OK
161

1899

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.34
1899

The
Arnold Arb(
Purchase
June 1971

13. SiL;l-w 't

I From Journal Columbus Horticultural Society. April, 18510.] ^ ^ z-,^

SOURCES OF THE OHIO FLORA.

BY A. D. SELBY AND J. W. T. DUVEL^

In this discussion, it is the aim of the authors to present a
very brief survey of the Ohio Flora, viewed by the light of
the direction of orii^nn, after first considerint; its present ele-
ments. In this respect, the method of study pursued is
analogous to that of Coulter and Thompson in their "Origin of
the Indiana Flora."

Broadly spoaking, the State of Ohio is divided into a south-
southeastern, hilly or mountain region, comprising about one-
third the total area, partially covered by drift at the southwest,
and a north-northwestern glaciated area, which is more level
though often rolling. The first named has an Appalachian
character of plants, both as to probable origin and as to
ecological composition. The topography is rugged in most
parts, and while there are various soils, accordingly as derived
from different underlying strata, it does not seem clear that a
division of the region can be easily made, at present ; a sub-
division may finally be found along the sub-carboniferous out-
crop, through Ross, Pike and Scioto counties.

The glaciated or drift area of the state, from the general
aspect of which we find marked topographical deviations in
several parts, certainly admits of division, though first attempts
are necessarily more or less tentative. We have made an effort
to bring out regions showing a characteristic flora. At the
north, excluding the lake beaches, etc., the separation appears
to follow the out-crop of the Huron shale, and this holds true
southward to Fairfield County. The western portion of the
State appears to have a more uniform flora from north to
south, than is found in the eastern.

THE PLANT REGIONS OF OHIO.

The division of any state into regions which are character-
ized by certain peculiar or typical species of plants is by no
means an easy task. Such regions if properly and correctly
drawn must conform to the boundaries of the spheres of
operation of the causes leading to the final results we now dis-
cover in Ohio. Brevity is imposed upon all the discussioHis of
this paper ; what is stated, therefore, must be without any con-
siderable illustration. We have endeavored to study the Ohio

* Read in part before the Oliio Stat« Acaileiuy of Science, December, 1S98,

NKW YORK

36 Proceedings of the Columbus Horticultural Society.

Flora as it is, and have been influenced in the work by what
appear to have been the general conditions of plant distribu-
tion on our continent. If the method of study be correct,
then any errors in the detailed lists will certainly be corrected.
Such errors and especially omissions will doubtless present
themselves to many.

The discussion of the geology and topography of Ohio is
largely excluded, and we may only refer to some very general
features.* The western half, exclusive of a limited area in
the extreme northwest, is underlaid by various limestone
formations with accompanying shales from the Lower
Silurian to the Devonian in age ; bordering this on the north-
west and extending on the east almost through the state, are
the shale deposits of Devonian age ; on these in turn are
superposed the subcarboniferous and the coal bearing strata ;
the latter characterize much of eastern Ohio. The Ohio river
and its tributaries drain the larger part of the area, while the
minor drainage is by the Maumee and various smaller streams
into Lake Erie. The areas of former glacial activity have
already been indicated.

Out of all the past changes within our boundary comes the
Ohio of botanical study, and we shall expect to perceive
marks of past conditions upon every side. The state may
apparently be divided into the four plant regions which follow.
Geological and climatic conditions appear for the most part to
have been potent factors ; topography is certainly not wanting
in influence. No part of our area is deficient in rainfall ;
many situations exhibit plants adapted to periods of dryness.

L The Regio7i of Hills — Neo-Appalachia7i.

This region includes the unglaciated south-southeastern
portion of the state as well as the glaciated hills along the
Ohio river in the southwest. The entire region is much broken
and broadly speaking is the Ohio Valley Hill Region, limited
at the northeast by the glacial advance.

2. The Northeastern Highland Region — Neo-Transition.

The region thus named is glaciated, often dotted by small
lakes, and has, for its almost median line, the Lake Erie water-
shed. It extends westward to the Huron river and follows the
Huron shale southward till this is approached by the glacial
moraine in northern Fairfield County ; thence to Pennsylvania

*The reader who would pursue the matter further is referred to the Reports of the
Ohio Geological Survey, especially to Vol. VII, 1893, which contains a small geological
map of Ohio.

Proceedings of the Columbus Horticultural Society. 37

the line of separation follows near the moraine, north and
sli<:jhtly east to northeast Knox County and then in a north-
bending curve to the state line. Extreme northwestern Ohio
may also fall in this region.

3. The Lake Erie Regio?i — The Lacustrine.

This region includes the present inlets, marshes, and beaches
of Lake Erie, also the ancient beaches or deep sands of the
Oak-openings now some distance from the lake. Such sands
are found in Fulton, Lucas and Henry ; they are continued
across Ohio in Sandusky, Erie, Lake and other counties.

4. T/ic Western Region — The Calcareous.

The western region includes almost half the state, all
glaciated, extending from Erie, Crawford, Morrow, Delaware,
Franklin and Pickaway counties westward to Indiana and
southward to Highland and Hamilton. The prairie plants are
chiefly limited to this western region. There follow short lists
of the indigenous plants of these regions :

Typical Species of the Neo- Appalachian Region.

Pinus Virginiana,
Pinus rigida,
Uniola latifolia,
Panicularia nervata,
Habenaria peramrtna,
Corallorhiza Corallorhiza,
Betula nigra,
Betula lenta.
Castanea pumila,
Qucrcus nigra,
Phoradendron llavescens,
Silene rolundifulia,
Alsine pubcra,
Trolliiis laxus,
Liquidambar Styraciflua,
Portcranthus stipulatus,
Stylosanthes biflora,
Acalypha ostryii.folia,
Ilex opaca,

Tilia heterophylla,
Ascyrum hypericoides,
Araiia spinosa,
Azalea lutea,

Rhododendron maximum,
Kalmia latifolia,
Oxydendrum arboreum,
Chionanthus X'irginica,
Gentiana villosa,
Ampelanu8 albidus,
\'inccto\icuni gonocarpos,
Trichostcma dicbotomum,
Dasystoma In vig;ita,
Bignonia crucigera,
Triosteum angustifoliura,
Lobelia pubcrula,
Chrysopsis Mariana,
Coreopsis major,
Coreopsis auriculata.

Northern and southern forms are here mingled. Many^ of
the typical plants of this region are included in the list of
plants from the south and southeast, while not a few have a

northeastern range.

CD

1^

38

Proceedings of the Columbus Horticultural Society.

Typical Species of the Nco-Tra7isitio7i Region.

Pinus Strobus,
Larix laricina,
Potamogeton amplifolius,
Potamogeton lonchites,
Potamogeton pt- rfoliatus,
Potamogeton foliosus,
Potamogeton obtusifolius,
Oryzopsis juncea,
Cinna latifolia,
Scirpus subterminalis,
Scirpus debilis,
Scirpus Torreyi,
Eriophorum vaginatum,
Eriophorum polystachyon,
Eriophorum gracile,
Carex oligosperma,
Carex scabrata,
Carex limosa,
Carex pallescens,
Carex conoidea,
Carex pedunculata,
Carex tenella,
Carex sterilis,
Carex canescens,
Carex trisperma,
Calla palustris,

"V'agnera trifolia,
Habenaria Hookeriana,
Habenaria blephariglcttis,
Corylus rostrata,
Betula lutea,
Blitum capitatuHQ,
Sagina procumbens,
Nymphcea Kalmiana,
Coptis trifolia,
Aconitum Noveboracense,
Aconitura uncinatum,
Adlumia fungosa,
Sarracenia purpurea,
Geum strictum,
Sorbus sambucifolia,
Polygala paucifolia,
Ilicioides mucronata,
Hypericum ellipticum,
Conioselinum Chinense,
Hydrocotyle Americana,
Cornua Canadensis.
Pyrola asarifolia,
Pyrola secunda,
Oxycoccus Oxycoccue,
Viburnum alnifolium,
Viburnum cassinoides.

