GIFT OF Aerie. Beot. Issued April 19, 1911. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, BUREAU OF SOILS— CIRCULAR No. 22. WHITNEY, Chief of Bureau. SOILS OP THE EASTERN UNITED STATES AND THEIR USE— I. THE NORFOLK FINE SANDY LOAM. JAY A. BONSTEEL, Scientist in Soil Survey. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1911. BUREAU OF SOILS. MILTON WHITNEY, Chief of Bureau. ALBERT G. RICE, Chief Clerk. SCIENTIFIC STAFF. FRANK K. CAMERON, in charge of Physical and Chemical Investigations. CURTIS F. MARBUT, in charge of Soil Survey. OSWALD SCHREINER, in charge of Fertility Investigations. W J McGEE, iu charge of Soil Water Investigations. [Cir. 22] 2 SOILS OF THE EASTERN UNITED STATES AND THEIR USE— I. THE NORFOLK FINE SANDY LOAM. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. The soil type known as the Norfolk fine sandy loam extends from Virginia southward along the Atlantic Coast to northern Florida and thence westward through the Gulf region into eastern Texas. Soil surveys throughout this region have included a total of 4,346,672 acres of this soil type, occurring in 63 different areas located in nine different States. The Norfolk fine sandy loam is only found within the Coastal Plain section of the United States and at elevations vary- ing from slightly above sea level to an extreme altitude of about 350 feet. The greater part of the type, however, lies at altitudes of 25 to 200 feet. Its geographic extent covers many million acres, as has been indicated by the soil surveys already made. It is one of the most important types of soil within the region, both from the stand- point of the production of special crops and of general farm crops. Since the character of crop which may be grown in any particular locality depends primarily upon the climate of that locality and upon the soil, it follows that the crops best suited to production upon the Norfolk fine sandy loam will vary from place to place as the climatic surroundings of the soil type vary. Thus the localities within which the Norfolk fine sandy loam is principally developed may, for con- venience, be divided into four principal regions. The first of these is the Middle Atlantic section, including the States of Virginia and North Carolina. The second is the South Atlantic section, including South Carolina. Georgia, and northern Florida. The third is the Eastern Gulf section, including Alabama, Mississippi, and the portion of Louisiana east of the Pearl River. The fourth is the Western Gulf section, including the northern portion of Louisi- ana and the east Texas timbered region. These different regions differ to some extent in the length of grow- ing season and the average temperatures which are maintained dur- ing the growing season, but they probably differ to a greater degree in the amount of rainfall which occurs, both throughout the year and especially throughout the growing season. For these reasons and for others which will appear the crop adaptations of the different sections differ slightly. 84052°— Cir. 22 11 3 4 SOILS OF THE EASTERN UNITED STATES. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SOIL AND SUBSOIL. The surface soil of the type consists of a pale-yellow or light-gray fine sandy loam, which usually extends to a depth of 6 or 8 inches. This is underlain by a light-yellow, fine sandy loam subsoil, which grades downward into a yellow light sandy clay at an average depth of about 18 inches. In local areas this yellow fine sandy loam extends to a depth of 24 to 30 inches and such areas are usually less productive than the average of the type. The surface soil may range in color from a dark gray or almost brown where it is well filled with organic matter, as in slight depressions or in carefully tilled fields, to a pale yellow or light gray where there is a deficiency of organic matter at the surface. In tracts where the surface vegetation has been burned off or Avhere clean cultivation has been practiced for a considerable time the surface soil tends to be light gray or almost ashy white. Occasionally small white quartz pebbles or rusty iron concretions and pebbles may be found in both the surface soil and subsoil. The deeper subsoil is usually a friable yellow sandy clay, which extends from a depth of 18 to 36 inches or more. In locations where the natural drainage is poor the color of the subsoil at greater depths becomes mottled gray and yellow or mottled gray and red. In loca- tions where drainage is so deficient that the production of crops is not advisable under ordinary circumstances the deeper subsoil may have an almost uniform gray color. The Norfolk fine sandy loam is marked by the gray color of the surface soil and the yellow color of the subsoil. It thus differs from the Portsmouth fine sandy loam, which has a