¥f ;^^ «J ,-. ~ 1, • ■ . 1 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. ■'»■,■ QL S51 ■/, -^..v SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES: ^ .MONOGRAPH EXTEA-TEOPICAL SPECIES. ROLAND TRIMEN, F.R.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S., F. Ent. S., &c. CURATOR OF THE SOUTH-AFRICAN MUSEUM, CAPE TOWN ; ASSISTED BY JAMES HENRY BOWKER, F.Z.S., ER.G.S. COLONEL (retired) IN THE CAPE SERVICE, LATE COMMANDANT OP FRONTIER ARMED AND MOUNTED POLICE GOVERNOR'S AGENT IN BASUTOLAND, AND CHIEF COMMISSIONER AT THE DIAMOND FIELDS OF VOL. II. ERYCINIDiE AND LYC^ENIDiE T. 0 N D 0 K : TRUBNER & UC, LUDGATE HILL 1887. \^AIl rights reserved. \ EALLANTYNE, HANSON AND CC. EDINBURGH AND LONUON CONTENTS. EHOPALOCERA. ( PAGE Family II.— EEYCINIDA^: i Sub-Family — Libyth^in.e ..... 2 Family III.— LYC^.NID.^ . . . . 7 Systematic Index ...... 239 List of Species Figured in the Plates . . .241 RHOPALOCERA. Family II.— ERYGINID^. Erycinidoe, Swains., "Phil. Mag., Ser. II. vol. i. p. 187 (1827)." £ri/cinkles and Libi/thide.^, Boisd., Sp. Gen. Lep.,i. pp. 164 and 167 (1836). Erycinidce (excl. Thedimp, Sec), Swains., Hist, and Nat. Arrangem. Ins., p. 94 (1840). Enjcinidce, Westw., Intr. Mod. Class. Ins., ii. p. 357 (1840). Erycinid(e awd Lihytheidce, Westw., Gen. D. Lep., ii. pp. 412, 415 (185 i), Erycinidce, Bates, Jonrn. Ent., 1861, p. 220; 1864, p. 176. Lemoniidce, Kirby, Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lep., p. 282 {187 1). Imago. — First pair of legs small and slender; in the ^ much aborted, the tarsus being without articulations or terminal claws ; in the $ longer, the tarsus fully developed and with terminal claws. Larva. — Of ordinary elongate form, or rather short and subonisci- form, usually more or less pubescent ; second segment sometimes bear- ing dorsally two erect spines. Pupa. — Suspended vertically or obliquely by the tail only, or horizontally by the tail and a silken girdle. The only constant characters apparently prevailing throughout this extensive Family (containing 69 genera and about 900 species) are those afforded by the fore-legs, w^hich differ so remarkably in the sexes. These organs are in the female, besides the complete development of the tarsi, sometimes twice as large as in the male. Other features characteristic of these butterflies are the usually very small and slender palpi — often scarcely noticeable from above ; the three-branched sub- costal nervure of the fore-wings ; the slenderness of the body ; the smoothness of the middle and hind legs, and the small size of their terminal claw^s ; and the thin and fragile structure of the wings ; — but all these characters, as Mr. H. W. Bates remarks in his Catalogue of the Enjeinidoi (Jonrn. Linn. Soc. Lond., IX. ZooL, p. 367, 1868), are liable to many exceptions. Though amazingly varied in form, colouring, and pattern, the insects of this group are all of small size, — the largest of them (Skdachiis and Sosjrifa) being less than 2^ inches in expanse of wings, the great majority of much smaller stature, and many (such as 3Iese7ie, Calydna, Panics, Antcros) among the smallest known butterflies. Mr. Bates, who paid special attention to them in the Amazons Valley, describes {loc. cit.) the habits of the Eri/cinida^ as very varied. VOL. n. A 2 SOUTH-AFRICAX EUTTERFLIES. Their flight is of short duration, but in some is very slow and Lazy, wliile in others it is excessively rapid. A large number of the genera have the custom (found also in many Hespcrida)) of settling with expanded wings on the under side of leaves near the ground ; while many others hold the wings vertically in repose, and a few perch on the upper surface of leaves with the wings only half elevated. Very few species were noticed to frequent flowers. The Family is essentially Neo-Tropical, and especially abundant in the Equatorial zone. With the exception of the Lihijthcincc — a small but cosmopolitan Sub-Family — the only members found in the Old World belong to the NcmcoMinK, and it is remarkable that one of these, the well-known Ncmeobius Lucina, prevails widely in Europe, and is not uncommon in England. More than two-thirds of the known species belong to the EnjciRinw, a Sub-Family which, unlike the Eunj- gonino', has a few representatives to the north of Mexico. Very few species of Erycinidcv have been found in the Ethiopian Region, viz., three Lihythcvina: and three Ncmcobiinm. The former are Lihytlica Zahdaca, Westw., of Western Africa ; L. Zaius, Trim., of the Eastern and South-Eastern Coast ; and L. Cinyras, Trim., of Madagascar and Mauritius ; the latter, all of a single genus likewise, are Ahisara Gcrontcs (Fab.), and A. Tantalus, Hewits., of Western Africa, and A. Tcpalii (Boisd.), of Madagascar. No representative of the latter group has hitherto been met with in South Africa, and the solitary Erycinide known to inhabit this wide tenitory is the Lihytlica Zaius just mentioned. Sub-Family— LIBYTH^INiE. Lihythides, Boisd., Sp. Gen. Leji., i. p. 167 (1S36). Libytlieidce, Westw., Gen. Diurn. Lep., ii. p. 412 (185 1). Lihythcpince, Bates, Journ. Ent., 1861, p. 220; 1864, p. 176. Imago. — Head rather wide, densely hairy above and frontally ; eyes smooth ; jj^a/^^i extremely long, deep at base, closely approximated, projecting horizontally, very densely clothed with scales and hair throughout, but especially on middle joint, — basal joint very small, — middle joint of moderate length, rather swollen and rounded, — terminal joint very much elongated, slender ; antcnnm short and thick, with a gradually or very gradually formed subcylindrical club, blunt at the tip. Thorax rather robust, clothed superiorly with scales and hairs — • the latter long posteriorly, — inferiorly with short dense hair ; ptcrygodes longer than usual, hairy. Eore-wings : with costa slightly arched ; apex squarely acute ; hind-margin slightly dentated, more or less strongly angulated on lower radial nervule, below which it is deeply emarginate, but is usually j^rominent again about extremity of first median nervule ; inner margin nearly straight ; costal nervure short, ending about middle of costa j first subcostal nervule originating at LIBYTH.EIXxE. 3 some distance, second one very little, before extremity of discoidal cell, — third one short, originating far beyond cell, — fourth near third, also short, terminating at apex ; upper disco-cellular extremely short — in some cases hardly present, — middle one slender, of moderate length, slightly curved, — lower one rather longer, continuous of curve of third, joining third median nervule at a considerable distance beyond origin of latter ; submedian nervure curved upward near base and then more strongly downward ; internal nervure slender, almost straight, its extremity anastomosing with submedian nervure _ just beyond com- mencement of latter's downward curve. Hind-wings : rather large ; costa prominent at base, and usually more or less so just before apex (in the European L. Cdtis exceedingly so in both places) ; hind-margin more or less sinuate-dentate, sometimes with a more prominent denta- tion at extremity of first median nervule, or at extremity of submedian nervure ; inner-margins moderately convex, forming an incomplete, shallow groove ; costal nervure running close to and following curves of costa, ending at apex ; subcostal nervure brandling at a long distance from base ; upper disco-cellular nervule slender, transverse, of moderate length, united to second subcostal nervule at some distance from origin of latter, — lower one extremely slender, or almost obsolete, longer and more oblique than the upper, joining third median nervule just beyond origin of latter ; internal nervure slender, much curved, very short, terminating on inner margin at some distance before middle. Fore-legs of ^ very small, — femur and tibia about equal in length, the latter very densely hairy, — tarsus rather shorter, also densely hairy, not articulated, without ternunal claws ; of ^ much larger and longer, not hairy (except on under side of femur) but scaly, — femur much thicker, — tarsus fully articulated, spiny beneath, and with well-developed ter- minal claws. Middle and hind legs rather thick, densely clothed with scales, — tibia rather shorter than femur, its terminal spurs rather short, — tarsus longer than tibia, strongly spinose beneath, with strongly curved terminal claws. Abdomen slender, short. Larva. — Elongate, cylindrical, shortly pubescent ; much resembling that of the Pierina:. Pupa. — Rather stout, subaugulated ; median dorsal line ridged, and dorso-thoracic prominence elevated and acute ; head with a single pointed projection curving inferiorly ; wing-covers projecting beyond line of abdomen. Suspended vertically by the tail only. (These characters of larva and j^upa are given from figures of those of the European LihijiJiea Ccltis, published by Hiibner, Duponchel, and Boisduval respectively.) The extraordinary length of the palpi, which form a most con- spicuous beak-like process in front of the head, readily distinguish the Libytliceince from the rest of the ErycinidcB, and, indeed, from all other butterflies. In robustness of structure, angulated fore-wings, and gene- ral ueuration they approach Eurgtcla and allied genera among the 4 80UTH-AFKiCAN BUTTEKFLIES. Nymplicdincc, but do not present the swollen nervures cliaracteristic of tlie lattei" ; while the perfect tarsi of the fore-legs of the female alto- gether separate them from that group of butterflies. It is very- remarkable, too, to find them sharing with the Danaiiim a slender but distinct internal nervure of the fore-wings anastomosing with the submedian nervure ; and it was probably this character which led Dr. Felder^ to place them between the Danaince and Erycinida:.. The larva, again, is quite unlike that of any group of the Nymphcdidce, and is not like those known among the other Erycinidce, but very closely resembles that of the totally distinct Pierince ; while the pupa, on the contrary, does not differ widely from the Nymphalide type. The twelve or thirteen species of this Sub-Family belonging to but one genus — Lihythea — are singularly scattered over all the warmer parts of the globe, except, I believe, the continent of Australia and Polynesia. The type of the genus, L. Celtis, Fuessly, inhabits Southern Europe and Asia Minor ; the Ethiopian Eegion has three species ; India and the Indo-Malayan Islands three ; the Austro-Malayan and Australasian Islands two or three ; two are natives of the United States and the West Indies ; and one is found in Surinam and Brazil. It does not seem improbable that these few and widely-scattered con- geners are but the surviving representatives of what was at some former period a numerous and generally-prevalent group. Genus LIBYTHEA. Lihythea, Fab., " Illiger's Mag., vi. p. 284 (1807);" Latreille, Encyc. Meth., ix. p. 10 (181 9); Westw., Gen. Diurn. Lap., ii. p. 412 (1851). Characters those of the Sub-Famil3^ There is considerable variation in the different species as regards the length of the palpi, which (as Felder has pointed out) attains its maximum in the American species ; and L. Celtis is the only member of the genus that I have examined which has the antennae so thick and so very gradually incrassate from the base. The form of the hind- wings is also variable, none of the species rivalling Celtis in the strik- ing sinuosity of the costa ; while the hind-margin is in some (the Indian Myrrh a, Godt., and allies) rounded, without special prominence of any particular dentation, — in the European and American species has a moderate projection at the anal angle, and in the African and some other species presents a very decided process at the extremity of the first median nervule. The Lihythcoj. are rather below the middle size, and their colouring is mostly rather dull, consisting of a few fulvous or ochreous-yellow and white spots on a dark-brown ground, except in the case of the males of L. Geoffroyi and Antipoda, which have the upper side violet or violet-blue. ^ Diagnoses Lrpidopterulogica, No. VI. p. 10 (Wien. Entorn. Munatschr., 1862). LiuYTiL^m^. " :;^^ I have not seen any of these butterflies alive, but from the notes of various collectors they are evidently very active insects, resembling in their flight and habits the smaller Nymplialincc. The Cingalese L. Rama, Moore, is noted by Messrs. Hutchison and Mackwood (Moore's Lepidoptera of Ceylon, p. 68) as frequenting forest lands and the vicinity of jungle, and darting about and settling on the ground; while the Natalian L. Laius, Trim., seems only to settle on the stems and twigs of trees. The larva of the European species feeds on the " Nettle Tree " (Celtis australis), but I am not aware that the food-plant of any other Libi/thca has been recorded. 118. (1.) Libythea Laius, Trimen. Plate VII. fig. 3 ( ? ). Lihytliea Laius, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1879, P- 337- Exp. al., I in. lo-^ lin. — 2 in. 2 lin. ^ Dark-hroivn, glossed with bronzy -yellow reflections; with ycde fidvous-ochreous bars and spots. Forc-iving : a longitudinal bar from base occupies lower half of discoidal cell, widening gradually to its abrupt extremity just above origin of first median nervule ; immediately beyond bar (sometimes touching or even merged in it) a large, roughly subquadrate spot, which is widest interiorly, and anteriorly reaches to end of discoidal cell ; a little beyond and below this spot, a larger paler subovate spot, the upper part of which is traversed by the second median nervule ; on outer portion of inner margin a very faint pale- ochreous cloud ; an irregular, oblique, subapical row of three white spots, of which the first is nearest middle, largest, exteriorly elongated and crossed in its upper part by the subcostal nervure, and the others are together apart, of about equal size, one above and the other below the second radial nervule. Hind-iving : costal margin rather broadly dull-whitish from base as far as a quadrate, pale, whitish- ochreous spot about middle, lying between costal nervure and first subcostal nervule ; below and beyond this spot, just above second subcostal nervule, a small ochreous spot ; beyond middle, a straight transverse bar formed of four contiguous spots (of which the first is largest and the fourth smallest and less distinct than the rest), extending from just below second subcostal nervule, not far from apex, to first median nervule, not far from its origin. Under side. — Hind-wing and apex of fore- wing very variable in tint and clouding, the prevalent ground-colour being glossy-grey irroreUed and hatched with Mack and fuscous. Fore-wing : paler than on upper side, the bars and spots larger ; discoidal cell filled by much enlarged and united bar and spot ; a small whitish spot immediately beyond upper part of extremity of cell ; second and third spots of subapical row united in one crescent-shaped marking. Hind- wing : in two specimens the upper side costal spot and discal bar VOL. II. B 6 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. represented by two irregular whitish transverse rays, interiorly broadly bordered and in parts intruded on by dark-brown clouding, — a similar patch of the clouding being present on hind-margin about extremity of radial nervule ; in a third example, only the whitish ray near base is indistinctly represented, while the whole discal region and lower half of discoidal cell (up to base and a straight lino through the cell) is dull fuscous-brown ; and in the fourth example the whole surface is almost uniformly gi'ey, the rays being faintly shown by a glossier paler cloud- ing, and the intermediate parts by some ochreous tinting, — at extremity of cell an ill-defined blackish spot. $ Similar to $, except that the markings generally are larger, especially the bar across hind-wing. Under side. — More uniform than in $, and nearly resembling that of the fourth ^ example above de- scribed, but tvitJi a decided glaucous-grccn tint both in hind- wing and in apical region of fore-wing ; any trace of paler bars in hind-wing being obsolete, or nearly so. In the $ the fore-wings are more prolonged apically than in the $ ; but the hind-wings are alike in both sexes, the costal prominence beyond middle l^eing very slight, while the projection at the extremity of the first median nervule is very well developed, forming a broad tail or process Ath inch in length. The palpi of the $ are longer and more attenuated than those of the ^. This Lihytliea is very nearly allied to L. Lahdaca, Westw., a native of Sierra Leone, Camaroons, Angola, and Congo (see Genera of Diurnal Ze^idojytera, vol. ii. p. 413 note, pi. Ixviii. f. 6). The South- African form may, however, be readily distinguished by the more produced and angulated fore-wings and by the greater prominence of the projection in the hind-wings. The markings of the upper side are all larger, paler, and more fulvous than in Lethdaca ; in the fore-wings the conspicuous disco-cellular bar is a feature wanting or very indistinctly represented in the West- African species, which, moreover, possesses a dull-fulvous or greyish irregular marking (between large discal spot and submedian nervure) absent in Laius ; and in the hind-wings, the transverse bar is nearly straight instead of arched or concave interiorly, as in Lahdaca, and the separate spot between the subcostal nervures is peculiar to Laius. As regards the under side, the ^ Labdaca (I have not examined the $) is very much like the more strongly-marked (^ s of the South- African insect ; but the fulvous-ochreous in fore-wing is limited to a short basi-disco-cellular bar. The genus Lihytliea, so widely distributed over the earth, yet containing so very few species, was not apparently known to possess any African repre- sentative until Westwood {toe. eit.) in 185 1 described and figured the species from Sierra Leone already mentioned. In 1866 I described (Trans. Lnt. Soc. Land., Ser. iii. vol. v. p. 337) as L. Cinyms a scarce Lib t/fJiea,inhixhiimg Mauritius and Madagascar, and noted at the same time that Mr. Waller, of the Zambesi Mission, had shown me a Lihytliea taken near the Shird River, which I judged from recollection might be the same species. Since the dis- covery of the South-African Lihi/thea, however, and especially looking to the fact of its occurrence at Quilimane, not far north of the Zambesi Delta, I have little doubt that Mr. Waller's specimen Avas probably referable to Laius, and not to Cini/ras. In December 1869, Mr. Walter Morant sent me the first evidence of the occurrence of .a Lihijtliea in Natal, in the shape of a coloured drawing of a § taken by him on the 9th of that month at Avoca, Victoria County; but I heard nothing more of the species vxntil 1873, when the late Mr. E. C. Buxton met with it near D'Urban, and sent me a photograph and a much injured 5 specimen. Colonel J. H. Bowker, F.Z.S., in September 1878 landed at Quilimane, and there took six examples of the same species, which he forwarded to the South- African Museum ; and he and Mr. P. F. Payii of D'Urban have subsequently taken several specimens of both sexes at Pine- town, Illovo, and other localities in the coast region of Natal. From these latter specimens, mostly in fine condition, my desciiption is drawn up. Mr. Morant noted his example as taken "on the top of a small tree in a waggon-road through thick bush ; " while Colonel Bowker describes the individuals captured by himself in April 1S79 as taking short flights, like those of a " Skippei'," from one flower to another. The latter further wrote in December 1S79 ^'^ follows, viz. : — "I think the Lihuthea spoil themselves by their fighting ; the eight that I have taken were all about the tops of the same trees, actively flying around, and settling with open wings at the ends of the twigs. Mr. Payn says that his examples were captured under similar circumstances. It is curious how nearly in appearance the Lihijtliea resembles Crenis natalensis when at rest; both settle head downward with closed wings on the bark of the same species of tree, and it is then hardly possible to distinguish them from each other. This has probably led to the Lihijtliea being not often taken by the Natal collectors," Localities of Lihythca Laius. I. South Africa. E. Natal. a. Coast Districts. — D'Urban {E. C. Buxton). Umgeni, Pinetown, and junction of Umlaas and Isipingo Eivei-s [J. II. Bowker). Avoca ( W. Morant). Illovo {P. F. Pajn). II. Other African Regions. A. South Tropical. h. Eastei-n Coast. — Quilimane (J. II. Boiclier), Family HI.— LYC^NID^. Lyccenida, Leach, " Edinb. Encyc, ix. p. 129 (1815)." Lijccenidce, Stephens, " Illustr, Brit. Ent., Ilaust., i. p. 74 (1827)." Eamenides and Lycenides, Boisd., Sp. Gen. Lep., i. pp. 163-164 (1836). ErjcinidiK (part), Swains. , Hist, and Nat. Arrangem. Ins., jx 94 (1840). Lyci^nidti', Westw., Intr. Mod. Class. Ins., ii. p. 358 (1840); and Gen. Diurn. Lep., ii. p. 468 (1852). Imago. — Head of moderate size or rather small ; eyes naked or hirsute ; ^?a7/Ji usually rather long, sometimes very long, scaly, seldom hairy, — the terminal joint slender, distinct, often longer in ^ than in ^ ; avtenncv variable in length, but usually rather short, — the club commonly somewhat abruptly formed, but sometimes very gradually. 8 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. Tliorax generally ratlier slender or moderately stout, sometimes robust. IVinr/s large, variable in outline ; forc-ivings usually ratlier truncate, but occasionally produced, — hind-margin entire, rarely elbowed superiorly ; subcostal nervure three- to five-branched, usually four- branched ; discoidal cell closed ; hind-ivings rounded, with entire or very slightly denticulated hind-margin, or produced in anal-angular portion, which often bears from one to three longer or shorter tails ; inner margins often forming an incomplete groove about the abdomen ; dis- coidal cell closed by very slender nervule. Legs rather short, often thick, scaly, rarely hirsute ; tibial terminal spurs usually small, some- times minute, rarely wanting ; fore-legs of $ (with rare exceptions) ivith tarsus not articulated, but consisting of a single long Joint ending in one slightly curved claw; those of $ with the ordinary articulations and terminal hooked claws. Ahdonien usually slender and rather short ; rarely thickened or elongate. Larva. — More or less onisciforra, broadest and thickest about middle, often with dorsal humps or corrugated ; sometimes downy or with fascicles of hairs ; head and feet very small, inferior, hidden from view above. Pupa. — Short, thick, usually much rounded ; blunt at extremities. Attached by the tail, and (usually) by a girth of silk round the middle ; rarely unattached, and lying in the earth or under stones. This family is a very distinct, compact, and natural one, the char- acter of the unarticulated tarsi of the first pair of legs in the male sex being all but universal, and the principal other points of structure presenting but little variation. This sameness throughout so very numerous an assemblage of species renders the task of classification exceedingly difficult ; and no lepidopterist has hitherto found charac- ters adequate to warrant the establishment of divisions or sub-families. To discover natural limitations to the genera is a matter of scarcely less difficu.lty; and all who have studied the family will admit that, notwithstanding the labours of Westwood, Hewitson, Felder, Moore, and other entomologists, the existing definitions of many of the accepted genera are anything but satisfactory. The work of discriminating spe- cies is an arduous one in all large genera, but it becomes specially so in such immense groups of closely-related forms as Lyeccna, Thccla, and Amhlgjyodia. Between fifteen and sixteen hundred species have been recorded, and about fortj— seven genera created for their reception, — the three genera just mentioned by themselves including fully half of the entire number of known species. Among the genera which show more divergence from the common type are specially noticeable the Oriental Lijjhgra and the Ah-ican Lij^tcna, Pentila, D' Urhania, Pseuderesia, Alcena, Miinaera:a, Dcloneura, Arrugia, and Lachnocncma^ all of which bear some resemblance to butterflies of other families, or even to motlis, and the three latter of which present the anomaly of completely articulated and clawed fore-tarsi in the male. This latter character decidedly indicates aflinity with the sub- family Picrince of the Papilionidce ; and a farther minor feature of resemblance is found in the reduced or obsolete spurs of the tibite. The great mass of the Lycaniidm consists of small butterflies, and it is rare to find any that approach the middle size. In this respect they resemble the Erycinidce, but the range of size is somewliat more extended, the smallest members of the genus Lycccna being barely half an inch across the expanded fore-wings, while the giant of the family, Liphyra Brassolis, Westw., reaches 3;^ inches. Some of the larger species of Phytala, Epitola, Thccla, and Amtlypodia, however, reach or slightly exceed an expanse of 2^ inches; but a very large majority of Lyccenidce ranges between i inch and if inches. What these butter- flies want in stature is more than compensated by their great beauty ; very few of them are of dull colouring (except a good many of the females), and such as are so on one surface of the wings are very often of great splendour on the other. Intense and very generally highly- metallic uniform tints of purple, violet, blue, green, red, or orange prevail on the upper side, — the males, as usual, almost always much exceeding the females in brilliancy ; and the less dazzling but infinitely varied colouring and elaborate patterns of the under side (of close agreement in the sexes of each species), are often rendered still more effective by glittering golden, silvery, or steely spots. No other family of butterflies exhibits such a striking and varied development of the appendages or " tails " borne on the hind-margin of the hind- wings, varying in number from one to three, and in length from a mere dentation to more than an inch, and often curiously widened, fringed, and twisted. In connection with these appendages, it may be noted that all, or nearly all, the Lyccenidce (as mentioned above in the general remarks on Ehopalocera, under the heading, " 5. Haunts and Habits"), when settled temporarily, have the custom of moving the hind-wings alternately up and down, so that their upper surfaces rub against each other, — a movement which the " tails," as well as the usual metallic-dotted eye- like spots on the hind-margin, render additionally noticeable. The Ethiopian Region has not hitherto yielded a very large number of species, only rather under 200 being recorded, but it is rich in genera, 22 of the 47 recognised by most authors being known to occur. Of these 22 genera, no less than 14 (or 13, if, as I think most probable, Hewiisonia, Kirby ( = Corydon, Boisd.), is not separable from Epitola, Westw.) are limited to Africa, viz., Ccqjys, Chrysorycliia, Pentila, Liptena, D'TIrlania, Alcena, Phytcda, Epitola, Deloncura, Pseuderesia, Mimacrcea, Arrugia, and Laclinocncma. Those peculiar to Tropical Africa are Phytcda, Epitola, Liptcna, Pseuderesia, and 3Iimac7'cca . Southern Africa appears to be comparatively richer than the tropical lo SOUTH- AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. belt of the continent, but this is no doubt partly due to its having been better searched for the smaller butterflies. It has representatives' of 17 genei-a, the species numbering at present 120.'- Three genera, viz., Ccqiys, Hewitson, Deloncura, Trim., and Armgia^ Wallengr., are peculiar ; while Alcena, Boisd., and Lachiiocnema, n.g., do not appear to be known from north of the Equator. Zeritis is also a specially South- African genus, 2 3 of the 2 8 species known not being found elsewhere. The genus most numerously represented is the cosmopolitan Zycccna, of which 47 species are recorded; lolans has 8, Aphnccus 7, Lycamcs- thcs 6, and Hypolycmia 5 South- African species. Of the remaining genera, there are of Bcudoriv. and B'Urhania each 4 species, of Arrugia 3, 3Iyrin.a, Chrysorychia, and Lachnocncma 2, while the five others have each but a single representative. ^The Lyccenidw exhibit no power of sustained flight, although many of them are very active, and some even swift in their motions. They keep very much about particular spots, and many of them (such as Tkecla and Lycccnci) are decidedly gregarious. Some of the finest species of Myrina, lolmis, &c., remain always about a special bush or tree, returning repeatedly to it when disturbed, and seldom taking wing when unmolested. These and many of the ground-loving species of Zeritis can, with caution, be captured by hand. The swiftest and most alert of the South-African species are Capys Alphcvus and Deudorix Antalus, which frequently succeed for some time in evading the collector. Pentila, UUrlania, and Alceim are exceedingly slow on the wing. The curious larv«, shaped like wood-lice for the most part, are extremely sluggish, and look in many cases more like a coccus or some vegetable excrescence than caterpillars. Some of them are smooth, many clothed with a short down, some with fascicles of short bristles on regularly disposed tubercles, and a few hairy generally. Several are regularly corrugated dorsally, and others prominently humped in one or two places. Very few of the larvte of South-African Lycccnidcc have been discovered ; that of Myriiia ficcdula, Trim. (PL i. fig. 7), is humped as just mentioned, and coloured protectively in imitation of its food-plant ; that of lolam Silas, Westw. (PI. i. fig. 8), is very convex dorsally, and slightly forked at the tail ; that of Hypolyccvna Lara (Linn.) (PL ii. fig. i), of almost even width throughout ; and that of the aberrant D'Urlania Amakosa, Trim. (PI. ii. fig. 2), unusually slender and hairy .^ ^ In the tabular statement given above (in the general remarks on Rhopalocera, under heading, " 7. South-African Butterflies") I have given the genera as 15 and the species as 116. Since that table was drawn up I have withdrawn Liptena, as not possessing a true South-African representative, and added Chrysophanus (which I had intended not to keep separate from Lt/cana), Alcena (misplaced in Acireince), and Lachnocnema, n.g. The addi- tional species are a Deudorix, an Aphnccus, and two Lycccna'. " The caterpillar of Spalgis Eplus (Westw.) is figured in Moore's Lepidoptera of Ceylon as possessing several dorsal erect and lateral horizontally projecting long curved spines (op. cit, pi. 34, fig. 16.) LYC/EXIDyE. 1 1 The thick blunted 'pupw are usually attached to tlie food-i:)lants of their respective larvae by both the tail aud a silken thread at the middle, but the latter support is not always present (ex. Myrina, lolaus, &c.) ; and some rare cases (as of the European Thcda Querais) are recorded where the chrysalis is simply buried in the ground. I have found the pupa of Zeritis Thyra (Linn.) lying unattached beneath a stone. Genus LYCzENA. LTjccena, Fab., Illiger's Mag., vi. p. 2S5 (1807), Section 3 [part] ; Herrich- Schaeffer, Sjst. Bearb. Schmett. Europ., i. p. 11 1 (1843); Westw., Gen. Diurn. Lap., ii. p. 488 (1852). rohjominatwi, Latreille [part], "Hist. Nat. Crust, et Ins., xiv. p. 116 (1805);" and Encyc. Meth., ix. p. 11 (1819). Lyccena [part], Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 233 (1866). Imago. — Head small, usually more or less hairy in front ; eyes hairy or naked (hairy in the majority of South- African species) ; lyeilpi long, compressed, scaly, — second joint densely clothed with long flattened scales, and usually also with bristly hairs, beneath, — terminal joint variable in length, slender, closely scaled, acute, projecting forward obliquely or horizontally ; antennae slender, of moderate length or rather short, with each joint ringed with white at its base, — the club abruptly- formed, rather elongate-ovate, not pointed, flattened and often hollowed beneath, slightly curved. Tliorax moderately stout or slender, well clothed with silken down both above and below. Fore-wings rather elongate ; costa nearly straight beyond basal curve ; hind-margin more or less convex, entire ; costal nervure short, ending about or a little before middle ; subcostal nervure almost always four-branched, but sometimes only three-branched (three instances among South- African species), — the first and second ner- vules given off before extremity of discoidal cell, and the first some- times united to costal nervure at about three-fourths of latter's length from base (fourteen instances among South-African species), — third nervule given off about half-way between extremity of cell and apex, — fourth ending at apex ; upper radial nervule united to subcostal ner- vure at extremity of cell, lower to middle meeting point of slender transverse disco-cellular nervules ; lower disco-cellular joining third median nervule at a little beyond latter's origin. Hind-ivings rather elongate, having a very convex hind-margin, but anal-angular portion not prominent (usually much rounded off) ; costa very slightly arched or almost straight beyond basal prominence ; costal nervure ending at apex ; subcostal nervure branched considerably before middle ; discoidal cell short ; disco-cellular nervules very slightly curved outwardly, — radial nervule originating at their middle point of junction ; hind- margin often bearing a short almost linear tail at extremity of first 12 SOUTH- AFEICAN BUTTERFLIES. median nervnle (eighteen South-African instances). Fore-legs of <^ rather long, — femur hairy beneath, — tibia scaly, sometimes armed at extremity with a hook or curved spine superiorly, or with a single inferior straight spine, or with a pair of (or more) straight spines, — tarsus rather curved, spinose beneath, terminating in a single curved claw ; — of the 1^ similar, but with tibia more rarely armed, and with fully-developed articulated tarsus ; middle and 1iind legs rather short and slender, femora hairy beneath, tibias with short terminal spurs, tarsi very spinose beneath. Larva. — Broad and thick, the back very convex, the under side flattened ; head and legs very small. Usually of some shade of green or yellow, marked dorsally with longitudinal and sometimes oblique lateral streaks. Pupa. — Broad, thick, rounded, smooth ; anterior extremity some- what narrowed and depressed, blunt. (These characters of larva and pupa are derived from the figures given by many authors.) This genus, of world-wide distribution, is unmanageably numerous in species, but, as in the similar case of Feqnlio, it seeuis impossible satisfactorily to divide it. In my examination of the forty-seven species known to inhabit South Africa, I have been met with the same failure of distinctive characters in groups and sections that in super- ficial features seem natural ones, which Westwood (ojj». cit.) commented on thirty-four years ago in his general survey of the species then recognised. Thus the presence of a tail on the hind-wings is found to associate forms otherwise so different as Bcetica, Sgharis, and Jobatcs ; the absence of one branch of the subcostal nervure (which only occurs in three species) links to the allied Cissns and Johates so very distinct a congener as Barhercc, while it separates the latter from such a very close ally as Mctophis ; the junction of the first subcostal nervule with the costal nervure (which is found in the European Tiresias, Fischcri, and Alsus) characterises fourteen species obviously pertaining to five different groups ; while naked eyes predominate, no fewer than nine- teen species scattered over four groups have hairy ones ; and the pre- sence of a hook or straight spine, or both of these, or of several spines at the extremity of the tibia of the fore-legs, in one or both sexes, is equally ii-regular and misleading as a key to associate allied forms. The only mode of arrangement available seems to be the unsatisfac- tory one afforded by the colouring and pattern of the under side of the wings, which was adopted by Herrich-Schaffer (op. cit.) in tabulat- ing the European species. All the Lycoince are of small size, the largest not measuring two inches across the expanded fore- wings, wdiile the smallest are the most minute of all butterflies, expanding from half to three-quarters of an inch only. Blue of various tints is the predominant colour in the genus, especially in the males ; the females being usually brown or grey shot LYC.EXID.E. 13 more or less witli blue. The under side varies from pure-white to many shades of grey and brown as its ground, while the dai-ker pattern constantly consists, in both fore and hind wings, of a central spot or lunule, a discal row or chain of spots, and a submarginal and hind- marginal row of spots or lunules. These markings, in those cases where the ground is not white, are edged or ringed with white ; and the pattern is traceable in every variety of irregularity and confluence throughout the very numerous species. The hind-wings are further characterised by a sub-basal series of dark round sjDots, usually ringed with white, and by one or more round black spots centred with metallic silvery-blue or green, and edged inwardly by an orange lunule, near the posterior angle. It is by no means easy to define the limits of species in this genus, and lepidopterists differ widely as to the limits permissible to simple variation. Between four and five hundred species have been described, and of these probably nearly four hundred will be recognized ; while many new forms will certainly be discovered as remote and little-known countries come within the range of systematic collecting. The Palre- arctic, Oriental, and Australian Regions appear to be approximately about equally rich in Lyccvnm, each possessing between eighty and ninety species, the Oriental being apparently a little richer than the other two. The Nearctic Region comes nest, with about seventy species ; and then the Ethiopian with fifty-nine. The Neo-Tropical Region is, on the contrary, extremely poor, yielding but fifteen or sixteen kinds ; but it is, on the other hand, amazingly rich in the not distantly allied genus Thccla, of which fully 450 South-American species have been described. Lycccna has an almost universal distri- bution, ranging in latitude from the far Arctic parallel of 81° 45' {L. Aquilo, Boisd.) to Chili (Z. Sibylla, Kirby), and in longitude lite- rally round the globe. Oceanic islands mostly have one or more repre- sentatives of the genus ; and even the poverty-stricken (in butterflies) New Zealand possesses two. As far as at present known, the genus is more fully developed in Southern than in Tropical Africa, 47 species being recorded from the former and 32 from the latter; but this is very probably not the real state of the case, as the smaller butterflies are quite unknown from the greater part of the huge tropical area. Of the known South- African Lycamce, 27 appear to be peculiar to the sub-region ; 19 of the remaining 20 are recorded from South-Tropical Africa ; and one (Messapus, Godt.) from North (but not South) Tropical Africa. Of the 19 just men- tioned, 14 extend through both African tropics, and another (Gaika, Trim.) inhabits both South-Tropical Africa and Continental India and Ceylon ; two (Tdicanus, Lang, and Trochilus, Frey.) range into North Africa, Southern Europe, and the south-western extremity of Asia ; Lysimon, Hiibn., to the latter wide distribution adds India and Java ; and Bcetica, Linn., the most dominant species in the genus, nearly all 14 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. tlie Oriental Region and many parts of the Australian, including A^ic- toria and the Sandwich Islands. The Lyccencc are active, flower-frequenting insects, for the most part of short flight not far from the herbage. They are, with few exceptions, lovers of open ground, and many are very gregarious, a large number keeping together about a particular spot and sporting round some favourite cluster of plants. The common and generally distributed species in South Africa are Bcetica, Falemon, Livgrus, Tcli- canus, Thcsjns, Cissus^ Jllesscqnis, and Lydmon ; but most of the others are more or less local, and some (such as Griqua, Macalcnga, Bou'kcri, Pundicilia, Stellata, and Bcwhcow) extremely so. As an aid to determining the South-African species, I have arranged them in the following manner, viz. : — Section A. — L. Osiris, Asoims, Parsimon, patricia, glauca, Caffraria, Astcris, Ortygia, Mctkymna., puncticilia, liyfopolia, Cissus, Johatcs, Hij)- pocratcs, JViohe, Tantalus, ignota, Letsca, dolorosa, Ilcssajms, Mahallo- IcoKna, Lysimon, lurida, stellata, Gaika, Trochilus, Mctophis, Barherce (28 species). Section B. — L. Bcetica, Sichcla, notohia, Tsomo, JS^oquasa (5 species). Section C. — L. Livgcus, Pcdcmon. Section D. — L. TcUcanus. Section E. — L. Jesous, Macalenga, Moriqua, Ncdalensis (4 species). Section F. — L. Hintza, Calice, Mclama, Griciua, Syhccris (5 species). Section G. — Z. Thespis, Bowkeri. These sections are simply characterised by the principal features in the colouring and pattern of the under side of the wings, brief parti- culars of which will be found below, forming the heading of the several sections. Section A. — Under side variable in tint, from very pale whitish- grey to dark brownish-grey ; all the markings white-edged or white- ringed ; spots near base of hind-wing constantly black or fuscous and round ; spots of discal series often black or fuscous, but sometimes little darker than ground-colour, and usually sufficiently confluent or con- tiguous to form a chain ; a submarginal lunulated dark transverse streak, and a narrow hind-marginal white streak. L. Osiris, Hopflf. [tailed] ; Aso2nis, Hopff". ; Parsimon (Fab.) [tailed] ; p)atricia, Trim, [tailed] ; glauca. Trim, [tailed] ; Caffraricv, Trim, [tailed] ; Astcris (Godt.) [tailed] ; Ortygia, Trim. ; MetJiymna, Trim. ; 2m7icticilia, Trim. ; hy'po2')olia, Trim. ; Cissus (Godt.) ; Johatcs, Hopft*. [tailed] ; Hippocrates (Fab.) [tailed] ; JViohe, Trim. ; Tantcdus, Trim. ; ignota, Trim.; Letsca, Trim.; dolorosa. Trim.; Mcssapus (Godt.); Mcdudlokoana, Wallengr. ; Lysimon (Hiibn.) ; lucida. Trim. ; stellata, Trim.; 6'«iZ.T^, Trim. ; Trochilus, Frej. ; J/t/o/^/a's, Wallengr. ; Barhcrce, Trim. LYC.ENID^. 15 119. (1.) Lycsena Osiris, Hopffer. c^ Lyc(ena Osiris, Ilopff., " Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wissensch., 1855, p. 642, n. 21 ;" and Peters' Reise Mossamb., Ins., p. 409, pi. xxvi. ff. II, 12 (1862). Exp. al, {$) I in. 1-3 lin. ; ($) i in. i^-si Hn. ^ Pale shining pinldsh-violaceous with a slight cupreous gloss ; a narrow greyish fuscous hind-marginal edging {suhnacular in hind-wing) ; cilia shining pale-greyish, near anal angle of hind-ioing hecorning njldte. Fore-iving : a faint, narrow, terminal, disco-cellular greyish-fuscous lunule. Hind-wing : a linear, black, white-tipped tail at extremity of first median nervule ; above and below the nervule respectively two black hind-marginal spots (of which the upper is the larger), bounded internally by orange-yellow lunules (of which the upper is a good deal broader), and externally by a very fine white line. Under side. — Pale whitish-grey, with a very faint tinge of brownish; in each wing a ter- minal disco-cellular lunule, and a discal submacular transverse stria, both darker than the ground-colour, and white edged on each side, — two submarginal rows of white lunules (the space between them in fore-wing also darker than the ground-colour), and a hind-marginal white line immediately followed by a brown terminal line. Fore-wing : markings beyond middle extending from fourth subcostal nervule to submedian nervure ; discal row almost regular, becoming more macular and bent slightly inwards inferiorly. Hind-ioing : a sub-basal row of three small, black, rounded, rather indistinctly white-ringed spots ; discal row moi-e irregular than in fore- wing, the seventh spot (between first median nervule and submedian nervure) lunular, farther from base than the rest ; the first spot (immediately below costal nervure) nearer base than the rest, black and rounded like the sub-basal ones ; inner submarginal row of lunules sagittiform, rather suffused, outer row sub- sagittiform and forming with hind-marginal line a series of imperfect annulets ; black hind-marginal sjDots near anal angle rather smaller than on upper side, incompletely ringed with greenish-silvery, their oi*ano-e-vellow lunules rather larger. $ Brownisli-grey, rather loidely suffused from bases with bright pale- bluish ; discs dingy-whitish ; in hind-ioing the rows of white lumdes and the white and blackish hind -marginal lines more distinctly marked than on the under side. Fore-wing : a distinct fuscous terminal lunule ; bluish suffusion extends over lower part of discoidal cell along inner marginal area and over disc to beyond middle ; in most specimens more or less distinct representation of lower two-thirds of two suffused sub- marginal rows of Avhite lunules resembling those of hind-wing. Hind- ioing : bluish suffusion usually fills discoidal cell, but is otherwise more restricted than in fore- wing ; upper of the two hiud-niarginal black spots and its adjacent orange-yellow lunule much larger than in ^. Under SIDE. — As in ^, but the discal submacular row less regular and more i6 SOUTH-AFRICAX BUTTERFLIES. separated into spots in fore-wing, and wanting the eiglitli (inner- marginal) spot in hind-wing. Hi7id-wing : the lower (anal-angular) of two hind-marginal spots obsolete, or nearly so, but some of the greenish- silvery scales and part of the orange-yellow lunule present. The under side in both sexes, but especially in the $, is some- times very obscurely marked, the white markings being faint, and the three sub-basal spots and first spot of discal row in the hind-wing scarcely darker than the rest. As Mr. A. G. Butler has remarked {Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1875, p. 397), Osiri.i!, Hopff., appears to be the Afiucan representative of the Indian and Javan Cnejus, Fab. {Suppl. Ent. Syst., p. 430, 179S). On comparing speci- mens from Natal and Delagoa Bay with the Javan 5 in the Ilorsfield Col- lection in the British Museum, I could detect little difference, except that the under-side markings of the Osiris 5 s were all rather wider and less constricted. Hopffer founded the species on a single $ from Querimba. In February and March 1S67 I met with a few examples of both sexes on the coast of Natal. Colonel Bowker in June 1880 sent me the paired sexes taken at D'Urban. Both sexes of this pair were remarkably obscure in the undei*- side mai'kings, but the $ more so than the 1^ . The sjiecimens that I took frequented long grass in sheltered spots. Localities of Lycama Osiris. I. South Africa. E. Natal. a. Coast Districts. — D'Urban. Verulam. Avoca and Pinetown {ir. Morant). F. Zululand. — St. Lucia Bay {the late Colonel H. Tower). H. Delagoa Bay. — Hewitson Coll., Brit. Mus. K. Transvaal. — Pretoria (IF. Morant). Lydenburg District (7". Ayres). II. Other African Eegions. A. South Tropical. h. East Coast. — " Querimba." — Hopffer. 120. (2.) Lycaena Asopus, Hopffer. ^ 9 Lyccena Asopus, Hopff., " Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wissensch., 1855, p. 642, n. 22;" and Peters' Pteise Mossamb., Ins., p. 410, pi. xxvi. ff. 13-15 (1862). $ Lyccena Kama, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lend., Ser. iii., i., p. 403 '(1862). 9 Lyccena Asopus, Trim., Bhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 249, n. 149 (1S66). Exp. al., {$) I in. — i in. 2^ lin. ; ($) i in. 1-3 lin. ^ Falc hrownish-grey, rather variable in depth of tint, slightly paler discally ; on liind-marginal edge a fuscous line ; cilia whitish-grey ; hincl- loing with tivo siibmarginal roivs of vjhite lunnlcs ; no tail. Fore-tving : a faint, dusky, narrow, terminal disco-cellular lunule ; near posterior angle some very indistinct traces of a hind-marginal series of whitish lA'C.ENID.E. 17 lunules. Hind-icing : outer submargiual row of lunnles more or less combining with a liiud- marginal wliito line to form imperfect rings; hind-marginal spot between first median nervule and submedian nervure conspicuous, black, bordered inwardly by a broad orange-yellow lunule ; in some specimens, a very indistinct, thin, dusky, disco-cellular terminal lunule. Under side, — Agreeing very closely with that of L. Osiris, Hopff. (2'. v.)\ the go-ound- colour rather more hrotvnish, rendermg the white 7narkings more distinct. Hi n d-wii ig : an additional spot in S2ih~ basal 7'oio, just below base of first median nervule ; inferior hind-mar- ginal spot (next anal angle) either wanting altogether or represented by a few black, greenish-silvery, and (rarely) orange scales.-^ $ Darker, shot from bases over discs ivith bright 2^<^l^-blue. Fore- wing : disco-cellular lunule darker, broader ; whitish lunules near posterior angle usually less indistinct than in $ and margined on both sides by darker marks ; in one example, beyond these lunules, is a short thin whitish hind- marginal line ; blue suffusion occupies lower half of discoidal cell, and extends over disc and along inner margin to beyond middle. Hind-wing : submarginal series of white lunules and hind-marginal white line much better marked than in ^; black hind-marginal spot and adjoining orange lunule larger. Under SIDE. — As in ^, but the markings commonly not so distinct, especially in hind-wing, the sub-basal spots, and the first spot of discal row. The dull pale-grey $ of this species differs very much in appear- ance from the $ Osiris ; but the $ s of the two forms, notwithstanding that Osiris has tails and Asojms none, are remarkably similar ; and in both sexes the under side of the two species are almost identical. Asopus is decidedly a smaller insect than Osiris ; and the minute dif- ferences pointed out in the description seem to be constant. Mr. W. S. M. D'Urban, who first sent me this Lyrcena, wrote that it was not common near King William's Town in March. I met with it sparingly on the coast of Natal in February 1867 ; the few specimens I captured were flitting about low shrubs and herbage. Localities of Lycama Asoims. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony, h. Eastern Districts. — King William's Town {W. S. M. IT Urban). E. Natal. a. Coast Districts. — D'Urban. Victoria County. h. Upper Districts.- — Estcourt (/. M. Hutclmison). F. Zululand. — St, Lucia Bay {ilie late Colonel H. Tower). H. Delagoa Bay. — Lourenco Marques {Mrs. Moiiteiro). K. Transvaal. — Potchefstroom District {T. Ayres). ^ Hopffer (loc. cit.) mentions a ? from Senegal in which this inferior spot is as well developed as the superior one. 1 8 SOUTH-AFRICAX BUTTERFLIES. II. Other African Regions. A. South Tropical. a. Western Coast. — " Chinchoxo (FaUie?i!cdricia : but this feature is so pronounced in both sexes that I am of opinion it justifies keeping L. glauca distinct. Localities of Lycwna glauca. I. South Africa. K. Transvaal. — Marico and Limpopo Rivers {F. C. Selous). Potchef- stroom District {T. Aijres). LYCENII).^. 23 II. Other African Regions. A. South Tropical. a. Western Coast. — Ivinsembo, Congo ( W. Doncasler). Angola. — Coll. Brit. Mus. B. North Tropical. a. Western Coast. — Gaboon. — Coll. Brit. Mus. 124. (6.) Lycaena CafifrariaB, sp. nov. S ? Lyccena Asteris, Trim, [part], Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 247, n. 148 (1S66). Uxp. al., {$) I iu. 6-y\ lin. ; ($) i iu. 6-9 lin. ^ Glittering pale violaceous-blue, with a slight pinkish tinge ; 7iarro%u hlackish hind-marginal edging, linear in hind- wing and at p)osterior angle of fore-wing ; cilia whiter than in L. glauca or L. 2^((-tricia, espe- cially in hind-iving. Fore-wing : terminal disco-cellular mark linear, faintly marked, or nearly obsolete ; costa very thinly edged with greyish- fuscous, radiating on subcostal nervules. Hind-iuing : costa bordered with dull-greyish above first subcostal nervule ; just before hind-margin from apex, a parallel fuscous streak, becoming widely broken into small, more or less indistinct spots, below second subcostal nervule ; black hind-marginal spot between first and second median nervules, inwardly bounded by aii inconspicuous rather pale ochrey-yellow lunule ; often traces of a smaller similar spot below first median nervule ; tail short, edged and tipped with white. Under side. — Broionish-grey ; trans- verse markings darker, conspicuously edged with white on hoth sides. Fore-wing : terminal disco-cellular mark moderately wide, reniform ; in discal row two lowest spots smaller than the rest, and third spot sometimes prolonged inwardly, so as to touch disco-cellular mark ; outer lohite edge of discal roiv fused ivith inner sichmarginal roio of white lunules ; outer suhmarginal roiv constituting an almost straight and con- tinuous denticulated streak. Hind-wing : a sub-basal row of four small black-ringed spots (of which the third, between median and submediau nervures, is sometimes wanting) ; first and last spots of discal row also black, small, white-ringed, hut the rest enlarged and confluent, and the second and third sjyofs p)rolonged inwardly, and cither confluent ivith or touching the long, curved, narrow, termincd, disco-cellular mark ; outer white edge of discal row more or less completely confluent with suffused sagittiform lunules of inner submarginal row ; rings formed by lunules of outer row with hind-marginal white line complete, but thin, and pointed on inner side ; hind-marginal black spot outwardly spangled with bluish-silvery, the lunule inwardly bounding it thin, pointed, in- conspicuous, pale-yellow. $ Resemhling the $ Patricia, hut darker ; the blue suffusion more glittering, but less extended outivardly. Fore-wing : terminal disco-cel- lular dark spot conspicuous and well developed, but not quite so broad ; 24 SOUTH-AFRICAX BUTTERFLIES. paler traversing streak in hind- marginal dark border extremely indis- tinct. Hind-winfi : lunular white marks of inner submarginal row acutely sagittiform, more or less shot with blue, farther than usual from outer row ; rings formed by those of outer row with hind-marginal whitish line rather indistinct ; black spot and adjoining orange-yellow lunule better marked than in ^ (in one example a second much fainter orange lunule between second and third median nervules). Under side. — As in ^ ; hind-marginal white line wider, rather suffused. The (J of this beautiful Lycoena is well characterised by the glossy shining sux-face of its blue uj)per side, which in tint is almost identical with that of L. patricia. As shown by the features of the under side in both sexes emphasised in the above description, Caffrarice diverges from the Par- simon group and approximates more towards Aster is, Godt. , — a tendency also indicated in the darker upper side of the female. I have not seen many specimens of this form. Colonel Bowker forwarded a few from Kaffraria Proper in 1863 or 1S64, and a single male from King William's Town in 1S72. In January and February 1870 I met with several of both sexes in the Albany District of Cape Colony. They frequented the most elevated hills, flying with some swiftness over the bushes and herbage. Localities of Lycccna Caffraricc, I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. — Grahamstown, New Year's River, and Zwaart- water's Poort, Albany District. King William's Town (/, //. Bowlier). D. Kaffraria Proper. — Bashee River (/. //. Bowlier). 125. (7.) Lycsena Asteris, (Godart). Plate VIII. figs. 3 ( c? ), 3^ ( $ )■ (5 $ Polyommatus Asteris, Godt, Enc. Meth., ix. p. 657, n. 137 (1819). Lijama Celmis, Trim, [part], Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 247, n. 148 (1866.) RvjJ. al, ($) I in. 6-y^ lin. ; ($) i in. 7^-9 lin. t Bark violaceous blue ; a hlachisJi hind-marginal border, continuous and rather narrow in fore-wing {rarely traversed close to its outer edge by a slender white line), mactdar or submacidar in hind-ioing ; cilia white, oiar-roivly fuscous near origin, in fore-ioing somewhat irregidarly mixed with fuscous, in hind-wing incomjolctely interrupted with fuscous cd ex- treinities of nervules. Fore-iving : terminal disco-cellular fuscous lunule slender, rarely indistinct ; costa very narrowly edged with fuscous. Hind-ioing : costa bordered with fuscous above first subcostal nervule, and apical area as far as second subcostal nervure ; maculee of hind- marginal border relieved by more or less complete rings of bluish- white ; spot between first and second median nervules rather larger than the rest, black, inwardly edged by a faint, usually imperfect, thin, yellow lunule ; tail on first median nervule extremely short, black. Under side. — P?;). Verulam. Itongati River. Umvoti. Mapumulo. LYC.5i:iS^ID/E. 33 h. Upper Districts. — Little and Great Noodsberg. Udland's Mission Station. Grey town. Rorke's Drift (/. //. Bowker). Estcourt (/. 31. Hutchinson). F. Zululand. — St. Lucia Bay {the late Colonel II. Tower). K. Transvaal. — Lydenburg Disti'ict {T. Aijrcs), IL Other African Regions. A. South Tropical. a. Western Coast. — " Chinchoxo {Falkenstein).'^ — Dewitz. hi. Eastern Interior. — Bamangwato Country (//. Barber). B. North Tropical. a. Western Coast. — Gaboon. — Coll. Brit. Mus. Sierra Leone. — Coll. Hope, Oxon. 13L (13.) Lycaena Jobates, Hopffer. $ Lycoena Jobates, Hopff., " Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wissensch., 1855, p. 642, n. 20 ; " and Peters' Reise Mossamb., Lis., p. 408, pi. xxvi. ff. 9, 10 (1862). Lyccena Siwani , Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc, Lond., 3rd Ser. i. p. 402 (1862). Lycoina Jobates, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 245, n. 146 (1866). Ex}!. al., {$) I iu. — I in. 2I liu. ; ($) i in. 0^-2^ liu, ^ Fale lilacine-hlue, ivitli hroad fuscous-grcy viargins ; Mnd-ioi7ig ivith a short, hlacJc, vjhite-tijjped tail on first median nervide ; cilia greyish, inclining to whitish in ;parts. Fore-tving : grey border com- mences narrowly on costa beyond middle, becomes very broad apically, and gradually narrows along hind-margin to posterior angle. Ilind- wing : grey border broad costally and apically, bounded inferiorly by subcostal nervure and its second nervule ; below the latter it is hind- marginally very narrow, and below radial or third median nervule is represented by small separate spots, of which that between first and second median nervules is larger than the rest, and black ; imme- diately beyond these spots a thin white line, succeeded by a blackish one along hind-marginal edge ; immediately before spots a conspicuous, irregular, lunulated, bright-orange band, lying between third (or some- times second) median nervule and submedian nervure, — rarely reduced to two or three separate lunules adjoining largest spot and spots next anal angle. Under side. — Whitish-grey, the 'pattern and markings like those of Cissus, Godt., with the exceptions noted below. Fore-wing : no ocellus in discoidal cell ; terminal disco-cellular streak thinner, much more faint ; in discal row of spots the two between upper radial and third median nervules not so far beyond the rest, and the lower spots only a little larger than the others ; submarginal markings fainter (especially the white ones) and straighter. Hind-wing : in discal row all the spots well marked, and the sixth and eighth more displaced outwardly ; orange baud usually not so much developed, but in some specimens much more so, extending brokenly to near apex ; largest hind-marginal black spot, and smaller one below it, outwardly edafed with t>'reenish-silverv. 34 SOUTII-AFKICAX BUTTERFLIES. $ Blue much paler and duller, inclining to wJtitish on discs, occu- pying a smaller space. Fore-ioing : blue fills cell, covers lower disc, and extends along inner margin from base to a little beyond middle ; at posterior angle a white mark as in Cissus $, but more linear in form. Hind-iving : blue occupying about the same space as in fore- wing, but rising higher on disc ; hind-marginal blackish spots, white line, and orange bar usually better developed than in ^, especially the spots. Under side. — As in ^, but spots of discal row usually larger in both wings. It is remarkable that specimens of both sexes occur in which the ocellated spots of the hind- wing are all filled with orange-fulvous instead of black, — the spots near base being, however, partly blackish. I have before me examples of this kind from Griqualand West, the Transvaal, and Delagoa Bay, and two others from the Free State and Basutoland respectively, which exhibit the peculiarity to a much smaller extent. The smaller size and tailed hind-wings well distinguish this butterfly from L. Cissus, Godt , as well as the distinction indicated in the above description. As regards the $ , too, the paler tint of the upper side, and its three times as broad apical dark border of the fore-wings, are features readily identifying Jobates. The species is not unlike L. Tiresias (Rett.), of Central and Southern Europe, on the under side, but does not at all resemble it on the upper side. I only once met with this butterfly, taking a female flitting about Acacia trees in the "Thorn" country, near Grey town, m Natal, on the 12 th March 1867. The species has, however, a considerable kno^vll range in the east and interior of South Africa, and also occurs at very widely distant spots in the tropical parts of the continent. Its most southern locality known is King William's Town, where Mr. D'Urban found it rarely in February. It is singular that this very delicate-looking Lycama should share with the robuster members of the Ni/m2:>haU?i(e a decided partiality for very strong drink ; but I am able to record that four examj^les sent to me by Mr. W. Morant were taken near Hebron, in the Orange Free State, on the 26th October 1870, sucking " at a dead chicken in a bad egg; " and that another, captured by Colonel IBowker at Boshof, in the same State, during September 1872, was busily engaged in "drinking the blood of a freshly killed harte- beast." In Basutoland the latter observer met with Johates among grass near the Caledon River. Localities of Lycccna Johates. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. h. Eastern Districts.— King William's Town (TF. S. M. U Urban). c. Griqualand West. — Klipdrift, Vaal River (/. H. Boivker). d. Basutoland. — Maseru (/. H. Bou-ker). C. Orange Free State.— Hebron (IF. Morant). Boshof (/. H. Bowker). E. Natal. h. Upper Districts. — Karkloof (/. H. Boivker). Greytown. Estcourt (/. M. HutcJunson). Ladysmith and Biggarsberg (/. H. Bowker). Colenso (IF. Morant). H. Delagoa Bay. — Lourenco Marques {Mrs. Monteiro). K. Transvaal. — Potchefstroom District {T. Ay res). II. Other African Regions. A. South Tropical. a. Western Coast. — " Damaraland {De Vytder)." — Aurivillius. "Congo: Kin^embo (H. A)isel I). " — Butler. LYC^NID^. 35 h. Eastern Coast. — " Querimba." — Hopffer. 6 1. Eastern Interior. —Tati River [F. C. Selous). B. North Tropical. hi. Eastern Interior. — " Atbax-a Iliver " [Soudan J. — Butler. 132. (14.) Lycaena Hippocrates, (Fab.) $ Hesjieria Hippocrates, Fab., Ent. 8yst., iii i, p. 288, n. 105 (1793). ^^ Papilio Hippocrates, Don., Ins. Ind,, pi. 45, f. 3 (1800)." Exp. al, {$) 9-1 1 liu. ; ($) lo-lij lin. $ Dark-hroion ; apex of fore-wing tijypcd ivith 'white ; liind-wing with a rather long, linear, hlack., white-tijyjJed tail on first median nervule ; cilia brownish mixed with white, becoming pure white tipped with brown at apex of fore-wing and near anal angle of hind- wing. Fore- wing : apical white not broad, but conspicuous, below second radial nervule emitting along hind-margin, immediately before a dark bound- ing line, a very attenuated, interrupted, indistinct white line. Hind- wing : costa edged with whitish ; between second and fii\st median nervules a small hind-i.narginal black spot, bounded inwardly by a thin orange-yellow luuule ; an extreme hind-marginal black bound- ing line, preceded by traces of a whitish one, more apparent at anal angle. Under side. — Greyish-ivhite ; in eaeh wing the disco- cellular terminal liinule and the tivo hind-margined rows of lunules, and in the hind-ioing all the spots in the discal row except the first and last, very thin and faintly -marlced, pale-grey., with edgings scarcely whiter than the ground ; hind-marginal black-edging line clearly defined. Fore-vnng : no spots near base ; six spots of discal row very small, thin, black, almost imperceptibly white-edged, the row strongly curved outward superiorly. Hind-wing : discal row highly irregular, interrupted on second subcostal and second median nervules, and on submedian nervure, — the first spot (on costa) and the last (on inner margin about middle) black ; a sub-basal row of three small but very distinct black spots, viz., one close to costa, another in discoidal cell, and the third (smallest) on inner margin ; hind-marginal black spot and orange lunule well marked, the latter a little separated from the former, which sometimes bears a few bluish-silvery scales ; at anal angle a short linear black mark just before hind-marginal black line. $ Broivn, paler ; in each icing a large whitish-grey space, more or less shot with pale Hue, from base over inner-marginal and louver discal area ; cilia whiter throughout, except near apex of fore-wing, and in hind-wing with thin uervular fuscous interruptions. Fore-icing : pale space covers lower half of cell, and half (or sometimes two-thirds) of the median nervules ; a dusky disco-cellular terminal lunule, indis- tinctly marked. Hind-tving : pale space occupies all the wing up to subcostal nervure and its second nervule ; disco-cellular lunule and lower par of discal row of spots more or less distinctly represented; 36 SOUTH-AFKICAN BUTTERFLIES. along liiucl-margin tlie edging white line unites with, an inner row of white lunules to enclose a series of dark-brown spots, — the spot between second and first median nervules being, as in $, black, with an inward-bounding orange lunule. Under side. — As in ^. This is a very isolated species, not resembling closely any congener known to me. It is strikingly distinguished by the white apex of the fore-wings in the ^ , forcibly contrasting with the dark-brown ground- colour, and in both sexes by the whiteness of the under side and its very small spots. The pattern and character of the under-side markings perhaps more nearly resemble those of the untailed Z. Messapus, Godt., and Mahal- lolcocena, Wallengr., than those of any other species. On the upper side the 9 Hipi^ocraUs is in pattern and colouring somethmg like the $ s of the much larger Asopus, Hopffer, and Johates, Hopffer. The first example known to me as South-African was taken in Zululand by the late Colonel H. Tower in 1866. All the others I have seen — thirteen examples — were captured by Colonel Bowker on the coast of Natal, chiefly in the years 1S79 and 18S0, the paired sexes being secured on 30th May 1880. Concerning these latter specimens, he wrote that the two were at rest on a creeper in the Park at D'Urban, and that it was the white tips of the foi-e-wings of the male which attracted his attention. The species was found by the same observer very numerovisly on the edge of the bush near the mouth of the Umlaas River on the 8th June. A $ specimen from Sherboro Island, near Sierra Leone, in the collection of the British Museum, does not differ from southern examples except in its slightly larger size. Localities of Lyccena Hippocrates. I. South Africa. E. Natal. a. Coast Districts. — Mouth of Umlaazi, D'Urban, and Pinetown (J". H. Bowlder). F. Zululand. — St. Lucia Bay {Colonel II. Tower). H. Delagoa Bay. — Louren^o Marques [Mrs. Monteiro). II. Other Afx"ican Regions. A. South Tropical. a. Western Coast.—" Angola."— W. F. Ivirby, Cat. Hewits. Coll. hh. Eastern Islands. — " Madagascar." — Oberthlir. B. North Tropical. a. Western Coast. — Sherboro Island, near Sierra Leone (C. S. Salmin). — Coll. Brit. Mus. hi. Eastern Interior. — "Abyssinia : Shoa {Antinori).^^ — Oberthiir. 133. (15.) Lycaena Niobe, Trim en. $ $ Lyccv7ia Niobe, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 3rd Ser. i p. 282 (1862); and Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 253, n. 154, pi. 4, f. 10 [$]. Rvp. al, Q) I in. 0^-4 lin. ; ($) i in. o|-6 lin. ^ Dull cupreous-violaceous ; base narrowly purplish, cmd hind-margin rather widely bordered with reddish-hroivn in both wiiigs ; spotless ; cilia brownish in fore-iving, but white at apex, in Mnd-iving broivnish, with LYCENID/E. 37 ivJdte tips throughout ; no tail on hind-wing. Under side. — Dusky hroivnish-grey ; occlliforvi spots black, with jmlc-grei/ rings, arranged as in Z. Cissus, but no ocellus in discoidal cell of fore-wing, and the outer row of spots hardly visible on either wing ; sj^ace hdwccn the two rows marked hy a lunulate hoary-greyish hand ; close to hind-margin a row of very indistinct, darker, lunular spots. Hind-iving : between second and first median nervules, close to hind-margin, a narrow, blackish dot, tipped with ferruginous internally, with greyish-blue externally ; row of discal ocelli interrupted, in one specimen nearly obliterated inferiorly. $ Violet brighter and better defined than in ^, forming a patch on inner-marginal half of both loings, rising very little above median ner- vure, and extending a little beyond middle. Under side. — As in ^ ; spots more conspicuous, especially that on hind-margin between second and first median nervules of hind-wing, in which the ferruginous and blue colouring is distinct. This is a variable species. Specimens from Grahamstown agree with those above described from Knysna, Cape Colony, except in their larger size, but examples from Kaflx'aria Proper differ — in the ^ by a purer (not cupreous) violet upper side and a darker hind-marginal border, and in the $ by the entire absence of violet, the upper side being wholly reddish-brown, except for a very slight bluish tinge near the bases. In Natal the ^ s agree with the Kaffrarian specimens ; but of the two $ s I have seen, the smaller has only a very small space of basi-inner-marginal rather bright blue, while the other has all the sur- face, except the broad borders, shot with bright shining-blue. A constant and conspicuous distinguishing character of Niobe is the whitish band across the under side, just beyond the discal row of spots, formed by the inner row of submarginal lunules, in contrast with the dusky-grey ground-colour preceding it, and especially with a dark streak immediately succeeding it. I founded this species on three examples captured by myself at Knysna in October and March 1858. They were flitting about grass and low plants on the hill-sides, and looked like some small dark Satyrince. The butterfly was afterwards shown to have a wide range to the eastward and northward, but it seems to be nowhere numerous. I took a single specimen on the coast of Victoria County, Natal, in March 1867; and in February 1870 Mr. H. Barber captured a very fine 5 near Grahamstown. Localities of Lycwna Niobe. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. a. Western Districts. — Knysna. h. Eastern Districts. — Grahamstown {M. E. and //. Barber). d. Basutoland. — Koro Koro (/. H. Bowlier). D. Kaffraria Proper. — Bashee River (/. //. Bowker). VOL. II. D 38 SOUTH-AFEICAN BUTTEEFLIES. E. Natal. a. Coast Districts. — Victoria County, D'Urban (/. H. Bowlcer). h. Upper Districts. — Estcourt (/. M. Hutchinson). Mooi River ( W. Movant). F. Zululand. — St. Lucia Bay (the late Colonel H. Tower). K. Transvaal. — Potchefstroom District (7'. Ap7-€s). 134. (16.) Lycsena Tantalus, S2). nov. Uxp.al, {$) I in. 4-$^ Hn. Dull 2Mle-violaccous ; a narrow hroivnish^fuscoiis hind-marginal bor- der,— ill hind-wing rather wider, indenting violaceous letiveen nervules ; cilia dingij-ivliitisli, uniform. Fore-wing : terminal disco-cellular fus- cous mark linear, not very distinct. Hind-iving : costa bordered with fuscous-grey as far as subcostal nervure and its first nervule ; no hind- marginal spot, or only the faintest trace of one ; no tail. Under side. • — Pale or ivhitish-grey, sometimes ivith a faint brotvnish tinge ; all the mai'kings linear or much attemiated ; in each tving a linear disco-cellular terminal marking, a discal row of dark spots, a sichnarginal regular lunulated dark streak, and a hind-mai'ginal series of very indistinct dark spots ; o?i hind-marginal edge a series of very smcdl dark spots, adjacent to which the cilia are cdso dark. Forc-ioing : disco-cellular mark and discal row black ; in the latter the third spot is obliquely placed, its lower end inclining outward, and the fifth (between first and second median nervules) is before the rest ; submarginal lunulate streak blackish on both sides, edged faintly and suffusedly with whitish, and regularly interrupted by nervules ; disco-cellular mark and discal row (except first and last spots, which are black) dull-brown ; in the latter the brown spots are sublunulate, the second spot being separate, and the sixth and eighth nearer base than the fifth and seventh spots ; submarginal lunulate streak also brown, its component lunules larger than in fore-wing, and the first and second of them separate both from each other and from the rest. ^ Pale shining-llue not violaceous — duller and less developed in hind- wing, — witli hroad didl fuscous horders. Fore-win g : border of about even width throughout, from base to apex, and from apex to posterior angle ; terminal disco-cellular lunule veiy much broader and darker than in ^. Hind-wing : blue only thinly covers lower area from base to beyond middle, leaving a very broad costal fuscous border, and a moderately broad hind marginal one ; in the latter a series of blue spots, of which that between first and second median nervules is large and conspicuous, but the rest are very small, indistinct, and lunu- late. Under side. — As in $, but the markings more sharply defined. The ^ of this species on the upper side is intermediate in tint, &c., bet;veen the c^ s of Hypoiwlia, mihi, and Niohe, mihi, but is rather nearer to LYCiENID.E. 39 the former as well in colour as in size. The $ (of which I have seen but one example) resembles the Natalian variation of the $ Niohe, but differs in possessing a well-developed terminal disco-cellular lunule in the fore-wings, and a blue hind-marginal spot in the hind-wings. On the under sicle Tantalus comes nearer to Niohe, but wants the transverse whitish band beyond middle, while the discal row of spots is formed of elongate (not rounded) scarcely whitish edged black marks in the fore-wings, and still thinner dull-brownish marks in the hind-wings, and the submarginal common dark streak is narrowed and more sharply defined. This Lyccena was sent by Colonel Bowker from KafFraria Proper, but until lately, when other specimens were sent by him from Natal (including a $ ), I had regarded it as a variety of L. Niohe. The latter examples were captured by him in August and September. Localities of Lycaiia Tantalus. I. South Africa. D. Kaffraria Proper. — Bashee River (/. H. Bowker). E. Natal. a. Coast Districts. — D'Urban and Pinetown (/. H. Boiclier). 135. (17.) Lycaena ignota, sp. nov. Exp. al, {$) I in. 3-4 lin. ; ($) i in. 2I-5 lin. ^ Verij dull grcyish-hroicji ; a narrow dull-fuscous line edging hind- margin ; cilia glossy, hroivnish-grey, becoming tohitish outwardly. Fore- wing : a scarcely perceptible darker, linear, terminal disco-cellular mark. Hind-iving : a very indistinct small, narrow, fuscous hind- marginal spot between first and second median nervules, faintly (in one specimen more distinctly) ringed with whitish scales ; no tail. Under side. — Dull-grey ; markings blackish and 2^ale-brownish, incon- spicuously tvhite-edged ; submarginal rows of 'whitish lunides, and hind- marginal ivhitish line, ivith which the outer roiv forms icings, rather faintly marked, hit less indistinct in hind-wing. Fore-toing : terminal disco-cellular mark rather narrow, lunulate, fuscous ; slightly curved discal row of six rather small blackish or dark-brownish spots, of which the fifth is rather nearer base than the fourth and sixth. Hind-wing: three small rounded black spots in sub-basal row ; first and last spots of discal row like them, but the first one rather larger ; second spot round, but brown instead of black ; other spots of row small, pale- brownish, the sixth rather nearer base than the fifth and seventh • terminal disco-cellular mark sublinear, lunulate, dark- or pale-brown • hind-marginal spot usually distinct, but small, silvery-scaled externally. ^ Similar, slightly pcder ; disco-cellular murk in fore-iving, and hind-margined spot in hind-wing rather more apparent. Under side. — More tinged icith brown ; all the markings less distinct, the dark ones 40 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. (except the sub-basal spots and liind-marginal spot of liind-wing, of which the latter is more developed than in $) dull-brownish, the whitish ones faint and dull. On the upper side this obscurely-tinted Lyccena is not unlike the male of the South-European L. Admetus, Esp., but on the under side both the ground- colour and pattern ai^e very different. On the whole, L. ignota comes closest to L. Letsea^ Trim., but is distinguishable by its darker colouring, and total want of yellowish hind-wing lunules on the upper side, and by the very imperfect development of the whitish markings on the under side ; it also exhibits nothing of the tendency so general in Letsea to imperfection of the discal row of spots on the under side of the fore-wing. Mr. T. Ayres discovered this butterfly in the Transvaal, and in 1879 the South- African Museum obtained from him three examples of each sex. The only other specimens that have come under my notice are two males taken by Mr. J. M. Hutchinson, who captured them in the interior of Natal, and kindly presented them to me in the year 1881. Localities of LyccKna ignota. I. South Africa. E. Natal. h. Upper Districts. — Estcourt {J. M. Hutchinson). K. Transvaal. — Potchefstroom and Lydenburg Districts {T. Ayres). 