: A Cultural Legacy" is the second in a series of exhibitions trav- eling as part of "America's Jazz Heritage," a partnership of the Lila Wallace- Reader's Digest Fund and the Smithsonian Institu- tion. It was organized by the Queens Mu- seum of Art and the Smithsonian Institu- tion Traveling Exhibition Service and funded in part by the National Endowment for the Humanities. Additional support was provided by Mobil Foundation, Inc. 29 Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute The Earl S. Tupper Library at the Smith- sonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI) is one of the world's most comprehensive resources on tropical nature and human use of the tropics. It began in the 1920s as a small book collection at the Barro Colorado Island Field Station, and, by 1983, it was the first Smithsonian Institu- tion Libraries branch to have its own building. But by the early 1990s, the col- lection had expanded to more than 65,000 volumes, and the number of patrons ex- ceeded 14,000. The library had outgrown its space. This year, STRI completed a much- needed expansion and renovation of its library facilities thanks to a generous gift from the family of Earl S. Tupper, the founder of Tupperware. The new four- story annex provides 1,600 square meters (17,223 square feet) of space — enough room to allow the collection to triple in size. In the original building, the reading area and staff work space have been enlarged. The mosaic on the facade of the new annex, created and contributed by the noted Panamanian artist Brooke Alfaro, symbolizes Panama's role as a site of ex- change: of marine life before closure of the isthmus; of terrestrial life for the last 3 million years; of human populations and cultures during the last 12,000 years; and of commerce during the past 500 years. The work, titled El Trueque (The Ex- change) also symbolizes the continued in- tellectual exchange that researchers and students from around the world engage in at STRI. (Photograph by Marcos A. Guerra) 30 THE YEAR IN REVIEW The Provost Office of the Provost ROBERT S. HOFFMANN, ACTING PROVOST On October 31, 1994, Secretary Heyman combined the offices of three assistant secretaries to establish the Office of the Provost and appointed former Assistant Secretary for the Sciences Robert Hoffmann as acting provost. The creation of this office marked a major step in the strategic planning of a more efficient and effective Institution. The Office of the Provost plans, coordinates, facilitates, and evaluates the Institution's activities in research, collections management, exhibi- tions, education, and cultural programs. ♦ During the year, the Office of the Provost initiated activities to commemorate the Smithsonian's 150th anniversary. Major programs include a lecture series to accompany the traveling exhibition "America's Smithsonian"; "The Unseen Smithsonian," a photo- graphic exhibition illustrating the diversity and breadth of research interests pursued by Smithsonian scholars; an endowed chair in museum studies at George Washington University; lectures and panel discussions at scholarly and professional organization meetings across the United States; and behind-the-scene tours of program units to help staff and volunteers appreci- ate and understand institutional activities. ♦ The 25-member Smithsonian Council assessed the Smithsonian's anthropological and cultural studies programs, as well as programs of the Smithsonian's conservation biology community and the Conserva- tion Training Council. ♦ Through James Smithson Trust funds — the Re- search Opportunities Fund, Restricted Endowment Funds, Scholarly Studies Program, Special Exhibition Fund, Collections-Based Research Fund, and Educa- tional Outreach Fund — the office distributed awards to museums, research institutes, laboratories, and other offices. The awards support innovative scientific endeavors; exhibitions that broaden public under- standing of Smithsonian collections; and education, cultural interpretation, and audience development programs. ♦ The office initiated Institution-wide discussions and workshops focusing on recent exhibitions and re- search that resulted in new guidelines and improved procedures for exhibition planning. ♦ The Council of Museum Education Directors orga- nized a Smithsonian-wide conference that reviewed national education reform goals and guidelines and presented local, national, and Smithsonian examples of the museum community's involvement in education reform. ♦ Smithsonian scholars from the sciences and the hu- manities gathered at a conference focusing on the his- tory and contributions of Smithsonian researchers. "What about Increase? The First Science and Human- ities Dialogue" fostered a spirit of community, shared goals, and cooperative endeavor. ♦ The office continued support for the Material Cul- ture Forum and the History Roundtable, which hold regular discussions on topics that cross disciplines, Japanese American percussionist Anthony Brown performs at the Asian Pacific Ameri- can Heritage Month keynote event. (Photo- graph by Rick Vargas) 31 ' Jia-sun Tsang, paint- ings i onservator at the ( 'onservation Analyti- cal I aboratory, re- moves the surface coating from ( 'harles Willson Peale's paint- ing ( ieneral Cropper, in the collection oj the National Museum oj American History. thereby encouraging communication and collegial work among research staff. ♦ The Wider Audience Development Program coor- dinated nearly }0 lectures, films, performances, and other educational programs to explore different facets of America's multicultural heritage. ♦ The office supported several Smithsonian units in organizing programs for Asian and Asian American communities. ♦ The Accessibility Lecture Series offered 10 pro- grams in st.ift from the Smithsonian and from cul- tural organizations in the Washington, D.C., area on topics such as universal design and audio description tor performances. ♦ "Ocean Planet," a traveling exhibition on ocean conservation organized by the Environmental Aware- ness Program, opened at the National Museum of Natural History. Sciences Conservation Analytical Laboratory LAMBERT! S VAN ZELST, DIRECTOR The Conservation Analytical laboratory (CAL) en- gages in research and training in the conservation and technical stud) of museum objects and other materials of cultural importance. CAL addresses questions of concern to archaeology and art history, as well as problems facing museums, including the Smithsonian, in the preservation and conservation of collections. A multifaceted training program provides valuable edu- cational opportunities for students in conservation, materials science, archaeology, and art history. ♦ The Biogeochemistry Program, in collaboration with the Geophysical Laboratory of the Carnegie In- stitution of Washington, developed molecular dissec- tion techniques for light isotope ratio mass spectrom- etry. Using these techniques, scientists compared Cambrian-age brachiopod shells to modern shell ma- terial from Hawaii. They also identified for the first time the stabilization of DNA in the fossil record through a mechanism involving crosslinking to the protein collagen. ♦ Students in the Archaeological Conservation Train- ing Program gained practical experience working at excavation sites at Harappa, Pakistan, and Copan, 1 londuras. At Copan, CAL began educational out- reach efforts to archaeologists through collaboration with the newly established Harvard University ar- chaeological field school. At both sites, local archae- ologists and museum professionals received theoreti- cal and practical instruction in preservation and conservation of museum collections and excavated materials. ♦ Research in the preservation of photographic mate- rials resulted in the development of a low-cost pack- ing technique for cold storage. Storage at subzero temperatures dramatically prolongs the expected life- time of photographic materials. The new technique maintains an appropriate humidity level and thus en- ables the use of commercial freezer technology. This technology can be scaled to the size of the collection, making cold storage a feasible and affordable preser- vation strategy. ♦ CAL produced the first two videotapes in a new in- structional series that introduces basic principles and practices of collections care and preservation — Furni- ture Care and Maintenance and Rescuing Records: Recognizing Values and Problems. The series is de- signed for museum professionals and other collection caretakers and managers who do not have conserva- tion training. National Museum of Natural History DONALD J. ORTNER, ACTING DIRECTOR The National Museum of Natural History is commit- ted to understanding the natural world, including the role of humans in it, and making this knowledge avail- able to people everywhere. The most-visited natural 32- history museum in the world, the museum reveals the biological and cultural diversity of Earth through pub- lic exhibitions and a variety of educational programs and publications. It is also one of the world's largest research museums, charged with the care of more than izo million cultural artifacts and specimens of plants, animals, fossils, rocks, and minerals. Studies con- ducted by the museum's staff, and by visiting scientists worldwide using its collections, shed light on the ori- gins and evolution of Earth and the solar system, in- crease understanding of plants and animals living today and in earlier periods, and enhance knowledge of human evolution, adaptation, and cultural history. ♦ Special exhibitions were a highlight of 1995 at the museum. "Spiders!" completed its successful debut presentation in January and began a North American tour that will continue until 1998. In April, "Ocean Planet" opened with the generous support of the Na- tional Science Foundation, Times Mirror Magazines, Inc., The Pew Charitable Trusts, Ford Motor Com- pany, and Motorola. A new permanent exhibition, "Exploring Marine Ecosystems," opened in May, followed by the traveling show "Royal Tombs of Sipan" in June. Later in the year, visitors enjoyed the museum's first outdoor exhibition — a new butterfly garden. ♦ Museum researchers continued their excellent record of scholarly publication, writing and editing some 600 papers and books. The most far-reaching were three articles in the prestigious journal Science, including a cover story on lichen-forming fungi by Department of Botany researchers; a paper in the journal Evolution suggesting that new species evolve in bursts rather than continuously; a book compiling all known information on worldwide volcanic ac- tivity for the past 10,000 years; and two articles in the Journal of Forensic Sciences on museum anthro- pologists' contributions to identification of human remains. ♦ Museum board member Gilbert S. Kahn an- nounced a gift of $1 million from his mother, Janet Annenberg Hooker, to the Campaign for the Hall of Geology, Gems and Minerals. The donation included a four-piece jewelry suite of extremely rare fancy yel- low diamonds. Mrs. Hooker contributed $3 million to the campaign in 1992.. The new hall will be named in her honor when it opens in December 1996. ♦ The museum expanded its outreach dramatically this year via the information superhighway. Online services now available include a museum home page on the World Wide Web (http://www.nmnh.si.edu); an electronic version of "Ocean Planet"; scientific and general-interest publications; collection information; specialized bibliographies; comprehensive species lists for some groups of organisms; and discussion centers that link researchers around the world. ♦ Science has often transcended political boundaries, but for decades the People's Republic of China has re- mained largely off limits to Western researchers. Re- cently, however, a significant number of cooperative projects between museum scientists and their Chinese colleagues have begun. This year, two paleobiologists, two botanists, a zoologist, and an expert in human origins visited mainland China for scholarly ex- changes and field work. ♦ The Smithsonian Marine Station at Link Port in eastern Florida this year benefited from two generous supporters. The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation agreed to a discounted sale of 3.2 hectares (8 acres) of land in Fort Pierce, Florida, which will provide a permanent site for the facility. The station also received a four-wheel-drive vehicle from Ford Motor Company, a sponsor of "Ocean Planet." National Zoological Park MICHAEL H. ROBINSON, DIRECTOR The National Zoological Park is being transformed into a biological park that emphasizes the diversity and interdependence of plants and animals. New ex- hibits at the Zoo, such as the Amazonia, Wetlands, and Cheetah Conservation Station exhibits, eliminate the unnatural separation of plants and animals that Michael Braun (right), director of the Labo- ratory of Molecular Systematica at the National Museum of Natural History, works with research technician Chris Huddleston to remove frozen tissue samples from a new liquid- nitrogen storage sys- tem, which maintains specimens at ultra- cold temperatures. The frozen-tissue a >/- lection augments the museum 's traditional collections by provid- ing a record of genetic diversity at the molec- ular level. (Photo- graph by Doc Dougherty) 33 Griff, the National Zoological Park's 13- year-old Masai giraffe, gave birth to a 114- pound female calf on June 5, 1995. The 5-foot, 1 o-inch new- born stood and took its first stumbling steps in just 28 min- utes. Masai giraffes, although not endan- gered, are not com- mon in North Ameri- can zoos. (Photograph by Lauren Erera) characterizes most zoos and broaden appreciation for the ecological relationships among living organisms. Scientific studies conducted at the Zoo's Rock Creek Park facility in Washington, D.C., at the Conservation and Research Center in Front Royal, Virginia, and at other locations in the United States and overseas fur- ther the Zoo's efforts to advance the understanding of biological and veterinary science and to preserve dis- appearing species and habitats worldwide. ♦ Jomu, one of the first cheetahs produced by artifi- cial insemination, became part of the Cheetah Con- servation Station. The 21 -month-old female is a prod- uct of research in assisted reproduction of endangered cats conducted by staff from the National Zoo's New Opportunities in Animal Health Sciences Center working at the Caldwell Zoo in Tyler, Texas. ♦ "Forever Changed: Birds on the Hawaiian Islands" — an all-Smithsonian symposium organized by the Zoo's Office of Public Affairs — focused on the his- tory, evolution, and conservation status of Hawaii's remarkable bird population. Scientists discussed the discovery of the remains of recently extinct birds, which provided DNA samples for analyses that forced a rethinking of relationships between Hawaiian bird species. ♦ The Friends of the National Zoo (FONZ) launched its first annual ZooArts Festival; opened a new gift and food service facility; and initiated a series of week-long overnight wildlife conservation camps for children at the Conservation and Research Center. ZooFari, FONZ's 12th annual fund-raising event, netted a record $240,000 for exhibition, edu- cation, conservation, and research programs. FONZ volunteers also contributed more than 100,000 hours of assistance that supported a variety of projects. ♦ The Zoo won three major awards from the Ameri- can Zoo and Aquarium Association. The golden lion tamarin conservation program, which marked its first decade of success in reintroducing golden lion tamarin monkeys to Brazil, received the top Conser- vation Award. The Zoo also shared honors with two other zoos for collaborative work on behalf of the endangered tiger and won an award for breeding Matschie's tree kangaroo. ♦ The Conservation and Research Center joined Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc., and Hewlett-Packard Company to form the Conservation Technology Support Program, a consortium that pro- vided $1 million in computer hardware, software, and training to 30 nonprofit conservation organiza- tions in the United States and abroad. This program is improving biologists' ability to analyze the environ- mental impact of land and natural resource use. ♦ The Zoo and the Fairfax County, Virginia, Public Schools coproduced four elementary school Science Safari programs and an Electronic Field Trip for mid- dle school students. Related curriculum materials were created and distributed to participating schools. The programs were broadcast to schools nationwide via satellite downlink or cable television systems. ♦ A team of scientists led by the Zoo's Daryl Boness used a novel underwater videotape camera provided by the National Geographic Society to gather never- seen underwater images of harbor seals and informa- tion on the seals' behavior. The team traveled to Sable Island in the North Atlantic Ocean to attach cameras temporarily to the seals' backs. ♦ The Conservation and Research Center recorded a milestone with the first breeding of a Hawaiian honeycreeper (the i'hvi) outside the wild. Scientists at the center are using this nonendangered species of honeycreeper to develop husbandry and propagation techniques for a number of Hawaii's highly endan- gered avian species. 34 Office of Fellowships and Grants ROBERTA W. RUBINOFF, DIRECTOR The Office of Fellowships and Grants supports and en- hances research at the Institution, throughout the na- tion, and overseas by linking the Smithsonian with stu- dents and scholars from universities, museums, and research organizations. Through fellowships, intern- ships, and other visiting academic appointments, the Smithsonian maximizes the use of its vast and unusual resources and provides an important complement to more formal modes of education. The office manages centralized fellowship and internship programs and all other stipend appointments, some of which are de- signed to increase minority participation in Smithso- nian research activities and disciplines. Two competi- tive grant programs providing scholarly support for Smithsonian professional staff also are administered by the office. ♦ Approximately 900 students, scientists, and schol- ars from the United States and abroad received ap- pointments to use the Institution's facilities and col- lections. These awards included stipends for visiting scholars and students, internships, and short-term travel grants. Of the 66 awards made under the Smithsonian Fellowship Program, 21 percent went to students and scholars from underrepresented groups. ♦ With support from the Educational Outreach Fund, the office coordinated a seminar series given by nine Smithsonian research staff members at 16 large U.S. universities with a significant number of students from underrepresented groups. Students and faculty learned about some of the research being conducted at the Smithsonian and about the opportunities avail- able to them here. ♦ Dr. Pedro E. Leon Azofeifa from the School of Medicine at the University of Costa Rica received the second George E. Burch Fellowship to study the evolution of regulatory gene clusters in vertebrates. ♦ In the Smithsonian-wide Scholarly Studies Pro- gram, 22 grants were awarded to provide up to two years of research support in Smithsonian disciplines. Office of International Relations FRANCINE C. BERKOWITZ, DIRECTOR From its inception, the Smithsonian Institution has been an international organization. During the last 1 50 years, Smithsonian staff have ranged the globe, as- sembling museum collections, collaborating on schol- arly or public programs, and conducting research in almost every country of the world. In 1965, the Smith- sonian first established an international office to sup- port its increasingly complex programs abroad and to provide diplomatic and technical help for international exchanges of museum collections and personnel. The Office of International Relations (OIR) today coordi- nates the Smithsonian's interests abroad and is the cen- tral reference source for its international activities. The Smithsonian Foreign Currency Program, which the of- fice administers, provides grants for research in a lim- ited number of countries abroad. ♦ The December 1994 opening of the Cape Coast Castle Museum in a former slave-trade fortress in the West African nation of Ghana marked a milestone in international cooperation for the Institution. With assistance from several Smithsonian divisions and funding from the U.S. Agency for International De- velopment, the office coordinated an effort to train Ghanaian staff in museum techniques and develop the opening exhibition on the African diaspora. ♦ During 1995, the office obtained nearly 200 for- eign visas for Smithsonian travelers and provided U.S. visa documentation for 190 foreign researchers and interns working at the Smithsonian and at col- league institutions in this country. ♦ The office also handled arrangements for more than 90 official government visits to the Smithsonian, including those of the queen of Thailand, the presi- dent of Cape Verde, the president of the Polish Acad- emy of Sciences, and the South African minister of arts, culture, science, and technology. The Smithsonian bad a major advisory role in the development of Ghana's Cape Coast Castle Museum, which opened in December 1994 in the renovated facilities of a former slave fort in this West African country. (Pho- tograph by Francine Berkowitz) 35 The Laboratory of Natural History in the Smithsonian Institu- tion Building is shown in this engraving from An Account oi the Smithsonian Institu- tion, written by Willi. mi 1 1 mes Rhees in rSjy. This historic image is one of many that will be used in ex- hibitions and lectures during the Smithso- nian's 150th anniver- sary celebration. Office of Smithsonian Institution Archives EDIE HEDLIN, DIRECTOR The Office of Smithsonian Institution Archives spent this year preparing for the Smithsonian's 150th an- niversary. The Institutional History Division developed research tools, programs, publications, and presenta- tions on the history of the Smithsonian and its work- ers. The Archives Division made substantial progress on its enlarged and revised Guide to the Smithsonian Institution Archives and received a grant from the Atherton Seidell Endowment Fund to publish the new edition during the anniversary year. The National Col- lections Program expanded its annual Collection Sta- tistics report and plans a special issue for 1996. ♦ The Archives Division opened a cold storage facil- ity for special media on the grounds of the National Zoological Park's Conservation and Research Center in Front Royal, Virginia. The facility provides a steady, cool, and dry environment for the long-term storage of microfilm, motion picture film, audiotape, and videotape. ♦ The Archives Division, on behalf of the Archives and Special Collections Council and with support from the James Smithson Society, published an up- dated and expanded brochure. Archival, Manuscript, and Special Collection Resources, which outlines the many documentary collections maintained through- out the Smithsonian. ♦ The Institutional History Division produced two databases — a bibliography and a chronology — that support research into Smithsonian history. Both data- bases are available online through the Smithsonian Institution Research Information System and are ac- cessible on the Internet. Staff members are working on other databases, including a historical photograph database expected to come online in 1996, and orga- nizing several exhibits for the 150th anniversary year. During 1995, the Joseph Henry Papers Project staff completed text editing of volume 8 of the papers of the Smithsonian's first Secretary. ♦ With the Center for Museum Studies, the National Collections Program cosponsored an introductory workshop on managing museum collections for staff in small, emerging, minority, and rural museums. Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory IRWIN 1. SHAPIRO, DIRECTOR The Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO) is joined with the Harvard College Observatory in the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, a col- laborative enterprise dedicated to the discovery and explanation of the physical processes that determine the nature and evolution of the universe. A combined professional staff of more than 250 scientists are en- gaged in a broad program of research in astronomy, astrophysics, and the earth and space sciences, orga- nized by disciplines: atomic and molecular physics, high-energy astrophysics, optical and infrared astron- omy, planetary sciences, solar and stellar physics, and theoretical astrophysics. Scientists gather observa- tional data through instruments aboard rockets, bal- loons, and spacecraft; through ground-based tele- scopes at the Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory in Arizona and the Oak Ridge Observatory in Massachu- setts; and through other instruments and laboratories at the center's headquarters in Cambridge, Massachusetts. A science education department conducts basic re- search on techniques for improving science and math- ematics instruction, provides teacher training, and pro- duces curriculum enhancement materials for teachers and students. An extensive public outreach program disseminates the results of SAO research to the scien- tific community and to general audiences worldwide. Current initiatives include the construction of a submillimeter telescope array in Hawaii; the conver- sion of the joint Smithsonian-University of Arizona Multiple Mirror Telescope to a single-mirror instru- ment 6.5 meters (21 feet, 6 inches) in diameter; and the 36 preparation of spaceborne instruments for experi- ments in x-ray, submillimeter, and solar astronomy. ♦ SAO astronomers produced the best evidence to date for the existence of massive black holes. Radio observations of galaxy NGC 4258 revealed a disk of material, only a few hundred times the size of our solar system, rotating at velocities of up to 1,000 kilometers (620 miles) per second around a central concentration of mass equivalent to some 40 million Suns. Since stars cannot long survive packed so closely together, the observations imply that a gigan- tic black hole lies at the center of this disk. ♦ Groundbreaking for SAO's submillimeter telescope array (SMA) took place June 8 near the summit of Mauna Kea, Hawaii. Smithsonian Secretary I. Michael Heyman attended; among some 100 guests were representatives of state and local government and astronomers from around the world. When the SMA is completed in 1998, it will have six dishes, each 6 meters (19 feet, 10 inches) in diameter, capable of operating as a single, huge radio telescope 500 meters (1,650 feet) in diameter. This unique telescope will make high-resolution images of such diverse sources as planets, newly forming stars, galaxies, and quasars. ♦ Preparation for the 1998 launch of the Advanced X-ray Astrophysics Facility (AXAF) satellite contin- ued. The telescope's unusual cylindrical mirror seg- ments were completed for coating, with surfaces far exceeding the minimum requirements, and the high- resolution camera under construction at SAO passed its critical design review. ♦ Space for Women, a 20-page booklet encouraging young women to pursue careers in astronomy and re- lated fields, was produced and distributed by SAO's Public Affairs Office in cooperation with the observa- tory's Women's Program Committee. ♦ Nearly 500 residents of southern Arizona attended the official opening of the Whipple Observatory's new Visitors Center on January 7. The center features ex- hibits on astronomy, natural science, cultural history, and the environment produced in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture/Forest Service and the National Air and Space Museum. ♦ To better understand the laws governing the for- mation of matter, SAO scientists created a special form of magnetized xenon that enables them to mea- sure precisely the spin rates of xenon atoms. The laser-generated xenon is also being used in a collabo- rative project with Harvard Medical School, where doctors hope magnetized xenon gas might extend magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) — a common med- ical diagnostic technique — to parts of the body, such as the brain, not now well imaged by the technique. Smithsonian Environmental Research Center DAVID L. CORRELL, DIRECTOR Research and education at the Smithsonian Environ- mental Research Center (SERC) in Edgewater, Mary- land, take a range of approaches to investigating basic ecological processes and improving our ability to pro- tect and manage important natural resources. Using the geographic features of the Chesapeake Bay region, the center conducts intensive analyses of a complex landscape of interconnected ecosystems. SERC's re- search is the primary contribution on the region to the U.S. Interagency Global Change Program and an im- portant component of the International Geosphere- Biosphere Program. Educational offerings range from undergraduate internships and postdoctoral fellow- ships to programs for a general audience. ♦ Rainwater dissolves many chemicals from the at- mosphere and transports them to the land and surface waters. SERC scientists have measured the volume and composition of every rain event since 1973, the longest record in the mid-Atlantic region. During this period, rain has become more acidic, and calcium, ammonium, and nitrate contents have increased, making rainwater a more significant cause of excess nitrogen in Chesapeake Bay. Steve Murray (left), associate director for high-energy astro- physics at the Smith- sonian Astrophysical Observatory, describes the high-resolution camera for the Ad- vanced X-ray Astro- physics Facility satel- lite to National Aeronautics and Space Administration Ad- ministrator Daniel Goldin (right), as Project Scientist Martin Zotnbeck looks on. (Photograph by Julie Corliss) 37 A scientist from the Smithsonian Environ- mental Research Cen- ter takes a sample containing parasitic ciliate protozoans from a dolphin at Sea World of Florida. (Photograph by Wayne Coats) ♦ Shallow groundwater draining from croplands often contains high concentrations of nitrate, which has adverse effects on receiving waters if it reaches them. SERC scientists have shown that most of this nitrate is removed as the groundwater moves through streamside forests. Using tuneable infrared lasers, they are studying the nitrate removal mechanism by measuring the concentrations of gases such as nitrous oxide released from the forest as a result of nitrate metabolism in the forest soils. The lasers are auto- mated and allow continuous measurements from many locations. ♦ The release of estrogen and testosterone from intensive livestock operations, such as poultry and cattle farms, is a potential threat to the health of re- ceiving waters. SERC scientists have shown that con- centrations of these hormones sufficient to have bio- logical effects are commonly found in the streams draining agricultural areas of the Chesapeake Bay watershed. These hormones also reach the open waters of the bay. ♦ SERC scientists have shown that dead tree branches and trunks in the shallows along the shoreline of Chesapeake Bay provide refuges from predation for aquatic animals. The populations of species such as grass shrimp, minnows, and young fish are signifi- cantly higher in areas containing this coarse woody debris. When shorelines are cleared of woody plants, these shelters are no longer available. ♦ Fisheries managers are becoming more concerned about the future of the blue crab industry in Chesa- peake Bay. SERC scientists study many aspects of this problem and have found that in shallow water areas without refuges, 75 percent to 97 percent of juvenile crabs are eaten by large crabs. Both recruitment of new crabs and survival of juveniles are important factors in adult abundance. ♦ Barnacles are among the most abundant fouling organisms in coastal waters. Three species of the same genus occur in various parts of Chesapeake Bay, and SERC scientists have been studying the factors that control where they grow. A combination of sa- linity range and the presence of organic "settlement factors" excreted by adults of the same species are the cues that free-swimming larvae search for before they attach to surfaces where they spend the rest of their lives. Smithsonian Institution Libraries BARBARA J. SMITH, DIRECTOR The Smithsonian Institution Libraries (SIL) provides reference and information services to the Institution's staff, members of the public, and scholars from around the world. The Libraries' collections of 1.2 million vol- umes, 15,000 journals, 40,000 rare books, and 1,800 groups of manuscripts are available for use in the 18 branches of the Libraries' system, and its catalogue records are online on the Internet. SIL is a member of the Association of Research Libraries and a special member of the Research Libraries Group. ♦ An Online Index and Finding Guide to the Litera- ture of African Art and Culture is being developed for access on the Internet as part of the Libraries' online catalogue, thanks to an award of $197,2.50 from the Getty Grant Program. Responding to the public's growing interest in non-Western art, Libraries staff created the index of 52,000 citations to identify source materials in this expanding field. ♦ The Libraries launched an electronic republishing program with a pilot project supported by the Ather- ton Seidell Endowment Fund. The full, searchable text of two volumes in the Smithsonian's Bureau of American Ethnology series of Native American an- thropology studies, long out of print, is being pre- pared for electronic dissemination on the Libraries' World Wide Web site (http://www.sil.si.edu). ♦ The exhibition "Science and the Artist's Book," cosponsored by the Libraries and the Washington Project for the Arts, explored how scientific ideas can stimulate artistic creation. The year-long show in- cluded original artist's books inspired by and dis- played with pioneering scientific studies in the collec- tions of SIL's Dibner Library of the History of Science and Technology. ♦ In conjunction with the opening of "Science and the Artist's Book," Roald Hoffmann, Cornell Univer- sity's Nobel laureate in chemistry, poet, and author, explored connections between science and art in the 1995 Dibner Library Lecture, "Chemistry Imagined.'' Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute IRA RUBINOFF, DIRECTOR The Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI), based in the Republic of Panama, is dedicated to re- search on tropical nature and peoples and to commu- nicating this knowledge throughout the world. To fur- ther its mission, STRI operates tropical forest and marine field stations, well-equipped laboratories, a re- search vessel, and a major tropical science library. These facilities support the work of 35 staff scientists and hundreds of visiting researchers and students each year. ♦ Staff scientist D. Ross Robertson, in collaboration with Gerald R. Allen, published Fishes of the Tropical Eastern Pacific. The 350-page volume, the most com- prehensive guide to the fish fauna of this region ever produced, covers 680 species in 301 families. De- signed to be used by divers, anglers, and naturalists, as well as by scientists, the book features more than 500 color photographs and illustrations. ♦ New laboratory facilities opened at the Barro Col- orado Island Field Station, greatly enhancing STRI's ability to carry out field studies in close conjunction with detailed analytical work. The new building has five individual laboratories, thirteen office-laborato- ries, a chemistry laboratory, an instrument room, a computer room, a darkroom, a herbarium, and a walk-in freezer. Along with housing units for re- searchers and living quarters for workers, this new building completes a series of projects begun in 1987 to replace facilities dating to the 1920s. ♦ A major new field station for marine biological re- search opened in the Cayos Cochinos Biological Re- serve off the northern coast of Honduras. STRI oper- ates the station in cooperation with a consortium of Dave Spencer (right), librarian of the National Air and Space Museum Branch of the Smithsonian Institution Libraries, welcomes a major gift of a microfilm copy of Trade-a-Plane maga- zine from TAP Pub- lishing Company. Representing the com- pany, Jean Durfee pre- sented the gift of 114 reels of microfilm that preserves the run of the magazine from its beginning in 1937. Russell Lee (left), cu- rator in the museum's Aeronautics Depart- ment, notes that the advertisements for aircraft, flying instruc- tion, and aviation equipment in Trade-a- Plane offer scholars "a powerful tool for understanding one of aviation's most tumul- tuous periods. " (Photograph by Carolyn Russo) 39 Secretary I. Michael Heyman, on his first nut tti the Smith- sonian Tropical Re- search Institute, has some hands-on experi- ence with a sea urchin with the help of Arge- lis Guevara of STRI's Office of Education. (Photograph by Marcos A. Guerra) private partners in Honduras and Switzerland, the Honduras Coral Reef Foundation, and the Honduran government. Incorporating a solar-powered labora- tory and living space for 15 scientists, Cayos Cochi- nos will be the site for studies of coral reefs and other marine habitats and for an initiative in the sustainable development of fishing and tourism. ♦ The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation awarded a three-year grant of $350,000 to be shared equally by STR1 and the Organization for Tropical Studies (OTS) to foster collaborative activities between these preeminent tropical research organizations. The grant establishes a STR1-OTS Steering Committee and sup- ports joint workshops on research areas being pur- sued independently by the organizations. In addition, it will fund exchange visits by STRI and OTS re- searchers, as well as visits by outside researchers. ♦ The Center for Tropical Forest Science began the fourth census of the 50-hectare (123.5-acre) forest plot on Barro Colorado Island in January 1995; pre- vious censuses were conducted in 1982, 1985, and 1990. Researchers will measure and map some 240,000 trees of 300 species to obtain data on growth, mortality, and forest regeneration. In addi- tion, a new 50-hectare plot has been initiated in a high-diversity area of Yasuni National Park in Ama- zonian Ecuador. This plot is expected to contain 290,000 trees and as many as 900 species. 40 Arts and Humanities Anacostia Museum STEVEN CAMERON NEWSOME, DIRECTOR The Anacostia Museum continued its tradition of in- creasing public knowledge of the black experience through direct engagement with a variety of con- stituent groups in the development of exhibitions, pub- lic programs, and research projects. The groundbreak- ing exhibition "Black Mosaic: Community, Race, and Ethnicity among Black Immigrants in Washington, D.C." was the anchor for activities that strengthened the museum's leadership in documenting and inter- preting contemporary urban and community history and culture. The collaborative strategies that the mu- seum uses to develop and implement projects are mod- els for other institutions. ♦ To complement "Black Mosaic," the museum sponsored two conferences about music. "Musica Afro-Latino" explored the history of Latin musical forms in Washington, D.C, and featured perfor- mances and discussions by some of the city's pioneers and trendsetters. "Beyond the Reggae Beat" increased public understanding of musical genres with origins in English- and French-speaking Caribbean communi- ties. Free concerts followed both conferences. ♦ Three notable exhibitions were installed in the Community Gallery. "In Search of Common Ground: Senior Citizens and Community Life at Potomac Gar- dens" focused on eight residents of a public housing development. "Art Changes Things: The Art and Ac- tivism of Georgette Powell" was a retrospective view of the life and work of a noted African American art educator and artist who has been active since the 1930s. "Anacostia: Not the Same Old Story" was de- veloped by students participating in the museum's partnership with the Lucy Ellen Moten Elementary School. ♦ The National African American Museum Project became part of the museum's administrative structure and was renamed the Center for African American History and Culture. The center mounted two exhibi- tions in the Arts and Industries Building. "Imagining Families" offered a provocative examination of fam- ily history through a variety of art forms. In "The Harmon and Harriet Kelley Collection of Art," the public gained insight into the impact of individuals who decide to commit themselves to collecting African American art. ♦ An advisory board began consulting with museum staff on plans for the 1997 exhibition "Speak to My Heart: African American Communities of Faith and Contemporary Life." The exhibition, the second in a trilogy of major contemporary urban history offer- ings, will explore the social and cultural dynamics of Washington's African American spiritual institutions. It will also address the impact of changes in vest- ments, iconography, and liturgy on black religious traditions. ♦ Plans for the museum's Archives Study and Storage Center were completed. Construction is slated for 1996 and 1997. The addition will enable the museum to be more effective in collecting and caring for man- uscript, archival, and photographic material that re- flects black life. Archives of American Art RICHARD J. WATTENMAKER, DIRECTOR The Archives of American Art is the nation's reposi- tory for documentation of the visual arts and culture in the United States. It collects, preserves, and makes available for study records, original papers, pho- tographs, diaries, sketchbooks, and oral history inter- views. On the subject of art in America, it is the largest archives in the world, holding more than 13 million documents. Dedicated to encouraging research in American art and cultural history, the Archives makes its collections easily accessible through reference cen- ters across the country and an extensive interlibrary loan program. Researchers may use its catalogue data- base on the Internet and through the Research Li- braries Information Network. The Archives' varied Artist Georgette Powell encourages a Moten Elementary School student during her workshop spon- sored by the Anacostia Museum. (Photograph by Harold Dorwinj 41 Photograph of Mexi- can architect Juan O 'Gorman at Watts Towers in Los Angeles, from the Esther McCoy Papers in the Archives of American Art collections are a foundation for advanced study in American art history and in other fields, including cul- tural, political, and social history. The Archives' quar- terly Journal publishes articles based on research con- ducted in the collections, as well as book reviews and collecting reports from the regional centers. ♦ This year, the Archives of American Art began identifying and increasing its resources for the study of Latino art. A guide to Latino holdings is in progress, and the Archives is actively pursuing the papers of Latino artists throughout the United States. A comprehensive survey of the collections revealed a wealth of material, such as the diary that Carlos Lopez kept as an artist, war correspondent, and pho- tographer for Life magazine in 1943; sketchbooks and journals of painter Carlos Almaraz; records of Octavio Medellin's art school in Dallas; correspon- dence and writings of Edward Chavez, Antonio So- tomayer, and Mel Casas; and a collection of 3,504 color slides documenting 741 Chicano murals in California. Many other noted Latino artists are repre- sented, either with significant documentation or in tape-recorded interviews. Oral history interviews with senior figures in the San Antonio Mexican American art community will further augment the Archives' holdings. ♦ The Archives Board of Trustees hosted a week-long series of benefit events in California honoring Beatrice Wood. The 101-year-old ceramicist received the 1994 Esteemed Living American Artist Award from the Archives at a gala dinner, which she attended via special satellite communication. ♦ The New York Committee of the Archives of American Art held "A Salute to Agnes Gund," honor- ing the collector, patron of the arts, and chairman of the Museum of Modern Art. The committee pre- sented Gund with an original drawing contributed by Frank Stella, and each of the 250 guests received a limited edition print donated by Elizabeth Murray. ♦ "Katharine Kuh: Interpreting the New," an exhibi- tion celebrating the life and achievements of the prominent art historian, critic, art dealer, and curator, opened at the New York Regional Center exhibition gallery in December 1994. A rich array of documents from the Kuh bequest to the Archives were on view, along with works of art by Mark Rothko, David Smith, Isamu Noguchi, Alexander Calder, Marcel Duchamp, and others. ♦ The West Coast Regional Center participated in the exhibition "They Painted from Their Hearts: Pio- neer Asian American Artists" at the Wing Luke Asian Museum in Seattle. The exhibition catalogue includes a directory of Asian American artists researched by the Archives. ♦ The Stanton Macdonald-Wright Papers, which the Archives had pursued since before the artist's death in r973> were acquired during 1995. The papers date from 1907 to 1973 and include early correspondence between Stanton and his brother Willard Huntington Wright; a diary from Paris written in 1909 in which Macdonald-Wright muses over aesthetics and records his color theories; and five journal notebooks that the artist kept from 1939 to 1973. Arthur M. Sackler Gallery MILO C. BEACH, DIRECTOR The mission of the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery is to pro- mote public interest and scholarship in the art and cul- ture of Asia through exhibition, research, education, and publication. Founded on a gift of 1,000 works of Asian art from Dr. Arthur M. Sackler (1913-87), the gallery opened in 1987 and has built a reputation for innovative approaches to stimulating interest in Asia. The permanent collection, which spans Neolithic times to the present, has grown beyond Dr. Sackler's original donation through gift, purchase, and transfer. The col- lection provides a comparative basis for the gallery's 4* important thematic loan exhibitions, which are en- hanced through a varied schedule of free public pro- grams, scholarly activities, and special events. ♦ With both the Sackler and Freer buildings open, in full operation, and physically linked for more than two years, the gallery conducted its first 12-month visitor study. Working with the Smithsonian's Insti- tutional Studies Office and a four-member gallery steering committee, the staff interviewed visitors for seven days each month from October 1994 through September 1995. When study results are tabulated, staff expect to learn more about who gallery visitors are and what they hope to gain from their museum experience. ♦ The family program "ImaginAsia" benefited from the addition of a part-time staff member, who ex- panded these popular activities to complement cur- rent exhibitions and developed a variety of related hands-on activities. The public responded enthusiasti- cally and in great numbers to the program's increased frequency and changing themes. ♦ During a one-day symposium, "Saints, Sufis, and Siddhas," six scholars of art history and religion pre- sented papers examining the significance of the holy personage, an overarching theme in the South Asian artistic idiom. Sessions devoted to Hindu, Islamic, and Buddhist "saints" were followed by an open dis- cussion. The symposium was made possible by the generosity of Mrs. Arthur M. Sackler. ♦ The gallery sponsored six free public film series featuring recent and classic works from China, Tai- wan, Hong Kong, Japan, Vietnam, Cambodia, and the Philippines, as well as films from the United States about Asia. Advertisements for the series appeared in Asian community newspapers, and that exposure helped attract large and diverse audiences to the films. ♦ The collections management departments of the Sackler and Freer Galleries were combined in a single department under a head registrar, who oversaw the acquisition of 175 works of art through gift, pur- chase, and transfer to the Sackler Gallery this year. Among the significant gifts were 72 photographs of Asia by Lois Conner; a group of archaic Luristan bronzes; and a fine 14th-century Tibetan Buddhist sculpture, which was purchased by the Friends of Asian Arts and the Smithsonian Collections Acquisi- tion Program. ♦ "Contemporary Japanese Porcelain," an exhibition of recent work by living artists, received top honors as Best Overall Exhibition in the 1994 Smithsonian Exhibition Awards. "A Mughal Hunt," which exam- ined the process by which a scholar traces the history of an unidentified work of art, was cited for the excel- lence of its labels. Center for Museum Studies REX M. ELLIS, DIRECTOR The Center for Museum Studies serves a diverse con- stituency of museum professionals, students, volun- teers, and cultural resource specialists by offering courses, seminars, fellowships, internships, informa- tion services, and professional support. The center is committed to fostering excellence, public service, and diversity in the museum community. It also plays a major role with Smithsonian interns, taking responsi- bility for central intern services. Through program- ming and counseling, the center ensures that all interns use the unique resources of the Smithsonian to explore the many facets of museum work. ♦ Anthony and Beatrice Welters established the Vin- cent Wilkinson Endowment Fund at the center in The Arthur M. Sackler G cillery's small collec- tion of Tibetan art was enhanced by this 14th-century gilded metal sculpture of the Bodhisattva (enlight- ened being) Gandha- hastin, posed with his hand downward in the varada gesture of granting a wish while holding a flower stem in the other. The gem- encrusted figure was purchased by the Friends of Asian Arts and the Smithsonian Collections Acquisi- tion Program. 43 opposite: According honor of Mrs. Welters's father. The endowment to biographical infor- will fund African American interns in the center's mation from the i jth Museum Intern Partnership Program. The Wilkinson century, the usually Interns will participate in internships at the Smith- iistitte samurai Yama- sonian and at smaller, community-focused museums. moto Kansuke, shown * The center continued its national museum-related in this caricature por- services by offering a new series of training work- trait by Japanese artist shops for staff at small, emerging, rural, and minority Gion Seitoku (1781- museums; through sponsorship of four museum re- 1829?), committed search projects by its Fellowships in Museum Practice suicide after one of his program; and by the annual Awards for Museum battle plans failed. Leadership program, a management seminar for This hanging scroll people of color working in museums. was purchased by ♦ With the Inter-University Program, the center Friends of Asian Arts sponsored the second annual Latino Graduate Train- and the Smithsonian ing Seminar in Qualitative Methodology. Fifteen doc- Collections Acquisi- toral candidates participated in "Interpreting Latino tion Program. Cultures: Research and Museums." The center intro- duced a new 10-week residency program linked to the seminar, selecting four participants from the 1994 and 1995 seminars to participate. ♦ The American Indian Museum Studies Program launched Perspectives, a series of technical pamphlets for American Indian cultural centers. The program also produced a directory of all participants since its inception in 1 99 1 . This carved tortoise-shell comb, made in England or France during the mid- 19th century, was fea- tured in "Body Language: Jewelry and Accessories from the National Design Museum " at Cooper- Hewitt, National Design Museum. (Photograph by Dennis Cowley) Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum DIANNE H. PILGRIM, DIRECTOR As the National Design Museum, Cooper-Hewitt ful- fills a unique role in the preservation and interpreta- tion of design for a wide and diverse public. Through challenging exhibitions, innovative educational pro- grams for children and adults, and a world-renowned collection, the museum explores the impact of design on every aspect of our daily lives. The care, study, and presentation of its collections, which are a resource for designers, students, scholars, artisans, and the public, is central to the museum's mission. On completion of a $2.0 million renovation and accessibility project in late 1996, the museum's collections will be housed in the new Design Resource Center, which will make the ob- jects truly accessible for study. ♦ Agnes Cowles Bourne, a San Francisco furniture and interior designer, and her husband Dr. James Luebbers made a major contribution of $z million to the museum's $20 million renovation and accessibility project. Renovation of the museum's two town- houses, which will become the Design Resource Cen- ter, began this year. Construction also began on a connector linking the Carnegie Mansion, the town- houses, and the Arthur Ross Terrace and Garden. ♦ As part of the Smithsonian's efforts to increase its Latino audience and expand its attention to Latino contributions to history, art, and science, the museum received a $98,000 appropriation to support educa- tional programs, exhibitions, and a Latino design archive. The museum established an African Ameri- can Archive in 1991. ♦ The museum received seven Federal Design Achievement Awards in a competition that drew more than 400 entries. Honored for superiority in design were the publication The Edge of the Millen- nium: An International Critique of Architecture, Urban Planning, Product and Communication De- sign and the exhibitions "Cooper-Hewitt: A Design Resource," "Mechanical Brides: Women and Ma- chines from Home to Office," "Packaging the New: Design and the American Consumer, 1925-1975," "The Power of Maps," "Revolution, Life, and Labor: Soviet Porcelain," and "A Royal Gift: The 1862 Porcelain Jewel Cabinet." ♦ This year the museum sponsored its second annual Summer Design Institute. During this week-long pro- gram, more than 100 public school teachers explored ways that technology and design can enhance a vari- ety of curriculum areas. Other innovative programs for educators and students included "A City of Neigh- 44 borhoods," which brings together educators and ar- chitects to use the neighborhood and its resources to enrich school curriculums; "Design Career Days," in which professional designers help high school stu- dents explore social and environmental issues through design; "Studio after School," in which high school students work with prominent design professionals to increase their awareness of and interest in the urban built environment; and "A Celebration of Craftsman- ship," which introduced more than 700 students to traditional craft techniques demonstrated by artisans from New York City and France. ♦ The museum continued its tradition of presenting innovative and creative exhibitions. Highlights of the year included exhibitions on the evolution of the workplace, Dutch modernism and the applied arts from 1880 to 1930, the work of graphic designer Elaine Lustig Cohen, jewelry and accessories from the museum's collection, 1950s wallpapers, and an analysis of an 18th-century bedcover. The museum collaborated with the National Academy of Design to present "Nature Observed, Nature Interpreted," an exhibition of 19th-century American landscape drawings and watercolors. ♦ The museum's annual benefit auction featured a silent auction of more than zoo objects relating to historical or contemporary design. Five hundred museum supporters attended the event, which raised more than $130,000 for the museum's general oper- ating funds. Freer Gallery of Art MILO C. BEACH, DIRECTOR The Asian collections of the Freer Gallery of Art span Neolithic times to the early 20th century and are known internationally for their quality. Although the Freer is one of the Smithsonian's two national muse- ums of Asian art, it also houses a small but important collection of work by 19th- and early 20th-century American artists, including the world's largest collec- tion of works by James McNeill Whistler. The gallery opened to the public in 1923 and was the first Smith- sonian museum devoted to the fine arts. Charles Lang Freer (1856-1919) of Detroit deeded the collection to the United States in 1906; the Asian portion of his gift has grown through purchase and donation to three times its original size. While only a small percentage of the gallery's holdings can be displayed at once, regular exhibition changes allow visitors to view a full range of the collection over time. 45 ♦ A project to preserve some of the world's great art was initiated by the government of Japan and private concerns in 1991, and the Freer Gallery was the first institution in the United States to benefit from this effort. By the time the project is completed early in 1996, 40 of the gallery's masterpieces of Japanese painting, dating from the 12th through the r9th century, will have been stabilized, cleaned, and remounted in the traditional format by specialists in Japan. ♦ The Freer joined the National Gallery of Art and the National Portrait Gallery in presenting a full range of the art of American expatriate James McNeill Whistler. "Whistler & Japan" was the first exhibition at the Freer to focus specifically on the re- lationship between the Japanese and American paint- ing collections, and it examined Whistler's interest in Japanese art and its effect on his work. The gallery also cosponsored a Whistler Scholars' Colloquium with the Centre for Whistler Studies, University of Glasgow. I In- colloquium was held at the Freer, with .111 opening reception at the British Embassy. ♦ The Freer and Sackler Library began major im- provements in public service through an automated cataloguing system that includes titles in Chinese, Japanese, and Korean alphabets. Library staff have begun to convert the 57,000-volume card catalogue to the electronic database, which eventually will be accessible by computer worldwide. ♦ Visitors entering the gallery through the north door can check current exhibitions and the day's events on two interactive video monitors that were installed this year. Designed by gallery staff and made possible by a generous grant from the Smith- sonian Women's Committee, the monitors attracted approximately 4,000 visitor queries in the first month of operation. ♦ The director was host of a reception in honor of the visit of the Dalai Lama in September. His Holi- ness toured the Buddhist galleries and addressed guests about the importance of preserving the cultural heritage of Tibet. ♦ A highlight among the 18 gifts, purchases, and transfers to the Freer collection this year was the Por- trait of Yamamoto Kansuke, a hanging scroll by Gion Seitoku (1781-1829?), a Japanese artist known for his religious and historical portraiture, as well as for his paintings of courtesans. The subject of the Freer portrait was the trusted adviser and brilliant military strategist for one of 16th-century Japan's most cun- ning and powerful warlords. The painting was pur- chased by Friends of Asian Art and the Smithsonian Collections Acquisition Program. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden JAMES T. DEMETRION, DIRECTOR In October 1994, the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculp- ture Garden marked its 20th anniversary as the Smith- sonian Institution's showcase for modern and contem- porary art. Today as in 1974, the museum remains committed to increasing the awareness and under- standing of art through acquisitions, exhibitions and publications, research activities, public programs, and the presentation of the collection in its galleries and outdoor exhibition spaces. The museum provides a public facility for the exhibition, study, and preserva- tion of 19th- and 20th-century art. A spectrum of con- temporary work is always on view. ♦ With the help of various acquisitions funds and gifts from generous donors, the museum continued to acquire significant works by modern and contempo- rary artists. Among the highlights for the year were Chuck Close's oil portrait Roy II (1994), Barry Flana- gan's whimsical bronze sculpture The Drummer (1989-90), Agnes Martin's oil and graphite painting on linen Untitled No. 11 (1984), Ana Mendieta's earth sculpture Untitled (1984), Roberto Marquez's oil painting Theater of the World (1988), Juan Mufioz's five-element composition of bronze figures Conversation Piece (1994-95), and Andy Warhol's polymer and silkscreen ink Self-Portrait (1986). ♦ The Hirshhorn continued to present "The Collec- tion Reviewed," reinstallations integrating American and European art with a special emphasis on contem- porary art, in lower-level and third-floor galleries. In second-floor galleries, works from the permanent col- lection were seen again in June after a large-scale loan exhibition and subsequent renovations had kept the space occupied or closed for some eight months. An educational presentation combined the Hirshhorn 's holdings with material from other Smithsonian sources to explore Thomas Eakins's 1895 portrait of Smithsonian ethnologist Frank Hamilton Cushing, a major painting on loan from the Thomas Gilcrease Institute of American History and Art in Tulsa, Oklahoma. ♦ The Hirshhorn's exhibition program highlighting contemporary American artists included a major show of Bruce Nauman's sculptures, photographs, drawings, and voice and neon installations, co-orga- nized with the Walker Art Center in Minneapolis and touring internationally. A 20-year survey of abstract paintings by Irish-born New York artist Sean Scully also was presented, together with small-scale exhibi- 46 President Clinton and his daughter Chelsea visited the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculp- ture Garden on Octo- ber 2. (Official White House photograph) tions focusing on works by Gary Simmons and Cindy- Sherman. A smaller show featured drawings by Ger- man artist Martin Kippenberger. ♦ Among the education programs presented this year were those that accompanied the Bruce Nauman exhibition. In an experiment in visitor information services, roving docents in the galleries and a staffed resource center encouraged visitors' comments and dialogue about this nontraditional art exhibition. In the second annual Mordes Lecture in Contemporary Art, renowned critic Peter Schjeldahl explored Nau- man's achievements. A panel titled "Nauman Then and Now" included past and present champions of the artist. Programs of music by the 20th Century Consort and films underscored influences on Nauman or presented parallel visions. ♦ Cindy Sherman's self-posed "film still" photo- graphs were the inspiration for a film noir festival, a class photography project at the Duke Ellington School of the Arts in Washington, D.C., and two lec- tures. "Cartoons, Popular Images, and Culture" was the title of a dialogue-presentation by exhibiting artist Gary Simmons and cultural critic Gina Dent. Eight "Young at Art" family programs enthralled more than 160 six- to eleven-year-olds and their parents with tours of an exhibition followed by hands-on art projects. ♦ More than 16,000 people attended free film pro- grams featuring cutting-edge international indepen- dent cinema, documentaries on contemporary artists, and family-oriented animation. Institutional Studies Office ZAHAVA D. DOERING, DIRECTOR The Institutional Studies Office is an Institution-wide resource dedicated to the scientific study of the charac- teristics, attitudes, opinions, and experiences of Smith- sonian constituencies. Its activities include long-term visitor studies at Smithsonian museums, background studies and assessments of exhibitions and public pro- grams, and studies of staff. On a limited basis, the of- fice conducts seminars in applied quantitative and qualitative research and program evaluation and pro- vides technical consultation to cultural organizations throughout the country. ♦ Two new reports from the office provide insights into the visitor experience at the National Air and Space Museum. The first, Air and Space Encounters, is an update of a demographic study conducted in 1988. The second, Space Fantasy and Social Reality, describes visitors to the popular Star Trek exhibition and analyzes their responses to the contents. 47 America's military servii es segregated troops by race until 1 948. This photo- graph from the exhibi I ion "Building the Ar- senal of Demot rat v.- World Warll ?ho tographs from the Na- tional Air and Space Museum Archives" shows black troops learning to plot a bomber's . 1 ir I h< Ruth & Vernon Taylor Foundation) Norman-Rita Tishman Fund, Inc. I ransoceanic Marine Inc. I ro) Systems Mrs. Milton Turner Two Visions, Inc. Ventas Y Proyectos, S. A. Ms. Ada Vincent Ellen Bayard Weedon Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Frank A. Weil (Hickrill Foundation, Inc.) Mrs. Alexander Wetmore Wilkhahn, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. T Evans Wyckoff (The Norcliffe Fund) $2,000 or more Anonymous ARCO Foundation, Inc. AT&T Sir Valentine Abdy Abramson Family Foundation, Inc. Alexander Gallery Ms. Charmay B. Allred American Federation of Mineralogical Societies American Astronautical Society Amentech Amoco Eurasia Petroleum Company Mr. and Mrs. Dewalt H. Ankeny Jr. (Ankeny Foundation) Mrs. Louise S. Ansberry Bank of America Foundation Bank of Hawaii BankAmerica Corporation J.N. Bartfield Galleries Mr. Robert M. Barton The Baruch Fund Mr. and Mrs. Thomas W. Barwick The Thelma Bauerdorf Revocable 199c Trust Beadles Lumber Company Bellcore Norman Bernstein Management Berry-Hill Galleries, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Douglas L. Blair Dr. * harles Blitzer Boeing Company International Affairs Book of the Month Club, Inc. Mrs. Howard M. Booth Ms. Margaret L. Bourgerie Mr. Frederick Brown Mr. Donald Bruckmann Cape Verdean Club of Falmouth, Inc. Cape Verdean Cultural Preservation Council Capital Cities/ABC, Inc. Cenro Corporation Ms. Allene R. Chiesman Mr Sang Ho Chung City Parks Foundation, Inc. The Clark Construction Group Coldwater Creek Compton Foundation, Inc. The Hon. Barber B. Conable Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Richard P. Cooley Mrs. William H. Cowles III King and Jean Cummings Charitable Trust Mr. Robert L. Cummings Mr. Tom Daggy Daka Corporation Mr. John H.Darlington Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Carl B. Davis Mrs. M.A. Davis Mr. and Mrs. Samuel Dazzo Sr. DC Community Humanities Council Dr. and Mrs. Francis de Marneffe Deluxe Check Printers Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Charles D. Dickey Jr. Mr. and Mrs. George C. Dillon Mrs. Lacey Neuhaus Dorn Mr. Donald Douglass (The Douglass Foundation) The Dunoir Fund Trust Mr. Barney A. Ebsworth (The Ebsworth Foundation) Ehrenkrantz & Eckstut Architects, PC. Mr. James A. Elkins Jr. Employees of Juno Lighting Inc. Mr. Frank E. Everett Mrs. Myron S. Falk Jr. Mr. and Mrs. George J. Fan Mr. and Mrs. Arthur A. Feder Fender Musical Instruments Corp. Dr. Alan Fern Mr. and Mrs. Hart Fessenden Ms. Minna J. Finberg First National Bank of Chicago Mrs. Dielle Fleischmann (The Monomoy Fund) The Flowe Foundation The Fluor Foundation Ms. Anne Forbes Mr. and Mrs. John Gilmore Ford Ms. Rosemary L. Frankeberger Mr. and Mrs. Morton Funger G.E. Fund Gannett Outdoor Group Georgia Pacific Dr. Kurt A. Gitter and Ms. Alice Yelen Mr. James C. Goodale Gover, Stetson &c Williams, P.C. Glenn Green Galleries Mrs. Gayle Greenhill Barbara Guggenheim Associates, Inc. Mr. Geoffrey Gund Mr. Corbin Gwaltney Mrs. Gloria Shaw Hamilton Ms. Morella R. Hansen Hariri Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Marion Edwyn Harrison Offices of David C. Harrison Ms. Harriet Sims Harvey Hebrew Union College Hicks Charitable Foundation Hillsdale Fund, Inc. Clarence and Jack Himmel Foundation Sir Joseph E. Hotung Mr. and Mrs. Phillip S. Hughes Jaquelin Hume Foundation Mrs. Peter D. Humleker Jr. Mrs. Elizabeth L. Hunter Illinois Tool Works Embassy of Japan Johnson &c Johnson 78 Jorge Scientific Corporation S. Kann Sons Company Foundation, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Maurice H. Katz Mr. Jack Kay R. C. Kemper Charitable Trust Mr. and Mrs. Donald Kennedy The Robert S. & Grayce B. Kerr Foundation, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. James W. Kinnear Klemm Analysis Group, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Seymour H. Knox III (Seymour H. Knox Foundation I Mrs. Blanche M. Koffler Mr. and Mrs. Robert R Kogod Mr. and Mrs. Steven Kohlhagen The Samuel H. Kress Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Jon Landau Lannan Foundation William & Mildred Lasdon Foundation Ms. Roxie C. Laybourne Mr. and Mrs. Samuel Lehrman Lemberg Foundation, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Jacques E. Lennon The Lerner-Gray Foundation, Inc. Mrs. Phyllis G. Levinson Eli Lilly &: Company Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Robert V. Lindsay Mr. and Mrs. R. Robert Linowes Louisiana Seafood Promotion and Marketing Board Mr. and Mrs. Edmund C. Lynch Jr. Mad River Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Frank N. Magid (Frank N. Magid Associates, Inc.) Mars Foundation The Honorable and Mrs. William M. Martin Jr. William Douglas McAdams, Inc. Mrs. J. Tate McBroom Ms. Maryann McCaffery McDonald's Corporation Mr. John C. Meeker Mrs. Withrow Weir Meeker Mr. Paul Mellon Mr. and Mrs. Michael A. Mennello Metropolitan Center for Far Eastern Art Studies Harvey S. Shipley Miller and Jon Randall Plummer (The Miller- Plummer Foundation) Mission Viejo Imports Mr. and Mrs. Charles Moore Mr. John W. Morrison Dr. and Mrs. George E. Mueller Mr. and Mrs. Thomas D. Mulhns National Capitol Section, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Nestle Beverage Company Mr. Khan Usun Nimmanheminda Mrs. Kay D. O'Rourke Occidental Petroleum Corp. Ohio Historical Society, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. David M. Osnos The P.I.E. Mutual Insurance Company Pacific Enterprises Patrick Media Group Mr. and Mrs. James Patton Jr. The Joan Whitney and Charles Shipman Payson Foundation Mrs. Thomas Perkins Mr. and Mrs. Richard B. Pfeil Mr. and Mrs. Frank Piasecki Polaroid Corporation Polo/Ralph Lauren Corporation Mr. H. Posner Jr. Ms. Judy Lynn Prince Quad/Graphics Mr.and Mrs. Jack Rachhn Mr. John A. Radway [r. Mr. William M. Ray Ms. Lola C. Reinsch (Emerson G. & Delores G. Reinsch Foundation) Mr. Frank K. Ribehn Ms. Dora Laurinda Richardson Ms. Nancy Rivera Dr. and Mrs. Kenneth X. Robbins Mr. and Mrs. William Roberts Mr. Lawrence Robinson Ms. Karol Kirberger Rodriguez Mr. L.A. Roepcke Mr. Samuel G. Rose Richard & Hinda Rosenthal Foundation Mr. Charles A. Ross Mary A. H. Rumsey Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Clive Runnells Ms. Elizabeth Sackler and Mr. Fred Berner Mr. Marvin Sadik Mr. and Mrs. James F. Sams Mr. and Mrs. Leveo V. Sanchez Saturn Corporation Saudi Arabian Oil Co. (Saudi Aramco) F. Schumacher cv Co. Sheppard Mullin Richter &: Hampton Ms. Deborah Sampson Shinn J.R. Short Milling Company Dr. and Mrs. Roger J. Shott Mr. Frank A. Shrontz Mrs. John Farr Simmons Mr. and Mrs. Robert H. Slusser Mr. and Mrs. E. Maynard Smith Gretchen Smith Crow Ms. Kathy Daubert Smith Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth L. Smith W. H. Smith Company Mr. Ira Spanierman Mr. and Mrs. John L. Sparks Spear, Leeds & Kellogg Mr. Alan G. Spoon Mr. and Mrs. Terry Stent Mr. and Ms. Ellis M. Stephens Ruth Hopkins Strode Trust Dr. F. Christian Thompson Tiffany Sc Co. Mr. Clayton M. Timmons Mr. John Travolta US West United Technologies Corporation The Vallm Galleries Mr. and Mrs. John C. Walton Mr. and Mrs. Jack W Warner {Gulf States Paper Corporation) The Washington Biologist Field Club, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Jeffrey N. Watanabe Mrs. Ruth L. Webb Mr. Stephen A. West Mr. and Mrs. W. Richard West Jr. T.S. Whitecloud III, M.D. The Honorable John C. Whitehead (The Whitehead Foundation) Mr. Eli Wilner & Ms. Barbara Brennan Ms. Louise W. Willson Dr. Edward T. Wilson Mr. K.R. Wollenberg Mrs. Richard E. Wright Smithsonian Corporate Membership Program Since its inception in 1990, the Smithsonian Corporate Member- ship Program has brought global corporation citizens into partner- ship with the Smithsonian Institution. The Corporate Members list- ed below have joined with the Smithsonian to support its vital work in education and research while affirming the importance of exchanging information in an increasingly complex world. The Smithsonian Institution gratefully acknowledges the follow- ing members of the Corporate Membership Program. AFLAC Incorporated American Express Company Anheuser-Busch Companies BellSouth Corporation Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. British Airways Brother International Corporation Capital Cities/ABC, Inc. Chevy Chase Bank Chrysler Corporation Fund CITIBANK, N.A. The Coca-Cola Company Collins Sc Aikman Products Co. ConAgra Pet Products Company The Walt Disney Company DuPont EDS Ford Motor Company General Electric Company Hitachi Limited Hunter Engineering Company International Business Machines Corporation Japan Airlines S. C. Johnson & Son, Inc. Kajima Corporation The Kansai Electric Power Company, Inc. KPMG Peat Marwick LLP Lee Enterprises, Inc. Mars Incorporated Marubeni Corporation McCann-Erickson Worldwide MCI Communications Corporation Microsoft Corporation Mobil Corporation NEC Corporation Nissan Motor Corporation U.S.A. Northern Telecom NTT Data Communications Systems Corporation Samsonite Corporation Scripps Howard Sony Corporation of America The Southern Company Sprint The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. Turner Broadcasting Sales, Inc. Xerox Corporation James Smithson Society Contributing Members provide unrestricted funds for the Institu- tion through annual contributions and special giving opportunities. The James Smithson Society is the highest level of Contributing Membership and includes Annual Members ($2,000 or more), Life Members (appointed prior to 1985 for significant contributions to the Institution), and Endowed Life Members (one-time gifts of $40,000 or pledges of $45,000). Founder Medalists are Society members who have demonstrated an exceptional commitment to the Smithsonian (indicated by asterisks on the following list). The Smithsonian gratefully acknowledges the generous support of James Smithson Society members, the lifetime commitment of James Smithson Society Life and Endowed Life members, and the remark- able dedication of James Smithson Society Founder Medalists. James Smithson Society Endowed Life Members Edward A. and Karen Burka Ruth Boyer Compton Dean S. Edmonds III and Lynn Ann Edmonds Daniel D. and Alice P. Gilbert Lt. Col. William K. and Mrs. Alice S. Konze Col. Bilhe G. Matheson, USAF Ret. Gilbert D. and Jaylee M. Mead Anton H. Rosenthal and Ruth E. Ganister Kenneth J. Scott and Catherine F. Scott Shelby Shapiro J. Henry Sheffield and Virginia K. Sheffield 79 James Smithson Society Annual Members Dr. J. Scott Abercrombie Jr. Mr. W. Mike Adams Mrs. Robert Amory Jr. Ms. Sarah J. Andersen Mr. and Mrs. William G. Anderson Mr. Leonard E.B. Andrews Mrs. lack R. Axon Mrs. Vivian Arp.ul Mrs. Mary M. Ashmore The Jean Axlerod Memorial Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Fred C. Ballman Mr. kuk R. Barensfetd Ms. Janine I Barre F)rs. Rhoda and Jordan J. Baruch Mrs. Anna S. Beckman Mi and Mis Michael 11. Beeman Mr. and Mrs. James M. Beggs Miss I li/a H. Bishop Mr. and Mrs. Dean Blackwell Mi. and Mrs. Douglas I .. Blair The Hon, and Mrs. Warren I I'.l.m The Hon. and Mrs. Robert 0. Blake Mrs. Howard M. Booth Mi and Mrs Walter A. Borten Ml .111.1 Mis Benin (I Boskc\ Dr. and Mrs. 1 l.uold M. Boslow \1 Mn ini 1 Bourgerie Ms. Rebecca A. Bowman c ol. Donald s. Bowman Mi Alfred Pope Brooks Mis. Keith S. Brown Mr. and Mrs. George R. Bunch Mr. and Mrs. George Burch III Dr. and Mrs. Edwin W. Burnes Mrs. Murray P. Cabell Ms i hristine Cabell Di. I csar A. Caceres Mr. Donald Carl Mrs. Winifred F. t artet Dr. and Mrs. David Challinor Mr. James R. Cochran Dr. and Mrs. David A. Cofrin Mr. and Mrs. Melvin S. Cohen David and Margaret Cole Ms. Nancy L. Connor Ms. Marjorie D. Conroy Mr. Mark N. Cookingham and Ms. Nancy J. Robertson Ms. Florence Corder- Witter Mrs. Carole D. Crocker Ms. Gretchen Smith Crow Dr. and Mrs. T.G. Daughtridge Mr. and Mrs. Charles Alfred Davis Mr. and Mrs. F. Elwood Davis Mrs. Anna M. Day- Mr. and Mrs. Samuel Dazzo Sr. Dr. Philip C. Deaton Mr. and Mrs. Joseph N. Deblinger Mrs. Deborah J. Denefrio Mr. Geert M. DePrest and Ms. Laura Travis-DePrest Mr. and Mis. ( harks f. FJiBona Mr. and Mrs. Douglas Dillon Mr. S.J. D.meglio Mr. and Mrs. Ralph Dixon Mr. and Mrs. Wesley M. Dixon Mr. and Mrs. Alfred C. Dobbs Jr. Mr. and Mrs. N.L. Doligalski Ms. Diane M. Dudley The Eberly Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Robert K. Edson Miss Babs Eisman Mr. and Mrs. Takashi Endo Col. Charles O. Eshelman Mrs. Eric Eweson Dr. and Mrs. James J. Ferguson Jr. The Hon. William H.G. FitzGerald and Mrs. FitzGerald Mr. Gordon J. Flesch Ms. Ellen L. Fogle Mr. Owsley Brown Frazier Mrs. Vernon W. Furrow Mr. Ernest Gallo Mr. and Mrs. Arthur W. Gardner Mrs. J. Gardiner Mr. and Mrs. Michael C. Gelman The Morningstar Foundation Dr. and Mrs'. William H. Gerber Mr. and Mrs. Bert A. Getz Mr. and Mrs. John T. Gibson Mrs. Elizabeth W Glascock I arol R. and Avram J. Goldberg Mrs. Ted R. Goldsmith Mr. Albert H. Gordon Mr i leorge ( . Graham Mrs. Mary Graham Ms. Molly ( iiaham Ms. Marion I .. Greene Mr. and Mrs. John B. Greene Mrs. Ann Y. Grim Mrs. Alton B. Grimes Mr. and Mrs. (akin Gross Mr. and Mrs. Patrick W. Gross The Hon. and Mrs. Najeeb Halaby Mrs. I reddle 1 larb) Mrs. James H. Harger Ms. Helen Leale Harper Jr. Mi hi. I Mrs. Max 1 lard Dr. and Mrs. Herbert A. Hartman Jr. The Hon. John W. Hechinger and Mrs Hechinger Mr. and Mrs. David R. Heebner Mr. and Mrs Robert Henigson Mr. and Mrs. Robert M. Henry Mr. and Mrs, Stephen O. Hesslet Therese and I. Michael Heyman Mis ( .loria Hidalgo Mr. James T. HinesJr. Mr. Ronald Hoffman Mr. and Mrs. Stephen Hopkins Mr. William Hopkins Mr. Richard B. Anderson Mr. and Mrs. Peter House Mrs. Peter D. Humleker Jr. Mr. R. Bruce Hunter Mr. John Ippohto and Ms. Diane Laird- Ippolito Drs. Jay and MaryAnne Jackson David and Pat Jernigan Mr. and Mrs. Stanley B. Jones Mr. and Mrs. Richard Kaufman Mr. and Mrs. Jack Kay Mrs. Virginia W. Kettering The Hon. Randolph A. Kidder Dr. William M. King Mr. and Mrs. Norman Kinsey Mr. and Mrs. Paul Klaassen Ms. Barbara Korp-Daly Ms. Elizabeth G. Kossow Mr. and Mrs. Robert E. Krueger Mr. John E. Kuenzl Mrs. James S. Lacock Judge and Mrs. Marion Ladwig James and Colleen Leach Mr. Melvin F. Lee Jacob and Charlotte Lehrman Foundation The Hon. and Mrs. William Leonhart Mr. John H. I eslie Mrs. Jean Chisholm Lindsey Mr. and Mrs. Charles E. Long Ms. Doris J. Lothrop Ms. Mary T Lott Mr. and Mrs. Edmund C. Lynch Jr. Mr. and Mrs. A. Bryan MacMillan Mrs. Virginia C. Mars Mr. and Mrs. Forrest E. Mars Jr. Ms. Mary Martell Mr. Paul Johnson Mr. Frederick P. Mascioli Maj. Gen. (Ret) and Mrs. Raymond E. Mason Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Edward J. Mathias Mrs. J. Tate McBroom The Hon. Robert M. McKinney and Mrs. McKinney Ms Merrill McLoughlin Mrs. Henry S. McNeil Shelley Kay Mclrod Mr. and Mrs. Richard M. Merriman Dr. W. Raymond Mize Jr. Mr. and Mrs. James Robert Montgomery Mr. and Mrs. Michael A. Moran Mr. H. Duane Nelson Mr. and Mrs. William M. North Mrs. Kay D. O'Rourke Mr. James I). Oglevee and Ms. Susan Marie Halliday Mrs. Ricard R. Ohrstrom Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence B. Olds Mr. George M. Page Mr. and Mrs. Arthur M. Pappas Mrs. Mary J. Papworth Mrs. Jefferson Patterson Mr. and Mrs. C. Wesley Peebles Mr |. Roy Pennell Jr. John L. and Carolyn J. Peterson Mr. Dave Pfuetze Mrs ( harles Emory Phillips Mr. and Mrs. |. Michael Pierce Mr. and Mrs. Charles M. Pigort Mrs. Jane P. Plakias Mr. and Mrs. Zigmund J. Podell Mr. and Mrs. Leon B. Polsky Mr. and Mrs. Charles L. Poor Mrs. Charles P. Price Mr. John A. Radway Jr. Mr. Elmer Rasmuson Mr. and Mrs. Michael F. Reagan Mr. and Mrs. Philip D. Reed Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Edward Hart Rice Mrs. Carlyn Ring Mrs. Dorothy Hyman Roberts Mr. and Mrs. LA. Rosenbaum Jr. Ms. Marya Rowan Mr. and Mrs. Marcos Russek Mr. and Mrs. William R. Salomon Ms. Leidv Samson and Ms. Kathy Kempa Mt. and Mrs. Albert Sbar James H. Scheuer and Emily Malino Scheuer Mr. and Mrs. Douglas R. Scheumann Mr. and Mrs. Edwin Schreiber Mr. and Mrs. S. Norman Seastedt Mr. Paul M. Shatz Mr. and Mrs. Allan E. Shore Mr. and Mrs. Clyde E. Shorey Jr. Mrs. Shirlev P. Sichel Mrs. Kathryne C. Simons Mrs. Wilson Sked Mrs. David E. Skinner Dr. and Mrs. Harvey C. Slocum Jr. Dr. Frank O. Smith Mr. Raymond W. Soden Mr. and Mrs. Michael R. Sonnenreich Mr. and Mrs. Edson W Spencer Dr. Marjorie L. Stein Mr. and Mrs. Ellis M. Stephens Mr. and Mrs. Joseph T.J. Stewart Mr. and Mrs. Franz T. Stone Drs. Russell and Marie Swanson Mrs. Richard L. Thompson Mrs. Margot K. Thompson Frances and Guy Tortora Helen Brice Trenckmann Mr. and Mrs. Walter R. Truland Mr. Walter L. Vail Col. and Mrs. W.G. Van Allen Mr. and Mrs. Ladislaus Von Hoffmann Col. Hal W. Vorhies Mr. and Mrs. Robert Waidner Mr. and Mrs. Raymond J. Wean Jr. The Raymond John Wean Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Ben White Mr. Julius Wile Dr. and Mrs. Ralph Wilson Jr. Jane Ludwig Worley Mrs. Frank L. Wright Mrs. Charlotte S. Wyman Mr. and Mrs. Bernard J. Young Mrs. Roberr Zicarelh Mr. and Mrs. Sidney S. Zlotnick James Smithson Society Life Members Mr. Joseph V. Alhadeff Mr. and Mrs. Joe L. Allbrltton Mr. and Mrs. William S. Anderson* Mr. David K. Anderson* Mr. Ronald P. Anselmo Mr. Scott R. Anselmo Dr. Herbert R. Axelrod* Mr. and Mrs. Richard R. Bains Mr. and Mrs. F. John Barlow Mrs. Frederic C. Bartlett Mr. and Mrs. Preston R. Bassett Mrs. Donald C. Beatty Mrs. Henry C. Beck Jr. Mrs. Ralph E. Becker Mrs. Clay P. Bedford Mrs. Edward B. Ben|amin Mrs. John A. Benron Dr. and Mrs. William B. Berry Dr. and Mrs. B. N. Bhat Mr. Richard A. Bideaux Mr. and Mrs. Edwin W Bitter* Mr. and Mrs. Robert Blauner Mr. and Mrs. James A. Block* Mr. Leigh B. Block Mr. and Mrs. William B. Boyd Mr. Lee Bronson Mrs. David K. E. Bruce Drs. Ruth and Berrel Bruun Mrs. George E. Burch Mr. and Mrs. Maxwell Burstein Mrs. Arthur J. Burstein Mrs. Hyman Bursrein Dr. and Mrs. Benjamin H. Caldwell Jr. Maj. Gen. and Mrs. Daniel S. Campbell Mrs. Carherine B. Cantrell 8o ]ames Smithson Society Endowed Life Members Anton Rosenthal and Ruth Gamster enjoy the annual Smithsonian Benefactors' Circle recognition dinner, where they were honored as Patron members for their continued gifts to the Institution. (Photograph by Glenn Levy) Mr. and Mrs. Lawson J. Cantrcll Jr. Mr. Allan Caplan Mrs. George H. Capps Dr. and Mrs. Robert C.C. Chiu The Rev.Sc Mrs. Thomas G. Cleveland Mr. Robert L. Coleman Dr. and Mrs. George L. Compton Dr. and Mrs. Roger D. Cornell Dr. and Mrs. E.J. Cunningham Dr. and Mrs. Bruce E. Dahrling II Mrs. Peter N. Delanoy Mr. Sam Devincent* Mrs. Gaylord Donnelley* Mr. John R. Doss Mr. and Mrs. Willard D. Dover Mr. Edward R. Downe Jr. Dr. Dale B. Dubin* Mr. and Mrs. Willis H. Dupont Mr. Mercer Ellington* Mr. Joseph M. Erdelac Mr. and Mrs. Thomas M. Evans* Dr. and Mrs. Dan Feriozi Mrs. Walter B. Ford II Patricia and Phillip Frost* Mrs. Edwin Fullinwider Dr. and Mrs. Lawrence Andrew Funt Dr. and Mrs. Lamont W. Gaston Mr. Kirkland H. Gibson Mr. and Mrs. C. Paul Gilson Mr. and Mrs. Stephen P. Gott Dr. and Mrs. Wilbur J. Gould Mr. and Mrs. Jerome L. Greene Mrs. Doris Stack Greene Mrs. Chaim Gross Mr. and Mrs. Melville Hall Mrs. Richard Harkness Mr. and Mrs. Don C. Harrold Mrs. Enid A. Haupt* Mrs. Lita Annenberg Hazen* Mr. and Mrs. Wayne C. Hazen Mr. Herbert Waide Hemphill Jr* Mrs. E.W. Henderson Mr. Edward L. Henning Professor Ikuo Hiravama* Mrs. Joseph Hirshorn* Janet Annenberg Hooker* Mr. Paul Horgan Dr. and Mrs. Howard Ihrig Mr. and Mrs. George H. Jacobus Mr. and Mrs. Jacob Kainen Mr. and Mrs. Donald E. Kastner Mr. and Mrs. Louis Kaufman Dr. and Mrs. Arthur A. Kirk Mr. and Mrs. Peter M. Klein Mr. and Mrs. Samuel W. Koffler Mrs. Lewis Kurt Land Mrs. David Landau Dr. Maury P. Leibovitz Mr. and Mrs. L.E. Leininger Mr. and Mrs. Harry E. Lennon Mrs. Sara L. Lepman Mr. Joshua Lepman Mr. and Mrs. Robert Levey Mr. and Mrs. John Levey Mr. and Mrs. Sydney Lewis Mr. and Mrs. Jack Lord Mrs. Louis Lozowick Mrs. Robert A. Magowan Dr. and Mrs. Leo J. Malone Mr. and Mrs. Richard A. Manoogian Mr. John A. Masek Mrs. Vincent Melzac* Mr. Jack L. Messman Mrs. Sandy Levey Miller Mr. W.A. Moldermaker Mr. Monroe Morris Dr. and Mrs. Walter A.H. Mosmann Mr. and Mrs. Joe H. Mullins Dr. and Mrs. Marvin Murray Mr. Mortimer L. Neinken Mrs. Melanie Newbill Mrs. Henry K. Ostrow The Hon. and Mrs. G. Burton Pearsoi Mr. and Mrs. Wallace R. Persons Mr. and Mrs. Edward M. Pflueger Mrs. John H. Phipps Mrs. Annemane Pope Mrs. Abraham Rattner Mrs. Ralph C. Rinzler Mr. Thomas M. Roberts The Hon. Martin J. Roess Dr. and Mrs. Richard G. Rogers Jr. Mrs. Helen Goodwin Rose Mr. and Mrs. Peter G. Sachs Mrs. Arthur M. Sackler* Mr. Harry I. Saul Mrs. Janos Scholz Mr. and Mrs. Morton Silverman Mr. and Mrs. Edward J. Slattery Mrs. Helen Farr Sloan Mr. and Mrs. Sherwood Smith Mr. and Mrs. Robert H. Smith Mrs. Raphael Soyer* Mrs. Otto Spaeth Mr. and Mrs. Earl J. Spangler Mr. Stuart M. Speiser* Mr. and Mrs. Harvey G. Stack Mr. and Mrs. Norman Stack Dr. Richard F.S. Starr Mr. and Mrs. Norman H. Stavisky Dr. and Mrs. Leo F. Stornelli Mr. and Mrs. E. Hadley Stuart Jr. Mrs. Hans Syz Mrs. Katherine S. Sznycer Drs. Yen and Julia Tan Mr. and Mrs. Vernon L. Taylor Jr. Dr. and Mrs. David J. Tepper Mr. Richard W. Thompssen Mr. and Mrs. Bardyl R. Tirana Mr. Earl S. Tupper Lillian Scheffres Turner Dr. and Mrs. Adolfo Villalon Mr. and Mrs. Robert Vojvoda Dr. and Mrs. Francis S. Walker Mr. and Mrs. C.C. Wang Mr. Thomas E. Whiteley Mr. Leonard John Wilkinson* Mr. and Mrs. Thomas J. Williams Mr. Archibald M. Withers Mrs. David O. Woodbury Mr. and Mrs. James Wu Mr. and Mrs. Barry Yampol Bequests It is with special appreciation that we remember and acknowledge those friends whose bequests have been received by the Institution, thus continu- ing the legacy of our founder James Smithson. Unrestricted bequests become part of the Bequest Endowment Fund. The principal of this fund is maintained in perpetuity, while the income supports acquisitions, exhibitions, scholarly studies, educational outreach, and other functions of the Smithsonian. Some bequests were designated for a special purpose by the donors. The following persons remembered the Smithsonian through bequests from their estates. Mae Emilia Dahl Patricia C. Dodge Florence B. Dowdy Johanna B. Hagens Helen Katchmar Thomas McLaughlan Elinor Merrell Lowell B. Neshitt Kitty Parsons Recchia Bruno E. Reilich Frank Morse Robb George Sisley Donald Sultner Legacy Donors Planned gifts to the Smithsonian have significantly enhanced the work of the Institution since the first legacy gift made by James Smithson. The following people have created their own legacies for future gener- ations by establishing, during the year, one or more of the following planned gilts: a bequest through living trust or by will, a charitable remainder trust, a gift of life insurance, or a gift to the Smithsonian Pooled Income Fund. William Bnrlson Gilbert Glass Frank and Lisina Hoch Douglas and Sanae Reeves Floyd and Betty Schermer Bernard E. Stadiem Jerry R. White Mrs. Laurence Irven Wood In October i 904, James Smithson Society members tour the new Amazonia exhibition at the National Zoological Park before their annual formal dinner. (Photograph by Glenn Levy) Donors of In-Kind and Volunteer Support In addition to the financial support of individuals, foundations, and cor- porations, the Smithsonian Institution acknowledges donors of in-kind gifts. Ranging from equipment for office or program use to pro bono pro- fessional consulting services, such in-kind gifts contribute greatly to the success of research and educational programs, as well as to efficient administration of the Institution. Memorial and Commemorative Gifts Memorial and commemorative gifts to the Smithsonian honor loved ones, friends, and colleagues. These gifts not only express special appreciation for the individual being honored, but also help support, in a very direct way, the mission of the Institution. Donors may choose to apply the gift to the broad- est work of the Smithsonian or, in certain instances, may direct the gift to a specific area of interest to the honoree. The following were so honored by their families and friends. Apple Computer, Inc. Bran &: Luebbe, Inc. Nick Caloyianis Productions Colortone Press Eastman Kodak Company El-Yam Ships, Ltd. Ford Motor Company Fusion Lighting, Inc. GSCS, Inc. General Electric Aircraft Engine Group Mr. David P. Gianakos The Greenwich Workshop, Inc. Mr. Robert A. Hinkle Holiday Inn Capitol Hughes Information Technology Corporation Intergraph Corporation Motorola, Inc. Norcold Division Novadyne Computer Systems, Inc. The Recording Industries Music Performance Trust Funds RunTime, Inc. Schmirten-Media-Agentur Joseph E. Seagram &c Sons, Inc. Thai Airways International, Ltd. Times Mirror Magazines Tokyo National Research Institute of Cultural Properties Trans-Lux Corporation Transporte y Equipo, S.A. United Airlines, Inc. WSI Corporation David G. Baud H. Huher and Lillian Boscowitz Dick Grant Agnes Gund Elizabeth A. Hillman Donald and Helen W Keyhoe Katharine Kuh Pauline Tina Lesnik Sister (Mrs. Henry) Parish Peter Powers S. Dillon Ripley Sunil Roy Edith Sims Patricia Wagner Ellen Wells Alexander Wetmore Donors of volunteer service further enable the Smithsonian to accomplish a variety of programs and to offer expanded services to the public. The names of our docents and behind-the-scenes volunteers are listed annual- ly in the Torch (the employee newspaper). In fiscal year 1995, SA12- vo'~ unteers gave 472,766 hours of their time. These invaluable volunteers bring expertise, experience, and enthusiasm to their work here, and we express to them collectively our great appreciation for their dedication to the Smithsonian Institution. FINANCIAL REPORT NANCY D. SUTTENFIELD, CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER Introduction The Smithsonian Institution receives funding from both federal appropriations and nonappropriated trust sources. Nonappro- priated trust funds include all funds received from sources other than direct federal appropriations. These other sources include gifts and grants from individuals, corporations, and foundations; grants and contracts from federal, state, or local government agencies; earnings from short- and long-term investments; re- ceipts from membership programs; and receipts from sales activi- ties, such as Smithsonian magazine, museum shops, mail order catalogues, and food service concessions. Federal appropriations provide funding for the Institution's core functions: caring for and conserving the national collec- tions, sustaining basic research on the collections and in selected areas of traditional and unique strength, and educating the pub- lic about the collections and research findings through exhibi- tions and other public programs. Federal appropriations also fund a majority of the activities associated with maintaining and securing the facilities and with various administrative and support services. Smithsonian trust funds allow the Institution to undertake new ventures and enrich existing programs in ways that would not otherwise be possible. These funds provide the critical mar- gin of excellence for innovative research, building and strength- ening the national collections, constructing and presenting effec- tive and up-to-date exhibitions, and reaching out to new and under-represented audiences. In recent years, the Smithsonian has also begun to rely on trust funds for a portion of the funding for major new construction projects. The following sections describe the external environmental factors affecting the Institution's general financial condition, the Institution's financial status, and its planned response to chang- ing conditions; financial results for fiscal year 1995; and mea- sures, both organizational and financial, being taken to ensure the continued fiscal health of the Institution. Scientist Roberto Ibanez studies a frog at the Smithsonian Tropical Research In- stitute m Panama in a project to determine the causes for a de- cline in the amphibian population. (Photo- graph by Marcos Guerra). 