The plants of this region given above as typical, are north
and northeastern in range. Pinus strobus and Larix laricina are
here indigenous, while numerous species of high latitudes are
found in the deep ravines and about the small lakes and tama-
rack swamps peculiar to this part of our glaciated area. The
typical species and the general aspects of the region resemble
quite closely those of northeastern Indiana. Extreme north-
western Ohio will doubtless disclose there, upon thorough
investigation, many of the plants in this list.

lypical Species of the Lacustri^ie Region.

Equisetum littorale,
Juniperus communis,
Potamogeton praelongus,
Potamogeton Hillii,
Potamogeton Fricsii,
Potamogeton interruptus,
Sporobolus cryptandrus,
Ammophila arenaria.
Calamovilfa longifolia,
Sicglingia purpurea,
Eragrostis pectinacea,
Cyperus Schweinitzii,
Juncut Gerardi,

Sjflliif TTTiygdilnidpg,
Salix glaucophylla,
Polygonum ramosissimum,
Polygonella articuiata,
Anemone cylindrica.
Ranunculus ovalis,
Cakile edentula,
Potentilla arguta,
Potentilla paradoxa,
Potentilla Anserina,
Prunus cuneata,
Lathyrus maritimus,
Lathyrus ochroleucus.

Proceedi?igs of the Columbus Horticultural Society.

39

Geranium Robertianum, Arctostaphylos Uva-Ursi,

Polygala cruciata, Lithospermum hirtum,

Polyg^la polygania, Melampyrum lineare,

Euphorbia polygonifolia, Lonicera oblongifolia,

Viola lanceolata, Artemisia Canadensis.
Proserpinaca palustris,

The marine species of our flora are found on the lake shores
and beach sands. Many of the typical species are found
throughout the great lakes. Many boreal plants grow in this

Typical Species of the Calcareous Region.

Kraunhia frutescens;
Meibomia lUinoensis,
Ceanothus oratus,
Dodecatheon Meadia,
Verbena bracteosa,
Clinopodium glabrum,
Lactuca pulchella,
Solidago Ohioensis,
Aster azureus,
Leptilon divaricatum.

Thuja occidentalis,
Triglochin palustris,
Sporobolus heterolepis,
Eatonia obtusata,
Kouleria cristata,
Bromus Kalmh,
Cladium maris€oides,
Carex siccata,
Trillium nivale,
Erysimum asperum,
Potentilla fruticosa,

The greater number of the typical species for the western
region are southwestern and western in range. The eastward
limitation of a large number of species is noted by Moseley
in his Sandusky Flora now in press. It must appear to all that
this is the least satisfactory of the typical lists.

WHENCE CAME THE PLANTS OF OHIO?

Taking the Ohio Flora as a whole, we may properly con-
sider it in the light of its sources, or origin, as indicated by
the range of its species.

The identity of many genera and species of the North
American Flora, with those of Europe and Eastern Asia was
long the subject of careful investigation by Dr. Asa Gray
(I, II, III, IV). A study of his work must not be omitted if
we would become familiar with the elements of our Flora, con-
sidered in this relation. He has shown (II and IV) that in
the number of identical genera and species of forest trees the
Flora of the Atlantic United .States approaches more nearly
to that of Eastern Asia than to the Pacific Slope. After dis-
cussing the striking differences in the present forests of
Europe and Western America on the one hand, compared with
those of the Atlantic United States and Eastern Asia on the
other, he continues as follows (IV, 188): "Extending the
comparison to shrubs and herbs it more than appears that the

40 Proceedings of tJie Columbus Horticultural Society.

forms and types which we count as peculiar to our Atlantic
region, when we compare them as we first naturally do, with
P2urope and our west, have their close counterparts in Japan
and North China ; some in identical species (especially among
herbs) often in strikingly similar ones, not rarely as sole
species of peculiar genera or related generic types. Evidences
of this remarkable relationship have multiplied year after
year, until what was long a wonder has come to be so common
that I should now not be greatly surprised if a Sarracenia or a
Dioneta, or their like, should turn up in Eastern Asia. Very
few of such isolated types remain without counterparts. It is,
as if Nature when she had enough species of a genus to go
around, dealt them fairly, one at least to each quarter of our
zone ; but when she had only two of some peculiar kind, gave
one to us and the other to Japan, Manchuria or the Himalayas ;
when she had only one, divided this between the two partners
on the opposite sides of the table."

As a more complete illustration of this relationship we give
the following table extracted from the appendix of Dr. Gray's
Dubuque address (IV) and from his paper On the Botany of
Japan. It is supplemented by a list of species occurring ih
Ohio, Asia and Japan and also found in Europe.

LIST OF EXTRA-EUROPEAN PLANTS OCCURRING IN OHIO AND IN

NORTHEASTERN ASIA, REPRESENTED BY IDENTICAL

OR STRICTLY REPRESENTATIVE SPECIES.

1. /;/ Ohio.

Lycopodium lucidulum,
Lycopodium dendroideum (L. ob

scurum L.),
Adiantum pedatum,
Asplenium acrostichoides,
Camptosorub rhizophyllus,
Onoclea sensibilia,
Osniunda cinnamomea,
Osmunda Clavtoniana,
Botrychium Vir^inicum,
Thuja occidentalis,
Tsuga Canadensis,
Pinus Strobus,
Taxus minor,
Avena striata,
Zizania aquatica,
Carex stipata,
Eriophorum cyperinum,
Abama Americana,
Erythronium Americanum and

Albidum,

2. In Northeastern Asia — jfapa^i
to Altai Mo7i?iiains.

Lycopodium lucidulum,
Lycopodium dendroidt^um,

Adiantum pedatum,
Asplenium acrostichoides,
Camptosorus Sibiricus,
Onoclea sensibilis,
Osmunda cinnamomea,
Osmunda Claytoniana,
Botrychium Virginicum,
Thuja Japonica,
Tsuga Tsuga, etc.,
Pinus excelsa,
Taxus cuspidata,
Avena callosa,

Zizania=Hydrophyrum latifolium,
Carex stipata,
Eriophorum cyperinum,
Abama Asiatica,
Erythronium grandiflorum,

Proceedings oj tJie Columbus Hotticultural Society. 41

Vagnera [Sinilacina] trifolia,

Va^nera (SmUacina) racemosa,

Vagnera {Smilacin<i) stellata,

Polygonatum commutatuni,

Clintonia borealis,

Disporum (rrus(irles) lanuginosum,

Cham;L'lirium luteum,

Trillium granditiorum,

Trillium crectum,

Smilax hispida,

Smilax hcrbacea,

Iris cristata,

Aletris farinosa,

Habenaria Hava,

Leptorchis (Llparii^) liliifolia,

Pogonia ophioglos?oides,

Symplocarpus fci^tidus {Spathyema

Raf),
Arisanna 3 spp.,
Corylus rogtrata,
Juglans cinerea,

Urticastrum {Laportea) divaricatum,
Adicea (Piled) pumila,
Saururus cernuus,
Lindera Benzoin,
Polygonum arifolium,
Polygonum sagittatum,
Phylotacca decandra,
Asarum Canadensis.
Brasenia purpurea,
Nclumbo ( Nehmihium) luteum,
Magnolia acuminata,
Anemone Pennsylvanica,
Oxygraphis Cymbalaria,
Ranunculus Pennsylvanicus,
Trautvetteria Carolinensis,
Hydrastis Canadensis,
Aconitum uncinatum,
Acta,a rubra,
ActiL-a alba,
Cimicifuga racemosa,
Menispermum Canadense,
Arabis lyrata,
Caulophyllum thaiictroides,
Jeffersonia diphylla,
Capnoides aureum,
Ribes Cynosbati,
Ribes lacustre,
Ribes prostratum,
TiarcUa cordifolia,
Sorbus I /-'j'rw^) sambucifolia,
Rubus Amcricanus,
Rubus strigosus,

Vagnera {Smilacina) trifolia,

Vagnera (Sinilacina) Japonica,

Vagnera {Sinilacina) Davarica,

Polygonatum commutatum,

Clintonia udensis,

Disporum {J'rosartes) lanuginosum,

Chamiclirium luteum,

Trillium obovatum,

Trillium erectum var,

Smilax Lieboldii.

