Author hie rm hm 8 a rh lk a we to om ee ae a ee ee ee a oe is Bo 47372-2 GPO 16 oe } = a ‘By JAMES E. RANDALL : SOIL PROTECTION and SOIL IMPROVEMENT Copyright 1922 by James E. Randall T. A. Randall & Co. Publishers Indianapolis, Ind. Sn Agsi64s APR 15 1922 wad PREFACE. The need of complete information in one handy volume, in other words a ready reference book, covering the various phases pertaining to the Protection and Improvement of our soils, influenced the author in compiling the subject matter herewith set forth. The value of tile underdrainage in the up-building of the farm lands was considered of such vital importance that it is treated at length, showing the treatment and the results obtained in different types of soils. Then, too, since the farmer is deeply interested in all matters relating to the growing and handling of their crops, he should be great- ly concerned in the proper expenditure of the public moneys for road building and in the securing for himself and his neigh- bors the best possible returns for such expenditure. The proper drainage of our highways has received less attention than the drainage of the farm. The lack of it, has resulted in the destruction of all kinds of roads and an inexcusable waste of money. In fact injury resulting from lack of drain- age is greater than injury from traffic. The demand for better roads invites a study and knowledge as to how the money expended may not be lost. No class of taxpayers is more concerned than the farmer in the building of our roads so they will last. Hence, a portion of this book is given over to the subject of the Improvement of Our Rural Highways and an urgent appeal for earnest co-operation on the part of the farmer, for only through same can our people correct the present evil and make possible better conditions of traffic and the handling of the crops. The author wishes to acknowledge his indebtedness for the data used secured from Prof. G. I. Christie aid) Aq Wiancko, of the Purdue University Agricultural Experimental Station, The International Harvester Company, The Western Tile Underdrainage Bureau and the many farmers who gave me most courteous consideration and co-operation when I in- spected their farms and enabled me to gather much valuable information. JAMES E. RANDALL. 4 Soil Protection and Soil Improvement TABLE OF CONTENTS The: Importance of.our Soils<2% <5. a>. ae ee eee Soil theaWorkiok Agess <.5.5.20 3 ocean ae ee ee ee ‘Lhe Viren SOthiiscne, sch Foscd «1s slapceere «a ene AC ae ee the Decrease incsorl, Hertility ex 2... 0.40 sous ts aka eee eee Make up.ofcour Soils) iiayrs:. 45 it. oo ».ngids centers sie ae ee ee Surface dW ashing), | ocseun a kiieas ects oh erebe b ereteteleaaide saat cle te aaa Prevent: Soil Frosiots |. 23.3 cei. soto ee ie ee Washed yands of Indiana... «ag c..n ses ae ees ene Practical, Methods of Correctioms 45... aten eee ee Stops Soil Erosion and Makes Over Worn-out Land......... Yield More; Thank Erebled: ...222...45.-0 aise aoe eee A No. Ligand: Now s Gerad. Be ad hides aon ee ee Pine Alfalfa. Now (Grows « 200%, wid Som eet ae ee Rough-Sketch*of Walther’s: Parmi./ 5. neacte2 sae eee Another Hxamples sa. de as Ka Ss See a de eee Stock Watering Places Through Control of Drainage Water... Wet Fields "Are: Waste Wand... 2605.20 2 ee ee ee Adding Pius’ tears clene sees see 2 ahaa yo hala eRe ee How-to Increase Hertility anc nae ees or ae ee Savingiand: Applying Manuress ssi 25 felsic. aes ace ee Crop JRotationvts v5 355. as Meaite es giclaehe Seo aes Geen ee Deeper Plowing Better, Millageys inc25 044m ao ee Growing Cloverand Other Wegume: Crops... 3.6 oe ee Growing of Clover: .s2.este cdi. soos a ee eee Kinds Of (Clover ices Hono be Fo ee ele Oe See More. Land to:Grassie stasis co te ea eee ee eee More ‘hives Stockatct iss. 2 bola ete ees Oe tin do eee ee Stock and* Peed Farming. eae... cece k. Jae oe oe ee Ideal Barn-Arrangement: = gens «ss 2s ce. Sole eee eee Corn: Cutter WssUiseds: Hees eae So ee Making (Best Wse of (Commercialeentilizer.. 2. 240 eee Fertilizer’Mormulas: 72 BR See hoe ee eee Indiana Soils) Need“Phesphate. ( -: 2.22... ...,.. . Lime for Acid Soilsss. 