dark-brown to black surface soil, and from the Orangeburg fine sandy loam, which has a gray surface soil and deep red subsoil. These distinctive colorations are characteristic of the respective series. The Norfolk fine sandy loam differs in texture from the other mem- bers of the Norfolk series. The Norfolk sand consists of a fellow medium sand soil and subsoil ; the Norfolk fine sand, of a yellow fine sand soil and a yellow loamy sand subsoil, underlain by yellow sandy clay. The Norfolk sandy loam possesses a medium to fine yellow sandy soil underlain by a yellow sandy clay subsoil. Thus the Norfolk fine sandy loam may be distinguished by its tei ture from the other members of the Norfolk series and by the coloi tion of soil and subsoil from types of other soil series. SURFACE FEATURES AND DRAINAGE. In general the Norfolk fine sandy loam occurs upon upland are between the larger streams, and its surface varies from almost flat to gently rolling or undulating, with slight rises and hillocks, which are NORFOLK FINE SANDY LOAM. frequently somewhat more sandy than the normal condition of the type. At higher elevations near the inland margin of the Coastal Plain the topography frequently becomes more rolling or even hilly. Slight surface depressions and the margins of " bays " and swamps are not infrequently poorly drained, while the more extensive flat areas would frequently be benefited by the establishment of open ditches bordering the cultivated fields. These ditches are easily con- structed, and the banks can be maintained without great labor if they are made sufficiently sloping when the ditches are first dug. With these exceptions the Norfolk fine sandy loam is a well-drained and warm soil. At the same time the presence of the sandy clay sub- soil at a depth not usually exceeding 18 inches tends to maintain a favorable moisture supply within reach of the growing crops and also prevents any leaching effect in the case of the application of fertilizers. In those areas where a favorable amount and condition of organic matter in the surface soil is maintained the soil is distinctly loamy and possesses very favorable conditions of texture and struc- ture both for ease of cultivation and for the maintenance of proper moisture supply. LIMITATIONS OF YIELDS. In the general discussion of the Norfolk fine sandy loam and its uses it must be held in mind that there are certain limitations to the yields of the various crops which are suited to the soil in the different localities' where it occurs. The limitations apply to practically all of the crops produced, and are inherent with the characteristics of the soil itself rather than with the character of the crops. With the general farm crops, particularly cotton and corn, the prin- cipal limitations upon the yields which may be secured seem to lie in the care with which the land is prepared for the crop, in the amount of organic manure which may be supplied for the production of the crop, and in the care exercised in the frequent tillage of each of these crops during the growing period. IMPROVEMENT IN CROP YIELDS. A crop rotation which will permit of the introduction of some leguminous crop, like cowpeas or peanuts, into the rotation and which will provide also for a winter crop to prevent the washing of the soil invariably increases the yields of both corn and cotton above the nor- mal for the region. The application of complete commercial fertilizers, particularly those containing a fair percentage of potash in their composition, is also attended with profitable increases in the crop. Upon the lands which are excessively level or slightly depressed, thorough artificial drainage, either by the less expensive means of 6 SOILS OF THE EASTERN UNITED STATES. open ditches or by the better but more costly installation of tile- drainage systems, is essential to the production of satisfactory crop yields. Where the value of the land and of the crops to be produced will justify it the complete underdrainage of the wet portions by tile is to be preferred. On the other hand, where the depth of the surface sandy soil or subsoil exceeds 2 feet, the incorporation of additional organic matter is required, in order to raise the moisture-holding capacity of the soil sufficiently to insure good yields. In the production of either cowpeas or peanuts the application of lime to the soil before the planting of the crop is to be recommended. LIMITATIONS UPON SPECIAL CROPS. For the production of truck crops the Norfolk fine sandy loam in all of its locations is available, provided the distance of the particular field from lines of through transportation to the selected market is not too great. It is also essential that the lighter textured and warmer phases of the soil having a depth of 12 to 24 inches