Smilax herbacea-^Nipponica,

Iris tectorum^cristata.

Aletris Japonica,

Habenaria fucescens,

Leptorchis {/.iparis) liliifolia,

Pogonia ophioglossoides,

Symplocarpus ftjetidus and Lysichi-

ton Camschatcense,
AiHsaana 9 spp.,

Corylus rostrata var Mandechuriana,
Juglans Mandechuriana, stenocarpa,
Urticastrum [Laportea) evitata,
Adicea {Pilea) pumila,
Saururus Loureiri,
Lindera hypoglauca,
Polygonum perfoiiatum,
Polygonum sagittatum, Lieboldii,
Phylotacca Kumpferi,
Asarum caulescens and Lieboldii.
Brasenia purpurea,
Nelumbo (Nelumbium) speciosum.
Magnolia, 8 to 12 spp..
Anemone dichotoma Pennsylvanica,
Oxygraphis {Rammculus) Cymbalaria
Ranunculus Pennsylvanicus,
Trautvetteria Carolinensis,
Hydrastis Jesoensis,
Aconitum uncinatum,
Actita rubra,
ActcL-a alba,
[Cimicifuga, 'i spp.),
Menispernum Daharianc,
Arabis lyrata,

Caulophyllum thaiictroides,
Jeffersonia IMagiorhegnea dubium,
Capnoides [Corydalis) aureum,
Ribes Cynosbati,
Ribes lacustre,
Ribes laxitlorum,
Tiarella pohphylla,
Sorbus [Pvrus] sambucifolia,
Rubus Americanus var Japonicus,
Rubus strigosus,

42 Proceedings of the Columbus Hof iicultural Society.

Amelanchier Canadensis var,
Gleditschia triacanthos,
yEsculus glabra,

Acer spicatum,

Ac»r Pcnnsylvanicum,

Rhus Vernix,

Rhus radicans,

Vitis Labrusca,

Anipelopsis cordata,

Triadenum [Hypericum) petiolatum

Triadenum { Hypericum) Virgini-

cum
Viola Canadensis,
Cornus Canadensis,
Cornus florida,
Cornus stolonifera,
Aralia spinosa,
Aralia racemosa,
Panax quinquefolium,
Heracleum lanatum,
Sium cicut;efolium,
Ueringa ( Cryptotienia) Canadensis,
Washingtonia [Osmorrhisa] longis-

tylis,
Pyrola elliptica.
Gaultheria procumbens,
Epig;ia repens,
Chiogenes hispidula,
Monotropa unillora,
Menyanthes trifoliata,
Lithospermum officinale,
Teucriuni Canadense,
Phlox subulata,
Veronica Virginica,
Tecoma radicans,
Lycopus \'irginicus,
Phryma Leptostachya,
Mitthella repens,
Viburnum lantanoides.
Artemisia Canadensis,
Artemisia biennis.

Amelanchier Canadensis var,

Gleditschia Chinensis, etc.,

/lisculus Chinensis and Hippocasta-

num,
Acer spicatum var,
Acer legmentosum,
Rhus Vernix ? (vernicifera)
Rhus radicans,
Vilis Labrusca,
Vitis humifolia,

Triadenum {Hypericum) petiolatum,
Triadenum {Hypericum) Virginicum,

Viola Canadensis var.,

Cornus Canadensis,

Ju'iiiJiamia, spp.,

Benthamia alba,

Aralia spi-^osa var.,

Aralia edulis, etc.,

Ar&Udi {Panax) Ginseng, etc.,

Heracleum lanatum,

Sium cicutiefolium,

Deringa {Cryptota-uia) Canadensis,

Washmgtonia {Osmorrhiza) longis-

tylis,
Pyrola elliptica.
Gaultheria pyroloides,
]\pigcua Asiatica,
Chiogenes hispidula,
Monotropa uniflora,
Menyanthes trifoliata,
Lithospermum officinale,
Teucrium Japonicum,
Phlox Sibirica,
Veronica Virginica,
Tecoma grandiiiora,
Lycopus parvitlorus,
Phyrma Leptostachya,
Mitchella undulata.
Viburnum lantanoides,
Artemisia Canadensis— ^comsnutata,
Artemisia biennis.

SPECIES COMMON TO

OHIO, EUROPE
ASIA.

AND NORTHEASTERN

/// OJiio.

Ophioglossum vulgatum,
Osuiunda regalis.
Dryopteris {Lashea) dilatata,
Polypodium vulgare,

In Europe and Northeastern Asia.

Oy^hioglossum vulgatum,
Osmunda regalis,
Dryopteris {Lashea) dilatata,
Polypodium vulgare.

Proceedings oj the Columbus Horticultural Society.

43

Junipcrus communis.

Alopecurus penicillatus,

Phalaris arundinacea,

Poa pratensis,

!'<j;i serotina,

Milium effusum,

Savastana odorata,

Paniciilaria ( Glyceria) lluitans,

Carcx filiformis,

Eriophorum gracilc,

Scirpus lacustris,

Juncus ttTusus,

Streptopus amplcxifolium,

Faj^us Americana,

Alsine uliginosa,

Caltha palustris,

Coptis trifolia,

Hepatica Hepatica and acuta,

Ranunculus sceleratus,

Arabis hirsuta,

Roripa palustris,

Drosera rotundifolia,

Agrimonia mollis (A. Eupatoria),

Geum strictum,

Coiiiarum [Potentilla) palustris,

Potenlilla Anserina,

Spiraja salicifolia,

Aruncus Aruncus,

Lathyrus palustris,

Hamamelis X'irginica,

Chrysosplenium Americanum,

CirCiL-a alpina,

Cornus Amonum (C. sericea),

Pyrola rotundifolia,

Moneses unitlora,

Oxycoccus Oxycoccus,

Menyanthes trifoliata,

Polemonium reptans,

Myosotis arvcnsis,

Stachys palustris,

Stachys aspera,

Utricularia intermedia,

Veronica Anagallis-aqualica,

Viburnum Opulus,

Sambucus pubens,

Galium trillorum,

Synosma t Cacalia) suavtolcns.

Junipcrus communis,

Alopecurus gcniculatus,

Phalaris arundinacea,

Poa pratensis,

Poa serotina.

Milium effusum,

Savastana odorata,

Panicularia iGlyceria) tluitans.

Carex filiformis,

Eriophorum gracile,

Scirpus lacustrii,

Juncus etfusus,

Streptopus amplcxifolium,

Fagus sylvatica,

Alsine uliginosa,

Caltlia palustris,

Coptis trifolia,

Hepatica Hepatica,

Ranunculus sceleratus,

Arabis hirsuta,

Roripa palustris,

Drosera rotundifolia,

Agrimonia mollis,

Geum strictum,

Comarum {Potentilla) palustris,

Potentilla Anserina,

Spirira salicifolia,

Aruncus Aruncus,

Lathyrus palustris,

Hamamelis Japonica (Asia),

Chrysosplenium Americanum.

Circ;ra alpina,

Cocnus sanguinea,

Pyrola rotundifolia,

Moneses uniflora,

Oxycoccus Oxycoccus,

Menyanthes trifoliata,

Polemonium CdTuleum,

Myosotis arvensis,

Stachys palustris,

Stachys aspera,

Utricularia intermedia.

Veronica Anagallis-aquatica,

Viburnum Opulus,

Sambucus pubens.

Galium tritlorum,

Synosma {Cacalia) suaveolens.

This tabulation shows that 112 indigenous species of Ohio
plants are represented in Japan and Northeast Asia by identical
or allied species, while 5L are thus represented
east Asia and Europe,
tion of the Asiatic plants it is possible that these figures would
require revision.

in both North-
Pi ad we at command a late enumera-

44 Proceedings of the Columbus Horticultural Society.

The relation of the Flora of the Northeastern United States
to that of Europe is very marked ; Ohio as a member of this
region, which has gradually come to be called the " Manual
Range" (latterly extended west to the 100th meridian) par-
takes likewise of this similarity in its Flora.