5: cto eee. oo eee Lime Not a: Fertilizer. : 22 icecsto as ed See i eee Effect of Ground Limestone on Acid Soil. ..... 2/2250 +e oeee Value of Lime on Indiana Soils2).: «15. 2 aoe eee Soils of Indiatiac £0082 Sis cc cee hee ee, se ee Clay Loam Soils 2... stick aoe ake sete oe or oer Unglaciated Hill Wands: 2222.25 3222. 648 20 «ee Soil Protection and Soil Improvement 5 Soles lime iti GS memes eects Vemiaih, eee these. Sk veers auctae cates «aisles © vd 43 valle Clavel plandss cactace cs A ak . oo tion akrckd wey teraie wie arate 43 RVD clemeltr e Seut hye ONS ae ore ote aitiidise as ceie Slane wlnvead'e eyalche sels Weced. 44 Me Ce nCUalnA Cea i cae Mamie s Ae sess pieces. oo eh log wees vie 3 46 WinderdrainacemDelineds sm. fst. a ie trea fiche Snel o, srales Riots one ave evae 46 PPI tlesorontss blIStOR Vo, mich cei aaron «WA ae Rs Cates ee ema wee eee 46 Dacabilityrotelile:in Dramage Work .2..0 so vanw ts os Pao we 47 What Tile Underdrainage did for Dan Broadus.............. 48 More Than Trebled Yield First Year Tile Were Used......... 49 An Ocular Demonstration of Value of Underdrainage........ 50 DVinateitlrceron JOhm IOnMen: ac: sos a eckds Ck eas «le wiek 52 dihesti fective Work of Geo. Scheblers. 2.00... fase as os ees a2 dire C laye@ame SOUS.) ches oka he eee erases ean et 5D owe Vigetvolt. Wiled-lais: Fars, is sc.5,0c.< 2's a oe Sen esse ees ae 56 iimestonesoweetens-the Soil... 0) 22 ees. Cle ase bee ees 58 WCCH SEO le min ANPAeete: Amaya a tclsen ein einige ac Soe Ree aya Nae 58 EM PeVOOESE MANGA 5 4. ANS Satie ¥ cjavde Wart Sede Seo « oR voreeenees 60 Weiler falebaiiinye WietCli. 55s gcclc ag aye fe slere «ole aca elept'e © dye levdtenees 60 elation of Underdrainage to Soil Conditions. ...........2.- 61 What Underdrainage Did for Brewer Farm...............-.-. 61 Soi ridcorsp am CvemlowWiees «5.0/6 occ hod ce Miedo eg aac bei Meee 66 team os tac CLO Pcest pyle Sica, sos aieud Poa hance cel a, 3 tole aerate 71 iitremtonersharnn in Shelby, County <.. 2.2 2es002c20+2.5aauer s 66 sihesMiagchelands of, Indiana. 2.0.5. <0 c2ce ee a hele ene s odes nels + 69 PME MEkKSOMol ans 25.4. bys se. Wis ce, oo ea aioe costa, Hence ae 70 ome sme ten) raimae Cnn, ick o.12 wien a 318 eopelis dees Bi touee @reheys aie seperate TL imme pollinga@laya plands.:2... S20 sak. edie ss ad 28+ = ae 72 lowatonlnstallsWinderdtaimmage Systems. <2 cc ve <0 gol 0's opera's chee ere 76 LET lretcca te NY SJ tel) bein Ye thy a5 yA ge ee a Ae 76 pibitom Obl eu sue ee lee aoe Salen celestial s wh cance SAE UN Me ete ¢ 76 MMe SI ZeeO red eae cices wy ass.e ese Baie tare aha es Pe ich a orarg sO RENE Te, | CUSIDIE gb Co 2D Fis SWS oe etc pn rte ere 80 SATEEN AR ber as erent wee iare cehe clehgeimer erence a ediet sibs ares 80 HAT Se ATID CLES cs heya 3 osei5 eG cad ae aetee SRT ato eee crackers Siabenebees G 80 Peay td OM Mel ewlll Ceerpeaeg | a neg Ne ae acct aysgegsoe sees (tse oie sone aes SiO s aePa ete 81 Diels ye ae Me ees thes ca in, tay e atakd V5.0 oeewtace = ra Henares 82 CWamectWayitombayelarcerliles so 5 rns lihs da tues e ot oe ee 87 imnprovements.otaOur Riaral’RoadSs. . ... 2s je deuce Ven wt Dele no oe 88 dire pNiced Omi Good 4ROAd sey, 2. ds lcd laced ede Ohne ears s 88 heme auserorsNoadnlgouble= sick... eee ses oe es Bee oe ae ee 89 The Fundamentals of Good Road Construction............... 89 Pammiceal system, Of Subdrainages vix.8 ssc se cece oa oe Sa 94 mdvantages. 0... Dee ainsi nile deste eahr eee cl ane ee 96 JES, SSHOLG EOS SL eee ae ets ee car oe Cl On eR Po 90 SUA (COSSIES,. 