SOUTH-APRICAN BUTTEEFLIES. )5/ -83 '.3 SOUTII-AFRTCAN BUTTERFLIES: A MONOGRAPH OF THE EXTRA-TEOPICAL SPECIES. EOLAND TRIMEN, F.E.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S., F. Ent. S., &o. CURATOK OF THE SOUTH-AFRICAN MUSEUM, CAPE TOWN J ASSISTED BY JAMES HENEY BOWKEE, F.Z.S., E.E.G.S. COLONEL (RETIRED) IN THE CAPE SERVICE, LATE COMMANDANT OF FRONTIER ARMED AND MOUNTED POLICE, governor's AGENT IN BASUTOLAND, AND CHIEF COMMISSIONER AT THE DIAMOND FIELDS OF GRIQUALAND WEST. VOL. III. PAPILI0NID.5.) Terias Butleri, sp. nov. Exp. ciL, Q) I iu. 7 lin. ; ($) i in. 9 lin. ^ Sulphur-yelloiv ; fore-wing with rather broad, inivardly deeply excavated black border ; hind-wing ivith a very narroiv, inivardly slightly suffused border. Fore-iuing : costa irrorated finely with black for about one-third from base, thence rather strongly black- edged to first subcostal ner\n.ile, where the apical border begins to widen ; upper part of border shaped as iu jEthiopica as far as third median nervule, but thence much broader, the lower inward projection between first median nervule and posterior angle being at least twice as broad. Hind-wing : border extending from first subcostal to first submedian nervnre, attenuated to each extremity, and crossed by yellow inter-nervular folds ; at extremity of submedian nervure, and of fold between it and first median nervule, a minute black spot. Under side. — Almost the same tint of yellow ; usual markings very indistinct ; no trace in fore-wing of any sid)apical patch or streak. Fore-wing : disco-cellular dot and streak faint and minute, and terminal markings very indistinct, small, and narrow. Hind-iving : small sub-basal annulets less indistinct ; terminal disco- cellular mark rather narrow, interrupted on fold ; discal irregular streak faint or nearly obsolete. $ Considerably paler, sometimes inclining to whitish-yellow, with broader didler borders. Fore-iving : a faint sj^arse minute fuscous irro- ration from base (in one example not so sparse, and extending over basal third of wing) ; border broader throughout, but more markedly so at inferior inward projection. Hind-wing : border variable in width, but always narrow, more suffused inwardly ; in the example above mentioned a very sparse fuscous irroration for a little distance from base, chiefly in discoidal cell. Under side. — As in $, but much paler, and markings even more indistinct, almost obliterated ; in one example (not that above mentioned) a faint trace in fore-wing of a ferruginous subapical patch. Unwilling as I am to add another to the numerous species-names of this bewildering genus, I see no help for it in the case of this South-African form, near as it is to T. Hccabc (linn.). There is little else to depend on in this group of Terias except the form of the fore- wing border, and this in T. Butleri is intermediate between that ex- hibited by the West- African T. Zeonis, Butl, and the pattern so strongly developed in T. Hccabe. Zeonis itself is allied to ^thiopica, mihi, in its upper-side markings, but their rather greater development, com- bined with the feebly marked under side, link it to Butleri. The latter is readily distinguished from its South-African allies by its deeply excavated broad border in the fore-wing and distinct though narrow one in the hind-wing, as well as by its exceedingly indistinct marking on the under side. It is with great pleasure that I name this butterfly after my friend Mr. Arthur G. Butler, of the British Museum, whose praiseworthy 24 SOUTH-AFKICAX BUTTERFLIES. labours in this and other most, difficult genera merit the thanks of all lepidopterists. T. Butleri would appear to be a scarce species in South Africa, as the only examples that have come under my notice are a few captured by myself on the coast of Natal in February and March 1867.^ There was, however, nothing in the habits of the butterfly to distinguish it from its congeners, and it is quite possible that it may be passed over among the rest in the localities they all frequent together. Localities of Terias Butleri. 1. South Africa. E. Natal. a. Coast Districts. — D'Urban. Victoria County. 245. (0.) Terias Desjardinsii, Boisdnval. ^ Xanthidia Desjardinsii, Boisd., Faune Ent. Madag., &c., p. 22, pi. 2, 16(1833). ^ Terias Desjardinsii, Boisd., Sp. Gen. Lap., i. p. 671, n. 30 (1836). $ Terias floricol a, Wallengr., K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1857 ; Lep. Ehop. Caffr., p. 19. (J Terias Desjardinsii, Trim., Ehop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 78, n. 51 {1862). $ ,, ,, Bates, Proc. Zool. Sec. Lond., 1863, p. 476, n. 2. 5 Terias aliena, Butler (?), Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 18S0, p. 337, n. -20. ^ $ Eurema Desjardinsii, Mcischler, Verb. Zool.-Bot. Gesellsch. Wien, 1883, p. 281. Plate 10, fig. 2 {^). Exp al, {$) I in. 5I-8 lin. ; ($) i in. 6-S^ lin. $ Gamhogc-yelloiv ; fore-wing ivith a narrow or very narroiv black border ; hind-ioing bluntly angulated at extremity of second median ner- vidc, and with an extremely narrow black border, occasioncdly broken into ncrvular sjwts. Fore-wing : on costa not far from base commences a thin black edging, gradually widening beyond middle to a border of variable width apically, which continues more narrowly along hind- margin to posterior angle, where it again slightly widens ; inner edge of border irregularly and bluntly dentate superiorly, but emitting regular denticulations on median nervules and submedian nervure. Hind-vnng : border little more than a slender edging-, rather strongly dentated on nervules inwardly, diminishing to a point at extremity of first median nervule or of submedian nervure ; rarely this border is reduced to nerv^ular spots of modei-ate or even small size ; inner-mar- ginal border conspicuously paler, quite sulphur-yellow. Cilia of fore- wing greyish-brown mixed with rufous and at posterior angle with yellow, — of hind-wing, yellow mixed with rufous. Under side. — Sulphur-yclloiv, with pale-ferriiginous markings. Fore-vnng : apical border rather widely tinged with pale-ferruginous, continued narrowly 1 A 9 specimen occurs in a collection made by Mr. A. W. Eriksson during 1884-85, in the country between the Transvaal and Gubulewayo, Matabeleland. riERIN/E. 25 to a point at posterior ang-le ; an oLlicpie subapical streak of darker ferruginous, from fourth sul)costal to third median uervule ; in dis- coidal cell usually a small faintly-marked spot nearer base than extre- mity ; terminal disco-cellular marking very narrow and indistinct except at summit. Ilind-wing : ordinary basal spot and sub-basal spots usually distinct (the middle one of the three latter broken into three) ; ter- minal disco-cellular marking larger, wider, and better marked than that of fore-wing, partly interrupted on disco-cellular fold ; discal ray indistinct in its upper and lower portions, but its central part (between first subcostal and third median nervriles) suffused, angulated, and usually rather conspicuous. Cilia of both wings pale ferruginous- rufous, immediately preceded by nervular black dots. $ Sulphur-yellow ; fore-wing with border duller, much diminished hind-marginalhj ; hind-iving with a scries of Uach nervular dots only 0)1 hind-margin. Fore-iving : a suffusion of gamboge-yellow over basi- inner-marginal area, rising over lower part of discoidal cell ; blackish border broken into small separate spots on first median nervule and submedian nervure (the latter spot even wanting occasionally), and rarely so even as high as second and third median nervules ; the apical part of border varying in width accordingly. Hind-wing : a slight suffusion of gamboge-yellow from base along median nervure. Under SIDE. — Like that of $, but paler, except sid)ap)ical oblique streak of fore- wing, and suffused central part of discal streak of hind-iving, which are much darker ferruginous, more sharply angidated, and very consjncuous. In both sexes the apex of fore-wing is more pronounced and acute than in the four species above described. Among the drawings of some of Wallengren's type specimens kindly obtained for me by Mr. Chr. Aurivillius, there is a careful figure of that author's T. fioricola, which proves to be, as I anticipated, the $ Desjardinsii. As regards T. aliena, Butler, from Madagascar, I have seen the type in the British Museum ; it is a very worn and faded specimen, and Mr. Butler agrees with me in thinking that it is in all probability only a small $ of Desjardinsii. There can be no doubt that Moschler, who {loc. cit.) carefully describes both sexes, is in error in associating Scnegalensis, Geyer, with Desjardinsii, the former being entirely different in such important characters as the shape of the wings and the form of the border of the fore-wings, and belonging in fact to the Fioricola group. The acuter apex of the fore-wings and the angulation of the hind- wings are alike in this species and in T. rcgularis, Butl., if, as I believe, I have correctly identified the latter, but Desjardinsii is readily distinguished by the very reduced border in both sexes. The speci- men figured on Plate 10^ exhibits the widest border yet observed in 1 In this figure not nearly sufficient prominence is given to the principal markings of the under side, viz., the ferruginous subapical streak of fore-wing and upper discal s'treak of hind-wing, which are well marked in the specimen sent to the artist. 26 SOUTH-Al^RICAX BUTTERFLIES. the $. The majority of the South- African ^ s have the border about as narrow as in the Malagasy type figured by Boisduval ; but, on the other hand, there are some examples in which it is much more reduced, the extreme of naiTOwness being reached in a small ^ from the Bashee River, and another from Lydenburg in the Transvaal. The $ s vary similarly as far as the fore-wing border is concerned, but here the extreme of reduction breaks up the hind-marginal portion of the border into very nearly separated spots. The 9 of this Terias was sent to the South-African Museum by Colonel Bowker from Butterworth, Kaffraria Proper, as long ago as 1861, with the note that it freqiiented forest-chad country, while its allies (!'. Zoe and Brigitta) Avere found quite in the open. It was not until some years later that ^ s and further $ s were received from the same territory ; and in 1 865 I met with both sexes when landing for a day at D'Urban, Natal, towards the end of June. In 1867 I took the butterfly sparingly in the same locality during February and ]\rarch, and also found it near Maritzburg in April. It was taken in Zululand during the same year by the late Colonel Tower. The best locality for it near D'Urban was the Botanic Garden, whence the late Mr. M'Ken also sent a good many specimens. On the wing it can be recognised at once by the narrowness of its black borderino;. Localities of Terias Dcsjardinsii. I. South Africa. I). Kaffraria Proper. — Butterworth and Bashee River (J. H. Boivher). E. Natal. a. Coast Districts. — D'Urban. Avoca (/. H. Bowker). b. Upper Districts. — Maritzburg. F". Zululand. — St. Lucia Ikxj (the late Colonel H. Tower). K. Transvaal. — Lydenburg District {T. Ayres). Lydenburg (^A. F. Ortlepp). II. Other African Regions. A. South Tropical. bb. Eastern Islands. — Madagascar {E. L. Layard). 246. (7.) Terias regularis, Butler. $ Terias Desjardinsii ? '^ , Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 79 (1862). (J „ regularis, Butl., Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 4th Ser., vol. xviii. p. 486 (1876). Allied to T. Desjardinsii, Boisd. Exp., {$) I in. 6-8 lin. ; $ i in. 6-8^ lin. $ Gainhogc-yeUo^u ; fore-iuing rather hroadly bordered with black, hind-iving about half as broadly bordered. Fore-wing : base narrowly blackish ; costal nervure as far as first subcostal nervule, and a space above and below it, irrorated with black atoms ; black border almost as broad along costa as in T. Zoi}, not so wide apically, but broader hind- marginally, and specially broader at posterior angle, — its inner edge rather more irregular superiorly and hollowed about its middle. Hind- FIERI N^. 27 iving : black border well defined, about the same widtli as in Zuc, its inner edge forming- sharper and more numerous dentations on nervules, its lower extremity becoming attenuated and suffused with yellowish scales, and terminating in a point on submedian nervure ; inner margin rather widely bordered with sulphur-yellow. Cilia without any rufous tinge, but mixed with greyish-brown in fore-wing. Under side. — SidphiLr- yelloiv ; dark borders faintly indicated from upper side ; markings gene- rally arranged as in Desjardinsii, hut dusky-grey instead of ferruginous, and very indistinct ; the subapical streak of fore- wing and uj)per discal streak of hind-wing usually altogether wanting, but sometimes faintly indicated. Fore-wing : no ferruginous tinge at apex or along hind- margin . Hind-wing : costal border finely and rather sparsely irrorated with blackish atoms. ^ Sulplmr-yelloto, more or less sparsely irrorated tvith blackish atoms ; fore-iving border didler, but as broad, or nearly as broad, as in $, except just at posterior angle ; Jiind-wing border reduced, varying from a narroiv stripe, forming strong nervidar p)^'oj (actions inwardly, to a series of disconnected slender nervular marks. Fore-iving : irroration most developed near base, along costa, and in upper part of discoidal cell ; a slight suffusion of gamboge-yellow over lower basi-inner-mar- ginal area, as in Desjardinsii. Hind-icing : irroration scantier than in fore-wing, usually confined a little space close to base, but some- times extending over discoidal cell and below it. Under side. — As in ^, but paler, and the subapical streak of fore-wing and upper discal streak of hind- wing usually more or less distinct and tinged with ferruginous, but never strongly marked as in Desjardinsii. I have not seen Mr. Butler's type of Eegidaris, which he described from an Abyssinian collection of insects, but from his description I feel almost certain that it is identical with the ^ of the South-African butterfly here described. I also associate with Begularis two ^ s from the coast of Tropical Western Africa, which are in the South-African ]\Iuseum, and which only differ in the broader black border of the wings (in the hind-wing especially, where it ends truncately above submedian nervure), and their somewhat more rounded outline. I wrote a description of this Teriax in 186 1, from a $ cajjtured at King "William's Town by Mr. AY. S. M. D'Urban iu January of that year, but did liot tlieu, or for some years afterwards, think it sufficiently distinct from Des- jardinisii to be more than a variety of that species. In 1867 I had the plea- sure of capturing a number of both sexes, both on the coast and in the inland districts of K'atal, and was so fortunate as to take two pairs in copula, — one at Fort Buckingham, on the Tugela, on the 8th March, and the other near Grey- town on the nth. The species was on the wing in February, March, and April, and Colonel Bowker took one near Maritzburg early in May. When flying, it is not distinguishable from T. Zee. Mr. K. Lightfoot, of Cape Town, has shown me a small ^ received in a collection made near Plettenberg Bay, in the Knysna District, by Miss Newdigate in the year 1886. This is the only example I know of which has occurred so far to the south and west. 28 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. Localities of Tcrias rcgidaris. 1. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. a. Western Districts. — Forest Hall, near Plettenberg Bay {Miss Newdigafe). h. EasternDistricts.— King William's Town ( IF. S. M. U Urhan). E. Natal. a. Coast Districts. — D'Urban. Verulam. Mapumulo. h. Upper Districts. — Fort Buckingham, Grey town, and Umvoti District. Pietermaritzhurg. II. Other African Regions. B. North Tropical. a. Western Coast (/. M. Fash). hi. Eastern Interior. — " Atbara" River [Soudan]. — A. G. Butler. Genus MYLOTHRIS. Mijlotliris (Hiibu., 1816, part.), Butler, Cist. Ent., i. p. 42 (1870). Pieris, Godart [part.], Enc. Meth., ix. p. 10 (181 9); et Auct. Pieris, Trim, [part], Rliop. Afr. Aust, i. p. 26 (1862). Imago. — Head small, clothed above and in front with rather long and sparse bristly hair; jx(//n slender, elongate, scaly above, — basal and middle joints with long and bristly hairs beneath, — terminal joint rather longer than middle one, porrect and ascendant, slightly thickened just before tip ; antcnnm of moderate length and thickness, with a short, abruptly-formed, flattened club, rounded at the tip. Thorax short and rather slender, clothed densely with hair, which above is long and silky. Wings thin (in some species very delicate) and large. Fore-ivings rather elongate, with the costa very slightly arched ; apex not acute but pronounced ; hind-margin almost straight or slightly convex ; costal nervure ending at about three-fifths of wing from base ; subcostal nervure three-branched, — first and second nervules given off not far apart, near extremity of discoidal cell — the first very short (sometimes in M. Agafhina joining costal nervure, and in one $ specimen almost obsolete), — second long, ending not far before apex ; upper radial united to subcostal nervure at origin of third nervule, lower radial from junction of two disco-cellular nervules ; of the latter the lower is twice as long as the upper, but much less oblique and slightly angulated or merely curved ; discoidal cell large, nearly three- fifths length of wing, broad and truncate at extremity. Hind-iviiigs bluntly obovate ; hind-margin convex, very slightly sinuate ; inner margins convex, meeting below abdomen ; costal nervure very short, terminating considerably before middle ; first subcostal nervule emitted considerably before extremity of cell, much arched, ending at some dis- tance before apex, — second nearly straight, ending at apex ; disco- cellular nervules both oblique, the lower nearly or about twice as long PIERIN^. 29 as tlio upper, and sometimes slightly angulated ; internal nervure ending about middle of inner margin. Lcfjs moderately stout, scaly ; femora with a little hair basally beneath, about equal in length to tibia) ; tarsi rather longer than tibia), both rather densely and strongly spinulose ; terminal spurs of hind-tibia) very small, of middle ones obsolete. Abdomen of moderate length, laterally compressed, much arched, larger posteriorly. Larva. — Of the ordinary Pierine form, rather attenuated poste- riorly ; clothed with longer hairs than usual in the Sub-Family. Food- plant Zoranthus (in the case of M. AgatJiina). Pupa. — Head with frontal process long and recurved upward ; a dorsal series of prominent tubercles (larger on thorax) along middle line of back, and two laterally-projecting claw-shaped processes on each side of basal half of abdomen {M. Agathina and BilppclUi). I follow Mr. Butler in thinking that this remarkable section of the old genus Picris is generically separable, considering not only the three- branched subcostal neuration of the fore-wings, but the peculiar /actfs and pattern.^ The curiously tuberculated chrysalis is also a point to be taken into consideration, as well as the slow flight and apparent absence of the onward-moWng Pierine habit. The few known species (about seven or eight) are confined to the Ethiopian Eegion, one {M. Phileris, Boisd.) being peculiar to Madagascar ; they are all closely allied. The three found in South Africa are M. Agathina, (Cram.), which apparently ranges over all Tropical Africa; M. Trimcnia, But!., and 31. Biippellii, Koch, which are found in Eastern Africa as far northward as Abyssinia. These butterflies are of very plain pattern, the ^ s being white above with small hind-marginal black spots ^ {Tri- menia, however, having lemon-yellow hind- wings, and Bilppellii a basal suffusion of orange-red in its fore-wings), while the $ s are more or less deeply and broadly tinged with ochreous-yellow (in Trimcnia entirely confined to the hind-wings), or with fuscous-grey, and usually have the hind-marginal spots rather enlarged. On the under side, Eiqypcllii is almost the same as on the upper side, but Agathina and Trimcnia have the hind-wings and the apex of fore-wings ochre-yellow, the former possessing a conspicuous orange-red basal suffusion in the fore-wings. It is of much interest to note that, like the aUied slow-flying but more richly coloured species of the allied Oriental and Australian group, Thyca, Wallengr.,^ some kinds of Mylothris are the subjects of mimicry ^ In Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, pp. 37, 38, Mr. Butler extended Mylothris to include the South-American P. Pijrrha, Fab., and allies ; but they do not seem at all closely related to the African species with which they are associated, and are usually separated by lepidop- terists under the genus Pcrrhyhris. The 9 s of this group are noted for mimicry of various Heliconinte. - In the West-African M. Chloris, (Fab.), the outer three-fifths of the whole area of the hind-wings is uniformly blackish on both surfaces. This species was included in my former work on the strength of Boisduval's giving " Natal " as one of its localities ; but I now omit it, seeing that no South-African example appears to be known. ^ See Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. Land., 3d Ser., iv. pp. 309, 344, and 383. 30 SOUTH-AFRICAX BUTTERFLIES. by Pieriuas of related genera. The irQitation of M. Agatliina by Pieris Thysa, Hopff., is deceptively close in both sexes; and M. Poppea, (Cram.), is similarly copied by P. PJiodope, (Fab.), on the West Coast. M. Agathina is also mimicked by the $ Eronia Argia, (Fab.). 247. (1.) Mylothris Agathina, (Cramer). $ Papilio Agathina, Cram., Pap. Exot., iii. pi. ccxxxvii. ff. D, e (1782). 1^ Pieris Agatliina, Boisd., Sp. Gen. Lep., i. p. 511, n. 106 (1836). cJ $ Pieris Agatliina, Hopff., Peters' Reise Mossamb., Ins., p. 351, t. xxi. ff. II, 12 [?] (1862). ^ 5 ,, „ Trim, [part], Rhop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 28, 11. 15 (1862). (^ $ ,, ,, Stand., Exot. Schmett., i. pi. 19 (1884). Exp. al, {$) 2 in. 6-8 lin. ; ($) 2 in. 6-9 lin. $ White, with black marginal spots. Fore-wing : costa narrowly, apex more widely, black ; four small black rounded spots on hind- margin at ends of nervules. Hind-wing : six black spots on hind- margin at extremities of nervules. Under side. — Markings similar to those of upp)er side. Fore-ioing : apex yelloiv-ochreous ; on its hind- marginal edge are three small spots continuous of the row along hind- margin ; lase broadly suffused loith deep orange-red. Hind-iving : entirely pale ycllow-ochreous ; hind-marginal spots rounder than on upper side ; portion of costa above costal nervure orange-red. $ Varies from didl ivhitish-ochrcoiis to didl orange-oehreous ; sp)ots on hind-margins larger than in $. Under side. — As in $, but ground- colour of fore-iving usually dull yellowish instead of white, and its apex and whole of hind-wing of a deeper yellow-ochreous. In the $ the lowest hind-marginal spot in the fore-wing is at the extremity of the first median nervule, and is much smaller than the rest, being occasionally a mere dot ; while in the hind-wing the two uppermost, respectively on second subcostal and radial nervules, are considerably less than the other four. In the $ the spot on first median nervule of fore-wing is propor- tionately larger than in the $, there is an additional spot (very small) at extremity of submedian nervure, and there is more or less tendency in all the spots to extend acutely in the direction of base. The spots of the hind- wing, although sometimes much larger than in ^, do not exhibit this tendency. In both sexes the neuration of the under side is more or less clouded with whitish where traversing the ochre-yellow ground-colour, and the costal edging of the fore-wing is much more densely white- scaled than on the upper side.^ The $ s exhibit on the upper side gradations, from being only ^ Oberthtir records that specimens taken in Abyssinia by M. Raffray were smaller, and with less developed black markings than those found in Natal. A 6 example captured by Colonel Bowker at Quilimane presents the same differences. slightly tinged with yellowish (and having the fore-wings almost as white as in the $) to having the whole surface of a dull orange-ochreous (deepening into reddish at bases). The most richly and deeply tinted specimens that I have seen are from Delagoa Bay. Larva. — Transversely barred with alternate dull red and blackish bands speckled with yellow ; and clothed generally with fine grey hair of some length ; a yellowish-white lower lateral stripe on each side, from second to last segment immediately above the legs. Head black, varied with yellow down the middle. Length, J inch. (From notes and drawings by Mr. J. P. Mansel Weale of specimens from near King William's Town.)— See Plate 2, ff. 3. Plta. — White, more or less tinged with cream-colour in parts, and curiously marked with black. Head with a long frontal horn, curved upward, cream-coloured. Thorax cream-coloured dorsally, but with a broad black marking along the middle ; a small anterior acute black tubercle on each side, and on median ridge a series of three white, black-edged, broad, blunt, tubercular processes, slanting forward. Wing-covers black with a greenish tinge. Abdomen dorsally white and black, the latter forming a large lozenge-shaped marking (widest on seventh segment) acuminate anteriorly on fifth and posteriorly on ninth segment ; on each side a row of small black spots ; below these a broad black stripe ; along median ridge a series of seven small white black-edged tubercles, of which the second, third, and fourth are blunter and larger than the rest ; both the sixth and seventh segments bearing on each side a large, broad, acute, slightly forward-curved, tooth-like white projection ; anal extremity very pointed. Length, f inch. Attached by anal extremity and thoracic silken girth to web of silk spread on a leaf. (From notes and drawings by Mr. J. P. Mansel Weale, and drawings by Mrs. Barber, of specimens from near King William's Town ; and drawings by Captain H. C. Harford of a speci- men found at Pinetown, Natal.)