There are, (Gray I), of indigenous plants, 180 species of
dicotyls, 141 species of monocotyls and 20 species of ferns
common to the Northeastern United States and Europe or
341 species in all three classes of plants ; of these 150 species of
phanerogams and 16 soecies of ferns and allies are found in
Ohio.

According to views held generally by naturalists these rela-
tionships between the Flora of Eastern North America,
including Ohio, and those of Europe and Asia as already
pointed out, indicate that in the past histories of the floras of
these regions, there has been a common source from which
the plants of the several countries have arisen. Allowing for
the relation between allied forms and like topographical,
geological and climatic conditions there yet remains the dis-
position everywhere shown by naturalists, to refer identity of
form to similarity of origin. By this is meant not only to
similar conditions under which alone these resemblances would
be maintained if once possessed, but to refer the plants to
identical progenitors. Or to state it in another way, it is held
that the effect of environment is to modify pre-existing forms,
not to create new ones outright. When, therefore, similarity
or identity of species is found, as in the case cited, like condi-
tions of growth alone will not explain their occurrence. Com-
munity of origin is likewise called for.

For us in the present instance, this means that at one time
the progenitors of the plants of Japan. North China, and the
progenitors of the plants of Ohio, or a large number of them,
grew together in the North Polar region, whence they were
forced southward by the gradual change of climate which was
here during the glacial epoch. The studies of palaeontologists
have shown similar fossil plants in deposits within the Artie Cir-
cle, and there is abundant evidence of the former existence of a
flora like our present one in these high latitudes. Assuming that
such plants were driven to new conditions they would be modi-
fied by ecological adaptations. Furthermore, plants from the
north have met those typical of more southerly situations ;
the former have receded with returning warmth and have
carried the latter with them. Our fiora appears clearly to
have been the meeting point of plants from the northeast and
from the northwest. These have been met in turn by planst
from the east, often originally from the northeast, from the

Proceedings of the Columbus Horticultural Society. 45

south and from the west — the latter the more recent of our
accessions. In the lists which arc to follow the various com-
ponents will appear.

It may be said that the topography exerts a great influence.
All appreciate this ; at the same time must we not consider
the effects of pre-glacial and interglacial drainage when we
would write a full history of the Ohio plants ? As the glacial
advance must have forced plants south of us, which upon the
glacial recession again returned, so likewise must there have
been carried forward the plants which grew beside our Presi-
dent's great, pre-glacial, north-flowing river of this region ;
some of them in turn come back to us as plants from the
south. Liquidambar and Phoradendron spring into mind
at once. They also represent two different means by which
the migration of land plants are effected. The Ohio plants,
like the people who followed them, by reason of the eastern
gateway which the settlers found to the vast Valley of the
Mississippi, are cosmopolitan in character. Ecology and
PLthnology alike make record of these blended races.

Some few words of explanation will probably be necessary in
order that the classification as to direction of migration of
plants may be fully understood. In making up these lists it
has been our aim to take only those plants concerning which
there can be little doubt as to the direction of their move-
ment ; yet, we may have included some that might well have
been omitted and conversely. We have also indicated those
which occur in Europe, etc. Introduced or naturalized plants
are collected in a separate list ; the number of these may
doubtless be as much of a surprise to others as it was to us.

Topographical and hydrographical features have been con-
sidered in making the lists. Thus, for example, we may have
plants extending from Nova Scotia to Michigan and south in
the mountains to Georgia or Alabama, yet these plants appear
to have come to us from the northeast, as their southern limits
are confined to the mountain districts. Again, we may have
plants ranging from Texas to P'lorida and along the coast to
New Jersey, or probably even to Massachusetts. Where such
plants have made their way into our state we naturally con-
clude that they are southern, having made their advance along
the river valleys and not across the mountains.

As for plants from the east and southeast we have taken
only those of a limited area; those of a more extended range
being classed with the plants from the northeast and south
respectivel}'.

In making up the lists of plants that have come in from the
north, we met with many difficulties, owing to the fact that

46

Proceedings of the Columbus Horiicidtural Society.

such a vast number of our northern plants have a wide range,
some even from the Atlantic to the Pacific, thus making it
impossible, in many cases, to determine whether they were
strictly northern or whether they shouM be listed as having
come from the northeast or northwest. The list of northern
plants, therefore, has probably been unduly increased at the
expense of those from the northeast and northwest, for in the
majority of cases they undoubtedly have moved in one or the
other of these directions at the time of two great glacial
advances along these lines. We also believe them to be north-
eastern or northwestern in so much as many of them are to be
found in Europe or Asia. However, in either case, they will
be designated throughout the lists, so that the reader may
readily distinguish them.

The order in which the plants are arranged and the nomen-
clature used is that given by Britton and Brown in their
Illustrated Flora of the Northern States and Canada. Ranges
have been obtained from available sources. The Catalogue of
Ohio Plants by Kellerman and Werner has been the usual
source of information concerning distribution in the state.
Other sources are indicated in the list of works.

Plants found also in Europe are marked with an asterisk * ;
plants having a northern range from the Atlantic to the Pacific
are marked with a dagger f .

Plants f)'07Jt the NortJizvest.

Potamogeton amplifolius,
Potamogeton obtusifolius,
Stipa sp'irtea,
Sporobolus heterolepis,
Agrostis exarata,
Cyperus Schweinitzii,
Carex aristata,
Carex durifolia,
Carex teretiuscula prairea,
Carex Muskingumensis,
Allium cernuum,
Asaruni acuminatum,
Polygonum ainphibium,
Polygonum Hartwrightii,

Atriplex argentea,
■•'Alsine longifolia,

Arabis dentata,

Erysimum inconspicuum,

Chrysosplenium alternifolium,
jRibes lacustre,

Hydrophyllum Virginicum,

Steironema quadriflorum,

Lonicera glaucescens,

Valeriana edulis,

Lactuca pulchella,

Helianthus kTEtiflorus,

Artemisia biennis.

Plants from the North.

t^Ophioglossum vulgatum,
t^Bolrychium ianeeolatum,
T*Onoclea Struthiopteris,
t*Woodsia glabella,
pDryopteris spinulosa,
t*Dryopteris spinulosa intermedia,

t*Dryopteris spinulosa diiatata,
jPhegopteris Dryopteris,

t*Equisecum arvense,

t*Equisetum sylvaticum,

f-Equisetum fluviatile,
*Equ'isetum variegatum,

Proceedings of the Columbus Horticultural Society

47

lEquisetum scirpoides,

tLycopodiuin obscuriim,
t'^Lycopodium annotinum,
■j^-Lycopodiiim clavafim,
t*Lycopodiuni complanatum,
■f^Juniperus communis,
Taxus minor,

tSparj^^anum eurycarpum,

tPotamogelon Robbinsii,
l-Triglochin palustris,

tOryzopsiii a?pcrifo!ia,
t'-Cinna latifolia,

jAvena striata,
t"--Phalaris arundinacea,

•' Poa llava.
t^Panicularia lluitans,

■fScirpus subterminaiis,
■f-Eriophorum vaginatum,
Rynchospora capillacea,
Carex utriculata,

tCarex hliformis,
t' Carex aquatilis,
f-'Carex limosa,

|Carex viridula,
Carex digitalis copulata,
Carex aurea,
t'-Carex teretiuscula,
■j^^Carex tenclla,
i*Carex canescens,

•'Carex tenuiflora,
Carex fcxnea,
t''Juncus filiformis,
f-'Juncus Balticus,
t^Juncus ariiculatus.

tjuncus Richardsonianus,
t-Juncoides pilosum,
fTolicldia glutinosa,
tZygadcnus elegans,

X'agnera trifolia,

Orchis rotundifolia,

Habenaria orbiculata,

Coraliorhiza Corallorhiza,

Populus balsamifern,

Populus tremuloides,

Saiix Candida,
*Blitum capitatum,
■■'Alsine longipes,

Castalia tuberosa,

Cardamine purpurea,

Arabis brachycarpa,
■fRibes oxyacanthoides,

Phaca neglecta,
tVicia Cracca,
fVicia Americana,
■{"■••Lathyrus palustris,
■^'Hypericum Ascyron,
tPyrola asarifolia,
tMoneses uniflora,
fAndromeda Polifolia,
f Menyanthes trifoliata,

Galium ianceolalum,
tMentha Canadensis,
t •■Veronica Anagallis-aquatica,

Gerardia paupercula,
tViburnum Opulus,
f Lonicera cccrulea,
"^'Campanula rotundifolia,

Aster longifolius.