136. (18.) Lycaena Letsea, Ti-imen. cJ , 5 Lyccena Letsea, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lend., 1870, p. 362, pi. vi., ff. 3, 4- Exp. al, Q) I in. 3 1-4 lin. ; (?) 1 liu. S^-6 lin. ^ Shining hrownish-grcy ; cilia sliglitly jialcr, not variegated. Fore- wing : a terminal disco-cellular streak sometimes faintly visible. Hind- wing : on hind-margin, on each side of the first median nervule, a very faint yellowish lunula, forming a ring with a broken hind-mar- ginal white line, of which the superior is large, and marked externally with a black spot. In two examples these markings are blurred and scarcely traceable ; no tail. Under side. — Grey ; ordinary markiyigs small and neatly defined, resembling those of L. Messapus, Godt. Fore- wing : lower p)ortio7i of transverse roiv of wliite-ringed black spots beyond middle almost always loanting, the usual number of spots present being four (in one example there are but three, while in another there are five, with the faint trace of a sixth on one side only). Hind-wing : a faint pale-bluish suffusion over basal portion ; yellow lunules more deeply coloured and much better marked than on upper side, the black dot of the superior one more or less dusted with silvery-blue. $ Similar ; slightly darker ; cilia whiter than in $. Fore-wing : disco-cellular lunule plainer than in $, but still indistinct. Hind- wing : yellow lunules broader and brighter, the black dot strongly marked ; in one (the largest) example there is a double row of indis- LYCENID^. 41 tiuct Avliitisli acute lunular marks along hind-margin, becoming obso- lete towards costa, but in the other two the outer portion only of the row is indicated by the very faintest whitish scaling. Under side. — All the markings better defined, and with wider lohife edgings than in the $. Fore-7cing : discal row composed of six spots in the largest example ; of six on one side and five on the other in the smallest ; and of five in the third. In both sexes, when there are more than four spots in the discal row of the fore- wings, the fifth spot is smaller, and (as well as the sixth, when present) placed slightly before the line of the others. The row is but very slightly curved, commencing at a little distance from the costa, immediately above the first discoidal nervule. Mr. Bowker found this dull-tinted species commonly about the waggon- roads near Rouxville and the Orange River in January i86g, and also in similar situations near Eland's Berg and Klip Spruit in the following month. He noted that it frequented small bushy plants, and, when roused, kept long on the wing. Localities of Lycccna Letsca. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. d. Basutoland. — Klip Spruit {J. H. Bowker). C. Orange Free State. — Near Orange River, Rouxville, and Eland's Berg (/. H. Bowker). 137. (19.) Lycsena dolorosa, sp. nov. \m. Exp. al, (^) I in. — i in. 2 lin. ; ($) i in. 2 $ Pcde-violaeeous ; fore-wing ivith a narrow, even, fuscous hind- margined border, hind-wing ivith only a linear black edging and a series of indistinct fuscous spots ; cilia greyish, mixed with fuscous in fore-wing, and narrowly interrupted ivith fuscous at ends of nervules in hind-iving. Hind-ioiiig : spot between first and second median nervules black, larger than the other hind-marginal spots ; a very thin interrupted whitish line between the series of spots and hind-marginal black edging ; costa bordered with greyish-brown as far as first subcostal nervule, and at apex as far as second ; no tail. Under side. — Didl brownish-grey; the markings scarcely darker than the ground-colour, inconspicuously but distinctly edged with whitish on each side ; in each wing, a terminal sub-reniform disco-cellular lunule, a slightly sinuated macular discal row, and two submarginal rows of whitish lunules, indistinct in fore- wing. Hind-tving : three small blackish spots in sub-basal row ; first and last spots of discal row small, round, and black, and separate from the rest, — sixth spot almost touching lower extremity of disco-cellular lunule ; lunules of inner submarginal row 42 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. broader, more acute than those of outer row, which form more or less incomplete rings with a whitish line immediately before hind-margin ; spot between first and second median nervules, on hind-margin, con- spicuous, marked externally with brilliant greenish-silvery, and bounded inwardly by a yellow lunule ; usually the traces of a similar imperfect spot at anal angle. $ Violaceous paler, duller, restricted to a siiffusion from bases, over celhdar, inner-marginal, and lower-discal areas ; hronmish-fuscous border of fore-ioing very broad, esixcially afically ; that of hind-uiing also very broad, costcdly and apically. Fore-iving : a linear fuscous terminal disco- cellular mark. Hind-wing : hind-marginal spots better marked, incon- spicuously ringed with dingy- whitish ; spot between first and second median nervules inwardly bounded by a very dull yellow lunule. Under side. — As in ^, but the whitish edgings of the markings better defined. Although so much larger and darker an insect, this species shows distinct alliance to L. llessajnis, Godt., in the character of the under-side markings. Only six males and a single female have come under my notice, — all from the eastern side of South Africa, and four of them from the upper districts of Natal. Of the habits of this butterfly I have no information ; it is probably inconspicuous on the wing. Localities of Lycccna dolorosa. I. South Africa. D. Kaffraria Proper. — Bashee River (/. H. Bmolier). E. Natal. h. Upper Districts. Estcourt {J. M. Hutchinson). Biggarsberg {J. H. Boivlrr). Blue Bank near the Drakensberg (TF. Morcmt). F. Zululand. — Napoleon Valley (/. H. Bou'Tier). K. Transvaal. — Potchefsti'oom District {T. Ayres). 138. (20.) Lycsena Messapus, (Godart). ^ Polyommatus Messapus, Godt., Enc. Meth., ix. p. 682, n. 205 (1819). Pohjommatus Sebar/adis, Guer., Lefvr. Voy. Abyss., vi. p. 385, pi. 11, ff. 7,8(1847).' ^ Lyc(e7ia Acca, Westw., Gen. D. Lep., pi. Ixxvi. f. i (1852). (J 5 LyccBna Messapus, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 254, n. 155 (1866). Exp. al, {$) 8-1 1 1 lin. ; (?) 9 J lin. — i in. ^ Blue-violaceous, ivith a narroiu blackish hind-margined border ; cilia greyish, whitish externally. Hind-wing : a hind-marginal black spot between second and first median nervules (sometimes nearly obso- lete), usually inwardly edged by an orange lunule ; no tail. Under SIDE. — P(de brownish-grey ; in each wing, — a streak closing cell (in fore-wing blackish, in hind-wing of the ground-colour) whitish-edged on both sides, — a row of white-ringed spots beyond middle (in fore- LYC.^NID.^E. 43 wing blackish, in liind-wing of the ground-colour and confluent except the first and rarely the second spot), — and two rows of faint-whitish lunules (separated by darker marks), of which the outer forms annulets with a whitish hind-marginal line ; a thin blackish line bordering hind- margin. Hind-wiiu) : four white-ringed dark spots before middle, — cue (usually the most conspicuous) between costal and subcostal ner- vures, one in cell and two on inner margin ; hind-marginal black spot usually whitish-ringed and often orange-lunuled, — sometimes obso- lete ; row beyond middle angulated on second subcostal nervule. $ Glistening dark greyish-hroum ; very rarely with a few blue scales near bases. Hind-wing: besides hind-marginal black spot (which is very rarely indistinct), a row of indistinct pale annulets is usually visible. Under side, — As in ^ ; markings more distinct. In some specimens, of both sexes, the markings are very faint beneath, and the gi'ound-colour duller and slightly darker tlian usual. I have not found any characters to distinguish L. Sebagadis (Gu^r.) from Messapus. A rather large and pale $ in the Hewitson Collection in the British Museum, which I examined in 1881, was marked "type," and was thus probably received from M. Guerin as true Sebarjadis. In the under-side markings and in the upper side of the ^ , Mcssapus is not unlike a miniature L. Cissus (Godt.), but the wholly brown upper side of the 9 is altogether different from that of the $ Cissus, and is not unlike that of L. AIsus (W. V.), so well-known a native of Eurojie. In size and appearance generally it most resembles L. Lysimon (Hiibn.), bvit the $ differs in its very much narrower dark border, and the $ in its want of any blue, on the upper side ; while both sexes present a darker, much less distinctly spotted imder side, wanting in the fore-wing the two sub-basal spots well marked in Lysimon. This Lycixna abounds about Cape Town, occurring thi^oughout the year in open ground, esjoecially in grassy spots. Its flight is very weak and close to the ground, and it settles very frequently on low plants. It has a wide dis- tribution m South Africa, but I am not aware of its occurrence in Natal, and have not met with it at all numerously except near Cape Town, Localities of Lycwna Mcssapus. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony, a. Western Districts. — Cape Town. Vogel Vley, Tulbagh Dis- trict. Caledon (/. X. Merriman). Robertson, Montagu. Knysna. Plettenberg Bay. h. Eastern Districts. — Mun^aysburg {J. J. Mnshit). Grahams- town. King William's Town (IF. S. M. U Urban), d. Basutoland. — Maseru (,/. H. Boicher). D, Katfraria Proper. — Butterworth and Bashee River (/. H. Bowlier). II. Other African Regions, B. North Tropical. 61 Eastern Interior. — "Abyssinia {Lefebvre).^^ — Guerin [Se- bagadis]. 44 SOUTH-AFKICAX BUTTEKFLIES. 139. (21.) Lycaena Mahallokoaena, (Wallengren). ^ , 9 Lyccena Mahallokoccna, Wallgrn., K. Sv. Yet.-Akad. Handl., 1857 ; Lep. Rliop. Caffr., p. 41, n. 16. ,, „ Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aiist., ii. p. 257, n. 159 (1866); and Ti-ans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 366, pi. vi. ff. ''], 8 (c?,?). Exp. ciL, ((^) 8^-1 1|- lin. ; ($) lO-ii lin. Closely allied to Z. Messapus, Godt. ^ Blue-violaceous ; fore-wing always, hind-icing rarely {(ind then very slightly), suffused with fulvous-yellow ; narrow fuscous hind-marginal border and greyish white-tipped cilia, as in 3fessapus ; no tail on hind-wing. Forc-toing : yellow suffusion extremely variable in extent and development, from a mere costal streak to a broad field occupying all the area except a narrow basal space and broad hind-marginal border of blue, — intermediate examples presenting a broad bar along costa, and strong or moderate suffusion on the median nervure and its branches and on submedian nervure. Hind-wing : yellow suffusion never more than a slight tinge about middle of costa and on disc beyond extremity of discoidal cell ; hind-marginal black spot between first and second median nervules very distinct, the orange lunule bounding it internally large and conspicuous ; a smaller fainter orange lunule between second and third median nervules, and sometimes a still smaller and fainter one immediately below first median nervule. Under side. — Whitish-grey ; markings quite as in Messajpiis, except that in hind-wing the hind-marginal black spot is conspicuous and considerably larger, and there are two well-developed bright-orange lunules instead of a single indistinct or obsolete one. ^ DarJc-hroum, usucdly rather tinged with greyish; orange-yellow hind-marginal lunules (ahvays ttoo, and usually three) of hind-iving more or less enlarged, so as to form a small consjncuous patch,^ and each externcdly hounded hy a. dark spot. Under side. — Quite as in ^, but markings generally usually rather better defined. The characters above given easily distinguish this very curious and beauti- ful form from Messainis, but the instability of the fulvovis-yellovv suffusion on the fore-wings of the $ is very noticeable, and seems to indicate that the character, highly peculiar and apparently imique as it is in the genus, is one of comparatively recent acquirement. The accompanying large development of the orange-yellow lunules of the hind-wings (especially marked in the $ ) is to all appearance a feature of much more constancy. This Lyccena was originally discovered by Wahlberg, bvit no specimens were known to me until Colonel Bowker in 1869 sent several from Basuto- land. In the same year a pair taken m the Free State reached me from Mr. W. Morant, who subsequently forwarded examples from the Transvaal, noting the species as plentiful near Potchefstroom on 25th February 1872, and occurring m low, stony ground at Pretoria on the i6th March. Mr T. ^ This character is most largely developed in a specimen talien by Colonel Bowker between the Tugela and Mooi Rivers in Natal. In this, as in a few other examples, there is an incomplete /owrtA lunule. Ayres almost simultcaneously sent me specimens from the Potchefstroom Dis- trict ; and fine examples from Natal and Zululand have more recently been contributed by Mr. J. M. Hvitchinson .and Colonel Bowker. The species extends into the Tropical Regions, occurring in Damaraland on the west, and centrally in the Bamangvvato country. Mr. Morant noted the capture of a 5 in the Free State at the end of December, and Colonel Bowker that of a ^ on the Natal coast on 27 th April. Localities of Lyccena Mahallokocena. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. a. Basutoland. — Maseru (/. U. Bowker). C. Orange Free State. — Vaal River ( W, Morcmt). E. Natal. a. Coast Districts. — Isipingo, D'Urban, and Pmetown (/. H. ISoivker). h. Upper Districts. — Estcourt (/. M. Hutchinson). Between Tuegla and Mooi Rivers, Rorke's Drift, and Biggarsberg (/. H. Boicher). Colenso (IF. Morant). F. Zululand. — Isandhlwana and Napoleon Yalley {/. H. Bowker). H. Delagoa Bay. — Louren^o Marques {Mrs. Moiiteiro). K.Transvaal. — Potchefstroom (TF. Morant Sii\d J'. Ayres). Pretoria ( W. Morant). II. Other African Regions. A. South Tropical. a. Western Coast. — "Damaraland (Z)m Vylder)." — Aurivillies. &i. Eastern Interior. — Bamangwato Country (H. Barber). Tau- wani River (F, C. Seloics). 140. (22.) Lycaena Lysimon, (Hiibner). ^ Papilio Lysimon, Hlibn., Samml. Europ. Schmett., ff. 534-35 (1798 ?). „ „ "Ochs., Schmett. Europ., i. 2, p. 24 (1808)." $, $ Polyommatus Lysimon, Godt., Enc. Meth., ix. p. 701, n. 240 (1819). (^ , 9 Lyccena Lysimon, Herr.-Schff., Schmett. Eur., i. p. 118, t. 5, ff. 28, 29 (1843). ^ , 9 Lyccena Knysna, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 3rd. Ser., i. p. 282 (1862); and Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 255, n. 156 (i866j. Exp. al., Q) 9-10^ liu. ; ($) 10^ lin.— i in. oj lin. ^ Dull-violet, ivith a silky gloss ; hind-margin of both wings rather widely bordered ivith blackish ; cilia broad, tvhitish ; no tail on hind- wing. Fore-ioing : costa very narrowly edged with a white line. Under side. — Whitish-grey ; ocelli blackish, whitish-ringed ; in both icings, a sinuate row of ocelli strongly curved superiorly, beyond middle, a whitish-edged fuscous streak closing discoidal cell, a distinct ocellus in cell (sometimes an indistinct ocellus below it), two sub- marginal rows of pale-fuscous, indistinctly whitish-edged, lunular spots, — and a thin blackish edging line, interiorly faintly whitish- 46 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. edged. Hind-u-ing : three minute ocelli near base, forming with that in discoidal cell a short row across wing ; base blackish-dusted. $ Shining greyish-brown ; inner-marginal area of both wings more or less snffuseel with violet-blue from base. Fore-wing : a fuscous line closing discoidal cell. Uxder side. — Quite similar to that of $, but all the spots more conspicuous, especially the marginal lunular rows. Fore-iving : spot below that in discoidal cell always present, often distinct. The ^ varies slightly in depth of colour and in the width of hind- marginal dark border ; ^ but the $ varies very greatly both as regards extent and tint of the blue suffusion, which in some examples is scarcely perceptible, while in others it occupies the larger part of both wings, numerous intermediate grades of development occurring. It seems probable that this butterfly is the Otis of Fabricius (1787), but it is impossible to decide the point from that author's descriptions. Judging from the descriptions and figures (in Froc. Zool. Sac, Land., 1865, p. 505, pi. 31, f. 7, ? , and Le^). Ceylon, 1881, p. 77, pi. 35, ff. 6, 6a, $),1 am further of opinion that the Pohjommatus Karsandra of Moore is identical with Lysimo7i. There were certainly specimens not sejiarable from the latter in Mr. E. L. Layard's Cingalese collection, and I have also seen individuals from various parts of India. Both sexes of Lusimon are readily distingviishable from Messapus, Godt., by the more whitish cilia, and the rather paler and more conspicuously spotted under side ; and the $ by its very much broader dark hind-marginal border on the upper side. On the under side, moreover, Lysimon has the discal row of ocellate spots very much more curved superiorly, and possesses a spot in the discoidal cell of the fore-wings wholly wanting in Ilessajyus. This little Lyccena is scarce about Cape Town, but commoner further to the eastward. It frequents gardens and waste land, and is fond of settling on the grovmd in damp grassy depressions or almost dry ditches. It is mainly a species of the late summer and early autumn (February to April), but I have met with it as early as the middle of September, and Mr. D' Urban took it in British Kaffraria in June. The only South-African locality in which I have met the insect at all abundantly is Plettenberg Bay, on the south coast of the Cape Colony. Mr. J. M. Hutchinson in 1882 sent me the sexes captured in copula at Estcourt, Natal. The only differences presented by South-African from European examples are an average rather larger size and a more distinct spotting on the under side ; and the same is the case as regards Mauritian and Indian specimens, Avhich quite agree with those from South Africa. In Mauritius, Lysimon is most abundant ; I found it on waste lands all over the island, and it also congregated on grass lawns in gardens. Localities of Lycayna Lysimon. T. South Africa. B, Cape Colony. a. Western Districts. — Cape Town. "Worcester. Robertson [J. E. C. Hodges). Swellendam (A. C. Harrison). Knysna. Plet- tenberg Bay. Clanwilliam [L. Peringuey). ^ Two specimens taken in Zululand by Colonel Bowker have the border darker and broader than in any other South-African examples that have come under my notice. LYC^ENID.E. 47 h. Eastern Districts. — Uitenhage. "Grahamstown, King William's Town, and Keishamma River, near Bodiam." — (IF. S. M. UUrhan). Windvogelberg, Queenstown District {Dr. Batho). c. Griqualand West. — Voal Eiver (/. H. Bowher). D. Kaffraria Proper. — Bashee and Tsomo Rivers (/. //. Bowker). E. Natal. a. Coast Districts. — D'Urban {M. J. M'Ken). 6. "Upper Districts. — Maritzburg. Greytown. Estcourt {J. M. HutcMnson). Colenso (TF. Morant). Ladysmith. F. Zululand. — St. Lucia Bay {the late Colonel H. Tower). Napoleon Valley {J. II. Bowker). K. Transvaal. — Potcliefstroom District {T. Ai/rcs). II. Other African Regions. A. South Troj)ical. a. Western Coast. — *' Chinchoxo {Falken stein). ^^ — Dewitz. b. Eastern Coast. — "Queriniba." — Hopffer. Lake Nyassa. — Coll. Brit. Mus. &5. Madagascar. — Coll. Brit. Mus. "Bourbon." — Boisduval. Mauritius, Johanna, Comoro Islands (IF. C. Bewsher).- — ■ Coll. Brit. Mus. B. North Tropical. a. Western Coast. — "Senegal." — Hopffer. C. Extra-tropical North Afi-ica. — " Algeria : — Djebel Aures and Collo. ' '— Oberthiir. " Egypt. ' '—Boisduval. III. Eiu'ope. — "Portugal, Spain, South France." — Staudinger, Herrich- Schaffer, &c. IV. Asia. A. Southern Region. — " Coast of Asia Minor." — Staudinger. Ceylon {B. L. Laijard). Calcutta. — Coll. Hewits. in Brit. Mus. " Bengal." — Godart and Boisduval. B. Malayan Archipelago. — "Java." — Westwood. 141. (23.) Lycsena lucida, Trimen. $ , $ Lyccena lucida, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond, 1SS3, p. 34S. Allied to L. Lysimon, Hiibn. Exp. al, (S) 81-1 1 lin. ; (?) 8 J lin. — I in. o^ lin. ^ Fale-violaccous, inclining to 2yinlc ; ncrvules more or less marked with greyish-brown; fore-wing with a greyish-hroicn hind-niargi7ial border of variahle width, usually ill-defined inwardly, but outwardly bounded by the ordinary edging black line ; hiiul-wing vAth a hind- marginal row of six small fuscous intcr-nervidar s2}ots, a little before the ordinary black line edging hind-margin ; cilia whitish, much obscared with brownish in fore-wing, and varied with it in hind-wing. Fo7'e- wing : an indistinct thin brownish lunule at extremity of discoidal cell. Hind-ioing : tailless. Under side. — Pede-grey, tinged with brownish ; spots of bases and discs very distinct, black, u:ith white rings ; beyond ordinary discal row, a row of sagittate white marks, succeeded by two hind-marginal rows of white lunules almost forming inter- 48 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. nervular rings. Forc-^viiuj : a spot in cell, towards extremity ; beneath it a similar usually rather larger one ; ordinary disco- cellular lunula black with white bordering ; discal row of spots strongly incurved on second median nervule; first and second spots of row on costa, respec- tively before and about middle, minute but very distinct and rather widely apart. Hind-vnng : a spot at base ; a transverse row of four spots before middle ; disco-cellular closing lunule narrow, of the ground- colour, white-bordered ; discal row strongly elbowed on second subcostal nervule ; a straight white ray runs longitiLclinally along radial nervtde from disco-cellular terminal lunule to row of sagittate marks ; near anal angle, two small blackish spots enclosed by lunules of the two hind-marginal rows. $ Darh-lroivn, iisually more or less marked ivith violaceous on lower ^arts of discs and towards bases. Hind-wing : dusky spots of hind- marginal row, as in ^, more or less apparent in violaceous marked specimens. Under side. — Usually a little more brownish than in $ ; the spots even more distinct, and the white ray of hind- wing broader. Variety, ^ and $. — Under side darker than usual ; the hind-wing with based and discal sjwts almost obsolete, but with the white ray very broad and conspicuous. One $ example has the violaceous on upper side bluer than usual and largely developed. iTrtft.— Pinetown, Natal {$ W. Morant, 1869; $ [2] J. H. Bowker, 1879). This species is allied to L. Lysvmon, but is readily recognised by the much more conspicuous spotting of the under side, with the white ray exhibited by the hmd-wing.i 'j'j^g mj^ie differs also from that of Lysimun in the decided pmk tmge of the upper side, and the absence of the dusky border of the hind- wing. The female has the upper side m.vich darker than in Lysimon, and the violaceous colouring is deeper and not so blue in tint. This is the butterfly noted in my Rlwpalocera A/n'cce Austral is (ii. p. 255) as probably a "permanent variety" of the female L. Knysna, mihi { = Lysi- mon, Tliibn.). At that time (1866) I had not distinguished the male of the form, although the female described was taken in copuld by myself at Pletten- berg Bay in February 1859, and so a male (probably worn) must have passed through my hands. From the Tsomo River, in Kafirland Proper, Colonel Bowker forwarded, only a few months later in 1866, a specimen which I could not doubt was the male ; and next year, in Natal, I met with several examples of both sexes. It was not, however, till 1870 that I found the butterfly pretty commonly near Graham stowii, and at Highlands (on 30th January) captured the paired sexes. There is nothing remarkable in the habits of this little species. It is rather socialjly disposed, and little groups are fomid flitting about grassy spots on hill-sides. ^ This white ray, which wholly or in part appears in so many of the European species of Lyccvna, does not occur in any known South-African representative of the genus except the one under notice. In this one, however, it seems to be always present in both sexes, judging from thirty-two specimens before me, although in one male it is reduced to a line merely. LYCT^.NID.E. 49 Localities of Lyccsna lucida. I, South Africa. B. Cape Colony. a. Western Districts. — Plettenberg Bay. h. Eastern Districts. — Port Elizabeth. Grahamstown. Zwaart- water Poort. D. Kaffrai-ia Proper. — Tsomo River (/. H. Bowher). E. Natal. a. Coast Districts. — D' Urban. Pinetown [W. Movant and /. H, Bowker). Mapnmulo. h. Upper Districts. — Estcourt {J. M. Hutcliinson). F. Zululand. — Isandhlwana {J. H. Bowker). K. Transvaal. — Potchefstroom District {T. Ayres), 142. (24.) Lycsena stellata, Trimen. Lyccena stellata, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc, Lond., 18S3, p. 349. Uxp. al., 7-9 lin. Greyish-fuscous, with numeroiis suhannular and other white spots arranged in correspondence with those of the under side ; hind-wing tailless. Fore-wing : terminal disco-cellular annulet, and discal infe- riorly much incurved band of annulets, enclose spots somewhat darker than the ground-colour ; near base two similar annulets, the upper one in discoidal cell, the lower immediately below cell ; a row of six minute white spots near and parallel to hind-margin ; cilia broad, fuscous, narrowly but very distinctly interrupted with white between nervules,' — the white interruptions close to apex and to posterior angle wider than the rest. Jlind-iving : terminal disco-cellular annulet and discal band of annulets not so fully developed as in fore-wing, but distinct ; an indistinct annulet near base below cell ; submarginal row of minute white spots as in fore-wing, but the first spot (nearest costa) consider- ably larger than the others ; cilia broad, white, with only imperfect fuscous interruptions along the inner edge at ends of nervules. Under SIDE. — Pale brownish-grey ; the white anmdets enclosing fiiscous spots. Fore-iving : the markings very distinct ; discal row begins about middle with two small costal annulets ; submarginal row of minute white spots black-edged both internally and externally ; fuscous of cilia paler than on upper side. Hind-ioing : an annulet at base ; a sub-basal trans- verse row of four annulets, of which the first (on costa) encloses a darker spot than the rest ; terminal disco-cellular annulet rather blurred ; first and second annulets of discal band separate from the succeeding ones, and nearer base ; submarginal row of minute white spots rather indistinct, but their inner black edges well marked, sub- sagittate ; the first and second of these spots (like the corresponding annulets of the discal band) are out of line with and before the others. Tliis very remarkable Lyccena belongs to the group of which L. 50 SOUTH- AFEICAN BUTTERFLIES. Lysimon, Hiibu., may be regarded as the type, its under side being of similar pattern tliougli more strongly marked. The species, however, with which it best agrees in the vinder-side markings, is L. lucida, Trim. ; but, as compared with the latter, it has a somewhat more yellowish tint, and its hind-wing markings are less distinct, not having black centres. The upper side, however, is quite unlike that of any species in the Lysimon group, and, indeed, that of any other known Lyccena, both sexes presenting on a blackish ground the under-side pattern in finely-depicted white annulets and sp)ots. In the total absence of blue in both sexes, and in its very small size, L. stellata resembles L. 3Ietophis, Wallengr,, and i, Barbercc, Trim. ; but its under side is of very different pattern, and quite wants the row of metallic-dotted ocelli so conspicuous in the hind-wing of those two species. I am indebted for the knowledge of this most interesting little butterfly to Dr. D. R. Kannemeyer, who noticed it for the first time in November 1882, and sent me, in February 1883, two specimens to identify. On receipt of my reply he several times visited the spot (about a mile from the village of Burghersdorp, in the Albert District) which the species frequented, and by the first week in March had captured a considerable number of examples of both sexes. Dr. Kannemeyer describes the insect as being numerous in this special haunt of a few yards in extent. The ground is near a brook, and sedgy ; and the little Lyccena kept flying about some legummous and other flowers, close to the ground, in a rapid, jerky manner and in a circular direc- tion. In these respects it evidently much resembles its even minuter con- geners, Z. Barbene, Trim., and L. Metop)liis, Wallengr.^ Locality of Lycmna stellata. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. h. Eastern Districts. — Burghersdorp, Albert District {D. R. Kan- nemeyer). 143. (25.) Lycsena Gaika, Trimen. ^Lyccena Lysimon, Wallengr., K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1857, Lep. Rhop. Caffr., p. 39. ^ Lycoiua Gaika, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 3d Ser., i. p. 403 (1862). ^ , 9 Lyccena Lysimon, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 256, n. 158, pi. 4, f. 7 [,?](i866). Lyccena pygmcea, Snellen, "Tijdschrift voer Ent., xix. p. 153, 6, 7 f. 3 (1876);" Moore [Zizera pygmceci\, Lep. Ceylon, ii. p. 78, pi. 35, ff. 5, 5a[c?](i88i). Exp. cd., {^) 9-10^ lin. ; (?) 9-1 1 lin. ^ Pcde-blue ; a brownish-grey border (of varicd)le width in fore-wing) on hind-margins; cilia whitish; hind-iving tailless. Under side. — ^ In April 1883 Dr. Kannemeyer wrote that he had found the true home of the Stel- lata in the plateau of the Stormberg range, eight miles east of Burghersdorp. At Botma's Farm it occurred in great abundance, frequenting a minute leguminous plant (probably a Trifolium) growing in moist places. This plant is almost certainly the food of the larva, the butterfly keeping about it exclusively. Dr. Kannemeyer also noticed the insect at the farm Kulfontein, si.x miles further eastward. LYaENID.E. 51 Wkitish-greij ; with minute, whitish-ringed blackish spots ; in both wings a thin, greyish, whitish-edged mark closing discoidal cell ; a transverse row of spots beyond middle (that of fore-wing curved, com- mencing with two minute spots on costa he/ore and about middle, and reaching to submedian nervure ; that of hind- wing sharply curved, composed of eight spots, from costa about middle to inner-margin) ; two dentate, submarginal, lunular, greyish, whitish-edged lines, — the outer one broader, interrupted, macular ; and a thin, black, bounding line immediately before cilia. Hind-wing : a basal black spot ; before middle a transverse row of four spots ; no metallic-centred spots near anal angle. ^ Didl-broivn. Under side. — As in $ ; spots more distinct. In the ^ the dark hind-marginal border of the fore-wing is always wider at the apex, but varies considerably in width as well as in tint, in some examples being much darker and with a well-defined inner edge, emitting shoi't nervular rays, while in others it is suftYised and without defined inner edge. The border of the hind-wing is constantly narrow and not well-defined inwardly, the costa being also bordered with brownish-grey as far as first subcostal nervule. In the ^ there is rarely a faint basal and discal suSusion of grey on the upper side. A specimen which I took in Griqualand West, which is larger and paler generally than usual, best exhibits this feature. This is undoubtedly the same insect that is described and figured by Moore {op. cit.) as Pygmcea, of Snellen, a native of Java and Ceylon, — speci- mens that I examined in the British IMuseum only differing in the less dis- tinctly marked under side. Though apparently belonging to the Lysimon group, it is of much more slender structure thoughout, and has remai'kably elongate wings. These characters, combined with its whiter under side (which has much more sharply cvirved discal rows of spots, but is without cellular or subcellular spot near base of fore-wing) readily distinguish Gaika from Lysimon. I found this little Lyccena in some abundance about D'Urban, in Natal ; it flew very feebly, near the ground, among grass and weeds. It seems to be on the wing for the greater part if not the whole of the year ; for I took it in Jime, August, February, and March in Natal, and during September in Griqualand West. It extends to many other parts of Natal, but seems to be scarcer inland. Colonel Bowker sent several examples from Zululand ; and northwards the species ranges beyond the Tropic into Damaraland on the Western Coast. Its most southern locality known to me is the coast of Bathurst in the Cape Colony. So small and inconspicuous a butterfly is, however, apt to be overlooked by collectors, and, looking to its wide geo- graphical range, there can be no doubt that it inhabits very many stations as yet imrecorded.^ 1 In the British Museum there is a (J Lyccvna, ticketed " Pernanibuco," which is very closely allied to, if not identical with, L. Gaika. The only distinctions I could discover were its hind-marginal border of the fore-wings being broader than usual, and the lunules of the inner submarginal line on the under side being sagittiform instead of nearly straight. 52 SOUTH-AFKICAN BUTTERFLIES. Localities of Lyccena Gaika. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. b. Eastern Districts. — Kleinemond River, Bathurst District [Mrs. Barber). King William's Town {JV. S. M. U Urban). c. Griqualand West. — Kimberley. Vaal River (J. H. Boioker). d. Basntoland. — Maseru (/. H. Botcker). D. Kaffraria Proper. — Tsomo and Bashee Rivers (/. H. Boicker). E. Natal. a. Coast Districts. — D'Urban, Umlilanga, Yerulam, and Mapu- mulo. Awocsi {J. H. Boxoker). "Lower Umkomazi." — J. H. Bowker. h. Upper Districts. — Greytown. Estcourt {J. M. Hutchinson). Karkloof and Biggarsberg (/. H. Boivher). Colenso (JV. Morant). F. Zululand. — Napoleon Yalley (./. II. Bowker'). St. Lucia Bay (tJte late Colonel H. Tower). K. Transvaal. — Potchefstroom District {T. Ayres). II. Other African Regions. A. South Tropical. a. Western Coast. — Damaraland {Mrs. Latham). hi. Eastern Interior. — " Kilima-njaro {H. H. Johnston).^' — F. D. Godman. lY. Asia. A. Southern Region. — India. — Cutch. — Coll. Brit. Mus. Neilgherry Hills, Madras. — Coll. Hope Oxon. Ceylon [E. L. Laijard). 144. (26.) Lycaena Trochilus, Freyer. Lyc Herr.-Schaeff., Schmett. Eur., i. p. 128, t. 48, ff. 224, 225 [(?], t. 49, f. 226 [?] (1844). $ ,, „ Wallengr., K. Sv. Yet.-Akad. Handl., 1857; Lep. Rhop. Caffr., p. 41, n. 14. Polyommatus Trochihis, Kirby, Europ. Butt. p. 99 (1862). 9 Lyccena Trochilus, Ti^im., Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 256, n. 157 (1866). Lycoena parva, R. P. Murray, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 526, pi. x., f. i[M.] Exp. al, ($) 8-9 lin. ; (?) 9-10I lin. ^ Broivn, with a greyish gloss ; a thin, inconspicuous hind-marginal fuscous line ; cilia hroumisW at origin hut outivardly whitish ; no tail on hind-ioing. Forc-tving : an indistinct, linear, fuscous, terminal disco- cellular lunule. Hind-wing : a similar, even less distinct, disco-cellular lunule ; between third median nervule and submedian nervure, close to hind-margin, three rounded black spots, bounded internally by two rather conspicuous orange-yellow lunules, and one (the lowest) small and indistinct and all but obsolete, and externally by a white linear edging. Under side. — Pah-grey, tinged ivith h7vumish ; ordinary LYC.ENID.E. •■ 53 markings distinct, unth ivcll-dejincd wliitc edges. Forc-ning : no sub- basal spots ; terminal disco-cellular lunule scarcely darker than ground- colour ; discal row of six black spots, only slightly curved superiorly, the first and fifth spots partly before the rest ; two submarginal rows of almost straight white lunulate marks; a white hind-marginal line immediately succeeded by a thin terminal black one. Hind-wing : sub-basal row of four round black spots ; terminal disco- cellular lunule, and all the spots of irregular discal row except the first and last (eighth) — costal and iuner-mai'ginal respectively, which are black, — of the ground colour ; lunules of two submarginal rows more acute than in fore-wing, those of outer row forming imperfect rings with hind-marginal white line ; three hind-marginal black spots marked outwardly with a semicircle of brilliant gx^eenish-golden, the orange lunules preceding them usually well- developed ; usually the nucleus of a fourth spot in the form of greenish-golden scales, between third median nervule and radial nervule. $ Similar, usucdly darker. Hind-unng : hind-marginal black spots and adjacent orange-yellow lunules larger, the lowest lunule better developed, and rarely a fourth small lunule just above third median nervule ; in some European examples a row of small white lunules precedes the orange ones. Under side. — As in ^, but all the mark- ings better developed, especially (in hind-wing) the hind-marginal spots and adjacent orange lunules. On the upper side this species, especially its $ , has much the appearance of the $ L. Malialloliocena, Wallengr., but the row of from three to five jewelled spots on the under side of the hind-wings constitutes an unmistake- able distinction in TrochUus. The Rev. R. P. Murray (loc, cit.) has separated a South-African examj)le, imder the species name of L. parva, distinguishing the new form from Trocldlus " on account of its much smaller size, and also from its presenting in both wings a series of white markings immediately beyond the discal row of spots." But I find that not only is an expanse of eight lines (which is that given by Mr. Mxu-ray for L. parva) the viinimian size in South-African specimens of the (J , but that European examples of TrochUus are often no larger, and sometimes smaller (seven lines) ; and indeed, on the whole, taking a series of both sexes, the South- African insect appears to be decidedly the larger of the two. The second distinction is not to be found in any South-African specimen that I have seen, the inner of the two ordinary submarginal rows of white lunules succeeding the discal spots, as m typical Truchilus, in every case. When comparing South- African with ISTorthern specimens in 1881, I thought, at first, that I had discovered a difference in the former as regards both the smaller number of jewelled spots (three instead of four or five) and the better developed adjoining orange lunules, but I found that the Northern examples varied much in these very particulars, — two Egyptian ones not differing from South-African individuals in which those characters are best expressed. An aberration from the Wliite Nile, in the Hewitson Collection of the British Museiun, has an orange-yellow bar in the fore-wings near the posterior angle. The only example that I met with in Natal was flitting about grass in a valley of the Great Noodsberg, on the iSth March 1867. The species has VOL. II. E 5-4 SOUTH-AFEICAN BUTTERFLIES. reached me from widely-tlibtant localities, but I do not know of any place where it occurs in any abundance. Specimens sent from Burghersdorp, in the north-east of the Cape Colony, by Dr. Kannemeyer, are darker than usual on the upper side, and have the under-side pattern very strongly marked. Localities of Lijcccna TrocJtilus. I. South Africa. B, Cape Colony. a. Western Districts, — Robertson. h. Eastern Districts. — Port Elizabeth (J. L. Fry). New Year's River, Albany District {Mrs. Barber). Burghersdorp {D. R. Kannemeyer). c. Griqualand West. — Vaal River (J. II. Boivker). d. Basutoland. — Maseru (/. H. BowJcer). D. Kaffraria Proper. — Basliee River (/. //. Bu ulcer). E. Natal. h. Upper Districts. — Great Noodsberg. Biggarsberg and Roike's Drift (J. H. Boirl-er). F. Zululand. — Napoleon Yalley {J. H. Bowler). H. Delagoa Bay. — Lourenco Marques {Airs. Monteiro). K. Transvaal. — Potchefstroom {2\ Ayres). II. Other African Regions. A, South Tropical. a. Western Coast. — Damaraland : "River Kui.sip {WaJdbertj)." — Wallengren. B, North Tropical. hi. Eastern Interior. — White Nile. — Coll. Ilewitson in Brit. Mus, C, Extra-Tropical North Africa. — Egypt. — Coll. Ilewitson in Brit. Mus. III. Asia. A. Southern Region. — " Asia Minor and North Persia." — Staudinger. IV. Europe. — "Tiu'key." — Doubleday, Ilerrich-Schaffer, &c. "Balkan Mountains. ' ' — Staudin£:er. 145. (27.) Lyc33na Metophis, Wallengren. Lyccena Aletoj'Ms, Wallengr., Wien. Ent. Monatschr., iS6o, p. 37, n. 17 ; and K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Fcirhandl., 1872, p. 48, n. 21.1 Uxp. al., ($) 7-7f lin. ; ($) 9-9 J lin. ^ Didl-hroivn, jJalcr and tinged luith greyish hasally ; cilia while, in fore-wing very hroadly, in hind-iving extremely narroivly, interrupted with dark-hrown at extremities of nervules ; hinel-iving tailless. Fore- ■ivinf) : browu interruptions of cilia at extremities of first and second median nervules exceedingly broad, almost uniting. HineUwing : a hind-marginal series of four small internervular blackish spots, of 1 Through the kind assistance of Prof. Chr. Aurivillius, of tlie Royal Swedish Museum in Stockhohn, I was enabled to obtain a careful coloured drawing of the type of this species, and so more satisfactorily to determine the distinctness of Metophis from my more recently named close ally, L. Barbcrce.^ LYC.ENID.E. 55 wliich tlie two next anal angle are often immediately preceded by two minute whitish spots. Under side. — Pale grcyish-broion ; mark- ings mostly of the ground-colour, hut their white edgings well defined. Fore-ioing : disco-cellular terminal lunule broad, subreniform ; discal row of six imperfect annulets between subcostal and submedian ner- vures, highly irregular, — the second and fourth projecting beyond the rest, and the sixth considerably before them (so as to be in a lino with terminal cellular marking) ; two submarginal rows of thin white lunulate marks, of which the lowest in each row is larger than the rest — so that the two partly unite ; a dull whitish hind-marginal line (becoming pure- white and wider at its low^er extremity), succeeded by a brown line. Hind-wing : a sub-basal series of three to four united rather large white annulets, of which that next costa is oval and much the largest ; a broad terminal disco-cellular marking, with both white edges rather suffused ; discal series of very imperfect more or less confluent annulets highly irregular, — the second annulet being only partly beyond, and immediately above, terminal disco-cellular marking, while the third is far beyond the second, and the firet of a continuous but irregular series of six, terminating on inner margin ; between second subcostal and first median nervules, a hind-marginal series of four distinct round black spots, each containing a large crescent of glittering greenish-golden scales, surrounded by a whitish ring, and preceded at a little distance by a more or less suffused whitish lunule ; traces of two similarly coloured spots near apex (the second immediately preceded by a rather large and conspicuous whitish spot), and more distinct traces of another at anal angle ; cilia dark -brown at its origin. $ Similar ; on upper side paler. Under side. — As in $. Tliis species was discovered by Wahlberg close to Walvisch Bay, iu Damaraland, but has since been found to hiliabit many localities in Exti-a- Tropical South Africa. It differs from L. TrocJiilu'^, Frey, in its smaller size, wliite cilia interrapted with bro\vn, and want of orange kmules m tlie hind-wings ; while its under side is darker, much more irregularly marked, without black centres to any of the ordinary spots, and witli never less than four jewelled spots on the hind-margin of the hind-wings. Metophis is, how- ever, much nearer to a Lyecena from Ceylon in the British Museum, labelled " L. Chinga " (but which has not, I believe, been described), and to the Cali- fornian L. exilis, Boisd. It differs from both in its broad white cilia inter- rupted with brown, and from the Californian species vn. wanting a bluish suffusion at the bases of the wings on the upper side and a shining reddish suffusion over the outer half of the fore-wings on the mider side. I have met with this beautiful little butterfly only at Ilobertson, in the Cape Colony, where in January 1876 I captured a few specimens flitting about close to the gi-ound on the dry hill-sides. Colonel Bowker has forwarded examples from the north and north-east of the Cape Colony, Mr. E. CI. Alston from the north central, and Mr. L. Pcringuey from the nortli-west. The latter found it generally distributed in Namaqualand, though local in its haunts, and collected in that district and the adjoining one of Clanwilliam twenty- four specimens. I am not aware of its occurrence near the cast of the Cape 56 SOUTH- AFEIC AN BUTTEEFLIES. Colony, where, however, the very closely allied L. Barherce, mihi, is known to extend as far as Natal j but its existence at Delagoa Bay probably points to its inhabiting the intervening territory. Localities of Lycctna Mdcyplds. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. a. Westeni Districts. — Robertson. Van Wyk's Vley, Carnarvon District [E. G. Alston). Varsch Biver, Clanwilliam District {L. Peringueii). Garies, Ookiep, Spectakel, and Ivlipfontein, Namaqualand District {L. Peringueij). h. Eastern Districts. — Hope Town (J. II. Botvlier). c. Griqualand West. — Vaal River (J. H. Bowker). Kimberley (H. L. Feltham). H. Delagoa Bay. — In Hewitson Coll. in Brit. Mus. II. Other African Regions. A. South Tropical. a. Western Coast. — " River Kuisip [Walvisch Bay] (Wahlberg)." Wallensfren. 146. (28.) Lycsena Barberse, Trimen. Lyccena Barherce, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., i868, p. 89, pi. v. f. 7. Exp. al, ($) 5l-6f lin.; ($) 7^-9 lin. Closely allied to L. Metophis, Wallengr. $ and ^. Dark-hrown ; cilia hroad, while, internqotcd with hroion — in forc-wbig hroadly, in Itind-iving narrouiy — at ends of ncrvules ; hind-iving tailless. Hind- iving : a very indistinct hind-marginal row of small blackish spots. Under side. — Brownish-grey (the hind-wing finely speelded with whit- ish) ; in both ivings, terminal disco- cellular and discal incomplete lohite annulets filled with hrownish rather darker than ground-colour. Fore- wing : discal series of annulets arranged much as in Metophis, but commencing with a small additional (costal) one, — the lowest annulet rather beyond disco-cellular terminal one ; two submarginal rows of white lunules rather farther apart than in Metop)his, and lunules of inner row more sogittiform ; space between two rows rather darker than rest of ground-colour. Hind-wing : sub-basal series of four annu- lets arranged as in Metophis, but filled with brownish darker than ground-colour ; terminal disco-cellular annulet nearer base, and quite separate from discal row ; the latter is much wider, more even, and continuous, forming more of a bar or narrow fascia, interrupted on second subcostal nervule ; hind-marginal series of four golden-cres- cented black spots and other markings as in Metophis, except that the conspicuous whitish spot immediately preceding the second hind-mar- ginal marking is wanting. The sexes do not differ except in size. Besides the various differences specified above, Barherce has con- LYCiENID^E. 57 siderably broader and shorter wings than Mdoi'ihis ; and I have never found in either sex any trace of the small whitish spots which in Mctophis often immediately precede the blackish hind-marginal spots on the upper side of the hind-wiugs. Barhercc is also considerably the smaller of the two forms. In both species, but more especially in Barhcrce, the discoidal cell is in both fore and hind wings remarkably short, its termination being considerably before the middle. I had much pleasure in naming this smallest but by no means least beautiful of South- African butterflies after Mrs. F. W. Barber, of Grahams- town, who has rendered important services to entomology as well as to botany, and from whom I first received examples of the insect. In February 1870 I was so fortunate as to make the acquaintance, under Mrs. Barber's guidance, of this minute species. It keeps much to spots of limited extent, usually about stony hillsides, and is usually numerous m such restricted stations. In the bed of the Mill Biver, on the loth February, I met with a large number, settling on the large stones, and succeeded in capturing a good series, notwithstanding the difliculty of securing such inconspicuous and fragile little creatures among the stones under a broiling sun. In Sejitember 1872 I met with a very few specimens m Gricpmland West, and in January 1876 captured four examples at Bobertson in the Cape Colony. At Port JSTolloth, in August 1873, I took a single $ , the largest I have seen (exp. nine lines) ; and Mr. Peringuey has lately brought from Ookiep, in the same district (Namaqualand), a specimen of nearly equal size captured by him iia November 1885. It thus appears that in the Cape Colony and in Griqualand West, Barherce and MetojMs co-exist in several localities, but, as far as hitherto known, the former is more characteristic of the eastern side of South Africa and the latter of the western. The discovery, however, of 3Iefo])his so far east as Delagoa Bay, is a fact that may indicate a common range of the two forms throughout the region. I have seen no smaller butterfly than Barhcrce — a (^ that I captured at Bobertson expands only five lines, and several others spread less than six lines. Localities of Lycama Barhcrce. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. a. Western Districts. — Bobertson. Ookiep {L. rerbujueu) and Port Nolloth, Namaqualand District. h. Eastern Districts. — Highlands {M. E. Barher and H. J. Atlicr- stone). Mill Biver, Mitford Park, and Zwaartwater's Poort, Albany District. Between Somerset East and Murraysburg (/. H. Bowlcer). Murraysburg {J. J. Musketf). Burgherstlorp {D. R. Kannemeyer). TJitenhage (/. //. Bowlcer), c. Griqualand West. — Kimberley and Barkly. D. Kaffraria Proper. — Tsomo Biver (J. //. BuicLrr). E. Natal. b. Upper Districts. — Estcourt (/. AI. Hutchinson). Section B. — Under side brownish-grey or dull yellowish-grey ; markings not or scarcely darker than ground-colour, and more or less completely confluent as fascios, so that their well-marked white edges 58 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. have the appearance of ratlicr irreguhii' strife on a concolorous ground ; a short fascia across middle of discoidal cell of fore-wing. L. Bcvtica (Linn.) [tailed], SicJicla, Wallengr., notuhla, Trim., Tsomo, Trim., Noquasa, Trim. 147. (-9.) Lycsena Baetica, (Linna3us). ^ Papilio Bivticus, Linn., S^'st. Nat., i. 2, p. 789, n. 226 (1767). (^ , ^ Pohjomrnatus Bmticus, Godt., Enc. Mcth., ix. p. 653, n. 122 (18 19). Lycoena Bcelica, Horsf.. Cat. Lep. E. I. C. Mas., jx 80, n. 14 (1828). $ Lycama Bcetica, Boisd., Sp. Gen. Lep., i, pi. 7, f. 9 (1836). (J, 9 ,, „ Trim., Rhop. Afr. Austr., ii. p. 236, n. 138 (1866). Larva and Pupa (South Africa), Trim., op. cit. p. 342. Exp. al., {$) III lin. — i in. 4I liu. ; (?) i in. 2-5I lin. ^ Silky violet-blue, vnth a fuscous liiiul-marginal edging. Hind- wing : two well-marked black spots, outwardly whitish-edged, near anal angle, of which the larger is above first median nervule. Under SIDE. — Pale-ochrcous-greg, uuth nndulatcd, transverse 'icltite stria: ; com- mon to both wings, beyond middle, a fascia composed of a middle broad streak, with a parallel line at equal distances on either side, variable in regularity, angulated in hind-wing below first median, — cc tvhite stripe, narrow in fore-wing, but wider and consjncuous in hind-wing, excepting near inner-margin touching the greater portion of outer line of fascia, • — followed by a lunulate stria and a hind-marginal edging. Fore- wing : a short triple fascia, similar to the longer one described, across cell, and another like it at extremity of cell. Hind-iving : base lightly irrorated with blackish ; two to four transverse stria3 in basal portion, in places more or less confluent ; mixed up with these, a triple streak closing cell ; two black spots exteriorly edged with bluish or greenish- silvery, and interiorly bordered by an orange lunule (indistinct in lower spot). ^ Didl-broivnisJi, vividly sJiot loith shining blue from base and over disc. Hind-iving : sometimes almost devoid of blue ; beyond middle a transverse row of broad, more or less conspicuous white lunules ; a row of thinner lunules near margin combine with a hind-marginal line to form bluish-white rings, of which the two next anal angle are com- plete, enclosing the two black spots. Under side. — As in $, but marking more conspicuous, especially the white stripe in fore-wing. Cilia in both sexes greyish at origin, white on outer edge. Larva. — Bright-green ; paler on the under surface. A dark- green dorsal line; beneath it, on each side, an indistinct line inter- rupted on each segment, followed by a row of short, oblique, indistinct streaks of the same dark-green, and a pale-green line just above the legs. Head small, shining, reddish-brown. Two-thirds of an inch in length. Feeds on flowers of Crotalaria capensis (a Papilionaceous shrub), in which it lives. LYC^NID.E. 59 Plta. — Very palo gTcyish-oclireotis, dusted unequally with black- ish ; the wing-covers more greenish in tint. A fuscous line down the back ; some blackish spots on head and back ; two rows of blackish spots on cadi side of back of aljdomen. About half an inch in length ; thickest and roundest in abdominal region ; head blunt. The pupal state lasts from ten to twelve days in the summer. Godart (loc. cit.) describes the larva in Europe as variegated with red on the back, and as feeding m the pods of Colutea arhorescens, or of the com- mon green pea. I have not seen any examples so marked at tlie Cape. Mrs. Wollaston (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 5th series, vol. iii. p. 224, 1879) mentions the partiality of the " green " larvce of iJcdica for the common garden-pea both in St. Helena and Madeira ; and I have noticed the butterfly about that plant in Mauritius.^ Except in size, this well-known and beautiful Lyccuria varies but little, the males ditfering slightly in depth of blue on the upper side, and the females in the development and distinctness of the discal and submarginal white lunules of the hmd-wing ; while on the under side, in both sexes, the submarginal white stripe and the orange hmule of the supeiior hind- marginal black spot of the hind-wing present some variation. The specimen of Damoetes, Fab. (Syst. Enf., p. 526, n. 350, 1775), which I examined in the Banksian Collection in the British Museum, is not separable from Bcetica. Examples that I captured near Algiers, in i88r, are slightly darker than the South-African specimens. Bxtica is generally distributed in Southern Africa, and occurs throughout the year, but is most numerous from October to April. It frequents numer- ous legummous plants when in flower, and is fond among others of the " Keurboom " {Virgilia capensis). Though able to fly with considerable swiftness, it seldom does so, but flutters about the plants that chiefly attract it, repeatedly settling on the flowers or leaves. Not only has this butterfly an immensely wide geographical distribution, apparently including nearly the whole of the warmer j^arts of the Old World, but it is remarkable for having established itself in oceanic islands very remote from any continent. Mrs. Wollaston (luc. cit.) observes that it is " the most abundant of the few " [only four species noted] " Diurnal Lepi- doptera as yet found in St. Helena," and tlie llev. T. Blackburn (as noted above) reared it from the larvo3 in the Hawaiian Islands. Inhabiting all Southern Europe, it extends sparingly into the north of France, and stragglers have been captured on the South Coast of England. liocalities of Lyccvna Bcetica. I. South Africa. B, Cape Colony. a. Western Districts. — Cape Towti. Genadendal, Calcdon District {G. Hettarscli). Knysna, Plettenberg Bay. Van Wyk's Vley, Carnarvon District {E. G. Alston). 1 Mr. A. G. Butler records {Trans. Ent. Soc. Land., 18S2, p. 31) two specimens of the butterfly from the Hawaiian Islands, and gives the Rev. T. Blackburn's note of having bred it from larvee feeding in pods of what appeared to be a Mdilotus. These Hawaiian larvje are described as of an " obscure olive-green," and as having the " dorsal .and sub- dorsal lines and the region included obscurely rosy,"— which latter character accords with Godart's description. The head is described as "testaceous, bearing a V-shaped mark which points backward," and the spiracles as "white." It thus seems evident tliat the larva varies considerably more tlian tlic imago does. 6o SOUTH-AFKICAN BUTTERFLIES. h. Eastern Districts.— Graliamstown, King William's Town (TF. U Urban and /. H. Bowlcer). d. Basutoland. — Maseru (/. II. Bowker). D. Kaffraria Proper. — Butterworth and Bashee River (/. //. Boiclcer). E. Natal. a. Coast Districts. — "Lower Umkomazi." — J. 11. Bowker. D'Ur- ban {J. II. Bowker). Umvoti. Mapumulo. Z>. Upper Districts. — Hermansbiirg. Grey town. Maritzburg (xl//ss Colenso). Estcourt {J. M. Htdcltinson). F. Zululand. — Napoleon Valley (/. //. Buiclcer). St. Lucia Bay {Colonel H. Tower). K. Transvaal.— Potcliefstroom District {T. Aijres). Marico River (F. G. SeJous). L. Becliuanaland.^ — Motito (Rev. J. Frtkhm.r). II. Other African Regions. A. South Tropical. a. Western Coast. — " Damaraland (De Vyhler).'" — Aurivillius. " Kinsembo, Congo (//. Ansell)." — A. G. Butler. aa. St. Helena. b. Eastern Coast. — Zambesi River {Rev. II. Rowley).— QoW. Hope Oxon. hh. "Madagascar and Bourbon." — Boisduval and Guence. Mau- ritius. hi. Eastern Interior. — Khama's Country (//. Barher). Mokloutze River {F. C. SeJous). B. North Tropical. a. Western Coast. — Sierra Leone (TF. Cutter). h. Eastern Coast. — " Harkeko and Akeek Island (J. K. Lord)." — F. Walker. hi. Eastern Interior.- — "Abyssinia: Shoa {Antinori).'' — Obei-thiir. C. Extra-Tropical North Africa. aa. Western Islands. — Teneriffe and Madeira. — Coll. Brit. Mus. h. Mediterranean Coast. — Algiers. " Cairo (J. K. Lord)." — F. Walker. III. Europe. — Spain. — Coll. Brit. Mus. "France, Switzerland, Austria, Italy, South Russia."— ^^icC. Turkey.— Coll. Brit. Mus. IV. Asia. A. Southern Region. — "Arabia: Mount Sinai (/. K. Lord).'''' — F. Walker. "West Asia and Persia." — Staudinger. " Kurra- chee." — C. Swinhoe. Punjab, North India, and Landoor (Himalaya).— Coll. Brit. Mus. Ceylon. — Coll. Brit. Mus. China : Hongkong. — Coll. Brit. Mus. Japan : " Yamato {Fryer).'" — 0. E. Janson. B. Malayan Archipelago. — Java. — Coll, Brit. Mus. V. Australia. A. Austro-Malayan Archipelago. — " Batchian and Waigiou. " — W. F. Kirby, Cat. Hewits. Coll. B. Australia Proper. — Victoria: "Melbourne (Lucas).'' — Butler. Sandwich Islands : '• Hawaii {BlacMmrn)."- — Butler. LYCiENID.E. 6 1 148. (30.) Lycsena Sichela, Wallengren. (J Lyccena Sichela, Wallgrn., K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Ilandl, 1857 ; Lep. Rhop. Caffr., p. 37, n. 4. Lyccena Emohis, 1$ , Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 234, n. 136 (1866). Exp. al, ($) 9 lin. — i in. i^ lin. ; (?) 9 lin. — i in. 2^ lin. ^ Silky dark-violaceous ; a fuscous line along Mud-mar (jinal edge ; cilia dull-greyish, inclining to ivhitish in hi7id-ivi7ig. Hiiid-wing : an indistinct fuscous spot (often obsolete) near Lind-margin, between first and second median nervules. Under side. — Pale Irownish-grcy , ivith the following very finely on hoth sides white-edged faseicc, jMler mcsially and otherwise very slightly darker than the ground-colour in both ivi7igs, viz., one across middle of discoidal cell, another at its extremity, and the third much longer, discal, irregular, submacular ; also two hind- marginal rows of very thin white lunules (those of the inner row much more acute — especially in hind-wing), followed by whitish and very slender black lines along hind-marginal edge. Fore-wing : first fascia very short from costa to median nervure, interrupted on costal nervure ; second of about the same length ; discal fascia strongly curved, from costa to first median nervale. Hind-wivg : an incomplete basal fascia ; the sub-basal fascia from costa to inner-margin interrupted on sub- costal and median nervures ; discal fascia highly irregular, interrupted on first subcostal and on second and first median nervules ; the two lunules of inner row at anal angle and between first and second median nervules respectively each enclose a small but very distinct black spot. $ Greyish-hrowii with a smcdl rather bright violaceous sjjace in each wing. Fore-vying : violaceous extends from base along inner-margin to about middle, rises a little above median nervure into discoidal cell, and extends over about basal half only of median nervules. Hind- wing : violaceous much more limited than in fore-wing, extending from base only over discoidal cell and for a little way above and below it. Under side. — As in ^ ; but discal fascia in fore-wing prolonged almost to submedian nervure, not far from posterior angle. I had not seen any examples of this scarce species when, in Part II. of my Ilhopalocera African Australis, p. 235, I suggested that it might be the same tmnxij Lycoina Eniolus (= Lyccenesthes Liodes, Hew its.). In 1875 two worn $ s were sent to me in a small collection made by Mr. H. Barber in the NW. Ti-ansvaal, but I did not identify them with Wallengren's species until, in 1879, Colonel Bowker sent a series of specimens from the coast of Natal. In order, however, to make sure of what the Sichela of Wallengren really was, I obtained in 1881, through the kind assistance of Mr. Chr. Aurivillius, of the Stockholm Museum, a careful drawing of the type specimen (a (J ), and found that I had correctly made out the species. It requires close examination to detect the actual pattern and arrange- ment of the under-side mai kings ; as, owing to the fasciie being paler in their middle and laterally but very little darker than the ground-coloiu-, the whole surface (but especially that of the hind-wing) has the aspect of being simply 62 SOUTII-AFEICAX BUTTERFLIES. streaked with fine white irregular transverse lines to beyond the middle. There are no tails on the hind-wings. The markings are very similar on the whole to those of Lyccenestlies Liodes, and the colour of the upper side is also very like that in the species named. In the possession of a short fascia on the under side of the fore-wing crossing the middle of the discoidal cell, Sklu'la resembles Ba'tica, Linn., and Notohia, Tsomo, and Noquasa, mihi. In both sexes of Sicliela, the first median nervule of the fore-wing is strongly curved downward near its origin. Most of Colonel Bowker's specimens were taken in January, on a hill close to the Umgeni Railway Station near D'Urban. He noted that the insect settled on bare twigs. In October 1879 Colonel Bowker sent me a worn 9 taken by him, towards the end of the month, at Port Elizabeth. Both sexes vary greatly in size. Localities of Lyccvna Sicliela. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. h. Eastern Districts. — Port Elizabeth (/. II. BoirLrr). E. Natal. a. Coast Districts. — D'Urban and Pinetown (/. II. Boich'r). H. Delagoa Bay. — Lourenco Marques [Mrs. Monteiro). K. Transvaal. — Crocodile (Limpopo) River (//. Barber). 149. (3L) Lycsena Notobia, Trimen. Plate VIIL, ff. 6 ( c? ), 6a. ( ? ). $ , $ Lijrxcna Nvtohia, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1S6S, p. 91. Ex2J. ciL, Q) 1 1 lin.— I in. 2^ lin. ; ($) i in. — i in. 2^ lin. $ Sliining opalescent-violaceous, rather imle ; a very narrow hind- marginal fuscous-hrovm border ; cilia hroad, fuscous-broivn, with narrow white, inter-nervular ioitcrrujytions ivcll-defined and coyisjncicous in fore- wing, hut rather suffused and ill-defined in hind-tving. Hind-ioing : a small very faint hind-marginal fuscous spot between first and second median nervules. No tail. Under side. — Brownish-grey, with a yellow- ish tinge ; in each %oing the terminal disco-cellular striola, and discal suh- onacular fascia., except for their darker margins, are of the ground-colour, hut edged rather conspicuously with wliitc. Forc-iving : across middle of discoidal cell a white-edged broad striola like that at extremity ; the latter with its outer white edging prolonged as far as second or first median nervule; macular discal band broad (except just at its beo-inning on costal edge), regular, curved superiorly, extending to submedian nervure ; hind-marginal series of small acute white lunules rather ill-defined, succeeded by tlie usual whitish and fuscous hind- marginal bounding lines. Hind-wing : discal band more macular than in fore-wdng, narrower, more irregular, almost interrupted on second subcostal and first median nervules, extending from costa to inner- margin ; a shorter, similar, sub-basal band crossing middle of discoidal LYC^NID.E. e^ cell ; also a short imperfect one of tliree separate spots at base ; both before and beyond discal band some whitish scaling ; hind-marginal markings as in fore-wing, but limiiles larger ; a small, black, greenish silvery-dotted spot, faintly ringed with yellow between first and second median nervules ; a similar very minute spot at anal angle. $ Grcyish-'broirn, with, in each vnng, a very limited space of violaceous, duller than in ^, extending from base only over median nervure, lower part of discoidal cell, bases of median nervules, and along inner-margin to about or beyond middle. Hind-unng : traces of a hind-marginal row of fuscous spots edged inwardly with bluish-white lunules, of v/hich the two next anal angle are usually tolerably distinct. Under side. — As in ^. In this species the neuration of the under side is pale and distinct, espe- cially in the hind-wing. The wings of this very distinct Lyceena are ratlier elongate, but the aj^icnl part of the fore-wings is less prominent and the apex itself much blunter than in Sichela or Brntica. I have not met with any close ally, but think the best position for it is next to Sichela, "Wallengr. This butterfly appears to belong to the dry upland districts of the interior. The first specimens I received were taken in 1864-5, near Murraysburg, Capo Colony, by Mr. J. J. Muskett, and examples have since been taken in other parts of the north-eastern districts, in Griqualand West, the Orange Free State, the Transvaal, and Bechuanaland. In 1872, during the month of Sep- tember, I had the pleasure of capturing a good many specimens in Griqiialand West; I fomid them usually about a tall shrubby lilac-flowered strongly- scented Salvia, common in that territory. Their flight was short and feeble, and they were very easily netted. Localities of Lyca:na Notohia. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. h. Eastern Districts. — Murraysburg (/. J. Muslidi). Between Murraysburg and Somerset East (/. //. Bowker). Orange River {M. E. Barber). c. Griqualand West. — Belmont, Kolberg, Colesbcrg Kopje, and Waldek's Plant (Vaal River). C. Orange Free State.— Boshof (/. //. Bowlcer). Hebron ( W. Movant). K. Transvaal. — Potchefstroom District {T. Ayrcs). 150. (32.) Lyc83na Tsomo, Trimen. Plate VIII., fig. 7 ( c? ). $ $ Lycoena Tsomo, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Loud., 1S6S, p. 91. ExjJ. al., ii) 9-1 1 lin. ; (?) 9,^-1 1^ lin. ^ Pale glossy reddish-hrown ; in loth tvings, the base very narrowly tinged ivith purplish-black, and beyond that a very faint pinldsh- violaceous suffusion along inner-margin, rising into lower part of discoidal cell, and extending over median nervules to beyond middle. Hind- wing : between first and second median nervules, a hind- 64 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. marginal, small, indistinct, blackish spot ; no tail. Oilla sliining greyish. Under side. — Dull ydlowisli-grcij ; in hoth ivings, the ordinary transverse markings scarcely darker than the ground-colour, and faintly edged with whitish on each side, and the liiud-marginal ones more or less indistinct ; in kind-iving, the disced macular hand immediately succeeded hy a suffused whitish one. Fore-wing : a median and a terminal disco-cellular striola ; discal band very regular, even, and continuous from costa to submedian nervure. Hind-vnng : discal macular band very regular, unbroken, only slightly curved inferiorly ; a very indistinct white-edged basal spot, macular sub-basal band, and terminal disco-cellular striola ; hind-marginal lunules less indistinct than in fore-wing, more acute ; the spot between first and second median nervules black and distinct ; whitish submarginal band rather broad. $ Darker, tlie violaceous very restricted (especially in hind-wing), sometimes ohsolete or barely visible. Under side. — As in (^, but all the markings rather better defined. This obscure little species on the upper side much resembles the $ L. Lysimon, Hiibn., but is widely difiTerent on the under side, which is not unlike that of L. Bcvtiea, although on so small a scale. Its only near ally known to me is L. Hoqicasa, Trim., which has an almost identical under side, but has much violaceous-blue on the upper side, especially in the male. Colonel Bowker discovered this butterfly in January 1S65, near the River Tsomo in Kaffraria Proper, and noted it as very numerous during that and the following mouths in reedy, swampy spots near water. He met with the species again in Basutoland, in March 1869, frequenting similar stations, and found it very numerous on the flowers of a species of mint. Mrs. Barber has sent a specimen from the Stormbergen, and Dr. Kannemeyer several examples from Burghersdorp m the Cape Colony. So dull and small an insect is easily passed over by collectors, and I suspect that its range in the eastern tracts is moi'e general and widely spread than at present appears. Localities of Lyecvna Tsomo. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. h. Eastern Districts.- — Stormbergen {M. E. Barber). Burghei-sdorp, Albert District (/). R. Kannemeyer). d. Basutoland. — Head of Orange River (Drakensberg), Tantjies Berg, and Thaba Bosigo (/. H. Boivl-er). D. Kaffraria Proper. — Tsomo River (/. H. Bowlier). 151. (33.) Lycaena Noquasa, sp. nov. Exp. al., {$) 10- 1 I lin. ; (?) I i lin. $ Bright pale violaceous-blue ; fore-wing rather broadly, hind-wing narrouiy bordered ivitJi fuscous-grey ; cilia greyish, pcder outivardly. LYC.^NID^E. 65 Forc-iving : border commencing very narrowly on costa beyond middle, but immediately becoming broad at apex, and thence gradually narrow- ing along hind-margin almost to a point at posterior angle. Hind- tving : costa narrowly greyish ; inner-margin greyish mixed with white ; border of moderate width at apex, but suddenly narrowed on second subcostal nervule, and thence almost linear to anal angle ; hind-mar- ginal spot between first and second median nervules rather large, round, black, conspicuous ; no tail. Under side. — Bull yclloivish- grey, slightly browner than in L. Tsomo, Trim., but witli the mark- ings almost identieal ivith those in that species, only their white edges being better marked. Fore-wing : discal band more incurved at its lower extremity. Hind-wing : discal band straighter inferiorly ; white band beyond this not so suffused inwardly, so that its component lunules are distinct ; hind-marginal black spot larger, rounder, its outer portion with a few bluish-silvery scales. ^ Fale brotvn with a reddish tinge; a small lasi-inner-marginal violaceous-hlue space in fore-ioing, and a very small hasal one in hind-' wing. Fore-iving : blue extends from base over inner-marginal border to a little beyond middle, occupying lower part of discoidal cell, and extending thinly over median nervules near their origin. Hind-wing : blue almost limited to discoidal cell, there being only a few scattered blue scales over lower discal area ; hind-marginal black spot ringed with bluish-white ; above it, traces of two imperfect smaller similar annulets on hind-margin. Under side. — As in $. Though so intimately related to L. Tsomo, this species differs so very widely from it on the upper side, especially in the ^, that it is recognisable at the first glance. The dark-bordered blue upper side of ^, and the brown partly blue one of the ^, indeed much more resemble those of the respective sexes of Zysimon, Hlibn., than the subcupreous tints of Tsomo. The first example I received was taken by Mr. W. Morant, on 14th September 1870, in the Upper Districts of Natal,^ and is the only $ I have seen. A worn (J reached me in 1878 from Colonel Bowker, who took it near Maritzburg; but it was not imtil the end of 1884 that I received from him four (^ s in good condition, taken at tlie Howick Falls of the Umgeni on the 26th November 1884. He noted the insect as numerous about two small swampy spots some four hundred yards above the Howick Bridge, and as having quite the same habits as Tsomo. The specific name given to this Lyccena is a slight modification of what Colonel Bowker informs me is the Kafir name for the Umgeni Falls. Localities of Lyccvna Noquasa. I. South Africa. E. Natal. h. Upper Districts. — Maritzburg and Howick (J. H. Boiclccr). "Curry's" {ir. Morant). ^ Mr. Morant's ticket bore the locality "Curry's," but I have not been able to ascertain whei-e the place intended is situated. 66 SOUTH-AFEICAN BUTTERFLIES. Section 0. — Under side brownish-grey ; discal and submarginal markings considerably darker than ground-colour, white-edged, very irregular, more or less confluent into broken fasciae ; discal fascia of hind-wing so united with a submarginal brownish cloud as to mark oft' a subquadrate whitish space in anal-angular area. L. Lingcus (Cram.) [tailed], L. Palcmon (Cram.) [tailed]. Ex2'>. al., ($) 11-^ lin. — i in. i lin. ; ($) ii lin. — i in. o^ lin. ^ iJidl violaccous-hluish, very glossy {in some specimens shot with silvery-greenish) : a hlackish hincl-marginal line ; cilia white^ irregularly varied vjith Uackish, chicjly in fure-wing ; a slender, black, white- tipped tail on first median nervule of hind-wing. Under side. — Fale hroionish-grcy , with transverse lohitc-edgecl darker faseicv ; a hroiun cloud in hind-wing. Fore-wing : from costa, a single white stria near base, curving inward to origin of median nervnre, — a short fascia (of which the outer white reaches below median nervure) crossing cell, — another similar fascia at extremity of cell ; beyond middle, a submacular fascia narrowing downward, from costa to first median nervule ; along hind- margin a whitish stripe interrupted with brown on discoidal and second and third median nervules, and containing a row of small, dark, lunular spots. Hind-vjing : base brown ; an interrupted macular fascia before, and a very irregular one about, middle ; on disc, a brown cloud, — on the lower edge of which, between second and first medians, is a con- spicuous suhquadrcUc white spot ; on either side of first median nervule a faintly yellow- ringed, black, bluish-silvery-dusted spot ; along hind- margin a very indistinct row of confluent whitish rings. $ Grey-hrovjn, shot loith violet-Uue from base over disc. Fore-ioing : short fascia closing cell well-marked on this side, its white edges suffused ; two or three suff'used whitish spots in broad hind-marginal brown. Hind-wing : a dark streak closing cell ; rarely, a row of indistinct bluish-white marks beyond middle ; a nearly obsolete hind-marginal row of whitish lunules, that above, and sometimes that below, first median, with an outer adjacent blackish spot. Under side. — As in ^. A 9 taken near D' Urban, Natal, by Colonel Bowker, has much whitish suffusion on the disc of both wings, and an unbroken series of submarginal whitish spots (the middle one white) in the fore-wing. In this species the $ is rather smaller than the ^ ; and I possess one $ which is only 9 lin. across the expanded wings, but this example, which I captured near Cape Town, can only be regarded as abnormally dwarfed, like the still more diminutive $ s of Z. Palemon which are not rarely met with. LYC^ENID.E. 67 Llngeus is a very distinct species, with no necir ally except Palemon, Cram., from which it is easily distinguished by its curious dull tinted but exceedingly glossy violaceous-bluish instead of cupreous-violaceous upper side in the ^ , and violaceous-bluish shot instead of plain brown or slightly cuj^re- ous-violaceous shot upper side in the $ . The differences in the under-side markings of the two species arc given below in the descriptions of L. Palemon. This is a widely-spread butterfly and not uncommon in woods and bushy spots. It occurs throughout the year, but is frequent only in the summer, and I have not personally taken it before the middle of September or after the end of May. It is fond of hovering about low bushes, and often settles on flowers, where it is very easy of capture. The male is much more numerous on the wing than the ? • I captured the paired sexes on Table Mountain in February 1865. Localities of Lyccvna Liiujcas. I. South Africa. B. Capo Colony. a. Western Districts. — Cape Town. Piketberg. Triangles Station, Worcester District [L. Pcrinriuey). Robertson. Knysna. Plet- tenberg Bay. Oograbies, Namaqualand. Malmesbury (L. Perinrjueii). h. Eastern Districts. — Grahamstown (M. E. Barber). King Wil- liam's Town (/. H. Bowker). Keiskamma River (IF. D'Urhau). D. Kaffraria Proper. — Bashee River {J. H. BoivAer). E. Natal. a. Coast Districts. — D'Urban. b. Upper Districts. — Great Noodsberg. Estcourt (/. 31. Hutchin- son. P. Zululand. — St. Lucia Bay (tJie late Colonel 11. Tower). H. Delagoa Bay. — Lourengo Marques {Mrs. Monteiro). K. Transvaal. — Lydenburg District (T. Ay res). II. Other African Regions. A. South Tropical. bi. Eastern Interior. — Zambesi River [F. C. Seluus). B. North Tropical. a. Western Coast. — Special locality not noted {E, Bourke). 153. (35.) Lycaena Palemon, (Cramer). $ Pajnlio Palemon, Cram., Pap.'Exot., iv. pi. cccxc, ff. e, f. (17S2). ^ ? Lyccena Palemon, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 240, n. 141 (1866). Exj). al., {:$) 10 lin. — i iu. i lin. ; {%) 10 lin. — i in. o^ lin. Allied to L. Lingeus (Cram.) $ Coppery-violaceous, with a hroivn hind-marginal edging : cilia white, regidarUj interrupted ivith hrown on nervules. Hind-iving : a small blackish, pale-edged spot on hind-margin, just above first median nervule ; tail rather broad, twisted, blackish, edged and tipped with white. Under side.