5 CSSA ats AOE |e os a ee ner ree 92 rit Bynes ee ite Pore tin i ; Soil Protection and Soil Improvement. By James E. Randall. The Importance Did you ever ponder over the great vital impor- of Our Soil. tance of our soil? Take it away from this planet we are living on and what would happen? All vegetation would disappear in season, the streams would cease to carry any fertility on to the ocean. In time the fishes of the sea would be no more. When the storehouses were exhausted of their supplies, the fishes of the sea and the fowls of the air depleted, man would surely perish. So it can be truthfully said that soil is the source of all wealth and life and that all values, even our existence, depends on the soil. As we protect and improve our soil we safe- guard and increase the security of our posterity. The soil is our inheritage. ’Tis our bounden duty to our children and our children’s children to protect it, nourish it and improve it that we may give the farm lands to the next generation or our successors in as good if not better condition than in which we found them. So we must give deep careful consideration to the ways and means of properly work- ing our farm lands. Soil the Work To rightly understand our great responsibility in con- of the Ages. nection with soil protection and soil improvement let us dwell but briefly on one important point before taking up the many factors effecting our soils and the profitable and correct working of same. : The soil is a thin blanket or layer covering the earth, the ac- cumulation of the ages, derived from our primitive rocks by the dis- integrating process called weathering, the wearing and shifting powers of the elements and by glacial action. The doctrine that generally obtains is that lichens, the first occupants of the initial layer so formed, contributed by their life and death in turn to soil formation and thereby made life possible for the mosses and the succeeding plant growth. These in like manner yielded their increase and ren- 8 Soil Protection and Soil Improvement dered it possible for plants of a still higher order to grow, flourish and so on until perfect soils were produced in which all plants might luxuriate. The making of our soils with their remnants of decayed vegetable and animal matter known as humus or mold, containing the soil organisms so important to the agriculturists, was a slow process covering many thousands of years, in fact the work of the ages. Yet it would take but a few short years to destroy this great reservoir of God-given fertility if no thought was given to return in a measure the great amount of fertility taken off each year in crops, straw, stover, etc. Therefore, soil protection and soil improvement are all important problems needing most careful attention. The Virgin Soil. When the soil came to us from the hand of nature it was open, arable—full of vegetable matter—re- sulting from the decay of leaves, twigs, trees and vegetable growths for centuries. After cutting away the timber and removing the roots, the soil broke easily and was made ready for planting or sowing seed, with little labor and the crops were easily cultivated and the roots of the growing corn were heroically pruned by deep plowing with single and double shovel plows but the soil conditions were so favorable that corn would make a vigorous growth notwithstanding the severing of half or more of the rootlets. W hen breaking the land it was a common remark to say “The dirt falls from the mole-board of the plow like an ashbank.” ‘The crop yield was not marvelous considering the soil conditions but very satisfactory indeed. Our soils are not so arable now and not so productive or easily tilled, especially those that have not been brought up to the standard with ideal farm practice. Now our soils must be plowed and made ready for planting or sowing seed within three or four days after they become dry enough in the spring to plow. If we fail to improve the time named, then the land breaks up cloddy and requires repeated working and much labor to put it into a satisfactory condition. The preparation of the soil and the cultivation of crops require much more labor now than was needful when the soil was fresh, open, porous and arable, and the yield of grain is not so satisfactory and our meadows and pasture lands do not grow such vigorous grasses as in the early days, on account of the want of better soil conditions and the decrease of fertility. The Decrease of = (The decrease of our soil fertility is to be accounted Soil Fertility. for in many ways. The growing of crops and the selling of them by the bushel and ton off of land was indeed a selling of fertility. There was nothing thought of it for many years, in fact there was a general