Plants fyoin the NottJicast.

*Botrychium matricarixfolium,

Woodsia Ilvensis,

Dryopteris cristata Clintoniana.

Dryopteris Goldieana,

Asplenium acrastichoidcs,

Pinus Strobus,

Larix laricina,

Tsuga Canadensis,

Thuja occidentalis,

Potamogeton Vaseyi,

Panicum xanthophysum,
■*Milium efl'usum,
*Ammophila arenaria,
^Deschnmp'sia flexuosa.

Pea dcbilis,

Poa alsodcs,

Panicularia obtusa,

Panicularia elongata,

Panicularia pallida,

Panicularia aculiflora,

Cyperus dentatus,

Elcocharis interstincta,

Eleocharis olivacea,
*Scirpus sylvaticus,

Scirpus cyperinus,

Eriophorum \'irginicum album,
■■•■Rynchospora fusca,

Carex oligospcrma,

Carex Tuckermani,

Carex Pgeudo-Cyperus,

Carex Goodenovii,

Carex prasina,

Carex costcUata,

Carex formosa,

Carex arctaia.

Carex tenuis,
*Carex pallescens,

Carex llava.

48

Procetdmgs of the Columbus Horticultural Society.

Carex conoidea,
Carex Careyana,
Carex setifolia,
Carex pedunculata,
Carex pedicellata,
Carex peliccllata Wheeleri,
Carex Novit-Ang^HcC.
Carex chordorhiza,
Carex rosea radiata,
Carex interior capillacea,
Carex straminea,
Carex strarninea mirabilis,
Allium tricoccum,
Lilium Philadelphicum,
Lilium tigrinum,
Trillium erectum,
Cypripedium acaule,
Cypripedium regina^,
Habenaria blephariglottis,
Habenaria granditiora,
Habenaria psycodes,
Arethusa bulbosa,
Gyrostachys plantaginea,
Comptonia peregrina,
Populus grandidentata,
Salix humilis,
Salix sericea,
Salix petiolaris,
Betula populifolia,
Betula pumila,
Castanea dentata,
Quercus nana,
Chenopodium polyspermum,
Sagina procumbens,
Sagina apetala,
Tissa rubra,
Castalia tuberosa,
Aconitum Noveboracense,
Hepatica acuta,
t^'Thalictrum purpurascens,
Ranunculus fascicularis,
Ranunculus sceleratus,
Anemone quinquefolia,
Capnoides aureum,
Cardamme tlexuosa,
Saxifraga Virginiensis,
Saxifraga Pennsylvanica,
Tiarella cordifolia,
Parnassia Caroliniana,
Sarracenia purpurea,
Ribes Cynosbati,
Ribes floridum,
Ribes rubrum,
Rubus odoratus.

Dilibarda repens,
Potentilla Canadensis,
Waldsteinia fragarioides,
Rosa blanda,
Prunus cuneata,
Lathyrus myrtifolius,
Uicioides macronata,
Acer Pennsylvanicum,
Hypericum ellipticum,
Helianthemum Canadense,
Viola ovata,
Viola rotundifolia,
Viola rostrata,
Myriophyllum tenellum,
Aralia nudicaulis,
Aralia hispida,
Conioselinum Chinense,
Sanicula trifoliata,
Cicuta bulbifera,
Hydroctoyle Americana,
Cornus alternifolia,
Cornus circinata,
Cornus candidissima,
Pyrola rotundifolia,
Rhododendron maximum,
Vaccinium atrococcum,
Oxycoccus Oxycoccus,
Trientalis Americana,
Fraxinus nigra,
Asclepias quadrifolia,
Asclepias Syriaca,

"••■Myosotis arvensis,
Monarda didyma,

•••Veronica officinalis,
Galium verum,
Galium palustre.
Viburnum alnifolium,
Viburnum acerifolium,
Viburnum dentatum.
Viburnum cassinoides,
Diervilla Diervilla,
Dipsacus sylvestris,
Leontodon autumnale,
Hieracium Canadense,
Solidago hispida,
Solidago uliginosa,
Sohdago Virgaurea,
Solidago juncea ramosa,
Aster Novi-Belgii,
Aster prenanthoides,
Gnaphalium uliginosum,
Erigeron annuus,
Carduus odoratus.

Proceedings of the Colinnbiis Horticultural Society. 49

Plants from the East.

*Typha angustifolia,
Panicum pubescens,
Poa brevifolia,
Carex bullata,
Carex ct?stivalis,
Carex alata,
Disporuni lanuginosum,
Salix alba cturulea,
Salix purpurea,
Betula luiea,
Quercus Prinus,
Bcehmeria cylindrica,
Polygonum Careyi,

Polygonella articulaia,
Silene Caroliniana,
Thalictrum polygamum,
Bicuculla eximia,
Cardamine arenicola,
Cardaminc rotundifolia,
MeiboriTa scssilifolia,
Linum X'irginianum,
Vitis bicolor,
Pimpinella Saxifraga,
Seriocarpus asteroides,
DoeHingeria intirma.

Plants fro?n the Southeast.

Panicum clongatum,
Eatonia nitida,
Sedum telephioides,
Sedum ternatum,
Spira:a corymbosa,
Hypericum prolificura,
Lechea Leggettii,
Azalea lutea,
Vaccinium pallidum,

Vincetoxicum obliquum,
Phlox ovata,
Scutellaria saxatilis,
Stachys cordata,
Houstonia purpurea,
Houstonia tenuifolia,
Galium latifolium,
Solidago erecta,
Silphium trifoliatum.

Plants from the South.

Asplenium pinnatifidum,
Polypodium polypodioides,
Pinus Virginiana,
Erianthus alopecuroides,
Andropogon Virginicus,
Chrysopogon nutans,
Panicum microcarpon,
Panicum commutatum,
Panicum dichotomum,
Panicum flexile,
Zizaniopsis miliacea,
Sporobolus aspcr,
Sporobolus vaginreflorus,
Trisetum Pcnnsylvanicum,
Sieglingia seslerioides,
Eragrostis capillaris,
Melica mutica,
Uniola latifolia,
Poa autumnalis,
Arundinaria tecta,
Cyperus ovularis,
Kyllinga pumila,
Rynchospora C(jrniculata,
Carex Frankii,
Carex amphibola,
Carex styloflexa,
Carex Crus-Corvi,

Carex decomposita,

Carex Aluhlenbergii Xalapensi;

Tradescantia piloba,

Juncus scirpoides,

Stenanthium robustum.

Mclanthium Virginicum,

Trillium rccurvatum,

Trillium sessile,

S.milax ecirrhata,

Smilax Pseudo-China,

Smilax Bona-nox,

Dioscorea villosa.

Iris cristata, {Ja/xin)

Pogonia divaricata,

Hicoria laciniosa,

Castanea pumila,

Quercus Marylandica,

Phoradendron tlavesccns,

Iresine paniculata,

Silene rotundifolia,

Silene rcgia.

Magnolia acuminata,

Clematis \'iorna,

Trautvetteria Cai olinensis,

Roripa sessilillora,

Arabis \'irginica.

Hydrangea arborcscens.

50

Proceedings of the Columbus Horticultural Society.