— Very like that of Lingeus but hroioner. Fore- wing : no basal stria, outer edge of terminal cellular fascia not reaching below median nervure ; costal origins of fasciae more minute and 68 SOUTII-AFRICAX BUTTERFLIES. separate tlian in Lingcus ; fascia beyond middle more macular, inclin- ing inwards, interrupted on second and first median nervules, and reaching subraedian nervure ; marginal stripe almost obliterated with brown, except at apex, which is rather conspicuously whitish. Hind- wing : fascia about middle darker, much more regular, united at end of cell with discal brown cloud ; the white spot enlarged to a hroad wldtish inner marginal space, and more deeply incising the cloud by a conspicuous acute dash between third and second medians : hind marginal spots smaller, duller than in Lingcus, the lower often obsolete. $ Cupreous hrown, more or less shot with violet from bases ; or dull greyish-hrown, without any violet lustre. Forc-unng : an indistinct terminal disco-cellular spot. Hind-wing: black spot whitish-ringed, sometimes dusted with bluish-silvery ; indistinct traces of a hind marginal row of whitish rings or lunules. Under side. — As in ^. The ^ varies considerably in the depth and intensity of the upper side violaceous, some of the specimens being of remarkable beauty in this respect. A S fi'om the Lydenburg District of the Transvaal has undei'-side markings very deep rich brown and their white edgings veiy sharp and distinct. Very small examples of the $ are sometimes found ; one that I took at Knysna measures little over seven lines across the wings, but the smallest I have seen —captured in Weenen County, Natal, by Mr. Hutchinson— expands 6 lines only. A very close ally of Palemon is found in Australia. In i8Si I saw a specimen of what I believed to be Palemon, ticketed "Australia" in the Hewitson Collection ; it was placed with Cape specimens, and I noted the locality as in all probability an erroneous one. Finding, however, that Mr. A. G. Butler recorded an example from Melbourne in the Annals and Magazine of Natural History for February 1882 (p. 85), I wrote to him on the subject, and he very kindly made a re-examination and comparison of the specimens available, with the residt that he was convinced that the Austi-alian species was not identical with Palemon, " the chief difference being that on the under-surface of the hmd-wings the dark central band is continuous (though in confluent square spots) and not united to the external border by the blackish shade always found in the African species." This Lijcama is common and of wide distribution over South Africa, appearing throughout the year. Its flight is rather weak and always near the ground, and "it constantly settles on low flowers, I have often noticed the female fluttering about the leaves of Pelargoniuni, and think it probable that the eggs are laid on them. Though frequenting open ground generally, Palemon shows a preference for damp hollows about watercourses ; it is often met with in gardens and cultivated spots. I took the paired sexes at Knysna on 20th December 1858. Localities of Lycccna Pcdemo7i. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. a. Western Districts. — Cape Town. Malmesbury. Caledon (/. X. Merrimcm). Knysna. Plettenberg Bay. h. Eastern Districts. — Port Elizabeth (J. L. Fry). Uitenhage. Gi\ahamstown and Fort Brown, Albany District. King Wib Ham's Town (./. II. Bowlicr). Murraysburg (/. /. Muskett). c. Basutoland. — Koro Koro and Maseru (/. //. Bowker). LYCiENIB.E. 69 D. Kaffraria Propci-. — Bashee River {J. II. BowJicr). E. Natal. a. Coast Districts. — D'Urban. "Lower Umkomazi." — /. //. Boivlicr. h. Upper Districts. — Estcourt (./. M. Hutchinson). F. Zululand. — Napoleon Valley {J. II. Bowker). K. Transvaal. — Lydenburg District {T. Aijres). Section D. — Uuder side brownish-grey; markings darker, confluent, broadly whitish-edged, forming irregular siuuated fascias throughout; in fore-wing a longitudinal costal whitish-edged stripe from base, united at its extremity to a similar but transverse stripe on costa before middle ; two hind-marginal spots of hind-wing near hind-margin ringed witli glittering bluish or greenish silvery. L. Telicamcs, Lang [tailed]. 154. (36.) Lycsena Telicanus, (Lang). Papilio Bcetims, Esp., Eur. Schmett., i. Suppl., t. xci. f. 2 $ (17S4). Papilio Telicamis, Lang, " Verz. seiu. Scbmett., ii. p. 47, u. 3 8 7-3 89 (1789)." S 9 Papilio Telicamis, Ilubn., Eur. Schmett., i. ff. 371-372, 553-554 (1798-1S03). Papilio Telicanus, Herbst., Nat. Bek. Ins., Schmett., xi. t. 305, ff. 6-9 (1804). Polyommatus Telicanus, Godt., Enc. Meth., ix. p. 655, n. 128 (1823). Lyc- (d., Q) II lin. — i in. i lin. ; (^) I I lin. — i in. li Ii m. ^ Shining violet-blue; on discs, the under-side darJc spots are indis- tinctly represented, v)ith {in some cases) a few intermediate whitish ones ; a 7iarroio hind-marginal Uachish edging. Hind-wi7ig : the usual hind- marginal blackish spot. Under side. — White, with hlaelc stricc and spots : in each wing, a stria closing cell (in fore-wing from costa and broad, in hind-wing short, thin, and angulated) ; an irregular, much- interrupted, transverse row of conspicuous spots beyond middle ; two submarginal rows of spots, the inner of elongate sublinear, the outer of very small rounded spots ; and a black edging line. Fore-wing : sub- costal stripe continued on costa to end of cell ; below it, a broad upward- curving stria from submedian next base ; last two spots of transverse row confluent. Hind-wing : short subcostal stria divided into two spots ; beyond it a curved transverse row of four spots ; third spot of transverse row of eight far beyond the rest, almost touching second spot of inner submarginal row ; last two spots of outer row large, faintly bluish- silvery-dotted. $ Wliite with fuscous borders ; shot with violaccous-Uuish from bases ; the black markings of itncler side suffusedly marked. Fore-wing : costa and hind-margin clouded with fuscous, on the latter obliterating the So SOUTH-AFRICAN LUTTEKFLIES, markings and joining the three outermost spots of transverse row ; a whitish spot at posterior angle. Hind-icing : costa narrowly fuscous- clouded. Under side. — As in ^ ; bluish-silvery of two spots of hind- wing brighter. Cilia in both sexes white, in fore-wing regularly interrupted with blackish, in hind-wing irregularly and very faintly. Tail of hind-wing rather short, linear, black, white-tipped. Tlaere can be little doubt that the specimen noted liy "VVallengren as Rosi- mon, Fab., belongs to this species. His description is not detailed, but ho particularly notes the cilia as white, spotted in fore-ioings with black, a char- acter very constant in Hiniza, while in llosimon the entire cilia are as constantly conspicuously black-sj)otted. ^ The l:)lue $ at once distinguishes the species from Rosimon, and denotes a relationsliip to Theophrasius. The $ oi Rosimon presents a much broader white discal field, in hind-wing uncrossed by trans- verse row of spots ; the basal blue is more brilliant and with a greenish tinge ; and with i*egai'd to the under side, the spots of the common inner submarginal row are much broader ; while in hind-wing the spots of the discal row, instead of being quadrate and nearly central, are elongate, and all hid the two first close to, and usually touching, those of inner submarginal roiv, — and the subcostal atria is entire. This is apparently a scarce species. Mr. W. D' Urban, who discovered it in British Kaffraria, noted it as not common near King William's Town, appearing in November and February ; and Colonel Bowker sent a few of both sexes from Kaffraiia Proper. I found it scarce during my visit to Natal in 1867, observing it only singly about grassy open spots, in different parts of that Colony, between the end of February and beginning of April. Localities of Lycccna Hintza. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. h. Eastern Districts.— Kmg William's Town (TF. S. M. D'Urhnn). c. Griqualand West. — Vaal River (/. ff. Bonfer). D. Kaffiaria Proper. — Tsomo and Bashee Rivers (/. //. Boicher). E. Natal. a. Coast Districts. — D'Urban. Umhlali. Verulam. Umvoti. h. Upper Districts. — Maritzbui^g. Estcourt (/. M. HiitcUinson). Tugela and Mooi River Valley {J, H. BoicTcer). K. Transvaal. — Marico and Limpopo Rivers [F. C. Sehms). 160. (42.) Lycsena Calice, Hopffer. Lyccena Ccdice, Hopff., "Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wissensch., 1855, p. 642, n. 18;" and Peters' Reise Mossamb., Ins., p. 405, t, xxvi, ff. 4, 5 [?](iS62). UxjJ. al., {$) lU lin. ; ($) i in. i lin. White, with Hack margins and sjjots ; in each wing, a wide basal black suffusion ; a broad costal, apical, and hind-marginal border ; a terminal disco- cellular black lunulo ; and a broken irregular discal row ^ Mr. Chr. Aurivillius, of the Stockholm Museum, to whom I referred the point, informs me that the llosimon of Wallengi-en is undoubtedly = Il'mtza, Trim. LYCzENID/E. 8r of spots, in parts confluent with hiucl-margiual border. Furc-iving : basal black sharply defined externally, having almost a straight edge ; upper spots of transverse discal row confluent, and, in conjunction with apical border, isolating a conspicuous white spot between upper radial and third median nervules ; hind-marginal border, below this, com- pletely confluent with other spots of discal row ; at posterior angle a short linear hind-marginal white mark. Hind-iving : basal black not so dark or externally so sharply defined as in fore-wing ; costal border rather sufi'used ; terminal disco-cellular iunule almost merged in basal black ; discal row of spots widely interrupted between second subcostal and third median nervules, — the first and third spots united respectively to costal and hind-marginal borders ; an indistinct hind- marginal row of black spots in border, immediately succeeded by a more or less conspicuous interrupted white line usually becoming obsolete superiorly ; tail on first median nervule rather long, black, white- tipped. Under side. — White, vjith narroio Uack strcalcs and spots. Fore-wing : a longitudinal streak from base, bounding costal nervure inferiorly, and eryiing abruptly on costa before middle ; below it a broader, upward-curving streak from submedian nervure close to base, the end of which penetrates discoidal cell near extremity ; costa narrowly edged with black ; an almost straight transverse streak closing cell, from costa (where it is broader) to origin of third median nervule ; an irregular sub-macular discal transverse streak, emitting a more or less marked projection outward between radial nervules, and interrupted on second median nervule ; a regular submarginal series of sub-linear or lunulate spots, becoming rather thicker, and approximating very closely to spots of discal row inferiorly ; a hind-marginal series of very small rounded spots, succeeded by a black edging line. Hind-wing : at base, a very short slightly curved streak, abruptly beginning immediately beyond curve of costal nervure, and ending close to origin of inner margin ; a sub-basal curved transverse row of three elongate spots — the lowest on inner-margin ; a terminal disco-cellular Iunule ; a very strongly curved discal row of seven rather small spots, from costal nervure to inner-margin — a wide interruption, from second subcostal to radial nervule, between second and third spots, and two minor interruptions between fourth and fifth, and sixth and seventh spots respectively ; of submarginal row of spots, only the first and second (next costa) and the last (on inner margin) distinctly marked, the remainder being faint and linear, and about middle almost obsolete ; hind-marginal row of spots very distinct (except the first, which is almost obsolete), — the three lowest usually more or less distinctly including a ring of bluish-silvery scales, — the spot between first and second median nervules largest ; a fine hind-marginal bounding black line. Cilia fuscous at origin throughout ; in fore-wing fuscous with well-marked white interruptions at apex, posterior angle, and about 82 SOUTH-AiaUCAX LUTTERFLIES. middle of liind-margiu, aud iutermediate small wliitisli ones ; in Lind- wing white, with dull-fuscous narrow interruptions on nervules. The sexes do not differ except in size, and in the $'s having tlio black markings narrower and the white field proportionally wider on both upper and under sides. It was not until July 1879, when Colonel Bowker sent me the paired sexes from Pinetown, Natal, that I identified the true Calice of Hopffer, having pi'eviously taken for this species the very nearly allied L. Mekena, mihi. The absence of any blue in either sex, and the width and blackness of the dark borders on the upper side, with the very different arrangement of the discal transverse series of spots on the under side, readily distinguish Calice from Hintza, Trim. The sjiecies appears to be rarer than Mekena, and the only examples I have received were taken in Natal. Neither Colonel Bowker nor Mr. Hutchinson noted any particulars of the butterfly's special haunts or habits. Localities of Lycccna Calice. I. South Africa. E. Natal. a. Coast Districts. — Pinetown (/. H. BowTier). h. Upper Districts. — Estcourt (/. M. Hutchinson). II. Other African Regions. A. South Tropical. a. Western Coast. — " Damaraland (De Vi/hler)." — Aurivillius. "Angola (/. J. Mrmteiro)." — H. Druce. b. Eastern Coast. — "Querimba." — Hopffei-. B. North Tropical. a. Western Coast. — "Senegal." — Hopffer. 161. (43.) Lycaena Melaena, sj). nov. Lycccna Calice, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. jx 244. n. 145 (1866). Exp. al, {$) 10^ — I l^ lin. ; ($) 10 lin. — i in. White, vnth hlack margins and spots. Forc-ioing : base and costa broadly and inner margin narrowly suffused with blackish ; a large, elongate, black, transverse mark from inner margin near base ; a spot closing cell ; and several spots of an irregular row beyond middle, joining broad hind-marginal black, and isolating a quadrate white spot not far from apex. Hincl-vnng : a blackish suffusion at base, along costa (leaving part of its edge white), and along hind-margin ; beyond middle, a much-curved row of quadrate black spots (usually more or less confluent with hind-marginal blackish), widely interrupted between second subcostal and discoidal nervules ; several indistinct black spots at base ; in hind-marginal blackish a row of indistinct black spots (of which the two next anal angle are sometimes faintly bluish-silvery- dotted), occasionally whitish-ringed, always followed by a thin white line, indistinct towards costa. . Cilia o^ fore-wing blackish, with a white LYCENID/E.] 83 spot at posterior angle ; of hind-iving whitish, more or less blackish at origin. Under side. — White, tvit/i hlach strico and spots; pattern as in Rosimon and Hintza, but nearer liosimon. Forc-ioing : subcostal stripe ending abruptly in a spot on costa before end of cell ; stria from inner margin more regular ; stria closing cell straighter ; spots of transverse row beyond middle confluent {tlic third forming an elongate projection towards hind-margin), — the sixth and seventh widely dis- joined from the rest, and forming a stria in a line with, and almost touching, that closing cell ; two submarginal rows of spots, — the inner linear a little below costa, but thence of large quadrate spots (the second touching fifth of row beyond middle), — the outer of rounded spots ; a black edging line. Ilind-icing : at base a spot (;not a stripe), followed by a transverse row of four spots ; other markings very much as in fore-wing, except row beyond middle, which is inter- rupted as on upper side ; four to six spots of outer submarginal row marked with bluish- silvery. Tail of hind-wing long, black, white- tipped. The ^ and ^ of this species are alike, except that in the $ the black is more intense, and also rather broader, so that the white discal spaces are more restricted. On the under side of fore-wing it some- times happens that the projection from transverse row beyond middle joins the spot commencing inner submarginal row, so that a quadrate white spot is isolated on costa. The entire absence of any basal blue readily distinguishes Melama from liosimon and from Hintza ^ ; but it is by no means so easy to separate it from Calice, Hopff., with which I for many years associated it. On the upper side there is scarcely any difference, but Mclana constantly presents in the fore-wing a discal ivhite area almost divided transversely hy the approximation of the terminal disco-cellular mark and the loiver 2^ortion of the irregular discal roio, the latter being almost in a straight line beneath the former. This difference is also very marked on the under side, the two markings in question forming in some specimens an almost continuous stripe, whereas in Calice the lower portion of the discal streak is almost con- tinuous of the upper, and so remote from the terminal disco-cellular streak. The principal under-side markings in Mclmna are thicker than in Calice, with the exception of the lower spots of the discal series in the hind-wing ; four at least of the hind-marginal black spots of the hind-wing are marked with bluish-silvery ; the ground is of a purer white without any slight tinge of yellowish ; the submarginal macular series in the fore-wing forms a continuous streak (very attenuated be- tween upper radial and third median nervule), and in the hind-wing an almost continuous one ; and the cilia of the hind-wing are without fuscous interruptions. I found this species not common in Natal in 1867 ; it frequented wooded spots, and was fond of settling on the upper leaves and twigs of bushes. I observed it on the wing from the beginning of February to the beginning of 84 SOUTH-AFEICAN EUTTERFLIES. April; and ]\Ii". D'Urljan recorded its occurrence in British Kaffraria in October, March, and April. Colonel Bowker forwarded a good many ex- amples from Kaffraria Proper. Localities of L}jcccna Mdcviia. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. h. Eastern Districts.— King William's Town (IF. S. M. D' Urban). c. Griqualand West. — Vaal River (J. H. Bowhcr). D. Kaffraria Proper. — Bashee Piiver (/. H. Boiclicr). E. Natal. a. Coast Districts. — D'Urban. Pinctown (/. H. Boiclicr). h. Upper Districts. — Intzutze River. Maritzburg. Estcoui't (/. M. Flidelunson). F. Zululand. — St. Lucia Bay {ihc late Colonel H. Tuwer). 162. (44.) Lycaena Griqua, sp. nov. Exp. al, (^) 1 1 lin — I lin. ; ($) 1 1 J lin. Markings and 2)Cf'iter7i as in L. Melcena, Trim., hat the hasal and marginal Mack duller, broader, and more suffused, especially in $, and the white disced field pfTOportioncdly diminished, ami in $ also ohscured. Fore-wing : isolated subapical whitish spot always reduced in size and obscured, sometimes nearly obsolete, and in one $ wanting altogether ; the spots much narrower. Hindoo ing : the spots much narrower and almost obliterated by the broad suffused blackish of the base and mar- gins. Under side. — Very pcde crcayiiy-ycllowish grey; all the mark- ings arranged as in Melcena, hut j^rtZc fuscous instead of Mack, and exceedingly attenuated, especially in hind-wing (where in ^ they are obso- lescent). Fore-ioing : longitudinal basal stripe represented by a very thin short mark at base and (usually) a small spot on costa before middle. Hind-iving : only last two spots of hind-marginal row bluish- silvery-dusted, except in one $, which has three, and one $, which has four so ornamented. The five (^ s and two ? s above described are all tailless, but there is the vestige or base of a tail on one hind-wing of a single $ . As the specimens are in fair condition, it is difficult to believe that all of them could have lost the tails; and yet the form is so very intimately related to L. Melxna, Trim., that one would certainly expect it to be caudate. The only specimens I have seen were collected by Colonel Bowker in 187 1 on the Vaal River, Griqualand West. They were accompanied by a single ordinary example oi L. Melana, but by no specimens of a character intermediate between the two forms. Locality of LyeccRCt Griqua. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. c. Griqualand West. — Vaal River (/. //. Boaker). LYC.ENID.Ti:. 85 163. (ib.) Lycsena Sybaris, Hopfl'er. ^ $ LyccBiia Si/baris, Hopff., " Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wissensch., 1855, p. 642." S Lycoena Sybaris, Wallgm., K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1857; Lep. Rliop. Caffr., p. 37. ,$ ? Lycoena Sybaris, Hopff., Peters' Reise Mossamb., Ins., p. 408, t. xxvi. ff. 6-8 (1862). (? ? ,, ,, Trim. Rhop., Afr. Anst., ii. p. 242, n. 143(1866). Exp. al, {$) I li lin. — i in. o^ lin. ; ($) loj lin. — i in. ^ Shining violaceous-blue ; hind-margins rather widely bordered ivith fuscous, which in hind-wing is submacidar and traversed in its outer por- tion hy a fine interrupted white line more pronou7iced inferiorly ; cilia white, irregularly varied with dull fuscous in fore-wing, chiefly about extremities of nervules, not, or very slightly so, varied in hind-wing. Fore-iuing : a large, broad, conspicuous, terminal disco-cellular, fuscous lunule ; sometimes, beyond it, two or three smaller fuscous spots repre- senting some of the irregular discal row of the under side. Hind-unng : costa bordered with greyish-fuscous ; immediately preceding hind- marginal border a series of more or less indistinct thin lunulate white marks, usually obsolete in upper part of wing ; a rather long, twisted, subspatulate, black, white-tipped tail on first median nervulo. Under SIDE. — White, faintly tinged with yellowish, with very numerous and well-defined mostly rounded black spots ; in each wing a disco -cellular terminal lunule, an irrcgidar discal row, two regular submarginal roivs of spots, and a hind-marginal black line. Fore-ioing : costa narrowly edged with black from a little before middle to apex ; a strongly- marked longitudinal black streak from base inferiorly bounding costal nervure almost to its extremity ; below this an oblique upward-curvino- irregular black streak, from between median and submedian nervures, penetrating discoidal cell rather beyond its middle ; inner margin narrowly edged with fuscous-grey ; a minute spot immediately above terminal disco-cellular lunule ; discal row highly irregular, its six spots (exclusive of a minute one next costa) arranged obliquely in pairs, the spots confluent in the middle and lower pairs ; submarginal rows of six spots each, the inner row with larger spots, increasing in size down- ward. Hind-wing : at base a short black streak from costal to sub- median nervure ; a sub-basal row of four spots ; irregular discal row of eight spots, of which the third and fifth are farthest from base ; inner submarginal row of eight, outer of seven spots, — the last three or four of outer row spangled with bluish-silvery exteriorly. $ Fuscous, with more or less 'white on discs, on which the terminal disco-cellular lunules, part of discal row of spots, and {in hind-wing) sub- marginal rovjs of spots arc more or less conspicuously shown, but more suffusedly than on tinder side; bases rather thinly and narrowly suffused ivith violaceous blue, extending along inner margins to a little beyond middle. Under side. — As in $. VOL. II. G 86 SOUTII-AFEICAN BUTTEEFLIES. This Lyccena is closely related to L. Tlicophrastus (Fab.), a native of North and West Africa, as well as of India and Ceylon, but readily distinguished by the greater size and blackness of the under-side mark- ings,— the spots being rounder and more distinctly separate, especially those of inner-submargiual row, which in Tliccqilirastus are thin, sub- lunulate, and partly united. On the upper side the ^ Syharis is bluer, with the hind-marginal border wider and in the hind-wing traversed by a white line, while the $ has the basal blue much duller and smaller in extent. These differences also well serve to distinguish S/jharis from L. Balkanica, Frey. ( = Psittaciis, Herr.-SchaefF.), a native of Turkey and West Asia, in which the under-side markings are thinner and more inclined to be linear than they are in Tlicophrastns, and the upper side of the $ has scarcely a trace of whitish on the discs. I met with only a single ^ of this very beautiful species, at Klipdrift (now Barkly), on the Vaal River, on i8th Sej^tember 1872 ; it was fluttering about low plants, and at length settled on the ground. It appears to be widely distributed, and not uncommon in the interior districts, but is not known to me to have occui-red in the Cape Colony proper, or to have been found within forty miles of the coast. Mr. A. G. Butlei', in noting the occurrence of Sijharis on the Atbara, Soudan {Ajin. and May. Nat. Hid., December 1S76, p. 4S2), writes — "There is a cj of this species no larger than L. Barbene, Trim." Localities of L>/cana Si/haris. I. South Africa. B. Ca^ie Colony. c. Griqualand West. — Klipdrift, Vaal Eiver. C. Orange Free State. — Between the Rhcnoster and Vaal Rivers (IF. 3Iora)it). D. Kallraria Proper. — Tsomo and Bashee Rivers (/. //. Bou-Iccr). E. Natal. b. Upper Districts. — Estcourt (/. 31. Hutchinson). Rorke's Drift, Ladysmith, and Biggarsberg (J. H. Bowlier). F. Zululand.— Napoleon Valley (/. H. Bowker). H. Delagoa Bay. — Louren^o Marques (Mrs. Monte iro). K. Transvaal. — Potcliefstroom District (T. Ayres). Marico and Lim- popo Rivers {F. C. Selous). II. Other African Regions. A. South Tropical. a. AVestern Coast. — Damaraland (J. A. BcII). b. Eastern Coa.st. — " Querimba." — Hopffer. Zambesi (Bev. H. Bowie//), bi. Eastern Central Interior. — Tauwani River (F. C. Selous). B. North Tropical. 61. Eastern Interior. — "Atbara River" [Soudan]. — A. G. Butler. Section G. — Under side white ; markings chiefly dull yellow- ochreous with fuscous edges, but partly fuscous in fore-wing ; longi- tudinal basal stripes of fore-wing much less distinct than in Section LYCiENID/E. 87 F. ; spots of discal sciies in both wings, and spots in basal area of hiud-wiug, irregularly placed but separate and sub-quadrato. L. Thcs})is (Linn.) [tailed], Bowkeri, Trim, [tailed]. 164. (4G.) LycaGna Thespis, (Linna)us). Plate VIII. ff. 2 ( ^^ ), 2a ( ? ). S Pajyilio Thespis, Linn., Mus. Liul. Uh-., p. 31S, n. 136 (1764); -"^iiJ Syst. Nat., i. 2, p. 791, n. 236 (1767). $ Papilio Pitho, Linn., oj;/). cit., p. 337, n. 255 ; p. 795, n. 266. c^ ? Pulyommatus "Thespis, Godt., Enc. Metli., ix. p. 682, n. 207 (1S19). ^ ? Lyccma Thespis, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 246, n. 147 (1866). Ex}). al., (^) II — I if lin. ; ($) i in. — i in. i lin, $ Bright sliining-Uue, loitli a narroio, Uachish, hind-marginal line ; cilia h'oad, ■white, sharply and regularly interseeted with black at ends of ncrvulcs. Fore-vnng : a faint line closing cell. Hind-iving : two faint- blackish hind-marginal spots, one on either side of first median nervule. Under side. — Whitish, much interseeted and chequered ivith quadrate, Uacldsh-grcy or oehrey-grey spots. Fore-vnng : costa and hind-margin more or less tinted with ochrey-grey ; a transverse blackish-grey spot in cell, another (surmounted by two smaller spots) closing it ; a very irregular, interrupted transverse row of spots beyond middle, only separated in parts by white spots from a regular row of spots (parallel to hind-margin) beyond it ; a row of minute white lunules edging the latter combined with the ochrey tint to form a pale hind-marginal border, marked with a row of very indistinct dark dots ; inner margin dull-grey ; from base a narrow blackish streak, inferiorly bounding subcostal nervure, terminating abruptly a little before spot in cell. Hind-wing : three irregular transverse rows of ochrey-grey quadrate spots, more or less confluent on inner margin ; hind-marginal border as in fore-wing, but more tinted with ochreous superiorly ; two lowest hind-marginal spots faintly silvery-centred, the rest of the series less distinct. $ BlacJcish, shot with hlue from bases over discs. Fore-wing : inner transvei'se roiu of under side distinct, black, separated from hind-marginal blackish by conspicuous pure-white spots ; terminal disco-cellular spot large, with a whitish dot on each side ; a row of minute indistinct bluish dots near hind-margin. Hind-ioing : two submarginal rows of bluish lunules, the inner row more or less confused with discal blue, the outer forming three incomplete rings near anal angle ; black spots barely distinguishable from hind-marginal blackish edging. Under SIDE. — As in ^ ; but white ground much brighter and clearer, especially on hind-margins, Hind-unng : transverse rows separately traceable to inner-margin ; metallic centres of two lowest hind-mar- ginal spots more brilliant. 88 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. Has a very short tufted tail on first median nervule of liiud-wing, not observable in worn specimens. This very distinct and handsome species is well distinguished by its singularly chequered under side, and, as regards the upper side, in the male by the brightness of the uniform blue field, and in the ^ by the discal reproduction in part of the chequered pattern of the under side, chiefly in the fore-wings. The cilia in both sexes are unusually broad and conspicuous, pure-white, strongly and evenly interrupted with black. The female is not at all unlike (escept for the strong blue suffusion on the upper side) Pijrgus in colouring and pattern, and Linnaeus (in the Museum Ludoviccv, tfcc), compares it to the European P. Mcdvoi. Tlirspis is tolerably numerous in many parts of the Cape Colony, especially in the South- Western Districts and about Cape Town, but is usually found singly or in pairs. It frequents open ground generally, hovering about low shrubs and plants, and constantly settling ; its flight is short and weak, so that it is very easily captured, I have met with it from the beginning of August until the end of April. For so small a butterfly it is unusually conspicuous on the wing. Boisduval {Voy. de Deleg. V Aft. Aust., p. 588) mentions it as occurring at Poi't Natal, but I have not seen any examples from that neighbourhood. Colonel Bowker did not send this species from either Kaffraria j^roper or Basutoland, nor have I received any examples from the northeim parts of the Cape Colony or from farther in the interior. Localities of Lyca:na Tlicsjns. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. a. Western Districts. — Cape Town. Stellenbosch. Triangles Station, Worcester District (L. Perinquey). Plettenberg Bay. h. Eastern Districts.— Port Elizabeth {\V. S. M. D' Urban and J. L. Fry). Grahamstown. Top of Gaika's Kop, Amatola Mountains {J. H. BoivJcer). E. Natal. a. Coast Districts. — " Bay of Port Natal." — Boisduval. 165. (47.) Lycsena Bowkeri, Trimen. ^ '^ Lyccjena BoicJieri, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lend., 1883, p. 351. PJxjj. ah, I in. i|-2^1in. $ Silky lilacine-blue ; each wing with a rather large blackish luuular mark closing discoidal cell, and a moderately-wide blackish macular hind-marginal border ; cilia wide, black, conspicuously interrupted with white between nervules. Hind-ioing : the spots composing hind-mar- ginal border more separated than in fore-wing (especially near anal angle), and immediately preceded by contiguous thin whitish lunules. Under side. — Yellowish-white ; each wing with a lunular mark closing discoidal cell, an irregular interrupted discal row of spots, and a sub- marginal I'ow of smaller subquadrate spots, — all pale ochreous-brown, more or less distinctly finely edged internally and externally with LYC^NID^. 89 blackish ; close to hind-margin a row of very distinct sub-lunulate black spots. Forc-vnng : a longitudinal brown stripe from base (where it is almost black) along subcostal nervure to a little before and above extremity of discoidal cell ; three pale ochreous-brown spots near base, viz., a small one on costa almost confluent with terminal disco-cellular lunule, a reniform one in the cell, and an irregularly-shaped one just below the second but outside the cell ; irregular discal row of spots abruptly interrupted on second median nervule, between fifth and sixth of its seven spots ; costa from before middle to apex edged with blackish. Hind-wing : curve of costal edge close to base black ; an irregular ochreous-brown basal marking formed of three or four contiguous small spots ; three spots near base arranged much as in fore-wing, but the uppermost one much larger ; an additional spot on inner margin near base ; irregular discal row of spots abruptly interrupted between second and third of its eight spots on lower subcostal nervule, and thence sharply angulated in almost a direct line to about middle of inner mar- gin ; the seventh (and very slightly the eighth) black spot of the hind- marginal row dotted with silvery-blue. $ Only the basal and inner-marginal region of both wings and the hind-marginal region of hind-wing lilacine-blue, the disc being white ; the terminal disco-cellular spot and the transverse irregular discal row as described on under side of ^, but black and more strongly marked ; row of violaceous-whitish lunules internally edging hind-marginal black- ish spots more conspicuous than in ^ in hind-wing, and also indis- tinctly marked in fore-wing. Undeh side. — As in ^, but all the spots somewhat sharper and clearer in outline. This species is a near ally of L. Thcsjns (Linn.), a butterfly hitherto much isolated in its genus by the singular chequered pattern of the under surface of the wings, which is not unlike that of several species of the Hesperide genus Pyrgus. In L. BowJccri the under side, owing to its purer white ground, smaller and more neatly-defined markings, and very distinct hind-marginal row of black spots, indicates a depar- ture from that of Thcspis in the direction of such congeners as Si/haris, HopfF., and Hintza, Trim., but retains the peculiar pattern of Thespis as well as the pale ochreous-brown of the spots generally. On the upper surface the ^ BowJccri is readily distinguished from the $ 21iesins by its much less vivid, more lilacine blue, and much wider hind-marginal blackish submacular border ; while the ^ may be recog- nised by the much more developed discal white (especially in the hind-wing and hind-marginal lunulate markings. The tail of the hind-wing is in both sexes longer than in Thcsjns. Colonel Bowker discovered this interesting butterfly in the earlier part of the year 1881, on the summit of a high table-topped hill overlooking the Inchanga Valley in Natal. He met with four specimens only, two of each sex, and at the time took them to belong to a local variety of Thcspis. They were flitting about the flowers of a small legmninous shi-ub growing on rocks at the edge of a high precipice. 90 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. Locality of Lyccvna Bowkeri. I. South Africa. E. Natal. h. Upper Districts. — Inchanga {J. H. Boiclcer). Genus CHRYSOPHANUS. Clirysojilianuii, Hiib., Verz. Bek. Sclimctt., p. 72 (1816); Westw., Gen. Diurn. Lep., ii. p. 497 (1852). LyccB7ia, Fab., Uliger's Mag., vi. p. 285 (1807), sect. 3 [part]. Pohjommatus, Latr. [part], Eucyc. Meth., ix. p. 11 (181 9); Herricli- SchJiffer, Syst. Bearb. Sclimett. Europ., i. p. 130 (1843). Imago. — General characters of Lycaiia. Eijes alwaj'S naked ; ^^a//'^ with bristly hair beneath ; antcnnm rather thicker. Thorax stout, as in the robuster species of Lycmna. Fore-wings more acute apically. Hind- wings with anal angle acuter and more prominent (very slightly so in the South- African C. Orus), and sometimes with a more or less acute projection at extremity of first median nervule. Fore-legs of ^ longer and stouter than in Lycevna, — tibia with scattered spines beneath, be- sides several at extremity, but without terminal hook, — tarsus very thickly spinose beneath and less so laterally, terminating in a slightly- curved claw ; of $ similar, but with tarsus fully developed, articulated, with much- curved terminal claws. Middle and liind legs rather shorter and thicker than in LyeKna^ — tibite with two or three short spines beneath, and with terminal spurs thick, — tarsi very spiny beneath and with a few short spines above ; the long first joint in the $ more or less swollen. Larva. — More flattened (less convex dorsally) than in Lycccna ; more or less finely pubescent. Pupa. — Shorter, thicker, rounder than in Lycevna, especially an- teriorly. (These characters of larva and pupa are gathered from the figures and descriptions of many authors.) In structure, as well as in pattern of markings, Chrysophanus is so intimately related to Lyeecna that it is very doubtful whether the group is entitled to more than subgeneric rank. Tlie characters of the legs alone seem to present any distinction of importance. At the same time, the beautiful insects referred to CJirysojyhanus have a very distinct facies, and it is perhaps better to keep them apart from the immense genus, to which they are unquestionably most closely allied. The Clirysopliani are mostly distinguished by the golden or coppery red of the upper side of the wings, which is specially splendid (and sometimes, as in 0. Orus, shot with blue-violaceous) in the males, but usually much duller in the black-spotted females, whose hind-wings, too, are sometimes brown or suff*used with brown. In some species, LYC^NID^. 91 both sexes arc spotted with LLick above, and occasionally {Dorilis, Hufn.) the male is much darker and with less trace of red than the female. The single South-African species presents but little difference in the sexes, both being metallic orange-red ; but the male has a violaceous surface-lustre absent in the female, while the latter has on the hind-wings as well as on the fore-wings a discal series of black spots. On the under side Chrysophanus has quite the pattern of the large Alexis or Corydoii group of Lycama ; though in the more brilliant species the soft orange tint of the fore-wings gives a very different general aspect, and in some cases (as in Fhlceas, Linn.) the markings are in the hind-wings much obscured. As in Lyccena, there has been considerable difficulty in determining the limits of the species, and the synonymy of the European forms is an intricate affair. There would appear, however, to be about forty recognised species, of which rather more than half belong to the PaliB- arctic Region, ton or eleven inhabiting Europe proper. Nearly all the remainder are recorded from North America ; but a few species occur most remarkably at isolated points far remote from each other, viz., four in New Zealand, one in Queensland (Australia), one at the Cape, and one in Chili. In Abyssinia a close ally or variety of C. Fhlccas (C. PseudopldKcis, Lucas) occurs, and Mr. Godman has noted {Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, p. 539) the capture of a single specimen of a Chrysophanus on Kilima-njaro in Tropical Eastern Africa. The out- lying species just referred to — with the exception perhaps of Pscudo- 2)hlceas — are of distinct facies and apparently limited range ; but many of the genus roam widely over Europe and Asia, while Phkcas occujjies the entire Palasarctic Region and great part of North America, and was one of the five butterflies taken in Grinnell Land (lat. 81° 45' N.) by Captain Feilden. Chrysoplianns Orvs is common and generally distributed in open ground over most of South Africa, and may be found on the wing throughout the year. 166. (1.) Chrysophanus Orus, (Cramer). ? '^ Papilio Orus, Cram., Pap. Exot., iv. t. ccexxxii., fF. e, f (17S2). Papilio Areas, Fab., Maut. Ins., ii. p. 80, n. 728 (1787); and Hesperia Areas, Ent. Syst., iii. i. p. 311, n. 179 (1793). Polyommatus Orus, Godt., Enc. Meth., ix. p. 672, n. 172 (1823). (J 5 Clivysophajius Orus, Trim., E,hop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 259, n. 160 (1866). Exp. al, ($) io-|^ lin. — i in. i lin. ; ($) il lin. — i in. 2^ lin. ^ Metallic orangc-rcd, with a hlue-violaccous lustre ; a narrow llackish liind-marginal edging and some black disced spots ; bases slightly dusky. Fore-tving : a lunule closing cell ; usually a small spot in cell ; beyond middle an irregular roAV of six or seven spots between costa 92 SOUTH- AFRIC AX BUTTERFLIES. and submedian nervure ; a black linear costal edging, abruptly widen- ing into a broad apical border, which again grows gradually narrower along hind-margin to anal angle. Hind-wing : markings as in fore- wing, but inner edge of hind-marginal border indented on nervules, and spots more minute (those of transverse row being sometimes partly — occasionally wholly — wanting) ; no spot in cell. Under side. — Hind-wing and border of forc-ioing hroionish-grey. Fore-wing : spots as above, but larger and with whitish edging ; an additional spot in cell, near base ; along inner edge of hind-marginal grey a row of linear blackish lunules, most distinct near inner margin. Hind-wing : spots as above, but scarcely darker than ground-colour, only marked by their hoary rings ; a transverse row of three minute blackish spots near base, and a little beyond them a row of three larger, duller spots ; submarginal row of lunules continued across this wing, tinged with ferruginous. Cilia brownish tipped with white, and with brown inter- ruptions on nervules. $ Similar, hut didler, and without violaceous lustre ; hasal suffusion and Uachish borders ivider, darker {especially in hind-wing) ; spots larger, all distinct in both wings. Under side. — As in ^. A number of specimens taken in Basiitoland by Colonel Bowkcr were paler and larger than usual, and with the blue-violaceous lustre of the males unusually faint. A $ captured by the same gentleman in the Biggarsberg, Natal, has all the black spots of the fore-wing enlarged, those of the discal row bemg all elongated and acummated inward. Orus seems to resemble the well-known and widely-ranging PMccas more than any other ChrysopJumus, the colour and pattern of the fore -wings and the tints of the under side being very similar m the two forms. But Phlceas differs conspicuously in its dark-brown upper side of the hind-wings, with only a hind-marginal border of orange-red, and in the absence of any viola- ceous-blue lustre in the ^ ; the fore-wings also are more pointed apically, and the hind wings anab angularly, than in Orus. This brightly-coloured little Chri/sojyhanus is distributed over the greater part of South Africa, and is particularly prevalent about the vicinity of Cape Town. It flies low, but is very active, frequently sitting on the ground or on low plants, where it suns itself with its wings half expanded. I have taken it in every month of the year except January and February, but it is more numerous from September to November, and again in March and April. It often appears, however, in the winter ; and Colonel Bowker found it amongst the very few butterflies that seemed able to bear the severe winter of Basuto- land, appearing on sunny days in such fine condition as to mduce the belief that they were but just out of the pupa. Localities of Chrysophanus Orus. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. a. Western Districts. — Cape Town. Stellenbosch. Robertson. Triangles Station, Worcester District {L. Peringuey). h. Eastern Districts. — Uitenhage {S. D. Bairstoiv). Grahamstown {H. J. Atherstone). " King William's Town."— W. D'Urban. Murraysburg ( /. Musi-eft). Burghersdorp (D. R. Kennemeyer). (1. Basutoland. — Koro-Koro and IMaseru (/. H. Boivlicr). LYC^NIDiE. 93 D. Kaffraria Proper. — Butterworth, and Kei and Basliee Rivers (/. H. Bowker). E. Natal. h. Upper Districts. — Maritzburg and Greytown. Estcourt (/. 71/. Hutcliinson). Biggai-sberg {J. H. Bowker). K. Transvaal. — Potchefstroom District (T. Aijres). Genus LYC/ENESTHES. Lyccenesthes, Moore, Pi'oc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1865, p. 773. Lyccena [part], Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 234, a (1866). Lyccenesthes, Hewits., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 343; and Illust. Diurn. Lep., p. 219 (1878). Imago. — Head small, rather rouglily hirsute in front ; eyes very finely hairy ; j;a/j9i rather long, slender, — second joint much com- pressed laterally, longer in ^ than in ^, densely clothed with long hair- like scales, — third joint long, slender, acuminate, closely scaled, risino- above level of vertex ; antcnnce of moderate length, slender, with a rather abruptly formed club of moderate length, flattened and hollowed superiorly, pointed at extremity. Thorax decidedly robust, particularly in ^ ; its downy clothing dense, especially on breast. Fore-wings with apex rather acute ; nervures thick, prominent ; costal nervure ending about middle of costa ; subcostal nervure four-branched, — first and second nervules emitted separately before extremity of discoidal cell, — third very short, emitted about midway between end of cell and ajoex, — fourth terminat- ing at apex ; upper radial nervule united to subcostal nervure at extremity of cell, lower one to disco-cellular nervules about midway between upper radial and third median nervules. Hind-ivings with costa moderately arched, but very convex at base ; slightly produced in anal-angular portion ; costal nervure terminating at apex ; subcostal nervure branched considerably before middle ; on hind-margin three very fine slender tufts or pencils of hair, situated at extremities, respectively, of second and first median nervules and submedian nervure. Legs rather long and stout, with the femora very hairy beneath ; fore-legs of $ rather large, — tibia with a pair of very fine terminal spurs, — tarsus closely spinulose beneath, and with a slightly curved terminal claw. Middle and hind, legs with terminal spurs of tibise long. Pupa. — Broad, moderately thick ; narrowed to anal extremitv, which is recurved and flattened inferiorly ; under side much flattened, and slightly hollowed in the middle ; head rather blunted, sub- quadrate ; sides of thorax slightly sub-angulated ; basal portion of abdomen broader than thorax. Attached by tail and silken girth. (Described from living pupa of L. Liodes, Hewits.) This genus is nearly allied to the robuster forms of Lyrcvna, but 94 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. differs in its licavier structure generally (especially in the bulk of the thorax), acute fore-wings, slight projection of hind-wings about anal ano-le, and possession of three tufts of hairs on the hind-margin of the hind-wings. In form and in under-side pattern Lycccnesthcs bears much likeness to Deudorix, but wants the anal-angular lobe and linear tail on the hind-wings, and has longer palpi (especially in the ^). Most of the species exhibit on the upper side various tints of violaceous or purple, much reduced or absent in the duller females, but some of the West- African forms {Leptincs, Luzoncs, and Lacharcs, of Hewitson) present, instead of any shade of those colours, a large spot of orange-yellow in one or both wings. The under side in these and some other West-African species more resembles that of the Telicanus group of Lyccaia. Eighteen of the twenty - six known species are African, three Indian, and two Austro-Malayan. The locality " Cayenne," recorded by Butler {Gat. Fah. Lcp.^ p. i88) for L. Moncus (Fab.), requires confirmation. Six species have been discovered to inhabit Southern Africa ; and of these three {Amarah, Larydas, and Sylvanus) are widely spread over both African Tropics, one {Otacilici) extends into the Southern Tropical region, and two {Liodcs and Livida) appear to be peculiar to South Africa. L. Amarah is very different from the rest in the singular glittering grey of its upper side ; Larydas, Sylvanus, and Liodcs all have in the ^ an upper side of glossy dai'k- purple, and in the $ a discal space of pale violaceous and whitish marked with fuscous spots ; Ofacilia has a rather bright violaceous field in the $, replaced by cupreous-brown in the ^ ; and Livida is in both sexes dull shining ochreous-grey faintly shot with bluish. All the six species are found on the eastern side of South Africa, but only four of them have been met with in the Cape Colony, and of these but two {Liodcs, Hewits., and Otacilia, Trim.) reach the western districts. Larydas, Cram., and Sylvanvs, Dru., have not occurred to the south and west of Natal, but Amarah, Guer., extends to Grahams- town, and Livida, Trim., seems hitherto to have been taken only near that place and in some of the adjacent eastern districts. I have not seen living Sylvanus or Larydas, but have captured the other species, and found all the four to be very active, alert, little butter- flies, resembling altogether in motion and habits the well-known Thccla group in Europe. They visit flowers freely, and are also much given to basking in the sunshine on the leaves of bushes or young trees. 167. (1.) Lycsenesthes Amarah, (Guerin). § Pohjommatus Amarah, Gucr., Lefcbv. Voy. Abyss., vi. p. 384, pi. 11, ff. 5, 6 (1847). 9 Lyccma Amarah, Wallgrn., Lcp. Rliop. Caffr. (K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl., ' 1857), p. 40. LYCMmBM 95 (^ $ Lyccena Amarah, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 235, n. 137 (1866). 5 Lamiyides Olijmjnisa, Walk., Entomologi.st, v. p. 53, n. 49 (1870). Uxj). al., ($) 11^ lin. — i in. 2 lin. ; (?) i I lin. — I in. 2 lin. ^ Palc-grcy, loith a metallic sitb-hrassy lustre ; a hroivn hind-mar- ginal houndinrj line; cilia greyisli-wliite. Hind-wing: traces of two rows of dull-wliitisli Innules, — those of outer row combining with a whitish inner edging of hind-marginal line to form imperfect rings, and the two last enlarged and orange (the upper with an adjacent black spot) on either side of first median nervule ; a slender tail-like tuft of wJiite hairs at end of first median nervule, and a similar tuft at end of submedian nervure. Under side. — Brownish-grey, loith white and brownish fasciae, and roivs of lunules ; in each wing, beyond middle, an irregular, submacular fascia (composed of a broad white central streak, on both sides bordered with brownish and edged with a white line), — a similar short fascia, closing cell, touching edge of long fascia on third median, and two rows of thin white lunules succeeded by a white line. Fore-wing : between median and submedian, a short, wide, abruptly truncate, longitudinal black striiK. Hind-ioing : seven conspicuous, black, white-ringed spots, viz., one at base, four in a transverse row near base, and two on costa (respectively immediately before origin of fascia and double row of lunules) ; orange-lunuled hind-marginal spot bluish-silvery-dusted ; a smaller similar spot at anal angle. $ Darker, not so metallic ; a coating of bluish-grey shining hair over basal area of hind-iving. Fore-wing : a disco-cellular fuscous line ; a faint submacular streak just before hind-marginal line. Hind-iving : row of lunules and rings usually conspicuous ; orange lunules and spot larger ; occasionally a third orange lunule and black spot just above second median. Underside. — As in ^ ; ground-colour darker. The peculiar hue of the upper surface at once distinguishes this species from the other South- African Lyccenegthes, which present a more or less purple or violaceous colouring in both sexes. The strongly-marked black basal stripe on the under side of the fore-wing is also peculiar to Amarah. Mr. W. D'Urban found this butterfly commonly about King William's Town, frequenting bushy spots, from October to April. Near Grahamstown I saw it but rarely, and it was not common on the coast of Natal from the end of January to the beginning of April 1867. It is a brisk and active insect, and all the specimens that I noticed settled frequently on the leaves of various shrubs. In neither sex does there appear to be any noticeable variation except as regards size. The specimens from the Red Sea Coast, described by Walker {loc. cit.) as L. Olympusa, which I examined in Mr. R. Meldola's collection, are undoubtedly oi'dinary Amarah. Localities of Lyca:nesthcs Amarah. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. — Grahamstown, New Year's River, and Mitford Park, Albany District. King William's Town (IF. UUrhan and J. H. Bowker). East London. 96 SOUTH- AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. D. Kaflfraria Pi-oper. — Butterworth and Tsomo and Bashee Rivers (/. H. Bowl-er). E. Natal. a. Coast Distinets. — D" Urban and Umvoti. " Lower Umkomazi." — J. H. Bowker. h. Upper Districts. — Estcourt (,7. M. HntcMnsoii). Rorke's Drift (/. H. Boirh-r). K. Transvaal. — Potcliefsti'oom District (7". Aijrcs). Limpopo and Marico Rivers [F. C. Selous). II. Other African Regions. A. South Tropical. a. AVestern Coast. — " Angola." — Kirby (Cat. Ilewits. Coll.) B. North Tropical. h. Eastern Coast. — "Abyssinia (Lefehvre)." — Gucrin. Ilor Tamanib, near Red Sea (J. K. Lord). 168. (2.) Lycaenesthes Larydas, (Cramer). 1 ^ Papilio Larydas, Cram., Pap, Exot., iii. pi. cclxxxii. f. li (17S2). $ Pobjommahis Larydas, Godt. [part]. Enc. Meth., ix. p. 6x9, n. 6 (181 9). ^ Lyccena Kersteni, Gerst., " Archiv. f. Naturg., 1871, i. p. 359, n. 27;" and Gliederth. -Fauna Sansib.-Gebiet., p. 373, n. 27, t. xv. f. 5 (1873). '^ Lyccenestltes Larydas, Hewits., 111. Diurn. Lep., p. 222, n. 11, pi. 92, f. 40 (1878). Uxj). al., Q) I in. 1-4 lin. ; (?) i in. 1-2 lin, $ Glistening darh-imrple ; a hlach hind-marginal line ; cilia in fore-iving darh-grey except at posterior angle, where it is wldtc, — in hind- wing j;a/c7-, hccoming white near anal angle ; tufts of liair at ends of second and first median uervules, and submedian nervure thin, rather long, dusky at base, but thence white. Under side. — Pale grcyish- hrown, unth slightly darker, on both sides white-edged, tra7isverse striae. Fore-wing : terminal disco-cellular stria broad, beginning on first sub- costal uervule ; ordinary discal stria abruptly broken on third and first median nervules into three nearly equal portions, of wliich the uppermost is farthest, and the lowest (iu a line with terminal disco- cellular stria) nearest to base ; a nearly straight submarginal stria, the white inner edge of which touches outer edge of second division of discal stria on first median nervule ; a hind-marginal white line ; costa edged with white at base, with ochrey-yellow (indistinctly) elsewhere ; a broad stria from costal to submedian nervure, curved inward infe- riorly, crossing middle of discoidal cell ; in cell, at base, a short white longitudinal line curving upward at extremity. Hind-wing : terminal disco-cellular stria broad, well-marked ; discal stria very irregular, com- mencing with a costal darker and sub-ocellate spot before the succeed- ing portion, narrowed in its lower part, and from submedian nervure recurved (and with a central line of white) to inner margin about middle ; submarginal stria more irregular than in fore-wing, especially its inner white edge, which inferiorly is recurved (like discal stria) to inner margin ; hind-marginal white line as in fore-wing ; between it LYC^NID.E. 97 and submarginal stria two black bluish- or greenish-silvery speckled spots, — one between second and first median nervules, circled (except externally) with orange-yellow, the other on and chiefly above sub- median nervure internally edged with orange-yellow ; costa at base edged with white ; a sub-basal transverse row of four dark white- ringed spots (the third of which is brown, and the rest are black) from costal nervure to inner margin. $ Dull-fuscous ; bases slightly tinged for some distance with slaty- grey ; discs paler, in some instances tvhitish or lohite in fore-wing ; two suhmarginal roivs of ivhite lumdcs in hind-iving. Fore-icing : near pos- terior angle, between second median nervule and submedian nervure, four whitish marks, of which the two inner are broad and more or less suffused (sometimes merged in discal whitish), the two outer narrow. Hind-wing : lunules of inner submarginal row wider than those of outer row, and somewhat suffused ; lunules of outer row thin, acute, — • that between second and first median nervules immediately succeeded by a sub-trigonate black spot ; a very distinct pure-white hind-mar- ginal line immediately followed by a black one. Cilia with white parts more developed than in ^. Under side. — Markings arranged as in ^, but the ivhite edges of nearly all the stiHce — especially the sub- marginal ones and those near inner-margin of fore-wing — widened and more or less confuoit, so that the greyish-brown ground-colour is con- siderably reduced. Cramer's figure represents the under side, and, though rough and enlarged, gives the markings with tolerable fidelity; but the ground colour is much darker than in any examples I have seen, — darker, indeed, than in the ,$ , although from the notice in the text (p. i6o), that " le dessus des ailes est d'un blanc blenatre, les bords en sont d'un [brim] clair," it seems clear that the specimen figured (a West- African one) was a female. The upper side of the ^ in this species is the same as that of L. Sylvamts, Dru., and not very much darker than in L. Liodes, Hewits. ; but that of the ^ is quite peculiar, owing to the absence of any violaceous suffusion, and to the white markings existing near the posterior angle of the fore-wings. On the under side the curious striation in the basal part of the fore wings distin- guishes Larydas from all the known South-African species, and shows its alliance to L. Lysides and numerous other West- African species figured by Mr. Hewitsou. The first South-African example of Larydas I met with was a worn ^ , taken at D'Urban, Natal, in 1870 by the late Mr. M. J. M'Ken. From 1879 to 1 88 1, however, Colonel Bowker forwarded 'a good many specimens of both sexes captured in the same locality, including two pairs found in coitu on the 17th January 1879 ^^'^^^ -S^h March 1881 respectively. He noted nothing peculiar in the habits of the butterfly. Localities of Zyccvncsthes Larydas. I. South Africa. E. Natal. a. Coast Districts. — D'Urban {M. J. M'Kcn and J. H. Bowker). Pinetown (./. H. Boivker). H. Delagoa Bay. — Lourenr-o Marques [Mrs. Moideiro). 98 SOUTII-AFIUCAN BUTTERFLIES. II. Other African Regions. A. South Tropical. a. Western Coast. — Congo. — Coll. Brit. Mus. "Angola." — Kirby, Cat. Hewits. Coll. h. Eastern Coast. — " Mbaramu, Usambara (C Kcrstcn)." — Ger- stiicker. B. North Tropical.— " Old Calabar. "—Kirby, Cat. Hewits. Coll. 169. (3.) Lycsenesthes Sylvanus, (Drury). $ PapUio Sylvanus, Dru., 111. Nat. Hist., ii. pi. iii. ft". 2, 3 (1773). $ Pohjommahis Lar>/das, var. Godt., Enc. Meth., ix. p. 619 (1819). $ Lyccena Emolus, Gerst., Gliederth.-Fauna Sansib.-Gebiet., p. 373, n. 26, t. XV. f. 4 (1873). $ Lyccenesthes Lemnos, Hewits., 111. D. Lep., p. 221, n. 8, pi. xc. ff. 13, 14(1878). 9 L//i\viiC(ttJtcs Si/hrmu-'^, Ilcwits., op. cit., p. 222, n. 10, pi. xcii. f. 41 ■(1878). Exp. al, ($) I in. 1-3 liu. ; ($) i in. 2-3I lin. ^ Glistening dark-2nirph ; a hlach hind-marginal line ; cilia dull- grey, slightly mixed with whitish. Hind-wing : close to hiud-margin, between first modiau nervule and submedian nervure, an elongate black mark ; three caudal tufts, not very slender, dusky at bases, but thence whitish. Under side. — Fale greyish-hroivn, ivith scarcely darker, on loth sides thinly whitish- edged, transverse stria;. Fore-iving : no onarlcings lefore middle ; terminal disco-cellular striola short, not pro- duced towards costa, but a minute white-ringed spot just above it ; discal sti'ia submacular, slightly irregular, and curved superiorly, but actually interrupted only on first median nervule, beneath which its terminal portion is nearer base than the rest ; submarginal stria nar- row, faintly marked, obsolescent superiorly ; hind-marginal whitish line scarcely visible. Hind-tving : terminal disco-cellular striola well- marked, rather long ; discal stria decidedly submacular, scarcely irre- gular, not interrupted, widened just above submedian nervure, but below it abruptly narrowed, marked mesially with a whitish line, and deflected to inner margin about middle ; first (costal) spot of discal fascia much darker than the rest, partly filled with fuscous or fuscous- ferruginous ; submarginal stria much better marked than in fore-wing, both its whitish edges sublunulate and rather suffused ; a whitish hind-marginal line (obsolescent superiorly) immediately succeeded by a fuscous one ; two hind-marginal black greenish-silvery spangled spots, — the upper and larger one between second and first median nervules encircled (except externally) by an ochre-yellow edging, — the lower one, on each side of submedian nervure, edged interiorly with ochre- yellow, which extends a little along inner-marginal edge ; a sub-basal transverse row of three round spots in very thin whitish rings, of which the first and second (respectively near costa and in discoidal LYC.ENID.'E. 99 cell) arc forrugiuous-i'cd or fuscous-ferruginous, and tlic third (on inner margin) is fuscous. $ Dull fuscous ; a violaceous 'patch (variable in size) from near base to beyond middle, sometimes cxtendinrj over loioer part of discoidal ceil, in fore-ioing ; hind-iving with two submarginal rows of white lunules, of lohich the inner is usually somewhat suffused inwardly, and some- times enlarged into a disced whitish space ; cdl lower half of hind-wing shot ivith violaceous. Fore-wing : a terminal disco-cellular blackish striola ; in some examples, close to hind-margin, between second median ner- vule and submedian nervuro, a whitish streak tinged with violaceous, followed by a similar line of great tenuity ; violaceous patch rarely touches any part of inner margin. Hind-iving : terminal disco-cellular blackish striola as in fore-wing, but less distinct ; on disc, between second subcostal and origia of second median nervule, a short, blackish macular stria (very conspicuous in specimens with a more or less whitish discal area) ; upper of two hind-marginal spots, between second and first median nervules, large, black, with a conspicuous orange- yellow lunule bounding it inwardly ; a clearly-defined white hind-mar- ginal line, immediately succeeded by a black one, from anal angle as far as second subcostal nervule, where the outer submarginal white lunular row also terminates. Under side. — Much paler than in $ ; markings similar, but their lohite edges much more developed, those beyond discal stria (which is comparatively darhcr than in $) combining suf- fusedly, particularly in hind-wing, into a white submarginal band. Hind-wing : hind-marginal spangled spots larger than in ^. Gerstacker (ojj. cit.), while admitting the difficulty he had expe- rienced, in common with myself and other lepidopterists, in determin- ing what Godart's Uinolus really is, refers this species to Eniolus, mihi, which = Z. Liodcs, Hevvits., described below. The $ figured by him, however, differs from my insects as well as from Godart's descrip- tion in possessing a sub-basal row of three conspicuous round white- ringed spots in the hind-wing. Godart's Emolus (as more fully explained under L. Liodes) is in all probability identical with L. bcngalensis, Moore, the type of the genus Lyeccnesthcs. I have examined tlie type of L. Lemnos, Hewits., a male fi*om Delagoa Bay, and do not find that it can be separated as a species. The only dif- ferences from the $ Sylvanus that it presents are, on the upper side, a rather paler, more glistening purple, and in tlie hind-wing a sliort white (instead of indistinct wliitisli) line between the black hind-marginal and short preceding lines at anal angle ; and, on the under side, rather brighter red in the upper and middle spots of the sub-basal transverse row. The late Mr. E. C. Buxton was the iirst to discover this Lycccnestlies as South- African, having sent me a pair taken by himself in some part of Natal in 1873. From D'lJrban and Pinetown, during tlie years 1878 to 18 84, Colonel Bowker has forwarded nine of each sex, taken at different times of the year. Tlie best locality noted by lum was the Park at D' Urban, where he found many specimens on -the wing during the last three diiys of October 1879. 100 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. Localities of Lyccencsthcs Si/lvanus. I. South Africa. E. Natal. — D'Urban and Pinetown (/. H. Bowlcer and T. Ayrcs). II. Delagoa Bay. — Louren9o Marques {Mrs. Munteiro). II. Other African Regions. A. South Tropical. a. "Western Coast. — "Angola." — Kirby, Cat. Ilewits. Coll. h. Eastern Coast. — " Mombas (Kersten)." — Gcrstiicker. B. North Tropical. a. Western Coast. — "Old Calabar." — Kir))y, op. cit. "Sierra Leone. ' ' — Drury . hi. Eastern Interior. — "White Nile." — Kirby, op. cit. 170. (4.) LycsDnesthes Liodes, Hewitson. ^ $ Lycoena Emohis, Trim., Ilhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 234, n. 136, pi. 4, ff. 8, 9 (1866). (J Lycoenesthcs Liodes, Hewits., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 349. (J Lyccenesthes SicJiela, Hewits., 111. D. Lep., p. 222, n. 12 (1878). Uxj). al., Q) I in. 0^-2 lin. ; ($) I in. 1-2J lin. ^ Glistening dark-violaceous ; a slender llacJc, Idnd-marginal edging line ; cilia whitish. Hind-wing : close to hind-margiu two to three inconspicuous black spots between second median nervule and sub- median nervure ; at extremity of each of these nervures, as ivcll as that of first median, a thin tuft of whitish hairs. Under side. — Brownish- grcy ; in cacli wing — a double dark streak (enclosing one of ground- colour) closing cell, the wliole marking being on both sides white-edged, — a similar fascia, composed of confluent spots, across wing beyond cell, in hind-ioing bi-angulated near inner margin, in fore-wing with the last spot before the rest of the fascia, — two submarginal rows of whitish lunules enclosing a darker space, and a very indistinct interior whitish edging to hind -marginal dark line. Fore-wing : rarely a whitish ring in cell. Ilind-wing : on costa before middle, a white- ringed spot similar to that closing cell ; first and last of three black hind-marginal spots always distinct, greenish- silvery-dusted and in- teriorly orange-lunuled, the second indistinct, silvery-dusted — some- times obsolete. $ Pale-greyish, shot luith violaceous-llue from base ; a blackish disco- cellular spot and transverse macidar fascia in each wing ; a blackish hind-marginal border, in hind-wing intersected by a row of whitish lunules. Hind-ioing : hind-marginal white line conspicuous ; hind- marginal spots black, the first orange-lunuled. Under side. — As in ^, but all white edgings broader, conspicuous ; outer edging of trans- verse fascia and inner submarginal row of lunules sometimes suffused and confluent, forming a white band. LYaENID.E. 101 Two dwarf $ s, from Cape Town and Graliamstown respectively, expand only lo and 9 lines across the fore-wings. Pupa. — Above bright yellowish-green ; beneath much paler, shining whitish - green ; semi-transparent, abdomen more opaque. On back an indistinct median thin fuscous line ; on this line, marking junction of thorax and abdomen, a conspicuous, oblong-ovate, salmon-pink, brown- edged spot ; on each side of abdomen a row of minute, indistinct, fuscous dots. About 4| lin. in length. The remains of a silken girth were attached on each side of the basal segment of the abdomen in the specimen here described, which was sent to me by the late Mr. Kay, on 23d October 1869, with the information that it had been found fastened to the upper side of the leaf of a Pdaryonium in Cape Town. The imago (a ^) emerged on the 4th November. As noted by me {op. cif., p. 235), it was with considerable uncertainty that I referred this butterfly to the Polyommatus Emolus of Godart, and that I also suggested that the ^ might be the same as Lyccena Sichela, Wallen- gx-en. The late Mr. Hewitson adopted this latter STiggestion in his Illustra- tions of Diurnal Lepidoptera ; but I have smce discovered Sichela to be an entirely different insect, not belonging to the group Lijccenestlics. Godart's Emolus, however, — described at p. 656 of Encyc. Method., tom. ix. — is very near to L. Liodes ; and I think that Mr. F. Moore's type of his genus Lyaenesthes, viz., L. Bciigalensis — described in Proc. Zool. Soc. Land., 1865, p. 773 — is almost certainly the same as Godart's species, which is stated to be from Bengal. Bengalensis is described as expanding i;^ in., and so should be a little larger than Liodes. Moore points out its alliance to Dip)sas lycoinoides of Felder (i860), and Hewitson {111. D. Lep., pp. 214, 219) treats the two as identical. Judging from Felder's figure {^^ Eeise der Novara," Zool., Lepid., ii. t. 30, f. 25) of the under side, and his description (p. 258) of the $ , and Hewitson's figure {op. cit., pi. xcii. f. 39) of the $ , I consider it very doubtful whether Lycoinoides can be held spionymous with Moore's butterfly. I have examined the specimens of L. Liodes in the Hewitson Collection ; they are mai'ked as from the Cape, and agree entirely with the Colonial examples above described; and I think it very probable that the locality "Gaboon," assigned to the species in Hewitson's original diagnosis in 1874, and again in 1878, was erroneous. Liodes belongs to the Sylvanus gi-oup of the genus ; it is considerably smaller than Sylvanus, and the cj is of a paler tint on the upper side, while the $ is much bluer, and has a well-marked discal fuscous fascia in the fore- wings, besides a much more developed one in the hind-wings. On the luider side Liodes is distinguished by its much less distinct markings in the (^ , and especially by the absence in both sexes of the sub- basal transverse row of round spots in white rings. This is a common insect in and near Cape Town, frequenting gardens and open places in plantations. It visits many flowers, and is fond of sunning itself on oak-leaves. It is active and wary, and very swift in its short flights, reminding the collector of the species of Thecla. I have observed it on the wing throughout the year, except from the beginning of May to the middle of July. It was not uncommon near Grahamstown in Januaiy and February 1870, I took it rarely near D'Urban, Natal, in March 1867. VOL. II. 102 SOUTTI-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. Localities of Lyccenesthes Liodes. I. South Africa, B. Cape Colony. a. Western Districts. — Cape Town. Robertson. Knysna. ' b. Eastern Districts. — Grahamstown. King William's To\\ti (TF. D^ Urban and J. II. Bowker). Windvogelberg, Queenstown District {Dr. Datho). Murraysburg (/. /. Muskett). Burghers- dorp {D. R. Kannemeijer). D. KalYraria Proper. — Bashee River (/. //. Bowker). E. Natal. a. Coast Districts. — D'Urban. K. Transvaal. — Lydenburg District {T. Aijres). 171. (5.) Lycsenestlies Otacilia, (Trimen). Plate VII., fig. 8(3). (^ Lycccna Otacilia, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., i86S, p. 90. Uxp. al, Q) II liu. — I in.; ($) i in. — i in. o^ liu. ^ Shining 2^<^i^e-violaccous. Forc-ioing : apical area, as far as end of discoidal cell and third median nervule, hrown with a cupreous tinge ; short, rather narrow borders of the same colouring, extending on costa to base and on hind-margin to posterior angle. Hind-wing : a cupreous-brown border, wide along costa and at apex, narrow along hind-margin to anal angle ; a rather well-defined hind-marginal black spot between second and first median nervules ; below the latter nervule the trace of a similar spot. Cilia whitish, with faint dusky nervular interruptions on lower part of hind-wing. Under side. — Pale hroivnisli-grey ; in each wing, tlie ordinary terminal disco-celhdar spot, and discal and suhnarginal transverse suhinacular hands, slightly darker than ground-colour and rather conspicuously white-edged on each side. Fore-wing : no markings near base ; discal band strongly curved inward below cell. Hind-unng : a sub-basal transverse row of three round blackish white-ringed spots, — that above cell conspicuous, the other two (respectively in cell and below it) rather faintly marked ; discal band so strongly curved as half to encircle terminal disco-cellular spot, and with part of its outer white edging confluent with inner white edging of submarginal lunulated row ; hind-marginal spot inwardly edged by an orange-yellow lunule, — as is also a minute spot close to anal angle ; an indistinct hind-marginal whitish line forming annulets with the lunulated outer white edging of submarginal row. ^ Palc-hroiiiiish, with a suheupreous lustre; a very faint hasal violaceous suffusion, rather hcttcr j;rowo2mcef? iii hind-wing; bases narroivly hlachish. Hind-unng : in one example traces of a hind- marginal row of whitish annulets like that on under side ; hind- marginal black spot as in $. Under side. — As in $, but rather paler. LYC^NID^. 103 In a ^ from Swellendam, Cape Colony, the discal row is very much narrowed, and its whitish edges, as well as those of the other markings, are everywhere suffused and confluent with the adjacent ones. The bright-violaceous upper side, with its broad cupreous-brown borders, at once distinguish the ^ Otacilla from the same sex in Liodes and Sylvanus, and approximate it to L. Uvula, Trim., in which, however, the violaceous is very much duller and more limited in extent. In the 9 Otacilia, on the contrary, the upper side is almost devoid of violaceous. The under side is of a browner less grey tint than in its congeners, and the markings on the whole most resemble those of the $ Liodes. In size Otacilia is the smallest of the South-African species of Lijcainestlies. The Otacilia of Hewitson {Illustr. Diurn. Lep., pi. 92, ff. 35-37, 1878), which I have examined in that author's collection, is, I think, a distinct species, the $ having the upper side violaceous much intenser, and occupying a considerably larger space (especially in the fore-wing), and the $ present- ing almost as much as in the $ Otacilia, milii ; both sexes further exhibitmg a very conspicuous bright-orange crescent boundmg the black hind-marginal spot of the hind-wings. On the under side the markings are darker and more pronounced. Mr. Hewitson's specimens were ticketed as natives of Angola and Sierra Leone. This little species seems rather widely spread in South Africa, but is not frequent in collections. The first specimen that came under my notice was sent from Swellendam in 1864 by Mr. L. Taats. Mrs. Barber subsequently sent one from Grahamstown, and Colonel Bowker two from Kaft'raria Proper, and one, captured on ist May 1874, from King William's Town. It was not until January 1876 that I met with the species at all numerously. At Robertson, in the Cape Colony, during that month, I observed a good num- ber about the flowers of Acacia horrida, and captured examples of both sexes. Like the rest of the genus, they wei^e active and wary, and not very easy to secure among the thorny bushes under the noonday sun of Jnnuaiy. I had previously (in March 1867) taken a single female at Greytown, Natal. Localities of Lyccenesthes Otacilia. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. a. Western Districts. — Robertson. Swellendam (L. Taats). b. Eastern Districts. — Grahamstown (M. E. Barber). King Wil- liam's Town (J. H. Boiclier) D. Kaffraria Proper. — Tsomo River (/. H. Bowlier). E. Natal. b. Upper Districts. — Greytown. Estcourt (/. M. Ilutcldnson). II. Other African Regions. A. South Tropical. — Central Interior. — " Victoria Falls, Zambesi River {F. Oafes)."— Westwood. 172. (6.) Lycsenesthes livida, Trimen. Plate VII., ff. 7(c?), 7«(?)