feeling of confidence in supposing that soil fertility could hardly be exhausted, at least Soil Protection and Soil Improvement MAKE-UP OF SOILS Soil is made up of exceedingly small particles of irregular shapes, varying composition, and different properties. It is formed by the breaking down of rocks, which are disintegrated by the weather, ground up and dis- tributed by glacial action and floods, and mixed with the products of successive ages of vegetation. These particles as they appear under the micro- Scope are rough and irregular, some of them exceed- ingly small. As the soil particles cannot lie together so as to form a solid mass there is a large amount of intervening space, which in the average soils equals nearly half its volume. SURFACE TENSION As a result of a force which is known as surface tension each particle of soil holds a film of water over its entire surface and thus provides a supply of mois- ture for the roots of the plant. When the quantity of water in the soil is so much greater than is required to supply that which is held by surface tension that the remaining space is filled, the soil is said to be satu- rated. Provided with a tile outlet, this surplus water, or water of saturation will pass off by force of gravity, leaving only the film of moisture which is held by sur- face tension and which furnishes the required moisture for plant growth. Fifteen to twenty per cent of all water which a soil will hold WILL NOT PASS OFF BY DRAIN- AGE but remains to contribute to the growth of the plants and to aid in the further preparation of addi- tional plant food.—Western Tile Drainage Bureau. 10 Soil Protection and Soil Improvement not for two or three generatitons. They began to awaken when many of the farm lands were worn out and produced but little. The sell- ing of our farm crops by the bushel or the ton without replacing any of the great amount of fertility taken away in this manner is not the only serious loss that is drawing heavily on our soil fertility. Surface Washing. The surface washing of our cultivated lands is taking from the soil, vegetable matter, the fer- tility brought to the surface by the capillary action, the fertility brought down by the rainfalls and the fertility applied in part, from manures and fertilizers, together with the fine particles of the soil— all this is passing away in the muddy dark dyed water which runs into the little streams and on into the larger streams never to return. The average farmer turns the soil about five inches in depth, plants, cultivates and gathers the crops and sells them, and leaves the land bare much of the year to be washed as before described, and the following year turns up the other side and does the same with it, and:so on year after year for thirty or forty years. If the humus or vegetable matter and much of the fertility is not exhausted by this time, it must be extraordinary soil. In view of this state of facts, is it any wonder that our soils do not plow and are not as easily tilled and do not yield as abundant crops as they did when they came to us from the hand of nature? Prevent Soil Statistics show that through the enormous waste of Erosion. farm land occasioned by the action of erosion or soil washing that two per cent. of the entire main land of the United States has been devastated and that this total would mean 4,000,000 acres or nearly 100,000 crop-producing farms that have been destroyed. While the real time to prevent such disasters is before they start, a great service can be rendered by the farmers if they use and urge farm practices that will provide for the pre- vention of soil washing and this applies to both cultivated and un- cultivated lands. Many practical methods have been suggested by representative farmers such as the following: 1. Scattering a little straw in the furrow to catch the sediment and stop washing. 