— See Plate 2, fF. 3«. The singular pupa was sent to Mrs. Barber in December 1868 by Miss Fanny Bowker, who discovered it near King William's Town, and the drawings reproduced in Plate 2 were received by me from ]\frs. Barber during the same month. Captain Harford's drawings reached me the following year, and Mr. Mansel Weale's in 1873. Mr. Mansel Weale discovered the larva, and wrote on 20th March 1873: "I have found Loranthus olecefolius swarming with the larvge of Agatliina ; they follow each other like a regiment in line, or like the Processionary Moth." The pupa, from its black-and-white colouring, and particularly from its attachment to a leaf covered just about it with white silk, very probably presents, at a little distance, the appearance of a bird's dropping ; ^ but on a closer inspection the dorsal aspect is by no means ^ Mr. Weale wrote in February 1S77 : "The chrysalides both of Agathina and Poppca ( = Rii2^pellii) very much resemble bird-droppings with mistletoe seeds intermixed." 32 SOUTH- AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. unlike that of a spicier of the Gastcracantha group. From every point of view, it looks altogether unlike what it really is — the chrysalis of a butterfly — and no doubt derives protection from its disguise. Few African butterflies are better known or more widely spread over the continent than Agat/mia. It is rather a heavy flyer, haunting wooded spots, and is very conspicuous on the wing. Like many others of tlie Sub-Family, it is of somewhat gregarious habits, but I never observed in it any tendency to tlie direct onward flight in one direction so characteristic of many Pierince. It keeps much about low trees, and often settles on the leaves. In South Africa Proper it is confined to the Eastern Territories, not being recorded in the Cape Colony from farther westward than the Albany District. It becomes numerous about King William's Town and in the Trans-Ivei country, and is abundant on the coast of Natal. The perfect insect appears to be "out" all the year round. I have personally taken it in the months of January, March, April, June, and August, and have ample records of its capture in May, October, November, and December. Colonel Bowkei- sent me the paired sexes taken on the Bashee River in May 1863, at King William's Town in 1872, and also at D'Urban, Natal, on the nth October 1881. Localities of Mylothris Agathina. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. h. Eastern Districts. — Grahamstown (J/. E. Barber and H. J. Atherstone). Kowie River, Bathurst District [J. L. Fry). Wind- vogelberg, Queenstown District {Dr. Batlio). King William's Town. " East London and Keiskama River mouth." — W. S. M. D'Urban. D. Kaffraria Proper. — Butterworth and Bashee River (/. H. Boiolier). E. Natal. a. Coast Districts. — D'Urban. Avoca (/. H. Bowker). Itongati River. " Lower Umkomazi." — J. H. Bowker. h. Upper Districts. — Maritzburg (>S^. Windham). Estcourt (/. M. Hutchinson). F. Zululand. — -St. Lucia Bay (the late Colonel H. Toiver). G. " Swaziland."— The late E. C. Buxton. H. Delagoa Bay.- — ^Louren^o Marques {Mrs. Monteiro). K. Transvaal. — Potchefstroom ( V. E. Noreii). II. Other African Regions. A. South Tropical. a. Western Coast. — Damaraland (/. A. Bell). " Angola (Pogge)." ■ — Dewitz. " Congo : Kinsembo (H. Ansell)." — A. G. Butler. " Chinchoxo (Falkenstein)." — Dewitz. h. Eastern Coast. — Quilimane (/. H. Bowlier). Zambesi {Rev. H. Rowley). " Querimba." — Hopffer. hi. Eastern Interior. — Shashani River, near Bulawayo ; and Inyam- bare River {F. C. Selous). B. North Tropical. a. Western Coast. — Sierra Leone. — Coll. Brit. Mus. h. Eastern Coast. — " Abyssinia {Raffray and A7itinori)." — Oberthiir. PIEKINyE. 33 248. (2.) Mylothris Trimenia, Eullor. ^ 9 Pieris Agafhina, Vars. B. and C, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 29 (1862); "and pi. 2, f. 2 [c?] (1866). Pieris Trimenia, Ikitl., Cist. Ent., p. 13 (1S69). Mylothris Trimenia, Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud., 1872, p. 36. $ Taclujris Trimenia, Staud., Exot. Schmett., i. pi. 17 (1884). Exp. al, {■$) 2 in. 3-4 lin. ; ($) 2 in. 1-3 lin. $ Fore-wing white, hind -wing lemon-yellow; a common hind- marginal roio of nervidar Mack sjwts. Fore-ioing : base very narrowly- clouded with black ; costa witli narrow but well-defined black margin from base to a little before apex, where it widens considerably, forming an apical blackish tip as in Agathina ; hind-marginal nervular spots variable in size, more or less narrowed and pointed baseward, — the spot at end of lower radial nervule joined to apical blackish, and the lowest spot (at end of submedian nerviu-e) very small. Hind-icing : hind- marginal spots varying in size, more rounded than those in fore-wing, one more in number than the corresponding series in Agcdhina, — the additional (seventh) spot being at the end of first subcostal nervule ; the middle (third and fourth) spots of this row smaller than the rest ; base narrowly blackish about origins of nervm-es. Uisder side. — Rind-wing and apex of fore-wing citron-yellow tinged u-ith oehreous. Fore-vjing : costal black almost obliterated by white scaling ; apical black only represented by three small spots at extremities of nervules ; other hind-marginal spots much smaller than on upper side, — that on submedian nervure minute or wanting ; no black at base, but only a slight tinge of ochrey-yellow. Hind-wivg : costa at base and as far as middle edged with orange -yellow ; hind-margin also narrowly tinged with the same colour; hind-marginal spots rather larger and better defined than on upper side. $ Similar to $, hut hind-iving paler or deeijer creamy yellow-ochreous. Fore-vjing : no black at base, but a very faint tinge of yellowish ; hind- marginal spots considerably larger (especially that on submedian ner- vure), sometimes almost contiguous as far as first median nervule. Hind-iuing : spots rounder, and usually slightly larger ; no black at base. Under side. — As in $, but all the yellow colouring deeper and more oehreous, being of about the same tint as in $ Agathina. Thorax clothed on the breast with orange-yell 010 pubescence. This near ally of Agathina is easily known by its constantly yellow hind-wings (lemon-yellow in the ^, ochre-yellow in the ^) and pure white fore-wings in both sexes. The conspicuous orange-red flush at the base of the fore-wings on the under side which characterises Agathina is wanting in Trimenia ; and the latter constantly possesses an additional spot (at the extremity of the first subcostal nervule) in the hind-wing, and has the under side of the thorax clothed with orange- yellow (instead of white) hair. VOL. III. C 34 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. Mr. W. S. M. D'Urban first brought this beautiful species to my notice, forwarding specimens taken near King William's Town in i860. Colonel Bowker subsequently met with it in the Trans-Kei ; and I had the pleasure of observing it in Katal (Fort Buckingham or Tunjumbili) early in March 1867. It is quite a woodland butterfly, but seems to prefer forests at a considerable elevation.^ I was struck with the resemblance Avhich living specimens, when on the wing, bore to faded yellow leaves drifting before the breeze, and Mr. J. P. Mansll Weale, writing to me in the same year, independently recorded the same impression, conveyed to him by the notice of examples occurring in the woods near Bedford in the Cape Colony. In 1877, Mr. Weale, writing from Breidbach, near King William's Town, expressed his belief that the larva of Trimenia would be found to feed on Loranthus iDrunifolius, parasitic on Schotia latifolia. Localities of Mylothris Trimenia. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. h. Eastern Districts.— Bedford (/. P. Mansel Weale). King William's Town (IF. S. M. U Urban, M. E. Barber, and /. H. Boivker). D. Kaffraria Proper. — Tsomo and Bashee Rivers (/. H. BovjJie?-). E. Natal. a. Coast Districts. —D'Urban {A. D. Millar). Pinetown (/. H. Boivker). b. Upper Districts. — Tunjumbili. II. Other African Regions. B. North Tropical. 61. Eastern Interior.— Abyssinia : "Shoa (Antinori)." — Oberthiir. 249. (3.) Mylothris Riippellii, Koch. Pieris Riippellii, Koch, " Indo-Austr. Lep. Fauna, p. 88 (1865)." ^ „ „ Feld., Reise d. Novara, Lep., ii. p. 167, n. 146 (1865). Var. $ ?, Pieris Poppea, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 321, n. 215 (1866). Var. $ ?, Pieris Uannus, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 342. Pieris Rueppelii, Oberth., Etudes d'Ent., iii. p. 16, pi. i. f. 2^(1878); and Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, xv. p. 149 (1880). Plate X. fig. 3 {$), 3« (?)• Exp. al, {$) 2 in. 1-7 lin. ; (?) 2 in. 2^-61 lin. ^ White, with black hind -marginal spots on nervures. Fore-iving : base slightly irrorated with fuscous ; a hroad basal suffusion of orange- red spreading over rather more than half of discoidal cell ; costa edged with fuscous, which is widest (and white-scaled) near base, but very narrow about middle of wing ; apex rather widely bordered with fuscous ; four hind-marginal spots, of which the first sometimes joins apical black, and the fourth (at end of first median nervule) is always minute. Hind-ioing : base slightly fuscous ; a faint orange suffusion, 1 Mr. Alfred D. Millar has sent me a (J taken near D'Urban on nth September 1887, and informs me that he met with five others during that month, but that the species is rare both in that vicinity and about Pinetown. riERIN/E. 35 fading outwardly into yellow, in basal region; six hind-marginal spots of small size, of which the first (at end of second subcostal nervule) is minute, and the second and sixth smaller than the three others. Under side. — Fore-wing : no basal fuscous, and only some faint fuscous scales along edge of costa ; orange-red suffusion brighter and spreading nearer to extremity of discoidal cell ; in place of apical fuscous three small marginal nervular spots, of which the first is a little hc/orc apex at end of second subcostal nervule. Hind-wing : white, very faintly tinged with yellowish near base and inner margin ; costa at and for a little distance from base bordered with orange-red ; hind-marginal spots (especially the first) larger and rounder than on upper side. $ More or less universally suffused with j;a/e crcamy-ochrcous, into which the basal orange -red (which is much duller than in ^) gradually fades ; on the discs the nervures are all more or less clouded with whitish; hind-marginal spots much larger than in $, Fore-iving : apical fuscous crossed by two or three ochreous inter-nervular rays ; a minute spot at extremity of submedian nervure. Ukder side. — In the paler specimens almost as white as in $, but in the darker ones more or less tinted with creamy-yellow generally. Fore-wing : orange- red suffusion fills discoidal cell, and faintly extends inner-marginally almost to posterior angle ; hind-marginal spots not enlarged as on upper side, but blacker and rounded. This beautiful Pieris is a very near relation of the West African Poppea, Cram.,^ and of the Malagasy Phileris, Boisd. ; it is, perhaps, not quite so closely allied to Agathina, Cram. As far as the $ s are concerned, the very consjncuous orange-red lascd suffusion of the fore- wings on the U}yper side readily distinguishes EuppcUii from all the three species named ; Mhodope and Phileris having only a very faint and much smaller orange-yellow tinge, while in Agathina there is none at all. The fainter basal suffusion in the hind-wings is also wanting in all the three allied forms. On the under side, Eilppellii has none of the rich ochre-yellow of Agathina, but its white is less pure than that of Poppea and Phileris ; the hind-marginal spots, however, are smaller than in the two latter, and agree very closely with those of Agathina ; and the basi-costal orange-red of the hind-wings is bounded (as in Agathina) by the costal nervure, instead of extending suffusedly beyond it, as in Poppea ; while the wide suffusion from the base of the fore- 1 Dewitz {Nov. Act. K. Lcop.-Carol.-Dcutsch. Alcad. Naturf., xli. p. 1S5, 1879) and Moschler {Yerh. K.K. Zool.-Bot. Gcsellsch. Wien, 1883, pp. 270-77) have independently been at pains to point out the characters which in reality widely separate such to all appearance closely allied species as Rhodoj^e, Fab., and Poppea, Cram., which authors generally have treated as identical. Not only has Rhodope constantly eight hind-marginal spots (instead of six) in the hind-wing, as well as other minor differences, but the subcostal nervure of the fore-winy has an additional (fourth) branch. This latter distinction is actually more of generic than specific value. Moschler [loc. cit., p. 270) is, however, quite in error in placing the ? of my Poppea (= ? Ramus, described in 1S79) as that of Rhodop", Fab., its neuration agreeing with that of the 6 with which I associated it, as well as with the neura- tion of the true Poppiea, Cram., Agathina, Cram., and Phileris, Boisd. 36 SOUTH-A-PRICAN BUTTEEFLIES. wings is but little wider, and if anything less bright, than in Aga- thina, though very much brighter and broader than in the other two species. With respect to the ^ s, that sex of P. Philcris is not known to me;-^ but as regards the remaining species, Riqypdlii is more like AgatUna than Poppca in either of its forms. It is best distinguished from Agathina by (i) the broader red suffusion from base; (2) the white clouding of the nervures on disc ; (3) the broader apical fuscous and larger hind-marginal spots in the fore- wings ; and on the under side by (5) the much paler and less yellow hind-wings and apex of fore-wings, especially white on the hind-marginal edge. Both forms of Fopixa, but particularly that in which the fore-wings are white, are specially characterised by the enlarged hind-marginal spots of the upper side, which in the fore- wings form broad, elongated nervular rays; but on the under side the corresponding spots are quite as in Ruppdlii, excepting that they are slightly larger. In both sexes of Iiuppdlii the wings are thinner and weaker in structure than in Agathina, but not so delicate and semi-transi^arent as in Poppca and Philcris. It was not until I saw M. Oberthiir's figure above quoted that I knew how very close my species Ilccmus, described in 1879, was to the Buppellii of Koch, which, from Felder's remarks (pp. cit.), I had sup- posed to be most probably an Abyssinian variety of Agathina. Judging from that figure (of the ^) and from Felder's description of another $, the South- African form, though it can scarcely be separated as a species from Buppellii, constitutes a variety which is of larger size, better developed hind-marginal spots and fore- wing apical blackish, rather more restricted basal red in fore-wing on upper side,^ and whiter under side. Neither Oberthiir nor Felder describe the $ Euppellii. Two ^s sent by Mr. Selous from Mashunaland in 1883 are considerably nearer the Abyssinian type than specimens from South Africa proper, being of smaller size, and with the black marginal markings much reduced, — most of the spots (especially the upper three in the hind- wing) being minute or obsolete. Pupa. — " Satiny- white, with a pale- green tinge dorsally ; projec- tions on wing-covers tipped with ochreous-yellow and black ; faintly mottled with grey ventrally. In shape closely resembles pupa of Aga- thina."— J. P. Mansel Weale, in epist., February 1877. Mr. Weale wrote that he suspected the larva to feed on Loranthus Dregei, parasitic on two kinds of Acacia, Comhrctnm, and Scholia, but had not succeeded in identifying it, although he had found the pupa. 1 The butterfly figured as the ? Philcris by Boisduval {Faunc Ent. de Madag.,&.c., pi. 2, f. 5) is an entirely different species, and has been named Pieris Grandidicri by Mabille. " In plate 10, fig. 3, the basal red of the fore-wing on the upper side is not quite wide enough on the median nervure, while the basal yellow of the hind-wing is a little too much extended over the discoidal cell. riKKlN.'R 37 Mr. AV. S. M. D'Urban was the first to discover tliis very Ijcautiful insect in South Africa, having captured two specimens at King William's Town in May 1 86 1. In January T878, I saw an example in the same locality, flitting about flowers in Colonel Bowker's garden. On the Bashee, in Kaflraria Pro- l^er, Colonel Bowker met with many specimens, including some females. At Breidbach, near King William's Town, Mr. Weale observed that this species was more prevalent in wet weather, while Agathina appeared more when it was dry. I am not aware of the occurrence of the species in Natal. A specimen from the Zambesi was in the collection of the late Mr. Hewitson in 1867, and, as above mentioned, Mr. Selous sent two examples from Mashunaland in 1883. Oberthlir notes it as very rare in Abyssinia, the Marquis Antinori having brought from thence only a single specimen. Localities of Mylotltris BUpj^ellii. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. b. Eastern Districts. — King William's Town (TF. S. M. D'Urban and J. P. Mansel Weale). Kei Eiver Mouth {J. H. Bowker). D. Kaffraria Proper. — Bashee River l^J. II. Bowher). II. Other African Regions. A. South Tropical. bi. Eastern Interior. — Zambesi. — Hewitson Coll. Mashunaland {F. C. Selous). B. Xorth Tropical. bi. Eastern Interior. — Abyssinia: "Southern (Ruppell)." — Felder; " Shoa (^Antinori)." — Oberthlir. Genus PIERIS. Pieris, Schrank [part], "Fauna Boica, ii. i, pp. 152, 164 (1801)." ,, Latreille [part], "Hist. Nat. Crust, et Ins., xiv. p. in (1805)." Pontia, Fab., " lUiger's Mag., vi. p. 283 (1807)." Pieris, Boisduval [part], Sp. Gen. Lep., i. p. 434 (1836). „ Doubleday [part], Gen. Diurn. Lep., i. p. 42 (1847). Pinacoptery.i', Wallengren, K. Sv. Akad.-Handl., 1857; Lep. Rhop. CaUV., p. 7. BeJenois and Syncldoe (Hilbn. 1816), Butler, Cist. Eut., i. pp. 50, 51 (1870). Imago. — Head of moderate size, more or less densely clothed with bristly hairs ; _2^a7pi slender, compressed, rather long, — basal joint as long as (or sometimes rather longer than) middle one ; both scaly above, and densely clothed with long bristly hair beneath, — terminal joint scaly, slender, usually about as long as, or a little shorter than, middle joint, moderately acuminate or slightly blunted, porrect (sometimes half hidden by long hair of middle joint) ; antennce of moderate length and thickness, with the club short, rather abruptly formed, more or less flattened, and rounded at tip. Thorax, of moderate length and robustness, densely clothed with hair, which is_buger and more silky above. Fore-wings of moderate 38 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. length ; costa scarcely arched beyond basal curve ; apex always marked, and sometimes prominent and acute ; hind-margin straight, or very slightly concave about middle ; inner margin usually slightly concave about middle ; subcostal nervure four-branched, — first nervule given off some distance before extremity of discoidal cell, short, often joining costal nervure near its extremity {Cahjpso group), — second long, ending not far before apex, given off rather nearer to first than to extremity of cell, — third subapical, short or very short, ending at apex or just before it (in Bvassicce group exceedingly short or even [P. Daplidice and P. irellica] wanting), — fourth ending at or a little below apex; upper radial nervule united with subcostal nervure at some distance beyond end of cell ; upper disco-cellular nervule very oblique, usually considerably more than half as long as lower one, which is transverse and slightly curved ; discoidal cell rather broad, truncate at extremity, more than half length of wing. Hind-ioings broad, rounded, some- times rather elongate anal-angularly ; costa moderately or slightly arched ; hind-margin very convex, entire or slightly sinuated ; anal angle rounded ; inner margins meeting, and forming a tolerably deep groove almost to end of abdomen ; first subcostal nervule much arched, given off a long Avay before end of cell ; disco-cellular nervule s both oblique, the upper one much shorter (sometimes less than half as long), the lower one slightly curved. Legs moderately long and thick ; femora with fine hair beneath ; fore-tibiee much shorter than femora ; middle and hind tibire about as long as femora, their terminal spurs moderately developed ; tibiae and tarsi finely spinulose. Abdomen curved, compressed, moderately long and slender, rather larger terminally, tufted with silky hair at base on back, and more thinly so along middle line beneath ; anal valves in ^ sometimes with a short terminal curved spine {Calypso group) ; in other species, a tuft of long bristly hairs beneath, just at base of each a,nal valve. Larva. — Rather elongate, shortly pubescent, slightly attenuated at extremities ; head small. Pupa. — Rather slender ; much attenuated posteriorly ; a more or less elevated ridge along middle line of back, and another on each side of first three segments of abdomen ; an acute projection in front of head ; and a prominent tubercle at middle of dorso-thoracic ridge, and on each lateral abdominal ridge on second segment. Boisduval's list of this genus numbered (1836) no fewer than 166 species; Doubleday's (1847), 175. Wallace, after separating from it (1867) the extensive sections Thysa, Tachyris, and Prioneris, gave the number of described species as 1 7 i ; and if (as I consider preferable) Tachyris be not separated generically, the total will be raised to 237. Mr. Butler's revision of the genus was first given (1870) in Cistula Entomologica, vol. i. pp. 39-5 2, and, as amended (1872) in Proc. Zool. Soe. Loncl., p. 27, he still further divided the old genus Pieris into fifteen genera, containing altogether 341 species, but restricted the name of Picris to a very limited group of Tropical American species (fifteen), forming Section I. of Boisduval's subdivision of the old genus, and for which Hiibner's name Fcrrhylris has been generally adopted. I cannot find that his genera Appias ( = Tachyris, Wallace), Bdcnois, Fonda , and Synchloe are satisfactorily separable ; these I regard as constituting the bulk of the genus Ficris, and they contain, according to Mr. Butler, 179 described species. Of those genera of Mr. Butler's which include African species, I think that Mijlothris and Herpcenia are deserving of adoption, considering their peculiarities of structure and pattern. Ficris, as here regarded, is of almost universal distribution, New Zealand being the only extensive land area at any considerable distance from the poles which has no known representative of the genus. Taking the number of recorded species at about 230, it is noticeable that the Oriental and Australian regions greatly preponderate in richness and variety of forms, upwards of a hundred, or not far from half the genus, being" native there, and a considerable number of these apparently inhabiting both regions. The Neo-Tropical Eegion yields between fifty and sixty species, and the Ethiopian about thirty-seven. The great Pala?arctic Region and the Nearctic are both exceedingly poor, possessing respectively fourteen and eleven species only. In South Africa fourteen species are known to occur ; they belong to four groups, of which F. Saha, (Fab.), F. Figea, Boisd., F. Calypso, Drury, and F. Daplidicc, (Linn.), may be regarded as the respective representatives, viz. : — Group i. — Sala, Fab., representative. Sexes extraordinarily difierent. $ white, with an incomplete narrow apical hind-marginal border in fore-wdngs ; under side with hind-wings and apex of fore-wings creamy. $ with very broad black hind-mar- ginal borders to both fore and hind wings, and with basi-disco-cellular area of fore-wings usually also black ; under side white with similar but much fainter blackish markings. The $ has an inferior abdominal tuft of bristly hairs, — the characteristic of Wallace's genus Tachyris. (i species.) Group 2. — Figea, Boisd., representative. Sexes moderately dissimilar. $ greenish-white (in one species, P. Spillcri, Stand., sulphur-yellow), with very small and inconspicuous hind-marginal blackish nervular spots (scarcely apparent except at and near apex of fore-wings, where they are enlarged) ; under side with hind-wings and apex of fore-wings faintly tinged with yellowish or greenish, sometimes speckled with fuscous and with traces of discal fuscous spots in hind-wings. $ usually more or less tinged with ochre- yellow, especially in hind-wings, and with one or more discal fuscous spots in fore-wings ; hind-marginal nervular spots larger, especially in fore-wings ; under side more deeply coloured with ochre-yellow. 