Liquidambar Styracilliia,
Mains anj];^ustifolia,
Baptisia leucantha,
Psoralca pedunculata,
Robinia viscosa,
Robinia hispida,
Stylosanlhes biflora,
Meiboniia virdiflora,
Meibomia arenicola,
Lespcdeza repens,
Oxalis rccurva,
Poly<^ala brevifolia,
Tilia heterophylla,
Triadenum petiolatiim,
Viola hastata,
Passiflora lutea,
Oenothera laciniata,
Gaura Michauxii,
Myriophyilum pinnatum,
Aralia spinosa,
Ligusdcum Canadense,
Nyssa aquatica,
Oxydendrum arboreum,
Chioanthus \^irginica,
Gentiana villosa,
Obolaria Virginica,
Vincetoxicum gonocarpos,
Cuscuta indecora,
Phlox paniculata,
Phacelia dubia,
Lippia lanceolata,
Synandra hispidula,
Stachys tenuifolia,
Salvia lyrata,
Clinopodium glabellum,

Koellia cristata,

Lycopiis rubellus,

Physalis viscosa,

Pentstemon Pentstemon,

Conobea multifida,

Buchnera Americana,

Bignonia crucigera,

Tecoma radicans,

Catalpa Catalpa,

Ruellia ciliosa,

Houstonia tenuifolia,

Spermacoce glabra,

Valerianella Woodsiana,

Legouzia biflora,

Lobelia puberula,

Lobelia leptostachys,

Adopogon UandeMon,

Lactuca villosa,

Nabalus virgatus,

Vernonia glauca,

Vernonia gigantea,

Elephantopus Carolinianus,

Eupatorium serotinuni,

Eiipatorium ccelestinum,

Kuhnia eupatorioides,

Chrysopsis graminifolia,

Aster hirsuticaulis,

Silphium ter»binthinaceum pinna-

tifidum,
Brauneria purpurea,
Helianthus microcephalus,
Verbesina occidentalis,
Coreopsis major,
Carduus Virginianus.

Plants frojii the Southivcst.

Korycarpus diandrus,
Juncus Torreyi,
Veratrum Woodii,
Toxylon pomiferum,
Acnida tamariscina,
Delphinium tricorne,
Porteranthus stipulatus,
Baptisia australis,
Falcata Pitcheri,
Euphorbia dentata.
Euphorbia obtusata,
/Esculus octandra,
Rhamnus lanceolata,
Hypericum gymnanthum,

Ammannia coccinea,
Eulophus Americanus,
Ipomoea lacunosa,
Convolvulus repens,
Phacelia bipinnatifida,
Verbena Canadensis,
Ruellia strepens,
Nabalus asper,
Vernonia fasiculata,
Aster oblongifolius,
Erigeron Bellidiastrum,
Helianthus mollis,
Verbesina helianthoides,
Senecio lobatus.

Proceedings of the Columbus Horticultural Society

51

PLnits from the West.

Panicum Liebergii,
Houtelouu curtipendula,
' Kti:leria cristata,
Kragrostis trichodes,
llordeum nodosum,
Juncus brachyccphalus,
Allium stellatum,
Lilium umbellatum.
Habenaria leucoplKca,
Silene alba,

Delphinium Carolinianum,
Stylophorum diphyllum,
Erysimum aspcrum,
Polanisia graveolens,
Sullivantia Sullivantii,
Trifolium stoloniferum,
Kuhnistera purpurea,
IVIeibomia Illinoensis,
Lechea stricta,

Vioia pedatifida,
Asclepias Sullivantii,
Cu scuta paradoxa,
Lithospermum angustifolium,
Verbena bracteosa,
Clinopodiuni glabrum,
Physalis lanceolata,
Afzelia macrophylla,
Lactuca Ludoviciana,
Ambrosia psilostachya,
Solidago rij^Mdiuscula,
Solidaf,'-o Riddellii,
Leptilon divaricatum,
Helianthus annuus,
Helianthus .e^rosse-serratus,
Helianthus doronicoides,
Bidens aristosa,
Me>adenia atriplicifolia,
Mcsadenia tuberosa.

A List of Plants Naturalized in Ohio, zvith Source.

[ Those naturalized in Australia
Moore (18^>), are marked A.]

Syntherisma sant^uinalis Eu.

Syntherisma linearis "

Panicuni Crus-^^alli "

Ixophorus verticiilatus "

Ixophorus ^laucus "

Exophorus viridis "

Ixophorus Itaiicus..Eu.-Asia-Afr.

A. Phalaris Canariensis Eu.

A. Anthoxanthum odoratum "

Phleum pratense "

A. Alopecurus pratensis "

Agrostis alba "

A. Holcus lanatus "

A. Avena fatua Eu. or Asia.

Arrhenatherum clatius Eu.

Capriola iJactylon "

Eleusine Indica Eu.-Asia-Afr.

Era^'rostis Erajjrostis Eu.

Era^rotis pilosa "

Era^'rostis major "

A. Dactylis glomerata "

A. Poa annua Eu.-Asia

Poa compressa " "

Poa trivialis Eu.

Eestuca ovina Eu.-Asia

P>stuca elatior Eu.

Bromus tcctorum "

A. Bromus sterilis Eu-Asia

as shown by Hooker ( H, 1859) and

A, Bromus hordeaceus Eu.

Bromus secalinus Eu.-Asia

liromus racemosus "

A. Lolium perenne " "

Agropyron repens " "

Carex muricata Eu.

Hemerocallis fulva Eu.-Asia

Allium vineale Eu.

Lilium tigiinum China-Japan

Ornithogalum umbellatum. . .Eu.

Muscari botryoides Eu.-Asia

Asparagus otticinalis Eu.

Populus alba S. Eu.-Asia

Salix fragilis Eu.

Salixalba "

A. Salix Babylonica Asia

Salix purpurea \\w.

Morus alba Eu.-Asia-Afr.

liroussonetiapapyrifera.Eu.-Asia

A. Cannabis sativa " "

A. Urtica dioica " "

A. Rumex crispus " "

A. Rumex Acetosella " "

Rumex sanguineus Eu.

Rumex obtusifolius .... Eu.-Asia
Eagopyrum Eagopvrum "
Polygonum lapathifolium —

Eu.-Asia

Polygonum Persicaria Eu.

52 Proceedings of the Cohi?nlnis Horticultural Society

Polygonum Hydropiper Eu.

Polygonum onentale India

Polygonum littorale —

Western U.S.

A. Polygonum Convolvulus —

Eu.-Asia

A. Chenopodium album "

A. Chenopodium glaucum Eu.

Chenopodium polyspermum. "

Chenopodium urbicum "

A. Chenopodium murale "

Chenopodium Botrys. . .Eu.-Asia
A. Chenopodium ambrosioides —

Trop. Amer.

Chenopodium anthelminticum —

Eu.

A. Atriplex hastata. .Western U. S.

Salsola Tragus Eu. or Asia

Amaranthus retroflexus—

Trop. Amer.

Amaranthus hybridus—

Trop. Amer.

A. Amaranthus spinosus —

Trop. Amer.

Amaranthus bhtoides —

Western U. S.

Amaranthus crispus. . .Unknown
Amaranthus grascizans —

Trop. Amer.

Mollugo verticillata —

Warmer U. S.

Claytonia perfoliata —

Western U. S.

A. Portulaca oleracea —

S. Western U. S.

A. Agrostemma Githago . Eu. N. Asia

Silene vulgaris Eu.-Asia

Silene Armeria Eu.

Silene noctiflora "

Silene conica "

Silene dichotoma "

Lychnis alba "

Lychnis Coronaria "

Saponaria officinalis "

A. Dianthus prolifer "

Dianthus Armeria "

A. Alsine media Eu.-Asia

Alsine graminea. .Can.-Eu.-Asia

Cerastium viscosum Eu.

A. Cerastium vulgatum "

Holosteum umbellatum . Eu.-Asia
A. Arenaria serpyllifolia —

Eu.-N. Asia

Scleranthus annuus Eu.

A. Spergula arvensis Eu.

Tissa rubra Eu.-Asia

Aquilegia vulgaris Eu.

A. Uelphmium Consolida "

Delphinium Ajacis "

A. Ranunculus acris "

Ranunculus bulbosus "

Ranunculus repens "

Berberis vulgaris Eu.-Asia

Papaver somniferum —

Mediterranean region

Papaver Rhceas Eu.

A. Papaver dubium "

A. Argemone Mexicana.Trop.Amer.

Chelidonium majus Eu.

A. Fumaria officinalis "

Lepidium campestre "

A. Lepidium ruderale "

Thiaspi arvense Eu.-N. Asia

Alliaria AUiaria " "

A. Sisymbrium officinale " "

Sinapis alba Eu.-Asia

Brassica nigra Eu.-C. Asia

A, Brassica arvensis Eu.