- $ , '^ Lyccenestlies livida, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 18S1, p. 443. Exp. al., {$) I in. — i in. 2 lin. ; ($) i in. i^ liu. — 3 liu. ^ Shining greyish-'b7'0ivn, witli a cupreous gloss ; in both icings a very pale greyish-hlice suffasion from base. Fore-ioing : the suffusion 104 SOUTH- AFRICA^T BUTTERFLIES. va'i-uely occupies the lower half of discoidal cell, and covers space between median nervure and its first nervulo and inner-margin to near posterior angle ; an indistinct dark-grey lunular mark at extremity of discoidal cell. Hind-ivinj : the suffusion covers middle field of wing from base, leaving the costa and apical, liind-marginal, and inner- marginal border free ; an indistinct dark lunule at extremity of dis- coidal cell ; a little beyond it, a curved macular streak between second subcostal and second median nervules ; a thin black line on hind-mar- ginal edge ; within it a thin white line, most apparent near anal ano-le, itself immediately preceded by four to six thin whitish lunules, which join with it to isolate spots of the ground-colour ; these spots are darker near anal angle, that between second and first median ner- vules being black, bounded interiorly by a well-marked orange lunule. Cilia in both wings whitish. Under side. — Soft 2^ale-grcy ; tlic mark- ings slightly darker, hut distinctly edged on loth sides with whitish ; in each unng a roughly 8 -shaped mark at extremity of discoidal cell, a discal inferiorly-incurved row of more or less confluent similar imper- fect rings ; a submarginal row of lunules ; and a thin hind-marginal whitish edging line. Fore-iving : basal area quite spotless as far as extremity of cell. Hind-wing : near base, just below costal nervure, a small but distinct round black spot in a whitish ring ; the hind- marginal black spot between second and first median nervules, and a smaller similar spot close to anal angle, conspicuously spangled with a few greenish-silvery scales, and interiorly bounded Ijy an orange lunule ; between these two spots a few greenish-silvery scales. $ Similar to male, hut ground colour 2^aler and duller, while the hlue suffusion is considerahly hrighter iu hue. Hind-iving : blue be- comino- very faint on disc, which bears a transverse row of rather indistinct Avhitish lunules. Under side. — As in male. This Lycwnesthes is in several respects intermediate between L. Liodes, Hew. (the Emolus of my Rliop. Afr. Aust., not the true Fmolus of Godart), and Z. Otacilia, mihi. It is at once to be distinguished, however, from both species by the singularly pale and dull hue of the bluish suffusion on its upper surface, which in the male contrasts remarkably with the universal dark purple of L. Liodes, and the well- defined bright violaceous of L. Otacilia. In size L. livida is larger than Z. Liodes, and very much larger than Z. Otacilia. The female has, on the upper side of the fore-wing, none of the fuscous spots so strongly marked in the female Z. Liodes. The under side markings are in both sexes less irregular, and not so dark as in Z. Liodes, and the ground-colour has none of the yellowish-brown tinge observable on the under side of Z. Otacilia. I first noticed this butterfly in Mrs. Barber's collection in Febiaiary 1870, and made a description of the two female specimens which the collec- tion contained, under the impression that they would probably prove to be the female of L. Otacilia, mihi. These examples were taken at Highlands, LYC.'ENID.E. 105 near Graliamsto\vn, and were kindly presented to me by Mrs. Barber. On the 23d of the .same month I captured, at Uitenhage (on Cannon Hill), three males of a Lycwiiesthes, which so closely corresponded with the females mentioned that, upon subsequent comparison, no doubt could be entertained of the identity of species. The males in question were flitting about and settling on the twigs of some bushes at the summit of the hill. A fourth male, taken in Somerset East district, was received from Colonel Bowker in 1871. I have not seen any further examples of this dull-coloured Lycsenid in the collections that I have been able to examine. * Localities of Lyccvncsthes livida. I. South Afi'ica. B. Cape Colony. h. Eastern Districts. — Uitenhage. Grahamstown {M. E. Barber) Between Somerset East and Murraysburg (/. H. Bmcker). Genus DEUDORIX. Deudorix, Hewitson, Illustr. Diurn. Lep., p. 16 (1862). Dipsas, Westw. [part]. Gen. Diurn. Lep., ii. p. 479 (1852). Sithrm, Trimen, Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 231 (1866). Imago. — Head ratlier broad ; eyes clothed with short hair ; ixdpi short, slender — second joint long, densely scaly, laterally flattened, — terminal joint acute, slender, directed forward, veiy short in ^ but long in ^ ; antcnncc long, slender, with a distinct elongate club, more pronounced in $ than in ^. Thorax robust (very stout in ^), densely downy — especially on breast. Fore-icings somewhat variable in form, apically usually rather acute (but always less so in $ than in $) ; on inner-margin in $ almost always a tuft of stiff bristly hairs on under side before middle ; sub- costal nervure four-branched, and neuration quite agreeing with that of Ajjhnccus. Hind-vjings more or less produced in anal-angular portion — anal angle itself bearing a very j^i'ominent lobe ; a rather long linear tail at extremity of first median nervule, and generally a slight acute projection at extremity of second median nervule ; costal nervure terminating at apex ; subcostal nervure branched just before extremity of cell ; neuration generally as in AplinKUS and Hypolyccena ; in ^ usually a small smooth shining spot near costa before middle, just at base of two branches of subcostal nervure. Fore-legs of ^ much as in Aphnecus^ — but femur more hairy beneath — tibia only spined at extremity, — tarsus more strongly spined beneath ; — of the $ generally thicker, — tarsus longer, completely articulate, and with two claws. Middle and hind legs rather short, moderately thick ; — coxfe and femora hairy, — tibice smooth, with short terminal spurs, — tarsi thickly spinulose beneath. Laeva. — Elongate, depressed ; set transversely with rows of well- separated fascicles of very short stiff hairs or bristles. io6 SOUTH-AFRICAN LUTTERFLIES. Pupa. — Blunt, thick, rounded; tail considerably incurved. Attached by the tail and a girth round the body. [These characters of Larva and Pupa are taken from the figures of the early states of D. XenopJio7i (Fab.), and D. Melampus (Cram.), — both natives of Java — given in Horsfield and Moore's Catalogue of the Zejndopterous Insects in the E. I. Co.'s Museum, vol. i., pi. i, ff. 2, 2a, and 3, 3a. The larva of the former species is stated to feed on Selimiedclia rcLcemosa, and that of the Indian D. Isocrates (Fab.), on the interior of the fruit of the common Pomegranate.] This genus is equivalent to Sithon, Hiibn. (Verz. bekannt. Schmett., p. yy)', but its characters were first defined by Hewitson (ojy. cit.), in 1862, and the latter author's name oi Deudorix is thus to be preferred. It is well characterised by the robust body, very slender palpi, long slender antenuEe with long but well-developed clavation, hairy eyes, and very prominent lobate appendage at the anal angle of the hind- wings. The forehead — and sometimes also the tip of the abdomen — is commonly adorned with a red or orange patch. The under side is not nearly so elaborately ornamented as in Aphnmiis, and is usually of some tint of grey or greyish-brown, with slightly-darker, usually whitish-edged, more or less macular discal bands. The Austro- Malayan D. Bcspmna, Hewits., and allies have, however, a more ornate under side of creamy-yellowish, strikingly barred with black ; and the North-Indian J9. Amyiitor, Herbst., has an almost uniform under side of dull-green. In the majority of spines the male is blue on the upper side, but in eight or nine cases intense red or orange-red, and in a few of a bronzy or of an ochrey-yellow tint. The female is almost always of a dull-brownish or greyish on the upper surface, but some- times exhibits a considerable tinge of the brighter hue of the male, and occasionally (as in D. Antalus (HopfF.), and D. Fhcrctima, Hewits.), a different tint from that of her partner. About forty-two species are on record. The genus ranges from Western Africa to Australia, but finds its principal development in India and the Indo-Malayan Islands, which together possess twenty- two species. The Austro-Malayan Islands have yielded eight, and Australia itself two ; while seven are known from Africa. Four of the last-named inhabit Southern Africa, but only one — I). Diodes, Hewits., — seems to be confined to that subregion ; the others being found also in the South-Tropical belt, and D. Antcdus (Hopff.), appa- rently extending all over the Ethiopian Region. The last-men- tioned species is the only form that I have seen in life ; both sexes are very active in their frequent short flights, and the male is particularly rapid on the wing. In Antalus the $ has the upper side of a submetallic bronzy-brown suffused from base with violaceous, while the ^ is of a paler and more bluish colour ; in the other three species, the upper side of the $ is more or less occupied with bright- red (not metallic), and that of the $ of two of them pale-fuscous with dull-whitish on the discal areas. LYC/ENIDiE. 107 173. (1.) Deudorix Antalus, (Hopffer). Dipsas Antalus, HopfP., Monatsb. K. Akad. Wissens. Berlin, 1855, p. 641, n. 15; and ( c? ? ) Sitlion Antalus, Peters' lleise Mossamb,, — Ins., p. 400, pi. xxv. ff. 7-9 [ ? ] (1862). cJ $ Lj/ccena Ania, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 3d ser., i. p. 402 (1862). (J $ Deudorix Anta, Hewits., III. D. Lep., p. 25, pi. v., ff. 49-51 3 also lahnenns Antalus, p. 55 (1863 and 1865). $ ? SWion BatiMi, Trim., Ehop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 232, n. 135 (1866). Exp. al., {$) I in. oi— 5 lin. ; ($) i in. 3 — 7 lin. ^ Shining ceneous-h'own, shot with violet from bases ; cilia greyish- white. Fore-tcing : inner marginal tuft of hairs black. Hind-iving : a rather long, linear, black, white-tipped tail at extremity of third median nervule ; two black spots on hind-margin, respectively just above and below origin of tail ; lobe of anal angle marked with a greenish silvery-scaled black spot. Under side. — rale-greyish ; in loth wings an incomplete, brownish-grey, whitish-edged ring, closing discoidal cell, a row of similar rings, confluent, forming a rather broad transverse band beyond middle, and a submarginal row of brownish- grey lunular markings, indistinctly white-edged inwardly and out- wardly. Hind-wing : near base, two or three whitish-ringed fuscous (sometimes dull-ferruginous) spots, forming a short transverse row ; hind-marginal spot above tail marked inwardly by a yellowish lunule, that below tail all bluish-silvery; spot on anal lobe inwardly scaled with bluish-silvery. $ Bluer than $, excejjting near hind-margins, vjhich are Iroadly- Irown ; markings similar ; a dusky disco-cellular terminal streak in each wing. Under side. — Quite similar, the markings more distinct. From Boisduval's description {Faiine Ent. do Madag., ij-c, p. 24) I was led — as stated in my book above cited — to consider his Ltjciena Bat/keli, as identical with the South -African species which in 1862 I had described as LyccBua Anta, but which I subsequently discovered Hopffer had previously received from East Africa and named Dipsas Antalus. Boisduval's figure on pi. 3 {op. cit.) appeared to me as a rough and highly-coloured representation of A^itahis, Hopff., of which I had seen several Malagasy specimens. Having lately (18S6) seen the figures of Batilceli given by Grandidier in the Lepi- doptera volume of the Hist. Physiijue, Nat. et Pol it. de Madag. (Paris, 1885) on pi. 29, I am, however, satisfied that it is a distinct species from Antalus. It is apparently a $ that is figured, and the upper side is depicted as con- siderably darker than in 5 Antalus, especially in the hind-wing, the dull violaceous-blue of the fore-wing being better defined, but that of the hind- wing being reduced to a dull pale longitudinal ray from base between median and submedian nervures. On the under side, the markings generally are redder, less regular, and with their whitish edgings better developed ; in the fore-wing there is a linear red hind-marginal edging from apex to second median nervule, and in the hind-wing the three sub-basal white- ringed spots are larger and conspicuously red. There cannot be any doubt, on comparison, of the identity of Ilopfifer's East-African Antalus and my South-African Aula. Both sexes are very variable in size, and this is the case with individuals from the same locality. This is a near ally of the well-kno\^Ti D. Isocrates (Fab.), of Indin, but io8 SOUTH-ArRICAI^ BUTTERFLIES. is readily distinguished from it by the three small but distinct ocelli near the base of the hind-wings, which are entii^ely wanting in the Indian species ; the 5 J too, is much bluer above, and wants in the fore-wings the ochre- yellow spot immediately beyond the discoidal cell, and in the hind-wings the ochre-yellow lunule edging the ujsper hind-marginal black spot, which are conspicuous features of the $ Isocrates. I met with this species rather sparingly on the Natal coast in February 1867, and again near Grahamstown in January and February 1S70. It frequents wooded spots, and often settles on shrubs and low trees ; near GrahamstoAvn I found it partial to the blossoms of Acacia horrida. Colonel Bowker took it during March and April in Kaffraria, and in July and August in Natal. Both sexes are active and rapid on the wing, but the male especi- ally so. A fine female that I took near D' Urban had just before been pounced upon by a predaceous fly of the Asilus group. Localities of Dcudorix Antalus. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colon3^ h. Eastern Districts. — Port Elizabeth. Between Zwaitkops and Coega Rivers (/. H. Bo^clcer). Grahamstown. King William's Town {Mrs. Dral-e). Foi-t Beaufoi-t : Fish River Randt (il/. E. Barber). D. Kaffraria Proper. — Bashee River {J. H. BowJier). E. Natal. a. Coast Districts. — D'Urban. Verulam. b. Upper Districts. — Estcourt (./. M. Hutchinson). Maritzburg (./. Windham). F. Zululand.— St. Lucia Bay {Cvhmel II. Toiver). G. " Swaziland."— The late'E. C. Buxton. K. Transvaal. — Potchefstroom {T. Ayres). Limpopo River {F. C. Selous). II. Other African Regions. A. South Tropical. a. Western Coast.— Damaraland (/. A. Bell). "Congo: Kin- sembo {H. Ansell)." — Butler. " Chinchoxo {Falkenstein).'' — Dewitz. h. Eastern Coast. — ' ' Querimba. ' ' — Hopffer. ' ' Zanzibar and Tongor (/j-a/ya//)."— Oberthur. hi. Eastern Interior. — Tauwani River {F. C. Selo7is). hb. Madagascar (/. Caldwell). "Johanna, Comoro Islands (IF. C. Bewsher)." — Butler. B. North Tropical. a. Westeni Coast. — Sierra Leone (Cutter). — Coll. Trim. Sierra Leone. — Coll. Hope. Mus. Oxon. and Coll, Hewitson, Casa- manza, Senegal. — Coll. Boisduval. 174. (2.) Deudorix Diodes, Hewdtson. Plate VIL, fig. 6 ( $ ). S Deudorix Diodes, Hewits., 111. D. Lep., Suppl., pi. v. fF. 55, 56 (1869); and p. 29, pi. va. f. 57 {1878). Uxp. al, ($) I in. 2 — 5| lin. ; ($) i in. 5 — 8 lin. $ Fuscous-broion, with a common, hroad, transverse, discal, orange-red hand — so much widened in hind-iving as to cover all hut a space near LYC/ENID.E. 109 base and an inner-marginal horder. Fore-wing : baud variable in width, commencing abruptly on or a little above median nervure and first median nervule, and widening more or less to inner margin ; tuft of liairs on inner margin brown. Hind-vAng : basal brown not extending nearly to middle, but emitting a thin ray along fold between median and submedian nervures ; inner-marginal border dull-greyish ; orange-red much paler along costal edge ; hind-margin with a linear black edging thicker inferiorly ; sometimes a very small blackish spot close to hind- margin between first and second median nervnles ; a larger black spot scaled with golden-green on anal-angular lobe ; tail linear, black, white- tipped ; circular badge small, shining-violaceous, just on the branching of subcostal nervure. Under side. — Paler or darher hroioidsh-grey ; in hath ivitigs the following rather darker, on both sides white- edged markings, viz., a terminal disco-cellular spot, — a discal transverse sub- macular, irregular band,' — and a submarginal row of lunules. Fore- wing : costa narrowly edged with orange from base ; inner-marginal area more or less faintly tinged with orange. Hind-iving : discal band much more irregular than in fore-wing, angulated sharply between first median nervule and submedian nervure, and thence much narrowed to inner margin ; inferior half of hind-margin and terminal third of inner margin with a linear black edging ; hind-marginal black spot very well defined, and immediately preceded by a conspicuous orange lunule ; spot on anal- angular lobe as above. Cilia fuscous mixed with dull- whitish ; inferiorly glossed with ochre-yellow. Abdomen superiorly tipped with orange-red. ^ Dull-fuscous, the discs dushj-u-1iitish ; a dull violaceous-bluish gloss, chiefly in based area ; cilia grey. Fore-wing : inner-marginal area whitish. Hind-wing : hind-marginal black edging thicker than in $, and bordered anteriorly by a white line, thicker inferiorly ; some orange as well as golden-green scales on anal-angular lobe. Under side. — Much paler than in ^ ; all the markings better developed and defined. Head in both sexes orange-red in front, edged with white on each side. This species comes nearest to the Oriental D. Ejnjarhas (Moore), given by Hewitson {op. cit., p. 17) as typical of the genus Beudorix, but is smaller, paler beneath, with blunter and less elongate wings ; the orange-red band of the cJ is in the fore-wing transversely instead of longitudinally disposed, and in the hind-wing very much broader costally ; while the ^ is on the upper side very much paler discally and has a bluish suffusion wanting in Epijai-ha.'^. The brilliant colouring of the ^ instantly separates Diodes from A ft fed us ; but the $ s of the two butterflies are veiy much alike, and the distinguishing characters of Diodes 5 are its larger size, orange-red forehead, whiter more faintly blue-shot discs of upper side, and want of basal ocelli on under side of hind-wings. The last character is common to both sexes, and also marks D. Isocrates (Fab.). It was not until October 1869, when I received a $ from Mr. W. Morant, that I was awai'e of the existence of this butterfly. This example was cap- tured in Natal, on the Umgeni ; and in the December following I received no SOUTH- AFRICAN BUTTEKFLIES. from the same gentleman a 5 from the same locality. These examples wei-e taken respectively in June and July 1868. In 1870 the late Mr. M. J. M'Ken forwarded a (^ , taken in D' Urban Botanic Gardens, on Pcmisettia pulchen'ima, and also a 5 fi'om the same locality. The late Mr. E. C. Buxton met with the species in Swaziland, and in 1873 sent me a photograph of the (J . Colonel Bowker has contributed about a dozen examples, taken in March, April, June, and August, at D'Urban, Avoca, and Pinetown, Natal. He and Mr. Morant both describe the habits of Diodes as resembling those of Antalus. Localities of Dcndorix Diodes. I. South Africa. E. Natal. a. Coast Districts. D'Urban (TF. Morant, M. J. M'Ken, and /. //. Bolder). Avoca and Pinetown (/. H. Boidier). G. "Swaziland."— The late E. C. Bux-ton. 175. (3.) Deudorix Dariaves, Hewitson. $ $ Deudorix Dariaves, Hewits., " Ent. Month. Mag., xiii. p. 205 (1877) ;" Hh D. Lep., Suppl., p. 30, pi. Va. £f. 60-62 (1878). JExp. al., Q) I in. 2 — 3 lin. ; (?) i iu. 6 J liu. ^ Fuscous-hroum ; fore-wing without marking ; hind-iving very hroadly orange-red exteriorly. Forc-ioing : inner-margin rather convex near base ; sexual tuft of hair long, grey, mixed with fuscous-brown. Hind-wing : orange-red occupying most of the field as in D. Diodes^ Hewits., but extending subcostally (below sexual violaceous badge) nearer to base ; fuscous-brown of basal area reaching to extremity of discoidal cell, and emitting a broad streak all along fold between first median nei'vule and submedian nervure ; hind-marginal black linear edging, tail, anal-angular lobe, and inner-marginal greyish border, as iu Diodes. Under side. — Fore-icing : dull pale-grey ; white-edged markings as in Diodes, but discal macular band more curved near costa, Hind-unng : a sub-basal series of four large, conspicuous, white-ringed spots, of which three are ferruginous-red and the fourth (close to inner- margin) dull broAvn ; terminal disco-cellular mark and discal band arranged as in Diodes, but whitish mesially, and with their white edges (as well as inner edge of submarginal lunular streak) enlarged ; costal spot of discal band interiorly tinged with ferruginous ; hind-marginal black spots strongly marked, especially that on anal-angular lobe, the lunule interiorly edging upper spot pale-yellow ; fuscous space between spots spangled with bluish-silvery scales. $ Dull-greyish hrown, with a jw/cr discal sjMce in both icings ; hind-icing with a suhnargincd macular ichitish hand. Fore-wing: paler space sufifusedly covering basal half of median nervules. Hind-wing : paler space less apparent, but extending towards base ; whitish band lying between second subcostal and first median nervules ; hind-mar- ginal spots, black and Avhite edging, and tail quite as in Diodes. (This description of the 9 is made from Hewitson's figure ; the under side is not figured, but is stated by Hewitson to be like that of the $ , but paler.) LYC.ENID/E. ' III This close ally of D. Diodes, Hewits., may at once be recognised by the red sub-basal ocelli on the under side of the hind-wings, and, as regards the $ , by the uniform dark-brown of the fore-wing. In the latter sex of Dariaves the forehead and tip of abdomen are red, but the former is of a duller tint. The female, to judge from Hewitson's figure and description, is darker than that of Dwdes, and without any violaceous-blue gloss, while possessing a whitish band in the hind-wings not represented in Diodes. On the under side the hind-wings, except near base, are much whiter than the fore-wings (owing to the enlargement of the white edges of the principal markings), — a character which also distinguishes the species from Diodes. D. Dariaves was discovered at Delagoa Bay by the late Mr. J. J. Mon- teiro, and I have received a specimen of the $ taken by Mrs. Monteiro in the same locality. Localities of Dcudorix Dariaves. I. South Africa. H. Delagoa Bay. — Lourenco Marques {Mrs. Monteiro). II. Other Afi-ican Regions. A. South Tropical. b. East Coast. — " Zanzibar."— Cat. Hewitson Coll. 176. (4.) Dendorix Licinia, (Mabille). ^ Tlieda Licinia, Mab. in Grandid. Hist. Phys., &c., de Madag., pi. 30A, ff. 5, 5a {1SS5). Exp. al., I in. 3 liu. $ Orange-red ; fore-wing with a rather narroio fuscous-hrown border. Fore-iving : base of inner margin suffused with fuscous-brown ; border commencing rather widely at base, narrower about middle, wide at apex, and thence gradually narrowing along hind-margin to posterior angle ; inner-marginal sexual tuft reddish-brown. Hind-wing : a nar- row blackish-brown suffusion at base ; sexual badge small, shining leaden-grey ; inner margin with a dull-greyish border, set with whitish hairs ; orange-red extends to hind-margin itself, except close to anal angle, where there is a fine linear black edging ; tail black, white- tipped ; a small hind-marginal black spot immediately below tail ; a larger black spot, sprinkled with greenish-silvery scales, on anal-angular lobe. Under side. — Brov:nish-grey (except inner-marginal area of fore-wing, which is whitish tinged superioi'ly with ochre-yellow) ; in both wings, terminal disco-celhdar mark and irregular disecd hand out- lined with dark-red, and with faint white outer edges, — submarginal lunulate streak dark- grey and white, indistinct. Hind-ioing : a sub- basal row of three round dark-red white-ringed spots ; a linear black edging, immediately preceded by a white line, along inferior half of hind-margin ; upper hind-marginal black spot bounded interiorly by an orange-yellow lunule ; anal-angular one interiorly edged with orange- yellow ; betw^een the two spots some fuscous and greenish-silvery scales. Cilia on upper side fuscous in fore-wing, red in hind-wing ; on under side reddish generally, but mixed with white near anal angle of hind- wing. 112 SOUTH-AFRICAX BUTTERFLIES. I have not seen the $ of this Deudurlx. The ^ , both in the elongated wings and in the pattern and colouring of the upper side, closely resembles D. Melampus (Cram.), except that the red is paler, inclining to orange; but the under side markings are very dissimilar, those of Melampus being very greatly narrowed, indistinct, and not at all red, but of a tint scarcely separable from that of the gi'ound-colour ; the Indian species also wants the sub- basal ocelli in the hind- wing. Mr. Henley Grose Smith, who kindly sent me two specimens and draw- ings of this butterfly, writes that it closely resembles a Madagascar species named Licinia by M. Mabille, but that this gentleman and M. Grandidier, having examined a specimen forwarded to the latter by Mr. Smith, had pi^o- nounced it to be distinct from that species. On comparison subsequently, however, of several South-African specimens with the figures given in the work of Gi'andidier above quoted, I find the former to agree too closely with the latter to admit of their separation as species. The South-African examples have a rather narrower dai'k border to the fore-wing, especially at base and apieally, and a paler, almost obsolete, brownish inner-marginal cloud in the hind- wing; while the under side is somewhat darker in ground-colour and has the red markings rather brighter. Compared with the allied D. Livia (Klug), from Upper Egypt and Arabia, the South-African specimens of Licinia differ in the other direction, being larger, of a deeper (less orange) red, and with the border of the fore- wing broader (especially on costa and hind-margin) and better defined inwardly ; but on the under side the markings are very much reddei' — those of Livia having scarcely a tinge of that colour. In 1879, I received from Mrs. Barber a ^ taken in Matabeleland by Mr. H. Barber, which quite agrees with the examples above described. Localities of Dcudorix Licinia. I. South Africa. H. Delagoa Bay {Mrg. Monteiro). II. Other African Regions. A. South Tropical. ^hi. Eastern Interior. — Matabeleland (H. Barber), lb. Eastern Islands. — " Madaafascar." — Grandidier. Genus CAPYS. Cajvjs, Hewits., Ulustr. Diurn. Lep., p. 59 (1S65). Zeritis, Trim, [part], Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 270 (1866). Imago. — Closely allied to Dcudorix. Head rather broader ; palpi in $ shorter, the terminal joint being minute, — in $ longer, the termi- nal joint being very long and slender, and jjorrected far in front of the liead ; antennas with a longer club. Thorax considerably longer and stouter iu both sexes, but espe- cially in ^. Fore-wings iu ^ more produced in apical region, iu $ more convex on hind-marginal border ; ueuratiou as in Dcudorix ; no tuft of hairs on inner margin. Hind-ivings more rounded, especially iu ^, not produced in anal-angular portion, but at anal angle itself a marked sublobate projection, more prominent iu $ ; hind-margin regu- larly dentated ; neuratiou as iu Dcudorix. Legs as in Dcudorix, but thicker, and the tibiae of middle and hind legs considerably shorter. LYC^NID^. 113 Abdomen larger and thicker tliau in Deudorix, especially in $. Hewitson rightly removed the noble Lyceenide on which he founded this genus from its questionable association with Zcritis ; but he admits it to be " very nearly allied to the genus Deudorix" and it is perhaps hardly separable from the latter. Besides the distinctions above given, Cainjs wants the rather long linear tail on each hind-wing, so characteristic of Dcudorix. The only species known is the Al2Jhams of Cramer, a butterfly which on the upper side is black, with a broad metallic-red band across the wings, and on the under side chiefly pale-grey crossed by a bar of darker grey and ferruginous. With the exception of Zcritis Thero (Linn.), its expanse across the fore-wings is the largest among the South- African Lycccnidoc, and in bulk of body it exceeds them all. Though widely distributed throughout Southern Africa, it is very local in its haunts, and seems more prevalent in the vicinity of Cape Town than elsewhere. It occurs in the Transvaal, but has not hitherto been recorded from any tropical locality. The butterfly is fond of rocky elevated spots ; and several males usually sport about in com- pany, taking frequent short flights of extreme rapidity; while tlie female, though well able to fly, is rarely seen on the wing. 177. (1.) Capys Alphaeus, (Cramer). Plate YII., f . 5 ( ? ). (J Papilio AJpheus, Cram., Pap. Exot., ii. t. clxxxii. ff. E, f. (1779). $ Poli/ommatus Alj^hceus, Godt., Euc. Meth., ix. p. 663, n. 155 (18 19). ^ Zeritis? Alpliceus, Westw., Gen. D. Lep., ii. p. 500, pi. Ixxv'ii. f. 3 (1852). ^ $ Zeritis Alph(vus, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 270, n. 168 (1866). Ex]j. al, ($) I in. 4 — g^ lin. ; ($) i in. 6 — i i liu. ^ Glossy-blach, with a broad, disced, suh-metaUic red beind, from fourth subcostal nervule, or from upper radial nervule of fore-wing to Bubmedian nervure of hind-wing, near anal angle ; a mixed golden and purplish gloss over basal region ; cilia white, with black spots at ends of nervules. Fore-iving : band exteriorly indented with black on nervules, and narrowed on inner margin. Hind-iving : a narrow costal blackish border ; inner-marginal border hairy, dull grey ; anal angle bluntly produced, marked with a red spot ; on subcostal nervure, at origin of nervules, a small, suhovate, glistening space. Uis'der side. — Hind-wing and border of fore-wing (except inner margin) lioarg grey, clouded with darker. Fore-vnng : bright orange, paling into dull-yellowish on inner margin ; at end of cell two short, ferruginous, blackish-edged, transverse marks, between which is a greyish space ; between them and apex two longer similar, more widely apart, crenelated streaks from costa, con- verging as far as orange where the inner one ends, but the outer is dimly prolonged along external edge of orange. Hind-wing : a broad, central, irregular, dark-grey, ferruginous- and black-edged, transverse stripe, on its inner edge deeply pierced upwardly by a streak of ground- IT4 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. colour; a bright ferruginous liincl-marginal edging and parallel sub- marginal streak, both obsolete near apex ; on anal angle a black spot. $ Wings rounder, especially hind-wing ; fore-wing not apically prominent, but with hind-margin rather convex. Bed less metallic and 'paler, hut occupying a larger field, reaching nearer to base; dai'k borders narrower except on costa, not so black ; cilia broader. Under side. — As in ^. Forc-ining : streaks from costa not convergent. The central band on under side of hind-wing is sometimes quite divided by the grey intersection on discoidal nervule. In two $ s from Port Elizabeth, taken by Mr. S. D. Bairstow, the red field is more restricted than usual, especially in the hmd-wing, where the costal border is broadly black as far as second subcostal nervule. A 5 from the Lydenburg District of the Transvaal exhibits quite the opposite tendency, having the red in both wings much enlarged and paler than usual. The three (J s accompanying this $ show a slight or moderate enlargement of the red, but a (J from Natal has it as much developed as in the Transvaal $ , and is also remarkable for acuter wings. The five examples just mentioned all possess a feature not noticed in any specimens from the Cape Colony, viz., an orange-i-ed base to the cilia of the lower half of the hind-wing. This splendid Lycoenide frequents hill ridges and rocky " kopjes " on mountain sides, seldom occurring in low-lying situations. Both sexes are rapid on the wing, but the male extremely so ; female specimens are, however, rarely met with, and no doubt are habitually inactive, while the males keep flying about a particidar spot of limited extent, darting away in pursuit of each other or of different butterflies, and quickly returning to some favourite perch. Near Cape Town I have found it settling most frequently on the leaves of young Proteacece and of Watsoma ; 1 have only twice noticed it on flowers, and never saw it settle on the ground. Mr. T. D. Butler, the Museum taxidermist, brought me a female which he found on the Devil's Mountain, Cape Town, sitting on damp ground in a slight hollow. The long hill lying between Wynberg and Protea is the best locality for AJpliceus near Cape Town, and on one occasion I fomid it rather numerous near the highest block-house on the Devil's Mountain. In this neighbourhood it is apparently on the wing all the year roiind, though October and March seem to be the months most favourable for it, and I have not captured it dm^ing November, May, or June. Localities of Capys Alphceus. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. a. Western Districts. — Cape Town. Montagu. Knysna. h. Eastern Districts. — Port Elizabeth {S. D. Bairstow). Grahams- town {M. E. Barber). E. Natal. — Special locality not noted (il/. ,/. M^Ken). K. Transvaal. — Potchefstroom and Lydenburg District [T. Ayres). Genus HYPOLYC^NA. Hypolyccena, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monatschr., vi. p. 293 (1862); Hewit- son, 111. Diurn. Lep., p. 48 (1865). Myri7ia [part], Westw., Gen. Diurn. Lep., ii. p. 475 (1852). Amblypodia [part]. Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 226 (1866). Imago. — Structure more slender than in lolans. Mead small ; eyes smooth ; palpi long, ascendant, divergent, — the second joint much LYCiENID.E. 115 flattened laterally, with a dense clotliing of long stiff scales laterally and inferiorly, — the terminal joint long, slender, smooth, shai'ply pointed ; antennw quite slender, white-ringed, not gradually incrassated, but with a distinct elongated club. Fore-winrjs rather variable in shape, — in the typical {Erylus) group more elongate and pointed apically, — in the Faunus group more trun- cate and with a more convex costa : subcostal nervure with only three nervules, of which the first and second are emitted at some distance apart towards the end of discoidal cell, and the third from the end itself of the cell, and ending at the apex ; first radial nervule originat- ing from same point as third subcostal, second from junction of curved middle and lower disco-cellular nervules. Hind-ioings more or less produced in the anal-angular portion, bearing a lobe at anal angle itself, and a more or less developed tail at extremity of submedian nervure ; almost always a second sublinear tail on first median ner- vule, and sometimes a third on second median ; costa more or less convex ; costal nervure terminating at apex (except in H. CccckIus, Hopffer, where it ends about middle of costa) ; discoidal cell short, truncate ; radial nervule originating at meeting-point of disco-cellular nervules, the lower of which joins median nervure at origin of third median nervule. Forc-lcgs of ^ rather long and slender, — the femur hairy beneath, — the tibia scaly, with a few fine hairs, — the tarsus very indistinctly articulated, finely spiny beneath, and terminating in a single curved claw ; — of ^ somewhat stouter and shorter, with tarsus longer and thicker, more spiny beneath, distinctly articulate, and terminating in two claws. Middle and liind legs rather short, — the tibia considerably shorter than the femur, and its terminal spurs long and stout, — the tarsus, owing to the length of the first joint (which is swollen in the hind-legs of the ^), considerably longer than the tibia. Larva. — Very broad and thick, slightly narrower and thinner posteriorly ; head very small. Pupa. — Robust, rounded, rather tapering posteriorly ; head and back of thorax but slightly prominent. (The characters of larva and pupa are from drawings by Mrs. Barber of those of H. Lara (Linn.) ) There is considerable diversity among the butterflies of this genus, as shown by the characters above given, but their slender structure and only three-branched subcostal nervure of the fore-wings are features which readily distinguish them from their allies the Myrince and lolai. The upper surface of the males, though less metallic than in the genera just named, is usually of some deep rich purplish or violaceous-blue, while that of the females is dull grey or brown with more or less discal white. The under surface resembles that of the genus lolaus, being white or greyish with neatly-defined discal trans- verse stripes, sometimes more or less broken up into separate spots. In the typical group (R. Frylus, Godt., Philipims, Fab., and allies) ii6 SOUTII-xVFEICAN BUTTERFLIES. there are two linear black tails of only moderate length on each hind- win »• ; but in the West- African group represented by H. Faunus (Drury), IT. Antifaunus (Doubl.), and II. Lehooia (Hewits.), the corre- sponding two tails, and especially that on the submedian nervure, are greatly elongated, broad, and white, while there is a similar but shorter additional tail on the second median nervule. About thirty species are recorded. North India has yielded seven, and the Indo-Malayan Islands nine ; while only three are known from the Austro-Malayan Islands. Africa has as many as thirteen, but of these five only have been discovered in Southern Africa. The most widely distributed of the five are 11. Pliilippus and H. Lara (Linn.), inhabiting both North and South Tropical Africa ; H. Cccculus (HopfF.) is really South Tropical, only just entering the South-African Sub- Eegion at Delagoa Bay, H. Hirundo, Walleugr., and H. Buxtoni, Hewits., extend over a large part of Eastern South Africa, but do not appear to be recorded from any place within the Tropics ; both range into the eastern districts of the Cape Colony, but while Hirundo is not uncommon there, only one capture of Buxtoni so far to the south and west is known to mo. H. Lara is the only species generally distri- buted throughout South Africa ; it is common about Capo Town. The last-named species is very unlike nearly all its congeners, the upper side colouring being in both sexes of a glistening pale-ferruginous, shot basally with a pearly gloss. At the posterior angle of each wing there are two or more conspicuous black spots in white rings. These ocelli recur less distinctly in H. Eahc (Boisd.), from Madagascar, and in H. Hirundo ; and these two species — but especially the latter, with its single long white-fringed tail at the posterior angle of the hind- ■wiiiCT — serve to connect Lara with the rest of the genus. 178. (1.) Hypolycaena Cseculus, (Hopfter). lolaus Ccecuhis, Hopff., Monatsb. d. K. Akad Wissensch. Berl., 1855, p. 642, n. 17; and Peters' Reise Mossamb.-Ins., p. 402, pi. xxv. ff. 12-14 (1862). HijpoJycoina Cceculus, Hewits., 111. D. Lcp., p. 52, n. 14 (1S65). Uxp. al, I in. 2 — 4 lin. $ Bright suhmdallic blue ; forc-iving with very broad apical hind- marginal, hind-ioing with moderately broad costcd-apical, black border. Fore-iving : costal edge before middle pale-reddish ; blue only thinly covering costal border before middle, and leaving inner-marginal lobe close to base uniform grey, but extending from base to beyond middle, — its outer edge rather deeply indented with black on median nervules ; hind-marginal black border (in two out of three specimens) extending broadly and evenly to posterior angle (in the third narrowing to a point). Hind-wing : on costa at base, a large subovate glistening grey patch, containing a transverse dull-fuscous mark, partly over- LYC^NID.^. 117 lapped by lobe of fore-wiug ; above aud beyond tliis patch tlie costal black border runs pretty evenly from base to apex ; close to Lind- margin, two rather large black spots between second median nervule and submedian nervure ; a smaller black spot, marked outwardly with some greenish-silvery scales, on anal-angular lobe ; a thin but very distinct black linear edging all along hind-margin ; bases of cilia pure- white, forming a very distinct line immediately beyond the black linear edging of hind-margin, and conspicuously margining and tipping the tails (which are mesially rufous) on first median nervule and submedian nervure. Under side. — Very pale-grey, ivith a faint yellowish tinge; the following rufous-ochreous, very thinly fuscous-edged, narroio transverse strim common to both ivings, viz. : — one near base, not extending below median nervure in fore- wing, and angulated and interrupted near inner margin in hind-wing ; a short stria marking extremity of discoidal cell ; two (not parallel) beyond middle, becoming fuscous near inner margin of fore- wing, and biangulated towards that of hind-wing ; and a hind-marginal edging stria ; all these stria3 more or less faintly mar- gined with whitish, except the hind-marginal one, which in hind -wing is internally bounded by a well-defined white line. Fore-wing : inner- marginal area before middle smooth, silvery. Hind-wing : basal lobe very prominent, and a sub- vesicular swelling near base ; some fuscous irroration near hind-margin ; the middle hind-marginal black spot obsolete, but the upper one and that on anal-angular lobe well-marked, conspicuously edged with greenish-silvery, and inwardly bounded with golden-yellow scaling ; base of cilia conspicuously white, as on upper side. ^ Much paler and duller ; the Uuc in hoth wings heconiing ohscurely whitish in disc. Fore-wing : a dusky striola marking extremity of dis- coidal cell. Hind-wing : a white line inwardly bounding linear black hind-marginal edging ; black spots near anal angle large ; above them, just before white line, two or three smaller more obscure similar spots. Under side. — As in ^. In one $ from Delagoa Bay, the blue of the upper side is scarcely visible, the whole surface except for some very obscure bluish-grey scaling being pale fuscous-brownish. The under side is quite as usual. The last-named specimen together with a normal representative of each sex were kindly lent to me by Mr. H. Grose Smith, who received them from Delagoa Bay. From the same locality Mrs. Monteiro, in 1878, was so good as to send me a pair ; and a fine ^ , now in the South-African Museitm, was also one of her captures in the year 1S83. Hewitson (op. cit.) notices that his example of this butterfly from the Zam- besi had the under side darker than usual and of a rufous-grey, but be does not mention the sex of this specimen. H. Cceculus (J , in its deep-blue black-bordered upper-side colouring and glistening badge of the hind-wing, has quite the appearance of an loJaus, but the general structure and under-side pattern in both sexes justify Hewitson's location of the species in the genus Hupolyrama. On the under side, the well-marked stria before the middle is a good distinguishing character, neither H. Philippus nor //. Buxtoni pi^esenting it. VOL. II. I ii8 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. Localities of Hypolycmna Cccculus. I. South Africa H. Delagoa Bay. — Lourenco Marques (Mrs. Monteiro). II. Other African Regions. A. Soiitli Tropical. a. Western Coast. — "Angola (Pogge)." — Dewitz. b. Eastern Coast. — "Zambesi." — Hewitson. " Querimba." — Hopffer. "Tchouaka (i2(#-ay)."— Oberthitr. bi. Interior. "Tete." — Hopffer. "Lake Nyassa." — Kirby, Cat. Hewits. Coll. 179. (2.) Hypolycsena Philippus, (Fabricius). ^ Hesperia Philippus, Fab., Ent. Syst., iii. i, p. 283, n. 87 (1793). lolaus Orejus, Hopff., Monatsb. K. Akad. Wiss. Berl., 1855, p. 641 ; and Peters' Reise Mossamb., Ins., p. 401, pi. xxv. ff. 10, 11 [$] (1862). $ 2T/iecIa Orejus, Wallgrn., K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1857; Lep. Rhop. Caffr., p. 35. $ Hypolycama Philijpus, Hewits., 111. Diurn. Lep., p. 50, pi. 22, ff. 15, 16 (1865) ^ ^ A^nUypodia Erylus, Trim,, Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 228, n. 132 (1866). Ex/p. cd., I in. 1-4 lin, ^ Dull-hroivn, with a more or less intense changing pink-violet lustre ; a brown line along hind-marginal edge. Fore-iuing : covering bases of median nervures, an ill-defined dusky patch. Hincl-iving : hind-marginal line edged with white on both sides (except near apex) ; touching it internally, between second median nervule and anal angle, three black spots, of which the first is inwardly edged by an orange, the second by a whitish lunule, and the third, on lobe of angle, small, broadly orange, with an inward white lunule ; tails black, white-edged and tipped. Cilia greyish, paler in hind-wing. Under side. — Whitish- grey, tvith glistening white-edged orange-ochreous transverse sti'ice ; com- mon to both wings, a well-marked stria beyond middle, in hind-wing interrupted, and acutely angulated beyond first median nervule, — a submarginal, sublunulate thin stria, also angulated in hind-wing, — and a hind-marginal edging line ; in each wing a double striola closing celL IIi7id-iving : a conspicuous spot, coloured like stri«, near base, between costal and subcostal nervures ; orange lunules of first and third spots near anal angle more conspicuous, the third marked with bluish or greenish-silvery scales, a patch of which also marks the inter- val between these two spots. $ Brownish-grey, ivithout violet lustre ; a faint bluish tinge near bases. Fore-iuing : costa with a narrow ochreous edge ; sometimes an indistinct paler fascia on disc, widening downwards from its origin on third median nervule. Hind-wing : two suhniarginal roivs of white lunular markings (of which the inner is broader) between second sub- costal and submedian ncrvure ; the outer row ends with the three LYC.ENID^. 119 black spots, which are more conspicuous (especially as regards the orange lunules edging two of them) than in $ ; hind-marginal line and its white edges very distinct. Under side. — Whiter ; the markings brighter, clearer, and more conspicuous. This butterfly is allied to II. Erylus (Godt.), but considerably smaller. Its under side is much paler, and the markings of a brighter tint and more clearly defined ; while the upper side of the $ is of a much less intense, more pinkish-violaceous than purple-blue lustre, and has the patch in fore-wing very much smaller and less conspicuous. An unusually small ^ , which I took near D' Urban, Natal, has an expanse of wings of only io| lines, H. PMllppus has a wide African distribution, but does not appear to penetrate the Cape Colony far beyond its eastern border. I found it a com- mon insect on the coast of Natal, where I captured the paired sexes on 21st February 1867. I observed it on the wing from the end of January to the beginning of April ; it was always about rather low shrubs, usually perching on the leaves, but occasionaUy sucking the flowers. The males, as a rule, perched higher than the females, keeping to the topmost sprigs; but they were not specially active, and their flights were very short. Colonel Bowker has taken this species in July and August. ^ Localities of Hypolyccena PhiliiJims. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. &. Eastern 'Districts.— King William's Town (IF. S. M. U Urban and /. //. Boicker). D. Kafi'raria Proper. — Bashee River (/. //. Bowl-er). E. Natal. a. Coast Districts. — D' Urban. Umvoti. Mouth of Tugela River {J. H. Bowker). " Lower Umkomazi."— J. H. Bowker. F. Zululand. — St. Lucia Bay {Colonel H. Tower). II. Other African Regions. A. South Tropical. a. Western Coast.— " Angola (/. /. Monteiro).''—T>v\\ce. " Chin- choxo {Falkenstein).'" — Dewitz. &i. Eastern Interior —" Tette, Zambesi River." — Hopffer. B. North Tropical. a. Western Coast. — Sierra Leone. — Hope Mus. Oxon. and Brit. Mus. 61. Eastern Interior. — " Atbara." — Butler. 180. (3.) Hypolyceena Buxtoni, Hewitson. ? Hyijohjccena Biu'toni, Ilewits., Ent. M. Mag., x. p. 206 (1S74). $ ? Ilypolyr.cmia Scamani, Trim.,^ Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 332, pi. ii. ff. 3, 4. Ecp. al., (^) I in. il lin. ; ($) i in. 3 lin. $ Rich violaceous-2mrple. liind-u'ing : a hind-marginal black lino from second median norvule to anal angle, immediately preceded by a 1 I named this butterfly in memory of its discoverer, the late Dr. J. E. Seaman ; but Hewitson's description was published in February 1874, si.-c months before my own, and con- sequently his name, Buxtoni, has priority. I20 SOUTH- AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. concurrent pure white line, the latter widening into a white space on anal-angular lobe ; two very indistinct dark spots just before the white line, one above, the other below, first median nervule ; a third spot, black, densely scaled with silvery-bluish and golden scales, on anal- angular lobe, edged interiorly and exteriorly with pure white ; tails at extremities of first median nervule and submedian nervure respectively (of which the latter is nearly twice as long as the former), thin, black, conspicuously fringed and tipped with pure white. Cilia of fore-wing apparently greyish, of hind-wing i^ui'c white, both on hind and inner margin. Under side. — White, with thin yelloio-ochreous strice ; in both wings a short stria closing discoidal cell, and two transverse striae (convergent downward, the outer one thinner and fainter than the inner) beyond middle. Fore-ioing : the striae beyond middle commence on costa, but do not reach inner margin, ending a little below submedian nervure. Hind-iimig : elongate spot near base, below precostal nervure, red ; the outer and inner stri^ meet below third median nervule, but are thence independently deflected to inner margin ; the outer stria becomes fuscous near the point of meeting with the inner, and is thence black ; the usual hind-marginal spots between second and first median nervules and on anal-angular lobe respectively, the former black, inwardly bordered rather conspicuously with fulvous-yellow, the latter as on upper side ; faint traces of a dusky line just before hind-margin, which is itself very finely edged with black. $ White, with broad fuseous clouding and horders. Fore-wing: fuscous basal clouding fills discoidal cell for about three-fourths of its length, and extends below it to inner-margin, but does not reach beyond middle ; fuscous border extends from base to anal angle, and is very broad in apical region ; disco-cellular stria indistinctly marked, and traces visible of the longer strise beyond middle. Hind-ioing : fuscous clouding in basal region fills cell, and extends irregularly beyond, above, and below it about to middle ; the two under-side stride strongly marked, fuscous, suffused, not meeting, but Avidely separated, between first median nervule and submedian nervure; some fuscous scaling near apex ; hind-marginal and sub-marginal streaks and spots well marked. Under side. — Quite as in ^, except that in the hind-wing the two striae beyond middle, though approximating much more nearly than on upper side, do not meet. This butterfly is a close ally of H. Fhilipjjus, Fab. In the $ it is distinguished by the more pturple, less cupreous colour of the upper side, and the conspiieuous white cilia of the hind-wings ; and in both sexes by the whiteness of the under side, with its thinner, much straighter stride, and by the longer tails of the hind-wings. The upper side of the $ is most strikingly difierent from the brownish-grey colouring of that of the ^ Philippus, and the disparity is almost as remarkable as that between the ^ s of Deudorix Antalus (Hopff".), and D. Diodes, Hewits., the $ s of which can scarcely be dis- LYCyENID^. 121 tinguislied, except by one or two slight cliaracters that would escape a cursory comparison. A single $ specimen was sent me from Pinetown, Natal, by the late Dr. J. E. Seaman, and a (^ by Mr. Walter Morant, towards the end of 1869. Dr. Seaman noted the $ as having been taken in July, " at an opening in the bush ; " and Mr. Morant described the (^ as occurring in June " on small trees by the waterside," and further observed, with reference to the $ sent by Dr. Seaman (which he did not recognise as of the same species as the (^ sent by himself), " This is very scarce ; I have a single specimen in my collection, taken o?^ a low tree near water" (see note on ^J above) " about two years ago, since which time I have seen but one other.'' The late Mr. E. C. Buxton sent me the photograph of a $ , taken by him in the Amaswazi country. Since 1874 Colonel Bowker has forwarded a 5 from the mouth of the Kei River, and five ^ s and thi-ee $ s from Natal, the latter taken chiefly in the neighbourhood of Pinetown. The first-mentioned specimen was taken in March 1875 ; the Natalian examples at intervals from 1879 to January 1885.^ In habits H. Buxtoni does not appear to present any peculiarities, but it is evidently very much rarer than its nearest congener, H. PJiilippus. Localities of Ilypolyca^na Buxtoni. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. h. Eastern Districts. — Kei River Mouth (west bank) (/. //. Bowker). E. Natal. a. Coast Districts. — Isipingo. Pinetown (also J. E. Seaman and W. Morant) ; and Inanda (/. H. Boioker). G. Swaziland. — " Usutu River." — E. C. Buxton. 181. (4.) Hypolycsena Hirundo, (Wallengren). Thecia Hirimdo, Wallgrn., K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1857, p. 35, n. 4. Ambli/podia Hmmdo, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 230, n. 133, pi. 4, f. II [?] (1866). Hypotyccena Hiru7ido, Hewits., 111. Diurn. Lep., Suppl., p. 12 (1869). JiJxp. cd., 9 lin. — I in. i lin. Dark ash-grey, irroratcd from hases ivith very pale hluish-grcy ; anal angle of hind- wing produced and lobed, and ending in a long twisted, Mack, broadly white-edged and fringed tail, on submedian nervure. Fore-tving : on hind-margin, close to posterior angle, a black, indistinctly white -ringed spot. Hind - wing : paler nearer inner margin ; along hind-margin a row of dark white-ringed spots, very indistinct, excepting the three last, which are black and well-marked (that on anal-angular lobe being the largest) ; before this, a row of indistinct whitish lunules. Cilia of fore-wing grey, white at anal angle ; of hind- wing wholly white. Under side. — Whitish-grey ; with white-hordcrcd yclloiv-ochrcous striw : common to both wings — a ^'The fine pair taken at this last date was presented by Colonel Bowker to the British Museum. 122 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. transverse, irregular streak, interrupted on nervules, beyond middle, — a submarginal lunulate streak, — a very indistinct row of dusky spots just beyond this, — and a line just within hind-marginal edge ; in each wing a double disco-cellular striola, with two costal spots above it. Fore-iving : ocellus at anal angle conspicuous, bounded internally by last lunule of submarginal streak. Ilind-iving : spot on lobe and that between second and third median nervules black, inwardly edged by a faint-yellow lunule, — the space between the two spots fuscous ; streak beyond middle strongly recurved below first median nervule, and widely interrupted on submedian nervure. In the $, the hind-marginal and submarginal white markings are more distinct on the upper side ; and there is usually an additional, imperfect, smaller, white-ringed spot, immediately above that at the posterior angle of the fore-wing on the upper side. This curious little species comes nearest to H. Rahc (Boisd.),^ of Madagascar, but is smaller, and has a much darker upper side (that of Rahe being all pale-grey except near bases, and a broad costal, apical, and hind-marginal fuscous border of the fore-wing), while the under- side striae on disc are much more regular, and in their colour and arrangement more resemble those of H. PMlvpims (Fab.) The fore- wing ocellus and single long white tail of the hind-wings give it a very peculiar aspect. I only once met with H. liirundo, and then with a single individual only. I was collecting on 2 2d February 1870 in the dense prickly scrub at the back of the village of Uitenhage, and noticed this butterfly flutter from a low bush and settle on the ground. Mr. "VV. S. M. D'Urban found the species abundant in the King William's Town district in the months of March, June, and October. Localities of Hypolycccna Hirundo. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony, h. Eastern Districts. — Uitenhage. Keiskamma River near Bodiam; King William's Town (TF. S. M. D' Urban, M. E. Barber, and /. H. Bowker). D. Kaffraria Proper. — Basliee River (/. //. Bowlier). E. Natal. a. Coast Districts. — Esidumbeni {M. J. liPKen). D'Urban (J. //. Boicher). H. Delagoa Bay. — Lourengo Marques {Mrs. Monteiro). ^ Mr. Butler {Cat. Fab. D. Lcp., p. 181) identifies Ji/:thc — from a comparison of Jones's unpublished " Icones " — with the Ilespena Phidias of Fabricius (Ent. SysL, iii. i, p. 2S6, n. 99). LYCiENID.E. 123 182. (5.) Hypolycaena Lara, (Linnaeus). Papilio Lara, Linn., Mus. Lud. Ulr. Reg., p. 320, n. 138 (1764); and Syst. Nat., i. 2, p. 791, n. 328 (1767).! $ Papilio lolaus, Cram., Pap. Exot., iii. pi. cclxx. ff. f, g (1782). $ Papilio Gorgias, Stoll, Suj^pl. Cram. Pap. Exot., jjl. xxxiii. fT. 5, 5D (1791)- $ $ Polyommatus Lara, Godt., Enc. Meth., ix. p. 675, n. 179 (1819). Thecla lolaus and Thecla Lara, Wallgrn., K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1857 ; Lep. Rhop. Caffr., pp. 34, 35- S $ CI ini soph anus Lara, Trim., llhop. Afr. Anst., ii. p. 260, n. 116 (1866). ILjpoli/ccena Lara, Hewits., 111. Diurn. Lep., Suppl., p. 13 (1869). ^xp. al., {$) 10 lin. — I in. 2h Hn. ; ($) i in. 1-6 lin. Glistening palc-femiginous, darker on margins, with a brilliant- pearly hasal lustre. Fore-wing : at posterior angle, a good-sized white- ringed black spot, often surmounted by one or two indistinct wliite rings, of winch the lower is sometimes distinct and filled with black. Mind-wing : at anal angle two spots like those of fore-wing, but smaller ; above them, along hind-margin, a series of whitish rings, becoming obsolete towards costa ; beyond middle, occasionally an indistinct transverse row of whitish lunules. Cilia wliite, interruj)ted with fus- cous at extremities of nervules. Under side. — Whitish- grey. Fore- icing : tinged with brownish, except on costa and hind-margin ; pos- terior-angular spots distinct, whitish rings above suffused, all inte- riorly edged by a brownish line ; a pale-edged disco-cellular terminal streak ; beyond middle, a macular, brownish, transverse, outwardly white -edged streak, sharply curved at costa. Hind-wing : disco- cellular streak and streak about middle (much sinuated) usually in- distinct ; no spots at anal angle or on hind-margin ; an irregular, submarginal, suffused brownish fascia, broadest on discoidal nervule ; near base two or three indistinct spots. The male has the fore-wing at apex and the hind-Aving at anal angle more acuminate than in the female, but the difference is not striking in the typical smaller form prevailing about Cape Town and the neighbouring districts, whereas in some of the larger examples from Kaffraria, Natal, and the Transvaal, it is very pronounced — almost as much as in Stoll's figure above quoted. This acute-winged larger ^ also has the basal lustre usually more developed and slightly bluer in tint, and as a rule shows with tolerable distinctness the whitish lunules across the disc of the hind-wing. The $ accompanying this $ (the paired sexes taken near Potchefstroom on 2 8tli February 1872 were sent me by Mr. W. Morant) is generally larger and less rufous in tint than the South-Western examples, — in two individuals ^ As I have pointed out (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1S68, p. 287), the Lara of Donovan {Nat. Repos., ii. pi. 71, 1824) has nothing to do with Linn6's species ; it is a small Satjride, and placed by Westwood and Butler in the genus Ypthinia, near the Oriental Y, Lisandra (Cram.) 124 SOUTH-AFKICAN BUTTERFLIES. from the Transvaal, viz., that above mentioned from near Potchef- stroom, and one from the Lydenburg district taken by Mr. T. Ayres, the expanse of wings reaches 1 1 inches. If it were not for some inter- mediate specimens from the Eastern districts, I should have been dis- posed to treat Stoll's Gorgias as distinct ; and it is perhaps entitled to rank as a Variety, especially as it exhibits a decided tendency to a constant greater development of the hind-marginal white rings. This is most remarkably shown in an aberrant $ taken near Pinetown in 1879 by Colonel Bowker, where each wing presents three perfect white rings with black centres, besides two superior imperfect white rings ; the whole upper-side colouring of this specimen is paler and more metallic than usual. An abnormally small ^, which I took near Cape Town in April i860, is only 8 lines across the expanded wings. Specimens of both sexes, taken in Basutoland by Colonel Bowker, are rather darker than usual, and with the under-side markings strongly developed. They are of moderate size, and the wings of the ^ are rather blunt. In two examples (^ and ^) the ocelli of both wings are on the upper side ill defined, the white rings being very imperfect ; and in one of them (the ^) the upper ocellus is wanting in the fore-wing. I found the butterfly uncommon in Natal. The specimens I took inland were like the Western Cape Colony form, though larger ; but the solitary male I met with on the coast had the acute wings and other peculiarities of Stoll's Gorgias very pronounced. The latter form of $ has, however, been sent me from Estcourt (far inland) by Mr. J. M. Hutchinson. Larva. — Pale- green ; head, front edge of second (?) segment, and a median dorsal line lake-red ; on each side a row of very small black spots. Feeds on Cotyledon cuneatum. Pupa. — Rather darker green than larva ; a faint median line of red along hinder half of back of abdomen. Attached head downward to under side of leaf of Cotyledon cuneatum. Larva and pupa described from a drawing of specimens observed near Grahamstown by Mrs. Barber, which is reproduced in Plate II. fi". I, la. (Mrs. Barber gave me the name of the larva's food-plant; and it is interesting to observe in her drawing how closely the green, red-edged colouring of the insects accords with that of the Cotyledon.) This delicately-marked little species is very easily recognised by its peculiar colouring and the conspicuous ocelli at the posterior angles of the wmgs. It frequents broken rocky ground at the foot or on the ascent of hills, and often occurs at considerable elevations. I have taken it in every month of the year, but it is scarce in the winter months. Its flight is rapid and frequent, but never far from the ground ; on the wing it is particularly indistinct. Besides perching on twigs of low plants, it is fond of settling on stones, keeping the wings half open. I have not yery often noticed it on flowers. I have not found any record of Lara's occurrence within the ti-opical parts of the continent, except near Bamangwato (Shoshong), where Mr. H. Barber took an acute-winged (^ in 1878, and the very i^emote locality of Shoa in Abvsshiia. LYCiENIDiE. 125 Localities of Hijpohjcccna Lara. I. South Afiica. B. Cape Colony. a. Western Districts. — Cape Town, Malmesbury. Kalk Bay. Stellenbosch. Caledon (,/. //. Merriman). Robertson. h. Eastern Districts. — Port Elizabeth. Grahamstown. King William's Tovra (Tr. S. M. U Urban). c. Griqualand West. — Klipdrift, Vaal River (,7. //. Bou-Jier). d. Basutoland. — Maservi and Koro-Koro (/. H. Boiclier). C. Orange Free State. — Special locality not noted (C. Hart). D. Kaffraria Proper. — Buttervvorth and Bashee River {J. H. Boivlier). E. Natal. a. Coast Districts. — D'Urban. h. Upper Districts. — Great Noodsberg. Grey town. Estcourt (/. M. Ilutcliinson). F. Zululand. — Napoleon Valley (/. //. Bowlcer). H. Delagoa Bay. — LourenQO Marques {Mrs. Monteiro). K.Transvaal. — Potchefstroom and Lydenburg Districts (IF. Movant and T. Ayres). II. Other African Regions. A. South Tropical. hi. Eastern Intei-ior. — Bamangwato, Kama's Country (//. Barber). B. North Tropical. b. Eastern Coast. — " Shoa, Abyssinia [Aid'mori)." — Obei-thiir. Genus IOLAUS. Idaus, Hiibn., Yerz. Bek. Schmett., p. 81 (1816); Westw., Gen. Diurn. Lep., ii. p. 480 (1852); Hewits., Illustr. D. Lep., p. 40 (1865); Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. j). 222 (1866). Imago, — Head of moderate size ; eyes smooth ; 2^('h'^ rather long, slender, separated throughout, densely scaled, — the second joint very long, rising to about level of summit of eyes, — terminal joint slender, of moderate length (rather shorter in $) ; antennoi rather thick, of moderate length (longer than in Myrina), very gradually clavate. Thorax of moderate size, clothed with silky down in front, on sides, and at back. Fore-tvings rather broad ; costa rather strongly convex near base ; apex usually rather prominent ; liind-margin almost straight, or but slightly convex not far below apex ; inner margin always some- what projecting in the ^ (in some species very strongly convex) before middle, and usually bearing on under side a tuft of long stiff hairs surmounted by a semicircular polished space ; costal nervure short, ending a little before middle; subcostal nervures as in Myrina; upper radial nervule joined to subcostal nervure at upper end of extremity of discoidal cell ; middle and lower disco-cellular nervules of about equal length, slightly curved inwardly, — the lower joining third median nervule about latter's origin. Hinel-wings rather truncate, but some- what produced in anal-angular portion ; costa convex ; hind-margin 126 SOUTH- AFEICAN BUTTERFLIES. bearing two slender tails {the longer on submedian nervure, the other on first median nervule), and a dentation (rarely a short third tail) on second median nervule ; anal angle more or less prominently lobed ; costal nervure not reaching apex, but first subcostal nervule terminat- ing there ; in $, near base and costa (partly overlapped by inner margin of fore-wings), a circular polished space, large or very large, blackish or greyish, with a paler shining centre. Zegs as in Myrina, but very much more slender ; the femora not hairy, and the first tarsal joint of the hind pair not swollen. Pupa. (/. Silas, Westw.) Very thick, rounded ; the back very con- vex, with a slight prominence on the thorax and second abdominal segment ; posterior region rather suddenly narrowed ; anal extremity truncate and slightly expanded. Attached with silk by the tail only, horizontally on the under side of a leaf. lolaus, as characterised above, seems a tolerably distinct genus, distinguished from Mijrina by the wide separation of the radial nervules of the fore-wings at their origins, in addition to its much more slender structure in all respects, and constant possession of more than one tail on each hind-wing. The curious and conspicuous sexual badges in the $ appear not to exist in eight Indian and Malayan species catalogued by Hewitson {loc. cit.), but are constant in the African species, with the exception of /. Pallcnc (Wallengr.) To the thirty-five species on record by Messrs. Hewitson and Kirby, I consider that Myrina Greta, Hewits., from Congo, and M. Pallene, Wallengr., should be added. Nearly all of these lovely butterflies are blue above, intense as a rule in the ^, but duller and mixed with whitish in the ^, with the apical part of the fore- wings black, while beneath they are shining-white or yellowish- white, sometimes tinged with grey, with one or two transverse sti*eaks of black, crimson-red, ferruginous-red, or orange-ochreous, usually common to both fore and hind wings. There are eight known South-African species. The finest is I. Silas, which is characterised by the very deep metallic-blue upper side of the $, and brilliant white under side, with a single crimson and black line, of both sexes. The rather larger but paler /. Trimeni is known only from the Transvaal. /. Sidus, a smaller butterfly, is of remarkable beauty, azure-blue above and beneath greyish-white, with two very pronounced crimson streaks. In /. Boidceri both sexes are white- spotted on the disc of the fore-wings above; /. Miniosce is of a rather dull blue, and on the under side is grey ; /. Aiihnamdcs has the under side banded with orange-ochreous edged with black ; and the aberrant /. Pallcnc is all cream-colour with a black edging, and beneath with two transverse black streaks. The perfect insects rest on the twigs and leaves of shrubs or small trees, quite in the manner of Thccla, taking brief but rapid flights — usually in chase one of another — and occasionally visiting flowers. The LYCzENID^E. 127 only species as yet met with in the western districts of the Cape Colony is /. Bowkeri, of which I captured several specimens at Robertson in 1875 and 1876; but in the eastern districts /. Silas, Sidus, Mimosa;, and Aphnccoidcs occur, — the last-named being apparently of extreme rarity, /. Pallene is a tropical species, and has hitherto not been found in South Africa proper, except in Swaziland. Of the thirty- seven species recorded, no fewer than eighteen are African ; and of the rest, one is Arabian, ten are Indian, seven from the Malayan Archipelago, and one from some unregistered locality. 183, (1.) lolaus Silas, Westwood. ? lolaus Silas, Westw., Gen. Diurn. Lep., ii. p. 481 n. pi. 74, f. 5 1 (1852). (j Tliecla Nega, Herr.-Schaff., Aussereur. Schmett., i\. 51, 52 (1S53 •)• 1^ $ lolaus Silas, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 222, n. 128 (1866). Exp. al., (^) I in. 5-7 lin. ; ($) i in. 6-9 liu. $ Metallic purc-hlue, vjithout any jmrj^lish tinge. Fore-iving : blue forming a large semicircle ; a moderately-wide black border on costa becomes very broad at apex, extending thence rather broadly to anal angle ; inner-marginal tuft of hairs ochrey-yellow. Hind-wing : a black costal and hind-marginal border, rather variable in width, but becom- ing very narrow towards anal angle ; a more or less complete black streak parallel to it, between discoidal nervule and submedian nervure, interiorly edges two crimson-red spots between submedian and second median nervule ; on anal-angular lobe, a crimson, blue-dusted spot ; inner margin rather widely dark-grey ; tails black, white-tipped, that on submedian white-edged ; shining costal circular space black, filling nearly whole of cell. Cilia of fore-wing grey ; of hind-icing white. Under side. — Glistening white ; a common, transverse, didl, crimson-red line leyond middle. Fore-wing : line commencing near costa, inter- rupted on each nervule, not reaching inner margin, often indistinctly marked. Hind-wing : streak well marked, straight from costa to second median nervule, where it bends outwardly, forming a spot (correspond- ing in position with the superior of the two spots on upper side), beyond which it is black, interrupted, and inclining inwards to inner margin ; immediately before this part of line, a similar interrupted black one, not reaching beyond submedian ; spot on lobe conspicuous, including a black spot ; an indistinct greyish clouding between line and hind-margin, which is black-edged towards anal angle. $ Blue 2mle, faint, inclining to violet, not metallic, occupying a smaller space, so that the dark margins (which are dull-blackish) are broader, especially in hind-wing. Fore-wing : blue much paler on median nervules, occasionally almost white. Hind-wing : black streak ^ In this figure the dentation at the extremity of the second median nervule of the hind- wings has been erroneously lengthened into a linear tail. 128 SOUTH-AFEICAX BUTTERFLIES. broader, usually more or less dentate, extending to join apical blackish ; instead of two crimson spots, an orange-ochreous broad hand, formed of from tbree to five large spots, between second subcostal and submedian. Under side. — Quite like that of $. Var. a. ^ and $. ^ Blue much duller, inclining to violaceous ; black border nar- rower, especially at posterior angle of fore-wing, and throughout in hind-wing. Hind-wing : upper crimson-red spot obsolete, and the others small and dull. ^ Blue almost obsolete, only indicated by bluish-grey scaling over a strong dull-fuscous suffusion from base. Under side in both sexes normal. Hah. — Delagoa Bay (J/rs. Monteiro). lu the Collection of Mr. H. Grose Smith. Larva. — Dull-green, rather paler laterally ; a pale-reddish dorsal median line. About 7 lines in length and 2 lines in width, across middle of back. Anterior extremity blunt and rounded ; posterior extremity tapering and terminating bifidly ; central portion very thick and convex superiorly. (Described from a drawing by Captain H. C. Harford of a specimen found near D'Urban, Natal, on 20th September 1868. The figures — No. 8 on Plate I. — are from drawings of King William's Town speci- mens by Mr. J. P. Mansel Weale.) Pupa. — Bright-green, paler on under side. Along median line of back a row of five sub-rhomboidal, creamy, ferruginous-edged spots, viz., one apart from the rest and more rounded on posterior part of thorax, and four along abdomen ; on each side of abdomen a row of three similar, smaller, rounded spots.-^ Length | inch ; width (greatest across anterior part of abdomen) ^ inch. (Described from two specimens received alive from Miss F. Bowker, of Pembroke, near King William's Town, in February 1873. A third specimen had produced the imago en route, and I obtained perfect butterflies from the two pupae described. The figure on Plate I. is from a drawing by Captain Harford, who noted that the species remained twenty-five days in the pupal state.) This lovely lolaus haunts wooded places, and, like most of the larger Lycaenids, is fond of perching on leaves at the summit of some tall shrub, thence taking short jerky flights, and returning often to the same seat, or to one close to the first. I noticed in Natal that the brilliant w^hite of the under side, which looks so extremely conspicuous in the cabinet, was really protective to the insect when sitting among exceedingly glossy leaves in the full sunshine. Colonel Bowker found that, on the Bashee River, the flowers of mistletoe {Loranilms) were the favourite resort of this butterfly. I met with Silas but sparingly during my visit to Natal in the months of February 1 These spots are variable ; in one specimen the first, second, and third on back of abdomen are large and contiguous, while in another they are small and widely separate. In the latter, too, the lateral abdominal spots are altogether wanting. LYC.ENID.E. 129 and March ; but it is numerous in some seasons, the late Mr. M. J. M'Ken having sent long series to the South-African Museum. In the Botanic Gardens at D'Urban I saw it most frequently on the leaves of the orange. Colonel Bowker notes its appearing in Kaffraria from November to July, and also met with specimens near D'Urban in August. Localities of lolaus Silas. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. h. Eastern Districts — " Grahamstown (Pluto's Vale)." — W. S. M. D'Urban. King William's Town {Miss F. Botoker). Kei River {/. //. Boivker). D. Kaffraria Proper. — Bashee River (J". //. Boivkcr). E. Natal. a. Coast Districts. — D'Urban. " Lower Umkomazi." — J. H. Bowker. h. Upper Districts. — Tunjumbili, Tugela River. F. "Zululand."— Coll. Brit. Mus. H. Delagoa Bay. — Louren^o Marques [Mrs. Montciro). 184. (2.) lolaus Trimeni, Wallengreu. Plate VII. fig. 4 ( ? ). lolaus Trimeni, Wallgrn. Ofv. K. Vet.-Akad. Forh., 1875, 'p. 87, n. 29. Exp. al., {$) I in. 8 lin. ; ($) I in. 9I lin. ^ Pure pale-blue. Fore-wing : a black border, begiuuing about middle of costa, extremely broad apically, and tlience narrowing to posterior angle, where it is tolerably broad ; this border is curved and crenelated with ground-colour on its inner edge ; costa from base to middle narrowly fuscous, the edge itself fulvescent close to base, Hind-iving : base and costa bordered with black ; at middle of costa a rather large rounded black spot extending partly into discoidal cell; hind-margin slenderly, inner margin more widely bordered with black ; near anal angle two black spots, of which the inner one is oblong and the outer rounded ; some of the nervules black. Under side. — Silvery-white. Fore-iving : without markings. Hind-wing : consider- ably beyond middle, a very slender transverse black line, interrupted on nervules, and towards anal angle strongly angulated ; beyond it a still more slender fulvous line, ending in a rounded fulvous spot, between first and second median nervules ; at anal angle another larger fulvous spot, inferiorly black-bordered, and superiorly blue-edged ; hind-margin edged with a thin black line ; tail on first median nervule black tipped with white ; tail on submedian nervure black, edged on both sides with white. Cilia of fore-wings greyish above, white beneath ; of hind-wings white on both sides. Forehead white, but fulvous mesially ; paljsi white, with black tips ; I30 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. antennas black, ringed beneath with white. Thorax black above, here and there tinged with blue ; breast and legs white. Abdomen black above, white beneath. $ Rather dull palc-hlue ; borders fuscous in fore-tving, fuscous-grcy in hind-ioing. Hind-wing : a discal transverse interrupted fuscous streak extending from second subcostal nervule to first median nervule ; two black spots near anal angle enlarged and with large orange-fulvous centres ; a similar brighter spot, inferiorly blue-scaled on anal angular lobe. Under side. — Hind-iving : anal-angular spot more crimson than fulvous. The above description of the ^ is adapted from Wallengren's, as I have not seen an example of that sex.^ The 5 agrees with it in all respects except those just noted. In tint of blue, /. Trimeni ^ appears to resemble /. Sielus, to which species, as regards form, Wallengren compares it. In its large size, however, and very feebly-marked under side, Trimeni is much nearer to Silas, Westw. ; but the (J appears to want the crimson upper-side spots near the anal angle of the hind-wing, while the $ 's orange spots are very much less developed ; and on the under side the red transverse discal streak is wanting in both wings. This appears to be a rare species. The single specimen received by Wallengren is noted as having been taken in December on the crest of a mountain on Schoman's Farm near the Vaal River. The $ here described and figured was sent to me in 1873 by Mr. H. Barber, who took it in some part of the Transvaal, but made no note of the particulai' locality. Localities of lolaus Trimeni. I. South Africa. K. Transvaal. — " Schoman's Farm, near Vaal River {N. Person).'' — Wallengren. Some locality not noted {H. Barljer). 185. (3.) lolaus Sidus, Trimen. (J $ lolaus Sidus, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lend., 3rd Ser., ii. p. 176 (1864)5 and Rhoj). Afr. Aust., ii. p. 224, n. 129, jdI. 4, ff. 5, 6 (1866). 