to the subsoil should be chosen. In general the Norfolk fine sand or the Norfolk sand should be selected for the extensive production of such crops. Heavy fertilization with organic manures and special mineral fertilizers are prerequisite. Cabbage constitutes the only exception to the first rule, in that the cabbage crop may best be grown upon soils moderately drained and particularly well supplied with organic matter. Hence the Norfolk fine sandy loam is more successfully employed for cabbage production than for almost any other form of trucking. EXTENT OF OCCUPATION. In the Middle Atlantic section the greater part of the entire area of the Norfolk fine sandy loam is cleared and cutivated and consti- tutes one of the most prized general-farming soils of the section. Where transportation facilities are the best, special truck crops are also produced, although the Norfolk fine sand or the Norfolk sand should usually be selected for the earlier truck crops. In the South Atlantic section a smaller proportion of the total extent of the type is cleared and cultivated, although the soil is highly esteemed and increasing areas are being brought under cultivation each year. In the truck in sections 'practically the entire acreage of this soil type, particularly in eastern South Carolina, is utilized for the growing of these crops In southern Georgia and northern Florida areas of the medium deep phase are in considerable demand for the production of the shade- grown Sumatra wrapper tobacco. In the Eastern Gulf section more than half of the total acreage of the Norfolk fine sandy loam is still uncleared and not under culth ;i- NORFOLK FINE SANDY LOAM. tion. The portions which have been cleared are held in fair esteem for the production of general farm crops. The trucking business is only becoming established locally at a few points. Immediately along the Gulf coast, however, the planting of pecan orchards within the past few years has been quite general. In the western Gulf coast region, particularly in northwestern Louisiana and in the east Texas Timber belt, there remain vast areas of this soil type uncleared and uncultivated, although considerable value is attached to the soil for general-farming purposes. Its development as a trucking soil and for peach orcharding has been begun in northeastern Texas. TILLAGE REQUIREMENTS. It is usually not deemed necessary in the cultivation of the Norfolk fine sandy loam to use either heavy teams or powerful farm ma- chinery. The surface soil is easily broken and turned, and the lighter weight teams and implements give satisfactory results. In fact the more sandy phases should not be plowed to any great depth, but the tillage operations should tend toward packing the soil, in order to give it added moisture capacity and ability to retain both water and fertilizers. Shallow and frequent cultivation for all intertilled crops are required, in order to establish a surface dust mulch to prevent evaporation of moisture. The greatest need of the Norfolk fine sandy loam for increased crop production is probably the incorporation of organic manures, either in the form of well-rotted stable manure or in the form of green cover crops turned under a considerable time be- fore the succeeding crop is to be planted. This is requisite, in order to permit thorough decay of the green crop. The addition of 1,000 pounds or more of lime per acre in this connection is deemed ad- visable. For the same reasons it is considered desirable to include some leguminous crop in the farm rotation. Throughout the region cowpeas grow upon this soil to good advantage. In certain sections peanuts constitute a good money or forage crop, while in south Georgia, Florida, and Alabama the velvet bean may well be used for this purpose. The use of cotton-seed meal as a source of nitrogen in the application of fertilizer is also to be recommended under most conditions. The use of mineral fertilizers is found to repay the expenditure when sufficient quantities are applied. The character of fertilizer to be used will depend upon the kind of crop to be raised and upon the previous treatment of the particular field or farm. In general it has been found that commercial fertilizers containing 8 to 10 per cent of phosphoric acid, 2 to 4 per cent of potash, and 2 to 3 per cent of ammonia give satisfactory results with 8 SOILS OF THE EASTERN UNITED STATES. the general farm crops. It has been found that the muriate of potash gives particularly good results upon this and certain associated soil types. CROP ADAPTATION. Important uses in the Middle Atlantic section. — The Norfolk fine sandy loam is adapted to the production of both the yellow and white varieties of dent corn and they are grown almost universally in the Middle Atlantic section. Upon