83 Financial Situation and Prospects The Smithsonian celehrates its 150th anniversary in 1996. It will be an exciting year marked by the spectacular traveling exhibi- tion, America's Smithsonian, as well as many other grand events. These events will be funded almost exclusively by private contri- butions and funds generated from business activities related to the events. Funding for these celebratory events exemplifies the paradigm shift facing the Smithsonian and many education and cultural organizations — less reliance on government and more reliance on the private sector. The transition to this new paradigm will be challenging for the Smithsonian as it will be for many public institutions. For- tunately, the Smithsonian enters the new year with a strong balance sheet and excellent prospects for the future. The Smith- sonian occupies a special place in the hearts and minds of Amer- icans and receives generous support from its many constituen- cies. Congressional and private support continues to be strong. Through many years of prudent financial management, the Smithsonian has built a sizeable and growing endowment and adequate reserves. Moreover, the Smithsonian has taken decisive action to address prospective funding shortfalls over the last few years. Immediate steps have been taken in recent budgets both to cut cost and enhance revenues. More fundamentally, the Institution has recognized the need to restructure — both programmatieally and organizationally — to meet the challenges of the future. To better inform the restruc- turing process, the Smithsonian Board of Regents established the Commission on the Future of the Smithsonian Institution in September 1993. This Commission was asked to conduct "an examination of the Smithsonian, its mandate and its roles, and an examination of the cultural, societal, and technological fac- tors that influence its capacity to act." The Commission deliv- ered its report to the Board of Regents in May 1995. The report describes the Commission's vision of the future of the Smith- sonian and makes specific recommendations for making that vision a reality. The Regents formed a committee to consider the recommendations and to work with the Secretary in his strategic planning process. Last summer, the Secretary formed a Strategic Planning Group of senior management staff to analyze, at a detailed level, potential restructuring, consistent with the mission, vision, and priorities of the Institution, that will assure fiscal stability. Sev- eral restructurings have already taken place. The Office of Plant Services, Design and Construction, and Architectural History and Historic Preservation were consolidated into the new Office of Physical Plant. This consolidation brings together three inter- dependent organizations for more efficient management of the Institution's facilities. The Smithsonian continues to take a close look at the effec- tiveness of its revenue-producing and fund-raising activities. Senior management currently is addressing several years of de- clining revenues at Smithsonian magazine and examining a major loss at the Smithsonian Institution Press this past fiscal year. On the fund-raising side, the Institution plans to rely on the promotion of its 150th anniversary celebration activities in forming new and expanded relationships with individuals, cor- porations, and foundations. The deterioration of the Institution's facilities continues to be a major concern. The current rate of facilities deterioration and obsolescence will, if not fully addressed, place the collections, ongoing activities, and public accessibility at risk. Smithsonian facilities total more than 5.5 million square feet of space and range in age from new to more than 140 years old. Funding for maintenance, repair, and renovations has not kept pace with the deterioration of the buildings. Best estimates indicate that at least $50.0 million annually is needed to fully meet the require- ments for systematic facilities renewal and maintenance to offset normal wear and tear. While funding in fiscal year 1995 was only $24.0 million, prospects for a significant increase in fiscal year 1996 are strong. Congress has been very helpful in working with the Smithsonian to meet this challenge. It is hoped that in- creased appropriations in future years will be at a level that will arrest the rate of decline of those buildings in greatest need. The Smithsonian faces significant challenges, but it has prepared itself to meet them by emphasizing strategic planning, focusing on a future vision, and by setting resource allocation priorities that are tied to its mission and its core functions. FY 1995 Sources of Net Operating Funds Gov't G&C 11% -I vestments 3% Membership & Sales 10% Other 1% Fiscal Year 1995 Results Revenues received by the Institution in fiscal year 1995 from all sources totaled $708.1 million. Federal appropriations ac- counted for $358.0 million, and nonappropriated trust funds provided an additional $350.1 million. When adjusted to remove auxiliary activity expenses of $185.8 million, net revenues for operations, construction, and additions to endow- ment totaled $522.3 million, a 5.7% increase from fiscal year 1994. The following chart reflects revenues by source and broad purpose of use. Fiscal Year 1995 Sources of Gross/Net Revenues Percent Net Gross Net* Operating Revenues Revenues Revenues (Smillions) (Smillions) (%) Operations Federal Appropriations 313.3 313.3 71 Nonappropriated Trust Funds Unrestricted 226.8 41.0 10 Restricted Gov't Grants and Contracts 50.3 50.3 II General Restricted 36.7 36.7 S Total Sources for Operations Construction Federal Appropriations Nonappropriated Trust Funds Total Sources for Construction Endowment and Similar Funds Total Revenues from All Sources 44.7 44.7 7.0 7.0 51.7 51.7 29.3 29.3 70S.1 522.3 and Space Museum, and the establishment of the Jerome and Dorothy Lemelson Center for the Study of Invention and Inno- vation at the National Museum of American History. The Smithsonian is especially grateful to its many friends in the private sector whose generosity contributed vitally to its work. The names of major donors are listed in the Benefactors section of this publication. In fiscal year 1995, the Institution received $50.3 million in contracts and grants from government agencies, an increase of $4.6 million over fiscal year 1994. Support from government agencies constitutes an important source of research monies for the Institution while also benefiting the granting agencies by providing access to Smithsonian expertise and resources. As in prior years, the majority of these funds were provided by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration for research programs at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. Other projects funded included a study at the Smithsonian Environ- mental Research Center of the rising concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and support for sorting biological specimens from the polar regions at the National Museum of Natural History. * Net of expenses related to revenue-generating activities, e.g., museum shops, restaurants, publications, etc. Operations (Tables i and 2) Federal appropriations of $313.3 million provided the core fund- ing for ongoing programs of the Institution. An increase of $10.9 million from the fiscal year 1994 level funded the continued de- velopment of the National Museum of the American Indian, the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory's Submillimeter Tele- scope Array, the move of collections to the Museum Support Center, expanded Latino programming, and partial support for inflationary increases in salaries and benefits. Unfunded but mandatory inflationary costs for salaries and benefits, rent and utilities were absorbed within baseline resources through cost savings gained from restructuring of programs and activities. Unrestricted trust fund income showed an increase of $4.9 million from last fiscal year. Several business activities, such as Smithsonian magazine, restaurant concessions and museum shops, along with investment income, showed healthy increases. However, these increases were more than offset by the $4.5 million loss by the Smithsonian Institution Press. This unprece- dented loss led the Institution to begin to reevaluate this activity completely. Restricted income from investments, gifts and non-govern- ment grants and contracts totaled $36.7 million, a level that sustains and modestly improves upon the large, 38% growth last fiscal year. The Institution continues to intensify its fund- raising activities and focus on new strategies. Last fiscal year was the most successful year ever in raising funds for a wide range of educational, exhibition, research, and related construc- tion programs throughout the Institution. Major gifts and grants received in fiscal year 1995 helped to support the National Postal Museum, the exhibition "How Things Fly" at the National Air Endowment (Tables 3, 4, and 5) The Institution pools its endowment funds for investment purposes into a consolidated portfolio, with each endowment purchasing shares in a manner similar to shares purchased by an investor in a mutual fund. The Investment Policy Committee of the Smithsonian's Board of Regents establishes investment policy and recommends the annual payout for the consolidated endowment. The Smith- sonian's policies for managing the endowment are designed to achieve two objectives: 1) to provide a stable, growing stream of payouts for current expenditures and 2) to protect the value of the endowment against inflation and maintain its purchasing power. Current policy calls for an average payout of 4.5 percent of the average market value over the prior five years. With this payout policy, to achieve the endowment's objectives, the invest- ment policy targets a real rate of return of 5 percent. In fiscal year 1994, the Investment Policy Committee approved a new asset allocation policy with higher exposure to equities to increase expected return, while controlling risk through modest international diversification. During fiscal year 1995, the Com- mittee implemented this policy. The investment managers were given global mandates, and new specialist investment managers were hired for domestic and international equities. As depicted in the chart below, the market value of the en- dowment increased from $379.0 million to $434.6 million dur- ing fiscal year 1995. Of the $434.6 million, $189.6 million, or 44 percent, was unrestricted, and the balance of $245.0 million was restricted. New gifts and internal transfers totaling $3.4 mil- lion were added to the endowment while the payout was $14.8 million. Investment management fees were $1.2 million. The total return on the consolidated portfolio was 18.3 percent. At year end, the Institution's portfolio was invested 76 percent in equities, 21 percent in bonds, and 3 percent in cash equivalents. Market Value of Endowment and Similar Funds (in $ millions) Financial Management i millions) $450'!' ^Restricted, Freer i "Restricted, Other ■Unrestricted $435 Construction and Plant Funds (Table 6) In fiscal year 1995, the Smithsonian received federal appropria- tions for construction netting $44.7 million after a rescission affecting both fiscal year 1995 and balances from prior years. Net funds provided in fiscal year 1995 included $24 million for general repair, restoration, and code compliance projects throughout the Institution. Although the repair amount is a substantial sum, it is less than half the estimated $50.0 million per year required to keep up with the rate of deterioration in the physical plant. Net funds earmarked for new construction, al- terations, and modifications totaled $20.8 million. Included in this amount is $ 19.5 million to continue development of a collections, study, reference, and support facility in Suitland, Maryland, and the Mall facility for the National Museum of the American Indian; $3.0 million for renovations, repairs, and mas- ter plan projects at the National Zoological Park, including con- struction of the African Grasslands exhibit; and $2.4 million in rescissions related to prior years. Additions and transfers to nonappropriated trust construc- tion funds, termed plant funds, totaled $10.2 million. Approxi- mately $5.4 million was for construction of facilities for the National Museum of the American Indian, $1.6 million was for renovation of the Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum, and $2.2 million was for reinstallation of the Gem Hall at the National Museum of Natural History. Financial Condition The Smithsonian Institution's Statement of Financial Condition represents the total assets, liabilities, and fund balances of the Institution. Total assets of $1.2 billion far exceed total liabilities of $187.0 million and are indicative of the financial strength of the Institution. In fact, only $3.4 million of the $187.0 million in liabilities represents long-term debt. The Smithsonian Institu- tion's assets increased by $96.0 million since the end of fiscal year 1994, while liabilities increased by just $37.0 million for the same period. The Institution's overall effectiveness in utilizing its newly imple- mented purchasing and payables system accelerated during fiscal year 1995. It began to use newly available data from the system, such as transaction status, purchase volume by type of product, individual staff output, etc., to generate efficiencies in procure- ment and document processing. Significant progress was also made on the second phase of a new accounting system that in- cludes replacement of the Institution's general ledger, financial reporting, and management information system. A new coding structure has been developed that will provide new opportunities to report on and analyze programmatic activities and to increase the utility of financial reports for management decision-making. Other financial management improvement initiatives under- taken in 1995 include: • Finance units routinely make use of internal and external cus- tomer feedback, strategic and operational planning, performance measurement, and process reengineering to continually improve. • New approaches have been developed to increase procure- ments from minority and small business contractors. • Teams developed the policies and procedures necessary to implement new not-for-profit accounting standards for contribu- tions (SFAS No. 116) and financial statement presentation (SFAS No. 117) effective in 1996. • Procurement efficiencies and improved customer service were achieved through limited use of electronic data interchange strategies and expanded delegations of authority while maintain- ing effective internal controls. • New systems, processes, and procedures were developed so that the Institution could shift to Office of Management and Budget Circular A-122, Cost Principles for Nonprofit Organiza- tions, which covers federal grants and contracts received by the Institution. Previously, the Smithsonian followed cost principles for educational institutions. • Work began on an initiative that will automate the plan- ning and budget formulation process. Audit Activities The Institution's financial statements are audited annually by KPMG Peat Marwick, an independent public accounting firm. The audit plan includes an in-depth review of the Institution's internal control structure. KPMG Peat Marwick's Independent Auditors' Report for fiscal year 1995 and the accompanying fi- nancial statements are presented on the following pages. The Smithsonian's internal audit staff, part of the Office of Inspector General, assists the external auditors and regularly audits the In- stitution's various programs, activities, and internal control sys- tems. The Audit and Review Committee of the Board of Regents provides an additional level of financial oversight and review. In accordance with the government requirement for the use of co- ordinated audit teams, the Defense Contract Audit Agency, the Smith- sonian Office of Inspector General, and KPMG Peat Marwick coor- dinate the audit of grants and contracts received from federal agencies. 86 Table 1. Source and Application of Operating Funds for the Year Ended September 30, 1995 (in $000s) Nonappropriated Trust Funds Total Funds Unrestricted General $35,624 $39,396 $24,576 313,254 10,756 9,915 9,859 193,808 12,398 23,340 3,428 Total Government Non- Grants and Appropriated Contracts Trust Funds Federal Funds and Nonappropriated Trust Funds FY 1994 FUND BALANCES: Beginning of Year FUNDS PROVIDED: Federal Appropriations (see Note 1) . Investment Income Government Grants and Contracts . . Gifts & Non-Government Grants . . . Sales and Membership Revenue . . . . Other TOTAL FUNDS PROVIDED TOTAL FUNDS AVAILABLE FUNDS APPLIED: •Sciences: Assistant Secretary Office of Fellowships and Grants Astrophysical Observatory Less Overhead Recovery Tropical Research Institute Environment Research Center National Zoological Park Smithsonian Archives Smithsonian Libraries International Environmental Science Program Major Scientific Instrumentation National Museum of Natural History . . . Conservation Analytical Laboratory Museum Support Center International Relations Total Sciences Arts and Humanities: Assistant Secretary Office of Museum Programs National Air and Space Museum National Museum of American History . . National Postal Museum National Museum of the American Indian . National Museum of American Art National Portrait Gallery Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden . Freer Gallery of Art Arthur M. Sackler Gallery Archives of American Art Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum . National Museum of African Art National African American Museum . . . . Anacostia Museum Office of Exhibits Central Traveling Exhibition Service Total Art and Humanities Education and Public Service: Assistant Secretary Center for Folklife Programs and Cultural Studies Office of Elementary and Secondary Education National Science Resources Center Total Education and Public Service . . . . $ 63,972 20,671 50,353 33,199 193,808 15,826 $99,596 313,254 20,671 50,353 33,199 193,808 15,826 $101,166 302,349 18,268 45,701 32,175 197,233 8,844 313,254 226,821 36,683 50,353 313,857 627,111 604,570 348,878 266,217 61,259 50,353 377,829 726,707 705,736 1,168 507 76 18 601 1,769 1,644 179 1,612 334 1,946 2,125 1,713 13,878 8,739 452 44,684 53,875 67,753 62,077 (7,672) (7,672) (7,672) (6,879) 7,776 1,598 1,107 311 3,016 10,792 10,715 2,564 236 45 1,142 1,423 3,987 3,591 17,604 1,362 3,128 748 5,238 22,842 21,168 1,202 105 39 144 1,346 1,225 5,920 775 134 4 913 6,833 6,937 764 764 671 9,288 9,288 7,796 35,635 2,960 4,708 2,050 9,718 45,353 44,512 2,950 160 44 204 3,154 2,803 3,660 1 1 3,661 3,173 551 408 2 227 637 1,188 1,189 103,139 10,791 10,025 49,228 70,044 173,183 162,335 971 600 24 1 625 1,596 2,644 914 119 16 135 1,049 962 11,755 9,254 959 853 11,066 22,821 19,750 17,265 1,911 1,842 123 3,876 21,141 24,654 461 133 2,768 2,901 3,362 3,368 12,504 336 325 661 13,165 12,909 6,837 2,250 1,812 4,062 10,899 9,330 5,532 419 97 516 6,048 5,441 4,146 797 1,313 2,110 6,256 8,255 2,281 259 3,496 3,755 6,036 5,501 3,149 237 1,801 2,038 5,187 4,722 1,486 48 744 792 2,278 2,168 2,398 2,163 600 49 2,812 5,210 5,603 3,861 167 (23) 144 4,005 3,900 449 293 100 393 842 1,049 309 14 323 1,372 1,612 1,989 49 49 2,038 2,660 2,302 1,696 1,755 22 3,473 5,775 4,806 79,349 21,040 17,643 1,048 39,731 119,080 118,285 417 488 6 494 911 940 1,258 2,110 505 2,615 3,873 3,112 503 348 211 70 629 1,132 1,051 161 234 234 395 451 2,339 3,180 722 70 3,972 6,311 5,554 87 Table 1. Source and Application of Operating Funds for the Year Ended September 30, 1995 (in $000s) (continued) Nonappropriated Trust Funds Federal Funds Restricted Total Non- Appropriated Trust Funds Federal Funds Nonappropria Trust Fundi and General Government Grants and Contracts ted Unrestricted FY 1995 FY 1994 739 150 889 1,194 1,146 1,330 2 1,332 1,601 1,499 194 22,753 62,576 32,728 83 194 22,836 62,576 194 24,106 62,576 32,753 253 23,626 63,119 34,744 10 External Affairs: Office of Telecommunications Visitor Information and Associates' Reception Center Office of Special Events and Conference Services Smithsonian Institution Press Magazines The Smithsonian Associates Media Activities Total External Affairs Institutional Advancement Business Management/Activities Administration Less Overhead Recovery Facilities Services Transfers Out/(ln): Treasury Plant Endowment Total Transfers TOTAL FUNDS APPLIED Expenses Against Prior Years' Obligations . CHANGES IN FUND BALANCES FUND BALANCES — End of Year (see Note 2) 305 269 1,844 120,320 260 120,580 122,424 124,397 88 12,716 494 13,210 13,298 5,717 54,720 27,789 16,200 (12,317) 380 82,246 1,404 26 1,657 (594) 798 3,134 3,273 54,720 54,720 53,634 16,587 12,317) 44,376 (12,317) 46,816 (10,669) 1,430 83,676 82,457 2,540 4,071 1,657 2,540 4,071 1,163 1,384 4,384 1,657 204 6,407 6,611 8,268 6,931 298,451 228,258 35,957 50,353 314,568 613,019 595,457 11,203 3,600 (1,437) ~26 (711) 11,203 2,889 10,683 (1,570) $39,224 $37,959 $25,302 $63,261 $102,485 $99,596 Note 1: Excludes $225 thousand in FY 1994 and $265 thousand in FY 1995 received as a permanent indefinite appropriation for the Canal Zone Biological Area Fund. Also excludes $1,459 thousand received in FY 1994 and $966 thousand received in FY 1995 foreign currency for research prefects in India. Note 2: The Federal fund balance includes $32 million associated with no-year appropriations and $7.5 million associated with annual appropriations for fiscal years 1991-1995. Table 2. Auxiliary Activities, Fiscal Year 1995 (in $000s) Sales and Membership Revenue Gifts Expenses Net Revenue (Loss) FY 1994 FY 1995: Central Auxiliary Activities: Magazines The SmithsonianAssociates Business Management: Museum Shops/Mail Order Concessions Other Smithsonian Institution Press Electronic Media Activities Bureau Auxiliary Activities: Air and Space Theater and Einstein Planetarium Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum Traveling Exhibition Services Other TOTAL FY 1995 $197,233 $9,372 $183,142 $23,463 71,906 7 62,576 9,337 31,462 8,781 36,914 3,329 7 463 (456) 56,493 51,448 5,045 3,577 2,025 1,552 1,751 781 970 18,191 22,676 (4,485) 59 16 43 4,275 2,960 1,315 817 502 315 840 977 (137) 4,430 560 4,453 537 $193,808 $9,348 $185,791 $17,365 Table 3. Endowment and Similar Funds, September 30, 1995 (in $000s) Book Value Market Value $24,638 $24,638 1,495 1,495 34,441 34,671 52,638 54,451 7,054 8,387 270,090 319,742 3,113 3,113 393,469 446,497 1,010 18 1,467 1,040 18 1,580 2,495 2,638 $395,964 $449,135 ASSETS: Pooled Consolidated Endowment Funds: Cash and equivalents Interfund Receivable US Government and Government Obligations Bonds Convertible Preferred Stocks Receivable for Securities Sold Total Pooled Funds Nonpooled Endowment Funds: Loan to U.S. Treasury in Perpetuity Receivables Investments in Charitable Trusts Total Nonpooled Funds Total Assets LIABILITIES AND FUND BALANCES: LIABILITIES: Payables for Securities Purchased Deferred Revenue — Charitable Trusts Total Liabilities FUND BALANCE: Unrestricted Purpose: True Endowment Quasi Endowment . . . . Total Unrestricted Purpose Restricted Purpose: True Endowment Quasi Endowment Total Restricted Purpose Total Fund Balances Total Liabilities and Fund Balances $12,923 1,467 $12,923 1,580 14,390 14,503 9,890 158,121 12,004 177,634 168,011 189,638 137,785 75,778 159,595 85,399 213,563 244,994 381,574 434,632 $395,964 $449,135 Table 4. Changes in Market Value of Endowment and Similar Funds, Fiscal Year 1995 (in $000s) Freer Restricted Total Market Value — 10/1/94 .... Changes: Gifts — True Gifts — Quasi Internal Transfers Other Interest and Dividends . . . Market Value Appreciation Payout Manager's Fees Market Value — 9/30/95 171 512 (755) 8,080 21,879 (6,519) (529) $189,638 $64,821 $147,410 $379,030 1,553 1,946 27 1,724 2,458 (728) 3,127 7,173 18,380 8,428 19,500 49,807 (2,519) (5,794) (14,832) (206) (472) (1,207) $73,651 $171,343 $434,632 Table 5. Endowment Funds, September 30, 1995 Principal Book Market Net Unexpended Value Value Income Balance $318,551 $395,100 $13,924 $ — 1,807 1,946 54 — 129,890 135,450 4,266 — 114,738 139,406 4,767 — 437,251 490,816 20,208 — 49,773 55,054 1,883 — 578,860 727,376 24,873 — 174,880 212,716 7,274 — 5,977 7,425 254 — 1,274,690 1,596,361 55,375 — 2,138,859 2,685,932 91,845 — 8,465 10,229 382 — 967,672 993,115 14,179 — 349,522 366,720 47,772 — 3,339,427 4,186,096 143,144 107,224 UNRESTRICTED PURPOSE— TRUE: Avery Fund (See Note 1) Dodge, Patricia Fund for the Future — Unrestricted Higbee, Harry Memorial Hodgkins Fund (See Note 1 ) Morgan, Gilbert B. and Betty J. Memorial Fund Morrow, Dwight W. Mussinan, Alfred Olmsted, Helen A Poore, Lucy T and George W. (See Note 1) Porter, Henry Kirke, Memorial Sanford, George H. (See Note 1) Smithson, James (See Note 1) Smithson Society, James Walcott Charles D. and Mary Vaux, Research (Designated) Subtotal UNRESTRICTED PURPOSE— QUASI: Dodge, Patricia EttI, Charles H Ferguson, Frances B Forrest, Robert Lee Fund for the Future — Unrestricted General Endowment (See Note 1) Goddard, Robert H Habel, Dr. S. (See Note 1 ) Hart, Gustavus E Henry, Caroline Henry, Joseph and Harriet A Heys, Maude C Hinton, Carrie Susan Koteen, Dorothy B Lambert, Paula C Medinus, Grace L O'Dea, Laura 1 Phillips, Roy R., Estate Rhees, William Jones (See Note 1) Safford, Clara Louise Smithsonian Bequest Fund (See Note 1 ) Sultner, Donald H Taggart, Ganson Winterer, Alice I Abbott, William L. (Designated) Barstow, Frederic D. (Designated) Hirshhorn Museum Acquisition Fund (Designated) Lindbergh Chair of Aerospace History (Designated) Lindbergh, Charles A. (Designated) Lyon, Marcus Ward, Jr. (Designated) Martin Marietta Internship (Designated) NMNH Research (Designated) NZP Programs (Designated) Smithsonian Agency Account (Designated) Smithsonian Press Scholarly Books Fund (Designated) Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Endowment Fund (Designated) (See Note 2) Webb, James E., Fellowship (Designated) Women's Committee Fellowship (Designated) Subtotal Total Unrestricted Purpose RESTRICTED PURPOSE— TRUE: Aitken, Annie Laurie Arthur, James Axelrod, Dr. Herbert R Baird, Spencer Fullerton Barney, Alice Pike, Memorial Batchelor, Emma E Beauregard, Catherine, Memorial 9,890,362 214,891 221,911 7,588 — 1,441,201 1,606,667 54,940 — 733,106 797,187 27,260 — 7,309,133 8,094,297 276,785 — 415,499 425,203 12,858 — 14,750,403 140,888,139 4,815,544 — 57,863 64,101 2,192 — 827 858 44 — 4,014 4,797 164 — 9,918 11,831 405 — 397,727 473,206 16,181 — 706,218 787,618 26,933 — 198,022 230,404 7,879 — 259,211 274,839 9,398 — 360,086 422,706 14,454 — 7,011 7,840 268 — 237,117 269,140 9,203 — 1,049,391 1,151,259 40,911 — 4,829 5,600 208 — 326,226 367,889 12,580 — 2,759,283 2,601,565 87,890 — 655,630 1,003,336 33,978 — 3,591 4,483 153 — 176,743 169,404 5,793 — 933,239 1,112,290 38,035 37,647 7,806 9,296 318 7,051 3,144,558 3,744,034 125,547 — 3,402,947 3,852,350 131,731 91,626 55,481 62,023 2,121 13,343 37,532 42,192 1,443 7,743 241,283 276,821 9,466 166 163,520 163,666 5,595 13,653 3,723,389 3,629,662 124,116 3,188 20,354 24,633 842 (18,268) 2,268,243 2,699,576 92,315 55,045 — — 21,687 1,716,329 1,793,720 61,336 162,704 328,434 339,498 10,946 8,329 158,121,055 168,011,417 177,634,041 189,637,783 466,084 537,426 18,377 76,582 288,794 364,319 12,458 20,245 126,781 132,873 2,660 2,660 259,650 325,663 11,136 2,242 206,987 261,073 8,927 48,689 235,161 270,052 9,234 31,640 377,615 435,298 14,885 84,762 90 Table 5. Endowment Funds, September 30, 1995 (continued) Principal Book Market Net Unexpended Value Value Income Balance 24,547 26,963 934 5,389 235,233 279,636 9,562 14,204 2,271,367 2,450,169 83,784 174,460 112,579 108,668 3,716 1,677 308,651 401,397 13,726 98,143 116,963 4,000 15,132 203,233 256,340 8,766 26,721 362,367 390,970 12,468 9,541 67,377 67,399 576 576 117,099 114,146 3,903 10,349 350,918 361,780 5,362 5,362 20,885 24,011 821 1,643 1,353,708 1,557,966 53,014 144,320 475,512 514,903 17,607 27,722 451,216 516,653 17,667 59,190 83,776 89,430 3,058 14,791 78,423 98,907 3,382 8,937 39,303 41,955 1,435 6,939 1,304,328 1,413,468 48,333 119,459 61,866,904 73,651,475 2,518,513 2,044,592 816,500 828,848 22,351 17,248 52,873 53,952 1,018 1,249 109,463 112,812 3,858 5,728 52,473 54,153 772 772 3,920 4,173 143 683 208,164 230,755 7,891 13,396 211,641 232,285 7,943 31,146 830,934 942,381 32,225 3,842 7,211 8,232 343 5,369 3,554,431 3,465,262 118,495 234,083 351,985 364,104 12,451 22,890 51,135 59,249 2,026 4,253 302,073 349,723 11,959 15,787 51,465 61,336 2,097 14,963 11,530 14,595 499 3,268 165,372 171,554 8,819 35,902 377,511 453,563 15,510 16,840 138,266 174,443 5,965 21,361 353,596 375,884 12,780 59,381 25,670,841 30,632,739 1,047,487 — 410,347 462,034 15,799 1,940 75,264 76,479 218 218 28,676 32,296 1,104 3,022 59,452 59,350 2,030 332 125,868 128,037 4,378 2,133 141,670 178,733 6,112 32,340 873,670 996,866 34,088 124,252 1,125,601 1,158,122 39,602 101,589 1,161 1,741 60 478 690,644 804,385 27,506 419 94,098 109,808 3,755 648 54,730 52,450 1,794 2,953 1,197,514 1,278,326 43,712 168,508 97,824 97,408 2,401 177 297,315 304,539 10,395 36,320 163,036 202,400 6,921 23,578 21,571 22,676 711 711 53,693 67,795 2,318 14,454 157,391 184,743 6,642 37,876 307,704 339,841 11,366 — 867,943 1,093,352 37,387 Ill 1,950,733 2,307,682 78,142 87,790 3,345,367 3,261,012 111,510 146,521 24,478 26,130 894 4,322 216,505 238,458 8,154 48,606 104,415 105,122 1,198 1,198 169,886 176,950 4,714 5,745 12,086,695 13,796,539 467,171 313,975 129,644 163,152 5,579 24,535 1,355,001 1,558,003 53,276 388,043 37,494 44,574 1,524 7,897 Bergen, Charlotte V Brown, Roland W. Burch, George, Fellowship in Theoretic Medicine and Affiliated Theoretic Sciences Fund Camel Fund Canfield, Frederick A Casey, Thomas Lincoln Chamberlain, Frances Lea Cooper Fund for Paleobiology deSalle, Albert and Peggy Deibel, Charles P. Discovery Communications, Inc Division of Mammals Curators Fund Drake Foundation Drouet, Francis and Louderback, Harold B Dykes, Charles, Bequest Eaton, Harriet Phillips Eickemeyer, Florence Brevoort Eppley Memorial Forbes, Edward Waldo Freer, Charles L Fund for the Future — Samuel C. Johnson Theater Fund for the Future — Mary L. Ripley Garden Fund for the Future — Ethel Niki Kominik Fund for the Future — Vincent Wilkinson Global Environmental Endowment Fund Grimm, Sergei N Groom, Barrick W Guggenheim, Daniel and Florence Hamilton, James (See Note 1) Haupt, Enid A. Garden Henderson, Edward P. and Rebecca R., Meteorite Fund Hewitt, Eleanor G., Repair Fund Hewitt, Sarah Cooper Hillyer, Virgil Hitchcock, Albert S Hodgkins Fund (See Note 1) Hrdlicka, Ales and Marie Hughes, Bruce Huntington Publication Fund Johnson, Seward, Trust Fund for Oceanography Kellogg, Remington and Marguerite, Memorial Kottler, Howard, Endowment for Ceramic Art Kramar, Nada Krombein, Karl V. Mandil, Harry and Beverly Maxwell, Mary E Mellon Foundation Challenge Grant/Endowment Mellon Publications Endowment Fund Milliken, H. Oothout, Memorial Mineral Endowment Mitchell, William A Moynihan, Elizabeth Brennan Museum of the American Indian — Heye Foundation . . NMAI Educational Endowment Fund Nelms, Henning Nelson, Edward William Nesbitt, Lowell Petrocelli, Joseph, Memorial Reid, Addison T. (See Note 1 ) Ripley, S. Dillon and Mary Livingston Roebling Fund Rollins, Miriam and William Sackler Public Affairs Schmitt, John J Sims, George W The Sichel Family, Endowment for Research at the NZP Sisley, George J Sprague Fund Springer, Frank Stern, Harold P., Memorial Stevenson, John A., Mycological Library 9i Tabic 5. Endowment Funds, September 30, 1995 (continued) cipal Book Value Market Value Unexpended Balance Stuart, Mary Horner Tupper, Earl S Walcott, Charles D. and Mary Vaux, Research .... Walcott Research Fund, Botanical Publications Wells, Dr. John W. Williston, Samuel Wendell Diptera Research Williams, Blair & Elsie Zerbee, Frances Brinckle Zirkle, Nancy Behrend Subtotal RESTRICTED PURPOSE— QUASI: Abbott, Marie Bohrn Archives of American Art Armstrong, Edwin James Au Panier Fleuri Bacon, Virginia Purdy Bateman, Robert Becker, George F. Cooper Hewitt Acquisition Endowment Fund Davis, Gene, Memorial Denghausen, I.uisita I., and Franz H Desautels, Paul E Friends of Music Endowment Fund Gaver, Gordon Haas, Gloria, Fellowship I lachenberg, George P. and Caroline Hammond, John, Performance Series Fund Hanson, Martin Gustav and Caroline R Hirshhorn Collections Endowment Fund Hirshhorn, Joseph H., Bequest Fund The Holenia Trust Fund The Holenia Trust II Fund Hunterdon Endowment Johnson, E. R. Fenimore Lane, Robert and Mildred Katchmar Loeb, Morris Long, Annette E. and Edith C Louie, Richard Memorial McLaughin, Thomas Merrell, Elinor Myer, Catherine Walden National Postal Museum R & R Fund Noyes, Frank B Noyes, Pauline Riggs Pell, Cornelia Livingston Ramsey, Adm. and Mrs. Dewitt Clinton (See Note 1 1 Rathhun, Richard, Memorral Ripley, S. Dillon Library Roebling Solar Research Ross, Arthur, Garden and Terrace Ruef, Bertha M Schultz, Leonard P. Seidell, Atherton Smithsonian Agency Account Smithsonian Institution Libraries Strong, Julia D Witherspoon, Thomas A., Memorial Subtotal Total Restricted Purpose TOTAL ENDOWMENT FUNDS 527,780 3,966,463 1,313,451 426,014 3,896 47,510 51,541 6,813 68,116 566,340 4,025,871 1,532,375 551,841 4,064 52,469 55,019 8,579 69,307 159,594,814 19,366 128,853 51,702 18,870 51 1,774 1,881 293 1,800 5,417,987 208 46,456 75,510 22,505 51 672 9,100 9,090 5,210,268 226,522 222,257 7,600 944 335,798 357,082 7,014 — 33,334 37,313 1,251 — 136,105 150,967 5,162 5,496 655,515 757,711 25,910 48,938 125,963 127,473 4,359 7,099 1,132,244 1,511,457 44,845 66,414 637,024 650,543 22,245 587 292,393 297,114 847 847 12,958,112 13,912,251 475,730 23,589 7,044 21,717 728 82 132,033 138,842 4,659 11,625 16,904 18,681 639 1,588 25,734 25,232 820 — 32,966 39,864 1,363 13,442 410,489 421,890 14,427 8,210 69,578 82,910 2,835 19,270 10,137,916 11,265,603 381,775 27,000 2,1-2,366 2,^7,467 89,476 — 6,789,211 7,676,323 262,739 — 2,978,574 2,884,907 96,892 — 24,132,510 28,370,039 966,912 427,672 54,492 61,387 2,099 6,536 225,933 216,741 7,194 4,855 688,393 822,281 28,118 29,188 4,003 5,079 174 341 f>2,144 61,022 2,080 1,750 104,947 108,306 1,543 1,543 457,232 475,664 15,597 18,712 158,146 188,455 6,444 1,364 132,548 136,790 1,949 1,949 7,876 9,499 325 406 64,116 71,138 2,433 6,002 58,306 69,572 2,379 13,419 1,195,958 1,468,030 50,199 90,448 83,568 99,684 3,409 28,222 277,812 282,658 9,606 14,143 183,294 214,324 7,329 25,919 437,263 430,751 14,730 3,090 212,404 239,226 8,180 16,697 171,444 191,676 6,410 36,010 4,481,377 5,181,328 177,175 564,272 1,768,596 2,052,259 70,177 (1,264,782) 422,046 410,313 14,230 5,533 78,534 93,671 3,203 485 1,008,930 1,201,921 41,100 230,325 75,777,697 85,399,418 2,894,311 499,230 213,562,696 244,994,232 8,312,298 5,709,498 $381,574,113 $434,632,015 $14,831,605 $6,198,949 Note 1: Invested all or in part in U.S. Treasury or other nonpooled investments. Note 2: Endowment closed September, 1995. 92 Table 6. Construction and Plant Funds, Fiscal Years 1995 and 1994 (in SOOOs) 3,042 5,400 23,954 24,000 571 4,200 19,469 6,200 (700) (1,700) FUNDS PROVIDED Federal Construction Appropriations: National Zoological Park Repair and Restoration of Buildings Construction Planning and Minor Construction . . National Museum of the American Indian Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute National Air and Space Museum Dulles Extension General Post Office Building Total Federal Construction Appropriations . . . . Nonappropriated Trust Plant Funds: Income — Gift and Other Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum National Museum of the American Indian National Museum of Natural History — Gem Hall Other Total Income Transfers (to)/from Other Funds: National Museum of the American Indian Other Total Transfers Total Funds Provided 44,728 39,800 1,613 2,894 2,215 322 30 9,042 2,434 196 7,044 11,702 2,496 44 1,600 (617)" 2,540 983 54,312 52,485 >16,000 reclassified to current operating funds, and $401,000 transferred to an endowment fund. Rita Mesquita of the National Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA) and Don Wilson, Director of Biodiver- sity programs at NMNH, examine regenerating forest in the heart of the Amazon basin in an effort to learn more about the effects of rainforest destruction and the result- ing loss of biodiversity in the tropics. (Photograph by Laurie Minor-Penland) 93 Independent Auditors' Report BOARD OF REGENTS SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION: We have audited the accompanying statement of financial condition of the Smithsonian Institution as of September 30, 1995, and the related statements of financial activity and cash flows for the year then ended. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Institution's management. Our responsibility is to express an opin- ion on these financial statements based on our audit. We conducted our audit in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards. Those standards require that we plan and per- form the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above pre- sent fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Smithsonian Institution as of September 30, 1995, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the year then ended, in confor- mity with generally accepted accounting principles. Statement of Financial Condition September 30, 1995 (with comparative totals for 1994) (In thousands) Trust Federal Total Total lands funds 1995 1994 Assets: Cash and balances with U.S. Treasury $ 1,075 173.124 174,199 172,880 Investments (note 3) 464,048 - 464,048 409.731 Receivables and advances (note 5) 82.582 14,595 97,177 72,765 Inventory 18,222 1 .42? 19,647 19,302 Prepaid, deferred expense and other ( note 6) 28.293 - 28.293 21,007 Property and equipment, net (note 7) 89.355 353.412 442.767 434.613 Collections (note 11) Total assets S 683.575 542.556 1.22(1.131 1,130,298 Liabilities: Accounts payable and accrued expenses $ 52.422 24,048 76,470 59,663 Payable for investment securities purchased 12,923 - 12,923 9,544 Deposits held for others (note 2) 5,996 1,349 7.345 12,084 Accrued annual leave and voluntary separation costs (note 14i 4.213 12,960 17,173 22,244 Deferred revenue 69.820 - 69.820 43,625 Long-term debt (note 9) 3,350 - 3,350 3,103 Total liabilities 148.724 38.357 187,081 150.263 Fund balances: Trust: Current: Unrestricted general purpose 10,159 - 10.159 11.019 Unrestricted special purpose 27.800 - 27.800 28,377 Restricted 25,302 - 25,302 24,576 Endowment and similar funds (note 4) 381,574 - 381,574 348,228 Plant funds 90,016 - 90,016 83,778 Federal: Operating funds (note 10) - 51,360 51,360 47,986 Construction funds - 98.003 98,003 89,357 Capital funds - 354,836 354.836 346.714 Total fund balances 534,851 504.194 1 .039.050 980.035 Commitments and contingencies (note 8) Total liabilities and fund balances 542.556 1.226.131 See accompanying notes to financial statements. 94 Smithsonian Institution Statement of Financial Activity for the year ended September 30, 1995 (with comparative totals for 1994) (In thousands) Revenue and other additions: Appropriations (note 10) Government grants and contracts Investment income Net gain (loss) on sale of securities Gifts, bequests and private grants Additions to plant Rentals, fees, and commissions (note 10) Auxiliary activities Trust Ft inds Federal Funds Current Endowment funds and similar Plant Total Operating Construction Capital Total Total Total (note 16) funds funds trust funds funds funds federal 1995 1994 $ — 313,254 44,728 357,982 357,982 342,149 50,353 — — 50,353 — — — — 50,353 45,701 20,671 — 984 21,655 — — — — 21,655 18,885 (33) 27.551 — 27,518 — — — — 27,518 17,279 33,199 1,724 5.995 40,918 — — — — 40,918 46,588 — — 3,202 3,202 — — 41,634 41,634 44,836 55,663 15,859 — 24 15,883 1,231 — — 1,231 17,114 10,641 193,808 — — 193,808 — — — — 193,808 197,233 Total revenue and other additions 29,275 10,205 353,337 44,728 41,634 400,847 754,184 734,139 Expenditures and other deductions: Research, education and collection acquisition (note 11) Administration Facilities services Acquisition of plant Property use and depreciation (note 7) 104,521 25,736 1,429 — 104,521 199,418 — 25,736 27,790 — 1,429 82,246 2,600 2,600 — 3,907 3,907 — — 176,271 — 36,082 199,418 303,939 289,048 27,790 53,526 55,157 82,246 83,675 82,457 36,082 38,682 49,306 33,512 37.419 35,575 — 176,271 173,823 Auxiliary activities 176,271 — — 176,271 — — — — 176,271 173,823 Total expenditures and other deductions 307,957 6,507 314,464 W9.454 36,082 33.512 379,048 693,5 1 2 685,366 Excess of revenue and other additions over expenditures and other deductions Transfers (note 12) 5,900 (6,611) 29,275 4,071 3,698 2,540 38,873 5,031 8,646 8,122 21,799 60,672 48,773 Net increase (decrease) for the year Returned to U.S. Treasury (note 10) (711) 5,031 (1.657) 8,122 21,799 60.672 48,773 (1,657) (1,657) (1,163) Fund balances at beginning of year 63,972 348,228 83,778 495,978 47,986 89,357 346,714 484,057 980,035 932,425 Fund balances at end of year $ 63,261 381,574 90,016 534,851 5 1 ,360 98,003 354,836 504,199 1 ,039,050 980,035 See accompanying notes to financial statements. Smithsonian Institution Statement of Cash Flows for the year ended September 30, 1995 (with comparative totals for 1994) (In thousands) Trust funds Federal funds Total 1995 Total 1994 Cash flows from operating activities: Excess of revenue and other additions over expenditures and other deductions $ Adjustments to reconcile to net cash provided by operating activities: Depreciation and amortization Loss on disposition of assets Provision for doubtful accounts Net gain on sale of securities Returned to U.S. Treasury Increase in net receivables and advances Increase in inventory Increase in prepaid and deferred expense Increase (decrease) in payables Increase (decrease) in deposits held for others Increase (decrease) in accrued leave and other Increase (decrease) in deferred re venue 38,873 21,799 5,499 33,302 38,801 35,694 87 284 371 1,308 1,736 - 1,736 2,609 (27,518) - (27,518) (17,279) - (1,657) (1,657) (1,163) (19,458) (4,385) (23,843) (6,468) (269) (75) (344) (664) (7,286) - (7,286) (821) 6,045 4,179 10,224 (65) 129 (4,868) (4,739) 6,331 (6) (5,065) (5,071) 6,502 26,195 - 26,195 (3,138) Net cash provided by operating activities 24,027 43,514 Cash flows from investing activities: Purchases of assets Purchases of investment securities Proceeds from sale of investment securities (6,203) (41,634) (1,433,791) 1,415,159 (47,837) (1,433,791) 1,415,159 (58,192) (828,110) 829,212 Net cash used for investing activities (24,835) (41,634) (66.469) (57.090) Cash flows from financing activities: Proceeds from long-term debt ■ Repayments ot long-term debt 500 (253) 500 (-53) S.433) 95 Smithsonian Institution Statement of Cash Flows for the year ended September 30, 1995 (with comparative totals for 1994) (In thousands) (continued) Net cash provided (used) by financing: aclix nics Net increase (decrease) in cash and balances with U.S. Treasury Cash and balances with U.S. Treasury: Beginning of year See accompanying notes to financial statements (561) 1.636 171.244 1,075 173.124 (8,433) 172.SXO 1 66.7X4 174,199 172.: SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Notes to Financial Statements, September 30, 1995 (1) Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Basis of Presentation These financial statements reflect the Smithsonian Institution's receipt and expenditure of funds obtained from all sources. These funding sources include federal appropriations, private sources, government grants and contracts, investment income, and certain business activities. Funds received from direct federal appropriations are reported in the columns titled Federal funds in the financial statements. All other funds are reported in the columns titled Trust funds in the financial statements. Federal funds and trust funds are accounted for on the accrual basis of accounting. These financial statements do not include the accounts of the National Gallery of Art, the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, or the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, which were established by Congress within the Institution, but are administered under separate boards of trustees. Fund Accounting To ensure compliance with the limitations and restrictions placed on the use of resources available to the Institution, accounts are maintained in accor- dance with the principles of fund accounting. This procedure classifies resources for control, accounting and reporting purposes into distinct funds established according to their nature and purposes. Separate accounts are maintained for each fund; however, in the accompanying financial state- ments, funds that have similar characteristics have been combined for pre- sentation into fund groups. Accordingly, all financial transactions have been reported by fund group. The assets, liabilities, and fund balances of the Institution are self- balancing as follows: Federal operating funds represent appropriated funds available for sup- port of the Institution's operations and are generally available for obligation only in the year received. Separate subfund groups are maintained for each appropriation as follows: Salaries and Expenses; Special Foreign Currency; and the Barro Colorado Island Trust Fund, which supports the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute. Federal construction funds represent the portion of appropriated funds available for building and facility construction, restoration, renovation and repair and are available for obligation until expended. Separate subfund groups are maintained for each appropriation: Construction and Improvements, Repairs and Restoration of Buildings, and the National Zoological Park. Federal capital funds represent the depreciated historical cost of the Institution's assets acquired with federal funds plus nonexpendable property transfers from U.S. Government agencies. Trust current funds which include unrestricted and restricted resources, represent nonappropriated funds available for support of the Institution's operations. Trust endowment and similar funds include both true and quasi- endowment funds. True endowments are subject to restrictions of gift instru- ments and require that the principal be invested in perpetuity and that only income be expended. Also classified as endowment and similar funds are gifts which allow the expenditure of principal only under specified condi- tions. Quasi-endowment funds are funds established by the governing board for the same purposes as endowment funds; however, any portion of such funds may be expended with board approval. Restricted quasi-endowment funds represent gifts for restricted purposes where there is no stipulation that the principal be maintained in perpetuity or for a period of time, but the governing board has elected to invest the principal and expend only the income for the purpose stipulated by the donor. Trust plant funds represent resources restricted or internally designated for future plant acquisitions, and the depreciated historical cost of the Institution's assets acquired with plant funds. Investments Investments are stated at cost or amortized cost. Investments are recorded at cost on a trade date basis if purchased, or at estimated fair value at date of acquisition if acquired by gift. All investment income, except that of endowment and similar funds, and gains and losses arising from the sale of investments, are accounted for in the fund in which the related assets are recorded. Income of endowment and similar funds is accounted for using the total return method (note 4) in the fund to which it is restricted or, if unrestricted, as revenue in unrestricted current funds. Gains and losses on the sales of investments are recognized on the trade date basis using the average cost method. Inventory Inventories are reported at the lower of cost or market. Cost is determined using the first-in, first-out method. Deferred Revenue and Expense Revenue from subscriptions to Smithsonian magazine and Air & Space/ Smithsonian magazine is recorded as income over the period of the related subscription, which is generally one year. Certain costs to obtain subscrip- tions to Smithsonian magazine and Air & Space/Smithsonian magazine are charged against income over the subscription period. The Institution expenses promotion production costs the first time the advertising takes place. Direct-response advertising is deferred and amortized over one year. 96 Works of Art, Living and Other Specimens The Institution acquires its collections, which include works of art, library books, photographic archives, objects and specimens, from purchases using federal or private funds or by donation. All collections are held for public exhibition, education, or research, furthering the Institution's mission to increase and diffuse knowledge to the public. The Institution provides pro- tection and preservation services for its collections. In accordance with policies generally followed by museums, no value is assigned to the collections on the statement of financial condition. Collection purchases are expensed currently. Proceeds from deaccessions are recognized as revenue in the year of sale, and are designated for future collection acqui- sitions. Property and Equipment Federal Funds Property and equipment purchased with federal funds are recorded in the capital funds at cost and depreciated on a straight-line basis over their useful lives as follows: Buildings Major renovations Nonexpendable equipment 30 years 15 years 10 years Certain lands occupied by the Institution's buildings were appropriated and reserved by Congress for the Institution and are not reflected in the accom- panying financial statements. Property and nonexpendable equipment acquired through transfer from government agencies are capitalized at the net book value or fair value, whichever is more readily determinable. Trust Funds Property and equipment purchased with trust funds for use by nonincome-producing activities are recorded at cost, or appraised value at date of gift, except for gifts of certain islands in the Chesapeake Bay, which has been recorded at nominal values. Capital improvements and equipment purchased with trust funds for use by income-producing activities are capitalized at cost in the current funds. Property and equipment are depreciated on the straight-line basis over their useful lives as follows: Buildings 30 years Major renovations 15 years Equipment 3-10 years Government Grants and Contracts The Institution receives grants and enters into contracts, with the U.S. gov- ernment and state and local governments, which primarily provide for cost reimbursement to the Institution. Governmental grant and contract revenue is recognized as reimbursable expenditures are incurred. Gifts, Bequests, and Other Grants The Institution recognizes revenue from gifts, bequests and private grants in the year the cash is received. The Institution records pledges based upon letters signed by donors. Pledges are recorded at net realizable value as a receivable and as deferred revenue on the statement of financial condition. Revenue from pledges is rec- ognized in the year the pledged funds are collected. Contributed Services and Facilities A substantial number of volunteers make significant contributions of their time to further of the Institution's programs. The Institution also uses certain facilities for a nominal charge. The value of the contributed time and facili- ties is not reflected in these statements as it is not susceptible to objective measurement or valuation. Annual Leave The Institution's civil service employees earn annual leave in accordance with federal laws and regulations. Separate rules apply for trust employees. Annual leave for all employees is recognized as expense when earned. Cash and Balances with the U.S. Treasury Amounts represent cash deposited with financial institutions and balances held by the U.S. Treasury which are available for disbursement. Cash interest payments were $201,000 and $781,000 in 1995 and 1994, respectively. Statements of Financial Accounting Standards No. 's 116 and 117 For fiscal year 1996, the Institution will be required to implement SFAS No. 116 Accounting for Contributions Received and Contributions Made, and SFAS No. 117 Financial Statements of Not-For-Profit Organizations. Among the significant provisions of SFAS 116 is the recognition of pledges as revenue when made. SFAS 117 requires changes in the display of financial statements from fund accounting to a display based on the concept of "net assets." The impact of these pronouncements and the options available to the Institution are under study. (2) Affiliate Relationships The Institution provides certain fiscal, procurement facilities and administra- tive services to several separately incorporated affiliated organizations for which certain officials of the Institution serve on the governing boards. The amounts paid to the Institution by these organizations for the above services totaled $169,000 for the trust funds and $370,000 for the federal funds for fiscal year 1995. Deposits held in custody for these organizations at September 30, 1995, were $5,996,000 and $1,349,000 for trust and federal funds, respectively. (3) Investments At September 30, 1995, investments consisted of: Caminc \ aluc M.al ' i ■ .uii. Current funds Cash equivalents U.S. government obligation-. Common stocks 72. 224 71.941 Plant funds: U.S. government obligations Common slocks 361 125 365 288 486 653 Endowment and similar funds Pooled investments: Cash equivalents U.S. government and quasi -government uhlijuitiims Corporate bonds and other obligatic '■ ' n: d slin.lv. 34,441 34.671 52,638 54,451 277,144 328,129 Total pooled investments 388.861 441.889 Nonpooled investments: Deposit with U S. Treasury Charitable trusts 1.010 1.467 1.040 1.580 Total nonpooled investments 2,477 2.620 Total endowment and similar kinds 391.338 444,509 Total investments $ 464.048 517.103 (4) Endowment and Similar Funds The Institution uses the total return approach to investment management of endowment funds and quasi-endowment funds. Each year, the endowment pays out an amount for current expenditures based upon a number of factors evaluated and approved by the Board of Regents. The payout for 1995 was 4.2 percent of the average market value of the endowment over the prior five years. The difference between the income (i.e., dividends, interest and realized capital gains) and the payout for the year is reinvested or withdrawn from previously accumulated returns. Actual income exceeded the payout amount in fiscal year 1995 and the excess was transferred from current funds to the endowment and similar funds (see note 12). Substantially all of the investments of the endowment and similar funds are pooled on a market value basis. Each fund subscribes to or disposes of units 97 on the basis of the per unit market value at the beginning of the month that the transaction takes place. At September 30, 1995, each unit had a market value of $483. The market value of the pool's net assets at September 30, 1995 was $433,351,000, representing all pooled investments (see note 3) net of receivables and payables for investment transactions. Each fund participating in the investment pool receives an annual payout equal to the number of units owned times the annual payout amount per unit. The payout for fiscal year 1995 was $16.50 per unit. Based on approved Board policy, if the market value of any endowment fund is less than 110 percent of the historical value, the current payout is limited to the actual interest and dividends allocable to that fund. Fund balances of the endowment and similar funds were comprised of the following at September 30, 1995: I nil SI » « K i Endowment - unrestricted Endowment - restricted Quasi-cndowmeni - unrcsti (.Hum eniknwiienl leslriel 23.370 $ 9,890 330,504 137.785 367.229 158.121 176.984 75.778 Total ciKloumenl lund kilanei S 381.574 (S) Receivables and Advance Payments Trust fund receivables at September 30, 1995 consisted of: \n\ili.n\ activities .invl iiliei, nel o! SI.7:.' m .illo\,.mees Investment securities sold Hedges (li.tnts.iinl contracts Interest and dividends due Inleilniul icecis.il'lcs andolhci lul.il receivables and advances ■ trust I'und Federal advance payments of $14,595,000 represent prepayments made to government agencies, educational institutions, firms and individuals for ser- vices to be rendered, or property or materials to be furnished. At September 30, 1995, the Institution had advance payments outstanding to the General Services Administration of $10,178,000, principally for equip- ment purchases for the Museum Support Center and other projects to be completed in future years. Advance payments to educational institutions amounting to $2,316,000 were principally under the Special Foreign Currency Program. Other advance payments totaled $2,101,000. (6) Deferred Promotion Costs At September 30, 1995 and 1994, respectively, prepaid, deferred expense and other includes approximately $11,800,000 and $11,000,000 of deferred pro- motion costs, mostly related to the Smithsonian Magazine, were reported as assets. Promotion expense was $17,957,000 and $20,549,000 in fiscal year 1995 and 1994, respectively. (7) Property and Equipment Property and equipment at September 30, 1995 consisted of: totals Buildings Capital improvements Equipment I i .01 I. "I.I improvements 4,125 86.012 90.137 310.359 28.486 - 28.486 328.203 13,335 7.484 20.819 50.207 2.565 400.496 356.689 71.026 1,582 Accuniul.iksl,K-pi. i in. 47,528 (24.142) 96,061 143.589 688.769 (30,092) (54.234) (335,357) 832.358 (389.591) iplal property and equipment Property use and depreciation in the federal funds for expenditure and other deductions for fiscal year 1995 included $33,302,000 of depreciation expense in the capital funds. Depreciation expense in the trust funds for fiscal year 1995 for income-producing assets amounted to $2,069,000 and is included in auxil- iary activities expenditures in the current funds. Depreciation for non-income producing equipment and buildings for fiscal year 1995 amounted to $3,907,000 and is included in the plant funds. At September 30, 1995, the fund balance of the trust plant funds included $22,652,000 of restricted funds and $1,395,000 of unrestricted funds desig- nated for future plant acquisitions. (S) Commitments and Contingencies Leasing Activities Leases for Smithsonian warehouse and office spaces provide for rent escala- tions to coincide with increases in property taxes, operating expenses attrib- utable to the leased property and the Consumer Price Index. The Institution has the authority to enter into leases for up to 30 years using federal funds. The Institution's operating leases for the warehouse and office spaces require future minimum lease payments as follows: Year l SI II H I- I 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 I hcie.illci 10.771 9.137 8.553 7,900 3,245 4,237 Rental expense for these operating leases totaled 1995. ',880,000 for fiscal year Government Grants and Contracts The Institution receives funding or reimbursement from governmental agen- cies for various activities which are subject to audit. Audits of these activities have been completed through fiscal year 1994. However, audits of fiscal years 1993 and 1994 have not been closed with the cognizant agency. Management believes that any adjustments which may result from those audits and the audits for fiscal year 1995 would not have a material effect on the Institution's financial statements. (9) Long-term Debt All September 30, 1995, long-term debt consisted of an unsecured note payable to Signet Bank totaling $2,850,000 and an interest-free loan from the Virginia Department of Aviation totaling $500,000. The Signet note bears interest at 1 percent in excess of the Federal Funds Rate, which was 6.20 percent at September 30, 1995. Interest is payable quarterly; principal is payable in quarterly installments of $63,333. The remaining unpaid principal balance is due December 31, 1996. The proceeds from the Signet Bank note financed a warehouse facility for Institution muse- um shops. During the fiscal year 1995, $203,000 was recorded as interest expense in the auxiliary activities funds for the note with Signet Bank. The Virginia Department of Aviation provided the Institution with an interest-free loan totaling $3 million, $500,000 of which was received by year-end. This loan will help finance the planning, marketing, fund raising, and design of the proposed National Air and Space Museum extension at Washington Dulles International Airport. The Institution is scheduled to repay the outstanding loan not later than June 30, 1998. The aggregate amount due for outstanding loans for the years ending September 30, are as follows: ) eai ($000s) 1996 1997 1998 $ 253 2,597 500 $ 3.350 98 (10) Availability of Prior Years' Appropriations The U.S. Congress enacted Public Law 101-510, the Defense Authorization Act (the Act) which determined prior year appropriations are only available for a five-year period. Beginning with the fiscal year 1989 appropriations, recipients were required to maintain annual appropriations for a five-year period following the year of appropriation. At the end of this six-year life, the appropriation account is closed and any unobligated balances are returned to the U.S. Treasury. During fiscal year 1995, the Institution returned $1,657,000 to the U.S. Treasury which represented the unobligated balance for fiscal year 1990. (11) Accessions and Deaccessions For fiscal year 1995, $4,224,000 of trust funds and $2,160,000 of federal funds were spent to acquire collection items. Proceeds from trust fund deac- cessions were $601,000. There were no collection deaccessions purchased with federal funds in fiscal year 1995. At September 30, 1995, proceeds from deaccessions of $10,138,000 were designared for collections acquisitions and preservation in the trust funds as quasi-endowment. (12) Transfers Among Trust Funds The following transfers were made among trust fund groups for fiscal year The following table presents the Plan's funded status reconciled with amounts recognized in the Institution's statement of financial condition at September 30, 1995: Accumulated poslretiremeni benefit oblieano Retirees IhejMc active plan participant a (APBO) $ (2.542) (4,664) Total APBO Plan assets at fail value (7.2061 190 Accumulated p.isireiirement benefit Unrecognized prior service costs Unrecognized net gam I. 'ntsAirjniA-'l I..UI .-.In qi t .1 'I l.'.il h U I Net periodic postretirement benefit cost for the year ended September 30, 1995 includes: Investment return in excess of payout Quasi-endowment funds returned Designated as quasi-endowment Other transfers, net Endowment Curren : funds and: "fund's Plant l nr eslncled Restricted funds $ (1,032) (1.309) 2.341 872 1.170 (2,042) - (629) (3,143) 3.772 - 585 (3,125) _ 2.540 I'ulal I' (13) Employee Benefit Plans The federal employees of the Institution are covered by either the Civil Service Retirement System (CSRS) or the Federal Employee Retirement System (FERS). The features of both of these systems are defined in pub- lished government documents. Under both systems, the Institution withholds from each federal employee's salary the required salary percentage. The Institution also contributes specified percentages. The Institution's program costs for fiscal year 1995 was approximately $14,450,000. The Institution has a separate defined contribution retirement plan for trust employees, in which substantially all trust fund employees are eligible to par- ticipate. Under the plan, the Institution contributes stipulated percentages of salary which are used to purchase individual annuities, the rights to which are immediately vested with the employees. Employees can make voluntary contributions, subject to certain limitations. The Institution's cost of the plan for fiscal year 1995 was approximately $8,267,000. It is the policy of the Institution to pay the accrued costs of all plans cur- rently. In addition to the Institution's retirement plans, the Institution makes available certain health care and life insurance benefits for active and retired employees. The plan is contributory for retirees and requires payment of pre- miums and deductibles. Retiree contributions for premiums are established by an insurance carrier based on the average per capita cost of benefit cover- age for all participants, active and retired, in the Institution's plan. The inclu- sion of retirees in the calculation of average per capita cost results in a high- er average per capita cost than would result if only active employees were covered by the plan. Therefore, the Institution has a postretirement benefit obligation for the portion of the expected future cost of the retiree benefits that are not recovered through retiree contributions. The Institution's policy is to fund the cost of these benefits on the pay-as-you-go basis. The Institution adopted the Financial Accounting Standards Board's Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 106, Employers' Accounting for Postretirement Benefits Other Than Pensions, during fiscal year 1994 and elected to record the October 1, 1993, accumulated postre- tirement benefit obligation (APBO) using the 20-year amortization option. ($000s) Interest costs \l]l<.[tl,'.lll.l[l "I II.IIIMIl on obligation o *er 20 years S 490 519 Net porindn. pusuctiren lenl benefit eosi $ 1.335 The discount rate used to determine the APBO was 8.25 percent. A 10 percent health care cost trend rate was assumed for fiscal year 1995 with this rate decreasing .5 percent each year to an ultimate rate of 5 percent in fiscal year 2005 and thereafter. If the assumed health care cost trend rate was increased by 1 percentage point in each year, the net periodic postretire- ment benefit cost would be higher by $158,000 and the APBO higher by $1,004,000 as of September 30, 1995. (14) Voluntary Separation Costs During fiscal year 1994, the Institution announced the Voluntary Separation Incentive Program. This program was offered to meet employee restructuring requirements of the Federal Workforce Restructuring Act. The Institution accepted 209 federal funds employees and 23 trust funds employees into the program. Voluntary separation costs totaling $5,109,000 and $434,000 were recorded in the federal and trust funds, respectively. This program had no carryover into fiscal year 1995 expenses and no similar programs were announced in fiscal year 1995. (15) Income Taxes The Institution is exempt from income taxation under the provisions of Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code (the Code). Organizations described in that section are taxable only on their unrelated business income. No provision for income taxes was required for fiscal year 1995. It is the opinion of the Institution's management that it is also exempt from taxation as an instrumentality of the United States as defined in Section 501(c)(1) of the Code. Organizations described in that section are exempt from all income taxation. The Institution has not yet formally sought such dual status. (16) Current Tmst Funds Financial Activity Current unrestricted funds are comprised of three distinct subfunds. These subfunds include the auxiliary activities fund that represents primarily the revenue and expenditures of the Smithsonian Associates, Smithsonian and Air & Space/Smithsonian magazines, and museum shops, concessions and mail order sales. The special purpose fund represents funds internally desig- nated for specific purposes and the general purpose fund consists of all other unrestricted activity in the current funds. 99 The financial activity for the current trust funds by subfund for fiscal year 1995 is as follows: General Auxiliary Special Total funds funds funds Unrestricted Restricted Totals Revenue and other additions; Government grants and contracts $ Investment income 9.824 Net gain (loss) on sale of securities (33) Gifts, bequests and private grants 300 Rentals, fees, and commissions SSI - - 50,353 50,353 932 10,756 9,915 20,671 (33) - (33) 771 9.859 23,340 33,199 1 1 .550 1 2,43 1 3.428 15.859 10,362 193,808 - 193,808 Total revenue and other additions 10,972 192.234 23.615 226,821 87.036 313.857 Expenditures and oilier deductions: Research, educational and collection acquisition 10.410 Administration 5,914 Facilities services 1,366 !4»22 35,332 69.189 104.521 895 15,048 10.688 25.736 37 1 ,403 26 1 .424 Auxiliary activities 168.660 ' "l 176.271 1 76.27 1 Total expenditures and other deductions P. 69(1 1 76.899 33.465 228.054 79.903 307.957 Excess of revenue and other additions over (under) expendi- tures and other deduclions (6,718) 15,335 (9,850) (1.233) 7.133 5.900 Transfers among funds (nole 12) 5.S5S (15.3351 9.273 (204) (6.407) (6.611) Net increase tdecreasei lot the >car $ (860) (577) (1.437) 726 (711) 1 4 L- THSONIHN- YEHB Annual Report for the Smithsonian Institution for the Year Ended y ;u September 30, 1996 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS Washington, D.C. •:• 1997 cover: A spectacular fireworks dis- play illuminated the Castle in honor of the Smithsonian's 150th anniversary'. The Institution's Birthday Party on the National Mall, August 10 and 1 1, 1996, was part of a year-long celebra- tion that brought the Smithsonian to the American public. (Photograph by ( harles II. Phillips) frontispi ece: An estimated 630,000 people helped the Smithsonian celebrate its anniversary at the Birthday Party. (Photograph by Richard Hofmeister) I in i I'Ai, I s : Treasures from Smithsonian collections that toured the nation in "America's Smithsonian," the Institution's 150th anniversary exhibi- tion, included the hat Abraham Lincoln wore to Tord's Theater on the night he was shot, the command module from the Apollo 14 lunar mission, and the ruby slippers Judy Garland wore in The Wiz- ard of Oz. (Background photograph by Hugh Talman; photograph of ruby slip- pers courtesy of Turner Entertainment) back cover: These school- children in Los Angeles were among the first to see "America's Smithsonian." (Photograph by Eric Long) Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1996, containing a chronology of the year and records of Smithsonian advisory boards; narrative reports from museums and offices; visitor counts; fellows, interns, and research associates; publications; staff; and donations to the Institution, is made available on the World Wide Web by Smithsonian Institution Press and the Office of the Provost at http://www.si.edu. s Sthtemejht by the Secretrry , it of the HOARD of Regents » Report of the Provost „ MUSEUMS AND RESEARCH IN Anacostia Museum/Center for African American History and Culture 23 Archives of American Art 24 Arthur M. Sackler Gallery 24 Center for Folklife Programs and Cultural Studies 25 Conservation Analytical Laboratory 26 Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum 27 STITUTES Freer Gallery of Art 28 Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden 30 National Air and Space Museum 31 National Museum of African Art 32 National Museum of American Art 33 National Museum of American History 34 National Museum of the American Indian 36 National Museum of Natural History 37 National Portrait Gallery 39 National Zoological Park 40 Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory 41 Smithsonian Environmental Research Center 42 Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute 43 EDUCATIONAL, MUSEUM, AND SCHOLARLY SERVICES T OF THE UlHDER SECRETARY ., 76 John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts 76 National Gallery of Art 78 Reading Is Fundamental, Inc. 79 Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars 80 Report of the Chief Fiihicial Officer The Smithsonian Institution was created by act of Congress in 1846 in accordance with the terms of the will of James Smithson of England, who in 1826 bequeathed his property to the United States of America "to found at Washington, under the name of the Smithsonian Institution, an establish- ment for the increase and diffusion of knowledge among men." After receiving the property and accepting the trust, Congress vested responsibility for administering the trust in the Smithsonian Board of Regents. BOARD OF RECENTS AND SECRETARY September 30, 1996 Board of Regents William H. Rehnquist, Chief Justice of the United States, ex officio Albert Gore Jr., Vice-President of the United States, ex officio Thad Cochran, Senator from Mississippi Daniel P. Moynihan, Senator from New York Alan K. Simpson, Senator from Wyoming Sam Johnson, Representative from Texas Bob Livingston, Representative from Louisiana Howard H. Baker Jr., Citizen of the District of Columbia Barber B. Conable Jr., Citizen of New York Anne d'Harnoncourt, Citizen of Pennsylvania Louis V. Gerstner Jr., Citizen of Connecticut Hanna H. Gray, Citizen of Illinois Manuel L. Ibanez, Citizen of Texas Homer A. Neal, Citizen of Michigan Frank A. Shrontz, Citizen of Washington Wesley S. Williams Jr., Citizen of the District of Columbia The Secretary I. Michael Heyman, Secretary- Constance Berry Newman, Under Secretary J. Dennis O'Connor, Provost M. John Berry, Director of Government Relations Thomas D. Blair, Inspector General Miguel A. Bretos, Counselor for Latino Affairs Alice Green Burnette, Assistant Secretary for Institutional Advancement lames M. Hobbins, Executive Assistant to the Secretary John E. Huerta, General Counsel Thomas E. Love joy, Counselor for Biodiversity and Environmental Affairs Marc J. Pachter, Counselor for Electronic Communications and Special Projects David J. Umansky, Director of Communications L. Carole Wharton, Director of the Office of Planning, Management, and Budget SMITHSONIAN NATIONAL BOARD September 30, 1996 Mrs. Jean Bronson Kilborne, Chairman Mr. Clive Runnells, Vice-Chairman Current Members Sir Valentine Abdy The Hon. Max N. Berry Ms. Laura Lee Blanton Mrs. John M. Bradley Mr. Stephen F. Brauer Mr. Landon T. Clay Mrs. Dollie A. Cole Mr. Peter R. Coneway Mr. Thomas Edward Congdon Ms. Allison Stacey Cowles Mr. Frank A. Daniels Jr. Mrs. Patricia Frost Ms. Nely Galan Mr. Bert A. Getz Marion Edwyn Harrison, Esq. Mr. Paul Hertelendy Mrs. Ruth S. Holmberg Mr. S. Roger Horchow Mr. Richard Hunt Mr. Robert L. James Mrs. Donald W. Jeffries, ex officio Mrs. James W. Kinnear Mrs. Marie L. Knowles The Hon. Marc E. Leland Mr. Donald G. Lubin Mrs. Elizabeth S. MacMillan Ms. Holly Madigan Mr. Frank N. Magid Mrs. John F. Mars Mr. Michael Peter McBride Mrs. Nan Tucker McEvoy Mr. Kenneth B. Miller The Hon. Norman Y. Mineta Mr. Thomas D. Mullins Mr. Rupert Murdoch Mr. John N. Nordstrom Mrs. Lucio A. Noto Mrs. Vivian W. Piasecki Mr. Heinz C. Prechter Mr. David S. Purvis Baron Eric de Rothschild Mr. A. R. Tony Sanchez The Hon. Alan K. Simpson Ms. Kathy Daubert Smith Mr. Kenneth L. Smith Mr. Kelso F. Sutton Mr. Jeffrey N. Watanabe The Hon. Frank A. Weil Mrs. Nancy Brown Wellin Honorary Members Dr. Robert McC. Adams Mr. William S. Anderson Mr. Richard P. Cooley Mr. Joseph F. Cullman III Mr. Charles D. Dickey Jr. The Hon. Leonard K. Firestone Mr. Alfred C. Glasselljr. Mr. W. L. Hadley Griffin The Hon. William A. Hewitt Mr. James M. Kemper Jr. The Hon. George C. McGhee Justice Sandra Day O'Connor The Hon. S. Dillon Ripley II Mr. Francis C. Rooney Jr. Mr. Wilbur L. Ross Jr. Mr. Lloyd G. Schermer Mrs. Gay F. Wray Smithsonian Institution Board of Regents The Secretary Inspector General General Counsel Government Relations Operations Directorate Chief Financial Officer imptroller mtracting and Property Management >k and Asset Management onsored Projects Senior Executive Officer msolidated Administration ual Employment and Minority Affairs iman Resources nbudsman Senior Facilities Officer ivironmental Management and Safety lysical Plant otection Services Senior Information Officer formation Technology laging, Printing and Photographic Services The Under Secretary Communications — Public Affairs — Visitor Information and Associates' Reception Center Business Advancement Directorate Senior Business Officer Concessions Marketing Database Museum Business Liaisons Product Development and Licensing SI Retail Smithsonian Press/ Smithsonian Productions Smithsonian Magazine The Smithsonian Associates Institutional Advancement Directorate Assistant Secretary for Institutional Advancement Membership and Development Special Events and Conference Services Planning, Management, and Budget The Provost Under Separate Boards of Trustees John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts National Gallery of Art Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars Museums and Research Institutes Anacostia Museum/Center for African American History and Culture Archives of American Art Arthur M. Sackler Gallery/ Freer Gallery of Art Center for Folklife Programs and Cultural Studies Conservation Analytical Laboratory Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden National Air and Space Museum National Museum of African Art National Museum of American Art — Renwick Gallery National Museum of American History — National Postal Museum National Museum of the American Indian National Museum Natural History — Museum Support Center National Portrait Gallery National Zoological Park Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory Smithsonian Environmental Research Center Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Education, Museum, and Scholarly Services Center for Museum Studies National Science Resources Center Elementary and Secondary Education Exhibits Central Fellowships and Grants International Relations Smithsonian Institution Archives Smithsonian Institution Libraries Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service I lllllllllli STflTEMEMT BY THE SECRETARY I. Michael Heyman James Smithson, that generous, mysterious donor who left his fortune to a nation he had never visited, would certainly be surprised to see the scope of the modern Smithsonian. We like to think he would be pleased. left: The U.S. Capitol was a fitting backdrop for the national museum's Birthday Party on August 10 and 11. (Photo- graph by Charles H. Phillips) right: Secretary 1. Michael Heyman with the chocolate cake created in the shape of the Smithsonian Castle by chefs from the New Eng- land Culinary Institute. (Photograph by Carolyn Russo) As I write these words, I have just completed my first two years as Secre- tary of the Smithsonian Institution, the tenth in a long line dating back 150 years. It was my privilege to take up my responsibilities in 1994, just as the Institution was planning to celebrate a century and a half dedicated to the increase and diffusion of knowledge. The year just past was that time of celebration and rededication. And what a year it was. While I would be hard put to choose any one moment as the high point of the celebration for me, three moments certainly stand out in my memory. The first was the February opening in Los Angeles of "America's Smithsonian." That unprecedented undertaking, requiring the cooperation of our entire Institution, brought some of our greatest trea- sures on national tour. It had seemed impossible to pull off in so short a time. But there we were at our inaugural stop, the exhibition looked wonderful, and the people of Los Angeles let us know how pleased they were that they could visit the treasures they owned as citizens in their own hometown. The second moment occurred here in Washington. It was the time of our Birthday Party on the National Mall. Luck was with us. Our actual birthday, August 10, fell on a weekend. That weekend came, miracu- lously, between the Olympics and the political conventions, so we were likely to get public attention. And most fortunate of all, Washing- ton's weather turned in the most temperate August weekend in memory. As a result, hundreds of thousands joined us in the cavalcade of tents that spread out from the Capitol to the Washington Monument. As Aretha Franklin completed her joyous music, and fireworks the red color of the Cas- tle exploded around it, I felt connected to this wonderful place as an American, not only as the Smithsonian's Secretary. The third moment that holds my memory was more of a family occasion for those of us who work here. It was a time we gathered to celebrate a number of our "Unsung Heroes," those men and women who had been nominated by their coworkers for their service and dedication. As each of them came up to the podium in Baird Auditorium, a cheer would rise from those who knew how good they were at their jobs and could now share that knowledge with the Painstaking planning and coordination are required to move the Smithsonian's treasures from city to city witli "America 's Smithsonian. " In Los Angeles, the gleaming 1948 Tucker sedan (top) is eased from the van that carried it cross-country from Washington, D.C. A specially built trailer transported the Vin Fiz (bottom). The small white tags on the 40-foot wing explain how to reassemble the historic aircraft. (Photographs by Jeff Tinsley) rest of the Smithsonian. It was a great moment for all of us, and it reminded me again of the privi- lege we share in having this as our place of work. No anniversary, even one this big, is important for its own sake. We use them as opportunities to reflect on what we once were, what we have become, and where we are going. The 150th did just that for us, and I would like to share here some of my conclu- sions about what this Institution has come to represent for the American people and, with their support, how we might continue to serve their needs. James Smithson, that generous, mysterious donor who left his for- tune to a nation he had never vis- ited, would certainly be surprised to see the scope of the modern Smithsonian. We like to think he would be pleased. But there was no way he, or the Americans who took up his charge to create an institution committed to the dual purpose of research and education, could have anticipated the mix- ture of disciplines, collections, programs, and public spaces we have become. There was no master plan for the development of the Smithso- nian, no defined series of goals and attributes that predetermined our growth. What Smithson left us was an inspired and briefly worded mandate and the resources to work out its possibilities. His was as much an act of faith as an act of generosity. Each nation has its own combi- nation of attributes, its "genius." Ours proved to be particularly suited to the spirit of Smithson's bequest. Once Congress, led by John Quincy Adams, set up a unique combination of public and private governance and support as the structure of the Smithsonian, the Institution became a way that the nation could respond to unex- pected opportunities in the many fields of cultural and scientific dis- covery and support. Like the polit- ical process set in motion by the Constitution, and the pattern of the market economy, growth with- in the Smithsonian over the years has sprung from ideas, energy, and circumstances. Among the many opportunities that shaped the Smithsonian, the most important was that provided by our greatest ongoing donor, the United States government. As early as 1857, the Smithsonian was asked to take on the care of the many federal collections coming in from such sources as continen- tal and international expeditions. As we continued to expand, taking in, for example, the collections presented at the 1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia, federal support grew to its present level of about 70 percent of our budget. But opportunities continued to flow from the private sector as well. Many of the 20th-century museums, collections, and public spaces we now see as so funda- mental to the modern Smithso- nian emerged through acts of gen- erosity by such individuals as Charles Freer, Joseph Hirshhorn, and Arthur Sackler, all of whom enriched the scope and depth of the arts represented in the Smithsonian. Other aspects of the modern Smithsonian have been shaped by such models of cooperation as that between ourselves and Har- vard in the support of the Smith- sonian Astrophysical Observatory, or that with the government of Panama to enable the work of the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute. The National Museum of the American Indian provides another model of cooperation, both public-public in working with federal, state, and local authorities and public-private in the creation of a joint support base. The museum also has an opportunity to shape its program for the future in partnership with those whose cultures are repre- sented in its collections. Crowded into the history of the Smithso- nian are literally thousands of other instances of collections, programs, research initiatives, and other important purposes energized by the commitments of individuals who chose this place to pursue and affirm a passion of the mind and of the spirit. Because there has been no rigid master plan, because we have kept ourselves flexible in response to changing needs, opportunities, and solutions, there can be no one simple definition of what the Smithsonian is or does. I count this as a blessing. The Smithsonian can never encompass all fields of knowledge, and it need not win- now itself down to a particular dis- cipline, purpose, or field of inquiry. Its strength lies in what it repre- sents, in the statement it makes about our nation's commitment to values of memory, curiosity, explo- ration, inquiry, and explanation. But there is no denying that the Smithsonian's development over time has left it with a multiplicity of tasks, resource bases, and per- spectives that, day to day, provide an enormous number of chal- lenges. On certain days, I might even want to call them tensions. "America's Smithsonian" visitors (top) look inside the Freedom 7, in which astronaut Alan Shepard traveled on May 5, 1961, to become the first American in space, and (bottom) examine a 4.5-billion-year-old meteorite found in 1897 near Meteor Crater, Arizona. (Photographs by Richard Strauss and Hugh Talman) m HWhm Performers in the Bahamian funkanoo Rushout parade (top) wish the Smithsonian a spirited happy birthday during the Mall celebration on August 10. The party began with an official welcome from Secretary I. Michael Heyman (bottom). (Photographs by Charles H. Phillips and Chip Clark) The first Secretary, Joseph Henry, set out to fulfill Smithson's bal- anced mandate for increase and diffusion of knowledge with a pro- gram of research and publication. His lack of encouragement for museum-based collecting and exhibition seems shortsighted in retrospect. As the museum func- tion grew under his successors, the Smithsonian managed to flourish as both a research center and a collection of public museums. Yet, Henry may have foreseen that the balancing of research and education commitments would not be easy. And as far as balancing goes, what would Henry have thought of a place that encompasses, to an extent he never would have dreamed, art and history as well as science; a place increasingly inter- ested in folk and popular culture, no less than traditional museum subjects; a place that presents more and more the multiplicity of cultures and experiences within the United States and around the world; a place at the same time local, national, and global? Like the nation that_produced it, the Smithsonian might best be seen not as a planned product, but as an ongoing, inclusive process of working out the many goals, val- ues, subjects, and experiences important to the American people. As we have expanded what we are, whom we serve, what we aspire to do, we have become more interest- ing and useful than any master plan could have anticipated. Inclu- sion is not tidy or ever complete, but it is dynamic and democratic. One great advantage of the 150th anniversary is that it has allowed many of us here to see the forest as well as the trees. Each day, we operate as museums, research centers, programs, and offices. We sometimes forget that there is a Smithsonian as an over- all framework and symbol. But when we saw what was possible when objects usually separated across our museums were brought together in the "America's Smith- sonian" exhibition, when we pre- sented programs from across the Institution together at one place on the Mall, when we consulted and negotiated with each other in countless tasks, we saw that greater whole, that shared purpose. My vision for the future of this great Institution is to find more ways to tap into that collective purpose and framework without stifling the initiative and creativity within our individual museums, research institutes, and offices. In structure, I plan a judicious decen- tralization of the functions best performed away from the center, while focusing on more opportu- nities for cooperation across our units, our disciplines, and our staff communities. There are things, I am convinced, that we can best deliver as an entire Institution. For one, I believe there is a symbolic role we can play in serv- ing as a common ground for the multitude of cultures and perspec- tives that make up our modern democratic society. This Institu- tion has for many years played a vital part in Americans' sense of their nationhood. As the United States becomes an even richer com- posite of cultures and peoples, the Smithsonian's role as a national meeting place will become even greater, representing the satisfying possibilities of our diverse society. I glimpsed this recently in a surprising way. At a state dinner given for visiting Japanese digni- taries in the Castle, we were enter- tained by a remarkable Dixieland band. There we were, hearing jazz ring out in a Gothic chamber that seemed for a moment to have been constructed for no other pur- pose. I don't know what our Japanese visitors thought of it, but for me, it was a chance moment that captured the best of the Smithsonian and of the United States. That mood of unexpected con- nections can be furthered in other ways as well. The Smithsonian has as much a role to play in connect- ing generations as in connecting cultures. This is a place where one generation's memories can be secured and passed on to the next. I have watched that happen as grandparents told stories to their grandchildren around museum WMi IMJ^ At the Birthday Party, visitors crowded the museums and outdoor pavilions for firsthand experiences with the people and processes that are the Smithsonian. Here, exhibit devel- oper Linda Deck (top) of the National Museum of Natural History explains how sculpted scale models are used in preparing exhibitions. In the National Portrait Gallery pavilion (bottom), visitors study reproductions of portraits from the permanent collection. (Photographs by Chip Clark and Marianne Gurley) objects from their own youth, and as their grandchildren, excited to see treasures they recognized from the popular culture, told them stories in turn. There are other ways that the Smithsonian as a whole might work to better serve our society. We have always had education in our charter, but the Smithsonian weather and geological conditions beamed only a few days before by satellite. It may be at exactly that junc- ture of technology and education that the Smithsonian will be able to make significant contributions in the future. Our recent massive Institution-wide campaign to develop a World Wide Web site Packers gently remove small objects for "America's Smithsonian" from a shipping crate in Los Angeles. Instructions for repositioning the objects are detailed in pho- tographs placed inside the crate lid. (Photograph by Eric Long) may have a stronger role to play in supporting and promoting promising ideas, particularly those that use our collections and exper- tise to stimulate the curiosity of new generations. One dramatic example was our opening, on the 150th anniversary weekend, of a remarkable hologram of the globe on which visitors can see actual has been successful beyond any- thing we could have hoped in attracting millions of electronic "visits." The task now is to find resources to capture digitally the objects in our collections that are of potentially greatest interest and use in the classrooms and homes of America. Just as important is our goal of understanding how our curators can best use new technologies to deliver informa- tion in new ways. One group is now at work developing an exhibi- tion uniquely configured for cyberspace. I don't know how it will all turn out, but I know it is an experiment worth making. Tapping the Smithsonian's electronic potential was one of the goals I set upon taking this job two years ago. Another, which also builds on the strengths of the Institution as a whole, is a com- mitment to find synergy in the Smithsonian's many important efforts in biodiversity. Within the last few years, we have created a Council on Biodiversity and the Environment with representation from all relevant parts of the Insti- tution. Together, the Conservation and Research Center of the National Zoo, the Zoo itself, the National Museum of Natural His- tory, the Smithsonian Environ- mental Research Center, and the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute represent an extraordi- nary ecological resource. The Smithsonian, too, can provide a useful neutral forum where diffi- cult and complex topics related to biodiversity can be discussed. We have followed this up with an Institute for Conservation Biology to stimulate joint projects and thus make concrete the promise of cooperation among our scholars in different parts of the Institution. In so many things that we are committed to achieve in the future, we are only at the begin- ning of our potential. In the fuller representation of major American cultures, we look forward to the continuing development of the National Museum of the Ameri- can Indian and the growing role Smithsonian employees were honored as "Unsung Heroes" in quarterly ceremonies throughout the anniversary year. (Photograph by Richard Strauss) of our new Center for African American History and Culture. Two years ago, upon my arrival, we began an initiative to represent the Latino cultures of the United States more fully in the collec- tions, programs, and staffing of the Institution. We still have a long way to go, but we are making discernible progress. The Smithsonian's electronic transformation still awaits the partners who will permit us to devote resources equal to the needs of creating visual databases and prototypes of electronic ven- tures that will meet both our edu- cational goals and the needs of the marketplace. We have a potential role, too, in the creation of televi- sion and radio programs that carry the experience of the Smithsonian to new audiences across the nation and around the world. When I took on this job, I was convinced that my greatest chal- lenge would be to find a way to secure the Smithsonian's financial future. Two years have done noth- ing to change that view. In the last few years of economic dislocation and political transformation, the very conditions under which we and our society operate have changed. For the Smithsonian, public funding is still available to support our core activities. In that, we are luckier than most. But even the optimists among us know that we face a future of fewer available public resources. If we can find funds nowhere else, we are doomed at best to a static future, and at worst to one of continuing erosion. This is something I cannot allow to happen on my watch. Now that we have had a year of celebration to remind us what we mean to the American public and to create new modes of national access to our collections, our expertise, and our function as meeting ground, we must build structures of support and growth as innovative as those that built the modern Smithsonian. We will be alert to opportunities, but we will also learn to create them. My next years as Secretary will expand on the lessons we have learned during this gala 150th year. They will be years marked by the development of partnerships: with the public and private sec- tors, with organizations and indi- viduals, within the Smithsonian, and between the Smithsonian and those outside it who share our goals for America's future. More than ever before, the Smithsonian intends to serve the entire nation. As a public trust, we exist to fulfill the public's desires and needs, whether these involve building new dimensions of knowledge, collecting valued objects, honoring the nation's diverse heritage, or sometimes simply having a good time. What an opportunity we were presented 150 years ago! Thank you, Mr. Smithson. wj U REPORT OF THE ROHRD OF REBEHTS Rose colored against the evening sky, the Castle is the symbol of the Smithsonian for many Americans. (Photograph by Charles H. Phillips) The Board of Regents took special measures to mark the 150th anniversary of the Smithsonian Institution. They held their first meeting of the year in Los Angeles on February 9, 1996, to participate in the benefit gala and public open- ing of "America's Smithsonian." Regent Alan K. Simpson officially represented the Board at the Los Angeles opening. As the exhibition traveled to other cities, the Regents were represented by Manuel L. Ibanez in Kansas City, Daniel P. Moynihan in New York, and Regent Emeritus Claiborne Pell in Providence. Bar- ber B. Conable Jr. was the Board's representative at the dedication of the Smith- sonian's 150th anniversary bell during the August 10 Birthday Party on the National Mall. The annual Regents' dinner was held May 5 at the National Por- trait Gallery's anniversary exhibition, "1846: Portrait of the Nation." On September 16, 1996, the Board met in Washington precisely 150 years and nine days after the first meeting of the original Board of Regents. Chancel- lor William H. Rehnquist called the meeting to order with historical anecdotes, and the Board sat for a group photograph in honor of the occasion. The Regents also were honored at a British Embassy dinner hosted by the Ambas- sador and Lady Kerr. Three new citizen members of the Board of Regents, Howard H. Baker Jr., Louis V. Gerstner, and Anne d'Harnoncourt, attended their first meeting in May. Considering alternative approaches to enhancing their deliberations, the Regents decided at that meeting to establish a Regents' Committee of the Whole, which convenes the afternoon before each Board meeting to discuss informally and in depth select issues from the agenda. The Board also estab- lished a broadly representative standing Committee on Policy, Programs, and Planning. Members of the Board of Regents committees are as follows (* denotes non-Regent member, ** denotes Regent Emeritus member): Executive Committee: Barber B. Conable Jr. (chairman), William H. Rehnquist, Homer A. Neal; Audit and Review Committee: Thad Cochran (chairman), Howard H. Baker Jr., Sam Johnson, Jeannine S. Clark**, Charles McC. Mathias*, Norman Y. Mineta**, Robert B. Morgan**; Investment Policy Committee: Wesley S. Williams Jr. (chairman), Howard H. Baker Jr., Hanna H. Gray, John W. English*, Jane Mack Gould*, Thomas M. Keresey*, Donald Moriarty*, Charles H. Mott*, Marian B. Smith*; Nominating Committee: Hanna H. Gray (chairman), Manuel L. Ibanez, Homer A. Neal; Committee on Policy, Programs, and Planning: Hanna H. Gray (chairman), Barber B. Conable Jr., Alan K. Simpson, Louis V. Gerstner Jr., Anne d'Harnoncourt, Manuel L. Ibanez, Wesley S. Williams Jr.; Personnel Committee: Charles McC. Mathias* (chairman), Caryl P. Haskins**, Jeannine S. Clark.