40 SOUTH- AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. (5 species : Plgca, Boisd., Alha, Wallengr., Simana, Hopif., Charina, Boisd., Spilleri^ Staud.) Group 3. — Calypso, Druiy, representative. Sexes very dissimilar. ^ white, with moderately broad white-spotted black borders, better developed in fore-wings, which have also a con- spicuous terminal disco-cellular black spot or oblique bar ; under side with hind-wings and apex of fore-wings of some tint of yellow, with similar blackish markings, but usually with black neuration and discal spots. $ more or less tinged with yellow, especially in hind-wings (which are sometimes deep ochre-yellow), and with all black markings much enlarged. In one species (Mesentina, Cram.) the apex of fore-wings is rather produced and pointed, and in two others (Gidica, Boisd., and Abyssinica, Lucas) it is strongly so characterised. (7 species : Thysa, Hopff., Ogygia, Trim., Zochalia, Boisd., Mesentina, Cram., Gidica, Godt., Abyssinica, Lucas, Scverina, Cram.) Group 4. — Daplidice, Linn., representative. Sexes much alike. White, with black mai'kings much as in last section, but in ^ stronger, and including an additional inferior discal spot in fore-wings. Under side with hind-wings and apex of fore-wings varied with white and dull-greenish and yellow-tinged markings. In Da2)lidice and Hcllica, Linn., the third subcostal nervule of fore- wings is wanting. ( I species : Hcllica, Linn.) The caterpillars of this genus appear for the most part to be attached to Cruciferm and Cap2Kiridece ; those of the European P. Brassicce, Eapce, &c., and of the allied North- American P. olcracea, are notorious for their injuries to cultivated cabbages, turnips, and related plants. 250. (1.) Pieris Saba, (Fabricius). $ Paptlio Saba, Fab., " Sp. Ins., p. 46, n. 199 (1781);" and Ent. Syst., iii. I, p. 201, u. 627 (1793). 5 Pajnlio Epaphia, Cram., Pap. Exot., iii. pi. ccvii. ff. n, E (1782). $ Papilio Hi/p>atia, Dru., 111. Nat. Hist., iii. pi. xxxii. if. 5, 6 (1782). $ Pieris Higinia, Godt., Enc. Meth., ix. p. 133, n. 45 (1819). (j Pieris Orbona, Boisd., Faune Ent. Madag., &c., p. 18, pi. i, f. 3 (1833). 9 and (as $) Var. $ , Pieris Malatha, Boisd., loc. cit., if. 4, 5. ^ ^ Pieris Orbona, Boisd., Sp. Gen. Lep., i. p. 497, n. 89 (1836). c^ 9 Pieris Saba, Doubl, Gen. D. Lep., i. p. 46 (1846). ^9 ,, „ Hopif., Peters' Reise Mossamb., Ins., p. 353 (1862). (J ? „ „ Trim., Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. vii. pi. ix. if. 3, 4. cJ ? , ? Var. Pieris Saba, Grandid., Hist. Phys., &c., Madag., xix., ii. Atlas I, pi. 36, it; 1-8 (1885). U.jcp. (d., ($) 2 in. 1-5 lin. ; ($) 2 in. i-sj Hn. $ White ; fore-wing with a rather narroiv blackish apical and hind- marginal border. Fore-iving : space between costa and costal nervure PIERTNiE. 41 rather closely irrorated with blackish ; costa with a linear black edging from before middle to end of second subcostal nervule ; at the latter point commences the apical hind-marginal blackish border, which is narrow, and rather suliused and ill-defined on its inner edge (where it forms more or less marked nervular dentations), extending to between second and first median nervules ; usually a small blackish mark at extremity of first median nerv^ule. Hind-iving : sometimes without marking, but usually with a series of very small, faint, nervular blackish marks along hind-margin, of which the first (at extremity of first sub- costal nervule) is much longer and more pronounced than the rest. Under side. — Hind-ioing and apiccd lorder of fore-wing faintly tinged with rather dull cream-colour. Fore-wing : no blackish border ; in dis- coidal cell a narrow basal suffusion of chrome-yellow ; some scarcely perceptible indications of very small hind-marginal nervular spots. Hind-iving : costa from base to a point considerably before middle narrowly edged with chrome-yellow ; in some specimens, traces of some very small hind-marginal nervular spots, those at extremities of first subcostal and second median nervules more apparent than the rest. $ Blackish border of fore-wing very Iroad, and a very hroad hlacJcish hind-marginal lorder in hind-wing ; basal area of fore-wing very broadly blackish ; luhite ground thus reduced to a discal band in fore-wing^ and a broad basi-central sjmce in hind-iving. Fore-iving : basal blackish extending from costa to inner margin, completely and exactly fillino- discoidal cell to its extremity, narrower and somewhat suffused below cell ; very broad apical hind-marginal border widest on costa (where it extends sometimes to a little before middle), somewhat abruptly nar- rowed near and at posterior angle, its inner edge regularly dentated on median ner\Tiles, — the dentation on third median nervule often more or less completely united to outermost extremity of black fillino- dis- coidal cell ; in blackish border, and towards its outer part, a subapical oblique row of three inter-nervular, elongate, rather ill-defined white spots (of which the lowest is rarely obsolete), between fourth subcostal and third median nervules. Hind-u-ing : base narrowly and usually faintly irrorated with blackish ; hind-marginal broad border somewhat variable in width, its inner edge irregular and more or less sufiused, but with a more or less marked dentation or prominence on second subcostal nervule. Under side. — Hind-wing and apex of fore-icing greyish-white with a very slight opalescent tinge and a faint marginal edging of yellowish; hind-marginal dark borders much didler than on upper side, especicdly in hind-wing. Fore-wing : basal blackish much fainter, obsolete below discoidal cell ; yellow basal suffusion much more extensive than in $, covering about two-thirds of cell, and reach- ing also to costal edge ; greyish-white apical patch representing on its inner side the white spots of the upper side. Hind-iving: yellow costal edging extending to middle or a little beyond ; hind-marginal border diffusedly narrowed in its lower half, and outwardly marked 42 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. vao-uely witli a greyish-wLiite shade along its upper half ; sometimes a ray of chrome-yellow along submedian nervure from base. Variety of $. — (Var. Flavida, Grandidier.) — More or less tinged ivith lemon-yelloiv, especially near margins : hind-marginal hlackish border much narroiver {especially in hind-wing) and more sharply den- taied inwardly ; hasal Uachish of fore-wing all wanting except a narrow faint hasi-costal horder, which scarcely enters discoidal cell (except very slightly and diffusedly at base and along its upper edge), and terminates somewhat truncately a little before extremity of cell. Fore-iving : subapical spots in border yellowish. Hind-wing: basal irroration wanting or very slight and restricted ; hind-marginal border less than half as wide as in typical $, its inner edge much better defined, and prominently (in one example acutely) dentating the ground- colour on nervules. Under side. — Hind-wing and apex of fore-wing more creamy in tint ; blackish border considerably narrower and duller in fore-wing, and scarcely perceptible in hind-wing. Fore-wing : no cellular blackish (except, in one specimen, the very faintest trace along upper part of cell). In this butterfly the dissimilarity of the sexes is so extreme that one cannot wonder at Boisduval's treating them originally (1833) as distinct species. The variety of the $ just described was, however, at first regarded by that author as the $ of the ty^Dical $, which he named Mcdatha ; but this was rectified in the Species Gdoidral (1836), which recognised that Orhona and Malatha were ^ and $ of one species, and noted the so-called ^ of Malatha as a form of the $. I have examined the type of Sala in the Banksian Collection at the British Museum. It is a small but broadly black-marked $ from " Sierra Leone." The $ figured by Cramer as Epaphia (stated to be from the same locality) is very broadly black-marked, and is repre- sented as possessing an orange basal suffusion in discoidal cell of the fore-wing, and also a broad orange suff'usion (outwardly fading into yellow) between the nervures in the basal half of the hind-wing. Drury's Eypatia is also a " Sierra Leone " $ ; it is larger than Cramer's specimen, and is figured as having a tinge of yellow over the basi- inner-marginal part of both wings on the upper side, and the border of the hind-wing narrower than in Cramer's figure ; while, on the under side, the suffusion of the cell in the fore-wing is pale ochreous- yellow, and there is scarcely a trace of the orange and yellow rays in the hind- wing. Godart's description of a ^, likewise from Sierra Leone, accords better with Drury's than with Cramer's figures. Neither of the fio-ures just mentioned exhibit the junction in the fore-wing of the disco-cellular with the hind-marginal blackish (on third median nervule), which usually occurs in the Natalian and Delagoa Bay speci- mens of the typical $. I do not remember to have seen, nor have I found auy record of, any $ examples linking the variety Flavida with the typical $ ; but PIERIN.E. 43 the form and position of the small dusky costal stripe in the former reminds one of the similar marking in the $ Pcqnlio Mcriones, Feld., of Madagascar, and indicates (with the well-developed but not very broad hind-marginal borders) the initial stage of the extraordinarily developed dark markings which characterise the typical fonn. I have suggested (Proc. Ent. Soc. Lonih, 1881, p. viii.) that the $ Saha may be modified in mimicry of a common and evidently protected slow- flying diurnal moth, Nyctemera ajpicalis, Walker, which has a very wide African range, and possesses a near ally in ]\Iadagascar. As I have noted {loc. cit., p. vii.), Colonel Bowker captured the paired sexes near the XJmgeni, Natal, in January 1881, and I believe that this is the only instance of such capture recorded in the case of tliis species. The two specimens in question are ligured in Trails. Ent. Soc. Land., pi. ix. (188 1), the $ being an individual with the marginal markings rather more pronounced than usual, and the ? one of strongly developed black markings throughout. The late Colonel Tower first made this species known to me as a South- African native, having taken the $ at St. Lucia Bay. In 1872 the late Mr. E. C. Buxton met with two of each sex on the Natal Coast (D'Urban and Yerulam) during October. The butterfly appears to be far from common in Natal. I did not meet with it during my visit in 1867, and Colonel Bowker has sent only five examples. From Delagoa Bay, Mrs. Monteiro has sent several of both sexes, including two of the $ Yar. Flavida. A single $ of this variety occurred in a collection made in Mashunaland, near the Zambesi, in 1S82, by Mr. F. C. Selous. The distribution of Saha in the Ethiopian Eegion is very wide, embracing apparently a very large portion of the South-Tropical tracts and much of the North-Tropical coast on the Western side. In Madagascar it would appear to be rather numerous, being of frequent occurrence in collections sent from thence. I have not found any notice of the particular haunts or habits of the species. Colonel Bowker's Natalian specimens were taken in the month of January. Localities of Pieris Saha. I. South- Africa. E. Natal. a. Coast Districts. — D'Urban (the late E. C. Buxton and /. H. Boicker). Umgeni (J. H. Bou-ker). Verulam (the late E. C. Buxton). h. Upper Districts. — Maritzburg {A. S. Windham). F. Zululand. — St. Lucia Bay (the late Colonel H. Toicer). H. Delagoa Bay. — Loren§o Marques {Mrs. Monteiro). II. Other African Regions. A. South Tropical. a. Western Coast. — " Angola (Poc/ge)." — Dewitz. b. Eastern Coast. — " Querimba." — Hopffer. " Zanzibar."— Kirby, Cat. Hewits. Coll. ^ In marking, the nearest ally of the ? Saba is the 9 of the Malayan and Sumatran Ci/nis, Hewits., figured by Mr. Distant {Rhop. Malay., pi. xxvi. f. 6) as Udaina Cynis. In this ? the white is even more reduced in the fore-wings, the subapical spots being wanting, and the luwer part of the discal band much narrower ; the black is, however, represented by dull fuscous-brown, which is ill-defined in the hind-wings. The i Cynis has a broad costal, apical, and hind-marginal black border in the fore-wings. 4+ SOUTII-AFRICAX BUTTERFLIES. hi. Eastern Interior. — Mashunaland (F. C. Selous). " i^yassa." — Kirby, Cat. Hewits. Coll. bb. Eastern Islands. — Madagascar {De Robillard). " Sainte-Marie et Madagascar." — Boisduval. B. North Tropical. a. Western Coast.—" Fernando Po ; Mungo and Victoria, Cameroons {Buchhoh^r—Vloiz. Old Calabar.— Coll. Brit. Mus. "Lower ISTiger {W. A. Forbes)." — Godman and Salvin. Abomey. — Coll. Brit. Mus. Cape Coast Castle and Elmina {Bourlie). Sierra Leone. — Coll. Brit. Mus. " Senegal."— Boisduval. 25L (2.) Pieris Thysa, Hopffer. $ ? Pieris Thysa, Hopff., " Monatsb. Iv. Akad. Wissensch, Berl, 1855, p. 639, n. I ; " and Peters' Reise Mossamb., Ins., p. 349, t. xxi. It'. 7, 8[c?], 9, io[$](i862). $ Pieris Agathina, Var. A., Trim., Rliop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 29 (1862). Var. $ , Belenois Sabrata, Butl., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 526. Riy. al., {$) 2 in. 5J-7 lin. ; 2 in. 3-1 1 lin. $ White, %oith large hiiicl-marginal nervidar black spots, united in fore-wing to form an imoardly strongly dentated border, but all separate in hind-iuing ; a submarginal roio of small intcr-nervidar black spots, more developed in liind-vnng. Fore-iuing : costal margin with a narrow black edging, scaled with white at and near base, and rather abruptly widened a little before apex ; hind-marginal macular border continuous as far as second median nervule, its component spots more or less tri- gonate and inwardly acute ; a separate spot at extremity of first median nervule, and a very small narrow one at extremity of submedian ner- vure ; spots of submarginal row four, rounded, — three between costa and lower radial nervule, very close to (or even touching) apical black, — the fourth (often indistinct) apart from the rest, between third and second median nervules ; base with a sub-metallic gloss, and with the under side red faintly indicated. Hind-wing : six hind-marginal spots of moderate size, rather widely separated, rounded, from second sub- costal nervule to submedian nervure, — the third, fourth, and fifth larger than the first and second, and the sixth much the smallest of all and sublinear ; very rarely the trace of a seventh spot at extremity of first subcostal nervule ; seven small spots in submarginal row, between costal and submedian nervures, — of which the seventh is always, and the fourth and sixth usually, very indistinct ; a faint ochrey-yellow edging on inner margin for a little distance from anal angle. Under side. — Hind-wing and smcdl apical patch of fore-wing creamy ochreous-yellow ; hind-marginal spots much smaller and narrower, but submarginal spots larger, darker, and better defined than on upper side. Forc-u'ing : a narrow basal suffusion of orange-red, outwardly radiating slightly on the white ground, but not reaching quite to middle of discoidal cell ; of the seven hind-marginal spots, the u.pper four (bordering apical yellow) are very small, or even obsolete, but the remaining three moderately PIERIN.E. 45 developed, the lowest being larger than on upper side. Hind-iuing : on costa a narrow scarlet-red edging for a little distance from base ; sub- marginal spots inclining to be pointed inwardly, especially the fourth, which is smaller and thinner than all the rest ; hind-marginal spots greatly reduced, sublinear, crossed by yellow nervules, the upper three obsolescent or sometimes obsolete. Cilia white, widely interrupted with black at ends of nervules. $ Hind-ivinff and (icsualli/) greater part of fore-iving paler or deeper (j'ather didl) yellow-ochreous ; black markings, especially hind-marginal ones of Jmid-u'ing, in some examples much larger than in $. Fore-icing : basal reddish suffusion very much broader and sprinkled with grey scales, — filling about three-fourths of discoidal cell ; disc sometimes white, only submarginally tinged with yellow-ochreous, — sometimes all faintly tinged with that colour, but more deeply so submarginally ; lowest spot in submarginal row usually wanting ; hind-marginal series of spots variable in development, but lowest spot always larger than in $. Hind-wing : a wide basal reddish-grey speckled suffusion, reach- ing from costa to submedian nervure and almost filling discoidal cell ; submarginal spots (except the last) all larger and darker than in $ ; hind-marginal spots in one specimen of the same form as, and no larger than, in $, but in two others so enlarged as to be all but contiguous, and sub-rhomboidal in form. Under side. — As in ^, hut scarlet suffu- sion at base of fore-wing very much deep)er in tint, and so much enlarged as to occupy threcfourths of discoidal cell and extend considerably below it ; neuration whitish where on ochreous-yellow ground. This species, in both sexes, is subject to variation in size, and in the development of the hind-marginal spots ; and the ^ also varies much in the proportion and extent of the general suffusion of dull yellow- ochreous in the fore- wing. Dewitz records that in examples from Chinchoxo, on the Loango Coast, the $ has no basal yellow on the under side of the fore-wings, and the $ has the marginal markings much more extended than in the Querimba examples described by Hopffer. The variety named Sabrata by Butler is distinguished by its small size, and by the brighter, richer colouring of the under side of the $ : it is represented in the British Museum collection (1886) by two $ s and a $ from Zanzibar. Thysa is so remarkably like Agathina, Cram., in colouring and marking, that its real alliance with the group represented by Calypso, Drury, is apt to be overlooked; and up to 1866, when I had seen but one specimen (in the collection of the British Museum), I was misled into regarding it as a variety of Agathina. There can be little or no doubt that it directly mimics the common and widely prevalent butterfly just named. ^ Though recorded over rather a wide range in Africa south of the Equator, it appears to be every- where scarce. Hopffer {op. cit.) states that the Peters Expedition brought a few examples from Querimba. I met with a solitary $ in Natal on 22nd ^ It is very noticeable how closely the ? follows all the variations of tint exhibited by the ? M. Agathina. 46 SOUTII-AFRICAX BUTTERFLIES. February 1867 ; it was flying pretty actively in a wood at the Uuililanga, and was netted by the late Mr. M. J. M'Ken, with whom I was on a collecting excursion. Mr. W. Morant lent me in 1869, for description, a (J captured near Pinetown, and Colonel Bowkcr sent a perfect specimen of the same sex taken by him in that locality in June 1884, as well as a pair which he took nearer D'Urban in 1881. Single examples have also reached me from Maritz- burg and St. Lucia Bay, as well as three forwarded from Delagoa Bay by Mrs. Monteiro. Moschler (Verk. K.K. Zool.-Bot. Gesellscli. Wien, 1883, p. 10) notes the receipt of a $ from Baziya, east of the Bashee River in Katfraria Proper ; and this is the southern limit of the range of the insect, as far as I can discover. It is not improbable that Thysa is less rare than it appears to be, as it might very often be passed over by collectors as the common M. Agathina.^ Localities of Fieris Thysa. I. South Africa. D. Kaffraria Proper. — " Baziya {Baur and Hartmanu)" — Moschler. E. Natal. a. Coast Districts. — D'Urban (/. H. Bowher). Umhlanga. Pine- town ( W. Morant and J. H. Bowlier). h. Upper Districts. — Maritzburg {S. Windham). F. Zululand. — St. Lucia Bay (the late Colonel R. Toioer). H. Delagoa Bay. — Lourengo Marques {Mrs. Motiteiro). II. Other African Regions. A, South Tropical. a. Western Coast. — " Angola (J. J. Monteiro).'" — H. Druce. Congo. — Coll. Brit. Mus. " Chinchoxo (Fallienstein)." — Dewitz. b. Eastern Coast. — " Queriniba." — Hopffer. Zanzibar [Var. Sahrata, Butl.].— Coll. Brit. Mus. 252. (3.) Pieris Pigea, Boisduval. $ Pieris Pi'jea, Boisd., Sp. Gen. Lep., i. p. 523, n. 124 (1836). ^ „ "„ Wallgrn., K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1857; Lep. Rhop. Caffr., p. 7 [nee ^ ]. ^ Pinacopteryx ISimana, Wallgrn., op. cif., p. 10. ? Pieris Pigea, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 29, n. 16 (1862) [nee S]- ^ Belenois inana, Butl., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1S70, p, 526. Plate X. %. 5 {$), fig. S« (?)• Ex2J. al, ($) I in. 10 lin.— 2 in. 2^ lin. ; ($) i in. i i lin.— 2 in. 2 lin. $ Glossy grecnish-ivhite. Fore-iuing : a very narrow blackish mark at base ; costa edged throughout by a black line ; a hind-marginal 1 No fewer than eleven specimens have been sent to me by Mr. A. D. Millar, who took them in the vicinity of D'Urban, Natal. From the dates of capture kindly furnished by Mr. Millar, I find that nine of these (six 6 s, three ? s) were taken in August and Sep- tember 18S7 ; they are all smaller than usual, and have the hind-marginal black markings decidedly reduced. The remaining two are a pair taken in cojyuld on the 29th January 1888 ; they are of large size, and both (but more especially the ? ) have the hind-marginal markings strongly developed. The ? , indeed, has these markings (more particularly in the hind-wings) larger and more extended inwardly than in any other example that I have seen ; her fore-wings are almost pure white on the disc, but the reddish basal suffusion is densely clouded with grey, and there is a separate patch of grey scales near posterior angle. I suspect that the larger and more strongly marked specimens represent what is the summer or wet-season brood. The ? that I took in February was also very large, and had the dark markings much developed. PIERIN.F. 47 series of seven very small but distinct black nervular spots from third subcostal ncrvulo (at apex) to first median nervule ; about apex some black scaling, forming a very narrow border, uniting more or less incompletely the hind-marginal spots one to three or (rarely) four ; an exceedingly slender black hind-marginal edging line from apex to third median ner\nile. Hind-wing : a hind-marginal series of seven minute black spots at extremities of nervules, of which those on median ner- vules are best developed. Under side. — Hind-wing and apex of fore- wing {rather widdf) vcrg pale didl-yclluvnsJi. Fore-wing : costa narrowly tinged with dull-yellowish ; rarely a faint or very faint small discal fuscous spot between third and second median nervules ; apical pale- yellowish very narrowly continued along hind-margin to about first median nervule ; hind-marginal spots either wanting entirely or ex- tremely minute. Hind-ioing : costa narrowly edged with ochre-yellow from close to base almost to extremity of costal nervure ; a discal row of five more or less indistinct small fuscous inter-nervular spots (of which the third, between third and second median nervules, is best expressed), between second subcostal nervule and submedian nervure ; hind-marginal spots as on upper side. $ Fore-icing tinged loith pale ochrcous-yclloio on margins ; hind-wing icholly pale ochreous-yclloiv ; dark markings larger generally than in $. Fore-wing : ochreous-yellow tinge sometimes more or less faintly per- vading the whole area, but always more developed marginally, especially about apex and narrowly along hind-margin ; costal margin from base usually more or less thinly sprinkled with fuscous ; a conspicuous fuscous spot on disc hetivccn third and second median nervules, and usually an ill-defined diffused fuscous mark between first median nervule and sub- median nervure (sometimes vaguely extended to posterior angle by fuscous scaling below submedian nervure) ; rarely the faint trace of a third, much smaller spot, between second and first median nervules ; nervular hind-marginal spots larger (sometimes very much larger) and longer, and including an additional one, smaller than the rest, at extremity of submedian nervure. Hind-%uing : neuration marked with whitish ; hind-marginal spots always larger, and usually conspicuous ; usually the more or less indistinct traces of a curved discal row of small fuscous spots between second subcostal nervule and submedian nervin-e. Under side. — Rind-wing and aptical and marginal yelloiu of fore-iving rather deeper in tint than on upper side, and altogether different from the colouring of the $ ; ^ hind-marginal spots rarely much larger than in $, and in fore-wing sometimes wanting. Forc-iving : upper discal spot darker than above ; lower one better defined, very much smaller, not diffused ; trace of intermediate spot seldom present. Hind- wing : six inter-nervular spots in curved discal row constant in number, small, somewhat diffused, and ill-defined ; costal edging from base orange-red, wider than in $, and faintly continued beyond middle. ^ In the figure of the i, pi. x. fig. 5, the yellow of the under side is too deep and decided in tint. 48 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. A specimen of the $ sent from Pinetown, Natal, in 1869 by Mr. W. Morant is remarkable for having the hind-wings white except for a faint ochreous-yellow suffusion in basal third, and a very narrow ochreous-yellow hind-marginal border like that of the fore- wings ; while the yellowish of the under side is but little darker than in the $. A similar ^, but much worn, was taken (paired with the $) near D'Urban by Colonel Bowker in 1879. I had not seen the ^ Pi/jra in 1862, but mistakenly took for it the $ of the closely-allied but smaller P. alba, Wallengr. Colonel Bowker sent only $ s from Kaffraria Proper, but I met with both sexes on the Natal coast in 1867. Wallengren {loc. cit.) describes what purports to be "P. Simana (Hpfr.) $ ; " but his description is undoubtedly that of a ^, and agrees thoroughly with the characters of the $ Pigea ; moreover, in some rough sketches of types seut by this author to Mr. W. F. Kirby, and kindly lent by the latter for my inspection, " P. Simana, Hpfr.," is undoubtedly the representation of a ^, and to all appearance that of Pigea. Colonel BoAvker has sent mo four pairs of the sexes captured in copula ; three of these were received in 1879, and one in 1881. The c? s of these pairs differ in size only, but one of the ? s (as noted above) is abnormally pale. I found this species rather numerous near D'Urban and Yerulara, on the coast of Natal, in February, March, and April 1867. It was active on the wing, keeping to open places about the borders of woods, and reminding one (except for the deeper yellow of the females) of the abundant Pieris Eapce of Europe. It ranges to Kinsembo in Congoland, and is reported by M. Oberthiir to have been received from widely separated localities in Tropical Eastern Africa. Localities of Pieris Pigea. I. South Africa. D. Kaffraria Proper. — Bashee River (/. H. Bowlier). E. Natal. a. Coast Districts. — D'Urban. Verulam. YvaQioswi {W. Morant). K. Transvaal. — Potchefstroom (7'. Ayres). II. Other African Regions. A. South Tropical. a. Western Coast. — Congoland : " Kinsembo {H. Ansell)." — Butler. B. North Tropical. h. Eastern Coast. — Red Sea: " Massowah (Raffray)." — Oberthiir. bi. Eastern Interior. — " Lake Tsana {Raffray)." — Oberthiir. " Shoa {Antinori)." — Oberthiir. 