properly prepared land the yields secured by the best farmers vary from 20 to 35 bushels per acre, while upon land that has received less careful preparation the yield may sink as low as 12 to 15 bushels per acre. If proper methods of tillage and fertilization are followed, however, there is no neces- sity for the lower yields, and yields greatly in excess of those re- ported may be secured. It is not the equal of the Portsmouth silt loam as a corn soil, although excelling most of the other soils of the section in this respect. Cowpeas are growrn either as an independent forage crop or else sown with the corn. Where the crop is grown alone yields of If to 2 tons of cowpea-hay may be secured. If the peas are thrashed, yields of 10 to 12 bushels per acre may be obtained. The use of cowpeas, either sown alone or between the rows of corn, is gradually being extended throughout the section. It gives rise not only to the production of an excellent forage crop, but also tends to increase the crop-producing power of the soil for other crops grown in the rotation. The Norfolk fine sandy loam is one of the best soils which can be found in the Middle Atlantic Coastal Plain for the production of the bright lemon-yellow cigarette tobacco. The yields of this tobacco range from about 500 pounds to 1,200 pounds per acre. The latter yields are only secured upon the more loamy phases of the type, and where the land has been carefully prepared and well fertilized. The smaller yields are usually secured upon portions of the type where the depth to the sandy clay subsoil exceeds 24 inches, or where the soil has been badly managed and insufficiently fertilized. The Norfolk fine sandy loam is well adapted to the production of peanuts, and they are coming to be extensively grown in eastern Vir- ginia and eastern North Carolina. Both the Spanish variety and the Virginia variety are grown. The former produces from 30 to 60 bushels of nuts per acre ; the latter from 50 to 100 bushels. Pea- nuts are grown in this section principally for the nuts, although some farmers are using the nuts and vines for fattening hogs, intro- ducing the crop into their regular rotation for this purpose and for the purpose of increasing the crop-producing power of the soil. Cotton is raised to a limited extent in extreme southern Virginia and extensively throughout eastern North Carolina upon the Norfolk NORFOLK FINE SANDY LOAM. 9 fine sandy loam. In the latter State it is the principal money crop, with bright tobacco second in importance. The yields of cotton naturally vary with the care which the land has received and with the degree of fertilization. In general, however, the Norfolk fine sandy loam produces from one-third to 1 bale of medium Upland cotton per acre. This is decidedly above the average yield for the section and marks the Norfolk fine sandy loam as one of the best cot- ton soils to be found in eastern North Carolina. With proper crop rotations, including the production of some leguminous crop like cowpeas or peanuts in the rotation, and with the proper incorpora- tion of organic matter in the form of stable manure or of a green crop turned under, the yields of cotton have been materially in- creased by the best farmers of this region. Wheat is grown to only a limited extent in eastern Virginia upon the Norfolk fine sandy loam, and the texture of the soil is altogether too light for the production of this crop as a staple. In North Carolina winter oats may be sown and either grazed off or cut for hay after having performed their function of a winter cover crop to prevent soil erosion and leaching. Very few oats are ever cut and thrashed for the grain, so that the yields may not be stated. For the improvement of the Norfolk fine sandy loam, crimson clover is being grown to a limited extent. It makes an excellent wrinter cover crop, and when turned under in the spring the soil produces a much larger yield of corn. Truck crops. — The Norfolk fine sandy loam is sufficiently warm and well drained to constitute a valuable soil for the production of the late and heavier truck crops, though it is not primarily a trucking soil like the Norfolk sand or Norfolk fine sand. -Among these, Irish potatoes are the most important. In eastern Virginia and in North Carolina yields of 90 to 150 bushels of Irish potatoes per acre may be secured with proper fertilization and cultivation. The yields are somewhat larger upon the Norfolk fine sandy loam than upon the lighter members of the series, but the potatoes are not ready for market at such an early date, nor is the quality quite so good as upon the more sandy soils. Sweet potatoes constitute an important and valuable truck crop, as well as an important general farm crop upon the Norfolk fine sandy loam. The yields are about