** The Regents learned with regret that Senator Alan K. Simpson would retire at The Smithsonian Regents gather for their 150th anniversary meeting, September 16, 1996. Seated in front, from left to right, are: Manuel L. Ibanez, Howard H. Baker Jr., Thad Cochran, Chancellor William H. Rehnquist, Secretary I. Michael Heyman, Karma H. Gray, and Louis V. Gerstner Jr. Stand- ing are: Frank A. Shrontz, Homer A. Neal, Bob Livingston, Wesley S. Williams Jr., Barber B. Conable Jr., Smithsonian National Board Chair lean B. Kilbome, Daniel P. Moynihan, and Alan K. Simpson. (Photograph by Glenn Levy) the end of the 104th Congress, and they moved to designate him a Regent Emeritus at that time. The Board awarded the Joseph Henry Medal to Regent Emeritus William G. Bowen in grateful recognition of his contributions to the Smithsonian Institution as a Regent and Regent Emeritus from 1980 to the present. The Board also adopted a design for a Regents' mace to be displayed in the Regents' Room and used in signifi- cant institutional ceremonial events. As requested by the Congress, the Board of Regents, through its ad hoc Committee on Policy and Programs, conducted an exhaus- tive study on the feasibility of admission fees and informed the Congress that it does not favor imposing admission fees at this time. In another landmark study, the Regents adopted a statement of policy and guidelines for the advancement of collections-based affiliations with other organiza- tions, with the understanding that the Secretary will develop opera- tional guidelines. Secretary Heyman and his asso- ciates gave the Regents a thorough briefing on the status of the Insti- tution's complex financing. The Regents approved budgets pre- pared for fiscal year 1998 federal appropriations and fiscal year 1997 trust funds. They also approved a financial plan for the Smithsonian's 150th anniversary activities. Secretary Heyman and his staff also briefed the Regents on the scope of the Smithsonian's pro- gram to repair and renovate its buildings, spelling out the ration- ale for $50 million a year in fund- ing to achieve reliable use of the physical plant. The Regents were given a preview of plans for the National Museum of the American Indian on the National Mall and for the museum's Cultural Resources Center in Suitland, Maryland. The Board also saw plans for the Discovery Center in the National Museum of Natural History and was briefed on the Institution's financing strategies for capital projects. During the year, the Regents approved revised bylaws for the Smithsonian National Board and for the boards of the National Museum of Natural History, the National Museum of American Art, and the Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum. They also approved the organizing prin- ciples for the Board of the Nation- al Museum of American History. In addition, the Regents appointed or reappointed the following members to Smithsonian advisory boards: Laura Lee Blanton, Mrs. John M. Bradley, Stephen F. Brauer, Frank A. Daniels Jr., S. Roger Horchow, Mrs. James W. Kinnear, Donald G. Lubin, Eliza- beth S. MacMillan, Holly Madigan, Frank N. Magid, Mrs. John F. Mars, Kenneth B. Miller, Norman Y. Mineta, Rupert Murdoch, John N. Nordstrom, Vivian W. Piasecki, Eric de Rothschild, A. R. Tony Sanchez, Alan K. Simpson, Kathy Daubert Smith, and Nancy Brown Wellin to the Smithsonian Nation- al Board; Jorge Batista, Donald Bruckmann, Joanne Foster, George Gillespie, August Heckscher, Nan- cy Marks, Kenneth Miller, Enid Morse, William P. Raynor, Harry Robinson, Arthur Ross, Robert Sarnoff (honorary life member), and Sue Jane Smock to the Coop- er-Hewitt, National Design Muse- um Board of Trustees; Jeannine S. Clark, Stephen Jay Gould, and David Levering Lewis to the Com- mission of the National Portrait Gallery; Ronald D. Abramson, Barney A. Ebsworth, Patricia Frost, Melvin Lenkin, Linda Lichtenberg Kaplan, Jesus B. Moroles, and Rita Pynoos to the Commission of the National Museum of Amer- ican Art; John A. Friede, Elliot Lawrence, Brian Leyden, and Frieda Rosenthal to the Commis- sion of the National Museum of African Art; Thomas Eisner and Desiree Glapion Rogers to the Board of the National Museum of Natural History; Vine Deloria Jr., George Gund, Peter Johnson, Lorette Kaufman, Albert Kookesh, Henrietta Mann, Linda Manza- nilla, J. Dennis O'Connor, and Ofelia Zepeda to the Board of Trustees of the National Museum of the American Indian; and Mar- ilyn Bergman, Lester L. Colbert Jr., George M. Ferris Jr., George Clemon Freeman Jr., William Heseltine, Robert F. Hemphill Jr., and Elihu Rose to the Board of the National Museum of Ameri- can History. Staff Changes J. Dennis O'Connor, former chan- cellor of the University of Pitts- burgh, joined the Smithsonian in January 1996 as the Institution's first Provost. Acting Provost Robert S. Hoffmann, who had ably shaped that office from three assis- tant secretaries' offices, continued to serve as acting director of the National Air and Space Museum. Tom Freudenheim and James Early, who had served as assistant provosts after being assistant secre- taries, took on duties, respectively, as a fellow of the Woodrow Wil- son International Center for Schol- ars and a scholar in the Center for Folklife Programs and Cultural Studies. Earlier in the fiscal year, the Smithsonian was shocked by the sudden death of Sylvia Williams. She had served with distinction as director of the National Museum of African Art and as an insightful counselor to the Secretary. Mrs. Williams' death is a great loss to the Institution. While Provost O'Connor conducted a search for her successor, the museum was ably managed by Acting Director Patricia Fiske. Searches for new directors at two major museums were con- cluded this year. In May, Robert W. Fri was named director of the National Museum of Natural History after a long career at Resources for the Future and several federal agencies. Donald D. Engen, a retired vice-admiral of the Navy, former administrator of the Federal Aviation Administra- tion, and most recently Ramsey Fellow at the National Air and Space Museum, became director of the Air and Space Museum on its 20th anniversary, July 1, 1996. Assistant Secretary for Finance and Administration Nancy D. Sut- tenfield left the Institution in the early summer for a similar posi- tion at Case Western Reserve Uni- versity. She was awarded the Secre- tary's Gold Medal for Exceptional Service in recognition of her ser- vice as assistant secretary, acting Under Secretary, and director of the Office of Planning and Budget. Deputy Assistant Secretary for Finance Rick Johnson was appointed chief financial officer, and Anna B. Martin, executive assistant to the Under Secretary, was given additional responsibili- ties as the senior executive officer overseeing the Offices of Human Resources, Equal Employment and Minority Affairs, and the Ombudsman. In other actions, Richard H. Rice Jr. was designated senior facil- ities officer, and Carolyn E. Jones was named director of the Office of Human Resources. Thomas E. Lovejoy, counselor to the Secretary for biodiversity and environmen- tal affairs, accepted additional responsibilities as director of the Smithsonian's new Institute for Conservation Biology. This year, Daniel H. Goodwin, director of the University Press Division of Smithsonian Institu- tion Press, was named director of the newly formed Smithsonian Press/Smithsonian Productions, which merged the Press and the Office of Telecommunications. As the fiscal year came to a close, David F. Morrell of the U.S. Secret Service was appointed director of protection services, and Vincent J. Marcalus retired from his position as director of the Office of Infor- mation Technology. Changes in staffing at these lev- els are a mixed blessing. They give people new opportunities and bring new perspectives to the organization, but they do carry a cost in terms of institutional mem- ory. When we welcome new staff members, we owe a debt of grati- tude to their predecessors, who have worked so effectively on behalf of the Smithsonian. The Institution's progress has always been due in no small measure to the dedication of its staff and volunteers. COMMUNITY AND COLLABORATION REPORT OF THE PROVOST /. Dennis O'Connor I have been impressed by the diversity of activity that takes place here, as independent entities come together in a multi- dimensional whole to pursue the Smithsonian's mission as a research institution and a national museum. Hirshhum Museum ami Sculpture Gar- den conser\'ator Lee Aks prepares Auguste Rodin's bronze sculpture Walk- ing Man, 1900, for travel to Los Ange- les, where it went on view in "Ameri- ca's Smithsonian." (Photograph by Lee Stalsworth) Provost ]. Dennis O'Connor (Photograph by Rick Vargas) This year, we celebrated the 150th anniversary of that remarkably eclec- tic blend of activity known as the Smithsonian. As we worked together to shape the celebration, an impressive spirit of community and collabo- ration drove the efforts of the many organizations that make up this complex institution. When the Smithsonian was founded, its first Secretary, Joseph Henry, envisioned a research institute devoted to scientific accomplishment and the dissemination of knowledge. His successor Spencer Baird enlarged this vision, vigorously leading the accumulation of a comprehensive national collection. Baird's Smithsonian foreshadowed something of today's Smithsonian: research activity, vast collections, and public exhi- bitions and programs, all aimed at advancing knowledge and fostering public education. The historical patterns of the Smithsonian's 150 years— weaving together research, collections, and the diffusion of knowledge — are especially evident in the Office of the Provost. This office unites the various museums and research institutes, the National Zoo, and other units providing educational, museum, and scholarly services. Its creation this year was a conscious attempt to better coordinate the arts and humani- ties, the sciences, and educational and scholarly support programs, emphasizing shared goals and endeavors. In my first year as Provost, I have been impressed by the diversity of activity that takes place here, as independent entities come together in a multi- dimensional whole to pursue the Smithsonian's mission as a research institution and a national museum. We are one of the world's most prominent research centers, with scientists and scholars at work around the globe. Their investigations range from using xenon gas to make magnetic resonance images of water-deficient parts of the human body to studying the challenges of conserving giant Asian elephants. Our museums educate, delight, and inspire the millions of people who visit them each year. They are our public face, the principal keyhole through which people see the objects and consider the ideas that are a distinguishing feature of the Smithsonian. Senior furniture conservator Donald C. Williams demonstrates marquetry and craft skills in the Conservation Analyti- cal Laboratory Birthday Party pavilion. (Photograph by /. L. Russ) We have an educational pur- pose as well. It is based on the notion that we are the repository of the nation's culture and her- itage. The Smithsonian is not a formal institution of learning, but we have much to offer as a resource for educators and as a center of informal education, that essential lifelong process that enriches people's lives beyond the classroom. Although each museum and research center is a major organiza- tion in its own right, with its own focus and strengths (even its own audience), the emphasis on collab- oration was clear during the 150th anniversary year. For the exhibi- tion "America's Smithsonian," the museums took the lead in suggest- ing which objects to include and how to present them. During the Birthday Party on the National Mall on August 10 and 11, the museums, research institutes, and offices created lively pavilions that conveyed the flavor of the Smith- sonian. Visitors could learn how a museum exhibition is developed, hear curators describe collecting expeditions, ask astronomers about their research on distant planets, or watch art conservators practice their craft. Inside the museums, there was Irish music, African dance, cowboy poetry, chamber music, and much more. Even in a large organization like the Smithsonian, we must make choices about what we can do in our research, in our museum activities, and in education. The 150th anniversary, and particular- ly "America's Smithsonian," pointed to significant opportuni- ties to build affiliations for the future — with communities, with corporations, with universities and other educational institutions, with museums and research enti- ties. Funding from the members of the 150th Anniversary Corporate Partners Program — Discover® Card, Intel Corporation, MCI Communi- cations Corporation, and Trans World Airlines, Inc. — made possi- ble the exhibition and many other aspects of the anniversary celebra- tion. By seeking partners, we can do much more, and do it more efficiently, more effectively, and with vastly broader impact. As we begin to master the potential of technology, looking to the day when there may be many museum exhibitions in cyberspace, there is even greater promise for collabora- tive efforts drawing on the com- plementary strengths of organiza- tions within and outside the Smithsonian. In this section of Smithsonian Year, reports from the museums, research institutes, and offices under the purview of the Provost survey the highlights of a year of celebration and collaboration. Through stimulating exhibitions and educational programs, impor- tant research initiatives, and essen- tial behind-the-scenes services and / activities, staff members worked within their organizations and as a I cooperative whole to bring the Smithsonian to the American people during this 150th year. The Smithsonian's dual role — as a leader in research and as a national museum — has an emi- nently American quality. The determined pursuit of new hori- zons in knowledge figures promi- nently in the American story, and so do the collection and preserva- tion of the objects of our heritage in museums, which are also cen- ters of learning and enlighten- ment. As one of the nation's pre- mier research institutions and as the national museum, the Smith- sonian has a special obligation to help define American culture and heritage. On our 150th anniver- David Pawson of the National Museum of Natural History's Smithsonian Marine Station at Link Port in Florida talks with CBS News correspondent Dan Rather about the echinoderms col- lected during their dive aboard the R/V Edwin Link. Their underwater adven- ture off the Bahamas was shown on one of three specials broadcast on CBS during the anniversary year. (Photo- graph by Tom Smoyer) sary, we renewed the dedication to community and collaboration that will help us meet that obligation. MUSEUMS AND RESEARCH INSTITUTES ANACOSTIA MUSEUM/CENTER FOR AFRICAN AMERICAN HISTORY AND CULTURE Steven Cameron Newsome, Director The Anacostia Museum and its Center for African American History and Culture were both highly visible during the 150th anniversary year, providing strong evidence of the Smithsonian's expanded role in preserving and interpreting black history and cul- ture for local, national, and inter- national audiences. Several items from the Anacostia Museum's col- lection were included in the exhi- bition "America's Smithsonian." The fur coat worn by singer Mari- an Anderson at her 1939 concert at the Lincoln Memorial high- lighted an important moment in the country's evolving history of race relations. Materials from the Griffith family of Washington, D.C., reminded visitors that objects associated with everyday life often become treasured parts of museum collections. • The Anacostia Museum organized its first exhibition dedicated to show- casing its collections. "Down Through the Years: Stories from the Anacostia Museum's Collections" offered visitors the opportunity to see objects that are rarely on public display and to engage in a series of dialogues about why and how these objects became part of the collections. • "Visual Journal: Harlem and D.C. in the Thirties and Forties," an exhibi- tion in the Arts and Industries Building mounted by the Center for African American History and Culture, was an important contribution to increasing public understanding of the role of African American photographers in documenting the diversity of black life. Through the works of Gordon Parks, the Scurlock family, Robert McNeill, and Marvin and Morgan Smith, visi- tors witnessed life in two centers of black culture during one of America's most dynamic periods of social change. • As part of the Smithsonian's 150th Birthday Party, August 10 and 11, a shuttlebus ferried visitors from the National Mall for a community open house at the museum. The festiv- ities featured community-based cultur- al expressions ranging from former Washington, D.C, police officers singing 1950s-style doo-wop to Trinidadian Americans presenting carnival dances and costumes. • To perpetuate the spirit of the 150th anniversary, the museum and the Center for African American Histo- ry and Culture engaged eight photog- raphers to document African American participation in the year's activities. One hundred fifty images were select- ed for exhibition and publication. A local quilting guild, the Daughters of Dorcas, crafted a commemorative quilt with the help of museum visitors. Two works of art — a stained-glass panel and an African-inspired ceramic — were cre- ated on the museum grounds and donated to the collection by the artists. • In recognition of the Prince George's County, Maryland, tricenten- nial celebration, and as part of the museum's ongoing commitment to exhibitions focused on community and family history, "Footsteps from North Brentwood," developed in con- junction with the North Brentwood Historical Society, featured artifacts, photographs, and documents that illustrate the establishment and evolu- tion of the first incorporated black town in Maryland. • Construction began on the muse- um's Archives Study and Storage Cen- ter. The new center will enhance the museum's capacity to collect and care for archival and photographic material, especially material that reflects com- munity-based organizations. This wooden chest painted in 1889 by E. Wats., a former slave, was featured in "Down Through the Years: Stories from the Anacostia Museum's Collection." (Photograph by Harold Dorwin) Birthday Party visitors took haiiic postcards 0/ this 1903 photograph of Adolph A. Weinman (1870-1952) sculpting a cow in a pasture, from the collec- tion of the Archives of American Art. ARCHIVES OF AMERICAN ART Richard J. Wattenmaker, Director Founded in 1954 by a group of farsighted individuals in Detroit, the Archives of American Art has been part of the Smithsonian Institution since 1970. It is the nation's repository for documenta- tion of the visual arts and culture in the United States. On the sub- ject of art in America, it is the largest archive in the world, with more than 13 million documents and 3,000 oral histories. The Archives' collections are easily accessible through reference centers across the country and through an extensive interlibrary loan program. Its catalogue data- base is available to researchers worldwide on the Internet and through the Research Libraries Information Network (RLIN). The Archives' varied holdings offer an in-depth, primary research base for advanced study not only in Ameri- can art history, but also in other fields, including cultural, political, and social history. The Archives' Journal, published quarterly, pre- sents articles based on research conducted in the collections as well as book reviews and collecting reports from the regional centers. • In February, Archives of American Art trustees Eli Broad, Mrs. Dona Kendall, and Alan Levy hosted events to honor the inauguration of "Ameri- ca's Smithsonian" in Los Angeles. Mrs. Abby Levy organized an open house and brunch at the West Coast Regional Center of the Archives in the Virginia Steele Scott Gallery at the Huntington Library, San Marino. Tours of the cen- ter featured demonstrations of SIRIS, the Smithsonian Institution Libraries' online catalogue, and displays of origi- nal manuscript materials. • "America's Smithsonian" included three exceptional images from the Archives' collections of photographs of artists. On display in the "Imagin- ing" component of the 150th anniver- sary exhibition were photographs of Georgia O'Keeffe by Alfred Stieglitz; Yasuo Kuniyoshi by Max Yavno; and Edward Hopper in his New York stu- dio by George Piatt Lynes. • The Archives of American Art cel- ebrated the Smithsonian's 150th Birth- day Party with its own pavilion on the National Mall and a lively program commissioned for the occasion. The Archives and the Washington Stage Guild presented From Reliable Sources, an original theater piece incorporating letters, diaries, writings, and other sources from the Archives that spoke to the joys and hardships of being an artist in America. The presentation by four actors and two musicians was staged 12 times on the birthday week- end to standing-room-only crowds. Archives staff distributed a free post- card of a popular photograph from 1903 of Adolph A. Weinman (1870- 1952) sculpting a cow in a pasture, fielded questions about the preserva- tion of papers and photographs, and discussed the Archives' critical role in the American art world. The Archives paid homage to the bond that unites the vital traditions of art and scholar- ship, fostering understanding of the visual arts among a larger audience. ARTHUR M. SACKLER GALLERY Milo C. Beach, Director The Arthur M. Sackler Gallery was inaugurated in 1987 to increase the range of Asian art activities at the Smithsonian and develop an active international loan exhibi- tion program. The collections, ini- tiated with a major donation by Dr. Arthur M. Sackler (1913-87) of New York City, have grown through purchase and gift. The Sackler Gallery, one of the Smith- sonian's two national museums of Asian art, shares the historical focus of its sister museum, the Freer Gallery, but extends its scope to include the contemporary world, embracing a wider range of media and artistic practice. • In celebrating the Smithsonian's 150th anniversary, the Sackler and Freer Galleries joined with two of their neighbors, the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden and the National Museum of African Art, to remain open one evening a week during the summer. As part of the experimental yet highly successful "Art Night on the Mall" program, Sackler and Freer docents volunteered as "explainers," answering questions and informally providing information about art on view in the two museums. • Sackler Gallery loans to "Ameri- ca's Smithsonian" spanned five millen- nia, from an ancient Chinese jade prism made in 2500 B.C. to a colorful porcelain plate made by a Japanese artist in 1992. Also representing the Sackler collection in the anniversary exhibition was art from Turkey, Iran, Egypt, and India. • "Puja: Expressions of Hindu Devo- tion" was the gallery's first exhibition to be organized by a staff member in the education department. Sarah Rid- ley worked with curatorial consultant Stephen Huyler and, through a major outreach effort, drew on the knowl- edge and resources of the local Hindu ftalligrapher Alvin Tsao introduces young celebrants to the painstaking art of Chinese writing at the Sackler and Freer Galleries pavilion. (Photograph by Michael Bryant) community. "Puja," which was sup- ported by a generous grant from the Smithsonian Institution Special Exhibition Fund, used video programs, touchable and hands-on displays, and a resource study area to help visitors understand the ways in which much of the South Asian art in museums serves a purpose in Hindu worship. Education programs for the exhibition were underwritten by a grant from the Smithsonian's Educational Outreach Fund. • The Sackler Gallery's first exhibi- tion by a mature living painter took form in "Paintings by Masami Terao- ka." This Japanese-born artist, now liv- ing in Hawaii, uses traditional imagery to examine such contemporary themes as AIDS, sexuality, and cultural identi- ty. To enhance the visitor's experience of the art, Teraoka, in narrating the first audio guide produced by the gallery, explained some of the ideas behind his work. The exhibition was made possible by a generous private contribution, with additional funding from the Smithsonian Institution Spe- cial Exhibition Fund. • "Preserving Ancient Statues from Jordan," an exhibition about the dis- covery and preservation of eight of the oldest human sculptures ever found in the Near East, was the gallery's first to incorporate an interactive computer program, both within the exhibition and on the gallery's World Wide Web site. In addition to studying the power- ful presence of these nearly life-size, 8,500-year-old statues, visitors could use the computer to learn more about their history and their reconstruction by specialists at the Smithsonian's Conservation Analytical Laboratory. • Two symposia marked the Sackler Gallery's scholarly calendar this year. "Ancestral Glory: The Ritual Bronzes of Ancient China," cosponsored by the Arthur M. Sackler Foundation and the Sackler Gallery, celebrated the comple- tion of the third and final volume in the catalogue of ancient Chinese ritual bronzes from the Arthur M. Sackler Collections. "The Social Functions of Art in the Ancient Near East," gener- ously funded by Mrs. Arthur M. Sackler, brought together scholars examining art and gender, magic, ethnicity, and style. The objects in the exhibition were lent by the Depart- ment of Antiquities of Jordan. The brochure and interactive computer program were supported by a grant from the James Smithson Society. • Among the highlights of the Sack- ler Gallery's 121 acquisitions this year were a Chinese limestone Figure of a Mounter, made in the seventh century during the Tang dynasty, and a stone Figure of a Celestial Dancer, made in Kar- nataka, India, in the 12th or 13th cen- tury during the Hoysala period. Both were purchased for the gallery by the Friends of Asian Art and the Smithso- nian Collections Acquisition Program. CENTER FOR FOLKLIFE PROGRAMS AND CULTURAL STUDIES Richard Kurin, Director The Center for Folklife Programs and Cultural Studies joins scholar- ship, community service, and edu- cational outreach to promote the understanding and continuity of diverse contemporary grassroots cultures. A primary goal is to foster greater participation in communi- ty culture and appreciation for its role in a civil society. The center produces the annual Festival of American Folklife, Smithsonian Folkways Recordings, exhibitions, documentary films and videos, symposia, and educational materi- als. It also conducts basic ethno- graphic research and maintains an extensive documentary archive. This year, the center had a promi- nent role in the Smithsonian's 150th anniversary celebration. • The Smithsonian's 150th Birthday Party on the National Mall, coordinat- ed by the Center for Folklife Programs and Cultural Studies, celebrated the Institution's legacy with two days of activities, performances, and exhibits. Twenty-three outdoor pavilions repre- sented Smithsonian museums, research institutes, and offices. Some of Ameri- ca's greatest singers, dancers, and musi- cians presented more than 100 perfor- mances, all having a connection to Smithsonian programs. The public enjoyed spirited debates by celebrities from politics, the arts, media, and sci- ence; a fireworks display over the Smithsonian Castle and Washington Monument; and birthday cakes created by America's premier chefs. They also sent thousands of personal birthday greetings on a huge electronic screen. An estimated 630,000 people attended, and millions more participated through the Internet and conventional media. Staff jiom the Canine Division of the Office of Protection Services are interviewed in the Smithsonian Memories tent at the Festival of American Folklife's "Working at the Smithsonian " program. " ISO Years of Working at the Smithsonian, " a timeline exhibition, is in the background. (Photograph by Rick Vargas) • More than 1.126 million visitors attended the 30th annual Festival of American Folklife, which featured three programs. "Working at the Smithso- nian" paid tribute to the Institution's 150th anniversary by honoring the people who work here. Employees demonstrated work skills and scientific, historical, and art historical research and gave storytelling sessions about working at the Smithsonian. The pro- gram was made possible by the Smith- sonian 150th Anniversary Program Committee and with funds from the Smithsonian National Board. "The American South" featured the music, crafts, and foodways that contribute to the rich and distinct southern culture known worldwide. It was made possible by and produced in coordination with the Atlanta Committee for the Olympic Games Cultural Olympiad and in coop- eration with the Southern Arts Federa- tion. Additional support was provided by The Recording Industries Music Per- formance Trust Funds. "Iowa — Commu- nity Style" showed the many ways in which the spirit of community is evi- dent every day in homes, community centers, schools, workplaces, and places of worship through- out the state. The presen- tations included girls' high school basketball games; Iowa-style caucuses; farm- and water-related occupa- ^^ tions; textile, celebratory, and wood crafts; and music and foodways. The Iowa program was made possible by and produced in coordination with the Iowa Sesquicentennial Commission and the Iowa Arts Council on the 150th anniversary of Iowa's statehood. Corporate sponsors included the HON Industries Charitable Foundation, John Deere, The Principal Financial Group Foundation, Inc., and Barr-Nunn Transportation, Inc. • "Southern Crossroads," a special program on the American South, was part of the 1996 Olympic Arts Festival in Atlanta from July 18 through August 3. In addition to music stages and crafts presentations, the festival included Southern Marketplace, a store in Centennial Park that sold crafts, music, and food. Attendance was approximately 2 million. The program was made possible through a coopera- tive agreement with the Atlanta Com- mittee for the Olympic Games. • The Festival of Iowa Folklife, a restaging of the Iowa program from the Festival of American Folklife, was held on the state capitol grounds in Des Moines from August 22 through August 25. The event was a collabora- tion of the Iowa Sesquicentennial Commission and the Smithsonian. Attendance topped 80,000 visitors. CONSERVATION ANALYTICAL LABORATORY Lambertus van Zelst, Director The Conservation Analytical Laboratory (CAL) engages in research and training in the con- servation and technical study of museum objects and other materi- als of cultural importance. CAL addresses questions of concern to archaeology and materials science as well as problems facing muse- ums, including the Smithsonian, in the preservation and conserva- tion of collections. A multifaceted training program provides valuable educational opportunities for stu- dents in conservation, materials sciences, and archaeology. • Ongoing research into the accessi- bility of genetic information in historic preserved natural history specimens has produced some encouraging results. The common technique of fix- ing the specimens in formaldehyde has severely limited the utility of many collections for both DNA-based tech- niques for systematic studies and iso- topic analyses for environmental reconstruction. Using a special extrac- tion and purification technique devel- oped at CAL, researchers have been able to retrieve DNA fragments from some preserved historic fish specimens that could be amplified through poly- merase chain reaction and then sequenced. While it may not be possi- ble to retrieve DNA from all specimens, these results are promising for the future research value of these collec- tions as genetic repositories as well as resources for studying the form and structure of the specimens. • CAL celebrated the Smithsonian's 150th anniversary with a pavilion at the Birthday Party on the National Mall, where visitors talked with conser- vation scientists, participated in an archaeology dig, and helped CAL researchers assemble a historic time capsule. • A highly successful collaboration with Suitland High School, a magnet school for the arts in Suitland, Mary- land, has led to agreements to expand this joint program in which CAL staff were involved in teaching a course on materials and the arts. The ultimate joal is the development of a science and arts curriculum package that uses the interdisciplinary nature of conser- vation to illustrate relationships between the two disciplines. • With the collaboration and spon- sorship of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), CAL organized a four-day working meeting on the appli- cation of nuclear and radiation tech- niques in the examination and conser- vation of cultural materials. The meeting centered on the use of neutron activation trace element analysis of ceramics in archaeological research in Latin America and on the use of radia- tion for biodeterioration control in cul- tural materials. As a result of the semi- nar, IAEA has agreed to sponsor and fund a three-year collaborative research program, with CAL as coordinator. • The Furniture Conservation Train- ing Program graduated its third class after completion of 12 two- week courses and a one-year internship. Four students in the class of 1996 have found positions as institutional conservators, and one is establishing a private practice. Each graduate received a master of arts degree from Antioch University in an arrangement in which successful completion of the CAL pro- gram fulfills the degree requirements. • This year saw the conclusion of the multiyear research and conserva- tion project revolving around sixth- millennium B.C. plaster sculptures dis- covered at 'Ain Ghazal, Jordan, in 1985. After five years of intense efforts by the CAL Objects Conservation Labo- ratory to reconstruct the artifacts, a group of completed figures went on display at the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery in an exhibition resulting from collab- oration between CAL and Sackler staff. • As part of its increasing education and outreach program activities, CAL introduced a World Wide Web site aimed at its variety of constituencies, from conservation professionals to the general public. The contents highlight upcoming courses, internship and fel- lowship openings, and current high- profile CAL projects. Of special interest to the public will be electronic versions of the CAL "Guidelines," practical information on conservation and related topics. COOPER-HEWITT, NATIONAL DESIGN MUSEUM Dianne H. Pilgrim, Director Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum is the only museum in the United States devoted exclu- sively to historical and contempo- rary design. Through challenging exhibitions and publications, innovative educational programs for children and adults, and a world-renowned collection, the museum explores the impact of design on every aspect of daily life. • Through the generosity of Cooper- Hewitt, National Design Museum's board of trustees, members, friends, and staff, the museum raised the $7 million needed to complete its $20 million ren- ovation project. This renovation, designed by Polshek and Partners Archi- tects, is the first expansion of the muse- um's facilities since it reopened in 1976 in its East 91st Street location under the auspices of the Smithsonian. The archi- tects' plan makes the landmark build- ings, the terrace, and the garden acces- sible while respecting the architectural integrity of the historic structures and landscape. Leadership gifts by trustees Agnes Cowles Bourne, Barbara Riley Levin, Nancy Marks, Enid Morse, Arthur Ross, and the rest of the board of trustees significantly contributed to the success of the fund-raising effort. The Smithsonian Insti- tution provided $13 million toward the total cost. • The first phase of the renova- tion, which included the cre- ation of a fully accessible front entrance, improved temperature A young designer proudly displays her clock design at the Cooper- Hewitt, National Desigji Museum Birthday Party pavilion. AN EXTENSIVE RENOVATION FOR COOPER HEWITT, NATIONAL DESIGN MUSEUM Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum has been engaged in an ambitious renovation project to turn its landmark structures in New York City into an accessible, functional museum facility. The $20 million project will link the museum's three buildings, upgrade climate controls, and create a Design Resource Center where the museum's col- lections will be available for study. Many generous individuals and foundations contributed to this successful campaign during fis- cal year 1996. Barbara Riley Levin, a member of the museum's board of trustees, pledged $1 mil- lion and helped galvanize support for the project. The Drue Heinz Trust funded the modernization and expansion of the Study Center for Drawings and Prints. With a $300,000 grant, the Henry Luce Foundation supported the creation of a study area in the Heinz Center. A challenge grant from Arthur Ross, a long-time benefactor and champi- on of the museum, inspired several significant gifts. The generous support of Nancy Marks will be recognized in the Nancy and Edwin Marks Master's Program Suite. In recognition of the benevolence of long-time museum supporter and trustee Enid Morse, a room in the new Design Resource Center will be named the Enid Wien Morse Garden Room. The renovation would not have been possible without a $2 million gift from Agnes Cowles Bourne in fiscal year 1995. control and ventilation systems in the Carnegie Mansion, and restoration of the mansion's conservatory, has been completed. Work continues on the Design Resource Center building and the Agnes Bourne Bridge Gallery, which links the Carnegie Mansion, the Design Resource Center, and the Arthur Ross Terrace and Garden. This second phase will be completed in fall 1997. The third and final stage will be the reopening of the museum's sec- ond-floor galleries in winter 1998. • While the Carnegie Mansion's galleries were closed to the public to accommodate the renovation project, the museum mounted several off-site exhibitions. "Six Bridges and the Mak- ing of the New York Megalopolis," which was on view at the PaineWebber Art Gallery, was funded by PaineWeb- ber Group, Inc., the J. M. Kaplan Fund, the Arthur Ross Foundation, MTA Bridges and Tunnels, Dr. Margot Ammann-Durrer, and Pro-Helvetia. "The Avant-Garde Letterhead," at the American Institute of Graphic Arts, received support from Crane & Com- pany. "Help Design Frederick Douglass Circle" was jointly organized with the Central Park Conservancy at the Charles Dana Discovery Center in Central Park. • On September 16, Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum reopened its first-floor galleries with the exhibition "Mixing Messages: Graphic Design in Contemporary Culture," which explored the power and pervasiveness of visual communications during the last 15 years. Support from The Mead Corporation, Microsoft, the Smithso- nian Institution Special Exhibition Fund, and Duggal Color Projects made the exhibition possible. • An active participant in the Smithsonian's 150th anniversary cele- bration, the museum was the setting for one of three CBS Smithsonian Fan- tastic Journey specials. Objects from the permanent collection were shown from the Great Hall of the Carnegie Mansion as narrator Dan Rather intro- duced the different parts of the show. At the Smithsonian's Birthday Party on the National Mall, the museum's pavil- ion was "It's Time to Celebrate." Visi- tors were invited to explore design by creating a working clock. As part of the programming for the exhibition "America's Smithsonian" in New York City, the museum hosted a behind-the- scenes tour for Smithsonian members. • Modeled on the tremendous suc- cess of the master's degree program in the history of decorative arts in New York, a second program began this fall in Washington, D.C. Cosponsored by the museum, Parsons School of Design, and The Smithsonian Associates, the Washington program will focus on American decorative arts of the 19th and 20th centuries. FREER GALLERY OF ART Milo C. Beach, Director The Freer Gallery of Art, opened ir 1923 as the first art museum of the Smithsonian, was founded with Charles Lang Freer's gift to the nation of art and a building to house it. Although the Freer is one of the Smithsonian's two national museums of Asian art, and its Asian collections are world renowned, its specialized holdings of work by 19th- and early 20th- century American artists include the world's largest selection of art by the American expatriate James McNeill Whistler. • In recognition of the Smithso- nian's 150th anniversary, the Freer Gallery presented "The Life of a Japa- U nese Painting." This major exhibition, which was made possible by a gener- ous grant from the E. Rhodes and Leona B. Carpenter Foundation, cele- brated the Freer's great collection of Japanese art, its pioneering efforts in East Asian painting conservation, and the completion of a five-year coopera- tive venture to conserve 34 of the Freer's outstanding Japanese paintings it leading conservation studios in apan. In addition to facilitating timely :reatment of Freer masterpieces, the miltimillion-dollar conservation project — sponsored by the government md private interests in Japan — helped itrengthen research ties between the gallery and art institutions in Japan, rhe project was the subject of a feature irticle in the 150th anniversary issue at Smithsonian magazine in May. • The Freer and Sackler Library was ielected as the United States repository ror the Japan Art Catalog Project, a :ooperative venture of the Japan Asso- riation for Cultural Exchange in Tokyo ind the National Coordinating Com- nittee on Japanese Library Resources n the United States. Under the agree- nent, the library receives 500 cata- ogues a year from Japanese museums. n return, the library assures timely jrocessing of the materials, houses :hem in appropriate storage, and pro- vides ready access, including inter- ibrary loan and free copying. • The Freer Gallery has the largest rollection of work by American artist fhomas Wilmer Dewing. This year, ;he gallery presented an exhibition, 'Choice Spirits: Works by Thomas Dewing and Dwight Tryon," to com- plement a traveling exhibition of Dewing's work that was shown concur- •ently at the National Museum of American Art. Adding to the scholarly examination of Dewing's contribution :o American art, the two museums lointly organized a day-long sympo- sium, "Aesthetic Value in the Gilded Age," which was supported by gener- ous grants from Mary Dewing Morain, Mr. and Mrs. Peter Lunder, and the David Schwartz Foundation. On the same weekend as the symposium, pianist Brian Ganz gave two perfor- mances on the Steinway piano decorat- ed by Dewing for Theodore Roosevelt's White House. • The Cleveland Quartet selected the Freer's Eugene and Agnes E. Meyer Auditorium as the Washington venue for its farewell tour this year. Before disbanding after 27 years of critically acclaimed performances, the quartet presented the Freer audience with the United States premiere of Farewell Quartet, composed in recognition of the group's conclusion by the Ameri- can composer John Corigliano (b. 1938). The concert was part of the 1995-96 Bill and Mary Meyer Concert Series, which was established in mem- ory of Dr. Eugene Meyer III and Mary Adelaide Bradley Meyer. It is generous- ly supported by The Island Fund in the New York Community Trust. • More than 2,000 visitors attended the film festival "New from Hong Kong," held in the Meyer Auditorium and presenting the Washington pre- mieres of eight feature films from Hong Kong's flourishing motion pic- ture industry. The Hong Kong Economic and Trade Office in Washington cosponsored the week-long festival with the Freer and Sackler Galleries. • Among the 55 works of art acquired by the Freer this year was a hanging scroll purchased for the gallery by the membership group Friends of Asian Art. Beauty in the Guise of a Man was painted with ink and color on silk in the early 20th century by the Japanese artist Shima Sei'en (1893-1970), one of three distinguished women artists of her time who were prominent partici- pants in a revival of a tradition called bijin-ga, or "pic- tures of beauties." A Chinese dragon cavorts in front of the Freer Gallery of Art at the 150th Birthday Party. (Photograph by ^ Michael Bryant) HIRSHHORN MUSEUM AND SCULPTURE GARDEN James T. Demetrion, Director The Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, the Smithso- nian Institution's showcase for modern and contemporary art, is committed to increasing the awareness and understanding of art through acquisitions, exhibi- tions, publications, research activi- ties, public programs, and the pre- sentation of the collection in its galleries and outdoor exhibition spaces. The museum provides a public facility for the exhibition, study, and preservation of 19th- and 20th-century art while pre- senting a spectrum of contempo- rary work. • For the Smithsonian's ISOth Birthday Party on the National Mall, the Hirshhorn presented two days of "Young at Art" family activities designed to encourage creativity Enthusiastic children and adults literal- ly jammed the museum's pavilion to enjoy a one-person puppet show and join in hands-on workshops exploring mobiles, woodcarving, masks, drawing, and puppet making. Each participant received a list of works of art inside the museum that related to their own cre- ations. Also popular was an ongoing face-painting workshop. • Sixteen works of art from the Hirshhorn's collection were included in the "America's Smithsonian" exhibi- tion. Among them were Auguste Rodin's Walking Man, 1900, and Henry Moore's Draped Reclining Figure, 1952-53, which weigh 273 kilograms (600 pounds) and 386 kilograms (850 pounds), respectively. Both pieces, long favorites of museum visitors, were lifted three stories out of the Sculpture Gar- den as the news media recorded the packing and crating. At 282 centimeters (111 inches), the crate for the Rodin sculpture was one of the largest created in preparation for the exhibition. • "Art Night on the Mall," an extended-hours initiative shared with the other Smithsonian art museums on the National Mall, drew enthusiastic visitors to the Hirshhorn over 14 sum- # ""V^s "^s^ *>S^S >v ^ *v "V, X "% >s "V V "V, V \ >v >v >v "S. n'N^'H, C <. < W \. K. ~ V, V, Vt \\\\N Nam lime Paik's Video Flag, 1985-96, which has four laser discs, disc players, and 70 13-inch monitors, is the first video installation in the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden's collection. It was acquired this year through the Holenia Purchase Fund in Memory of Joseph H. Hirshhorn. (Photograph by Lee Stalsworth) mer Thursdays. Gallery talks, films, and a resource center in conjunction with the exhibition "Distemper: Disso- ; nant Themes in the Art of the 1990s" , were featured. • Through acquisitions funds as well as gifts from generous donors, the museum continued to acquire signifi- cant works by modern and contempo- rary artists. Among highlights for the year were Nam June Paik's kaleido- scopic multimonitor sculpture Video Flag, 1985-96, the museum's first acquisition of video art; a fluorescent sculpture by Dan Flavin, Untitled (Monument for V. Tatlin), 1967; Stephan Balkenhol's figurative wood sculpture Three Hybrids, 1995; Sue Coe's oil and collage Malcolm X and the Slaughter- house, 1985; Carmen Lomas Garza's alkyd and oil on canvas Earache Treat- ment, 1989; Guillermo Kuitca's oil on canvas Mozart-da Ponte I, 1995; and Doris Salcedo's wood, cement, cloth, and steel sculpture Untitled, 1995. • The Hirshhorn's exhibition pro- gram highlighting international con- temporary art underscored the achieve- ments of two Germans: sculptor Stephan Balkenhol in his first North American museum showing and painter Georg Baselitz in a critically acclaimed 30-year survey on tour from the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in New York, which organized the exhibition. The thought-provoking "Distemper: Dissonant Themes in the Art of the 1990s" examined varied responses to contemporary life by 10 midcareer artists from the Americas and Europe. Smaller shows featured the diverse visions of Americans Car- men Lomas Garza (narrative paint- ings), Beverly Semmes (a fabric installation), and Byron Kim (mono- chromatic abstractions). Support for the Balkenol exhibition and its accompanying publications was provided by a grant from Schmitter Media-Agentur, Frankfurt am Main. Additional support was provided by the Institute for Foreign Affairs, Federal Republic of Germany. The museum gratefully acknowledges the patronage of the ambassador of the Federal Republic of Germany for the presenta- tion of the exhibition in Washington. [Tie Baselitz exhibition was made pos- sible by Hugo Boss, with significant idditional support from Deutsche Bank ^G and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, ;ederal Republic of Germany. The Washington showing was made possi- >le by the Holenia Trust Fund. Major support for the "Distemper" exhibition vas provided by the Lannan Founda- :ion, with additional funding from 5aul and Camille Oliver-Hoffmann, he British Council, The Henry Moore -oundation, the Institute for Foreign \ffairs, Federal Republic of Germany, ind the Mondriaan Foundation, Ams- :erdam. The Elizabeth Firestone Gra- lam Foundation and the Washington 'ost Company provided partial support :or the exhibition's publications; the jrochure was printed courtesy of the Washington Post Company. • Other educational highlights included a family day with Carmen Lomas Garza celebrating Mexican American culture, a writer's workshop with five authors helping participants compose poetry and prose based on paintings in the permanent collection, and an artist-curator panel exploring Byron Kim's abstractions and Korean celadon ceramics at the Freer Gallery of Art. Eight "Young at Art" family work- shops enthralled children and adults during the year. In addition, more than 22,000 people attended free film pro- grams featuring cutting-edge interna- tional independent cinema, documen- taries on contemporary artists, and familv-oriented animation. NATIONAL AIR AND SPACE MUSEUM Donald D. Engen, Director In 1996, the National Air and Space Museum celebrated its own 20th anniversary as well as the Smithsonian's 150th. Throughout the year, the museum presented new programs, visitor services, and activities to commemorate these two milestones. • A new gallery, "How Things Fly," opened in September as the center- piece of the museum's 20th anniver- sary celebration. The gallery introduces visitors to the science and technology that make aviation and spaceflight possible. Highlights include a Cessna aircraft that visitors can enter and dozens of interactive devices, including the world's only visitor-operated super- sonic wind tunnel in a museum. "How Things Fly" is made possible through the generous funding of The Boeing Company and a grant from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, with additional sup- port from the National Science Foun- dation, the Smithsonian Institution Special Exhibition Fund, and the James Smithson Society. • Treasured objects from the muse- um's collection, spanning the histo- ry of air and space exploration, are touring the nation with "America's Smithsonian." They include the Wright brothers' wood-and fabric biplane the Vin Fiz, which Calbraith Perry Rodgers piloted on the first United States transcontinental flight in 1911, and the space suit com- mander David Scott wore on the Apol- lo 15 lunar mission in 1971. • In August, the museum marked the Smithsonian's 150th anniversary with the premiere of a new IMAX fea- ture, Cosmic Voyage. The film, narrated by actor Morgan Freeman and spon- sored by the Motorola Foundation, takes viewers on a tour of the known universe, from superclusters of galaxies to the tiniest building blocks of the universe. • The National Air and Space Museum Explainers made their debut in 1996. The Explainers are a diverse group of area high school and college students who work in the "How Things Fly" gallery performing demon- strations and answering visitor ques- tions. The Cessna Aircraft Company has generously agreed to sponsor the program through 2006. • On July 1, the museum's 20th anniversary, retired Vice-Admiral Donald D. Engen became director. Retired Vice-Admiral Donald D. Engen, who was named director of the National Air and Space Museum this year, stands with the concept model of the museum's Dulles Center. (Photograph by Carolyn Russo) IMPRESSIVE SUPPORT FROM THE NATIONAL AIR AND SPACE SOCIETY A new membership group, the National Air and Space Society, is building a broad constituency base for the National Air and Space Museum. The society's support is especially vital to the planning and construction of the museum's new center at Washington's Dulles International Airport as well as to the continuing restoration and preservation of the museum's aviation and spacecraft collection. The society had a highly successful first year, attracting more than 6,000 individual donors and raising more than $400,000. Members may join at seven levels, ranging from $35 to $2,500 in annu- al dues. The museum offered a variety of special events for Air and Space Society members in 1996, including a lecture series featuring top World War II aviators General Cunther Rail, Colonel William Lawley, the Soviet fighter ace General Vitali Grer Popkov, and others. Joseph T N. Suarez is director of the society. Other anniversary highlights included the release of a 20th anniversary edi- tion of the classic IMAX film To Fly! and special "You Can Fly" weekend activities with participants from a cross-section of general aviation associ- ations and organizations. • At a special media event at Dulles International Airport, the museum unveiled the concept model for the National Air and Space Museum Dulles Center. The center will allow preserva- tion and restoration work to continue in a proper environment. It will also give the public access to treasures from the national collection, such as the SR- 71 Blackbird spy plane, the space shut- tle Enterprise, and the fully restored and reassembled Boeing B-29 super- fortress Enola Gay. • The new National Air and Space Society grew to more than 6,000 mem- bers. Flyer, a members' newsletter, made its debut. Throughout the year, the museum sponsored special pro- grams for society members in Wash- ington, D.C., and around the country. • In May, Apollo 1 1 astronaut and former director Michael Collins returned to the museum to present the annual Charles A. Lindbergh Memorial Lecture. In recognition of the 20th anniversary, Collins' lecture, "From the Moon to the Mall," recalled the museum's early history. In April, Apollo 13 commander James Lovell gave the annual Wernher von Braun Memorial Lecture, "Apollo 13: A Successful Failure." • In March, the National Air and Space Museum welcomed its 175 millionth visitor. NATIONAL MUSEUM OF AFRICAN ART Patricia Fiske, Acting Director I The National Museum of African Art celebrates the rich visual tradi- tions and extraordinarily diverse cultures of Africa and fosters an appreciation of African art and civilizations through its collec- tions, exhibitions, research, and public programs. The extensive permanent collection reflects the museum's new interest in modern African art and is a tribute to the legacy of Sylvia H. Williams, who served as the museum's director from 1983 until her death in Feb- ruary 1996. • With the acquisition this year of 70 works of art by modern African artists, the museum expanded the scopi of its acquisitions and research. These modern works — including paintings, drawings, ceramics, and mixed media- will be displayed in a new gallery to be named for Sylvia H. Williams. ' As part of its ongoing educa tional pro- gramming focusing on ancient Nubia, the Education Specialist Peter Pipim shares folktales in the National Museum of African Art pavilion during the Birth- day Party on the Mall. (Photograph by Rick Vargas) museum sponsored a lecture series titled "Who Were the Ancient Nubians?" The series, which drew the largest lecture audience in the muse- um's history, explored issues raised by "The Ancient Nubian City of Kerma, 2500-1500 B.C.," an exhibition of objects on long-term loan from the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. • The museum joined in the Smith- sonian's 150th anniversary celebration with a Birthday Party pavilion that invited participants to experience Africa through music, dance, and storytelling. Among the objects the museum contributed to "America's Smithsonian" were a Yoruba staff, a slit gong in the shape of a bovine, a mask and a gold pendant from Cote d'lvoire, and a Ghanaian double figure. • In a continuing effort to share its premier collection with communities outside of Washington, the museum made several significant loans this year. Works from the collection were lent to "Africa: The Art of a Continent," a trav- eling exhibition organized by the Royal Academy of London and also held at the Martin-Gropius-Bau in Berlin and the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in New York, and to "Rings: Five Pas- sions in the World of Art," an exhibi- tion at Atlanta's High Museum of Art that was developed in conjunction with the summer Olympic Games. • The critically acclaimed "Seydou Keita, Photographer: Portraits from Bamako, Mali" marked the first time the museum has featured the work of an African photographer. The exhibi- tion presented 24 of the artist's evoca- tive portraits and attested to his unique vision and artistic sensibilities. • The exhibition "Three Explo- rations: Yoruba, Temne, and Baga" pre- sented curatorial research on three unusual and rarely collected works of art recently acquired by the museum. The works — a Yoruba mask, a "Temne" female figure, and a Baga ritual object — were explored in terms of attri- bution, iconography, style, use and meaning, and history. • The museum's conservation department was selected to host a summer intern as part of a new pro- gram sponsored by the Foundation of the American Institute for Conserva- tion and funded by the J. Paul Getty Trust. The program was set up to increase awareness of the conservation profession among minority students and to provide them with experience working in a conservation laboratory. NATIONAL MUSEUM OF AMERICAN ART Elizabeth Broun, Director The National Museum of Ameri- can Art, the nation's museum ded- icated to the arts and artists of the United States from colonial times to the present, provides collections and research resources that enable the public and scholars to use and enjoy America's visual arts at the museum and by personal comput- er. The museum, which includes the Renwick Gallery, serves diverse audiences throughout the nation as well as those who visit its two historic landmark buildings in Washington, D.C. • To commemorate the Smithso- nian's 150th anniversary, the museum organized "Metropolitan Lives: The Ashcan Artists and Their New York," a major exhibition of paintings that cap- tured the unbridled energy of New York City at the turn of the century. Despite the challenges of opening an exhibition in the midst of a federal government shutdown, the museum persevered and soon welcomed back an eager public. A flurry of positive media coverage ensued, including a two-page spread in Time magazine and an Associated Press story published in newspapers across the country. After closing on March 17, "Metropolitan Lives" traveled to the New- York Histor- ical Society, where it continued to receive rave reviews from critics and visitors. Generous gifts from the William R. and Nora H. Lichtenberg Foundation, the Overbrook Founda- tion, and Mr. and Mrs. Richard J. Schwartz provided support, assisted by the Smithsonian Institution Special Exhibition Fund. • Also in honor of the Smithso- nian's anniversary, Consolidated Nat- ural Gas Company Foundation estab- lished an innovative Partnership in American Art with the museum by pledging $250,000 to support the pro- gram goals of the photography depart- ment over the next several years. The company's funding for the museum's major fall 1996 exhibition, "American Photographs: The First Century from the Isaacs Collection in the National Museum of American Art," was the first benefit of this new partnership. In addition, the gift supports the develop- ment of an extensive World Wide Web site on the museum's entire photogra- phy collection, with a special focus on the Isaacs collection. • The museum published its first quarterly newsletter, dedicated to activi- ties and programs at the museum and its Renwick Gallery. From previews of upcoming exhibitions and collection highlights to glimpses behind the scenes, the newsletter is designed to pro- vide a broad view of museum offerings. • In celebration of the 150th anniversary, the museum inaugurated a new Director's Circle membership program. Director's Circle members — the museum's highest level of general membership — and special guests enjoyed an event-filled weekend at the museum beginning with a dinner on Friday and continuing with "A Day of Art and Conversation" on Saturday. The program included private tours of the permanent collection and special exhibitions with director Elizabeth Broun, frame expert Eli Wilner, and senior curators Virginia Mecklenberg and Richard Murray. Each annual $1,500 Director's Circle gift is dedicat- ed to providing financial support for education and outreach programs. • Organized by Michael Monroe, the former curator-in-charge of the Renwick Gallery, and first shown at the National Museum of American Art, the heralded exhibition "The White House Collection of American Crafts" traveled to two locations this year: the Museum of Fine Arts, Springfield, Massachusetts, and the Los Angeles County Museum of Art. The accompa- nying virtual tour of the exhibition on the Internet, which was made possible by MCI, receives renewed interest with each new tour destination. • "America's Smithsonian" includes works of art from the museum's collec- tion that show the inspiration of the American experience, including the impressionist Childe Hassam's view of The South Ledges, Appledore, 1913; Fred- erick Edwin Church's majestic Aurora Borealis, 1865; and George Catlin's por- trait of Corn, A Miniconjou Warrior, 1832. • People of all ages experienced American art as part of the Smithso- nian's Birthday Party festivities on the National Mall. The design and installa- tion department crafted the museum's pavilion, and the education depart- ment created special events. Visitors participated in sandstone demonstra- tions by Mr. Imagination (Gregory Warmack), a Chicago-based artist; posed with a cardboard rendition of Cappy, the bottle-cap giraffe, a signa- ture folk art work from the museum; and designed and created their own artistic wearable buttons. • In perfect timing with the 150th anniversary, the Renwick Gallery was proud to welcome back the Centennial Vases, which had been on loan to "1876: A Centennial Exhibition" in the Arts and Industries Building for 20 years. The vases were exhibited at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia in 1876 and presented to the United States on the occasion of its 100th birthday by the French government. One vase, 1776: The Struggle, honors the signers of the Declaration of Inde- pendence; the other, 1876: Prosperity, honors the United States presidents from Washington to Grant. The vases are on loan to the Renwick Gallery from the Division of Ceramics and Glass at the National Museum of American Historv. At the National Museum of American Art pavilion, Chicago-based artist Mr. Imag- ination— shown displaying his signature bottlecap figures — encourages a young vis- itor to create sand designs in paper. (Photograph by Leonard Stockman) NATIONAL MUSEUM OF AMERICAN HISTORY Spencer R. Crew, Director I The National Museum of Ameri- | can History dedicates its collec- tions and scholarship to inspiring a broader understanding of our nation and its many peoples. Drawing on more than 17 million objects in its collections and on the holdings of its Archives Cen- ter, the museum creates learning opportunities, stimulates imagina- tions, and presents challenging ideas about our nation's past. Dur- ing the Smithsonian's 150th anniversary year, the museum joined efforts locally and across the country to bring the Smithso- nian to the American people. • The museum presented five exhi- bitions in conjunction with the 150th anniversary. "Building a National Col- lection: 150 Years of Print Collecting at the Smithsonian" featured striking prints from the museum's holdings anc focused on how private collectors and public attitudes have influenced the development of the collection. A new book, Prints at the Smithsonian: The Ori- gin of a National Collection, accompa- nied the exhibition. "The Engraver's Art in U.S. Mint Commemorative Coins" gave visitors a close look at the $5 gold coin and silver dollar issued August 10 to commemorate the Institu tion's 150 years. "Museums at the Smithsonian: 150 Years of Collecting" went on display in the Arts and Indus- tries Building. "The 1896 Washington Salon and Art Photography" told the story of the first formal art photogra- phy exhibition in the United States, which led the Smithsonian to add 50 of the images to the national collec- tion. "Extending the Legacy: Planning America's Capital for the 21st Century'' showed the evolution of the initial plan of the nation's capital and explained the Smithsonian's important The Italian engraver Octave Leoni (1587-1630) created this Portrait of Thomas Salinus in 1625. The engraving appeared in the National Museum of American History's exhibition "Building a National Collection: 150 Years of Print Collecting at the Smithsonian. " role in shaping the design and architec- ture of the National Mall. • The museum contributed to the 150th anniversary exhibition "Ameri- ca's Smithsonian" by lending more than 50 of its most cherished artifacts, including a Tucker automobile, George Washington's battle sword and scab- bard, and examples of First Ladies' gowns. The museum also provided staff time and talents in conservation, exhibition production, packing and shipping, installation, and research. Museum staff conceived, researched, wrote, and helped to create "American Voices: Music at the Smithsonian," which accompanies the show and is presented by Discover' Card. Musi- cians from the museum's own Smith- sonian Jazz Masterworks Orchestra per- formed at each exhibition venue, and as part of the "Voices of Discovery" program, staff members lectured at every stop. • The museum helped spread the word about the 150th anniversary cele- bration through its support for "Smith- sonian Minutes," a series of 60-second history quizzes broadcast by the CBS Television Network that offered information about treasured Smithsonian artifacts presented by well-known fig- ures. Several of the spots fea- tured objects from the muse- um's collections, including the Star-Spangled Banner, Abraham Lincoln's hat, and a personality quiz taken by Albert Einstein. • To help ring in the Birthday Party on the National Mall, staff members provided essen- tial technical support in the creation, installation, and operation of the new Smithso- nian bell in the Castle's clock tower. For the party itself, more than 70 staff members helped present "Live 'n' Jumpin'," two days of perfor- mances by 12 groups repre- senting the diverse communi- ties of Washington, D.C., and their musical heritage. • The 150th anniversary also figured in scholarly work. The museum honored the struggle of African Americans for educational advancement with the three-day sym- posium "... Mind on Freedom: Cele- brating the History and Culture of America's Black Colleges and Universi- ties." Staff of the Division of Costume offered a year-long series titled "Looking American: 150 Years of Collecting," which included lectures and research on the collection of costumes and textiles. • The National Postal Museum cele- brated the 150th anniversary of the Smithsonian and the 25th anniversary of the United States Postal Service with the creation of a new exhibition, "Rein- venting Government: The Transforma- tion of the United States Postal Ser- vice." A variety of public programs, including a one-day symposium that featured six postmasters general, accompanied the exhibition. The muse- um also participated in the issuance of a commemorative postage stamp in honor of the 150th anniversary and offered hands-on activities and musical performances in its Birthday Party pavilion, "Postal Pandemonium." LEMELSON CENTER HONORS INVENTION Through the generosity of Jerome Lemelson, one of America's most prolific inventors, and his wife, Dorothy, young people are exploring the wonders of invention and innovation. The |erome and Dorothy Lemelson Center for the Study of Inven- tion and Innovation was established at the National Museum of American History in 1995 and dedicated in 1996. The Lemelsons' gift of $10.4 million to found the center was the largest single gift from an individual ever made to the Institution. This unprecedented private support will allow the center to preserve records and artifacts, carry out a program of research, discussion, and publi- cations, and engage young people in the study of invention. A symposium series, along with pro- grams such as "Innovative Lives," a series of pub- lic presentations, demonstrations, and hands-on experiments, bring people together with inven- tors. This year, for example, middle-school stu- dents met James McLurkin, inventor of an elec- tronic device that makes computers simulate the sense of touch. For Women's History Month, Stephanie Kwolek — inventor of Kevlar™, a fiber used in bullet-resistant vests — was the featured "Innovative Lives" speaker. A YEAR OF ACCOMPLISHMENT FOR NMAI'S NATIONAL CAMPAIGN The National Campaign for the National Museum of the American Indian celebrated a momentous accomplishment in fiscal year 1996. Driven by a large-scale public-private partnership, the cam- paign raised its congressionally mandated share of the construction funds for the museum's build- ing on the National Mall. Hundreds of thousands of donors on all levels are helping to create the new museum — including Charter Members, who collectively raised more than $6.5 million for the construction fund. Major gifts pledged in 1996 include contribu- tions from the Turner Foundation, the David and Lucile Packard Foundation, the DeCrazia Arts and Cultural Foundation, and the Ahmanson Founda- tion. The Greenwich Workshop, Inc., gave $250,000 for "Stories of the People," the muse- um's first exhibition on the Mall, which opened in the Arts and Industries Building during the 150th Birthday Party weekend. The International Founders Council, a group of leaders from throughout the Western Hemi- sphere, provides direction for the campaign's marketing, public relations, and fund-raising efforts. Smithsonian Secretary I. Michael Heyman and Gene A. Keluche are cochairs of the council. The model of the proposed National Museum of the American Indian, seen from the north side facing the Mall, was unveiled this year. The building is scheduled to open in 2002. (Photograph courtesy of Douglas Cardinal Architects, P.C.) NATIONAL MUSEUM OF THE AMERICAN INDIAN W. Richard West Jr., Director The National Museum of the American Indian is dedicated to the preservation, study, and exhi- bition of the life, languages, litera- ture, history, and arts of natives of the Western Hemisphere. In con- sultation, collaboration, and coop- eration with native peoples, the museum works to protect and fos- ter their cultures by reaffirming traditions and beliefs, encouraging artistic expression, and providing a forum for Indian voices. • During the Smithsonian's 150th anniversary year, the museum reached a milestone in its development. The National Campaign of the National Museum of the American Indian suc- ceeded in raising its share of the con- struction funds mandated in legisla- tion enacted by Congress in 1989 for the new museum on the National Mall. The resounding commitment of individuals, foundations, corporations, and Native American tribes throughou the country enabled the museum to succeed at this historic endeavor. • Another milestone for the muse- um was approval by the Commission of Fine Arts of the concept design for the new building on the Mall. The architectural firm of GBQC Architects, Philadelphia, in association with Dou- glas Cardinal Architects Ltd. of Ottawa Ontario, Canada, designed the build- ing, which will be constructed on the last available site on the Mall, east of the National Air and Space Museum and across from the National Gallery of Art. It is scheduled to open to the public in 2002. • "Stories of the People," the muse- um's first exhibition at the Smithso- nian in Washington, opened in the Arts and Industries Building on August 10, the first day of the 150th Birthday Party. The exhibition features 200 objects chosen by seven native selec- tors representing six tribes or regional groups from the Americas. It surveys the last 150 years, a period of great social and cultural change for native peoples. Made possible through the generosity of The Greenwich Work- shop, Inc., "Stories of the People" will be on view through August 10, 1997. • The museum went live during the Smithsonian's Birthday Party weekend with CoNexus, a project developed by the museum's resource center and pub- lic programs department to transmit live performances over the World Wide Web. The special Web page featured a live simulcast of the museum's activi- ties, which was updated every few minutes with text from on-site "video curators." CoNexus will occupy a per- manent site on the Web, offering worldwide computer access to public programs at the museum's George Gus- tav Heye Center in New York City. • The museum lent a number of objects from its collection to "Ameri- ca's Smithsonian," including feather war bonnets from the Comanche and Pawnee peoples, a bear-claw necklace that signifies bravery and stature among the Mesquakie peoples, and a ceramic vessel by Rachel Namingha Mampeyo (1902-85), a third-genera- tion Hopi potter. • Dedication ceremonies were held October 18 on the site of the Cultural Resources Center in Suitland, Mary- land, scheduled to open in 1998. The renter will house the museum's vast collection of 1 million objects and pro- ride space for research and community services, including support for the tesource centers at the Heye Center and the Mall museum. • The museum hosted its first pub- lic symposium, "The Changing Presen- tation of the American Indian," at the Heye Center on October 7 and 8. Prominent native and non-native scholars gave papers and discussed the presentation of the American Indian in museums and the media during recent decades. The Smithsonian's 150th Anniversary Program Committee pro- vided support for the symposium. NATIONAL MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Robert W. Fri, Director Participation in the Smithsonian's 150th birthday celebration has taken many forms at the National Museum of Natural History, from providing some of the museum's most interesting objects for "America's Smithsonian" to attracting some 600 registrants for the sixth North American Paleon- tological Conference. • The museum's most successful temporary exhibition in this anniver- sary year was "Landscape Kimonos by Itchiku Kubota." Kubota revived an ancient Japanese dyeing technique to create shimmering images of the natur- al world on kimonos. The exhibition catalogue is the best-selling catalogue in Smithsonian history; the Museum Shop sold more than 277,000 copies during the five months "Landscape Kimonos" was on view. The Nippon Foundation provided funding for the exhibition. • On the eve of the 150th Birthday Party on the National Mall, a Martian meteorite containing possible evidence of life on Mars went on display in the museum amid intense interest from local and national media. The 4.5-bil- lion-year-old meteorite was collected in Antarctica in 1984 during a joint research project of the National Sci- ence Foundation, the National Aero- nautics and Space Administration, and the Smithsonian. • Vice-President Al Gore, a Smithso- nian Regent, participated in the August 2 preview of the HoloGlobe, which opened to the public on August 10. A collaborative effort of the museum, the National Science Foundation, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administra- tion, the HoloGlobe provides three- dimensional visualization that will allow scientists studying climate change THE HOPE DIAMONDS NEW DISPLAY For many visitors, the Hope Diamond is synony- mous with the Smithsonian. When the fabled dia- mond is installed in the National Museum of Nat- ural History's new Janet Annenberg Hooker Hall of Geology, Gems, and Minerals, set to open in Sep- tember 1997, it will have a custom-designed safe, security system, and display case, created by Diebold, Incorporated, of Canton, Ohio, and donated to the Smithsonian. The gift represents approximately $500,000 in materials, design, and engineering time. Diebold and the Hope Diamond have had a long associa- tion. A vault manufactured by the firm has secured the diamond since Harry Winston gave it to the museum in 1958. The Hope Diamond exhibit will be the center- piece of the Harry Winston Gallery in the new hall. The unique design of the display case allows visitors to view the diamond from all sides. Diebold engineers worked closely with Smithso- nian designers, curators, and security personnel for more than a year to create mechanisms to exacting specifications and ensure that the case will be both beautiful and secure. For future gen- erations of Smithsonian visitors, the Hope Dia- mond will remain one of the most memorable objects in the nation's collections. Ohn (Mount Fuji): Tender, Cool Dawn, an exquisite image of the natural world created on a kimono by the Japanese artist Itchiku Kubota, was on view at the National Museum of Natural History. and global resources to display their data on a three-dimensional sphere. • The Institution's 150th Birthday Party was the perfect setting for show- casing the museum's knowledgeable scientific staff and Internet-accessible resources. In the Online Smithsonian pavilion, partygoers viewed the muse- um's many World Wide Web pages, which feature resources such as the Arc- tic Studies Center's virtual exhibit, the paleobiology department's Shark Tooth Identification Key, and the botany department's botanical illustrations. • Contemporary and historical works by Smithsonian illustrators reveal the changing yet timeless look of scientific illustrations during the past 150 years at the Smithsonian. The exhibition "Eyes on Science" explores science and art, complete with hands- on activities in the "Drawing Room" that encourage observation skills in visitors ages 10 and up. The Smithso- nian Women's Committee and the 150th Anniversary Program Commit- tee provided support for the exhibi- tion. Allen Press, Inc., donated the brochure printing; World Color Lan- man Progressives, Inc., contributed col- or separations for the brochure and poster; and Reproductions, Inc., donat- ed the poster printing. • Successful partnerships with regional and national universities, cor- porations, and government agencies have helped fuel the success of the museum's Natural Partners Initiative. As the Smithsonian seeks to expand its educational outreach through elec- tronic media, programs such as this one are instrumental. One project, the Electronic Classroom, opened on March 19 with a videoconference between museum and National Science Foundation scientists in Antarctica. Other Natural Partners projects have included the HoloGlobe, World Wide Web pages, and video broadcasts from the museum's Insect Zoo. • Marine zoologist David Pawson from the Smithsonian Marine Station at Link Port in Florida took Dan Rather on an underwater adventure in the R/V Edwin Link for the first of three Smithsonian Fantastic Journey specials broadcast on CBS for the 150th nniversary. Diving off the coast of the lahamas, Rather and Pawson descend- d into the deep sea to view and col- ect echinoderms. The Marine Station lso took an important step toward chieving its plans for a land-based aboratory when it closed on the pur- hase of 3.2 hectares (8 acres) of land rom the John D. and Catherine T. 4acArthur Foundation on April 16. NATIONAL PORTRAIT iALLERY llan Fern, Director Ire National Portrait Gallery is ledicated to the exhibition and tudy of portraits of people who lave made significant contribu- ions to American history and cul- ure and to the study of the artists vho created such portraiture. The ;allery sponsors a variety of schol- irly and public activities for audi- mces interested in American art ind American history. • "1846: Portrait of the Nation," the jremier 150th birthday exhibition for he Smithsonian, focused on the politi- al, cultural, and social character of America in 1846. The year bustled with ictivity, including battles over slavery n Congress, the beginning of the Mex- can-American War, medical break- hroughs in anesthesia, and the puli- ation of Herman Melville's Typee. 1846" was featured on C-SPAN with nterviews with Alan Fern, director, ind Margaret Christman, historian and ■xhibition curator. The exhibition was nade possible by a grant from the imithsonian Institution Special Exhibi- ion Fund. "Rebels: Painters and Poets if the 1950s" examined the revolu- ions in painting and poetry on the iast and West Coasts following World vVar II. The "Painters" section included ;uch New York School artists as Jack- >on Pollock, Willem and Elaine de ur values, our treasures. It's edu- ating the world." The celebration ifficially began with an opening eremony and the unveiling of two .mithsonian symbols. The Smith- onian anniversary bell, a gift of he A. T Cross Company, was aised to the north tower of the Moderator Kitty Carlisle Hart listens as arts journalist Joe Barber expresses his views in a session of "It's Public Knowl- edge. " The Smithsonian Associates sponsored these spirited debates on the Birthday Party weekend. (Photograph by Joshua Taylor) SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION 1846-1996 I USA 32 **rf 150TH ANNIVERSARY POSTAGE STAMP In celebration of the Smithsonian's 150th anniver- sary, the United States Postal Service issued a commemorative stamp depicting the famous Smithsonian Castle. The sunset-hued stamp was designed by Tom Engeman of Carbondale, Col- orado. The red sandstone Smithsonian Institution Building, a familiar landmark on the National Mall, symbolizes the Smithsonian to many visitors. The Institution's first building, it was designed by James Renwick. When it opened to the public in 1855, it housed the entire Smithsonian. The commemorative stamp was dedicated in a ceremony at the National Museum of Natural His- tory on February 7, 1996. Gigantic video screens flashed birthday greetings from visitors of all ages. (Photograph by Jim Wallace) ANNIVERSARY COMMEMORATIVE COINS The United States Mint's issuance of gold and sil- ver commemorative coins was a fitting celebra- tion of the Smithsonian's 150th anniversary, con- sidering that James Smithson's original bequest consisted of 104,960 British gold sovereigns. The two coins — a $5 gold coin and a silver dollar — were sold to the public through most Smithso- nian museum shops and in the "America's Smith- sonian" shop. The obverse of the gold $5 coin (above left), designed by Alfred F. Maletsky, features a classical bust of James Smithson. On the reverse, designed by T James Ferrell, is the Smithsonian sunburst seal. The obverse of the silver dollar (above right), designed by Thomas D. Rogers, shows the Smithsonian Castle. An allegorical figure carrying the torch of knowledge is featured in John M. Mercanti's design for the reverse, inspired by the Smithsonian's Langley Cold Medal. In September 1996, two sets of coins were car- ried into space on the shuttle Atlantis (STS 79). They are now in the collections of the National Museum of American History and the National Air and Space Museum. A portion of the proceeds from the sale of each commemorative coin will be dedicated to the maintenance and preservation of the National Numismatic Collection in the American History Museum. Castle and rang for the first time at noon on Saturday, August 10. A new flag bearing the Smithsonian sunburst — signifying the pursuit of knowledge — was unfurled from the top of the tower. The Birthday Party offered something for everyone. Capacity crowds gathered for "It's Public Knowledge," spirited debates fea- turing well-known public figures that were organized by The Smith- sonian Associates and hosted by actor E. G. Marshall. People of all ages met Smithsonian staff and enjoyed innovative activities in the two dozen pavilions sponsored by the Smithsonian's museums and research facilities. Corporate Part- ner Discover® Card hosted a special pavilion, "The American Family, Discovered." The electronic Smithsonian was highly accessible during the Birth- day Party, with demonstrations of state-of-the-art World Wide Web sites, digital exhibits, and CD- ROM products planned by the Office of Informa- tion Technology (OIT). More than 14,000 well-wish- ers composed birthday greetings for an Electronic Birthday Card, also designed by OIT. The messages were flashed on gigantic outdoor video screens and then became part of the Smithso- nian's electronic collection. Web browsers who could not join in the festivities logged onto the Virtual Birthday Party home page to leave their messages. On Saturday evening, the music i of Aretha Franklin, Buffy Sainte- Marie, Trisha Yearwood, and the Smithsonian Jazz Masterworks Orchestra filled the Mall in a con- cert hosted by Mickey Hart. A con- cert and dance party, headlined by Celia Cruz with Jose Alberto El Canario and his orchestra, wrapped up the festivities on Sun- day. And of course, the Birthday Party had a cake — not just one, but 18, all artfully decorated on Smithsonian themes by noted pas- try chefs and presented in an exhi bition organized by The Smithso- nian Associates. Expanded Public Visibility Through col- laborative efforts to heighten pub- lic visibility and awarenes; during this anniversary year, we engaged the media and th( public in the Institution's distinguished history and its vibrant pre- sent. The Office of Pub- lic Affairs (OPA) orches- i trated an impressive national medic and public relations campaign that gave the Institution extensive expo- sure. The Birthday Party received prominent coverage worldwide The Visitor Information and Associ- ates' Reception Center coordinated the production ofcolorftd banners herald- ing the 150th anniversary. (Photograph by Jeff Tinsley) '^"Mtnri, s t-tn •^ F ^» r»7~ 1 jiV i J9 18 '■§' mI HIR 4A rom major newspapers, wire ser- ices, and television and radio sta- ions. In each of the four cities that America's Smithsonian" visited, mblic relations and advertising irought significant television and lewspaper coverage and attracted lundreds of thousands of visitors, .pecial campaigns marketed the 50th anniversary commemorative oins and stamp and promoted the ■mithsonian's participation in the xorrnament of Roses parade. OPA also worked closely with he CBS Television Network on the hree prime-time specials broadcast n January, May, and August. One- ninute vignettes about the Smith- onian, called "Smithsonian Min- ltes," were produced with the issistance of the Office of Telecom- nunications and OPA and broad- :ast throughout the year. In these ■pots, prominent Americans share anecdotes and pose mind-teasers about well-loved objects in Smith- sonian museum collections: Presi- dent Jimmy Carter with Jonas Salk's polio vaccine bottles and syringe, General Colin Powell with the Star-Spangled Banner, actor Robin Williams with Albert Ein- stein's pipe, Justice Sandra Day O'Connor with Geronimo's bow and arrow, poet Maya Angelou with the Southern Railway 1401 steam locomotive, and many more. The Smithsonian offered its vis- itors enhanced information during the anniversary year. The Visitor Information and Associates' Recep- tion Center (VIARC) expanded the theater program in the Smithso- nian Information Center and maintained a master calendar of events on the Smithsonian's World Wide Web site (http://www.si.edu) and America Online. VIARC's pub- The Office of Public Affairs worked with CBS News to find the perfect artifacts for use in the "Smithsonian Minutes," broadcast throughout 1996. Here, Jesse Jackson stands in the National Museum of American History at the historic Woolworth's lunch counter, where the first sit-in took place in North Carolina in 1 960. (Photograph by Jeff Tinsley) SMITHSONIAN FLAG AND MACE Two important symbols of the Smithsonian acquired new looks this year on the occasion of the 150th anniversary. A new Smithsonian flag, unveiled at the 150th Birthday Party on the National Mall on August 10, features the univer- sally recognized Smithsonian sunburst on a field of contrasting blue and gold quadrants. The new flag was presented by Smithsonian Officer Leon Neal and was accompanied by the Smithsonian Jazz Fanfare, composed by Smithsonian Jazz Mas- terworks Orchestra conductor David Baker for the Birthday Party. The new Smithsonian mace was redesigned this year by a group of Smithsonian graphic designers. It emphasizes the torch, long used as an emblem of knowledge, which connotes the the Smithsonian's mission as "an establishment for the increase and diffusion of knowledge." lie inquiry phone lines were espe- cially active, as volunteers handled thousands of calls about "Ameri- ca's Smithsonian" and the Birth- day Party. Millions of printed pieces focus- ing on 150th anniversary facts, events, and celebrations went out to the public through the Smithso- nian Information Center, museum information desks, and pre-visit mailings as well as in response to mail, phone, and online requests. OPA's publications unit geared a number of projects to the anniver- sary, including a color information brochure, special features in Research Reports, and articles in Smithsonian Runner, a newsletter about Native American activities. These and other publications had broader distribution via the Smith- sonian's Web site. The 150th anniversary had its own visual identity, centered on the sunburst logo and the traditional blue-and-yellow colors of the Insti- tution. Distinctive banners and flags produced by VIARC pro- claimed the anniversary from pub- lic entrances to museums and research facilities and from lamp- posts on Mall walkways and near Smithsonian buildings and gardens. The new Smithsonian flag was a collaborative effort of offices throughout the Institution, includ- ing the Architectural History and Historic Preservation Division of the Office of Physical Plant and VIARC. The tour and travel industry was a vital partner in promoting 150th anniversary events and activities. VIARC reached this audience through advertising in selected trade publications and by representing the Smithsonian at professional meetings. Half a mil- lion copies of a four-color card . . it promoting participatory events were distributed, and some 300,000 travel agents worldwide had online access to information through TravelFile. i Communications during the 150th Multimedia communications were vital to the 150th anniversary as we continued to pursue innovative opportunities for taking the Smithsonian to the public. Using the familiar realms of television, books, and magazines and explor- ing the new horizons of CD-ROM and the Internet, the Institution made its vast resources available. Millions of U.S. households tuned in to Smithsonian Fantastic Journey, the three prime-time spe- Smithsonian M &mm • is + On the cover of the May 1996 anniver- sary issue of Smithsonian magazine, the sunburst of the Smithsonian mace is surrounded by images representing the Institution's range and richness 150 years after its founding. (Design by Shub, Dirksen, Yates & McAllister, Inc.; photographs by Alfred Harrell, Mark Avino, John Tsantes, John Can- calosi, Charles H. Phillips, Dane Pen- land, Eugene L. Mantie, Lee Stalsworth, Chip Clark) cials about the Smithsonian on CBS, which drew enthusiastic reviews and high ratings. The pro- grams were made possible by the four 150th Anniversary Corporate Partners: Discover® Card, Intel Corporation, MCI Communica- tions Corporation, and Trans World Airlines, Inc. Viewers sam- pled highlights of the Institution, including a report on packing and preparations for "America's Smith- sonian" from Kermit the Frog, heart-stopping airplane stunts by aerobatic pilot Patty Wagstaff, whose plane is in the National Air and Space Museum, and observa- tions about elephant behavior from the National Zoo's John Lehnhardt. In other segments, National Museum of Natural His- tory volcanologist Dick Fiske stood on the edge of Mount Kilauea in Hawaii while explaining what happens when a volcano erupts, and the Birmingham Sunlights sang birthday greetings to the Smithsonian, live from the Birth- day Party on the Mall. In an organizational change that holds great promise for future ventures, the Office of Telecom- munications (OTC) merged with Smithsonian Institution Press to form Smithsonian Press/Smithso- nian Productions. The new divi- sion combines the Press' program of general-interest and specialized academic publishing, classic recordings, historic videos, and popular works with OTC's award- winning radio and television broadcasts and video and audio productions. Smithsonian Press' publishing efforts this year focused on the 1 50th anniversary, beginning with The Smithsonian: ISO Years of Adven- ture, Discovery; and Wonder from Smithsonian Books and including the full-color exhibition catalogue America's Smithsonian: Celebrating 150 Years. The Book Development/ New Media division created A Kid's Guide to the Smithsonian and a new Official Guide to the Smithsonian. The Office of Telecommunications coor- dinated video production for the left: A Kid's Guide to the Smithsonian, by Ann Phillips Bay, director of the Smithsonian's Office of Elementary and Secondary Education, was published by Smithsonian Institution Press to offer 8- to 12-year-olds, parents, and teachers a way to navigate the Smithsonian's treasures. (Design by Linda McKnight; illustration by Steven Rotblatt) "American Voices: Music at the Office ofTele- Smithsonian" section of "America's communications Smithsonian," sponsored by Dis- producers John cover® Card. OTC also spearheaded Tyler (left) and negotiations with Macmillan Digital Jacquie Gales U.S.A. for distribution of the inter- Webb (right) active CD-ROM 750 Years of Ameri- map out a record- ers Smithsonian, which features full- ing session with color photography, animation Lou Rawls for sequences, and supplemental audio, Black Radio, tlie video, and graphic elements. award-winning Smithsonian magazine devoted Smithsonian its May 1996 issue entirely to the radio series 150th anniversary, with articles broadcast nation- reflecting the wealth of activity in wide during the museums, research institutes, and ISOth anniver- offices. Throughout the year, other sary year. (Photo- articles and columns related to the graph by Robert anniversary. Special features in Zuckerman) Research Reports, published by the Office of Public Affairs, informed the 75,000 Contributing Members and 8,500 scientists and scholars who receive the quarterly. The Smithsonian's Internet pres- ence expanded during the year, linking the public to even more of the Institution's resources through imaginative online offerings. The SMITHSONIAN BELL SPONSORED BY A. T. CROSS COMPANY James Renwkk's original architectural plans for the Smithsonian Castle included a bell tower, and in 1851, the Smithsonian Board of Regents autho- rized the Secretary to obtain a clock and a bell for the tower. A clock was finally placed there in the 1960s, but a bell was never installed. In celebration of mutual 150th anniversaries in 1996, the A. T. Cross Company at last fulfilled Renwick's plan by donating a bell to the Smith- sonian. The bell was cast at London's historic Whitechapel Bell Foundry, where the Liberty Bell was manufactured, and dedicated during the Birthday Party on the National Mall on August 10. After rising dramatically by a crane from the stage in front of the Castle, the bell pealed from the top of the tower for the first time at noon. The inscription on the bell reads: "For the increase and diffusion of knowledge; gift of the A. T Cross Company to the Smithsonian Institution in our 150th year 1996." popular World Wide Web site, http://www.si.edu, was in great demand, especially during the Birthday Party weekend when more than half a million people logged on. Several new Web sites were prepared or enhanced this year by the Office of Information Technology. Inviting Public Programs A varied menu of public programs helped us increase the public's sense of ownership in the Smith- sonian by reaching wide audiences firsthand. Through lectures and workshops, outreach efforts, exhi- bitions, and the popular annual Festival of American Folklife, the 150th anniversary had a people- to-people flavor. The eagerly anticipated tour of "America's Smithsonian" offered an incomparable opportunity for the Smithsonian experience to permeate communities across the nation. To broaden the audience for the exhibition, the Office of Public Affairs coordinated efforts to distribute tickets to senior cen- ters, scouting groups, Head Start programs, and other community organizations. The innovative "Voices of Dis- covery" program, created by National Zoo Director Michael Robinson and administered by The Smithsonian Associates (TSA) under the direction of Mara Mayor, brought Smithsonian scholars to the cities where the exhibition was on view. In museums, schools, libraries, colleges, and other gather- ing places, they shared insights from their own research or offered behind-the-scenes glimpses of the Smithsonian. Typically, 10 scholars spent 10 days in each of the four exhibition cities, presenting free lectures, workshops, and symposiums in up to 100 different organizations. Historian Lonnie Bunch of the National Museum of American History traveled to Los Angeles, where he once was a museum curator, to talk about "Black Amer- ica and the California Dream" and other facets of his research in African American issues. Anthro- pologist Alicia Gonzalez, who spe- cializes in Mexican bread making and Mexican culture, titled her Los Angeles lectures "Edible Baroque." Pamela Vandiver shared her conservation research scien- tist's perspective with New York audiences in her lectures on the technology of Tiffany art glass. In Kansas City, geologist James Zim- belman of the National Air and Space Museum's Center for Earth and Planetary Studies enthralled students with his slide-show jour- ney through the solar system. Michael Robinson, a tropical biol- ogist and animal behaviorist, lec- tured in Providence about the fate of the world's tropics, which he calls "the Fort Knox of biology" for their wealth of genetic mater- ial. The immense diversity of the Smithsonian was evident in other "voices of discovery": costume anc gender, Plains Indian traditional art, volcanoes, the Wright broth- ers, folk art of the Southwest, and many other themes. "Voices of Discovery" was made possible in Los Angeles by The Ralph M. Parsons Foundation and The Ahmanson Foundation and in Providence by The Champlin Foundations. Beyond "America's Smithso- nian," other public programs were a showcase for the 150th year. Among the highlights of TSA's Res- dent Associate programs were )ehind-the-scenes tours and adult- :hild workshops in museums, a ecture on "James Smithson and -lis Legacy: The Early Years," and 'Living Legends" presentations hat celebrated the achievements )f people like folksinger Pete ieeger and chef Julia Child. The Dffice of Government Relations nvited congressional staff to a ieries of four lectures by Smithso- lian scholars. Special exhibitions rom units of the Under Secretary's )ffice included "Nineteenth-Cen- ury Images of the Smithsonian nstitution Building," vintage Hints from the Castle collection organized by the Architectural His- ory and Historic Preservation Division, and "Smithson 's Gift," jrganized by VIARC. For the "Working at the Smith- lonian" segment of this year's Fes- ival of American Folklife, the Dffice of Physical Plant's Horticul- ure Services Division created a ush garden based on a photograph Torn its Garden Club of America collection, complete with fountain ind stone pavement, and staff nembers gave educational lectures. Design and Construction staff ;howed plans for the National Air md Space Museum's Dulles Center md the National Museum of the \merican Indian's Mall museum, ind Craft Services personnel offered a close-up look at faux Dainting, welding, and plastering. \n Efficient Infrastructure Guided by a shared mission, Smithsonian staff joined forces to ouild an infrastructure driven by cooperation. Internal organiza- tional boundaries became flexible, and it was clear that, although we may have different skills and assignments, we are all in the same business. This foundation, and the positive attitude that sus- tained it, made "America's Smith- sonian," the Birthday Party, and countless other aspects of the anniversary possible. A good example was the com- bined expert knowledge that went into protecting the treasured objects in "America's Smithsonian" during trans- port and while on exhibit. The Office of Con tracting and Property Management negotiated and contract- ed for the convention center sites and associat- ed services, and then the Design and Construction Division inspected the sites to be sure mechani- cal systems met Smithsonian stan- dards. The Office of Environmen- tal Management and Safety advised on fire protection specifi- cations for the exhibition design. The Office of Risk and Asset Man- agement helped plan for protec- tion, while the Office of Protec- tion Services forged new governmental and contractor part nerships to arrange and manage security. The Office of the Comp- troller played its team role by expediting payments and travel The Smithsonian Associates joined Visi- tor Information and Associates' Recep- tion Center volunteers at membership information booths around the Mall during the Birthday Part}1 festivities. (Photograph by Joshua Taylor) transactions to accommodate tight schedules. The General Counsel's Office negotiated and completed all the corporate partnership agreements. The Birthday Party's success depended on the carefully orches- trated efforts of many different organizations within the Smithso- nian. More than 250 officers from the Office of Pro- tection Services provided around- the-clock security support, many working extra shifts. In the ear- ly morning hours, staff from the Horticulture Services Division supervised the placement of greenery to create an inviting set- ting on the Mall. In anticipation of the Smithsonian bell raising, the Design and Con- struction Divi- sion had con- ducted a structural engi- neering assess- ment to ensure that the bell would have no negative impact on the Castle building. Staff from the Office of Imaging, Printing, and Photographic Services and the Office of Telecommunications were on hand to document the weekend's activities for publica- tion and for posterity. The Institution's volunteer tra- dition was a great asset this year, as our volunteers extended their contributions of time and exper- tise to help with many anniversary projects. During the August 10 and 11 celebration, nearly 1,500 volunteers worked on special events and staffed museum and research institute pavilions, infor- mation and membership booths, and museum information desks. Many Smithsonian employees also contributed their time on that weekend. As "America's Smithso- nian" toured the country, the Institution reached into local com- munities to recruit and train vol- unteers who greeted visitors, processed tickets, provided general information, and escorted school groups. In Providence, the exhibi- tion's fourth destination, a record- PRESIDENTIAL PROCLAMATION IN RECOGNITION OF THE 150TH ANNIVERSARY The Smithsonian received the following proclamation, on the occasion of the Institution's 150th anniversary, from the White House on February 7, 1 996: When James Smithson, an English scientist, died in 1829, he gave his entire estate "to the United States of America, to found at Washington, under the name Smithsonian Institu- tion, an Establishment for the increase and diffusion of knowledge among men." This extraordinary gift, amounting to one and one-half times the Federal budget of the day, led to passage of an Act of Congress establishing the Smithsonian Institution. Signed by President James Polk on August 10, 1846, this legislation created a Board of Regents to oversee the execution of Smithson's trust. Today, 150 years later, the Smithsonian Institution is famed around the globe, and its collections are enjoyed by thousands of Americans and foreign visitors every day. Through dedicated original research, the preservation of an unequaled collection of arti- facts, and the presentation of public exhibitions and programs, the Smithsonian truly embodies its benefactor's dream. As one of the foremost repositories of American her- itage and culture, the Institution provides unique insight into our history and the devel- opment of our vibrant national character. As we celebrate the sesquicentennial of the Smithsonian Institution, let us recognize the work done by its many museums, research facilities, and educational endeavors and rededicate ourselves to the "increase and diffusion of knowledge" James Smithson sought to advance. In doing so, we can more fully explore the wonders of our world and contin- ue to bring people together for the common pursuit of knowledge. Now, therefore, I, William |. Clinton, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, and in honor of the memory of James Smithson and to commemorate the accom- plishments of the Smithsonian Institution, do hereby proclaim August 10, 1996, as the 150th Anniversary of the Smithsonian Institution and urge the people of the United States to observe this anniversary with appropriate ceremonies and activities. In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand this seventh day of February, in the year of our Lord nineteen hundred and ninety-six, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and twentieth. breaking 700 people were trained as volunteers. Occurring in the same year as Smithsonian staff faced the chal- lenge of two unprecedented gov- ernment shutdowns, the anniver- sary was a welcome chance to renew a feeling of community and to recognize the commitment of our employees. One hundred fifty "Unsung Heroes," nominated by their coworkers for outstanding service, were honored in four cere- monies, and a plaque with their names now hangs in the Castle. The ceremonies were coordinated by the 150th Anniversary Com- munity Committee and the Ombudsman. Across the Institu- tion, monthly open houses gave staff the opportunity to explore the workplaces of their colleagues in other organizations. Planned b; the Community Committee, these informal group tours and discus- sions were coordinated by the Office of Human Resources and the Office of the Provost. Anniversary Merchandise Promotion Commemorative coins and a com- memorative stamp headed the list of collectible items created in con- junction with the 150th anniver- sary. The U.S. Mint introduced lim ited edition silver dollar and gold $5 commemorative coins, availabli for one year. A portion of the sales proceeds goes to the Smithsonian'; National Numismatic Collection ir the National Museum of American History. The coins are marketed through the Museum Shops and the Smithsonian Catalogue. The Castle and the Arts and Industries Building are shown on the 32-cent postal stamp, issued by the United States Postal Service on February 7.: J The anniversary theme was front ind center in the shops, mail order ratalogue, and merchandise adver- ting throughout the year. The Museum Shops designed bags, mer- rhandise cards and tags, signage, rtanners, and window displays car- rying the 150th anniversary logo. Special events and merchandise aromotions captured the excite- ment of anniversary events. Product Development and Licensing devel- aped a range of collectible mer- chandise with the 150th anniver- sary logo offered through the ratalogue and the shops. The selec- tions included a necktie and a Women's Committee commemora- tive scarf, a print of the Castle by artist G. Harvey, men's and women's watches, t-shirts, caps, tote bags, a sweatshirt, and gift items such as mugs, magnets, Christmas ornaments, and bookmarks. For "America's Smithsonian," the Museum Shops designed, installed, and operated a 10,000- square-foot shop that opened with the exhibition in Los Angeles. As the exhibition travels, staff contin- ue to consult on shop design, mer- chandise selection, and installa- tion. During the Birthday Party on the Mall, three successful sales tents carried anniversary products. An Institution of Partnerships As these highlights confirm, the Smithsonian's 150th anniversary celebration was quite an accom- plishment— for Smithsonian employees and volunteers and for our corporate and community partners. In our internal partner- ships, we engaged in dialogue across organizations and gained renewed respect for one another's iroles. We learned to be adaptable, to embrace a variety of perspec- tives, and above all, to transcend the traditional boundaries of our thinking. Our external partner- ships also broadened our horizons, as we discovered how joint endeavors with the private sector and with communities can strengthen our capacity to share the Smithsonian with all Ameri- cans. We conclude this momen- tous year with the realization that we are indeed an institution of partnerships — dynamic, creative working partnerships that will guide us with confidence through the Institution's next 150 years. The Kite Festival on the Mall celebrated three anniversaries: the Smithsonian's 150th, the National Air and Space Muse- um's 20th, and the festival's 30th. The annual competition is cosponsored by The Smithsonian Associates and the Air and Space Museum. (Photograph by Hugh Talnmn) BUILDING PARTNERSHIPS FOR THE FUTURE HSTITUTIOHHL HDVHHCEMEH Alice Green Bnrnette, Assistant Secretary In our time, James Smithson's vision lives, not only in the Smithsonian's collections, programs, and staff, but in the profound generosity of the people who support this remarkable institution and ensure that its work continues. In many ways, the Smithsonian of 1996 is a world away from the Smith sonian of 150, 100, or 50 years ago. One has only to walk along the National Mall or explore the many Smithsonian sites on the World Wid< Web to appreciate the Institution's evolution from a single building, the original "Castle," to the largest museum and research complex in the world. When James Smithson left his extraordinary bequest to the American people, his vision, "the increase and diffusion of knowledge," was broad enough to encompass things not yet imagined, and to endure i for generations. Today, the unique mission of this Institution remains the same as it was the day its first Secretary, Joseph Henry, took office. The Smithsonian is still "a college of discoverers," as Henry called it, dedicated to pursuing and sharing knowledge according to Smithson's historic instructions. In our time, James Smithson's vision lives, not only in the Smithso- nian's collections, programs, and staff, but in the profound generosity o the people who support this remarkable institution and ensure that its work continues. From a retired librarian in Jackson, Mississippi, to a graduate student at the University of Texas, to an investment banker in New York City, the Smithsonian's members and donors are as interestin; and diverse as the Institution itself. In 1996, as we celebrated the Smithsonian's 150th anniversary, we were reminded again and again that gifts such as James Smithson's have had an indelible effect in shaping the history of the Institution. Private support — from individuals, corporations, foundations, and organiza- tions— has increased our collections, bringing beloved objects such as the Wright brothers' Flyer and the Hope Diamond to permanent homes in our museums. Private support has also enlivened our educational anc research programs, and it has broadened our reach through everything from traveling exhibitions to CD-ROMs. The Smithsonian has never relied on federal funding alone to carry out its special mission. But in today's uncertain fiscal climate, private sup port is more critical than ever. The 150th anniversary was an ideal oppor- tunity to spread the word about the Institution's needs as a public-private partnership and explore new avenues to obtain external funding and increase revenue. While maintaining the collections and continuing the '• Smithsonian's traditions, with the inspiration and direction of Secretary | I. Michael Heyman, we initiated an unprecedented effort in 1996 to take J the Smithsonian off the Mall and bring it to the people of our country. I What will the Smithsonian be 50 years from now? We cannot iredict the future, but we can pre- iare for it to the best of our abili- ies. We can strike a balance letween stability and innovation, naking wise choices in these Lmes of limited resources while ontinuing to fund the creativity nd exploration for which the mithsonian is known throughout he world. Private support is the ey to this balance. Without it, he Smithsonian cannot carry ames Smithson's vision into the lext millennium. The Smithsonian gratefully cknowledges the many individu- ls, corporations, foundations, and irganizations that have supported he Institution over the years as /ell as those whose generous con- ributions during fiscal year 1996 lelped us achieve the successes escribed in this annual report. ources and Uses of uiicls Raised )uring fiscal year 1996, the Smith- onian raised more than $39 mil- on in gifts, pledges, and non- overnment grants. Donations ■om individuals formed $18.8 lillion (47.7 percent) of this total. 