A. Brassica campestris "

Coringia orientalis "

A. Raphanus Raphanistrum —

Eu.-N. Asia

Raphanus sativus Asia

Barbarea Barbarea Eu.

Roripa sylvestris Eu.-N. Asia

A. Roripa Nasturtium. . "

Roripa Armoracia Eu.

A. Bursa Bursa-pastoris "

Camelina sativa "

Draba verna Eu.-W. Asia

Aly ssum alyssoides Eu.

Hesperis matronalis. . . .Eu.-Asia

Reseda lutea Eu.

Sedum Telephium. .Eu.-W. Asia

Sedum acre Eu. N. Asia

Potentilla recta Eu.-Asia

A, Rosa rubiginosa Eu.-C. Asia

Sorbus Americana. . . .N. E. Am.

Malus Malus Eu.-W, Asia

Crataegus Oxyacantha. .Eu.-Asia

A. Prunus Persica Asia

A. Medicago sativa Eu.

A. Medicago lupulina Eu.-Asia

A. Medicago denticulata.. . " "

A. Melilotus alba " "

A. Melilotus officinalis " "

A. Trifolium agrarium Eu.

A. Trifolium procumbens "

Trifolium incarnatum "

A. Trifolium arvense. . .Eu.-N. Asia

A. Trifolium pratense. . " "

A. Trifolium repens Eu.-Siberia

Proceedings of tJie Colimibus Horticultural Society

53

A. \'icia hirsuta Ku.-Asia

A \'icia sativa Ku.

Geranium coUimbinum —

Eu.-N. A-.ia

Geranium dissectum Eu.

Geranium pussillum "

A. Gernnium molle "

A. Krodium cicutarium "

A. Linum usitatissimum "

Ailanthus glandulosa China

Croton capitatus. .Western U. S.

A. Euphorbia Helioscopia —

Eu.-Asia-Afr.

Euphorbia m.irs^inata —

r... Western U. S.

A. Euphorbia Peplus Eu.

Euphorbia platyphylla "

Euphorbia Cyparissias "

Cardiospermum Halicacabum

Trop. Amer.

A. Malva sylvestris Eu.

A. Malva rotundifolia. . Eu.-W. Asia

Malva moschata Eu.

Callirrhoe involucrata —

Western U. S.

Abutilon Abutilon S. Asia

Hibiscus Trionum S. Eu.

Hypericum perforatum . Eu.-Asia

\'iola tricolor Eu.

Opuntia humifusa. Western U. S.
Clarkia pulchella. . *' "

A. Daucus Carota Eu.-Asia

Caucalis Anthriscus Eu.

A. Fastinaca sativa "

/Ethusia Cynapium "

Pimpinella Saxifraga "

Conium maculatum "

Carum Carui "

/Egopodium Podagraria "

Lysirnachia Nummularia "

A. Anagallis arvensis "

V'inca minor "

Cynanchum nigrum "

Quamoclit Quamoclit —

Trop. Amer.

Quamoclit coccinea —

Trop. Amer.

Impomcta purpurea. Trop. Amer.
Impomcea hederacea " "

Convolvulus arvensis.. Eu.-Asia
Cuscuta Epilinum " "

A. Cuscuta Epithymum Eu.

Heliotropium Indicum India

Cynoglossum officmate. Eu.-Asia

A. Lappula Lappula " "

Myosotis palustris " "

A. Lithospermum arvense. " "

Lithospermum officinalcEu.-Asia
Sympiivtum officinale.. *'

ICchiuin vulgare " "

Ajuga reptans Eu.

A. Marruiiium vulgare. . . .Eu.-Asia

A. Nepcta Catana "

Prunella vulgaris " "

Galeopsis Tetrahit " "

Leonurus Cardiaca " "

Lamium ample.xicaule.. " "
Lamium purpureum... . "
Lamium maculatum.. . . "
Lamium album Eu.

A. Melissa officinalis "

Satureia hortensis "

A. Origanum vulgare Eu.-Asia

Thymus Serphyllum. . . "
Lycopus Europieus Eu.

A. Mentha spicata Eu.-Asia

Mentha piperita Eu.

Mentha longifolia "

Mentha aquatica "

Mentha arvensis "

Mentha sativa "

A. Physalodcs physalodes Peru

Solanum rostratum —

Western U. S.

Solanum Dulcamara Eu.-Asia

Lycium vulgare Eu.

Hyoscyamus niger "

A. Datura Stramonium —

Tropical Asia

A. Datura Tatula Trop. Amer.

A. Verbascum Thapsus. . .Eu.-Asia

A. Verbascum Blattaria... " "

A. Elatinoides Elatine . . . " "

A. Linaria Linaria " "

Veronica arvensis " "

Veronica agrestis " "

Veronica Byzantina. . . . " "
Veronica hedera^folia. . "
Martynia Louisiana.. Miss. \'alley

A. Piantago major Eu.

A. Piantago lanceolata. . . .Eu.-Asia
Piantago aristata. .Western U. S.

Piantago arenaria C. Eu.

Galium verum Eu.-Asia

A. Galium Aparinc Eu.

Lonicera Caprifolium "

Valerianella Locusta "

Dipsacus sylvestris Eu.-Asia

Campanula rapunculoides.. . .Eu.

A. Cichoriuni Intybus "

Lapsana communis "

Leontodon autumnale. . Eu.-Asia
Tragopogon pratensis Eu.

A. Tragopogon porrifolius "

54

Proceedings of the Columbus Horticultural Society.

A. Taraxacum Taraxacum —

Eu-Asia

A. Sonchus arvensis Eu- Asia

A. Sonchus oleraceus Eu.

A. Sonchus asper "

Lactuca Scariola "

Crepis tectorum "

Crepis biennis "

Hieracium aurantiacum "

A. Xanthium spinosum. . Eu. or Asia
A. Xanthium strumarium " "

(julierrezia Texana —

S. Western U. S.

Amphiachyris dracunculoides —

.S. Western U. S.

Grindelia squarrosa —

Western U. S.

Inula Heienium Eu.-Asia

Parthenium hvsterophorus —

:.S. Western U. S.

Eclipta alba . Trop. Amer.

Rudbeckia hirta. ..Western U. S.
A. Galinsoj^a parviflora . Trop. Amer.
Heienium nudiflorum —

Western U. S.

Heienium tenuifolium —

Western U.S.

Dysodia papposa . S, Western U. S.
A. Anthemis Cotula Eu.

Anthemis arvensis Eu.

Anthemis nobilis "

Anthemis tinctoria Eu.-Asia

Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum
Eu.-Asia

A. Chrysanthemum Parthenium —

.....Eu.

Chrysanthemum Balsamita —

Eu.-Asia-Afr.

Matricaria Chamomilla Eu.

Matricaria matricarioides —

Pacific coast

A. Tanacetum vulgare Eu.

Artemisia Absinthium "

Artemisia Abortanum "

Artemisia annua Asia

Artemisia vulgaiis Eu.-Asia

Tussilago Farfara Eu.

A. Senecio vulgaris "

Arctium Lappa "

Arctium minus "

A. Carduus lanceolatus Eu.-Asia

A. Carduus arvensis Eu.

A. Onopordon Acanthium. Eu.-Asia

Centaurea Cyanus Eu.

Centaurea nigra "

Centaurea Jacea "

Cnicus benedictus S. Eu.

The naturalized plant.s of Ohio number at present 304
species, of which 99 also flourish in Australia. With respect
to sources of these later migrants 145 are European, and 103
are common to Europe and Asia, 15 are indigenous in Asia
alone, while 22 are from western and south-western United
States, 15 from tropical America and a few from various other
countries.

The tabulated species, including only those shown by the
summary table, constitute a little above 40 per cent, of the
flowering plants, ferns and fern allies known to grow spon-
taneously in Ohio. The larger number have such a wide range
that they have been at present omitted. The lists are collected
in the following summary table, the percentages being com-
puted upon the basis of approximately 1960 * species for Ohio :

* Professor W. A. Kellerman writes that the new list of Ohio plants contains
2,025 numbers. This basis will change the percentages slightly.