253. (4.) Pieris alba, (Wallengren). $ Finacopteryx alba, Wallgrn., K. Sv. Yet.-Akad. Handl., 1857; Lep. Rhop. Caffr., p. 10, n. 7. 9 Pieris Pigea, $ , Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 29, n. 16 (1862). Pxp. al, ($) I in. 10-^ lin. — 2 in. I lin. ; ($) I in. 10 lin. — 2 in. o^ lin. PIERINiE. 49 Closely allied to Pigca, Boisd., but smaller. ^ Glossy greenish-wliite. Forc-iciiicj : a very narrow basal black mark ; costa with a very fine linear black edging throughout ; this edging faintly continued from apex along hind-margin to about extremity of second median nervule ; about apex some very limited blackish scaling immediately precedes black edging ; spots at extre- mities of nervules either wanting altogether or exceedingly minute. Hind-wing : usually an exceedingly minute spot at extremity of each nervule and of submedian nervure. Under side. — Hind-iuing and apex of fore-wing glistening greyish-creamy with a slight innhish tinge. Fore-wing : tint of apical area extending and gradually narrow- ing along costa and along hind-margin to between second and first median nervules ; no hind-marginal nervular spots. Hind-wing : a narrow orange edging on costa as in Pigea ; sometimes the traces of an indistinct discal series of grey spots ; no hind-marginal nervular spots. $ Dull-ivhite, tinged with pale-yelloiuish on margins {more promi- nently in hind-icing, which is rarely all tinged witli yellow). Fore-wing : costa with a pale-brownish border above costal nervure ; apical blackish usually wider than in ^ and more continuous than in Pigea ; hind- marginal blackish also better developed ; nervular spots very small (that at extremity of submedian nervure minute), but almost always distinct ; a fuscous spot (sometimes ill-defined or occasionally almost obsolete) between third and second median nervules. Hind-vnng : hind-marginal spots very small or minute, but almost always present. Under side. — Hind-wing and apex of fore-wing varying from almost the same tint as in ^ to pale, deep., or very deep ochre-yellow ; hind-marginal spots wanting altogether in fore-wing, very minute (rarely wanting) in hind-wing. Fore-wing : discal fuscous spot always present, rarely indistinct. Hind-wing : discal row of spots situated as in Pigca, but seldom well-defined, sometimes partly (and in one specimen almost wholly) obsolete. In addition to its smaller size and (in the $ s and paler $ s) re- markably glistening, satin-like under side, Alha presents in both sexes a more acute apical outline in the fore- wings, and in the $ a much less development of yellow on the upper side of the hind-wings. I think it clear, from the description given by Wallengren making no mention of the discal spot on the fore-wings on either surface, that only $ examples reached that author. The $ s of the ochre-yellow coloration beneath are more frequently met with than those of the paler tint resembling the $ s. I dill not find P. A/ha. diu'ing my summer sojourn in Xatal ; but the late Mr. j\I'Kon sent down from D'lJrban many specimens of both sexes in the years 1869 and 1870, and Colonel Bowker has forwarded several from the same locality, including the paired sexes captured on 2 2d August 1878. The only month of capture noted on Colonel Bowkcr's examples is August, and I am VOL. III. D 50 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. disposed to think that Alha makes its appearance on the wing only in the ■winter or dry season.^ Some dated specimens since received from Mr. Alfred D. Millar tend to confirm this view, a ^ having been captured on the 15th August and three $ s and a $ on the 17th September 1887. It is not impossible that Alba may be the winter brood of Pigea. Localities of Pieris Alha. I. South Africa. E. Natal. a. Coast Districts. — D'Urban {M. J. M'Ken,' J. II. Boioker). D'Urban District {T. Ay res). INIalvern (/. //. Bo^vlcer). Pine- town ( W. Morant). Mouth of Tugela River (J. H. Bowker). 254. (5.) Pieris Simana, Hopffer. ^ 5 Pieris Simana, Hopff., " Monatsb. K. Akad. Wissensch. Berl., 1855, p. 640, n. 13;" and Peters' Reise IMossamb., Ins., p. 354, t. xxiii. tf. Z,a[S\ 5, 6[$](i862). (J Pieris Pigea, Wallengr., K. Sv. Vet. -Akad. Ilandl. ; Lep. Rhop. Caffr., p. 7 [nee $ ]. i:xp. al., ($) I in. 9^-11 lin. ; ($) 1 in. 11 lin. Very closely allied to Charina, Boisd. ^ Greenish-tvhite with a bright pearly lustre ; hasal and 7iiarginal blackish markings quite as in Charina. Under side. — Almost without marking, as lohite as wppcr side ; the hind-iving and ajMx of fore-wing very rarely with the faintest tinge of yellowish. Fore-iving : terminal nervular black dots exceedingly minute ; terminal disco-cellular fuscous dot very minute ; in Querimba specimen (apud HopfFer), a good-sized rounded, discal, fuscous spot, like that in ^, between third and second median nervules. Hind-ioing : irroration either wholly wanting or extremely faint and limited ; spots of basal area and discal row very vaguely and only partly represented, the more constant and less indis- tinct being the spots below median nervure and the costal spot of discal row ; terminal disco-cellular spot distinct ; costa at base with more distinct orange-yellow edging line. ^ More yellowish than ^, and rather more so than $ Charina ; blackish markings generally more developed than in Charina. Fore-iving : basal dusky suffusion wider ; spots of costal streak beyond middle confluent, not separable ; hind-marginal spots enlarged and confluent into a quite continuous, rather wide border, with acute inward nervular projections. Hind-wing : hind-marginal nervular spots larger than in Charina, sub-sagittiform, acutely-pointed outwardly. Under side. — 1 Colonel Bowker has since forwarded three pairs taken in copula at Malvern, near D'Urban, in May 1888. Two of the ? s are of the pale, more glossy, under-side colouring, while the third presents a deep ochre-yellow hue, and has the upper side of the hind-wings generally but unequally tinted with pale ochre-yellow. PIEKIX.E. 51 Hi7id-wing and apex of fore-wing more or less yellounsh, hut ■without, or almost witJiout, any irroration. Fore-iving : costal Ijar beyond middle obsolete ; a faint yellowish suffusion in basal area ; discal blackish spot well-marked. Hind-wing : markings as indistinct as in $ ; orange edging on costa from base more developed, extending almost to end of costal nervure. Wallengren's note {loc. cit.) of '' p)Osti'^^^ maris ulrinqne albis" ren- ders it clear that he had not before him in association with the ? Pigea, Boisd., the actual $ of that species (in which the under side of the hind-wings is pale dull-yellowish), but the $ Simana, Ilopff.,^ to which alone among the males of the South-African species of this group the character in question belongs. The larger size of both sexes, the white under-side of the $, and almost spotless and unirrorated nature of that surface in both $ and ^, and the greater development of the blackish markings on the upper side of the $, are the principal features distinguishing Simana from Charina. The singular character which Hopffer gives of the presence in the $ of the discal blackish spot between third and second median ner\Tiles on the under side of the fore-wing is entirely wanting in the seven Natalian $ s before me. I feel doubtful whether this form should be considered as more than a variety of Charina, Boisd. ; hitherto I have seen no examples linking it to the specimens of Charbia which are little irro rated on the under side. D'Urban, in iS^atal, is the only locality known to me for this butterfly within South- African limits. The first ? example I saw was one taken by i\rr. W, ]\Iorant in November 1869 ; before then I had referred two c? s which I captured in February 1867 to Charina. Several (^sand a ? were received at the South-African IMuseum in 1870 from the late Mr, M. J. M^Ken ; and in November 1881 Colonel Bowker sent me a pair taken in copula. The ^ of tins pair has only the very faintest traces of a few spots on the under side of the hind-wing, and tlie $ is slightly yellowish-tinged on the upper side, but distinctly pale-yellowish on the under side.^ Localities of Picris Simayia. I, South Africa. E, Natal, a. Coast Districts, — D'Urban. II, Other African Regions, A. South Tropical. h. Eastern Coast. — Querimba. ^ Wallengren has, in fact {vide supra, p. 46), referred the true S Pigea to Simana, Hopff., 9 . ^ Altogether .similar po,ired sexes, captured on loth December 1887 at D'Urban, have been kindly forwarded to me by Mr. A. D. Millar. Colonel Bowker has also sent a further pair, with the 9 rather whiter beneath, taken together at Malvern, near D'Urban, in May 18S8. 52 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. 255. (6.) Pieris Oharina, Boisduval. S $ Pieris Gharina, Boisd., Sp. Gen. Lo-p., i. p. 525, n. 128 (1836). (J $ „ „ Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 30, n. 17 (1862). Plate X. fig. 4 {$). Exf. al, {$) I in. 8l-io|- lin. ; ($) i in. 7I-9 lin. ^ Grecnish-ichite, luith a hright 'pcarhj lustre, most hrilliant near bases of iving. Fore-iuing : base blackish ; costa narrowly edged with blackish, wider so close to apex ; on hind-margin a row of black dots, lessening towards anal angle, one at extremity of each nervule, but none at extremity of submedian nervure. Hind-ioing : a series of seven minnte black dots (rarely absent) along hind-margin, at extre- mities of nervules ; base more or less blackish. Under side. — Varialle. Fore-wing: a very small black dot at extremity of discoidal cell ; costa narrowly, apex hroaclly, tinged with very pale dull-yelloivisli, sprinhlcd more or less thichly with dark-grey dots. Eind-iving : entirely of the same pcde-yellowish, thieliy sininkled with grey atoms ; costa at base tinged with pialc hright green, and some- times faintly edged with yellow ; a distinct black dot at extremity of discoidal cell ; some dark-grey ill-defined spots near base, arranged transversely ; beyond middle, parallel to hind-margin, a band of about seven darker spots, commencing on costa with a rather conspicuous larger mark ; hind-marginal dots larger than those in fore-ioing. (The grey irroration of the under side is often very thinly sprinkled, and is frequently altogether wanting in the central portion of the hind-wing.) $ PMthcr more yclloivish than $, hut vjith the same pearly lustre, which is indeed considerahly more extended in hasal area of fore-wing. Fore-iving : a more or less distinct disco-cellular dot ; beyond middle a row of brownish spots parallel to hind-margin, consisting of three small spots forming a streak from costa almost to lower radial nervule, and a rounded larger spot between third and second median nervules ; occa- sionally a fifth indistinct diffused spot between first median nervule and inner margin ; spiots on hind-margin very much larger than in $, contiguous, somewhat rhomboidal inform, {in some instances almost form- ing a margined stripe), the last spot on submedian nervure. Hind- wing : dots on hind-margin larger than in ^, but not one-fourth the size of those in fore-wiug; occasionally a row of spots beyond middle, similar to that on under side of $, but not so distinct. Under side. — As in ^, but often with hind- wing and apex of fore-wing of a more decided yellow tint. Fore-iuing : the spots beyond middle faintly marked ; hind-marginal dots barely larger than in ^ ; base faintly tinged with very pale greenish-yellow. In Boisduval's description of this species, the examples in which the under-side irroration is wanting or slight are typical, while those deusely irrorated constitute his Varii'te B. PIERIN^. 53 There are many iutermediato grades in both sexes, but I noticed at Knysna, in the Cape Colony, that while in the late spring and early summer the densely-irrorated form prevailed, in the autumn it was almost always the rather larger sparsely-irrorated specimens that were met with. A densely-irrorated $, received from Colonel Bowker, was taken at Iving William's Town, however, as late as i st May ; but in January and February 1870 all the examples I captured near Grahamstown were sparsely irrorated. In August 1865 I took a $ intermediate in irroration near D'Urban, Natal. Charina is well distinguished homFigea,'Boisd., and Alha,'Wal\engr., by its smaller size and much more lustrous surface gloss in both sexes, and by the costal macular streak beyond the middle of the fore-wings in the $, while its under side in both sexes, apart from the variable dark irroration, presents a dark terminal disco-cellular spot and several other dark marks in the basal ai-ea. There is no tendency to yellow on the upper side of the hind-wing of the $ Charina, and on the imder side, when a yellow tint prevails, it is exceedingly pale and dull. The figure (Plate X. fig. 4) represents a ^ of the densely-irrorated form, but does not give the under side with sufficient accuracy, the irrorations being much too rufous as well as the spots, and the latter on the disc being run together into a streak instead of being kept separate. Wherever woods extend on the eastern side of South Africa this butterfly seems to be found in some abundance. It flies actively, and at Knysna I often observed a good many specimens congregated about flowering bushes. On the 6th February 1870 I saw a large number, in company Avith even greater flights of P. Gidica and Severina, flying for some hours over the long liill at High- lands, near Grahamstown; though all going onward in the same direction, many of them occasionally stopped to visit flowers, and then resumed their journey. Mrs. Barber informed me that at the beginning of Kovember 1867 immense flights of these three species, with the addition of many P. Zochalia, passed over Highlands for three consecutive days in the same direction, not- withstanding several changes of Avind during that time. I have not found any record of Charina's occurrence beyond South Africa proper, but the very closely-related Simana, Hopffer, Avhich is perhaps only a variety of Charina^ inhabits Tropical East Africa. Localities of Pier is Charina. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. a. Western Districts. — Knysna. Plettenberg Bay. h. Eastern Districts. Port Elizabeth (TF. D' Urban). Uilenhage {S. D. Bairstoic). Grahamstown. Kowie Eiver (/. L. Fry), and Kleinemond River (H. J. Atherston). Bathurst District. King William's Town (IF. D'Urban and /. H. Boiclier). D. Kaffraria Proper. — Butterworth and Bashce Eiver (/. H. Boiulcer). ^ Two (5 s from this localit}', captured by Mr. A. D. Millar on 17th September 18S7, are also of this intermediate deirree of under-side irroration. 54 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. E. Natal. a. Coast Districts. — D'Urban, " Lower Umkomazi." — J. H. Bowker. h. Upper Districts. — Greytown. Estcourt (/, M. Ilutcliinson). Colenso ( W. Morant). F. Zululand.— Coll. Biit. Mus. 256. (7.) Pieris Spilleri, Staudinger. c? 9 Pieris Spilleri, Staud., Entom. Nachrichten, 1884, iv. p. 52; and Exot. Schmett. i. pi. 18 (1884) [S\ c? ? ,, ,, Spiller, Entomologist, 1884, p. 62. 1 Var. ^ , Pieris Gallenga, H. G. Smith, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 5tli Ser., xix. p. 62 (1887). ^ Exp. al., (^) I in. 7-8 lin. ; (?) 1 in. 6-S lin. $ Bright sulphur-yellow ; fore-iviiig with a narrow fuscous apical edging. Forc-xoing : base very narrowly but strongly marked with fuscous ; costa very thinly edged with a black line ; ajjical edging beginning a little before apex, and continued along part of hind- margin by three nervular spots, of which the last, smallest, and least distinct is on second median nervule. Hind-n-ing : without marking of any kind. Under side. — Almost uniform sulj^hur-yellow, rather paler than on nppcr side (especially towards inner margin of fore-wing) ; or %oith the hind-wing and apiccd area of fore-wing of a slightly deeper yellow. Himl-wing : on disc some indistinct or all but obsolete traces of small faint, fuscous spots, most apparent between median nervules, $ Yelloio less h right tlcan in $. Fore-wing : costa not with a bounding black line, but with a pale-reddish tinge, especially near base ; apical hind-marginal border duller and less distinct. Ukder SIDE. — Hind-ioing and costal and. apical hind-marginal area of fore- wing ijale ochreous-yelloiv ivith a slight reddish tinge. Fore-wing : base very slightly tinged with orange-yellow, extending along costa. Hind- wing : costa at base thinly edged with orange-yellow ; four discal spots better marked than in ^, but very indistinct. Second form of ^. — Fore-iving dull-whitish; hind-iuing clull- yelloivish. Fore-wing : base with a very faint yellowish basal suffusion ; apical hind-marginal border much fainter and duller than i7i ^, hut imceh broader {especially at ajjex), and i^rolonged as far as posterior angle. Hind-uring : a pale orange-yellow suffusion from base, filling discoidal cell and extending for some distance below and beyond it ; hind- margin sulphur-yellow ; a row of 5—6 indistinct small fuscous spots at extremities of nervules. Under side. — Faler and clearer than upper side ; both wings white, edged cdmost throughout with sidphur-yellow, which is hrigldest on costa near base and in fore-wing about apex. Fore- 1 Mr, H, G. Smith kindly showed me two Delagoa Bay specimens presenting the pecu- liarities on which he afterwards founded the new species Gallenrja. They were smaller than usual [exp. al. i in. 4J lin.), with the apical edging of fore-wing reddish-brown and very narrow, and the under side of the hind-wing and of tlie apex of the fore-wing tinged with reddish. FIERI NiE. 55 wing : basal suffusion distinct, pale orange-yellow. Hind-wing : discal spots larger, but indistinct. Dr. Staudinger, who received six specimens from Mr. Spiller, notes that, of the two females among them, one was as yellow as the males, while the other was of the form just described. Mr. Spiller (loc. cit.) does not mention this difference in the $ s ; but he writes : " Described from twelve specimens taken in Natal, six of which are in my own collection, and the remainder in the possession of Dr. Staudinger." I agree with Dr. Staudinger in placing this very distinct species in the Gharina and Pigca group of Picris, and think it on the whole nearer to Pigea ; especially in respect of the second form of $, which, except for the want of discal spots in the fore-wing, is not unlike a miniature $ of the latter butterfly. The bright yellow of the $ (exactly that of the ^ " Brimstone" butterfly (Gonepteryx Ehamni) of Europe), which also characterises one form of the $, at once dis- tinguishes P. Spilleri from its near congeners. Through the kindness of Mr. H. Grose Smith I had, in August 1884, the opportunity of examining a ^ and yellow $ received by him from Delagoa Bay, and almost simultaneously the South-African Museum received from the same locality a $ and dull-tinted % taken by Mrs. Monteiro. Mr. Spiller (loc. cit.) writes : " This species is evidently very rare in Natal ; its flight is rapid, and cannot be confounded with the similarly-coloured species of the genus Terias, these latter insects being feeble flyers." He does not state in the place quoted the locality of the species ; but, in a previous com- munication to the same journal {Entomologist, 1882, p. 6), he mentions "a lovely canary-coloured Pieris, which I met with frequently in the woods on the Zululand border," — which I presume was the insect under notice. Colonel Bowker, on 27th June 1888, met with this species on the coast of Natal, " about half a mile from the sea, between the Tongaati and Umhloti rivers." He sent me six $ s and a yellow ? , with the note that the $ s were numerous and active, and flying in company with Terias Brigitta, from Avliich they could be distinguished by their canary-yellow tint. In the net this species was fragile in a very marked degree. It frequented tlie bush only, coming out of the thickets, flying down the edge for some distance, and then re-entering the cover ; the flight was low, about two or three feet from tho ground. Colonel Bowker subsequently found a ,^ in a collection made near D'Urban in 1877, and notes that two were noticed on the wing at the Umkomazi by Mr. F. Barber on 7th July 1888. He is of opinion that it is a common winter butterfly along the Natal coast, but has hitherto escaped notice owing to its resemblance to the species of Terias. Localities of Pieris Spillcri. I. South Africa. E. Natal. — 1 Tugela Eiver. a. Coast Districts. — Between Tongaati and Umhloti (/. H. Boioker). "D'Urban and Umkomazi." — J. H. Bowker. H. Delagoa Bay. — Louren^o j\Iarques [Mrs. Monteiro). 56 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. 257. (8.) Pieris Ogygia, Trimen. (? $ Pieris 0(j//[fia, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 356. Plate XI. fig. 2 (?). Ux}}. al., ($) 2 in. i lin. ; ($) 2 in. 6^ lin. $ White, with Hack marJcinjs. Forc-iving : costa edged very nar- rowly with black ; base with a slight pearly gloss ; at extremity of cell an oblique angulated transverse streak, commencing rather widely just below costa, narrowing much to angle (where it is narrowest), and thence abruptly broad to its termination ; a rather narrow apical and hind-marginal border (widest at apex), rather sharply indenting the white on nervules, ending abruptly on first median nervule ; at extre- mity of submedian nervure a small spot, quite separate from hind- marginal border ; immediately before border, four rather small spots, of which three form an oblique row from costa (the first touching apical border), and the fourth is between second and third median nervules and rather indistinct. Hincl-ioing : on hind-margin six nervular spots, all (except that at end of submedian nervure, which is small and almost linear) large, subovate, well separated. Under side. — Binl-ioing and apex of fore-vnng pale chrome-yellow ; ncrvurcs of hind-iving universally hlach. Fore-ioing : in upper part of cell, for a little distance from base, a flush of orange ; disco-cellular terminal stripe fainter than on upper side, commencing a little farther from costa ; four submarginal spots distinct ; apical yellow extending narrowly to about middle of hind-margin ; a hind-marginal row of seven small inwardly-acuminate black nervular spots. Hind-wing : costa, from base to before middle edged with orange-red ; a submarginal row of seven inter- ner-vular, small, subsagittate black spots, of which the middle or fourth one is very small ; hind-marginal spots all smaller than on upper side (except that at the end of submedian nervure, which is larger), narrow, flat- tened, sub-rhomboidal, well separated ; a faint blackish dot on each side of first median nervule near its origin ; on fold between median and submedian nervures, for a little distance from base, a very faint orange streak. $ Similar to $, hut co7isideraUy larger. Hind-icing : a submar- ginal row of five small blackish spots, corresponding to the sub-sagittate ones of the under side, but wanting the first and last spots. Under SIDE. — Fore-wing : basal flush of orange wider. Hind-wi7ig : a black line marks middle part of fold between median and submedian nervures. This species partakes of the characters of both P. Calypso, Drury, and Zochalia, Boisd. ; it is, perhaps, on the whole, more nearly allied to the latter, especially as regards the ^. Ogygia is distinguished from Zochalia by having in the fore-wing (i) a narrower, more angulated, disco-cellular streak, and (2) a much narrower apical and hind-mar- ginal border, enclosing no white spots; and in the hind-wing (3) PIERIN.'E. 57 mucli rounder hind-marginal spots, not acuminate inwardly (or united by the festooned line often found in Zochalia). On the under side (4) the yellow colouring is much brighter ; ( 5 ) the fore-wing has a basal flush of orange, and (6) only four separated submarginal spots instead of a continuous band ; while in the Idnd-iving (7) the nervures are much more narrowly black, and (8) the cellular striic and festooned submarginal line are wanting. From Ccdypso the butterfly is readily separated by its smaller size and much narrower black border of the fore-wings, as well as, on the under side, by its black nervures and very much smaller submarginal black spots of the hind-wing, and the want in the same wing of the conspicuous terminal disco-cellular black spot. In the ^ there is no resemblance to that of Calypso, which has a broad dusky border, and ground suffused with yellow and grey, — much like those presented by the darker $ s of Gidica, Boisd. The male above described was sent to me by Mr. Walter Morant in 1869, and I then made a description and drawing of the specimen, Avhich the captor believed was taken near Pinetown, in Natal, where he was resident at the time. The 5 here described and figured Avas taken by the late Mr. M. J. M'lven at D'Urban in 1866 ; but being unset, and, I believe, on the same pin with several other butterflies, had escaped notice in a collection received by the South- African Museum. It occurs to me as not impossible that this may be the butterfly referred to Calypso by Boisduval in the Appendix to Delegorgue's Travels (p. 5 86), with the habitat of Port Natal, — the 9 O'jygia having been taken for the (J Calypso. No South- African specimens of the latter species have ever come under my notice. Localities of Pieris Ogygia. I. South Africa. E. Natal. a. Coast Districts. — D'Urban {M. J. M'Ken). Pinetown {W. Morant). 