5 lolaus Sidus, Hewits., 111. Diurn. Lep., p. 41, pi. 20, f. 25 (1865). $ Soft pede blue ; apical hcdf of fore-wing hlach ; circular costal patch on hind-wing large, conspicuous, glistening-whitish, broadly ringed with blackish. Fore-unng : costa grey, edged with pale-reddish near base, abruptly widening and deepening into apical black before extremity of discoidal cell ; blue forming an imperfect semicircle, having for its base the inner margin of wing, but not reaching anal angle, to which the apical black (covering the entire hind-margin) narrowly extends. Hind-wing : hind-margin edged with a .black line ; three tails precisely as in Silas, but less twisted ; i"nner-margiual groove dark-grey, clothed and fringed with whitish hairs ; lobe of anal angle ^ Though "9 " is printed in Wallengren's descriptimi, it is certain, from the mention of the circular costal spot of the hind- wings, that the 6 was intended. LYC/ENID.E. 131 marked with a pale crimson-red spot, outwardly black dotted, and marked with a few bluish scales ; a small, indistinct, similar spot immediately above it. Cilia greyish in fore-wing, white in hind-wing (tinged with yellow near anal angle). Under side. — White, tinged with greyish ; one transverse ferruginous-red streak in fore-wing, two in hind-wing ; costa and hind-margin of fore-wing and hind-margin of hind-wing with an orange edging. Fore-ioing : ferruginous-red streak rather broad, straight from costa beyond cell, in direction of anal angle to second median nervule, where it abruptly terminates ; a semicircular patch of grey on inner margin near base, and lying over it a curious row of long black hairs springing from edge of inner margin ; near anal angle, above submedian nervure, an elongate blackish mark. Hind-iving : first red streak as in fore-wing, from costal nervure (before middle) as far as first median nervule, where it narrows, and is thence a biangulated thin Uack streak to inner margin a little beyond middle ; outer red streak not far from and almost parallel to hind-margin, narrow- ing and becoming almost obsolete after passing discoidal nervure ; space between streak and hind-margin greyish, enclosing an additional red spot between second and first median nervules similar to that at anal angle, which is larger than on upper side, merged with the smaller red spot, and outwardly edged with a bluish line ; from discoidal nervure the hind-marginal edging is black. $ Violaceous-ivhitish, suffused ivith hi ice from bases. Fore-iving : border narrower and dusky-blackish. Hind-umig : costa with a dusky border, widest at apex ; from it run two diminishing dusky streaks along hind-margin, the outer as far as second median nervule, the inner indistinctly to inner margin ; spot on anal angle, with that above it (which is large) centred with white ; a third, conspicuous, subquadrate, orange, black-dotted spot between second and third median nervule. Under side. — Quite like that of ^, save for the absence of any grey patch on inner margin of fore-wing ; and the spots on hind-wing being less conspicuous. (Described from single specimen.) The $ is readily distinguished from ^ /. Silas, Westw., by its smaller size, less glittering blue surface, strongly and doubly streaked under surface, with its orange edging, and more conspicuous circular patch on up]3er side of hind-wing. The front of the head and bases of pterygodes, which are both black (the former being white striped) in Silas, are ferruginous-red in Sidus. The fringe of hairs on inner margin of fore-wing, which is yellow in Sileis, is black in the latter species. The $ is very different in the two species. This very handsome lolaus was discovei'ed by Colonel Bowker in Ivaffraria in the year 1862, and in the following year Mr. H. J. Atherstone met with it on the coast of the Bathurst District in Cape Colony. The former noted it as rare and local, occurring from December to April,^ and took most of his specimens on a Sneezewood tree [Pteroxylon utile) at the edge of a forest. I ^ He subsequently wrote that he had observed it throughout the year. 132 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. did not find this butterfly during my stay on the Natal Coast in 1867, but a good many examples taken at D'Urban have reached me at different times, and Colonel Bowker has fallen in with it both at Pinetown and on the Lower Umkomazi. Localities of lolaus Sidus. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. h. Eastern Districts.- — Kleinemond River, Bathui-st (H. J. Ather- stone). D. Kaffraria Proper. — Bashee River (/. //. Bowker). E. Natal. a. Coast Districts. — D'Urban (W. Guie^izms, 31. J. M'Ken, T. Ayres, J. II. Boioher). Pinetown (/. 11. BowJcer). " Lower Umkomazi." — /. H. Bowker. F. Zululand. — St. Lucia Bay (Colonel H. Tower). II. Other African Regions. A. South Tropical. bi. Eastern Interior. — " Lake Nyassa." — W. F. Kirby, Cat. Hewits. Coll. 186. (4.) lolaus Bowkeri, Trimeu. $ lolaus Bowkeri, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 3rd Ser., ii. p. 176 (1864); and Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 225, n. 130, pi. 4, f. 4 (1866). Kvj). al., {$) I in. 2I-4 lin. ; ($) i in. 4-5^ lin. $ Very pale Uue ; apical half of fore-wing a7id costal harder of hind-wing greyish-fuscous, with white spots. Fore-iving : blue extends from base, not quite reaching costal edge, to extremity of discoidal cell and along inner margin to beyond middle ; a fuscous lunule closing cell, sometimes preceded by a more or less distinct small fuscous spot ; immediately beyond lunule a small whitish space shot with blue, crossed by radial nervule ; a submarginal row of six white spots, of which the first and second are lanceolate, the third minute, the fourth very small, the fifth large and quadrate, and the sixth (between first median nervule and submedian nervure) also quadrate, much the largest of all, more or less suffused with blue, and internally confluent with the ground-colour inferiorly. Hind-icing : costal border rather broad, darker at apex ; a submarginal row of white spots, of which only the first and second (rarely the third) are distinct, the rest being lost in the blue field; immediately preceding this row, a series of four or five black spots, of which the two lowermost (between radial and second median nervules) are usually very distinct ; imme- diately beyond the row of white spots a lunulate fuscous streak, inter- rupted on nervules, extending from costal border to submedian nervure ; a narrow distinct black edge to hind-margin, bounded internally by a white line ; three good-sized hind-marginal black spots, preceded by LYC.EXIDJ-:. 133 ill-defiued whitish lunules, between second median nervule and anal angle ; an indistinct fuscous lunule at extremity of discoidal cell ; inner-marginal fold grey, clouded with whitish ; tails black, with white tips and edges. Cilia of fore-wing fuscous-grey mixed with white, the latter predominating near anal angle; of hind-wing white, with small black marks at extremities of nervules. Under side. — White, U'itli ochrcous- and rvfous-hroicn irregular transverse stricc ; in each wing, commencing on costa, a stria before middle, an elongate sub- lunulate mark closing discoidal cell, a broad stria beyond middle, a submarginal linear streak, and a hind-marginal linear edging. Fo7X- ■iring : close to base, a short broad transverse marking, between sub- costal and submedian nervures ; outer transverse stria more irregular and much dentate on both edges. Hind-iving : costa at base narrowly edged with brownish-ochreous ; inner transverse stria much narrower than in fore-wing ; both stria3 very acutely angulated on submedian nervure, and thence diverted, the inner quite, the outer very nearly, to base ; sub-marginal linear streak adjoins two black spots (the lower larger) close to costa, is there, as well as on submedian nervure, inter- rupted, and from the latter point diverted, edging inner margin to before middle ; black spots at and near anal angle inwardly scaled with bluish-silvery — the middle one often obsolete, and represented by some fuscous and bluish-silvery scales. $ Similar ; the blue duller and its area more restricted ; all the white markings larger and almost wholly free from any blue suffusion, especially in hind- wing. Under side. — As in ^, but the strife (espe- cially the sub-marginal and hind-marginal linear ones) of a decidedly clearer, more fulvous tint. Aberration (or Veirietij ?). A $ from Springbokfontein, in Little Namaqualand, has in the fore-wing the Avhite mark just beyond disco-cellular lunule obsolete, the two upper white spots of discal row quadrate, and the third and fourth entirely wanting ; while in the hind-wing the white markings are even fainter than is usual in the $, and the sub-marginal lunulate blackish streak is obsolete. On the under side the principal stride are greatly widened and of a duller brown ; the space between the sub- marginal and hind-marginal streaks is filled with paler-brown mixed with grey, and in the hind-wing the space before middle is similarly but more thinly obscured. (In the South- African jNIuseum, presented by Mr. G. A. Reynolds, who took the specimen at JNIatje's Kloof in 1873-)' ^ In 1S67 I made a note of an apparent aberration of /. Bowlei'i in the remains of the Burchell Collection at the Oxford Museum, which seems closely to resemble that described in the text. In Burchell's ISIS, list, kindly lent to me by Professor Westwood, I found the locality of this specimen, which was taken in the year 1814, given as " Chue Spring, on :Maadje Mountains ; lat. 26° iS' ll", long, about 24°,"— in the territory now known as Bechuanaland. VOL. II. K 134 SOUTH- AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. Hewitson {Illust. Diurn. Lep., Suppl., p. ii) thought /. marmoreiis (Butl.), from the White Nile, to be a variety of /. Bowlceri ; but I have not been able to ascertain if this is the case. The strongly and intricately marked under side strikingly distinguishes this fine lolans from its congeners. /. aj^hnarndes, Trim., resembles it in the width of the under-side stria3 ; but these are regular and even, and dis- posed quite differently from the corresponding markings in Bowlceri. Colonel Bowker, to whom I have dedicated this very beautiful species, first met with it in Kaffraria in the year 1862, and afterwards took a good many examples in that territory. I have also received a specimen taken in the Albany District of the Cape Colony; and in 1867 I found two or three about stunted Acacia horrida near Greytown, Natal. It was not until 1S76 that I discovered the butterfly as far to the south and west as Robertson in the Cape Colony; but I had received the $ Variety or Aberration from Namaqualand above described as early as 1873. Colonel Bowker's original specimen was taken on a sprig of mistletoe {Lorantlins) ; and in October 1864 he noted that other specimens had the habit (which I subsequently observed in Natal and at Robertson) of settling on the dry stems and twigs of acacias and other thorny shrubs. At Robertson I found the few speci- mens I saw very fond of the yellow flowers of a tall straggling Senecio which was growing through a clump of rigid thorny bush. The flight of /. Boickeri is exceedingly short, and, apax-t from the twigs and thorns about its favourite resting-places, it is very easily captured. . Localities of lolaus Uoirkcri. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. a. Western Disti-icts. — Springbokfontein, Little Namaqualand (G. A. Reynolds. — Yar. or Aberr.) Robei-tson. h. Eastern Districts. — Rockdale, near Grahamstown (//. /. Ather- stone). D. Kaffraria Proper. — Tsomo and Bashee Rivers [J. II . Bowlder). E. Natal. h. Upper Districts. — Greytown. L. Bechuanaland. — " Chue Spring" (IF. BurcheJI). [Var. or Aberr.] II. Other African Regions. A. South Tropical. rt. Western Coast. — "Angola {J. J. Monteiro).'' — Druce. " Kin- sembo, Congo (IE Ansell).'' — Butler. & I. Eastern Interior. — Tauwani River (/'". C. Scions). 187. (5.) lolaus Ceres, (Ilewitson). ^ Myrina Geres, Hewits., 111. D. Lep., p. 39, n. 42, ph 17, f. 63 (1S65), Exp. al., Q) '' 1 1% inch." ^ " Lilac-blue. Anterior wing with the apex and outer margin broadly dark-brown. Posterior wing with the apex rufous-brown ; two slender tails ; a small black spot at the base of the outer tail ; the apical" [evidently anal-angular is meant] "spot gold and carmine bordered below with pale-blue, on the left side with black. Under LYC^NIDxE. 135 SIDE. — Grey-white, clouded near tlie base of both wings with pale rufous-brown ; both with a linear band at the end of the cell. Ante- rior wing with a lunular spot within the cell, a linear zigzag band a little beyond the middle (bordered inwardly with rufous-brown), a sub-mai'ginal indistinct linear band, and the outer margin all carmine. Posterior wing crossed near the base by a curved broken band of five lunular spots, and by a very angular, linear, broken band, all carmine ; a sub-mai*ginal band indistinct and carmine from the costal margin to the middle, black above the anal spots ; the spots black bordered above with orange, below with pale blue ; the outer margin carmine ; the apex pale rufous brown." — Howitson, loc. cit. ^ Pale-blue over discal inner-marginal area of both wings. Hind-wing : three fuscous spots near anal angle ; hind-margin with a black boundinef line edgfed with whitish on each side ; both tails orange at base, the upper (shorter) one orange throughout except its black and white tip. Under side. — Redder than in $ (judging from Ilewitson's figure), especially the strias themselves j hind-margin in both wings much clouded with brownish. I have not seen the male of this species, which was described and figured by Hewitson from a Zululand example in the collection of Boisduval. The female above noted is in the Hewitson Collection at the British Museum, and came from Delagoa Bay ; it was in very poor condition when I examined it in 18S1. Localities of lolaus Ceres. I. South Africa. F. " Zululand."— Hewitson. H. Delagoa Bay. — (Hewitson Collection). 188. (6.) lolaus Mimosae, Trimen. lolaus Mimosce, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1S74, p. 330, pi. ii. fi^. i, 2. Exji. al, (^) I in. 25- lin. ; (?) i in. 3-4J lin. $ Gloss?/ 2^nlc-hluc, with fuscous-grc]/ borders. Fore-wing: costa from base rather widely bordered with pale-grey, diminishing to a point about middle ; extreme costal margin very narrowly edged with ochreous ; apical border very broad, commencing just at extremity of discoidal cell, but somewhat abruptly narrowing on second median nervule, whence the hind-marginal border to anal angle is not wide ; sexual tuft on inner margin thin, dark-grey ; inner margin rather pi'ominently lobed in basal half. Hind-vjing : costal and apical margin narrowly, hind-margin very narrowly edged with fuscous-grey ; two usual hind-marginal spots black, that on anal angular lobe superiorly edged with greenish-silvery, and partly encircled with dull white ; between the two spots a third lunu- late one, immediately preceded by a whitish mark, which is itself pre- ceded by a faint fuscous one ; inner margin rather widely pale-grey, 136 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. lioaiy towards base ; sexual badge near base conspicuous, consisting of a fuscous spot in a shining grey ring. Under side. — Soft palc-greij, with thin ferruginoiis-oclireoiis strim ; in both wings a short stria closing discoidal cell, and two long ones beyond middle, of which the inner is continuous and well defined, the outer sub-lunulate and rather faintly marked ; hetivccn these two stricc some white suffusion, in fore-wing only towards inner margin, but in hinel-ioing from costa to inner margin. Hind-wing : before middle a third stria, irregular and angulated, well defined, extending from precostal to submedian nervure ; first stria beyond middle very irregular, almost meeting the outer one between first median nervule and submedian nervure, where it is sharply deflected ; a little before its inner-marginal extremity a small detached marking of the same ferruginous-ochreous ; between the two hind-marginal spots some rather conspicuous greenish-silvery scaling. ^ Very similar to $ ; the Hue scarcely duller ; the fuscous hordering rather decrhcr, and in parts broader or narrower. Fore-wing: costal grey less pronounced, mixed with fuscous ; apical border not so wide, not reaching to extremity of cell ; hind-marginal border rather wider, especially at anal angle. Hind-wing : costal and apical border darker and considerably broader; a sub-marginal and hind-marginal row of faintly marked fuscous spots, the latter row in line with the usual three black spots, which are more strongly marked than in the ^. Under SIDE. — Quite as in ^, but slightly duller in tint, inclining to brownish, and with the white clouding beyond middle less distinct. This species should be placed next to /. Ceres (Hewits.) On the under side it differs from that species in being wholly devoid of any rufous tinge or brown basal clouding ; in having the transverse strife beyond middle more regular and closer together ; in wanting altogether the conspicuous lunular streak in the discoidal cell of the fore-wings ; in possessing a continuous transverse stria before the middle of the hind-wings, instead of one broken into six or seven portions ; and in wanting the conspicuous orange lunule which adjoins the upper hind- marginal spot of the hind-wings. ' Mr. Henry I. Atherstone sent me two females of this butterfly as long ago as the end of 1863, having taken them at Rockdale and New Year's River, near GrahamstoAvn, in August and November of that year. From the circumstance of finding one of them in company with /. Boakeri, mihi, Mr. Atherstone imagined the two to be sexes of one species. In 1865 Mr. J. H. Bowker sent a male from the neighbourhood of the Tsomo River, in Kaffraria Pi'oper, and noted it frequenting J car" /« trees, and, like I. Boivl-eri, having the habit of lighting in among the branches and settling on dry twigs, where it was easily taken with the fingers. This is the only ^ of the insect that I have seen,i but three otliers, $ s, have reached me fi'om Mrs. ^ I have since received another i, taken in 1S84 by Mr. J. M. Hutchinson near Estcourt, Natal. This example differs from Colonel Bowker's in being of a brighter blue above. I have also seen a third, from " Kaffraria," belonging to Mr. H. Grose Smith, and a fourth, taken by Mr. F. C. Selous, a little N. of Bamangwato (River Tauwani). Barber, one taken near King William's Town by Miss Fanny Bowker in 1 869, and the others by Mrs. Barber herself while travelling through the north- eastern portion of the Colony in 1872. Mrs. Barber confirms her brother's account of the habits of /. Alimosce, and adds that both it and /. Bowl-eri chiefly haunt the mistletoe {Lorantlms sp.), which so generally infests the mimosa trees. Mr. J. P. Mansel Weale sent me an excellent dra\\ing of a 9 that he cap- tured at Cradock in December 1866 on a "thorn tree " [Acacia liorrida). Localities of lolaus 3Iuiiosa'. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. b. Eastern Districts. — Grahamstown (//. /. Atherstone). King William's Town {Miss F. BowLrr). Cradock (J. P. Mansel Weale). D. Caffraria Proper. — Tsomo Elver (/. //. Bowker). E. Natal. h. Upper Districts. — Estcourt (J. M. Hutchinson). K. Transvaal. — Limpopo River {F. C. Selous). II. Other African Regions. A. South Tropical. hi. Eastern Interior. — Tauwani River (F. C. Selous). 189. (7.) lolaus Aphnaeoides, Trimen. cJ $ lolaus Aphiceoules, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. no. Irjlaus Canissus, Hewits., Ent. M. Mag., x. p. 123 (1873). 9 lolaus Aplinoeoides, Hewits., III. D. Lep., Suppl., pi. iv. a, ff. 50, 51 (187S). Exp. al., (^) I in. 2 liu. ; ($) I in. 2-| liu. $ Pale-blue ; the fore-tuings hroadly bordered with blackish. Fore- wing : blackish border tolerably broad from base along costa, very wide in apical region, and narrowing to anal angle. Hind-iving : sexual patch on costa not strongly marked, dull-greyish, glistening ; beyond middle, traces of two sub-oblique blackish streaks running to anal angle ; on hind-mai'gin, a sharp projecting point at end of second median nervnle, and tails at ends of first median nervule and sub- median nervure moderately long ; on hind-margin a blackish spot on each side of first median nervule, that on the lower side edged with pale-yellowish both anteriorly and posteriorly. Under side. — White, with orangc-ochrcous, hlachish-cdgcd, rather broad, transverse stripes ; common to both ivings are (i) a basal stripe, which in hind-wi7ig runs parallel to and very near inner margin to a point a little before anal angle ; (2) a stripe before middle, which from costa of fore-wing extends as far as first median nervule rather beyond middle of hind- wing ; (3) a stripe about middle, which, after leaving costa of fore- wing, is abruptly interrupted from first median nervule as far as inner margin, but in hind-icing extends from costa straight to extremity 01 138 SOUTH- AFKICAN BUTTERFLIES. basal stripe before anal angle ; (4) a row of small black spots (six in each wing) a little before hind-margin ; and (5) a rather wide, orange- ochreous, hind-marginal edging, becoming obsolete at end of second median nervule. Fore-wing : beyond middle, an additional stripe from costa extending in the . direction of anal ang^le, but becominof obsolete just beyond first median nervule. Hind-wing: at anal angle a black spot, from which runs a narrow black streak for a little way along inner margin. $ Ilind-icing and outer j^ooiion of fore-icing ivldte ; in both wings, basal region to a little beyond middle clouded with pale-blue, and nervules clouded with blue and blackish mixed. Fore-iving : a rather strongly-marked fuscous streak closing cell. Hind-icing : a broad blackish streak corresponding to third transverse stripe of under side ; a sub-marginal row of spots corresponding to tliose of under side, but smaller. Under side. — Quite as in $. The forehead is orange-red in both sexes. Described from a single specimen of each sex, taken on a small tree at the edge of scattered bush about the base of Woest Hill, near Grahamstown, by ]\Ir. James, in October or November. Both examples are considerably worn. It is very singular that so few examples of this very distinct lolaus should have been recorded, and those few from two such very widely distant localities as Grahamstown and Lake Nyassa. I much fear that the typical examples, of which I made a description in 1870, must have been lost, as they could not be traced in the Grahamstown Museum when I was last there in 18S3. It is thus very fortunate that two specimens exist in the Hewitson Collection, and that Mr. Hewitson published figui-es of the female. Localities of lolaus Aplinmoidcs. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. h. Eastern Districts. — Grahamstown^ (£". James). II. Other African Regions. A. South Tropical hi. Eastern Interior. — " Lake Nyassa (Thehvall)." — Hewitson. 190. (8.) lolaus Pallene, (Wallengren). Myrlna PaZ^e/^e, Wallengr., K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1857, — Lep. Rhop. Caffr., p. 36. Exjp. al., I in. 9-10 lin. Cream-colour, the liind-vnng rather yellower ; a linear hlaek hind- marginal edging. Fore-ioing : a very small black spot at upper end of extremity of discoidal cell ; at apex a rather broad but thinly-suf- fused dull-brownish patch, ill-defined inwardly, commencing on co.sta about termination of second subcostal nervule, and not extending along LYC/ENIDiE. 139 liind-margin below tliird median nervule; sliort transverse disco-cel- lular dusky stria and long transverse dusky discal stria faintly repre- senting the markings of the under side. Hind-tviiig : an orange-fulvous ill-defined anal-angular stain, marked exteriorly by one or two small black spots ; a median oblique dusky stria from costa towards anal angle, representing part of the binder-side marking. Cilia blackish, slightly mixed with white at posterior angle of fore-wing and apex of hind-wing. Under side. — Tinged luith ochre-yelloiu near hases and margins ; black edging and cilia as on upper sick. Fore-wing : a very conspicuous short black transverse striola at extremity of discoidal cell ; a long black transverse stria beyond middle, from costa almost to submedian nervure, inclining a little outward, interrupted on ner- vules, and slightly irregular. Hind-iving : anal-angular orange-ful- vous deeper than on upper side, more suffused inwardly, its outer black spots better marked ; an oblique black stria, from costa before middle to third median nervule beyond middle, where it is widely interrupted, but from submedian nervure continued, at an upward angle, almost to inner margin. Tails black. Head ochre-yellow in front ; palpi and antennas black, — the former creamy-white beneath to end of middle joint. Thorax and abdomen fuscous above, ochre-yellow beneath. Legs black, the femora of the middle and hind pair white beneatlu The sexes do not seem to differ in appearance, the male in my possession agreeing very well with Wallengren's description of the female. This butterfly, which, from its pale-creamy colour and very well-defined jet-black streaks, should be a conspicuous member of its tribe, appears to be exceedingly rare. The late Mr, E. C. Buxton presented me with an injured specimen, one of three which he took in Swaziland ; but I have seen no other South-African examples. Two Pallene from Lake Nyassa in the Hewitson Collection quite agree with Wallengren's desci'iption and with my solitary individual. The general aspect of the insect is very peculiar, and reminds one more of a small Pieride than of a Lycsenide. Mr. Bux- ton wrote that his three examples were taken on flowers in the month of August. Localities of lolaus Pallene. T. South Africa. G. Swaziland {E. C. Buxton). II. Other African Regions. A. South Tropical. hi. Eastern Interior. — "Lake 'i^yassa (Ph el icall)." — In Hewitson Collection. " Lake Victoria Nyanza." — Butler, August 1883. I40 SOUTH-AFRICAN LUTTEKFLIES. Genus MYRINA. Myrina, Fab., " llliger's Mag., vi. p. 286 (1S07);" Latreille, Encyc. Meth., ix. pp. II and 592 (1819-23) [Sect. C] ? Loxura, Horsfield, "Cat. Lep. Mus. E. Ind. Comp., p. 119(1829);" Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. ii. p. 474, — and Myrina [part], op. cif., p. 475 (1852) ; Trim., Ehop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 219 (1866). Imago. — ITcad rather broad ; eyes smooth ; forehead densely clothed with scales and short hair ; palpi separate, parallel, very long, densely clothed with scales and with very short closely appressed hairs, — the second joint long, rather thick, only very slightly ascendant, not rising above middle line of eyes, — third joint long (rather longer and stouter in $), porrected horizontally or slightly deflected ; antenna' short, stout, very gradually thickened from base to extremity, which is blunt. Thorax long, very stout, with long silky hair laterally and poste- riorly ; pterygodes long and tufted. Fore-wings : short, broad, sub- truncate ; costa very convex at base, but thence almost straight to apex ; hind-margin more or less bluntly prominent about lower radial and third median nervules ; subcostal nervure with four branches — the first and second originating considerably apart, far before extremity of discoidal cell, the third and fourth short, diverging not far from apex, at which the latter terminates ; radial nervules with a common origin at upper corner of extremity of cell, so that middle disco-cellular nervule is obsolete ; lower disco-cellular nei'vule rather long, curved inwardly, joining third median nervule not far beyond latter's origin ; space between first median nervule and submedian nervure unusually broad. Hind-ivings : rounded and blunted, except at anal angle, which is elongated, prominently lobed, and produced (on submedian nervure) into a long, or very long, broad, twisted tail ; costa convex throughout, but especially at base ; apex rounded ; hind-margin very slightly den- tate on nervules ; inner margins convex and meeting, so as to conceal all but tip of abdomen beneath ; costal nervure terminating at apex ; discoidal cell short, truncate, closed by nervules, of which the lower is very slender and oblique, and joins third median nervule at latter's origin. Fore-legs of $ thick, rather large, scaly, — femur robust, closely hairy beneath, — tibia shorter than femur, — tarsus about two-thirds the length of tibia, obtuse, without apparent articulation, finely spinulose beneath and with a few longer inferior spines at the tip ; of the $ about the same size and proportions, but the tarsus with distinct ai-ticu- lations and minute terminal claws. Middle and hind legs stout, densely scaly, the femur densely hairy beneath (especially in $), tibia a little shorter than femur, with strong terminal spurs, tarsus longer than tibia, its first joint very long (as long as the other four joints together), and thick (especially in hind-legs), very spinose beneath, broad at tip, witli terminal claws short, strong, and widely apart. LYC/ENITLE. 141 AMomen short, thick, but terminally rather acute. Larva. — Broad, very convex dorsally ; each segment from second to ninth inclusive with a dorsal hump, most prominent on fourth, eighth, and ninth segments. Lateral margins of body widened so as to com- pletely conceal head and legs from above. Food-plant, species of Ficus. Pupa. — Stout and broad (not unlike a contracted larva in general form), constricted about middle ; thorax very bluntly ridged on the back ; abdomen very broad and globose. Attached to leaves or bark horizontally, by the tail only. I follow Mr. W. F. Kirby in restoring the West- African Silenus, Fab. (= Alcidcs, Cram.), to its original position as the type of the Fabrician genus Myrina, placing with it the closely-allied African species M. Jicccliila, Trim., and dermaptera, Wallengr. ; but I think it very questionable whether these butterflies can be identified generically with the Indian species (Aiymnus, Cram., and allies) typical of Horsfield's genus Loxura. The latter are not only of much slenderer structure throughout, but have the palpi much thinner and longer, and present a very different neuration in part of the fore-wings, the radial nervules not originating together, but far apart, so that while the upper disco- cellular nervule is very short, the middle one (separating the radials) is of a srood length, indeed as long as the lower one. The two species found in South Africa are very strongly-made little butterflies, with robust bodies and thick legs and wings, J/. Jicc- dula more so than AI. dcrmaptcra. The former is readily distinguished by its larger size and chestnut-red or ferruginous apical and hind- marginal space in the fore-wings ; it is also much more widely dis- tributed over South Africa, M. dermaptera being only hitherto known from the coast of Natal and Zululand. Though capable of rapid flight for short distances, these Myrincv do not seem to use their wings much, sitting very closely to their favourite perches among the wild and culti- vated fig-trees, but occasionally visiting other plants. I have found M. ficedida sucking the fruit of the cultivated fig, and also the moisture exuding from wounds on a large kind of Acacia. 19L (1.) Myrina ficedula, Trimen. $ Loxura Alcides, Boisd., Sp. Gen. Lep., i. pi. 22, f. 3 (1836). „ „ Wallengr., K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1857,— Lep. Rhop. Caffr., p. 34. S 9 „ „ Trim., [part], Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 219, n. 125 (1866). S ? Myviiia ficedida, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 324. Exp. al, Q) I in. 2^-7 lin. ; ($) I in. 6-7^ lin. Black, ivith very large hasi-discal space of intense metallic tdtra- marine-Uue in loth wings; fore-wing with an apical hind-marginal ferruginous patch. Fore-vnng : blue occupies inner margin and dis- 142 SOUTH- AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. coidal cell, but is ratlier widely bordered with black costally (most widely beyond extremity of discoidal cell), and outwardly from third median nervule to anal angle ; ferruginous patch occupying hind- margin from apex to submedian nervure, irregularly convex inwardly, very broad on discoidal nervules, narrowing abruptly at apex, but more gradually to its lower extremity. Hind-wing : blue fills entire disc and discoidal cell, and is bordered to a moderate width with black along costa and hind-margin (the apical portion being broadest, and the hind-marginal narrowest) ; inner-marginal border broadly fuscous up to third median nervule, but blue-scaled along submedian nervure ; anal-angular lobe and tail ferruginous, densely grey-scaled ; edging base of lobe superiorly, and sometimes extending for a little distance along hind-margin, a fine streak of blue scales ; on lobe a spot of unirrorated ferruginous. Under side. — Fcrruginous-lroivn, in most parts very finely and densely irrorated with yellowish and grey scales ; in both wings (better defined in hind-wing) an ochreous-yellow line closing discoidal cell, and a transverse streak of the same colour beyond middle. Fore-wing : the streak only extends from near costal edge to between third and second median nervules ; costa thinly edged with yellow ; a conspicuous cloud of yellow scales occupies costa between streak and apex ; inner margin pale-grey, gradually fading into ground- colour superiorly ; hind-marginal border darker ferruginous, not (or very thinly) irrorated. Hind-icing: darker ferruginous before trans- verse streak ; the streak itself w^ell defined, continuous from costa to below first median nervule, where it is slightly broken and abruptly angulated, and is thence wJiite to inner margin and along its edge to base ; between this portion of the streak and anal angle, dense greyish- white irroration ; a thin greyish line along hind-margin, indistinct superiorly ; spot on lobe conspicuous, tinged with crimson. $ Blue much less hrilliant ; its area invch smaller, so that its black- bordering is broader, especially in hind-wing, where, in apical region, this is wider than inner-marginal fuscous. Hind-wing : hind-marginal streak of blue scales more marked, extending to third median nervule or a little farther. Under side.— Quite as in $. This Mgriyia is recognised at once from its congener, the West- African M. Silemis, Fab. {Alcides, Cram.), by (i) the greatly-enlarged field of blue, and (2) the ferruginous har along hind-margin of fore- wings from apex. Judging from Cramer's figure (Pa}). Fxot. i. t. 96, D, e), if, Silenus has only a slightly paler fascia near the hind-margin of the fore-wings, with no trace of ferruginous ; and the under side is generally much darker than in 31. ficedula, and without yellowish clouding. Boisduval's figure purports to represent Loxura Aleides from " Guinee ; " it is evidently that of rather a small $. In pattern and colouring (only the upper side being depicted) it agrees fairly with the Southern form, except that along hind-margin the ferruginous border has a narrow black-edging, and that the outline of the hind- LYC.ENID^.. 143 margin of the fore-wing is not elbowed. If the locality of Boisduval's example be correctly recorded, it would appear that M. Jicedula, or a very near ally, inhabits Western Africa in company with M. Silenns. That this is probably the case is further indicated by some specimens from Ambriz (Congo) in Mrs. Monteiro's collection, which do not differ from the Southern species except that the $ s have less ferruginous in the apical hind-marginal area of the fore-wing.^ Larva. — Length, 9 to i i lin. ; greatest width, 3;| lin. A^ery strongly convex on back, but flattened ventrally ; lateral margin throughout produced into a fleshy border, concealing head and legs ; each segment from second to ninth (both inclusive) with a dorsal hump, most prominent on fourth, eighth, and ninth segments. Yellowish- green ; first and last segments, as well as a more or less interrupted median dorsal stripe, pale-ashy ; the stripe irregularly varied with ferruginous-ochreous, slightly narrowing from first segment to dorsal hump (ferruginous-ochreous) on fourth segment, but widening much from sixth segment so as to cover all dorsal portion of seventh and eighth segments excejjt a large and conspicuous pure-Avhite spot on eighth segment terminating in white hump. On ninth segment, dorsal hump pale-ashy, and a good-sized pure- white spot on each lateral margin. All darker parts distinctly speckled with black ; the green parts only very thinly so. Head and legs black. Spiracles and pro-legs ferru- ginous-ochreous. Feeds on Ficus nataknsis and on the cultivated fig {F. carica). — Plate i, ff". 7 (from my own drawings). Pupa. — Stout and broad, not unlike the contracted larva in gene- ral form, constricted about middle; back of thorax bluntly ridged; abdomen very wide and rotund, varying from greenish-brown to dull brownish- ochreous, the wing-covers and under side generally, and a narrow median dorsal stripe dull dark-brown. Frontal region of thorax varied with paler brown, which also forms a broad border on each side of dorsal stripe on abdomen. Li some specimens the hinder part of the thorax and the sides of the abdomen are on the back varied with white. Attached by the tail only, but in a horizontal position, to leaves of the food-plant — usually on the under side, or to its twigs. — Plate I., ff! 7« (from my own drawings). This very handsome Mijrina first makes its appeai^ance at the end of January, and worn individuals occur as late as the end of Apiil. Though very swift when it does take flight, the butterfly is disinclined to move except in chase of other individuals of its species, and is perpetually resettling on the twigs and leaves of its food-plant. In these brief excursions it soon gets worn, and is apt to lose its long tails. It is fond of sucking the rij^e figs split open by birds, and when so engaged may with caution be taken by hand. The larva? found by me in March 1859 at Knysna (see Rlioih Afr. Aiisf., ii. p. 220, note), feeding on the cultivated fig, were proved to belong to this ^ I have since seen exaiDples of J/. Jicedula marked " West Africa " in the Collection of thu British Museum. 144 SOUTir-AFRICAX liUTTEKFIJES. species by the subsequent discovery and reaiing to their perfect state of quite similar ones taken on Ficus Ncdalensis by Mrs. Barber near Grahams- town. In 1870 I had the pleasure of visiting Mrs. Barber at Highlands, and gladly took the opportunity of studying and rearing the larva?, the food- plants of which were growing against the stoep of the house. There is no doubt that their peculiar colouring is highly protective, agreeing very thoroughly with that of the terminal green shoots, the bract and occasional withered portions of which are ferruginous ; while the conspicuous white spots most com^jletely resemble the drops of milk-like sap that exude from the stems and leaves on the slightest wound. Moreover, both the larva (when in a slightly contracted position) and the pupa bear a very strong resemblance to the small, rough, ashy-varied fruits of their food-plant. I found that those pup?e which were disclosed at large on the plants were much greener and more like the little figs than those which resulted from larvJE kept captive in a dimly-lighted breeding-cage. M. fieedala does not seem to be often met with in Natal. I took a few in the inland districts, and Colonel Bowker has forwarded two or three from the coast, and two from quite the northern exti-emity of that Colony. ]jocalities of Myrina ficedida. I. South Africa. B, Cape Colony. a. Western Districts. — Knysna. Oudtshoorn (Adams), h. Eastern Districts. — Grahamstown. " King William's Town." — AV. S. M. D'Urban. Fort Warden, Kei River (/. H. Bovlcer). D. Kaffraria Projier. — Bashee River (/. H. Bowlier). E. Natal. a. Coast Districts. — D'Urban (/. H. BoicJcer). " Lower Umko- mazi." — J. H. Bowker. Udlands Mission Station. Great Noodsberg. h. Upper Districts. — Biggarsberg (J. II. Bowlier). Pietermaritz- burg {Windham). K. Transvaal. — Ly den burg District [T. A/jres). II. Other African Regions. A. South Tropical. a. Western Coast. — Congo : Ambriz (Mrs. Monteiro). 192. (2.) Myrina dermaptera, (Wallengren). 5 Mijrina n. s^J., Angas, Kafirs. Ulustr., pi. xxx. f. 9 (1849). $ Loxura dermaptera, Wallengr., K. S. Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1857, — Lep. Rhop. Caffr., p. 34. 9 (as $ ) Loxura dermaptera, Hewits., 111. D. Lep., pi. 4, ff. 3, 4 (1863). $ Loxura dermaptera. Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 220, n. 126 (1866). Exp. al., Q) I in. 2-3 1 liu. ; ($) i in. 2-5!" lin. ^ Blade, with very large basi-discal space of intense mctaUic-Uue {with a greenish surface lustre in some lights) in hath wings. Fore-wing : blue occupies inner margin from base to beyond middle, forming a large semicircle, the upper part of which almost fills discoidal cell. Hind- 2ving : blue occupies entire disc and discoidal cell, leaving costa and LYC.ENlD.i:. 145 apex broadly bordered, but liind-margin only lineally edged with black ; iuner-marginal border broadly blackisli as far as submedian nervure ; longitudinal fold between, median and submedian nervures marked with a broad silky black ray ; anal-angular lobe marked with a dull-crimson spot speckled with a few bluish scales ; tail black, with a white tip and a white central streak, more or less stained with orange at base. Cilia greyish, in hind-wing mixed with whitish. Under side. — Soft, broivnish grey ; costa and hind-margin of fore-wing and hind and inner margins of hind-wing edged with ochre-yellow. Fore-wing : paler about inner- marginal area. Hind-wing : dull-crimson spot on anal-angular lobe conspicuous, and accompanied by two similar smaller (sometimes con- tiguous) spots between it and second median nervule ; before these spots, between the same nervule and inner margin, two short, irregular, subangulated transverse blackish lines, interiorly edged with white, of which the outer line is often and the iuner occasionally indistinct ; tail black, with a yellowish median streak in its basal half $ Fuscous or fuscous-hroivn ; blue very variable in brigldness and extent, and in some examples wholly ■wanting ; wkcn iircscnt, always paler and duller than in $. Hind-wing : blue at its greatest development occupying a smaller area than in ^, so that all the margins are more broadly fuscous. In both sexes the to]) and front of head are dark-red mixed with black, and marked with the following white spots, viz., two on fore- head, one at base of each antenna, and one on vertex ; eyes edged with white ; palpi black mixed with red, their middle joint externally white. Breast white and ferruginous mixed ; legs ferruginous mixed with black, the femora with white hairs, the tibias and tarsi conspi- cuously barred with white. From M. ficcdula this species is readily known by its want on the upper side of the apical hind-marginal ferruginous, and by presenting a brownish-grey instead of a ferruginous-brown under side ; it has, too, the tails of the hind-wing considerably narrower and shorter. The two latter characters also separate it from M. Silcnus, Fab., of Western Africa, to which on the upper side some of the duller ^ s of M. dermap- tera bear considerable resemblance. There is in these ^ s a complete gradation from individuals with the field of blue in the fore-wing quite, and in the hind-wing almost as much developed as in the $, to those in which even the few sprinkled scales of blue found in others are totally absent. Pupa. — Resembling that of M. ficcdula. Dull-brown, paler along middle of back. Under side, including head and wing covers, dark olivaceous-brown. — Described from a drawing by Mr. (now Captain) H. C. Harford, who wrote in 1869 that he had found the larvtB on a fig-ti'ee near D' Urban. This curious Mi/n'na seems to be extremely local, and but few specimens are seen in collections. During my stay in Natal I saw only one example, a 146 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. fine $ , which I captured in the Botanic Garden at D'Urban, on 14th Feb- ruary 1867; — it was flitting about the top of a tall shrub, and settling on the leaves. The late Mr. M. J. M'Ken took several specimens in the same locality, but at long intervals. Colonel Bowker sent three Dermaptera taken near D'Urban in August 1S73, and in the course of 1879 forwarded in all nine others; but it was not until July 18S0 that he discovered a little metro- polis of the species at Claremont, near D^Urban, in the shape of a large wild fig-tree.^ He wiote at that time : " My attention was attracted to a fine specimen sitting with closed wings on the bark of the tree. He was soon boxed, and I then looked round for others. You may guess my surprise at finding them in great numbers, in all degrees of development, from the little twisted-up lump creeping out of the pupa skin to the fully expanded butterfly. I secured abovit fifty, and an equal number must have got away. They were most numerous at about a foot from the ground, and the pupa3 were collected together in the hollows of the bark and suspended to a mass of web. I send some of this web, which you will see is full of imperfect specimens, bits of wings, ttc." Colonel liowker thought that this web was the work of the congregated larvfe of the butterfly, but it appeared to me to be certainly that of a s]3ider ; and he himself added that he found a spider in one part of the mass. On the 30th July he further noted that the butterflies were still coming out, but not so numerously, and estimated that over a thousand must have appeared from the same tree between that date and the 15th of the same month. Localities of Myrina dcrmapicva. I. South Africa. E. Natal. a. Coast Districts. — D^Urban. F. "Zululand."— Coll. Brit. Mus. Genus APHN^US, Aplmceus, Hiibn., Verz. Bek. Schmett,, p. 81 (1S16); Hewits., Illust. Diurn. Lep., p. 60 (1865). yl7?;W//2)0(?/a [part], Westw., Gen. Diurn. Lep., ii. p. 477 (1S52); Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 226 (1S66). Spindasis, Wallengr., Lep. Rhop. Caffr., in Iv. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl.,p. 45 (1857)- Imago. — Head of moderate size ; eyes smooth ; ixdpi moderately long, separated tliroughoiit, divergent, ascendant, densely and compactly clothed with scales, — the second joint not rising quite to level of summit of eyes, — terminal joint shorter than in lolaics or Hypoli/cwna, not very slender ; antcnncc of moderate length, I'atlier thick (less so than in lolaus), very gradually incrassated from rather before their middle. Thorax robust, proportionally more so than in lolaus, well clothed with silky down. Forc-winr/s apically acute and subapically somewhat convex in the ^, but blunter and sub-truncate in the ^ ; costa very slightly arched near base, and thence almost straight ; costal nervure ^ Mr. T. Ayres, in the list furnished by him of a collection of South-African insects, mentions his having reared Dermajitcra from the pupa found near D'Urban, " at the foot of a banyan fig-tree." LYC^.NID.E. 147 very strong, termiuating about middle of costa ; subcostal uervure four- branched/- — tlie first and second nervules originating (widely apart) considerably before extremity of discoidal cell, tliird rather nearer apex than to extremity of cell, and fourth terminating at apex ; upper radial nervule springing from subcostal nervure a little distance beyond ex- tremity of cell ; middle and lower disco-cellular nervules about equal in length, slightly curved ; no tuft on inner margin in ^. Jlind-^vinjs prominently produced in anal -angular portion ; costa rather strongly arched ; costal nervure much arched, terminating at a little distance before apex ; radial and disco-cellular nervules as in Hypolycama ; two rather short, linear tails, respectively on submedian nervure and first median nervule, of which the former is the longer ; no badge in ^. Fore-legs of $ rather large, scaly, — femur with some thin fine hair beneath ; tibia with three or four pairs of rather long spines beneath ; tarsus closely spinulose beneath, and not perceptibly articulate, but with pairs of longer spines indicating the articulations ; — of the ^ but a little larger and thicker, — tarsus considerably thicker, distinctly articulate, and with a pair of claws at extremity. Middle and hind legs stout, — tibifB with well-developed terminal spurs ; tarsi strong, thickly spinulose beneath. Laeva. — Rather elongate, broad anteriorly and about middle, but narrowing considerably posteriorly ; segment next head apparently pro- jecting as a short hood ; anal segment produced, and bristly. *' On ConvolvulacecG (Thwaites)." — F. Moore. Pupa. — Rather slender, elongate ; thorax angulated laterally. (These characters of the larva and pupa are taken from the figures of those of the Cingalese A. lazularia in Moore's Lepidoptera of Ccrjlon, pi. 41, flf. ic.) Aphnccus is strictly an Old-World genus, but ranges widely through Africa and Southern Asia, from Sierra Leone (A. Orcas, Drury") to the Philippine Islands (A. Syama, Hewits.) Two species are Arabian, and one of them {A. Acamas, Klug) is recorded from Asia Minor. Of the twenty species known, nine are African and nine from India and the Indo-Malayan Islands, four of the latter inhabiting Ceylon. Seven of the African species are found in Southern Africa, and four of them seem to be peculiar to the sub-region. I exclude from the genus the Syrian and North-African species Cilissa, Zohra, and Siphax, ^ In ^. Hutchinsonii, Trim, (and I believe in A. Orcas, Dniry), this nervure has five branches, the third nervule arising rather nearer end of cell, and the fourth and fifth nervules (of which the former ends at apex and the latter a little below it) originating about midway between the origin of the third and the apex. - Hewitson (loc. cit.) describes an example of what he believes to be the female of Drury's Oreas from the Hope Collection at Oxford. Through the kindness of Professor Westwood, I had the opportunity, in 1867, of examining and noting the characters of this very speci- men. It appeared to me to be a S , and certainly not identical with Orcas, — the under side being ochreous-yellow, with all the silvery markings edged with purplish-ferruginous, while that of Orcas is both described and figured by Drury as chocolate-brown generally, without mention or delineation of any edging to the silvery markings. 148 SOUTH- AFRICAN liUTTERFLIES. included in it by Ilewitson and Kirby, but wliich arc rightly referable to the genus Zcrltis. Tlio Aphncei are on tlio upper side for the most part of rather dull- brownish colouring varied with ochre-yellow, but several (especially the $ s) have a vivid purple or violaceous-blue gloss extending from the bases over a considerable area of the wings. On the under side their beauty is very remarkable, the pale-creamy or yellowish ground-colour being crossed by numerous well-defined bands of orange or ochre- yellow, brown or purple, containing brilliant silvery or very pale-golden stripes. In the Orcas group (noted above as having five branches to the subcostal nervure of the fore-wings), the silvery marks, though very largely developed, are broken up into separate spots, the rest of the bands being either merged in the ground-colour or represented by a dark edging to the spots. A tendency in the same direction is exhi- bited by the under-side pattern of A. ha, Hewits., a small species from the Gaboon. Of the South-African species, only one — tlie largest and most beau- tiful, viz., the newly-discovered A. llittxliinsonvi, Trim. — belongs to the Orcas group ; five represent tlio most numerous group, viz., that of Mollis, Cram. ; and the remaining one, A. Pscndo-zeritis, Trim., has a very distinct aspect, and in the undor-sido characters shows a resem- blance to some species of Zcritis. These butterflies are very swift on the wing, but settle very fre- (luently on twigs and leaves of shrubs, more rarely on flowers, and sometimes on the ground. Of the four species I have seen in nature, I think the very handsome A. Masilikazi is the most easily captured, though it usually frequents higher twigs and flowers than the others. This species is most prevalent on the Natal coast, but several of the genus haunt exceedingly dry or almost desert country, notably A. Namaquus, Trim.,^ which I discovered in Little Namaqualand. 193. (1.) Aphnaeus Hutchinsonii, sp. nor. Exp. al, {$) I in. 6 lin, ^ Fuscous, ivith disco-inncr-marginal area from base ivulcli/ suffused with violaccoiis-hlue in both wings ; six conspicuous white spots in sub- apical area of fore-winrj. Fore-wing : blue occupies basal two-thirds of discoidal cell, and all the space between first median nervule and inner marf^-in, except a moderately wide border on hind-margin ; immediately beyond extremity of cell a rather large subquadrate pure white spot ; a submar<>-inal row of five similar but rather smaller spots, of which the third (between lower radial and third median nervules) is out of line ' The North- Africiui ami Arabian A. Acamas and .1, Tamuniha arc also dwellers in desert tracts. LYCiENID.E. 149 with and beyond tlie rest, ilio upper two almost united, and tlio lower two (between third and first median nervules) a little apart ; costa yellow-ochreous at and near base, with a reddish stain. Hind-iving : blue occupies entire cellular and discal area, being bounded superiorly by subcostal nervuro and its second nervulo, inferiorly by submedian nervure, and externally by a hind-marginal border rapidly narrowing inferiorly ; lower part of hind-marginal border traversed by an ill- defined ochre-red streak widening on anal-angular projection. Under- side : didl, ixde ochirous-i/eUoir, with numerous {^mostly large) siliiery- white spots, distinctly outlined 'with hlaek, and further less regularly edged ivith ferruginous. Fore-iving : the following silvery markings, viz., along costal border and superiorly touching its edge, a moderate-sized longitudinally ovate spot close to base, — two large transversely-lying spots (or short bands), one crossing discoidal cell, the other just beyond its extremity, — a smaller and shorter but similarly-shaped spot beyond that last named, and a still smaller one just before apex ; two sub- marginal spots, one small and round, between lower radial and third median nervules, the other large and elongate on the median nervules ; another spot (the smallest on tho wing) in discoidal cell below and slightly beyond basal spot on costa; between first median nervule and submedian nervure, a very large superiorly arched and black-edged but inferiorly and interiorly ill-defined white patch, slightly silvery in its upper part ; traces of a ferruginous line very near and parallel to hind-margin, which is narrowly edged with black. Hiyid-iving : the following silvery spots, viz., at base, one in size and shape like that in fore-wing, but placed transversely ; before middle, a transverse row of four, of which the first is large and very round, between costal and subcostal nervures, — the second in discoidal cell, also rounded, but very much smaller, — the third very small, and with the fourth (smaller, ({uadrate, and further fVom base) situate on inner margin ; and about and beyond middle an irregular series of four very large differently- shaped spots (the central one, just at extremity of cell, the largest and roundest, and the lowest, on inner margin, very elongate and crossed by a black line), and two very small ones, situate respectively below upper and middle large spots ; two very small similar spots respectively at the beginning and end of a submarginal ferruginous streak ; a blackish spot on anal-angular projection ; hind-margin narrowly edged with black. Head reddish -brown ; a conspicuous white spot on vortex and two smaller ones in front ; palpi wdiito with black tips ; antenna) dark reddish-brown with cream-coloured tips ; eyes narrowly edged with white ; thorax brown beneath, spotted with white ; legs reddish -brown, barred here and with white, and with tufts of white hair on coxre ; abdomen black, with white segmental stripes on tho sides and beneath. (Described from a single s]")ecimen in worn condition, in which the tails and part of tho anal-angular lobe of Ihe hind-wings are wanting.) VOL. II. L 150 SOUTH- AFRICAN LUTTERFLIES. This Aplinceus is evidently related to A. Oiras, Drury, judging from the figures given on pi. xxxiv. of the third volume of that author's Illustrations, but is at once distinguishable by its conspicuous white spots on the upper side in the fore-wing and its yellowish instead of chocolate-brown iinder side. The large and brilliant silvery spots of the under side (which altogether separate it from any other South-African species known) are arranged much as in Orcas, but those in and beyond middle are j)erfectly separate, instead of being confluent into transverse bands. The only example I have seen of this exceedingly beautiful butterfly was captured by Mr. J. M. Hutchinson, who liberally presented it to the South- African Museum, and after whom, in recognition of his services to Ento- mology, I have great pleasure in naming the species. Mr. Hutchinson wrote in February i8S6, that he met with only this single specimen, on the summit of a hill near Estcourt, Natal. It was flying round a tree with much i-apidity, but settled several times ; when captured, it was resting on the upper side of a leaf. A second example, believed by Mr. Hutchinson to be also a ^ , was taken by a Mr. Morrison at a spot about twelve miles distant. Colonel Bowker, who saw both specimens at Estcourt, informs me that Mr. Morri- son's was also without tails on the hind-wings. AVhen in perfect condition, this Aphnccus must rival in beauty the most brilliant of the family Lyccenidte. Lucalitij of Aphnccus Hutdiinsonii. South Africa. E. Natal. h. Upper Districts. — Estcoiu't (. When in 1868 {loc. cit.) I described the orange-banded form as a distinct species (.4. caffer), I found that Ilewitson {np. cit.) had figured it as Natalensis, Westw., giving the upper side oi a. $ and the under side of a 5 . Re-exa- mination of ilewitson 's figure of the upper side in the Genera, in com- parison with a large number of specimens, has led me to conclude — especially in view of the lars^e size of the orange anal-angular marking in the hind- 152. SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. win^, and the small development of the adjacent hind -marginal lunulate whitish streak — that it represents the species with orange- banded under side ; but it must be admitted that much uncertainty attends this conclusion. My A. caffer being thus sunk in Natalensis, Westw., the reputed Natal eyisis (purple-banded beneath) must take Wallengren's name of MadlUiazi, pro- posed in 1857. From the latter, the form under notice is separated on the upper side by its paler, less purplish blue, by the much more constant and well- developed ochreous-yellow stripes of the fore-wing, and by the brighter and wider anal-angular orange of the hind- wing ; while on the under side the stripes are orange or ochreous instead of dull-purple ; the fore-wing has no spot on costa at base or at origin of inner submarginal streak ; and the hind- wing has the base and inner margin orange-ochreous, the band beyond middle inclining outward more than inward, and always joining the inner submar- ginal streak, which latter is orange instead of dull-purplish. A. Natalensis is nearer than A. MasilUiazi to the Indian A. Etolus, Cram., having the under-side stripes of the same colour ; but both the African species want the hind-marginal and sub-marginal orange stripes of the fore-wing, and the additional sub-basal orange stripe of the hind-wing which Etolus dis2Dlays. Remarkably diminutive specimens of Natalensis occur ; one $ , taken in Natal by Mr. T. Ayres, expands only 10 lines, and a $ from the Transvaal country barely i r lines. I found this butterfly not uncommon in the iipland gi-assy hills in the interior of Natal, i It was swift and active in flight, but settled very fre- quently on the leaves and flowers of low plants. I captured the paired sexes in the Noodsberg on the i6th March 1867. ^^^ Basutoland the slight variety found abundantly by Colonel Bowker was described by him as usually sitting on the ground or on stones, keeping much in paii's, and only flying for a veiy few yards at a time, so as to be easily captured. Localities of Aphnccus Natalensis. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. c. Griqualand Wes-t. — Kimberley. d. Basutoland. — Maseru (/. //. BawJcer). E. Natal. b. Upper Districts. — Great Noodsberg. Udland's Mission Station. K. Transvaal. — Potchefsti'oom District {T. Ayres). 195. (3.) AphnsBus Masilikazi, (Wallengi-en). $ 9 Spindasis Masilikazi, Wallengr., K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1S57, Lep. Rhop. Caffr., p. 45. AvibIi/2)odia Natalensis, Hopff., Peters' Reise n. Mossamb., — Ins., p. 399 (1862). 3 2,, f, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 227, n. 131 (1S66). Uxp. al., I in. 2-7 lin. ^ Dull violaceous-Uuc shot with rich pur2)lc, ivith broad hroionish- Hack borders. Forc-wiwj : blue forms a semicircle on inner margin 1 Colonel Bowker has this UKJuth (August 1885) scut sijecimens taken at Malvern, ten miles from D'Urb:ui. LYaEXID.E. I S3 from base to beyond middle, sometimes extending upwards into cell ; just beyond end of cell an orange spot, sometimes very indistinct; in some specimens a faint trace of a second orange spot a little beyond the other ; more rarely these two markings are developed into short stripes (of which the inner is oblique and longer), and in one specimen they are confluent above second median nervule ; occasionally a third yellow mark in discoidal cell. Hiiul-iving : blue leaves a tolerably broad costal, hind-marginal and inner-marginal dark border; hind- marginal border containing a bluish lunular line near anal-angular projection, which is orange-yellow, marked with two silvery-dotted black spots ; tails black, orange at base and white at tip. Under-side. — Pale whitisli-yclloiu, with gold-lined, purplc-hordcred, hlack-edgcd trans- verse fasciae ; common to both wings, a fascia from costa before middle (confluent on median nervure with a black basal patch), extends across hind-wing to before anal angle, whence it is angulated to about middle of inner mai'gin, — a fascia from costa about middle (becoming dull and gradually obsolete below second median) to third median nervule of hind-wing beyond middle, — two submarginal purplish strias (of which the inner commences with a costal gold spot) becoming confluent and bright-orange, with a gold streak before anal angle of hind-wing, — and a hind-marginal, black, edging line. Forc-iving : at base, two j)urple spots, and a short transverse streak a little beyond them, not gilt ; beyond second fascia, a costal spot and a fascia from costa to third median nervule, coloured like other fascia3. Hind-iving : seven spots, of which the larger have gilt centres, in basal area ; anal-angular pro- jection of gT'ound- colour, its black spots very conspicuous ; a rcmarlcahle longitudinal fold, clothed with silky pale-brown hairs, runs from base between median and submedian nervures as far as orange colouring before anal angle. $ Paler ; Uue much duller and ^j«/(^r, without inirple gloss. Fore- wing : orange spots beyond cell larger, sometimes expanded into trans- verse hands, sometimes confluent on median nervules ; a short dull- whitish band before them, crossing cell and joining blue. Hind-wing : a dusky band from costa crosses a dull- whitish space before hind- marginal border ; anal-angular orange pale and dull ; lunular marginal line ivhite. Under side. — As in $. •In this beautiful Aplinceus, while the under-side pattern is most constant, the upper side of the fore- wing is remarkably variable, especially in the (J , as regards the ochre-yellow markings. In a series of ^ s before me there is eveiy gradation, from uniform fuscous beyond the blue area to a development of the yellow markings as full as in the allied A. Natalensis, Westw. In the 5 the markings in question are broader and always to some extent repre- sented, but they are very often incomplete, and sometimes inclining to whitish and suffused. I have noted under A. Natalensis the differences existing between that species and A. Masilika::/. On the coast of Natal this butterfly is by no means rare. I always found it in wooded spots, keeping about rather high bushes, and often settling on 154 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. their twigs or flowers. It was on the wing in February, March, and April ; and Colonel Bowker writes that he has taken it also in July. Though hitherto not recorded from Kaffraria proper, the insect probably occurs there, as Colonel Bowker sent an example from British Kaffraria, and in 1870 Miss M. Barber gave me two ^ s captured by her as far south as the coast of the Bathui'st district of the Cape Colony. Localities of A jJi/nr/i ft Jirasilil'/fzL I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. b. Eastern Districts. — Mouth of Kleinemond River (Miss M. Barber). British Kaffraria (/. //. Bowker). c. Griqualand West. — Vaal River {J. H. Bowlicr). E. Natal. a. Coast Districts. — D'Urban. Verulam. Pinetown and Mouth of Tugela River (/. H. Bowlier). b. Upper Districts.— Rorke's Drift, Buffalo River (/. //. Boivher). F. Zululand. — St. Lucia Bay {the late Culonel 11. Tuiccr). K. Transvaal. — Potchefstroom (2'. Ai/res). II. Other African Regions. A. South Tropical. a. "Western Coast. — Damaraland (C. J. Aiidej'sso?/). b. Eastern Coast. — ' ' Querimba. ' ' — Hopff er. bi. Eastern Interior. — Shashani and Makloutze Rivers (F. C. Selous). " Near Victoria Falls, Zambesi River (F. Oates)."- — Westwood. 196. (4.) Aphnaeus Ella, Hewitson. Aphnanis Ella, Llewits., 111. Diurn. Lep., p. 63, n. ic, pi. 25, f. 6 (1865). Aplinceus Ckalca, Wallengr., Ofv. K. Vet.-Akad. Fcirh., 1S75, p. 89, n. 46. Exp. al., I in. — I in. 3 lin. ^ Colouring and general iKdtcrii quite liJce those of A. Natalensis, Westw. Fore-toing : middle ochre-yeliow stripe not oblique outwardly, but quite transverse, irregularly dentate on its outer edge, narrowed inferiorly, and sometimes confluent on median nervure (between first and second nervules), with the preceding short ochre-yellow stripe crossing discoidal cell ; outer oclire-yellow stripe completely separated from, being parallel to, middle stripe, very variable in form and width, • — its superior extremity very narrow and often indistinct ; its middle j)ortion, on third median nervule, partly or sometimes wholly separated by the fuscous-brown ground-colour. Hind-iving : two indistinct oblique discal darker stripes, and a submarginal one ; bluish-white streak close along lower half of hind-margin well developed ; no orange at anal angle, but tails of that colour at their base. Cilia whitish mixed with brown in fore-wing. Under side. — The stripes not orange or orange-ochreous, as in Katalensis, hut of a darker purple than in Ilasilikazi, and differing in form and arrangement from those of both LYC.^NIDiE. 155 tlie species named. Fore-wing : two basal and two sub-basal small dark- purple spots, two on costa and the other two in discoidal cell ; first stripe from costa as usual ; second, about middle, wholly different, being transverse instead of outwardly oblique, and not longer than the first, terminating abruptly (with a dark-pui'ple edging) just below median nervure ; costal spot as usual ; third stripe from costa very much longer, roughly parallel with hind-margin as far as submedian nervure, irregular, in some specimens even interrupted on third median nervule ; inner submarginal streak commencing with a costal spot and widening into a similar spot on third median nervule, when it almost touches a projection of the third stripe ; outer streak linear, close to hind-margin. Hind-iving : sub-basal row of spots as in MasililMzi, but the spots larger ; three smaller basal spots better marked ; long- central oblique angulated stripe having same direction as usual, but irregular and more or less interrupted on second subcostal and third median nervules ; second stripe in usual position, but curved inwardly, aiid touching, or even occasionally confluent with, first stripe at the latter's points of interruption ; inner submarginal streak replaced by a stripe similar to the others, which (as in Etolus, Cram.) is widened about the middle, and there meets both the extremity of the second stripe and the angulation of the first, and from the latter point is itself narrowed and angulated to inner margin ; outer submarginal streak obsolete except near apex and anal angle ; at the latter two black spots, of which the upper one is silvery-spangled ; immediately bordering outer edge of lower part of submarginal stripe some bright-orange scaling. $ Blue much 2oaler, without p)urple lustre. Fore-wing : first short ochre-yellow stripe much reduced, second and third more even and wider than in ^. Hind-w%ng : inclining to whitish on upper part of disc, rendering the dusky stripes less indistinct ; submarginal bluish streak whiter and broader. Under side. — As in ^. The specimen, of which the under side is figured by Hewitson, has all the stripes of a faded greyish ochre-yellow instead of dark-purple ; he gives Natal as its locality. Two similar ^ s (one with the stripes rather darker) were sent to me by Colonel Bowker from Griqualand West. This species, most like Natalcnsis on the upper side, is nearer to Masilikctzi on the under side, but may at once be distinguished from both by the shortness of the second and length of the third stripes in the fore-wings (just the reverse of the corresponding markings in those species, and indeed in the other South-African Aplmcci), and by the irregularity and crowding together of the stripes of the hind-wing. This is by no means a common species, the Transvaal territory seeming to be its metropolis. It occurs as far north as the Makalaka country. Mr. W, Morant captured specimens near Potchefstroom at the end of February, and Mr. F. C. Selous in the North-West Transvaal in February and March. Wallengi-en's full description is taken from a single individual cap- tured in the Transvaal by Mr. N. Person. Mr. H. L. Feltham notes it as 156 SOUTH- AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. occurring in plenty at Barkly West ( = Klipdrift) at about the end of Decem- ber 1885; and four specimens have been presented by him to the South- African Museum. Localities of Ai^hnams Ella. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. c. Griqualand West. — Klipdrift, Vaal Piiver {J. II. Boiclicr and //. L. Fi'Iiham). E. " Natal."— Ilewitson, K. Transvaal. — Potchefstroom {W. Movant and T. Ayres). Marico and Limpopo Rivers {F. G. Sclotis). II. Other African Regions. A. South Tropical. bi. Eastern Interior. — Makloutze and Tati Rivei'S (F. C. Selous). 197. (5.) Aphnseus Phanes, Trimen. $ $ Aphuvus Phaites, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1S73, p. iii, pi. i. ff. 4, 5. Exp. al, (^) I in. i^ lin. ; ($) i in. 3I-5 liu. ^ Fuscous, shot ivith rich purple; forc-ioing with yelluic-oclircous markings. Fore-^ving : the purple gloss covers inner-marginal region, but extends upward only as far as median nervure and its second nervule ; costa rather broadly marked with dull ochreous at and near base ; an almost square marking in discoidal cell near extremity ; beyond cell, near costa, an irregular roughly V-shaped marking ; a narrow, s^^b- marginal, irregular stripe commencing close to apex, more or less dis- tinctly interrupted on third median nervule, and ending on first median nervule. Hind-icing : purple gloss does not extend above subcostal or below submedian nervure, but covers the space between those nervures from base to hind-marginal edge ; a hind-marginal whitish streak from radial to anal angle ; on either side of submedian nervure a hind-mar- ginal black spot dotted with silvery; just before the space between these two spots, an indistinct yellow-ochreous mark ; tails black, ochreous at base and white at tip. Cilia white. Under side. — Metallic silvcrg-whitc, with dull ochreous, mesially silvcry-strcalced, narroivly Hack-edged, hroad traiisversc hands. Fore-wing : base narrowly suffused with yellow-ochreous, inner margin widely with pale grey ; three transverse bauds commence on costal edge ; the first, before middle, short, straight, ending a little below median nervure ; the second, long, oblique, commencing about middle, extending in direction of anal angle, but becoming obsolete above submedian nervure ; the third, near apex, rather short, ending abruptly between third and second median nervules, where it touches the second band; between second and third bands a costal spot of the same colouring ; a fourth band (not marked with silvery) occupies hind-margin, and is traversed by an interrupted black line, which is inwardly bordered by white sub-lunulate LYa^NID.E. 157 marks, both lino and marks bein<2^ strongest at submedian nerviiro where tliey abruptly terminate. Hind-wing : a basal and inner-mar- ginal band, irregularly dentate on its edges, leaving a very narrow inner-marginal edging of white ; a second band, continuous of first band of fore-wing, crossing obliquely from costa about middle to a little distance before anal-angular lobe, where it narrows and coalesces with extremity of inner-marginal band ; a third band, running parallel to the second, is confluent at apex and about middle of hind-margin, with a hind-marginal band similar to that of fore-wing, and near anal angle with the second band ; no black traversing line in hind-marginal band, but the white markings more continuous than in fore-wing. $ Without 2)urple gloss ; ydloiv-ochrcous marldngs in loth icings ; basal region of wings irrorated with light-bluish scales. Fore-wing : all the markings much more developed than in $ ; the quadrate cellular marking more or less indistinctly produced into an oblique band, which, on submedian nervure beyond middle, meets the extremity of the vari- able but uninterrupted submarginal stripe ; the much-enlarged V-shaped subcostal marking beyond middle is prolonged to join submarginal stripe on second median nervule (in two specimens it is confluent with the stripe). Hind-iving : inner-marginal region from base clothed with light-bluish hairs ; a narrow submarginal yellow-ochreous stripe, com- mencing indistinctly about first subcostal nervule, is joined between third and second median nervules by an oblique wider stripe of the same coloui', commencing on first subcostal nervule about middle. Under side. — As in ^, but the transverse bands paler, and inclining to an orangfe-ochreous tint ; whitish lunulate marks in hind-marginal border much enlarged and suff'used. Fore-iving : extremity of third band does not meet the second baud. Hind-wing : the inner-marginal band is externally more irregularly dentate than in ^, a small portion at origin of first median nervule forming a separate spot. This Aphncvus is distinguished from all its congeners except A. Namaqmis by the silvcry-wliite, ground-colour of the under side of the wings. The arrangement of the bands of the under side comes nearest to that presented by A. JSfntalcnsis, Westw. On the upper side the ^ is further remarkable for its rich purple gloss and want of discal blue, and the $ for the great development of the yellow-ochreous markings, particularly in the hind-wings. Mr. J. H. Lowker sent me a $ of this beautiful species from the Yaal River, Griqualand West, in July 187 1, and has since forwarded three (J s and three $ s from Klipdrift, on the same river. He notes the habits of the insect as closely resemliling those of A. Natalensis. On the i8th September 1872 I captured a $ at Klipdrift; it was settling on a high bush. I have not seen any other examples ; 1 and the only record I have met ^ Mr. H. L. Feltham has lately (March 18S6) presented three specimens to the South- African Museum, which wpre taken at Barkly (Klipdrift). He describes the butterfly as very plentiful in that locality about the end of December 1S85. 158 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. with of the occiivrence of the species elsewhere is by Mr P. Aurivillius (O/v. K. Vef.-A/iad. Forh., 1879, P 44)> ^^^^^ notes a single ^ taken by G. de Vylder in Damaraland on February 4th, and a $ in the Stockholm Museum, found by Wahlberg in "Kaffraria." Localities o? Aphncrus Fhancs. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. c. Griqualand West. — Klipdrift, Vaal River (/. //. Boivker and H. L. Feltham). II. Other African Regions. A. South Tropical. a. West Coast. — " Damaraland {De Vi/Ider).^' — Aurivillius. 198. (G.) Aphnaeus Namaquus, Trimen. (^ '^ AplnuTus namariunt<, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1S74, p. 334, pi. ii. ff. 5, 6. Exp. al., Q) I in. 2-3 lin. ; ($) i in. 4! lin. $ Fuscous, witli a vivid purpU gloss. Fore-wing : three rather narrow yellow-ochreous markings, viz., a short, quadrate, cellular one, adjoining median nervui'e between origins of first and second nervules, an elongate, curved, irregular streak beyond middle, from close to costa, as far as first median nervule, and a small sub-lunulate spot near apex, between upper radial and third median nervules ; the purple gloss covering inner-marginal region from base to hind-margin, but not rising above median nervure or its second nervule. Hind-wing : purple extends from base to hind-margin, between subcostal nervure and its first nervule and submedian nervure ; on anal-angular lobe two blackish dots, scaled and ringed w^itli silvery and whitish. Cilia white. Under side. — Silvcry-inhite, with hroad, dull ochrcous-hrown, ccntrallg silver-streaked, llaclc-edgcd bars and. sjwts. Forc-unng : a quadrate spot at base, leaving costal edge and median nervure very narrowly silvery- white ; before middle, a short bar from costa to submedian nervure ; from about middle of costa a long oblique bar extending towards anal angle, but becoming obsolete just above submedian nervure ; a round spot on costa beyond middle ; from costa, near apex, a much-curved bar extending to between third and second median nervules, where it abruptly and bluntly ends ; a hind-marginal border of the same colour as the bars, commencing at apex and becoming obsolete about sub- median nervure, interiorly black-edged and rather sharply dentated, mesially traversed by an interrupted black line edged with whitish on both sides. Hind-'wing ; a basal and inner-marginal submacular bai", externally presenting five blunt projections, extending to about middle ; an irregular, oblique central bar (continuous of first bar of fore-wing) extending to a little before anal angle, where it is angulated back- LYaENID.P>. 