4ore than $3 million (7.9 percent) 'f the total funds were derived rom planned gifts from individu- ls. Foundations and corporations upported the Smithsonian by ontributing $7.6 million (19.4 lercent) and $9.3 million (23.5 lercent), respectively. Of the total ands raised, $28.7 million (73 lercent) was restricted to specific irograms. During fiscal year 1996, he Institution received 72 non- government grants totaling $5.1 nillion. Private gifts and non- government grants made up 7 per- Funds Raised by Source Fiscal Year 1996 Other $583,342 (i.s%) Individuals Foundations ^^^518,793,752 $7,633,172 ^Sjt ^ <47'7%) (19.4%) fl Corporations ^^- S $9,276,121 Bequests (23.5o/o) $3,105,062 (7.9%) cent of the Smithsonian's net oper- ating budget during this fiscal year. 150th Anniversary Corporate Partner Program The 150th anniversary was envi- sioned as a national celebration to give Americans of all ages a greater appreciation for the Smithsonian and its impact on communities across the country. The Institution forged a ground-breaking partner- ship with corporate America, implemented by the Office of Membership and Development and called the 150th Anniversary Corporate Partner Program, that brought the resources of four high-profile and successful Ameri- can corporations to the Smithso- nian in 1996. Sponsorship by Dis- cover® Card, Intel Corporation, MCI Communications Corpora- tion, and Trans World Airlines, Inc., enabled the Smithsonian to launch an ambitious and unprece- dented marketing and outreach Exhibitions $4,963,242 (12.6%) __— — - " Education & Public Programs $1,520,211 (3.9%) Other $1,009,635 (2.6%) Uses of Funds Raised Fiscal Year 1996 Research $5,699,017 (14.5%) Construction $7,925,393 (20.1%) Designated to Museums & Research Institutes $7,622,687 (19.4%) MARY LIVINGSTON RIPLEY GARDEN On the passing of their friend Mary Ripley in 1996, many individuals made memorial gifts to the Mary Livingston Ripley Garden Endowment. The endowment provides for long-term mainte- nance of the garden, which is located between the Arts and Industries Building and the Hirsh- horn Museum and Sculpture Garden and was named for the founder of the Smithsonian Women's Committee and wife of Secretary Emeritus S. Dillon Ripley. Open daily, the garden is a quiet oasis to thou- sands of National Mall visitors each year. Its unusual curvilinear design, along with a profusion of flowers in raised beds, lends a distinctive sense of intimacy and informality. The Smithsonian's Horticulture Services Division administers its ever- changing planting plan and attends to its annual maintenance. Charles Kuralt welcomes guests to the "America's Smithsonian" benefit gala in New York. (Photograph by Hugh Talnian) campaign, featuring a diverse menu of activities, including extensive programming and adver- tising on the CBS Television Net- work, the enormous Birthday Party on the National Mall, and even a Smithsonian float in the Tournament of Roses parade. The centerpiece of the 150th anniver- sary celebration is the 100,000- square-foot traveling exhibition "America's Smithsonian," with active Corporate Partner involve- ment at all four venues in fiscal year 1996. "America's Smithsonian" Galas and Member Nights "America's Smithsonian" provided an extraordinary backdrop for spe- cial events in the four cities that the exhibition visited this year. Working with a fund-raising com- mittee of dedicated volunteers in each city, the Office of Member- ship and Development and the Office of Special Events and Con- ference Services produced elegant premiere fund-raising events in Los Angeles, Kansas City, New York, and Providence. Featuring state and local officials, communi- ty leaders, Smithsonian officials, special guests, and other Smithso- nian friends, these events raised significant financial support while fostering enthusiasm for the show and broadening the Institution's constituency in these regions. Among the highlights of these evenings were a performance by a local children's chorus in Los Angeles, the appearance of Charles Kuralt as master of ceremonies in New York City, and performances by the Smithsonian Jazz Master- works Orchestra at all the galas. Member Night receptions in Los Angeles, Kansas City, and New York, with special guest speakers and Smithsonian museum direc- tors and curators, were special opportunities for Contributing Members and other Smithsonian friends to preview "America's Smithsonian" and get to know their fellow members. Through special marketing appeals and computer kiosks in the exhibition, the Contributing Membership pro gram attracted hundreds of new members and informed the public about the many benefits of joinin; the Smithsonian. Smithsonian Fund for the Future To protect the level of the Smith- sonian's programmatic support from the uncertainties of the federal budget process, Secretary Heyman set a goal for the Smith- sonian: to substantially increase the proportion of reliable, stable funds derived from private sources. To accomplish that goal, the Smithsonian needs increasing endowed funds to underwrite innovation and maintain its tradi tion of excellence. The Smithsonian Fund for the Future, launched by the Smithso- nian National Board to coincide with the 150th anniversary, will significantly increase the current endowment, guaranteeing sources of income in perpetuity. At the close of fiscal year 1996, the Smithsonian Fund for the Future endowments totaled more than $17.4 million. Support for pro- grams and exhibits has been pro- vided by individuals through Funi for the Future endowments, including those for the Horticul- ture Services Division of the Offio of Physical Plant, the National Air. and Space Museum, the National Museum of American History, the •Jational Museum of American Vrt, and the Smithsonian Institu- ion Libraries. Smithsonian Legacy Society Lver since James Smithson's inau- ;ural legacy, bequests and planned ;ifts have been critical to the Imithsonian's work in research, xhibitions, and educational pro- ;rams and to the overall excel- ence of the Institution. In celebration of the 150th tnniversary, the Institution estab- ished the Smithsonian Legacy iociety to recognize and honor hose who create legacy gifts of iny kind: bequests through will, iving trusts, charitable remainder rusts, charitable gift annuities, xioled income fund gifts, retire- Tient plan gifts, or life insurance pfts. Through the society, the nstitution acknowledges the gen- erosity of all donors, whether their egacy gifts were established •ecently or long ago. Those whose ;ifts were known or arranged dur- ng the 150th anniversary year are lesignated Founders of the Smith- •onian Legacy Society. Those whose planned gifts are known in '"uture years will also be welcomed nto the society. Contributing Membership Program VIore than 70,000 individuals and households across the nation sup- port the Smithsonian through the Contributing Membership pro- gram. Annual dues, which range from the $60 Supporting level to the James Smithson Society level of $10,000, fund the mission of the Institution and its research, exhibitions, acquisitions, and edu- cational programs. In fiscal year 1996, the Contributing Member- ship program provided $4.6 mil- lion in net unrestricted funds. The Contributing Membership program underwent several major changes during fiscal year 1996, all designed to improve efficiency, increase membership services, and broaden the Smithsonian's con- stituency. For example, Contribut- ing Members may now reach the Smithsonian by their own special toll-free number. A new Contribut- ing Membership Lounge, located in the Arts and Industries Build- ing, offers a private place where members can relax during their busy visits to the Mall. The program's new approach has given Contributing Members greater access to membership ser- vices and more opportunities to enjoy their relationship with the Smithsonian. From volunteering to work at "America's Smithso- nian" to attending Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service events in their home- towns, Contributing Members increased their participation in the life of the Institution during 1996 and showed a remarkable dedica- tion to the Smithsonian's mission. James Smithson Society The James Smithson Society, the highest level of Contributing Mem- bership, celebrated 20 years of pri- vate support to the Smithsonian in 1996. Through their annual dues and special gifts, members of the society have shown a deep com- mitment to Smithsonian research, exhibitions, collections, and educa- tional programs. Since the society's founding, members' annual contri- butions have totaled more than $5 million. Endowed life James Smith- son Society memberships have cre- ated a cumulative endowment bal- ance of nearly $500,000. The Smithson Society ended fis- cal year 1996 with 414 members, including individuals who support the Smithsonian through annual gifts of $2,000 as well as those who donate $5,000 or $10,000 in membership dues. Beyond the sat- isfaction of supporting the Smith- Smithsonian National Board member Ruth S. Holmberg, with her husband William Holmberg, is thanked by Secre- tary I. Mkiiael Heyman (left) for her leadership in mobiliz- ing participation nationally for the "America's Smithso- nian" benefit galas in celebration of the 150th anniversary. sonian, members receive special privileges and benefits through these higher levels of membership. Each year, the society holds a weekend of behind-the-scenes tours and a formal dinner that brings its members together and recognizes outstanding contribu- tions to the Smithsonian. At the October 1995 dinner, Smithsonian Regent and U.S. Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan (D-New York) presented the James Smithson Founder Medal to Barbara H. and James A. Block for their exception- al leadership, volunteer spirit, and financial support of the National Campaign for the National Muse- um of the American Indian. Smithsonian Corporate Membership Program Since its establishment in 1990, the Smithsonian Corporate Mem- bership Program has enjoyed con- tinued success in fulfilling its joint mission of strengthening the Smithsonian's relationship with the business community and rais- ing unrestricted funds for the Insti- tution's use. Capitalizing on the Smithsonian's scope as the world's largest museum and research com- plex, the program has been essen- tial in promoting the Institution's latest projects while establishing and maintaining relations with the global business community. ■LJJ IJ.JU E E yv] mW f British Airways Chairman Sir Colin Marshall deft). Provost I. Dennis O'Connor, and Regent Anne d'Harnoncourt enjoy the annual meeting of the Smithsonian Corporate Member- ship Program. (Photograph by Richard Strauss) Corporate Membership is avail- able at the $10,000 (Corporate Patron) and $25,000 (Corporate Leader) levels. In 1996, the program enjoyed support from 52 members and extended honorary member- ship to another 79 members of the business community who support- ed the premiere galas of the Institu- tion's traveling exhibition "Ameri- ca's Smithsonian" across the coun- try. The program succeeded in gen- erating a total of $430,000 in unrestricted funding for the Institu- tion in fiscal year 1996. Each spring, members are encouraged to participate in the Corporate Membership Program's annual meeting, a forum for busi- ness leaders to meet and exchange ideas with members of Congress and the diplomatic community. The meeting is also a time for the Smithsonian to honor members for their support of key projects. In 1996, the annual meeting topic was "How Leaders Collaborate to Create Positive Change in the Next Century." The speakers included Sir Colin Marshall, chair- man of British Airways, and Dr. Robert Woodall, vice-president for environmental policy of The Southern Company. In addition to an invitation to the annual meeting, members may choose to highlight their partner- ship with the Institution by hold- ing an event at a Smithsonian facility. Other benefits include dis- counts on Smithsonian activities tor company employees, access to behind-the-scenes tours for execu- tives and clients, and invitations to exhibition openings and other special events. Smithsonian Luncheon Group The Smithsonian Luncheon Group, an organization of commit- ted citizens from the Washington region, meets regularly to learn more about the Smithsonian and provide a link to the community. During fiscal year 1996, the Smith- sonian Luncheon Group estab- lished an endowment in honor of the Institution's 150th anniversary Led by Chairman Lee M. Folger, the members contributed more than $150,000 toward the endow- ment, which will provide needed and ongoing funding for Smithso- nian educational programs, bene- fiting the youth of Washington, D.C., and surrounding areas. Smithsonian National Board Annual Giving Fund The Smithsonian National Board, with 50 current and 16 honorary members, is a cornerstone of the Smithsonian's partnership with the private sector. Members work as advocates for the Smithsonian and as advisors to the Secretary, and they lend their support by raising and contributing funds themselves. Under the leadership of Chair Jean Bronson Kilborne and Vice-Chair Clive Runnells, National Board members providec the Smithsonian with valuable contacts in the philanthropic and business communities, which wer the keys to the success of anniver- sary activities nationwide. In calendar year 1995, led by Allison S. Cowles, chairman of thi board's Annual Giving Committee board members — current, hon- orary, and advisory — contributed nearly $660,000 in annual suppor to the Institution. Of that amount more than $300,000 supported programs and outreach activities for the anniversary, with the remaining funds directed to specific museums and projects. Smithsonian Women's Committee Smithsonian Women's Committee members — 56 active, 63 resource, and 48 sustaining — logged 11,000 volunteer hours during 1996. Most >f the volunteers' time was dedi- :ated to organizing and staging the uccessful Smithsonian Craft Show, leld April 23 through April 26 at he National Building Museum. Maturing museum-quality crafts rom around the world, the show aised a record-breaking $310,000 n 1996, to be awarded in grants or high-priority Smithsonian pro- ects. In honor of the 150th inniversary, the committee lesigned and produced a com- nemorative Smithsonian scarf. Smithsonian Senefactors Circle rhe Smithsonian Benefactors Cir- :le honors individuals who make exceptional philanthropic contri- mtions to the Institution. At the all Benefactors Circle dinner, iamuel C. Johnson, donor and imithsonian Regent Emeritus, was :>aid tribute by Regent Wesley S. Williams Jr. for his distinguished ecord of contributions and volun- eer leadership. In addition, Regent and former U.S. Represen- ative Norman Y. Mineta presented he Joseph Henry Medal to Repre- entative Sidney Yates (D-Illinois) or his service to the Institution :hrough the years. Twelve new ionors were also recognized, receiving the Benefactors emblem. Donors of In-Kind and Volunteer Support In addition to the financial sup- port of individuals, foundations, and corporations, the Smithsonian Institution acknowledges donors of in-kind gifts. Ranging from equipment for office or program use to pro bono professional con- sulting services, such in-kind gifts contribute greatly to the success of research and educational programs as well as to the efficient adminis- tration of the Institution. Donors of volunteer service fur- ther enable the Smithsonian to accomplish a variety of programs and offer expanded services to the public. The names of our docents and behind-the-scenes volunteers are listed annually in the Torch (the employee newspaper). In fiscal year 1996, 9,026 volunteers gave 574,565 hours of their time. These invaluable volunteers bring exper- tise, experience, and enthusiasm to their work here, and we express to them collectively our great appreci- ation for their dedication to the Smithsonian Institution. Memorial and Commemorative Gifts This year, many individuals made contributions to the Smithsonian in celebration of a special occasion, such as an anniversary, or in mem- ory of a loved one. For instance, one of the highlights of the year was a generous donation from longtime Contributing Member Thomas Judson of California in memory of his wife, Geraldine, whose name is inscribed on the Honor Board in the Smithsonian Castle. The Memorial and Commemo- rative program provides lasting and meaningful recognition of a loved one through a gift to the Smithsonian and offers a unique opportunity for individuals to be remembered at a major institution in the nation's capital. The Honorable Sidney Yates, recipient of the Joseph Henry Medal, addresses Regent Norman Mineta, Secretary I. Michael Herman, and guests at the Smithsonian Benefac- tors Circle awards ceremony. (Photograph by Glenn Levy) V jM Bl^I n 1 ■ 1 1 gg ■ • xJ! * >^B Wb " ^ ^M Frank and Lisina Hoch, longtime benefat tors and former Smithso- nian National Board members, provided support fo\ the renova- tion of the Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum. SMITHSONIAN BENEFACTORS CIRCLE Honorary Founder Enid A. Haupt Founders Russell B. Aitken Joe L. and Barbara B Ulbritton Arthur G. Altschul William S. Anderson Mary Griggs Burke loan K. Davidson Gaylord and Dorothy Donnelley Thomas M. 1 sans Katharine Graham Robert C. and Julie Graham Jr. Herbert Waide Hemphill Jr. William A. and Patricia W. Hewitt lkuo Hirayama Olga Hirshhorn Ruth S. Holmberg Samuel C. Johnson Marvin Breckinridge Patterson Laura E. Phillips S. Dillon and Mary L. Ripley Arthur Ross Mrs. Arthur M. Sackler Else Sackler W. Mason and Jean D. Shehan T. T. Tsui Glenn O. Tupper Patrons Ronald D. and Anne Abramson Ann Simmons Alspaugh Peter C. and Joan Andrews Marjorie Arundel Herbert and Evelyn Axelrod Edward P. Bass Randy and Nancy Best James and Barbara Block Agnes C. Bourne and James Luebbers Michael J. Brophy Hildegard Bruck Joan Bull George E. Burch III Vivian G. Burch Michael W. Cassidy Marcus Cohn Barber B. Conable Jr. and Charlotte Conable Peggy and Richard M. Danziger David Davies Evelyn Y. Davis Charles M. and Valerie T. Diker Anne G. Earhart Barney A. Ebsworth John L. and Margot P. Ernst Kitty Fassett Kathrine, Juliet and Lee Folger The Folger Fund Rita Fraad John A. Friede Phillip and Patricia Frost Daniel D. and Alice P. Gilbert George J. and Eileen D. Gillespie F. Warrington Gilletjr. and Elesabeth I. Gillet Alfred C. Glassell Jr. Jerome L. Greene Barrick W. Groom Agnes S. Gund George Gund III Joan D. Haig Evelyn A. J. Hall Martha A. Healy Drue M. Heinz Lloyd Herman Henry L. and Elsie H. Hillman Frank W. and Lisina M. Hoch Ladislaus and Beatrix von Hoffmann Mrs. James Stewart Hooker John R. Huggard Mrs. Jaquelin H. Hume Gilbert S. Kahn Jacob and Ruth C. Kainen Victor and Loretta Kaufman Gene A. and Freita F. Keluche James M. Kemper Jr. R. Crosby Kemper Jr. James W. and Mary T Kinnear Ann and Gilbert Kinney Ethel Niki Kominik William K. and Alice S. Konze Karl V. Krombein Harvey M. and Connie Krueger Robert E. and Elizabeth Krueger Robert and Helen Kuhn Rogerio S. Lam Ru Lennox Lang Robert and Carrie Lehrman Jerome and Dorothy Lemelson Barbara and Gerald Levin Sydney and Frances Lewis Henry Luce III Frank J. Lukowski Harry and Beverly Mandil Edwin S. and Nancy A. Marks John F. and Adrienne B. Mars Kathleen C. Mason Brooks and Hope B. McCormick Nan Tucker McEvoy Antony M. Merck Jeffery W. and Janet Meyer James and Lolly Mitchell Lester S. Morse Jr. and Enid W. Morse The Hon. Daniel Patrick Moynihan and Elizabeth Moynihan Eleanor Smallwood Niebell Jean Niemeier Robert H. and Nancy Nooter Carroll and Nancy Fields O'Connor Charles Rand Penney Al and Cecilia Podell Winifred and Norman Portenoy Lewis and Margaret Ranieri Philip D. Reed Jr. and Elizabeth Reed Douglas F. and Sanae I. Reeves Frank K. Ribelin Carlyn Ring David Rockefeller Anton H. Rosenthal and Ruth E. Ganister Milton F. and Frieda Rosenthal Wilbur L. Ross Jr. Jeanette Cantrell Rudy Cecile Salomon Joseph H. Samuel Jr. Lloyd G. and Betty L. Schermer Margaret Knowles Schink Richard J. and Sheila Schwartz Catherine F. Scott Shirley P. Sichel Emma M. Sims James C. Slaughter George L. Small Kathy Daubert Smith Bernie E. Stadiem Mrs. Sydney Stein Jr. E. Hadley Stuart Jr. and Marion Stuar A. Alfred Taubman Vernon F. Taylor Jr. Eugene V. and Clare E. Thaw Jeffrey and Diane Tobin R. E. Turner and Jane Fonda John Weeden Daniel Weinstein Nancy Brown Wellin Anthony and Beatrice W. Welters Jerry R. and Carolyn L. White Julius Wile Ronald H. Winston and Heidi Jensen- Winston Elizabeth B. Wood Gay F. Wray Nancy B. Zirkle Posthumous Gifts Vera M. Macbeth Charles J. Simon >ONORS OF FINANCIAL IIPPORT Denotes a gift to the Smithsonian Fund )r the Future, a citizens' initiative to raise ndowment funds, both unrestricted and fecial purpose. 1,000,000 or more Lnonymous lolenia Trust ;rome and Dorothy Lemelson (Lemelson Family Foundation)* -Irs. Barbara Levin .ndrew W. Mellon Foundation lissan Motor Corporation U.S.A. lashantucket Pequot Tribal Nation of Connecticut Jr. Arthur Ross urner Foundation Inc. ila Wallace-Reader's Digest Fund 500,000 or more p female artists. The third season of Silly Taylor's Jazz at the Kennedy enter" featured more sessions of lusic and discussion with guest artists iped for broadcast on National Public adio. • The Kennedy Center/Dance The- tre of Harlem Community Residency initiative was extended following its third season of dance training pro- grams, lecture-demonstrations, and performances for local students and their families. Under the guidance of its new artistic advisors for dance, Charles and Stephanie Reinhart, the center continued the five-year America Dancing retrospective of modern dance pioneers, sponsored by Philip Morris, and extended the successful Kennedy Center Ballet Commissioning Project. • The Kennedy Center home page on the World Wide Web debuted in December 1995, offering detailed information on programming as well as education, producing, and outreach initiatives. The National Symphony Orchestra home page was introduced in September 1996. Both can be found at http://kennedy-center.org. The Kennedy Center/Dance Theatre of Harlem Community Residency initiative in dance has reached hundreds of Washington-area students and families with training programs, lecture-demon- strations in schools, and other activities. An important National Gallery o, Art acquisition in 1996 was this oil on canvas, Giant Magnolias on a Blue Velvet Cloth (ca. 1890), by Martin Johnson Heade. Gift of The Circle of the National Gallery o/ Art in commemoration o/ its Wth anniversary. NATIONAL GALLERY OF ART Earl A. Powell III, Director The National Gallery of Art serves the United States in a national role by preserving, collecting, exhibiting, and fostering the understanding of works of art at the highest possible museum and scholarly standards. • The National Gallery of Art's exhi- bition program presented a comprehen- sive retrospective of the work of Winslow Homer; modern works of the early 20th century from the Rothschild family collections; 190 post-World War II works from the Robert and Jane Mey- erhoff collection; an exploration of Corot and other open-air painters in Italy at the turn of the 18th century; works by the 1 7th-century genre painter Jan Steen; the rowing pictures of Thomas Eakins; 120 3,000-year-old Olmec sculptures from Mexico, includ- ing a 10-ton colossal head, and jade and serpentine masks and figurines; and two major groups of drawings — old master and modern works collected by the late Ian Woodner and a selection of Renais- sance and baroque drawings from the Devonshire collection at Chatsworth in Derbyshire, England. The important exhibition of the 17th-century Dutch master Johannes Vermeer, which includ- ed 21 of his 35 known works, was kept open and available to the public with private funds during the federal govern- ment shutdown. • The opening of the Micro Gallery makes available to visitors the most comprehensive interactive, multimedia computer system in an American art museum. Thirteen user-friendly com- puters can design a visitor's personal tour, illustrate in magnified detail nearly every work of art on display in the permanent collection, and offer artists' biographies and historical and cultural background. Selected works are discussed in depth with special graphics and animation, including aspects of conservation, current research, and visual analyses. • Purchases for the gallery's collec- tions are made possible by funds donated by private citizens. This year's outstanding acquisitions included three Dutch paintings: a flower still lifp by the 17th-century artist Ambrosius Bosschaeit the Elder, another flower still life by the 18th-century artist Jan Van Huysum, and The Fall of Man by early- 17th-century artist Hendrick Goltzius. A late- 19th-century painting of magnolias by the American artist Martin Johnson Heade was also acquired. • Gifts to the collection included a major group of late- 19th-century avant-garde theater programs from the Atlas Foundation, 154 prints by Roy Lichtenstein given by the artist, and a partial gift of a landscape by Bellotto from Lili-Charlotte Sarnoff. • A documentary video produced by the department of exhibition pro- grams, fames MacNeill Whistler: The Lyrics of Art, received three awards: the CINE Golden Eagle, the Silver Muse from the American Association of Museums, and the Telly Award in a national competition of broadcast and nonbroadcast video media. As a win- ner of the Golden Eagle, the video wil represent the United States at interna- tional film festivals throughout the coming year. • The Center for Advanced Study ii the Visual Arts sponsored a two-day symposium on "The Art of the Ancien Spectacle," which focused on aspects of public and private festivals, rituals, and theater in Greece and Rome. • Twenty-eight galleries in the Wes Building were closed for 1 1 months as replacement of the 54-year-old roof and skylight system began. The exist- ing single-layer skylights, many of which are cracked and have been pro- tected with a temporary plastic cover- ing, are being replaced with energy- efficient multilayer glass that will eliminate condensation and leaks, cor trol transmission of harmful ultraviole light, and reduce energy consumption READING IS UNDAMENTAL, INC. ynda Johnson Robb, Chairman uth Graves, President eading Is Fundamental, Inc. (RIF) a nonprofit volunteer organiza- on that promotes children's liter- :y by bringing books and reading rtivities to young people, by lowing their parents how to ^courage reading in the home, nd by building support for liter- :y in the community. In 1996, le RIF program reached more Dung people than ever before in s history: 3.8 million children. • RIF marked its 30th birthday with lore than 202,000 local citizens vol- nteering their time to serve children 18,000 sites, including schools, braries, Indian reservations, juvenile stention centers, homeless shelters, ospitals, clinics, schools for children ith disabilities, and migrant programs i all 50 states, the District of Colum- la, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, id Guam. • To celebrate RIF's 30th anniver- iry, 28 children's book authors and lustrators participated in a four-day IF Book and Author Fair organized by :holastic, Inc., to benefit RIF. The par- cipants included Newbery Medalist an Craighead George; Judy Blume, hose character Fudge is the subject of television series; R. L. Stine, author of le best-selling Goosebumps series; the eators of the Magic School Bus series, jthor Joanna Cole and illustrator ruce Degen; and Virginia Hamilton, ho has won virtually every children's ook award, including the Hans Chris- an Andersen Medal. • RIF's distinguished chairman nne Richardson, who has devoted her forts to children through half of RIF's istory, retired in 1996. Lynda Johnson obb, a charter member of RIF's board, as unanimously elected chairman by le all-volunteer board of directors. • Great Britain's National Literacy rust launched a three-year experimen- tal RIF program to promote children's literacy. Arrangements have been made for the trust to adapt the RIF program and materials to a British audience. • The National Basketball Associa- tion produced a series of public service announcements for RIF featuring NBA superstars Shaquille O'Neal, Juwan Howard, and Danny Manning. The PSAs reached more than 305 million viewers during the 1995-96 basketball season. Riley. Secretary Riley urged the children to keep on reading and thanked RIF for "30 years of invaluable contributions to the children of this country." • Across the nation, parents are learning how to select children's books and conduct reading activities through RIF's Family of Readers®, which reaches families in adult literacy programs, GED programs, community colleges, Head Start and Even Start centers, and correctional centers. RIF teamed up Neil McClelland, director of the National Literacy Trust of Great Britain, and Reading Is Fundamental President Ruth Graves visit a RIF project in Washington, D.C. The Literacy Trust has launched a program modeled on RIF to promote chil- dren's literacy in the United Kingdom. (Photograph by Rick Reinhard) • The west pavilion of the Library of Congress was the scene of the 12th annual Reading Is Fun Week celebra- tion and National Awards Ceremony honoring the winners of the RIF Poster Contest and the National Reading Cele- bration. These two reading incentive programs were underwritten by the Metropolitan Life Foundation. Joining RIF children in celebrating the organi- zation's 30th anniversary were U.S. Representatives John Dingell of Michi- gan and Sam Farr of California, cele- brated children's author Patricia Polac- co, and Education Secretary Richard W. with Literacy Volunteers of America to coproduce a new videotape, Becoming a Family of Readers, that presents inter- views with a range of families across America who model book sharing and advocate reading as an activity that benefits everyone in the family. pi* ^| L ^1 /Af a Woodrow Wilson Center Evening Dialogue, distin- guished scholars and members of Congress focused on the reappraisal of Richard E. Neustadt's pioneering study Presi- dential Power: The Politics of Leadership. Among the participants were (from left) Roger B. Porter, IBM Professor of Government and Business, Harvard University; and Wil- son ( enter senior scholar; Hugh Sidey, Washington con- tributing editor, Time magazine; and Charles O. Jones, professor of political science, University of Wisconsin- Madison and Brookings Institution nonresident senior fellow. (Photograph by Alan Hart) WOODROW WILSON INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR SCHOLARS Charles Blitzer, Director The Woodrow Wilson Center was established as the official living memorial to the nation's 28th president and as a place of free intellectual inquiry reflecting the full range of Woodrow Wilson's ideals and concerns. Through an annual fellowship competition, outstanding scholars from around the world are invited to the center for extended periods of research and writing. In addition, the cen- ter sponsors public meetings, gen- erates publications, and produces broadcast programs that make individual scholarship accessible to policy makers and a broad public. • Vice-President Al Gore gave a speech in October 1995 on issues of critical importance to the Russian- American relationship. The presenta- tion was cosponsored by the center's Kennan Institute for Advanced Russian Studies and the U.S. -Russian Business Council and was held in Washington, D.C., on the eve of President Clinton's summit with Russian President Boris Yeltsin. • In June, a distinguished panel of scholars and policy officials, led by for- mer Speaker of the House Thomas S. Foley and U.S. Senator Carol Moseley- Braun, framed and catalyzed a debate on the future of American foreign poli- cy. The conference brought together participants with diverse perspectives who made connections across regions and issues, including domestic policy affairs, that are often missed in the fragmented national foreign policy debate. • The center's Division of United States Studies presented a conference and evening dialogue titled "Presiden- tial Power Revisited." Several of the country's most eminent political scien tists examined the politics of leader- ship and the exercise of presidential power today. • At the 1996 United Nations Con- ference on Human Settlements (Habi- tat II) in Istanbul, the center presentee its recently published volume, Prepar- ing for the Urbarr Future: Global Pressure and Local Forces, which resulted from ; 1994 project coordinated by the cente and involving the United Nations anc the World Bank. Urban specialists froi around the world, including practi- tioners and academics representing a variety of disciplines, convened at the center to compile an agenda for cities^ at the end of the millennium. • President Clinton appointed cen ter trustee Joseph A. Cari Jr. as vice- chairman of the board, succeeding Dwayne O. Andreas, who served in that capacity for six years. The Presi- dent also named Stephen Alan Ben- nett, Columbus, Ohio, and Daniel L. Lamaute, Beverly Hills, California, as trustees. Several distinguished citizen: joined the Wilson Council, the cente) group of private-sector advisors, including John L. Bryant Jr., Washing ton, D.C.; Daniel L. Doctoroff, New York; Fred P. DuVal, Washington, DC Michael B. Goldberg, New York; John P. LaWare, Chestnut Hill, Massachu- setts; Edwin Robbins, New York; and Philip Rollhausjr., Chicago. • The Wilson Quarterly, the center': journal of scholarly ideas, underwent dramatic change in trim size, layout, and typeface this year. The redesign complements the magazine's editorial quality and its unique approach to addressing scholarly issues. FlIMIU BEPORT Rick Johnson, Chief Financial Officer ntroduction he Smithsonian Institution receives funding from both federal appro- riations and nonappropriated trust sources. Nonappropriated trust ands include all funds received from sources other than direct federal ppropriations. These other sources include gifts and grants from indi- iduals, corporations, and foundations; grants and contracts from feder- 1, state, or local government agencies; earnings from short- and long- srm investments; revenue from membership programs; and revenue :om sales activities, such as Smithsonian magazine, museum shops and sstaurants, mail order catalogues, and licensed products. Federal appropriations provide funding for the Institution's core func- ions: caring for and conserving the national collections, sustaining asic research on the collections and in selected areas of traditional and nique strength, and educating the public about the collections and esearch findings through exhibitions and other public programs. Feder- 1 appropriations also fund a majority of the activities associated with naintaining and securing the facilities and with various administrative nd support services. Smithsonian trust funds allow the Institution to undertake new ven- ures and enrich existing programs in ways that would not otherwise be 'ossible. These funds provide the critical margin of excellence for inno- ative research, building and strengthening the national collections, onstructing and presenting effective and up-to-date exhibitions, and eaching out to new and under-represented audiences. In recent years, he Smithsonian has also begun to rely, in part, on trust funds for the unding of major new construction projects. The following sections describe the external environmental factors ffecting the Institution's general financial condition, the Institution's inancial status, and its planned response to changing conditions; inancial results for fiscal year 1996; and measures, both organizational nd financial, being taken to ensure the continued fiscal health of he Institution. As part of the Smithsonian's 150th anniversary celebra- tion, 150 staff were honored as recipients of the Unsung Hero Award, recognizing exceptional service and dedi- cation above and beyond the call of duty. Pictured are the Finance staff who won this award. From left to right they are: Patricia Simrell, Paulette Pressley, Lorri Cruner, Joyce O. McKinney, Ronald L. Alexander, Cermaine P. Beech, Ann Sloper and Chung Y. Yang. inancial Situation ind Prospects Tie Smithsonian's 150th Anniversary year was one of extraordinary ccomplishment in carrying out the programs and activities of the Insti- ution. This was especially true of those programs that were part of the 81 150th celebration. The Institution took its show on the road with the spectacular success of its traveling exhibition, Ameri- ca 's Smithsonian. By the end of the fiscal year, the exhibition had visited four (4) cities and had been seen by more than 1.1 million people. Additional cities will be visited in fiscal year 1997. Throughout the year outstanding efforts in education, exhibition and research were well received by peers and the general public. Three prime-time television specials showcased the Smithsonian's research and collections. Capping the year was a marvelous two-day birthday celebration on the National Mall. Through these efforts, the Smithsonian shared its trea- sures of American history and culture with the American peo- ple in unprecedented ways, both physically and electronically. These activities represent a major investment in the future of the Institution. At the same time that the Institution takes pride in what it has accomplished, it recognizes the significant financial chal- lenges ahead. The federal budgetary environment, down turns in specific business activities, and increased competition for scarce grant and other philanthropic resources continue to constrict the revenue side of the budget. On the expense side, critically important investments in the development of new revenue streams, new technologies, and meeting new legal and other external requirements all put pressure on the bud- getary equation, already stressed by aging facilities and on- going program needs. The Smithsonian's many responses to these challenges include some that are short term in nature and others that must necessarily take a longer term perspective. The deterioration and obsolescence of the Institution's aging facilities present a major challenge. With over 5.5 mil- lion square feet and buildings up to 140 years old, manage- ment estimates that at least $50 million annually is needed to fully meet the requirements for systematic facilities renewal and maintenance to offset normal wear and tear. Congress has been especially helpful in working with us on this chal- lenge. Annual federal funding for facilities repair and restora- tion was increased by $10 million to $34 million in fiscal year 1996. Funding was further increased to $39 million in the Smithsonian's fiscal year 1997 appropriation, a two-year increase of 62.5%. The Institution has taken a number of short- and long- range steps to improve the return from its business activities. Many of these steps have been successful in improving the results of the Smithsonian business activities this year. To sus- tain and expand these successes, the Institution has estab- lished advisory boards for the business activities made up of industry experts who have volunteered to share private sector best practices and assist in the development of longer-term strategies. Recruitment efforts are also underway to hire a senior business officer with strong marketing skills to better ' coordinate Smithsonian business efforts. The most problemat- ic area in Institution business activities continues to be the Smithsonian Institution Press. It sustained a major loss for the second year in a row. Some recommendations from external ' reviews have been put in place with additional actions to be : taken in the near future. Unfortunately, these steps have not had sufficient time to generate any significant improvement tc the bottom line. The Institution looks to significantly improve performance for next fiscal year. The Smithsonian 150th Anniversary activities included the mounting of an exhibition of unprecedented size and com- plexity. Significant non-recurring costs were incurred in fiscal year 1996 with additional costs that will be incurred in fiscal year 1997 for future venues. Some of these costs have been recovered through corporate sponsorship and other fund- raising activities. Additional revenue-generating strategies are being developed to fully fund this activity. The Institution recognizes that these 150th activities are an important invest- ment in its future and is currently developing the optimal approach to capitalize on this investment. In fact, this plan- ning has already led to the identification of significant oppor- tunities for bringing new funds into the Smithsonian. The Institution continues to look at a variety of ways to reengineer, downsize and streamline the organization. This past fiscal year Congress provided a special appropriation of $3 million, which was supplemented by Smithsonian base funding, for voluntary separation incentives of up to $25,000 for staff willing to retire from Smithsonian service. That pro- gram was successful in achieving a net reduction in the num- ber of staff by approximately 140. The Smithsonian is prepared to meet the financial chal- lenges it faces by focusing on a wide variety of strategies tied FY 1996 Sources of Net Revenues Federal Appropriations 68% General Trust 17% Donor/Sponsor Designated Gov't Grants & Contracts 11% fiscal Year 1996 Sources of Gross/Net Revenues Gross Net* Percent Revenues Revenues Net Revenues (Sthousands) (Sthousands) (%) Operations :ederal Appropriations }eneral Trust )onor/Sponsor Designated iov't Grants & Contracts 354,343 354,343 271,637 55,662 20,795 20,795 55,859 55,859 68.6 16.6 4.0 10.8 btal Sources for Operations 702,634 486,659 100.0 Net of expenses related to revenue-generating activities, e.g., museum shops, ;staurants, publications, etc. o its strategic vision, its mission and its core functions. Inno- 'ative and creative approaches will be needed to respond to a lew paradigm for the Smithsonian and many public institu- ions — less reliance on the government and more reliance on he private sector. i st al Year 1996 Results Revenues received by the Institution in fiscal year 1996 from ill sources totalled $702.6 million. Revenue from federal ippropriations accounted for $354.3 million, and nonappro- >riated trust funds provided an additional $348.3 million. Vhen adjusted to remove auxiliary activity expenses of $185.9 nillion, net revenues totalled $516.7 million. The chart above eflects revenues by source and broad purpose of use. )perations Tables 1 and 2) ;ederal operating revenue of $310.7 million provided the core unding for ongoing programs of the Institution. The actual imount appropriated of $311.2 million represented a decrease )f $2.1 million from the fiscal year 1995 level. The appropria- ion provided for an increase of $.7 million for the Smith- onian Astrophysical Observatory's submillimeter telescope irray, $.2 million for the state of Iowa's participation in the 996 Festival of American Folklife and $3 million for a volun- ary separation incentive program. Reductions and unfunded ncreases for inflationary costs for salaries and benefits, rent ind utilities were absorbed within baseline resources through :ost savings gained from restructuring or reducing programs ind activities. General trust revenue was $271.6 million. Most income rategories were generally consistent with last year. There was i modest overall increase in revenue related to 150th Anni- versary activities. Auxiliary activity net revenue was down ipproximately 14% from 1995 levels. Several activities such as he Smithsonian Magazine, The Smithsonian Associates, and the Air & Space theaters showed increased net revenue. However, this was offset by a second year of unprecedented loss by the Smithsonian Press/Smithsonian Productions. The Institution conducted several major reviews of that activity during the year. Several recommendations from those reviews have been implemented with additional steps to be taken in early 1997. Revenue from donor/sponsor designated funds totalled $20.8 million. The Institution continues to intensify its fund- raising activities and focus on new strategies. Major gifts and grants received in fiscal year 1996 helped to support such pro- jects as the National Postal Museum's Duck Stamp Exhibition, the Florida Everglades Project at the National Museum of Nat- ural History, and the Jerome and Dorothy Lemelson Center for the Study of Invention and Innovation at the National Museum of American History. The Smithsonian is especially grateful to its many friends in the private sector whose generos- ity contributed vitally to its work. The names of major donors are listed in the Benefactors section of this publication. In fiscal year 1996, the Institution received $55.9 million in contracts and grants from government agencies, an increase of $5.5 million over fiscal year 1995. Support from government agencies constitutes an important source of research monies for the Institution while also benefiting the granting agencies by providing access to Smithsonian exper- tise and resources. As in prior years, the majority of these funds were provided by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration for research programs at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. Other projects funded included an exhibition on global change at the National Museum of Nat- ural History, support for the study of the effect of rising atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration being carried out by the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center and the establishment of a system for monitoring the natural resources of the Panama Canal watershed at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute. Endowment (Tables 3, 4, and 5) The Institution pools its endowment funds for investment purposes into a consolidated portfolio, with each endowment purchasing shares in a manner similar to shares purchased by an investor in a mutual fund. The Investment Policy Committee of the Smithsonian's Board of Regents establishes investment policy and recom- mends the annual payout of the consolidated endowment. The Smithsonian's policies for managing the endowment are designed to achieve two objectives: 1) to provide a stable, growing stream of payouts for current expenditures and 2) to protect the value of the endowment against inflation and maintain its purchasing power. Current policy calls for an average payout of 4.5% of the average market value over the prior five years. With this payout policy, to achieve the endowment's objectives, the investment policy targets a real rate of return of 5%. In order to improve the performance of the endowment, a specialist fixed income manager was added and an equity manager was terminated. During the year, the equity exposure of the portfolio was reduced from 76% to 71%, the fixed income exposure increased from 21% to 28%, and the cash equivalent exposure was reduced from 3% to 1% bringing the asset allocation more in line with the investment policy goals for the portfolio. The Institution adopted the provisions of SFAS No. 124, Accounting for Investments held by Not-for-Profit Organiza- tions, at the beginning of fiscal year 1996. In accordance with this standard, the Institution's investments are reported at fair value based on quoted market prices. As depicted in the chart on this page, the market value of the endowment increased from $434.6 million to $482.5 mil- lion during fiscal year 1996. New gifts and internal transfers totalled $6.5 million while the payout was $16.6 million and fees were $1.2 million. The total return on the consolidated portfolio was 13.6%. At year end, the Institution's portfolio was invested 71% in equities, 28% in bonds, and 1% in cash equivalents. The portfolio had 28% in foreign stocks and bonds and 72% in U.S. securities. Construction and Plant Funds (Table 6) In fiscal year 1996 the federal construction revenue was $43.8 million. The actual federal appropriations for construction amounted to $64.9 million. Net funds provided in fiscal year 1996 included $34.0 million for general repair, restoration, and code compliance projects throughout the Institution. Although this amount has increased over the prior year, it is still less than the $50 million per year estimated to keep up with the rate of deterioration in the physical plant. Net funds earmarked for new construction, alterations, and modifica- tions totalled $31 million. Included in this amount is $15 million for the Mall facility for the National Museum of the American Indian; $3.2 million for renovations, repairs, and master plan projects at the National Zoological Park; $8.7 mil- lion for the East Court Project at the National Museum of Natural History; $1 million for planning and design of the National Air & Space Museum Dulles Center; and $3 million for minor construction and planning. Nonappropriated trust construction activity, also termed plant funds, totalled $8.5 million. Approximately $6.3 million Market Value of Endowment (in $ millions) 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 was for the construction of facilities for the National Museum of the American Indian, $1.6 million for renovation of the Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum, and $200 thousand for the reinstallation of the Gem Hall at the National Museum of Natural History. Implementation of SFAS 116, 117 and 124 On October 1, 1995, the Smithsonian Institution adopted the provisions of Statements of Financial Accounting Standards No. 116 (SFAS 116), Accounting for Contributions Received and Contributions Made, No. 117 (SFAS 117), Financial Statements of Not-for-Profit Organizations, No. 124 (SFAS 124), Accounting for Certain Investments Held by Not-for-Profit Organizations. These new accounting standards required several significant changes in the accounting and reporting of financial activity and posi- tion by the Smithsonian, and make comparisons with finan- cial results from prior years difficult. Consequently, only fiscal year 1996 results are presented in the audited financial state- ments that follow. SFAS 116 requires not-for-profit organizations to record rev- enue from pledges made by donors to contribute funds to the Institution (referred to as "unconditional promises to give") in the year the pledge is made. Formerly, revenue from pledges was deferred and not recorded until the funds pledgee had been received by the Institution. Pledges received in fiscal year 1996 were recorded by this new method, and a cumula- tive adjustment for the impact of this change on prior years also was recorded. The cumulative adjustment increased net assets by $21.8 million. SFAS 116 also required a change in how the Smithsonian accounts for its federal appropriations. Under the new stan- dards, the federal appropriations are accounted for as exchange transactions, which means the revenue is earned as expendi- tures are incurred. Formerly, the entire appropriation was rec- ognized as revenue in the year received. Unexpended appropri- tions are now recorded as a liability, when formerly they were ?corded as fund balances. A cumulative adjustment was made j reflect the impact on prior years of this change, which ;duced net assets and increased liabilities by $162.3 million. Certain types of funding received by the Smithsonian have reviously been reported as restricted funds, meaning that the inds could only be used for specific purposes or had other :strictions on them that limited their availability for the eneral purposes of the Institution. These sources included ?stricted gifts from donors, research projects sponsored by rants or contracts from foundations, other donors or the overnment, and earnings on endowment funds where the onor of the endowment placed restrictions on the use of lose earnings. Restricted revenues and the expenses incurred rith those funds have previously been reported in a separate olumn on the financial statements. SFAS 116 introduced a new concept for accounting for ;stricted net assets (formerly referred to as restricted funds). wo categories of restricted net assets must be reported: 1 ) jmporarily restricted net assets, where a donor has required nat the funds be spent for specific purposes or only at a spee- ded time, and 2) permanently restricted net assets, where the onor has required that the funds never be spent, e.g., a gift d the endowment where the original gift must be invested i perpetuity and only the earnings can be spent. When the [Ot-for-profit organization fulfills the restrictions placed by onors on temporarily restricted net assets, the net assets are eclassified to unrestricted net assets. Spending temporarily estricted net assets in accordance with the restrictions fulfills he restrictions, hence, the expenses are reported as unrestricted xpenses. No expenses are reported as restricted expenses. SFAS 117 requires not-for-profit organizations to prepare heir financial statements using the three new net asset cate- ories: unrestricted net assets, temporarily restricted net ssets, and permanently restricted net assets. SFAS 124 requires not-for-profit organizations to record nvestments at market value instead of cost. The Smithsonian ecorded its investments by this new method in fiscal year 996 and recorded an adjustment to net assets to record the mpact of this change related to investments purchased in pri- ir years. This adjustment increased net assets by $52.9 million. Footnote 2 to the audited financial statements, which fol- ows, describes the adjustments made to the financial state- nents as a result of implementing these three new standards. inane ial Position he Smithsonian Institution's Statement of Financial Position iresents the total assets, liabilities, and net assets of the Insti- ution. Total assets of $1.3 billion far exceed total liabilities of $355.0 million and are indicative of the financial strength of the Institution. During fiscal year 1996, the most significant change in the Institution's financial position was the growth of the endowment by over $50.0 million through investment earnings and realized and unrealized gains on the endowment investments. Liabilities at September 30, 1996 of $355.0 mil- lion were higher than the $187.0 million at September 30, 1995 due to the reclassification of unexpended federal appro- priations from net assets (formerly fund balance) to liabilities in accordance with treatment of the federal appropriations under SFAS 116 as exchange transactions (see Implementa- tion of SFAS 116, 117 and 124 above). Financial Management The Institution was successful in implementing a new general ledger, financial reporting and management information sys- tem. The ledger was available in September to record advance procurement documents for fiscal year 1997. This system replaces an almost 20-year-old ledger and moves the system off an unreliable hardware platform. Significant advantages of the new system are an automated funds control module, a new coding structure that will provide new opportunities to report on and analyze programmatic activities, on-line access to current information, and flexible reporting capabilities to increase the usefulness of financial data for decision making. As we move into next fiscal year, the final elements of the general ledger will be put in place. In addition, work on a new accounts receivable system and a new fixed asset system will begin. Other financial management improvement initiatives under- taken in 1996 included: • Development of a new, automated budget system which will automate budgeting, operational planning, access to Con- gressional appropriation history, strategic planning and policy development components. In addition, it will assure greater accuracy, integrity and utility of budget and planning data; streamlined processes; and efficient interfaces with internal and external databases. Various elements of the system will be brought on-line throughout fiscal year 1997. • Improvements to enhance internal controls throughout the Institution, consistent with the Federal Managers Finan- cial Integrity Act. An oversight council was established to monitor revised processes and policies. A number of steps have been streamlined while improving the effectiveness of the internal controls review process. • Implementation of new not-for-profit organizations accounting standards, Statements of Financial Accounting Standards Nos. 116, 117 and 124. The team pictured above successfully implemented the general ledger module of the Smithsonian Financial System. Looking happier and more relaxed than during the long hours of a demanding project are: seated from left to right — Bonnie Farrell, Ann Ruttle, Melanie Dann (Project Director), Fran Rooney, Cinevra Portlock and standing from left to right — Dolores Osborne, Ralph Brandt, Chung Y. Yang, Minnie P. Carmichael, Leslie Casson (Comptroller), Rick Johnson (CFO), Carolyn Tucker (Project Director), Jen Juang, and Patricia Simrell. • Modification of off-the-shelf software to provide a tool for streamlining the generation of travel forms and improving their accuracy. The software will be rolled out to all units beginning in fiscal year 1997. A project to electronically route the travel forms will begin in fiscal year 1997. • Using software for electronic preparation of time sheets in order to eliminate duplicate data entry. Completion of the project for all units is planned for the end of fiscal year 1998. Additional financial management improvement initia- tives planned to start in fiscal years 1997 and 1998 include the following: • Development of a formal 5-year financial management improvement plan. • Electronic routing of documents. • Streamlining of travel policies and procedures. • Increasing the use of electronic funds transfer (EFI) for all payment types. • Training emphasis to assure that central as well as unit financial and procurement staff have the skills, knowledge, and ability to do a quality job. Audit Activities The Institution's financial statements are audited annually by KPMG Peat Marwick, an independent public accounting firm. The audit plan includes an in-depth review of the Institution' internal control structure. KPMG Peat Marwick's Independent Auditors' Report for fiscal year 1996 and the accompanying financial statements are presented on the following pages. The Smithsonian's internal audit staff, part of the Office of Inspector General, assists the external auditors and regularly audits the Institution's various programs, activities, and inter- nal control systems. The Audit and Review Committee of the Board of Regents provides an additional level of financial oversight and review. In accordance with the government requirement for the use of coordinated audit teams, the Defense Contract Audit Agency, the Smithsonian Office of Inspector General, and KPMG Peat Marwick LLP coordinate the audit of grants and contracts received from federal agencies. able 1. Source and Application of Institutional Resources for the Year Ended September 30, 1996 (in $000s) Trust Funds EVENUE & GAINS: Federal Appropriations (see Note 1) Endowment Payout & Investment Income Government Grants and Contracts Donor / Sponsor Designated Sales and Membership Revenue Federal Construction 43,824 Other TOTAL REVENUE & GAINS 354,343 Donor/ Government Total Federal General Sponsoi Grants & Trust Total Funds Trust Designated Contracts Funds FY 1996 310,519 310,519 — 15,216 5,057 — 20,273 20,273 — — 55,859 55,859 55,859 — 30,062 15,738 — 45,800 45,800 — 192,302 — — 192,302 192,302 43,824 — — — — 43,824 — 34,057 — — 34,057 34,057 354,343 271,637 20,795 55,859 348,291 702,634 XPENSES: Research, Education and Collections Management Museums & Research Institutes: Anacostia Museum 1,077 — Center for African American History and Culture. . . . 476 Archives of American Art 1,543 Arthur M. Sackler Gallery 2,997 Freer Gallery of Art 2,582 Center for Folklife Programs & Cultural Studies 1,705 Conservation Analytical Laboratory 2,809 Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum 2,423 Hirshhorn Museum & Sculpture Garden 4,221 National Air and Space Museum 12,056 National Museum of African Art 3,709 National Museum of American Art 7,289 — Renwick — National Museum of American History 17,683 — National Postal Museum 516 National Museum of the American Indian 11,023 National Museum of Natural History 36,375 — Museum Support Center 2,654 National Portrait Gallery 5,094 National Zoological Park 18,512 Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory 14,921 Smithsonian Environment Research Center 2,545 Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute 8,326 Total Museums St Research Institutes 160,536 Education, Museum & Scholarly Services: Center for Museum Studies 991 National Science Resources Center 192 Elementary & Secondary Education 490 Exhibits Central 2,406 Fellowships and Grants 297 International Relations 2,509 Smithsonian Institution Archives 1,295 Smithsonian Institution Libraries 6,170 Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service . . . 2,469 Total Education, Museum & Scholarly Services 16,819 Auxiliary Activities (Programmatic) 1,610 International Environmental Science Program 795 Major Scientific Instrumentation 9,729 America's Smithsonian Prior Year Annual Appropriations 10,383 Total Research, Education and Collections Management before Allocation of Facilities and Depreciation Expense . . 199,872 Allocation of Facilities and Depreciation Expense 95,830 otal Research, Education and Collections Management 493 33 — 526 1,603 — — 476 35 665 — 700 2,243 395 221 — 616 3,613 233 3,845 — 4,078 6,660 1,304 950 — 2,254 3,959 33 16 26 75 2,884 2,253 602 26 2,881 5,304 496 992 — 1,488 5,709 2,831 1,231 1,517 5,579 17,635 198 58 — 256 3,965 1,202 1,437 — 2,639 9,928 1,503 2,512 116 4,131 21,814 3,100 2,825 — 5,925 6,441 3,712 485 3 4,200 15,223 2,772 4,677 1,831 9,280 45,655 1 — — 1 2,655 334 280 — 614 5,708 941 1,476 966 3,383 21,895 2,484 722 49,051 52,257 67,178 207 88 1,371 1,666 4,211 1,287 1,341 871 3,499 11,825 80 12 — 92 1,083 244 1 — 245 437 271 179 26 476 966 142 — — 142 2,548 402 170 — 1,572 1,869 350 96 53 499 3,008 94 81 — 175 1,470 758 134 — 892 7,062 624 1,558 — 2,182 4,651 57,454 87,450 5,693 26,881 117 55,857 170,188 5,810 2,021 795 9,729 57,454 10,383 370,060 101,640 295,702 26,998 55,857 175,998 471,700 Auxiliary Activities: Smithsonian Press / Smithsonian Productions Smithsonian Magazines The Smithsonian Associates SI Retail 19,535 58,258 35,661 61,637 19,535 19,535 58,258 58,258 35,661 35,661 61,637 61,637 185,893 185,893 185,893 (9,244) - (9,244) (9,244) 176,649 - 176,649 176,649 Table 1. Source and Application of Institutional Resources for the Year Ended September 30, 1996 (in $000s) — (cotttinuted) Trust Funds Donor/ Government Total Federal General Sponsor Grants & Trust Total Funds Trust Designated Contracts Funds FY 1996 Media Activities — 23 — 23 23 Unit Auxiliary Activities — 10,779 10,779 10,779 Total Auxiliary Activities (including Overhead ) Less Overhead Total Auxiliary Activities Administration: Institutional Advancement Assistant Secretary 564 — 564 564 Membership and Development 2,131 89 2,220 2,220 Special Events and Conference Services 98 316 316 414 Total Institutional Advancement Administrative and Support Offices 31,972 Total Administration before Allocation of Facilities and Depreciation Expense Allocation of Facilities and Depreciation Expense 15,838 Total Administration Visitor Information & Associates' Reception Center 245 1,365 1 1,366 1,611 Administration 29,939 22,891 7,547 2 30,440 60,379 Office of The Provost 1,788 1,729 244 1,973 3,761 Facilities Services: Facilities Services 81,849 2,034 117 2,151 84,000 Allocation of Facilities Services Expenses to Functions (81,849) (2,034) (117) (2,151) (84,000) Total Facilities Services — TOTAL EXPENSES 343,610 297,406 27,379 55,859 380,644 724,254 Endowment Return Reinvested 29,551 11,810 41,361 41,361 Net increase (decrease) in net assets before changes in accounting principles 10,733 3,782 5,226 9,008 19,741 Note 1 Includes $312 thousand revenue recognized as a permanent indefinite appropriation for the Canal Zone Biological Area Fund. Also, include $1,856 thousand revenue recognized in foreign currency for research projects in India. 98 3,011 89 3,100 3,198 31,972 24,603 292 2 24,897 56,869 32,070 27,614 381 2 27,997 60,067 15,838 - - 15,838 47,908 27,614 381 2 27,997 75,905 Table 2. Auxiliary Activities, Fiscal Year 1996 (in $000s) Sales and Membership Revenue FY 1995 193,808 FY 1996: Central Auxiliary Activities Magazines 67,850 The Smithsonian Associates 31,635 Business Management Museum Shops/Mail Order 62,409 Concessions 3,111 Product Development and Licensing 1,879 Smithsonian Institution Press 1 1,744 Electronic Media Activities 153 Unit Auxiliary Activities Air and Space Theater and Einstein Planetarium 5,139 Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum 490 Traveling Exhibition Services 1,053 Other 6,839 TOTAL FY 1996 192,302 Gifts Expenses Revenue (Loss) 9,348 185,791 17,365 7 58,258 9,599 7,946 35,661 3,920 — 485 (485) — 58,364 4,045 — 1,956 1,155 — 832 1,047 — 19,535 (7,791) — 23 130 2,948 2,191 11 198 303 — 1,013 40 578 6,620 797 8,542 able 3. Endowment and Similar Activities September 30, 1996 (in SOOOs) Market Value SSETS: ooled Consolidated Endowment: )ash and equivalents $22,655 )ther Receivable 1,377 IS Government and Quasi-Government Obligations 51,737 lorporate Bonds and Other Obligations 39,441 lommon and Preferred Stocks 383,795 eceivable for Securities Sold 7,558 Total Pooled Assets 506,563 lonpooled Endowment and Similar Activities: oan to U.S. Treasury in Perpetuity 1,020 romises to Give - Gifts 8,496 romises to Give - Charitable Trust 2,047 Total Nonpooled Assets 1 1,563 Total Assets $518,126 1ABIL1T1ES AND NET ASSETS: 1ABILITIES: ayables for securities purchased $25,194 leferred Revenue — Charitable Trusts 25 Total Liabilities 25,219 1ET ASSETS Inrestricted 184,334 Unrestricted Designated 141,282 emporarily Restricted 11 7,763 ermanently Restricted 49,528 Total Net Assets 492,907 otal Liabilities and Net Assets $518,126 able 4. Changes in Market Value of Endowment and Similar Activities September 30, 1996 (in SOOOs) Unrestricted Temporarily Permanently Unrestricted Designated Restricted Restricted Total larket Value Endowment - 10/1/95 $165,700 $124,910 $108,603 $35,419 $434,632 Tianges: iifts — 1,909 1,909 iternal Transfers 2,582 2,873 (2,917) 2,038 4,576 )ther Interest and Dividends 9,230 6,314 5,790 354 21,688 Market Value Appreciation 14,544 12,245 10,702 37,491 Payout (6,474) (5,060) (4,688) (354) (16,576) Manager's Fees (1,248) — (1,248) Market Value Endowment - 9/30/96 $184,334 $141,282 $117,490 $39,366 $482,472 romises to Give — 20 8,476 8,496 :haritable Trusts — 253 1,686 1,939 larket Value Endowment and Similar Activities - 9/30/96 $184,334 $141,282 $117,763 $49,528 $492,907 Tabic 5. Endowment and Similar Activiities September 30, 1996 Unrestricted Unrestricted Designated Temporarily Restricted Permanently Restricted' UNDESIGNATED PURPOSE - TRUE: Avery Fund (See Note 1) 381,765 Dodge, Patricia 78,657 Fund for the Future-Unrestricted (See Note 1) 50,598 Fund for the Future-Glass, Gilbert W. (See Note 1) Fund for the Future-Schermer, Lloyd G. and Betty (See Note 1 1 . Higbee, Harry, Memorial 121,962 Hodgkins Fund (See Note 1 ) 322,129 Morgan, Gilbert B. and Betty J., Memorial 25,278 Morrow, Dwight W 696,388 Mussinan, Alfred 193,908 Olmsted, Helen A 7,130 Poore, Lucy T and George W. (See \<>tc 1 1 1,456,046 Porter, Henry Kirke, Memorial 2,650,608 Sanford, George H. (See Note 1) 8,377 Smithson, [ames (See Note 1) 183,860 Smithson Society, James (See Note 1 1 115,966 Subtotal 6,292,672 UNDESIGNATED PURPOSE - QUASI: Dodge, Patricia 242,965 Ettl, Charles H 1,787,348 Ferguson, Frances B 872,824 Forrest, Robert Lee 8,862,276 Fund for the Future-Unrestricted (See Note 1 I "" '•. '.'M General Endowment (See Note 1 1 156,407,941 Goddard, Robert H 70,183 Habel, Dr. S. (See Note 1) 886 Hart, Gustavus E 5,252 Henry, Caroline 12,954 Henry, Joseph and Harriet A 518,103 I leys, Maude ( 862,347 Hinton, Carrie Susan 252,264 Koteen, Dorothy B 300,916 Lambert. Paula C 462,812 Medinus, Grace L 8,583 O'Dea, Laura 1 294,675 Phillips, Roy R., Estate 1,265,727 Rhees, William Jones (See Note 1) 6,069 Safford, Clara Louise 402,794 Smithsonian Bequest Fund (See Note 1) 3,422,539 Sultner, Donald H 1,098,531 Taggard, Ganson 4,908 Winterer, Alice 1 185,477 Subtotal 178,041,765 Total Undesignated Purpose 184,334,437 DONOR DESIGNATED PURPOSE - TRUE: Aitken, Annie Laurie — Arthur, James Axelrod, Dr. Herbert R Baird, Spencer Fullerton Barney, Alice Pike, Memorial (See Note 1 ) Batchelor, Emma E Beauregard, Catherine, Memorial Bergen, Charlotte V — Brown, Roland W — Burch, George E. Fellowship in Theoretic Medicine and Affiliated Theoretic Sciences — Camel Fund — Canfield, Fredrick A Casey, Thomas Lincoln Chamberlain, Francis Lea Cooper Fund for Paleobiology — Davis Foundation — deSalle, Albert and Peggy Deibel, Charles P. ' 49,334 721,685 697,070 54,128 311,447 30,672 202,927 35,000 100,000 38,990 1,000 288,941 290,162 2,706 776,389 508,500 — 4,108,951 20,000 52,420 4,108,951 188,515, £ 263,417 — 325,000 — 344,298 54,587 — 25,480 120,000 306,200 — 50,362 270,844 — 606,570 — 235,674 60,000 — 335,372 141,227 — 19,521 10,000 235,873 — 70,295 1,013,750 1,668,889 18,178 — 100,800 — 393,248 46,233 — 127,061 1,000 — 245,661 35,000 270,523 — 194,349 — 5,052 125,000 8,794 — 65,000 24,976 — 100,000 able 5. Endowment and Similar Activiities September 30, 1996 (continued) Unrestricted Temporarily Permanently Total Unrestricted Designated Restricted Restricted Market Value Discovery Communications, Inc. (See Note 1) Division of Mammals Curators Fund Drake Foundation Drouet, Francis and Louderback, Harold B Dykes, Charles, Bequest Eaton, Harriet Phillips Eickemeyer, Florence Brevoort Eppley Memorial Forbes, Edward Waldo Freer, Charles L Fund for the Future-Samuel C. Johnson Theater Fund for the Future-Mary L. Ripley Garden Fund for the Future-Ethel Niki Kominik Fund for the Future-Vincent Wilkinson (See Note 1 ) Fund for the Future-Jerome and Dorothy Lemelson (See Note 1) Fund for the Future-Smithsonian Luncheon Group (See Note 1) Fund for the Future-Frank J. Lukowski ( See Note 1) Global Environmental Endowment Fund Grimm, Sergei N Groom, Barrick W Guggenheim, Daniel and Florence Hamilton, James (See Note 1) Haupt, Enid A. Garden Henderson, Edward and Rebecca R., Meteorite Fund Herman, Lloyd E. (See Note 1) Hewitt, Eleanor G., Repair Fund Hewitt, Sarah Cooper Hillver, Virgil Hitchcock, Albert S Hodgkins Fund (See Note 1) Hrdlicka, Ales and Marie Hughes, Bruce Huntington Publication Fund (See Note 1) Johnson, Seward, Trust Fund for Oceanography Kellogg, Remington and Marguerite, Memorial Kottler, Howard, Endowment for Ceramic Art Kramar, Nada Krombein, Karl V Lang, Hank and Ru, Educational Mandil, Harry and Beverly Mashantucket Pequot Nation Maxwell, Mary E Mellon Foundation Challenge Grant/Endowment Mellon Publications Endowment Fund Milliken, H. Oothout, Memorial Mineral Endowment Mitchell, William A Moynihan, Elizabeth Brennan Museum of the American Indian-Heye Foundation NMAI Educational Endowment Fund (See Note 1) Nelms, Henning Nelson, Edward William Nesbitt, Lowell Petrocelli, Joseph, Memorial Reid, Addison T. (See Note 1) Ripley, S. Dillion and Mary Livingston Roebling Fund Rollins, Miriam and William Sackler Public Affairs Schmitt, John J Sims, George W. The Sichel Family, Endowment for Research at the NZP Sisley, George J Sprague Fund Springer, Frank Stern, Harold P., Memorial Stevenson, John A., Mycological Library Stuart, Mary Horner Tupper, Earl S. (See Note 1) Walcott, Charles D.and Mary Vaux, Research Walcott Research Fund, Botanical Publications _ 88,791 2,254,240 2,343,031 17,388 — 8,901 26,289 — 1,306,414 414,886 1,721,300 — 309,684 254,072 563,756 — 466,055 131,978 598,033 33,512 — 64,403 97,915 — 97,792 10,500 108,292 15,721 — 30,214 45,935 728,662 — 818,912 1,547,574 3,193,646 75,487,216 1,958,591 80,639,453 — 167,873 1,003,120 1,170,993 11,756 — L17,846 129,602 23,516 — 100,000 123,516 9,291 — 150,000 159,291 — — 4,559,132 4,559,132 1,540 — 87,022 88,562 — — 164,238 164,238 1,569 — 3,000 4,569 180,786 — 71,863 252,649 154,324 — 100,000 254.324 — 780,686 251,108 1,031,794 4,598 — 4,150 8,748 — 687,064 3,106,978 3,794,042 — 141,394 257,256 398,650 — — 55,175 55,175 49,867 — 15,003 64,870 294,272 — 88,633 382,905 — 60,156 7,000 67,156 — 14,779 1,200 15,979 31,191 — 146,012 177,203 425,596 — 71,000 496,596 — 181,642 9,352 190,994 137,001 — 509,988 646,989 — 30,123,536 3,415,606 33,539,142 282,693 — 223,178 505,871 8,736 — 75,000 83,736 23,257 — 12,103 35,360 12,801 — 52,180 64,981 9,868 — 117,723 127,591 — 40,185 100,000 140,185 — 6,874 500,000 506,874 175,690 — 20,000 195,690 435,983 — 655,465 1,091,448 368,003 — 900,000 1,268,003 1,464 — 443 1,907 — 701,696 179,008 880,704 96,154 — 24,072 120,226 — 7,265 50,161 57,426 479,025 — 920,587 1,399,612 23,008 — 232,047 255,055 119,359 — 215,671 335,030 191,603 — 30,000 221,603 — 4,828 20,000 24,828 — 64,227 10,000 74,227 — 180,541 20,560 201,101 223,044 — 166,050 389,094 — 1,047,088 150,000 1,197,088 1,982,184 — 590,604 2,572,788 — 713,538 2,856,875 3,570,413 9,792 — 18,817 28,609 151,082 — 110,000 261,082 16,471 — 200,000 216,471 34,982 — 158,757 193,739 11,034,658 — 4,346,831 15,381,489 148,632 — 30,000 178,632 1,247,724 — 458,101 1,705,825 38,751 — 10,053 48,804 — 328,648 291,426 620,074 959,085 — 6,077,985 7,037,070 1,240,774 — 479,450 1,720,224 524,075 — 80,124 604,199 Table S. Endowment and Similar Activiities September 30, 1996 (continued) Maikel Value* Unrestricted Designated Temporarily Restricted Permanently Total Restricted Market Value DONOR DESIGNATED PURPOSE - TRUE: (Continued) Wells. Dr. John W Williston, Samuel Wendell, Diptera Research Williams, Blair and Elsie Wood, Elizabeth B. and Laurence I. (See Note 1) . . Zerbee, Frances Brinckle Zirkle, Nancy Behrend (See Note 1) Subtotal DONOR DESIGNATED PURPOSE - QUASI: Abbott, Marie Bohrn Archives of American Art Armstrong, Edwin James Au Panier Fleuri Bacon, Virginia Purdy Bateman, Robert Becker, George F. Cooper Hewitt Acquisition Endowment Fund Davis, Gene, Memorial Denghausen, Luisita L. and Franz H Desautels, Paul E Friends of Music Endowment Fund Gaver, Gordon Haas, Gloria, Fellowship Hachenbergh, George P. and Caroline Hammond, John Performance Series Fund Hanson, Martin Gustav and Caroline R Hirshhom Collections Endowment Fund Hirshhorn, Joseph H., Bequest Fund The Holenia Trust Fund The Holenia Trust Fund II The Holenia Trust Fund III Ilouchins, Lee and Chang-Su (See Note 1) Hunterdon Endowment Johnson, E.R.Fenimore Lane, Robert and Mildred Katchmar Leob, Morris Long, Annette E. and Edith C Louie, Richard Memorial Mcl.aughlan, Thomas Merrell, Elinor Myer, Catherine Walden Noyes, Frank B Noyes, Pauline Riggs Pell, Cornelia Livingston Ramsey, Adm. and Mrs. Dewitt Clinton Rathbun, Richard, Memorial Reeves, Douglas F. and Sanae Iida (See Note 1| Ripley. S. Dillon Library Roebling Solar Research Ross, Arthur Garden and Terrace Ruef, Bertha M Schultz, Leonard P. Seidell, Atherton Smithsonian Institution Libraries Strong, Julia D Witherspoon, Thomas A., Memorial Subtotal Total Donor Designated Purpose BOARD DESIGNATED PURPOSE - TRUE: Walcott, Charles D. and Mary Vaux, Research Subtotal 30,505 20,617 8,393 14,881 4,276 5,003 26,942 57,447 39,622 60,239 270,968 270,968 1,000 9,393 102,868 117,749 26,626,335 115,753,816 44,844,638 187,224,789 243,345 406,401 42,360 165,290 829,602 48,320 1,435,886 712,266 325,304 15,232,231 24,653 160,023 20,453 5,648 4 5, (.46 461,919 90,777 12,813,470 2,602,857 8,321,733 3,138,802 1,036,834 31,061,760 67,211 337,227 900,298 5,560 72,745 118,582 124,842 206,335 10,400 77,888 76,173 1,607,316 109,142 71,208 234,659 111,768 261,924 215,336 5,672,927 152,050 102,559 1,315,957 91,248 73,405 127,677 245,063 305,646 243,345 406,401 42,360 165,290 829,602 139,568- 1,435,886 712,266 325,304 15,232,231 24,653 160,023 20,453 30,227 43,646 461,919 90,777 12,813,470 2,602,857 8,321,733 3,138,802 1,036,834 73,405 31,061,760 67,211 337,227 900,298 5,560 72,745 118,582 520,795 206,335 10,400 77,888 76,173 1,607,316 109,142 127,677 316,271 234,659 784,794 261,924 215,336 5,672,927 457,696 102,559 1,315,957 — 91,075,687 1,936,597 - 93,012,284 — 117,702,022 117,690,413 44,844,638 280,237,073 — 4,009,086 574,182 4,583,268 — 4,009,086 - 574,182 4,583,268 able 5. Endowment and Similar Activiitics September 30, 1996 (continued) Market Value Unrestricted Unrestricted Designated Temporarily Restricted Permanently Total Restricted Market Value iOARD DESIGNATED PURPOSE - QUASI: Abbott, William L Barstow, Fredric D Hirshhorn Museum Acquisition Fund Lindbergh Chair of Aerospace History Lindbergh, Charles A Lyon, Marcus Ward, Jr Martin Marietta Internship NMNH Research NZP Programs Smithsonian Press Scholarly Books Fund Webb, James E., Fellowship Women's Committee Fellowship Subtotal otal Board Designated Purpose OTAL ENDOWMENT AND SIMILAR ACTIVITIES 184,334,437 1,217,823 10,178 4,211,331 4,217,857 67,908 46,195 303,086 179,194 3,974,041 2,955,710 1,963,907 424,011 1,217,823 10,178 4,211,331 4,217,857 67,908 46,195 303,086 179,194 3,974,041 2,955,710 1,963,907 424,011 — 19,571,241 19,571,241 23,580,327 574,182 24,154,509 184,334,437 141,282,349 117,762,833 49,527,771 492,907,390 Jote 1: Invested all or in part in nonpooled investments "able 6. Construction and Plant Funds, Fiscal Years 1996 and 1995 (in SOOOs) 3,250 3,042 33,954 23,954 2,994 571 15,000 19,469 — (700) 1,000 92 6 (1,700) 8,700 — UNDS PROVIDED ederal Construction Appropriations: National Zoological Park Repair and Restoration of Buildings Minor Construction National Museum of the American Indian Tropical Research Institute - Tupper Research Facilities . . National Air and Space Museum Dulles Extension General Post Office Building/Hirshhorn National Museum of Natural History East Court Building Total Federal Construction Appropriations Jonappropriated Trust Plant Funds: ncome - Gift and Other Cooper - Hewitt, National Design Museum National Museum of the American Indian* National Museum of Natural History - Gem Hall National Air and Space Museum Dulles Extension Other Total Trust Resources "otal Resources Provided (Federal and Trust) 64,904 44,728 1,630 1,613 6,302 5,390 211 2,215 500 — 349 366 8,992 9,584 73,896 54,312 Includes $900 thousand in FY96 and $2,496 thousand in FY 95 provided for construction of the National Museum of the American Indian NMA1) from the NMAI Membership Program. Independent Auditors' Report BOARD OF REGENTS SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION: We have audited the accompanying statement of financial position of the Smithsonian Institution as of September 30, 1996, and the related statements of financial activity and cash flows for the year then ended. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Smithsonian Institution's manage- ment. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audit. We conducted our audit in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards and Government Auditing Stan- dards, issued by the Comptroller General of the United States. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and sig- nificant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of' the Smithsonian Institution as of September 30, 1996, and the changes in its net assets and its cash flows for the year then ended, in conformity with generally accepted account- ing principles. As discussed in note 2 to the financial statements, effective October 1, 1995, the Smithsonian Institution adopted the provisions of Statements of Financial Accounting Standards Nos. 116, Accounting for Contributions Received and Contribu- tions Made; 1 1 7, Financial Statements of Not-for-Profit Organiza- tions; and 124, Accounting for Investments Held by Not-for-Profit Organizations. Washington, D.C. January 17, 1997 KPMG Peat Marwick LLP SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Statement of Financial Position September 30, 1996 (in thousands) Trust 1 cderal Total I unds Funds Funds 3,413 198,061 201,474 59,607 13,397 73,004 23,559 — 23,559 4,000 — 4,000 19,226 1,001 20,227 538,657 — 538,657 97,145 367,839 464,984 Assets Cash and balances with the U.S. treasury Receivables and advances (note 4) Prepaid and deferred expenses (note 5) Other assets (note 6) Inventory Investments (note 7) Property and equipment, net mote 10) Collections (note 6) total assets I labilities: Accounts payable and accrued expenses Payable for investment securities purchased Deferred revenue Long-term debt mote 1 1) Deposits held for others (note 12) Accrued annual leave and voluntary separation costs (note 13) Unexpended federal appropriations (note 2) 36,188 27,738 63,926 25,194 — 25,194 51,047 — 51,047 3,097 — 3,097 6,883 — 6,883 4,549 16,230 20,779 _ 183,720 183,720 rotal liabilities 126,958 227,688 354,646 Net Assets: Unrestricted: Funds functioning as endowments (note 8) Operational balances and net property and equipment 325,616 100,759 352,610 325,616 453,369 Total unrestricted net assets 426,375 352,610 778,985 Temporarily restricted: Funds functioning as endowments (note 8) Donor contributions for ongoing programs 117,763 24,983 I 117,763 24,983 Total temporarily restricted net assets 142,746 - 142,746 Permanently restricted: True endowment Interest in perpetual trusts 47,842 1,686 Z 47,842 1,686 Total permanently restricted net assets (note 8) 49,528 - 49,528 Total net assets 618,649 352,610 971,259 Commitments and contingencies (note 14) Total liabilities and net assets $ 745,607 580,298 1,325,905 See accompanying notes to the financial statements VIITHSONIAN INSTITUTION :atement of Financial Activity For the Year Ended September 30, 1996 (In thousands) Trust Funds Federal Funds Temporarily Permanently Restricted Restricted Total Trust Funds Trust Funds perating revenue and gains: Government funding and other revenue: Federal appropriations (note 2) Government grants and contracts Short-term investment income (note 9) Endowment payout (note 9) Private grants Rentals, fees, and commissions Auxiliary activities Total operating revenue, gains and other additions tpenses: Research, education and collections management Auxiliary activities Administration 55,859 3,682 11,534 3,187 34,057 192,302 354,343 55,859 3,682 11,534 3,187 34,057 192,302 171,230 176,649 27,997 354,343 294,992 47,908 (3,606) 466,222 176,649 75,905 354.343 55,859 3,697 16,576 3,187 34,057 192,302 Total government funding and other revenue 300,621 354,343 654,944 4,703 354 660,021 Contributions: Program support Construction of facilities 26,875 - 26,875 4,499 6,810 4,429 35,803 6,810 Total contributions 26,875 - 26,875 11,309 4,429 42,613 Total operating revenue and gains Net assets released from restrictions 327,496 19,618 354,343 681,839 19,618 16,012 (19,618) 4,783 7()2,(i U 466,222 176,649 75, 90S Total expenses 342,900 Increase (decrease) in net assets from operations ndovvment return reinvested (note 9) hange in net assets related to collection items not capitalized: Proceeds from sale (note 6) Proceeds from insurance recoveries (note 6) Collection items purchased (note 6) (28,762) 29,551 50 2 (4,820) (17,319) 29,551 50 2 (5,530) (3,606) 11,804 (16,142) 41,361 50 (5,530) Net increase in net assets before changes in accounting principles umulative effect on prior years (to September 30, 1995) of recognizing promises to give as revenue and federal appropriations as exchange transactions (note 2) umulative effect of prior years (to September 30, 1995) of recognizing (3,979) (162,322) (162,322) investments at fair value (note 2) 34,732 - 34,732 18,209 - 52,941 et increase (decrease) in net assets 30,753 (151,589) (120,836) 38,936 14,109 (67,791) et assets, beginning of the year et assets, end of the year $ 395,622 426,375 504,199 352,610 899,821 778,985 103,810 142,746 35,419 49,528 1,039,050 971,259 e accompanying notes to the financial statements SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Statement of Cash Flows For the Year ended September 30, 1996 (In thousands) Trust Funds Federal Funds Total Funds Cash flows from operating activities: Net increase (decrease) in net assets Adjustments to reconcile net increase (decrease) in net assets to net cash provided by operating activities: Cumulative effect on prior years for SFAS 124 implementation Cumulative effect on prior years for SFAS 116 implementation Proceeds from sales of collections Proceeds from collection insurance recoveries Collection items purchased Depreciation and amortization Gain (loss) on disposition of assets Contributions for increases in endowment Contributions for construction of property Appropriations for repair and restoration and construction of property Investment income restricted for long-term investment Provision for doubtful accounts Net realized and unrealized gain on sale of securities Decrease in receivables and advances Decrease in prepaid and deferred expense Increase in other assets (151,589) (52,941) — (52,941) (21,849) 162,322 140,473 (50) — (50) (2) — (2) 4,820 710 5,530 6,061 32,103 38,164 86 222 308 (3,542) — (3,542) (6,810) — (6,810) — (64,904) (64,904) (360) — (360) 6,941 — 6,941 (37,298) — (37,298) (16,603) 1,198 17,801 4,734 — 4,734 (4,000) — (4,0001 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Statement of Cash Flows For the Year ended September 30, 1996 (In thousands) (continued) Trust Federal Total Funds Funds Funds (1,004) 424 (580) 21,763 3,690 25,453 (12,271) — (12,271) 887 (1,349) (462) 336 3,270 3,606 (18,773) — (18,773) — 21,398 21,398 Adjustments to reconcile net increase (decrease) in net assets to net cash provided by operating activities: (continued) (Increase) decrease in inventory Increase in payables and accrued expenses Decrease in payable for investment securities purchased Increase (decrease) in deposits held for others Increase in accrued leave and voluntary separation costs Decrease in deferred revenue Increase in unexpended funds with the U.S. Treasury Net cash provided from (used in) operating activities (5,376) i rli flows from investing activities: Proceeds from sales of collections Proceeds from collection insurance recoveries Collection items purchased Purchase of property and equipment Proceeds from the sale of property and equipment Purchase of investment securities Proceeds from the sale of investment securities 2 _ 2 50 — 50 (4,820) (710) (5,530) (14,578) (46,752) (61,330) 641 — 641 (8X4,121) — (884,121) 907,576 — 907,576 Net cash pros ided from (used in) investing acti\ (ties 4,750 (42,712) i ash flows from finant ing activities: i ontributions foi increases in endowment i ontributions foi construction of property Appropriations for repair and restoration and construction of property Investment income restricted tor long-term purpose Repa) ments "t long-term debt 3,542 6,810 360 (253) 3,542 6,810 64,904 360 (253) Net cash provided from financing activities 10,459 64,904 75,363 Nel iiu rease in cash and balances with the U.S. lYeasurj i ash and balances with the U.S. Treasury: Beginning ol the year 2,338 1,075 24,937 173,124 27,275 174,199 1 nd "1 tile \ear $ 3.413 198,061 201,474 ( ash paid lor interest during fiscal year 1996 was $181,000. See accompanying notes to the financial statements (l) Organization The Smithsonian Institution was i reated by act of Congress in 1846 in accordance mill ihe terms ol the will ol lames Smithson of England, who, in 1826, bequeathed bis propertj to die ( Inited States i il America "to found at Washington, under the name of the SiiiiiIim.iii, in Institution, an establishment tor the increase and diffusion oi knowledge among men." After receiving the property and accepting the trust, I ongress vested responsibility in the Smithsonian Hoard of Regents to administer the trust The Smithsonian Institution (Smithsonian I is a museum, education and research complex of lb museums and galleries, and the National Zoological Park. Research is carried out in the Smithsonian's museums and facilities throughout the world. The Institution's extensive collections number over 139 million objects. During fiscal year 1996, ovei M million individuals visited the Smithsonian museums and facilities. The Smithsonian receives its binding from federal appropriations, private gifts and grants, government grants and contracts, investment income, and s'arious business activities, including the Smithsonian magazines, mail-order catalogue, museum shops, food ser- vices, and publications. A substantial portion of the Smithsonian's annual operating budget is funded from annual federal appropriations. Certain construction projects are funded ion percent from federal appropriations, while others are funded using amounts raised from private sources, or a combination of federal and private funds. The federal operating and construction funding is subject to the annual federal appro- priations process, and significant cuts in federal funding would significantly impact the Smithsonian's financial situation. These financial statements do not include the accounts of the National Gallery of Art, the John I. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, or the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, which were established by Congress within the Smithsonian, but are administered under separate boards of trustees. (2) Summary of Significant Accounting Policies These financial statements present the financial position, financial activity, and cash flows of the Smithsonian Institution from all funding sources, prepared on the accrual basis of accounting in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Funds received from direct federal appropriations are reported in the columns titled I n the endowment pool subject to donor-imposed restrictions. Donor contributions epresent unspent gifts and promises-to-give of cash and securities subject to donor- mposed restrictions which have not yet been met. Permanently restricted net assets Jet assets subject to donor-imposed stipulations that the principal be maintained 'ermanently by the Smithsonian. Generally, the donors of these assets permit the mithsonian to use all or part of the income earned on investment of the assets for ither general or donor-specified purposes. Federal Funds he Smithsonian receives federal appropriations to support the Smithsonian's operat- ng salaries and expenses, repair and restoration of facilities, and construction. Federal ppropriations are reported as exchange transactions. Thus, federal appropriation rev- nue is classified as unrestricted and is recognized as expenditures are incurred. Unex- lended appropriations represent goods and services that have been ordered but not et received and appropriated funds that have not yet been obligated, and are record- d as liabilities on the statement of financial position. The Smithsonian received appropriations for operations of $310,705,000 in fiscal ear 1996. Federal appropriations for operations are generally available for obligation nly in the year received. In accordance with Public Law 101-510, these annual ppropriations are maintained by the Smithsonian for five years following the year of ppropriation, after which the appropriation account is closed and any unexpended ialances are returned to the U.S. Treasury. During fiscal year 1996, the Smithsonian eturned $1,372,000 to the U.S. Treasury which represents the unexpended balance Dr fiscal year 1991. The Smithsonian received appropriations for repair and restoration of facilities nd construction of $64,904,000 in fiscal year 1996. Federal appropriations for repair nd restoration of facilities and construction are generally available for obligation ntil expended. Federal appropriation revenue recognized in fiscal year 1996 can be reconciled to he federal appropriations received in fiscal year 1996 as follows: Repair & Salaries & Restoration Expenses and Construction Imi.i1 Federal appropriation revenue $ 310,519 43,824 354,343 Unexpended 1996 appropriation* 40,261 64,904 105,165 Amounts expended from prior years' obligations (39,873) |43,S24| (83,697) Other funding (202) (202) Federal appropriation i Federal expenses recognized in fiscal year 1996 can be reconciled to the federal appro- priations received in fiscal year 1996 as follows: Repair & Salaries & Restoration Expenses and Construction Total Federal expenses $ 317,168 26,442 343,610 Unexpended 1996 appropriation* 40,261 M,ui>4 105,165 Depreciation and amortization expense (6,307) (25,796) (32,103) Supplies consumption (424) 14241 Loss on disposition of assets (222l (222) Unfunded annual leave and voluntary separation (3,270) (3,270) Amounts expended from prior years' obligations (39,873) (43,824) (83,697) Capital expenditures 2,928 43,824 46,752 Other expenses (202) (202) Federal appropriation received The $343,610,000 in Federal expenses includes $710,000 in purchases of collections. Federal unrestricted net assets primarily represent the Smithsonian's net investment in property, plant and equipment purchased with or constructed using federal appro- priated funds. * Unexpended appropriations for all fiscal years total $183,720,000 at September 30, 1996, and consist of $64,637,000 in unexpended operating funds and $119,083,000 in unexpended repair and restoration and construction funds. Unex- pended operating funds include amounts for the Museum Support Center move and the National Museum of the American Indian. LInexpended repair and restoration funds represent amounts available for on-going major repair and restoration of the Smithsonian's museums and facilities. Unexpended construction funds represent amounts appropriated but not yet expended for construction of new facilities. Cash and Balances with U.S. Treasury Amounts represent cash deposited with financial institutions, balances held by the U.S. Treasury that are available for disbursement and short-term U.S. Treasury securi- ties. Securities are carried at market value. At September 30, 1996, cash equivalents of $5,725,000 are included in cash and balances with U.S. Treasury in the statement of financial position. Investments The Smithsonian's marketable and debt securities are reported at fair value based on quoted market prices. Changes in fair value are recognized in the statement of financial activity. Purchases and sales of investments are recorded on the trade date. Investment income is recorded when earned, and gains and losses on the sale of investments are recognized on the trade date basis using the average cost method. As mandated by Congress, the Smithsonian maintains two $500,000 Treasury invest- ments relating to the original James Smithson gift. Contributions Receivable Contributions receivable that are expected to be collected within one year are report- ed at the net realizable value. Contributions receivable that are expected to be collect- ed in future years are discounted to present value and reported at net realizable value. Conditional contributions receivable are not recorded until material conditions have been met. Inventories Inventories are reported at the lower of cost or market, and consist primarily of mer- chandise inventory, books, recordings, and office supplies. Cost is determined using the first-in, first-out method. Deferred Revenue and Expense Revenue from subscriptions to Smithsonian magazine and Air & Space/Smithsonian magazine is recognized over the period of the subscription, which is generally one year. Certain costs to obtain subscriptions to the magazines are charged against rev- enue over the subscription period. The Smithsonian expenses promotion production costs the first time the advertis- ing takes pi. ice. Direct-response advertising relating to the magazines is deferred and amortized over one year. Split Interest Agreements and Perpetual Trusts Split interest agreements with donors consist primarily of irrevocable charitable remainder trusts. Contribution revenue and assets are recognized at fair value on the date the trusts are established. Assets are adjusted during the term of the trusts for changes in the value of the assets, accretion of discounts, and other changes in the estimated future benefits. The Smithsonian is also the beneficiary of certain perpetual trusts held and admin- istered by others. The present values of the estimated future cash receipts from the trusts are recognized as assets and contribution revenue at the dates the trusts are established, distributions from the trusts are recorded as contributions and the carry- ing value oi the assets is adjusted for changes in the estimates of future receipts. Property unit Equipment Property and equipment purchased with federal or trust funds are capitalized at cost. Property and equipmenl acquired through transfer from government agencies are capitalized al net book value or lair value, whichever is more readily determinable. Property and equipment acquired through donation are capitalized at appraised value at the dale ol the kiii l"hese assets are depreciated on .1 straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives as follows: Buildings Majot renovations Equipment to years 1 5 years : in years Certain kinds occupied In i he Smithsonian's buildings, primarily located in the District ni t olumbla, Maryland and Virginia, were appropriated and reserved by Congress for the Smithsonian's use. ihe Smithsonian serves .is trustee ol these lands for as long as the) are used to carry mil the Smithsonian's mission. These lands are titled in the 11.11111- of the U.S. government and are not reflected in the actum pain ing financial statements. Collections The Smithsonian acquires its collections, which include works ol an library books, photographic archives, objects and specimens, by purchase using federal or trust funds or by donation. All collections are held tor public exhibition, education, or research, furthering the Smithsonian's mission to increase and diffuse knowledge to the public I he Smithsonian protects and preserves its collections, which total more than 139 million items [fie Smithsonian's Collections Management policj includes guidance on the preservation, care and maintenance of the collections and procedures relating In I he accession /deaccession of items u ilhin I he i ollui i s The Smithsonian's policy is to not capitalize its collections, therefore, no value is assigned lo the collections on the statement of financial position Purchases of collec- tion items aie recorded as expense in the year in which the items are acquired. Con- tributed collection items are not reflet ted In the financial statements. Proceeds from deaccessions or insurance recoveries from lost or destroyed collection items are reflect- ed as increases in the appropriate net asset class, and are designated for future collec- tion acquisitions Items 1I1.1I are acquired with the intent at the time of acquisition not to add them to the collections hut rather to sell, exchange, or otherwise use for financial gain are not considered collection items, and are recorded at fair market value at date of acquisition as other assets In the statement of financial position. Annual l eave I he Smithsonian's civil service employees earn annual leave in accordance with federal laws ami regulations. Separate rules apply for trust employees. Annual leave 101 all employees is recognized as expense when earned. Government Gnmts anil Contracts The Smithsonian receives grants and enters into contracts with the U.S. government and state and local governments, which primarily provide for cost reimbursement to the Smithsonian. Governmental grants and contracts are classified as exchange transactions, therefore unrestricted revenue is recognized as reimbursable expendi- tures are incurred. Contributions The Smithsonian recognizes revenue from unrestricted contributions as unrestricted revenue in the period promises are received. Unrestricted contributions with pay- ments due in future periods are initially recorded as temporarily restricted support, and are reclassified to unrestricted net assets when payments become due. Temporarily restricted contributions are recorded as temporarily restricted revenue in the period promises are received. When donor restrictions are met, the temporarily restricted net assets are reclassified to unrestricted net assets and are included in net assets released from restrictions in the accompanying statement of financial activity. Permanently restricted contributions are contributions restricted by donors for the Smithsonian's endowment and are recorded as permanently restricted revenue in the period received. Gifts of long-lived assets are recorded as unrestricted revenue in the period received. In-kind contributions of goods and services totaling $10,279,000 were received in fiscal year 1996 and recorded as program support in the accompanying statement of financial activity. The nature of the in-kind contributions primarily includes donated space and contributed collection items held for sale. A substantial number of volunteers also make significant contributions of time to the Smithsonian, enhancing its activities and programs. In fiscal year 1996, more tha 9,000 volunteers contributed over 574,000 hours of service to the Smithsonian. The value of these contributions is not recognized in the financial statements. Fundraising Expenses The Smithsonian raises unrestricted, temporarily restricted and permanently restrictei private financial support from individual donors, corporations and foundations to fund Institutional priorities, programs and projects. Fundraising expenses, which totaled $6,002,000 in fiscal year 1996, are expensed as incurred, and are reported within administration in the accompanying statement of financial activity. Fair Value of Financial Instruments The carrying value of financial instruments in the financial statements approximates fair value. Use of Estimates In preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted ,u 1 1 lunting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect ihe reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent asset and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of rev enues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from thos estimates, however, management does not believe that actual results will be materiall different from those estimates. (3) 150th Anniversary Celebration I he Smithsonian celebrated the 150th anniversary of its founding in fiscal year 1996. Activities included three prime-time television specials highlighting Smithsonian research and education programs and collections, a weekend birthday celebration on the National Mall in August, numerous lecture series and symposia, and several spe- cial exhibitions on 150th topics in the museums. A goal of the celebration was to tak* tin Smithsonian out to the American people. To accomplish this, the largest travelini exhibition in Smithsonian history, America's Smithsonian, was developed, showcasing 300 of the Smithsonian's most prized collection items. A U.S. tour is underway that will continue into 1997. The tour opened in February 1996, and traveled to four citie during fiscal year 1996. The plan for funding the 150th anniversary activities was built on attracting 10 national corporate sponsors. Four sponsors were secured. Consequently, expenses exceeded sponsorship resources. Despite the shortfall, planned activities have proceer ed as they are considered an important investment in the future of the Smithsonian. A number of strategies are being actively pursued or have already been put in place ti limit future costs and to ensure that funds raised for future tour sites will be sufficien to cover costs. In addition, 150th activities have led to the identification of business opportunities that could significantly reduce the funding shortfall. As a result, man- agement anticipates that continuation of America's Smithsonian into fiscal year 1997 will have no significant adverse impact on operations. (4) Receivables and Advances Receivables and Advances consisted of the following at September 30, 1996: ($000s) Trust Federal Total Auxiliary activities, net of $790 in allowances $ 19,424 Investment securities sold 7,558 Contributions receivable 19,621 Grants and contracts 7,341 Interest and dividends due 1,854 Advance payments 1,262 Charitable trust 2,047 M.424 7,558 19,621 7,341 1,854 14,659 2,047 Total receivables and advances 59,607 73,1)04 Contributions Receivable Contributions receivable (pledges) are recorded as revenue when received. Pledges for which payment is not due within one year are discounted based on United States Treasury risk-free obligation rates according to their corresponding terms. As of Sep- tember 30, 1996, the aggregate discounted amount due to the Smithsonian as contri- butions receivable was as follows: ($000s) Less than 1 year 1 to 5 years More than 5 years Allowance for uncollectible promises Discount to present value 20,912 2,812 (5,710) (2,1621 Total contributions receivable Conditional Contribution Receivable rhe Smithsonian had an unrecorded conditional contribution receivable of S9, 000, 000. This money is to be restricted for specific capital projects. Advance Payments :ederal advance payments of 513,397,000 represent prepayments made to govern- ment agencies, educational institutions, firms and individuals for services to be ren- iered, or property or materials to be furnished. At September 30, 1996, the Smith- Ionian had advance payments outstanding to the General Services Administration of S 10,020,000 for equipment purchases for the Museum Support Center and other pro- ects to be completed in future years. Advance payments to educational institutions imounting to $2,153,000 were principally under the Special Foreign Currency Pro- jram. Other advance payments totaled $1,224,000. 5) Deferred Promotion Costs Vt September 30, 1996, prepaid and deferred expenses include approximately >5, 254, 000 of deferred promotion costs, mostly related to the Smithsonian magazine. 'romotion expense was $17,935,000 in fiscal year 1996. 6) Accessions and Deaccessions ■or fiscal year 1996, $4,820,000 of trust funds and $710,000 of federal funds were pent to acquire collection items. Proceeds from trust fund deaccessions were $50,000. rhere were no deaccessions of collection items purchased with federal funds in fiscal 'ear 1996. At September 30, 1996, accumulated proceeds and related earnings from leaccessions of 512,813,000 were designated for collections acquisition in the trust unds. Non-cash deaccessions result from the exchange, donation, or destruction of :ollection items, and occur because objects deteriorate, are beyond the scope of a nuseum's mission, or are duplicative. During fiscal year 1996, the Smithsonian had ion-cash deaccessions of works of art, animals, aviation and musical objects. Con- ributed items held for sale total $4,000,000 and are reported as other assets in the tatement of financial position. 7) Investments K September 30, 1996, investments ( iisted of the following: (SOOOs) hort-term investments: Cash equivalents U.S. Government obligations 7,024 32,783 nvestments restricted for acquisiton of plant: U.S. Government obligations 39,807 202 ndowment and similar investments: Pooled investments: Cash equivalents U.S. Government and quasi-government obligations Corporate bonds and other obligations Common and preferred stocks 22,655 51,737 39,441 383,795 Total pooled investments 497,628 Nonpooled investments: Deposit with U.S. Treasury 1,020 otal endowment and similar investments 498,648 otal investments $538,657 B) True Endowment and Funds Functioning as Endowments he Smithsonian uses the "total return" approach to investment management of "ooled true endowment funds and quasi-endowment funds, referred to collectively s the endowment. Each year, the endowment pays out an amount for current expen- itures based upon a number of factors evaluated and approved by the Board of legents. The payout for 1996 was 4.5 percent of the average market value of the ndowment over the prior five years. The difference between the total return (i.e., Lividends, interest and realized capital gains and unrealized capital gainsl and the >ayout is reinvested when there is an excess of total return over payout or withdrawn rom previously accumulated returns when there is a deficiency of total return to pay- ut. Total return exceeded the payout amount in fiscal year 1996 and the excess was einvested in the endowment asset pool. The excess of total return is reported as non- perating revenue in the accompanying statement of financial activity (see note 9). Substantially all of the investments of the endowment are pooled on a market val- e basis, with individual funds subscribing to or disposing of units on the basis of the er unit market value at the beginning of the month with which the transaction ikes place. At September 30, 1996, each unit had a market value of $528. The market alue of the pool's net assets at September 30, 1996, was $481,282,000. This repre- ;nts all pooled investments plus net receivables and payables related to investment ansactions. Each fund participating in the investment pool receives an annual payout equal to the number of units owned times the annual payout amount per unit. The payout for fiscal year 1996 was $18.25 per unit. Based on approved Board policy, if the market value of any endowment fund is less than 1 10 percent of the historical value, the current payout is limited to the actual interest and dividends allocable to that fund. Net asset balances of the endowment consisted of the following at September 30, 1996: ($000s) Unrestricted Unrestricted-designated $184,334 141,2X2 Total unrestricted Temporarily restricted Permanently restricted 325,616 117,763 49,528 Total endowment net assets $492,907 (9) Composition of Total Return from Investments Total return from investments consisted of the following at September 30, 1996: Composition of Endowment Return: (SOOOs) Endowment payout Investment income in excess of payout $ 16,576 5,112 Total investment income Less: investment fees 21,688 (1,248) Net investment income Realized and unrealized gains/losses 20,440 37,497 Endowment total return $ 57,937 Total return is reported as 516,576,000 in operating operating revenue in the statement of financial activity. Composition of Short-Term Investment Total Return: and 541,1111,000 in non- (SOOOs) Investment income Net realized and unrealized loss $ 3,889 (192) Short-term investment total return $ 3,697 (10) Property and Equipment Property and equipment consisted of the following at September 30, 1996: (SOOOs) Trust Funds Federal Funds Total Land Buildings and capital improvements Equipment Leasehold improvements $ 2,387 - 2,387 131.099 682,553 813,652 21,785 51,191 72,976 1,562 - 1,562 Accumulated depreciation 156,833 733,744 890,577 (59,688) (365,905) (425,593) Total property and equipment $ 97,145 367,839 At September 30, 1996, trust and federal buildings and capital improvements includ- ed $6,858,000 and $43,374,000 of construction in progress, respectively. Depreciation expense for fiscal year 1996 totaled $32,103,000 in the federal funds and $6,061,000 in the trust funds. (11) Long-term Debt At September 30, 1996, long-term debt consisted of an unsecured note payable to Signet Bank totaling $2,597,000 and an interest-free loan from the Virginia Depart- ment of Aviation totaling $500,000. The Signet note bears interest at 1 percent in excess of the Federal Funds Rate, which was 6.09 percent at September 30, 1996. Interest is payable quarterly; principal is payable in quarterly installments of $63,333. The remaining unpaid principal bal- ance is due on December 31, 1996. The proceeds from the Signet Bank note financed a warehouse facility for Smithsonian museum shops. During fiscal year 1996, $178,200 was recorded as auxiliary activities interest expense for the note with Signet Bank. I he Virginia Department of Aviation agreed in fiscal year 1995 to make available to the Smithsonian an interest-free loan facility totaling $3 million, of which $500,000 was drawn in fiscal year 1995. This loan facility is intended to assist in the financing of the planning, marketing, fund raising, and design of the proposed National Air and Spa< e Museum extension at Washington Dulles International Airport. The Smith- sonian is scheduled to repay the outstanding loan not later than June 30, 2000. (1 1) Long-term Debt The aggregate amount due for principal repayment during future years ending Sep- tember 30, are as follows: ($000sl 1997 2000 $ 2,597 500 Total $ 3,097 (12) Affiliate Relationships The Smithsonian provides certain fiscal, procurement, facilities and administrative services to several separately incorporated affiliated organizations for which certain officials of the Smithsonian serve on the governing boards. The amounts paid to the Smithsonian by these organizations lor the above services totaled $165,000 of trust funds and $70,00 ideral funds tor fiscal year 1996. Deposits held in custody lor these organizations at September 30, 1996, were $6,883,000, and were recorded In the oust funds. I he l riends ol the National Zoo (FONZ), an independent 501(c)! U organization, inds iin iIh benefit of the Smithsonian's National Zoological Park, 1 unds received by the Smithsonian from FONZ air recorded .is unrestricted revenue and totaled $277,000 In fiscal yeai 1996. (13) Voluntary Separation Costs During fiscal year 1996, the Smithsonian announced a voluntary separation Incentive program foi federal employees. I his program was authorized in the Smithsonian's fis- cal year 199h annual appiupiiation. I he Smithsonian aiccpteil -'Of lrilcr.il employees into the program. Voluntary separation costs totaling $6,572,000 were recorded in the federal funds, i I4i Commitments and < lontingencies Leasing Activities Leases foi Smithsonian warehouse and office spaces provide lor rent escalations to coincide with increases in property taxes, operating expenses attributable to the leased property and the ( onsumei Price Index. I he Smithsonian has the authority to enter into leases loi up to 30 sears using federal funds. The Smithsonian's operating leases fot the warehouse and office spaces require tuturc minimum lease payments as follows: ($000s) 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Thereafter 11,293 9,527 8,664 3.814 1,975 4,094 Total Rental expense for these operating leases totaled $19,663,000 for fiscal year 1996. Government Grants ami Contracts The Smithsonian receives funding or reimbursement from governmental agencies for various activities which are subject to audit. Audits of these activities have been com- pleted through fiscal year 1995, however, audits of fiscal years 1993, 1994 and 1995 have not been closed with the cognizant federal audit agency. Management believes that any adjustments which may result from these audits and the audit for fiscal year 1996 will not have a material adverse effect on the Smithsonian's financial statements. (15) Employee Benefit Plans The federal employees of the Smithsonian are covered by either the Civil Service Retirement System (CSRS) or the Federal Employee Retirement System (FERSI. The terms of these plans are defined in federal regulations. Under both systems, the Smithsonian withholds from each federal employee's salary the required salary per- centage. The Smithsonian also contributes specified percentages. The Smithsuni.in s expense for these plans for fiscal year 1996 was approximately $14,949,000. The Smithsonian has a separate defined contribution retirement plan for trust funi employees, in which substantially all such employees are eligible to participate. Und'l the plan, the Smithsonian contributes stipulated percentages of salary which are usei to purchase individual annuities, the rights to which are immediately vested with th. employees. Employees can make voluntary contributions, subject to certain limita- tions. The Smithsonian's cost of the plan for fiscal year 1996 was $9,039,000. In addition to the Smithsonian's retirement plans, the Smithsonian makes availabl certain health care and life insurance benefits to active and retired trust fund employ ees. The plan is contributory for retirees and requires payment of premiums and deductibles. Retiree contributions for premiums are established by an insurance carri- based on the average per capita cost of benefit coverage for all participants, active an retired, in the Smithsonian's plan. The inclusion of retirees in the calculation of aver age per capita cost results in a higher average per capita cost than would result if onl active employees were covered by the plan. Therefore, the Smithsonian has a postre- tirement benefit obligation for the portion of the expected future cost of the retiree benefits that is not recovered through retiree contributions. The Smithsonian's policy is to fund the cost of these benefits on the pay-as-you-go-basis. The Smithsonian adopted the Financial Accounting Standards Board's SFAS No. I Oh, Employers' Accounting for Postretirement Benefits Other Than Pensions, during fiscal year 1994 and elected to record the October 1, 1993, accumulated postretire- ment benefit obligation (APBO) using the 20-year amortization option. The following table presents the plan's funded status reconciled with amounts rec- ognized in the Smithsonian's statement of financial position at September 30, 1996: ($000; Accumulated postretirement benefit obligation: Retirees Active plan participants (2,59s (5,58( lnt.il Plan assets at fair value Accumulated postretirement benefit obligation in excess of plan assets Unrecognized prior service costs i ni' ' ognized net gain Unrecognized transition obligation (8,17? 201 (7,97c. (1.17C 5,54j Accrued postretirement benefit cost Net periodic postretii eludes: it benefit cost for the year ended September 30, 1996 Service costs Interest costs Amortizaion of transition obligation over 20 years Return on assets 588 304 Net periodic postretirement benefit cost The discount rate used to determine the APBO was 8.25 percent. A 10 percent health care cost trend rate was assumed for fiscal year 1996, decreasing .5 percent each year to an ultimate rate of 5 percent in fiscal year 2006 and thereafter. If the assumed health care cost trend rate was increased by 1 percent in each year, the net periodic postretirement benefit cost would be higher by $200,000 and the APBO high er by $1,140,000 as of September 30, 1996. (16) Income Taxes The Smithsonian is exempt from income taxation under the provisions of Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code (the Code). Organizations described in that section are taxable only on their unrelated business income. Periodical advertising sales is the main source of unrelated business income. An IRS determination letter has been received supporting the Smithsonian's tax-exempt status. No provision for income taxes was required for fiscal year 1996. It is the opinion of the Smithsonian's management that the Smithsonian is also J exempt from taxation as an instrumentality of the United States as defined in Section 501(c)(1) of the Code. Organizations described in that section are exempt from all : taxation. The Smithsonian has not yet formally sought such dual status. lb. mi Vv* ;' < >;s"'"i '' HP w mettOwSmitl "*r sr ^ ft /fir ^SMITHSONIAN YEAR Smithsonian Institution H MT# 0- • '•* * <* SMITHSONIAN YEAR VNUAL REPORT OF THE WTHSONIAN INSTITUTION DR THE YEAR ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 1997 iU8§ ashington, D.C. ■ 1 998 COVER: As part of a Young at Art pro- gram at the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, children on an "art hunt" look for patterns in New Figura- tion, by Tony Cragg. (Photograph by Ricardo Blanc) FRONTISPIECE: Visitors of all ages en- joy the carousel on the National Mall. Behind it is the Arts and Industries Building, the Smithsonian's second oldest building. (Photograph by Charles Phillips) TITLE PAGE: Even the youngest children appreciate the richness of various cul- tures through museum experiences. The Smithsonian Office of Education's Museum Magnet Schools often use objects that children can touch to make ideas come alive. (Photograph by Eve Morra) BACK COVER: On "Mars Day!" at the National Air and Space Museum, September 27, 1997, visitors use 3-D glasses to see the Mars Pathfinder landing site on a computer monitor. (Photographs by Carolyn J. Russo) Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1997, containing a chronology of the year and records of Smith- sonian advisory boards; narrative reports from museums and offices; visitor counts, lists of fellows, in- terns, and research associates; pub- lications; staff; and donations to the Institution, is made available on the World Wide Web by Smith- sonian Institution Press and the Office of the Provost at http://www.si.edu. CONTENTS SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION STATEMENT BY THE SECRETARY 19 REPORT OF THE BOARD OF REGENTS 23 REPORT OF THE PROVOST MUSEUMS AND RESEARCH INSTITUTES Anacostia Museum and Center for African American History and Culture Archives of American Art Arthur M. Sackler Gallery Center for Folklife Programs and Cultural Studies Conservation Analytical Laboratory Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum Freer Gallery of Art Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden National Air and Space Museum National Museum of African Art National Museum of American Art National Museum of American History National Museum of the American Indian National Museum of Natural History National Portrait Gallery National Zoological Park Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory Smithsonian Environmental Research Center Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute 59 REPORT OF THE UNDER SECRETARY 70 MEMBERSHIP AND DEVELOPMENT 88 AFFILIATED ORGANIZATIONS 89 John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts 90 National Gallery of Art 91 Reading Is Fundamental, Inc. 92 Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars 93 FINANCIAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION WAS CREATED BY ACT OF CONGRESS IN 1 846 IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE TERMS OF THE WILL OF JAMES SMITHSON OF ENGLAND, WHO IN 1 826 BEQUEATHED HIS PROP- ERTY TO THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA "TO FOUND AT WASHINGTON, UNDER THE NAME OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, AN ESTABLISH- MENT FOR THE INCREASE AND DIFFUSION OF KNOWLEDGE AMONG MEN." AFTER RECEIVING THE PROPERTY AND ACCEPTING THE TRUST, CONGRESS VESTED RESPONSIBILITY FOR ADMINISTERING THE TRUST IN THE SMITHSONIAN BOARD OF REGENTS. BOARD OF REGENTS AND SECRETARY September 30, 1997 BOARD OF REGENTS William H. Rehnquist, Chief Justice of the United States, Chancellor, ex officio Albert Gore Jr., Vice-President of the United States, ex officio Thad Cochran, Senator from Mississippi Bill Frist, Senator from Tennessee Daniel P. Moynihan, Senator from New York Sam Johnson, Representative from Texas Bob Livingston, Representative from Louisiana Esteban E. Torres, Representative from California Howard H. Baker Jr., Citizen of the District of Columbia Barber B. Conable Jr., Citizen of New York Anne d'Harnoncourt, Citizen of Pennsylvania Louis V. Gerstner Jr., Citizen of Connecticut Hanna H. Gray, Citizen of Illinois Manuel L. Ibafiez, Citizen of Texas Homer A. Neal, Citizen of Michigan Frank A. Shrontz, Citizen of Washington Wesley S. Williams Jr., Citizen of the District of Columbia THE SECRETARY I. Michael Heyman, Secretary Constance Berry Newman, Under Secretary I Dennis O'Connor, Provost M. John Berry, Director of Government Relations Thomas D. Blair, Inspector General Miguel A. Bretos, Counselor for Community Affairs James M. Hobbins, Executive Assistant to the Secretary John E. Huerta, General Counsel Thomas E. Lovejoy, Counselor for Biodiversity and Environmental Affairs Marc J. Pachter, Counselor for Electronic Communications and Special Projects David J. Umansky, Director of Communications L. Carole Wharton, Director of the Office of Planning, Management, and Budget SMITHSONIAN NATIONAL BOARD September 30, 1997 Mrs. Jean Mahoney, Chairman Mr. Clive Runnells, Vice-Chairman CURRENT MEMBERS Sir Valentine Abdy The Hon. Max N. Berry Mrs. Laura Lee Blanton Mrs. John M. Bradley Mr. Stephen F. Brauer The Hon. Henry E. Catto Mr. Peter R. Coneway Mr. Thomas Edward Congdon Ms. Allison Stacey Cowles Mr. Frank A. Daniels Jr. Baron Eric de Rothschild Mr. Archie W. Dunham Mrs. Patricia Frost Ms. Nely Galan Mr. Bert A. Getz Mr. Paul Hertelendy Mrs. Ruth S. Holmberg Mr. S. Roger Horchow Mr. Richard Hunt Mr. Robert L. James Mrs. Donald W. Jeffries, ex officio Mrs. James W. Kinnear Mrs. Marie L. Knowles The Hon. Marc E. Leland Mr. Donald G. Lubin Mrs. Elizabeth S. MacMillan Ms. Holly Madigan Mr. Frank N. Magid Mrs. John F. Mars Mr. Michael Peter McBride Mrs. Nan Tucker McEvoy Mr. Kenneth B. Miller The Hon. Norman Y. Mineta Mr. Thomas D. Mullins Mr. Rupert Murdoch Mr. John N. Nordstrom Mrs. Lucio A. Noto Mrs. Vivian W. Piasecki Mr. Heinz C. Prechter Mrs. Charles H. Price Mr. A. R. Tony Sanchez Mr. David M. Silfen The Hon. Alan K. Simpson Ms. Kathy Daubert Smith Mr. Kenneth L. Smith Mr. Kelso F. Sutton Mr. Jeffrey N. Watanabe Mr. Frank A. Weil Mrs. Nancy Brown Wellin Mr. Anthony Welters Mr. Daniel W. Yohannes HONORARY MEMBERS Dr. Robert McC. Adams Mr. William S. Anderson Mr. Richard P. Cooley Mr. Joseph F. Cullman III Mr. Charles D. Dickey Jr. Mr. Alfred C.Glassell Jr. Mr. W. L. Hadley Griffin The Hon. William A. Hewitt The Hon. George C. McGhee Justice Sandra Day O'Connor The Hon. S. Dillon Ripley II Mr. Francis C. Rooney Jr. Mr. Wilbur L.Ross Jr. Mr. Lloyd G. Schermer Mrs. Gay F Wray Smithsonian Institution Board of Regents The Secretary Inspector General General Counsel Government Relations The Under Secretary Communications — Public Affairs — Visitor Information and Associates' Reception Center Special Events and Conference Services Operations Directorate Finance Comptroller Contracting and Property Management Risk and Asset Management Administration Equal Employment and Minority Affairs Human Resources Ombudsman Facilities Environmental Management and Safety Physical Plant Protection Services Information Technology Imaging, Printing & Photographic Services Information Technology Business Management Directorate Smithsonian Magazine Smithsonian Associates Smithsonian Businesses —Retail — Concessions — Product Development and Licensing —Smithsonian Press/Productions Planning, Management, and Budget Membership and Development The Provost Under Separate Boards of Trustees John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts National Gallery of Art Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars Museums and Research Institutes Education, Museum, and Scholarly Services Anacostia Museum and Center for African American History and Culture Archives of American Art Arthur M. Sackler Gallery/ Freer Gallery of Art Center for Folklife Programs and Cultural Studies Conservation Analytical Laboratory Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden National Air and Space Museum National Museum of African Art National Museum of American Art — Renwick Gallery National Museum of American History —National Postal Museum National Museum of the American Indian National Museum of Natural History —Museum Support Center National Portrait Gallery National Zoological Park Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory Smithsonian Environmental Research Center Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Center for Museum Studies Exhibits Central Fellowships and Grants International Relations National Science Resources Center Smithsonian Institution Archives Smithsonian Institution Libraries Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service Smithsonian Office of Education Sponsored Projects Other Support Services: Accessibility Program Institutional Studies Scientific Diving Program STATEMENT BY THE SECRETARY /. MICHAEL HEYMAN Above: Secretary I. Michael Heyman (Photograph by Richard W. Strauss) Before i took up my responsibilities as secretary of the Smithsonian institu- tion IN SEPTEMBER 1 994, I HAD ENJOYED 35 YEARS AS A MEMBER OF AN ACADEMIC community, the university of california at berkeley, and 10 as chancellor. One of the questions i am regularly asked is whether i miss the world of students and the opportunity to shape their education. The answer is yes, i do I miss the company of undergraduates and gradu- ates. For someone of my generation, teaching the young is a way to touch Left: Transfixed by the wonders visible through a magnifying glass, a child experiences the world of education at THE FUTURE. BUT I AM QUICK TO ADD THAT I HAVE NOT LEFT THE WORLD OF EDUCA- the Smithsonian. (Photograph by Laurie Minor-Penland) tion; i have simply exchanged one kind of educational institution for another. James smithson's mandate to dedicate the Smithsonian to -the increase and diffu- sion OF KNOWLEDGE" WELL OVER 1 50 YEARS AGO KEEPS THIS GREAT COMPLEX OF MUSEUMS AND research institutes focused on goals that are at the heart of education. There are differences, of course. Much of the education that happens within the Smith- sonian UNIVERSE CAN BE DESCRIBED AS INFORMAL RATHER THAN FORMAL. We ARE NOT A DEGREE- GRANTING INSTITUTION, NOR DO WE SHEPHERD THE YOUNG THROUGH THE STAGES OF CLASSROOM Art specialist Wanda Aikens shows students from the Lucy E. Moten Elementary School the art of mask making. The sessions are part of the Anacostia Museum's longstanding educational partnership with the school. (Photograph by Harold Dorwin) experience from elementary through high school. We present to the public, both school-age and adult, a wealth of programs that represent and reinforce the excite- ment of learning about the human and the natural worlds. We have no alumni because there is no fixed starting or ending point to what we offer. In recent years, however, the Smithsonian has taken more and more interest in making its re- sources directly available to Amer- ica's schools. In the last decades of this century, our nation has come to recognize a need to find new ways to support the education of our children and to help prepare them for a rapidly changing world. The Smithsonian has developed educational materials and pro- grams based on actual objects and other primary resources that, in effect, take our museums and re- search institutes to the classroom. We feel we have something to of- fer schools that is special to our own learning environment. Traditionally, education has re- lied heavily on texts and lectures, questions and discussions. Words are at the core of the experience. Object-based education focuses the learning experience more on artifacts and primary documents in a manner that taps children's diverse learning styles while stim- ulating interest and providing a deeper understanding of the sub- ject. As one teacher put it, "Even young children can often be helped to understand quite com- plex concepts when they can dis- cover them concretely manifested in objects." One Smithsonian project for schoolchildren based on this ap- proach is "Of Kayaks and Ulus," which was created largely by the National Museum of Natural His- tory for grades 7 through 10. The project, originally presented in a kit but soon available on the Inter- net, involves Bering Sea Eskimos and emphasizes the journals and collections of a famous 19th- century Smithsonian naturalist, Edward Nelson. The kit contains a teachers' guide, which suggests, for in- stance, that students view 10 "mystery" slides of objects from the Eskimo culture, then ponder how these objects were made and used. Further discussion usually elicits hypotheses about the envi- ronment in which the people who made these items lived, the natural resources they depended upon, their ability as craftspeople, and similar topics. After this process, the students learn that all the ob- jects, and many others, are in a collection at the Smithsonian amassed by Nelson. Then they are introduced to reproductions of Nelson's letters, journals, photo- graphs, drawings, and field notes. There are many other examples of similar projects developed by the Smithsonian. One is a popular science curriculum featuring hands-on experiments for students in grades 1 through 6. Created by the National Science Resources Center (a joint initiative of the Smithsonian and the National Academy of Sciences), the curricu- lum enables children to learn by doing experiments as well as by reading texts and listening to teachers. As one of the world's pre- mier research institutions, we are ideally suited to help students bet- ter understand science by teaching them not only what we know but also how we know it. The program, called Science and Technology for Children, is used in more than 20 percent of the nation's school dis- tricts, and similar curricula are now being fashioned for grades 7 and 8. One of the pleasures of my posi- tion as Secretary is the opportunity to visit schools and see some of these programs in action. I can also keep in touch with students, though they are somewhat younger than the Berkeley undergraduates I once knew. Last year, I observed classes using the NSRC science curriculum while I was visiting Anchorage, Alaska. It was a delight to see fifth- and sixth-graders not only reading about science but actually handling objects that had scientific impor- tance. This is a wonderful way to teach the scientific method. The pupils hypothesized about the out- come, did the steps, and saw the results. They learned as much when they were wrong as when thev were right. pressed by the inventiveness of their strategies. The National Portrait Gallery, for example, takes to classrooms "The Trial of John Brown," in which costumed gallery staff play the roles of judge, Another time, I was surrounded by a kinetic first-grade group visit- ing the Hands On History Room at the National Museum of American History. The objects here were not scientific but historical, evoking the early 19th century, and they were all piled into a big box. I was one of the adults telling that ex- cited group stories about the ob- jects and clothing. The excitement mounted when the children were invited to try on the clothing; one great big red cape was particularly popular. I know something impor- tant was happening there: the stimulation of curiosity and the glimmerings of a world beyond their own experience. It was one of the best times I have had at the Smithsonian. As I have come to know the range of educational activities con- ceived by my colleagues in the mu- seums, the research institutes, and in our central Smithsonian Office of Education, I continue to be im- The legendary journalist Walter Cronkite displays his newly awarded James Smithson Bicentennial Medal to a sell- out crowd following an interview with Marc Pachter, counselor to the Secre- tary, in a program sponsored by The Smithsonian Associates. (Photograph by Hugh Talman) attorneys, and witnesses in a mock trial of the 19th-century abolition- ist, while students serve as jury. The National Postal Museum has put together an activity book in which students create their own postage stamps and another book that is a guide to building letter- 1990s, which explores the clues that clothing provides to under- standing culture. Studies indicate that skillfully done object-based education is a successful means of engaging young people and teaching a vari- ety of skills and subjects. If these inform teachers and to offer rele- vant training, especially in the Washington metropolitan area. Summer seminars for teachers, conducted largely within Smith- sonian museums and research in- stitutes, focus on how to use mu- seum collections in the teaching A videoconference electronically linked students in Washington, D.C., Cleveland, and Indiana during the week-long program "Electrified, Amplified, and Deified: The Electric Guitar, Its Makers and Players" sponsored by the National Museum of American History's Jerome and Dorothy Lemelson Center for the Study of Invention and Innovation. (Photograph by Jeff Tinsley) writing relationships across generations. Other materials among the 455 items listed in the latest Smith- sonian Resource Guide for Teachers include such imaginatively titled booklets as Birds over Troubled Torests, from the Smithsonian Mi- gratory Bird Center of the National Zoo, and the Smithsonian Office of Education's Image and Identity: Clothing and Adolescence in the techniques are to be widely used in schools and museums, consider- able resources must be invested in the preparation and distribution of materials and, most important, in teacher training. Teachers who are confident they can use these new techiques find object-based educa- tion an exciting way to enhance learning. The Smithsonian has been in- volved in a number of activities to process. Similarly, Smithsonian staff have worked with the Na- tional Faculty, a nonprofit educa- tional organization, in extensive teacher training programs around the country that involve curators from the Institution and local mu- seums as well as distinguished uni- versity professors. The Smithsonian also brings thousands of Washington-area teachers together at an annual Teachers' Night to see displays and discuss materials and programs for local schools. As a way to reach more educators, we have begun to use the Internet to share curricu- lum ideas and lesson plans. By the year 2003, an Education Resource Center in the Arts and Industries Building will allow teachers to try out a variety of curriculum kits and other materials on site. A vir- tual version will also be available on the Smithsonian Education World Wide Web site (http:// educate, si. edit/). In these ways, the Smithsonian can collaborate with all schools interested in our approach to ob- ject-based and research-linked education. But two schools in the District of Columbia are taking the Smithsonian connection one step further. In the fall of 1996, Robert Brent Elementary School and Stuart-Hobson Middle School be- came Museum Magnet Schools through a partnership forged be- tween the District of Columbia Public Schools and the Smithsonian Institution under a grant from the U. S. Department of Education. The Smithsonian Office of Education describes this partnership as "a groundbreaking program for ele- mentary and middle school stu- dents allowing them to pursue real questions, becoming both teacher and student, observer and curator." Using an interdisciplinary and thematic approach, students in these schools collect, study, and interpret objects to learn science, art, geography, history, and poten- tially a multitude of other sub- jects. What strikes me as particu- larly remarkable about this program is its core insight that students may learn best when they have the opportunity to present their learning to new audiences. In February 1997, the Washington Post reported on a tour that Erica The National Zoo's new Amazonia Science Gallery invites visitors to experience the excitement of scientific inquiry. These young people are helping Dr. Matthew Hamilton with a DNA isolation procedure. (Photograph by Jessie Cohen) Webster, 14, of Stuart-Hobson Middle School gave "a wide-eyed group of kindergarteners" of a Native American history exhibi- tion she and her eighth-grade classmates had developed. Erica's sure command of the material came across as she sat with the younger students in a 12-foot-tall tepee made of bed linens. Erica's principal, Yvonne Lewis, described the total immersion of her eighth-graders in Native Amer- ican culture. "Their lives became these people's lives. Across the board, in all their classes, whatever they were working on was tied to Native Americans." Examples she gave were the use of geometry to design tepees and igloos; the use of food and culture as the basis of es- says and poetry; and science teach- ing focused on Native American agricultural strategies. This is modern learning at its best — active and imaginative. These students are engaged in their learning and as a result are in- vested in it. They make observa- tions, see connections, and find meaning for themselves. Like the curators they resemble, they con- duct research and then choose ways to communicate their discov- eries to others. It is an encouraging start to an experiment we are watching closely to determine long-term educational benefits. The Museum Magnet Schools project is one of a number presided over by the Smithsonian's Office of Education, led by its ener- getic director Ann Bay. It reflects not only the Institution's commit- ment to object-based and interdis- ciplinary education but also our commitment to partnerships as the foundation of all our educa- tional efforts. Whether working in Washington or elsewhere around the nation, Bay's office emphasizes community-based outreach. The Smithsonian goes to communities that invite us to work with them, learning centers for preschool children. I'll let the center's direc- tor, Sharon Shaffer, describe a typical day: "Children are fascinated by things that go, such as bikes, cars, trucks, and planes. A group of More than 1 6,000 students from nearly 500 school groups took part in educa- tional programs at the National Mu- seum of Natural History this year. Be- yond the Mall, several thousand more linked up with the museum electroni- cally through its innovative Natural Partners Initiative. (Photograph by Steve Barrett) building bridges between local museums and schools. This was the theme of one of our most valuable 150th anniversary projects, a na- tional teleconference jointly spon- sored with the Institute of Museum and Library Services, which pre- sented models of successful mu- seum-school partnerships. Our magnet school program is new, but another formal attempt to test the value of museum-based education dates to 1988 and the establishment of our own Smith- sonian Early Enrichment Center (SEEC). The founding board envi- sioned this program as a national model, establishing museums as three-year-olds may listen to the story Curious George Rides a Bike. A museum visit sets the stage for ex- panding their understanding of bi- cycles as the children search for a bike that is just like George's. As the hunt develops, the children view a unicycle, a tandem bike, and an an- tique bicycle. They discuss the size and number of wheels on each bike and, as they observe wooden wheels and rubber tires, consider why some wheels look different from others. They want to know about spokes and chains and gears and handlebars." The experience continues back in the classroom as children listen to the old-time song, "A Bicycle Built for Two," pretend to pedal around the room, and create collages of bicycles. A recent analysis of five years of test data shows that children par- ticipating in the SEEC program exceeded expected achievement in all areas. Two-thirds of SEEC pre- schoolers score in the 99th pecen- tile in nationally normed science tests upon completion of the pro- gram. The application of the SEEC curriculum, known as Museum Magic, outside the Smithsonian was tested in the fall of 1997 in Cleve- land through an arrangement with University Circle, Inc., in collabo- ration with five pre-schools and seven cultural institutions. No report on the Smithsonian's new strategies for the "diffusion of knowledge" would be complete without an electronic dimension. There are those who see electronic outreach as a threat to direct people-to-people interaction. I am not one of them. At the Smith- sonian, we see successful electronic communication as built on human connections. The more we share our resources electronically, the more we can be of service to our many publics and to the educa- tional goals we all share. One of my first priorities as Sec- retary was the creation in 1995 of a World Wide Web site, which has given many Americans easy access to a range of our collections and fields of expertise. More recently, my colleagues have created experi- mental electronic programs that will invite the richest possible in- teraction between Smithsonian resources and the needs of our nation's classrooms. Among the most remarkable of these is the Natural Partners Initiative, led by the National Museum of Natural History in close partnership with the National Zoological Park and the Smithsonian Environmental Two high school students work together to develop fashion design concepts at Gap, Inc.'s design headquarters during the Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Mu- seum's Design Career Day, "Come As You Are." (Photograph by Kerry Macintosh) As part of a dance program in the Hirshhorn Museum's Sculpture Garden, a "Young at Art" participant standing near Joan Miro's Lunar Bird imagines what it would be like to explore outer space. (Photograph © Paul Gillis) Research Center and, outside the Smithsonian, the National Aero- nautics and Space Administration's Stennis Space Center, Mississippi State University, the Council for Great City Schools, and many other partners now and to come. This initiative has already begun to benefit classrooms as far from the Smithsonian's home base in Washington as Alabama, Califor- nia, Florida, Iowa, Mississippi, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Wyoming. This creative new program has been designed to enliven the way science is taught. It will electroni- cally link scientific and educa- tional institutions, technical ex- perts, teachers, and firsthand experiences in a local classroom setting. The program uses state-of- the-art technologies to enable live two-way videoconferencing be- tween Smithsonian content ex- perts and students and teachers wherever they are situated, as well as virtual tours of exhibits, links to remote Smithsonian research sites, and teacher training and enhance- ment conferences, among a wealth of strategies. In the words of its founders, the Natural Partners Initiative will "al- low educators to become immersed in content that was previously very difficult to access. It will further support those teachers in using inquiry-based learning. Natural Partners would like to see every classroom become a museum." So would we all. Teachers in Nebraska, who have online access to the National Museum of Ameri- can Art's collections, visit the museum to see art firsthand and participate in work- shops about using "remote" art resources in the classroom. (Photograph by Mil- dred Baldwin) Fifth-graders from Oak View Elementary School in Montgomery County, Maryland, conduct experiments with model ecosystems during their work on a curriculum unit from the National Science Resources Center's Science and Technology for Children program. (Photograph by Richard W. Strauss) M ■ ill i ^^^H •!■ Jra VI 1 it 1 Y ' kv 'TwuiM Hi] WWn REPORT OF THE BOARD OF REGENTS The work of the BOARD OF REGENTS' committees throughout the year substantially STRENGTHENED THE THREE PLENARY MEETINGS IN FEBRUARY, MAY, AND SEPTEMBER 1 997. THE BOARD WELCOMED ITS NEWEST CONGRESSIONAL MEMBER, REPRESENTATIVE ESTEBAN E. TORRES (D-CALIF), WHOSE APPOINTMENT BY THE SPEAKER OF THE HOUSE ON FEBRUARY 25, 1 997, FILLED A LONGSTANDING VACANCY ON THE BOARD AND BROUGHT THE MEMBERSHIP TO ITS FULL STATUTORY CAPACITY. THE BOARD NAMED REGENT FRANK A. SHRONTZ TO ITS INVESTMENT POLICY COMMITTEE AND ELECTED REGENT WESLEY S. WILLIAMS JR. TO THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. THE REGENTS' COMMITTEE OF THE WHOLE, ESTABLISHED LAST YEAR, EFFECTIVELY ENHANCED THE BOARD'S OVERSIGHT OF THE INSTITUTION. THE COMMITTEE'S MEETINGS ATTRACTED THE PARTICIPATION OF MANY REGENTS ON THE SUNDAY AFTERNOONS PRECEDING REGULAR MONDAY BOARD MEETINGS. Members discussed in depth such topics as the status of development and the Smithsonian's NEEDS AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR A NATIONAL CAMPAIGN; THE SMITHSONIAN'S STRATEGIC PLAN (KNOWN This statue of Joseph Henry ALSO AS THE RESPONSE TO THE GOVERNMENT PERFORMANCE RESULTS ACT); AND (1 797-1 878), the first Secretary of the Smithsonian and the most famous American physical scientist of his day, SPACE NEEDS ASSOCIATED WITH THE PLANNED RENOVATION OF THE PATENT OFFICE has stood outside the north entrance to the Smithsonian Castle since 1 883. (Photograph by Charles Phillips) BUILDING AND ENHANCEMENT OF THE OPERATIONS OF THE NATIONAL PORTRAIT Gallery, National Museum of American Art, and Archives of American Art. In addition, the Committee of the Whole discussed the operations and plans of the National Museum of Natural History and the Freer and Sackler Galleries with their respective directors and advisory board representatives. The Audit and Review Commit- tee exercised its primary responsi- bility for oversight of the Institu- tion's financial operations. This committee is the Regents' principal contact with the Institution's ex- ternal auditors and receives the yearly report on its fiscal transac- tions. The committee also receives the Smithsonian inspector gen- eral's findings and frequently re- views particular functions and operations that have come to its attention. In the past year, such reviews included new accounting standards, insurance and risk fund- ing, and tax issues related to the Institution's business activities. The Investment Policy Commit- tee continued to monitor and meet with each of the current in- vestment managers of the Institu- tion's endowment. The committee terminated one investment man- agement firm based on its rela- tively weak performance, redistrib- uting its funds and some funds from another balanced manage- ment firm to other specialized investment managers. In other actions, the committee's rules of operation, proxy voting guidelines, and standards of conduct and dis- closure were adopted; a $21 per- unit payout rate for fiscal year 1998 was approved; and the com- mittee discussed the use of index funds and investments in alterna- tive investment classes. Among its many actions throughout the year, the Board of Regents established the Smith- sonian's charitable gift annuity program, approved an agreement with Novus Services, Inc., for a Smithsonian affinity credit card, and authorized tax-exempt financ- ing for the construction of the Discovery Center in the National Museum of Natural History. In addition, the Regents approved the sale of the Barney Studio House for the benefit of the Na- tional Museum of American Art, reported to Congress that the Na- tional Campaign for the National Museum of the American Indian raised more than $37 million in fulfillment of its statutory require- ment for construction of the Mall museum, worked with the Secre- tary to ensure that the continuing tour of "America's Smithsonian" would incur no additional deficit, and established the Smithsonian Center for Latino Initiatives. Particularly notable among the Regents' discussions were the Smithsonian policy on cospon- sored special events, the implica- tions of early institutional affilia- tions, the principles of a corporate sponsorship policy, and the chal- lenges of certain exhibitions in contemporary art and American history. The Regents named the Visitors' Center at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute for STRI's first director, the late Dr. Martin H. Moynihan; named an exhibition gallery in the National Postal Museum for Guido Craveri, president of Harmers Auction SA, a leading stamp dealer, and Tito Giamporcaro, a prominent philate- list; and named Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum's Center for the Study of Jewelry and Pre- cious Metals for Joseph A. DiPalma and his sister Flora DiPalma Hoffman. As the year ended, the Regents considered a significant potential gift to the National Mu- seum of Natural History. The Regents were pleased to award Joseph Henry Medals to Dr. Frederick G. Seitz, president emeritus of Rockefeller University and chair of the Joint Advisory Committee of Sponsoring Institu- tions of the Joseph Henry Papers Project, and Dr. Tomas Ybarra- Frausto, chairperson of the Smith- sonian Council and the Latino Oversight Committee. Dr. Seitz and Dr. Ybarra-Frausto were hon- ored for their significant contribu- tions toward the Smithsonian's mandate for the increase and diffu- sion of knowledge. With the assistance of their Committee on Policy, Programs, and Planning, the Regents estab- lished the National Advisory Board of the National Zoological Park, the National Advisory Board of the Smithsonian Environmental Re- search Center, the Development Board of the Smithsonian Institu- tion Libraries, and the Council of Philatelists of the National Postal Museum. The Regents expressed great appreciation to these and the many other advisory boards that assist in the oversight of the Smithsonian's museums, research institutes, and major programs. The Board of Regents appointed the following individuals to the In- stitution's advisory boards: Max N. Berry, Henry E. Catto, Peter R. Coneway, Thomas Edward Cong- don, Archie W. Dunham, Richard Hunt, Robert L. James, Nan Tucker McEvoy, Thomas D. Mullins, Heinz C. Prechter, Carol Ann Swanson Price, David M. Silfen, Kenneth L. Smith, Frank A. Weil, Anthony Welters, and Daniel W. Yohannes to the Smithsonian Na- tional Board; Alison Bernstein, H. P. Claussen, Dollie Ann Cole, Neil Harris, Irene Hirano, Thomas W. Langfitt, Seymour L. Schwartz, and Marvin D. Williams to the Na- tional Museum of American His- tory Board of Trustees; Joseph M. Goldenberg, Joseph E. Harris, Robert Farris Thompson, and Wal- ter E. Washington to the Commis- sion of the National Museum of African Art; Kay Allaire, Harvey Krueger, Elaine La Roche, Barbara A. Mandel, Richard Smith, and Ed- ward A. Weinstein to the Cooper- Hewitt, National Design Museum Board of Trustees; Cynthia Helms, Marie Lam, and Robert Tang to the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery Visiting Committee; David L. Dilcher, Ed- ward O. Gaylord, Colin Patterson, and Marshall Turner to the Na- tional Museum of Natural History Advisory Board; Duane Cham- pagne, George L. Cornell, Billy L. Cypress, Charles Diker, Dwight Gourneau, Joann Sebastian Morris, and Ted Stevens to the Board of Trustees of the National Museum of the American Indian; Joan Adams Mondale and Roger Harri- son Mudd to the Commission of the National Portrait Gallery; Sylvia Ripley Addison, David Challinor, Jeannine Smith Clark, Katharine C. Crittenberger, Leonard C. Jaques, Barbara]. Smith, and Kevin Starr to the De- velopment Board of the Smith- sonian Institution Libraries; and Tomas Bjaringer, George Brett, Chan Chin Cheung, Guido Cra- veri, Enzo Diena, Tito Giampor- caro, Surajita Gongvatana, Erivan Haub, Tim Hirsch, John Hotchner, Norman Hubbard, Azeezaly Jaffer, Alvin and Marge Kantor, Frank Mandel, Arthur Morowitz, Hassan Shaida, David Sundman, Donald Sundman, and Steven C. Walske to the Council of Philatelists of the National Postal Museum. STAFF CHANGES On October 4, 1996, the Smith- sonian community paid tribute to Mary Livingston Ripley, the late wife of Secretary Emeritus S. Dillon Ripley. Mrs. Ripley was remem- bered for her many contributions to the Smithsonian during her hus- band's tenure, including the estab- lishment of the Smithsonian Women's Committee, the enhance- ment of Smithsonian gardens and orchid collections, and her avid work as a photographer, entomolo- gist, and collaborator in Mr. Rip- ley's ornithological fieldwork. The Smithsonian's senior man- agement was bolstered this year with the arrival of Robert V. Hanle, formerly at the University of Min- nesota Foundation, in the new position of executive director for development. Appointed from within the Smithsonian ranks were Roslyn A. Walker as director of the National Museum of African Art; Nancy E. Gwinn as director of Smithsonian Institution Libraries, succeeding Barbara Smith, who re- tired this year; and James B. Con- klin, replacing Arthur Lee Denny as senior information officer. Several highly accomplished members of the senior staff have left for other vineyards. Assistant Secretary for Institutional Ad- vancement Alice Green Burnette left to pursue other opportunities on a part-time basis. Marie A. Mattson, director of the Office of Membership and Development, moved to a similar position at the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts after receiving the Secretary's Gold Medal for Excep- tional Service. David L. Correll left his position as director of the Smithsonian Environmental Re- search Center to become senior sci- entist. As the year ended, Patrick J. Miller resigned as director of the Office of Physical Plant to accept a comparable post at Harvard Med- ical School. It is always difficult to lose senior personnel who have con- tributed so unstintingly to the advancement of Smithsonian in- terests. The compliment that other organizations pay in this respect is bittersweet. But, by the same token, the Institution has both acquired and nurtured from within a staff highly regarded for its talent and dedication. The vi- tality of the Smithsonian staff is central to its success, and the con- tinued strength of the Institution in this sense has never seemed more assured. I REPORT OF THE PROVOST J. DENNIS O'CONNOR Above: Provost J. Dennis O'Connor (Photograph by Rick Vargas) TWO VITAL PROCESSES OF DISCOVERY CONVERGE AT THE SMITHSONIAN: RESEARCH AND EDUCATION. To "DIFFUSE" KNOWLEDGE WE MUST FIRST "INCREASE" IT, SO THE RESEARCH CONDUCTED BY OUR SCHOLARS AND SCIENTISTS IS A NECESSARY PRECUR- SOR TO THE EDUCATIONAL EXPERIENCES OUR VISITORS ENJOY. As PROVOST, I HOLD AN ENVIABLE POSITION AT THE POINT OF CONVERGENCE, WORKING WITH THE INSTITU- TION'S GREAT MUSEUMS AND RESEARCH CENTERS AS THEY HELP THE PROCESS OF DIS- COVERY TO FLOURISH. Left: "Amber: Window to the Past," on view at the National Museum of Natural History throughout the summer of 1997, presented amber as studied by ^ND FL0UR|SH ,T D0ES |N THE SMITHSONIAN'S MUSEUMS, WE CELEBRATE AND paleobiologists, paleobotanists, cultural anthropologists, and art historians. This hymena flower comes from the tree that |NSp|RE D|SC0VERY ^RGELY THR0UGH EXHIBITIONS AND PUBLIC PROGRAMS. SOME formed the amber. (Photograph by Chip Clark) EXHIBITIONS ARE STRUCTURED ATTEMPTS TO CONVEY INFORMATION OR MEANING THROUGH THE USE OF OBJECTS, WHETHER HISTORICAL, SCIENTIFIC, OR ARTISTIC. OCCASIONALLY, WE PRESENT AN IMPRESSIVE OBJECT (A WORK OF ART, A SKELETAL STRUCTURE, A HISTORICAL ARTIFACT), GIVE VISITORS INFORMATION ABOUT IT, AND INVITE THEM TO TAKE FROM IT WHAT THEY WISH. We HOPE THAT THEIR EXPERIENCE EXTENDS THEIR PERSONAL HORIZONS AND STIMULATES THEM TO EXPLORE DIFFERENT WAYS OF THINKING, QUESTIONING, SEEING, AND UNDERSTANDING. This year's diverse exhibitions blurred the line between education and research, from the extraordi- narily effective new Janet Annen- berg Hooker Hall of Geology, Gems, and Minerals at the Na- tional Museum of Natural History, to the National Postal Museum's fascinating story of invention and innovation, "Undercover: The Evo- lution of the American Envelope." A varied and vibrant selection of exhibitions from the Anacostia Museum and Center for African American History and Culture ap- peared throughout the year in the Arts and Industries Building. One of them was jazz bassist Milt Hin- ton's photographs of "Life on the Road" with Dizzy Gillespie, Hank Jones, Cab Calloway, and other renowned musicians. At the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, "King of the World: A Mughal Manuscript from the Royal Library, Windsor Castle" presented both beautiful works of art and the intriguing story of life in 17th-century India under the reign of the builder of the Taj Mahal. The scientists and scholars who work in the Smithsonian's research organizations engage in discovery of another variety. We can point with great pride to the newly re- leased book on the rise and closure of the Panamanian Isthmus during the last 10 million years, a coopera- tive effort of the Panama Paleontol- Provost J. Dennis O'Connor officiates as Their Highnesses Maharaja Gajsingh II and Maharani Hemlat Rajye of Marwar-Jodhpur, India, cut the ribbon opening the exhi- bition "King of the World: A Mughal Manuscript from the Royal Library, Windsor Castle," at the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery. (Photograph by John Tsantes) ogy Project led by Anthony Coates and his colleagues at the Smith- sonian Tropical Research Institute. This already-classic work explains the formation of species through- out North and South America bet- ter than any other study. Two other compelling discover- ies show the level at which Smith- sonian scientists lead the expan- sion of knowledge. Researchers from the Smithsonian Astrophysi- cal Observatory and their col- leagues announced new findings that strengthen the case for black holes. Using satellite measure- ments of x-ray binary stars, they verified the existence of the "event horizon," the one-way membrane that traps matter and energy in- side a black hole. At the National Museum of Natural History, there was new proof that a catastrophic asteroid impact caused the extinc- tion of dinosaurs and other organ- isms 65 million years ago. A deep sea core went on display that con- tains material from the asteroid along with evidence of the extinc- tion of a major group of marine microscopic organisms. Discovery has also flourished in our educational programs this year, including the Smithsonian Office of Education's Museum Magnet Schools, its Smithsonian Education Web site, and the Smithsonian Early Enrichment Center's innovative early child- hood curriculum. One of our priorities in the last year has been to take discovery beyond the Mall in a way that we have not done before — by extend- ing electronic outreach, for in- stance. Some Smithsonian exhibi- tions have companion sites on the World Wide Web, and there are virtual exhibitions as well. Some say this experience in cyberspace is a far cry from standing next to the original, and they are ab- solutely right. On the other hand, not all of our 260 million citizens can come to Washington to expe- rience objects firsthand. Looking ahead, we see the prospect for dra- matic changes in our educational potential as we digitize several million images from Smithsonian collections for online access. The Smithsonian also took steps to more firmly engage the public with the Institution when the Board of Regents created the Smithsonian Center for Latino Initiatives under the Office of the Provost. When it opens in 1998, the new center will promote inter- nal links as well as connections between the Smithsonian and Latino communities. These reports from the Smith- sonian's 16 museums, its research institutes, and its offices illustrate the convergence of research and education. They share the thread of discovery, whether in a tropical forest canopy, at the far reaches of the solar system, in a classroom, or in an exhibition gallery. For scholars and the public alike, the Smithsonian is indeed a place for wondering, questioning, and learning. MUSEUMS AND RESEARCH INSTITUTES ANACOSTIA MUSEUM AND CENTER FOR AFRICAN AMERICAN HISTORY AND CULTURE Steven Cameron Newsome, Director The Anacostia Museum and Center for African American History and Culture expanded their tradition of leadership in increasing public understanding of the historical ex- periences and cultural expressions of people of African descent living in the Americas. At the same time, the museum enhanced its strate- gies for engaging constituencies in the development of research proj- ects, public programs, and exhibi- tions, especially those that focus on contemporary social and cul- tural issues. ■ The Anacostia Museum received a $600,000 grant from the Lilly Endow- ment— the largest ever awarded to the museum — for the development of the exhibition "Speak to My Heart: African American Communities of Faith and Contemporary Society." The project takes a unique approach to engaging the community in exploring the dy- namic relationship between African American communities and churches or other religious organizations. The exhi- bition will open in the Arts and Indus- tries Building in April 1998. ■ Construction of the Archives Center at the museum building was completed. The center will house archival, photo- graphic, and video collections as well as new collections focusing on the African American family and community his- tory and African American participation in film and the performing arts. ■ While the museum's public spaces were closed during the Archives Center construction, education and program staff took outreach activities to commu- nity settings, including schools, senior citizen centers, health care facilities, and shopping centers. Among the offerings was a workshop series that helped fami- lies, churches, and civic organizations create Black History Month programs. Community Partners in Education Each day at the Lucy E. Moten Elementary School in the Anacostia neighborhood of Washington, D.C., students embark on an adventure in learning — about their community, about African American history, and about themselves. The six-year-old partnership between the school and the Anacostia Museum and Center for African American History and Culture is a natural extension of the museum's commitment to community-based educational pro- grams. The partnership is based in a classroom at the school, where the coordinator has built closer relationships with administrators, teachers, stu- dents, and parents. This arrangement allows the museum to be a prominent factor in the day-to-day education of the students. Benefiting from a multidisciplinary approach to learning, Moten students are deeply involved with museum and community resources. Building pride and self-esteem is a special focus. Students are in- troduced to a broader world through discussions with experts on African American history and cul- ture, field trips to local museums, and special pro- grams with individuals and community arts and historical organizations. The program for the 1 997-98 school year con- tinued with a grant from the Freddie Mac Founda- tion. "The partnership between the Anacostia Mu- seum and the Lucy E. Moten Elementary School provides an engaging, creating learning environ- ment," says Leland C. Brendsel, chairman and CEO of Freddie Mac and chairman of the Freddie Mac Foundation. "At the foundation, we look for ways to brighten the lives of children in our community, and this is a terrific way." ■ At the director's invitation, leaders of community-based museums and cul- tural organizations began planning an international conference on museums and community development to be held in early 2000. ■ Staff representatives held discussions with the Prince George's County, Mary- land, Arts Council about the develop- ment of an arts education center in Lan- dover Mall in partnership with five local cultural organizations. The museum's participation will significantly increase the Institution's community outreach to residents of the Maryland suburbs. ■ Throughout the year, the museum and the center presented critically ac- claimed exhibitions in the Arts and In- dustries Building: "Feeling the Spirit: Searching the World for the People of Africa," "Invoking the Spirit: Worship Traditions in the African World," "The Black Transatlantic Experience: The Photography of Chester Higgins Jr. and Stephen Marc," "The Jazz Age in Paris, 1914-1940," "Life on the Road: The Photography of Milt Hinton," and "Caribbean Visions: Contemporary Painting and Sculpture." 1 ARCHIVES OF AMERICAN ART Richard J. Wattenmaker, Director Established in 1954 to enable and encourage research in American art history, the Archives of Ameri- can Art has grown to include more than 13 million items, the world's largest single source for documen- tary materials on the visual arts of the United States. The collections contain correspondence, diaries, business papers, journals, and other documentation of artists, art institutions, collectors, critics, dealers, and scholars. The Archives also houses oral and video history interviews, photographs, and works of art on paper, including many artists' sketchbooks. Central to the Archives' mission is sharing the treasures of its unique research collections with the broadest possible audience. As a member of the Research Libraries Group, the Archives makes its au- tomated catalogue accessible through the Research Libraries In- formation Network (RLIN). Other outreach efforts include an active interlibrary program of collections on microfilm and the publication of a scholarly quarterly Journal. Researchers may visit regional re- search and collecting centers in Washington, D.C., New York, Boston, Detroit, and San Marino, California. The Archives also pub- lishes finding aids and guides to its collections and regularly supports or organizes symposia, confer- ences, and exhibitions related to its holdings. The Archives' re- sources are also available through the World Wide Web. ■ This year, the Archives published three important books as well as its Journal. Reading Records: A Researcher's Guide to the Archives of American Art provides a comprehensive overview of the collections. Paris: A Guide to Archival Sources for American Art History, underwritten by a grant from the Florence Gould Foundation, a sup- porter of cooperative French-American ventures, will help scholars locate the many original documents on American artists in Parisian archives. A Finding Aid to the Walter Pach Papers provides a detailed description of the papers of a pivotal figure in American art circles in the first half of the 20th century. ■ Liza Kirwin, the Archives' southeast regional collector, gave a talk on Latino primary sources and opportunities for research at the Archives as part of the 1997 Latino Graduate Training Seminar in Qualitative Methodology, sponsored NEW YORK 1913 International Exhibition of Modern Art Association of American Painters and Sculptors, Inc. February Seventeenth to March Fifteenth Catalogue 25 Cents by the Smithsonian's Center for Mu- seum Studies and the Inter-University Program for Latino Research. ■ Interns and fellows made significant contributions to the Archives' work throughout the year. Gabriela H. Lam- bert, a participant in the Smithsonian's Minority Internship Program, arranged, preserved, and described the papers of Tomas Ybarra-Frausto, scholar and chair of the Smithsonian Council and the Latino Oversight Committee. Un- der the new James E. Webb Internship Program for Minority Graduate Stu- dents in Business and Public Adminis- tration, Maria C. Gaztambide worked on an intensive project to collect docu- mentation on Puerto Rican artists and arts organizations active in Puerto Rico and New York City. A third intern, An- nie Livingston, processed the papers of Oberlin College professor Ellen Hulda Johnson. Tey Marianna Nunn held a 10-week graduate fellowship, awarded by the Smithsonian's Center for Mu- seum Studies, to advance her disserta- tion research on Hispana and Hispano artists of the Works Progress Adminis- tration in New Mexico. ■ Supported by the Fund for Latino Ini- tiatives, the Archives conducted a nine- month survey of art-related primary source material in South Florida. Kaira Cabanas, a former Archives intern, un- covered significant new collections while forming stronger relationships between the Archives and Cuban American art communities. ■ This year, the Archives continued to lend materials to museums and other cultural institutions throughout the world. This important form of outreach ensures that documents from the col- lections are included in exhibitions as supporting documentation for the ob- jects on display. Among the borrowing institutions were the Phillips Collec- tion, the Paul Robeson Cultural Center at Rutgers University, the California African-American Museum, the Mu- seum of the City of New York, and the National Portrait Gallery. Among the rich resources of the Archives of American Art are docu- ments from the historic International Exhibition of Modern Art (the Armory Show) of 1913, which introduced modern art to American audiences. (Walt Kuhn, Kuhn Family Papers, and Armory Show records, Archives of American Art) Wider Access to the Archives of American Art Today's enthusiasm for American art was not as widespread when the Archives of American Art was founded in 1 954. There was no existing institution for the study of American artists, no full-time pro- fessor of American art history, and even our finest painters, sculptors, and craftspeople were scarcely studied. The Archives' founders wisely recognized the need to preserve valuable sources and make them available to researchers. This year, two foun- dations made significant gifts toward this goal. With a $500,000 challenge grant from the Brown Foundation — the largest single grant to the Archives in its history — the Archives has estab- lished the William E. Woolfenden Endowment Fund in honor of a former director of the Archives. The Woolfenden Fund will guarantee the publication of the Archives' quarterly Journal and expand its readership. The Getty Grant Program of the J. Paul Getty Trust awarded the Archives a grant of $21 4,500 to fund the arrangement and description of three major collections of gallery records: the Jacques Seligmann Galleries, Kraushaar Galleries, and the Robert Schoelkopf Gallery. These three collections, which document crucial art world activity in Amer- ica throughout the 20th century, are in constant demand by researchers. Other grants this year — from the Judith Roth- schild Foundation, the Ahmanson Foundation, and the Henry Luce Foundation — also contributed to the arrangement and description of frequently used collections. ARTHUR M. SACKLER GALLERY Milo C. Beach, Director September 28 marked a full decade since the opening of the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery. Founded to share the historical focus of its sister mu- seum, the Freer Gallery of Art, the Sackler Gallery also has increased the range of Asian art activities at the Smithsonian, developed an ac- tive program of international loan exhibitions, and embraced con- temporary art and a wide range of media and artistic practice. Artist Ah-Leon of Taiwan assembles Bridge, his 60-foot, trompe I'oeil ceramic sculpture, in preparation for its exhibition at the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery. (Photograph by Rob Harrell) ■ "Bells of Bronze Age China," a public symposium presenting international research on an ancient musical and artistic tradition, was sponsored by the AMS Foundation for the Arts, Sciences, and Humanities in observance of the gallery's 10th anniversary. Some 1,200 guests attended festivities following the symposium. ■ The anniversary celebration focused on Chinese culture, which had been a particular interest of gallery founder Arthur M. Sackler, M.D. (1913-87), with a lecture by the cele- brated composer Tan Dun about his Symphony 1997, Heaven, Earth, ami Mankind, written for the transfer of Hong Kong to China. A week later, the gallery joined its Quadrangle complex neigh- bors in welcoming the public to a 10th anniversary open house featuring music, birth- day cake, entertainment, and family activities. ■ The public had its first op- portunity to see the 44 paintings and two illumina- tions from a contemporary account of the 17th-century reign of Shah-Jahan, builder of the Taj Mahal, in the exhi- bition "King of the World: A Mughal Manuscript from the Royal Library, Windsor Cas- tle," organized by the Sackler Gallery in conjunction with the Royal Library and shown in celebration of the 50th anniversary of the indepen- dence of India and Pakistan. The exhibition, which re- sulted from research by gallery director Milo Beach, opened at the National Museum of India, Delhi, then traveled to the Queen's Gallery, Buckingham Palace, London, before opening its United States tour with a presentation at the Sackler Gallery. ■ Visitors are enjoying continuous dis- plays of fresh flowers in the Sackler pavilion made possible through an en- dowment from Mrs. Else Sackler of New York City. Mrs. Sackler's gift is an expression of "deepest gratitude and appreciation for the extraordinary tal- ent, imagination, and unrelenting commitment which the director and the entire staff have devoted to achieve all that Dr. Sackler envisioned for the Sackler Gallery in 1987." Cooperating in this project are staff from the Smith- sonian Horticulture Division, who se- lect and arrange the flowers. ■ A long-term loan from the Art and History Trust, which maintains one of the outstanding private collections of the arts of the book from Persia and Mughal India, resulted in "Art of the Persian Courts," a presentation of nearly 100 paintings, manuscripts, drawings, and works of calligraphy spanning the 14th to the 19th century. In addition to providing material for this and future exhibitions, the Art and History Trust loan enhances the Sackler and Freer Galleries' resources as a pre- eminent center for the study of manu- scripts from the Islamic world. ■ A group of 80 rare ceramic vessels from the 9th- to 14th-century Khmer empire (encompassing present-day Cambodia, Thailand, and Laos) was presented by Mr. and Mrs. Osborne Hauge and Mr. and Mrs. Victor Hauge, and nine of the vessel: were placed on view in honor of the gallery's anniver- sary. The collection richly represents the diversity of Khmer ceramic forms and glazes in a region where gallery- sponsored fieldwork is under way. ■ Combined influences from Chinese and American sources form the con- temporary artistic vision of Taiwanese artist Ah-Leon, creator of Bridge, 1993-96. This 60-foot-long trompe I'oeil ceramic sculpture, echoing the hyperrealism of a 400-year-old Chinese pottery tradition, challenged visitors to consider the boundaries between illu- sion and reality during its four-month presentation at the gallery. CENTER FOR FOLKLIFE PROGRAMS AND CULTURAL STUDIES Richard Kurin, Director The Center for Folklife Programs and Cultural Studies joins scholar- ship with community service and educational outreach to promote the understanding and continuity of diverse contemporary grassroots cultures. A primary goal is to foster greater participation in community culture and appreciation for its role in a civil society. The center pro- duces the annual Festival of Ameri- can Folklife, Smithsonian Folkways Recordings, exhibitions, documen- tary films and videos, symposia, and educational materials. It also conducts basic ethnographic re- search and maintains an extensive documentary archive. This year, the center was active in developing and producing many educational outreach projects and materials. ■ The 31st annual Festival of American Folklife was held on the National Mall from June 25 through July 6. Programs included "The Mississippi Delta," with blues, barbecue, and catfish; "African Immigrant Folklife: Building and Bridg- ing Communities," with participants from more than 30 countries; and "Sa- cred Sounds: Belief and Society," with religious music performed by groups from a variety of traditions, including Christian choirs from South Africa and Kentucky, Jews and Muslims from lerusalem, Native Americans, and Japa- nese American Buddhists from Hawaii. Fhe third Ralph Rinzler Memorial Con- cert featured the New Lost City Ram- blers, Wade and Julia Mainer, and oth- ers who defined the old-time music revival. The legendary rhythm and blues musician Rufus Thomas pre- sented a special interview and perfor- mance for the "Mississippi Delta" pro- gram in cooperation with the Rhythm and Blues Foundation. Support for these programs came from the Missis- sippi Band of Choctaw Indians, the Mississippi Arts Commission, the Recording Industries Music Perfor- mance Trust Funds, the Smithsonian Educational Outreach Fund, the Repub- lic of South Africa Department of Arts, Culture, Science, and Technology, Friends of the Festival, Bob Dylan, and the Rhythm and Blues Foundation. ■ Smithsonian Folkways' hit of the year was the Anthology of American Folk Music, edited by Harry Smith. The six- CD boxed set includes 84 musical selec- tions originally recorded in the 1920s and 1930s, an enhanced CD with a companion Web site, liner notes, and historical booklets. This reissue of the anthology, first released in 1952, gained unprecedented media attention, high sales, and critical acclaim, includ- ing several Grammy Award nomina- tions. The reissue was supported by Nick Amster and Microgroove. ■ A multimedia learning guide, Iowa Folklife: Our People, Communities, and Traditions, was distributed to 1,200 schools and senior citizen centers in Iowa. Produced in cooperation with the Iowa Sesquicentennial Commission and funded by Pioneer Hi-Bred Interna- tional, Inc., the guide grew out of a program at the 1996 Festival of Ameri- can Folklife. Lesson plans, an audio CD, two videotapes, and a resource di- rectory will be used in Iowa to teach about local culture. ■ Smithsonian Folkways issued a suite of special recordings for Black History Month. Two highlights, both produced by Bernice Johnson Reagon, were a Paredon label reissue, Give Your Hands to the Struggle, and Wade in the Water, a four-CD boxed set tied to a Smith- sonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service exhibition and the Peabody Award-winning 26-part series on Na- tional Public Radio, Voices of the Civil Rights Movement. ■ The Indonesian Ministry of Culture released the first six volumes of an an- thology of Indonesian music, with ex- tensive booklets in Bahasa Indonesia. The series is licensed from Smithsonian Folkways, which produced the original Senegalese glass painter Dame Gueye from Greenbelt, Maryland, teaches his technique to a young visitor in the "Teaching and Learning Culture" area of the Festival of American Folklife's "African Immigrant Folklife" program, organized and produced by the Center for Folklife Programs and Cultural Stud- ies. (Photograph by Rick Vargas) English-language version and trained Indonesian students and archivists un- der a Ford Foundation grant. ■ The center coordinated efforts with other Smithsonian units and the South African Ministry of Culture to develop joint programs on the public represen- tation of culture. Young South African professionals did residencies at Smith- sonian museums and the Festival of American Folklife, and Smithsonian staff advised on the development of the Robben Island Prison Museum. CONSERVATION ANALYTICAL LABORATORY Lambertus van Zelst, Director In keeping with its emphasis on the characterization and preserva- tion of collection material, the Conservation Analytical Labora- tory (CAL) continues to expand its audience beyond the traditional constituency of museum and preservation professionals. Through workshops and courses, electronic publishing, collabora- tive curriculum development proj- ects, and formal teaching, CAL staff have vigorously extended their outreach efforts while main- taining solid connections within the museum community. ■ A major new educational outreach initiative focuses on Hispanic American polychrome veneration art on wood called imageries. The first event was a three-day workshop, "Preservation of Imageries," with an international group of faculty and attendees. Future activi- ties include teacher workshops, a sec- ond preservation workshop, an instruc- tional film, reference materials, and an international conference resulting in a major scholarly publication. ■ Studio and laboratory exercises were field-tested in CAL's interdisciplinary art and science curriculum project, be- ing developed in collaboration with Suitland High School, a magnet school in Prince George's County, Maryland. The project, called STATS (Science Teaching Art Teaching Science), inte- grates the scientific aspects of artistic materials and techniques. It will culmi- nate in a package of course outlines, reference materials, instructional video- tapes, CD-ROMs, slides, and other re- sources for secondary school teachers nationwide. The package will be avail- able in print and online forms. ■ Alternative communications media are integral to many CAL projects. The CAL Web site, http://www.si.edu/cal/, provides an important connection to the public by presenting schedules of events, reports of activities and pro- grams, and authoritative brochures on collections care for those interested in preserving personal artifacts. Video recording is used frequently to docu- ment projects and create new instruc- tional products, and CAL's offerings to the public and preservation colleagues are expanding. Usually, instructional videotapes are available to multiple au- diences, including people with disabili- ties and non-English-speaking users. ■ With the impending millennium and the heightened interest in preserving artifacts in time capsules, CAL staff have developed an off-the-shelf, archival-quality time capsule of modest Objects conservators Carol Grissom and Harriet Beaubien at the Conservation Analytical Laboratory align sections of a Jordanian plaster sculpture from the sixth millennium B.C. before assembling it and completing the conservation treatment. A group of the sculptures was exhibited in "Preserving Ancient Statues from Jordan" at the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery. (Photograph by Doc Dougherty) size and cost. The time capsule is in- tended primarily as a tool for teaching materials science, specifically artifact deterioration and preservation. It is expected to reach the marketplace in fiscal year 1998. ■ CAL staff created and led several for- mal off-site teaching activities, includ- ing a three-month