the same as for Irish potatoes. In a few localities, particularly in eastern Virginia, cucumbers are also produced as a truck crop to fair advantage. It is upon the Norfolk fine sandy loam in eastern North Carolina that lettuce has become an extremely important winter forcing crop. The soil is thrown up into beds with heavy applications of well- 10 SOILS OF THE EASTERN UNITED STATES. rotted stable manure and with the addition of large amounts of com- plete commercial fertilizer. These beds are so arranged that they may be protected from severe frosts in January and February by cheesecloth coverings, which may be rolled down to cover the beds at night and rolled back in the morning after danger from frost has passed. The lettuce is largely of the head variety and yields valued at $800 to $1,200 an acre have been secured under the best systems of management. Cantaloupes and watermelons are both produced to fair advantage upon the Norfolk fine sandy loam and constitute important secondary truck crops for shipment to northern markets. Fruit crops. — Peaches are the most important tree fruit which may be grown upon the Norfolk fine sandy loam. Orchards should be planted only in locations which have excellent air drainage as well as water drainage. The trees are reasonably long lived and thrifty, and if the location is well chosen good crops are secured at from 3 to 4 years from the planting of the orchard. Strawberries are of secondary importance as a fruit crop, although they are grown to quite an extent upon the Norfolk fine sandy loam. The early varieties for the northern market are best suited to this type. South Atlantic section. — In the South Atlantic section, including South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida, the soil adaptations vary some- what from those of the Middle Atlantic section. Among the gen- eral farm crops cotton takes the leading place, and yields ranging from one-third bale to 1£ bales per acre of Upland cotton are secured. Immediately along the coast, particularly upon the sea islands, the Sea-Island or long staple cotton is also produced to good advantage upon the Norfolk fine sandy loam, where the elevation is not too great. Bright tobacco is grown to a limited extent in some portions of eastern South Carolina, although the cultivation of this crop is being extended. Yields vary from 500 to 1,000 pounds or more per acre, depending upon the degree of fertilization and care bestowed upon the soil. Corn is an important general farm crop, giving yields of from 12 to 30 bushels per acre, which may be exceeded by more careful methods of fertilization and tillage. The Norfolk fine sandy loam compares favorably with the Orangeburg fine sandy loam as a corn soil in this general region. Cowpeas are grown as in the Middle Atlantic section with about the same results. In southern Georgia and northern Florida the medium-deep phase of the Norfolk fine sandy loam is the chosen 'soil for the production NORFOLK FINE SANDY LOAM. 11 of shade-grown cigar-wrapper tobacco. On this phase the subsoil at a depth of 10 to 15 inches is normally a heavy fine sandy loam, which quickly passes into a bright-yellow friable fine sandy clay. This type of soil maintains sufficient moisture supply for the devel- opment of the shade-grown tobacco without irrigation, and yields varying from 1,000 to 1,300 pounds per acre are secured. Heavy fertilization with organic manures and with special commercial fer- tilizers are required for securing the larger yields. Careful and fre- quent cultivation throughout the growing season is required, and in especially dry seasons facilities for irrigation will frequently increase the crop yields sufficiently to warrant the expenditure for the neces- sary outfit. A good crop of shade-grown tobacco will produce from 50 to 60 per cent of wrapper leaves. Neither the deep nor the shal- low phases of the Norfolk fine sandy loam is so well suited to the production of the shade-grown tobacco as this medium phase. . ' In both the South Atlantic and Eastern Gulf sections the Norfolk fine sandy loam is also an important soil for the production of table sirup from sugar cane. Yields of 200 to 450 gallons of sirup per acre have been secured, and the cultivation of cane for sirup pro- duction may well be extended upon this soil type. Of the secondary crops suited to the Norfolk fine sandy loam, winter oats is the most important. The crop is usually sown after some other crop has been harvested in the fall. Oats produce light yields of forage, which may either be grazed off or cut for hay. Grain is rarely produced. Truck crops. — Early Irish potatoes are occasionally produced upon this type, but the more sandy members of the Norfolk series are better suited to potato raising for the early market. Sweet