2. A liberal top-dressing of barnyard manure to not only build up fertility of the soil, but to help in holding sloping land when heavy rains fall. 3. STRAW Mow ABovz— STORE | ~ \p CORN GIB) Room CATTLE ano HOGS : POT B = Ls HAM SGRMAUGLASIASNOUOOINAUOOOOTIDE CATTLE | CATTLE AnoHocGs EXERCISE YARD Plan of Walther Bros. Barn. directly to the doors of the silos, so the carrier may be filled with ensilage or a feed from the stockroom as is desired and the stock fed at any point along the 102 feet of track. On the west of the feedway are hay racks extending the entire length, while on the east is the same arrangement from the south of the barn to the storeroom. Above the spaces where the cattle and hogs are bedded is a straw mow. The straw is blown in through a door on the east side at the time of threshing, doing away with straw stacks and the loss incident to stacking. When the cattle are turned out to water and exercise fresh straw is thrown down from the mow and spread over the ac- cumulated manure. When the doors are opened again for the cattle to return much laughter is provoked by the way they kick up their hoofs and frisk about in the clean straw. The hogs are permitted 34 Soil Protection and Soil Improvement to run wild in these spaces and out into the open shed where ears of corn are tossed to them from time to time. Corn Cutter Is Used. The corn crib is in the central north part of the barn im the storeroom™ Whiscmbs holds 5,000 bushels. A corn cutter is stationed adjacent to it in the drive- way of the barn. This machine cuts 100 bushels an hour. The drive- Way is wide and gives ample room for bringing in the loads of hay, corn, etc. «A large track and hay fork with ‘automatic trip is used in filling the mows on either side of this driveway. There is not a beam in either mow, the roof being self-supporting and thirty-two feet from the main floor to the center. The mows have a capacity of 150 tons. On the east side of the driveway are the granaries and the store- room for corn for the horses which are housed a few feet away, the horse stable and granaries being separated by a feedway. INDIANA SOILS NEED PHOSPHATES Indiana soils are notably deficient in phosphorus Available phosphates are the most profitable fer- tilizers. Acid phosphate has given the best results. Basic slag and steamed bone meal have also given good results, standing next to acid phosphate in profit- ableness. Rock phosphate has given good results in certain cases, although it has been the least profitable of any of the phosphates used. In immediate returns on the first and second crops after application, acid phosphate has yielded crop in- creases from three to over 25 times as large as those secured from rock phosphate. Neither acid phosphate nor any other phosphate will increase soil acidity or the need for liming, al- though soils needing phosphorus generally also need lime. Neither acid phosphate nor any other phosphate will injure the physical condition of the soil if due care is exercised to maintain the organic matter supply. The only means by which the phosphorus def- ciency can be made up is by the purchase and applica- tion of phosphatic fertilizers. Fortunately phosphatic fertilizer materials are plentiful in this country and relatively cheap. [onl Soil Protection and Soil Improvement 3 Near the barn is a pumphouse with a gasoline engine and pump below the ground level, so there is never any danger of freezing. On the east of the court surrounding the barn are the sheep barn, toolhouse and wagon shed. A brick house stands to the north. Making Best Use of Under this caption Prof. G. I. Christie, of the Commercial Fertilizers. 9 _/¢xperiment Station, Purdue University, gave some valuable information in the Indiana Farmers’ Guide of Nov. 5th, 1921. In part it was as follows: = * * Fertilizers are bought for the plant foods,—the nitrogen, the phosphoric acid and the potash, that they contain. The mere price per ton means nothing unless the percentages of the various plant foods are known and considered. The desire of many farmers to secure cheap fertilizer is largely responsible for many low analysis brands that have been put on the market. Such fertilizers are un- desirable in every way. Fortunately most manufacturers are willing, in fact anxious, to stop selling low-analysis goods, thus giving the farmer more for his money and at the same time making more money for themselves. The saving in freight, in bags, in storage space, and RECOMMENDATIONS 1. Adopt a systematic rotation of crops, including clover or some other legume at least once every three or four years. 