Proceedings of the Columbus Horticultuml Society. 55

SUMMARY OF SOURCES OF THE OHIO FLORA.

Direction of Source. Ntunber of Species. Proportion to Stale Flora.

From Northwest 27 1.4 per cent.

From North 80 4.1 " "

From Northeast 145 7.4 " " 12.9 per cent.

From East 25 1.;^ " "

From Southeast 18 0.9 " " 15.1 " "

From South 122 6.2 "

From Southwest 28 1.4 '' " 7.6 " "

From West 38 2.0 " " 2.0 " "

Naturalized 304 15.5 " " 15.5 " "

787 40.2

The composite character of the plants of Ohio is thus evi-
dent to any who may investigate the statistics of the area.
The northern elements are larger than any other determined
components. A study of the ranges of all plants found in the
state as to extent north or south beyond Ohio will possibly
increase the evidence heretofore offered in support of a
northern origin for much of our fllora.

Yet interesting as floristic studies may prove, the physiologi-
cal adaptations of the plants to their present situations is
equally enticing, and on the whole, better adapted for many
reasons to meet the demands of both the local collector and
the laboratory investigator. The time is certainly ripe for
ecological studies in Ohio.

SOME WORKS RELATING TO THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF
NORTH AMERICAN PLANTS.

(Manuals and General Floras not Included.)

Real, Dr. W. J. — Geographical Distribution of the Grasses

of North America. Proc. Amer. Assn. Adv. Sci.

XXXIX. (1890). pp. 312-819.
Bentham, George. — Notes on the Classification, History and

Geographical Distribution of Compositiv. Jour. Linn.

Soc. Botany XIII. (1873), 335-577.
Bkitton, Prof. N. L.— On the Geographical Distribution of

North American Plants. Proc. Amer. Assn. Adv. .Sci.

XXXIX. (1890), 322-327.

56 Proceedings of the Columbus Horticultural Society,

Coulter, Prof. Jno. M.— Geographical Distribution of North
American Umbelliferae. Proc. Amer. Assn. Adv. Sci.
XXXIX. (1890), 292-298.

Geographical Distribution of North American Corn-
aceae. Proc. Amer. Assn. Adv. Sci. XXXIX. (1890),
319-922.

Coulter, Prof. Jno. M. and Thompson, Harvey. —

The Origin of the Indiana Flora. Indiana Department
Geology and Natural History. 15th Report, pp. 253-282.

Gray, Dr. Asa. — I. Statistics of the Flora of the Northern
United States. Amer. Jour. Sci. 2, XXII, pp. 204-232
(1856).

II. Diagnostic Character of New Species of Phaner-
ogamous Plants, collected in Japan by Charles Wright,
Botanist of the U. S. North Pacific Exploring Expedi-
tion (Published by request of Captain John Rogers,
Commander of the Expedition). With Observations
upon the Relations of the Japanese Flora to that of
North America, and other Parts of the North Temper-
ate Zone. By Asa Gray, M. D. Memoirs of the Amer.
Acad. Arts and Sci-, Vol. VI., New series, published
1859.

First part pp. 377-423.

Tables of last part, pp. 424-426.

Added Observations on last 436-449. Usually quoted
as " Gray on Botany of Japan."

HI. Sequoia and its History. President's Address,
Amer. Assn. Adv. Sci., Dubuque, 1872. Proc, Amer.
Assn. Adv. Sci. XXI. (1872), pp. 1-31 (Including two
appendices).

IV. Forest Geography and Archaeology. Amer.
Jour. Sci. XVI. (1878), pp. 85-94, 183-196.

V. Characteristics of the North American Flora. An
Address to the Botanists of the British Association at
Montreal, 1884. Amer. Jour. Sci. 3, XVIII., pp. 323-334.
Report British Assn., 1884 (pp.14).

Gray and Hooker. — The Vegetation of the Rocky Moun-
tain Region. Bui. Geo). Survey West of the 100th
Meridian (Hayden). Vol. VI., 1. pp. 77 (1880).

Hooker, Sir J. D. — I. On the Flora of Australia ; being an
Introductory Essay to the Plora of Tasmania, 1859.
II. On Insular Floras. An address before British Assn.
Adv. Sci. at Nottingham, Aug., 1860.

Procccdins^s of the Columbus Horticultural Society. i'yl

MacIMii.lan, Pkof. Conway. — T. 'Mct;ispcrni;i: of ihc Min-
nesota Valley. 18U2.

II. Notes for Teachers on ihc Cjco^m Mpnicai distri-
bution of Plants. Jour. School Geof^raphy I. (No. 4)
Apr., 1S07.

Moore, Chas. — Handbook of the Flora of New South Wales,
1893.

ScHiMPER, Dr. a. W. F. — Pflanzengeoj^raphie, 1898.

Spalding, Prof. Volnev M. — The Distribution of Plants.
American Naturalist, XXIV. (1890), 819-8:31.

Underwood, Prof. Lucien M. — The Distribution of Hepaticae
of North America. Proc. Amer. Assn. Adv. Sci.,
XXXIX. (1890). pp. 298-304.

Watson, Dr. Sereno. — The Relation of the Mexican P^lora to
that of the United States (Abstract) Proc. Amer. Assn.
Adv. Sci XXXIX. (1890) pp. 291-2.

PUBLICATIONS RELATING TO THE DISTRIBUTION OF PLANTS

IN OHIO.

Beardslee, Dr. H. C. — Catalogue of the Plants of Ohio.
Ohio Agricultural Report. 1877, pp. 34r)-3r)3.

BiGELOW, J. M. — Florula Lancastriensis, 1841. pp. <V2 (Not
seen).

Clark, Joseph — Catalogue of Flowering Plants and Ferns
observed in the vicinity of Cincinnati, 1852, pp. 30 (Not
seen).

F'OLTZ, Dr. Kent O. — The Phienogamic Flora of Summit
County. Report Ohio State Academy of Science, 1898,
pp. 21-31.

Goodrich, Miss S. F. — Wild Plants of Ashtabula County.
Western Reserve School Journal, Nov., 1892, to April,
1893.

Jones. H. L. — Catalogue of the Phii-nogams ami hV-rns of
Licking County, Ohio, 1892, pp. 103 and one map.
(Bulletin Scientific Laboratories of Dcmson University,
Vol. VII).

58 Proceedhigs of the Columbus Horticultural Society.

Kellerman, Prof. W. A. and Werner, W. C. — Catalogue of
Ohio Plants, Vol. VII., Geology of Ohio, Part II.
(1893), pp. 350. A Bibliography of Ohio Botany to
1893, is included in this work.

Lea, Thos. G. — Catalogue of Plants * * of Cincinnati, 1849.
(Not seen).

MosELEY, E. L. — Sandusky Flora. Special Paper, No. 1, Ohio
State Academy of Science, 1899, pp. (about 160.) [Ad-
vance sheets through page 140 have been consulted,
through kindness of the author].

Newberry, Dr. Jno. S. — Catalogue of the Flowering Plants
and Ferns of Ohio. Ohio Agricultural Report, 1859,
pp. 235-273. [The earliest of our State Catalogues].

RiDDELL, Jno. L. — I. Catalogue of Plants * * of Franklin
County and Central Ohio, 1834 [Medical Gazette,
Vol. II.]. (Not seen).

II. Synopsis of the Flora of the Western States
(1835).

III. Supplementary Catalogue of Ohio Plants, 1836.
The II. and III. were published in the Western Journal
of the Medical and Physical Sciences, Vols. VII.
and IX.

Selby, a. D. and Craig, Moses. — Preliminary list of the
Plants of Franklin County. Journal, Columbus Horti-
cultural Society, 1890, pp. 19.

Sullivant, Wm. S. — Catalogue of Plants * * of Columbus,
Ohio, pp. 62. 1840.

Wright, Prof. A. A. — I. Preliminary List of the Flowering
and Fern Plants of Lorain County, pp. 30, 1889.

II. Supplement to I., pp. 11, and one map, 1893.

Selby, Augustine Da bo

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