159 ward to inner margin Ly an elongate usually separate portion ; a large costal spot just before apex, in contact or confluent with a vei-y strongly angulated bar, wliicli, commencing just below apex, touches or is confiiicnt icltli the central lar just beyond extremity of discoidal cell, and between third and second median nervales becomes confluent with a hind marginal border similar to that of fore-wing; the travers- ing white-edged line of the hind-marginal border is more continuous than in fore- wing ; black dots on anal-angular lobe more conspicuous than on the upper side. $ IVifhout 2^'^<''U^^^ (/loss, only 'j^'^^cscniiiig a slight riolaccous suffusion from hascs ; ycllow-oclircous markings strongly dcvcloj'cd in both u-ings. Fore-wing : the yellow-ochreous markings much enlarged and pro- longed inferiorly, so that the first and second are widely confluent below first median nervule, and the second and third narrowly so between third and second median nervules ; a faint yellow mark in cell, near base. Jli/id-iring : the position of the silvery-white parts of the under side is roughly indicated by suffused markings of yellow- ochreous, viz., one in cell near base, one on costa near apex, one on hind-margin below apex, and one (largest) on median nervules ; a whitish line close and parallel to hind-mai*gin scaled with silvery on anal-angular lobe. Under side. — As in ^, but the bars and spots proportionally narrower, leaving more of the silvery-white ground- colour unoccupied. (Described from ten ^ and one ^ specimens.) ^ This Aphmvus is a near ally of A. Fhanes, mihi (Trans. Ent. Sr)C., 1873, p. I I I, pi. i. figs. 4, 5), resembling the latter particularly in the silvery-white ground colour of the under side, and the great development of the yellow-ochreous bands on the upper side of the ^. The chief difterence of importance is presented by the under side of tJie liind-wing, in which, instead of being rather even and almost parallel, the oblique bars are irregular and almost submacular, and tJce outer one is so strongly angulated as to he eonjluent with the inner one near the end of the discoidal cell. This arrangement breaks the silvery ground- colour beyond the middle into three irregular markings, and gives the under side an appearance quite different from that of other Ajjhncci. Other distinctions from A. Fhanes are (in the ^) the very undeveloped state of the ochreous fore-wing upper-side markings, which in one example are very small and dull, and in another all but obsolete ; and (in the $) the different arrangement of the hind-wing upper-side markings, which in both species follow or correspond with the silvery- white portions of the under side. In both sexes, the very dark eoloitr- ing of the sjwts and hars of the tinder side is a marked distinguishing feature. ^ Four 9 examples, taken in Namaqualand by Mr. Peringuey during November 18S5, closely resemble the one here described, only varying in the development of the outermost yellow bar, which in two of them is in both wings much narrowed and interrupted. i6o SOUTH-AFRICAN EUTTERFLIES. I first met with this species under a thorn-tree (known as the " One Tree," in a wide expanse of country) a few miles from Annenous, on the line of railway laid down by the Cape Copper Mining Company, and afterwards on the road between Elboogfontein and Kockfontein ; near the Komaggas Mission Station ; and at Oograbies ; but it was numerous at the latter place only. It has the short active flight of its congeners, but is less wary when settled. It iisually rests on the bare twigs of some low shrub, with its head downward, and when disturbed will sometimes return to the same perch. The (^ has a very dark, almost black appearance on the wing ; but the only ^ I met with had in flight more the look of A. Natalaisis, Westw. Localities of AjjJinccus Namaquus. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. a. Western Districts. — Annenous, Oograbies, itc, District of Namaqualand. Garries, Sjjectakel, Ookiep, and Klipfontein, District of Namaqualand (L. Pcrhvjueu). 199. (7.) AphnsBUS pseudo-zeritis, Trimen. (J A]p]inceus pseudo-zeritis, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1S73, p. 113, pi. i. f. 6. Uxp. cd., II liu. ^ Fuscous, glossed tvlth ■metallic hluc. Forc-u-ing : blue forms a patch on inner margin, rising only very little above first median nervule, and not entering discoidal cell or extending much beyond middle, Hind-iving : blue occupies greater part of wing from base to hind-margin, leaving a broad costal and narrower inner-marginal fuscous border ; a good-sized fulvous-ochreous spot at anal angle, marked exteriorly by two black dots, and interiorly by a few minute brassy scales. Under side. — Dull, ixde greyish-ochrcous, uith sicb- quadrate, darker spots centred ivith glittering brass]/ sccdes. Fore-wing : five spots in discoidal cell, irregularly placed, the elongate one at extremity and the spot nearest to it being considerably larger than the other three ; a row of three minute brassy dots along costal edge near base ; beyond the latter, four small elongate spots form a curved row, near costal edge, from second cellular spot to a little beyond middle ; an irregular transverse row of about six spots beyond middle, of which the first three are distinct and well-separated, but the lower ones con- fiuent, larger, and indistinct ; two parallel rows of six spots each along hind-margin, the outer row on hind-marginal edge, and consisting of smaller spots than those of the inner row ; a short, oblique, apical streak is formed by the confluence of the first spots of the tw^o rows ; cellular region and costa adjacent suffused with fulvous-yellow from base ; between median nervure and inner margin an irregular, elongate, fuscous marking. Hind-ioing : spots arranged similarly to those in fore-wing, but more suffused and indistinct, especially in basal region LYCJEmDJE. i6i and beyond middle towards lower part of liiud-margin, where tliere is a clouding of brownisli-fuscous ; anal-angular fulvous-oclireoas spot smaller than on upper side, and edged inferiorly with black. This curious little species appears to constitute a passage between tlie genera Apluiceus and Zeritis ; the upper side of the wings, with a blue gloss and fulvous anal-angular spot (but without the usual yellow-ochreous mark- ings), resembling that prevalent in the former genus, while the metallic- centred spots of the under side are so similar in aiTangement and appearance to the characteristic spotting of Zeritis (and particularly to that of the little Z. Phosphor, mihi) that, until I detected the remains of a second tail on each hind-wing, I was strongly disposed to place the butterfly in the latter genus. I am indebted to Miss Fanny Bowker, of Pembroke, near King William's Town, for the first specimen that I have seen ; it was taken by her on a low shrub (a species of Eudea), on the border of a wood at Tharfield, in the Division of Bathurst.^ A second example occurred in a collection formed by Mr. J. M. Hutchin- son, shown to me in the year 1881 ; he informed me that he captured it on the Bushman River in Natal Localities of Aphncvus pseudo-zeritis. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. h. Eastern Districts. — Tharfield, Bathurst District [Miss F. Boivher). E. Natal. b. Upper Districts. — Bushman River (/. M. Hutchinson). Genus CHRYSORYCHIA. Chrfjsorychia, Wallengr., KongL Svensk. Vetensk.-Akad. llaudl., 1S57,— Lep. Rhop. Caffr., p. 44. Axiocerses, Hiibn., Verz. Bek. Schmett., p, 71 (18 16). Zeritis [part], Trim., Rhop, Afr. Aust,, ii. p. 261 (1866). Imago. — ITead rather small, rather roughly hairy in front ; eyes smooth ; j;rt/2-^i short, — second joint rather roughly hirsute and scaly, especially towards extremity, — terminal joint short, scaly, moderately slender, acuminate, obliquely ascendant ; antennce rather long, mode- rately thick, with an elongated, cylindrical, but very pronounced club. Thorax robust, clothed above frontally, laterally, and posteriorly, with close silky hair, and beneath with dense woolly hair. Fore- loings rather produced apically and elbowed hind-marginally, espe- cially in ^ ; costa slightly hollowed about middle ; costal nervure ending about middle ; subcostal nervure with only three nervules, — the iirst arising midway between base and extremity of discoidal cell, — the second about midway between the first and extremity of cell, — the third at a little beyond extremity of cell (having a com- ^ About the same bush were several Zeritis CJiri/saor, Trimen ; and ^Ira. Barber informs me that Ehenacecv, of the genus Eudea, are the plants most frequented by the sj^ccies of Zeritis in the eastern districts of the Colony. 1 62 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. mou origin witli upper radial nervule) and terminating at apex ; upper disco-cellular nervule much shorter than lower one. Hind-%oings nar- rowly somewhat produced at anal angle, which is prominently but bluntly lobed inferiorly ; hind-margin denticulate, and bearing at extremity of submedian nervure a short or moderately long rather hirsute tail, wider at its base ; costal nervure basally strongly arched, termi- nating at apex ; subcostal nervure branched a little before middle. Fore-legs of ^ very robust, — femur and tibia about equal in length, both densely hairy (especially the latter, which has a terminal external spur, and two internal terminal spines), — tarsus thick, scaly, with three pairs of strong spinules beneath, several lateral spinules, and a rather long terminal slightly- curved claw ; — of % less hii'sute, — the tarsus longer, complete, with short curved terminal claws. Middle and hind legs very robust, — femora and tibife moderately hirsute (the latter much shorter and with short terminal spurs), — tarsi long and thick (especially first joint), strongly spinulose beneath, with terminal claws short. This genus, which includes only the P. Harpax, Fab., Perion, Cram., and Amangct, Westw., is nearly related to Dcudorix, Ceipys, and Zeritis, but differs from all in having only three branches to the sub- costal nervure of the fore-wings. In colouring and pattern, especially on the under side, these butterflies nearly approach Zeritis, but are further structurally distinguished from that genus by their longer, more slender, distinctly clavate antennae ; shorter palpi ; more hirsute head, body, and legs ; and prominently lobate anal angle of hind- wings. Hlibner gave the generic name of Axiocerses to Cramer's Perion, a West- African species ; but I give preference to Chrysorijchia, seeing that Wallengren was the first to diagnose the group, taking his Tjoctne {=z Harpeix, Fab.) as the type. All the three species are known to inhabit Tropical Africa, and Perion, Cram., has not been found out of that region. C. Harpax has the widest distribution, ranging from the North-Tropical West Coast to the eastern districts of Cape Colony ; while C. Amccnga appears to be proper to the South-Tropical belt, but has occurred in Natal. Both the South- African species are orange-red above with dark-brown borders, but Harpax is darker in tint and has blackish spots ; while beneath Amanga presents only a few silvery markings near the base; in contrast to the numerous golden or brassy spots of Heirpax. 200. (1.) Chrysorychia Harpax, (Fabricius). 9 Pajnlio Harpax, Fab., Sj^st. Ent., Ajjp., p. 829, n. 327-328 (1775). $ Chri/sori/chia Tjoane, ? Clir. Thijra, Wallengr., K. Sv. Yet.-Akad. JHandl., 1857, — Lep. Rhop. Caffr., p. 44.1 1 I pointed out that Wallengren's Thyra was quite distinct from Linne's insect, and sug- gested [Trans. Ent. Hoc. Lond., 1870, p. 372) that it might be a well-marked ? Z. Chrysfaor, Trim. ; bvit Aurivillius (7v". Sv. Vct.-Akad. IlandL, 18S2, p. 117) has .satisfactorily determined it to be the ? of Tjoane, Wallengr. LYC.EXID.E. 163 (J $ Zeritis Croesus, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 3rd Ser., i. p. 283 (1862). (J $ Chrysopliamis Perion, Ilopff., Peters' Reisen. Mossamb., — Ins., p. 403, pi. xxvi. ff. 1-3 (1862). $ $ Zeritis Perion, Trim, [part], Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 267, n. 166 (1866). Exii. al, ($) I in. — i iu 3 lin. ; ($) I in. 2-3 lin. ^ Bed, inclining to orange, not hrilliant ; ivith shining hrown- hlackish horders. Forc-iring : base suffused with brown-blackish ; bor- der wide along costa and hind-margin, and very broad in apical region (almost reaching extremity of discoidal cell) ; two spots in cell, and a quadrate one closing it, all touching costal border, and dark- brown ; two similar spots between second and first median nervules, one just beneath extremity of cell, the other more or less incorporate with hind-marginal border (a spot above, and rarely another below, this latter spot, touching it, sometimes separable from border) ; cilia narrow, white, interrupted with brown. Hind-iving : costa from base widely, hind-margin very narrowly, bordered ; a fuscous streak closing cell ; a sub-marginal row of blackish lunular marks, more or less distinct ;^ anal angle 2^^'O'niincntlg lohcd, ferruginous-red, marked with a gilded dot, hearing a sJiort, slightly twisted, acute tail of the same hue, white- tipped, on submedian nervure. Cilia mingled greyish and ferruginous. Undek side. — Fore-wing : dull orange-yellow, very pale on inner margin ; border varying from cinereous to ferruginous-brown ; spots in and bordering discoidal cell, transverse row of spots beyond middle, and row of four dots on costa, all with large, brilliant, greenish-golden centres ; below median nervure, a large, dull-black, whitish-centred, often gold-dotted spot ; a whitish, gold-dusted streak along bend of costal edge at base ; a sub-marginal row of golden dots, sometimes indistinct. Hind-iving : varies in tint like border of fore-wing ; three transverse rows of small golden spots, some of which ai*e indistinct, the middle row including a golden streak closing cell ; a dark-brown trans- verse shade near hind-margin, ending on inner margin with a golden streak, and often mai'ked externally with some indistinct golden dots ; a pale hind-marginal edging becomes golden near anal angle. ^ Dull orange-yellow ; Irown borders paler, narrower. Fore- wing : base more widely suffused with brown, mingled with ochreous ; apical border not half as wide as in $ ; spots in and about cell larger ; beyond middle, a zigzag row of small, quadrate, blackish spots across wing. Hind-wing : base dark-brown to extremity of discoidal cell ; costa broadly bordered ; hind-margin edged with a brown line ; sub- margilnal lunular row well marked, the lunules contiguous ; a more or less incomplete row of small spots a little beyond middle, like that iu fore-wing. Under side. — Quite like that of ^ ; rather paler ; spots larger, the gilding slightly paler but not less brilliant. ^ In three Natalian sijecimeiis this marking i.s altogether wanting. 1 64 SOUTH- AFEIC AN BUTTEEFLIES. Antemicc, in both sexes, marked beneath with a conspicuous broad white bar, just at the base of the club. There is considerable variety in the depth of colouring of the under side, especially in the $, the ferruginous in some being much paler and duller, and the metallic spots much reduced and mostly indistinct. The upper side of the ^ varies much in the extent of the basal fuscous suf- fusion and the completeness of the discal row of spots in the hind- wing. Hopffer {loc. cit.) points out that the Mozambique specimens are smaller and of a duller red, but have more brilliant metallic spots (especially in the hind-wings) than those from the Cape. His figures represent longer and straighter tails on the hind-wings than I have seen in any South- African examples. 1 Four (^ s and a 9 from Sierra Leone, in the Hope Museum at Oxford (1S67) also differed from the South-African specimens in their longer tails and more brilliant under-side s^iots^ and the $ had the hind-wings uni- formly fulvous to the hind-margin. Though a near ally of the West-African Perion, Cram. {Pap. Exot., t. ccclxxix, B, c), with which both Hopffer and myself associated it, this butter- fly is really quite distinct, presenting a much less regvilar transverse series of spots on both surfaces, and a very much shorter and narrower tail in the hind-wings. Mr. W. S. M. D'Urban found i7rty2>a.c very abundant near King "William's Town, taking it from October to December, and again in March ; he noted that it frequented bushes with sweet scented flowers, one of its favourites being the thorny Arduina fevox. Colonel Bowker noted the same habits in Kaffraria Proper ; and the few individuals I met with in Natal were all taken on or about various shrubs in February and March. Its flight and motions (juite resemble those of the species of Aphnceus. I met with single specimens at Uitenhage and at East London in the month of February. This butterfly has a very wide range over Africa, but, as far as it is known, seems more j^revalent to the south of the Equator. Localities of Chrysorychia Harpax. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. h. Eastern Districts. — Uitenhage. Grahamstown and Fish River {M.E. Barhcr). King William's Town {W. U Urban). East London. D. Kaffraria Proper. — Tsomo and Bashee Rivers (/. H. Bovlier). 1 Two i s and a 9 since received from Delagoa Bay quite agree with Hojjffer's diagnosis, and the tails uf the hind-wings (though not so straight as in his figures) are much longer and more linear than in Natalian and other more southern examples. The red of the 6 is decidedly paler and more orange on the upper side ; and in both sexes the under side is paler, and its metallic spots more brilliant and more numerous, especially in the hind-wing,— the sub- marginal spots in the fore-wing being also metallic, as well as a hind-marginal streak in the hind-wing. Specimens from Matabeleland are remarkable in both sexes for their paler upper-side colouring, and in the c? for the narrower apical border; while in the ? (which is larger than usual) the discal spots, and, in the hind-wings, the sub-marginal spots are much reduced. Two i s from Zumbo on the Zambesi, taken by Mr. Selous, agree closely with those from Querimba. LYa^NID.E. 165 E. Natal. a. Coast Districts. — D' Urban and Moiith of Tugela River (/. //. Bowlier). " Lower Umkomazi." — J. H. Bovvker. Venilam. Mapumulo. Intzutze River. h. Upper Districts. — Estcourt (/. M. Hutchinson). Blue Krantz, near [Colenso {W. Movant). Junction of Tugela and Mooi Rivei's (/. //. Boivlcer). F. Zululand. — Napoleon Yalley (.7. //. Bowliev). H. Delagoa Bay. — Lourenro Marques {Mrs. Mon(eiro). K. Tx'ansvaal. — Marico and Limpopo Rivers {F. G. Selous). IL Other African Regions. A. South Troj)ical. a. Western Coast. — "Angola (/. /. Monteiw)."^T)v\xce. h. Eastern Coast. — " Querimba." — -Hopffer. hi. Eastern Interior. — Tauwani, Makloutze, Tati, and Zambesi Rivers {F. C. Selous). " Clubulewayo {F. Oates)." — Westwood. B. North Tropical. a. Western Coast. — Whydah. — Coll. Brit. Mus. Sierra Leone. — Coll. Hope, Oxon. 20L (2.) Chrysorychia Amanga, Westwood, Plate IX. &g. i (6 )• (^ $ Zeritis Amanga, Westw., in Gates' Matabele Land, &c., p. 351, n. 62 (1881). Exp. al., I iu. 3—4 lin. $ Fuscous, v/ith an orange-red transverse discal hand, ivhich in for e- ving comvicnccs rather acutely immediately below third median nervule, and thence widens so as to occupy nearly cdl inner margin, and in hind-wing occupies entire area except a fuscous space at hasc. Fore-wing : costa for a little distance from base with a rather wide orange-ochreous border ; first and second median nervules and submedian nervure more or less defined with fuscous where crossing tlie red band. Hind-wing : basal fuscous broader near costa ; subcostal nervules fuscous ; a fine linear fuscous liind-marginal edging ; anal-angular lobe and tail ferruginous. Cilia of fore-wing dark-greyish, slightly mixed with ferruginous and whitish, but wholly whitish from apex to third median nervule ; of hind-tving ferruginous. Under side. — Warm ferruginous ; outer hcdf of eostcd area in both unngs clouded with lilac-grey. Fore-wing : basi- costcd border widely brilliant-silvery, tinged with pale-yellow on extreme edge ; two small spots close together (sometimes confluent inferiorly) in discoidal cell, a rather larger spot immediately below cell between first and second median nervules, a macular thin streak at extremity of cell inferiorly joining last-named spot, and two or three dots close to costa, — brilliant-silvery edged with black ; faint traces of a discal row of thin silvery-and- fuscous spots ; inner-marginal area orange-yellow, much paler inferiorly. Hind-unng : traces of three indistinct trans- verse rows of darker luuulate marks, of which the outermost (sub- VOL. ir. M 1 66 SOUTH- AFEICAX BUTTERFLIES. marginal) becomes silvery-scaled near anal angle ; a silv^ery edging along excavation of inner margin before projection of anal-angular lobe. ^ Orangc-rcd 2Ktlcr, in forc-iviwj much enlarged, forming a very hroacl disced band, which leaves only a narroiu fuseous border along costa, apex, and hind-margin to just above suhnedian nervure. Forc-vjing : basi- costal orange-oclireons border paler, longer, and voider ; fuscous of basal area much varied with orange-red, especially in discoidal cell. Hind-wing : basal fuscous narrower, not so dark ; kind- marginal linear edging obsolete. Under side. — Very much 2^aler than in $, of an almost uniform rcddish-oehreous tint, without any lilac-whitish cloud- ing. Forc-ioing : basi-costal silvery border muck narrower ; cellular and adjacent metallic spots smaller, and steely ratker tlian silvery ; discal traces of spots wanting ; inner-marginal orange-yellow fainter. Hind - wing : markings quite obsolete, except inner- marginal silvery edging before anal-angular lobe. Tke ^ kere described is from tke interior of Natal ; tkat described by Westwood from Matabeleland appears to kave been more like tke $ on tke under side.^ Tkis ally of Harpax, Fab., is well distinguisked by tke very bril- liant and conspicuous basi-costal silvery border on tke under side of tke fore-wings, and tke small development or absence of tke metallic spots, witk tke exception of tkose before tke middle of tke fore-wing. On tke upper side Amanga lias in botk sexes a basi-costal ockreous- orange border not developed in Harpax ; tke red in tke ^ is of a muck more orange tint and in tke fore-wing of smaller extent, wkile in tke ^ it is unspotted in botk wings. I first saw a specimen of this butterfly in the year iS6o; it was in the collection of the late Mr. C. J. Andel^ssoB, who took it during his exjilora- tiou of Damaraland. Mr. J. A. Bell brought me a very tattered individual from the same region in 1S62. It was not until 1867 that I saw a third example, viz,, the Zambesi (J , in the Hopeian Museum at Oxford, described by Professor Westwood (Inc. cit.) The ^ figured in the present woi-k was taken in 1875 in the northern part of the Transvaal by Mr. H. Barber, and the Natal ? just described in 1884 by Mr. J. M. Hutchinson. Mr. F. C. Selous met with the species at several places on the road between Bamang- wato and the Zambesi River. Mr. Hutchinson wrote that the specimen he captured (on 2 2d May 1884) was on the summit of a very lofty hill, and settled several times on the same stone. Localities of Zcritis Amanga. I. South Africa. E. Natal. h. Upper Districts. — Weenen {J. M. Hutchinson). 1 A ? received from Mr. T. Ayres, with the note " Between Limpopo and Zambesi PJvers," is coloured and marked on the nnder side quite similarly to the i , excejDt in being paler and in the reduction of the basal silvery border of the fore-wings. Mr. Selous's speci- mens from tlie Tropical Interior (especially from the Tauwani Kiver) exhibit in both sexes considerable variation both in depth of colouring and distinctness of markings on the under faide. LYaE^'II).E. i67 II. Other African Regions. A. South Tropical. a. AYestern Coast. — Damaraland (0. J. Andersson and /. A. Bell), h. Eastern Coast. — Zambesi {Rev. H. Rowley). hi. Eastern Interior. — Makalapisi and Tauwani Rivers, Tchakani Vley, Makloutze River, and Zumbo (Zambesi River). — {F. C. Selous). " Gwailo River (i^, Oates).'^ — Westwood. Genus ZERITIS. Zerifis, Boisd., Sp. Gen. Lep., t. 22, f. 6 (1836). Phasis and Aloeidrs, Hlibn., Yerz. Bek. Schmett., p. 73 (1816). Nais, Swainson, Zool. Illustr., 2nd Series, iii. p. 136 (1833). Zerythis, Blanchard, Hist. Kat. Ins., iii. p. ^163 (1840). Cigaritis, Lucas, ExpL Alger., Zool., iii. p. 362 (1849). Zeritis, Westw., Gen. Diurn. Lep., ii. p. 500 (1S52); and Trim, [part], Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 261 (1866). Crudaria, Wallengr., Sv. Yeteusk.-iUcad. Fcirhandl., 1875, p. 86. Imago. — Head rather Inroad, very hairy in front ; eyes smooth ; jMlpi long, separate throughout their length, thickly scaly, — second joint rather stout, long, ascendant, densely scaly (and sometimes rather hairy) beneath, — terminal joint porrected horizontally, slender, acuminate, smoothly scaled, usually rather long (longer in ^ than in ^) ; antcnnce of moderate length, or rather short, straight, thick, very gradually incrassate from before their middle, or sometimes even from their base, the tip obtuse. Thorax robust (especially in $), clothed as in Chrysorycliia. Fore- wings usually more or less prolonged, especially in ^, but blunt and with convex hind-margin in ^ ; in some species, however, hind-margin in both sexes is angulated or elbowed at end of lower radial nervule, and slightly dentate throughout ; subcostal nervure five-branched,^ — the first and second nervules originating widely apart from each other well before extremity of discoidal cell, — the third and fourth similarly well beyond extremity of cell, the latter being short and terminating at apex, — the fifth terminating on hind-margin a little distance from apex ; upper radial nervule united to superior extremity of upper disco- cellular nervule, lower radial at junction of two disco-cellulars. Ilind- ivings not produced in anal-angular portion, but roundly prominent outwardly about middle of hind-margin ; costa but slightly arched or nearly straight ; hind-margin more dentate than that of fore-wing, often with a more or less marked projection or short pointed tail at extremity of submedian nervure, and sometimes with also a similar shorter one at extremity of first median nervule ; neuration as in 1 In Z. Chrysantas (Trim.) and Z. Leroma (Wallengr.) the fifth subcostal is wanting, the third being given off very mucli nearer to ajjex, and the shorter fourth (which ends at apex) being somewhat sinuated. Wallengren has made Leroma the type of his new genus Crudaria (K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Forhandh, 1S75, P- ^^)' '-'^^ '^^ ^^'^ short diagnosis I find no character of importance except that of the subcostal nervure just mentioned. 1 68 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. Chrysorycliia. Legs, longer and thinner than in Chrysorychia, and not, or very slightly, hairy ; fore-legs of $ usually with more or less developed spur and spine at extremity of tibia ; — of ^ rarely similarly armed ; middle and hind-legs with tibial spurs longer than in Chrysorychiei. Pupa. — Thick, rounded, with blunt head and dorso -thoracic pro- minence. Without silken attachment, lying quite free under stones {Z. Thyra). Boisduval did not describe this genus, but merely figured as its type {op. cit.) Zeritis Neriene, a species said to be from Guinea. Blanchard's brief diagnosis gives the generic name as " Zerythis, Boisd.," with the obvious intention of preserving the earlier author's designation ; his types are Z. Tliero and Z. Thyshe of Linnreus. Hiibner's much earlier nominal generic titles of Phasis (for the two species just named and Z. Fedmus of Cramer) and Alocides (for Z. Thyra of Linnteus and Z. Pierus of Cramer) have never been diagnosed by any author,^ and are therefore not adopted ; while Swainson's Nais, as Westwood {op. cit.) remarks, is inadmissible from the fact that it is Cramer's species-name for the type {= Thyshe, Linn.) converted into the name of the genus. There are five tolerably pronounced forms in this interesting genus, represented by the following species, viz., Z. Nericne, Boisd. (with which I provisionally — not having seen Nericne in nature — associate Lcromcc, Wallengr.) ; Z. Zeuxo (Linn.) ; Z. Thyshe (Linn.) ; Z. Thero (Linn.) ; and Z. Thyra (Linn.) The first section is characterised by a rather squarely chequered under surface of ochrey-yellow and cream- coloured spots separated by black lines ; but this in Lerorna is much obscurer in tint (though dotted here and there with silvery points), while the upper side is in both sexes uniform glossy dull-grey. The Zeuxo section includes the brilliant forms which, in their shining golden or coppery-red upper sides spotted with black, so nearly re- semble the genus Chrysophanus ; their under side is more or less ornamented with glittering steely or brassy spots. The third or Thyshe section is closely related to the second, but the fore-wings are angulated, the hind- wings with a distinct process at anal angle, and the under side adorned with remarkable silvery H- and W-like char- acters in the hind- wings. In the Thero section, the upper-side colour- ing is dark-brown with orange-red (not metallic or glossy) spots or patches ; the under side is splendidly adorned with metallic silvery- white spots and other markings ; the fore-wings are angulated or elbowed; and there is usually, besides the anal-angular projection, a small pointed process at the end of the first median nervule. The last section, represented by Thyra., is of a more robust type, with the upper side non-metallic, almost always orange -red bordered with blackish-brown and unspotted, while the under side is coloured with ^ Hubnev's own line and a half of description are, as usual, utterly insufficient for the purpose. LYaENiDj-:. 169 oclireous-browu, ferruginous, or vinaceous, variucl witli sub-metallic white or greyish, spots. This is au eminently South-African genus, only three of the twenty-eight species known being peculiar to other parts of Africa. The two North-African species {Syphax, Lucas, and Zohra, Donzel) belong to the Zcuxo group, which includes eight South-African species. The Tliysbe, group contains three, the Tlicro group four, and the Tliyra group nine natives of South Africa. It is very noteworthy that out of the twenty-five recorded South- African species only two (Ta'ikosama, Wallengr., and OrtJirns, Trim.) have been found within the Southern Tropic, and not one elsewhere in the Ethiopian Region. Z. Leronia and the Zeuxo and Thysbe groups have much the same habits as Chrysoplianus, actively flitting about bushes and flowering shrubs, but several of them are at the same time fond of settling on the ground, a practice which prevails also in the Thero group (though not in the case of Thero itself), and becomes quite constant in the Thyra group. Many inhabit the most arid and desolate tracts of country, and seem to delight in the intense heat of the parched sandy soil under the noon- day sunshine, seldom visiting flowers or seeming to need liquid nourish- ment of any kind. The under surface colouring of the Thyra group is generally highly protective, closely resembling the tints of the ground frequented by these butterflies. The flight of the ground-frequenting species is rapid but very short ; and I have noticed a great difference among them in wariness and alacrity in evading attack. Thus, while it is easy to capture Wallcngrcnii and Aglaspis with finger and thumb, Thyra and Barklyi are extremely shy of the collector's advances, — the latter (except when settled on flowei's) being on this account by no means easily taken. Zeritis is very generally distributed over South Africa, fourteen species being found alike in the Western and Eastern districts ; four others appearing to be limited to the former, and seven to the latter, but mostly possessing a considerable range towards the Interior. 202. (1.) Zeritis Leroma, (Wallengren). $ Arhopala? Lemma, Wallengr., K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl. 1857, Lop. Khop. Caffr., p. 42. Amhhjpodia? Leroma, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 231, n. 134 (1886). S ? Zi'ritis Lemma, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1S70, p. 375, pi. vi. f. io(c?). $ Zeritis Zorites, Hewits., Trans. Eut. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 354. Uxp. al., {$) 9j lin. — i in. ji lin. ; (^) i in. 1-4 lin. $ Pale hrotvnish-grcy, ivith a silky or suh-metallic lustre ; a linear hind-marginal ftiscous edging ; cilia, whitish with a shining-greyish gloss. Hind-wing : a short black linear tail, slightly tipped with whitish, on submedian nervure ; just below it, an anal-angular small indistinct I70 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. fuscous spot bounded interiorly by a small sliining-wliitisli or silvery spot ; sometimes an indistinct liind-marginal ochreous-yellow spot just above submedian nervure. Under side. — Very pale dull hrou-nish-grey, ivit/i more or less of an ochrey-yclloio tinge ; disco-cellular, disced, and sidnnarginal sjiots pcder (almost udiitisli), with dark edging on both sides, in fore-wing geiiercdly, in himl-vnng more sparsely, seeded with silvery. Fore-wing : three ordinary disco-cellular spots ; discal row of six spots, of wliicli the second is out of line, being before the first and third ; a longitudinal row of three similar much smaller spots not far from costal edge ; submarginal row of spots less distinct, usually only their outer black edging represented by blackish dots ; a good-sized blackish basal mark between median and submedian nervures. Hind-iuiiig : a spot between costal and subcostal nervures near base ; two in dis- coidal cell ; a sub-basal row of four, of which the second is at extremity of cell ; eight spots in irregular discal row, their darker edging usually very indistinct ; submarginal row regular but usually indistinct ; anal- angular black spot better marked than on upper side, and really the outer edging of the last spot of submarginal row. $ Slightly pcder ; in fore-wing usually an indistinct lunidate darker marking cd extremity of diseoidal cell. Under side. — Markings generally more defined, especially those of fore-wing, whose black edging is usually well developed. Though the unicolorous upper side of this dull-coloured species presents little or no variation except in depth of tint, the under side is very variable, whether as regards the shade of the ground-colour, the distinctness of the markings, or the amount and distribution of the silvery scaling of the spots. The latter feature is best developed in a ^ from Pinetown, and a ,$ and two $ s from the Vaal River, Griqualand West. Three of the (J s I took near Grahamstown have the black interior edges of the discal spots enlarged so as to form three inter-nervular rays as far as median nervure in the fore-wing>. The Transvaal specimens are much paler than those taken in Cape Colony and Natal, the silvery scaling is almost obsolete, and there exists in three of them a small faint ochre-yellow mark on hind-margin just above submedian nervure (which is also very fully indicated on the upper side. The ? de- scribed by Wallengren is evidently of this local variation, in which that sex is considerably larger than elsewhere. The only specimen (a (J ) taken by Colonel Bowker in Basutoland was darker than usual, and the largest of that sex I have seen ; the fore-wings, too, were acuter at the apex than in any other example. Wallengren (Ofv. K. Vet.-Akad. Furh., 1875, pp. 86, 87) has made this insect the type of a new genus, viz., Crudaria ; but the characters given do not seem to me to warrant this course, — the only feature of moment being the subcostal nervure of the fore-wings, which is vaguely described as " hira- mosa vel triramosa," and Leroma having really a short third branch of that nervure ending on costa not far from apex. The palpi have the terminal joint long and slender in both sexes, but more so in the female. I did not receive any examples of this butterfly until 1869, when two specimens reached me from Natal. ^ In January 1870 the Basutoland ^ above- ' I had in 1867 seen and described a damaged specimen in the Burchell Collection at the Hopeian Museum, Oxford, but did not at the time identify it with Leroma. LYC.EXID.E. 171 mentioned ariived from Colonel Bowker, and during the same and the follow- ing months I had the pleasure of capturing numerous examples in the neigli- bourliood of Grahamstown. It is a very obscure little species, and would readily be passed over for one of the duller species of Lycsena. The first individual I noticed Avas sitting on a flower of Acacia Iwrrida, but numerous others were taken flitting about near the ground, among herbage and low shrubs. Colonel Eowker's 'specimen was noted by him as taken " on the stony ground among short grass and flowers, 14th December 1869." Localities of Zcritis Lcroma. I. South Africa. B, Cape Colony. b. Eastern Districts. — Grahamstown. c. Griqualand West. — Klipdrift, Vaal River (/. H . Bowker). Kim- berley (H. G. Smith ). cl. Basutoland. — Vogel Vley, Jamnierberg {J. H. Bowl-er). E. Xatal a. Coast Districts. — Pinetown (JF. Morant). D'Urban {the late M. J. M'Ken). h. U])per Districts. — Estcourt, (/. M. Hidcldnson). Colenso (TF. Morant). Valley of Mooi and Tugela Rivers {J. II. Bowker). K. Transvaal. — Lydenburg District {T. Ayres). II. Other African Regions. A. South Tropical a. Western Coast. — " Daniaraland {De Vylder)." — Auriviilius. 203. (2.) Zeritis Zeuxo, (Linnasus). Papilio Zeuxo, Linn., Mus. Lud. Ulr. Reg., p. 331, n. 149 (1764); and Syst. Xat., i. 2, p. 789, n. 231 (1767). ^ 9 Zeritis Zeuxo, Trim., Rhojx Afr. Aust., ii. p. 262, n. 162, pi. 5, f. 2 [c?](i866). Uxp. al., I in. — i in. 2 lin. $ Metallic golihm-orange, xoitli a slight basal fuscous siiffusion, and spotted with Hack ; a hind-marginal blackish border, broad and even in fore-v:ing, narrow and dentated in hind-icing. Forc-iving : a small spot in cell ; an elongate spot closing cell, with a small costal spot a little above and beyond it ; an irregular discal transverse row of seven spots, of which the first three are usually confluent, and the two last (just above submedian nervure) rarely so ; costa slightly fuscous- clouded ; usually a dot before middle below cell. Hind-wing : spots similarly arranged, but none in cell or just below it; a submarginal row of lunular spots, near costa confluent with hind-marginal border ; costa and inner margin fuscous-clouded. Under side. — Hind-iving and border of fore-wing (except inner margin) brownish-grey. Fore- wing : yellowish-orange, not metallic ; an additional dot on costa before middle, and another in cell at base ; all spots above median nervure and its third branch centred with glistening-steely ; spot below cell 172 SOUTH- AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. large ; a very faint sulDinarginal row of spots, the two about its middle dimly steely-scaled. Hind-wing : spots indistinct, but little paler than ground-colour, indicated by their dark edges ; a row of three before middle ; a discal row of eight sub-lunulate spots ; two indistinct lunu- lar submarginal streaks, of which the outer one is more strongly marked and interrupted. $ Like the ^, but paler and not quite so metallic ; basal fuscous suffusion rather wider. Three specimens which I took at Blaauwberg in the Cape District in October 1878 are smaller and duller than tliose found in the more immediate vicinity of Cape Town, and have a costal blackish border in the fore-wing, besides a broader basal suffusion and hind-marginal border in both wings. The fore-wings of this bright little species are both in colouring and pattern very like those of the abundant European Ghryso2:)lianus Phlceas, the "Small Copper" of English collectors. Its range seems to be extremely limited, and I am not aware of its occurrence beyond the Cape District. It is, moreover, very local, liaunting almost exclusively the leaves and flowers of a tall, slu'ubby, thick-leaved Scnecio, which flourishes about the rough broken slopes and rocky "kopjes" near Cape Town, but grows in rather detached groups in certain spots only. I feel pretty sure that the larva must feed on this plant, but mucli searching has not resulted in its discovery. The butter- fly is usually numerous where it occurs, and easily captured. October and November are its favourite montiis, but I have met with it from September to January. Localities of Zcritis Zcuxo. I. South Africa, B. Cape Colony. — Cape Town. Blaauwberg, Cape District. 204. (3.) Zeritis Chrysaor, Trimen. Plate IX. fig. 2 {$). Zeritis Chrysaor, Trim., Trans. Ent. See. Loud., 3rd Ser., ii. p. 177 (1864) ; and Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 263, n. 163 (1866). Uxp. al., 10 lin. — i in. 2 lin. Glittering golden-orange ; s2)ots arranged much as in ZcuxOjhut visually smaller and more distinct (the submarginal row of hind-wing wholly wanting) ; hind-marginal harder much narroirer (in fore-wing widest at apex, in hind-iving macular or nearly so, being sharply indented interiorly on nervules). Ilind-wing : a dot or short linear mark at end of cell ; no costal clouding. Under side. — Hind-unng, and costa at base unth ajncal area of fore-wing, varying from pale creamy- ockreous to pale ferruginons-ochreous. Fore-ioing : spots arranged as in Zeuxo, but filled with more glittering silvery, the whole (except dots of submarginal row) usually metallic- centred, but sometimes only those near costa. Hind-iving : spots small, slightly glistening, arranged as in Zeiixo, but less distinct ; on hind-margin of paler specimens (usually $ s) some ferruginous clouding ; anal-angular projection more acute than in Zcuxo. LYCJE^IDJE. 173 This species further diirers from Zeuxo in liaving the lowest spot of the discal row (below first mediuu nervnle) in both wings situated beyond, instead of before, the fifth spot, and in wanting on the upper side the isolated spots in and below the celh It exhibits considerable variation in the size of the spots of the discal row. In a ^ from Basutoland the lowest spot in both wings is wanting, and those of the hind-wing are minute ; while in three 9 s from Port Elizabeth and Uitenhage the spots in the hind-wing are so much enlarged as to be for the greater part contiguous. In a very small $ taken at D'Urban, Natal, by Colonel Bowker, this enlargement of the spots is carried still farther, those of the fore-Aving also uniting to form a continuous irregular stripe. Both this last-named example^ and a ^ taken by myself in the same locality present a rather conspicuous ferruginous submarginal suffused streak in the hind-wing, which is also more faintly represented in two ^ s sent by Colonel Bowker from the Bashee River and near Somerset East respectively. The spots on the under- side of the hind-wings are usually less indistinct in the 5 j they are in both sexes more apparent in specimens from the eastern side of South Africa, espe- cially in the few I have seen from Natal, and in one S that I captured at Port Elizabeth they are sub-metallic. The anal-angular projection of the hind-wing is little developed in sj^ecimens found near Cape Town, and not much more so in Western examples generally, but farther eastward it is marked, and in the Natalian exam^iles becomes very prominent and widened, forming quite a " tail." In both sexes from Basutoland the silvery spots of the fore-wings are very faintly developed. This is the most metallic of the South-African members of the genus, rivalling the European Chri/sopJia7n. It is rather scarce near Cape Town, but numerous at Malmesbury and other places in the Western Districts,frequenting rocky " kopjes " and the stony sides of hills. On Table Mountain I have usually found it at a considerable elevation, and always singly. It is an active and conspicuous insect on the wing, and settles very frequently on low shrubs. Near Malmesbury it specially affected a species of Cotyledon., and at Lady Grey, in the Robertson District, I observed it on the flowers of Mesemhryantliemum. It seems to occur throughout the year, but I have no record of it as appearing in December. Localities of Zeritis Chrijsaor. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. a. Western Districts. — Cape Town. Ivalk Bay and Blaauwberg, Cape District. Malmesbury. Waagenmaaker's Kraal, Beaufort District. Robertson and Lady Grey. Swellendam (L. Taats). h. Eastern Districts. — Port Elizabeth. Uitenhage {S. D. Bairstoic). Zwaarte Ruggens, Uitenhage District (.7. H. Bowker). Grahams- town. King William's Town (/. H. BoirJcer). Between Somerset East and Murraysburg (,/. H. Boiclier). " Bodiam, near Keis- kamma River." — W. D'Urban. Summit of Gaika's Kop, Amatola Mountains (/. H. Boiclicr). c. Griqualand West. — Vaal River (/. H. Bowlier). d. Basutoland. — Maseru and Koro-Koro (.7. H. Boicher). D. Kaffraria Proper. Kei and Bashee Rivers (/. H. Bowhr). E. Natal. a. Coast Districts. — D'Urban. 1 A ? of ordinar}' size, found by Colonel Bowker at Malvern, near D'Urban, in August 1885, has just reached me. The upper-side spots are considerably enlarged, but not quite confluent, and the under side has the ferruginous streak on the hind-winjr well marked. 174 SOUTII-AFRICAX EUTTEEFLIES. 205. (i.) Zeritis Lyncurium, Trimen. Tlate IX. figs. 3(c?), 3a(?)- (J $ Zeritis Lyncurinni, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., iS6S, p. 86. Exp. al, ($) I ill.- — I in. ol liu- ; (?) i in. l-i lin. ^ Metallic golden-red, with narrow hind-marginal hlach borders. Fore-unng : base slightly blackish ; costa narrowly black to beyond middle, where the edging widens to join hind-marginal black border, which is broadest at apex, and the inner edge of which is irregularly dentated with the ground-colour on median nervules ; a narrow black spot at extremity of discoidal cell ; sometimes an indistinct sm,aller spot in cell, usually from one to four spots representing a discal trans- verse row. Hind-iring : base and costa broadly or very broadly clouded with blackish ; in some specimens a faint, narrow, blackish mark at extremity of discoidal cell ; hind-marginal border very sharply indented on its inner edge with the ground-colour on ner- vules. Under side. — Hind-wing and a narrow costal and apical border of fore-wing pale creamy-ferruginous. Fore-ioing : discal row of spots irregular, interrupted, — the sixth (lowest) spot situated, as in ^thon, Trim., not beyond the fifth ; a submarginal row of five or six small spots ; below median nerviire a short basal blackish suffusion, succeeded by a black spot ; the following spots more or less marked with glittering steely scales, viz., two in discoidal cell, one at extremity of cell, two minute costal ones, first of discal row, and first three of sub- marginal row. Hind-iving : the following inconspicuous darker mark- ings, here and there edged interiorly by dull metallic scales, viz., a thin terminal disco-cellular striola ; a spot in cell ; two spots between costal and subcostal nervures, one before, the other about middle ; and an irregular, interrupted discal macular row ; some red sufiusion along hind- margin, varied by a very indistinct submarginal row of paler lunulate marks. Cilia dull-grey, with nervular blackish interruptions. ? Feder, less metedlic. Hind-u'lng : costal clouding considerably narrower and paler ; red indentations of border more numerous and deeper, almost reaching hind-marginal edge. Under side. — Hind- wing and costal-apical border of fore-wing paler, yellower. Fore-umig : steely scaling much duller and fainter, and in submarginal row of spots wanting entirely. Ilind-wing : markings generally more distinct. From both Chnj.saor, Trim., and yEtlion, Trin:., this butterfly is distin- guished by its smaller size, rather deeper red, comparatively broader hind- marginal border, great imperfection of discal row of spots in the fore-wing, and entire absence of that of hind-wing, and particularly by the hroad costal Hack or blacJiish cIo7iding in hind-wing, of which latter no trace is found in either of the species mentioned. On the under side, Lyncurium is decidedly nearer to jEtlion than to Chrysaor, especially as regards the position of the lowest spot of the discal row in the fore-wing, the extent of red and the slight development of the metallic scaling in the same wing, and the nature and position of the markincrs of the hind-wing. LYCzEXID.E. 175 Tins species "was discovered l)y Colonel Eowker near the River Tsomo in December 1864. In that month and in the following Januarj' he captured a good many specimens, but only in two spots, " flitting about stunted bushes growing between rocks x:pon a lofty hill ridge." No other examples have come under my notice. Locality of Zerltis Lyncurium. I. South Africa. D. Kaffraria Proper. — Tsomo River (./. //. Boiclier). 206, (5.) Zeritis Lycegenes, Trimen. $ C?). Zerltis Lycegenes, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1S74, p. 337, pi. ii. f. 7. Ex}}. al., I i^ lin. ^ (?). Br'ujlit suh-mdallic orange-red, Mnd-marginaUy edged loith llach ; fore-icing only tcith black sjwts. Foor-iving : an elongate, sub- ovate spot at extremity of discoidal cell ; an indistinct smaller spot below cell, close to origin of first median nervule ; beyond middle a row of sis spots, of which the first three (between costa and third median nervule) are farther from the base than the other three (be- tween third median nervule and submedian nervure) ; costa narrowly edged with blackish, widening at apex ; hind -marginal edging narrow, with slight projections between the nervules. Hind-wing : no spots or other markings, except the hind-marginal edging, which emits promi- nent inter- nervular projections. Cilia long, dull brownish-grey, very slightly mixed with whitish. Under side. — Hind-wing and basal, costal and apical border of fore-wing, pale greyish-ochreous. Fore-iving : besides markings of upper side (of which the spot below cell is con- spicuous), there are two cellular spots, of which that nearer base is minute ; two costal dots above and beyond the spot closing cell ; and a submarginal row of four small sub-lunulate spots between lower radial nervule and submedian nervure (traces of two spots commencing this row are just visible in the apical ochreous). Hind-wing: five small indistinct round brown spots in basal region, viz., two close to costa (one near base, the other about middle), one in discoidal cell, one (elongate) closiug cell, and one between first median nervule and sub- median nervure ; a little beyond middle, a transverse, irregular, sub- macular brown streak, not parallel to hind-margin, extending from near apex to submedian nervure ; a submarginal, very indistinct, deeply- festooned, brownish streak, touching the submacular streak on sub- costal nervules. This little Zeritis is in character intermediate between Z. Chrysaor, Trim., and Z. Lyncurium, Trim. From the former it is separable by its smaller size, less metallic upper side, different arrangement of the discal row of spots in the fore-wings, and total n-ant of spots in 176 SOUTII-AFRICAX EUTTERFLIES. the liincl-wiugs, while on the under side the brilliant metallic spots of CJiri/saor nxe scarcely iiidicated in the fore-wings, and the duller ones of the hind-wings wanting. From Z. Lyncurium it differs on the upper side in its paler colouring, well-marked discal row of spots, and narrower liind-marginal border iu the fore-wings, and entire want of the broad hasal, and espcciaUy costal, fuscous elouding in the liind-uAngs ; but on the under side is very similar, differing chiefly in the discal row of spots in the fore-wings beiug much more regular.'^ The above description is made from the only example that I have seen, which Avas taken by Mr. Walter Morant near the ]\Iooi Eiver, in Natal, on the 15th September 1870. I believe it to be a $ , but cannot decide, the first pair of legs being absent. Locality of Zcritis Lyccgeiics. I. South Africa. E. Natal. b. Upper Districts.— Mooi River (IT^. Morant). 207. (6.) Zeritis -ffithon, sjy. nov. Plate IX. fig. 4 ( ? )• Rvj). al, Q) I in. 2 lin. ; ($) i in. 3 lin. $ Metallic golden-red, deeper than in Chrgsaor, spotted and narrowly bordered with hlack Fore-wing : hind-marginal border rather broader than in Chrysaor, its inner edge more regularly and deeply indented with the ground-colour on nervules ; terminal disco-cellular spot and spots of discal row larger and much broader ; the latter arranged as in Chrysaor, with the exception of the sixth (lowest) spot, which is minute and immediately helow, not beyond, the fifth. Hind-wing : hind-marginal border rather broader ; discal row of spots very differently arranged, — the first (upper-most) spot being isolated from the others and considerably nearer orioin of first subcostal nervule than in Chrysaor, — the second much nearer termination of that nervule, and with the third and fourth forming a nearly straight transverse row as far as third median nervule, — the fifth and seventh wanting, and the sixth minute but occupying the same position (between first and second median nervules) as in Clirysaor. Under side. — Hind-wing and narrow apiccd horder of fore-wing ixde creaviy-ferruginous. Forc-uing : — Pale orange-yellow almost to costal edge (which has an almost linear border of pale creamy-ferruginous), and quite to hind-margin below second median nervule ; a slender dark- red line on extreme edge of hind-margin ; all the spots very much thinner than above ; two spots in cell reduced to mere dots, and spot beneath cell very small ; an incomplete submarginal row of very small 1 In this latter feature, L}jccfjcncs differs from both the species named as well as from th allied Z. ^-Ethon, Trim., the three lower spots being almost in a straight line. LYC.EXID.E. 177 spots ; only two minute costal spots, upper part of terminal disco- cellular spot, first and second spots of discal row, and upper three spots of submarginal row filled Avitli metallic-golden scales. Hind-iciiifj : the following slender dark-ferruginous markings interiorly rather con- spicuously edged with subdued-silvery, viz., a spot near costa before middle, a terminal disco-cellular striola, and a spot and two separate stride representing and following the course of the disjointed discal row of spots on the upper side ; a very indistinct submarginal greyish suffused streak, and a very indistinct small ferruginous spot in dis- coidal cell. Cilia grey, with nervular blackish interruptions. $ Less metallic than $. Fore-wing : last spot of discal row larger ; a minute spot just above and slightly beyond terminal disco-cellular spot, and another just below origin of first median nervule. Hind- icing : spots of discal row larger, especially the sixth, — the fifth spot present. Under side, — As in $, but all the mai-kings more distinct. Hind-iving : the two discal striolte almost united on first median nervule. This close ally of Z. Cltnjsaor., Trim., is further distinguished by its larger size, and by the different outline of its fore-wings, which in the $ are not produced apically, and in the 5 are not nearly so convex hind-marginally. ]\fy description is made from a single example of each sex, acquired by the South- African Museum in 1879 from ^fr. T. Ayres, who noted tliem as havin'T been captured in the Lydenburg District of the Transvaal. I have not met with any otlier specimens. Locality of Zcritis jEtlion. I. South Africa. B, Transvaal. — Lydenburg District {T. Aijrei>). 208. (7.) Zeritis Chrysantas, Trimen. Zcritis Clinjsantas, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 85, pi. v. f. 6. Exp. al., I in. 1—2 lin. $ Fale-orange, scarcchj suh-metcdlic, with hlaclc disced spots and narroiu hind-margined horeler ; cilia broad, blackish, interrupted con- spicuously loith white bctwee?i ncrvides. Fore-wing: a terminal well- marked disco-cellular black lunulate spot ; an irregular discal row of five small spots (of which the third and fifth are beyond the line of the other three) extending from close to costa as far as first median nervule ; base narrowly greyish ; hind-marginal border broadest at apex, narrow- ing to posterior angle, its inner edge dentated with ground-colour on median nervules ; a rounded whitish spot at apex, touching white cilia ; on costal edge, beyond middle, three very short sub-oblique white lines, separated by black. Hind-wing : base very narrowly greyish ; in one specimen without any spots, in the other with a minute terminal disco- cellular one, and a discal row of three spots (of which first and third are minute) between second subcostal and first median nervules ; hind- 178 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. marginal border broadest near costa, its inner edge irregularly but deeply dentated with ground-colour on nervules. Under SIDE. — Hind- loing, and costal edge and narrow apical and hind-marginal horder of fore-iuing, pale-grey varied tcith tvhitish ; in both loings some glittering pale-golden spots. Fore-iving : orange fading into pale-yellowish on inner margin ; a submarginal row of six small black spots, of which the upper three are more or less filled with golden scaling ; first spot of discal row, two small costal spots before it, terminal disco-cellular spot, and two additional spots in discoidal cell, all filled with pale- golden scaling ; below median nervure a blackish spot ; a hind-mar- ginal row of indistinct whitish lunules, commencing with that at apex. Hind-toing : the following pale-golden brownish- edged spots, viz., three in discoidal cell — first (minute) at base, second (larger) midway, third (large) at extremity ; two near base — one just below costal, the other just below m.edian nervure ; nine forming a regular submarginal row — the third and fourth conspicuously clouded with dark-brown ; a rather irregular discal row of nine whitish-grey spots, of which the first, second, eighth, and ninth are more or less marked with pale-golden scales \ several whitish subquadrate marks interspersed between the golden spots ; hind-marginal lunules as in fore-wing, that next anal angle largest, interiorly edged with dark-brown. Dark part of cilia mixed with grey. This very distinct species appears on the whole to be nearer to Z. Pijroeis, Trim., than to any otlier member of the genus, resembhng it in the absence of metallic lustre in the orange of the upper side, the shape of the wings, and the arrangement of the under-side markings ; but also diifering conspicuously in its total want of any basal blue on the upper side, and possession of golden spots on the under side of the hind-Avings, and of cilia black and white instead of almost uniform greyish. The defective or obsolete condition of the discal spots on the upper side of the hind-wings reminds one of Z. Lyncurium, Trim., but it is not at all like the latter in other respects. I have seen only two exam})les— both $ — of this beautiful little Zeritis. The first (on which I founded the species in 1868) was found at Murra3'sburg in the Cape Colony by Dr. and Mrs. Muskett, avIio sent it to me in July 1864, Tlie other I had the good fortune to capture on August 20, 1873, at the very distant locality of Oograbies, in Little Namaqualand. It was very active and wary, settling sometimes on tlie ground, and sometimes on a shrubby Mesem- hrganthemum, with small white flowers, at the opening of a dry ravine. It for a long time eluded my pursuit, as I lost sight of it altogether for more than an hour, much to my disappointment at the time, as I liad at the first glance recognised it as the hitherto unique Ghrysajitas. This Namaqualand example is a little smaller than the Murraysburg one, and has the under-side markings all less distinct, but presents an imperfect discal row of spots on the upper side of the hind-wings. Localities of Zeritis Chrijsantas. I. South Africa. 13. Cape Colony. a. Western Districts. — Oograbies, Namaqualand. h. Eastern Districts. — Murraysburg {Mrs. Musliett). LYC.EXID.i:. 179 209. (8.) Zeritis Phosphor, Trimen. $ Zeritis Plioxphor, Trim., Rliop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 269, pi. 4, f. 12 (1S66). Ex}). al., 10 liu. — I in. i lin. $ Shining golden-orange, with dark borders. Fore-wing: costa dusky at base : a conspicuous brownish-black spot closing discoidal cell, and united to a border of the same colour, which, commencing on costa just above it, and very broad in apical portion, diminishes in width to anal angle, where it turns inward a little on inner margin. Iliiid-ioing : costa, base, and inner margin broadly bordered or suffused with blackish-brown ; a dark disco-cellular lunule ; beyond middle, parallel to hind-margin (which is edged with a black line) a row of blackish spots, forming a macular stripe from costal to inner-marginal bordering ; lobe and tail on anal angle reddish-brown, the former sparsely scaled with bluish-silvery, the latter white-tipped and slightly twisted. Under side. — Fore-wing: costa, apex, and hind-margin bordered with pale greyish-ochreous, with a reddish tint on hind- margin ; ground-colour very pale orange-yellow ; three metallic, black- edged spots in cell, — below cell a black spot contiguous to middle cellular one ; two metallic dots on costa ; transverse stripe of six metallic, black-edged spots beyond cell (of which the three lower are confluent) turning inwards so as to appear almost continuous of spot closing discoidal cell ; a submarginal metallic-dotted streak rather strongly marked. Hind-iving : greyish-ochreous, with a ferruginous hind-marginal tinge ; metallic dark-edged spots arranged much as in Harpax, Fab. ; two in cell, one closing it ; row beyond middle more conspicuous, composed of seven spots, arranged in pairs, except the seventh, — which, with the sixth, is large and brilliant; submarginal streak as in fore-wing, but strongly metallic at anal angle. The above description is tliat of the fu'sfc example discovered by Colonel Bowker, a $ expanding only 10 lines across the wings, taken on tlie Bashee Eiver in KafFraria Proper. Two ? specimens subsequently captured on the Tsomo Eiver, in the same territory, are considerably larger, expanding respec- tively 12 and 13 lines. Of these two, the larger has the outline of the hind- margin of the fore-Avings elbowed about extremity of third median nervule, Avhile in the other (as well as in the small Bashee River example) there is only a slight prominence in that part. The hind-marginal dark border of the fore- wings is very broad in the largest specimen, and the submarginal dark streak of the hind- wings suffused and almost continuous. I have not seen any but these three examples. Though near Harpax; Fab., in outline of wings (including the form of tlie tail on the hind-wings) and in the pattern of the under side, this curious species is very different as regards the palpi, the length of which — together with the metallic-orange of the upper side of the wings — approximate it to Zeuxo, Linu., Chrysaor, Trim., and their allies. Concerning the Bashee River specimen. Colonel Bowker wrote that it was the only one he saAV, and was caught at the edge of a forest in the month of IMarcli. The two larger examples Avere also taken on the edge of a large forest (called the "Boolo") in December 1865, and Avere observed to fly down from some trees to drink at a small pool. i8o SOUTH-AFRICAX BUTTERFLIES. Localities of Zcritis I'hosphor. 1. South Africa. T). Kaffraria Proper. Tsomo and Basliee Rivers (/. //, Bowlier). 210. (9.) Zeritis Pyroeis, Trimeu. $ 9 Zeritis Pyroeis, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 3rd Ser., ii. p. 178 (1864); and Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 264, n. 164, pi. 5, f. i [ cj ] {1866). Exp. (iL, Q) I in. — I in. 3 lin. ; ($) i in. 3-4^ lin. Orange-yelloio, not metallic, ivith hlacJc spots; base of hath wings 'broadly blackisli and densely blue-seeded; hind-ioiny of ^ riehly shot with a shifting bhie lustre. Fore-wing : costa and hind-margin bordered with black ; costal border broadest near base, where it is powdered with fulvous-ochreous, but usually much narrowed beyond middle ; hind- marginal border very regular, of even width, very slightly crenelated on inner edge ; just beyond basal clouding a small round spot in dis- coidal cell, a longer quadrate spot closing cell ; beyond middle an irregular row of six spots, of which the three first form a continuous costal stripe, the fourth is nearer base, the fifth in a line beneath the three first, and the sixth (above submedian nervure) in a line beneath the fourth. Hind-iving : a row of six spots as in fore-wing, except that the three first spots are more separate, — in 1^ the first spot is almost merged in costal blackish band, which is wider than in ^ ; on hind-margin a row of black arches (sharper in ^) intersecting the ground-colour between nervules, which carry the orange to edge ; closing cell is a black streak usually merged with basal clouding. Cilia fuscous mixed with white ; in hind- wing mingled with red. Under side. — Costet and apex of fore-iving and whole of hind-iving pah creamy-ferruginous. Fore-wing : two cellular spots and first spot of transverse row silver- centred ; a third black dot near base in cell, and another (silver-centred) on costa beyond cell ; beneath central spot of cell a good-sized rounded spot below submedian nervure ; close and parallel to hind-margin a row of fuscous spots, indistinct near costa. Hind-wing : often almost spotless ; a pale glistening line clos- ing cell ; near it, towards inner margin, a pale dot ; a submarginal row of pale dots, sometimes replaced by a faint reddish line ; transverse discal row sometimes represented by spots barely distinguishable from ground-colour except by their fusco-ferruginous outlines. Erom its allied congeners, Z. Zeuxo and Z. Clirysaor, milii, this species is at once distinguished by its blue-glistening basal patches, while its entire out- line of Avings and plainly-tinted luider surface preclude its being mistaken for the angulated Z. Tliyshe, Linn. In the two species first named, also, the ground-colour is metallic, strikingly so in Chri/saor. The width and evenness of the hind-marginal border of the fore-wings resemble the corresponding features in Zeuxo, Linn. LYC^NID^E. i8r Sandy spots in level comitiy. October (e) — December (m) — February (b) — March (ui). I first met witli this very beautiful Zerifh, interesting from its relations to the three species just mentioned, on the sand flats near the coast of False Bay, a few miles from Wynbcrg, in October 1861. I have since taken it in other parts of the Flats, usually settling on spaces of white sand, or on the low plants that fringe such arid spots. I once took a specimen at a little distance from the Flats, on a hillside at "Wynberg, and subsequently took five specimens at Kalk Bay, in the Cape District, about the steep hillside above the village, I also captured a single 5 on the summit of the hill behind Simon's Town. Mr. Peringuey, in 1882 and 1883, met with two or three examples (one an imusually large 9 ) ^^t a considerable elevation in the Worcester District, viz., at Hex River Mountain and Touws River. It does not appear to be numerous in any locality, occurring singly or in pairs. Localities of Zcritis Fi/roeis. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. a. A\^estern Districts. — Cape Town, "Wynberg, Kalk Bay, Simon's Town, Cape District. Hex River Mountain and Touws River, Worcester District {L. Ferinijueij). 211. (10.) Zeritis Thysbe, (Linnaeus). Pajpilio Tlnjshe, Linn., IMus. Lud. Ulr. Reg., p. 330, n. 14S (1764); and Syst. Nat., i. 2, p. 789, n. 228 (1767). Vainlio Neds, Cram., Pap. Exot., pi. xlvii. if. d, e [ (^ aliP:rr\ (1779). Polijommatus Thysbe, Godt. [part], Enc. Meth., ix. p. 663, n. 157 (1819V Nais spleiidens, Swains., Zool. Illust., 2nd Ser., iii. pi. 136 [(J and $ var.l, S ? Zeritis Tlnjshe, Trim, [part], Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 265, n. 165 (1866). ,, „ Butl., Proc. ZooL Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 223, pi. xvii. f. 5 [(? ahcrr.'] Exf. al., {$) II liu. — I in. 3 lin. ; (g) I in. 1J-3 lin. ^ Orange, slightly glistening hut not metallic, tvith hrilliant silvcry- hlue gloss from bases; spotted and margined icit/i hlaeh. Fore-wing: blue usually completely covering basa,! half of wing, extending obliquely from costa at end of cell nearly to anal angle ; cellular spot and discal row as in Pgroeis, but the spots squarer ; a rather wide black costal border from end of cell to apex, marked with three white dashes between nervules ; joining it a hind-marginal border of variable width, some- times entire up to cilia, but usually with an external lunulate orange edging. Hind-wing : blue not extending beyond discal row of spots, which are arranged as in Pyroeis ; costal and hind-marginal border verv much narrower than in fore-wing, its latter portion often reduced to a row of dots at ends of nervules ; anal-angular projection long and rather acute. Cilia white, interrupted with blackish mixed with orange on dentations of margin. U^'DER side. — Fore-ioing : orange-yellow ; costa narrowly, apex broadly, hind-margin rather widely bordered icith 2'xde VOL. II. N i82 SOUTH- AFRIC AX BUTTERFLIES. creamy-oclircous, the nervules crossing border being ferruginous, witli sliort white dashes from margin between them ; sjaots as in Pyrocis (occasionally two first of discal row silvery-centred) ; submarginal macular streak as in Pyrocis, of variable intensity. Hind-icing : pale brownish-ochreous, clouded with darker-brownish, and spotted with silvery liturce edged broadly wath ferruginous ; two elongate liturte between costal and subcostal nervures, — another (sometimes like a V reversed) closing and piercing far into cell, — occasionally a small silvery dot both above and below this mark, — and a discal row of three double ones, very singularly shaped (more or less resembling reversed W's) ; hind-margin varied as in fore-wing. No black in cilia. $ Wings more rounded, not so dentate. Similar to ^, but Uae of very much less extent and duller, being mixed with blackish ; ground- colour rather paler and duller ; spots larger. Under side. — As in ^, but paler and duller. Ahcrreition ^ {Hah. — Cape Town), Blue suffusion of unusual bril- liancy and extent, completely obliterating all orange of fore-wing as well as black spots, but leaving a very broad apical and hind-marginal black border, edged outwardly by the usual small orange lunules ; while in the liind-vnng the blue extends to beyond middle, but leaves a broad even hiud-marginul border of orange. Under-side markings as usual, but very dark in tint. Fore-Aving more acutely angulated than usual ; hind-wing with unusually long anal-angular projection. This remarkable and very beautiful " sport " of Thyshe was taken on Table Mountain by Herr Gross in 1865, and has been figured by Mr. A. G. Butler (loc. cit.) Another somewhat similar ^ example was captured near Cape Town by Mr. E. L. Layard (I believe in 1868), and is in the South-African Museum. It is small (exp. ii^ lin.), and the bhie is even more developed than in the specimen just described, leaving no trace whatever of orange in fore-wing, and reducing that of hind-wing to an imperfect hind-marginal row of narrow spots. On the under side the inner-marginal region of fore-wing is suffused with blackish, and metallic spots are broadly black-ringed, while hind-wing generally is darker than usual, with all the markings less distinct. The extent of the basal blue in the ^ Tlvjsbe varies considerably in the "Western Districts of the Cape Colony, specimens taken on tlie coast having it more developed than those found more inland, in which latter (from Berg River Bridge, Roliertson, &c.) the blue nowhere reaches beyond middle, and in the fore-wing discoidal cell is bounded by a small black spot some way before the extremity. These inland ^ specimens are also smaller than the coast ones, though I have not found the 9 s to be so ; but the under side is in both sexes paler, with the ferruginoiis in the hind-wing much less developed. This latter feature in some Western examples (including one from INIalmesbury) consti- tutes quite a broad basal space and wide hind-marginal border, leaving little more than a median band of the pale ground-colour. In Kaffraria Proper a different variation prevails, three $ s from the Bashee River being of smaller size than the ordinary Western $ s, and having the blue very broad, reaching in fore-wing from extremity of discoidal cell obliquely quite up to hind-marginal black border at posterior angle, and in idnd-ieing quite up to spots of discal row. The hind-marginal border is broader and more even than usual in fore-wing (and with no orange lunules beyond it), and in LYaENID.E. 183 hind-wing continuous, tliongli narrow, to anal angle. On the under side the silvery litura? are paler and thicker than usual. A $ from the same locality differs similarly from \Yestern individuals of that sex (except as regards the blue), and has the blackish border of both wings — though less distinctly in hind-wing — pierced exteriorly by acute white denticulations adjoining the white parts of the cilia. This Zeritis is the most highly ornamented of its genus, and perhaps excels in beauty all other South- African Lyccenid(je. On the wing its general hue seems to be silvery, but when basking in the sunshine with half-opened wings it looks like some brilliantly burnished jewel. Though local in its haunts, frequenting sandy hillsides and the dunes on the sea-coast, it is usually rather numerous Avhere it occurs ; it settles frequently on the ground or on low plants, and is partial to the fleshy leaves of the larger species of Mesemhryanthemum. I have found it at various dates from the middle of September to the end of April, but it appears most numerously in October and January. The males are much oftener met Avith than the females. I have not taken it near Cape Town, where it is very scarce ; but it inhabits Kalk Bay, and is occasionally almost abundant on the hills at the back of Simon's Bay. At Mossel Bay, where I first saw the species, it was very numerous on 20th September 1858, and I took many near Robertson in January 1876. Localities of Zcritis Thijsbc. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. a. "Western Districts. — Cape Town {E. L. La yard and — Gross). Kalk Bay and Simon's Town, Cape District. Mossel Bay. Knysna. Malmesbury (/. H. Bowker). Swellendam {L. Taats). Caledon (/. X. Merriman). Eobertson and Lady Grey. Berg River Bridge (Piketberg side), h. Eastern Districts. — Port Elizabeth. Top of Gaika's Kop, Amatola Mountains {J. H. Boirl-er). D. Kalfraria Proper. — Bashee River (/. //. BoivA'er). F. Zululand. — Special locality not noted {Dr. Andrew Smith). In Coll. Brit, Mus. 212. (11.) Zeritis Osbecki (Aurivillius). S P/iasis Oshecki, Auriv., Lep. IMus, Lud. Ulr., in K. Sv. Vet,-Akad, Handl,, Bd, 19, n, 5, p. 117 (1882). Exp. al., I in, — i in. i lin. Very closely allied to T/ujshe, Linn. ^ Pale-orange, with an irregular disced roio of quaelrate hlacl^ spots ; very hroadly shot with silvery-blue. Fore-wing: blue extends over the whole surface from base to extremity of discoidal cell and along inner margin to beyond middle, usually almost obliterating terminal disco-cellular black spot and sometimes partly the lower three spots of discal row, — in the latter case meeting liiud-marginal blackish border at posterior angle; this border moderately wide, even throughout, usually marked externally with more or less defined orange lunules ; spots of discal row arranged as in Tin/she. Hind-wing : discal row of spots as in Thysbc, but smaller, the fourth, 1 84 SOUTH- AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. fifth, and sixth sometimes obsolete ; blue usually extending as far as discal row ; liind-marginal blackish border linear, usually obsolete or fragmentary below third median nervule. Cilia only slightly mixed with whitish between nervules. Under side. — Hincl-wiiuj, and modc- ratehj-ioide costal, apical, ami hind-marginal border of forc-iving, dull g^'cyisli ochrcy-ycllou\ without or with very faint markings. Fore-wing : all the spots as in Thyshc, those above median nervure and its third nervule similarly centred with silvery ; submarginal macular streak indistinct, ferruginous, with a broad blackish inferior termination above submedian nervure ; hind-marginal border unvaried by any crossing streaks. Hind-iving : markings either absent altogether or very faintly exhibited in outlines indicating the characteristic darker clouding and silvery lituras of Thyshc. $ Blue very much pcdcr and duller, and not extending to middle in either wing ; spots of discal row larger, especially in hind-wing, where all six are well developed ; cilia more whitish between nervules. Under side. — As in ^ ; but in hind-wing the darker cloudings and silvery litura3 more apparent — especially the latter, which are faintly metallic. Hind-margins not so dentate as in Thyshe ; the angulation in fore- wing blunter, not so prominent. It is doubtful wlietlier tljis form is really more than a variety of Tlvjshe, especially as the only 5 s (two) I have seen, and also one $ taken near Malmes- bury and another at Port Nolloth, in the Cape Colony, indicate with some clear- ness on the under side of the hind-wings the characteristic markings of that species. At the same time, the smaller size, blunter outline of wings, usually more extended silvery-blue in the $ , and (even in the examples just specified) obscureness of the under side, render Osbecld easily recognised. The character last named approximates this form to Pyroeis, Trim., in which, however, the spots indicated are rounded. Mr. Aurivillius sent me for inspection the type of this species from the Stockholm Museum; it is a ^. He notes (Joe. cit.) that it bore the un- doubtedly wrong label of "India orientalis." It agreed very nearly with the (J mentioned beneath as having been taken by myself at Elaauwberg. I took a $ and a very small $ (exp. only 10 lines) at Port Xolloth in August 1873, and did not meet with the form again until September 1879, when Colonel Bowker and myself each captured a $ near Malmesbury. At Blaauwberg, on the coast of the Cape District, I met with a fine pair in the following January ; and Mr. L. Peringuey gave me four similar ^ s which he captured rather farther to the north, at Paternoster Bay, Malmesbury District. Thus far, therefore, it would appear to be a form peculiar to the "Western Coast Districts of the Cape Colony. There is nothing in its habits to distin- fruish it from its nearest allies. Localities of Zeritis Oshcchi. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. — Port Nolloth, Little Namaqualand. Paternoster 13ay, Malmesbury District {L. Feringuey). Malmesbury. Blaauw- berg Beach, Cape District, UYCJEmDJE. 