258. (9.) Pieris Zochalia, Boisduval. Pieris Zochalia, Boisd., Sp. Gen. Lep., i. p. 506, n. 100 (1836). (J $ ,, Trim., Khop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 37, n. 22 (1862). Plate X. fig. 6 (?). Exp. al, (^) 2 in. ; (g) i in. i i lin.-2 in. 3 lin. ^ White, with black markings. Fore-iving : costa from base nar- rowly black-edged ; basal half of wing with a hrilliant pearly gloss ; a short black terminal disco- cellular bar from costa, contracted in its middle portion ; a deep black band on hind-margin, narrowing to a poiut at anal angle, irregularly excavate on its inner edge, and gene- rally containing five sub-triangular white spots, of which the fourth is occasionally almost obsolete. Hind-ioing : generally a very short, thin 58 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. black line or streak at extremity of discoidal cell ; on hind-margin a row of six sub-rhomboidal black SjDots, generally united by a very faint regularly festooned blackish streak, which touches their inner extremity ; base slightly glossed with a pearly lustre. Under side. — Fore-iuing : similar in marking; marginal band much larger than on upper side, of a j;«/e greyish-yellow, only separated by the black- clouded nervules. Hincl-iving : entirely pale greyish-yelloio ; all the ner- vules hroadly defined ivltJi Uach ; festooned submarginal streak much darker and well developed, and presenting an additional separate por- tion (beyond middle, but before the main portion) between costa and second subcostal nervule ; spots on hind-margin much thinner than on upj)er side, sublinear ; costa at base edged with bright-yellow ; a bifid black longitudinal streak in discoidal cell, and a simple similar streak between median and submedian ner\T.ires, becoming bright- yellow near base ; a short transverse diffused black mark from extremity of discoidal cell to near middle of submedian nervure, and a similar shorter mark between median and submedian nervures before middle. $ All Hack marhings hroadcr than in $. Hind-iving : usually creamy ochre-yellow. Fore-icing : white spots in hind-marginal border always smaller and diffused, sometimes tinged with yellowish, occa- sionally almost obsolete ; costal transverse bar very variable in breadth ; when broadest, not, or very slightly, constricted in the midde. Hind- wing : submarginal festooned streak usually complete and well-marked, as on under side, but variable in development ; hind-marginal spots sometimes so large as almost to touch each other. Under side. — Hind- wing and apical hind-marginal border of fore- wing usually of a clearer yellow than in $, inclining to lemon-yellow. Fore-tving : a rather narrow basal suffusion of orange-yellow. Hind-iving : a short faint edging of orange-yellow on costa a little before apex. I have captured three unusually small individuals of this species, viz., a ^ (exp. i in. 9 lin.) and a ^ (exp. only i in. 5! lin.) at Knysna, and another $ (exp. i in. 8 lin.) at Port Elizabeth, Cape Colony. The $, as a rule, has the upper side of hind-wings ochre-yellow, and that of the fore-wings sometimes has a very faint tinge of lemon- yellow. The two ^ s in my collection, which resemble the ^ in having the upper side of the hind-wings white, I took at Knysna. Specimens of both sexes from the Eastern districts of the Cape Colony, Kaffraria, and Natal are usually a little larger than the typical form from Knysna district, and they almost always have the yellow of the under side clearer and more decided, with an inclination to the tint of sulphur. A ^ taken by Colonel Bowker at Malvern, near D'Urban, Natal, in August 1885, has the under-side yellowish dull and pale, as in the type form, but on the upper side the white hind- wings have a moderately wide border of pale sulphur-yellow all along the hind-margin. Another $ (without label of locality, but taken, I PIERIN-K 59 believe, iu Kaftraria by Coloiu'l Bowker) is singular in having the hind-marginal spots of the hind-wings so greatly reduced on the iipper side that they are smaller and more linear in form than the cor- responding spots are on the under side. In the pattern of the black borders, and the size and shape of the white spots which they enclose, the $ Zochalia most resembles on the upper side the $ Severina, Cram., but is at once distinguished by the terminal disco-cellular bar from costa, which is very black and sharply defined, and nearly as broad as in the $ Mescntina, Cram. In both sexes the width of the basal pearly gloss in the fore- wings is a distinctive feature, as well as the thin not diffused blackish neuration of the under side of the hind-wings. The $ differs greatly from the same sex of both Severina and Mesentina in the hind-marginal border of the hind- wings, which, instead of being very broad, dusky, and almost spotless, is almost as narrow and lightly festoon-edged inwardly as in the $. The tendency to have the upper side of the hind-wings only yellow — and that of a deep clear tint — is also a special character of the $ Zochalia among its immediate congeners. This species appears to be peculiar to South Africa, and to be more pre- valent in the Cape Colony than elsewhere. I found it numerous in wooded places at Knysna and Plettenberg Bay, and not uncommon near Grahamstown. In Xatal I did not meet with it, and only a few examples have reached me from that Colony and Kafiraria Proper, A single specimen was sent from the Transvaal by Mr. T. Ayres. It is quite sylvan in its haunts, never being found far from woods, but chiefly delighting in flying piretty briskly along their edges, or in open places on their outskirts, settling often on floAvers. I have captured it from the end of September to the middle of February, and once took a speci- men (at Knysna) as late as the 7th May. Localities of Picris Zochalia. I. Soutli Africa. B. Cape Colony. a. AYestern Districts.— Knysna and Plettenberg Bay. h. Eastern Districts. — Port Elizabeth. Grahamstown. King Wil- liam's Town (TF. S. M. D' Urban). D. Kaff'raria Proper. — Moutli of Kei River and Bashee River {J. H. Bo'wker). E. Katal. a. Coast Districts. — D'Urban {J. H. Bowker). F. " Zululand." — Boisduval. K. Transvaal. — Potchefstroom District (?'. Ayres). Eureka, near Bar- berton (C. F. Palmer). 259. (10.) Pieris Mesentina, (Cramer). $ Papilio Mescntina, Cram., Pap. Exot., iii. pi. cclxx. fi". A, b (1782). $ Papilio Aurota, Fab., Ent. Syst., iii. i, p. 197, n. 614 (1793). S ? Pieris Mesentina, GoJt., Enc. Meth., ix. p. 130, n. 34 (181 9). (? ? „ „ BoisJ., Sp. Gen. Lep., i. p. 501, n. 95 (1836). 6o SOUTH-AFRICAX BUTTERFLIES. $ Pinacoptery.e Sijriux, Wallungr., Wien. Ent. Monatschr., iv. p. 34, n. 4 (i860). ^ Pieris Mesentina, Hopff., Peters' Eeise Mossamb., Ins., p. 352 (1862). S 9 „ „ Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 35, 11. 21 (1862). ? Pieris Lordaca, Walk., Entomologist, 1870, p. 48. Larva and Pupa {Indian), Horsf. and Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C. ]\Ius., i. pi. xii. ff. 9, 9a (1857). Exp. al, Q) 2 in. 0-3 lin. ; ($) i in. 10 lin.— 2 in. 3I lin. ^ White, with blackish borders. Fore-wing : costa narrowly edged with black, and bordered with greyish above discoidal cell ; a curved black transverse streak, thickest at its lower extremity, at end of cell ; a black hind-marginal border, with a very irregular inner edge, nar- rowing to a point at posterior angle, and containing in its upper half six elongate somewhat triangular white marks ; base with a slight pearly gloss. Head-wing : a hind-marginal black border, containing incompletely (owing to more or less obsolescent inner edge) four large subovate white spots ; base with a pearly gloss. Under side. — Similar in marking ; hind-iving faintly tinged with yellowish. Fore-vytng : spots in hind-marginal border larger, better defined ; a black streak between costal and subcostal nervures from base to ujDper end of disco-cellular terminal transverse streak. Hind-iving : all the neuration clouded with blackish ; costa and a longitudinal streak between median and submedian nervures tinged from base with chrome-yellow ; a yellow edo-ing before middle of inner margin ; a blackish transverse stripe from extremity of discoidal cell to longitudinal streak just mentioned, and another from end of costal nervure to second subcostal nervule ; hind- marginal border completely enclosing five spots of the ground-colour, $ Varying from yellowish-ivhitc to dull-yclloivish ; markings miieh as in $, but all broader. Fore-wing : curved bar at extremity of cell connected with base by a black costal stripe ; spots in hind-marginal border small and ill-defined, or sometimes wanting. Hind-wing : a linear transverse mark at extremity of cell ; beyond middle a blackish subcostal marking, sometimes united to hind-marginal border; four somewhat rounded spots in border, sometimes obliterated. Under SIDE. — Hind-wing and apical spots of fore-wing tvhitish, more or less tinged and clouded with chrome-yellow. Fore-iving : a basal sufiVision of rather dull chrome-yellow, very variable in extent, sometimes almost filling discoidal cell and tinging costa beyond middle. Hind-tving : neuration thickly black-clouded ; spots in hind-marginal border varied with yellow. The typical Mescntina, figured by Cramer, is the ordinary form of continental India, in which the $ has the black markings generally more strongly represented, and both sexes (but especially the ^) exhibit a deeper yellow on the under side of the hind-wings and apex of fore- wings. The latter is, however, a decidedly variable character in Indian specimens (though I have not seen any quite so pale as the African ^ s, in which the colouring is almost white), and appears, from the PIERIN/E. 6 1 observations of Colonel Yerbury and others, to be largely a seasonal modification, the spring brood being the more deeply coloured.^ Mr. Butler (P. Z. S. Loncl., iSS6, p. 374) has separated the darker brood as Bdcnois auriginca. As regards the name of Lorclaca applied by the late Mr. F. Walker to specimens from the African side of the Red Sea, no lepidopterist can doubt that his description is strictly applicable to the ordinary $ of the African Mcscntina. The same must be remarked concerning Finacopteryx Syrinx of Wallengren, from Damaraland, which was referred by its author in 1872 {K. Sv. Vctcnsk.-Ahad. Forhandl., p. 44) to P. Giclica, Godt., as a probable variety; but in 1875 (op), cit., p. 90) to P. Severina, (Cram.), — the previous reference to Gidica being ascribed " lajjso tyjjographico" I had lately (in October 1886) the opportunity of examining the fine series, Asiatic and African, of this butterfly in the British Museum collection, and noticed that the smallest specimens were from Damascus, Huswah (Aden), and Somaliland ; a ^ from Madagascar was also smaller than usual. ^ The forty examples were separated into six sets, of which the second only was named Mesentina (three Indian speci- mens), the third (ten Indian specimens) " ? Lordaca, Walk.," and the fourth (eight Asiatic and five African specimens) Lordaca, Walk. The sixth set (eight African) bore the name of Agrippina, Feld., but the latter, as I have pointed out (p. 70 infra), is really a slight variation of the ^ Severina, Cram. I could not discover any satisfactory char- acters by which this instructive series could be regarded as forming more than one species. The ^, as pointed out by Oberthiir {Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov., xv. 1880, p. 150), exhibits much variation in the development of the curved black streak at the extremity of the discoidal cell of the fore- wings, especially on the upper side, where the thin superior part of the streak is often more or less evanescent, or even wanting altogether in some examples. The $, besides the variation in ground-colour above described, varies considerably in the development of the black markings generally ; as regards the clouded neuration of the under side of the hind- wings, the most strongly marked specimen I have seen is one taken at Delagoa Bay by Mrs. Monteiro. Larva. — Pale-yellow, greenish on the back ; a broad, brownish, lateral stripe from head to tail ; head pinkish ; a few short hairs near head and along the sides. ^ The Ceylon representative, Taprohana, Moore, seems to be constantly darker than the Indian Mesentina. Even in the $ I have found no case in which the white spots of the dark borders are not greatly reduced or partly obsolete on the upper side, and a similar deficiency is observable in both sexes as regards the under side. The yellow of the under side is also remarkably deep and rich, often inclining to orange, in both sexes. '-' A dwarf 9 , taken near Grahamstown, Cape Colony, by Mrs. Barber, is only an inch and a half across the expanded wings. 62 SOUTH-AFEICAX BUTTERFLIES. Pupa. — Sharply angnlated, slender, head beaked. Light-brown, varied with darker-brown ; a white, pink-spotted, longitudinal stripe on abdominal segments. Kepresented as suspended to the stalk of some plant. The above descriptions of larva and pupa are made from figures in Plate xii. (f. 9, 9a.) of Horstield and Moore's Catalogue of Lepidoptera in the East India Company's Museum, vol. i. The food-plant of the larva is not stated, nor is its locality given. Colonel Yerbury, quoted by Mr. Butler in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1884, p. 492, and 1886, p. 376, notes that near Aden he had reared caterpillars of this butterfly (" Lordaca, Walk.") on Capparis galcata, and that in Western India they feed on a Ccqiparis with dark-red blossom {C. horrida). Mr. W. D. Gooch's notes and outline sketches of the earlier stages of Mesentina near D'Urban, in Natal, agree very fairly with the figures above described, and may be thus summarised, viz. : — Larva. — Yellowish olive-green on back, marked down the middle with a double dark-brownish line ; on each side a deep citrine-green stripe, bearing on each segment a minute yellow spot, — these lateral stripes inflect a little on eleventh segment, and join dorsally at their extremities on twelfth segment ; below lateral stripes yellowish-green ; just above legs with whitish-grey pubescence, inclining to form a tuft on each segment ; on second segment two longer subdorsal tufts of similar hair projecting above the head. Head bright reddish-brown. Pupa. — Very light-brownish, dorsally flecked with dark-brown ; edges of wing- covers and part of neuration dark; angular projections on each side of dorsal base of abdomen black ; lateral streaks of abdo- men, and line along median dorsal carina of thorax white. Form quite like that of the pupa of Scvcrina, Cram. This well-known species has a wide range over all the Ethiopian region (except, apparently, the tropical north-west forest sub-region), and over South- West Asia, from Syria to Calcutta. In South Africa it seems to be far more numerous in the uplands of the interior than on the coast. In Natal during the summer of 1867 I met with only four specimens; and not many examples have reached me in collections made in that Colony. Colonel Bowker described it as very numerous all over Basutoland, and Mr. H. L. Feltham informs me that in Griqualand West it is by far the most abundant species of the genus. Two stragglers of this butterfly have been recorded by me as visiting Cape Town, — the first taken in tlie Museum enclosure in April 1873, and a second, closely observed by myself for some time, on 14th April 1878, about flowers in the Botanic Gardens. Several times, however, in the later summer I have seen on Table Mountain a "White" hurrying past, which, although I could not identify it, was clearly not the only resident species, P. Hellica, and very probably was Mesentina. The spiecies has occurred in all the collections I have seen from Damaraland ; in a small one formed by Mr. John A. Bell there were as many as thirty-eight specimens of it. Boisduval (op. cit., p. 502) notes that in some parts of Africa this butterfly at certain seasons migrates in innumerable hosts, but he gives no authority for the statement. Colonel Bowker noticed in Basutoland that numbers of Mesentina flew in an eastward direction. Localities of Pieris Mesentina. T. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. a. Western Districts.— Cape Town [occapional visitor]. Ookiep, Naniaqualand District {G. Warden). b. Eastern Districts.— Grahanistown (Mrs. Barber). King William's Town {Mrs. Tyrnchift Drake). ]\rurraysbnrg (/. /. Muslcett). Colesber^f {A. F. Orthpp). c. Griqnalancl West.— Vaal Kivcr (/. //. Boicker and //. L. Feltham). Kinil)erley {H. L. FeUliam). d. Basutoland. — Koro Ivoro and IMascni (J. //. Botvlcer). D. Kaffraria Proper. — Basliee River (/. //. Botcker). E. Natal. a. Coast Districts. — D'Urban. Yerulam. INFapumulo. b. Upper Districts.— Estcourt (/. 31. Hidcldmon). Rorke's Drift (/. //. Boioker). F. Zululand. — Isandlhwana and Xapoleon Valley (J. H. Bowker). H. Delagoa Bay. — Louren90 INIarques {Mrs. Monteiro). K. Transvaal.— Potchefstroom (IF. Moranf). Potchefstroom District {T. Ayres). Limpopo and Marico Rivers {F. C. Seloits and A. W. Frikssuit). L. Bechuanaland.— j\Iotito (the late Eev. J. Fredoux). II. Other African Regions. A. South Tropical. a. Western Coast. — Damaraland (the late C. J. Andersson, J. A. Bell, and W. G. Palgrave). " Angola (Pt^^^e)."— Dewitz. Congo.— Coll. Brit. Mus. h. Eastern Coast. — " Querimba." — Hopffer. hi. Eastern Interior. — Lotsani and Makloutse Rivers {F. G. Selous). " Bamangwato, Tati, Gubulewayo, Inyati, and Gwailo River {Gates)." — Westwood. Zambesi. — " Victoria Falls {Gates)." — Westwood; " Tette." — Hopffer. Lake Nyassa.— Coll. Brit. Mus. bb. Eastern Islands. — j\Iadagascar (/. GaldiceU). B. North Tropical. b. Eastern Coast. — " Somaliland {Thrupp)." — Butler. Tajora^ (/. K. Lord). Red Sea : " Harkeko, Rafla (/. K. Lorc^)."— Walker. 61. Eastern Interior. — Abyssinia: " Shoa {Antinori)." — Oberthiir. IV. Asia. — Syria : — Damascus. — Coll. Brit. Mus. Bagdad. — Coll. Brit. Mus. Arabia : — Aden (Huswah). — Coll. Brit. Mus. Western India. — " Kurrachee." — Colonel C. Swinhoe ; Campbellpore and Chitta Pahar {Yerbury). — Coll. Brit. Mus. Afghanistan: Kandahar, Bolan Pass, Quetta. — Coll. Brit. Mus. Punjaub. — Coll. Brit. Mus. Bengal : " Calcutta." — De Nic^ville. Barrackpore. — ■ Coll. Brit. Mus. " Madras."— Moore. 1 Through the kindness of Professor R. Meldola I have received a S from Mr. Lord's collection taken in this locality. It is rather smaller than usual, and has the dusky neura- tion of the under side very faintly marked. 64 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. 260. (11.) Pieris Gidica, Godart. ^ Pieris Gidica, Godt., Enc. Meth., ix. p. 131, n. 37 (1819). cJ $ Pieris Gidica, Boisd., Sp, Gen. Lep., i. p. 503, n. 97 (1836). 5 Pinacopteryx Westwoodi, Wallgrn., K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1857 ; Lep., Rhop. Catfr., p. 9, n. 4. 5 Pinacopteryx Douhledayi, "Wallgrn., loc. cit., p. 8, n. 2. (j 5 Pieris Gidica, Trim., Rliop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 34, n. 20 (1866). Plate XI. fig. i (^). Uxp. al., {$) 2 in. 0-5 lin. ; ($) 2 in. 0-5^1 lin. ^ White, with hlacld&h markings. Fore-wing : apex "produced and pointed ; costa edged with blackish, close to base greyish ; base slightly- diffused with greyish, and with a pearly gloss ; at extremity of dis- coidal cell, a black, angulated streak, united to blackish costal edging, and thickest at its lower extremity ; on hind-margin a blackish band, rather wider at apex, and ending on first median nervule, enclosing six very small white spots, and united by blackisli nervules to an inner blacker, more irregular transverse band ending on second median ner- vure. Hind-ioing : on hind-margin a linear black edging, and from four to six moderately-sized, inwardly-acute black spots at extremities of nervules ; base greyish, with a slight pearly gloss ; a few indistinct traces of the dark wavy streaks on under side. Under side. — Fore-iuing : similar in marking ; in discoidal cell a short longitudinal dusky ray from base ; the spots in hind-marginal band enlarged, confluent with white between hind-marginal and sub- marginal bands, and slightly tinged with yellowish. Hind-toing : pale- yellowish, the nervures marked blackly upon it ; costal, median, and submedian nervures clouded with blackish ; two transverse rows of irregular blackish angulated streaks, one before, the other beyond, middle, — the inner one much interrupted, and joining the dark cloud- ing on median nervure, — the outer one composed of thin lunular markings ; neither row extending beyond submedian nervure ; hind- marginal spots larger and somewhat squarer than on upper side, some of them united by fainter, curved streaks from their inner extremities, which touch the points of the lunular marks of the outer transverse row ; costa edged at base with bright-yellow. $ Varies from whitish to dull gelloivish, hIacJdsh markings hroacler than in $. Fore-wing : apex not so produced as in $ ; base broadly suflfused with greyish nearly to extremity of discoidal cell, and glossed with a violaceous lustre ; a short broad stripe of black from costa, at extremity of discoidal cell ; submarginal band joined to hind-marginal one, the narrow space enclosed between the two composing three or four yellowish spots, often indistinct ; an ill-defined blackish spot beyond middle, between first median nervule and inner margin. Hind- wing : from base a dusky-greyish cloud along both sides of median nervure, and slightly along costa ; a black elongate mark at extremity piEraN.-E. 65 of (liscoidal cell ; hiud-inarginal spots united by bi'oad arclied streaks, so as to form a series oi fesloun-Ukc markinc^s ; before tlieiu a more or less connected row of arclied streaks {as in nndcr side of $) touching them. Under sipk. — Venj similar to $, but the marhingii Iroader. Fore-iving : paler than on upper side ; base only light-greyish, but in the whiter specimens with a pale-3'ellow tinge as far as extremity of cell. Hind-irimg : deeper in tint than in ^ ; blackish markings often more or less diflused. The $ varies but little, except in size ; but the black markings generally are more pronounced in some specimens, and in a few of the smaller examples the upper part of the terminal disco-cellular streak on the upper side of the fore- wings is obsolescent or wanting. The $, on the other hand, is highly variable, not only in size, but in ground- colour and development of markings. Examples of the medium pale- yellowish tint, with all the marginal markings defined with more or less clearness, are most prevalent ; but specimens not rarely occur in which the yellow is much deeper on both upper and under side, and the marginal markings are on the upper side in both wings confluent into a broad dark border without (or with only the traces of) the usual spots, while the basal clouding is broader and darker. Females in which the ground-colour is whitish or nearly white are the scarcest ; in one of three, which I took near Grahamstown, the borders and basal suffusion are almost as strongly marked as in the yellower examples, just mentioned.