ancient materials technology course in the People's Re- public of China, a two-week workshop in archives preservation in Chile, and an ongoing association with the Har- vard University archaeological field school in Copan, Honduras. Staff fre- quently lecture and make presentations to professional societies and academic and civic organizations throughout the world. Of particular interest were the many public outreach activities related to the restoration of sixth-millennium B.C. plaster statues in the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery exhibition "Preserving Ancient Statues from Jordan" and the Institut du Monde Arabe exhibition "Jordanie" in Paris. An interactive com- puter program featuring details of the statues' original construction and their reconstruction at CAL was especially popular. ■ CAL continues its highly regarded in-house courses. The offerings range from the Furniture Conservation Train- ing Program, much of which is avail- able to the public, to the Research Libraries and Archives Collections Training program (RELACT) focusing on Smithsonian research collections and archives, to collaborative courses with George Washington University and other institutions. The participants are often new to the conservation field, and sometimes they represent entirely new audiences for the Smithsonian. Courses this year included artifact ma- terial technology for appraisers, the technology of coatings for violin mak- ers and restorers, and applications of nuclear chemistry for artifact analysis for scientists and archaeologists from Latin America, held in collaboration with the International Atomic Energy Agency. COOPER-HEWITT, NATIONAL DESIGN MUSEUM Dianne H. Pilgrim, Director Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum, the only museum in the United States devoted exclusively to historical and contemporary de- sign, explores the impact of design on every aspect of daily life. As the museum began celebrating its cen- tennial during 1997, its tradition of educational outreach continued through challenging exhibitions and publications, innovative edu- cational programs for children and adults, and access to its world- renowned collection. ■ The year-long centennial celebration began with a birthday party on June 2 for the museum's members and contin- ued through September 30 with the opening of "Design for Life: A Centen- nial Celebration," an exhibition that used the permanent collection to show that design is a central facet of human life. A book by the same title accompa- nied the exhibition, and the museum will present a variety of related special lectures and seminars. The exhibition was sponsored by generous donations from the Barbara and Morton Mandel Family Foundation, Mr. and Mrs. Lester S. Morse Jr., the Arthur Ross Founda- tion, the Shaw Contract Group, and the Smithsonian Special Exhibition Fund. ■ Other exhibitions rounded out the museum's calendar in 1997. "Henry Dreyfuss Directing Design: The Indus- trial Designer and His Work, 1929- 1972" examined the contributions of an industrial design pioneer and re- ceived critical acclaim. "Mixing Mes- sages: Graphic Design in Contempo- rary Culture" explored the power and pervasiveness of visual communication through more than 300 works pro- duced during the past decade. The Mead Corporation supported the in- stallation cost and donated paper for the exhibition brochure, the educa- tional activity guide, and even the ex- hibition labels; technology was sup- ported by Microsoft. "The Jewelry of Tone Vigeland" was a retrospective of the Norwegian jewelry designer's work. In "Do-It-Yourself Architecture for the Great Outdoors," a group of tents was on display in an outdoor exhibition. "Disegno: Italian Renaissance Designs for the Decorative Arts," an exhibition of works on paper, explored Renais- sance concepts of design and their im- pact on the decorative arts. ■ Cooper-Hewitt's strong reputation for educational outreach was evident in the "Design Career Days" and "Studio after School" programs, which bring New York City's public high school students together with professional designers to explore social and environmental issues. This year, "Design Career Days" high- lighted industrial design, graphic de- sign, set design for film and television, and fashion design. Students in "Studio after School" worked with designers in the comic book industry, architects, the creative staff at MTV, and others. ■ The museum also offered a selection of workshops for educators and stu- dents. A presentation by designer-in- residence Wendy Brawer comple- mented "Henry Dreyfuss Directing Design," and the community-based teacher workshop series "City of Neighborhoods," supported by the Pinkerton Foundation and the New York Times Foundation, focused this year on the Fort Greene and Clinton Hill neighborhoods of Brooklyn. At the week-long Summer Design Institute, teachers worked with internationally known designers and educators to ex- plore resources for critical thinking and problem solving. Public programs The "Design for Space" segment of the Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum's centennial exhibition "Design for Life" examined the ways we design the spaces we inhabit. (Photograph by Bill Jacobsen) included "Crosscurrents," the open-air summer concert and lecture series, which emphasized diversity and de- sign. The museum also hosted Les Joumees des Artisans, a four-day "living exhibition" of master artisans and craftsmen from New York and France, presented with the Colbert Foundation. ■ At the museum's annual "Behind- the-Scenes" night for university stu- dents and faculty, staff were on hand to discuss resources of interest to re- searchers and students. The museum also held an Educator Open House, at which department staff gave guided tours of the exhibitions and spot- lighted activities for students. ■ The museum was a prolific publisher in 1997 with the following catalogues: Mixing Messages: Graphic Design in Con- temporary Culture (with Princeton Ar- chitectural Press); Disegno: Italian Re- naissance Designs for the Decorative Arts (with Kendall/Hunt); Henry Dreyfuss: The Man in the Brown Suit (with Riz- zoli); and Design for Life. The museum also copublished a survey of 20th-cen- tury design, The Look of the Century, with Dorling Kindersley. FREER GALLERY OF ART Milo C. Beach, Director When the Freer Gallery of Art opened in 1923, it was the first Smithsonian museum to be de- voted to the fine arts. Founded on a gift to the nation from Charles Lang Freer of Detroit, the gallery is known internationally for the quality and breadth of its collec- tion of Asian art and for its special- ized examples of work by 19th- and early-20th-century American artists, including the world's largest selection of art by the American ex- patriate James McNeill Whistler. ■ Results of a three-year campaign to acquire extraordinary works of art in observance of the Freer's 75th anniver- sary next year have enriched the gallery's collections through gifts, sup- ported purchases, and endowment fund purchases. These recent additions, bridging four millennia and represent- ing a broad swath of Asia, will be un- veiled next fall in a celebratory exhibi- tion and accompanying publication. ■ In recognition of the Freer's nearly 75 years of scholarly leadership in Asian art history, Freer Gallery Visiting Committee member Sir Joseph Hotung established an endowment to support acquisitions by the Freer and Sackler library, which is the largest Asian art library in the United States. A separate endowment from Nancy Fessenden, a member of the Sackler Gallery Visiting Committee, inaugurated the Director's Initiative Fund to identify, plan, and support innovative education projects at the galleries. ■ Visitors benefited from the informed perspective of Peggy and Dick Danziger, New York collectors and users of tea utensils, who served as guest curators of "An Invitation to Tea." Designed to elicit the special pleasures of the cen- turies-old tea ritual as represented by 25 objects from the Freer collection, the exhibition taught viewers about the spirit of tea by asking them to imagine how the wares were used in various combinations to create moods appropri- ate to different seasons and occasions. ■ The Freer's Haft Awrang (Seven Thrones), a magnificent illustrated vol- ume of poems by Abdul-Rahman Jami, a 16th-century Persian mystic, repre- sents the last great example of royal patronage in Iran. Since it was acquired in 1946, it has been considered a trea- sure of the Freer collection and a funda- mental element of the gallery's status as a center for the study of Persian paint- ing. To prepare for publication of a fully illustrated monograph, the "Freer Jami" was unbound for conservation, and its 28 exquisitely painted illustrations and lavish illuminations were exhibited together for the first time. ■ The 31 examples of American art in the exhibition "Art for Art's Sake" dem- onstrate what gallery founder Charles Lang Freer considered the universality of beauty, a principle that guided his acquisition of art from widely separated time periods, cultures, and media. Freer's belief in "art for art's sake," more formally known as aestheticism, ex- plains the gallery's juxtaposition of Asian and American art, a paradox that often stimulates questions from visitors. ■ With literature and nonfiction about Asia and by Asians making up a large portion of the gallery's shop inventory, visitors were drawn to a successful new series of educational programs about books, including several book discus- sion groups. Among the noted authors who presented public readings and book signings this year were John Al- ton, Robert Arnett, Vikram Chandra, Oleg Grabar, Jessica Hagedorn, Kenro Izu, Michael Ondaatje, Matthieu Ricard, Lisa See, and Mridula Mitra Vyas. A father and daughter look closely at Japanese screens during an "Imagin- Asia" family program in the Freer Gallery of Art. After exploring the galleries, participants make a work of art inspired by what they have seen. (Photograph by Michael Bryant) HIRSHHORN MUSEUM AND SCULPTURE GARDEN James T. Demetrion, Director The Hirshhorn Museum and Sculp- ture Garden, the Smithsonian In- stitution's showcase for modern and contemporary art, is commit- ted to increasing the awareness and understanding of art through acquisitions, exhibitions, publica- tions, research activities, public programs, and the presentation of the collection in its galleries and outdoor exhibition spaces. The museum provides a public facility for the exhibition, study, and preservation of 19th- and 20th- century art while presenting a spectrum of contemporary work. ■ Two new publications in November broadened knowledge of the art of our time. A free Family Guide encourages interactive gallery responses among parents and children. The full-color foldout guide, supported by the Smith- sonian Special Exhibition Fund, won honorable mention in the 1997 Ameri- can Association of Museums publica- tions competition. Well received nationally, Hirshhorn Museum and Sculp- ture Garden: 150 Works of Art features a chronological panorama of 20th-cen- tury art in succinct, informative essays and color images. Copublished with Harry N. Abrams, Inc., this 166-page volume was a capstone to the Smith- sonian's 150th anniversary celebration. ■ Novel approaches to educating an uninitiated public were particularly successful this year. A Resource Center focusing on complex contemporary art — a concept inaugurated for exhibi- tions in 1994 and 1995 — was imple- mented in 1997 for works in the per- manent collection installed on the third floor. For several hours each week a trained staff member interacted with visitors at a "station" in the Abram Lerner Room there. Earlier in the year a Writers' Workshop encouraged 60 as- piring authors, who used imagery from the Jeff Wall exhibition of backlit photographs as sources for their liter- ary works. ■ Museum educators introduced young people to the museum through perfor- mances and hands-on activities. Eleven "Young at Art" programs brought sev- eral hundred six- to nine-year-olds and accompanying adults to six museum exhibitions for creative activities such as T-shirt design, storytelling, and im- provisational theater and dance. Sev- eral times during the year, teachers ex- plored the galleries and developed methods for taking their insights back to the classroom. Workshops for credit were offered to teachers of all disci- plines from Prince George's County, Maryland. The D.C. Art Teachers Asso- ciation had an all-day session with mu- seum educators. Class presentations by artists focused on the collection and in- spired many young people to visit the museum on their own. ■ Technical, scientific, sociological, and ethnographic interests were linked to modern art via two exhibitions in the ongoing "Collection in Context" series. The series is drawn from the Hirsh- A Family Guide featuring 1 2 full-color "artcards" offers a self-guided tour of the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden for children and adults. (Photograph by Lee Stalsworth) horn's collection and other Smith- sonian sources and supported by the Smithsonian Special Exhibition Fund. The presentation from November 20 through May 7 of Paul Gauguin's Hina with Two Attendants, a tamanu-wood sculpture carved in Tahiti in 1892, used objects from the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, National Museum of Natural History, and Smithsonian Institution Libraries to show how this French artist absorbed ideas from other cultures in developing his Synthetist style. An- other exhibition in the series, begin- ning May 23, used documents from the Archives of American Art, Library of Congress, National Air and Space Mu- seum library, and elsewhere to eluci- date the development of a Machine Age style in Raymond Duchamp- Villon's 1914 masterwork The Horse. ■ Summer programs for "Art Night on the Mall" at the Hirshhorn brought to- gether the disciplines of film and art. With "The Hirshhorn Collects: Recent Acquisitions 1992-1996," a weekly Thursday-evening gallery talk on a sin- gle object was followed by a screening of a film whose approach, subject, at- mosphere, or technique made for thought-provoking parallels. Earlier in the year, the Hirshhorn's film series again presented several programs with D.C. FilmFest, an ongoing cooperative venture that helps galvanize a growing local film community and bridge the fields of contemporary art and film. NATIONAL AIR AND SPACE MUSEUM Donald D. Engen, Director The National Air and Space Mu- seum's collection ranges from early Chinese kites to the Hubble Space Telescope test vehicle. This year, current events in the United States, around the world, and in space focused attention on many of the museum's exhibitions and artifacts. The Space Shuttle-Mir mission, the Mars Pathfinder mis- sion, and Linda Finch's around- the-world flight are just a few of the events that provided opportu- nities for the museum to enhance public understanding of its collec- tion, research, and exhibits. ■ "Space Race," a new permanent exhi- bition that opened May 16, chronicles the Cold War drama and technological competition between the United States and the former Soviet Union. Space Hall was renovated for the exhibition, which showcases what is perhaps the most historically significant collection of objects from the Soviet and Ameri- can space programs. The display on the Russian space station Mir and the IMAX film Mission to Mir generated great interest. "Space Race" is also fea- tured on the museum's World Wide Web site, http://www.mism.si.eilu/. Design and fund raising continued for the National Air and Space Museum Dulles Center. This 700,000-square-foot complex will be the world's leading aerospace restoration and archival facil- ity when it is completed in 2001. Discoveries by the Mars Pathfinder mission complemented the museum's research on climate change on the Red Planet. Museum scientists have uncov- ered evidence of past episodes of pre- cipitation on Mars, and the appearance and chemical results found at the Pathfinder site lend further support to their conclusions. ■ In anticipation of the July 4 Mars Pathfinder landing, the Department of Space History and the Center for Earth and Planetary Studies placed two moni- tors in the "Where Next, Columbus?" exhibition displaying data from the mission. The monitors are updated daily with the latest images and rover "movies." Models of Pathfinder and the microrover Sojourner were also installed. From July 29 through September, a sweeping 360-degree color panorama of the Mars landing site, taken by the Pathfinder camera, was on display in the "Milestones of Flight" gallery. ■ Women's achievements in flight were highlighted in the museum in 1997. From June 14 to September 12, "Women and Flight," a Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service exhibition showcasing the work of mu- seum staff photographer Carolyn Russo, was on display. The Extra 260, the airplane flown by aerobatic cham- pion Patty Wagstaff, was reinstalled in the "Pioneers of Flight" gallery. In a lecture in October, pilot and aviation historian Linda Finch discussed her around-the-world flight marking the 60th anniversary of Amelia Earhart's famous last journey. ■ In anticipation of the opening of the Dulles Center, restoration continued on many artifacts, including the Aichi M6A1 Sieran II and the Hawker Hurri- cane. In its Restoration Loan Program, the museum continues to restore im- portant artifacts in partnership with other organizations. The Horton gliders are being restored in Germany at the Deutsches Technikel Museum, where they will be on display, and the Apollo 13 capsule is being restored at the Kansas Cosmosphere, where it will be exhibited. ■ The museum's public service and ed- ucation programs provided docent-led tours and demonstrations to more than 13,000 students and reached tens of thousands of the general public. The Cessna-sponsored Explainers program in the "How Things Fly" gallery, in which young people from area colleges answer visitors' questions, continued to be a great success. The museum's inter- active audio tour became available this year in French, Spanish, German, and Japanese. ■ Lighting for the high bay areas of the museum was the subject of research and practical application in the past year. Background research, supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Fu- sion Lighting, 3M Corporation, and the "Space Race," a new permanent exhibition at the National Air and Space Museum, traces 50 years of international competition and, more recently, cooperation be- tween the United States and the former Soviet Union. (Photograph by Eric Long) museum, considered lighting needs, available ceiling space, and the safety of the artifacts. The replacement sys- tem reduced energy costs by more than 25 percent and provided superior light- ing for the museum's collection. ■ The Spirit of Texas, the helicopter that H. Ross Perot Jr. and J. Coburn flew around the world in 1982, was rein- stalled in the "Pioneers of Flight" gallery. Other artifacts that have gone on display include a GOES weather satellite model and a motorcycle that aircraft builder Glenn Curtiss completed in 1906 to test an engine for aircraft use ■ Exhibits commemorating the 50th anniversary of the U.S. Air Force in- cluded a Korean War-era F-86 Sabre jet fighter, a collection of Air Force aircraft models, and works of art from the Air Force collection. NATIONAL MUSEUM OF AFRICAN ART Roslyn A. Walker, Director The National Museum of African Art celebrates the rich visual tradi- tions and extraordinarily diverse cultures of Africa and fosters an ap- preciation of African art and civi- lizations through its collections, exhibitions, research and public programs. The museum's educa- tional offerings, derived from the permanent collections and special exhibitions, give audiences provocative and insightful views of the world of African art. ■ In January, Roslyn A. Walker, a long- time senior curator at the museum and National Museum of African Art Director Roslyn A. Walker presents Vice-President Al Gore with a museum catalogue during a reception hosted in conjunction with the U.S.-South Africa Binational Commission meeting. (Photograph by Jeff Tinsley) a specialist in Yoruba art, was named director, succeeding Sylvia H. Williams, who served from 1983 until her death in 1996. Walker plans to lead the mu- seum in exciting new directions as it enters its second decade on the Na- tional Mall. Plans for the future include expanding communication with the museum's many audiences through new media; ensuring that facilities, ex- hibitions, and programs are accessible to all visitors; presenting both the finest examples of classical African art and the work of modern African artists; and reaching beyond the museum and the nation's capital through traveling exhibitions and electronic media. ■ In 1997, the museum celebrated its 10th year on the National Mall with a series of special events. The celebration began with the installation of kinetic sculptures by the contemporary Niger- ian artist Sokari Douglas Camp in the museum's pavilion. The artist also en- gaged visitors at two public programs. In September, a birthday party for the Quadrangle complex launched the mu- seum's next decade, which promises to be as rich as the past 10 years have been. ■ The popular exhibition "A King and His Cloth: Asantehene Agyeman Prem- peh I" was one of several activities based on the museum's important col- lection of textiles. The exhibition fea- tured a multimedia presentation that invited visitors to explore the history and symbols of the magnificent adinkra cloth. An original play for young audi- ;nces, cosponsored by The Smithsonian \ssociates and presented by Discovery ["heater, brought the 19th-century 3hanaian king and the cloth to life. I Among the museum's important ac- quisitions this year were works of mod- ern art, including a mixed-media as- semblage, The Notorious Green ( in, 1995, by the South African artist Willie Jester, and the 10-foot-high sculpture Zrosion, 1992, by El Anatsui of Ghana. Significant works of classical African art :hat were added to the collection are a striking Ibibio mask from Nigeria, a nighly original Dogon sculpture from Mali, and a superb carved altar tusk from the Benin Kingdom in Nigeria. In addition, Constance Stuart Larrabee, a renowned and frequently exhibited photographer, donated some 5,000 of her black-and-white photographs of South Africa to the museum. ■ An array of tours, workshops, and fo- cus programs offered students of all ages their first encounters with real works of African art. One highlight was an all-day symposium, "Four Rivers of Africa: Historical Archaeology and Art in Africa," which drew a standing-room audience. The museum plans to pub- lish papers from the symposium in fis- cal year 1998. ■ Workshops and demonstrations by practicing artists engaged attentive au- diences eager to meet and talk with them. Well-known Kenyan ceramist Magdalene Odundo, whose work was featured in the exhibition "Ceramic Gestures: New Vessels by Magdalene Odundo," visited the museum several times. On one visit, she participated in the series "African Ceramics in Perspec- tive," which focused on the ceramic arts of Africa and the African diaspora. NATIONAL MUSEUM OF AMERICAN ART Elizabeth Broun, Director rhe National Museum of American Art, the nation's museum dedi- cated to the arts and artists of the United States from colonial times to the present, provides collections and research resources that enable the public and scholars to use and enjoy America's visual arts at the museum and by personal com- puter. The museum, which in- cludes the Renwick Gallery, serves diverse audiences throughout the nation as well as those who visit its two historic landmark buildings in Washington, D.C. ■ The museum released its first CD- ROM in November 1996. Copublished with Macmillan Digital USA, National Museum of American Art features a selec- tion of 762 objects from the permanent collection. Its elegant interface and wealth of interconnected, accessible in- formation have earned rave reviews and first prize in the Art and Culture category of Milia, the annual multime- dia conference in Cannes, France. CD1 Japan and its principal, Harezo Shimizu, generously provided funding for production of the CD-ROM. ■ The museum produced two multime- dia kits for junior and senior high school students, Land and Landscape: Views of America's History and Culture and Latino Art and Culture. Each kit in- cludes a color video program, an exten- sive study guide and workbook, and color reproductions of paintings and photographs. Land and Landscape was funded by annual gifts from members of the Director's Circle and by the Laura Barney Trust. ■ Through grants from the Nebraska Department of Education, the museum has made its resources available online to help Nebraska teachers — and teach- ers everywhere — develop curricula for core disciplines. In July, teachers from school districts throughout Nebraska came to the museum to see and learn about the collection firsthand and par- ticipate in workshops and discussions about using remote art resources in the classroom. ■ In the spring, the museum launched its new Internet magazine, [del Corazon! ("From the Heart"). This interactive webzine focuses on Latino artists in the collection, such as Carmen Lomas Garza, Agueda Martinez, and Irvin Trujillo. Biographies and examples of Evelyn Ackerman's Stories from the Bible, 1 984-85, was among the recent gifts featured in "The Renwick at 25," an anniversary exhibition at the Ren- wick Gallery of the National Museum of American Art. Forty stories from the Old Testament are illustrated in these 3-by-3-inch enamels. (Photograph by Bruce Miller) their work are featured, with commen- tary by curator Andrew Connors, jdel Corazon! was developed in cooperation with the Texas Education Network (TENET) to provide remote, activity- based curriculum material for grades K through 12 based on the museum's rich holdings of Latino art. The we- bzine is made possible by a grant from the James Smithson Society and can be found at http://www.nmaa.si.edu/ hispanic/webzine/index.html. ■ The Renwick Gallery, a department of the National Museum of American Art, celebrated its 25th anniversary in 1997. A special exhibition, "The Ren- wick at 25," featured 100 masterpieces in clay, glass, metal, wood, and fiber, highlighting recent acquisitions and promised gifts. The gallery also wel- comed the public to a family day with craft demonstrations, workshops, and puppet theater performances. During the anniversary year, the renovated and reinstalled second-floor permanent collection galleries were unveiled. "The Renwick at 25" was made possible by the generous support of Sherley and Bernard Koteen and Wiley, Rein & Fielding and by the Smithsonian Spe- cial Exhibition Fund. The reinstallation was made possible by the James Ren- wick Alliance, Virginia McGehee Friend, Shelby and Frederick Gans, Elmerina and Paul Parkman, and the Smithsonian Special Exhibition Fund. ■ The museum presented a variety of exhibitions and special installations during 1997. Highlights included "American Photographs: The First Century," showcasing the museum's re- cently acquired Charles Isaacs collec- tion of exceptional early American pho- tography; "Singular Impressions: The Monotype in America," presenting the i first history of the monotype printmak- ing process in America; "David Hock- ney's Snails Space: Painting as Perfor- mance," featuring a double-canvas painting and accompanying floor piece, illuminated by dramatic lights that re- act with the painted hues; and video artist Nam June Paik's most ambitious work to date, Megatron/Matrix, with 215 video monitors transmitting com- pelling imagery and sound. These ex- hibitions were made possible through a combination of public and private support. NATIONAL MUSEUM OF AMERICAN HISTORY Spencer R. Crew, Director The National Museum of American History dedicates its collections and scholarship to inspiring a broader understanding of our na- tion and its many peoples. The museum creates learning opportu- nities, stimulates imaginations, and presents challenging ideas about our nation's past. Education lies at the core of the museum's mission, as it seeks both to draw new and more diverse audiences to the museum and to take the mu- seum's research, scholarship, and public programs to audiences out- side its walls. ■ Museum visitors and electronic audi- ences from the Midwest joined in a two-week festival, "Electrified, Ampli- fied, and Deified: The Electric Guitar, Its Makers and Players." Programs in- cluded an exhibition of guitars from the collection of Scott Chinery, a sym- posium, films, informal talks with guitar makers, an interview with leg- endary guitarist and inventor Les Paul, evening concerts with guitar greats Visitors to the National Museum of American History try out guitars and crowd around exhibits at the "Makers' Displays," part of the week-long program "Electri- fied, Amplified, and Deified: The Electric Guitar, Its Makers and Players," sponsored by the Jerome and Dorothy Lemelson Center for the Study of Invention and Innova- tion. (Photograph by Richard W. Strauss) lunior Brown, Pat Metheny, and others, and a videoconference. The festival was the second offering in the annual series "New Perspectives on Invention and Innovation," sponsored by the mu- seum's Jerome and Dorothy Lemelson Center for the Study of Invention and Innovation. ■ Beyond Category: The Duke Ellington Education Kit reached classrooms this year. This one-of-a-kind curriculum for grades 6 and up explores Ellington's life and music in the context of social and cultural history. Activities incorporate music, history, art, drama, creative ex- pression, and language arts. The Divi- sion of Education and Visitor Services collaborated with the Program in African American Culture, Division of Cultural History, Archives Center, and the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service to develop the kit, which was published by Dale Sey- mour Publications. The work was made possible by a generous grant from America's Jazz Heritage, A Partnership of the Lila Wal- lace-Reader's Digest Fund and the Smithsonian Insti- tution. The kit took much of its inspiration from the Duke Ellington Youth Proj- ect, a continuing collabora- tion between the museum and the District of Colum- bia public schools. ■ The Lemelson Center continued "Innovative Lives," its lecture-demon- stration series that intro- duces middle school stu- dents to the lives of inventors and entrepre- neurs. Last year's speakers included Wilson Great- batch, the inventor of the implantable cardiac pace- maker, and Patsy Sherman, whose discoveries led to the develop- ment of Scotchgard. To celebrate the 150th birthday of Thomas Edison, the museum joined the Henry Ford Mu- seum and Greenfield Village in Michi- gan in an electronic field trip for mid- dle school students. ■ "La Francophonie Noire: The Roots and Evolution of the Franco-Creole Diaspora in the Americas" was this year's Black History Month program, produced by the Program in African American Culture. The film festival, oral histories, demonstrations, music and dance performances, symposium, and cultural marketplace revealed the links between modern American cul- ture and the Creole culture of Louisiana, the Caribbean, and Africa. Black Film Review and the Anacostia Museum and Center for African Ameri- can History and Culture gave financial support to the program. ■ Every concert by the Smithsonian Jazz Masterworks Orchestra and the en- Visitors at the National Postal Museum enter information into one of the many interactive computer stations in "What's in the Mail for You!", an exhibition about direct mail marketing in the United States. (Photograph by Charles Phillips) sembles of the Smithsonian Chamber Music Society brings audiences great music and performances illuminated by the study of music history. Before many concerts, hour-long discussions with scholars and performers offer new insights into the music. This year, the Chamber Music Society inaugurated "Future Music," a collaboration in edu- cation with Washington's Levine School of Music that brings students to the museum for performances, work- shops, and tours of the Collection of Musical Instruments. For more than 25 years, the Chamber Music Society has relied on the financial support of the Friends of Music at the Smithsonian. The Jazz Masterworks Orchestra is sup- ported by a congressional appropriation, the Recording Industries Music Perfor- mance Trust Funds, and Nis- san Motor Corporation U.S.A. ■ In September, the museum launched its new Web site, http://www.si.edu/nniah, which features virtual exhibitions of artifacts not on display in the museum, special activities for kids and classrooms, music clips, finding aids for archival materials, and more. ■ The National Postal Mu- seum is dedicated to expand- ing public understanding of American history as inter- preted through postal history since 1673. This year, the mu- seum produced a new activity book for children, funded in part by the Sennett Founda- tion; conducted an impressive array of public programs; in- troduced two new education videos celebrating the cre- ation of Rural Free Delivery; and lent more than 300 ob- jects to other institutions as part of its educational out- reach. The museum's newest gallery, "What's in the Mail for You!" is a state-of-the-art interactive exhibition on the evolution and impor- tance of direct mail from the 19th cen- tury to the present. The exhibition was made possible by a generous grant from Pitnev Bowes, Inc. NATIONAL MUSEUM OF THE AMERICAN INDIAN W. Richard West, Director The National Museum of the American Indian is dedicated to the preservation, study, and exhi- bition of the life, languages, litera- ture, history, and arts of natives of the Western Hemisphere. In con- sultation, collaboration, and coop- eration with native peoples, the museum works to protect and fos- ter their cultures by reaffirming traditions and beliefs, encouraging artistic expression, and providing a forum for Indian voices. Through innovative public programming, research, and collections, the mu- seum works to fulfill its mission. Navajo Nation Museum staff member Verna Francisco (top) works with Su- san Heald, conservator at the National Museum of the American Indian, on the installation of "Woven by the Grand- mothers: Nineteenth-Century Navajo Textiles from the National Museum of the American Indian." NMAI staff held a workshop in museum methods for Navajo Museum trainees before the ex- hibition opened. (Photograph by Szabo Photography) ■ Construction of the museum's Cul- tural Resources Center in Suitland, Maryland, began during the past year. As the heart of the National Museum of the American Indian, the Cultural Resources Center has three purposes: to house, protect and care for the 1-mil- lion-object collection; to be the focal point for research, community service, and outreach; and to support the mu- seum's public facilities on the National Mall and at the George Gustav Heye Center in New York City. The center is scheduled to open in the fall of 1998. ■ In July, the Kresge Foundation awarded the museum a $500,000 chal- lenge grant to help fund construction of the Cultural Resources Center. To stimulate private giving to the facility, the foun- dation has required the museum to raise the more than $1.5 million needed to complete the construction fund be- fore the grant is dis- bursed. The museum must raise the necessary funds by October 1, 1998. ■ "Woven by the Grandmothers: Nine- teenth-Century Navajo Textiles from the Na- tional Museum of the American Indian" opened in October at the George Gustav Heye Center. This exhi- bition of some 45 spectacular examples of Navajo weavings from the museum's unparalleled collection is traveling to museums in Arizona and Washington, D.C., under the sponsorship of Mobil Corporation. Efforts to further the mu- seum's mission to "consult, collabo- rate, and cooperate with native peo- ples" across the hemisphere were realized in a special training program held in conjunction with "Woven by the Grandmothers" in August. The program — which began in Window Rock, Arizona, the capital of the Navajo Nation — brought together several aspiring Navajo museum pro- fessionals to learn about exhibition in- stallation, conservation, and registra- tion while the exhibition was on view at the Navajo Nation Museum. The Navajo trainees continued their in- struction in Washington, D.C., when the exhibition traveled to the National Museum of Women in the Arts. The museum is also reaching out nation- ally with another exhibition, "New- born Ancestors: The Art and Articles of Plains Indian Children," which went on view for a year beginning in March 1997 at the San Francisco Airport. ■ On March 27, just two and a half years since the Heye Center's opening in October 1994, attendance broke 1 million. Weekly attendance soared during the summer months to 13,000 visitors a week, a 54.5 percent increase over last summer's figures. Year-end attendance topped 600,000, almost double last year's attendance. ■ The museum continues its commit- ment, under federal law and museum policy, to repatriate human remains and objects of religious and cultural patrimony to native groups throughout the hemisphere. Among the most sig- nificant returns this year was to the Haudenasaunee (Iroquois Confederacy) in May. The 19 strands of wampum — Iroquois history documented in metic- ulously stranded shells — were the sec- ond return of wampum to the Iroquois people in less than a year. ■ A traditional Native American star- pattern quilt commissioned by the mu- seum was installed in May in the Ray- burn House Office Building on Capitol Hill. The quilt was made by Nellie Menard (Rosebud Sioux) and replaces a quilt previously on loan from the Ana- costia Museum. Director W. Richard West and Representative Ralph Regula (R-Ohio), chairman of the House Com- mittee on Appropriations, were on hand for the dedication. NATIONAL MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Robert W. Fri, Director Educational outreach at the Na- tional Museum of Natural History takes many forms. New media — including the World Wide Web, videoconferencing, and electronic field trips — make collections and staff expertise available to scien- tists and students beyond the Na- tional Mall. Exhibitions and pub- cultural diversity, it is not enough to present an authoritative and balanced view of the current state of science. Many contentious pub- lic policy issues turn on scientific evidence, and people look to sci- ence for answers. Unfortunately, science rarely cooperates, for scien- tists are trained to raise questions, ■ In September 1997, the museum opened the Janet Annenberg Hooker Hall of Geology, Gems, and Minerals, the most ambitious renovation of a permanent exhibition ever carried out at the Smithsonian. The hall incorpo- rates new understandings of the forces that shape Earth (the theory of plate tectonics, for example, was in its in- fancy when the old geology exhibi- lic programs present the latest discoveries and ideas in anthropol- ogy and the natural sciences to more than 5 million museum visi- tors each year and, we hope, inter- est young people in the excite- ment and creativity of working in these fields. Administrators, scientists, and educators realize, however, that to remain a trusted voice about the natural world, human origins, and and they approach answers with skepticism. As a result, their work reflects uncertainty more often than resolution. To educate the public fully about science, the mu- seum's exhibitions and programs must go beyond presenting inter- esting new discoveries and inter- pretations to address how scien- tists pursue knowledge and why science is constantly changing. The new Janet Annenberg Hooker Hall of Geology, Gems, and Minerals at the National Museum of Natural History showcases the Smithsonian's incompa- rable collections of gemstones, mineral specimens, and meteorites against a rich background of geological and plan- etary science. Visitors to the Moon, Me- teorite, and Solar System Gallery learn what meteorites and Earth rocks bil- lions of years old reveal about the earli- est moments of the solar system. (Photograph by Chip Clark) tions were created) and technically so- phisticated research that sheds light on the origins of the solar system. Visitors can choose a capsule summary or a deeper exploration of contemporary geoscience. More than 3,000 speci- mens, including touchable meteorites, expand on the exhibition's main themes, and interactive displays such as a working seismograph and a meteor "collision" with Earth via com- puter invite visitors to learn more. The new hall is named in honor of Mrs. Janet Annenberg Hooker in recog- nition of her $5 million contribution toward its creation. More than $1.1 mil- lion was raised to build the hall, which was funded entirely through private donation. ■ The museum's Senate of Scientists launched an informal discussion series called "Spotlight on Research." Weekly discussions held in the exhibition gal- leries introduce the public to museum scientists' work and emphasize the re- search value i'l the museum's incompa- rable collections. This year's topics in- cluded ichthyology, botany, human origins, geology, and meteor studies. ■ "Amber: Window to the Past" ex- plored the paleobiological value and the enduring aesthetic appeal of amber. Displays of amber-based research at the museum, docent tours, and public pro- grams on paleobiology, cultural anthro- pology, and molecular systematics complemented the exhibition, which was organized by the American Mu- seum of Natural History, New York City. The museum received favorable publicity for the exhibition and for Amber Identi-Days, when museum pa- leobotanist Francis Hueber identified countless pieces of amber jewelry brought in by the public. ■ Public programs enhanced the mu- seum's presentation of "Global Warm- ing: Understanding the Forecast," a traveling exhibition produced by the Environmental Defense Fund and the American Museum of Natural History. Five panel discussions with museum scientists and prominent guest speakers drew nearly 1,000 scientists, policy makers, and policy advocates. ■ The museum's O. Orkin Insect Zoo celebrated its 20th anniversary with Bugfest '97. For two decades, Insect Zoo staff and volunteers have shared their passion for six- and eight-legged creatures with tens of thousands of children while educating museumgo- ers of all ages about the function of in- sects in maintaining the environment. ■ Museum staff and volunteers hosted more than 16,000 students in nearly 500 scheduled school tours. The Natu- ralist Center, Insect Zoo, "Exploring Marine Ecosystems" exhibition and laboratory, and Discovery Room were particularly popular. "Exploring Ma- rine Ecosystems" was the site of the museum's first Natural Partners Initia- tive electronic field trip. Teachers, stu- dents, and the museum's partner insti- tution for this inaugural program, the Indiana Academy, all called the day a great success. NATIONAL PORTRAIT GALLERY Alan Fern, Director The National Portrait Gallery is dedicated to the exhibition and study of portraits of people who have made significant contribu- tions to American history and cul- ture and to the study of the artists who created such portraiture. The gallery sponsors a variety of schol- arly and public activities for audi- ences interested in American art and American history. ■ "Red, Hot & Blue: A Salute to Ameri- can Musicals," a collaboration between the National Portrait Gallery and the National Museum of American History, was the major exhibition of the year. Presented at the Portrait Gallery from October 25 through July 6, it was spon- sored primarily by Discover Card. Approximately 200,000 visitors, includ- ing Tony Bennett, Liza Minnelli, Carol Channing, and Gregory Peck, saw the exhibition. Museum shop sales sur- passed previous records, and the lav- ishly illustrated book accompanying the exhibition became a Book-of-the- Month Club alternate. Public programs ranged from original musical perfor- mances at both museums to a conver- sation between curators Amy Hender- son and Dwight Blocker Bowers and Broadway legend Hal Prince that was sponsored by The Smithsonian Associ- ates and videotaped for broadcast on the Ovation arts cable network. The cu- rators are developing a touring version of the exhibition with the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service and a documentary film on the role of musicals in American culture. ■ Other exhibitions included "Edith Wharton's World: Portraits of People and Places," which marked the 100th anniversary of the publication of Wharton's book The Decoration of Houses and featured artifacts that re- flected the writer's cosmopolitan life. "Mathew Brady's Portraits: Images as History, Photography as Art," made possible in part by assistance from Siemens, was the first comprehensive study in this century of the photogra- pher's entire career. Portraits from the gallery's collection in "Breaking Racial Barriers: African Americans in the Har- mon Foundation Collection" re-created the 1944 exhibition organized by the Harmon Foundation to combat racial prejudice. "Le Tumulte Noir: Paul Colin's Jazz Age Portfolio" featured col- orful lithographs celebrating Josephine Baker and the jazz craze in 1920s Paris. ■ The earliest recorded photographic portrait of abolitionist John Brown, a daguerreotype made in 1847 by Augus- tus Washington, was acquired this year. The purchase was made possible by a generous contribution from Betty Adler Schermer, whose great-grandfather fought next to Brown in Kansas. Other notable acquisitions included a self- portrait drawing by Jacob Lawrence, screenprints of Marilyn Monroe by Andy Warhol, the gallery's first acquisi- tion of animation eels by the Walt Dis- ney Studio, a sculpture of Irving Berlin, and paintings of Merce Cunningham, Joseph Brant, and Lionel Hampton. ■ The gallery celebrated two years of presenting its collections, programs, and exhibitions to researchers and the public on the Internet. A monthly por- trait quiz on America Online attracted a regular following, with gallery exhibi- tion catalogues awarded to the win- ners. The World Wide Web site, http://www.npg.si.et1n, received several awards, including CNET Best of the Web, Education Index Top Site, Lycos Top 5%, and ThirdAge Special Site. The Catalog of American Portraits added collections in Oregon, North Dakota, and South Dakota to its research data- base, which is accessible on the Web. ■ The gallery continues to reach out to new audiences and share its collections and mission with people who are un- able to visit. Senior adults enjoyed programs inspired by the permanent collection and special exhibitions, de- veloped by the Education Department and presented at the gallery or at other sites. "Portraits in Music" recalled the music of the audience's youth, and "Il- luminated Lectures" addressed themes from American history. ■ A variety of other programs engaged the public in the National Portrait Gallery. Susan W. Dryfoos's film The Line King: The Al Hirschfeld Story1 made its Washington, D.C., premiere at the gallery. Black Broadway, an original "Cultures in Motion" musical produc- tion presented in conjunction with "Red, Hot & Blue," captivated an audi- ence of unprecedented size. The gallery and Discovery Channel cohosted a be- hind-the-scenes tour on the theme of Presidents Day for members of Congress and their families. In March, Dorothy Height, president of the National Coun- cil of Negro Women, was interviewed by Marc Pachter in the series "Living Self- Portraits." Sylvia Jukes Morris gave a lec- ture on her new biography of Clare Boothe Luce. Saul Bellow was honored on his 82nd birthday as the gallery ac- quired a portrait of the Pulitzer Prize-winning author by Sarah Yuster. Believed to be the earliest photographic portrait of abolitionist John Brown, this ca. 1 847 daguerreotype by the African American daguerreotypist Augustus Washington is an important recent addi- tion to the National Portrait Gallery's collection. (Photograph by Rolland White) NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK Michael H. Robinson, Director The primary mission of the Na- tional Zoological Park in its 108th year continues to be the advance- ment of science, biological conser- vation, and the education and recreation of the people. In fulfill- ing its mission, the Zoo has be- come a biological park that empha- sizes the interdependence of plants, animals, and environments. The new Amazonia Science Gallery exhibit and award-winning World Wide Web site introduce zoogoers and online visitors to the many sci- entific studies by Zoo and Smith- sonian researchers that reveal the intricacies of the living world. The 163-acre Zoo facility in Washing- ton, D.C., is complemented by its 3,150-acre wildlife Conservation and Research Center in Front Royal, Virginia. ■ On April 16, the National Zoo marked the 25th anniversary of the arrival of the giant pandas. Hsing-Hsing and Ling- Ling were a gift to the people of the United States from the people of China as a symbol of friendship and goodwill following President Richard Nixon's trip in February 1972. Twenty-seven-year- old Hsing-Hsing, the surviving animal of the original pair, is very likely the most famous zoo resident in the United States. An estimated 75 million people (3 million annuallyl have visited the Zoo's giant panda exhibit since 1972. ■ The Amazonia Science Gallery, which opened in December, showcases biodi- versity and the work of Smithsonian scientists. Included in the gallery are displays about the complex variety of life in the Amazon rainforest; a biodi- versity study center where visitors use microscopes to examine collections of insects; and laboratories where working scientists investigate animal behavior, genetics, and nutrition. A focal point of the new exhibit is the Earth Situation Room, which incorporates projected satellite images and a computerized database that display geophysical, bio- logical, and human factors affecting life on our planet. ■ Zoo efforts to breed the endangered greater one-horned Asian rhinoceros resulted in a double suc- cess. On September 18, Chitwan, a female, was born to 11-year-old Mechi, and on October 31, Himal, a male, was born to 1 1 -year-old Kali. These remarkable calves grew to more than 1,000 pounds in only 10 months. The propagation of these rhinos in zoos is critical, as only a few thousand survive. ■ The Friends of the Na- tional Zoo (FONZ) sup- ported the Zoo with more than $1.5 million from its concessions, more than $500,000 from fund-raising efforts such as National ZooFari and Adopt a Species, and 100,000 hours of volun- teer service. FONZ sup- port includes managing school education pro- grams, most of which are funded by grants and by special events such as the new Wildlife Art Festival. These programs reached nearly 20,000 school- children in 1997 with self-guides, outreach kits, and other materials. In addition, public education programs funded by FONZ reached about 72,000 children and adults. ■ The Zoo's Conservation and Re- search Center (CRC) and the Wilds, an animal conservation facility in Ohio, collaborated on the use of artificial in- semination to produce four scimitar- horned oryx calves. The birth of the two males and two females between June 13 and June 20 is an important advance in the conservation of this highly endangered species. These healthy calves represent the largest number of oryx offspring ever pro- duced by artificial insemination. ■ The National Zoo's conservation ef- forts were featured in a special satellite- to-schools teleconference on October 29, produced by Kurtis Productions, Inc. "The Battle to Save Endangered This greater one-horned Asian rhinoc- eros is one of two born this year at the National Zoo. Because only a few thou- sand of these rhinos survive, the propa- gation of this species in zoos is critical. (Photograph by Jessie Cohen) Species" reached an estimated 3 to 5 million students in 11,000 schools across North America. Two of the spe- cies featured, the black-footed ferret and the Florida panther, are alive to- day due in part to the collaborative efforts of reproductive biologists from the National Zoo. ■ The Conservation and Research Cen- ter conducted a special course, "Ad- vanced Conservation Training," for 83 scientists, managers, graduate students, and conservation organization repre- sentatives. Participants received train- ing from CRC staff in the latest conser- vation biology methods and theories as well as in remote sensing and in genetics and biodi- versity monitoring and sampling. CRC staff con- ducted the same training course in 1997 in China, Burma, Thailand, and Brazil. ■ The Howard Hughes Medical Institute 1997 Pre- College Science Education Initiative for Science Mu- seums, Aquaria, Botanical Gardens, and Zoos awarded a $100,000, four- year grant to the Zoo. The funds will support the up- dating of the Zoo's science education materials, devel- opment of new materials and activities for teachers, and expansion of the teacher workshop program at the Zoo. ■ The Zoo's Latino Pro- gram recruited Latino pro- fessionals to develop and promote science outreach programs for Latino com- munities. In 1997, Adrian Cerezo, education/exhibit fellow, was instrumental in developing the educa- tion and interpretation programs at the Amazonia Science Gallery. Carlos Ruiz-Miranda, coordina- tor of the Zoo Latino Program, and Michelle Garcia, education specialist, completed a three-year science out- reach program with local schools. SMITHSONIAN ASTROPHYSICAL OBSERVATORY Irwin I. Shapiro, Director In this "Year of the Comet," the Smithsonian Astrophysical Obser- vatory (SAO) had ample opportu- nity to show why astronomy, blessed with often spectacular im- ages of extraordinary celestial phe- nomena, has such potential to in- spire, inform, and educate the public about science and technol- ogy. For example, in a scene dupli- cated at scores of other sites around the country, more than 3,000 people willingly stood for hours in bitter cold atop the roof of the observatory's complex in Cambridge, Massachusetts, to catch a glimpse of comet Hale- Bopp. As a partner with Harvard College Observatory in the joint Center for Astrophysics, and in co- operation with the National Aero- nautics and Space Administration (NASA), the University of Arizona, and the University of Hawaii's In- stitute for Astronomy, SAO pursues a broad program of investigation into the physical processes that have created and shaped the Earth, the solar system, the galaxy, and the universe. In books, magazines, videos and films, teacher work- shops and summer institutes, pub- lic lectures, interpretive displays at the Whipple Observatory Visitors Center in Arizona, and, increas- ingly, on the World Wide Web, SAO research results are incorpo- rated into science education curric- ula for the nation's schools and en- hance outreach programs for diverse audiences. ■ A team of scientists led by an SAO as- tronomer discovered and described an entirely new kind of solar system ob- ject— an icy miniplanet. They deter- mined that it and others like it might be denizens of the vast, dark, no-man's- land between the Kurper Belt of frozen small celestial bodies beyond Pluto's or- bit and the Oort Cloud of comets that forms a halo around the solar system. The Smithsonian Castle might look this way if a black hole with the mass of Saturn appeared in the middle of the National Mall. This effect, called a gravitational lens, is the focus of a new study by the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. (Image created by Brian McLeod) ■ The belief that giant, Jupiter-like planets might be common to stars like the Sun was bolstered by the discovery of such an object orbiting Rho Coronae Borealis, a star in the constellation Northern Crown. A team of SAO as- tronomers and colleagues from two other institutions found the object us- ing a special spectrograph on the 1.5- meter telescope at the Smithsonian's Whipple Observatory in Arizona. The discovery had an unusual twist: the planet is orbiting far closer to its parent star than anyone had previously imag- ined possible — even closer than tiny Mercury is to our Sun. ■ SAO published a large-scale color poster showing the graphic result of a 20-year survey of giant molecular clouds in the Milky Way conducted by two identical 1 .2-meter radio tele- scopes, one on the roof of the SAO complex in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and the other on a mountaintop in Chile. The poster was made available to students, researchers, and amateur as- tronomers worldwide. ■ Based on satellite observations of x-ray binary stars, SAO scientists and their colleagues confirmed the exis- tence of a previously theoretical phenomenon known as an "event horizon," the one way membrane sur- rounding a black hole and the point at which all forms of matter and light be- gin to fall into this gravitational trap. ■ The unique cylindrical mirrors de- signed by an SAO scientist to form the heart of the Advanced X-Ray Astro- physics Facility (AXAF) space observa- tory, scheduled for launch in late 1998, were successfully tested by NASA and found to exceed all premanufacture specifications. In space, the mirrors should have a resolving power 10 times greater than those in any previous x-ray telescope. ■ Ultraviolet and optical images of the giant star Mira and its hot companion, obtained by two SAO scientists and their colleagues using the Hubble Space Telescope's Faint Object Camera, repre- sent both the first ultraviolet images and the first separate spectra of the two stars. The unique views suggest that material from Mira's extended atmo- sphere is being drawn onto the smaller companion by the latter's strong gravi- tational attraction. ■ The direction to the center of the Milky Way galaxy — a point around which all stars, including the Sun, ro- tate and which is hidden from optical view by dust between the stars — has been determined by SAO radio as- tronomers and colleagues to within 0.03 arcsecond, a measurement uncer- tainty equivalent to less than the width of a penny as seen from a distance of 65 kilometers. SMITHSONIAN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH CENTER Ross Simons, Acting Director The Smithsonian Environmental Research Center (SERC) advances stewardship of the biosphere by in- vestigating the effects of human activities on natural systems. SERC's home research site on the shore of the Chesapeake Bay pro- vides unique opportunities to study a variety of interconnected ecosystems, but SERC research also extends to sites around the globe. SERC's educational programs reach people of all backgrounds, includ- ing schoolchildren, teachers, the general public, and environmental scientists-in-training. ■ Since April, school groups from Washington, D.C., Maryland, and Vir- ginia have been coming to SERC's new Philip D. Reed Education Center to ex- plore the Rhode River estuary with fish- nets, crab traps, and boundless enthusi- asm. The center, which includes a multipurpose classroom, library, ex- hibit hall, and office, will host nearly 10,000 students and teachers partici- pating in environmental education each year. ■ SERC played a major role in develop- ing and leading aquatic and terrestrial programs for Gallaudet University's Summer Institute in Biology. Focusing on deaf teachers and teachers for the deaf, SERC education staff used the new Reed Education Center and the surrounding natural ecosystems for hands-on programs in estuarine, wet- land, and forest ecology. ■ An innovative traveling exhibition that illustrates the ecology of the blue crab and related SERC research was produced with the help of volunteers, teachers, interns, and students. "A Gripping Tale of the Blue Crab" is circulating to public schools accompa- nied by a teacher's manual and instruc- tional materials. ■ Forests at SERC became the testing ground for a National Aeronautics and Space Administration instrument that probes the canopy structure with lasers. Mounted on aircraft or spacecraft, SL1CER (Scanning Lidar Imager of Canopies by Echo Recovery) will col- lect information on the production, complexity, and developmental stages of vast areas of forest. ■ With an expanding global network of monitors, SERC is tracking increases in ultraviolet (UV) light caused by deple- tion of stratospheric ozone. SERC also studies the effects of UV light on pho- tosynthesis by marine algae in Arctic, Antarctic, and temperate regions. One study has shown how natural sun- screens produced by marine plankton called dinoflagellates protect their pho- tosynthetic apparatus from ultraviolet damage. ■ In a new SERC field experiment lo- cated at the Kennedy Space Center, car- bon dioxide concentration is doubled in stands of scrub oak enclosed in 12- foot-tall, open-topped chambers. This simulation of future atmospheric con iitions has revealed effects on photo- synthesis, root and shoot growth, soil moisture, and interactions of plants ind insects. ■ Nonindigenous species are invading the world's coastal waters at accelerating rates due to transport of marine organ- isms in the ballast water of cargo ships, rhe SERC Invasions Biology Program is comparing the patterns and impacts of species introductions in coastal ecosys- tems in the Chesapeake Bay, Florida, central California, and Alaska. Congress has named SERC as the national clear- inghouse for information on patterns of ballast water delivery in relation to bio- logical invasions. ■ Data collected over nine years on phytoplankton blooms in the Rhode River (a subestuary of the Chesapeake Bay) show that blooms can be pre- vented either by low rates of phospho- rus release from sediments in the river or by low inputs of nitrogen from the Susquehanna River, the main source of freshwater to the upper Chesapeake Bay. SERC's New Reed Education Center At its 2,600-acre complex on the Rhode River near Annapolis, Maryland, the Smithsonian Environmen- tal Research Center (SERC) offers abundant oppor- tunities for seeing research in action and learning about the history of ecological interaction at the edge of the Chesapeake Bay. Education at SERC can mean exploring tidal and freshwater marshes on the Java History Trail, measuring water quality indicators in the river and on the bay, or traveling by canoe to observe wildlife in wetlands areas and along forested riverbanks. The new Philip D. Reed Education Center, which opened this year, offers a warm, informal environ- ment for welcoming students and other visitors who enjoy SERC programs. There is expanded space for indoor program components, along with more room for teacher workshops, seminars, pro- grams for college students, and changing, flexible interpretive exhibits. A new teacher resource li- brary contains reference materials on current top- ics in environmental research and education. For casual visitors, the Reed Center is a place to learn about the complexity of ecosystems and find infor- mation about the Chesapeake Bay and SERC's re- search programs. The Reed Center is the product of public-private partnership. The Philip D. Reed Foundation con- tributed almost half the funds for its construction, while partial funding for the exhibit hall came from the Estate of Esther Hoffman and the Smithsonian Women's Committee, and other private donors supported the teacher resource library. With this new facility, SERC hopes to double the number of visitors it serves to nearly 1 0,000 each year. School groups explore the Rhode River with seine nets to learn about estuarine ecology at the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center. (Photograph by David A. Colburn) SMITHSONIAN TROPICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE Ira Rubinoff, Director The Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI) is dedicated to the study of the organisms, ecosys- tems, and peoples of the world's tropics. With a permanent staff of 35 scientists and hundreds of visit- ing researchers from throughout the world who use its facilities each year, STRI also reached out to various audiences through its edu- cational and public programs. ■ An agreement signed on June 20 by Panamanian foreign Relations Minister Ricardo Arias and Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute director Ira Rubinoff ensures that STRI operations in Panama will continue beyond the termination ill the Panama Canal Treaty on Decem- ber 31, 1999. ■ STRI's new Center for Tropical Paleo- ccology and Archaeology officially opened on January 30 in a renovated 1919 building that originally housed all of STRI. The center brings together researchers who are studying tropical environments and climates as early as 20 million years ago and as recent as the advent of human colonization of the New World tropics during the last 15,000 years. ■ A second canopy crane funded by the government of Denmark was in- stalled by STRI in very wet forest on the Caribbean side of the Panamanian Isthmus. Seven canopy cranes are now in operation or under construction worldwide. Earlier in the year, STRI and the United Nations Environment Pro- gramme hosted a conference in Panama where representatives of the seven intensive canopy research pro- grams formed a network to standardize data collection to make comparisons among sites. ■ The original laboratory building on STRI's Barro Colorado Island biological reserve was renovated as a visitor center with support from the Fundacion NATURA, the Robert E. Silberglied Memorial Fund, and the Eugene Eisen- mann Fund. It was dedicated to the memory of Martin H. Moynihan, STRI's first director. The new visitor center houses the permanent exhibition "The Forest Speaks," which focuses on animal communication and features the is- land's history and current STRI research. ■ As part of the celebration of the In- ternational Year of the Reef, the STRI exhibition "Our Reefs: Caribbean Con- nections" began its tour. After opening at Miami International Airport for a three-month run supported by Dade County, the exhibition traveled to Washington, D.C., where it was on dis- play at Union Station, thanks to the Henry Foundation, and at the Inter- American Development Bank head- quarters. With support from the Corpo- racion Panamena de Aviacion, the exhibition started its Caribbean tour at the San Pedro Sula International Air- port in Honduras, hosted by the Hon- duras Coral Reef Fund. ■ STRI's Marine Exhibition Center, a partnership with the Fundacion Smith- sonian de Panama, received more than 60,000 visitors in fiscal year 1997. Lo- cated at the Pacific entrance to the Panama Canal, the center is dedicated to the education and conservation of marine environments. From March through September, the Panama Canal Commission's exhibition "Harnessing the Forces of Nature" was on view. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Director Ira Rubinoff and Panama's Minister of Foreign Affairs Ricardo Arias shake hands after signing the agreement that ensures STRI operations in Panama beyond the termination of the Panama Canal Treaties on Decem- ber 31 , 1 999. (Photograph by Marcos A. Guerra) EDUCATION, MUSEUM, AND SCHOLARLY SERVICES CENTER FOR MUSEUM STUDIES Working with museum profession- als, students, and volunteers from the United States and around the world, the Center for Museum Studies offers programs and ser- vices designed to strengthen mu- seums' capacity for public service. The breadth of this year's activities illustrates the center's outreach. Fifteen Ph.D. candidates came to the Smithsonian for "Interpreting Latino Cultures: Research and Mu- seums," an intensive two- week program that stimulates new per- spectives on archival and museum collections. The annual seminar is cosponsored by the Inter-Univer- sity Program for Latino Research. Humanities Fellowships in Latino Studies, a new three-year program for Latino scholars funded by the Rockefeller Foundation, will begin in 1998. To address the needs of tribal museums and cultural centers, the center's American Indian Museum Studies Program created the Mu- seum Development Award, a year- long program of consultation and training. The People's Center of the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes in Pablo, Montana, was the first recipient. The Vincent Wilkinson Endow- ment Fund, which supports African American students' partici- pation in the Museum Intern Part- nership program, underwrote part- nerships between the National Museum of American History's Program in African American Cul- ture and the Great Plains Black Museum in Omaha, Nebraska, and between the National Museum of African Art and Spelman College Museum of Fine Art in Atlanta, Georgia. A third partnership was established between the National Museum of Natural History's De- partment of Anthropology and Pennsylvania State University's Matson Museum of Anthropology. NATIONAL SCIENCE RESOURCES CENTER The National Science Resources Center (NSRC) advocates an in- quiry-centered approach to science education in which students learn to ask questions, gather informa- tion, develop theories, plan and carry out investigations, and com- municate their ideas. The center, operated jointly by the Smith- sonian and the National Academy of Sciences, collects and publishes information about current science teaching resources, develops inno- vative curriculum materials, and sponsors outreach activities to stimulate and support science edu- cation reform. A new book from the NSRC, Sci- ence for All Children: A Guide to Im- proving Elementaiy Science Education in Your School District, describes the center's rationale for implement- ing an inquiry-based science pro- gram, presents the five elements of the NSRC model for systemic sci- ence education reform, and pro- files eight school districts that have created successful programs. In addition, work is nearing com- pletion on a new guide, Resources for Teaching Middle School Science. It is a companion volume to Resources for Teaching Elementary School Science, published in 1996. Partnerships in Science Education Reform For the National Science Resources Center (NSRC), partnerships are an effective force in stimulating systemic change in science education. The NSRC has established long-term partnerships with six major corporations and foundations to promote K through 8 reform in more than 100 urban, rural, and suburban schools. The partners are the Bayer Foundation, the Bristol-Myers Squibb Foundation, the Merck Institute for Science Education, the Dow Chemical Company, the DuPont Company, and the Hewlett-Packard Company. Together, these corpo- rations and foundations have provided more than $1 .2 million of support to the NSRC and more than $8 million to school districts in the communities where they have sites. Anders Hedberg, director of the Center for Sci- ence Education, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceuti- cal Research Institute, says that partnership has multiple benefits because it "guides educators, ad- ministrators, scientists, and business professionals not only in how to pursue educational reform but also in how to work effectively and efficiently across professions with groups that have vastly different business objectives." This year, the Bristol-Myers Squibb Foundation provided funding to work with the Puerto Rico Public Schools and the University of Puerto Rico on local K through 6 science education reform. Partnerships also extend the impact of reform initiatives by consolidating and strengthening indi- vidual efforts. Joan Tharp, community relations specialist with the Hewlett-Packard Company, says that "because of our partnership with the NSRC, Hewlett-Packard has moved from sponsoring isolated activities in individual classrooms to a focused, comprehensive, and long-term effort to improve the public schools in our communities." The NSRC itself is a joint effort of the Smith- sonian and the National Academy of Sciences. Scientists and engineers from academia and the business community, as well as educators, play a strong role in the development and implementation of NSRC programs. With major funding from the National Science Foundation, the NSRC began work on Science and Technology Concepts for Middle Schools (STC/MS), a curriculum program for grades 7 and 8. This new project will build on the suc- cess of the NSRC's Science and Technology for Children (STC) program for grades 1 through 6. This year, three sets of STC Discov- ery Deck science activity cards were completed. The decks are be- ing developed to accompany the 12 STC units for grades 4 through 6. Each deck is designed to rein- force the key science concepts in a unit and relate them to children's lives. At the NSRC's annual K through 8 Science Education Leadership In- stitutes, teams of teachers, school administrators, and scientists work with nationally recognized experts to develop plans for implementing an inquiry-centered curriculum in their communities. This year's in- stitutes brought together 29 teams from school systems in 15 states, Puerto Rico, and Sweden. The U.S. teams represented 46 school dis- tricts that serve more than 800,000 students in kindergarten through grade 8. Since 1989, 240 teams representing school districts with more than 6 million school- children in these grades have participated. With a one-year planning grant from the National Science Founda- tion, the NSRC is developing a strategy for reforming K through 8 science education through regional partnerships. The proposed plan involves many public and private institutions working with 300 school districts nationwide. OFFICE OF EXHIBITS CENTRAL In the spirit of creative partner- ship, the Office of Exhibits Central (OEC) offers a range of services that bring exhibits to life. Organi- zations within and outside the Smithsonian turn to OEC experts for consultation on exhibition de- velopment, training in processes and techniques, and design, edit- ing, graphic production, model making, and fabrication. OEC's early involvement in the exhibition process contributes to the effective visual realization of ideas. This year, OEC participated in the conceptual development of several projects, including an exhi- bition about the Burgess Shale with the National Museum of Nat- ural History and the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service (SITES) and a permanent presentation of the 150th anniver- sary exhibition "Smithson's Gift" for the Smithsonian Institution Building. As part of its mandate for out- reach and training, OEC worked with Jon Weinberg from the South African National Gallery in Cape Town, who sought guidance in staffing the exhibit process and de- veloping exhibitions for travel. In two continuing partnerships, OEC exchanged staff and expertise with the Cape Coast Castle Museum project in Ghana and advised the Latino American Youth Center in Washington, D.C., on the design and development of a gallery and an inaugural exhibition. OEC's exhibits specialists know how to make exhibitions appealing and understandable to different au- diences and exhibitors. This year, OEC developed new uses for a suc- cessful small-exhibition format cre- ated in 1995 in collaboration with SITES and various state humanities councils. Using this format, ex- hibitors in communities the Smith- sonian has not typically served gained affordable access to "Pro- duce for Victory: Posters on the American Home Front, 1941-1945," "Barn Again: Celebrating an Ameri- can Icon," and "Vanishing Am- phibians," all circulated by SITES. OEC also continued to provide ex- hibition services for a variety of Smithsonian clients. Among the year's highlights were "American Voices: Latino Photographers in the United States" and "Seeing Jazz" for the International Gallery and SITES; "The Jazz Age in Paris, 1914- 1940" for the Center for African American History and Culture and SITES; "The Flag in American In- dian Art" and "The Art of Jack Delano" for SITES; a diorama and models for the National Museum of Natural History's Janet Annenberg Hooker Hall of Geology, Gems, and Minerals; and "Audubon & the Smithsonian" for the Smithsonian Institution Libraries. OFFICE OF FELLOWSHIPS AND GRANTS Each year, more than 800 students and scholars from universities, mu- seums, and research organizations around the world come to the Smithsonian to use its collections and facilities. The Office of Fellow- ships and Grants (OFG) manages these centralized fellowships and internships and administers all stipend appointments, which are a vital element of the Smithsonian's educational role. This year's partic- ipants ranged from distinguished scholars and scientists (see sidebar) to graduate and undergraduate students. Postdoctoral fellow Stephen Ins- ley, for example, came from the University of California, Davis, to study competition, cooperation, and the evolution of complex communication in northern fur seals at the National Zoological Park. In the Smithsonian Museum Shops, graduate student Cesar Bo- cachica from the University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, analyzed current marketing programs dur- ing his James E. Webb Internship. Molly Senior, an undergraduate in- tern from Bemidji State University, Minnesota, helped develop a book of photographs and poetry at the National Museum of the American Indian under the Native American Program. The office also manages compet- itive grant programs for Smith- sonian staff. Burch Fellow Contributes to Cancer Research The Smithsonian is an extraordinary resource for scholars and students who seek concentrated time to study particular subjects in their fields. Fellow- ships, internships, and short-term visits are a val- ued tradition at the Smithsonian and provide im- portant links between the Institution and the academic community. For Dr. Tracie E. Bunton, a veterinary pathologist from Johns Hopkins University, the prestigious George E. Burch Fellowship in Theoretic Medicine and Affiliated Theoretic Sciences has provided a rare opportunity for intense concentration on her research. Bunton is examining the development of cancer markers in a species of fish exposed to en- vironmental contaminants, hoping to uncover basic mechanisms that can be applied to human cancer development. This comparative knowledge could expand the scope and vision of human cancer de- tection and intervention therapy. Funded largely by a gift from the assets of the Burch Heart Research and Education Fund, the Burch Fellowship encourages creative research that potentially benefits human health and the human condition. The greatest value of the award, Bunton says, is the freedom and flexibility to pursue inde- pendent research. As a result, she has made signif- icant progress. The Burch Fellowship and other centralized fel- lowships and internships are managed by the Of- fice of Fellowships and Grants. Dr. Tracie E. Bunton, a veterinary pathologist in the Division of Comparative Medi- cine at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, became the George E. Burch Fellow during 1 997. Joseph Henry Bicentennial In 1 846, the first Board of Regents sought a per- son of "eminent scientific and general acquire- ments" to serve as the first Smithsonian Secretary. Joseph Henry, a noted scientist often referred to as the successor to Benjamin Franklin, was their choice. This year marked the bicentennial of the birth of Henry, an influential figure in 1 9th-century Ameri- can science and culture who set the Smithsonian on its course toward the increase and diffusion of knowledge. Henry was best known in the scientific community for his work in electromagnetism. He also invented the electric motor, and he laid the foundation for a national weather service. Henry believed that basic scientific research was vital to American society, and he felt strongly that the Smithsonian should be a leading research insti- tution. When the illustrious senator from Illinois, Stephen A. Douglas, accused the Smithsonian of engaging in research of "no practical bearing," Henry came to the Institution's defense. "The dis- covery of today, which appears unconnected with any useful process, may, in the course of a few years, become the fruitful source of a thousand inventions," he wrote. Henry also promoted the link between research and education. He was, by all accounts, an out- standing teacher, having taught at the Albany Academy in New York and the College of New Jer- sey (now Princeton University). "In Henry's world view, support of basic research resulted in superior teaching, superior textbooks, and superior popular expositions of science," writes Marc Rothenberg, editor of the Joseph Henry Papers. "Henry be- lieved that by serving the research community, the Smithsonian served a larger public." In recognition of the Henry bicentennial, several professional organizations, state and local govern- ments, and the Smithsonian engaged throughout the year in commemorative activities, which culmi- nated on December 1 7, 1 997, the anniversary of Henry's birth. The Office of Smithsonian Institution Archives, which includes the Joseph Henry Papers project, was the lead organization in the commem- oration. For more on Henry, visit the project's Web site at http://www.si.edu/archives/ihd/jhp. OFFICE OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS As the Smithsonian's liaison with individuals and institutions abroad, with international organi- zations, and with government agencies, the Office of Interna- tional Relations (OIR) supports the Institution's position as a leading international center for education and research. Among its activities this year, OIR worked with the United States Information Agency and American embassies abroad to organize a special program that permitted Smithsonian staff to de- liver lectures about the Institu- tion's research, collections, and ac- tivities to public audiences, local museum communities, and schol- arly counterparts in two dozen countries around the world. OIR's Afro-Caribbean Project continued to provide specialized assistance to museums in Jamaica and Ghana for the development of new national museums. The office also obtained foreign visas and passports for almost 200 Smith- sonian staff traveling abroad, arranged U.S. visa documentation for almost 190 foreign scholars and students wishing to do work at the Smithsonian, and set up vis- its with Smithsonian staff for more than a dozen individuals and groups of educators from other countries. OFFICE OF SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION ARCHIVES Through a range of activities, the Office of Smithsonian Institution Archives (OSIA) led the commemo- ration of the bicentennial of Joseph Henry's birth (see sidebar). Henry, the first Smithsonian Secretary, was a major figure in 19th-century American science and culture. At the same time, OSIA's three divi- sions— the Smithsonian Institution Archives, the Institutional History Division, and the National Collec- tions Program — continued their tradition of service to the Smith- sonian community and the schol- arly and general public. To improve electronic access to its resources, OSIA made the 1996 Guide to the Smithsonian Archives available online through the Smithsonian Institution Research Information System (SIRIS) and created a new Web site (http:// www.si.edu/archives/). OSIA is also participating in a test of the Joseph Henry, first Secretary of the Smithsonian, is shown in an 1875 por- trait by Henry Ulke. (National Portrait Gallery) Dublin Core, a developing stan- dard for the exchange of archives, library, and museum information. The National Collections Program initiated the formal review and re- vision of the Smithsonian Collec- tions Management Policy to en- sure that the policy statement is current and effective. Throughout the year, staff members shared their expertise as speakers on mu- seum archives, collections manage- ment, and Smithsonian history at local, national, and international forums and as instructors for the annual Museum and Library Archives Institute. OFFICE OF SPONSORED PROJECTS The Office of Sponsored Projects served Smithsonian researchers and scholars this year by support- ing their efforts to submit 208 pro- posals valued at $47.9 million and by negotiating and accepting for the Institution 194 grants and con- tracts having a value of $17.5 mil- lion. Among the offices that re- ceived external funding for educational outreach projects this year were: the Center for Folklife Programs and Cultural Studies from the Iowa Sesquicentennial Commission for a multimedia learning guide; the National Sci- ence Resources Center from the National Science Foundation for the Science and Technology Con- cepts for Middle Schools and Ca- pacity Building for Science Educa- tion and Reform programs; the National Museum of Natural His- tory from Mississippi State Univer- sity/Bell South Corporation for support of a Natural Partners Ini- tiative project; and the Smith- sonian Office of Education from the National Faculty for a joint program for teachers. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES With 17 branches in Washington, New York, and the Republic of Panama, more than 1.2 million volumes, and growing Internet ac- cess, the Smithsonian Institution Libraries supports all facets of the Institution's educational mission. The scholarly community and the public also benefit from the Li- braries' services. This year, the Libraries contin- ued to expand its digital library, making specialized Smithsonian re- sources available to scholars as never before. A second full-text electronic edition from the Smith- sonian's Bureau of American Eth- nology (BAE) publications was pub- lished on the Libraries' Web site (http://www.sil.si.edu). The BAE's work has had a significant impact on the development of American anthropology as a formal disci- pline, and scholars and the public throughout the world continue to consult its publications. Partnerships with other libraries enhance the Libraries' service. In a new cooperative initiative with other member libraries of the Chesapeake Information and Re- search Library Alliance, staff of consortium members can borrow circulating materials from the Na- tional Agricultural Library and any of the five regional university li- braries in the consortium. The Libraries was a focal point for research and professional de- velopment, welcoming scholars, professional librarians, and interns for concentrated study, profes- sional training, and informational tours. In the Smithsonian Institu- tion Libraries/Dibner Library Resi- dent Scholar Program, three schol- ars conducted research in aspects of the history of science. A visiting professional librarian from Roma- nia, sponsored by the SOROS Foundation and the Library of Congress, studied automated cata- loging activities in the Cataloging Services Department. Over the year, three interns gained practical experience working alongside pro- fessionals. The Libraries also hosted several groups of profes- sionals and students for educa- tional tours. Leslie Overstreet, Smithsonian Institu- tion Libraries' curator of rare books for the Natural History Rare Book Library, holds a volume of N. J. Jacquin's Rare Horticultural Plants from the Schoenbrun Botanic Gardens, published in Vienna, 1794-1804. (Photograph by Hugh Talman) Popular exhibitions are a vital education and outreach tool for the Libraries. "Audubon & the Smithsonian," which opened in the Libraries' Exhibition Gallery in the National Museum of American Bags of Refined Sugar in the Warehouse of the South Puerto Rico Sugar Co., 1 942, is one of the eloquent images of Puerto Rico on view in the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service exhibition "The Art of Jack Delano." History, brought together Audubon- related objects from numerous Smithsonian collections. Some came to the Institution as a result of Audubon's friendship with Spencer F. Baird, the second Smith- sonian Secretary and creator of the U.S. National Museum. The exhibi- tion also highlights Audubon's Birds of America and his study of mammals, The Viviparous Quadru- peds of North America. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION TRAVELING EXHIBITION SERVIC As its acronym suggests, the Smith- sonian Institution Traveling Exhi- bition Service (SITES) extends the collections, research, and museum expertise of the Smithsonian Insti- tution to "sites" across the nation and beyond. Since 1952, SITES has traveled thousands of exhibitions for the education and enjoyment of people in every state and in sev- eral foreign countries. Small towns in Alabama, Illi- nois, Ohio, and Oregon experi- enced the Smithsonian this year as "Barn Again: Celebrating an Amer- ican Icon," the second exhibition in SITES' rural initiative, began its national tour. Especially designed for display in rural community cul- tural institutions, this small-scale exhibition will travel to 32 differ- ent locations in eight states through 1998. Each state's human- ities council is working with SITES to develop educational programs and training resources for the host institutions. "Barn Again" is made possible through the generous sup- port of the National Endowment for the Humanities, the Smith- sonian Special Exhibition Fund, and the Smithsonian Educational Outreach Fund. "Vanishing Amphibians" began its national SITES tour in March 1997, taking Smithsonian research to 21 alternative learning locations (including state parks, libraries, and shopping malls) through the year 2000. This colorful, small-for- mat exhibition describes the unique physiology of amphibians, explores the threats to these deli- cate creatures, examines the effects of amphibian disappearances on local environments, and presents what scientists are doing to address the problem. The exhibition was coorganized by SITES and the Na- tional Museum of Natural History. Through collaborative efforts with other organizations, SITES reaches even wider audiences. The National Endowment for the Hu- manities has awarded a grant of more than $250,000 to the Ameri- can Library Association (ALA) to produce a new version of the SITES exhibition "The Jazz Age in Paris, 1914-1940." Three copies of the exhibition will be produced by SITES and the ALA. The exhibition will tour libraries throughout the country beginning in late 1998. "The Jazz Age" is a program of America's Jazz Heritage, A Partner- ship of the Lila Wallace-Reader's Digest Fund and the Smithsonian Institution. The educational resources that supplement SITES exhibitions ex- tend the Smithsonian's impact. This year, for example, Nissan Mo- tor Corporation U.S.A. supported the development of a World Wide Web site and a CD-ROM (pub- lished by Simon & Schuster) based on "Earth 2U, Exploring Geogra- phy." These outreach projects are part of the continuing support that Nissan has provided for the 40-city tour of the exhibition, developed by SITES and the National Geo- graphic Society. SMITHSONIAN OFFICE OF EDUCATION This year, the Office of Elementary and Secondary Education was re- named the Smithsonian Office of Education (SOE), signaling a broad mission of supporting and advanc- ing education within the Smith- sonian and to its diverse audi- ences. Through publications and electronic media, professional de- velopment programs for educators, and partnerships with museums, school systems, and other organi- zations, SOE promotes learning through the power of objects. An innovative arts and humani- ties curriculum is now in place in the Smithsonian Museum Magnet Schools, operated by the District of Columbia Public Schools in part- nership with SOE. Students at Robert Brent Elementary School and Stuart-Hobson Middle School, located on Capitol Hill, develop oral, written, scientific, visual, and technological skills as they ob- serve, study, and discuss what they see and experience at the Smith- sonian. SOE marshals the resources of the National Museum of Ameri- can History, the National Postal Museum, the National Museum of American Art, and the Anacostia Museum to create a foundation for experiential learning at the Institu- tion and in the classroom. Initial evaluation shows 96 percent regu- lar attendance and dramatic de- clines in discipline problems. Fac- ulty attribute these developments to a positive change in students' at- titudes toward school and an in- crease in parental involvement. Educators nationwide can find ideas for teaching with objects through SOE's new World Wide Web site, Smithsonian Education (http://www.edncate.si.edu/). The site offers classroom-ready lessons and activities, a listing of nearly 500 ed- ucational products, a summary of school tours and professional de- velopment programs for teachers, and links to education throughout the Smithsonian. Nearly 3,000 educators attended Teachers' Night at the Smithso- nian, which provides an overview of the exceptional teaching re- "The Art of Jack Delano" and Banco Popular With support from Banco Popular of Puerto Rico, the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service (SITES) has organized a new bilingual ex- hibition celebrating the work of the important doc- umentary photographer Jack Delano. Best known for his photographic work for the Farm Security Administration during the New Deal era, Delano adopted Puerto Rico as his home and immersed himself in its culture for more than 50 years. He died at age 83 in August 1 997, shortly before "The Art of Jack Delano" opened at the Rafael Car- rion Pacheco Exhibit Hall at Banco Popular in Old San Juan. SITES exhibitions are supported through a com- bination of federal government appropriations and monetary and in-kind contributions from founda- tions, corporations, and individuals. Host institu- tions pay a small percentage of the exhibition cost through a participation fee. The Delano exhibition was a natural choice for Banco Popular, which is expanding throughout the United States and the Caribbean and has a long history of enhancing the social and economic wel- fare of the communities it serves. The exhibition is the first Smithsonian project that Banco Popular has sponsored. Jack Delano settled in Puerto Rico after World War II, impressed by the spirit and dignity of its people in the face of hardship. "The Art of Jack Delano" features work from all segments of his distinguished career as a photographer, filmmaker, graphic artist, book designer, and composer. The exhibition began a 10-city U.S. tour after leaving Puerto Rico, as SITES continues to take the Smith- sonian's exhibitions, research, and collections to hundreds of communities throughout the nation. Lively, interactive World Wide Web activities engage a child's intellect and curiosity. Smithsonian Education, a new Smithsonian Web site, shows how to bring museum resources into the classroom. (Photograph by Eve Morra) National Faculty-Smithsonian Program for Teachers A groundbreaking initiative from the Smithsonian Office of Education (SOE), developed in partner- ship with the nonprofit National Faculty organiza- tion, links university faculty, Smithsonian staff, and teachers. Everything from art to zoology can be pursued in depth in graduate-level seminars de- signed to improve teachers' mastery of their sub- jects, help them develop new teaching approaches, and stimulate their leadership skills. Each two- to three-year program grows from discussions with teachers and administrators in a school district about areas where the schools would like to strengthen their curricula. After ideas solidify, the school district selects a team of teach- ers who take part in six seminars locally, with uni- versity professors and Smithsonian curators and scholars serving as faculty. The group then attends an intensive Summer Institute at the Smithsonian, where they also learn how to integrate objects, col- lections, and other museum resources in their teaching. When the teachers return to their commu- nities, they train colleagues using the knowledge they have gained. "This program was the best professional devel- opment experience I've had," says Alan Doud, a high school physics teacher who participated in the program from 1 993 to 1 995. "It enabled me to bring the humanities and history into my physics lessons. It gave the teachers a chance to get out of the classroom and be exposed to a lot of disci- plines and experiences that we might not otherwise have the opportunity to explore. The program broadened our horizons." sources available at the Smith- sonian and several other invited museums, historic sites, and cul- tural organizations. Held at the National Air and Space Museum and organized by SOE, Teachers' Night features displays, workshops, hands-on demonstrations, free ma- terials, and the chance to talk with museum staff members. In collaboration with other Smithsonian units, SOE presented | ACCESSIBILITY PROGRAM The Accessibility Program serves all Smithsonian units and their various audiences. The program's activities this year show the range of information and services it provides. At the Provost's request, the pro- gram convened an oversight coun- cil to develop recommendations on institutional accessibility priori- ties. The council considered infor- mation from Smithsonian units' five-year plans on accessibility im- provements and from the pro- gram's extensive work with the Of- fice of Physical Plant on facilities accessibility. In conjunction with its responsi- bility for policy and implementa- tion guidelines, the program conducted four seminars with Smithsonian staff and outside ad- visers with disabilities to create guidelines for accessible program and media design. Program staff several classes for area teachers that showed how to incorporate Latino perspectives and materials into the classroom. The seminars, supported by the Institution's Fund for Latino Initiatives, were the centerpiece of SOE's Summer Seminars program, which offers continuing education credits in Maryland, Virginia, and the Dis- trict of Columbia. then presented this and other ac- cessibility information in training sessions for Smithsonian staff and outside museum professionals. The Smithsonian Guidelines for Accessible Exhibition Design — devel- oped by the program in collabora- tion with Smithsonian exhibition departments — are the first of their kind in the United States. After the guidelines were distributed to Smithsonian staff, the program re- ceived more than 200 requests for copies from around the world. Support for Smithsonian units also included providing accessibil- ity services for visitors, such as sign-language interpreters, Real- time captioning, and translating documents into braille. This year, the program arranged nearly 500 hours of services for visitors at- tending Smithsonian Associates courses, FONZ lectures, and do- cent-led museum tours. BIODIVERSITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL AFFAIRS Fiscal year 1997 was an organiza- tional year for the Institute of Conservation Biology. Two team- taught courses on biodiversity and conservation biology, which drew on the expertise of scientists and curators from throughout the Smithsonian, were offered at the Washington, D.C., campus of Johns Hopkins University and at Duke University. In addition, the institute initiated a significant partnership with Shell Oil Com- pany focusing on a drilling project for natural gas in the lower Urubamba region of Amazonian Peru. Smithsonian and Peruvian scientists have been engaged in a biological survey to minimize the environmental impact of the project. COMMUNITY AFFAIRS AND SPECIAL PROJECTS \s the national museums, the Smithsonian recognizes that the Till inclusion of America's cultural diversity is an essential compo- lent of excellence. The counselor :o the Secretary for community af- :airs and special projects, based in :he Office of the Provost, has worked toward dynamic engage- iient between the Institution and listorically underrepresented au- diences, especially Latinos. By the end of the year, the office was nearing completion of a two- ^ear study of Smithsonian Latino ictivities. The study was under- aken by the Latino Oversight Committee, a distinguished 14- riember group that includes four members of Congress. The com- mittee's report will recommend steps to make Latino participation in history, arts, and culture an in- tegral part of the Smithsonian. In collaboration with the Latino Oversight Committee, the coun- selor for community affairs and special projects convened the first national conferences of directors of Latino museums and commu- nity arts and cultural organiza- tions. The directors have since formed the National Council of Latino Museum Directors, the first organization of its kind in the United States. The office also oversees the Smithsonian Fund for Latino Ini- tiatives, which funded 24 projects this year, including the acquisition and accession of the Teodoro Vidal collection of Puerto Rican folk ma- terial at the National Museum of American History and the National Museum of American Art. The fund also supported the exhibi- tions "Latinos in Aviation" at the National Air and Space Museum and "American Voices," organized by the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service, as well as future exhibitions of Taxco silver at Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum and Carlos Al- fonzo at the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden. INSTITUTIONAL STUDIES OFFICE SCIENTIFIC DIVING PROGRAM \s an Institution-wide resource ledicated to the scientific study of Smithsonian constituencies, the nstitutional Studies Office (ISO) :onducts applied research and ;tudies within Smithsonian muse- 1ms and offices. This year, ISO :ontinued its efforts to understand ind assess the impact of some of he Smithsonian's educational out- each activities. For example, a ;tudy at the Hirshhorn Museum ind Sculpture Garden investigated he effect of text labels and panels :>n the experience of visitors to the exhibition "Richard Lindner: 'aintings and Watercolors, 1948-1977." A study of "Visual ournal: Harlem and D.C. in the rhirties and Forties," an exhibition it the Center for African American history and Culture, explored dif- ferences and similarities in the ways that visitors responded to photographs in the exhibition. The impact of evocative photo- graphs was also examined in a background study conducted at four "America's Smithsonian" venues in preparation for a future exhibition on the origins of rock and soul music. At the National Zoological Park, an ISO study as- sessed the educational effective- ness of "Think Tank," an exhibi- tion on animal thinking behavior. These and other, similar studies serve two important purposes: they provide offices and curators with specific information critical to planning and implementing ef- fective projects, and they advance our understanding of the strengths and limitations of exhibitions and public programs as educational media. With its museums, the National Zoo, and research stations throughout the world, the Smith- sonian Institution has one of the largest Scientific Diving Programs in the country. The program pro- motes and supports the safety of approximately 180 scientific divers and establishes policy for activities conducted under Smithsonian aus- pices. During this fiscal year, the Smithsonian hosted the 16th An- nual American Academy of Under- water Sciences Scientific Diving Symposium, "Methods and Tech- niques of Underwater Research." The symposium proceedings were edited by program director Michael A. Lang and Carole C. Baldwin of the National Museum of Natural History Department of Vertebrate Zoology. Smithsonian scientists contributed 13 of the 29 papers. *> REPORT OF THE UNDER SECRETARY CONSTANCE BERRY NEWMAN One of the best ways to understand the essence of the Smithsonian insti- tution IS TO LOOK AROUND— NOT JUST AT THE INTRIGUING OBJECTS ON EXHIBIT OR AT THE RAPT FACES OF VISITING YOUNGSTERS, BUT AT THE PEOPLE WHO WORK HERE. Inside each building, security personnel welcome staff and visitors while KEEPING TRAINED EYES OUT FOR THEIR SAFETY AND THE SAFETY OF THE COLLECTIONS. AT MUSEUM INFORMATION DESKS, VOLUNTEERS FIELD QUESTIONS, GIVE DIRECTIONS, Above: Under Secretary Constance Berry Newman (Photograph by Richard W. Strauss) AND SUGGEST PLACES TO VISIT. COMPUTER SPECIALISTS MAKE SURE THE INSTITU- Opposite: Kite-making workshops for kite-flyers of all skill levels are a popular TION'S INFORMATION SYSTEMS ARE HUMMING, ELECTRICIANS MAINTAIN THE SYSTEMS attraction at the Kite Festival on the Mall. This annual event, cosponsored by The Smithsonian Associates and the THAT ILLUMINATE THE NATION'S TREASURES, AND PAINTERS PREPARE GALLERY WALLS National Air and Space Museum, draws contestants from around the world for its handmade kite-flying competition. T0 DISPLAY MAGNIFICENT WORKS OF ART (Photograph by Eric Long) THE SMITHSONIAN'S SUCCESS IS ALL ABOUT PEOPLE. CURATORS, SCIENTISTS, EDUCATORS, DE- SIGNERS, COLLECTIONS MANAGERS, AND CONSERVATORS MAKE VISIBLE, INDISPUTABLE CONTRIBUTIONS TO WHAT WE DO. YET, WE MAY TAKE FOR GRANTED THE EQUALLY VALUABLE CONTRIBUTIONS OF MANY OTHER EMPLOYEES, OFTEN WORKING BEHIND THE SCENES. KNOWLEDGE IS "INCREASED AND DIFFUSED" THANKS TO EVERY ONE OF THEM, WHATEVER THEIR JOB DESCRIPTIONS MIGHT BE. The Office of Public Affairs worked with the Today show on a live broadcast from the 31st annual Festival of American Folklife. Shown here are weather personality Willard Scott (center) with festival participants (from left) Gilroy Chow, Lisa Chow, Sally Chow, and Bradley Chow, from Clarksdale, Mississippi. (Photograph by Jeff Tinsley) We began this year with a chal- lenging act to follow: the Smith- sonian's 150th anniversary celebra- tion in fiscal year 1996. We sustained the anniversary spirit throughout the Institution, in team efforts to engage the American peo- ple in their Smithsonian. The Insti- tution's service, financial, and ad- ministrative organizations were critical to those efforts, as they con- tinued to provide a strong founda- tion for education and outreach. A CONTINUING CELEBRATION The 150th anniversary traveling exhibition "America's Smith- sonian" was in Saint Paul, Min- nesota, at the beginning of the fis- cal year and then traveled to Houston, Texas; Portland, Oregon; Birmingham, Alabama; and San Jose, California. More than 3 mil- lion visitors have had the opportu- nity to see highlights of the na- tion's collections since the exhibition opened in February 1996. "Voices of Discovery," ad- ministered by The Smithsonian Associates, again brought Smith- sonian scholars to the exhibition venues for nearly 400 free programs in museums, schools, libraries, senior centers, and other sites. An advertising, marketing, and publicity campaign in each city, designed and implemented by the Office of Public Affairs (OPA), raised public awareness of the ex- hibition. OPA's work on "America's Smithsonian" and other anniver- sary projects earned the Silver \nvil Award of Excellence from the Public Relations Society of America. In the spring, the Smith- sonian contracted with Rathe Pro- duction, Inc., and PGI, Inc., to manage transportation, installa- tion and deinstallation, special events, and public relations for the jxhibition in future locations. WELCOMING A DIVERSE AUDIENCE We should never assume that peo- ple know what the Smithsonian has to offer. We need to communi- cate actively with those who visit and those who do not, with loyal audiences and with others who are new to the Institution. We must also recognize that some groups have not been well represented in our collections, exhibitions, and programs. We are taking steps to broaden the coverage, and we are being more aggressive in our effort to reach out to a wider audience. Outreach to the Latino commu- nity was an emphasis this year. OPA's ongoing projects reached Latino audiences in the Washing- ton, D.C., metropolitan area and across the nation. The office repre- sented the Smithsonian at local and national Hispanic events such as the annual U.S. Hispanic Cham- ber of Commerce conference; be- gan a partnership with the Bravo Group, a national Hispanic mar- keting group; and created target bilingual publicity campaigns for several exhibitions. The Visitor Information and Associates' Recep- tion Center (VIARC) reached potential visitors through La Cumbre, the primary travel trade show for travel agents and tour operators who send visitors to Washington from Latin America. A LIFETIME OF LEARNING People of all ages can find abun- dant learning opportunities at the THE MAN WHO BUILT THE ■ jihjn. rjih in i line of Muslim rules ■ - ■ . . M coined ihc ler- ♦ -. : I ■ ; - !.:n vcjTs of Sfuh-Jirun's ,"mplct<: ivith -u pjmi- f ■ 1 A -*- beheading: /\ I X ± A I ■ tuntty to ■<:-. ■ of Art. the Los Aug nh, jdJ the Ir.Ju.iifv!;- '■ • never sec in the rr-jnu-T' « see the Tjj. the Eirrscui torrJ? he r_ _ The only women we xc are court dmccre and other cnieru ■ ■ Smithsonian magazine's revitalized design by Don Morris Design was introduced with the July 1997 issue. Discovery Theater Turns 20 For young people from all over the Washington, D.C., area, a trip to Discovery Theater is a memo- rable treat. Over the years, Discovery Theater has presented original productions, contemporary and traditional live puppetry, theatrical performances, dance, storytelling, and musicals — all designed to entertain, educate, and enlighten young audiences. As one of its 20th anniversary season produc- tions, Discovery Theater commissioned a theatrical piece in collaboration with the Education Depart- ment of the National Museum of African Art, based on the life of King Asantehene Agyeman Prempeh I, ruler of the Asante nation from 1 888 to 1 896. Performances coincided with the exhibition of King Prempeh's adinkra cloth at the museum. School groups attending Discovery Theater could schedule a docent-led tour of the exhibition to learn more about the significance of the ceremonial adinkra cloth and the depth of meaning symbolized in its rich iconography. This project was supported by a grant from the Smithsonian Educational Outreach Fund. Youngsters come to Discovery Theater with school and youth groups and on Saturday outings with their families. Ticket prices are kept low to give everyone a chance to attend. Presentations are geared to specific age groups, while themes reflect the interests of diverse audiences. A free Learning Guide for each production helps teachers prepare children for the experience. The productions are often interactive, opening avenues of self-reflection and offering enjoyable ways for parents and teach- ers to demonstrate life's lessons. Opposite: Ethno-Tec Creations of San Francisco presented Asian Treasure Bag at Discovery Theater during the presi- dential inaugural celebration in January 1 997. (Photograph by Hugh Talman) Smithsonian. The Smithsonian As- sociates, Smithsonian magazine, and Smithsonian Press/Smith- sonian Productions bring educa- tion, enlightenment, and enjoy- ment to wide audiences and strengthen the bond between the American people and their na- tional museums. The Smithsonian Associates (TSA) truly has something for everyone. Consider some offerings on TSA's rich menu this year: an eight-week Campus on the Mall course exam- ining the impact of Jackie Robin- son's breaking the baseball color barrier 50 years ago; a chance for families to meet Kermit, Elmo, Miss Piggy, and other Muppets in an unprecedented look at the late Jim Henson's genius; and the first Smithsonian Associates voyage to the North Pole, on board a nu- clear-powered icebreaker. TSA took educational programs across the nation during fiscal year 1997. Along with "Voices of Dis- covery," national outreach initia- tives included a new audiocassette series. "Voices from The Smith- sonian Associates" showcases pop- ular Resident Associate programs such as Microsoft's Bill Gates, jour- nalists David Brinkley and Walter Cronkite, historians Stephen Am- brose and James McPherson, and writers P. D. James and Pat Conroy. Art in Celebration!, an exhibition of TSA's commissioned artworks orga- nized in collaboration with the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service, continued its three-year, 40-state tour on Artrain. The tour is sponsored by Chrysler Corporation. Some 360 Smith- sonian Study Tours, in the United States and around the world, in- cluded family-oriented trips to the Galapagos Islands and Kenya. Many TSA programs have be- come signature Smithsonian events and local traditions. Discov- ery Theater, the only continuous live children's theater in the Wash- ington area, celebrated its 20th season. Many of the 75,000 young- sters who delight in Discovery Theater performances each year are experiencing theater for the first time. The annual Smithsonian Kite Festival on the Mall, one of the premier handmade kite com- petitions in the world, was again sponsored jointly by The Smith- sonian Associates, the National Air and Space Museum, and participat- ing kite-flying clubs. At TSA's sum- mer camp, some 450 youngsters ages 4 to 13 discovered the won- ders of the sea, learned about an- cient Pompeii, took an imaginary trip to the Moon, created their own Web pages, filmed their own science fiction videos, and more. For design and decorative arts historians, TSA began offering a two-year master's degree program in the history of 19th- and 20th- century American decorative arts. Created in cooperation with Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum and Parsons School of Design, the program gives students unique access to materials on American art and design history contained in the Smithsonian's unparalleled holdings. Smithsonian magazine, read by nearly 8 million people each month, is a vital educational out- reach vehicle. Academic institu- tions, associations, and textbook publishers use its articles as course material or for information. About 70 percent of the more than 500 reprint requests received this year were from organizations with an educational purpose or affiliation. Smithsonian took on a polished new look with the July 1997 issue, the first redesign in the magazine's 27-year history. Air & Space/Smith- sonian magazine finished its 11th year of publication, providing 1.2 Volunteer information specialists tour the Smithsonian greenhouses during a con- tinuing education program organized by the Visitor Information and Associates' Reception Center. (Photograph by Jeff Powley) million readers with focused edito- rial content relating to the collec- tions of the National Air and Space Museum and information of inter- est to the aerospace community. Smithsonian Press/Smithsonian Productions (SP/SP) reaches both popular and scholarly audiences through a variety of media, pub- lishing more than 100 books and recordings each year. This year, SP/SP celebrated the American mu- sical with Red, Hot & Blue, written by curators Amy Henderson and Dwight Blocker Bowers to accom- pany the popular National Portrait Gallery-National Museum of American History exhibition. A four-CD set, Star-Spangled Rhythm, showcased nearly 90 years of the musical's recorded history and fea- tured many rare, never-released performances. New titles for a popular audi- ence from SP/SP included Snakes in Question and Bats in Question, part of the "Smithsonian Answer Book" series. These inviting, easy-to-read books, written by Smithsonian ex- perts, satisfy the curiosity of both adults and children. SP/SP also launched a major 16-volume pop- ular series in partnership with Ran- dom House Publishers, the Smith- sonian Guides for Natural America. SP/SP's notable contributions to scholarly literature this year in- cluded The Origin and Early Diversi- fication of Land Plants: A Cladistic Study, by Paul Kenrick and Peter R. j \ Crane, considered one of the most important books on the assembly of terrestrial ecosystems. Another new publication, the second vol- ume in Tom D. Dillehay's Monte Verde: A Late Pleistocene Settlement in Chile, received national atten- tion for rewriting the chronology of the peopling of the Americas. The 13-part radio series from SP/SP, Black Radio: Telling It Like It Was, won prestigious radio honors in the Alfred I. DuPont-Columbia University Awards and the George Foster Peabody Awards. The series has run on nearly 200 radio sta- tions around the country. Major production began on the televisior project River of Song: Music along the Mississippi, as PBS announced its intention to broadcast the three-hour series nationally in 1998-99. A companion radio se- ries, funded by the Corporation fo Public Broadcasting, will air on public radio, and a related book is also planned. Slaves No More, a new radio project featuring the recollections of former slaves recorded in the 1930s by the Works Progress Administration, re- ceived major funding from the Na tional Endowment for the Human ities and the Corporation for Public Broadcasting. EXPANDED PUBLIC AWARENESS Engaging the public in the Smith- sonian requires another kind of educational effort: building aware- ness of the Institution, its educa- tional mission, and its multifac- eted public service. Throughout the year, we used various strategies to generate public interest and understanding. When people plan a visit to the Smithsonian, they need accurate and complete information. This year, VIARC staff reviewed descrip- tions of the Smithsonian for the 1998 editions of 35 major Wash- ington, D.C., guidebooks. On the Smithsonian Web site, VIARC pro- vides a current Institution-wide calendar and exhibition listings, along with suggestions for plan- ning a visit and information about how to volunteer. VIARC also strengthened its links with the lo- cal, national, and international tour and travel industry by partici- pating in key national meetings where the Smithsonian's represen- tative met individually with nearly 250 tour operators. Teachers, students, and re- searchers can turn to the useful "Resources" brochures, produced by OPA, for information on collec- tions, databases, publications, fel- lowships, internships, and more. This year, a fourth title, Asian Pa- cific American Resources at the Smithsonian, was added to the se- ries. OPA also published four issues of the newsletter Smithsonian Insti- tution Research Reports, which in- forms members of Congress, schol- ars and scientists, library users, and Smithsonian Contributing Mem- bers about the many research ef- forts around the Institution. Smith- sonian Year 1996, prepared by OPA with Smithsonian Press/Smith- sonian Productions, was a special thematic annual report focusing on the 150th anniversary and its related activities and programs. Special events and conferences drew thousands of people to the Smithsonian this year, extending the Institution's connections to a variety of organizations and indi- viduals. The Office of Special Events and Conference Services produced nearly 400 events that increased public awareness and of- ten raised revenue. Among the highlights were a reception honor- ing the president of Honduras, hosted by the Smithsonian Tropi- cal Research Institute; the 1997 Computerworld Smithsonian Awards presentation ceremony; a World Wildlife Fund environmen- tal preservation symposium; a din- ner celebrating the dedication of the Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial; and the first Great Smithsonian Press Sale, which drew several thousand shoppers over three days in June. The Smithsonian's congression- ally mandated activities stressed its core educational mission and pro- gramming. Through presentations at hearings, live demonstrations, site visits, lectures, and distribution of program materials, the Office of Government Relations raised con- gressional awareness and enlisted the assistance of members of Con- gress and their staff in promoting their constituents' participation in Smithsonian programs. During the year, members of Congress joined in bringing the National Museum of Natural History's Natural Part- ners Initiative and National Science Resources Center programs to their communities. PRODUCTS WITH AN EDUCATIONAL MESSAGE The Smithsonian is committed to developing and licensing products that reflect its educational values and extend its message. From a business point of view, offering merchandise of high quality helps strengthen the Institution's finan- cial base. From an education point of view, an exhibition catalogue, a CD-ROM, or a product carrying a descriptive card contribute to peo- ple's knowledge of our collections and research and stimulate interest in the Smithsonian. This was a banner year for the Museum Shops, with sales exceed- ing $33 million, a 16 percent in- crease over fiscal year 1996. Shops supporting the exhibitions "Red, Hot & Blue: A Salute to American Vital Volunteers They are the Smithsonian's most active ongoing partnership: the nearly 8,000 men and women who contributed their time this year to the Institution's mission of education and public service. Volunteers are a familiar presence as they invite a child to climb on the highwheeler in the Hands On History Room at the National Museum of American History, staff the Smithsonian's public inquiry telephone lines, or assist with Smithsonian Associate pro- grams. More than 1 ,000 volunteers serve as docents; every museum, the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, and the Smithsonian Institution Building all have docent programs. The Visitor Infor- mation and Associates' Reception Center (VIARC) manages two Institution-wide programs in which 2,068 participants contributed 275,989 hours this year. In VIARC's Behind-the-Scenes Volunteer Pro- gram, volunteers support everyday activities in offices, conservation labs, libraries, and elsewhere. The Volunteer Information Specialist Program staffs information desks in most Smithsonian buildings. This year, 470 volunteers turned out to help the Festival of American Folklife run smoothly. On the "America's Smithsonian" tour, more than 2,100 vol- unteers helped their communities enjoy treasures from Smithsonian collections. Through Friends of the National Zoo (FONZ), the Smithsonian Women's Committee, and Young Benefactors, more than 1 ,600 volunteers helped generate financial support for the Institution. "Without question, volunteers are one of the In- stitution's richest and most enduring assets," says Secretary I. Michael Heyman. They will be "instru- mental in securing the viability of the Smithsonian into the next century and beyond." The new National Airport terminal in Washington, D.C., boasts a Smithsonian Museum Shop, operated in partnership with Lanta Concessions, Inc. (Photo- graph by Charles Phillips) Musicals" at the National Portrait Gallery and "Amber: Window to the Past" at the National Museum of Natural History (NMNH) were especially successful. At NMNH, two new shops opened in Novem- ber, with spacious and inviting de- signs that incorporate actual mu- seum artifacts and make the shops integral to the museum visit. Off the Mall, a new shop with a varied selection of merchandise opened in the new Washington National Airport terminal, oper- ated in partnership with conces- sionaire Lanta Concessions, Inc. The successful shop at Baltimore- Washington International Airport continued to offer aviation-related merchandise. Both airport shops also provide information designed to attract visitors to the Smith- sonian and promote membership. The Smithsonian Catalogue, like the Museum Shops, continues to reflect the educational values and the rich diversity of the museums and research institutes. Every prod- uct receives curatorial approval. The catalogue enjoyed its best sales year ever, with the holiday 1996 edition posting record sales. Through licensing agree- ments, the Smithsonian also promotes its educa- tional mission. This year, Natural Science Industries, Inc., expanded its line of children's science kits, and Soundprints began issuing teachers' guides to accom- pany its children's books and tapes. The Institution signed a new agreement this year with Scientific Ex- plorer, Inc., for educational activity kits. A STRONG INFRASTRUCTURE In support of the Smith- sonian's educational mis- sion, crucial work goes on in finance, administration, facilities, and information technology. A spirit of team- work guides these service- oriented divisions, which often work in concert with museums, research insti- tutes, and offices. Staff development and recognition were a focus in several Smithsonian units this year. The third annual Secretary's Award for Excel- lence in Equal Opportunity Program, cosponsored by the Of- fice of Equal Employment and Mi- nority Affairs and the Secretary's office, recognized four employees for their outstanding contribu- tions. The Unsung Heroes awards, which began in the 150th anniver- sary year and continued through December 1996, honored Smith- sonian employees nominated by their colleagues for exemplary ser- vice. The program was coordinated by the Ombudsman. Other offices provided vital in- ternal support. The Office of the Comptroller, for example, guided Star-Spangled Rhythm, a four-CD set issued by Smithsonian Institution Press to coincide with the National Portrait Gallery-National Museum of American History exhibition "Red, Hot & Blue," showcases that extravagant 20th- century art form, the musical. the new Smithsonian Fi- nancial System general ledger and financial report- ing system through its first year. The Office of Human Resources held its first open house, designed to inform employees about the ser- vices available to them. The Office of Physical Plant worked on five major expansion initiatives this year. Inside the courtyards at the National Museum of Natural History, two major projects are under way. The East Court Building will provide expanded staff of- fice space, a Smithsonian Early Enrichment Center, a rare book library, public re- strooms, and collections space. The museum's new Discovery Center/West Court Building will feature a Discovery Room, a large- format movie theater, and a restaurant. This year, the Office of Risk and Asset Management began the process of obtaining ap- proval for $40 million in tax-exempt financing for the project. Construction progressed on the National Museum of the American Indian's Cultural Re- sources Center in Suitland, Mary- land, set to open in fall 1998. De- sign of the Mall museum advanced to the construction documents phase, based on schematic design approvals from the Commission of Fine Arts and the National Capital Planning Commission early in the year. The design of the National Air and Space Museum's Dulles Center is also moving ahead. Several major projects led the way for Smithsonian repairs and renovations to existing buildings. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION The Smithsonian "Castle" 1855 H The Smithsonian Card Consumers who use the Smithsonian Card from NOVUS Services, Inc., are assisting Smithsonian programs in research, exhibitions, collections, and education. A percentage of each purchase made with the Smithsonian Card goes to the Institution. NOVUS Services also makes a donation each time a Smithsonian Card is issued or renewed. NOVUS Services is promoting the Smithsonian Card through a national marketing effort. In addition to showing their support for the Smithsonian, Card- members earn points toward U.S. Series EE Savings Bonds when they make purchases with the Smith- sonian Card. The relationship with NOVUS Services grew out of the Smithsonian's partnership with Discover Card, a business unit of NOVUS Services and the first partner of the 1 50th Anniversary Corporate Partner Program. Design fee negotiations are under way to renovate the Arts and In- dustries Building to renew offices, exhibit halls, child care facilities, and other spaces. Design was com- pleted on two projects: accessibil- ity improvements and a new roof for the National Museum of Amer- ican Art and the National Portrait Gallery and skylight and window wall replacements for the National Air and Space Museum. At the Na- tional Museum of Natural History, mechanical renovations continued on the upper floors. The Office of Contracting and Property Management continued to provide contractual support for "America's Smithsonian" and for media and entertainment projects developed through a relationship with a Hollywood agent, Creative Artists Agency. The office awarded several multimillion dollar con- tracts, including those to build the National Museum of the American Indian's Cultural Resources Center and the Discovery Center at the Na- tional Museum of Natural History. In addition to providing opera- tional support for information sys- tems throughout the Institution, the Office of Information Tech- nology began a three-phase pro- cess of upgrading SINET, the Smithsonian's internal data com- munications network. This year, several buildings were wired or re- cabled, some network software and electronics were upgraded, and MCI was selected as the new Inter- net service provider. The Office of Imaging, Printing, and Photo- graphic Services added tens of thousands of photographs of Smithsonian artifacts and special events to its already large collec- tion. Many of these images will be digitized for public Internet access and internal use as part of the large-scale project to digitize Smithsonian collections. As the fanfare of the Smithsonian's i 150th anniversary subsided, we re- turned to business as usual this year. But the Institution's "busi- ness"— its mission of increasing and diffusing knowledge — is hardly "usual." The Smithsonian is for everyone, from the second- grader to the distinguished scholar. That is a far-reaching mandate, and fulfilling it requires a multi- plicity of skills and talents. At the Smithsonian, we are fortunate to have staff who are dedicated to our mission and committed to excel- lence. Thanks to their collabora- tive efforts, this unique center for education, research, and enjoy- ment continues its tradition of outstanding public service. Upper right: The design of the National Air and Space Museum's Dulles Center, the world's leading aerospace restora- tion and archival facility, took shape this year. This model was created by the ar- chitectural firm Hellmuth, Obata & Kassabaum. (Photograph by Eric Long) Lower right: By the summer of 1 997, the National Museum of the American Indian's Cultural Resources Center in Suitland, Maryland, had begun to take shape. The facility will open in the fall of 1 998. (Photograph by Debra Nauta- Rodriguez) MEMBERSHIP AND DEVELOPMENT ROBERT V HANLE, EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR FOR DEVELOPMENT This year, the Smithsonian institution carried out james smithson's mandate for the "increase AND DIFFUSION OF KNOWLEDGE" IN INNOVATIVE WAYS. It WAS A YEAR OF CONTINUED MOMENTUM, THANKS TO A WIDE RANGE OF PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS WITH MANY INDIVIDUALS, CORPORATIONS, AND FOUN- DATIONS. The combined energy of all these friends of the institution helped us move toward a GREATER NATIONAL PRESENCE AND DEEPER INVOLVEMENT BY INCREASINGLY DIVERSE AUDIENCES. ••Americas Smithsonian," the traveling exhibition centerpiece of the 1 soth anniversary YEAR. CONTINUED TO INVIGORATE THE SMITHSONIAN'S RELATIONSHIP WITH THE NATION BY REACHING PEO- PLE WHERE THEY LIVE. FUNDED ENTIRELY THROUGH PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS WITH NATIONAL COMPANIES, LOCAL BUSINESSES, AND INDIVIDUAL PHILANTHROPISTS, AND WITH SUBSTANTIAL COMMUNITY SUPPORT IN EACH CITY IT VISITED, THE EXHIBITION HAD REACHED NINE CITIES ACROSS THE NATION BY THE END OF THE FISCAL YEAR. MORE THAN 3 MILLION PEOPLE, NEARLY HALF OF THEM SCHOOLCHILDREN, HAVE SEEN "AMERICAS SMITHSONIAN." EACH STOP ALONG THE TOUR FEATURES EXTENSIVE SUPPORTING PROGRAMS, INCLUDING LECTURES, SPECIAL TOURS FOR CHILDREN, TEACHER TRAINING WORKSHOPS, AND "VOICES OF DISCOVERY" PRESENTATIONS IN LIBRARIES, COMMUNITY CENTERS, AND SCHOOLS. Funds Raised by Source Fiscal Year 1997 Uses of Funds Raised Fiscal Year 1997 Designated to Museums & Research Institutes $12,945,450 (26.15%) Unrestricted $10,745,082 (21.7%) Exhibitions $7,909,793 Research $2,831,738 (5.1 Other $392,536 (0.75%) Education & Public Programs $3,517,930 (7.1%) Acquisitions St Collections $4,620,993 (9.3%) Construction $6,545,697 (1 3.2%) The many bridges the Smith- sonian has built to its extended family yielded impressive results. Old friends enlarged their support, and new friends began to explore their interests. In Edgewater, Mary- land, the Smithsonian Environ- mental Research Center opened its new Philip D. Reed Education Cen- ter, thanks to the generosity of the Philip D. Reed Foundation and James Smithson Society members Philip and Betty Reed. As a result, twice as many children and their teachers will be able to learn more about the complex interactions in the ecosystem of the Chesapeake Bay based on SERC's ongoing envi- ronmental research. Private support helped the Smithsonian Office of Education expand its services to teachers and students in Washington, D.C., and nationwide and to increase access through the World Wide Web. Indi- viduals supported such projects as the Hands On Science Center at the National Museum of American His- tory and the newly established po- sition of curator of rare books at the Rare Book Library currently under construction at the National Mu- seum of Natural History. Privately funded internships continued to open Smithsonian resources to more young people. These are just some of the many ways that the Smithsonian family gave the Insti- tution its very personal and pas- sionate support. As we pursue a proactive future that builds on our recent efforts, it is clear that we must devise new funding strategies. We need a strong foundation from which to launch the ambitious dreams that have always characterized the Smithsonian. The Smithsonian Na- tional Board was instrumental in planning a national capital cam- paign— the first in the Institution's history — that will secure our prospects for the 21st century. In its planning phase, the campaign has already benefited from the thoughtful efforts and expertise of the National Board as well as the insights and work of the Secretary and senior staff. As the campaign progresses, we will be able to trace its genesis to our 150th anniver- sary and the momentum that cele- bration generated. REACHING PEOPLE WHERE THEY LIVE This year, the Office of Member- ship and Development built on the success of "America's Smith- sonian" and other 150th anniver- sary initiatives and expanded our commitment to take the Smith- sonian to the American people. Many groups and individuals within and outside the Institution joined together to help us achieve our goals. 150TH ANNIVERSARY CORPORATE PARTNER PROGRAM The innovative relationship the Smithsonian established with the 150th Anniversary Corporate Part- ner Program continued as the four partners — Discover® Card, Intel Corporation, MCI Communica- tions Corporation, and Trans World Airlines, Inc. — helped the Institu- tion reach audiences nationwide through their support of "Amer- ica's Smithsonian." In addition to their financial commitment, we are grateful for their promotional, technical, and consulting support, The Smithsonian Corporate Membership Program presented the inaugural Smith- sonian Corporate Leadership Award to Nissan Motor Corporation U.S.A. Shown here (from left) are Secretary I. Michael Heyman; Senator Bill Frist, Smithsonian Regent; Robert Thomas, president and CEO, Nissan Motor Corporation U.S.A.; and Howard Baker, Smithsonian Regent. (Photograph by Terry McCrea) which were crucial to the exhibi- tion's success in reaching millions of people. The Smithsonian's rela- tionship with Discover® Card has grown to include the Smithsonian Card issued by NOVUS Services, Inc., which will generate addi- tional revenue for the Institution. "AMERICA'S SMITHSONIAN" The traveling exhibition of Smith- sonian treasures visited five more cities this year, winning new friends for the Institution on both coasts, in the Midwest, the South- east, and the Southwest. Each exhi- bition opening offered the opportu- nity to showcase the Smithsonian and welcome new supporters to benefit previews. Working with vol- unteer fund-raising committees in each city, the Office of Membership and Development organized spec- tacular kickoff galas. Proceeds from these events support the exhibition and accompanying programs, such as teacher workshops and lectures by Smithsonian scholars and scien- tists in each community, attended by thousands of people. The Saint Paul, Minnesota, gala in October, chaired by Douglas and Louise Leatherdale and George and Sally Pillsbury, helped spur the biggest turnout yet for the exhibi- tion. More than 454,000 people saw "America's Smithsonian" dur- ing its Saint Paul run. In Houston, Texas, in December, former President George Bush and Mrs. Bush served as gala chairmen, along with Mr. and Mrs. Philip J. Carroll and the Hon. Charles W. Duncan Jr. and Mrs. Duncan as cochairmen. Texas Governor George W. Bush greeted guests. Mrs. G. Walter McReynolds served as an adviser on the gala, setting the Houston style and tone. The event set a fund-raising record for the galas, thanks largely to the tireless work of Smithsonian Na- tional Board members Mr. Peter R. Coneway and Mr. Clive Runnells. Each gala was a special opportu- nity to get to know Smithsonian supporters in that region. The April event in Portland, Oregon — the only Pacific Northwest venue — drew guests from throughout the area. The cochairmen were Senator Mark O. Hatfield and Mrs. Hatfield, Mr. and Mrs. Harold Schnitzer, Mr. and Mrs. Brian Booth, and Mr. and Mrs. Bud Lindstrand. Guests had a preview of Portland's state-of-the-art convention center, which was completed in time to host "America's Smithsonian" as its first exhibition. The Birmingham, Alabama, gala in May, chaired by Mrs. Carolyn S. Blount and Mrs. Marguerite J. Har- bert, launched the exhibition's suc- cessful stop in the Southeast. The exhibition returned to the West Coast and more rave reviews with a gala in San Jose, California, in July, chaired by Smithsonian National Board members Mr. Paul Herte- lendy, Mrs. Nan Tucker McEvoy, and the Hon. Norman Y. Mineta. It is important to maintain the ties and friendships developed dur- ing the 150th anniversary. With that in mind, the Smithsonian Na- tional Board is helping us return to "America's Smithsonian" cities by hosting reunion events for our supporters and volunteers. These activities and other nationwide ef- forts by the National Board con- tinue to bring increased philan- thropic support to the Institution. As the new regional Smithsonian associations program gets under way, people across the country will be able to enjoy other Smithsonian treasures as a result of long-term loans to local museums. In the first agreement, the Institution will share 19th-century artifacts with the proposed National Museum of Industrial History in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. Other regions may soon welcome Smithsonian arti- facts to their backyards as we de- velop more such relationships. ONLINE ACCESS The Smithsonian's World Wide Web site attracted 10 million visi- tors each month — nearly half as many as the 23 million people who visit Smithsonian museums on the National Mall every year. The Inter- net is an exciting place for experi- mentation and a fertile ground for exploring new ways of taking Smithsonian resources to people where they live. The Office of Membership and Development enhanced its own online presence, as the Corporate Membership Program (http://www.si.edu/ youcmdsi/join/corp/scmp) and the Contributing Membership (http://www.si.edu/youandsi/join/ members/an) launched interactive pages. The goal is to provide re- sources not available elsewhere and to help the public understand the crucial need for funding be- yond the operational support the Smithsonian receives from the fed- eral government. Of course, the Smithsonian contin- ues to amaze and astonish. Bus- loads of schoolchildren marvel at a dinosaur's bones for the first time, seniors enjoy the music of their youth performed live by the Smithsonian Jazz Masterworks Or- chestra, and families explore new vistas of contemporary art to- gether. In these and countless other ways, people become more aware of how deeply important the Smithsonian is to their lives. As the Institution seeks promising avenues for sharing its resources and for extending lifelong learning opportunities to all Americans, we are grateful for the generosity of our members and donors. Through "America's Smithsonian" came to the Southeast in Birmingham, Alabama. At the opening gala are (from left) Winton "Red" Blount, gala cochairmen Marguerite "Wita" Harbert and Carolyn Blount, and Secretary I. Michael Heyman. (Photograph by Terry McCrea) At the Houston "America's Smithsonian" gala, former President George Bush and Barbara Bush, cochairmen, welcome (from left) Smithsonian Provost J. Dennis O'Connor, Under Secretary Constance Berry Newman, Secretary I. Michael Heyman, and Therese Heyman. (Photograph by Jeff Tinsley) their commitment, they help us achieve our goals while sharing their enthusiasm for the Smith- sonian with others. SOURCES AND USES OF FUNDS RAISED During fiscal year 1997, the Smith- sonian raised more than $49.5 million in gifts, pledges, and non- governmental grants. Donations from individuals formed $20.4 mil- lion (41.3 percent) of this total. More than $910,000 (1.8 percent of the total) came from planned gifts from individuals. Foundations, in- cluding those established by indi- viduals, contributed $9 million (18.35 percent). Corporations con- tributed $15.4 million (31.2 per- cent). Of the total funds raised, nearly $39 million (over 78 per- cent) was restricted to specific programs. The Smithsonian gratefully ac- knowledges the many individuals, corporations, foundations, and or- ganizations that have supported the Institution over the years as well as those whose generous con- tributions during fiscal year 1997 helped us achieve the successes described in this annual report. SMITHSONIAN NATIONAL BOARD In addition to their efforts with "America's Smithsonian" galas and regional reunions, Smithsonian National Board members worked tirelessly for the Institution across the country. Led by Chairman Jean Mahoney and Vice-Chairman Clive Runnells, the board's 52 cur- rent, 110 advisory, and 15 hon- orary members continued their dedicated service, advising the Sec- retary, providing programmatic support, and serving as advocates for the Institution in their own communities. The board continues to build bridges to corporate and philanthropic leaders, and its members are some of our most ef- fective goodwill ambassadors. In calendar year 1996, Jane Bradley chaired the Board Annual Giving Committee. Under her lead- ership, board members' cumulative annual contributions totaled $1,183 million, the largest amount to date. This support went toward Smithsonian science research and biodiversity projects for which the Secretary had designated support; benefit events for "America's Smithsonian"; and other projects across the Institution designated by board members. The board generously gave an additional $815,014 to the Smith- sonian Fund for the Future, an endowment that will provide long- term support for the Institution. The board's support is critical to the success of many promising projects that could not move forward without their directed philanthropy. SMITHSONIAN BENEFACTORS CIRCLE The Smithsonian Benefactors Cir- cle recognizes and honors those whose generous gifts have pre- served the traditions of the Smith- sonian Institution and furthered its vision. At its October 1996 meeting, the Benefactors Circle honored Mr. and Mrs. Jerome Lemelson with its annual award, which was accepted by their son, Eric Lemelson. The Lemelsons were recognized for their visionary support, which enabled the Smith- sonian to establish the Jerome and Dorothy Lemelson Center for the Study of Invention and Innovation at the National Museum of Ameri- can History. The center docu- ments, interprets, and dissemi- nates information about invention and innovation, encourages inven- tive creativity in young people, and fosters an appreciation for the central role invention plays in American life. The Joseph Henry Medal was given to William Gordon Bowen, president of the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, in recognition of his longstanding leadership and com- mitment. Bowen was a member of the Board of Regents for 12 years and continues to advance the Smithsonian's mission in his cur- rent role. Associate Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg joined Secretary I. Michael Heyman in bestowing honors upon these philan- thropists. In addition, 10 new pa- trons received the Smithsonian Benefactors Circle emblem for their contributions. SMITHSONIAN LEGACY SOCIETY The Smithsonian was founded through a bequest, and many dedi- cated people have followed James Smithson's example in making planned gifts to the Institution. A special group was established dur- ing the 150th anniversary year to honor those who have made legacy commitments. Twenty-five members from around the country attended the inaugural luncheon of the Smith- sonian Legacy Society on June 13. Chaired by Gloria Shaw Hamilton, the group recognizes the support of individuals who have made long-term commitments to the Smithsonian through charitable annuities and other legacy gifts. More than 60 people form the founding group. Secretary Heyman told the soci- ety: "Many visionary individuals have helped advance the Institu- tion's tradition of excellence in ex- hibitions, public education, and re- search. Legacy gifts have always played a key role. You are the select group following James Smithson, that enigmatic Englishman who left his entire fortune to an ideal, an Institution for the increase and diffusion of knowledge. . . . I'm confident that the Legacy Society will grow to become one of the strongest, most important mem- bers of the Smithsonian family." CONTRIBUTING MEMBERSHIP Smithsonian Contributing Mem- bers from across the United States and around the world continued to support the Institution through membership dues and special gifts. They also responded generously to Provost J. Dennis O'Connor's spe- cial letters highlighting Smith- sonian programs in urgent need of private funds. Moreover, Con- tributing Members displayed their Gloria Hamilton, founding chairman and member of the Smithsonian Legacy Soci- ety, welcomes member Bernie Stadiem to the society's inaugural luncheon meet- ing. The Legacy Society was established this year to honor Smithsonian support- ers who have made legacy commitments in the form of bequests, charitable annuities, and other planned gifts. (Photograph by Rick Vargas) A Smithson Society Member's Commitment Nearly 30 years ago, Mrs. Alton Grimes was con- cerned that her young son was not thriving in school. She decided to enroll him in a Resident Associate program at the Smithsonian, hoping that a different educational environment might help. She was pleased and impressed with the quality of the experience, and especially with her son's renewed enthusiasm for learning. The Smithsonian program, she believed, added something valuable to her son's formal classroom education. Since 1 967, Mrs. Grimes has made an annual contribution to the institution that made such a dif- ference for her son. A James Smithson Society mem- ber, she enjoys visiting Smithsonian museums with her grandchildren. This year, she made a generous unrestricted gift to the Institution. For Mrs. Grimes, a stock transfer was a viable way to give, but it is just one of many options. Many individuals across the nation realize the value of supporting the Smithsonian. Some, like Mrs. Grimes, have known the rewards of education at the Institution. Others may have seen a SITES exhibition, visited the Mall museums on a trip to Washington, or explored the Smithsonian through the World Wide Web. Their collective generosity helps sustain the quality of the Smithsonian experience. loyalty by exceeding the goal of a challenge grant from individual members of the Smithsonian National Board. This year the Contributing Membership gave $8,995,000 in unrestricted contributions. This support helps the Smithsonian maintain its reputation for excel- lence and bring exciting new pro- grams to a national audience, in- cluding Contributing Members' home communities. JAMES SMITHSON SOCIETY This dedicated organization at the highest level of Contributing Membership continued to be a key source of private support, assisting the Institution through annual dues of $2,000, $5,000, and $10,000. The society's annual meeting and dinner were held in ( Ictober and then again in May, in a permanent move to a spring event. At the October dinner, Agnes Covvles Bourne received the Society's Founder Medal for her support of the Cooper-Hewitt, Na- tional Design Museum. In May, the dinner coincided with the an- nual "Smithsonian Treasures" be- hind-the-scenes tours, which have become one of the most popular benefits of Contributing Member- ship. The society awarded James Smithson Society Founder Medals to two longtime members: Mr. and Mrs. Philip D. Reed Jr., for the Philip D. Reed Foundation, and Mrs. Jefferson Patterson. Mr. and Mrs. Reed have been benefactors of both the National Zoological Park and the Smith- sonian Environmental Research Center (SERC). They established fellowships for gifted young scien- tists and other activities through the Zoo's NOAHS (New Opportuni- ties in Animal Health Sciences) program. Their personal concern for the environmental health of the Chesapeake Bay was expressed in a construction gift for an educa- ' tion and orientation center at SERC in Edgewater, Maryland. Mrs. Patterson has been in- volved with the Smithsonian on various levels, from her personal commitment as a member of the Smithsonian Women's Committee, to her support of the National Mu- seum of American History, the Na- tional Museum of Natural History, the National Portrait Gallery, and the Smithsonian Quadrangle proj- ect, to her multiyear endowment of the curator of rare books posi- tion at the Rare Books Library now under construction in the Natural History Building. She is a noted photojournalist who, with her late husband Jefferson Patterson, has supported the Smithsonian for many years. JAMES SMITHSON SOCIETY ENDOWED LIFE MEMBER PROGRAM The James Smithson Society En- dowed Life Member Program gained Mr. and Mrs. Richard Kaufman as new members. In this program, an endowment gift of $40,000 or more is managed as part of the Institution's investment portfolio, where the principal re- mains and grows over time. Earned income from the endowment gift supports the member's annual Smithson Society dues. The James Smithson Society Endowed Life Members are a growing group of lifetime partners who are securing the Smithsonian for the next generation. CORPORATE MEMBERSHIP PROGRAM The Smithsonian Corporate Mem- bership Program, established in 1990, strengthens the Institution's relationships with the business pommunity. The Institution's work m this area has opened doors to new partnerships and stimulated many fascinating projects. Corporate Membership is avail- able at the $10,000 Corporate Pa- tron level and the $25,000 Corpo- rate Leader level. During 1997, the program enjoyed support from 38 members and extended honorary memberships to another 136 cor- porations that supported "Amer- ica's Smithsonian" premiere galas in their regions. The program gen- erated $800,000 in unrestricted funds for Smithsonian projects in education and research. At the annual Corporate Mem- bership luncheon in the Smith- sonian Castle in May, more than 125 corporate representatives ex- :hanged ideas about how support for cultural institutions helps them reach their business goals. Frank Shrontz, Smithsonian Regent and chairman emeritus of the Boeing Company, gave the keynote ad- dress, "Innovative Relationships: How Public and Private Sector Goals Converge to Create Eco- nomic and Cultural Value." Smith- sonian National Board member loan Noto and Smithsonian Re- gent Senator Thad Cochran also spoke. Secretary Heyman announced the creation of the Smithsonian Institution Corporate Leadership Award for outstanding contribu- tions to the Smithsonian's work and presented the first award to Robert J. Thomas, president and chief executive officer of Nissan Motor Corporation U.S.A. The award recognizes Nissan's diverse support for Smithsonian education programs, including the traveling exhibition "Earth 2U, Exploring Geography" and various music programs. The Corporate Membership Pro- gram also welcomed seven new members and introduced its Web site, http://www.si.edu/youandsi/ join/corp/scmp. SMITHSONIAN WOMEN'S COMMITTEE The Smithsonian Women's Com- mittee advances the interests of the Smithsonian through fund- raising activities and special proj- ects. The committee has 57 active members, 63 resource members, and 48 sustaining members. Chaired this year by Mrs. Donald W. Jeffries, the committee distrib- uted $293,000 in competitive grants to 25 projects in 11 mu- seums and offices. The committee's awards pro- gram is the result of its successful and profitable annual Smithsonian Craft Show, which celebrated its 15th anniversary in April. From more than 1,300 applicants, 120 exhibitors in all media were se- lected to show their wares. The event, held at the National Build- ing Museum, presents the nation's finest contemporary crafts and raises money for the committee's educational and outreach pro- grams benefiting the Smithsonian. SMITHSONIAN LUNCHEON GROUP The Smithsonian Luncheon Group, a circle of supporters from the Washington area who meet regularly to learn about Smith- sonian programs, met five times this year. Chairman Lee M. Folger, who had provided outstanding ser- vice to the group as a member and as chairman for two years, com- pleted his term in June. Folger was instrumental in establishing the Smithsonian Luncheon Group En- dowment for education programs At the Smithsonian Luncheon Group's final meeting of the year, retiring develop- ment officer Arthur Gardner (right) congratulates outgoing chairman Lee M. Folger. Folger helped establish the Smithsonian Luncheon Group Endowment for education initiatives for Washington, D.C.-area youth. (Photograph by Rick Vargas) In April 1 997, Smithsonian National Board members enjoyed a visit to the National Zoo's Conservation and Research Center in Front Royal, Virginia. (Photograph by Kenneth Miller) that benefit Washington-area youth. He was succeeded by Ben Crisman, a Washington attorney. SMITHSONIAN WASHINGTON COUNCIL This year, the Smithsonian Wash- ington Council was established as a new initiative of the Secretary and regional leaders dedicated to expanding the Smithsonian's rela- tionship with the entire Washing- ton region. The council's executive committee, chaired by Washington attorney and philanthropist R. Robert Linowes, met three times to discuss ways that the Smithsonian can have a greater impact on com- munity audiences. The Smithsonian Washington Council was formed to help all area residents learn more about the Smithsonian and take full advan- tage of its unique resources. Nearly 7 million of the Institution's 23 million annual visitors live in the District of Columbia, Maryland, and Virginia. The Smithsonian is a full partner in the life of this com- munity and a major contributor to the region's rich cultural, educa- tional, and economic life. Genera- tions of residents from all socioe- conomic, geographic, and racial backgrounds have been enriched by Smithsonian museums, research endeavors, public exhibitions, and educational programs on and off the National Mall. The council will ensure that the Smithsonian, the region's museum, continues to serve as the community's class- room. OTHER VITAL SUPPORT In addition to acknowledging fi- nancial support from individuals, foundations, and corporations, the Smithsonian recognizes donors of in-kind gifts. Ranging from equip- ment for office or program use to pro bono professional consulting services, such gifts contribute greatly to the success of research and educational programs and to the efficient administration of the Institution. Volunteers help the Smithsonian advance its programs and offer ex- panded services to the public. The names of docents and behind-the- scenes volunteers are listed annu- ally in the Torch, the Smithsonian's employee newspaper. In fiscal year 1997, 7,743 volunteers gave 605,724 hours of their time. These invaluable volunteers bring exper- tise, experience, and enthusiasm to their work, and we express to them collectively our sincere apprecia- tion for their dedication. A GROWING FAMILY The Institution's success in con- necting with people of all ages, in- terests, and backgrounds is directl) related to the commitment of indi viduals, corporations, and founda- tions nationwide. Our dedicated network of supporters helps us find the resources necessary to cre- ate the first-class programs for which the Institution is known around the world. From the teach- ers who take part in the National Faculty-Smithsonian Program to improve knowledge in their sub- ject areas to Corporate Members who involve their employees in the Institution, everyone can be a part of the Smithsonian. The Smithsonian, like no other institution, crosses many disci- plines, incorporates living history, popular culture, and science, and connects in meaningful ways with people everywhere. We must keep it strong and vital through public- private and public partnerships, sustaining its capacity to bring learning and enjoyment to the widest possible audience. Philip D. Reed Jr. (second from right) and his wife Betty were recog- nized this year with the James Smithson Society Founder Medal at the society's May 1 997 dinner. The Reeds supported the Smithsonian En- vironmental Research Center and established a fellowship for promising young scientists at the National Zoo's Conservation and Research Cen- ter NOAHS program. Joining the Reeds are David Wildt, NOAHS co- founder (right), Smithsonian staff member Donna Ari (left), and Ewing Miller. (Photograph by Jeff Tinsley) SMITHSONIAN BENEFACTORS CIRCLE Honorary Founder Enid A. Haupt Founders Russell B. Aitken loe L. and Barbara B. Allbritton Arthur G. Altschul William S. Anderson Mary Griggs Burke Joan K. Davidson Gaylord and Dorothy Donnelley Thomas M. Evans Katharine Graham Robert C. and Julie Graham Jr. Herbert Waide Hemphill Jr. William A. and Patricia W. Hewitt Ikuo Hirayama Olga Hirshhorn Ruth S. Holmberg Samuel C. Johnson Marvin Breckinridge Patterson Laura E. Phillips S. Dillon and Mary L. Ripley Arthur Ross Mrs. Arthur M. Sackler Else Sackler W. Mason and Jean D. Shehan T. T. Tsui Glenn O. Tupper Patrons Ronald D. and Anne Abramson Ann Simmons Alspaugh Peter C. and Joan Andrews Marjorie Arundel Herbert and Evelyn Axelrod Edward P. Bass Randy and Nancy Best Peter and Helen Bing James and Barbara Block Winton and Carolyn Blount Agnes C. Bourne and James Luebbers Michael J. Brophy Hildegard Bruck Joan Bull George E. Burch III Vivian G. Burch Michael W. Cassidy Scott Chinery Marcus Cohn Barber B. Conable Jr. and Charlotte Conable Guido Craveri Joseph E Cullman 111 Peggy and Richard M. Danziger David Davies Evelyn Y. Davis David Dibner Charles M. and Valerie T. Diker Joseph Di Palma Anne G. Earhart Barney A. Ebsworth Robert H. Ellsworth John L. and Margot P. Ernst Kitty Fassett Nancy Fessenden Kathrine, Juliet and Lee Folger Rita Fraad John A. Friede Phillip and Patricia Frost Tito Giamporcaro Daniel D. and Alice P. Gilbert George J. and Eileen D. Gillespie F. Warrington Gillet Jr. and Elesabeth I. Gillet Alfred C. Glasselljr. Jerome L. Greene Barrick W. Groom Agnes S. Gund George Gund III Joan D. Haig Evelyn A. J. Hall Gloria Shaw Hamilton Marguerite J. Harbert Martha A. Healy Drue M. Heinz John Hendricks Lloyd Herman Henry L. and Elsie H. Hillman Frank W. and Lisina M. Hoch Ladislaus and Beatrix von Hoffmann Janet Annenberg Hooker Sir Joseph E. Hotung John R. Huggard Mrs. Jaquelin H. Hume Gilbert S. Kahn Jacob and Ruth C. Kainen Victor and Loretta Kaufman Gene A. and Freita F. Keluche James M. Kemper Jr. R. Crosby Kemper Jr. James W. and Mary T. Kinnear Ann and Gilbert Kinney Ethel Niki Kominik William K. and Alice S. Konze Karl V. Krombein Harvey M. and Connie Krueger Robert E. and Elizabeth Krueger Robert and Helen Kuhn Rogerio S. Lam Ru Lennox Lang Robert and Carrie Lehrman Jerome and Dorothy Lemelson Barbara and Gerald Levin Sydney and Frances Lewis John Livermore Putnam Livermore Henry Luce III Frank I I ukowski Barbara A. Mandel Harry and Beverly Mandil Edwin S. and Nancy A. Marks John F. and Adrienne B. Mars Kathleen C. Mason Brooks and Hope B. McCormick Nan Tucker McEvoy Katherine Medlinger Antony M. Merck Jeffery W. and Janet Meyer James and Lolly Mitchell Lester S. Morse Jr. and Enid W. Morse The Hon. Daniel Patrick Moynihan and Elizabeth Moynihan Eleanor Smallwood Niebell Jean Niemeier Robert H. and Nancy Nooter Carroll and Nancy Fields O'Connor Charles Rand Penney Al and Cecilia Podell Winifred and Norman Portenoy Lewis and Margaret Ranieri Philip D. Reed Jr. and Elizabeth Reed Douglas F. and Sanae I. Reeves Frank K. Ribelin Carlyn Ring David Rockefeller Anton H. Rosenthal and Ruth E. Canister Milton F. and Frieda Rosenthal Wilbur L. Ross Jr. Jeanette Cantrell Rudy Cecile Salomon Joseph H. Samuel Jr. Lloyd G. and Betty L. Schermer Margaret Knowles Schink Richard J. and Sheila Schwartz Catherine F. Scott Shirley P. Sichel Emma M. Sims James C. Slaughter George L. Small Kathy Daubert Smith Bernie E. Stadiem Mrs. Sydney Stein Jr. E. Hadley Stuart Jr. and Marion Stuart A. Alfred Taubman Vernon F. Taylor Jr. Eugene V and Clare E. Thaw Jeffrey and Diane Tobin R. E. Turner and Jane Fonda John Weeden Daniel Weinstein Nancy Brown Wellin Anthony and Beatrice W. Welters Jerry R. and Carolyn L. White Julius Wile Ronald H. Winston and Heidi Jensen-Winston Elizabeth B. Wood Gay F. Wray Nancy B. Zirkle Posthumous Gifts Henri Keyser-Andre Revocable Trust designated by Mr. Jerry Pedes Associate Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg congratulates William Gordon Bowen, president of the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, after he re- ceived the Joseph Henry Medal at the October 1 996 Smithsonian Benefactors Circle dinner. (Photograph by Glenn Levy) DONORS OF FINANCIAL SUPPORT •Denotes .1 niH to the Smithsonian Fund inr the Future, ,i citizens' Initiative to raise endowment funds, both unrestricted and spe< ial purpose. SMHHMHHI..I ill,.,, Anonymous Prof, Ikuo Hirayama Ruth s Holmberg* Jerome H. and Dorothy 1 emelson (Lemelson Family Foundation)* Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Metropolitan Arts Council Nissan Motor Corporation U.S.A. Mashantucket Pequot Tribal Nation of Connecticut Lila Wallace-Reader's Digest Fund $500,000 or more Ms \gnes Cowles Bourne Mr. Harry R. Charles Jr. Corporation for Public Broadcasting Mr. Guido Craveri Discovery Communications, Inc. Friends of the National Zoo The Kresge Foundation Lilly Endowment, Inc. The John D. & Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation Merck Company Foundation David & Lucile Packard Foundation Nan< j Brown Wellin 1 1 he Brown Foundation, inc.) $100,000 or more \mi m) mous Alyeska Pipeline Service I 0 \im ru .111 Gastroenterological Association Bayer \< I ( Iroup BellSouth Corporation Bing Fund, Inc. rhe Hon Wmton \l Blount BP America Inc. Caterpillar, Incorporated Cessna Aircraft Company Mr. Scott Chinery Computerworld Information Technology Awards Foundation, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Joseph F. Cullman III* Cyprus Amax Minerals Company Mr. Joseph A. Di Palma Fannie Mae Foundation Mrs. Hart Fessenden Fidelity Foundation Fieldstead & Company Fundaciiin Natura J. Paul Getty Trust Horace W. Goldsmith Foundation The Greenwich Workshop, Inc. The George Gund Foundation Mr. George Gund III Mrs. Gloria Shaw Hamilton Mr. and Mrs. John S. Hendricks Sir Joseph E. Hotung W.K. Kellogg Foundation Lt. Col. William K. and Mrs. Alice S. Konze (Alice Stockton Konze Fund) Mr. and Mrs. Gerald M. Levin The Henry Luce Foundation, Inc. Morton & Barbara Mandel Family Foundation Metropolitan Life Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Jeffery W. Meyer Mississippi State University Mobil Corporation Monsanto Fund Mr. and Mrs. Lester S. Morse Jr. (Morse Family Foundation) National Geographic Society Newmont Mining Corporation Nippon Foundation Novus Services, Inc. Mrv [efferson Patterson (Marpat Foundation, ln< .)* Peabody Holding Company, Inc. Phelps Dodge Corporation I'uhlii Resource Foundation lanns Renwick Alliance Mrs. Else Sackler Margaret Knowles Schink Shell till t.iimpany Shell Prospecting & Development (Peru) B.V. Mrs. Warren H. Sichel Smithsonian Women's Committee Ms. Elizabeth H. Solomon I'he Summit Charitable Foundation, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Eugene V. Thaw (Eugene V. and Clare E. Thaw Charitable Trust) Time Inc. Timex Corporation Turner Entertainment Group Turner Foundation Inc. United Technologies Corp. WestPoint Stephens Inc. Wisconsin Sesquicentennial Commission Xerox Corporation Young Benefactors of the Smithsonian Institution Zemurray Foundation Zoologische Gesellschaft $50,000 or more Acuson Akaloa Resource Foundation American Express Financial Advisors, Inc. ASARCO Incorporated AT&T/ AT&T Foundation Banco Popular de Puerto Rico Barrick Goldstrike Mines Inc. The Hon. and Mrs. Max N. Berry jj Brother International Corporation Ms. Joan Bull Morris & Gwendolyn Cafritz Foundation* Champion International Corp. The Chase Manhattan Bank, N.A. Chiang Ching-Kuo Foundation for International Scholarly Exchange (USA) Columbia/HCA Healthcare Foundation, Inc. Consolidated Natural Gas Company Foundation Mr. Pedro Cuatrecasas Mr. Barney A. Ebsworth (The Ebsworth Foundation) Ecolab, Inc. Enron Corporation Mr. Lee M. Folger (Folger Fund)* Mr. and Mrs. Arthur W. Gardner Gateway 2000 Mr. and Mrs. F. Warrington Gillet Jr. (Elesabeth Ingalls Gillet Foundation)* Mr. and Mrs. Alfred C. Glassell Jr. Goldman, Sachs & Co. Mr. Jerome L. Greene (The Jerome L. Greene Foundation, Inc.) Mrs. Alton Barger Grimes Hewlett-Packard Co. Mr. and Mrs. Frank W. Hoch* Houston Endowment Inc. The Japan World Exposition Commemorative Fund Mr. and Mrs. Victor Kaufman Keidanren Nature Conservation Func Lalique North America, Inc. Jacob & Charlotte Lehrman Foundation, Inc. Lockheed Martin Corporation Mr and Mrs. Robert H. Malott (Camalott Charitable Foundation) Mr. and Mrs. John F. Mars Mead Corporation Foundation Mississippi Arts Commission The National Museum of Korea New York State Council on the Arts Mr. and Mrs. Carroll O'Connor Pacific Mutual Foundation Mr. James E. Pehta The Perot Foundation Mr. Elmer E. Rasmuson Regional Citizens Advisory Council, Inc. Blanchette Hooker Rockefeller Fund Mr. Arthur Ross (Arthur Ross Foundation) Mr. B. Francis Saul II (Chevy Chase Bank) Mr. and Mrs. Lloyd G. Schermer (Philip & Henrietta Adler Foundation)* Siemens Capital Corporation The Gertrude E. Skelly Charitable Foundation Tamiya, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Anthony Welters* Mr. James D. Wolfensohn (Wolfensohn Family Foundation) Mr. Richard W. Wortham III (The Wortham Foundation, Inc.) $10,000 or more Anonymous Abbott Laboratories Fund Mr. and Mrs. Ronald D. Abramson (Abramson Family Foundation, Inc.) AC Nielsen Ahmanson Foundation Air Line Pilots Association Alexander & Baldwin, Inc. American Express Company American Society for Training & Development American Stock Exchange, Inc. American Zoo & Aquarium Association AMS Foundation for the Arts, Sciences and Humanities Mr. Nick Amster Arthur Andersen, LLP Mr. and Mrs. Peter C. Andrews Anheuser-Busch Companies Aquatic BioEnhancement Systems, Inc. ARCO/ARCO Foundation, Inc. Embassy of Australia The Jean Axelrod Memorial Foundation, Inc. Bank of Hawaii The Barker Welfare Foundation Bechtel Foundation The Beinecke Foundation, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. John T. Bennett Bernina of America, Inc. A. M. Best Company, Inc. Black & Decker (US), Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Jack S. Blanton (Scurlock Foundation) Mr. and Mrs. James A. Block The Sol Bloom Family Foundation Boart Longyear Company Barbara Boggs Associates Inc. Ms. Constance E. Boone Bristol-Myers Squibb Company Broadcast Music, Inc. Mrs. Agnes Brown BYK Gulden Capital Re Mr. James R. Cargill E. Rhodes & Leona B. Carpenter Foundation Ms. Gennice T. Carter Chevron Corporation Miss Jean Chisholm Mr. and Mrs. Willard G. Clark Mr. Lawrence Clayton Mr. Ernest H. Cockrell (The Cockrell Foundation) Marcus & Harryette Cohn Foundation Harryette Cohn Fund Mrs. Dollie A. Cole Comerica Incorporated Communication Resources, Inc. Conde Nast Sports for Women Mr. and Mrs. Peter R. Coneway (Coneway Family Foundation) Mr. and Mrs. Thomas E. Congdon (Argentum Foundation) CONSOL Coal Group Consolidated Edison Co. of New York. Inc. Dr. G. Arthur Cooper Coopers & Lybrand COREStaff Inc. Corning Incorporated Council of Private Art Consultants Joseph & Barbara Cowen Foundation Inc. King and Jean Cummings Charitable Trust Mr. Frank A. Daniels Jr. (Julia and Frank Daniels Fund) Mr. and Mrs. Richard M. Danziger Eric de Rothschild Deloitte & Touche, LLP S. Sydney DeYoung Foundation The Dibner Fund, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Charles M. Diker (Valerie & Charles Diker Fund, Inc.) Geraldine R. Dodge Foundation DuPont Duggal Charitable Foundation Charles W. Duncan Jr. and Anne S. Duncan Duron Paints & Wallcoverings E-Stamp Corporation Earthwatch eci Telecom Egon Zehnder International, Inc. Mr. James A. Elkins Jr. Engelhard Corporation J. Epstein Foundation Mr. and Mrs. John Ernst (Richard C. & Susan B. Ernst Foundation Inc. I Exxon Company, U.S.A. Mr. and Mrs. Hart Fessenden First Bank System First Hawaiian Foundation Fluor Corporation The Ford Foundation Freddie Mac Foundation The Freed Foundation Freeman Decorating Company Friden Neopost Dr. and Mrs. Phillip Frost Fundacion Smithsonian de Panama Mr. and Mrs. Frederick Gans Genentech, Inc. Mr. David W. Gengler George H. Lewis & Sons The Hon. Sumner Gerard (Sumner Gerard Foundation) Glen Eagles Foundation Mrs. Viola Seff Goldberg The Gordon Fund Florence J. Gould Foundation Graham Foundation for Advanced Studies in the Fine Arts The Hon. C. Boyden Gray* Mary Livingston Griggs and Mary Griggs Burke Foundation Mimi and Peter Haas (Miriam ist Peter Haas Fund) Mr. Hugh Halffjr. Mr. and Mrs. Ben Hammett Hayes, Domenici & Associates The Hearst Foundation, Inc. H. John Heinz III Charitable Trust Mr. Brian C. McK. Henderson Henry Foundation Mr. Paul Hertelendy Hewlett-Packard Company Foundation U.S. Mr. Alan J. Hirschfield (Norman Hirschfield Foundation) Hitachi Limited Hoffman-La Roche, Inc. The Homeland Foundation Homestake Mining Company Hong Kong Economic & Trade Office, British Embassy Mr. Rampa R. Hormel Mr. and Mrs. Raymond J. Horowitz Houston Chronicle Houston Lighting & Power Company- Mr. John K. Howat Hubbard Broadcasting, Inc. Hughes Aircraft Company Hunter Engineering Company Husqvarna Viking Sewing Machine Company Dr. and Mrs. Stanley O. Ikenberry Independence Mining Company, Inc. International Business Machines Corporation International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Iowa Sesquicentennial Commission ITT Hartford Jackson & Tull Chartered Engineers Jane's Information Group Japan-United States Friendship Commission The Jaques Admiralty Law Firm Johnson Matthey Lois Straight Johnson Trust Mr. and Mrs. Samuel C. Johnson Kansai Electric Power Company, Inc. J. M. Kaplan Fund, Inc. Mr. Richard Kaufman Kennecott Corporation The Robert S. & Grayce B. Kerr Foundation, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Gilbert H. Kinney Mr. Fred M. Kirby II (F. M. Kirby Foundation, Inc.) Mr. Seymour H. Knox IV (The Seymour H. Knox Foundation, Inc.)* KPMG Peat Marwick The Samuel H. Kress Foundation Krispy Kreme Doughnut Corporation Mr. Harvey M. Krueger Peter Krueger-Christie's Foundation Ms. Lee Kush The Hon. and Mrs. L. William Lane Jr. (The Ambassador & Mrs. L. W. Lane Jr. Fund) Lannan Foundation Levi Strauss Foundation Mrs. Lilly S. Lievsay Foundation of the Litton Industries Richard Lounsbery Foundation Joe and Emily Lowe Foundation Elizabeth S. MacMillan (WEM Foundation) The Mariners Museum The Marks Family Foundation Marsh & McLennan Companies, Inc. Dr. Carol Master McGovern Fund Medical and Science Communications Development Corporation The Melton Arts Foundation Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Mr. Eugene Bradley Meyer Ms. Paula Paster Michtom Mid-Coast Cable Television Minnesota Mining & Manufacturing Company Minnesota Zoo Foundation Monsanto Company Montgomery Watson Americas, Inc. The Henry Moore Foundation Mr. John M. Morss Ruth Mott Fund Mr. Rupert Murdoch National Association of Secondary School Principals National Audubon Society National Automobile Dealers Association The National Faculty National Osteoporosis Foundation The National Outdoor Leadership School National Retail Federation Natural Heritage Trust NEC Foundation of America New York State United Teachers The New York Times Company Foundation NIKE, Inc. Noble Drilling Corporation Northern States Power Company Northwest Bancorporation, Inc. Ralph E. Ogden Foundation, Inc. Orbital Sciences Corporation Orkin Pest Control Mr. and Mrs. David M. Osnos Outdoor Advertising Association of America Outdoor Life Network Ovation, Inc. I'aineWebber Mr. Max Palevsky I'anEnergy Corp. Park Foundation, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. James Patton Jr. William Penn Foundation Pershing Division of DLJ Securities Corp. Mrs. Cynthia A. Carrafa Petrello Philip Morris Companies, Inc. Mr. Jean P. Pierret and Ms. C. Diane Christensen (The Chiistensen fund) Placer Dome. Inc. Playworld Systems Mr. and Mrs. William Potter Mis I i-\vis I I'M'ston Price Waterhouse Procter & Gamble ( ompanj I he Henry iV Henrietta Quade Foundation Ralston Purina < ompany Mr. and Mrs. lewis S. Ranieri Reliance National Mr. Edward Hart Rice (The Rice Family Foundation) Ann R. Roberts Charitable Lead I nist Ms. Ann R. Roberts Sara Roby foundation Rockefeller foundation Mr. David Rockefeller Jr. Mr. David Rockefeller Sr. Susan and Elihu Rose Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Milton F. Rosenthal Mr. Wilbur L. Ross Jr. and The Hon. Elizabeth McCaughey Ross Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd. The May and Samuel Rudin Family Foundation Mary A. H. Rumsey Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Clive Runnells* Arthur M. Sackler Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Arthur F. Sackler Ms. Elizabeth Sackler and Mr. Fred Berner Mr. Shinji Sakai Mr. A. R. Tony Sanchez Sara Lee Corporation Sarah Cooper Associates, Inc. Mr. Fayez Sarofim (Fayez Sarofim & Co.) SBC Foundation Mr. Richard J. Schwartz (David Schwartz Foundation, Inc.) Mrs. E. C. Scurlock Sequent Computer Systems, Inc. Service Employees International Union Ms. Eiko Shimizu Siemens Corporation Silicon Graphics, Inc. Sims Family Limited Partnership Mr. Richard M. Smith Mr. OrrinJ. Smucker South Carolina Inaugural Ball St.Jude Medical The St. Paul Companies, Inc. Stag's Leap Wine Cellars Star Tribune Ms. Anne B. Stern Subaru of America, Inc. The Sulzberger Foundation, Inc. Mr. Kelso F. Sutton Mr. Ernest C. Swigert I'arver Family Fund ( liarles \V. and Judy Spence Tate Foundation Mr. and Mrs. A. Alfred Taubman 1 1 Group, LLC Ms. Ann Tencnbaum Ieradyne, Inc. Texaco foundation I line Wamei Entertainment Company lnMiii Motor Sales U.S.A., Inc. lrusi loi Mutual Understanding Uncle Ben's, Inc. Unico Banking Group United Parcel Service Van Cleef & Arpels, Inc. Vest Financial Services, HD Vitol S.A., Inc. The Waggoners Foundation Miss Catherine Walsh Walt Disney World Company The Washington Post Company Mrs. Ruth L. Webb Dr. Thomas T. Weis Mr. Keith S. Wellin Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research Mrs. Wesley West Mr. and Mrs. Herman T. Wilson 1 r. Mrs. Isabel Brown Wilson Windgate Charitable Foundation Robert H. Winn Foundation Harry Winston, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Ronald H. Winston Mrs. Gay F. Wray (Roger S. Firestone Foundation)* Young Presidents' Organization Yurie Foundation Mrs. Nancy Behrend Zirkle* S5,000ormore Anonymous Mr. and Mrs. Ahmad Adaya Adobe Systems Alaska State Society American Association of Blacks in Energy American Friends of Turkey American General Corporation American Investment Company American Type Culture Collection American Zinc Association Harriett Ames Charitable Trust Andersen Consulting, LLP Applied Energy Services, Inc. Arch Coal, Inc. ARCO Coal Company Avery Dennison Corporation Dr. Herbert R. Axelrod (Dr. Herbert R. Axelrod Foundation) Baker & Botts, LLP Bank of America National Trust and Savings Association Bank One, Texas, NA The Barr Fund Mr. Robert W. Bauman BMC Software, Inc. The Boeing Company Ms. Charlotte T. Bordeaux Laura Boulton Foundation Inc. Ruth Bowman Fund Bristol Bay Native Corporation Mr. Eli Broad (The Eli Broad Family Foundation) Bruno's Inc. Mr. Gerald E. Buck (Buck Investments! Charles E. Burchfield Foundation Mr. Edward A. Burka Mrs. Mary Griggs Burke* Catto Foundation Center for Strategic & International Studies The Chase Manhattan Foundation The Chronicle Publishing Company Mr. Kenneth Chu and Ms. Betty Lo Mr. Thomas Colville Corporation for Educational Communications Council for Advancement and Support of Education Mr. and Mrs. Roger E. Covey Ms. Allison Stacey Cowles Mrs. Carole D. Crocker Mrs. Barbara R. de Marneffe Degussa Corporation Mr. and Mrs. David Dibner DouglaslGallagher The Max and Victoria Dreyfus Foundation Inc.* Mr. and Mrs. Peter F. Drucker Ducks Unlimited, Inc. Mr. Dean S. Edmonds III (Dean S. Edmonds Foundation) Environmental Defense Fund Katherine and George Fan Foundation Dr. and Mrs. Robert S. Feinberg Dr. Alan Fern and Mrs. Lois Fern Mr. George M. Ferris Jr. (George M. Ferris Jr. Foundation) Mrs. Leslie S. Fogg Dr. and Mrs. Charles H. Foster Mrs. Daniel Fraad Ms. Rosemary L. Frankeberger Mr. George C. Freeman Jr. (Hunton & , Williams) Ms. Virginia McGehee Friend Charles L. Gambier Trust Gamma-Metrics Mr. Phil Gardner Mr. FLdward O. Gaylord Mr. and Mrs. Gordon P. Getty (Ann & Gordon Getty Foundation) Ms. Elizabeth Gordon The Mayer Greenberg Foundation Mr. W. L. Hadley Griffin Mr. and Mrs. Robert D. Haas (Colleen and Robert D. Haas Fund) Sam F. Hamra Jr. and June S. Hamra Mrs. Linda G. Haque Harnischfeger Industries Inc. HD Vest Financial Services Hecla Mining Company Mrs. Drue M. Heinz (Drue Heinz Trust) Mr. Robert E Hemphill Jr. Mr. and Mrs. David M. Hicks (Hicks Charitable Foundation) The Clarence and Jack Himmel Foundation Hoffman Construction Company The Hoglund Foundation Honeywell, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Noriyoshi Horiuchi Thomas D. Hormel Trust Hoss Charitable Foundation Mrs. Susan M. Hulsey Mrs. Caroline Hume IMC Global Operations Inc. Institute for Intercultural Studies Inter-Regional Financial Group, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Franklin A. Jacobs Mr. and Mrs. Philip C. Jessup Jr. Jet Propulsion Laboratory JLG Industries, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Alvin R. Kantor Barbara and William Karatz Fund The Katzenberger Foundation, Inc. Dr. and Mrs. Clinton W. Kelly III Mr. and Mrs. Dwight M. Kendall Kenworth Truck Company Kerr-McGee Corporation King Research Inc. Mr. and Mrs. James W. Kinnear Mr. S. Lee Kling Mr. and Mrs. Steven Kohlhagen Komatsu Mining Systems, Inc. Koniag, Inc. KPRC/TV 2 Mr. Werner H. Kramarsky (The Fifth Floor Foundation) Mr. and Mrs. Robert E. Krueger Ms. Swoosie Kurtz Mr. and Mrs. James J. Lally Mr. Philip A. Lathrap Lee Enterprises, Inc. Edmund J. Lewis, M.D. William & Nora Lichtenberg Foundation, Inc. Liddell, Sapp, Zivley, Hill & LaBoon, LLP The Hon. and Mrs. James Lilley Mr. A. G. Lindstrand Howard & lean Lipman Foundation, Inc. Liz Claiborne Foundation Ms. Holly Madigan Mrs. Jean Mahoney Mr. and Mrs. Robert H. Malott Morton and Barbara Mandel Foundation Mr. Thomas H. Maren Mr. Frank Martucci Mr. and Mrs. Edgar M. Masinter Col. Billie G. Matheson, USAF Ret. The May Department Stores Company Foundation Mr. and Mrs. William P. McClure MCI Communications Corporation McMillan Associates Mr. Robert L. McNeil Jr. (The Barra Foundation, Inc.) Mr. Paul Mellon* Mr. Olan Mills II The Mnuchin Foundation Marvin and Elayne Mordes Multifoods NAMSB Foundation, Inc. Mrs. John Ulric Net New York Mercantile Exchange Newsweek, Inc. Mr. Henry V. Nickel Nordstrom, Incorporated Norfolk Southern Foundation Northwest Mining Association Norwest Corporation NYNEX Corporation John M. Olin Foundation Orimono Interiors Pacific Gas & Electric Co. Pacific Power Samuel P. Pardee Foundation Dr. Paul D. Parkman The Martin Paskus Foundation, Inc. Ms. Helen Ann Patton JCPenney Company, Inc. Mr. George S. Pillsbury (The Southways Foundation) Pioneer Press Pitney Bowes Mrs. John A. Pope Lt. Col. Norman S. Portenoy, USAF (Ret.) Porter-Cable Portland General Electric Co. Dr. and Mrs. Meyer P. Potamkin Mr. Walter Pozen Mr. and Mrs. Heinz C. Prechter (World Heritage Foundation) Ms. Kathleen A. Preciado Public Broadcasting Service Rabobank Nederland, N.V. Mr. and Mrs. Harvey W. Rambach Reader's Digest Association Inc. Sanae I. and Douglas F. Reeves Mr. Burton J. Reiner Resources for the Future, Inc. Rhythm & Blues Foundation Mary Livingston Ripley Charitable Lead Trust* Mr. and Mrs. John W. Roberts (Solite Corporation) Rockwell Fund, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Richard Roob Dr. Mariette I.utze Sackler (Marietta Lutze Sackler Family Trust) SAME 97 Charles E. Sampson Trust San Jose Mercury News Mr. and Mrs. Roger W. Sant Santa Fe Pacific Gold Corporation The Julius Schepps Company The Betty A. & Lloyd G. Schermer Foundation Mr. Harold J. Schnitzer Charles Schwab & Co., Inc. Service America Corporation Mr. and Mrs. J. Henry Sheffield Mr. Theodore J. Slavin Mr. and Mrs. H. Robert Slusser Mr. Alan G. Spoon Mrs. Ann M. Stack Jules & Doris Stein Foundation Hattie M. Strong Foundation* Svedala Industries, Inc. SYSCO Corporation T. Rowe Price Retirement Plan Services, Inc. Taipei Council of Agriculture Tamrock Suzanne and Michael Tennenbaum (Tennenbaum & Co., LLC) Texaco, Inc. Texas Commerce Bank — Houston N.A. Roy and Niuta Titus Foundation Man-Kong Tsui Dr. Stephen Turner and Mrs. Lillian Scheffres Turner John M. Ullmann, Inc. Unique Binders, Inc. Vance International, Inc. Wallace Genetic Foundation Weatherford Enterra, Inc. Ellen Bayard Weedon Foundation Weigh-Tronix, Inc Mr. and Mrs. Frank A. Weil (Hickrill Foundation, Inc.) Mr. and Mrs. Guy Weill Western Fuels Association Inc. Wiley, Rein & Fielding Mr. Eli Wilner & Ms. Barbara Brennan Women in Mining World Wide Fund for Nature World Wildlife Fund Mr. and Mrs. T. Evans Wyckoff* $2,000 or more Anonymous Mr. Davey L. Adams Mr. Laurence J. Adams Adelson Galleries, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Melvin G. Alper Alsdorf Foundation Amdahl Corporation American-Scandinavian Foundation Ameritech Miss Barbara Ames Mrs. Joan Andrews APCA (Advancement & Promotion of Charitable Activities) Aspen Celebration for the American Indian BankAmerica Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Thomas W. Barwick Bateman Engineering Inc. Ms. Doris J. Bates Mr. and Mrs. Stephen D. Bechtel Jr. (S. D. Bechtel Jr. Foundation) Albert Beekhuis Foundation Mr. and Mrs. William Beierwaltes Berry-Hill Galleries, Inc. Booz, Allen & Hamilton, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. W. J. Bowen (W. J. Bowen Foundation) Bradley Arant Rose & White, LLP Mr. and Mrs. John M. Bradley Mrs. Wiley T. Buchanan Jr. Ms. Kate Budd Bunge Corporation Mr. and Mrs. John B. Bunker Dr. Irving F. Burton California Water Service Company Embassy of Canada Government of Canada Central Pacific Bank Dorothy Jordan Chadwick Fund Dr. Victoria Chan-Palay Christie's, Inc. The Chubb Corporation Citicorp Foundation Dr. and Mrs. John Clemmonsjr. Mrs. Lora R. Clemmons Cline-Lofftus Foundation Coeur d'Alene Mines Corporation Computer Associates International, Inc. The Hon. Barber B. Conable Jr. Conservation, Food & Health Foundation, Inc. Corporate Design Foundation Inc. Ruth Covo Family Foundation Cultural Resources, Inc. Mr. Ian M. Cumming (Cumming Foundation) Mrs. M.A. Davis Mr. Torkum Demirjian and Ms. Dany Kornfield (Ariadne Galleries) Mr. and Mrs. Charles D. Dickey Jr. The Walt Disney Company Mr. and Mrs. Robert J. Donner Jr. The Douglass Foundation Ms. Diane M. Dudley Mr. and Mrs. Sikander A. Durrani East Side House Winter Antiques Show R. H. Ellsworth, Ltd. Mr. Robert Ellsworth Mrs. Myron S. Falk Jr. (The Edipa Foundation, Inc.) Federation of AT&T Global Information Solutions User Groups Mrs. S. Fischer Mrs. Mary Jane Fisher The Flowe Foundation Ms. Anne Forbes H. B. Fuller Co. Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Morton Funger gaLAn entertainment TheJoAnn and Julian Ganzjr. Foundation Trust Mr. Fred Ganz Mr. Phil Gardner Mr. Joseph G. Gavin Lawrence M. Gelb Foundation, Inc. General Electric Company Mr. Bert A. Getz Mr. George J. Gillespie III Dr. Kurt A. Gitter and Ms. Alice Yelen Mrs. Charles C. Glover Leslie Goldberg Charity Fund William H. Goldiner, M.D. Brent and Walter Goo Mr. Henry C. Goodrich The Gornick Fund Mr. Richard H. Graham Gramp Foundation Greening America Mr. and Mrs. Calvin B. Gross Guggenheim, Asher Associates, Inc. Ms. Agnes S. Gund Harbert International, Inc. Harcourt General, Inc. G. E. Herrick Hinduja Foundation Mr. Gerald D. Hines Mr. Jeffrey C. Hines Mrs. Joseph Hirshhorn Mr. and Mrs. Leonard C. Hoeft Ms. Nancy Hoffmann Mr. Thomas E. Hopkins Mrs. Elizabeth L. Hunter Mr. Alvin J. Huss Jr. Mrs. Zamzam Hussain Illinois Tool Works Foundation Dr. and Mrs. Stanley O. Ikenberry Imation Corporation Government of India Tourist Office Integrated Device Technology, lnc Intermarine Incorporated ITT Industries, Inc. Mrs. Shirley Jacobs The Japan Foundation Johnson & Johnson Mr. and Mrs. Stanton Jue Mr. and Mrs. Maurice H. Katz Mr. Jack Kay Mr. Walter Keating Miss Narinder Kaur Keith and Miss Rajinder Kaur Keith* Enid & Crosby Kemper Foundation The David Woods Kemper Memorial Foundation Mrs. Marie L. Knowles Mrs. Blanche M. Koffler Mr. and Mrs. Robert P. Kogod The Korean Foundation Koteen Foundation in Karl V. Krombein Mr. and Mrs. Jon Landau Dr. and Mrs. F.manuel Landau Ms. Hilva B. Landsman Dr. Thomas Lawton Dr. Roxie C. Layboume Mr. and Mrs. Marc I eland Mr. and Mrs. [acques I l.ennon Helen and Joseph Lewis Fund Jan R. & Daniel R. Lewis Philanthropic Fund Mis I, all K. I lebes F.li Lilly and Company Foundation Ml .iii.I Mis Rnhcll \ 1 in. Is. in Mr. John H. Lindsey R. Robert I mimes and Ada II. I inowes Fund Lippincott is; Margulies Mrs. Iran R. Ljungkull Lockheed Martin Missiles .\ Space Company 1 ucent Technologies The Lucy Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Yo-Yo Ma Mr. and Mrs. Frank N. Magid (Frank N. Magid \ssck i.ites. Inc. I Mars Foundation Ms. Barbara H. Marshall Raymond E. Mason Foundation Mr. Takeo Mayuyama Mrs. Nan Tucker McEvoj (Nan Fucker McEvoy Foundation, Inc.) MCI Government Markets Mr. and Mrs. Alexander K. McLanahan Dr. G. Walter McReynolds The Meeting Manager Mr. and Mrs. Michael A. Mennello Mr. Paul E. Merkle Metropolitan Center for Far Eastern Art Studies Mr and Mrs. Herbert Miller Mr. Kenneth B. Miller Mobil Foundation J. P. Morgan & Company, Incorporated Mr. and Mrs. Paul S. Morgan Mr. and Mrs. S. Reed Morian Jane and John Morrison Mr. Peter A. Moskovitz and Ms. Candida Fraze Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth F. Mountcastle Mr. and Mrs. Thomas D. Mullins Mr. Jack Nash (Nash Family Philanthropic Fund) National Gallery of Art National Postal Forum J'he Nature Conservancy Nestle Beverage Company Netherland-America Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Lucio A. Noto T. J. O'Gara Family Charitable Foundation Mr. Bengt Ohman Mrs. Sandra Oken OXO International Parseghian Family Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Frank H. Pearl Pearson Art Foundation, Inc. Penguin Books USA Inc. Mr. Frederick Petrie Phelps Dodge Inundation Mr. and Mrs. Bam Pien i Lt. Col. and Mrs. Joseph T. Pisciotta Mr. Elliotl I. Pollock PR< . Inc. Prince Charitable Irusls David and ( heryl Purvis Qantas Airways I Id. Dr. and Mrs. David Raphling Regardless Films, Inc. Rollie and Ruth Remniel Hi and Mrs. Kenneth X. Robbins K.irnl Kirbcrger Rodriguez Mi and Mrs, Richard G. Rogers Jr. Mi and Mrs. Francis* . Rooneyjr. Mr. Samuel G. Rose Rosekrans Fund Royal i up. Inc. Ms. Shirley Z. Johnson and Mr. Charles Rumph Mrs. Shirley Ann Ryan The James & Betty Sams Family Foundation Sargent Management Company Saudi Arabian Oil Company Mr. Morton L. Scholnick Mr. and Mrs. Roy A. Schotland Seacoast Foundation Donald and Estelle Sell Mr. and Mrs. Iwao Setsu M. Sigmund & Barbara K. Shapiro Family Fund Mrs. John Farr Simmons Ms. Joyce Marie Sims Smith, Graham & Co. Asset Managers, LP Mr. and Mrs. E. Maynard Smith Kathy Daubert Smith Solectron Corporation Space Systems Loral Mr. Ira Spanierman Mrs. Harriet Spencer Mr. Bernie Stadiem Mr. and Mrs. Terry Stent Mr. and Mrs. William C. Sterling Jr. Stewart & Perry Mr. Robert C. Tang Texas Folklife Resources Textron Lycoming Joseph H. Thompson Fund Dr. F. Christian J'hompson Mr. Clayton Timmons VLSI Von Maritime, Inc. Ms. Frances C. Wagenseil Mr. Steven C. Walske Mr. Paul F. Walter Mrs. Saul Warshaw Mr. and Mrs. Raymond J. Wean Jr. Edward A. and Sandra R. Weinstein Philanthropic Fund Westinghouse Electric Miss Winifred E. Weter Weyerhaeuser Company Foundation Ms. Shelby White and Dr. Leon Levy (Shelby White Philanthropic Fund) I In Whitehead Foundation Mr. Julius Wile* Mr. and Mrs \\'eslc\ V Williams Jr.