185 213. (12.) Zeritis Palmus (Cramer). Papilio Palmii,% Cram., Pap. Exot., iv. pi. cccxli. K f, g (17S2). (? 5 Zeritis Thi/she, Var., Trim., Khop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 265, n. 165 (1866). Rqj. al., Q) I in. — i in. 2^ lin.; ($) i in. — i in. 31 lin. $ Orange-red, suh-mctallic near bases; an irregular discal roio of small black s^ots ; and a narrow black hind-marginal border, becoming obsolete in loioer half of hind-ioing. Fore-iving : base (except on costa) with a narrow black suffusion ; costa with a linear edging of black ; a terminal disco-cellular spot, and a discal row of six spots, arranged quite as in Thysbe, Linn., but all considerably smaller and less quadrate ; hind-marginal border and external orange-red lunules as in Thysbe. Hiiul-iving : a basal black suffusion, broader than in fore-wing and prolonged somewhat widely along inner margin to considerably beyond middle, where it terminates in a point ; discal spots arranged as in Thysbe, but smaller and thinner, the sixth (last) spot of row minute or sometimes absent ; hind-marginal linear border quite as in Thysbe. Under side. — As in Thysbe, except that the black discal spots of the fore-wing are smaller, and the ferruginous markings of hind-wing constantly well developed. ^ Paler than $ ; less sub-metallic near bases ; basal blackish duller, and slightly narrower. Under side. — As in ^. Seven specimens collected at Maseru, in Basutoland, by Colonel Bowker are smaller than usual ; the bases of the wings have a much wider though duller blackish suffusion, the hind-marginal border is wider, and the cilia strongly alternated with black and white. One $ has the costa of both wings (more especially that of the hind-wing) clouded with blackish ; all the hind-wing discal spots prolonged interiorly, and a total want of the external lunulate orange edging between hind-marginal border and cilia. A $ of this small dark description has been sent from Burghersdorp by Dr. Kanne- meyer. Though so conspicuously different from Thysbe (Linn.) in the total want of the splendid silvery-blue basal gloss, Pahmis is so exceedingly close to that species that I have long doubted whether to treat it as distinct. The under-side pattern is identically the same in the two butterflies ; but the discal spots seem to be constantly smaller (except in the small northern examples just mentioned) on both surfaces ; and on the upper side the deeper red ground- colour and the more pronounced inner-marginal black of the hind-wing appear to be constant distinctions. As noted in Rhop. Afr. Aust, ii. p. 266, I possess a single ^ , taken near Cape Town, which has a faint but distinct blue lustre over the basal region of the hind-wings, but in no other way differs from ordinary specimens. Though not numerous in individuals, Palmus is more generally to be met with than Tltyshe, especially near Cape Town. Its warm bright-red colouring makes it conspicuous during its short flights, or when perched on twigs or flowers of low plants. It appears from the middle of September to the end of April. 1 86 SOUTH- AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. Localities of Zeritis ralmus. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. a. Western Districts. — Cape Town. Eerste River, iSToord Hoek, and Simon's Town, Cape District. Paarl. Robertson. Swellendam (L. Taats). Kn3^sna. Plattenberg Bay. h. Eastern Districts. — Burghersdorp {D. R. Kannemeyer). d. Basutoland. — Maseru (/. H. Bowlier). 214. (13.) Zeritis Thero, (Linnasus). '^\Papilio Tliero, Linn., Mus. Lud. Ulr. Reg., p. 32S, n. 146 (1764); and Syst. Nat., i. 2, \x 787, n. 219 (1767). Papilio Rumina, Dru., 111. Nat. Hist., i. pi. ii. fF. i, i (1770). $ Papilio Salmoneus, Cram., Pap. Exot., iv. pi. cccxli. if. v, e (1782). Papilio Erosine, Fab., Mant. Ins., ii. p. 51, n. 506 (1787). Papilio Pulshis, Herbst., Nat. Bek. Ins., — Sclimett., vi. pi. 156, fF. 6, 7 (1793)- $ 9 Polyommatus Thero, Godt., Enc. Metli., ix. p. 662, n. 154 (1819). Zerytliis Thero, Clienu, Enc. d'Hist. Nat., Pap., i. f. 351 {1852). c? ? Zeritis Thero, Trim., Rbop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 276, n. 172 (1866). Exp. al., ($) I in. 4I-8 liu. ; ($) i in. 8 lin. — 2 in. $ Dark-hrovm., tvith orange-red sjwts ; bases rather widely scaled with orange-ochreons ; hind-wing with two tails, a rather long acute one on submedian nervure, and a shorter one on first median nervule ; cilia whitish, with wide brown interruptions at ends of nervules. Fo7'e- loing : spots subquadrate ; one in cell, and another just beyond it; a discal row of five parallel to hind-margin (of which the first three are smaller and sometimes indistinct) between fourth subcostal and third median nervules ; below first median, rather before middle, the largest spot in wing. Hind-wing : a submarginal row of four broad lunular spots between discoidal nervule and submedian nervure (the first, and sometimes the second, and even the third also, occasionally obsolete), of which the last, as well as anal-angular lobe, is marked with a pale greyish- edged black spot. Under side. — Hind-wing and horders of fore-wing, soft-grey clouded vnth Irown. Fore-wmig : orange-red; two silvery-white centred black spots in cell, and a third, larger, closing it ; spots of discal row more or less confluent, the first four (there being an additional costal one) dimly white-centred ; a spot on either side of origin of first median nervule ; midway between discal row and hind- margin, a parallel submacular suffused fuscous stripe, outwardly mixed with ferruginous. Hind-'wing : central area brown ; the following silvery-white markings, sometimes with ferruginous edges, viz., a small "spot near base, just below costal nervure; a transverse row of four before middle, of which the second (in cell) is large and elongate ; closing cell, a large irregular marking, emitting a broad rag along dis- LYCiENID^. 1 87 coidal ncrvuh to hcijond middle, where it vnitcs with the fourtlh s^wt of a very irregular discal row of seven or eight linear spots ; immediately bej'ond this row, a dark-brown narrow fascia ; hind-margin paler, with a submargiual row of more or less distinct blackish lunules. $ Similar to ^ ; the orange spots larger, those of discal row of fore- wing confluent. Fore-wing : sometimes an additional orange spot between second and first median nervules, close to their origin. Hind- wings : some two or three small orange marks on disc before lunular row, of which the spots are larger and brighter. Under side. — All markings more clearly defined. Var. a. (^ and $). Orange marhings feebly developed, — in ^ almost obsolete in one example, and in another broad and suffused in fore-wing only. Under SIDE. — G-rey of a Iwarier tint, the hroiv/i clouding indistinct. Fore- wing : dark band beyond discal row more suffiised, and marked mesially with a row of seven small rather indistinct hoary-grey spots. Hind-vjing : silvery-white spots reduced in, nuviher, those present attenuated, especially the large elongate marking from extremity of discoidal cell ; all spots before middle (except lowest of row of four) obsolete, — the absence of the usually conspicuous spot in cell very noticeable. The subapical angu- lation of the fore-wing is much less marked, especially in the %. (Hah. — Namaqualand, Cape Colony.) An approach to this variety is exhibited by a (^ taken by Colonel Bowker between Somerset East and Murraysburg, Cape Colony. In this example, wliile the upper side is normal, there is almost as much failure of the silvery- white spots on the under side of the hind-wing, where, however, the dark- brown clouding remains. Specimens of lioth sexes taken at Uitenhage by the same gentleman are larger than usual, and, while they resemble the variety as far as the hoary-grey and rather attenuated markings of the under side of the hind-wings are con- cerned, differ remarkably from it on the upper side, having the orange mark- ings extremely well developed, — the $ s, in particular, exhibiting one four and the oi\\Qv five conspicuous spots in the submargiual row of the hind-wings, and liaving the lowest of them tinged with lake. These very handsome examples further differ from the variety in having the dark-brown clouding of the under side of the hind-wings well marked. This very handsome and distinct species attains a wider expanse of wings than any other South-African Lyca^nide, The large and conspicuous silvery- white marking (which, as Linne remarks {Mus. Lud. Utr. Reg., p. 328), is liooked at the extremity), is a central feature of the under side of the hind- Avings quite peculiar to the species, and often catches the eye when the butter- fly is at rest. Thero frequents shrubs in waste sandy places, and seems specially to delight in the hardy rigid plants that grow on sandhills close to the sea. Near Malmesbury I observed that it was very partial to the common Melianthus major. It is very wary and its short flights are very rapid, but it settles so frequently on exposed twigs or shoots, that, with a little patience, the collector will not fail to secure specimens. "When flying it much resembles an Erehia or PseudonympTta in size and colour, but its motions are very different. September and October are the months in which it is most pre- valent, but it is not uncommon in August and November, and I once took it early in January, i88 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. Localities of Zcritis Thero. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. a. Western Districts. — D'Urban Road, Ilont Ba}', and Ivalk Bay, Cape District. Malmesbury, Riebeck's Kasteel, Kalbas Kraal, and Bridgetown, Malmesbury District, Piketberg. Stellen- bosch. Paarl. Worcester, and Hex River Station {L. Peringuey), Worcester District. Robertson. Swellendam {L, Taats). Mossel Bay. Messkraal, Elboogfontein, and Oograbies, Namaqualand District [Var]. h. Eastern District. — Uitenhage (/. H. Boivlccr). Between Somer- set East and IMurraysburg {J. H. BoicJar). 215. (U.) Zeritis Sardonyx, Trimen. S ? Zeritis Sardonyx, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., iS6S, p. S3, pi. v. f. 5, pi. v'i. ff. 6, 7. Exp. al., ($) I in. y-gh lin. ; ($) i in. 9 lin. — 2 in. i lin. ^ Fulvous-orange, vjith fuscous marJcings and hind-marginal bor- der. Fore-wing : base with a slight fuscous-grey suffusion ; costa rather narrowly bordered with creamy or vinous-yellow from base to a little before middle, thence with fuscous to apex ; hind-marginal boi-der broad, of nearly even width to about posterior angle, where it is con- siderably enlarged ; a rather irregular submacular transverse discal band, of moderate width, from costal border, its lower extremity joining hind- marginal border on first median nervule ; usually a small rounded black spot in discoidal cell ; a larger, squarer, terminal disco-cellular spot confluent with costal border. Hind-ivi7ig : base next costa shining pale ochreous-grey, next inner margin narrowly suffused with fuscous- grey ; apical area occuj^ied broadly with brownish-black, which divides to form (i) a narrow hind-marginal edging, disapj^earing before attain- ing submedian nervure, and (2) a broader discal ray, ending rather abruptly on first median nervule ; inner margin whitish ; anal-angular lobe and caudal projection vinous-ochreous. Cilia conspicuously alter- nated with black and white. Under side. — Hind-ioing and margins of fore-wing varying from dull vinous to darh fcrruginous-ochrcous. Fore-wing : orange ground-colour paler than on upper side ; the fol- lowing silvery-white black-ringed spots, viz., three disco-cellular (the additional spot being near base), and an irregular discal band of six. Hind-iving : two conspicuous, short, transverse, pure- white streaks about middle, between costal and subcostal nervures, at a little distance apart ; beyond middle a similar but much longer, slightly irregular, streak extending from first subcostal nervule to inner margin ; adjoining this streak a hoary-grey inner-marginal space, extending narrowly along margin, outwardly to lobe at anal angle, and inwardly as far as a small narrow white mark ; externally bounding upper part of discal white streak, a small purplish-fuscous cloud ; usually some pruinose LYCiENID/E. 189 bloom over basal half of inner mai'gin and middle of Innd-margin. Cilia of the colour of the mai'gins alternated with whitish. $ Considcrcibly paler, markings similar. Fore-wing : hind-marginal border comparatively narrower, the space of ground-colour between it and discal band broader. Hind-unng : apical black not so extended, the discal part ending on third median nervule and the hind-marginal edging being narrower. Under side. — As in ^. Considerable variation is shown in the width and extent of the discal band. A $ from Griqualand West, taken by Mrs. Barber, has the band in both wings much attenuated inferiorly ; and a $ from the same country, captured by myself, has it in the fore-Aving very narrow throughout, and in the hind- Aving prolonged, as in the ^ , but broader. A very Avorn $ , tlie locality of Avhich is not recorded, in the South-African Museum exhibits the band in the fore-Aving in a yet more reduced form, its upper part being very narroAV and its loAver part obsolete. This very distinct species has no close ally known to science. In outline of Avings and the character of the upper-side markings it lias much of the aspect of Chrysonjcliia Ilaiyax (Fab.), but, apart from its much larger size, the under side of the hind-Avings has a totally different pattern, three purc-Avhite streaks replacing the numerous metallic spots of tliat species. Structurally it has no near affinity to HarjJax, the gradually clavate antennae, long palpi, and five- branched subcostal nervure of fore-Aving showing its close relationship to Z. TJiero (Linn.) and Argijrasjns, Trim. Sardonyx inhabits the dry upland districts of the north and north-east of the Cape Colony. In 1864 single examples reached me simultaneously from Burghersdorp and Murraysburg, having been captured respectively by Mr. D. R. Kannemeyer and Mr. J. J. Muskett. The latter correspondent subsequently sent me several fine specimens, from Avhich I described the species at the end of 1867. In December of that year Mr. J. P, Mansel Weale sent me a good draAving of a $ taken at Cradock, Avith the note that the species Avas "aToun- dant about Cradock Flats on the ice-plant ; ^ all the specimens varying slightly." The only living example I have seen is the 9 above mentioned as having been captured in Griqualand "West ; I met with it at Kolberg on the 6th September 1872, flying about a rocky hillside. Localities of Zcritis Sardonyx, I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. h. Eastern Districts. — Murraysburg {J. J. Muskett). Cradock (/. P. Mansel Weale). Burghersdorp (D. R. Kannemeyer). c. Griqualand West. — Kolberg. Vaal River (il/rs. Barber). 216. (15.) Zeritis Argyraspis, Trimen. Zeritis Malagrida (part), Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 344 (1866). ^ 5 Zeritis Argyraspis, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 114, pi. i. it 7, 8. Exp. ah, {$) I in. 4-6^ lin. ; ($) i in. 7-9 lin. ^ Orange-fiUvous, with rather wide fuscous lordcring ; cilia wide, fuscous, conspicuously varied vnth pure white between extremities of uer- ^ McscmhryantJicmum cnjstaUiuum. I90 SOUTH- AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. vules. Forc-vnng : fuscous border very broad in apical region, occupy- ing outer half of costa, and emitting a short ray towards base along subcostal nervure ; on third median nervule the border abruptly nar- rows, thence forming a rather wide and tolerably even band to anal angle; base slightly clouded with fuscous. Hiiid-wing : border similarly developed in apical region, but abruptly constricted a little above third median nervule, and thence to anal angle being very much narrower than the corresponding portion in fore-wing ; base faintly tinged with fuscous-grey ; inner margin clouded with an ill-defined fuscous border- ing beyond middle. Under side. — Hind-wing and bordering of fore- wing fuscous-ochrcous, with hrigld-silvcry, narroicly Uaclc-cdged spots. Fore-iuing : on costa, at base, a longitudinal silvery streak ; two small, rounded, silvery-white spots in discoidal cell near base, and an elon- gated similar spot at extremity of cell; nine spots in apical region, viz., two minute ones close to costa ; one small rounded one a little be- yond end of cell ; two larger ones placed so as to form an oblique elongate marking between small rounded spot and apes, and four in a row from apex along hind-margin as far as third median nervule, the lowest spot the largest ; orange-fulvous replaced by a broad creamy band along inner margin ; inner portion of hind-marginal border below apical region marked with a row of three good-sized blackish spots. Hind- wing : on basal lobe of costa a rather large subovate spot ; beyond it, below costal nervure, two similar spots placed longitudinally ; a small spot in discoidal cell close to base, followed by a dot ; a very irregular, roughly V-shaped marking at extremity of cell ; between this marking and inner margin are a similar but more elongate mai'king and » rather small subovate spot ; beyond middle a very irregular transverse row of eight spots of various sizes and shapes, of which the second and fourth (of about equal size) are much larger than the rest ; a hind-marginal row of nine spots, of which the three last form an oblique line to inner margin beyond middle ; at anal angle a small, short, oblique, red mark, bordered on each side with white ; quite at base, below origin of sub- median nervure, a small round spot like the rest. Fore-icing with hind-marginal outline strongly elbowed about extremity of radial nervures. Hind-iving with a slight anal-angular lobe, and two tails of moderate length, broad at the base and taper- ing gradually to a point at extremities of first median nervule and sub- median nervure respectively. $ Similar to ^, hut fuscous hordering relatively not so hroad, and scarcely any tinge of fuscous at bases. Fore-wing : bordering in apical region not so greatly wider than its other portion, and emitting no ray along subcostal nervure, but only two lines tVom costal edge on second and third subcostal nervules ; near anal angle the bordering is wider than about middle of hind-margin. Under side. — Eather paler in ground-colour, but otherwise as in ^. Fore-icing : the lowest LYaENIDxE. 191 spot of liiiid-margiual row vertically divided into two well-separated spots. lu outline tlie wings of the $ are more even and blunted, the fore-wings being less elbowed below apex, but with a slight prominence at end of first median nervule. A streak margining the front of each eye ; another at lateral base of each palpus ; and six spots on each side of the abdomen (the latter edged with black) ; silvery-white. General colouring of body fuscous- ochreous, with two longitudinal whitish stripes on each side of breast ; legs ochreous, with whitish femora. A $ example from IMurraysburg differs from other specimens in the great breadth of the fuscous bordering, particularly in the fore-wings. There is a series of variations which leads from Z. Mcdagrida, Wallgrn., in the direction of Z. Argyrasins, but the latter, Avliich is the largest and finest form I have seen, is sufficiently well marked in both sexes to demand separa- tion as a species. From the type Z. Malagrida (to which Isl. Wallengren, who has seen specimens wliich I have forwarded to him, informs me must be referred the " var. Aglasjns" of Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 272) Z. Argijraspis seems to be constantly distinguished by the very broad field of orange-fidvous, icliicli extends to the costal edge of fore-wings on the upper side, and by the much brighter, more clearly defined, and rounder silvery spots of the under side. As regards the latter, it is very noticeable that the spots of the hind-marginal rotu in'Jhe hind-ivings are not sagittate, and that those of the roio beyond the middle are far more irregidarly placed than in Malagrida, and present no approach to the continuity which almost forms a stripe in that species. In addition to these distinctions should be mentioned the much larger size of Argyraspis, and the different outline of the wings, which latter consists in a marked prominence of the apical region of the fore-wings, and the production of the slight dentations in the hind-wings of Malagrida at the ends of the sub- median nervure and first median nervule into distinct pointed tails. Dr. Ivannemeyer was the first to communicate to me this striking form in the shape of a $ taken near Burghersdorp, in the Albert Division of the Capo Colony. Mr. INIuskett, in 1864 and in 1S70, sent me examples of both sexes from Murraysburg. Mr. E. L. Layard showed me a specimen taken by him near Beaufort West, and early in 187 1, Mr. J. H. Bowker sent me a very fine (J, taken "on the way from Murraysburg to Somerset East." In August 1873 I had the good fortune to meet with this butterfly in the ISTamaqualand District, capturing two of each sex. These specimens were all easily taken, sitting constantly on the bare ground. They ditter from the Murraysburg specimens in their narrower fuscous border (especially in the fore- wings), and in the larger silvery spots of their under side. Localities of Zcrilis Anjijraspis. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. a. Western Districts. — Springbokfontein, Mosskraal, and I^luffel's Kiver, Namaqualand District. Beaufort {E. L. Layard). b. Eastern Districts. — Murraysburg (/. J. Mushdt). I>ctween jNIur- raysburg and Somerset East (/. //. Bowl-er). Burghersdorp (Z). R. Kannemeyer). 192 SOUTH- AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. 217. (16.) Zeritis Wallengrenii, sj). nov. i ^ 9 Zcritk Malaqrida (part), Trim., Rliop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 272, pi. 5, f. z[$], 1SS6. Exp. ciL, Q) I in. 2-6 lin. ; ($) i in. 5^-8^ lin. $ Fuscous-ljlach, with a large dull-orange hasi-discal jMtch in each wing ; bases rather tvidely tinged ivith fuscous-grey ; cilia fuscous-hlack, with small hut conspicuous inter-nervular white interruptions. Forc- iving : costa edged narrowly with greyish yellow-ochreous, wider near base ; orange patch commencing near base, occupying lower part of discoidal cell, covering median nervure and basal halves of its three nervules, and extending narrowly to inner margin about middle; 'ex- tremity of discoidal cell marked by a pale ochreous-yellow narrow spot indenting the black above. Jlijid-wing : orange patch occupying costa to about middle, and crossing to inner margin, near which, beyond middle, it is usually confluent with a partly oblique sub- marginal orange band commencing on third median nervule and end- ing at anal angle ; projection at extremity of first median nervule short, rather blunt, — that at anal angle much longer, slightly curved, rather broad, rounded at tip, ochrey-yellow tinged with lake. Under side. — Hind-wing and apiecd area and hind-marginal border of fore-ioing yellow- or rinous-ochrcous, clouded with brownish between ncrvurcs,and ivith numerous slender, mostly arrow-shaped, bright-silvery, very thinly blaclc- cdgcd marl's. Fore-wing : costa narrowly bordered with ochreous, and near base edged with whitish ; orange extends from base over whole of cell and almost to hind-margin, fading into whitish all along inner margin ; two small round black-edged silvery spots in discoidal cell ; a larger one externally angulated at extremity of cell ; spots of apical area arranged as in Argyrasjns, but the four spots along hind-marginal portion sagittiform ; the lowest spot of these four interiorly touches a round one which is the first of an oblique row of three reaching to first median nervule (occasionally a fourth, nearer base, very faintly indicated beneath that nervule) ; outwardly bordering orange, between third median nervule and submedian ner- vure, a row of three large suffused fuscous sub-sagittiform spots, with silvery points externally. Hind-wing : neuration and a submarginal ray paler than rest of area ; the following silvery markings, viz., a narrow spot close to costa and base ; two opposedly sub-sagittiform marks between costal and subcostal nervures ; two small I'ound spots in discoidal cell ; a large superiorly-acuminate spot at extremity of cell ; three or four small spots below cell ; a discal irregular row of eight or nine variously shaped marks, of which the two respectively between subcostal nervules and second and first median nervules are opposedly sagittiform ; and a hind-marginal row, interrupted near costa and near anal angle, of shai'ply- sagittiform marks resembling LYC^NIDyE. 193 those iu the fore-wing'. Cilia, mixed fuscous and ochreous, the white interruptions less conspicuous than on upper side. $ Duller, paler. Forc-icivf/ : a submacular narrow transverse orange ray from subcostal nervure, not far before apex, joins discal orange on third median nervule ; costal ochreous more developed. Hind-iuing : submarginal orange ray beginning on radial nervule, separated from discal orange by an irregular fuscous stripe ; anal- angular projection much shorter than in ^, but that at extremity of first median nervule rather better developed, — a deejD excavation between the two. Under side. — As in ^. Vak. a. (^ and $). $ Orange in fore-wing a little broader exteriorly ; submarginal orange ray in hind-wing much broader on third median nervule, and usually completely confluent with discal orange. Under side. — Hincl-iving and apical area of fore-wing imle-fuscous, the neuration yellow- oelireoiis in p)arts only ; all the silvery spots (except disco-cellular ones of fore-wing) much thickened, but decidedly less so than in Argyraspis, the arrow-head ones retaining their characteristic form. Fore-ivinq : edging of costa, from base to middle, silvery- white. Hind-tving : no marked projection on first median nervule, but anal-angular one very prominent. $ Orange very pale and dull; the ray in fore-wing indistinct or obsolete; that in hind- wing more even than in typical $. Under SIDE. — As in ^. (Hah. — Swellendam and Grahamstown, Cape Colony.) A few examples (three ^ s and a $ ) sent from near Grahamstown by Colonel Bowker and Mrs. Barber exhibit some divergence from the variety in their duller upper-side orange (especially dusky in basal half of hind-wing) and in the thicker, blunter silvery markings of the under side, some of which partly coalesce. The ^ s, too, are unusually small (i in. i-^h lin.), and the fore- wings less produced apically. The markings of the head and body agree with those of Arggraspis, but are thinner and less conspicuous. In outline of wing this species is in both sexes blunter and less elbowed liind-marginally than Arggraqns, and the ^ has. the anal-angular projection well developed in the hind-wing, and that at extremity of first median nervule small or obsolete — ^just the opposite of what occurs in Argi/rasjns. In most respects it holds a middle place between the species just mentioned and Mala- grida, Wallengr., but tlie silvery markings are remarkably tliin and acute, more so than in the latter. The variety, however, is unmistakably closer to Argyraspis as regards its under-side colouring and marking ; but both forms of Wallengrenii differ greatly from that species in their very limited field of orange on the upper side, which is, on the contrary, much larger and brighter than in MalagriJa. I met with this butterfly rather numerously on hills near Stellenbosch iu December 1862, and captured the paired sexes on the 20th of that month. It constantly settles on the ground, and can be taken with the fmgers if cautiously approached. It is with much pleasure that I dedicate this species to the well-known Swedish lepidopterist. Pastor H. D. J. Wallengren, the recorder of the rich South-African collections formed by the lamented "\Yahlberg. 194 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTEEFLIES. Localities of Zeritis Wallengrcnii. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. a. Western Districts. — Stellenboscli, Swellendam (Z. Tacda). — Var. A. h. Eastern Districts. — Graliamstown (/. H. Bowlier and M. E. Barber.) — Var. A. 218. (17.) Zeritis Malagrida, Wallengren. ^ Cygariiis Malagrida, Wallgrn., K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1857, Lep. Rhop. CalTr., p. 43. (J $ Zeritis Aglasjjis, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 3rd Ser., i. p. 286 (1862). S $ Zeritis Malagrida, Var., Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 272 (1866). Ex2). al., ($) II lin. — i in. 2 lin, ; ($) i in. 2-7 lin. 1^ Mackish-hroum, %vith a dull-orange discal sjyace in each wing; cilia long, Uacldsh-lrown, widely interrupted with white hctiveen nervidcs. Fore-wing : basal area widely suffused with glossy yellowish-grey ; orange longitudinal space very restricted, barely entering discoidal cell, covering three median nervules from their origins, and ending abruptly at some distance before hind-margin ; a narrow pale-yellowish terminal disco-cellular spot touching orange space ; usually a very faint, small, suffused, subapical orange spot near costa. Kind-wing : a rather wide submarginal orange band between discoidal nervule and submedian nervure, dentated both interiorly and exteriorly by three dark crossing nervules ; a slight suffusion of orange about origins of median nervules ; inner-margin bordered with whitish-grey from base to beyond middle. Under side. — Hind-vmig and apical area and narrow hind-marginal horder of fore-wing greyish or vinous-greyish, intersected hy pale-yelloivish 7ieurcdion, and ivith rather chdl silvery marJci7igs thinly edged ivith hlacJc. Fore-wing : orange-yellow fading into white along inner margin ; two small longitudinally elongate-ovate silvery-white black-ringed spots in discoidal cell, and a similar vertically elongate one at its extremity ; two similar very small spots close to costa beyond middle ; an oblique silvery streak from apex, commencing a bi-angulated row of small silvery spots extending to first median nervule ; close to hind-margin a row of outwardly-produced sub-sagittiform silvery marks from apex to third median nervule, below which the row is continued to submedian nervure by three rather suffused blackish marks. Hind-iving : the following silvery markings, viz., a dot at base, close to costa ; two in discoidal cell, and a large sub-trigonate spot at its extremity ; two con- verging short curved streaks from costal to subcostal nervure, before middle ; an irregular, discal, zigzag macular streak, rather suffused on its inner edge, continuous from second subcostal nervule to inner margin ; a row, close to hind-margin, of sagittiform marks, becoming LYC/ENID.E. 195 acuter inferiorly, edged interiorly with red and preceded by a wliitish streak. Cilia greyish or vinous-greyisli, with white inter-nervular inter- ruptions. $ Duller and paler. Fore-wing : basal area more decidedly tinged with ochrey-yellow ; a rather suffused macular orange ray from sub- costal nei"vure near apex joining discal orange on third median nervule. Hincl-icing : basal and inner-marginal area much suffused with ochrey- yellow ; orange band less macular, more continuous, not so dentated by nervules, suffused on its inner edge. Under side. — As in $. Hind- iving : discal macular silvery streak more completely interrupted on first and second subcostal nervules. A $ sent to me from the Transvaal by Mr. David Arnot is considerably larger than usual, expanding 2 in. 7 lin. ; the orange of the fore-wing, and to a rather less extent that of the hind-wing, is extended basewards and mingled imperceptibly with the ochrey-yellow suffusion, and the silvery markings of the under side are much enlarged and conspicuously whiter than usual. The fore-wing in Malarjrida has scarcely any trace of hind-marginal sub- apical prominence in the $ , and none at all in the $ . This, together with its smaller size, very restricted field of orange in both wings, and the continuous and comparatively regular course of the discal silvery streak on the under side of the hind-wings, readily distinguish it from its allies WaUengrenii and Argij- raspis, Trim. It is also very noticeable that the anal-angular projection of the hind-wing is very short, and that on first iiiedian nervule scarcely per- ceptible. I first met with this sjDecies in March 1S60 on the Lion's Hill at Cape Town, mistaking the first example for a brightly-marked Thijra, Linn., as it pitched on the ground or on stones. It is extremely local, but numerous about its special haunts. Though tolerably swift on the wing, it is not easily roused, and never flies for more than a few yards at a time ; it almost always settles on the ground, and I have taken several examples with my fingers. It seems to be strictly a late summer butterfly, as I have not met with it before the beginning of February or after the end of March. Localities of Zeritis Malagrida. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. a. Western Districts. — Cape Town. K. Transvaal. — Locality not noted {D. Arnot). 219. (18.) Zeritis Thyra, (Linna3us). Plate IX. fig. 5(9). S Pap)iUo Thyra, Liiui., Mas. Lud. Ulr, Reg., p. 329, n. 147 (1764); and Syst. Xat., i. 2, p. 789, n. 227 (1767). cj Papilio Nycetus, Cram., Pap. Exot., iv. pi. ccclxxx, if. P, g. Papilio Evadrus, Fab.,'Mant. Ins., p. 89, n. 806 (1787); and {Ilesperia Evadrus) Ent. Syst., iii. i, p. 343, n. 306 (1793). $ Aloeides TJtyra, Hiibn., Samml. Exot. Schmett., ii. pi. 2>Z (? 1S06). 196 SOUTH-AFRICAN EUTTERFLIES. rohiornmaius Evadnis (Var. 2), Godt., Euc. Moth., ix. p. 672 (1819). 9 Zeritis Tliijra, Westw., Gen. Diurn. Lep., pi. 76, f. 9 (1852). ^ 5 Zeritis Thyra, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii, p. 273, n. 170 (1866). Exp. a!., ($) I in. 2-6 lin. ; ($) i iu. 2^-71 lin. ^ Orange-red, ivith hlackish hordcrs. Forc-iving : border rather narrow at base (wliere it is suffused with greyish-yellow-ochreous, which sometimes uan-owly edges costa to apex), but widening greatly to apex, whence, abruptly narrowing on third median nervule, it is moderately broad along hind-margin to j^osterior angle, where it usually widens again ; base blackish mixed with ochreous. Hind- wing : border sometimes nearly obsolete ou costa, but in many Cape Town examples rather broad ; always developed very broadly about apex, narrowed abruptly on third median nervule, and thence only a dentate edging to anal angle. Under side. — Hind-wing and hordcr of fore-wing greyish or hroivnish ochreous, or often 2^U7ylish-lc(Jce, the former icith irregular whitish streaks and sjwts. Fore-wing: orange usually paler, especially towards inner margin, which is bordered with whitish ; two black spots in cell, one closing it ; an inwardly-oblique, transverse, bi-angulated row of five or six beyond it, and a suffused submarginal row, — all spots above median nervure and its first branch silvery- white centred, those of cell very conspicuously ; below . cell two blackish markings (one basal, one just beyond), usually confluent. Hind-iving : two small spots at base, one on costa, one iu cell ; a transverse row of four before middle (one in cell) ; a long streak closing cell, usually confluent inferiorl}^ with a most irregular, very sharply dentated, more or less suffused transverse stripe immediately succeeding it ; a small spot touching costal nervure about middle ; a submarginal dentated streak, often indistinct, always so towards costa. In both wings a rather indistinct hind-marginal row of spots, sometimes in- teriorly bordered by some whitish marks. Cilia blackish, interrupted with white between nervules. ^ Oretnge nsucdly rcdlier ixdcr and duller, horder not so dark ; ochreous basal suffusion usually much broader. Fore-wing : at outer and upper edge of orange there is often an upward projection of that colour as far as first radial nervule ; border often very broad at posterior angle. Hind-iving : apical border usually broader than in ^ ; usually a suffused blackish spot between first median nervule and submedian nervure near anal angle. Under side. — As in ^. This species is very variable, chiefly in the colour of under side of hind-wing and the distinctness of its markings, but also in the extent and tint of the orange of upper side, which in some specimens is very limited in extent, in others very broad. I have no doubt of this being the true Thyra of Linne, having taken one specimen near Cape Town which answers in every particular to the details given in " Museum Ludovicee, &c." In the majority of examples the under- side markinafs are not so bright as Linn^ notes them. LYC^NIDJi:. 197 The Cape Town specimens, in both sexes, have the upper side red deeper in colour, and more restricted in area (especially as regards the hind-wing) than those from more eastern localities.^ In the latter, the red in both wings commences close to base, and in the hind-wing always occupies basal half of costa, while in the fore-wing it is usually confluent with the basal ochrey-yellow border of costa. In a very large pair ($ I in. 6 lin., $ I in. 7^ liu.), which I took in Bain's Kloof, on the Worcester side, the $ presents a very broad area of bright orange-red, while the $, though the red is well developed basally, has the dark border so enlarged as to cover the outer half of each wing. Specimens from the neighbourhood of Port Elizabeth, and in a less degree those from near Grahamstown, are not only smaller than usual, but exhibit on the under side of the hind-Aving rather less irregularity in the discal whitish streak, and about the middle of the submarginal streak a small but distinct whitish cloud or suffu- sion.^ The paired sexes of this variation, captured in October 1879, at Zwartkops railway cutting, were sent to me by Colonel Bowker. Examples from Kaffraria Proper and Natal are also small, and in them the very wide red field is decidedly paler and yellower, and on the under side a more or less decided lake hue seems constantly pre- sent, together with more glistening whitish markings in the hind- wing. Cramer's figures (op. cit.) roughly represent a (^ in which the upper- side orange is rather pale and of restricted area, and indented in both wings by a disco-cellular dark spot ; the under side is of the purplish- lake coloration, Hiibner's excellent illustrations are evidently from Cape Town specimens ; they exhibit ^ s of both colorations, but Hiibner has given the larger (lake beneath) as the ^. Pupa. — Dull yellowish-green ; back of thorax greener than the other parts. Abdomen with a median dorsal dark-ashy streak. Spi- racles raised, brownish. About half an inch in length ; thick, rounded, smooth ; head blunt ; dorso-thoracic prominence elevated but blunt. (Lying, quite free of any attachment or cocoon, under a stone, near Cape Town, 27th September 1874.) The larva's skin, which still surrounded the tail of this pupa, was dull-brown, rather closely set with short black (and some white) spines ; the head rather large, shining dark-brown. A ^ imago emerged on 20th October. 1 A remarkable 'exception occurs in a (J taken by M. L. ^Peringuey at Hex River IMountain in the Worcester District, where the red is much more restricted than in any Cape Town example that I have seen, forming in the fore-wing only a narrow discal ray, and in the hind-wing only a discal patch wholly beyond middle. ^ Very near these, but paler and duller generally, and with the whitish cloud much less apparent, are a ? from Basutoland, and another (with border of fore-wing broader than usual) from Griqualand West, both taken by Colonel Bowker. Two larger ? s from Little Namaqualand are similar, but have the lake coloration on the under side. A small S from the Eastern Transvaal has the fore-wing border remarkably narrow, and the striie of the under side (lake) of the hind- wing glistening and unusually regiilar.__ VOL. II. O 1 98 SOUTH- AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. This widely-distributed species is common in many localities, preferring pathways and other spots of bare ground on hillsides on which it constantly settles, taking short rapid flights, and returning to the same or an immediately adjacent spot. It seldom visits flowers, but I have occasionally noticed it on Bninia and some others. Though most prevalent from October to March, I have taken it as early as August and as late as the end of April. Localities of Zeritis Thyra. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. a. Western Districts. — Springbokfontein, ISTamaqualand. Cape Town. Stellenbosch. Bain's Kloof (Worcester side). Hex River Moun- tain (L. Pevinrjuey). Genadendal, Caledon District ((?. Hettarsch). Knysna. h. Eastern Districts. — Port Elizabeth. Between Zwartkops and Coega Rivers {J. H. Boivl-er). Grahamstown. c. Griqualand West. — Vaal River (J. H. Bowker). d. Basutoland. — Ivoesberg (/. H. Bowker). D. Kaffraria Proper. — Bashee River (/. H. Boicker). E. Natal. a. Coast Districts. — D'Urban and Pinetown {J. II. Boivker). Great Koodsberg. K. Transvaal. — Lydenburg District (T. Ayres). 220. (19.) Zeritis Aranda, (Wallengren). cJ Ci/garitis Aranda, Wallgrn., K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Hand!., 1857, — Lep. Rhop. Caffr., p. 43. ^ $ Zeritis Mars, Trim., Trans. Eut. Soc. Loud., 3rd Ser., i. p. 285 (1862). S ? Zeritis Pierus, Cram., Var. A., Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 275. Ex2h al, ($) II lin. — i in. i liu. ; ($) i in. — i in. 3-^ liu. $ Orangc-T/elloio, with blacldsh-hrown borders. Fore-wing : base helow median nervure very narrowly tinged with dark-grey ; orange- yellow covers costa to a point a little before extremity of discoidal cell, but is there slightly paler and duller ; a small, more or less distinct, fuscous, terminal disco-cellular spot ; border commencing abruptly and rather broadly on costa, widening considerably to apes, and continued below third median nervule, evenly and rather broadly, along hind- margin to posterior angle. Hind-ioing : sometimes an indistinct ter- minal disco-cellular fuscous lunule ; border commencing with a large, broad, inferiorly-rouuded, costal-apical patch, very abruptly narrowing on discoidal nervule into a streak (interiorly dentated between nervules) along hind-margin to anal angle ; an ill-defined fuscous spot near anal angle, between first median nervule and submedian nervure (sometimes obsolete) ; a short, acute, anal-angular projection at extremity of sub- median nervure. Cilia glistening fuscous-grey mixed with purplish- lake, not interrupted with white. Under side. — Hind-iving and costal, apical, and hind-inarginal border of fore-wing variable in tint, oclirey- broivnish, ferritginous-broumish, or imrplish-lake, marked tvith small, LYC.EXID.E. 199 mostly rather ill-defined, glistening sub-metallic spots lolth dark edges. Fore-wing : three disco-cellular spots, one below cell ; an irregular, bi-angulated, oblique discal row of six, all black with brilliant silvery- white centres ; a submargiual regular row of six spots, of which the three superior are small and indistinct, but the three inferior large and black, occasionally with minute silvery dots on their inner side. Hind- %ving : three rather ill-defined transverse rows of small sub-metallic spots, — the first of four or five before middle including a terminal disco-cellular lunule, — the second of eight or nine discal, sinuate, irre- gular,— the third submarginal, regular, but becoming obsolete supe- riorly ; near base three glistening small spots, viz., one close to costa and two in discoidal cell. $ Similar ; darJc borders broader. Fore-wing : border more deeply excavating orange-yellow immediately beyond extremity of discoidal cell, and sometimes emitting an ill-defined suS'used ray across median nervules. Hind-wing : apical dark patch larger, usually a little suf- fused ; anal-angular projection blunter. Under side.— As in $, but all the spots usually better defined. In a $ which I captured at Knysna, in the Cape Colony, tlio dark border of the fore-wing is so enlarged as to occupy the outer two-thirds of the whole area, with the exception of a small indistinct discal orange-yellow spot ; and the costal-apical patch of the hind-wing is much larger than usual, as well as the spot near anal angle. ^ Specimens from the Basuto Territory and the Transvaal exhibit in both sexes a narrower dark border, especially near the apex of the fore-Aving, where it is, moreover, usually penetrated (in some cases almost divided) by an upward projection or short ray from the discal part of the orange-yellow.- Examples from tlie Coast of Natal resemble these, and some of the ^ s have the costal part of the border of the fore-wing still narrower, Avhile in both sexes the anal- angular projection of the hind-wing is longer. In colouring and in the extent of the orange on the upi>er side, Aranda much resembles tlie Eastern specimens of Tliijra, Linn., but the under-side markings, particularly those of the hind-wings, and the greater proportion of silvery - centred spots on the fore-wings, show that it is more nearly allied to Pierus, Cram., Tailwsama, Wallengr., and Almeida, Fekl, though differing from all of these in the entire absence of the row of fuscous spots close to the hind-margin. The anal-angular projection of the hind-wing is much acuter and longer in Aranda than in its near allies ; the butterfly is also the smallest of the group. I met with this species pretty commonly at Knysna in 1858-59 from the middle of October to the middle of January, and again from the beginning of IMarch to that of April. It was almost confined to the hills, frequenting dry sandy spots, and in habits did not differ from its near congeners. In Feb- ^ There are two similar but larger 9 s (unfortunately without locality) in the South African Museum ; they have the bases, however, much suffused with fuscous-grey, so that the orange is greatly obscured or obsolete on costa, and in the hind-wing as well as in the fore-wing a more or less marked fuscous discal ray divides the orange. Two i s accom" panying them have the orange redder, and reduced by wider dusky bases and dark boi'ders ; in both there is an indication of the dark discal ray across the orange of each wing. - Of two 9 s from Kaflfraria Proper, one possesses and the other (the largest specimen I have seen) does not possess this short orange ray. Both have the border of fore-wing broadly developed, especially on costa beyond middle. 200 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. ruary 1867 I took a ^ specimen of tlie Natal variation on a hillside near Verulam, and Colonel Bowker has lately (1884-85) sent several examples of both sexes found near Pinetown. The only Cape Town specimen I have seen was taken by myself on 30th November 1862, Localities of Zcritis Aranda. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. a. Western Districts. — Cape Town. Knysna. b. Eastern Districts.— Fort Murray and Fort Hare, British Kaffraria (IF. >S'. M. n Urban), d. Basutoland.— Maseru (/. H. Bowher). D. Kaffraria Proper.— Bashee River (/. H. Boiclier). E. Natal. a. Coast Districts. — Pinetown (/. H. Bowlcer). Yerulam. ^ b. Upper Districts. — Riet Spruit, near Upper Umgeni ( W. Morant). K. Transvaal. — Potchefstroom and Lydenburg Districts {T. Aiji iret 221. (20.) Zeritis Almeida, (Felder). (? Nats Almeida, Fekl., " Verb.' Zool.-Bot. GeselL Wien., xii. i, p. 478 (1862);" and Reise d. Novara, Lep., ii. p. 264, pi. xxxii. ff. 25, 26 (1865). S ? Zeritis Pierus,''^Tnm. [part], Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 274, n. 171 (1866). Exp. al., ($) III liu. — I iu. 2I lin. ; ($) i in. 2-4 lin. $ Barh orange-red, with very broad blackish-brown borders; bases widely suffused ivith mixed ochrey -yellow and fuscous-grey ; cilia greyish mixed with fuscous, at posterior angle of fore-wing slightly whitish. Fore-iving : orange-red very restricted, commencing at about origin of first median nervule, scarcely extending below submedian nervure or above median nervure and its third nervule (except, rarely, at its outer superior extremity, where a narrow projection sometimes reaches subcostal nervure), and much narrowed inferiorly by broadening in- ward of hind-marginal border from near posterior angle. Hind-uAng : basal suffusion extending more or less along inner margin beyond middle ; costal-apical patch very large, extending to base of third (and sometimes of second) median nervule ; hind-marginal border very narrow, sharply and regularly dentating orange between nervules ; orange-red just enters extremity of discoidal cell. Under side. — Hind-iving a7id border of fore-ivmg greyish or ferruginous-brou'ii {rarely ]jU7'plish-laJce), the former with transverse roics of indistinct dark-edged shining-grey or sub-metallic spots, and usucdly vjith more or less whitish suffusion on disc. Fore-wing : costa near base thinly edged with white ; ordinary black spots arranged as in Aranda, Wallengr., but very rarely any silvery white-centred ones below median nervure ; last blackish spot of submarginal row usually much suffused interiorly ; posterior angle whitish ; an additional hind-marginal row of rather indistinct elongate dark spots. Hind-wing : spots arranged as in Aranda, but LYC^NID^. 201 (as in fore-wing) an indistinct hind-marginal row of darlc spots ; often a faint whitish or hoary suffusion immediately preceding indistinct spots of submarginal row. $ Rather paler and duller ; cilia paler generally, but with darker interruptions on nervules, whiter at posterior angle of fore-wing. Fore- wing : orange usually rather more extended at extremity of discoidal cell and on inner margin about middle, and almost always emitting a more or less developed upward discal ray to or towards subcostal ner- vure. Under side. — As in $. Ilind-iving : discal whitish rather more diffused. A S fi'om between the Zwartkops and Coega Elvers, and a $ and two 9 s from Murraysburg, are considerably larger ( (J s i in, 4 lin., 5 s i in. 5-6 lin.) than the more "\Vestern examples. On the lander side these $ s have the whitish at posterior angle of fore-wing more pronounced, and extending along inner margin, and the discal whitish siifTusion of hind-wing immensely deve- loped ; Avhile in the $ s the former character is equally, the latter less markedly, exhibited. In the $ s, moreover, the former character is unusually well mani- fested in the cilia on the upper side, and on the same surface the orange-red is much developed towards base, the customary basal suffusion being in one speci- men almost obsolete. A (^ I took at Knysna much resembles the darkest of the dusky 5 s of Aranda above mentioned, the orange-red being on the upper side limited in the fore-Aving to a small patch before middle and a small discal spot, and in the hind-wing to a faint central-inferior ray and a patch along lower half of hind-margin. Another $ from the same locality is, liowever, remarkable for the increased size and brighter tint of the orange-red in both wings. In general aspect and colouring of the upper side Almeida bears consider- able resemblance to Thyra, Linn., especially in the larger 5 examples. Besides the much more rounded outline of the wings in the $ , and the absence of white in the cilia, the markings of the imder side of the hind-wing are altogether different, the central irregular whitish streaks and the submarginal similar streak of Tlujra being replaced by rows of small shining dark-edged spots arranged as in Aranda. To the latter Almeida is very closely allied, though its much darker colouring and more limited orange-red field (especially in the fore-wings) give it a very different aspect. The additional row of spots close to hind-margin seems the most constant distinction of Almeida, but this character recurs in all the nearly allied forms except Aranda. The habits and haunts of Almeida do not differ from those"of its near allies ; it constantly settles on the bare ground in hilly places, and is verv easily captured. I found it rather numerously at Knysna from the middle of October to the middle of March. Near Cape Toavu it is certainly rare, and I have only met with a very few individuals in the neighbourliood of Wyn- berg. A single example only, taken by Mr. T. Ayres, has reached me from the Transvaal. Localities of Zeritis Almeida. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colon}-. a. Western Districts. — Cape Town. Caledon {T. D. Butler). Knysna. Plettenberg Bay. h. Eastern Districts. — Between Zwartkops and Coega Rivers, Uiten- hage District {J. H. Boiclcer). ^Nlurraysburg (/. /. Muskctt). K Transvaal. — Potchefstroom {T. Ayres). 202 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. 222. (21.) Zeritis Pierus, (Cramer). Plate IX. fig. 6 ( c? ). $ Painlio Pierus, Cram., Pap. Exot., iii. p. 84, pi. ccxliii. ff. e, f (17S2). Hesperia Suetonius, Fab., Eat. Syst., iii. i, p. 320, n. 213 (1793). $ $ Zeritis Pierus, Var. B., Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii.j). 275 (1866). Exrp. al, {$) I in. 2-4^ lin. ; ($) i in. 2-5 lin. ^ Greyish-broum, vjith a wide basal suffusion of rather glistening Iwary-grey ; a small orange marldng in each tuing, sometimes obsolete, or nearly so, in fore-iving. Fore-^ving : orange limited to two or three short central rays about the median nervules, and often only repre- sented by two small indistinct spots or a few scales, — occasionally altogether wanting. Hind-wing : hoary-grey suffusion extends along inner-marginal area ; orange forming a small patch of two or three rays near hind-margin between third median nervule and submedian nervure, sometimes much obscured and indistinct. Cilia greyish-white (becoming white about posterior angle of fore-wing) interrupted with greyish-brown on nervules. Under side. — Varying from ivhitish to greyish and ferruginous brown, vjith paler glistening dark-edged spots in hind-wing. Fore-unng : orange ; silvery- white- centred, black disco- cellular, and other sj)ots, quite as in Aranda, Wallengr. ; additional hind- marginal row of spots as in Almeida, Feld., but more distinct. Hind- %ving : spots arranged for the most part as in Almeida, but considerably larger, paler, and with their dark edges much more strongly marked, especially exteriorly, — those of discal row elongated and contiguous, forming a macular streak interrupted only on third median nervule and submedian nervure ; row of submarginal spots obsolete ; hind-marginal row almost so, except the two spots next anal angle, which are blackish, immediately preceded by a paler mark. $ Basal grey suffusion wider, mixed with didl-yclloicish ; orange pcder, more developed in both ivings. Fore-wing : orange interiorly blend- ing insensibly with basal suffusion, reaching narrowly as far as sub- median nervure, and from its upper outer extremity on third median nervule emitting (as in Almeida, &c.) a ray as far as subcostal nervure. Hind-iuing : orange largely developed over hind-marginal area (as in Almeida, &c.) ; dentated hind-marginal edging sometimes reduced to inter-nervular fuscous spots. Under side. — Usually rather paler than in $, and with the spots of the hind-uing and the marginal ones of both wings more distinct. This is a very close ally oi Almeida, Fold., but distinguishable by the much paler brown of the upper side in both sexes, the remarkable limitation of the orange on the upper side of the $ , and the disposition and development of the spots on the under side of the hind-wings, which are so strongly bordered with brown, and in the discal row form an almost continuous streak. It is the exaggeration of this last feature in Cramer's figure above cited which convinced me that this was the actual butterfly intended to be delineated by that very rough representation, which in its darker colouring rather more resembles the 9 Almeida. LYC^NID.35. 203 This is by far, the commonest Zeritis about Cape Town, usually making its appearance early in October, and remaining out till the end of April. In 1870 I saw a specimen on the wing as early as the 9th September. It is to be noticed everywhere on dry open spots, especially frequenting pathways, and sitting so close as almost to be trodden on by the passing foot. Both sexes present rather a dull appearance when taking their very short flight, but the male looks particularly dingy. The under-side colouring so resembles the soil as to be an excellent protective disguise when the butterfly is at rest. The only specimen I took at Knysna is a (^ with a larger orange patch than usual on the upper side of both wings, and with the brown borders of the spots on the under side of the hind- wing unusually broad. ^ Localities of Zrritis Pieriis. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. a. "Western Districts. — Cape Town. Wellington. Stellenbosch. Vogel Yley, Tulbagh District. Eobertson. Swellingdam {A. C. Harrison). h. Eastern Districts. — Port Elizabeth. Uitenhage (/. //. BoivJcer and S. D. Bairstoio). Between Zwartkops and Coega Eivers, Uitenhage District (/, H. BoivJcer). King "William's Town (1}' S. M. U Urban). Between Somerset East and Murraysburg (/. //. Boidcer). D. Kaffraria Proper. — Bashee River {J. H. BoicJier). 223. (22.) Zeritis Taikosama, (Wallengren). ? Ci/r/arit is TaiJcosama, Wallengx.jK. Sv. Yet.-Akad, Handl, 1S57, — Lep. Rhop. Caffr., p. 43. ^ ? Zeritis Pienis, Var. B. [part], Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 275 (1866) ; and Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 372, Uxj?. al., ($) II lin. — i in. i^- lin. ; ($) i in. — i in. 4 lin. Very closely allied to Piei'us, Cram. ^ Brownish-grey, paler, and with a faint glistening-yelloiu suffusion over hasal area ; a narroiv discal, macidar, pale, dtdl orange-yellow streak in fore-wing, and a similar larger hind-marginal marhing in hind-wing ; cilia greyish, indistinctly interrupted with fuscous on nervules. Fore-%ving : pale, dull, orange-yellow streak narrow, submacular, lying between sub- costal nervure and first median nervule, paler and less distinct in its superior portion, sometimes wholly very indistinct, and rarely quite obso- lete. Hind-u-ing : hind-marginal pale, dull, orange-yellow markings, almost as variable in extent of development as the streak of fore-wing, sometimes all but obsolete, but when fullest developed forming a mode- rately broad band between radial nervule and anal angle, rather sharply indented with fuscous exteriorly between nervules. Under side. — Hind- iving and hordcr of fore-wing greyish or rcddish-hrown, the former with 1 In a series of examples taken by Colonel Bowker between Somerset East and Murrays- burg, there are gradations of the S in which the orange of the fore-wing on the upper side varies from a few scales only to a patch almost as large as in Almeida . Eastern Districts. — Between Somerset East and Murraysburg (/. //. Boicl-er). c. Griqualand "West. — (Var. A.) Klipdrift, Vaal River. Kimberley {H. G. Smith). A^aal River {J. H. Boicker). d. Basutoland. — Koro-Koro (/. H. Boick^r). LYC.EXID.E. 207 C. Orange Free State. — Special locality not noted (TT'. Movant). H. Delagoa Bay. — Lourenfo Marques {Mrs. Monteiro. — Var. A.) K. Transvaal. — Special locality not noted {W. Movant). 225. (24.) Zeritis Orthrus, Trimen. (J Zeritis Orthvus, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lend., 1874, p. 340, pi. ii. f. 10. Exp. al., {$) I i-^ lin. — i in. 2^ lin. ; ($) i iu. 1-5 lin. ^ Fuscous-grey, with pale-grey sttbmarginal ma^'ldngs. Fore-wing : costa narrowly clouded with pale-grey from base to near apex ; a trans- verse submarginul stripe, ill-defined and somewhat dentated on its edges, extending from costa to first median nervule ; usually a thin terminal pale disco-cellular lunule. Hind-ioing : between radial ner- vule and anal angle a narroiu, sharply-dcntated streak, of which the outward dentations reach the hind-marginal edge upon the extremities of the nervules. Cilia of the ground-colour irregularly varied with pale-grey, chiefly between nervules. Under side. — Hind-wing and costal, apical, and hind-7narginal border of fore-wing very pale creamy- grey, with sub-metallic spots ; the markings generally almost identical loith those of Z. Taikosama, Wallgrn. Fore-iving : the two spots before middle, below median nervure and its first nervule, smaller and much more indistinct than in Taikosama, the white centre often wanting in one or the other of these spots ; the outer of the two submarginal rows of spots better marked than in Ta'ikosama. Hind-wing : the third row of spots {beyond middle) obsolete, only represented by some scarcely trace- able darker clouding, mixed with a few sub-metallic scales ; a rather well-marked hind-marginal row of pale fuscous sjDots ending with a black spot at anal angle ; a little before the last-mentioned spot a black dot. $ Like the $, but tvith the pale-grey stripe in fore-iving suffused and indistinctly radiating along nervules to hind-margin ; or considerably darker and browner, with the stripe in both wings ochre-yellow, tisually more or less radiating in fore-wing. Fore-^ving : stripe varying much in length, width, and distinctness, — in. one example grey superiorly and ochre-yellow inferiorly, usually emitting more or less prolonged projec- tions on nervules towards hind-margin ; terminal disco-cellular lunule usually indistinct or obsolete. Hind-iving : hind-marginal stripe always narrow, usually commencing on second, but sometimes on first, sub- costal nervule ; the deep dark inter-nervular indentations along its outer edge sometimes (as in Taikosama) forming distinct spots. Under SIDE. — Always rather darker than in ^, and often more or less tinged with ferruginous in hind-wing and along border of fore-wing. Hind- wing : spots generally more distinct and shining, especially those of third transverse row, which are more or less arrowhead-shaped and form a pretty even series quite across wing ; preceding (median) row 2o8 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. more constantly complete than in ^, where some of the middle spots are often wanting. There is a sliglit approach in several examples (of both sexes) to caudation of the hind-wing on first median nei'vule and submedian nervure, and in specimens from Delagoa Bay (two ^ s, three $ s) this tendency is more pronounced. Tliis near ally of Tdikosama is distinguished by its darker, more ashy ground-colour of the upper side, with (in the $ constantly and in the $ occa- sionally) 2XiHe-grey submarginal marking, which is always restricted (whether grey or yellow) in the hind-wing to a narrow hind-marginal stripe ; by the absence or slight development of any basal suftusion ; and on the under side by the larger and brighter spots of the hind-wing, and the larger silvery-white centres of the spots of the fore-wing. The under-side colouring is also (especially in the $ ) much paler, and the spots of the third transverse row (all but obsolete in the (J ) of the hind-wing are distinctly sagittiform instead of rounded or sublunulate. The females in which the stripes are grey come from Delagoa Bay, as well as one in which that of the fore- wing is half grey and half yellow. Mr. Walter Morant was the first to bring this form to my notice, in the year 1872 ; the two males he sent having been taken in the upper districts of Natal in September 1870. Mr. J. M. Hutchinson and Colonel Bowker have subsequently forwarded examples of both sexes from the same region ; and I have received others from the Transvaal, collected by Mr. T. Ayres, and from Delagoa Bay, taken by Mrs. Monteiro. Localities of Zcritis Orthnts. I. South Africa. E. Natal. h. Upper Districts. — Estcourt (/. M. Hutchinsoji). Bushman's River and Colenso (TF. Morant). Between Tugela and Mooi Rivers (/. H. Boivker). F. Zululand. — Napoleon Valley (J. H. Bowlier). H. Delagoa Bay. — Louren90 Marques [Mrs. Monteiro). K. Transvaal. — Lydenburg District (T. Ayres). II. Other African Regions. A. South Tropical. hi. Interior. — Tauwani River, near Bamangwato {F. C. Selous). 226. (25.) Zeritis Barklyi, Trimen. (J $ Zeritis Barldyi, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Loud., 1874, p. 33S, pi. ii. ff. 8, 9. Uxp. al., {$) I in. 4-4I lin. ; ($) i in. 4-5i lin. $ Pale silvery-grey, spotless. Fore-v.nng : an ill-defined, dull- fuscous, macular or snbmacnlar, hind-marginal border, forming rather a broad apical mark, but narrowing lower down, and usually more or less interrupted by the ground-colour on nervules. Hind- wing : an elongate, ill-defined, apical, fuscous marking lying between first subcostal and radial nervules. Under side. — Hind-icing and LYCiENIDiE. 209 narroiu horclcr of fore-wing ashy hrownisJi grey ; rest of fore-wing orange- red. Fore-wing : grey border widening slightly just before and at apex ; a dark fuscous dash at base inferiorly edging median nervure ; black spots in number and arrangement like those of Tliyra, Linn., and allies, viz., three white-centred cellular spots, a transverse, discal, irregular row of six, of which the four upper are white-dotted inte- riorly, and two parallel submarginal rows of seven each, of which the outer row is composed of very small spots indistinctly marking the inner edge of the hind-marginal grey border. Hind-iving : the follow- ing indistinct, hardly sub-metallic, fuscous-edged, greyish spots, viz., three cellular (basal one minute, middle one near third), two supra- cellular (wide apart), two infra-cellular, and six sub-confluent, form- ing an irregular discal row ; a submarginal row of seven thin fuscous lunules, and a marginal spot of seven fuscous sublunulate spots (of which the three lower are well marked) ; between the two rows one of 2^((lo orange lunular marks (the three lower of which are usually well marked) ; on each side of the irregular discal row of spots several more or less indistinct ijalc orange marls. Cilia fuscous, varied between nervules with greyish- white. $ Not so glossy ; fore-wing with a suhapical ixdc orange- yellow rounded ixdch. Fore-wing : patch lies between third subcostal and first median nervure, extending from extremity of discoidal cell, and bounded externally by the hind-marginal fuscous band, which is darker than in $, broad, even, and not macular. Hind-wing : apical fuscous marking smaller, less distinct. Under side. — As in ^, but paler and duller throughout. (Described from ten $ and three $ specimens.) In structure and in the colouring and marking of the under side of the wings this species is plainly referable to the group of which Z. Pierus, Cram., may be considered as the type, but the silvcry-grcy of the nrpper side is a most striking distinctive character, quite unique in the genus. This peculiar colour is so pale that at first sight the expanded $, with its orange apical patch in the fore-wings, might almost be taken for a small dull $ Anthoeharis or Teracolus. The under- side markings combine to some extent the characters of Z. Thyra, Linn., and Z. Pierus, Cram., but the brownish-grey inclines much more to ashy than in either of the species named, and the lunular and scattered marJcs of j^ale orange in the hind-wings nve only found in Z. BarMyi. I have named this butterfly after his Excellency Sir Henry Barkly, the Governor of the Cape Colony, to whose kindness I owe the opportunity of visiting Namaqualand, and who first called my attention to the species as some- thing unusual. It was on the lytli August 1873, between Koekfonteiu and the Komaggas Mission Station, tliat the insect was first observed, settling on the small pink flowers of a species of Mesemhryantheinum which car- peted the sides of *t]ie waggon-road. Other localities where it was subsequently seen were on the road from Komaggas to Spectakel ; near Steinbokfontein 2IO SOUTH- AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. (between Spectakel and. Abbevlakte) ; and at Oograbies (about fifteen miles inland, from Port ISTolloth). It is very conspicuous on the wing, the pale upper side (of the ^ especially) flashing like silver in the sunshine. Though settling frequently on flowers and on the ground, it is by no means so easy of capture as most of its allies, being unusually wary of approach and swift in flight. While in motion it has much the appearance of a large pale Lyccena, such as L. Corijdon, Scop., or L. Asteris, Godt. ; but when it has settled, its under-side colouring renders it as inconspicuous as its near congeners in repose usually are. In the elevated hilly country Z. Barldyi seemed to be rather widely dis- persed, but was local in its haunts, being numerous in a few spots only, on the sunny slopes of hills. In the flat sandy country near the coast no examples were to be found. Localities of Zcritis Barldyi. I. South Africa, B. Cape Colony, a. Western Districts, — Oograbies, Steinbokfontein, between Komag- gas and Spectakel, and between Komaggas and Koekfontein, Namaqualand District, Genus PENTILA, Fentila, WestAvood [part], Gen, Diurn, Lep., ii. p. 503 (1S52); Hewitson, Exot. Butt., iii. p. 119 (1866)3 Trimen, Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 284 (1S66). Imago. — Head small, densely scaled in front, vertex with closely- appressed hair ; eijcs large, globose, naked ; ^;o^pi inferior, exceedingly small and short, — basal and second joints clothed beneath with long scales of unequal length, — terminal joint minute, short, obtuse ; antenna3 short, rather thick, with abruptly-formed elongate-ovate club, obtuse at tip. Thorax very short and slender, thinly scaled. Fore-wings large, long ; hind-margin convex, entire ; costa moderately arched ; costal nervure ending about middle of costa ; subcostal nervure five-branched, — first and second nervules given off, not far from each other, some distance before extremity of discoidal cell, — third about midway be- tween cell and apex, — fourth about midway between third and apex, and terminating at apex ; discoidal cell unusually long ; first disco- cellular neiwule long, lying longitudinally, — second much shorter, oblique, — third the longest, curved, meeting first median nervule at a decided angle a good way beyond latter's origin. Hind-wings elongate ; hind-margin very convex, entire ; precostal nervure distinct ; costal nervure short, ending not far beyond middle ; first subcostal nervule emitted considerably before extremity of cell and ending at apex ; upper disco- cellular nervule short, oblique, — lower twice as long as upper, much curved, meeting first median nervule as in fore-wing ; submedian nervure extending to anal angle ; internal nervure very long, ending not far before anal angle ; discoidal cell rather long and LYaEMD.E. 211 narrow. Legs short, very stout, thinly scaled, without hairs ; tibiro without terminal spurs ; tarsi spinose beneath : fore-legs of $ with tibia very finely spiuose beneath, — tarsus very short, not articulated, blunt at tip, spiuose beneath. Abdomen, long, much thickened posteriorly, where it is also clothed with short appressed hair. This curious genus consists of nine or ten species of yellow or reddish-ochreous or yellowish-white buttei'flies, more or less spotted and bordered with blackish, whose weak structure and sub-diaphanous, thin, lustreless wings give them the aspect of moths of the Geometrce group. The very small palpi, short and somewhat thick antennae, very small thorax, long discoidal cell in both fore and hind wings, ample wings, and long incrassate abdomen, render Pentila easily recognised, and very unlike the mass of Lycasnideous genera. In the minute palpi it resembles Alccna, and in the development of the superior (first) disco- cellular nervule of the fore-wings, and short, thick, hairless legs, it is like Deloncura ; but in most respects it is a very isolated form, its general habit somewhat recalling that of Font la (~ NycMtona, Butl.) among the Pierincc. All the known species inhabit Tropical Africa, and, with the excep- tion of P. Pcuceticc, Hewits., and P. tropicalis (Boisd.), apj)ear to be confined to the West Coast. The two species named inhabit Eastern Africa (the Zambesi and Mozambique respectively), and Tropicalis is abundant on the coast of Natal. It is very doubtful whether the latter also occurs in West Africa, Hewitson having associated with it the P. Abraxas of Westwood, an Ashanti form, which appears to be quite distinct. As might be inferred from its structure, Pentila is an exceedingly slow flyer. P. troincalis, which I had many opportunities of observing in Natal, is of somewhat gregarious habits, and many examples may be met with about a particular spot, flitting feebly among shrubs or long grass. 227. (1.) Pentila tropicalis, (Boisduval). $ Tingra trojncalis, Boisd., App. Voy. Deleg. I'^Vfr. Aust., p. 589, n. 46 (1847). $ „ „ Var., Wallengr., K. Sv. Vet.-AkaJ. HantlL, 1857, — Lep. Pvhop. Caffr., p. 46. S Pentila tropicalis, Hopff., Peters' Reise Mossamb., p. 413 (1862). $ „ ,, Hewits., Exot. Butt., iii. pi. 60, f. 2 (1866). (J 9 ,, ,, Trim., Ithop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 284, n. 176 (1866). Exp. al, {$) I in. 3I-5I lin.; (?) I in. 3-7 lin. $ Oehre-yclloiu, with a few small rounded blackish spots ; in both xvings a terminal disco -cellular spot ; fore-icing loith a rather ivide ap)ical kind- margined blackish border ; cilia ochre-yelloic, in fore-icing 2 12 SOUTH-AFRICAX LUTTERFLIES. with Hack ncrvular inteoTuptions. Fore-vnng : costal border more or less thickly sprinkled with blackish atoms, especially near base ; border rather broad at apex, usually marked exteriorly by linear inter-nervular ochre-yellow marks (which become continuous below third or second median nervule), but usually broken into separate spots below third or second median nervule ; above cell two or three small spots, in it generally two or three others centrally situated, below it two (of which the inner is sometimes obsolete), one on each side of third median nervule. Hind-wing : a spot on costa before middle ; on hind- marginal edge a series of minute usually sublinear nervular spots. Under side. — Same colour as on upper side, hut cveryivhere, except on inner-marginal area of fore-vnng, thinly sprinlied with hlachish atoms ; common to both wings, an irregular discal row, and a regular sub- marginal row of small blackish spots, and a series of minute nervular spots on hind-marginal edge ; terminal disco-cellular spots as on upper side. Forc-unng : blackish border Avanting, except as slightly repre- sented by the spots of submarginal row, of which the lowest spot is much larger than the rest. Hind-wing : four very small spots near base, viz., two above, one in, and one below cell ; one or two similar spots in cell, farther from base ; two larger spots below cell, one on each side of first median nervule. $ Like $, except that the spots generally arc smaller and fainter, and that in fore-wing the costal irroration is thinner, and the apical hind- marginal border almost or entirely ohsolete. Under side. — As in ^, but irroration fainter and sparser. The nearest allies of this species are P. Amcnaida and P. Botha, Hewits., from Angola and Gaboon respectively, but both possess larger, differently situated spots, and a broad blackish border to both wings. P. Abraxas, Westw., associated by Hewitson (pp. eit., p. 119) with Tro2ncalis as a variety of the ^, has every appearance of being quite distinct ; it is yellowish-white, with both discal and marginal spots large and rounded, and is recorded from several parts of Western Africa, I met with this curious butterfly not uncommonly on the coast of Xatal in 1867, from the end of February to the end of March. It flies very slowly, always frequenting shady spots on the edge of woods. It is usual to find a good many specimens about some particular spot ; at the Itongati River I met with quite a company of them settled on stems of grass, and flitting deliberately about in an avenue just at sunset. On almost all other occasions of noticing this species, I took them while flying slowly in bushy places at some height (10 to 15 feet) from the ground. Among examples received from Colonel Bowker Avere several noted as captured near D'Urban in the months of Novem- ber and December. Hopfl'er {op. cit.) remarks that the three specimens {^) which he describes from Querimba were considerably smaller than Boisduval's from !Natal, mea- suring only I in. i lin. across the fore-wings. LYC^EXID/E. 213 Localities of Fentila Tropicalis. T. South Africa. E. Natal. a. Coast Districts. — D'Urban, Vcrulam, and Itongati River. H. Delagoa Bay. — Louren^o Marques {21rs. Monteiro). II. Other African Regions. A. South Tropical, h. Eastern Coast. — " Qucrimba " (IIo2^fer). B. K'orth Tropical. a. Western Coast.— " Old Calabar" (//e;w750//). Genus D'URBANIA. D''Urhania, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 3rd Ser., vol. i. p. 400 (1862); Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 282 (1866), Pentila, "VVestw. [part], Gen. Diurn. Lep., ii. p. 503 (1S52). Liptena [part], Ilewits., Exot. Butt., iii. p. 119 (1866). Imago. — Head small, clothed on front and on vertex with very- short down ; eyes smooth ; 2'«//ji rather long, scaly, divergent, not or barely rising above top of head, — second joint long and stout, third short, slender, acuminate ; anfennw short, rather stout, with club rather abruptly formed, sub-cylindrical, blunt at tip. Thorax short, rather slender, laterally and posteriorly with a few short hairs above; prothoras superiorly coated densely with short hair ; breast scaly and downy. Fore-ivings more or less elongate ; costa usually but slightly or moderately arched, — sometimes more decidedly so ; hind-margin convex, entire ; posterior angle rounded ; costal ner- vure ending about middle of costa ; subcostal nervure five-branched, first nervule emitted at half the length of discoidal cell, second mid- way between first and extremity of cell, third and fourth nearer apex than cell, fourth ending on costa just before apex, fifth ending a little below ajDex ; discoidal cell short or very short ; upper radial nervule joined to subcostal nervure at or a little beyond extremity of cell ; inferior disco-cellular nervule considerably longer than middle one curved, joining third median nervule at an angle some distance from latter's origin ; first median nervule given off before or considerably before middle. Hind-wings elongate ; costa j)rominent or very pro- minent at base, thence little arched or nearly straight ; hind-margin entire, very convex ; apex and anal angle much rounded ; inner margins but slightly convex, only covering sides of abdomen ; costal nervure ending about or a little beyond middle ; first subcostal nervule emitted at or a little before extremity of discoidal cell ; cell short ; upper disco- cellular nervule rather short, transverse; lower one oblique, lono- curved, joining first median nervule at an angle a good way from latter's origin ; submedian nervure short. Legs stout, scaly, without VOL. II. !