^ I captured the paired sexes near Grahamstown on the 6th, and at Uitenhage on the 23d February 1870, and Colonel Bowker took them near D'Urban, Natal, in November 188 i. The $ of Colonel Bowker's pair is remarkable for presenting on the upper side of the fore-wings the coalescence of the outer and inner series of white spots in the dark border, usually found only on the under side, — the confluent spots are, however, much irrorated with fuscous scales. The longer and much more pointed fore-wings and inferiorly elongated hind- wings well distinguish the (^ s of Gidica and Alyssinica from their allies in South Africa, and, in a less degree, the 5 s also. The $ Gidica is a very rapid flyer, and its swift irregular course over and among the trees and imderwood of its sylvan haunts makes it by no means an easy capture on the wing. It constantly visits flowers, however, especially those of Calodendron capense (the so-called " Wild Chestnut") and of Plumbago caiJensis, and is then taken without much difiicnity. The species is very numerous in the wooded parts of South Africa, but does not make its appearance until tl>e warm weather is well advanced. At Plettenberg Bay, near Grahamstown, and on tlie ISTatal coast, I found it abundant at the end of January and through February in ditierent years, and in the last-named district up to the beginning of April. Mr. W. S. ^ My determination of Wallengren's Pinacoptcryx Wcslicoodi and P. Douhledayi as respectively S and ? of Gidica was confirmed by some rough drawings of his type speci- mens shown to me by W. F. Kirby. " P. Westwoodi, Wlgrn.," in the drawings is certainly the i Gidica; "P. Douhledayi, Wlgrn., (J," is a ? Gidica in which the fore-wings are whitish ; and " P. Douhledayi, Wlgrn., 9 ," is a yellow ? Gidica. VOL. III. E 66 SOUTH-AFKICAX BUTTERFLIES. D'Urban met with it about King William's Town from November to May, and I took a specimen at Grabamstown as late as the 25th May. Though known to occur in various very distant points in Tropical Africa, Gidlca does not appear to flourish anywhere out of South Africa proper. Three exam2Dles have reached me from Damaraland, and a few have been taken in Abyssinia ; but its place over the greater part of the tropical interior seems to be taken by the abundant Mesentina. Localities of Picris Gidica. I. South Africa. E." Cape Colony. a. Western Districts. — Ivnysna. Plettenberg Bay. h. Eastern Districts. — Port Elizabeth {W. S. M. JJ' Urban). Uiten- hage. Grabamstown. Kowie River (J. L. Fry), and Tliarfield {Miss M. Bowker), Bathurst District. Iveiskamma Mouth and King William's Town {JF. S. M. D' Urban). Queeustown (W. S. M. D' Urban). D. Kafl'raria Proper. — Bashce River (./. H. Botrlier). E. Xatal. a. Coast Districts. — D'Urban. A'erulam. Umvoti. b. Upper Districts. — Estcourt (J. 31. llutcltinson). Rorke's Drift {J. H. BowL-er). IL Other African Regions. A. South Tropical. a. Western Coast. — Damaraland (J. A. Bell). b. Eastern Coast. — Zambesi River [Rev. H. Rowley). B. Xorth Tropical. bi. Eastern Interior. — Abyssinia: " Slioa " (Antinori). — Oberthur. " Atbara River " [Soudan]. — Butler. 261. (12.) Pieris abyssinica, Lucas. (J $ Pieris abyssinica, Luc, "Rev. et Mag. Zool., 2nd Ser., iv. p. 328 (1S52)." S ? Pieris Gidica, Var. (AUica, Boisd. MS.), Oberth., Etudes d'Ent., iii. p. 16 (187S). Rrj). ciL, ($) 2 in. 0-4 liu. ; ($) i in. 10 lin. — 2 in. 2^ lin. Very closely allied to Gidica, Godt. $ White, u'ith blackish markings; j^^^crji of markings quite as in Gidica, hut 'blackish, duller, inclining to brown. Fore-wing : apical hind-marginal border not so clearly defined, rather diffused, its outer row of whitish spots n].ore or less obsolescent. Under side. — Hind- loing and apical area of fore-wing more or less tinged vjith pale didl- reddish, on ivhich the darker markirigs are less distinct and much browner than in Gidica, and sometimes obsolescent. Hind-u:ing : a longitudinal whitish ray (conspicuous in the more reddish-tinged examples) from base almost to hind-margin, traversing discoidal cell, bounded infe- riorly by a dark-brown ray along the line of disco- cellular fold and the extension of that fold beyond extremity of cell ; basal edging of J'lEKlN.^. 67 costa brig-lit-orange ; ncuration clouded much as in Gidica, but itself with a pale-reddish tinge. ^ Slightly tinged luitli i)alc-ycUou\ or sometimes nearly white; based clouding much more restricted than in Gidica ^. Fore-ivlng : apical hind-mai'ginal border as in the more lightly marked specimens of Gidica ; no blackish spot on lower discal area beyond middle. Ilind- tci/ig : hiud-marginal nervular spots separate from each other, or only very imperfectly united by indistinct arched streaks ; inner row of arched streaks represented by separated cuneiform fragments only. Under side. — As in ^, but darker in ground-colour, and with the whitish markings of hind-wing more prominent. As a rule, the fore- wings (especially in the ^) are more produced, sometimes even inclining to bo subfalcate ; the size of this butterfly is also on the whole smaller than that of Gidica. A dwarf $ from Estcourt, Natal, expands only i in. 10 lin. A ^ from Zumbo, on the Zambesi River, is remarkable for having only very faint traces of the usually well-mai-ked hind-marginal spots on the hind-wings. Though widelj' distributed in Soutli Africa, Ahyssinic.a is very scarce; and I have seen only ten authenticated specimens from the sub-region. If it were restricted to a particular territory, one would be disposed to regard it as a local variety of Gidica ; and if it were not so rare, it might be taken for possibly a seasonal form of that species.^ I captured a single example at Knysna early in May 1859; two have been sent by Mrs. Barber from near Grahams- town, and two Avere taken at D'Urban, Natal, by the late Mr. M'Ken. In Swaziland the late Mr. E. C. Buxton (who sent me photographs of this and many other butterflies of his capturing) seems to have met with tlie insect pretty frequently. Localities of Picris Abyssinica. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. a. AVestern Districts. — Knysna. h. Eastern Districts. — Grahamstown {Mrs. Barber). E. Natal. a. Coast Districts. — D'Urban (the late M. J. APKen). h. Upper Districts. — Estcourt {J. 31. Hutchinson). G. " Swaziland."— The late K C. Buxton. 11. Other African Regions. A. South Tropical. b. Eastern Coast. — Monibas : " EnJara (Kcrsten)." — Gersliicker. bi. Eastern Interior. — Zambesi River : Zumbo {F. G. Selous). B. North Tropical. bi. Eastern Interior. — Abyssinia: "Lake Tsana (Raffray)." — Ober- thiir. Soudan : '■ Atbara River." — Butler ; " Khartoum." — Gerstacker. ^ Six specimens (five Ss and a 9 ), with dates of capture — from 3d to 17th September 1887 — have been kindly forwarded to me from D'Urban, Natal, by Mr. A. D. Millar, who inclines to think this form the dry-season brood of Gidica. The latter certainly seems restricted in appearance to the summer and autumn months. 68 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. 262. (13.) Pieris Severina, (Cramer). $ Papilio Severina, Cram., Pap. Exot., iv. pi. 338, ff. G, H (17S2). Pieris Severina, Go(.It.,Euc. Meth., ix. p. 131, 11. t,6 (1819). $2 ,, Boisd., Sp. Gen. Lep., i. p. 507,11. loi (1836); App. Voy. Deleg. Afr. Aust., p. 586 (1847). ^ Pi7iaco2iferi/x Mesentina, "Wallengr., K. Sv. Vet.-AkaJ. Handl., 1857; Lop. Rhop. Caffr., p. 9, 11. 3.1 o Pinacojiteryx Severina, Wallengr., loc. cit., p. 8, 11. 2. ^ $ Pieris Severina, Trim., Rliop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 32, n. 19 (1862). C^ $ ,, ,, Hopff., Peters' Reise Mossamb., Ins., p. 352 (1862). ^ Pieris Agr'ip2nna, Feld., Reise Novara, Lep., ii. p. 173 n. 159 (1865). $ 9, Pieris Severina, Stand., Exot. Schmett., i. pi. 18 (1884). Var. ^ $ , Pieris Boguensis, Feld., loc. cit., n. 160. Exp. al., ($) I in. 10^ liu. — 2111.; (?) i in. ii lin. — 2 in. I lin. $ White, with white -spotted black hind-onairjiiis. Fore-unng : costa with a linear black edging ; a black border on hind-margin, broad at apex, and narrowing to a point at anal angle, — its inner edge irregu- larly dentate and excavate ; a row of elongate white spots, from four to seven, in this border, lessening in size towards posterior angle, but not extending below first median nervule ; a small sublinear black spot at extremity of discoidal cell. Hind-ioing : a black border of moderate width on hind-margin, enclosing four rather large white spots, — of which rarely all are indistinct except the first; in some specimens an irregular black transverse mark on costa before apex ; very rarely a thin blackish line at extremity of discoidal cell. Under SIDE. — Main markings like those of upper side, hut hind-mwgi7ial borders not so black, tinged with broiun ; hind-wing and marginal spots in fore- luing lemon-yellow or greyish-yellow., — the former with neuration almost always more or less clouded with black. Fore-wing : base with a faint yellow tinge ; rarely a projection from costal black edging towards terminal disco-cellular spot ; hind-marginal spots larger and more sharply defined. Hind-vjlng : costa near base edged with chrome- yellow ; pre-apical costal black mark conspicuous ; a similar but dif- fused transverse black mark from about origin of second median nervule to about middle of submedian nervure, crossed by a longi- tudinal black streak from near base of median nervure to near anal angle ; hind-marginal border containing five spots of the ground-colour, the additional spot being close to anal angle ; near base, a short longi- tudinal chrome-yellow streak between median and submedian nervures, and another close to inner margin. Cilia black, interrupted with white between nervules. $ Varying from- very pale whitish-yelloiv to pale ochrcous-yclloiv ; hind-marginal black borders very broad. Fore-iuing : only two or three ^ This reference was confirmed by a figure in the rough drawings of some of Wallengren's type specimens shown to me by Mr. W. F. Kii'by, which, under the name of ^' Pinacopteryx Mesentina, Cram., t-ar.," uiique-stionably represented a i Severina. PIKRIN^v 69 small yellow spots in liind-marginal border, close to apex ; terminal disco-cellular black spot rounder and usually larger than in ^ ; a black projection from costal edging (as on under side of $), — very rarely extending almost to disco-cellular spot. Hind-wing : costal spot near apex united to liind-marginal border, which inwardly radiates more or less on nervules, and contains a single yellowish spot close to apex ; disco-cellular terminal line rarely distinct. Under side. — Varying from lemon-yellow to deep clirome-yelloio ; hind-wing often inclining to whitish. Fore-wing : some tiut of yellow between the two just men- tioned, suffused from the base with orange or orange-yellow ; spots in hind-marginal border yellow, usually seven. Hind-iving : neuration more strongly and generally black-clouded ; six or seven spots in hind- marginal border. Variety A. (P. Boguensis, Felder), $ and $. — Furc-u-ing : in both sexes, instead of merely a small terminal disco-cellular spot, a well- marked (sometimes rather broad), short, oblique, blackish bar from costa, where it is wider and somewhat diffused. Larva. — Dull reddish-sandy on back, with a median longitudinal streak of violaceous-grey. On each side succeeds a wide ferruginous- brown stripe, followed by a narrow pale-yellow one, fringed inferiorly by thinly-set white hairs of moderate length. All the dorsal surface except the median streak shagreened Avith minute elevated whitish or yellowish dots arranged in transverse lines ; also across the back of each segment (rather before its middle) a series of much larger widely- separated elevated and acuminate yellow dots, — six on the second, third, and fourth segments, and four on each of the others, — followed (a little beyond middle of each segment) by two similar dots. Ventral surface, including legs, pro-legs, and under part of head, pale greyish- green. Head above ferruginous, in front inferiorly yellowish ; sha- greened like dorsal surface, and with two or three larger acuminate spots on each side ; inferiorly and laterally with some thinly-set white hairs like those on body. Length, 9 lin. In its earlier stages, down to a leng-th of only 4-|^ lin., the larva is dorsally much tinged with greenish. Pupa. — Pale-brownish with a reddish tinge, or pale-creamy with a greenish tinge, superiorly more or less speckled with blackish. Cephalic process, dorsal ridge of thorax, and acute projections on each side of back of second abdominal segment, outlined with black. Blackish irroration in brownish specimens extending quite across back of each segment, only leaving clear a narrow incision-bar ; but in creamy examples restricted so as to form four longitudinal series of small spots. Mixed with this irroration on each segment are three or four transverse series of minute whitish spots, and also towards the front of each segment a transverse row of larger elevated yellow spots (four on each abdominal segment, six or more on each thoracic one). Beneath creamy -white or greenish - white ; wing- covers streaked 70 SOUTH AFRTC AX BUTTERFLIES. with blackisli along and near inner margin and also near hind- margin. These descriptions of larva and j;mjj« are made from numerous living specimens received from Colonel Bowker in August 1887, ha\"ing been collected by him near D'Urban, Natal. The larvas had almost finished their supply of food by the time that they arrived, and I liberated them all except one which was suspended for pupation, and from which I obtained a ^ Severina on the 9th September. Seven of the pupje received had the date of pupation attached, and I thus ascertained that the duration of the chrysalis state was from fourteen to seventeen days. The eight examples (three $, five $) that I reared from these Natalian pupa3, as well as several others reared at the same time by Colonel Bowker and afterwards forwarded to me for compari- son, were all of the rather smaller form, with duller-tinted under side marked by heavy blackish neuration, proper to the winter or dry season ; but one of the $ s that I reared was of the Bogiiensis variety, with a very completely developed oblique costal bar marking the extremity of the discoidal cell. The typical ^ varies to some extent in the width of the black borders on the upper side, as well as in the size and distinctness of the white spots which they contain ; in one example (from Delagoa Bay) the inner part of the border of the hind-wings is so feebly developed that these spots are scarcely separated from the white ground.^ On the under side the tint of the hind-wing is sometimes of a duller, greyer tinge, and in these examples the neuration is strongly and generally fuscous-clouded ; while in the specimens which have this surface pale and bright the nervures are often almost free of clouding, more especially on the disc. Two rather small $ s from the Limpopo River exhibit the latter character in a very marked degree, and in that respect resemble the very closely allied P. Creona, (Cram.), of West Africa. In a ^ that I captured near Grahamstown, the basal pale- yellow suffusion of the fore-wing on the under side is abnormally developed, filling the discoidal cell and spreading beyond it along the costa. The same peculiarity exists to a much less extent in two other ^ s, — one from Kaffraria Proper and the other from Natal. The typical ^ on the upper side presents a vai'iable width in the borders, and the ground of the fore-wings sometimes (and of the hind- wings very rarely) is nearly white. On the under side of the hind- wings the clouding of the neuration is less variable than in the ^, being commonly well developed. An example from Barberton, Transvaal, received from Mr. J. P. Cloete in March 1888, is- of a remarkably deep rich yellow above, with the dark border abnormally wide, — in the fore-wings almost touching 1 It is evidently on a similar i fnim Port Xatal that Felder (o^x cit.) has founded his P. Agripiina. The feature in question is a character of the African (5 s of Mesaitina, Cr. the disco-cellular spot, and iu the hind-wings without the usual enclosed spot. This $ was accompanied by a ^ of largo size, exhibiting the Jgrippina character above described (see note, p. 70). Dr. Felder, from whom I received a Bogos $ of Bocjucnsis, ex- pressed the opinion (op. cit., p. 174) that this form was very probably but a local variety of Sevcrina. I have since, however, taken a $ near Grahamstown and received a $ and two $ s from D' Urban, Natal. The marked feature of the costal bar of the fore-wings imparts to it some- thing of the aspect of Mesentina ; and it is noteworthy that in the ordi- nary $ s of Severina (especially on the under side), a fragmentary, or rarely complete, narrow costal bar is present. It is very doubtful whether Severina is entitled to be held a distinct species from Creona, Cram. (oj). cit., i. t. xcv. ff. c, o [$], e, f [g]). This Tropical- African form is, however, constantly smaller, and presents in both sexes proportionately wider borders (that of the hind-wings in the $ s having all the spots it contains on the upper side obsolete except the apical one), and on the under side unclouded neuration in the hind-wings, as well as broader and brighter longitudinal orange-yellow streaks. The $ has the disco-cellular spot of the fore-wing better developed, but the Avhite spots in the border much reduced ; the $ has a rather wide basal fuscous suffusion in both wings (much as in the $ Gidica, Godt.). The figures and description of Picris Elisa, Yollenhoven (Pollen and Van Dam's Becherches sur la Faune de Madagascar, &c.. Part v. p. 12, pi. 2, fF. 3, 1877), are respectively so defective and insufiicient, that I am unable with certainty to make out whether the iMayotte specimens represented and described are actually referable to Severina or not ; but I think that they most probably are so referable, the figure marked "3 ^" being apparently a ^ of the slight variation above referred to as Agrippina, Felder, and that marked " 3 ? " to all appearance a ^ of the variety Bogucnsis, Feld.^ Colonel Bowker has sent me four pairs of this butterfly captured by him in copidd, viz., in 1873 a pair from Fort Warden, on the Kei Eiver ; in 1879 a pair, and in November 1881 two pairs from D' Urban, Natal. In the ^ s of the Kei River pair the clouded neura- tion of the under side of the hind-wings is marked only near base and hind-marginal border; in that of the D'Urban pair, 1879, it is almost obsolete ; and in those of the D'Urban pairs of 1881 it is well developed except on the middle of the disc. The $ of the Kei River pair is of average size, very yellow on the upper side, and has the central part of the under side of the hind-wings whitish streaked with yellow, — the dark neuration being very strongly marked ; that of the D'Urban pair of 1879 is small, whitish on the upper side, and with the neuration 1 It is remarkable that, next to Creona, Cram., the nearest known ally of Severina is the Australian Teutonia, Fab., which is considerably larger, and with much broader upper-side borders in the S , and a costal bar (like that of Var. Bofjuensis) in the fore-wings of the ? ; while the neuration of the hind-wings on the under side is very strongly black-clouded. 72 SOUTH- AFPJC AX BUTTERFLIES. of the under side of the hind -wings dark clouded throughout ; and those of the 1 8 8 i pairs are both yellowish on the upper side (with the costal streak of the fore-wing in one thinly prolonged almost to the disco-cellular spot), while on the under side one of them has the dark neuration of the hind-wings only marked near the hind-marginal border, but the other has it strongly developed throughout (in this latter specimen the narrow costal bar of the fore-wing is complete). A $ and ^ which I captured at D" Urban, Natal, in June 1865, and also a $ taken at the beginning of the following August, are smaller and with duller-tinted, more dusky-veined under sides than those which I afterwards took in that locality and near Grahamstown in the summer months of January, February, and March. -^ The $ referred to is almost white on the upper side ; in this respect resembling a considerably larger $ from South- West Madagascar, which is in the South- African Museum. This is a common and widely-spread butterfly over all the wooded parts of South Africa ; its most Avesterly known locality is Knysna, on the coast of the Cape Colony. Although prevalent always about the edges of woods, it by no means confines itself to them, but flies actively over open ground at hand, often stopping to visit flowers. The ^ s are swifter than the 5 s, but both sexes were in the flights of Pierince which I witnessed on 6th February 1870 at Highlands, near Grahamstown, and I captured several females on that occasion. Localities of Ficris Scvcrina. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. a. AVestern Districts. — Knysna (Miss We?if worth).' b. Eastern Districts. — Port Elizabeth. Uitenhage (S. D. Balrstoio). Graliamstown. ]\buith of Kowie Eiver {J. L. Fry). King William's Town (TF. S. M. H Urban). Windvogelberg, Queens- town District (the late Major G. E. Bulger). Kei River (/. H. Bowher). D. Kaflfraria Proper. — Butterworth and Bashee River (/. //. Boiolcer). E. Natal. a. Coast Districts. — D'Urban. Pinetown {J. H. BuivJcer). Vernlam. Umvoti. Mouth of Tugela (/. H. Bowker). Mapumulo. b. Upper Districts. — Greytown. Maritzburg {S. Windham). Est- court {J. M. Hutchinson). F. Zululand.— Special locality not noted {G. F. Angas). — Coll. Brit. Mus. H. Delagoa Bay. — Louren^o Marques (Mrs. Monteiro). K. Transvaal. — Potchefstroom District {T. Ayres). Limpopo River {F. a Selous). Barberton (J. P. Cloete and C. F. Palmer). 1 Mr. Alfred D. Millar, of D'Urban, at my request, was good enough to capture and date numerous examples of this (as well as of other Pierince) during 1SS7-S8, and to send them to me. Five (5 s and four ? s taken on 15th August, and a i taken on the 22d, are all of the duller more dusky-veined form ; a i taken on 22d September is larger and brighter beneath, showing some approach to the summer or wet season form ; and three 6 s taken on 3d December and a S and ? taken on 29th January are all of the bright pale-yellow under side, with the neuration lightly and unequally blackish. riERIN.'E. 73 II. Other African Kegions. A. South Tropical. a. Western Coast. — Angola : " Loanda {11. Meldola)." — A. G. Lutler. Congo: "Kinsembo {H. Ansell)." — A. G. Ikitler. h. Eastern Coast. — Zambesi {Rev. II. Rowleij). " Querimba." — llopti'er. Zanzibar. — Coll. Brit. Mus. " Endara, Mombas (Ker- sten)." — Gerstiicker. Kilinia Njaro. — Coll. lirit. Mus. hi. Eastern Interior. — Maldoutse and Tati Kivers {F. C. Selous). ]\rashunaland {F. C. Selutis). Lb. Eastern Islands. — Madagascar: ]\[urundava Kiver {(Jreve). " Mayotte {Fullen and Van Dam)." — A'ollenhuvon. B. North Tropical. a. Western Coast. — "Accra and Aburi {Weigle).'" — Moschler.^ b. Eastern Coast. — Red Sea: Bogos {H ansa I). [Yav. Bo(/tiensts,Fe\d.] hi. Eastern Interior. — White Nile. — Coll. Erit. Mus. [Var. Boguensis, Eeld.] 263. (14.) Pieris Hellica, (Linn^us). ^ Papilio Helke, Linn., Mas. Lud. Ulr. Reg., p. 243, n. 62 (1764); and P. Hellica, Syst. Nat., i. 2, p. 760, n. 78 (1767). 5 Papilio Daplidice, Cram., Pap. Exot., ii. pi. clxxi. £f. c, d. (1779). (j $ Mancipium vorax Hellica, Hlibn., Samml. Exot. Schmett., i. t. 141, ff. I, 2[c?], 3. 4[?](?i8o6). (J 5 Papilio Raphani, Esp.,- (Europ.) Schmett., Suppl, Bd. i. t. cxxiii. Cont. 78, It: 3, 4 (1805). Pieris Hellica, Boisd., Sp. Gen. Lep., i. p. 546, n. 156 (1836). $ $ Pieris Hellica, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 39, n. 24 (1862). $ Synddoe Hellica, Crowley, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1887, pi. iii. ff. 4, 5. Exp. al., ($) I in. 10 lin. — 2 in.; ($) i in. 9I lin. — 2 in. ^ White, ivith UacJcish marldngs. Fore-iving : base narrowly grey- ish ; costa narrowly edged with blackish ; at extremity of discoidal cell a rather broad, short, blackish stripe, extending above subcostal nervure, but not touching costal edge ; a broad, blackish border on hind-margin, abruptly terminating on second median nervule, and containing four rounded white spots, the third of which, from costa, is almost always connected with the white ground-colour of wing, dividing the band into two portions. Hind-unng : on hind-margin a row of small black spots, one at extremity of, and inwardly projecting along, each nervule. Under side. — Fore-wing : as on upper side, but disco-cellular stripe extended to costa by some fainter blackish colouring ; apical portion of hind-marginal hand tinged and dusted with chrome-yclloiv. Hind-wing : nervures much clouded ivith yellow-dusted grey, leaving a central, trans- verse, curved, macular band of white, and almost enclosing a row of five or six white spots on hind-margin ; costa at base, and most of the spaces between clouded nervures, tinged with bright chrome-yelloiv. ^ From Moschler's note on several S s and a ? (Abhandl. Senckenberg. Naturf. Gesellsch., 1887, p. 53), these Gold Coast specimens appear to belong to the form Creona, Cram. ^ Esper's earlier figure of P. Raphani (op. cit., i. pt. 2, t. Ixxxiv.) appears not to represent Hellica, Linn., but some allied species. Mr. W. Y. Kirby [Cat. D. Lep., 1S71, p. 451) regards it as intended to represent a variety of Daplidice, Linn. 74 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. ^ SlniiJar to $, but ivitk additional Uach markings. Fore-icing : costa with a greyish border as far as disco-cellular band, which is much broader than in $ ; hind-marginal band slightly broader and blacker than in ^, — its third white spot always quite enclosed in the black ; two additional blackish spots near posterior angle, between first median nervnle and inner margin, the lower one much smaller and fainter, and forming a continuation of the upper one. Rind-wing : a blackish band along hind-margiu, commencing with a dark mark on costa (adjoining spot on inner margin of fore-wing), becoming obsolete towards anal angle, and containing four or five rather large oyate white spots. Under side. — Fore-icing : only the uj^j^er of the two additional blackish spots present. Hind-iving : the clouding of the nervules wider than in ^, in some strongly marked specimens so much so as to leave only a row of white spots in place of the central white band. A dwarfed $, taken at Burghersdorp by Dr. Kannemeyer, measures ouly I in. 3-^ lin. across the expanded fore-wings. Larva. — Light-green, darker on inferior surface. A median dorsal violaceous stripe ; and on each side a broader, less defined, deeper- greenish stripe mixed with violaceous, succeeded by a conspicuous pale- yellowish spiracular band. On each segment numerous black dots arrano-ed in four transverse lines on back and sides (other scattered black dots on lower part of sides), and also four orange spots, situated anteriorly, two of which immediately precede the spiracles. Head black-dotted ; spiracles conspicuously black. A few short hairs about body generally, numerous short hairs on head. " Food-plants near Grahamstown, Sisijmlrium Capcnse (and pro- bably S. h/ratum) and Lciyidium sativum." — ]\I. E. Barber. Pupa. — Above yellow, sprinkled with black dots, beneath pale- green. A median dorsal pale-violet stripe ; narrow thoracic ridge marked with a red line. The first pupa I observed (found on loth December) changed in colouring, four days afterwards, to light violet-grey, with a pale-yellow stripe along each side of the abdomen ; the imago did not appear before the 20th December. The second pupa I reared retained its yellow and green colours throughout from the 24th April to the 8th May, when the imago emerged. One pupa was attached to the wall of a house, the other to a grass stem. A very near ally of Hcllica was brought from Kilima-Njaro by Mr. H. H. Johnston, and has lately been described and figured as SyncUoH Johnstonii by Mr. P. Crowley (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1887, p. 35, pi. iii. ^, fF. I, 3 ; ?, f. 2). I made notes on two ^s and a ^ of this form in the British Museum collection (October 1886). It is at once distinguishable by its longer wings, the fore-wings being also acuter apically ; and the ^ has the black border of the fore-wings on the upper side internally unbroken, with the enclosed white spots smaller than in Hcllica. On the under side, the neuration is more PTERTN.E. 75 heavily clouded— the ncrvures themselves being widely greyish, boundetl on both sides with fuscous ;— but in the hind-wings the yellow and white discal inter-nervular markings are brighter and more completely unite the hind-marginal spots (which are elongated) to the median series. Next to Johnstonii, the nearest known form to Hcllica is the Arabian Glaucojiome, Klug/ which differs, however, on the under side in the greener clouding that occupies much more of the field, — espe- cially in the basal area of the hind-wings, where the white is reduced to two good-sized oval spots (one in discoidal cell, the other just above it),_and in having the neuration itself yellow, while the inter-nervular yellow rays so conspicuous in Hcllica (especially those uniting the median and marginal white spots of the hind-wings) are wanting. In these respects, and in the hind-marginal markings on the upper side of the hind-wings, Glauconome is nearer to the well-known Dnplidicc, Linn, than to Hcllica; and the same may be said of Glauconome s close ally, Iranica, Bienert, of which I have examined specimens from Afghanistan (Candahar) in the British Museum." Hdlica is one of the commonest and most abundant butterflies in South Africa ; over nearly all districts it seems to be found throughout the year, but is most prevalent in the spring and summer months. It frequents open ground generally, and is the only " White " resident in the Cape Peninsula. On the wing it is by no means swift, keeping near the ground, and often settUng on flowers. On the coast of Xatal I did not meet with it, but it was not uncommon on the higher levels inland, particularly near Maritzburg and Greytown. I have not met with any example in collections from Tropical localities, nor have I found any record of the species' occurrence out of South Africa proper. ^ Localities of Fieris Hcllica. I. South Africa. 