potatoes are extensively grown as a home crop, and upon well-prepared areas of the Norfolk fine sandy loam produce yields of 150 to 200 bushels per acre. Watermelons and cantaloupes are grown for the home market, and, to a limited extent, for shipment. From southeastern North Carolina to Florida the Norfolk fine sandy loam is probably the best soil for the production of winter cabbages. For this crop the soil must be well supplied with organic matter, the depth to the sandy clay subsoil must not be too great, and drainage must not be excessive. If natural drainage is insuffi- cient, as in the lower lying areas, artificial drainage through open ditches or systems of tile may be required. The crop does not require protection from winter frosts from Wilmington southward, and may be placed upon an early northern market. Cucumbers and lettuce are also grown to a limited degree. 12 SOILS OF THE EASTERN UNITED STATES. Fruit. — In South Carolina the Norfolk fine sandy loam has been shown to be well suited to the production of strawberries. The soil for the production of strawberries is heavily fertilized with a com- plete commercial fertilizer, and the best growers also prepare the land either by raising some leguminous crop for green manure, or by the application of large amounts of stable manure. With this thorough preparation and fertilization the growers not infrequently secure from $300 to $500 per acre net profit. Peaches may also be grown upon the properly drained areas of the Norfolk fine sandy loam having the requisite elevation and air drainage. The development of peach orchards upon the type is becoming important in southern Georgia and northern Florida. It is usually considered best to locate the orchards upon the shallow or medium phase of the type, although satisfactory growth can be made even if the subsoil is present at a depth greater than 24 inches. The Eastern Gulf section. — In the Eastern Gulf section the Nor- folk fine sandy loam is more extensively used for the production of general farm crops than for the raising of truck. Cotton is the principal crop produced, yielding from one-fourth of a bale to three-fourths of a bale per acre, although it is not so well adapted to cotton as are some of the Houston series or some of the River Flood Plains soils. The variation in yield is principally due to the differences in the preparation and fertilization of the land. Corn is second only to cotton in the extent to which it is grown. The yields are frequently unnecessarily low, ranging from 10 to 20 bushels per acre. Cowpeas are sometimes sown in the corn and sometimes grown as an independent forage crop. The average yield is about 1^ tons of cowpea hay per acre. Oats are grown as a secondary winter cover crop, although grain is rarely harvested. The production of truck crops has not been extensively developed upon the Norfolk fine sandy loam in the Eastern Gulf section ex- cept in the southern portions of Alabama and Mississippi, and here not to the extent that is justified. Sweet potatoes are produced for home use, and some watermelons are grown either for the local market or for shipment. Pecan orchards make a good growth upon this soil in the near vicinity of the Gulf of Mexico. Western Gulf section. — In this section the Norfolk fine sandy loam is chiefly used for the production of general farm crops. Cotton leads in acreage and produces from one-fourth to one-half of a bale per acre. Corn produces from 15 to 25 bushels. The yields of both crops can readily be increased by careful preparation of the soil and appropriate fertilization. Cowpeas are grown to some extent with I NORFOLK FINE SANDY LOAM. 13 the corn, while the production of peanuts, largely as a forage crop, is steadily increasing. Truck crops. — Where the Norfolk fine sandy loam has been used in the Western Gulf section for trucking it has been found to yield from 60 to 100 bushels of Irish potatoes, 200 to 300 bushels of sweet potatoes, and 100 to 150 bushels of tomatoes per acre. Where both air and water drainage are satisfactory peaches may be grown. SUMMARY. It would appear from these considerations of the actual uses of the Norfolk fine sandy loam that it is best suited in its most northern locations for the production of corn, bright tobacco, peanuts, and cowpeas as the principal general farm crops, with oats, rye, and crimson clover, or possibly wheat, as a winter cover crop. Among the truck crops in the more northern regions, Irish potatoes, sweet potatoes, cucumbers, and lettuce lead, with cantaloupes and water- melons of secondary importance. In the more southern regions cotton becomes the principal general crop, followed by corn, cowpeas, and locally by bright tobacco. Among the special crops the production of the shade-grown Su- matra