> 2 14 SOUTH- AFEICAX BUTTERFLIES. hairs ; under side of tibia3 with two or three minute spines, but no terminal spurs ; tarsi long, spinose beneath ; fm^c-legs of ^ more slender, with tarsus not articulated, spinose beneath, and ending in a fringe of small spines. Abdomen of moderate length, stout in ^. Larva. — Elongate, not onisciform, the segments well marked, clothed with down and with, long hair. (Described from drawings by Mrs. Barber.) Pupa. — Broad, rather thick, convex above, flattened below ; back of thorax, and especially back and sides of abdomen, with fascicles of long hair. The rather long, divergent, almost horizontally projecting palpi, short, abruptly-clavate antenna^, short discoidal cell, and very long first subcostal and first median uervules in the fore-wings, short submedian nervure of hind-wings, and stout hairless legs are characteristic features of this genus, which I founded for the reception of a species discovered in British Kaffraria by Mr. W. S. M. D'Urban, F.L.S. Since the publication of Iiho2Mloccra Africm Austndis, two closely allied species (p. limhata and D. saga, Trim.) have been found in South Africa, and to them I consider must be added the little species Aslauga, Trim., which in 1873 I referred to the genus Liptcna of Hewitson. On investigating, also, some of the species referred by Hewitson to Liftena} I have come to the conclusion that /sc«, Hewits., Acra:a, Westw., and probably also lima, Libyssa, Lagyra, undidaris, and Zirccea, Hewits,, should be included in D'Urhania. The species named L. Eleaza by Hewitson is (to judge by the figures) rightly referred by Mr. Kir by to Butler's genus Psmderesia {Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 532), founded on a Gold Coast butterfly which I have not seen. The species mentioned are all purely African ; out of the eleven held to belong to D'Urhania, three (AmaJcosa, limhata, and saga) are peculiar to the Southern Sub-Region, one {Ashmga) is common to South Africa and Zanzibar, and the rest are only known from Western Tropical Africa. The more typical species (Atnakosa and near allies) are dark-brown, with spots or patches of some shade of red, and have the under side much mottled with fuscous and grey ; but the longer- winged Aawa, Westw., has an ochrey-yellow under surface barred marginally with black and white ; and the Lagyra group consists of white almost unspotted species with blackish margins. The only species that I have seen in life is D. Amahosa, and that only on one occasion ; the $ which I captured flew very slowly and looked like a small species of Acrart. This species, however, as Mrs. Barber and Colonel Bowker inform me, habitually settles on stones ; ^ Mr. Hewitson was aware that he had brought together under this genus butterflies of considerably differing characters, for he wrote {Exot. Butt., v. p. 84), " I have preferred to place several heterogeneous species in the genus Liptaia, rather than to make new genera to receive them." LYC^NID.E. 2 1 5 and so does D. saga, as I learn from M. Pc'ringuey, who discovered the latter in the Hex River Mountains of the Cape Colony. D. limlaia is stated by Mr. J. M. Hutchinson to be similarly attached to stones on the hills of the interior of Natal ; but Aslauga was found by Colonel Bowker to frequent dry branches and twigs. D. AmaJcosa has a wide range over Eastern South Africa, but is not known to have occurred west of Grahamstown. The Hex River Mountains, in the west of the Cape Colony, are the only recorded loca- lity for D. saga ; and D. limhata appears to be peculiar to Upper Natal, while Aslauga is limited to the coast of that Colon3^ It is worthy of note that the larva departs widely from the ordinary onisciform Lyceenide type, and that both it and the pupa are very hairv. 228. (1.) D'Urbania Amakosa, Trimen. (? 9 D'Urhania Amahosa, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 3rd Ser., i. p. 401 (1862); and Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 283, pi. 5, fF. 4, 5 (1866). Ex}-). al., {$) I in. 1-4 liu. ; (!^) i in. 5-9 lin. Darh-brown, inclining to fuscous ; each wing with a suhnarginal, C2irvcd, transverse row of oravge-yelloiv spots. $ Fore-unng : row of six spots, forming almost a semicircle, ex- tending from subcostal to submedian nervure, — sometimes indistinct!}^ marked. Hijul-tuing : somewhat paler than fore-wing ; only four spots in transverse row, which is not markedly curved, extending from second subcostal to third median nervule. Cilia of both wings conspicuously chequered brown and white. Under side. — Forc-iving : Infore trans- verse row of spots rather thinlg, beyond it thicldg, irroratcd with whitish ; row of orange spots increased to a broad macular stripe, narrowly edged with black on each side ; the irrorations immediately succeeding stripe forming a series of acute, rather indistinct lunules. Hind-itmig : uni- versally and densely irroratcd with whitish ; the position of the transverse row of upper side faintly indicated by some scarcely distinguishable whitish spots, followed by some indistinct fuscous lunules. Cilia not so conspicuously chequered as above. $ Orange spots in both wings enlarged^ and confluent, forming a broad band, which in fore- wing widens at its lower extremity. Cilia as in ^. Under side. — Quite similar to that of $ ; orange band of fore- wing paler than on upper side. Both sexes are exceedingly variable as regards the orange markings. The typical examples from near King William's Town and others from Kaffraria Proper have these markings in their least developed condition, and in the $ especially the spots are always very small, and some of them occasionally obsolete. Examples from the Natal Coast and the 2i6 SOUTII-AFRICAX BUTTERFLIES. Transvaal exhibit an intermediate dcvelopnicut/ the spots in the fore- wing of the ^ being enlarged and elongated, while those of the hind- wing form a confluent band as broad as in the typical ^ ; and the same markings in the $ are much widened, and in the fore-wing connected with the base by a partly interrupted broad inner-marginal orange ray. The examples in which these markings attain their utmost expansion are from near Grahamstown and other localities in the Albany District, where in the ^ the hind-wing band is sufFusedly extended towards base, and in the ^ really occupies all the area except a more or less suffused central costal patch and rather narrow hind-marginal border ; while in the fore- wing the spots of the ^ are not much enlarged, but in the ^ the inner- marginal orange is broad and uninterrupted almost to base. In some examples of both sexes the whitish spots of the discal row on the under side of the hind-wings are outwardly marked with red. Larva. — Ashy-grey ; a dorsal central darker line bordered on each side by a row of rather ill-defined whitish spots ; on each side infe- riorly a row of round red spots — those along auterior half of body with white marks between them. Head red. Rather sparsely set with moderately-long ashy-grey hairs, and (apparently) with a shorter closer clothing of ochrey-yellow hairs along the back and on each side ; the long hairs apparently springing from series of tubercles. Length, 6 lin. " On a common species of grass, AntMstiria ciliafa." — M. E. Barber. Plate II. ff. 2 (from drawings by Mrs. Barber). Pupa. — Pale-brown ; some darker lines indicating outline of limbs. Under side smooth : a flat silken coating: covering most of abdominal surface (only basal segment bare). Back and sides very hairy ; the thorax and basal half of abdomen with tufts of short sandy and longer whitish hairs; the terminal half with four rows (two dorsal and two lateral) of tubercles supporting fascicles of very long bristly brown and whitish hairs, the lateral tufts being the longest. Length, 5—6 lin. — Plate II. flp. 2a (from my own drawings). The above descriptions are made from drawings (of the larva) and specimens (of the pupa) received froin Mrs. Barber, who wrote that these earlier stages of Amakosa were discovered by Miss Fanny Bowker at Pembroke, near King William's Town. The caterpillars were feed- ing on the grass above named, and were gregarious ; on a flat rock beneath the grass numerous chrysalides were attached in a group, five or six within a square inch, by a slight silken web ; and among several of the butterflies close at hand there were some quite fresh from the chrysalis and unable to fly. Mrs. Barber notes that the chrysalis state ^ Two S s and a ? from the high country near the source of the Kraai River, in the extreme north-east of Cape Colony, are smaller than usual ; in the cJ the hind-wing spots are confluent, but form a very narrow stripe, and in the ? the orange is of considerable width, but has scarcely any baseward extension in fore-wing, and none in hind-wing. LYaii:NID/E. 217 is of very short duration. A good many butterflies emerged on the journey to Grahamstown, and I extracted a fully-developed dead ^ from one of the pupoB sent to me. This species was first brought to my notice by Mr. "VV. S. M. D'Urban, r.L.S., who found it commonly near King William's Town in November i860 and January 1S61, sitting on rocks and stones. The same habits have been recorded for it by Mrs. Barber and Colonel Bowker. During my stay at Grahamstown in 1870, the season appeared to be an unfavourable one for the species, and I only met with a single specimen — a ^ with very largely deve- loped orange markings, which was flying slowly on the Beacon Hill at High- lands, and looked on the Aving like Acrcea Raldra. With a Avide range over Eastern South Africa, Amakosa does not seem to be recorded from any station Avestward of the Albany district of Cape Colony. Localities of i>' Urhania Amakosa. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. h. Eastern Districts. — Grahamstown. Fort Brown, Fish River, Albany District {M. E. Barber). King William's Town (TF. S. M. D Urban). " Windvogelberg, Queenstown District." — AV. S. M. D'Urban. Pembroke, near Iving William's Town {Miss F. Bowlier). Heads of Ivraai Eiver, Barkly District (/. H. Bowker). Fort Warden, Kei Kiver (/. H. Bowker). D. Kaffraria Proper. — Tsomo and Bashee Rivers (/. H. Bowker). E. Natal. a. Coast Districts. — Pinetown (/. H. Bowker). K. Transvaal. — Lydenburg District [T. Ai/res). 229. (2.) D'Urbania limbata, sjy. nov. Exp. al, Q) I in. 0^—3 lin. ; ($) i in. 41 liu. Closely allied to D. AviaJcosa, Trim. $ Blachish-bro'wn, toith a hind-marginal orange-red hand, macular in fore-wing, very hroad a7id unhroke^i in hind-wing. Fore-iving : band lying very close to hind-margin, composed of five elongate-ovate spots, between subcostal nervure and first median nervule, gradually diminishing downward ; a small or minute orange spot immediately above first spot of band, and the trace of a still smaller spot just before it. Hind-uiing : band more than twice as broad as in fore- wing, except the first spot (between subcostal nervules), which is small, and in two out of three examples partly separate from band, and extending to submedian nervure, its outer edge sinuated by the very narrow dark hind-marginal streak. Under side. — Hind-wing and narrow apical and hind-margined border of fore-iving very pale greyish-hroivn irre- gularly speckled with ivhitc. Fore-vdng : orange band situated as on upper side, but not macular, the five spots being enlarged and con- fluent,— its outer edge with a series of blackish nervular indentations, its inner edge bounded by a conspicuous black streak ; costal area from 2i8 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. base to baud I'atlier widely speckled with white ; inner discal area smooth fuscous, not speckled; in discoidal cell two blackish white- ringed spots, one near base rounded, the other 8-shaped about middle ; a similar larger, curved, sublunulate mark at extremity of cell. Hind-ioing : a double parallel series of white annulets near base, — two annulets being above discoidal cell, two 8-shaped ones in cell, and two below cell ; an imperfect elongate suffused white lunule at extremity of cell ; a series of nine elongate, orange, outirardhj black and brown dotted, white-ringed spots, suhnarginal for the greater part of its course, rou7id the wing from costcc beyond middle to inner margin close to base. Cilia brownish, with very small white inter-nervular interruptions. $ Similar, slightly ixdcr. Fore-icing : baud broader, its upper three spots confluent ; a very small additional (sixth) spot between first median nervule and submedian nervure. Hind-wing : baud broader, except as regards the first spot. Under side. — As in ^, but subocellate orange and blackish white-ringed spots in the hind-wing enlarged and slightly suffused. The p)osition of the orange band on the upper side of both wings at once distinguishes this very handsome form from D. Amahosa, as in none of those of the latter in which the orange is most developed does its external edge come nearly so close to the hind-margin ; tlie brighter, redder tint of the orange is also very noticeable in Limbata, as well as the more important distinction that, in both sexes, tlic band of the fore-wings is broader in its upper than in its lower iiortion (the reverse being the case in AmaJcosa) ; in the ^, also the sixth (lowest) spot in the fore-wing band is absent, and in the ^ it is very small. On the under side, the browner less ashy tint of the hind-wing and border of fore-wing, with the distinct black cellular markings and inner edging of orange band, and in the hind-wing the very distinct basal annulets and the long and conspicuous series (following three- fourths of the circuit of the wing) of white-ringed red-and-blackish spots — only a portion of which are indistinctly represented in some specimens of Amalcosa, are also noticeable distinctions. There is much less white in the cilia of D. limbata. The discovery of this butterfly is due to Mr. J. INI. Hutchinson of Kini- bolton, near Estcourt, Natal, who sent me a $ in June 1882. I thought it possible that this might be merely a sport of the variable D. Amalwsa, but recommended JNIr. Hutchinson to look out for otlier specimens ; and in July 1884 I Avas delighted to receive from him two more ^ s and a $, with the information that seven had been captured, including the paired sexes, about three miles from Estcourt, and that these examples did not present any varia- tion, particularly in the important feature of the position of the orange bands. Mr. Hutchinson writes that the insect occurs in several spots along the Bushman's River, but always in the same kind of station, viz., the sides or summits of rocky hills. The specimens noticed were all — with one exception, which was on the wing — sitting on stones, and were easily boxed while settled. LYa^XID^. 2i9 Localities o^ D^Urhania Iwibaia. I. South' Africa. E. Natal. h. Upper Districts. — Estcourt and Bushman's River (./. M, Ilutcluu- son). 230. (3.) D'Urbania saga, Trimeu. <^ UUrhania saga, Trim., Trans. Eiit. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 354. Exp. al., {$) I in. 1-5 lin. ; (^) i in, 6 lin. ^ Dark-broiv% ; a disced row of dull pale ochreous-yellotv elongate spots in each vAng. Forc-vjing : discal row of five spots strongly in- curved, so that the last spot (between first and second median nervules) is rather nearer base than the first spot (immediately above first radial); a faint indication of a sixth spot just below first median nervule; a row of three small and very indistinct spots of the same colour a little beyond and parallel with upper part of discal row ; at extremity of dis- coidal cell a scarcely perceptible ochreous-yellow spot, preceded by a similar not quite so indistinct marking in the cell not far from its extremity. Hind-u-ing : discal row of five spots usually not so dis- tinct as in fore-wing, not curved, but rather irregular, — the first and second spots sublinear and rarely confluent, — the second being much longer than any of the others, — the last (below first median nervule) minute. Cilia of both wings dark-brown, conspicuously interrupted with white between the nervules. Under side. — Dark-brown, varie- gated with whitish. Fore-iving : first spot of discal row small, white, — the remainder larger than on upper side, acuminate exteriorly, and of a paler yellow ; in discoidal cell a longitudinal whitish streak from base and a terminal whitish spot ; between end of cell and discal spots h transverse row of three short whitish rays ; spots beyond discal row distinct, white ; three or four small white marks between nervules on costal edge beyond middle. Hind-icing : a conspicuous irrcgidar discal white stripe, well defined internally, but not externally, and very sharply angidated on radial nervule ; the following whitish marks before discal stripe, viz., one on costa at base, one in discoidal cell at base, and another just before extremity of cell, confluent with one immediately above it on costa ; between white stripe and hind-margin a row of thin inter- nervular lunules, inwardly bordered by dark sagittiform marks. ^ Similar, larger ; spots on upper side larger and deeper in colour. Under side. — Duller ; all the whitish markings much reduced, espe- cially the stripe in hind-wing, which is not nearly so widely sufiused exteriorly. Though a close ally of the very variable D. Amahosa, Trim., this species may at once be distinguished by the conspicuous sharply-angu- lated white stripe on the under side of its hind-wings. The under side 2 20 SOUTII-AFEICAN BUTTERFLIES. of the wings generally also wants tlie whitish irroration always preva- lent in Amal'osa, so that the whitish markings show plainly out on the dark ground-colour. On the upper surface the discal row of spots is in the fore-wings more sharply incurved, and in the hind-wings not incurved and more irregular. The shape of the wings is also charac- teristic, as they (especially the fore-wings) have a much less curved costa and more produced apical region. This very interesting addition to the genus UUrhania was discovered by M. L. Peringuey, of Cape Town, on the Hex River Mountain in the district of Worcester, Cape Colony, on the 2d January 1882. On that occasion lie secured only one of the two specimens observed ; but in December 1884 he was fortunate enough to capture ten more examples in the same locality, one of them being the 5 above described. The butterfly frequented a steep ravine, and all the examples observed settled on the sides or face of the bare rocks in the full sunshine. When at rest, they could with difliculty be distinguished, so assimilated is their under surface to the colour of the rock ; and on the wing they were very inconspicuous, flying in a slow, wavering manner, and suddenly dropping to settle. Locality of D'Urljania saga. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. a. Western Districts. — Hex River Mountain, Worcester District {L. Peringuey). j 231. (4.) D'Urbania Aslauga, (Trimen). Plate IX. figs. 9(c?), 9a(?). ^1 Liptena Aslauga, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Loud., 1873, p. 117. Exp. al, {$) lih lin. — i in. i| lin. ; ($) i in. — i in. 2 lin. ^ Pale orangc-ochrcous ; fore-ivings with hlacJcish Jjordcring. Fore- wing : border rather wide from base along costa, abruptly interrupted on costal edge beyond middle, but thence forming a broad apical border, which rapidly narrows along hind-margin to a point at anal angle ; border marked on costal edge by four sub- quadrate spots of the ground-colour, and emitting at the point of abrupt interruption a broad ray downward as far as second median nervule ; before this ray, and united to the border, a blackish marking defines extremity of dis- coidal cell ; in some examples a similar blackish spot about middle of cell, and a smaller more indistinct one in cell nearer base. Hind- wing : spotless ; a narrow, ill-defined, reddish-fuscous, hind-marginal edging. Cilia fuscous, with paler dull-whitish interruptions (more visible in fore-wing). Under side. — Hind-wing and markings of fore- wing shining leadcn-grey, varied with reddish-ochreo7is spots. Fore-wing : ground-colour towards inner margin paler than on upper side, but darker near costa and hind-margin ; markings similar in position to those of upper side ; mark at extremity of cell broader, and preceded by two similar cellular marks ; ray from costal border before middle LYC.-ENID.E. 22 1 prolonged, \Yitli an inward curve, to first median nervule ; cellular grey marks indistinctly prolonged below median nervuro ; costal spots of the ground-colour distinct ; apical grey border intersected by two macular streaks of tlie ground-colour from costal edge, joining the ground- colour at their lower extremity ; the outer of these rows is the longer, composed of more lunulate, often united spots, and situated immediately before the hind-marginal narrow grey edging. Hind-vAng : reddish- ochreous spots arranged in five transverse rows at about equal distances apart, viz., the first, near base, of five minute elongated spots ; the second, before middle, of five or six linear more or less united sjDots ; the third, about middle, conspicuous, very irregular, of eight elongate spots touching each other and edged with blackish (which is suffused exteriorly) ; the fourth and fifth each of seven separated sagittiform spots, the outermost row corresponding with that on hind-margin of fore-wing ; a spot at extremity of cell ; three spots at base, Antennce ringed alternately with black and white. $ Ground-colour the same, hut costal Uctckish hordcring of fore- wing to hcyoncl middle reduced to three or four small duslii/ spots on edge of costa, the outermost and darhest of uiliich rcjyrescnts the cthrupt ter- mination of the border ; apical portion of border narrower and duller than in ^, and usually terminating hind-margiually on second median nervule. Under side. — As in ^. There is a little variation as regards the reddish-fuscous hind- marginal edging on the upper side of the hind-wing, which in both sexes is sometimes slightly widened and with more or less marked inward projection on nervules. Two specimens from Zanzibar iu the Hewitson Collection are rather paler than the typical examples. This very distinct little species appears to have no near congener. The pattern of the upper side and its colouring are not dissimilar from those of the 5 s of Z). Amaliosa, Trim., in which the orange is more than usually developed, but the under side is very different from that of any other D'Urhaiiia. I originally described Aslauga from a $ lent to me in 1869 by Mr. W. Morant, who took it in his garden at Pinetown, Natal, on the 19th May in that year. Mr. W. D. Gooch informed me that he had noticed it near D'Urban very rarely, but I did not receive any more specimens until the end of 1878, when Colonel Bowker sent seven $ s and three $ s, captured near that town on the 30th November and ist December. The latter observer wrote that the butterfiy was local, but of sociable habits, frequenting dry vine-stems and dead branches and twigs at about ten feet from the ground, and settling in little groups, repeatedly opening and closing the wings towards the sunshine. Localities oi UUrlania Aslauga, I. South Africa. E. Natal a. Coast Districts. D'Urban (/. //. BowJcer). Pinetown (TF. Morant). II. Other African Regions. A. South Tropical. b. Eastern Coast. — Zanzibar. — Hewitson Coll. SOUTII-AFKICAX BUTTERFLIES. Genus AL^NA. AlceJia, Boisd,, Voy. Deleg. dans I'Afr. Aust., App., p. 591 (1847). Acrcea, Trim, [part], Rhop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 11 1 (1862). Imago. — Head small, liaiiy (especially in front) ; ci/cs smooth ; 2Kilpi extremely short, inferior hairy, — terminal joint minnte, not visible ; antcnnce short, with large, broad, abruptly-formed, flattened, spoon-shaped club. Thorax short, rather broad, slightly hairy on sides of back, pubes- cent on prothorax. Fore-tvings elongate ; costa almost straight ; apex slightly rounded ; hind-margin entire ; inner margin slightly hollowed, thinly ciliated ; costal nervure short, ending a little beyond middle ; subcostal nervure five-branched, — first and second nervules given off before extremity of discoidal cell, — third and fourth not far from each other, nearer to apex than to extremity of cell (fourth terminating at apex) ; upper radial united to subcostal nervure a little beyond end of cell ; discoidal cell of moderate length, rather narrow ; disco-cellular nervules transverse, the inferior one slightly inclined outward and joining third median nervule at some little distance from latter's origin. Hind-wings elongate ; costa very prominent at base, thence straight, ciliated throughout ; costal nervure rather short, ending some distance before apex ; subcostal nervure branched at extremity of dis- coidal cell ; discoidal cell rather short and truncate ; disco-cellular nervules almost equal in length, slightly oblique, — the lower one join- ing third median nervule (which is angulated at point of junction) at some little distance from latter's origin ; internal nervure extending to about middle of inner margin, which is fringed throughout with long hairs. Fore-legs of $ stout, very hairy (especially the tibia), — tarsus short, downy, without distinct articulations, finely spinose beneath, without terminal claws ; — of $ fnlly developed, less hairy than in ^. 3 fiddle and hind legs stout, rather short, very hairy, with femora, tibia^. and tarsi about equal in length, — tarsi strongly spinose beneath, hairy above and laterally, with terminal claws robust, strongly hooked. Ahdomen of moderate length, thick (especially in $), arched dor- sally, blunt at tip, hairy laterally and very hairy beneath (especially in ^) towards extremity. This genus has undoubtedly been misplaced (from its foundation) among the Aerecina', to which group it has merely a superficial like- ness, and that not a strong one. Mr. H. W. Bates many years ago expressed to me his doubt whether the then only known species, A. Amazoida, Boisd., was really allied to Acrarc ; and the receipt since of ample material for dissection has enabled me to ascertain that Alamcc is an aberrant form of Lyca?nide related to D'Urhcmia and Pentila. In neuration it more nearly agrees Avith the former genus, but differs in the longer discoidal cells and longer costal nervure and upper disco- LYC^NTD.?^. 223 cellular nervule of tlie hind-wings. Its very short palpi link it to Fentila, but are hairy instead of smooth ; while its antennae, with their large broad club, differ much from those of both genera. The very hairy legs to some extent resemble those of Zachiiocnevia, but the fore- tarsi of the male are of the ordinaiy non-articulate form, instead of being completely developed like those of the female, as in the latter genus. Three species are now recorded, all African. The type, A. Amazonia, is ochre-yellow above and cream-colour below, without spots, but with the margins and neuration generally on both surfaces defined conspi- cuously with blackish. A. Nyassa^ Hewits. (described in 1877), pre- sents a very different appearance above, being blackish with a common central white band, but beneath, though whiter, is not unlike Amazoula. This species has been taken by Mr. Selous on the Shashani River, and may perhaps extend south of the Tropic. A third species, A. inter- joosita, Butl. (described in 1883), appears intermediate in character between the two, but nearer to A. Nyassa. A. Ainazoula has a wide range in Eastern South Africa, from King "William's Town to Zululand, but is not known from beyond those limits. It is by no means of general distribution, but extremely local, keeping to certain spots of very limited extent. Its flight is exceed- ingly slow, weak, and near the ground, and it settles at very short intervals. 232. (1.) Alaena Amazoula, Boisduval. Acrcea (Akena) Amazoula, Eoisd., App. Yoy. de Deleg. dans PAfr. Aust., p. 591, n. 60 (1847). Acrcea Amazoula, Trim., Ehop. Afr. Aust., i. p. m, n. 71 (1862), and Pl. 3, f- 3[c?], (1S66). Ex}). al., I I lin. — i in. 3 lin. ^ Blacbish-hrown, rayed between nervures with yellow-ochreous ; in both wings a longitudinal disco-cellular ray, indistinct or obsolete near base, and a curved discal transverse row of y-^ more or less acu- minate rays, of which the lowest (surmounting submedian nervure) is very much the longest, extending from just before posterior angle almost to base ; cilia whitish, with faint brownish interruptions at extremities of nervules. Under side. — Hind-wivg, and narroiv costal, wide apical, and moderate hind-marginal horder of fore-iving white, with all the crossing nervures strongly defined with hlack ; hind-margin edo-ed with a black line. Fore-wing : field of wing pale yellow-ochreous ; subcostal and median nervures clouded with black from base ; extremity of discoidal cell closed by a black lunule. $ All the yellow-ochreous markings enlarged and confluent, occupy- ing cdl the field except a narrow blackish horder. Fore-iuing : base very narrowly blackish ; costa rather broadly bordered as far as extremity 2 24 SOUTH- AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. of discoidal cell, wliicli is itself marked by a black closing lunnle ; a rather broad apical and hind-marginal border, more or less radiating on nervules ; subcostal nervure clouded with black from base to about middle. Hind-vmig : all the nervures and nervules defined with black except radial ; hind-marginal border narrower than in fore-wing, but radiating strongly on nervules ; base more or less clouded with blackish, sometimes extending along costa to about middle. Under side. — As in $. In a few $ individuals I have found tlie disco-cellular yellow-ochreous ray all but obsolete. I met with this remarkable little butterfly in Natal in March and April 1867, but only in two localities, viz., on the Intzutze in the Great Noodsberg, and at the Umgeni Falls near Maritzburg. On each occasion there were a few specimens only, flitting slowly about the grass and herbage on the side of a ravine, and constantly settling on the stems of grasses. As noted in my Ehojxdocera Africce Australia, Mr. D'Urban noted quite similar habits of the insect in British Kaffraria as long ago as 1861 ; while on the Bashee, Colonel Bowker observed that the butterfly was fond of settling on the ground or on small stones. The last-named gentleman took many specimens in Napoleon Valley, Zululand, in 1880. Localities of Alccna Amazonia. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. h. Eastern Districts. — Fort ]\Iurray, near King "William's Town (JV. S. M. n Urban). Fort Warden, Kei River (/. H. Bowker). D. Kaftraria Proper. — Bashee River (/. H. Boivlcer). E. Natal. h. Upper Districts. — Great Noodsberg. Ilowick, near Pietermaritz- burg. Estcourt (/. M. Ihitcliinson). Ladysmith (/. H. Bowker). F. Zululand. — Napoleon Valley (/. H. Bowker). Genus DELONEURA. Deloncura, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Loud., 1868, p. 81. Imago. — Head wide, flattened anteriorly, scaly superiorly ; eyes smooth ; 'palpi of moderate length, without scales or hairs, ascendant, widely divergent, second joint much swollen, terminal joint slender, rather long, acuminate ; antenna:, of moderate length, stout, very gradually incrassate, extremity slightly curved outwardly, subacute at tip. Thorax short, moderately stout, clothed with some short down anteriorly, and with scales and thin hair laterally and posteriorly ; breast bare, except for some scattered groups of scales. Fore-ioings large, broad ; hind-margin entire, very convex ; costa strongly arched from base to middle, thence nearly straight ; apex pronounced j costal LYC^NID.E. 225 nervure very short, extending only one-third length of costa ; sub- costal nervure five-branched ; first and second nervules emitted before extremity of discoidal cell ; third and fourth very short, emitted (not far apart) nearer apex than cell, fourth ending at apex ; discoidal cell short, rather narrow ; upper disco-cellular nervule long, directed longi- tudinally as in Pcntila, middle one wanting, the radial nervides having a common origin at extremity of njW^' ^*'^> — lower one long, oblique, joining third median nervule at a very pronounced angle not far beyond latter's origin ; median nervules emitted near together at lower part of extremity of cell. Hind-vnngs almost ovate ; hind-margin very convex, entire ; costa moderately arched ; costal nervure ending a little beyond middle ; subcostal nervure branched a little before extremity of cell, first nervule terminating at apex ; upper disco-cellular nervule short, oblique, lower one much longer, scarcely curved, joining median nervure at origin of second and third nervules ; submedian nervure extending to anal angle ; internal nervure unusually long, extending to considerably beyond middle of inner margin ; discoidal cell short, rather narrow. Legs short, very thick, perfectly smooth; femora and tibife about equal in length ; tibise without terminal spurs, but slightly spinulose beneath ; tarsi rather long, spinulose beneath ; fore-legs not differing in either sex (?) from the rest except in being rather smaller. Abdomen rather short and thick, scaly above, downy beneath (espe- cially at extremity). This very isolated genus is difficult to place satisfactorily. In the marked feature of the common origin of the radial nermdes (so that the middle disco-cellular nermde is obsolete) in the fore-wing, it stands alone in the Family, nor have I found the same arrangement in any other genus of butterflies.^ When to this are added its wide head, very swollen second joint of palpi, perfectly smooth legs (with tarsus of front pair apparently fully developed in both sexes ^), and large wings with- out spot or marking of any kind, it will be perceived that the sum of its characters does not warrant its close association with any of 'the other aberrant genera of Zgcwnida;. The only species, I), immacidata, Trim., from its genei'al aspect and pale ochreous-yellow colour, might easily be mistaken for one of the smaller Pierina:. It was one of Colonel Bowker's most valuable dis- coveries in Kaflfraria ; and so exceedingly rare and local does the insect appear to be, that during the past twenty-three years no addition has been made to the three examples originally secured. 1 In Ilesperocharis, a genus of South-American Pierincc, there is some approach to this peculiarity, the middle disco-cellular nervule being very short, so that the two radials origi- nate not far apart. ^- As mentioned in my original notice of this genus {Joe. ciL, p. 82, note), I believe that two of the only three specimens known to exist are males, judging from the smaller size and much more slender abdomen. The large examjjle figured {loc. ciL, pi. v. f. 4) is undoubtedly a 9 . The fore-tarsi do not differ in these three individuals. 2 26 SOUTH- AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. 233. (1.) Deloneura immaculata, Trim en. Deloneura immaculata, Trim., Trans. Eiit. Soc. Loud., iS68, p. 83, pi. 5, f. 4. Uxp. al., I in. 5-9 lin. Ochreous-yellow, vAthout marhings of any hind. Under side. — Hind-wing and an ill-defined costal, apical, and liiud-niarginal border rather paler. Head, with palpi and antennas, dull-black, — the former with two spots on forehead, two on summit, and two behind eyes ochreous- yellow ; antennae tipped with ochreous-yellow. Thorax dull-black, with pale ochreous-yellow scales and short hairs superiorly, and four or five ochreous-yellow spots laterally. AMomcn ochreous-yellow, mixed with fuscous superiorly. The three examples discovered Ijv Colonel Bowker at the end of December 1S63 at Fort Bowker, on tlie Bashee River, remain the only known represen- tatives of this remarkable butterfly. The first specimen was captured on the 27th December, and the other two during the remaining days before the ist January. Colonel Bowker described the insect as very rare, and only appear- ing for a few days ; specimens were also most difficult to procure, owing to their liabit of " whirling slowly with flapping wings round the tops of trees, rising and falling, sailing away and returning." lie was struck with its resem- blance to the " yellow tree-moth " — I believe a species of Aroa (a day-flying Liparide form allied to Orgyia) — which abounds in the wooded parts of South Africa, and it is not impossible that Deloneura mimics these probably j^ro- tected moths, and so may escape notice among the companies of the latter. It must be observed, however, that Colonel Bowker has in vain looked out for the butterfly during all his subsequent years of active search in the various forest-clad districts he has visited ; and I tliink it unlikely to have escaped the notice of so practised a collector if it were really native to those tracts of country. Locality of Deloneura immaculata. ' I. South Africa. D. Kaffraria Proper. — Bashee River (/. //. Boicl-er). Genus ARRUGIA. Arrugia, Wallengren, Iv. Vetensk.-Akad. Fcirhandl., 1872, p. 47. 1 Zeritis, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 278 (1866). Imago. — Head small, — narrower in $ ; po/jji long, with both second and terminal joints longer in $ ; anteimce short or very short, thick, blunt at tip, — in $ gradually incrassate from base, in $ of almost equal thickness from very near base. Thorax very or exceedingly robust in ^, and not much less so in $. Wings rather elongate, quite entire ; fore-wings with costa nearly straight, a little deflected at apex ; hind-margin slightly convex in ^, decidedly so in $ ; sxibcostal nervure four-branched, — the first and LYC^NIDiE. 227 second nervules originating at some distance apart, before extremity of discoidal cell, — the third and fourth together about midway between extremity of cell and apex, — the fourth terminating at apex ; in the ^, an ill-defined smooth patch over the median nervules at their origin ; Idnd-ivings with very short discoidal cell ; subcostal nervure branched considerably before middle. Legs short, scaly, not hairy ; tibiee very much shorter than femora, and without terminal spurs ; fore-legs alike, in hoth sexes, those of $ having the tarsi distinctli/ fivc-jointcd and with a pair of terminal curved claics. Abdomen long and thick, — in $ bulky. The three known species of this singular genus, whicli is confined to South Africa, bear much resemblance to the more robust members of the section of the genus Zeritis represented by TJiyra, Linn., but the characters above given — especially the full development of the fore- tarsi in the ^ — amply serve to distinguish Arrugia. With the excep- tion of Lachiiocnemci, and apparently also Deloneura, both endemic South- African genera, I do not know of any other form of Lycccnidcc in which the fore-tarsi are equally developed in both sexes, — a feature indicative of approach to the Pierinoi in the family Pcqnlionidoi. Wallengren created the genus for the reception of his Basuta and Linne's Protumnus. To these I have added a third, A. hrachycera, which, to some extent intermediate between them, is distinguished from both by the extreme shortness of the antennae. The colouring of all is very dull, and A. hrachycera is particularly dingy, the paler specimens of A. Protumnus only presenting on the upper side a considerable space of ochre-yellow. On the under side the tint is mainly a hoary-grey varied with darker markings. The sexes of Protumnus and Brachycera are much alike, but those of Basuta very different, owing principally to the exceptional size and mass of the thorax of the $ and the general suffused fuscous-ochreous of his wings, in contrast with the moderately robust thorax and darker conspicuously white-spotted wings of the $. A. Protummis is widely distributed over both the Eastern and Western Districts of Cape Colony, and has occurred in the Transvaal ; while A. Basuta has a large eastern range over Kaffaria, Natal, and the Transvaal, but is not known within the limits of the Cape Colony except in Basutoland. A. Irachycera seems to be exceedingly local; it was numerous at Knysna on the southern coast of Cape Colony, but elsewhere I know only of its very rare occurrence, and that as a small dark variety, at Cape Town. I have not met with Basuta in life, but have frequently captured Protumnus and Brachycera. The latter both frequent the hottest and driest spots, resting on the bare ground after the manner of many species of Zeritis ; they are with difficulty roused, and then only shift their position by a very short though rapid flight. 2 28 SOUTH- AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. 234. (1.) Arrugia Protumnus, (Linnasns). Papilio Proiumnus, Linn., Mus. Lud. Ulr. Reg., p. 340, n. 158 (1764); and Syst. Kat., i. 2, p. 794, n, 258 (1767). 5 Papilio Petalus, Cram., Pap. Exot., iii. pi. ccxliii. ff. c, D. (1782). Papilio Silvius, Fab., Mant. Ins., ii. p. 88, n. 800 (1787) ; and Ent. Syst., iii. p. 342, n. 299 (1793)- Poh/077imahis Petalus, Godt., Enc. INFetli., ix. p. 672, n. 171 (1819). Papilio Protummis, Donov., ISTat. Repos., v. pi. 161 (1827). $ $ Zerilis? Protumnus, Trim, [part], Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 278, n. 173 (1866). Exp. al., ($) I in. 3-6 lin. ; ($) i in. 5-1 oj lin. ^ Dull fuscous-yello'W-ochreoKS, with Hack spots, and dull UacJcish borders. Forc-iving : a large, more or less defined, elongate spot at end of, and running into, cell ; beyond it, from costa, a row of con- fluent spots, angulated inwardly on third median nervule and extending to middle of submedian nervure (the whole of the row below third median is often wanting or very faintly marked) ; costa rather narrowly bordered with greyish; hind-marginal blackish border broad, nearly even throughout ; a smooth greyish space covers median 7iervulcs at their origin. Kind-wing : the broad blackish border leaves only an inner- marginal and discal ochreous space, not extending above discoidal nervule ; crossing ochreous nearly to submedian nervure an ill-defined macular stripe. Under side. — Hind-wing and borders of fore-wing hoary-grey, the former crossed hy two roivs of faint-hrownish confluent spots. Forc-iving : iiale ycllow-ochrcous ; spots as above, but smaller and more distinct, — that closing cell divided into two, of which the inner is very much the smaller ; below the inner of these two, outside cell, a small round spot ; hind-marginal border faint-f ascous towards anal angle, sometimes marked interiorly by a row of very indistinct, small, dark spots. Hind-ioing : markings variable and often very indistinct ; macular row before middle very irregular and sometimes very much broken up, — a portion of it always marks end of cell, where it is often confluent with the more regular, broader, and better-defined discal row ; two or three indistinct brownish spots near base. Cilia white or whitish, interrupted with dull-blackish on nervules. ^ Similar, but ochreous much clearer and yellower, so that the black spots are more conspicuous ; borders brownish. Fore-iving : spot at end of cell often divided, sometimes confluent with discal row on third median ; no grey space at origin of median nervules. Hind-wing : a streak closing cell sometimes visible. Under side. — As in $, but markings of hind-ioing sometimes better marked. This species varies mncli in both sexes, both as~regards the extent and clearness of the ochreous-yelloAV of the upper side, and the definition, size, and shape of the spots on the under side of the hind-wing. Near Cape Town and at Stellenbosch, the dusky typical form (described by Linnseus and the $ floured by Cramer) prevails, and in these the discal black spots are almost always strongly developed on the upper side. At Triangle Station (elevation LYC^NID^. 229 3193 feet) iu the Worcester District, a ^ and two Ss were taken by M. L. P^ringuey, exhibiting much divergence from the typical form. The ^ is of ordinary size, and, except for a rather marked yellow basal suffusion in the fore-wing, more obscure than usual on the upper side, the discal ochre-yellow being reduced to a row of small separate spots. The 5 s, on the contrary, are unusually large (exp. i in. loh lin.), with the yellow on the upper side much paler and largely developed from the bases outward. On the under side these three examples agree in having the markings of the hind-wing only faintly out- lined, but in the ^ the hoary tint still prevails, while in the $ s a general faint- brownish tinge makes the markings even more indistinct. At Plettcnberg Bay I met with two c? s and a $ not unlike those just described, and agreeing with them in the remarkable detail of having the small submarginal blackish spots on the under side much less indistinct than in the typical form and sagittate in shape — in this particular resembling A. brachycera, Trim. The ^ s, however, are even duller than the Worcester ,$ , having no basal yellow, and the pale space representing discal ochre-yellow, being very obscure dull-yellowish in both wings. On the under side these specimens have the markings much narrowed but very well defined ; and in the hind- wing the terminal disco-cellular spot emits superiorly a long ray extending along upper part of discoidal cell almost to base. In these variations from the Western and Southern Districts of the Cape Colony, the ^ s are much more sombre-hued than the $ s, but this does not appear to be the case farther to the North and East, for I have before me three ^ s from near Burghersdorp and one from the Transvaal which quite rival their 9 s (brighter in those interior tracts than elsewhere) in the extent and brightness of the upper-side ochre-yellow. Of this variation, $ s, but not ^ s, have reached me from near Grahamstown, Griqualand West,^ and the Carnarvon District of the Cape Colony ; they (as well as the ^ s just mentioned) agree pretty closely with the typical form as regards the under-side markings, and all the 9 s have the lower spots of the discal row in the fore-wing obsolete on the upper side. This curious butterfly only appears at the hottest time of the year, from the end of November to early in February. It is extremely local, occurring in spots of very limited extent, and is not by any means numerous in these favoured haunts. Its habits are quite those of the more sluggish species of Zeritis ; it always frequents bare sandy spots, whether on low lands or mountain-sides, and almost invariably settles on the ground, seldom moving unless disturbed, and then taking but a very short though swift flight. Mr. Morant noted his Trans- vaal examples as captured on 21st and 23d October 1870. Localities of Arrugia Protumnus. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. a. Western Districts. — Cape Town. Stellenbosch. Triangle Station, Worcester District {L. Peringuey). Plettenberg Bay. Van Wyk's Vley, Carnarvon District {E. G. Aldon). Carries and Springbokfontein, Little Namaqualand {L. Peringuey). h. Eastern Districts. — Grahamstown (M. E. Barber). New Year's River (R. I. Atherstone). Burghersdorp [D. R. Kannemeyer and J. H. Bowker). c. Griqualand West. — Vaal Eiver (/. H. Boicker). Ivimberley (//. Grose Smith). K. Transvaal. Kalkfontein {W. Morant). ^ I have since seen a i from Kimberley of this coKiration belonging to Mr. H. Grose Smith; and another (November 1885) has reached me from the Carnarvon District. VOL. II. Q 230 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. 235. (2.) Arrugia brachycera, Trimen. Plate IX. fig. 7 (<$). Zeritis Protunmns, Trim, [part], Rhop. Afi-. Aust., ii. p. 279 obs. (1866). Arrugia hracltycera, Trim., Trans, Ent. Soc. Loud., 1883, p. 353. Exp. al, (^) I in. 4-6 lin. ; ($) i in. 7-9 lin. $ Dull fuscous-grey tvith a slight ochraceous tinge ; in both wings a blackish terminal disco-cellular spot and row of cliscal spots (indistinct in hind-wing). Fore-wing : hind-marginal area beyond discal spots darker than basal area ; disco-cellular spot rather small, ill-defined inwardly ; between it and discal spots a dull suffused space of pale dingy-grey tinged with ochraceous, radiating on the basal portion of the three median nervules ; spots of discal row ill- defined, the first four con- fluent and forming a moderately broad costal bar as far as third median nervule, — the other four small, indistinct, separate, in a row incliuing inwardly, between third median nervule and submedian nervure. Hind-wing : disco-cellular lunule, and median discal curved row of three or four spots indistinct or almost obsolete. Cilia dull- white, with rather narrow fuscous interruptions at extremities of ner- vules. Under side. — Hind-wing and apex of fore-wiru] dull hoary- grey. Fore-uiing : basal area whitish-grey, scarcely separable from discal suffused space, which is dingy-whitish and much more ex- tensive than on upper side, forming a band beyond the discal row of spots ; this row and the disco-cellular spot are very distinctly defined on the pale ground-colour ; near base, two less distinct small fuscous spots, one in cell, the other below it ; outwardly edging discal dingy-whitish band, a row of somewhat ill- defined fuscous sagittate marks ; hind-marginal border pale-brownish from a little below apex. Hind-wing: disco-cellular spot (irregularly reniform), and chain-like, almost regular discal row of spots, very pale brownish, with a thin dark -brown edging line (stronger on inner edge of row), relieved ex- ternally by a thin white line ; in basal area, the traces of two highly irregular transverse rows of broken-up pale-brownish spots, of which the first and last spots of the outer row are least indistinct ; parallel to and not far from hind-margin an almost obsolete row of minute black sub-sagittiform spots ; hind-marginal border clouded with pale- brownish. $ Rather paler and slightly more ochraceous. Fore-wing : discal pale space less obscure, not radiating on median nervules, but extend- ing more or less distinctly beyond discal row of spots. Hhid-ioing : spots not quite so indistinct. Under side. — Hind-wing and apex of fore- wing less hoary, more brownish-grey. Hind-wing : spots of basal area (except first and last of outer row) altogether obsolete; sagitti- form spots of submarginal row much larger and more distinct. Variety $. — Fxp. al. i in. 2-3-|- lin. Darker than type-form. Fore-ioing : no paler discal space ; blackish LYCiENIDyE. 231 spots almost obsolete. Hind-vnng : spots altogether obsolete. Under SIDE. — Fore-wing: much obscured; disc grey, the spots dusky and ill-defined. Hah. — Cape Town. The absence of yellow-ochreous colouring at once serves to distinguish this dingy Lycaenide from A. ProUimnus (Linn.), and tends to approximate it to A. hasuta, AYalgrn. From the latter, as far as the $ is concerned, A. hrachy- cera may be known by its darker colouring, larger and more pronounced spots, and want of whitish on disc ; while on the under side it is considerably darker, has the fore-wing spots much larger (with the marked exception of the spot near base below cell), and the discal row of hind-wing much broader and more regular. The $ is readily recognised by wanting the conspicuous white discal markings of the $ A. hasuia on the upper side. Apart from pattern and colouring, however, A. hracJnjcera exhibits a remarkable structural distinction in the extreme shortness of the antennae. This is noticeable in both sexes, but especially in the $ , whose antennae are only about 2^ lines in length, — shorter than in Protumnus, and much shorter than in Basuta. The variety noted seems to be very rare. I have only met with three exam- ples, all near Cape Town ; and a fourth, in the collection of the South African Museum, was, I believe, captured by Mr. E. L. Layard in the same locality. It is, however, such a small obscure insect, that it would very readily escape notice. Two specimens I took occurred at a considerable elevation on the southern spur of Table Mountain, and the third at the base of the mountain itself. "With the exception of these specimens of the variety, all the Brachycera I have seen were taken at Knysna. Like Protumnus, they were strictly summer butterflies, appearing between the end of November and beginning of February. They settle on the bare ground, and I used often to find them sitting on the heaped-up dust of the waggon-roads, to which they would return after being roused by the passing passenger or vehicle. Their flight is Aveak and very short. Localities of Arrugia hrachycera. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. a. Western Districts. — Cape Town [variety]. Knysna. 236. (3.) Arrugia Basuta, Wallengren. Plate IX. figs. 8 ( c^ ), 8a ( ? ). $ $ Zeritis? Basuta, Wallengr., K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1857, — Lep. Ehop. CafFr., p. 46. $ $ Zeritis Protumnus, Trim., Var. A., Khop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 279 (1866). Zeritis Basuta, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Loud., 1870, p. 377. Arrugia Basuta, Wallengr., K. Sv. Vet.-Alcad. Forhandl., 1872, No. 3, p. 47. $ $ Zeritis Zaraces, Hewits., Trans. Ent. Soc. Loud., 1874, p. 354. Ex2J. al., ($) I in. 5-7 lin. ; (?) i in. 6-9 lin. $ Bull pale fuscous tinged ivith yellotvish-ochreous ; disco-cellular and discal UacJcish spots arranged as in Protumnus and Brachycera, hut smaller, more sejjarate, and less distinct (especially in hind-iving). 232 SOUTH- AFEIC AN BUTTERFLIES. Fore-ioing : immediately beyond terminal disco-cellular spot a whitish spot, and outwardly edging discal row of blackish spots a series of six or seven more or less developed dull-whitish spots ; blackish spot in cell and another below its outside cell larger than in Frotttmnus, but suffused. Hind-wing : almost spotless, the paler and darker markings of the disc being extremely indistinct ; in some specimens a broad deeper-fuscous shade over costal area from base to beyond middle. Under side. — Ahiiost uniform ivhitish-grey, with a very faint yellowish tinge over disc of fore-wing ; all the markings of hind-wing very thin and faint ; a common suhmarginal rota of very small hlackish spots, not sagittate. Fore-vnng : all the blackish spots distinct, but separate and very small, except the spot below discoidal cell, which is enlarged, and confluent with a fuscous mark extending to base ; a small ad- ditional spot in discoidal cell near base. Hind-ioing : spots arranged as in Frotumnus, but separate, very much smaller, and extremely indistinct ; the discal row sharply interrupted on second subcostal nervule. Cilia greyish or greyish-white, very indistinctly varied with fuscous on nervules. $ Da.rker, without yellow -ochr eons tinge ; all the black and lohitish markings much enlarged. Fore-wing : black spots strongly marked and more or less confluent, as in typical Frotumnus; the ivhite spots very consjncuous, and those of discal row occasionally confluent ; usually a whitish spot between the terminal and interior disco-cellular black spots. Hind-wing : disco-cellular terminal spot and discal row of spots better marked than in ^, sometimes quite distinct, and relieved by whitish suffused markings corresponding to the much more conspicuous white ones of fore-wing. Under side. — Hind-wing and border of fore- wing pale ashy-grey ; disc of fore-wing much lohiter. Fore-ioing : spots larger than in $, but still separate. Hind-iving : all the spots larger and much more distinct, being of a light-brownish tint (but smaller than in FrotiLmnus). Cilia greyish mixed, but not regularly interrupted with fuscous. The characters italicised afford ready distinctions between this species and its congeners. In its dingy colouring the $ is nearer to the ^ Brachycera ; but the $, though nearer to the $ Frotumnus in the size and confluence of the black markings of the fore-wing, differs strikingly from both that species and the $ Brachycera in the conspi- cuous white spots of the same wing. The paleness and faint small spotting of the under side distinguish both sexes of Basuta from the other species ; and the greater development of the thorax (which in the ^ is most remarkable, and gives that sex the look of a Hesperide) is also a singular distinction. I have not met with this interesting species in Hfe. Colonel Bowker wrote to me that it frequented grassy spots at Fort Bowker, near the Bashee River ; and Mr. W. Morant noted that he liad found the species in the Orange Free State on stony hillsides during the month of December, and in the Transvaal LYCvENID^. 233 on tlie 24t]i October 1870. Two of the three $ s sent by Mr. T. Ayres from the Potchefstroom District have the white markings of the fore-wings better developed than in any other examples I have seen ; their general colouring is rather paler and their black spots are smaller than i;sual. Localities of Arrugia Basuta. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. d. Basutoland. — Maseru (/. H. Botvker). D. Kaflfraria Proper. — Bashee Kiver (/. H. Boivker). E. i^atal. a. Coast Districts. — Pinetown {W. Movant), h. Upper Districts. — Estcourt (/. M. Hutchinson). K. Transvaal. — Potchefstroom District {T. Ayres). Locality not noted {W. Alorant). Genus LACHNOCNEMA, N.G} Lticia [part], Hopffer, in Peter's Reisenach Mossamb., — Ins., p. 412 (1862). ? Lucia, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 280 (1866). Imago. — Head small, roughly hairy (especially in front) ; eyes densely hairy; palpi long, ascendant, densely clothed beneath with bristly hair (especially on first and second joints), — terminal joint long, acute ; antennm short, thick, very gradually and cylindrically clavate, blunt at tip. Thorax short, moderately stout, or rather slender, very hairy throughout. Fore-wings rather long ; hind-margin convex, entire ; costa very slightly convex ; apex pronounced ; inner margin thinly ciliated ; costal nervure short, ending about middle ; subcostal nervure four-branched, — first and second nervules emitted before extremity of discoidal cell, — third and fourth at origins much nearer to extremity of cell than to apex (fourth ending at apex) ; discoidal cell of moderate width, rather short ; upper radial nervule joined to subcostal nervure at extremity of cell ; disco- cellular nervules almost vertical, — lower one joining third median nervule at some distance from latter's origin. Hind-wings rather long, broad ; hind-margin very convex, entire ; inner margin with long thin cilia ; costal nervure extending to apex ; sub- costal nervure branched at extremity of discoidal cell ; disco- cellular nervules almost equal in length, rather oblique, — lower one joining third median nervule at an angle some way beyond latter's origin ; discoidal cell very short, rather broad ; submedian nervure unusually short; internal nervure very short. (Hind-marginal cilia in both wings dense and long.) Legs short, stout ; femora and (especially) tibite clothed with scales and with very long extremely dense woolly ,' From \a.xvri, wool, and Kv-q^r), tibia. 234 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. hair, hiding basal part of tarsi ; tarsi scaly, and with a few short bristles, stout, spiuose beneath : fore-legs in both sexes like the rest, except in being slightly smaller and perhaps even more hairy. Abdomen of moderate length, arched dorsally, much compressed laterally. As long ago as 1847, Boisduval (Appendix to Delegorgue's Voyage clans VAfrique Australe, p. 588) observed that his Lyeama Delegorguei would doubtless constitute a new genus, and mentioned the characteristic features of its legs, antennae, and palpi, but did not give it any generic name. HopfFer referred the butterfly to the genus Lueia of Swainson, and I, with the expression of much doubt and uncertainty, provisionally followed him in 1866. I find that i)e%o?'^Mei (identified by Mr. A. Gr. Butler with Bibuhis, Fab.) has no agreement with Swain- son's type, the Australian Lucia Umbaria, but is less remote from the Cingalese Lucia Epius, Westw., the type of Moore's genus Spalgis (Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1879, p. 137; and Lep). Ceylon, i. p. 70, 1881). From the latter, however, it is well distinguished by the densely hairy palpi, extraordinarily hairy tibise, the first subcostal nervule rising from the extremity of the discoidal cell of the hind-wings, and particularly by the completely articulated and two-clawed fore-tarsi of the male. This last character is, as far as I can learn, shown only in two other genera of the family, viz., Arrugia and Deloiicura, and constitutes a distinction of great importance. Superficially, Lachnocnema bears con- siderable resemblance to the very hirsute Mediterranean and West Asian genus Thestor, Hlibn. (especially to T. Maiiritanicus, Lucas), but the latter genus is most remarkably distinguished by its extremely short and very massively spurred fore and middle tibiae, while the fore- tarsi of the $ are of the ordinary unarticulated type with a single curved terminal claw. I have separated from L. Bibidus, Fab., under the name of L. V Urhani, the smaller and duller form alluded to at p. 281 of my earlier book, as I found that it was of constantly slenderer structure, and had a different station. I have received from the Limpopo Eiver a very large $ Lachnocnema, which I believe represents a third species ; it is very pale beneath, and has barely a trace of the characteristic steely dots. In this genus the ^^ is of a plain uniform brown above, but the $ Bibul'us has a more or less developed whitish or white disc in both wings, and the $ UUrbani a discal suffusion of pale grey. On the under side the reddish-brown and brownish macular transverse bands, and the hind-margins are ornamented with glittering steely points or dots. L. Bibidus has a wide distribution over South-Eastern Africa, and L. lyjJrbani almost as large a one, but the former only is recorded as a native of Mozambique, while the latter is not known from any place north-east of Natal. LYC.ENID^. 235 237. (1.) Lachnocnema Bibulus, Fabricius. S Papilio Bibulus, Fab., Eiit. Syst., iii. i, p. 307, n. 163 (1793). $ Papilio Laches, Fab., oj). cit., p. 317, n. 199 (1793). ^ Papilio Bibulus, Don., "Ins. Ind., pi. 46, f. i (1800)." S ? Lijaena Delegorguei, BoisJ., App. Voy. Deleg, I'Afr. Aust., p. 588 (1847). $ 9 Lucia Delegorgnei, Hopff., Peters' Raise Mossamb., Ins., p. 411 (1862). ^ $ Lucia? Delegorquei, Trim., Rbop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 280, n. 174 (1866). Exp.al., {$) I in. — i in. 2 lin. ; ($) 10^ lin. — i in. 2 lin. $ Fuscous-broivn, with a very sl'ujht purplish gloss. Fore-iving : a faint indication of a darker spot at end of cell. Under side. — Much paler. Fore-iving : a row of very hrilliant steely dots along casta, larger and dark- edged beyond middle ; on hind-margin a row of five larger steely spots, inwardly black-edged, between apex and first median nervule ; spot at end of cell large, ill-defiued, dark- brown ; a little beyond it a similar larger, sub-quadrate mark on discoidal nervules, usually marked with some steely scales; costa near base and hind- marginal edge tinged with golden-ochreous. Hincl-ioing : a central straight transverse band of glossy ochrey-brown, of unequal width, marked on both its edges with steely points (of which there are also a few in middle of stripe) from costa beyond to inner margin before middle : a good-sized similarly hued spot in cell and two others on costa before middle ; beyond middle a row of five contiguous, pale- edged, steely-centred ochrey spots, obsolete above second subcostal nervule; hind-marginal spots as in fore- wing, but more conspicuous and occupying the whole length — the three next anal angle larger than the rest, geminate, with black edges ; inner marginal and discal region thickly irrorated with violaceous-white scales. Cilia greyish. $ Bases with Uuish-grey hairs and sccdes ; in each wing a disced space of white outwardly ill-defined. Cilia paler, nearly white in hind-wing, inconspicuously interrupted with fuscous. Under side. — Markings similar to ^, but vihite occupies the ground, except on hind- margins and on costa of fore- wing. Foix-ivUuj : discal and cellular spots very conspicuous, the latter confluent with a brownish space on median nervure from base. Hind-toiny : markings very conspicuous on white ground. Mr. A. G. Butler first pointed out [Ccd. Fab. Diurn. Lcp. Brit. Mus., 1869, p. 175) the close alliance between, if not the identity of, the Delegorguei of Boisduval and the Bibulus of Fabricius, — he having found both sexes well figured in Jones's Icones, quoted by Fabricius, op. cit. The description of Bibuhis by this author is so inaccurate that no one without the aid of Jones's figure could have assigned it to Delegorguei $ ; but that of Laches, Fab., ap- plies thoroughly to Delegorguei $ . Both sexes vary much in size ; but as regards markings and colouring, while the $ seems remarkably constant, the $ exhibits much variation in tlie discal white on the upper side of both wings, ranging from a mere dull-whitish mark 236 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. (in hind-wings scarcely distinguishable) to a broad space of pure-white occupy- ing nearly all the disc except the upper part. Bibulus has a wide range over Eastern South Africa, and is recorded also from Mozambique. In the Cape Colony I am not aware of its occurrence to the west of Port Elizabeth. The butterfly is by no means uncommon; it usually flies but little, keeping about the minor branches and twigs of shrubby plants. When at rest on these, it is with difificulty to be seen, the pattern and colouring of the under side according well with the bark and lichens, while the densely Avoolly legs form a solid base to the insect, disguising its real character and increasing its likeness to some vegetable growth on the twigs. The ^ s appear at times to exhibit more activity. Colonel Bowker having in 1865 written from the Tsomo River in Kaflraria that the butterfly was " very nume- rous at the Ohita, Kreli's old kraal," and that " the ^ s kept flying, often five or six together, about the tops of the trees, darting and whirling round and round like a lot of flies ; while the $ s were quietly settled on the trees, feeding on the moisture from the bark or on the injured galls of the wild vine." I have met with Bihdus pretty numerously in the height of summer, from the end of January to the end of March, and rarely in the winter, during June and August. Colonel Bowker has also captured it in May. Localities of Lachnocncma Bibulus. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. h. Eastern Districts. — Port Elizabeth. Uitenhage. Grahamstown. Peddie District. Bathurst District {M. E. Barber). King William's Town ( W. S. M. U Urban and J. H. Boivker). Keis- kamma (M. E. Barber). D. Kaifraria Proper. — Butterworth, Tsomo River, and Bashee River (/. H. Bowker). E. Natal. a. Coast Districts. — D'Urban. Verulam. Mapumulo. Mouth of Tugela River (/. H. Boicker). b. Upper Districts. — Maritzburg (/. H. Boivker). Estcourt and AVeenen County (/. M. Hutchinson). F. Zululand. — Napoleon Valley (./. H. Boicker). H, Delagoa Bay. — Lourengo Marques (Mrs. Monteiro). II. Other African Regions. A. South Tropical. h. Eastern Coast. — " Querimba." — Hopffer. 238. (2.) Lachnocnema D'Urbani, sp. nov. ^ $ Lucia? Delegorguei, Trim., part., Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 281 (1866). Hxp. al., ($) 11^ lin. — i in. 2 lin. ; (?) 10 lin. — i in. 2 lin. Very closely allied to L. Bibulus (Fab.) ^ Dull grcyish-broion, much paler than i7i Bibuhis ; terminal disco- cellular darker spot in fore-wing more apparent. Under side. — Very 'pale grey., with a faint yellowish tinge over hind-wing and narrow costal border of fore-wing ; steely spots as in Bihulus, but less brilliant ; the transverse hand and disced roio of spots much yellower. Fore-wing : base dusky (except on inner margin) as far as end of discoidal cell ; LYC^NID^. 237 quadrate mark on discoidal nervules much farther from extremity of cell. Eind-ioing : central band much narrower at its beginning on costa, more irregular, being broken up into mostly separate unequal spots ; discal row of spots also more irregular. $ Very much paler and duller than in Bibidus, xvithont dark costal borders and with only ill-defined dusky hind-marginal horders ; no discal white patches, hut a diffused very pale grey discal shade, inclining to ivhitish in hind-ioing ; bluish-grey basal suffusion obsolete. Fore-iving : terminal disco-cellular fuscous spot rather conspicuous, isolated, much smaller. Hind-vnng : a more or less indistinct sub-lunulate terminal disco-cellular fuscous spot. Undek side. — As in ^ ; much duller than in Bihulus, the markings less distinct. Fore-wing : the discal quadrate marking often (in four out of eight examples) expanded into a series of dusky spots extending from near costa to first median nervule. In addition to the differences above indicated, UTJrhani presents a slen- derer body, less densely woolly legs, and considerably longer and narrower wings than Bihulus. Mr. W. S. M. D'Urban, who (as noted in my work above quoted) first brought specimens of this form to my notice, and was dis- posed to regard it as a distinct species, told me that in British Kaffraria it appeared earlier in the year than the typical Bihulus ; and both Mrs. Barber and Colonel Bowker have noted its occurrence in a different station, viz., among long grass and low bushes. The former of these two observers wrote that the stronghold of this butterfly was along the coast of Bathurst District, where it occurred in great numbers ; and the latter found it among long dry grass on the Bashee River, and noted that it kept on the wing for a long time together. I took a single $ flitting about some bushes on the margin of the New Year's River, in the Albany District, on loth February 1870. The geographical range corresponds pretty closely with that of Bihulus, but I have not seen any examples from any part to the north-eastward of Natal. I have great pleasure in naming this butterfly after Mr. W. S. M. D'Urban, r.L.S., Curator of the Exeter Museum, who added so much to our knowledge of the South-African Bhopalocera during his sojourn in British Kaffraria in 1860-61. Localities of Lachnocnema D'Urhani. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. b. Eastern Districts. — Grahamstown {M. E. Barber). New Year's River, Albany District. Between Kowie and Fish Rivers, Coast of Bathurst District {M. E. Barber). King William's Town {W. U Urban). D. Kaffraria Proper. — Bashee River (/. H. Bowker). E. Natal. h. Upper Districts. — Estcourt {J. M. Hutddnmn). Ladysmith, Biggarsberg, and Rorke's Drift (/. H, Bowker). ( 239 ) SYSTEMATIC INDEX TO THE RHOPALOCERA DESCRIBED IN VOLUME II. PAGE Family ERYCINID^ . I ^nh-^amily LIBYTH^INjE 2 Genus LiBYTHEA, Fabricius 4 L. Laius, Trim. 5 Family LYCvENID^ . 7 Genus Lyc^na, Fabricius II L, Osiris, Hopff. 15 L. Asopus, Hopff. . 16 L. Parsimon, Fab. . 18 L. patricia, Trim., sp. 11. 20 L. glauca, Trim., sp). n. 21 L. Caffrariae, Trim., sp. n 23 L. Asteris, {Godt.) . 24 L. Ortygia, Trim., sp. n. 26 L. Methymna, Trim. 27 L. puncticilia, Trim. . 29 L. hypopolia, Trim., sp. w 30 L. Cissus, (Godt.) . 31 L. Jobates, Hopff. . 2)2) L. Hippocrates, (Fab.) 35 L. Niobe, Trim. 36 L. Tantalus, Trim., sp. n. 38 L. ignota, Trim., sp. n. 39 L. Letsea, Trim. 40 L. dolorosa, Trim., sp. n. 41 L. Messapus, {Godt.) 42 L. Mahallokogena, Wal Inuj. 44 L. Lysimon, {Hilbn.) 45 L. lucicla, Trim. 47 L. stellata. Trim. . 49 L. Gaika, Trim. 50 L. Trochilus, Freyer • 52 L. Metophis, Walleng. 54 L. Barberse, Trim. . 56 Genus Lyc^na — continued. L. Bsetica {Linn.) . . 58 L. Sichela, Walleng. . 61 L. notobia, T'?'m?z, . . 62 L. Tsomo, Trim. • 63 L. Noquasa, Trim., sp. n 64 L. Lingeus, {Gram.) 66 L. Palemon, {Cram,.) 67 L. Telicanus, Lang. 69 L. Jesous, {Guerin) 72 L. Macalenga, Trim. 74 L. Moriqua, Walleiig. 75 L. Natalensis, Trim.,sp.n 77 L. Hintza, J'r/m. 79 L. Calice, Hopff. 80 L. Melaena, Trim., sp. n. 82 L. Griqua, Trim., sp. n. 84 L. Sybaris, Hopff'. . 85 L. Thespis, {Linn.) 87 L. Bowkeri, 7'r?'??i. , 88 Genus Chrysophanus, West\ V. 90 C. Orus, {Gram.) . 91 Genus Lyc^nesthes, IMoore ' 93 L. Amarah, {Giier.) 94 L. Larydas, {Cram.) 96 L. Sylvanus, {Drurg) 98 L. Liodes, He wits. . 100 L. Otacilia, T'rwH. . 102 L. livida, jTr/wi. 103 Genus Deudorix, Hewitsor I 105 D. Antalus, {Hop)ff'.) 107 D. Diodes, Heioits. 108 D. Dariaves, Heioits. no D. Licinia, {Mabille) III Genus Capy-s, Hewitson 112 0. Alphreus, {Cram.) 113 240 SOUTH-AFKICAN BUTTERFLIES. Genus Hypolyc^na, Felder H. Cseculus, (Hopff.) H. Philippus, (Fab.) H. Buxtoni, Hetoits. H. liirundo, Walleng. H. Lara, (Lhm.) Genus Iolaus, Westwood I. Silas, JVestw. I. Trimeni, Walleng. I. Sidus, Trim. I. Bowkeri, Trim. . I. Ceres, (Hewifs.) . I. Mimosae, Trim. . I. Aphnseoides, Trim. I. Pallene, [Walleng.) Genus Myrina, Fabricius M. ficedula, Trim. . M. dermaptera, {Walleng.) Genus Aphn^us, Hewitson A. Hutchinsonii, Trim SJJ. 71. . A. Natalensis, (Westiv.) A. Masilikazi, (Walleng. A. Ella, Hewits. A. Phanes, Triin. . A. Namaquus, Trim. A. pseudo-zeritis. Trim. Genus Chrysorychia, Wal lengi'en C. Harpax, (Fab.). . C Amanga, (Wedw.) Genus Zeritis, Boisduval Z. Leroma, (JFalleng.) Z. Zeuxo, (Linn.) . Z. Chrysaor, Trim. Z. Lyneurium, Trim. Z. Lycegenes, Trim. Z. ^thon, Trim., sp. n. Z. Chrysantas, Trim. 14 16 18 19 21 23 25 27 29 30 32 34 35 37 38 40 41 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 61 62 65 67 69 71 72 74 75 76 77 Genus Zeritis — continued. Z. Phosphor, Trim. ■ 179 Z. Pyroeis, Trim. . . 180 Z. Thy she, (Linn.) . . 181 Z. Osbecki, Auriv. . . 183 Z. Palmus, (Cram.) . 185 Z. Thero, (Linn.) . . 186 Z. Sardonyx, Trim. . 188 Z. Argyraspis, Trim. . 189 Z. Wallengrenii, T'rim. 192 Z. Malagrida, (Walleng.) 194 Z. Thyra, (Linn.) . 195 Z. Aranda, (Walleng.) . 198 Z. Almeida, (Felder) 200 Z. Pierus, (Gram.) . 202 Z. Taikosama, (Walleng.) 203 Z. Molomo, Trim. . 205 Z. Orthrus, Trim. . . 207 Z. Barklyi, Trim. . 208 Genus Pentila, Westwood 210 P. tropicalis, (Boisd.) 211 Genus D'Urbania, Trimen 213 D. Amakosa, Trim.. 215 D. limbata, Trim., sp. n. 217 D. saga, Tri7n. 219 D. Aslauga, (Trim.) 220 Genus Al^na, Boisduval 222 A. Amazoula, Boisd. 223 Genus Deloneura, Trimen 224 D. immaculata, jTrm. 226 Gemis Arrugia, Wallen- gren . 226 A. Protumnus, (Linn.) 228 A. brachycera. Trim. 230 A. Basuta, Walleng. 231 Genus Lachnocnema, Tri men, N.G. . 233 L. Bibulus, (Fab.) . 235 L. D'Urbani, Trim.,sp. n 236 ( 241 ) LIST OF SPECIES FIGURED IN THE PLATES.^ PLATE VII. VOL. I. Fig. I. — Lethe Indosa, Trimen, $ . Hob. — Pinetown, Natal {J. H. page Bowlier) . . . . . . . . . .121 Fig. 2. — Pseudonympha Neita, Wallengr., ^. Hah. — Tsomo River, KafFraria {J. H. Bowker) . . . . . . , yg Fig. 3. — LibijtJiea Laius, Tvinien, $. Hab. — Umgeni River Station, vol. 11. Natal (/. H. Boioker) c Fig. 4. — /oZaMs Tnmewi, Wallengr., $. Hab. — Transvaal (//. ZJarfer) 129 Fig. 5. — Capys Alphoius (Cram.), ?. Hal). — Q,-A\)(i Town {R. Trimen) 113 Fig. 6. — Deudorix Diodes, Hewits., $ . Hab. — D'Urban, Natal {J. H. Bowker) . . ..... ... 108 Fig. 7, 7a. — Lyaenesthes Livida, Trimen, ^ and 9. Hab. — Uiten- hage. Cape Colony (R. Trimen), and Graliamstown, Cape Colony (M. E.Barber) lo^ Fig. 8. — Lyccenesthes Otacilia, Trimen, ^ . Hab. — Robertson, Cape Colony {R. Trimen) . . . . . . , .102 PLATE VIIL Fig. I, la. — Lycmna Hintza, Trimen, ^ and $ . Hab. — Vaal River Griqualand West (/. H. Bowker), and Maritzburg, Natal {R. Trimen) ...,....._ ^g Fig. 2, 2a. — Lyccena Tliespis, (Linn.), $ and 9 . Hab. — Cape Town {R. Trimen) .......... gy Fig. 3. 3a. — Lycmna Asteris, (Godt.), ^ and $ . Hab. — Simon's Town and Cape Town {R. Trimeii) . . . . . , 24 Fig. 4. — Lycmna pundicilia, Trimen, $. Hab. — Malmesbury, Cape Colony {R. Trimen) . . , . . . . _ 20 Fig. 5, 5a. — Lyccena Mo7'iqua,Wallengv., (^ and $. Hab. — D'Urban and Great Noodsberg, Natal (R. Trimen) . . . . y^ 1 The habitat of each of the specimens figured is given, with the name of the collector who is the authority for it. VOL. II. R 242 SOUTH- AFEIC AN BUTTERFLIES. END OF VOL. II. PAGE Fio-. 6, 6a. — Lyccena notobia, Trimen, ^ and $ . Hah. — Potchef- stroom District, Transvaal {T. Ay res) . . . . . 62 Fig. 7. — Lyccena Tsorao,TxuQ.&n, S. Hah. — Tsomo River, Kaffraria . {J. H. Bowl-er) 63 PLATE IX. Fig. I. — Chrysorychia Ama^icja (Westw.), ^ . HaJ). — Transvaal {H. Barher) 165 Fig. 2. — Zeritis Chrysaor, Trimen, ^ . Hah. — ]\Ialmesbury, Cape Colony (R. Trimen) . . . . . . . .172 Fig. 3, ^a. — Zeritis Lyncurium, Trimen, ^ and $ . Hah. — Tsomo River, Kaffraria (J. H. Bowl-er) . . . . . .174 Fig. 4. — Zeritis JEtho7i, Trimen, 5 • Hah. — Lydenbnrg District, Trans- vaal (T. Ayres) . . . . . . . . .176 Fig. 5. — Zeritis Tkyra (Linn.), 5 • Hah. — Ivnysna, Cape Colony (72. Trimen) . . . . . . . . .195 Fig. 6. — Zeritis Pie7'us (Cvsim..), ^. Hah. — Cape Town (i2. Trimen) . 202 Fig. 7. — Arrugia hrachycera, Trimen, $ . Hah. — Knysna, Cape Colony {R. Trimen) 230 Fig. 8, 8rt. — Arrugia Basuta, Wallengr., $ and $ . Hah. — (?) Trans- vaal (IF. Morant), and Pochefstroom District, Transvaal {T. Ayres) .......... 231 Fig. 9, 9a. — D'Urhcmia Aslauga, Trimen, S and 9- Hah. — D'Urban, Natal (/. H. Boiclier) 220 PRINTED BV EALLANTYNE, HANSON AND CO. EDINBURGH AND LONDON. Plate 7 West Nevmian.* C? a.cL iia.t- clrronj ii±ii. Plate 8. %r^--^ "WestNewmaj^ & C? ai itat, dnroiM.. Htli. Plate 9, '^^ v?^"0=-^ -L..^ "^.V^estNev/inajM- ^. C^ aA iia.t. ckoroin .KlK. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES 3 ^Dflfl DD^^7bbs •■•r- aLS57.T83 ''I -t :an butterflies ;