1j. Cape Colony. a. Western "Districts. — Capo Town. Hout Bay, Stellenbosch. Paarl. Wellington. JMalmesbury. Ceres and Vogel Yley, Tulbagh District. Worcester. Robertson. Genadendal, Caledon District {G. Hettarsch). Mossel Bay. Knysna. Plettenberg Bay. Oudtshoorn {AdamK). Yan Wyk's Vley, Carnarvon Dis- trict {E. G. Alston). Ookiep and Klipfontein (L. Peringuey), and Annenous, Xamaqualand District. h. Eastern Districts. — Port Elizabeth. Uitenhage. Grahamstown. Tharfield, Bathurst District {Miss M. L. Bowlier). East London (P. Borcherds). King William's Town (W. S. M. U Urban). Windvogelberg, Queenstown District {Dr. Batho). Burghers- dorp, Albert District {D. R. Kaniiemeyer). Colesberg {A. F. Ortlepp). Murraysburg (J. /. Muskett). 1 Symb. Pliys., dec. i. pi vii. ff. 18, 19 (1S29). - For a note on the differences between Iranica and Glauconome, see Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 18S4, p. 492. 3 The late Mr. F. Walker gave {L'ntomof agist, 1 870, p. 49) localities both east and west of the Red Sea for Hdlica; but there can be uo doubt that the species he received from that region must have been the clostly-allicd Glauconome, King. 76 SOUTH-AFRICAX BUTTERFLIES. c. GriqualanJ West. — Ivimberley. d. Basutoland. — Maseru (./, H. Boivl(er). C. Orange Free State. — Locality not noted (C. Hart). D. Kafi'raria Proper. — Butterworth and Basliee River (J. H. Boicker). E. Natal. b. Upper Districts. — Karkloof (TT". il/ora??/). Grey town. INfaritzLurg. Estcourt (./. M. HidcJmison). K. Transvaal. — Potchefstroom District (T. Ayres). Genus HEEPiENIA. Herpcenia, Butler, Cist. Ent., i. p. 52 (1S70); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 67. Pieris (Auct. — part.), Trimen, Rliop. Afr. Aust., i. pp. 26 and 40 (1862). Imago. — Nearly allied to Pieris. Palpi much shorter, especially terminal joint ; antcnnce shorter, more slender. Pore-'ivings apically rather prominent (esj^ecially in $) ; posterior angle well marked ; first and second subcostal nervules given oft' not far apart, at some distance before extremity of discoidal cell ; upper radial nervule longer, united to subcostal nervure at a point considerably nearer to extremity of cell ; upper disco-cellular nervule exceedingly short, slanting inward, — lower one very long, strongly curved inward in middle ; discoidal cell thus terminating very truncately ; second and third median nervules nearer to each other than second and first. Hind-ioings more elongated supe- riorly, shorter and sub-truncate inferiorly ; anal angle rather pro- nounced ; disco-cellular nervules almost as in fore-wings. Abdomen more elongate, particularly in ^, where it is very slender and is only a little shorter than inner margins of hind-wings. The characters here given (of which the more important were pointed out loc. cit. by Mr. Butler) serve well to separate this genus ; and its very remarkable and peculiar pattern is a character which emphasises the structural ones. The creamy-white or yellowish ground- colour is boldly and conspicuously broken up by not only very broad hind-marginal black borders enclosing spots of the ground-colour, but also by a very broad longitudinal black bar in the fore-wings (occupy- ing base and discoidal cell, and joining the hind-marginal border about its middle), and a narrower obliquely transverse sub-basal black bar in the hind-wings (the superior extremity of which is linked to apical commencement of hind-marginal border by a costal and a subcostal short black ray). Both structure and pattern indicate approach to the genus Tcracolus ; in the fore-wings the disposition of the subcostal nervules being the same, and that of the upper radial and disco- cellular nervules almost the same ; and the singular arrangement of wing- markings is not far different from that found in the ^ T. Evenina, Wallengr. Mr. Butler has given names to several slight modifications of what, riEUIN/E. 77 after oxaraiuation of a largo nunihor of examples from various quar- ters, I can but consider the only known species of this genus, viz., H. Eriphia, Godt. This butterfly has a very wide range in Tropical Africa, and in the south is of pretty general distribution, except in the soutli-west of the Cape Colony. 264. (1.) Herpsenia Eriphia, (Godart). Piens Erij)hia, Godt., Enc. Moth., ix. p. 157, n. 134 (1819). $ Pontia Tritogenia, Khig, Syinb. Phys., t. viii. fl". 17, 18 (1829). Pieris Tritogcnia, Boisd., Sp. Gen. Lep., i. p. 513, n. no (1836). (J Dismorphia I'ritogema, Gcyer, Forts. Hiibn. Zutr. Exot. Sclimett, p. II, If. 829-83o"(i837). $ Pinacopteryx Eriphia, Wallgrn., K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Ilandl., 1857; Lep. Rhop. CallV., p. 10, n. 5. Pieris Eriphia, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 40, n. 25 (1862). Ayithocharis Tritogenia, IIopfF., Peter.s' Reise IMossamh., Ins., p. 356 (1862). Herpcenia Tritogenia, Jkill., Cist. Ent., i. p. 52 (1870). Vau. Herpcenia Melanarge, Butl,, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 18S5, p. 774. Exp. al., {$) I in. 9 lin. — 2 in. 2^- lin. ; ($) i in. 10 liu. — 2 in. 4 lin. $ White or crcamy-ivMte, luith hroacl black stripes and borders; about equal areas of black and ivhite. Fore-ioing : a broad black band from base occupies all discoidal cell, extending considerably below and beyond it, and united by a narrower extension to a broad border on hind-margin ; the latter containing five variously-shaped white spots (of which that next costa is very small, the second, third, and fifth of moderate size, the fourth large and ovate), and so ividcncd on inner viargiii as to occupy the outer half of it ; sometimes in black discoidal cell a paler or whitish longitudinal streak. Hind-iving : a transverse black stripe at base ; before middle a black stripe, with two or three irregular indentations on its edges, straight across wing from costa near apex to about middle of inner margin ; from commencement of this band all along hind-margin to anal angle a black band — abniptly widened, and with a straight inner edge parallel to the band before middle, from discoidal nervule to inner margin — containing six good- sized white spots. Cilia yellowish-white. Under side. — Fore-iving : black markings clouded with white near inner margin, and along upper part of discoidal cell, dull and brownish tinted in central portion, and replaced by grey-dusted ochreous at apex ; in discoidal cell, a broad lon- gitudinal yellowish-white stripe. Hind-iving : costa, especially near base, edged with orange-yellow ; basal, median, and liind-margincd bands dark-grcy-dusted ochreous; median band more irregular and macular than on upper side ; spots on hind-margin larger, but not so clearly defined ; neuration yellowish-white. $ Similar to $, but commonly loith the groimd-coluur tinged with sulphur-yelloiv ; the black markings duller, and sometimes tinged with 78 SOUTH-AFKICAX EUTTEEFLIES. broivn. Umdek side. — Fore-wing : blackish markings not clouded with white ; white markings generally more or less tinged with sulphur- yellow. Hind-ioing : all the white markings usually more or less tinged with sulphur-yellow along margins of wing. As above noted, the size of this species is very variable. I have observed that, although large examples are found throughout the South-African range, all the smallest specimens come from the drier (usually upland and interior) tracts. Variety A. — $ and $ {Melanarge, Butl.). ^ Ground-colour decidedly creamy; along hind-margins a dull ochrey-reddish tinge tinging both black border (especially about apex of fore-wing) and outer part of its creamy spots. Ukder side. — Hind-iving and apical hind-marginal area of fore-wing suffused ivith dull ochrey-reddish (in the imler portions with a tinge of pink) dusted toith dark-grey ; the dark bands and border very ill-defined reddish- brown, in some specimens scarcely distinguishable. $ (Two examples). Ground-colour pale sulphur-yellow. Under SIDE. — As in ^, but the ochi-ey tint paler, not so red, and with the position of the typical white markings vaguely indicated by some whitish clouding. Forc-wivg : pale markings sulphur-yellow. {Hah. — Natal, Delagoa Bay, Transvaal, Griqualand West, Damara- land, and Somaliland.) From Mr. Butler's description (loc. cit.) I think that there can be no doubt that his Melanarge, of which he describes three male examples from Somaliland, is identical with the Variety A. just described.'^ I should also refer to the same variety his Lacteipennis {Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 4th Ser., xviii. p. 489, 1876), from Abyssinia, notwith- standing its unusually small size {exp. cd. i in. 7 lin.), if it were not for his description of the hind-wings as having " several submarginal black spots, sagittate (with the j^oints upwards), towards apex," which looks as if the ordinary white-spotted black border of the upper side were wanting on those wings. I have not been able to discover any character by which Tritogcnia, Klug, can be separated from Eripliia, Godt. The description of the latter only differs in giving four instead of six white spots in the black border of the hind-wing ; but these spots vary a good deal in size and distinctness, and Godart probably did not include the first large costal spot (which, indeed, is but narrowly separated from the central white field) ; and I have seen several examples in which the sixth (last) spot is almost obsolete. Mr. Butler, in the paper last cited, observes: " Eripliia, which I have examined from Angola, is a larger and more creamy-coloured insect than H. Tritogenia (with which it has been united), . . . the markings are not quite the same on ^ Under the name of Jlcrpccnia iterata, Mr. Butler has recorded some examples from Kilima-Njaro [F. J. Jackson\ stated to differ from II. melanarge only in its considerably larger size (55 mm. = about 2 in. 2 lin.), and in the broader subbasal black belt and larger white marginal spots in the hind-wings {/Voc. Zool. Soc. Lond., iSSS, p. 96). riERlN.E. 79 the Liiul-wiDgs." Ho does not, however, specify what differences exist. Geyer (op. cit.) figures a $ from " South Africa," which agrees very well with specimens taken near Grahamstown and in Kaffrana Proper, but iu one point differs from every other example that I have seen, viz., in the narrow but complete separation of the disco-cellular longitudinal black band from the hind-marginal black border on the upper side of both fore-wings. Boisduval, describing northern specimens under the name Trito- gcnia, mentions that the $ has a whiter ground-colour than the $. This is quite the exception in southern examples. I took one such $ near Grahamstown in 1870, but all the others I have seen exhibit a more or less decided inclination to pale-yellow. HopfFer (op. cit.) notes that the ground-colour varies as much in the Mozambique specimens as in those from Nubia and Senegal, and mentions one example of the variety with the brown under-side colouring. The general resemblance of this pied butterfly to the "Marbled White" Satyr ince of Europe (Mdanargia Galathca, Linn., and allies) has been noticed by many lepidopterists. The form and position of the longitudinal band of the fore-wings and the straight transverse ante-median band of the hind-wings are very singular, and the only other species in which similar (though smaller and duller) markings occur is Tcracolus Eccnina, Wallengr., $. I had the pleasure of observing this beautiful insect in life for the first time at the end of January 1870, near Grahamstown, and during the following month met with it not uncommonly in that neighbourhood. It frequented steep hillsides on the borders of woods, but never entered the shade of the woods themselves ; delighting in the Scahiosa flowers, which were abundant in such stations. It is very conspicuous on the wing, and is easily captured, beuig rather slow of flight and settling frequently. I afterwards saw the species near Uitenhage. There is no part of South Africa proper Avhere this butterfly appears to be abundant, but it is evidently numerous in the South-Tropical belt between 23° and 20°, twenty-five examples occurring in ]\Ir. J. A. Bell's small collection made in Damaraland, and nineteen in a series collected by Mr. A. W. Eriksson between the northern limit of the Transvaal country and Gubulewayo, in Matabeleland. Mr. H. Barber informed me that two specimens he sent from Matabeleland were captured while drinking at a hole dug to collect water. Localities of Herpcenia Eriphia. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. a. Western Districts. — Swellendam (W. Cairncross). Knysna {Mi^s Went worth). Spectakel (L. Peringuey) and Ookiep {G. Warden), Namaqualand District. Prieska, Orange River, Victoria West District {F. Purcetl). h. Eastern Districts. — Uitenhage. GrahamstoAvn. Kleinemond River, Bathurst District (i7. /. Atlierstonc). Murraysburg (/. /. Maskett). 8o SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. c. Griqualand West. — Vaal River (J. H. Boiclier). " Iviinbeiiey." — H. L. Feltham. d. Basutoland. — Koro Koro and Headwaters of Orange River (J. H. Boiclier). C. Orange Free State. — Hebron (TF. Morant). D. Kaffraria Proper. — Bashee River (/. //. Bou-lier). E. Natal. a. Coast Districts.— D'Urban (71/. J. M'Ken). Pinetown {H. J. Harford.— Ya.x. A.). " Tugela River."— E. C. Buxton. b. Upper Districts. — Estcourt (/. M. Hutchinson). G. " Swaziland."— E. C. Buxton. H. Delagoa Bay. — Lourengo Marques (Mrs. IMonteiro. — Type and Var. A.). K. Transvaal. — Potchefstroom District and Origstadt, Lydenburg Dis- trict (?'. Ayres. — Type and Var. A). Marico River {F. C. Selous. — Type and Var. A.). L. Bechuanaland. Kamhanni Pass and Klibbolikhonni (the late J. W. Burchell). XL Other African Regions. A. South Tropical. a. Western Coast. — Damaraland (the late C. J. Anderssoti, J. A. Bell, and J. J. Christie. — Type and Var. A.). "Angola (Monteiro)." — Druce. "Angola: Loai\da {R. Meldola)." — Butler. "Congo: Kinsembo (H. Ansell)." — Butler. h. Eastern Coast. — Zambesi (Rev. H. Roivley). — Coll. Hope Oxon. " Tette (Zambesi) and Querimba." — Hoptt'er. — Type and Var. A. Mombasa : " Lake Jipe (0. Kersten)." — Gerstacker. hi. Eastern Interior. — Matabeleland : Sinquasi (//. Barber). Be- tween North Transvaal and Gubulewayo {A. W. Erilisson). B. North Tropical. a. Western Coast. — " Senegal." — Boisduval. h. Eastern Coast. — " Somaliland (Thrupp)." — Butler. — Var. A. Red Sea : " Massowah (RaffraT/)." — Oberthiir. 6i. Eastern Interior. — Abyssinia : " Shoa {Antinori)." — Oberthiir. '■^l\o\doian {Vienna Museum)." — Moschler. Soudan: "Atbara i . River." — Butler. White Nile. — Coll. Hewitson. Dongola : " Ambukohl."— Klug. Genus TERACOLUS. Teracolits, Swains., Zool. lUustr., 2nd Ser., vol. iii. text to pi. 115 (1833). A/ifhocharis, Boisd. [part], Sp. Gen. Lep., i. p. 556, and Idmais, Boisd., p. 584(1836). Anthocharis (Sect, iii., Callosune) and Idmaie, E. DoubL, Gen. D. Lep., i, pp. 57 and 59 (1847). Anthopsyche and Pii/chopferyx, Wallengr., K. Svensk. Vetensk.-Akad. Handl., 1857 ; Lep. Rhop. CaflV., pp. 10 and 17. Thespia, Wallengr., K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Forhandl., 1858, p. 77. Anthocharis and Idmais, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., i. pp. 42 and 60 (1862). Teracolus, Butl., Cist. Ent., i. p. 47 (1869) ; and [Revision] Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 126. Imago. — ffead rather small, densely hairy ; eyes large, globose, smooth ; paljn rather short, slender, laterally compressed, ascendant, PIERIN/E. 8 1 —basal and middle joints densely clothed beneath with projecting hairs of unequal length, — terminal joint small, thin, rather acute, directed forward, clothed with short appressed hairs ; antcnncc short and rather thick, with a somewhat abruptly-formed, broad, flattened club, blunt at the tip. Thorax rather robust or moderately slender, clothed superiorly with close silky hair (longer laterally and posteriorly), and inferiorly with a shorter, denser down. Fore-wings with costa but slightly arched ; apex varying from rather acute to rounded ; hind-margin entire, rarely prominent in apical portion, sometimes convex in middle (especially in $) ; inner margin almost always nearly straight, or but slightly hollowed about middle (but in the Fausta group prominently convex in $) ; costal nervure extending to about middle ; first and second subcostal nervules originating not far apart at some distance before extremity of discoidal cell, and usually closely approximate throughout, — the first often almost touching costal nervure, — third nervule short, originating nearer to apex than to extremity of cell, and usually terminating at apex, but sometimes very short and ending on costa; upper radial nervule united to subcostal just at extremity of discoidal cell; upper disco-cellular nervule short (in Daira group extremely short) curved inwardly, — lower one three times as long, sub-angulated inwardly, moderately oblique inferiorly. Hind-wing: costa very prominently convex at base, but not strongly arched gene- rally (except in Suhfasciatus and the Fausta group) ; hind-margin entire or but very slightly sinuated ; costal nervure rather short, terminating at a little beyond middle ; second subcostal nervule usually originating before, or considerably before, extremity of discoidal cell (but in several groups at that extremity, and in the Daira group slightly hc7/07id it) ; lower disco-cellular nervule long, sub-angulated, oblique, joining third median nervule at some distance from latter's origin ; internal nervure extending to beyond middle ; inner margins very prominent basally, and meeting so as to hide basal half or more of abdomen ; anal angle rounded. legs of moderate length and thickness, scaly ; femora with short hair beneath ; tibia) of fore and middle legs shorter, of hind-legs considerably longer, than femur, — their terminal spurs short ; tarsi long, spinulose beneath. Abdomen slender, rather short. Larva. — Resembling that of Picris, but stouter anteriorly, and segmental incisions deeper ; some short scattered hairs, sparsely distri- buted, but more numerous laterally ; dorsal surface with marked trans- verse rugge, and two transverse rows of tubercular spots on each segment. Pupa. — Head acuminate somewhat abruptly, but rather wide and with eye-covers prominent. Thorax dorsally moderately convex, late- rally very slightly sub-angulated at bases of wing-covers. Wing- covers exceedingly prominent ventrally, highly convex in outline, but laterally compressed keel-fashion. Abdomen slender, straight, dorsally VOL. III. F 82 SOUTII-AFPJCAX BUTTERFLIES. flattened, its aual extremity bluntly bifid. Silken girth in depression about base of abdomen, only free from a point near middle of each wing-cover. The above characters of larva and pupa are taken from specimens of those stages of T. Antevippe (Boisd.) received alive from Colonel Bowker, and also from spirit specimens of another Teracolus (T. Achinc, Cram., or T. Gavisa, Wallengr.) obtained from Mr. W. D. Gooch. A pupa of T. Pleione, (King), in the British Museum, is of a somewhat stouter build, but does not materially differ. The pupa of Teracolus is at once distinguishable from that of Antlio- charis by its much shorter and more abruptly (instead of very gradually) acuminate head, and much more bulging wing-covers. Its outline and shape combine most of the characters of Anthocharis and Colias, while the prominent keeled wing-covers resemble those of Gonepteryx. The alliance of this genus with Fieris is apparent, the chief dis- tinguishing characters being the shorter palpi and antennas and the differing neuration of the fore-wings, in which the first and second subcostal nervules originate close together at some distance before the extremity of the discoidal cell, and the upper radial nervule is united to the subcostal nervure just at the extremity of that cell. Its affinity to the genus Colias is more remote (although in pattern and colouring of the under side the Amata group has a strong resemblance to it, and the robust type species, T. suhfasciatus, is not unlike it in appear- ance), the antennic and palpi being totally different, as well as the subcostal neuration of the fore-wings. It is not without reluctance that I adopt Swainson's name of Teracolus ^ for this genus ; but, as I agree with Mr. Butler that Swain- son's type (Suhfasciatus), though presenting several special minor char- acters, cannot be generically separated either from Idmais, Boisd., or Callosunc, Doubl., the law of priority demands this course. Neither structure nor pattern is by any means uniform in this large and difficult group. Besides the variations pointed out in my diagnosis, numerous divergences occur as regards the thickness of both antennas and wings and the system of coloration in the latter. After careful investigation of a large number of species, I consider that the genus may with advantage be arranged in nineteen sections," as fol- lows, viz. : — Section I. — Representative : Suhfasciatus, Sws. General structure rohust ; ^vings thick. Antcnnce rather short and thick, with hroad hlunt club. Fore-wings acute in hoth sexes ; hind-wings ■' The derivation of this name given in Agassiz's Nomcndator Zoologicus, viz., "r^pas, miraculum ; kuXos, mntilus," seems altogether fanciful; and it is almost certain, from Swainson's text, that tlie founder coined the term as a combination of Tcrias and Colias. In Swainson's figure of the neuration the first subcostal nervule is omitted. - The sections which appear to have no representative in South Africa proper are enclosed within square brackets. riElilN^E. 83 u-ith a fringe of hairs on casta near Inxsc} First and second subcostal nervules of fore-wings closely approximate ; hind-wings with discoidal cell more than half their length, costa and cosled ncrvure strongly arched, second subcostal nervule originating some distance before extremity of discoidal cell. $ SiUpkiir-ycIloir, with apical 2iatch of fore-wing almost concolorous, hut with an incomjiletc internal hroad hlacl: border. ^ j^9a/(T tvith orange- red ajnccd pia-teh. Under side dull greenish-white striolated with dusky- grey. 1 Species. Bange. — South Tropical Africa and Extra-Tropical South Africa as far as 30° lat. Section II. — Representative : Agoyc, Wallengr, Wings thin ; fore-wings apically prominent, with apex subacute in both sexes ; hind->\ings not much arched costally. Junction (in fore-wings) of upp)er radial nervule ivith subcostal ncrvure farther from base, so that u'pper disco-celhdar ncrvidc is strongly curved and extended, outwardly, forming a very acute nj-tpcr angle to discoidal cell; hind- wings with discoidal cell half their length, second subcostal nervule originating much nearer extremity of discoidal cell than in Section I. White, with small ochrcy orangc-ycllmv or ycllow-ochrcous apiccd pcdch in fore-wings^ in $ black-bordered inu-ardly, is $ nuich duller and broadly blackish or broiimish-bordcrcd on both sides. Under side whitish or faint-yellowish, almost devoid of marking. Ncrvures in $ more or less black on up2)cr side. 2 Species. — Agoyc, Wallengr. ; Boickeri, Trim. Range. — South Tropical Africa and Extra-Tropical South Africa as far as 30° lat. Section III. — Representative : Eris, Klug, Structure of Section I., but less robust, and shape of foro-wings as in Section 11. ^ White, with moderate- sized didl yellotvish-ochrcous cqnccd pcdch, slightly glossed vjith violet, bordered outwardly with broivn and imcardly ivith black; an intensely blach inner -margined band in fore-wings and narroivcr costcd band in hind-icings : under side white or yellowish- white. $ White, yellotvish-white, or sulphur-ycllov) ; ^xde p)a,rt of apical p)atch reduced to some separcde elongate u-liitish or ycllou'ish spots ; inner- marginal band of fore-wings much narrower and duller ; costal band of hind- wings obsolete ; under side yellow-ochreous. 