tobacco in southern Georgia and northern Florida is the most important development. The truck crops for this more southern section are cabbage, straw- berries, lettuce, and cucumbers of first importance, and Irish and sweet potatoes, cantaloupes and watermelons of secondary importance. Peaches are the principal tree fruit, while pecans form the leading nut crop. In the Eastern Gulf section cotton is the leading general crop; corn is of secondary importance, and the same is true of cowpeas and winter oats. Truck crops and fruit crops are grown only to a limited degree, although the extension of the area devoted to such crops might well occur in regions located properly with respect to rapid transporta- tion to markets. In the Western Gulf section cotton is the leading crop, followed closely by corn, while cowpeas and peanuts are of secondary im- portance. Among the trucking crops Irish and sweet potatoes and tomatoes are coming to have a leading place. Peaches are practically the only fruit crop grown. The Norfolk fine sandy loam is thus one of the most important general-purpose soil types in the Coastal Plain region. It is friable and easy to till. It is normally well drained or susceptible of easy 14 SOILS OF THE EASTERN UNITED STATES. drainage. Its generally level topography invites the use of modern power machinery, while its productiveness for both general farm crops and for special crops under suitable climatic conditions is somewhat above the average of the majority of the soils of the region. Careful tillage, the rotation of crops, and the incorporation of organic matter in the surface soil form the most important points to be considered in its cultivation after the proper crops for each locality have been selected. Approved. JAMES WILSON, Secretary of Agriculture. APPENDIX. The following table shows the extent of the Norfolk fine sandy loam in the areas surveyed to this time. In the first column is stated the particular survey in which the soil was encountered; in the second column, its extent in acres; and in the third column, the particular volume of the Field Operations of the Bureau of Soils in which the report upon the area may be found. Those desiring a detailed description of the soil and of the general conditions which surround it in any particular area may consult these volumes in almost any public library. Areas of Norfolk fine sandy loam encountered in the soil survey. Survey. Area of soil. Year of publica- tion Field Opera- tions. Alabama: Autauga County Acres. 2,240 1908 Baldwin Connty 286, 912 1909 Butler County 25, 472 1907 Coffee County 1,152 1909 Dallas County 163, 392 1905 Hale County 3 328 1909 Henry County 1 024 1908 Lamar County 10 560 1908 Macon County 21, 952 1904 Mobile area 7,168 1903 Montgomery County 39, 552 1905 Sumter County 48, 128 1904 Florida: Escambia County 54,016 1906 Gadsden County : 28, 096 1903 Jefferson County 65, 472 1907 Leon County 67, 328 1905 Marianna area 65, 280 1909 Georgia: Bainbridge area 58, 688 1904 Fort Valley area ' 23, 488 1903 Grady County 123, 392 1908 Thomas County 110, 016 1908 Waycross area 11, 328 1906 Louisiana: Bienville Parish 152, 576 1908 Caddo Parish 114, 304 1906 De Soto Parish 244, 992 1904 Winn Parish 191, 424 1907 Mississippi: Biloxi area 171 968 1904 Clay County 25, 152 1909 Jasper County 96, 192 1907 McNeill area 81, 472 1903 Monroe County. . , 16, 192 1908 Oktibbeha County 24,832 1907 Scran ton area. . 45. 824 1909 15 16 SOILS OF THE EASTERN UNITED STATES. Areas of Norfolk fine sandy loam encountered in the soil survey — Continued. Survey. Area of soil. North Carolina: Acre*. Chowan County 17, 024 Craven area 125, 440 Duplin County 180, 032 Edgecombe County 150, 912 New Hanover County 9, 216 Pasquotank and Perquimans Counties 43, 968 Pitt County 161, 920 Raleigh to Newbern area 36, 100 Robeson County 105, 920 South Carolina: Charleston area 47, 680 Conway area 67, 328 Darlington area2 25,600 Lee County 3, 584 Orangeburg area 4, 480 Sumter County 13,824 Texas: Anderson County '. . 224, 640 Camp County 61, 184 Franklin County ! 5, 312 Henderson area 48, 064 Houston County 145, 408 Lufkin area 6, 016 Morris County , 33, 920 Nacogdoches area 19, 008 Robertson County 27, 776 Titus County 61, 952 Willis area3 107,180 Virginia: Chesterfield County 8, 832 Hanover County 39, 232 Norfolk area 38,144 Yorktown area 144, 064 1906 1903 1905 1907 1906 1905 1909 1900 1908 1904 1909 1902 1907 1904 1907 1904 1908 1908 1906 1905 1903 1909 1903 1907 1909 1901 1906 1905 1Q"3 1905 1 Mapped as Norfolk sandy loam. - Mapped as Ayden fine sandy loam. 3 Mapped as Willis sand and Norfolk fine sandy loam. o RETURN TO- 1 2 3 4 5 6 ALL BOOKS MAY BE RECALLED AFTER 7 DAYS DUE AS STAMPED BELOW SENT ON ILL JAN 1 0 1995 U. 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