2. Wherever clover fails to do well, apply two or more tons of ground limestone to the acre. 3. See that the land is properly drained and prac- tice good tillage methods. 4. Feed as much of the produce as possible and carefully conserve and return to the land the manure produced, as well as any unused crop residues. 5. Apply from 150 to 200 pounds per acre of acid phosphate or some other available phosphate to each grain crops in the rotation. In a permanent system, where manure is applied for corn, enough phosphate for the whole rotation may be most conveniently ap- plied when seeding wheat or oats. Under certain sys- tems of farming, where the crops are not all fed on the farm, it will pay, under normal conditions, to add some nitrogen and potash in the fertilizer. 6. If acid phosphate or other available phosphate cannot be secured, a mixed fertilizer as high as possible is available phosphoric acid should be used.—Purdue University Agricultural Experiment Station. 36 Soil Protection and Soil Improvement in handling will be large both to the manufacturer and to the farmer. * * * The state chemist estimates that if Indiana farmers will buy only high-grade fertilizers they can save themselves $1,000,000 a year. Surely this problem is worth some careful thought and figuring. The results of inspection the past year show that 23,439 more tons of high-grade and 34,792 less tons of low-grade fertilizers were bought in 1920 than in 1919. * * * The quality of the nitrogen or ammonia in fertilizers 1s now receiving considerable attention from the state chemist. Here, again, the advantage of buying high-analysis formulas is shown, for when the per cent of ammonia is low there is a greater likelihood of its being derived from low-grade materials and, therefore, less available than when the ammonia content is higher, let us say, 2 per cent or more. Fertilizers containing a small amount of ammonia, for example, one- half per cent or 1 per cent, may be made from the very best materials but this is frequently not the case. So when you buy fertilizers con- taining ammonia, the safest plan is to select one that contains at least 2 per cent of ammonia which is the same as 1.6 per cent of nitrogen. Perhaps the biggest step forward in the direction of better fer- tilizers for Indiana was made when the Purdue soils and crops depart- ment published its list of standard fertilizer formulas for Indiana. Our investigations reported in previous articles show that about a dozen different formulas will meet all the fertilizer needs of our prin- cipal crops and soils. These formulas have been selected as the result of many years of experimenting with all kinds of fertilizers under all sorts of conditions. They are based on the composition of the soil, the needs of the particular crop and the practice in regard to the use of manure and the growing of legumes. These approved formulas are given in full on page 37 Now suppose you have a light-colored clay loam soil and that you grow clover in a rotation with corn and wheat. We will assume that you use all the manure produced on the corn ground and that you have enough to cover about half the corn acreage. What fer- tilizer should you use? The answer from the table would be an 0-12-4 on corn without manure, and 16 per cent acid phosphate with manure. Tor wheat the recommendation would be a 2-12-2 complete fertilizer. (In the fertilizer formula the first figure refers to nitrogen, the second to phosphoric acid, the third to potash.) Having determined the right fertilizer to use, the next question to be decided is that of the amount to apply per acre. This depends upon the climate, the natural fertility of the soil, and the crop. Where the rainfall is plentiful and well distributed, much larger applications can be used profitably than where the rainfall is hght and summer * droughts more frequent. 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