* The Hon. Edwin D. Williamson Dr. Edward T. Wilson Mr. Joseph G. Wirth Mrs. Jane Ludwig Worley Wright Runstad Associates, LP SMITHSONIAN CORPORATE MEMBERSHIP PROGRAM Proud Partners of the 150th Anniversary Celebration Discover ( \ui> Intel Corporation MCI Communications Corporation Trans World Airllnes, Inc Corporate Leaders and Patrons A. B. King, Inc. AJ Contracting, Inc. Anheuser-Busch Companies ARCO AT&T Bayer Corporation BellSouth Corporation Black & Decker, Inc. BMG Entertainment BP America Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. Capital Cities/ ABC, Inc. The Capital Group Companies, Inc. CH2M Hill Chrysler Corporation Fund The Coca-Cola Company The Colbert Foundation, Inc. Crate & Barrel Daimler-Benz A.G. DataWorks Desgrippes, Gobe & Associates The Walt Disney Company Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette DuPont Fidelity Investments Ford Motor Company General F.lectric Company Hitachi Limited Hoechst Marion Roussel, Inc. Hunter Engineering Company The Jaques Admiralty Law Firm S. C. Johnson & Son, Inc. Joseph E. Seagram & Sons, Inc. The Kansai Electric Power Company, Inc. KPMG Peat Marwick, LLP Lee Enterprises, Inc. I.evenger Litton Industries Mars Incorporated Marubeni Corporation McCann-Erickson Worldwide Mitsubishi Public Affairs Committee Mobil Corporation Newsweek Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom, LLP Sony Corporation of America Southern Company Sprint Robert A. M. Stern Architects Texas Instruments The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. Xerox Corporation Honorary Members Adobe Systems, Inc. AFLAC Incorporated Alabama Power Company ALTEC Industries, Inc. American General Corp. Amdahl Corporation AmSouth Bancorporation Andersen Corporation Arthur Andersen, LLP A. T. Cross Co. Baker & Botts, LLP Bank of America Bank One, Texas N.A. George K. Baum and Co. BE&K, Inc. Birmingham News Company Blackwell, Sanders, Matheny, Weary and Lombardy, L.C. Boatmen's First National Bank of Kansas City The Boeing Company Booz, Allen & Hamilton British Airways Brother International Corporation Brookfield Lepage Management Burns and McDonnell California Water Service Company Central Plains Steel Company Charles Schwab & Co., Inc. Chevy Chase Bank The Chronicle Publishing Company CITIBANK, N.A. Compass Bancshares Continental Cablevision Cookson America Cowles Media Company Daniel Foundation of Alabama Daniels-McCray Lumber Company Dayton Hudson Corp. Deloitte & Touche, LLP Doherty, Rumble & Butler Dorsey & Whitney E & Y Kenneth Leventhal Real Estate Group Ecolab, Inc. EDS Edwards & Angell EFD Inc. Electronics for Imaging Ellerbe Becket Energen Corporation Enron Oil & Gas Co. Ernst & Young, LLP Exxon Company, USA Faultless Starch/Bon Ami Company Fayez Sarofim & Co. Ferrell Companies, Inc. First Bank System Fleet National Bank Foley's Fox, Inc. Freeman Decorating Co. Gateway 2000 General Mills, Inc. George H. Lewis & Sons Gibson Creative Gulf States Paper Corporation Green Tree Financial Corporation H & R Block, Inc. Hallmark Cards. Inc. H. B. Fuller Company Hewlett-Packard Company Foundation Hoffman Construction Company Honeywell, Inc. Houston Chronicle Hubbard Broadcasting, Inc. IBM Corporation Imation Corporation Integrated Device Technology Inter-Regional Financial Group International Multifoods J. Paul Getty Trust Japan Airlines Jemison Investment Kajima Corporation Kansas City Southern Industries, Inc. Kendall-Jackson Vineyards & Winery Kenworth Truck Co. Margorie Kovler Foundation KPRC-TV2, Houston Liddell, Sapp, Zivley, Hill k LaBoon, LLP Lockheed Martin, IMS Lockton Companies 3M Company Medtronic, Inc. Merchantile Bank of Kansas City Metromedia Company Mid-Coast Cable Television Minnesota Mutual NEC Corporation The New York Times Company NIKE, Inc. Nissan Motor Corporation U.S.A. Noble Drilling Corp. Nordstrom, Inc. Northern States Power Company Northrop Grumman Corporation Northwest Bancorporation Norwest Corporation O'Melveny & Myers PacifiCorp Pacific Gas & Electric Co. Pan Energy Corporation Parisian, Inc. Payless Cashways, Inc. Pfizer. Inc. Protective Life Corporation The Providence Journal Company Quantum Corporation Rathe Productions Regions Financial Corporation R. I. Hospital Trust National Bank Robertson Honda Roll International Corporation Rothschild, Inc. St. Paul Companies, Inc. St. Paul Pioneer Press Shell Oil Company Solectron Corporation Sonat, Inc. South Central Bell South Trust Bank Southwestern Bell Space Systems Loral Star Tribune of the Twin Cities State Farm Insurance Sun America, Inc. Texaco USA Texas Commerce Bank Textron, Int. Time, Inc. Time Warner, Inc. Times Mirror/Los Angeles Times I. in hmark Corporation Toyota Motor Sales, U.S.A., Inc. Union Securities, Inc. UtiliCorp United Vance International, Inc. Vitol, SA Inc. VLSI Technology, Inc. Vulcan Materials Company Wal-Mart Stores VVeatherford Enterra, Inc. Wells Fargo WestPoint Stevens Wolcott & Lincoln Wyman-Gordon, Inc. A. W. Zimmer & Co., Central Clearing JAMES SMITHSON SOCIETY Endowed Life Members Pearl Bell and Col. Billie G. Matheson, USAF Ret. Karen and Edward Burka Ms. Ruth Boyer Compton Mr. and Mrs. Dean S. Edmonds Mr. Daniel D. Gilbert Richard and Elaine Kaufman Lt. Col. and Mrs. William K. Konze Gilbert and Jaylee Mead Anton H. Rosenthal and Ruth E. Canister Catherine F. Scott Shelby Shapiro Mr. J. Henry Sheffield Mrs. Virginia K. Sheffield Annual Members Mrs. Robert Amoryjr. David K. Anderson Mr. and Mrs. Paul M. Anderson Mr. and Mrs. William G. Anderson Mr. Leonard Andrews Mr. William Arndt Mrs. Jack R. Aron Ms. Barb Audiss Mr. and Mrs. Fred C. Ballman Mr. E. William Barnett J. F. Barre Rhoda and Jordan Baruch Mr. and Mrs. Perry R. Bass Jonathan Baum Albert Beekhuis Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Michael B. Beeman Mr. and Mrs. James M. Beggs Mr. Michael E. Bershaw The Hon. and Mrs. Warren Emerson Blair The Hon. and Mrs. Robert O. Blake Mr. John H. Blazek Mr. and Mrs. William J. D. Bond Dr. Michael Bonsignore J. A. Boorman Mrs. Howard M. Booth Mr. and Mrs. Bennett Boskey Ms. Margaret L. Bourgerie Col. Donald S. Bowman Ms. Rebecca A. Bowman Mr. Alfred Pope Brooks Mrs. Keith S. Brown Mr. J. Kevin Buchi, Dr. Kathleen M. Buchi George E. and Clare M. Burch Dr. and Mrs. Edwin W. Burnes Ms. Alice Green Burnette The Hon. George H. W. Bush and Mrs. Bush Mrs. Helen Cabell and Christine Cabell Mr. Donald W. Carl Mr. and Mrs. Philip J. Carroll Mae Casner Col. and Mrs. George E. Chapin Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Ernest H. Cockrell Dr. and Mrs. David A. Cofrin Melvin and Ryna Cohen Nancy L. Connor Mr. and Mrs. Richard Cooley Ms. Florence Corder-Witter Mrs. Carole D. Crocker Gretchen S. Crow Mr. and Mrs. Charles Davis Anna M. Day Mr. and Mrs. James A. Day Mr. and Mrs. Desi DeSimone Ms. Ann Demitruk Mrs. Deborah J. Denefrio Mr. Geert M. Deprest and Ms. Laura Travis-Deprest Mr. and Mrs. Charles J. DiBona Douglas Dillon Mr. and Mrs. Ralph Dixon Mr. and Mrs. Wesley M. Dixon Jr. Norbert and LaVerne Doligalski Ms. Diane M. Dudley Mr. and Mrs. Charles W. Duncan Jr. The Eberly Foundation Barton D. and Debra J. Eberwein Rear Admiral (Ret.) and Mrs. Edward H. Eckelmeyer Mr. and Mrs. Robert K. Edson Miss Babs Eisman Mrs. Harriet J. Eiwen Mr. and Mrs. James A. Elkins Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Richard England Col. Charles O. Eshelman Dorothy D. Eweson Mr. and Mrs. Michael Fayad Dr. and Mrs. James J. Ferguson Jr. Ms. B.J. French Mr. CaryJ. Frieze Virginia Sugg Furrow Mrs. J. Gardiner Mr. Phil Gardner Michael and Susie Gelman Mary O'Brien Gibson Mr. and Mrs. David Ginkel Dr. and Mrs. Clarence Glenn Mr. Devon Graham George C and Erna M. Graham Mrs. John B. Greene Ms. Marion E. Greene Mrs. Ann Y. Grim Mrs. Alton B. Grimes Calvin and Marilyn B. Gross Mr. and Mrs. Patrick W. Gross Bruce Guthrie Mr. Corbin Gwaltney Stephen and Jocelin Hamblett Robert V. and Rita S. Hanle Mr. Niles Hanson Ms. Helen Leale Harper Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Max E. Hartl I >r. and Mrs. Herbert A. Hartman Jr. Miss Nancy A. Haynes Philip and Maureen Heasley The Hon. and Mrs John Hechinger Sr. Mr. and Mrs. David Heebner Mr. Robert M. Henry Dr. and Mrs. David C. Hess Mr. and Mrs. Stephen O. Hessler Therese and I. Michael Heyman Mrs. Gloria Hidalgo Mr lames 1. Hines Jr. Mr and Mrs. Stephen A. Hopkins William L. Hopkins and Richard B. Anderson Mr. and Mrs. Peter House Mi .iii.l Mis |ohn Hnu n Mrs. Peter D. Humleker Jr. Mrs. Lee Hunter R. Bruce Hunter [ohn B. [ppolito, Diane M. Lalrd-Ippolito Drs. Jay and Maty Anne lackson David A. Jacques David and Pat Jernigan Mr. and Mrs. Richard J. V. Johnson Mrs. Roy Johnson Mr. and Mrs. Samuel C. Johnson Mr. Robert A. Jones Mr and Mrs. Stanley B.Jones Mr. and Mrs. Jack Kay Mr. Neil E. Kelley Mr. Don Kiest Mr. and Mrs. Norman V. Kinsis Scott A. Kisting Ms. Elizabeth Gelman Kossow Robert E. and Elizabeth W. Krueger Mr. Bruce LaBoon Mrs. James S. Lacock The Hon. and Mrs. Marion Ladwig Edward and Beverley l.ammerding Mrs. William Leonhart Mrs. Jean C. Lindsey Mr. Bud Lindstrand Mi < arl A. Lohmer Charles E. Long, EVP and Secretary, Citicorp/Citibank Mr. Frank J. Lukowskr Edmund C. Lynch Jr. Mr. and Mrs. A. Bryan Mac Millan Mr. and Mrs. Forrest E. Mars Jr. Virginia C. Mars Mary Martell and Paul M. Johnson Mr. Frederick P. Mascioli Maj. Gen. Raymond E. Mason Jr. and Margaret E. Mason Dr. Wayne Mathews Mr. and Mrs. Edward J. Mathias Mr. and Mrs. Norman McCulloch Jr. Mr. and Mrs. John D. McLean Mrs. Henry S. McNeil Mrs. G. Walter McReynolds Mr. Paul Mellon Shelley Kay Melrod Mr. and Mrs. Richard M. Merriman Mr. and Mrs. Randall Meyer Mr. and Mrs. Herbert S. Miller Jerry M. Miller and Dorothy T. Miller Mr. and Mrs. Olan Mills II Mr. Peter Monrose Mr. and Mrs. James Robert Montgomery Mr. and Mrs. Michael A. Moran Mr. and Mrs. John Murphy Mr. H. Duane Nelson Mr. and Mrs. Charles O'Connell lames D. Oglevee and Susan Marie Halliday Stute i.. Olsson Mrs. lelterson Patterson C. Wesley and Jacqueline Peebles Inlm I .. and Carolyn J. Peterson Mr. and Mrs. Anthony G. Pettello George and Sally Prllsbury lane P. Plakias Mr. and Mrs. Leon B. Polsky/ The Polsky Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Charles I.. Poor The Rev. and Mrs. Charles Price i laire and John Radway Mr. Elmer Rasmuson Mr. Dan Rather Mrs. Carol H. Ray Mr. and Mrs. Michael I. Reagan Philip and Elizabeth Reed Mr. and Mrs. Edward H. Rice Mr. Peter B. Ridder Carlyn Ring Ms. Gay A. Roane Mrs. Dorothy Hyman Roberts laik and Diane Robertson Ms. NancyJ. Robertson and Mr. Mark N. Cookingham Mrs. I. A. Rosenbaum Jr. Marya Rowan Ms. Marcia Rubenstein Marcos and Dina Russek Mr. William R. Salomon Ms. Leidy Samson Vicki and Roger Sant Mr. Fayez Sarofim Albert and Thelma Sbar Ambassador James H. Scheuer and Emily Malino Scheuer Mr. and Mrs. Douglas R. Scheumann Mr. and Mrs. Harold J. Schnitzer Elizabeth and Edwin Schreiber Mr. and Mrs. S. Norman Seastedt Mr. and Mrs. David M. Shapiro Mr. and Mrs. Marc J. Shapiro Mr. and Mrs. Paul M. Shatz Ms. Virginia B. Shimer Allan E. Shore Mrs. Shirlev P. Sichel Mrs. David E. Skinner Dr. and Mrs. Harvey C. Slocum Jr. Dr. Frank O. Smith Mr. and Mrs. Michael R. Sonnenreich Harriet and Edson Spencer John and Anna Stack Mr. and Mrs. Malcolm T. Stamper Dr. Marjorie L. Stein Ann C. Stephens Mr. and Mrs. Joseph T. J. Stewart Mr. and Mrs. Franz T. Stone Mr. and Mrs. Charles W. Tate Ms. Marjorie E. Thomas Mr. Randell C. Thomas Mr. Glenn F. Tilton Mr. Stephen Tilton Mrs. Jean C. Tito Mrs. Helen Brice Trenckmann Mr. and Mrs. Walter R. Truland Mr Mike Turner Ms. Evelyn Twigg-Smith Col. and Mrs. W. G. Van Allen Mr. and Mrs. L. Von Hoffmann Col. Harold W. Vorhies Mr. and Mrs. Robert Waidner Mr and Mrs. Steve Wasserman Mr. James R. Webb Mr. and Mrs. Ben White Ms. Beverly White Mr. John C. Whitehead Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth Wilkerson Mr. and Mrs. Michael T. Willis Mr. and Mrs. Herman T. Wilson Dr. and Mrs. Ralph Wilson Mr. and Mrs. Wallace S. Wilson Mrs. Jane Ludwig Worley Bett) Rhoads Wright Mr. and Mrs. Richard E. Wright Mr. and Mrs. T. Evans Wyckoff Mrs. Charlotte S. Wyman Ellen and Bernard Young Mary L. Zicarelli Mr. and Mrs. Sidney S. Zlotnick Life Members Mrs. Anni Albers Mr. and Mrs. Joe L. Allbritton Mr. and Mrs. William S. Anderson Mr. Ronald P. Anselmo Mr. Scott R. Anselmo Dr. and Mrs. Herbert Axelrod Richard R. Bains Mr. and Mrs. F. John Barlow Mr. and Mrs. Preston R. Bassett Mrs. Donald C. Beatty Mrs. Henry C. Beck Jr. Mrs. Ralph E. Becker Mrs. Clay P. Bedford Mrs. Edward B. Benjamin Mrs. John A. Benton Dr. and Mrs. William B. Berry Dr. and Mrs. B. N. Bhat Mr. Richard A. Bideaux Edwin W. Bitter Mr. Robert Blauner Mr. Leigh B. Block Dr. and Mrs. William Beaty Boyd Lee Bronson Mrs. David K. E. Bruce Dr. Ruth D. Bruun Mrs. George E. Burch Mrs. Arthur J. Burstein Mrs. Hyman Burstein Mr. and Mrs. Maxwell Burstein Mrs. Barnet Burstein-Morris Dr. and Mrs. Benjamin H. Caldwell Jr. Mrs. Catherine B. Cantrell Lawson J. Cantrell Mr. Allan Caplan Mrs. George H. Capps Carol Chiu Mr. and Mrs. Thomas G. Cleveland Dr. and Mrs. George L. Compton Dr. and Mrs. Roger Cornell Dr. and Mrs. E. J. Cunningham Dr. and Mrs. Bruce E. Dahrling II Mr. Sam DeVincent Mrs. Peter N. Delanoy Mr. John R. Doss Mr. and Mrs. Willard D. Dover Edward R. Downe Jr. Dr. Dale B. Dubin Mr. and Mrs. Willis H. Dupont Mr. Mercer Ellington Mr. Joseph M. Erdelac Thomas M. Evans Dr. and Mrs. Dan Feriozi Mrs. Walter B. Ford II Dr. and Mrs. Phillip Frost Mrs. Edwin Fullinwider Dr. and Mrs. Lawrence Andrew Funt Mrs. George Garfield Mr. and Mrs. Julius Garfield Dr. and Mrs. Lamont W. Gaston Mr. Kirkland H. Gibson C. Paul and Pat S. Gilson Mr. and Mrs. Stephen P. Gott Mrs. Maureen Gould Doris Stack Greene Jerome L. and Dawn Greene Mrs. Chaim Gross Mrs. Melville Hall Mrs. Richard Harkness Mr. and Mrs. Don C. Harrold Mrs. Lita Annenberg Hazen Mr. and Mrs. Wayne C. Hazen Herbert Waide Hemphill Jr. Edward L. Henning Mrs. Joseph Hirshhorn Mrs. James Stewart Hooker Mr. Paul Horgan Dr. and Mrs. Howard Ihrig Mr. and Mrs. George H. Jacobus Mr. and Mrs. Jacob Kainen Mr. and Mrs. Donald E. Kastner Dr. Annette Kaufman Dr. and Mrs. Arthur A. Kirk Peter Merrill Klein Slanche M. Koffler Vlrs. Lewis Kurt Land Mrs. David Landau Dr. Maury P. Leibovitz vlr. and Mrs. L. E. Leininger rlarry E. and Jane F. Lennon Mrs. Sara L. Lepman vlr. and Mrs. John Levey vlr. and Mrs. Robert Levey vlr. and Mrs. Sydney Lewis vis. Betty H. Llewellyn vlr. and Mrs. Jack Lord \dele Lozowick Vlrs. Robert Magowan Dr. and Mrs. Leo J. Malone Vlr. and Mrs. Richard A. Manoogian [ohn A. Masek Vfrs. Vincent Melzac Vlr. and Mrs. Jack L. Messman Vlr. W. A. Moldermaker Vlrs. Edmund C. Monell Dr. and Mrs. Walter A. H. Mosmann Vlr. and Mrs. Joe H. Mullins Dr. and Mrs. Marvin Murray Mr. Mortimer L. Neinken Dr. Melanie Newbill Mrs. Henry K. Ostrow Mrs. Rudolf Pabst rhe Hon. and Mrs. G. Burton Pearson Mr. and Mrs. Wallace R. Persons Mr. and Mrs. Edward M. Pflueger Mrs. John H. Phipps Mrs. John Alexander Pope Mrs. Abraham Rattner Mr. John P. Remensnyder Kate Rinzler The Hon. Thomas M. Roberts The Hon. Martin J. Roess Dr. and Mrs. Richard G. Rogers Jr. Mrs. Helen Goodwin Rose Mr. Arthur Ross Mr. and Mrs. Peter G. Sachs Mr. Harry I. Saul Mrs. Janos Scholz The Hon. Hugh Scott Mr. and Mrs. Morton Silverman Mr. and Mrs. Edward J. Slattery Mrs. Helen F. Sloan Mr. and Mrs. Robert H. Smith Mr. and Mrs. Sherwood Smith Mrs. Raphael Soyer Mrs. Otto Spaeth Earl and Trudy Spangler Mr. Stuart M. Speiser Mr. and Mrs. Harvey G. Stack Mr. and Mrs. Norman Stack Mr. and Mrs. Norman H. Stavisky Dr. and Mrs. Leo F. Stornelli Mr. and Mrs. E. Hadley Stuart Jr. Mrs. Hans Syz Mrs. Katherine S. Sznycer Drs. Yen and Julia Tan The Ruth and Vernon Taylor Foundation Mrs. David J. Teppei Mr. Richard W. Thomssen Mr. Bardyl R. Tirana Mr. Glenn O. Tupper Lillian Scheffres Turner Dr. and Mrs. Adolfo Villalon Dr. and Mrs. Francis S. Walker Mr. and Mrs. C. C. Wang Dr. and Mrs. Thomas E. Whiteley Mr. Leonard John Wilkinson Mr. and Mrs. Thomas J. Williams Mr. Archibald M. Withers Mr. and Mrs. Laurence C. Witten II Mrs. David O. Woodbury Mr. Stanley Woodward Mr. and Mrs. James Wu Mr. and Mrs. Barry Yampol BEQUESTS The following persons remembered the Smithsonian through bequests from their estates: Barbara A. Bailey Helen C. Codding Bertita E. Compton Gary Sinclair Dodge Patricia C. Dodge Charles L. Gambier Matty-Elaine Herzfelder Ranghild C. Johnson Helen Katchmar Henri Keyzer-Andre Marion C. Link John S. Pietras Henry Blackman Plumb Jane Ann Preddy William J. Robinson Charlotte Salinger Selig J. Silverman George Sisley Stanley C. Tigner SMITHSONIAN LEGACY SOCIETY Founding Chairman Mrs. Gloria Shaw Hamilton Founders Mr. H. V. Andersen Mr. and Mrs. William S. Anderson Mrs. J. Paul Austin Anonymous Anonymous George and Bonnie Bogumill Mark and Eileen Boone Mrs. Agnes M. Brown Mr. Michael W. Cassidy Fenner A. Chace Jr. Mr. Harry R. Charles Jr. Miss Jean M. Chisholm Mr. Earl Clayton Mr. Lawrence G. Clayton The Hon. Barber B. Conablejr. and Mrs. Conable Ms. Patricia Daniels Mr. Dennis O. Dixon Mr. and Mrs. Arthur W. Gardner Mr. Gilbert W. Glass Mr. Lloyd E. Herman Mr. and Mrs. Frank W. Hoch Dr. and Mrs. Lee Houchins Mr. John R. Huggard Dr. and Mrs. James C. Hunt Mr. Joseph E. Johnson Miss Narinder K. Keith Miss Rajinder K. Keith Lt. Col. William K. and Mrs. Alice S. Konze Ms. Lee Kush Mrs. James Spencer Lacock Mr. and Mrs. Bruce Leighty Ms. Eleanor L. Linkous Mr. Frank J. Lukowski Mr. Ronald W. McCain Ms. Lowen McKay Mrs. Jane R. Moore Mrs. Jefferson Patterson David and Cheryl Purvis Mr. and Mrs. Frank K. Rabbitt Sanae I. and Douglas F. Reeves Mr. and Mrs. Robert F. Rick George W. and Margaret P. Riesz Mr. Stuart W. Rosenbaum Lloyd G. and Betty A. Schermer Allan E. and Carol T. Shore Mrs. Warren Sichel Mary F. Simons Dr. Barbara J. Smith Kathy Daubert Smith Lt. Col. Irene M. Sorrough Bernie Stadiem Mr. and Mrs. Joseph T. N. Suarez George D. and Mary Augusta Thomas Dr. and Mrs. F. Christian Thompson John and Ellen Thompson Jeffrey and Diane Tobin Mr. David E. Todd Ms. Patty Wagstaff Miss Catherine M. Walsh Dr. and Mrs. Richard Ward Mr. and Mrs. Charles Watts Mr. and Mrs. Donald W. White Mrs. Laurence I. Wood Mr. and Mrs. Robert Zapart Dr. P. Joseph Zharn Mrs. Nancy Behrend Zirkle MEMORIAL AND COMMEMORATIVE GIFTS The following were so honored by their families and friends: Marcellus G. Bates Marilynn J. Bauman Bertita Compton Laurence E. Fleischman Frank N. Ikard Seymour Knox 111 Frank Kurtz Richard Louie Irving Moskovitz Walter Scholz Gertrude Skelly Barbara J. Smith J. T. Vida Sylvia H. Williams William J. Woolfenden DONORS OF IN-KIND SUPPORT Air India American Airlines America West Airlines Inc. American Hardware Manufacturers Association Apple Computer, Inc. Eric and Linda Archer The Birmingham News Company, Inc. British Airways Mr. Scott Chinery Colorcraft of Virginia Continental Airlines Diebold Incorporated Eastman Kodak Company Gateway 2000 Guest Services, Inc. Hughes Information Technology- Corporation Hughes/JVC KISS Food Services The Longview Fibre Company Mead Corporation Foundation National Automobile Dealers Association Navajo Nation Nissan Motor Corporation U.S.A. Ms. Jane Paden The Recording Industries Music Performance Trust Funds Rockland Research Corporation San Jose International Airport Silver Dollar City Inc. Southwest Airlines Toshiba America, Inc. TransBrasil Airlines Unique Binders, Inc. U.S. Airways Calvert Woodley Discount Wine and Spirits and Wine Alliance AFFILIATED ORGANIZATIONS THE JOHN F. KENNEDY CENTER FOR THE PERFORMING ARTS. THE NATIONAL GALLERY OF ART, AND THE WOODROW WILSON INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR SCHOLARS WERE ESTABLISHED BY CONGRESS WITHIN THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION UNDER THEIR OWN BOARDS OF TRUSTEES. THE INSTITUTION PROVIDES ADMIN- ISTRATIVE SERVICES ON CONTRACT TO READING IS FUNDAMENTAL, INC., AN INDEPENDENT ORGANIZATION. nS Arts for p Billy Taylor, the Kennedy Center's artistic adviser for jazz, interacts with young mu- sicians during the debut performance on the Kennedy Center's Millennium Stage. Hosting free daily performances of music, dance, and theater, the Millennium Stage is one in a series of initiatives that bring the performing arts to the broadest possi- ble audience. (Photograph by Carol Pratt) JOHN F. KENNEDY CENTER FOR THE PERFORMING ARTS James A. Johnson, Chairman Lawrence J. Wilker, President [n April 1996, the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts marked its 25th anniversary as a presidential memorial and one of the world's most celebrated per- forming arts centers. The Kennedy Center presents the finest perfor- mances of music, theater, and dance from this nation and abroad; makes the performing arts available to the greatest possible audience through free and discounted per- formances as well as other outreach programs; nurtures new works and supports artists through its produc- ing, commissioning, and training programs in a variety of disciplines; and serves the nation as a leader in arts education. The Kennedy Cen- ter's six theaters host performances that attract more than 2 million patrons annually; the annual tele- cast of the Kennedy Center Honors and other broadcasts reach mil- lions more across the country; and the center reaches out to the na- tion with touring productions and performances. ■ Kennedy Center Chairman James A. Johnson initiated a set of programs in February 1997 designed to make the center, and the performing arts in gen- eral, accessible to the broadest possible audience. These "Performing Arts for Everyone" initiatives include free per- formances every evening of the year on the new Millennium Stage and the construction of a new TICKETplace dis- count ticket booth, which opened to the public in June in Washington's Old Post Office Pavilion. ■ The first season of the Kennedy Cen- ter African Odyssey, a multiyear cele- bration of the music, dance, and the- ater of Africa and the African Diaspora, featured theater from South Africa, music and dance from Cote d'lvoire, a griot storyteller from Gambia, and exhibitions of stone sculpture from Zimbabwe and textiles from through- out the African continent. Included were the world premieres of two Kennedy Center dance commissions and three ensembles making their American debuts. ■ The Kennedy Center Concert Hall closed in January for extensive renova- tions, with the goal of making the the- ater a national model for public ac- commodation and accessibility for people with disabilities. The Concert Hall, which reopened just nine months later in October, was the first of the center's theaters to undergo these improvements. Other Kennedy Center theaters will follow in future years as part of an ambitious calendar of construction. ■ With its home theater under con- struction, the National Symphony Or- chestra (NSO)— in its first season under Music Director Leonard Slatkin — per- formed innovative programs in the center's other theaters. The NSO's fifth American Residency took orchestra members to Arizona for more than a week of performances, master classes, and educational activities in the spring. In the fall, the NSO held its inaugural Beethoven Festival, part of a revolution in programming that will surround the regular concert schedule with thematic festivals spaced throughout the year. During its first concert tour of Europe under Slatkin's direction, the orchestra was greeted with critical and popular acclaim. ■ The Kennedy Center coproduced the Broadway hit Titanic, which earned the 1997 Tony Award for Best Musical. Meanwhile, the center's coproduction of The King and I, a 1996 Tony winner, made its Washington debut at the cen- ter in the spring before embarking on a nationwide tour. The center's "Imagi- nation Celebration" commissioned two new works during 1996-97: an original play titled Children of the Sun from Pulitzer Prize winner N. Scott Moma- day and an adaptation of Judy Blume's popular children's book Tales of a Fourth Grade Nothing. Tales will tour to communities nationwide during the 1997-98 and 1998-99 school years. ■ In fall 1996, the Kennedy Center launched a national program to include the arts in the curricula of every school system across the United States. The "Creative Ticket for Student Success" campaign, spearheaded by the center's Alliance for Arts Education Network and its nationwide affiliates, united or- ganizations and individuals in encour- aging educators, parents, and elected officials to make the arts a regular part of the life of every American child. I NATIONAL GALLERY OF ART Earl A. Powell III, Director The National Gallery of Art serves the United States in a national role by preserving, collecting, exhibit- ing, and fostering the understand- ing of works of art at the highest possible museum and scholarly standards. ■ The gallery's exhibition season be- gan with "Olmec Art of Ancient Mex- ico," a panoramic overview of the achievements of Mexico's oldest civi- lization, which nourished from 1200 B.C. to A.D. 300. Other exhibitions in- cluded a survey of the French master of light and shadow, Georges de la Tour (1593-1652); drawings by Michelan- gelo and other artists he influenced from the collection of Queen Elizabeth II; an extensive selection from the world's greatest collection of Chinese art in "Splendors of Imperial China: Treasures from the National Palace Mu- seum"; rarely glimpsed narrative paint- ings ,md portraits in "The Victorians: British Painting in the Reign of Queen Victoria, 1837-1901"; early works of the fertile and precocious genius Pablo Picasso, from age 1 1 to his invention of cubism; and a groundbreaking exhibi- tion of ancient Angkor and Cambodian sculpture from the museum of Phnom Penh, the national collection of Asiatic art in Paris, and other international museums. ■ The Education Division developed materials for the gallery's World Wide Web site, created a hypercard compo- nent of the American art videodisc, and digitized works of art for the up- coming videodisc on European art. The division served an audience of 29.7 million through lectures, tours, sym- posia, academic programs, school tours and teacher training, and the loan of educational materials on art and cul- ture. Working with the education staff, Maryland Public Television produced a one-hour interactive electronic field trip from the Picasso exhibition. The program was broadcast live on seven public television stations and seen by / L The bronze cast of Augustus Saint-Gaudens' acclaimed memorial to Colonel Robert Gould Shaw and the Massachusetts 54th Regiment, the first African American combat infantry regiment raised in the North during the Civil War, is on long-term loan to the National Gallery of Art from the Saint-Gaudens National Historic Site. (Photograph by U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Saint-Gau- dens National Historic Site) more than 40,000 students in Mary- land and the District of Columbia. ■ Purchases for the gallery's collections are made possible by funds donated by private citizens. Among the paintings acquired this year were an early Winslow Homer depiction of a quiet moment during the Civil War, Home, Sweet Home; Tlie Miraculous Draft of Fishes by the 16th-century Venetian artist Jacopo Bassano; a large work by French cubist Francis Picabia, The Procession, Seville; a late-18th-century watercolor landscape by German artist Johann Georg von Dillis; and the un- worn and unreworked copperplate for Rembrandt's etching Abraham Enter- taining the Angels. ■ Gifts to the collection included a gouache by Picasso of The Death of Har- lequin, with an oil sketch on the re- verse, from Paul Mellon; 40 works by Alexander Calder from Klaus Perls, the artist's dealer in the United States; a painting by the 16th-century Italian artist Cariani and an oil sketch by Rubens, both bequeathed by Lore Heinemann; 18 sheets (some double- sided) of drawings by Winslow Homer from the Civil War given by Dr. Ed- mund Zalinski II, a descendant of the Civil War major who received them from the artist; a 1929 photograph, Shadows of the Eiffel Tower, by the Hun- garian photographer Andre Kertesz from the Andre and Elizabeth Kertesz Foundation; and five photographs by the innovative photographer Harold Edgerton from the Harold and Esther Edgerton Family Foundation. A gift of more than 230 contemporary prints was received from Crown Point Press, one of the leading print publishing workshops in the United States, and its founder Kathan Brown. ■ The newly restored plaster memor- ial to Colonel Robert Gould Shaw and the Massachusetts 54th Regiment by Augustus Saint-Gaudens was unveiled in a new installation in the West Building. The 18-foot-wide sculpture is on long-term loan from the Saint-Gau- dens National Historic Site in Cornish, New Hampshire. The bronze cast of the memorial stands on Boston Com- mon and is considered one of this country's greatest sculptural monu- ments. READING IS FUNDAMENTAL, INC. Lynda Johnson Robb, Chairman William Trueheart, President leading Is Fundamental, Inc. (RIF), he nation's oldest and largest chil- Iren's literacy organization, has put nore than 1 73 million books into he hands of children over the last II years. RIF's extensive literacy mtreach to more than 3.7 million hildren annually in all 50 states, he District of Columbia, Puerto tico, the Virgin Islands, and Guam s made possible by a volunteer orce of some 219,000 local citi- :ens. Volunteers at 17,000 locations ind in all kinds of settings — chools, libraries, Head Start and •ven Start programs, migrant vorker camps, hospitals, clinics, lousing projects, Boys and Girls Hubs, schools for children with Usabilities, juvenile detention cen- ers, and Native American reserva- ions — report that RIF dramatically :hanges children's reading habits ind gets parents involved in their :hildren's reading. I William Trueheart was selected as UF's new president by the all-volunteer UF Board of Directors. A former presi- lent of Bryant College in Rhode Island ind a visiting scholar at the Harvard Jniversity Graduate School of Educa- ion, Trueheart has held numerous posi- ions in higher education, including as- listant dean and director of the master )f public administration program at iarvard's John F. Kennedy School of jovernment. RIF President Ruth Graves, who had led the organization lince 1976, retired in 1997. I First Lady Hill^y Rodham Clinton nvited RIF to celebrate Reading Is Fun Week at the White House in April. On land for the festivities were U. S. Educa- :ion Secretary Richard W. Riley, the win- lers of RIF's National Reading Celebra- :ion and Poster Contest, Representatives William Goodling of Pennsylvania and rhomas Sawyer of Ohio, Miss America Tara Holland, award-winning children's author-illustrator Tomie dePaola, actor Larry Sellers, and the Indiana Pacers' Reggie Miller. ■ In response to the Presidents' Summit for America's Future, which called for commitments to provide fundamental resources to America's children, Reading Is Fundamental pledged to serve an ad- ditional 1.5 million children by the end of 2000. To meet that goal, RIF will ini- tiate new partnerships in education, so- cial services, business, and government, according to RIF Chairman Lynda John- son Robb, who served as cochairman of the Presidents' Summit and now cochairs America's Promise. ■ On November 1, RIF and Visa U.S.A. launched "Read Me a Story," a national campaign to raise awareness of the im- portance of reading aloud to children. Highlights included a 15,000-mile, 61 -city cross-country bus tour of storybook charac- ters; television com- mercials promoting reading by actor Danny Glover; and a grand finale at 3-Com Stadium in San Fran- cisco, during which Visa U.S.A. President Carl Pascarella pre- sented RIF with a check for $1 million. ■ To promote youth literacy, RIF stepped up its partnership with the National Basketball Association by celebrating March as NBA Reading Month. NBA Commissioner David Stern, a RIF Advisory Council member, kicked off the program at a West Harlem RIF project and NBA teams and employees followed suit by reading aloud to children. March also saw the debut of the NBA's newest public ser- vice announcements for RIF featuring the Indiana Pacers' Reggie Miller and the Miami Heat's Tim Hardaway. ■ At each stage of a child's develop- ment, there is a RIF model program de- signed to promote reading. In 1997, RIF continued working with the private sector to bring those programs to more children. For example, RUNNING START", targeted to first graders, gained national recognition for its effectiveness and found two new backers in the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation and the Reader's Digest Foundation. ■ RIF third graders voiced their own ideas about what motivates them to read at nationwide literacy town hall meetings held during the annual Miss America Organization National Day of Service. The meetings were moderated by Miss America titleholders from each state. Reading Is Fundamental Chairman Lynda Johnson Robb (left) and RIF President William Trueheart (right) join RIF chil- dren and "Curious George" during the kickoff of "Read Me a Story," a cam- paign sponsored by RIF and Visa USA to raise awareness about the importance of reading aloud to children. (Photograph by Rick Reinhard) WOODROW WILSON INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR SCHOLARS Charles Blitzer, Director The Woodrow Wilson Center was established as the official living memorial to the nation's 28th president and as a place of free intellectual inquiry reflecting the full range of Woodrow Wilson's ideals and concerns. The center's congressional mandate is to strengthen the links between the worlds of ideas and of public af- fairs. Through an annual fellow- ship competition, outstanding scholars from around the world are invited to the center for ex- tended periods of research and writing. In addition, the center sponsors public meetings, gener- ates publications, and produces broadcast programs that make in- dividual scholarship accessible to policy makers and a broad public. ■ In a ceremony on November 1, the center signed a lease for its new home in the Ronald Reagan Building. As the center's founding legislation intended, scholars and staff will be housed in a distinctive structure on Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington, D.C. The move is scheduled to occur in the summer of 1998. ■ Joseph Flom, chairman of the center's board of trustees, and his wife Claire announced in November their inten- tion to make a $1 million challenge grant to the center for funds to finish the interior of the new building. The grant required the center to raise an ad- ditional $2 million by July 31. Approxi- mately $750,000 was raised from indi- vidual donors, while the remaining $1.25 million was secured from a bene- fit dinner held in New York City. ■ On June 10, more than 500 guests gathered in New York City to honor Joseph Flom and John B. McCoy of Bank One for their contributions to the world of learning. Federal Reserve Board Chairman Alan Greenspan deliv- ered the keynote speech. The event represented the largest fund-raising effort in the history of the center. ■ Charles Blitzer, the center's director since 1988, informed the board of trustees of his intention to retire from that position on July 24, 1997. Flom said that Blitzer "will leave behind a body of accomplishment that speaks eloquently of his stewardship, most notable among these the growing ranks of the distinguished alumni of the cen- ter, who constitute one of our best and brightest hopes for the next century, and a fitting home for the Woodrow Wilson Center on Pennsylvania Av- enue, appropriate to its charter as the official memorial to a great president." ■ Edward Tenner, a 1995-96 Woodrow Wilson ( enter Fellow, visiting scholar in Princeton University's Department . of Geosciences, and author of Tech Speak and Why Things Bite Back, testi- fied before the House Committee on Rules, Subcommittee on Rules and Or- ganization, to discuss the effects of technological innovation on the politi- cal and legislative processes. Because the center's scholars provide unique perspectives on critical issues, they are frequent participants in national dia- logues with political leaders and opin- ion makers. ■ In January, former Secretary of State Warren Christopher participated in a roundtable discussion of environmen- tal diplomacy at the center. The meet- ing brought together public- and pri- vate-sector experts to consider how the environment relates to United States foreign policy and security objectives. A benefit dinner honored Joseph H. Flom, chairman of the Woodrow Wilson Center Board of Trustees, and John B. McCoy, chairman of Banc One Corp. Shown here with Flom are Federal Reserve Board Chairman Alan Greenspan, the evening's fea- tured speaker; Joseph A. Cari, vice-chairman of the Board of Trustees; and Donald Drapkin, member of the Wilson Council and chairman of the dinner. (Photograph ©Hollander Photographic Services) FINANCIAL REPORT RICK JOHNSON, CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER INTRODUCTION The Smithsonian Institution receives funding from both federal appropriations and nonappropriated trust sources. Nonappropriated trust funds include all funds received from sources other than direct federal appropriations. These other sources include gifts and grants from individuals, corporations, and founda- tions; grants and contracts from federal, state, or local government agencies; earnings from short- and long- term investments; revenue from membership pro- grams; and revenue from sales activities, such as Smithsonian magazine, museum shops and restau- rants, mail order catalogues, and licensed products. Federal appropriations provide funding for the In- stitution's core functions: caring for and conserving the national collections, sustaining basic research on the collections and in selected areas of traditional and unique strength, and educating the public about the collections and research findings through exhibitions and other public programs. Federal appropriations also fund a majority of the activities associated with maintaining and securing the facilities and with vari- ous administrative and support services. Smithsonian trust funds allow the Institution to undertake new ventures and enrich existing programs in ways that would not otherwise be possible. These funds provide the critical margin of excellence for in- novative research, building and strengthening the na- tional collections, constructing and presenting effec- tive and up-to-date exhibitions, and reaching out to new and under-represented audiences. In recent years, the Smithsonian has also begun to rely, in part, on trust funds for the funding of major new construction projects. The following sections describe the external envi- ronmental factors affecting the Institution's general fi- nancial condition, the Institution's financial status, and its planned response to changing conditions; fi- nancial results for fiscal year 1997; and measures, both organizational and financial, being taken to en- sure the continued fiscal health of the Institution. FINANCIAL SITUATION AND PROSPECTS Having celebrated its first 150 years in fiscal year 1996, the Smithsonian began long-term planning for its future. In order to respond to funding and pro- grammatic challenges, the Smithsonian needed a blueprint for moving forward into the next millen- nium. The first step was to develop a strategic plan. Building on the earlier work of the Commission on the Future and their May 1995 report, senior manage- ment and the Board of Regents developed a strategic plan in fiscal year 1997. A major focus of that plan is to take the Smith- sonian to the American people, expanding its reach beyond Washington through traveling exhibits, elec- tronic exhibits on the World Wide Web, and affilia- tions with museums across the nation. This goal is important for two reasons. First, a significantly larger number of citizens will have the opportunity to share in the Smithsonian's programs, knowledge, and arti- facts. Second, it will expand and develop a national constituency that will be critical to helping the Insti- tution meet its funding requirements in the future. The 150th anniversary traveling exhibition, "Amer- ica's Smithsonian," continued to play an important role in this strategy. The exhibition visited five more cities and was seen by an additional 1.8 million peo- ple in fiscal year 1997. The Smithsonian continues to build upon relationships developed as a result of this exhibition. The major new strategy in the Smithsonian's out- reach focus is its Affiliation Program. The Board of Re- gents adopted the new policy on this collections- based program to provide greater public access to the Smithsonian and to provide an alternative means for the exhibition of its collections. The policy allows for larger portions of Smithsonian collections to be avail- able to audiences beyond the geographic limits of the Smithsonian's museums. Collections will be made available in a context created by the proposing orga- nization and will, therefore, reflect the interests and needs of local constituencies. These collaborations al- low museums to fill gaps in their exhibitions, research collections, and programs at their own expense and result in the exhibition and study of collections that might otherwise be in storage. The Institution faces continuing financial chal- lenges. While Congress has been supportive, federal budget balancing efforts make obtaining federal ap- propriations to support new programs and facilities more difficult. Revenues from the Smithsonian's busi- ness activities have been declining or flat. Contribu- tions received, although significant, have not been at a level consistent with the potential for such support. At the same time, the Smithsonian must find ways to fund the significant and costly activities required to maintain the Institution as a world-class organization and provide the care, display, access, and research that our many important collections require. In fiscal year 1997, the Smithsonian engaged a con- sultant with significant experience in publishing and retail activities to perform a complete analysis of all its business activities. He made a number of recom- mendations that the Smithsonian plans to implement in the near future. These recommendations include hiring key business staff, including a chief operating officer; strengthening the planning and financial analysis function; clarifying conflicting goals; improv- ing management information systems; focusing more on customers and competitors; and making strategic investments in the businesses. More detailed recom- mendations for each activity are being developed. The Smithsonian must also increase the support it receives from private contributions. The Institution hired Robert Hanle, previously the vice-president and director of development at the University of Min- nesota, as executive director for development to lead this important initiative. He has begun working closely with the Secretary to develop a capital cam- paign for the Institution that will focus on raising funds for construction and endowment. The Smithsonian's interest in corporate fund rais- ing was the topic of discussion at the Smithsonian Council. After various subcommittees researched spe- cific topics, they presented a series of workshops and presentations, focused on how to develop win/win partnerships with corporations. Corporate representa- tives, Council members, and Smithsonian representa- tives described how both the Smithsonian and the corporations can meet their respective goals and objectives through creative partnerships without in any way diminishing those of the other. Even with enhanced income levels, some new initiatives will likely require external financing. Con- sequently, where a strong case can be made that an investment will generate an adequate return, the Smithsonian is open to considering debt financing. One example of this is the Discovery Center project a. the National Museum of Natural History. The Discov- ery Center will include a 3-D large-screen theater, a new restaurant, programmatic space, and an ex- panded museum shop, which is already open. After a careful analysis of the new income to be generated from the business activities included, the Smithsoniar issued tax-exempt bonds to finance construction of the facility. The bonds were issued in January 1998. The Institution received triple A ratings from Stan- dard & Poor's and Moody's for this financing. The financial challenges facing the Smithsonian have served as a catalyst for new and innovative ap- proaches to funding and delivering Smithsonian pro- grams. These new approaches will help ensure that the Smithsonian remains a vital and vibrant asset for the American people in the next millennium. FY 1997 SOURCES OF NET REVENUES Federal Appropriations General Trust Donor/Sponsor Gov't Grants & Contracts 10.4% FISCAL YEAR 1997 SOURCES OF GROSS/ NET REVENUES Gross Net* 7>t Revenues Revenues Nett (Sthousands) (Sthousands) I Operations Federal Appropriations 383,468 383,468 General Trust ** 230,706 47,337 Donor/Sponsor ** 57,968 57,968 Gov't Grants & Contracts 56,703 56,703 Total Sources for Operations 728,845 545,476 1( *Net of expenses related to revenue-generating activities, e.g., musev. shops, restaurants, publications, etc. "General Trust is reduced from Table 1 by the Donor/Sponsored Contributions. This is a change from the prior year's presentation. :ISCAL YEAR 1997 RESULTS Revenues received by the Institution in fiscal year .997 from all sources totaled $728.8 million. Revenue rom federal appropriations accounted for $383.5 nillion, and nonappropriated trust funds provided an idditional $345.3 million. When adjusted to remove mxiliary activity expenses of $183.4 million, net evenues totaled $545.4 million. The chart on the receding page reflects revenues by source and broad mrpose of use. DERATIONS TABLES 1 AND 2) •ederal operating revenue of $313.5 million provided he core funding for ongoing programs of the Institu- ion. The fiscal year 1997 operating appropriation of 1318.5 million represented an increase of $7.3 million rom the fiscal year 1996 level. Increases to cover cer- ain uncontrollable costs included $5.0 million to over the cost of the January 1997 pay raise, $2.0 mil- ion for additional utility costs, and $1.0 million for ncreases in rental costs. In addition, the following )rogram increases were provided: $.7 million to fund nitial operation of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory submillimeter telescope array, $.6 million or voice and data systems for the National Museum )f Natural History's East Court project, and $.2 mil- ion for the Mississippi Delta program at the 1997 Fes- ival of American Folklife. General trust revenue was $261.7 million. Most ncome categories were generally consistent with last 'ear. There was a drop in revenue related to 150th mniversary activities as they wound down. Auxiliary ictivity revenue was up approximately 5 percent from .996 levels. The magazines had an outstanding year, vith net revenues up 34 percent. Smithsonian Press/ imithsonian Productions continued to operate at a oss. However, the level of the loss decreased by 68 percent. The Institution continues to evaluate this sit- lation and develop strategies for eliminating this loss. Revenue from donor/sponsor designated funds otalled $27.0 million. The Institution continues to ntensify its fund-raising activities and focus on new trategies. Major gifts and grants received in fiscal rear 1997 included $2.9 million from the U.S. Postal iervice for operations of the National Postal Museum, >.9 million from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation o support tropical ecosystem studies at the Smith- onian Tropical Research Institute, and $.6 million rom the Lilly Endowment Inc. for an exhibition at he Anacostia Museum. The Smithsonian is especially ;rateful to its many friends in the private sector whose generosity contributed vitally to its work. The names of major donors are listed in the Benefactors section of this annual report. In fiscal year 1997, the Institution recorded $56.7 million in income from contracts and grants from government agencies, an increase of $.8 million over fiscal year 1996. Support from government agencies constitutes an important source of research monies for the Institution while also benefiting the granting agencies by providing access to Smithsonian expertise and resources. As in prior years, the majority of these funds were provided by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration for research programs at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. Other awards included $.8 million from the National Science Foun- dation for the National Science Resources Center at the Smithsonian to develop science and technology con- cepts for middle schools, $.6 million from the Depart- ment of Energy for atmospheric studies at the Smith- sonian Environmental Research Center, and $.3 million from the Department of Agriculture in support of an exhibit at the National Museum of Natural History. ENDOWMENT (TABLES 3, 4, AND 5) The Institution pools its endowment funds for investment purposes into a consolidated portfolio, with each endowment purchasing shares in a manner similar to shares purchased by an investor in a mutual fund. The Investment Policy Committee of the Smith- sonian's Board of Regents establishes investment policy and recommends the annual payout for the consolidated endowment. The Smithsonian's policies for managing the endowment are designed to achieve two objectives: 1) to provide a stable, growing stream of payouts for current expenditures and 2) to protect the value of the endowment against inflation and maintain its purchasing power. Current policy calls for an average payout of 4.5 percent of the average market value over the prior 5 years. With this payout policy, to achieve the endowment's objectives, the invest- ment policy targets a real rate of return of 5 percent. As depicted in the chart on the following page, the market value of the endowment increased from $482.5 million to $600 million during fiscal year 1997. New gifts and internal transfers totaled $8.5 million while the payout was $18.2 million and fees were $1.2 million. The total return on the consolidated portfolio was 27.35 percent. At year end, the Institution's portfolio was invested 72 percent in equities, 27 percent in VALUE OF ENDOWMENT AND FUNDS (IN $ MILLIONS) 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 bonds and 1 percent in cash. The portfolio had 23 percent in foreign stocks and bonds and 77 percent in U.S. securities. CONSTRUCTION AND PLANT FUNDS (TABLE 6) In fiscal year 1997, the federal appropriations for con- struction amounted to $52.8 million. This included $39.0 million for general repair, restoration, and code compliance projects throughout the Institution. With the support of Congress, this amount continues to move closer to the $50 million per year required to maintain systematic renewal of the physical plant. Funds earmarked for new construction, alterations, and modifications totaled $13.8 million. Included in this amount is $4 million for the Mall museum for the National Museum of the American Indian; $3.8 million for renovations, repairs, and master plan proj- ects at the National Zoological Park; $3 million for planning and design of the National Air and Space Museum Dulles Center; and $3 million lor minor construction and planning. Nonappropriated trust construction funds, also termed plant funds, totaled $7.8 million. Approxi- mately $4.6 million was for the construction of facili- ties for the National Museum of the American Indian, $1.7 million was for renovation of the Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum, $1.0 million was for the re- installation of the Gem Hall at the National Museum of Natural History, and $500,000 was for the National Air and Space Museum Dulles Center. FINANCIAL POSITION The Smithsonian Institution's Statement of Financial Position presents the total assets, liabilities, and net assets of the Institution. Total assets of $1.4 billion far exceed total liabilities of $323.0 million and are in- dicative of the financial strength of the Institution. During fiscal year 1997, the most significant change in the Institution's financial position was the growth of the endowment by over $117.0 million through in- vestment earnings and realized and unrealized gains on the endowment investments. FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT The Institution was successful in operating its new general ledger, financial reporting and management information system. Although software problems from the payroll feeder system initially limited the usefulness of standard reports, all problems were re- solved prior to year-end. Online access to current data, funds control, and reporting by programmatic categories are key advantages of the new system. To fully take advantage of current financial system capabilities, several initiatives are planned for next fiscal year. They include using electronic funds trans- fer for all payment types, distributing software that will allow units to custom design financial reports to meet specific needs, a new accounts receivable sys- tem, and travel system software to generate standard travel documents. Other financial management improvement initia- tives undertaken in fiscal year 1997 included: • Implementation of several modules of a new, auto- mated budgeting system. The budget system will now feed budgets directly into the accounting sys- tem. Units have the ability to directly redistribute their budgets across object classes. • Completion of a draft five-year financial manage- ment improvement plan. It is currently being re- viewed by staff, customers, and stakeholders. • Conversions of the Smithsonian Investment Man- agement System to meet the requirements of the new general ledger coding structure. • Replacement of the sponsored project data base, which had reached functional limits, with a new, expanded system that will improve reporting and analysis. • Development of an individual development plan program for Finance staff that will plan training for each staff member to improve the performance of core job responsibilities as well as provide opportu- nities for career growth. The program will be fully implemented in fiscal year 1998. Additional financial management improvement initiatives planned to start in fiscal years 1998 and 1999 include the following: • Electronic routing of documents and reports. • Streamlining of policies and procedures. • Development and implementation of a new fixed asset system. • Development and implementation of a risk man- agement system. • Evaluation of the payroll system to determine whether it meets current requirements efficiently and economically. AUDIT ACTIVITIES The Institution's financial statements are audited an- nually by KPMG Peat Marwick, an independent pub- lic accounting firm. The audit plan includes an in- depth review of the Institution's internal control structure. KPMG Peat Marwick's Independent Audi- tors' Report for fiscal year 1997 and the accompany- ing financial statements are presented on the follow- ing pages. The Smithsonian's internal audit staff, part of the Office of Inspector General, assists the external auditors and regularly audits the Institution's various programs, activities, and internal control systems. The Audit and Review Committee of the Board of Regents provides an additional level of financial oversight and review. In accordance with the government requirement for the use of coordinated audit teams, the Defense Contract Audit Agency, the Smithsonian Office of In- spector General, and KPMG Peat Marwick coordinate the audit of grants and contracts received from federal agencies. The Office of Contracting established a new training program to meet the needs of staff involved in the Institution's contracting activities. In the program's first quarter, 1 61 staff, representing 28 units, attended highly interactive classes on project management, contract management and federal contracting (pictured here). (Photograph by Rick Vargas) Tabic 1. Source and Application of Institutional Resources for the Year Ended September 30, 1997 (in SOOOs) Donor/ Government Total Federal General Sponsor Grants St Trust Funds Trust Designated Contracts Funds REVENUE & GAINS: Federal Appropriations (see Note 1) 313,523 Endowment Payout & Investment Income Government Grants and Contracts Donor / Sponsor Sales and Membership Revenue Construction 69,945 Other — TOTAL REVENUE & GAINS 383,468 EXPENSES: Museums & Research Institutes: Anacostia Museum/Center for African American History and Culture 1,681 Archives of American Art 1,471 Arthur M. Sackler Gallery/Freer Gallery of Art 5,482 Center for Folklife Programs & Cultural Studies 1,744 Conservation Analytical Laboratory 2,913 Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum 2,516 I [irshhorn Museum & Sculpture Garden 3,954 National Air and Space Museum 1 1,819 National Museum of African Art 3,697 National Museum of American Art (incl. Renwick) 7,028 National Museum of American History 17,065 — National Postal Museum 513 National Museum ol the American Indian 1 1,541 National Museum of Natural History 36,669 — Museum Support Center 3,194 National Portrait Gallery 1.S44 National Zoological Park 18,350 Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory 24,861 Smithsonian Environment Research Center 3,048 Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute 8,653 Total Museums & Research Institutes 170,743 F.ducation, Museuni \ Schohirly Services: ( enter foi Museum Studies 961 Elementary & Secondary Education 626 1 Khibits Central 1,909 Fellowships and Grants 177 International Relations 2,269 National Science Resources Center 195 The Provost 1,763 Smithsonian Institution Archives 1,210 Smithsonian Institution Libraries 5,999 Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service 2,696 Sponsored Projects — Total Education, Museuni & Scholarly Services 17,805 Auxiliary Activities (Programmatic) 1,607 America's Smithsonian Prior Year Annual Appropriations 6,133 Total 196,288 Allocation of Facilities and Depreciation Expense 93,025 Total 289,313 Auxiliary Activities: Smithsonian Press / Smithsonian Productions Smithsonian Magazines — The Smithsonian Associates SI Retail — 14,184 30,980 202,467 261,686 7,045 28,055 74,485 4,787 11,972 55,825 34,832 63,744 5,914 21,074 56,703 20,098 56,703 52,054 202,467 14,055 345,377 562 75 — 637 45 802 — 847 3,429 833 — 4,262 1,115 223 — 1,338 42 4 29 75 2,923 999 22 3,944 4,728 235 — 4,963 2,669 2,502 550 6,221 529 30 — 559 1,916 1,309 — 3,225 2,520 2,642 80 5,242 71 5,477 — 5,548 1,710 3,138 — 4,848 6,547 7,244 2,082 15,373 732 307 1,039 1,225 671 747 2,643 6,744 1,212 50,199 58,155 282 87 1,345 1,714 1,596 1,378 1,491 4,465 125,098 120 559 223 98 36 ,359 1 396 97 349 (4) ,347 23 134 40 ,024 43 689 1,500 970 — 59 120 841 134 1,360 524 401 1,370 174 1,067 2,189 970 9,150 84 2,092 84 30,147 33,303 (1,229) 56,691 164,479 — 3,558 56,691 168,037 11,972 55,825 34,832 63,744 Table 1. Source and Application of Institutional Resources for the Year Ended September 30, 1997 (in SOOOs)— (continued) Federal General Funds Trust Unit Auxiliary Activities — Total Auxiliary Activities (including Overhead ) . . . . Administration: Membership and Development Administrative Offices (Net of Overhead Recovery) 32,897 Total Administration before Allocation of Facilities and Depreciation Expense 33,535 Allocation of Facilities and Depreciation Expense 17,038 Total Administration Facilities Services 81,945 1,059 Depreciation 28,118 4,088 Allocation of Facilities Services and Depreciation to Functions (110,063) (5,147) Total Facilities Services and Depreciation TOTAL EXPENSES Endowment Return Reinvested Proceeds from Collections Net increase (decrease) in net assets 43,582 68,121 Net assets, beginning of the year 352,610 Net assets, end of the year 396,192 Note 1 Includes $302 thousand revenue recognized as a permanent indefinite appropriation $1,863 thousand revenue recognized in foreign currency for research projects in India. Donor/ Government Sponsor Grants & Designated Contracts Total Trust Total Funds FY 1997 - 16,996 - - 16,996 16,996 183,369 - 183,369 183,369 638 32,897 2,708 6,563 368 86 12 3,076 6,661 3,714 39,558 33,535 9,271 454 12 9,737 43,272 17,038 360 (93) - 267 17,305 50,573 9,631 361 12 10,004 60,577 (1,322) 1,322 (263) 27,848 95,969 81,682 32,206 (3,825) (113,888) - - - - 339,886 272,272 32,435 56,703 361,410 701,296 - 75,988 2,719 33,295 — 109,283 2,719 109,283 2,719 618,649 714,618 971,259 1,110,810 for the Canal Zone Biological Area Fund. Also, includes Table 2. Auxiliary Activities, Fiscal Year 1997 (in SOOOs) Sales and Membership Revenue FY 1996 192,302 FY 1997: Central Auxiliary Activities Magazines 68,683 The Smithsonian Associates 34,347 Museum Shops/Mail Order* 64,855 Concessions* 3,242 iProduct Development and Licensing* 1,596 Smithsonian Institution Press 9,506 Electronic Media Activities 99 Unit A uxiliary Activities Air and Space Theater and Einstein Planetarium 5,001 Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum 1,126 Traveling Exhibition Services 737 bther 13,275 TOTAL FY 1997 202,467 Gifts Expenses Net Revenue (Loss) 8,542 185,893 14,951 1 55,825 12,859 - 34,832 (485) - 60,949 3,906 - 1,953 1,289 - 839 757 11,972 (2,466) 99 2,943 2,058 17 624 519 25 775 (13) 813 12,657 1,431 183,369 * The Business Management Office expenses were allocated to Museum Shops/Mail Order, Concessions, and Product Development and Licensing. Table 3. Endowment and Similar Activities September 30, 1997 (in SOOOs) Market Value ASSETS: , Pooled Consolidated Endowment: Cash and equivalents 4,646 i Other Receivable 360 ' US Government and Quasi-Government Obligations 15,993 Corporate Bonds and Other Obligations 17,524 Common and Preferred Stocks 561,339 Receivable for Securities Sold 1,224 Total Pooled Assets 601,086 Nonpooled Endowment and Similar Activities: Loan to U.S. Treasury in Perpetuity 1,030 Promises to Give - Gifts 7,384 Promises to Give - Charitable Trust 2,306 Total Nonpooled Assets 10,720 Total Assets 611,806 - LIABILITIES AND NET ASSETS: LIABILITIES: Payables for securities purchased 2,225 Deferred Revenue — Charitable Trusts 25 Total Liabilities 2,250 NET ASSETS Unrestricted 226,026 Unrestricted Designated 177,979 Temporarily Restricted 149,089 Permanently Restricted 56,462 Total Net Assets 609,556 Total Liabilities and Net Assets 61 1,806 Table 4. Changes in Market Value of Endowment and Similar Activities September 30, 1997 (in SOOOs) Unrestricted Temporarily Permanently Unrestricted Designated Restricted Restricted Market Value Endowment- 10/1/96 184,334 141,282 117,490 39,366 Changes: Gifts 0 0 0 2,916 Internal Transfers (99) 2,759 (2,030) 4,914 Other Interest and Dividends 9,260 6,015 6,155 423 Market Value Appreciation 40,821 33,182 32,596 0 Payout (7,040) (5,259) (5,452) (423) Managers Fees (1,250) 0 0 0 482,472 2,916 5,544 21,853 106,599 (18,174) (1,250) Market Value Endowment - 9/30/97 . . . 226,026 177,979 148,759 47,196 599,960 0 0 0 20 310 7,364 1,902 7,384 2,212 1 0 Market Value Endowment and Similar Activities - 9/30/97 . . . 226,026 177,979 149,089 56,462 609,556 100 rable 5. Endowment and Similar Activities September 30, 1997 Unrestricted Unrestricted Designated Temporarily Restricted Permanently Restricted Total Market Value JNDESIGNATED PURPOSE - TRUE: Averv Fund (See Note 1) 475,775 Dodge, Patricia 281,450 Fund for the Future-Unrestricted (See Note 1) 217,331 Fund for the Future-Glass, Gilbert W. (See Note 1) 0 Fund for the Future-Schermer, Lloyd G. and Betty (See Note 1 ) . 0 Fund for the Future-Holmberg, Ruth S. (See Note 1) 0 Higbee, Harry, Memorial 156,283 Hodgkins Fund (See Note 1) 415,935 Morgan, Gilbert B. and Betty J., Memorial 38,832 Morrow, Dwight W 875,464 Mussinan, Alfred 246,277 Olmsted, Helen A 8,958 Poore, Lucy T and George W. (See Note 1) 1,842,847 Porter, Henry Kirke, Memorial 3,311,872 Sanford, George H. (See Note 1) 10,639 Smithson, James (See Note 1) 286,564 Smithson Society, James (See Note 1) 238,531 Subtotal 8,406,758 JNDESIGNATED PURPOSE - QUASI: Dodge, Patricia 297,598 Ettl, Charles H 2,189,253 Ferguson, Frances B 1,069,087 Forrest, Robert Lee 10,855,053 Fund for the Future-Unrestricted (See Note 1) 854,569 General Endowment (See Note 1) 191,250,724 Goddard, Robert H 85,965 Habel, Dr. S. (See Note 1 ) 980 Hart, Gustavus E 6,433 Henry, Caroline 15,866 Henrv, Joseph and Harriet A 634,604 Hevs,' Maude C 1,056,255 Hinton, Carrie Susan 308,989 Koteen, Dorothy B 368,580 Lambert, Paula C 566,880 Medinus, Grace L 10,514 O'Dea , Laura 1 360,936 Phillips, Roy R., Estate 1,551,744 Rhees, William Jones (See Note 1) 7,311 Safford, Clara Louise 493,367 Smithsonian Bequest Fund (See Note 1) 4,055,523 Sultner, Donald H 1,345,821 Taggard, Ganson 6,012 Winterer, Alice 1 227,184 Subtotal 217,619,248 otal Undesignated Purpose 226,026,006 )ONOR DESIGNATED PURPOSE - TRUE: Aitken, Annie Laurie 0 Arthur, James 0 Axelrod, Dr. Herbert R 0 Baird, Spencer Fullerton 0 Barney, Alice Pike, Memorial (See Note 1 ) 0 Batchelor, Emma E 0 Beauregard, Catherine, Memorial 0 Bergen, Charlotte V. 0 Brown, Roland W 0 Burch, George E. Fellowship in Theoretic Medicine and 0 Affiliated Theoretic Sciences Camel Fund 0 Canfield, Fredrick A 0 Casey, Thomas Lincoln 0 Chamberlain, Francis Lea 0 Cooper Fund for Paleobiology 0 Cuatrecasas, Jose, Botanical 0 Cullman, Joseph F. Ill (See Note 1 ) 0 Davis Foundation 0 49,334 960,518 719,307 74,043 416,015 809,445 30,672 202,927 35,000 100,000 38,990 1,000 288,941 290,162 2,706 776,389 548,582 525,109 1,241,968 936,638 74,043 416,015 809,445 186,955 618,862 73,832 975,464 285,267 9,958 2,131,788 3,602,034 13,345 1,062,953 787,113 5,344,031 13,750,789 0 0 0 297,598 0 0 0 2,189,253 0 0 0 1,069,087 0 0 0 10,855,053 0 20,000 0 874,569 0 0 0 191,250,724 0 0 0 85,965 0 0 0 980 0 0 0 6,433 0 0 0 15,866 0 0 0 634,604 0 0 0 1,056,255 0 0 0 308,989 0 0 0 368,580 0 0 0 566,880 0 0 0 10,514 0 0 0 360,936 0 0 0 1,551,744 0 0 0 7,311 0 0 0 493,367 0 55,894 0 4,111,417 0 0 0 1,345,821 0 0 0 6,012 0 0 0 227,184 0 217,695,142 5,344,031 231,445,931 395,729 0 325,000 720,729 0 433,992 54,587 488,579 0 58,192 120,000 178,192 386,377 0 50,362 436,739 335,119 0 771,569 1,106,688 0 302,159 60,000 362,159 0 442,540 141,227 583,767 0 26,159 10,000 36,159 235,873 68,845 70,295 375,013 0 1,616,970 1,668,889 3,285,859 44,931 0 100,800 145,731 0 492,070 46,233 538,303 0 155,857 1,000 156,857 0 308,771 35,000 343,771 342,932 34,876 237,520 615,328 0 5,056 54,368 59,424 0 0 100,000 100,000 0 34,295 125,000 159,295 Table 5. Endowment and Similar Activities September 30, 1997 (continued) deSalle, Albert and Peggy Deibel, Charles P. Discovery Communications, Inc. (See Note 1) Division of Mammals Curators Fund Dodge, Gary and Rosalind, Memorial Drake Foundation Drouet, Francis and Louderback, Harold B Dykes, Charles, Bequest Eaton, Harriet Phillips Eickemeyer, Florence Brevoort Eppley Memorial Forbes, Edward Waldo Freer, Charles L Fund for the Future-Samuel C. Johnson Theater Fund for the Future-Mary L. Ripley Garden Fund for the Future-Ethel Niki Kominik Fund for the Future- Vincent Wilkinson (See Note 1) Fund for the Future-Jerome and Dorothy Lemelson (See Note 1) Fund for the Future-Smithsonian Luncheon Group (See Note 1) Fund for the Future-Frank J. Lukowski (See Note 1 ) Fund for the Future-National Postal Museum Fund for the Future-Craveri/Giamporcaro (See Note 1) Global Environmental Endowment Fund Grimm, Sergei N Groom, Barrick W < riiggenheim, Daniel and Florence Hamilton, James (See Note 1) 1 laupt, Enid A. Garden 1 Undersoil, Edward and Rebecca R., Meteorite Fund I lerman, Lloyd E. (See Note 1) Hewitt, Eleanor G., Repair Fund Hewitt, Sarah Cooper Hillyer, Virgil Hiiayama Fund (See Note 1) Hitchcock, Albert S Hodgkins Fund (See Note 1) I lotting, Sir Joseph I lrdlieka, Ales and Marie Hughes, Bruce Huntington Publication Fund (See Note 1) Johnson, Seward, Trust Fund for Oceanography Kellogg, Remington and Marguerite, Memorial Kottler, Howard, Endowment for Ceramic Art Kramar, Nada Krombein, Karl V Lang, Hank and Ru, Educational Mandil, Harry and Beverly Mashanrucket Pequot Nation Maxwell, Mary E Mellon Foundation-Advanced Studies in Plant Science Research Mellon Foundation Challenge Grant/Endowment Mellon Publications Endowment Fund Milliken, H. Oothout, Memorial Mineral Endowment Mitchell, William A Moynihan, Elizabeth Brennan Museum of the American Indian-Heye Foundation NMAI Educational Endowment Fund (See Note 1) Nelms, Henning Nelson, Edward William Nesbitt, Lowell Petrocelli, Joseph, Memorial Reid, Addison T. (See Note 1) Ripley, S. Dillion and Mary Livingston Roebling Fund Rollins, Miriam and William Sackler, Else, Flower Sackler Public Affairs Schmitt, John J Sims, George W The Sichel Family, Endowment for Research at the NZP Market Values Unrestricted Temporarily Permanently Total Unrestricted Designated Restricted Restricted Market Value 0 8,794 16,593 65,000 90,387 0 53,078 0 100,000 153,078 0 0 344,137 2,340,679 2,684,816 0 23,299 0 8,901 32,200 0 0 4,338 25,000 29,338 0 0 1,695,427 431,038 2,126,465 0 0 447,970 254,072 702,042 0 0 639,169 131,978 771,147 0 55,528 0 64,403 119,931 0 0 122,142 10,500 132,642 0 26,050 0 30,214 56,264 0 1,076,651 0 818,912 1,895,563 0 5,312,587 91,500,920 1,958,591 98,772,098 0 0 431,183 1,003,120 1,434,303 0 11,756 29,753 123,516 165,025 0 51,289 0 100,000 151,289 0 9,291 21,354 144,522 175,167 0 0 520,580 4,833,136 5,353,716 0 29,157 0 123,299 152,456 0 0 0 128,477 128,477 0 0 3,825 25,000 28,825 0 0 3,181 500,000 503,181 0 2,596 0 3,000 5,596 0 237,597 0 71,863 309,460 0 211,512 0 100,000 311,512 0 0 1,012,696 251,108 1,263,804 0 6,042 0 4,150 10,192 0 0 1,540,195 3,106,978 4,647,173 0 0 231,035 257,256 488,291 0 0 0 69,065 69,065 0 70,897 0 15,003 85,900 0 402,209 0 88,633 490,842 0 0 75,257 7,000 82,257 0 0 151,991 2,495,159 2,647,150 0 0 18,372 1,200 19,572 0 50,123 0 146,012 196,135 0 0 9,558 100,000 109,558 0 425,596 111,665 71,000 608,261 0 0 224,589 9,352 233,941 0 231,558 0 505,538 737,096 0 0 37,665,172 3,415,606 41,080,778 0 396,444 0 223,178 619,622 0 8,736 18,829 75,000 102,565 0 23,257 7,951 12,103 43,311 0 12,801 14,612 52,180 79,593 0 38,558 0 117,723 156,281 0 0 71,708 100,000 171,708 0 0 120,848 500,000 620,848 0 175,690 44,004 20,000 239,694 0 0 14,759 300,000 314,759 0 681,406 0 655,465 1,336,871 0 368,003 285,124 900,000 1,553,127 0 2,530 0 443 2,973 0 0 899,732 179,008 1,078,740 0 123,188 0 24,072 147,260 0 0 20,178 50,161 70,339 0 793,743 0 920,587 1,714,330 0 56,999 0 253,048 310,047 0 194,772 0 216,098 410,870 0 191,603 49,830 30,000 271,433 0 0 10,411 20,000 30,411 0 0 80,918 10,000 90,918 0 0 223,460 20,561 244,021 0 223,044 89,279 180,833 493,156 0 0 1,316,266 150,000 1,466,266 0 2,566,577 0 639,085 3,205,662 0 0 60,491 398,237 458,728 0 0 1,516,383 2,856,875 4,373,258 0 16,225 0 18,817 35,042 0 209,790 0 110,000 319,790 0 16,470 53,595 300,000 370,065 rable 5. Endowment and Similar Activities September 30, 1997 (continued) Unrestricted Temporarily Permanently Total Designated Restricted Restricted Market Value Sisley, George J Sprague Fund Springer, Frank Stern, Harold P., Memorial Stevenson, John A., Mycological Library Stuart, Mary Horner Tupper, Earl S. (See Note 1) Walcott, Charles D.and Mary Vaux, Research Walcott Research Fund, Botanical Publications Wells. Dr. John W Williston, Samuel Wendell, Diptera Research Williams, Blair and Elsie Wood, Elizabeth B. and Laurence I. (See Note 1) Zerbee, Frances Brinckle Zirkle, Nancy Behrend (See Note 1 ) Subtotal 0 36,756,071 146,819,748 50,543,365 234,119,184 30NOR DESIGNATED PURPOSE - QUASI: Abbott, Marie Bohrn Archives of American Art Armstrong, Edwin James Au Panier Fleuri Bacon, Virginia Purdy Bateman, Robert Becker, George F. Compton, Bertita E Compton, Bertita E., Memorial Cooper Hewitt Acquisition Endowment Fund . Davis, Gene, Memorial Denghausen, Luisita L. and Franz H Desautels, Paul E Friends of Music Endowment Fund Gaver, Gordon Haas, Gloria, Fellowship Hachenbergh, George P. and Caroline Hammond, John Performance Series Fund . . . Hanson, Martin Gustav and Caroline R Hirshhorn Collections Endowment Fund Hirshhorn, Joseph H., Bequest Fund The Holenia Trust Fund The Holenia Trust Fund II The Holenia Trust Fund III Houchins, Lee and Chang-Su (See Note 1) Hunterdon Endowment Johnson, E.R.Fenimore Keyzer-Andre, Henri, Conservation Internship Lane, Robert and Mildred Katchmar Leob, Morris Long, Annette E. and Edith C Louie, Richard Memorial McGovern, John P. McLaughlan, Thomas Merrell, Elinor Myer, Catherine Walden Noyes, Frank B Noyes, Pauline Riggs Orth, Edward J., Memorial Pell, Cornelia Livingston Plumb, Henry Ramsey, Adm. and Mrs. Dewitt Clinton Rathbun, Richard, Memorial Reeves, Douglas F. and Sanae Iida (See Note 1) Ripley. S. Dillon Library Roebling Solar Research Ross, Arthur Garden and Terrace Ruef, Bertha M Schultz, Leonard P. Seidell, Atherton Smithsonian Institution Libraries 0 34,982 200,137 883,008 1,118,127 0 14,528,470 0 4,636,675 19,165,145 0 148,632 40,167 30,000 218,799 0 1,247,724 383,573 458,101 2,089,398 0 38,751 10,974 10,053 59,778 0 0 468,078 291,426 759,504 0 2,216,902 0 5,969,382 8,186,284 0 1,633,072 0 524,850 2,157,922 0 659,936 0 80,124 740,060 0 0 2,336 4,376 6,712 0 30,505 13,109 30,942 74,556 0 34,163 0 39,622 73,785 0 0 0 222,333 222,333 0 8,393 2,112 1,000 11,505 0 38,134 0 117,868 156,002 0 298,064 0 0 298,064 0 515,093 0 0 515,093 0 53,690 0 0 53,690 0 210,510 0 0 210,510 0 1,016,147 0 0 1,016,147 0 79,703 91,248 0 170,951 0 1,758,761 0 0 1,758,761 0 41,740 286,820 0 328,560 0 5,553 32,000 0 37,553 0 872,427 0 0 872,427 0 404,951 0 0 404,951 0 18,657,361 0 0 18,657,361 0 31,247 0 0 31,247 0 201,099 0 0 201,099 0 26,811 0 0 26,811 0 14,017 26,179 0 40,196 0 53,461 0 0 53,461 0 565,786 0 0 565,786 0 111,189 0 0 111,189 0 14,336,808 0 0 14,336,808 0 3,015,834 0 0 3,015,834 0 9,141,187 0 0 9,141,187 0 3,975,575 0 0 3,975,575 0 1,314,134 0 0 1,314,134 0 0 73,728 0 73,728 0 38,046,329 0 0 38,046,329 0 82,324 0 0 82,324 0 7,380 150,000 0 157,380 0 413,056 0 0 413,056 0 1,102,740 0 0 1,102,740 0 6,811 0 0 6,811 0 97,091 0 0 97,091 0 30,237 59,798 0 90,035 0 145,246 0 0 145,246 0 398,221 239,680 0 637,901 0 252,732 0 0 252,732 0 12,738 0 0 12,738 0 103,324 0 0 103,324 0 3,910 23,354 0 27,264 0 93,301 0 0 93,301 0 15,496 0 0 15,496 0 1,968,738 0 0 1,968,738 0 133,684 0 0 133,684 0 0 181,016 0 181,016 0 244,192 173,479 0 417,671 0 287,424 0 0 287,424 0 308,032 653,231 0 961,263 0 320,820 0 0 320,820 0 263,757 0 0 263,757 0 6,948,546 0 0 6,948,546 0 357,918 202,696 0 560,614 Table 5. Endowment and Similar Activities September 30, 1997 (continued) Unrestricted Strong, Julia D 0 Witherspoon, Thomas A., Memorial 0 Subtotal Total Donor Designated Purpose BOARD DESIGNATED PURPOSE - TRUE: Walcott, Charles D. and Mary Vaux, Research Subtotal IH ) \lsh flows from financing activities: Contributions for increases in endowment Contributions for construction of property Appropriations for repair and restoration and construction of property Investment income restricted for long-term purpose Proceeds from issuance of debt Repayments of debt $ 7,605 6,422 419 500 (2,597) 7,605 6,422 52,850 419 500 (2,597) slet cash provided from financing activities 12,349 52,850 65,199 slet increase (decrease) in cash and balances with the U.S. Treasury lash and balances with the U.S. Treasury: Beginning of the year 780 3,413 (5,206) 198,061 (4,426) 201,474 End of the year $ 4,193 192,855 197,048 "ash paid for interest during fiscal year 1997 was $58,000. See accompanying notes to the financial statements. 1) Organization rhe Smithsonian Institution was created by act of Congress in 1846 in accordance «ith the terms of the will of James Smithson of England, who, in 1826, bequeathed lis property to the United States of America "to found at Washington, under the name )f the Smithsonian Institution, an establishment for the increase and diffusion of cnowledge among men." After receiving the property and accepting the trust, Congress 'ested responsibility in the Smithsonian Board of Regents to administer the trust. The Smithsonian Institution (Smithsonian) is a museum, education and research omplex of 16 museums and galleries, and the National Zoological Park. Research is :arried out in the Smithsonian's museums and facilities throughout the world. The In- .titution's extensive collections number over 140 million objects. During fiscal /em 1997, over 25 million individuals visited the Smithsonian museums and facilities. The Smithsonian receives its funding from federal appropriations, private gifts and (rants, government grants and contracts, investment income, and various business ac- ivities, including the Smithsonian magazines, mail-order catalogue, museum shops, bod services, and other Smithsonian publications. A substantial portion of the Smith- ionian's annual operating budget is funded from annual federal appropriations. Cer- ain construction projects are completely funded from federal appropriations, while >thers are funded using amounts raised from private sources, or a combination of fed- ral and private funds. The federal operating and construction funding is subject to the innual federal appropriations process, and significant cuts in federal funding would gniftcantly impact the Smithsonian's financial situation. These financial statements do not include the accounts of the National Gallery of \rt, the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, or the Woodrow Wilson In- ernational Center for Scholars, which were established by Congress within the Smith- ionian, but are administered under separate boards of trustees. 2) Summary of Significant Accounting Policies These financial statements present the financial position, financial activity, and cash lows of the Smithsonian horn all funding sources, prepared on the accrual basis of ac- rounting in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Funds received Tom direct federal appropriations are reported as Federal Funds in the financial state- nents. All other funds are reported as Trust Funds. Non-appropriated funds are classified as trust funds, and primarily arise from contribu- tions, grants and contracts, investment income and gains (or losses), and auxiliary ac- tivities. Trust net assets are classified and reported as follows: Unrestricted net assets Net assets that are not subject to any donor-imposed stipulations on the use of the funds. Funds functioning as endowments in this category represent unrestricted assets which have been designated by management as quasi-endowments and accumulated excess total return on the endowment pool not subject to donor-imposed restrictions. Temporarily restricted net assets Net assets subject to donor-imposed stipulations on the use of the assets that may be met by actions of the Smithsonian and/or the passage of time. Funds functioning as endowments in this category represent donor-restricted contributions that have been designated by management as quasi-endowment and accumulated excess total return on the endowment pool subject to donor-imposed restrictions. Donor contributions represent unspent gifts and promises-to-give of cash and securities subject to donor- imposed restrictions which have not yet been met. Permanently restricted net assets Net assets subject to donor-imposed stipulations that the principal be maintained per- manently by the Smithsonian. Generally, the donors of these assets permit the Smith- sonian to use all or part of the income earned on investment of the assets for either general or donor-specified purposes. Federal Funds The Smithsonian receives federal appropriations to support the Smithsonian's operat- ing salaries and expenses, repair and restoration of facilities, and construction. Federal appropriation revenue is classified as unrestricted and recognized as expenditures are incurred. Unexpended appropriations represent goods and services that have been or- dered but not yet received and appropriated funds that have not yet been obligated, and are recorded as liabilities on the statement of financial position. The Smithsonian received appropriations for operations of $318,492,000 in fiscal year 1997. Federal appropriations for operations are generally available for obligation only in the year received. In accordance with Public Law 101-510, these annual appro- priations arc maintained by the Smithsonian for five years following the year of appro- priation, after which the appropriation account is closed and any unexpended bal- ances are returned to the U.S. Treasury. During fiscal year 1997, the Smithsonian returned $1,299,000 to the U.S. Treasury which represents the unexpended balance for fiscal year 1992. The Smithsonian received appropriations for repair and restoration of facilities and construction of $52,850,000 in fiscal year 1997. Federal appropriations for repair and restoration of facilities and construction are generally available for obligation until ex- pended. Federal appropriation revenue recognized in fiscal year 1997 can be reconciled to the federal appropriations received in fiscal year 1997 as follows: Repair and Construction Federal appropriation revenut Unexpended 1997 appropriaii \i mi expended i i Other tnmling rears obliga 69.945 52,850 98.612 (69.945) (110.171) I .■.l.'i.il .ii'pii.pi i mi Federal expenses recognized in fiscal year 1997 can be reconciled to the federal ap- Federal expenses recognized in fiscal year 1997 c I ii 1 1| ii 1. 1 1 ions received in fiscal year 1997 as follows: SI It )l Is I cderal expenses i nexpended 1997 approprit I iepret it Supplies consumption Loss on disposition ol assets Unfunded annual leave Amount expended from prior yea Capital expenditures Other funding. R pair and Salaries and Restoration and Expenses Con miction Total 25.958 S39.886 52.850 (5,600) (31,165) (163) i 163) (230) 1.755 l '55 (40.226) (110.171) : in 69.94J (567) (567| IlhIli.iI _ ilS.4'0 s:.xsn ^i..m: I In s I :■! .ssi, .iiiiti in Federal expenses in. hides si 999 mm foi collections purchases. Federal unrestricted net assets prini.irih represent the Smithsonian's net investment iii propert) plant and equipment pun hased withoi construi ted using federal appropri- ated hinds. Unexpended appropriations for all fiscal years total $1 >.s at Septembei ill, 1997, and consist of $7 1,81 1,000 in unexpended operating funds and $101,98 n unexpended repaii and restoration and construction funds, I Inexpcndcd operating hinds include amounts foi the Museum Support ( entei move and the National Mu- seum of the American Indian. Unexpended repair and restoration funds npresent amounts available for on-going majoi repair and iestni.it ton ol the Smithsonian's mu- seums and facilities. Unexpended construction funds represent amounts appropriated but not yet expended tor construction ol new facilities. Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted ac- counting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that af- fect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of rev- enues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates, however, management does not believe that actual results will be materially different from those estimates. Fair Value of Financial Instruments The carrying value of financial instruments in the financial statements approximates fair value. Cash and Balances with US. Treasury Amounts represent cash deposited with financial institutions, balances held by the U.S. Treasury that are available for disbursement and a repurchase agreement totaling $3,840,000 at September 30, 1997. Investments The Smithsonian's marketable equity and debt securities are reported at fair value based on quoted market prices. Changes in fair value are recognized in the statement of financial activity. Purchases and sales of investments are recorded on the trade date. Investment income is recorded when earned, and realized gains and losses on the sale of investments are recognized on the trade date basis using the average cost method. As mandated by Congress, the Smithsonian maintains two $500,000 Treasury invest- ments relating to the original James Smithson gift. Contributions Receivable Contributions receivable that are expected to be collected within one year are reported at the net realizable value. Contributions receivable that are expected to be collected iri Inline years are discounted to present value and reported at net realizable value. Con- ditional contributions receivable are not recorded until material conditions have been met. Inventories Inventories are reported at the lower of cost or market, and consist primarily of mer- chandise inventory, books, recordings, and office supplies. Cost is determined using the first-in, first-out method. Deferred Revenue and Expense Revenue from subscriptions to Smithsonian magazine and Air Si Spiice/Smithsonian mag- azine is recognized over the period of the subscription, which is generally one year. Certain costs to obtain subscriptions to the magazines are charged against revenue over the subscription period. The Smithsonian expenses promotion production costs the first time the advertising takes place. I lirect-response advertising relating to the magazines is deferred and amor- tized over one year. Split Interest Agreements and Perpetual Trusts Split interest agreements with donors consist primarily of irrevocable charitable re- mainder trusts. Contribution revenue and assets are recognized at fair value on the date the mists are established. Assets are adjusted during the term of the trusts for changes in the value ol the assets, accretion of discounts, and other changes in the es- timated future benefits. I In smiihsiini.in is also the beneficiary of certain perpetual trusts held and adminis- tered h\ others, I he present values of the estimated future cash receipts from the trusb in hi ognt/ed as assets and contribution revenue at the dates the trusts are estab- lished Distributions from the trusts are recorded as contributions and the carrying value ol the assets is ad justed for changes in the estimates of future receipts. Property ami I quipment Propertj and equipment pun hased with Inderal or trust funds are capitalized at cost. Propert) and equipment acquired through transfer from government agencies are capi< tih id at net book value or fair value, whichever is more readily determinable. Prop- em and equipment acquired through donation are capitalized at appraised value at i In In. ii! the gift. These assets are depreciated on a straight-line basis over their esti- mated useful lives as lollows: Buildings 30 years Major renovations 15 wars Equipment 3-10 years Certain lands occupied by the Smithsonian's buildings, primarily located in the Dis- trict of Columbia, Maryland and Virginia, were appropriated and reserved by Congress for the Smithsonian's use. The Smithsonian serves as trustee of these lands for as long as they are used to carry out the Smithsonian's mission. These lands are titled in the name of the U.S. government and are not reflected in the accompanying financial statements. Collections The Smithsonian acquires its collections, which include works of art, library books, photographic archives, objects and specimens, by purchase using federal or trust funds or by donation. All collections are held for public exhibition, education, or research, furthering the Smithsonian's mission to increase and diffuse knowledge to the public. The Smithsonian protects and preserves its collections, which total more than 140 mil- lion items. The Smithsonian's Collections Management policy includes guidance on the preservation, care and maintenance of the collections and procedures relating to the accession/deaccession of items within the collections. The Smithsonian's policy is to not capitalize its collections, therefore, no value is as- signed to the collections on the statement of financial position. Purchases of collection items are recorded as expense in the year in which the items are acquired. Contributed collection items are not reflected in the financial statements. Proceeds from deacces- sions or insurance recoveries from lost or destroyed collection items are reflected as in- creases in the appropriate net asset class, and are designated for future collection ac- quisitions. Items that are acquired with the intent at the time of acquisition not to add them to the collections but rather to sell, exchange, or otherwise use them for financial gain are not considered collection items, and are recorded at fair market value at date of ac- quisition as other assets in the statement of financial position. AnnualLeave The Smithsonian's civil service employees earn annual leave in accordance with federal laws and regulations. Separate rules apply for trust employees. Annual leave for all em- ployees is recognized as expense when earned. Government Grants and Contracts The Smithsonian receives grants and enters into contracts with the U.S. government and state and local governments, which primarily provide for cost reimbursement to the Smithsonian. Revenue from governmental grants and contracts is classified as un- restricted and is recognized as reimbursable expenditures are incurred. Contributions The Smithsonian recognizes revenue from unrestricted contributions as unrestrk ted revenue in the period promises are received. Unrestricted contributions with payments due in future periods are initially recorded as temporarily restricted support, and are reclassified to unrestricted net assets when payments become due. Temporarily restricted contributions are recorded as temporarily restricted revenue in the period promises are received. When donor restrictions are met, the temporarily restricted net assets are reclassified to unrestricted net assets and are included in net as- sets released from restrictions in the accompanying statement of financial activity. Permanently restricted contributions are contributions restricted by donors for the Smithsonian's endowment and are recorded as permanently restricted revenue in the period received. Gifts of long-lived assets are recorded as unrestricted revenue in the period received. In-kind contributions of goods and services totaling $8,321,000 were received in fis- cal year 1997 and recorded as program support in the accompanying statement of fi- nancial activity. The nature of the in-kind contributions primarily includes donated space and interactive multimedia software programs. A substantial number of volunteers also make significant contributions of time to the Smithsonian, enhancing its activities and programs. In fiscal year 1997, more than 8,000 volunteers contributed over 606,000 hours of service to the Smithsonian. The value of these contributions is not recognized in the financial statements. Advancement The Smithsonian raises unrestricted, temporarily restricted and permanently restricted private financial support from individual donors, corporations and foundations to fund programs and other initiatives. Funds are also generated through numerous membership programs. Fund-raising costs are expensed as incurred and reported as Ad- vancement expenses in the statement of financial activity. Membership program costs are amortized over membership terms, typically one year, and are also reported as Ad- vancement expenses. (3) 150th Anniversary Celebration America 's Smithsonian, the traveling exhibition of Smithsonian treasures organized as part of the Smithsonian's 150"' anniversary celebration in fiscal year 1996, continued its national tour in fiscal year 1997, visiting five cities. Contributions from businesses and individuals in the cities to which America's Smithsonian traveled aided in covering the cost of the continuation of the tour. Current and future royalties from a new Smithsonian affinity credit card, issued in fiscal year 1997, are being dedicated to re- covery of the funding shortfall incurred for the 150"' anniversary celebration activities. (4) Receivables and Advances Receivables and advances consisted of the following at September 30, 1997: (SOOOs) Auxilian activities, net of $926 in allovvai Investment seem Hies sulj nhuli vabl< $ 19.076 1,224 19.054 Grants anil contracts Interest and i]i\ idends due Advance payments Charitable trust 1,224 19.054 I J.080 ahles and ad\ Contributions Receivable Contributions receivable (pledges) are recorded as revenue when received. Pledges for which payment is not due within one year are discounted based on United States Trea- sury risk-free obligation rates according to their corresponding terms. As of September 30, 1997, the aggregate discounted amount due to the Smithsonian as con- tributions receivable was as follows: l SI II II Is I Less than I year I to 5 years Mine than 5 years Mm,, I3.40S I.8S4 (4 741 i i.i,:: Conditional Contribution Receivable The Smithsonian has outstanding conditional contributions totaling $8,000,000 which will be recognized to the extent specific conditions are met. Advance Payments Federal advance payments of $14,368,000 represent prepayments made to government agencies, educational institutions, firms and individuals for services to be rendered, or property or materials to be furnished. At September 30, t997, the Smithsonian had advance payments outstanding to the General Services Administration of $9,475,000 for equipment purchases for the Mu- seum Support Center and other projects to be completed in future years. Advance pay- ments to educational institutions amounting to $1,263,000 were principally under the Special Foreign Currency Program. Other advance payments totaled $3,630,000. (5) Deferred Promotion Costs At September 30, 1997, prepaid ami deferred expenses include approximately $5,461,000 of deferred promotion costs, mostly related to the Smithsonian magazine- Promotion expense was $13,929,000 in fiscal year 1997. (6) Accessions and Deaccessions For fiscal year 1997, $7,359,000 of trust funds and $1,999,000 of federal funds were spent to acquire collection items. Proceeds from trust fund deaccessions were $2,719,000. There were no deaccessions of collection items purchased with federal funds in fiscal year 1997. At September 30, 1997, accumulated proceeds and related earnings from deaccessions of $15,532,000 were designated for collections acquisition in the trust funds. Non-cash deaccessions result from the exchange, donation, or de- struction of collection items, and occur because objects deteriorate, are beyond the scope of a museum's mission, or are duplicative. During fiscal year 1997, the Smith- sonian had non-cash deaccessions of works of art, animals, historical objects, and nat- ural specimens. Contributed items held for sale total $4,300,000 and are reported as other assets in the statement of financial position. (7) Investments At September 30, 1997, investments c isisted of the following: Endowment and s Pooled i Cash equivalents U.S. Government and quasi-gov Corporate bonds and other oblij Common and preierted sloeks 434.668 Total pooled investments 549.50 1 Nonpooled investments: Deposits with U.S. Treasury 1.030 Total endowment ami similar investments 6(10.531 Total investments S 609,660 (8) True Endowment and Funds Functioning as Endowments The Smithsonian uses the "total return" approach to investment management of pooled true endowment funds and quasi-endowment funds, referred to collectively as the endowment. Each year, the endowment pays out an amount for current expendi- tures based upon a number of factors evaluated and approved by the Board of Regents. The payout for 1997 was 4.5 percent of the average market value of the endowment over the prior five years. The difference between the total return (i.e., dividends, inter- est and realized capital gains and unrealized capital gains) and the payout is reinvested when there is an excess of total return over payout or withdrawn from previously accu- mulated returns when there is a deficiency of total return to payout. Total return ex- ceeded the payout amount in fiscal year 1997 and the excess was reinvested in the en- dowment asset pool. The excess of total return is reported as non-operating revenue in the accompanying statement of financial activity (see note 9). Substantially all of the investments of the endowment are pooled on a market value basts, with individual funds subscribing to or disposing of units on the basis of the per unit market value at the beginning of the month in which the transaction takes place. At September 30, 1997, each unit had a market value of $647. The market value of the pool's net assets at September 30, 1997, was $599,009,000. This represents all pooled investments plus net receivables and payables related to investment transactions. Each fund participating in the investment pool receives an annual payout equal t, i the number of units owned times the annual payout amount per unit. The payout tor fis- cal year 1997 was $19.75 per unit. Based on approved Board policy, if the market value of any endowment fund is less than 110 percent of the historical value, the current payout is limited to the actual interest and dividends allocable to that fund. Net asset balances of the endowment c 1997: sted of the following at September 30, (SOOOs I Unrestricted Unrcsiricted-dcsien.iied $ 226.026 177.979 Total unrestricted Temporarily restricted Permanently restricted 404.005 149.089 56.402 Total cndouineiu ml ,i«h $ 609.556 (9) Composition of Total Return from Investments Total return from investments consisted of the following for the year ended September 30, 1997: Composition of Endowment Return: 1 SOOOs 1 Endowment payout Inveslmenl income in excess of pasotil S 18,174 3.679 Total inveslmenl income Less inveslmenl fees 21.853 i 1.2501 Nei inveslmenl in< e Nel realized and unrealized gains 20,603 106.854 Endowment total return S 12^.457 Total return is reported as $18,174,000 in operating revenue and $109,283,000 in i operating revenue in the statement of financial acth it\ Composition <>f Short-Term Investment Total Return 1 SOt «K 1 Invei Nel call. ireali; •ed loss $ 1.618 306 Mi,., n invesur, i.ii if i S 1.924 (10) Property and Equipment Propert) and equipment consisted of the following at September 30, 1997: iSOOQsl Fedi Total Land Buildings and capital Equipmcni Lcashpld imprn 143,063 1.368 2,387 896.157 77.379 1.368 Accumulated depreciation 171.815 165.1481 805 176 1395.6471 977.291 (460.795) 1 ., il I'M'i'cm .iii.l cc|iiipiiiftu S 1116,667 409.829 516,496 At September 30, 1997, buildings and capital improvements included $1 1,791,000 and $ 1 1 2,494,000 of construction in progress within Trust and Federal funds, respectively. Depreciation expense for fiscal year 1997 totaled $31,165,000 in the federal funds and $6,773,000 in the trust funds. (11) Debt At September 30. 1997, the Smithsonian had an interest-free loan from the Virginia Department of Aviation totaling $1,000,000. The Virginia Department of Aviation agreed, in fiscal year 1995, to make available to the Smithsonian an interest-free loan facility totaling $3 million, of which $500,000 was drawn in fiscal years 1996 and 1997. This loan facility is intended to assist in the financing of the planning, market- ing, fund-raising, and design of the proposed National Air and Space Museum exten- sion at Washington Dulles International Airport. The Smithsonian is scheduled to re- pay the outstanding loan not later than June 30, 2000. (12) Affiliate Relationships The Smithsonian provides certain fiscal, procurement, facilities and administrative ser- vices to several separately incorporated affiliated organizations for which certain offi- cials of the Smithsonian serve on the governing boards. The amounts paid to the Smithsonian by these organizations for the above services totaled $161,000 of trust funds and $70,000 of federal funds for fiscal year 1997. Deposits held in custody for these organizations at September 30. 1997, were $3,933,000, and were recorded in the trust funds. The Friends of the National Zoo (FONZ), an independent 501(c)(3) organization, raises funds for the benefit of the Smithsonian's National Zoological Park. Funds re- ceived by the Smithsonian from FONZ are recorded as unrestricted revenue and totaled $500,000 in fiscal vear 1997. (13) Commitments and Contingencies Leasing Activities Leases for Smithsonian warehouse and office spaces provide for rent escalations to co- . incide with increases in property taxes, operating expenses attributable to the leased property and the Consumer Price Index. The Smithsonian has the authority to enter ' into leases for up to 30 years using federal funds. The Smithsonian's operating leases for the warehouse and office spaces require fu- ture minimum lease payments as follows: 1 SOOOs) 1998 1999 2000 13,147 10,095 6.594 4.383 4,245 12,981 Rental expense for these operating leases totaled S15,X08,000 for fiscal year 1997. Government Grants and Contracts I he Smithsonian receives funding or reimbursement from governmental agencies for various activities which are subject to audit. Audits of these activities have been com- pleted through fiscal year 1996, however, fiscal year 1996 has not been closed with the cognizant federal audit agency. Management believes that any adjustments which may result from this audit and the audit for fiscal year 1997 will not have a material adverss effect on the Smithsonian's financial statements. (14) Employee Benefit Plans The federal employees of the Smithsonian are covered by either the Civil Service Re- iiii in, ni System (CSRS) or the Federal Employee Retirement System (FERS). The terms of these plans are defined in federal regulations. Under both systems, the Smithsonian withholds from each federal employee's salary the required salary percentage. The Smithsonian also contributes specified percentages. The Smithsonian's expense for these plans for fiscal year 1997 was approximately $15,034,000. The Smithsonian has a separate defined conttibution retirement plan for trust fund employees, in which substantially all such employees are eligible to participate. Under the plan, the Smithsonian contributes stipulated percentages of salary which are used to purchase individual annuities, the rights to which are immediately vested with the employees. Employees can make voluntary contributions, subject to certain limita- tions. The Smithsonian's cost of the plan for fiscal year 1997 was $9,102,000. In addition to the Smithsonian's retirement plans, the Smithsonian makes available certain health care and life insurance benefits to active and retired trust fund employ- ees. The plan is contributory for retirees and requires payment of premiums and de- ductibles. Retiree contributions for premiums are established by an insurance carrier based on the average per capita cost of benefit coverage for all participants, active and retired, in the Smithsonian's plan. The inclusion of retirees in the calculation of aver- age per capita cost results in a higher average per capita cost than would result if only active employees were covered by the plan. Therefore, the Smithsonian has a postre- tirement benefit obligation for the portion of the expected future cost of the retiree benefits that is not recovered through retiree contributions. The Smithsonian has elected to use the 20-year amortization option to record the related accumulated postretirement benefit obligation (APBO). The Smithsonian's policy is to fund the cost of these benefits on the pay-as-you-go-basis. The following table presents the plan's funded status reconciled with amounts recog, nized in the Smithsonian's statement of financial position at September 30, 1997: (SOOOs) Accumulated postretiremen! benefit obligation: Relirees Aftof plan particip.inls (2.661) 16.615) Plan assets at fair value Accumulaled postretiremen! benefit obligalir Unrecognized prior sen 'ice costs Unrecognized net gain Unrecognized tun-nnm ,Hic.ili"ii ■:■':: il, II' !V Ik IH . 15.0261 Net periodic postretirement benefit cost for the year ended September 30, 1997 in- cludes: l SOOOs) Service costs Inlerest costs Amortization of transition oblij 575 tben The discount rate used to determine the APBO was 8.25 percent. A 9 percent health It is the opinion of the Smithsonian's management that the Smithsonian is also ex- are cost trend rate was assumed for fiscal year 1997, decreasing 0.5 percent each year empt from taxation as an instrumentality of the United States as defined in Section oan ultimate rate of 5 percent in fiscal year 2005 and thereafter. If the assumed health 501(c)(1) of the Code. Organizations described in that section are exempt from all in- are cost trend rate was increased by 1 percent in each year, the net periodic postretire- come taxation. The Smithsonian has not yet formally sought such dual status. nent benefit cost would be higher bv $200,000 and the APBO higher by $1,300,000 as if September 30, 1997. (16) Bond Offering In December 1997, the District of Columbia issued $41.3 million of tax-exempt rev- 15) Income Taxes enue bonds on beb.alf of the Smithsonian. The bonds mature at various dates through Ire Smithsonian is exempt from income taxation under the provisions of Sec- the year 2028, with yields ranging from 4.0 to 5.17 percent. These bonds were sold to ion 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code (the Code). Organizations described in finance certain renovations of and improvements to the National Museum of Natural hat section are taxable only on their unrelated business income. Periodical advertising History, fund capitalized interest, and pay certain costs of issuing the bonds, ales is the main source of unrelated business income. An IRS determination letter has >een received supporting the Smithsonian's tax-exempt status. No provision for in- ome taxes was required for fiscal year 1997. g^jMisai ^ V •*, r WkT, ' - **A * 7 1 •