3 Species. — Eris, Klug ; Fcdma, Feld. ; Coliagenes, Butl. Range. — All Africa (except Extra-Tropical North Africa west of Egypt) and Arabia. ^ This fringe of hairs (which occurs in both sexes) is quite peculiar to T. suhfasciatus, no otlier sj^ecies in the entire genus possessing it. This character recurs, however, in Ervnia Lcda. 84 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. Section IV. — Representative : lone, Goclt. Structure of Sections I. and III., but fore-wings aykally not so l^romincnt as in Sections II. and III, nor so acute at apex itself as in Section I ; and liind-margin in $ inclining to convexity ; club of antenncc less abrupihj formed and not so broad at tip ; costa of liind-wings not much arclied, discoidal cell less than half their length.-^ ^ White, with glittering-violet apical patch, blachish-bordered extei'- nally (except in Uitnoma, Hopff.) cmd iiiternally (except in ^;«io??i« and Hetccra, Gerst.) ; neuration generally black in p)a^'i'ts ; under side white or pale-yellowish, with faint traces of a dark discal ray in hind-wings. $ White, yelloivish-ivhite, or sidphiir-yellow ; apical p)ci-tch violet or orange- red, broadly black-bordered and traversed by black spots, or black tvith a median roiu of tvhitc spots ; bases more or less clouded with blackish ; terminal parts of longitudinal blackish bands usually well-marked in both fore and hind wings ; under side yellower or redder than in ^, with a more or less complete elbowed discal dark ray in hind- wings. This Section contains (with Section V.) the largest species of the Genus. 7 Species. — lone, Godt. ; Spcciosa, Wallengr. ; Jobina, Butl. ; Fhlegyas, Butl. ; Eegina, Trim. ; Hctaira, Gerst. ; Eunoma, Hopff. Puingc. — Tropical Africa and Extra-Tropical South Africa as far as 30° lat. [Section V. — Representative : Mananhari, Ward. Structure of Section IV., but fore-wings with apex more rounded, and discoidal cell of hind- wings about half their length. ^ Sidphur-yelloiv, loith rather narroio plain black apical patch. $ Yclloivish-white, with rather wide black hind-margined border to both fore and hind wings. Under side yellow, marked much as in Spcciosa (Sect. IV.). I Species. Range. — Madagascar.] [Section VI. — Representative : Hcdimedc, Klug. Structure as in Section IV., but hind- wings with discoidal cell half their length. White, ivith an apiccd blackish border, but no patch ; an ochreous- yelloiu or orange-yelloio suffusion over inner-marginal (and sometimes also disco-cellular) area of fore-wings and costal (and sometimes disco-cellular and lower disced area of hind-wings ; usually a basal grey patch in fore- wings. ^ tvith a common discal series of black spots, larger in fore- wings. Under side white or whitish, with discal series of spots very small in $ and small in ^. ^ In T. Regina, Trim., the lower radial nervule of fore-wings originates much nearer to the upper one, so that the upper disco-cellular nervule is almost as short as in Section xiv. riEKIX.'E. 85 4 Specios. — Halimedc, King; C'ldestis, Swinlioo ; Ildiocaustus, Butl. ; riclonc, King. Kange. — Eastern Nortli-Tro])ical Africa and Southern Arabia.] [Sectiox VII. — Kepresentative : Fansta, Oliv. Ncuraiion of wings gcncrallij and strong costal arch of hind-vAngs as ill Section J., but discoidal cell of liind-wings less tLan half their length. Fore-wings apicallij as in Section IV., hut (in $) inner margin x^romi- nently convex from base to a little hegond middle, and ivimediatchj ahove the sinuated siihmcdian nermire a narrow elongate sac hfore middle. JReddish-isahelline or creamy salmon-red, with incomj^lcte concolorous apical patch, bordered on both sides with black, the outer {hind-mar- ginal) border with spots of the ground-colour. Under side very pale reddish-creamy or yellowish-creamy, deeper towards bases ; ^ almost without markings, $ with ill-defined macular discal dark-grey ray. 4 Species. — Fausta, Oliv. ; Fanstiva, Feld. ; Fulvia, Wall. ; Vi, Swinhoe. Kange. — Sj'ria, Arabia, N.W., W., and S. India. (Part of Boisduval's Genus Idmais — " Groupe I.")] [Section YIII. — Representative : Amata, Fab. Fore-wings elongate, slightly prominent apically, apes itself not acute. Neuration ordinary, but hind-ivings with second subcostcd nervide originating only just before extremity of discoidal cell, which is rather less than half the length of the wing. Creamy salmon-red or salmon- red and white {$), yellowish or white — sometimes bascdly flushed with scdmon-red — ($), 2vith broad Mack hind-margined border enclosing one row or tivo roivs of spots of the ground-colour ; disco-cellular terminal black spot in fore-wings much enlarged, usually united to base by a costal or subcostal blackish stripe. Under side resembling that of genus Colias, greenish-yelloiv or greenish, the borders scarcely indicated by pale-greyish ; a discal row of fuscous spots, mostly indistinct in ^, but better defined and tinged with red in $. 9 Species. — Amata, Fab. ; Calais, Cram. ; Phisadia, Godt. ; Dyna- mene, Klug ; Vestalis, Butl. ; Eorus, Swinhoe ; Fcelus, Swinh. ; Puel- laris, Butl. ; Castalis, Stand. Range. — Tropical Africa, Southern Arabia, Madagascar, N.W., W., and S. India and Ceylon. (Part of Boisduval's Genus Idmais — " Groupe 11.")] Section IX. — Representative : Fanai', Fab. Structure and neuration of Section IV. ; but hind-ivings with dis- coidal cell in $ hcdf in $ less than half, their length. $ White, with very large vivid crimson-red {sometimes violet-shot) apical patch, inicardly tvith a broad black border ; bases often suffused with grey ; under side white, yellowish, or reddish-creamy, with a common discal series of dark {often sub-ocellate) sjMts. $ White or some shade of yellow ivith all the 86 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. UackisJi marldngs {especially the basal suffusion) enlarged ; coloured 'por- tion of apical patch usually pialer and duller, intersected hy a macidar UacJcish ray, and sometimes reduced to a mere row of d%dl-r eddish or even ochrey-whitish rays in the middle of the hlach ; under side deeper in tint than in $, — the discal spots larger, 1 1 Species. — Dancte, Fab. ; Eupompe, King ; Antcupompc, Feld. ; Dedecora, Feld. ; Annce, Wallengr. ; Wcdlcngrenii, Butl. ; Didcis, Butl. ; Snhroscus, Swinh. ; TapiUni, Swinh. ; Miles, Butl. ; Wcdkeri, Butl. Range. — Tropical Africa and Extra-Tropical South Africa, Arabia, India, and Ceylon. Section X. — Representative : Eucharis, Fab. Fore-wings shaped as in Section IV., &c., hwt first and second suh- costcd nervulcs not so close together, and tJiird vmch shorter, — ending on eosta at some little distance heforc apex. Hind-wings (in both sexes) with discoidal cell less than half their length ; second subcostal nervule originating not far before extremity of discoidal cell. White or yellowish-white or sulphur-yellow, with large hroad orange apiccd patch, outiuardly (ctnd sometimes very faintly iynvardhj) hlack- hordered ; patch pcder in ^ and traversed ly the upper part of a common discal series of hlachish spots. Under side. — Yellow or reddish, with discal markings indistinctly reproduced in $. 6 Species. — Eibcharis, Fab. ; Evarne, Klug ; Auxo, Lucas ; Toplia, Wallengr.; Citreus, Butl.; Liagore, Klug (excl. " $ "). Range. — Tropical Africa and Extra-Tropical South Africa, India, and Ceylon. [Section XL — Representative : Etrida, Boisd. Structure not examined ; apparently as in Section X, White, with small orange apical patch, widely Uaeh-hordered hath externally and interncdly, especially in $, which has bases rather widely suffused with blackish. Under side. — White with 5^ellow Iwrders, or yellowish generally, with a discal series of blackish or brownish spots, not well-marked in $, but better developed in $. 4 Species. — Etrida, Boisd. ; PernoicUus, Butl. ; Casimirus, Butl. ; Bimhura, Moore. Range. — India.] [Section XII. — Representative : Evanthe, Boisd. Structure slight, ivings very tliin. Fore-ioings with rounded apex and rather convex hind-margin. Hind-wings with second subcostal nervule originating at extremity of upper part of discoidal cell, which is less than half the length of the wing. White, with a moderate-sized ccpical pxitch, — in the $ orange with a narrovj outer hlack harder ctnd a hroad diffused inner one (interrupted hctween suhcostcd nervurc and lower radicd nervule^, — in the ^ hlachish riKiiix.K 87 u-ilh a dull oehrc-omnfjc central hnr or witolli/ hlackisk. Undkr side. — AMiito or ye'llowisli, marl-cdli/ strlolaied vnlh (jray. 2 Species. — Ju-anthc, Boisd. ; rscndcvanlltr, Jliitl. llange. — IMacla.^'ascar and AVestern India.] Section XIII. — Representative : Hirnina, Wallengr. Fore-wings shaped as in Section IV., but neuvation of liind-wings as in Section XII. $ White, with a rather laiyc oramjc apical patch very narrowhj llaclc-hordercd externally, hut diffusedly or not at all internally; an ill- defined greyish and Mack inner-viaryinal stripe in fore-n-inys, and a Uaclcish costcd stripe in hind-wings. % with orange patch imler, traversed hy a siibmamlar black streak ; irregular basal blackish clouding, in fore- wings extending from base to extremity of discoidal cell and beyond and beneath it, in hind-wings not reaching to middle. Under side varying from white to creamy or pinkish-creamy; iu hind-wings a central dusky longitudinal ray (sometimes obsolete). I Species. — Fvcnina, Wallengr. Eange.— South-Tropical Africa and Extra-Tropical South Africa as far as 30'' lat. Section XIV. — Representative : Daira, Klug. Fore-tvings elongate, in $ apiccdly prominent, in $ loith convex hind- marrjin ; first and second subcostal nervides more uidely separated ; upper radial nervide originating at vpper acute angle of extremity of discoidal cell, almost as in Section 11. ; loioer radial nervide originating very near subcostal nerviire, so that dipper disco-celhdar nervide is very short. Hind- wings with second subcostal nervule originating slightly beyond extremity of discoidcd cell, which is very short, — much less than half length of wing. $ White, unth good-sized orange apiccd patch, outivardly black- bordered, inwardly tvithout any black or with a black mark or spot inferiorly ; longitudinal black stripes in both wings very unstable, wholly wanting in some species, but in others very broadly developed, — in hind-wings lower portion of black discal ray often more or less united Avith hind-marginal black marks. $ with apical patch usucdly traversed or inwardly bordered by a black mae2dar ray, — in other respects very like $. Under side white or whitish, more or less varied with yellow or reddish-creamy, — usually with a very faint reproduction of the upper- side dark markings in the hind-wings. II Species. — Daira, Klug; Thruppi, Butl. ; Ycrbnrii, Swinh. ; Xanthus, Swinh. ; Antigone, Boisd. ; Phlegetonia, Boisd. ; Odysseus, Swinh. ; Saxeus, Swinh. ; Nouna, Lucas ; Evagore, Klug ; Dcmagore, Feld. Range. — Whole of Africa, Southern Arabia. Section XV. — Representative : A chine. Cram. Fore-wings shaped as in Section IV., but first and second subcostal nervules farther apart ; hind-icings with second suhcosicd nervule origi- 88 SOITTH-AFRTCAX BUTTERFLIES. nating at upper part of extremity of discoiclal cell, which is less than half length of wing. ^ White, ivith h'ight-red, rosy-glossed, moderate-sized apical patch, hordered outwardly hy Hack, u^hich radiates hroadly on nervules, and imvardly hy narrmuer Mack (sometimes evanescent or obsolete) ; 07'di- nary longitudinal hlackish stripes on inner margin of fore-ivings and costa of hind-ivings usiially p)rescnt, moderately developed. $ with red of apical loatch duller, much m,ore widely Uach-hord erect outwardly, and traversed or inwardly hordered hy a hroad hlach ray ; longitudinal sti'ipes (especially that on inner m.argin of fore-wings) very much hroader, and hind-marginal border and discal ray often widened so as to meet. Under side white, whitish, or tinged with creamy-yellow or creamy- reddish, traversed in $ by a common blackish or brownish discal ray ; neuration sometimes black. 6 Species. — Achine, Cram.; Gavisa, Wallengr. ; Antevipp)e, Boisd.; Simplex, Butl. ; Lais, Butl. ; Halycdtes, Butl. Range. — Tropical Africa and Extra-Tropical South Africa. Section XVI. — Representative : Evippe, Linn. Like Group XV., hut fore-wings with hind-margin in ^ C07ivex, in $ very convex or cdmost hluntly elhowcd about third and second median 7iervides. $ White, with hriglU-red {not rosy-glossed) curved apiccd jmtch, outwardly hordered hroadly hy hlack, which docs not deeply or hroadly radiate on ncrmdcs, and inwardly hy hlach varying from very hroad to very narrow ; hlach longitudinal stripes sometimes wanting, sometimes moderately developed, or very heavily marked; discal ray (lower part) of hind-wings equally variable. $ White, ycllouish, or yellow, with apical red much duller, narrower, more curved, — sometimes wanting, heing replaced hy hlack; longitudinal hlack stripes (as well as disced ray in hind-iDings) cdiuays present, sometimes exceedingly hroad. Under side white, yellowish, or faint pinkish-creamy ; discal ray usually well- marked, especially in $. 5 Species. — Evippe, Linn. ; Omphcde, Godt. ; Theogonc, Boisd. ; Loandieus, Butl. ; Microcale, Butl. Range. — Tropical Africa and Extra-Tropical South Africa. Section XVII. — Representative : Celimene, Lucas. Fore-wings in ^ apically considerahly produced ; apex itself mode- rately acute ; hind-margin superiorly convex and inferiorly concave ; liind-wings with anal angular portion slightly produced. % with these characters much less pronounced. Neuration as in Section XIV., except that in hind-wings second subcostal nervule originates a little before extremity of discoidal cell. ^ White, with very large purplish-lahe, violet-glossed apical patch, hordered outwardly and intvardly with hlach, traversed hy a hlach ray, and crossed hy hlach ncrvidcs ; hind-margin of hind- wings spotted or PIERIN.'E. 89 bordered with black. $ wUk apical patch Hack {sometimes imrtlij marked very faintlij with purplish), tvith a central row of lake-red or u-hite si)ots. Under side creamy or pale-yellow, with neuration heyond basal area more or less ferruyinous-red ; apical patch imvardly rose-red, outwardly like hind-ivings ; lase of fore-winys with a red or orange suffusion. 4 Species. — Cclimene, Lucas; I'holoe, Wallengr. ; Zoij, CJraiidi- dier ; Praxlarus, Butl. Range. — Tropical Africa; Extra-Tropical South Africa as far as 27° lat. ; Madagascar. [Section XVIII. — Representative : Eidimene, Klug. Fore-wings moderately produced apically ; apex itself rather rounded. White, ivith rather small ochrcous-ycUow (in $ shot with pink) apiccd patch, outiuardly very narrowly, imvardly broadly, black bordered ; ter- minal disco-cellular black spot very large. Under side white, %oith neumtioii mostly orange-red ; hind-margins tinged with sulphur-yellow ; an orange-red longitudinal stripe along costa of fore-wings ; a discal series of black spots, larger in %. Sexes very similar ; all black mark- ings stronger in %. [Characters taken from King's figures.] I Species. — Eidimene, Klug. Range. — Eastern North-Tropical Africa.] Section XIX. — Representative : Clirysonome, Klug. Fore- wings as in Section IV., but hind-wings with second sub- costal nervule originating at, or only a little distance before, extre- mity of discoidal cell, which is considerably less than half length of wing. Creamy ochreous-ycUoiv with white bases, black Idnd-marginal borders spotted ivith ground-colour, and a simiated black discal ray in fore-wings {sometimes in hind-wings cdso) ; or sidphur-yellow ivith black ajyieal jmtch and hind-margined borders similarly spotted. Under side tvhitish or sulphur-yellow {field of fore-wings sometimes deep ochreous-yelloiv), with more or less broad oclireous-ferruginous neuration and transverse {sometimes submacidar bars of the same colour. Sexes very similar. 8 Species. — Chrysonome, Klug ; Vesta, Reiche ; Vellcda, Lucas ; Amelia, Lucas ; Gaudens, Butl. ; Aurigineus, Butl. ; JIanningtoni, Butl. ; Protomedia, Klug. Range. — All Africa except Extra-Tropical Northern to west of Egypt, and Extra-Tropical Southern to south of 30° lat. It will be seen from the above analysis that twelve of the nineteen sections are represented in South Africa, and the same number in North-Tropical Africa, while South- Tropical Africa is richer than both by one section. Twelve sections are peculiar to Africa, including 90 SOUTII-AFIUCAX BUTTERFLIES. Arabia, to which four of them extend ; while three others are common to Africa, Arabia, and India. One section {Etrida gronp) is peculiar to India, and one (MancmJiari group) to Madagascar ; while another (Uvcmthe group) is common and peculiar to those two countries. India possesses representatives of six sections and Madagascar of four. Of the ninety species here enumerated, fifty-five appear to be peculiar to Continental Africa, or sixty-nine to the entire Ethiopian Region, includ- ing Aral^ia and Madagascar, which latter has yielded four endemic forms, while nine appear to be limited to Arabia. In South-Africa I recognise twenty-nine species, of which five only are not recorded as occurring beyond the tropical limit. In these statements it must be noted that the numbers can only bo regarded as generally indicative of the actual distribution. There is, perhaps, no genus of Ijutterflies more puzyAing to deal w^ith than Tcra- colus, owing mainly to the multitude of closely-allied forms, the dispa- rity in pattern and coloration exhibited by the sexes, and the instability of colouring and markings in the females. It is probable that no two lepidopterists would even approach agreement in discriminating the known species, and the mass of the genus must remain in a very unsatisfactory state until careful breeding of successive generations from the ova can be systematically applied to its elucidation. Even in South-Africa, as far as I can learn, only two or three species have been reared from the larvae ; but some little aid has been afforded by the record of the capture of the sexes in cojiuld. In Mr. Butler's "Revision" in 1876, forty-one South- African species were enumerated, and of these nineteen were for the first time described. I have had the advantage of examining the tjq^es of these species in the very large series of Tvracohis contained in the collection of the British Museum, and comparing them with my own series from South Africa, and arrived at the conclusion that only five of them presented characters warranting specific separation from previously desci'ibed forms. The beauty of most of these butterflies is very remarkable, espe- cially in the $ s, wdiere the brilliantly-tinted tips of the fore-wings, usually relieved by black edging, contrasts with a pure-white or pale- yellow field. The lone group perhaps carries off the palm of loveli- ness, the lustre of the glittering violet tips (in T. Regina quite metallic) being unequalled in any other group, though the intense rich crimson of the tips of T. Danae and its near allies is almost equally splendid. Bright-red, orange-red, orange, and yellow of various shades are the colours that ornament the wing-tips of most of the groups, while the Celimcne section has an immense purple patch of a lustre inferior only to that in the lone section. As will be seen, however, in the account of the characters of the several sections given above, there are five groups, viz., those of Manctnliari, Halimedc, Fausta, Amata, and Chrysonome, in which the apex of the fore-wing is not rendered conspicuous by any bright con- trasting colour. All these groups except the first are specially preva- lent in the barren or even desert tracts of Eastern North -Tropical Africa, Southern Arabia, and Western India ; but it must at the same time be noted that a good many of the brightly-tipped species of other groups inhabit the same countries. The under side, where not white, is singularly colourless, apart from various tints more or less approaching the isabelline ; and it is only in the Celimene, Fulimene, and Clirysonome sections that a more lively coloration, characterised by red neuration, is found. In South Africa, undoubtedly the tract most productive of this genus is that lying between the tropical boundary and 30° lat. ; indeed, the Snhfasciaius, Agoyc, lone, Uvenina, and Vesta groups do not appear to range any farther to the southward, and the Celimene group stops short about lat. 28° As far as my records go, all the twelve South-African groups are represented in Transvaal (eighteen species known) ; nine in Cape Colony, including the territories of Griqualand West and Basutoland (seventeen species) ; eight in Natal (eighteen species) ; eight in Swaziland (thirteen species) ; eight in Delagoa Bay (twelve species) ; and six in Kaffraria Proper (eleven species). The comparative richness of the Cape Colony is due to its receiving several interior forms along its north-western and northern border, viz., Suhfasciatus, Uvenina, Microcale, and Lais, and possessing one (BowJccri) peculiar to that tract. Besides the last-named butterfly, only four others seem to be pecu- liar to South Africa, viz., Speciosa, Wallengr. ; Johina, Butl. ; Halyaitcs, Butl. ; and Topha, Wallengr. ; and it is not improbable that further exploration will prove that even these few also inhabit the tropical region. In the Cape Colony Teracohis thins out westward, only two species — small varieties of Evenina, Wallengr., and Omphalc, Godt. — having been taken in Little Namaqualand, and the latter form in the south- west extending as far as Robertson. The Knysna district, besides the variety of Omphale, has hitherto yielded only Achine, Cram., and Antevip)pe, Boisd. ; but the eastern districts are far more productive, possessing, in addition to the three last-named species, nine others, viz., Eris, Klug ; Annce, Wallengr. ; Wallengrenii, Butl. ; Aiixo, Lucas ; Topha, Wallengr. ; Gavisa, Wallengr. ; Theogone, Boisd. ; Phlegetonia, Boisd. ; and Antigone, Boisd. All the species that I have seen in life flit actively along the edges or about the outskirts of woods, with the exception of Eris, which flies with great rapidity over more open country. Even swifter than this last is (I learn from Colonel Bowker) the beautiful Suhfasciatus — the type of the genus— which occurs in Griqualand West. 92 SOUTII-AFRICAX BUTTERFLIES. 265. (1.) Teracolus subfasciatus, Swainson. (J Teracolus suhfasciatus, Swains., Zool. Illustr., 2nd. Ser., iii. pi. 115 (1833). (J Antliodiaris suhfasciata, Boisd., Sp. Gen. Lep., i. p. 567, n. 12 (1836). (J $ Ptijc]io2:>tcry.c Boliemani, Wallengr., K. Sv. Yet.-Akad. Handl., 1857 ; Lep. Kliop. Caffr., p. 18. Thesjna Bohemcumi, Wallengr., K. Yet.-Akad. Forh., 1858, p. 77. cJ $ Anthocharis suhfasciata, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 58, n. 38 (1862); and ii. p. 331 (1866). Ptijclt02iteryx Boliemani, Butl., Lep. Exot., p. 45 (1870). (^ Teracolus suhfasciatus, Stand., Exot. Sclimett., i. pi. 23 (1884). Ex;p al, (^) 2 in. 1-3 J lin. ; (^) 2 in. 1-4 J lin. ^ Sidphur-yelloiv iviih deeper, somewhat ochre-tinged yclloio apical patch. Forc-iving : a small, elongate, black disco-cellular spot ; costa narrowly black-edged from near base, paling and narrowing into a dull-fuscous apical border, whicli, outwardly bordering ochre-tinged patch, extends along hind-margin nearly to end of first median nerrule ; apical patch small, of the ground-colour, but suffused with greyish- ochreous, crossed by four fuscous nervules, — inwardly hordcred hy a broad black bar from costa, ending abruptly on or a little above third median nervule, where a few dusky scales (in some specimens) form an indistinct line between it and fuscous border. Hind-vjing : paler ; a fuscous indistinct spot on costa beyond middle. Under side. — Grcenish-iahite ; hind-iving and apex of fore-wing hatched closely loith lines of ochrey-grey. Fore-wing : cellular spot wanting ; bar from costa faintly showing. Hind-vjing : sometimes a thin, reddish line on edge of costa near base ; hatching denser along costa, forming a dusky border ; cellular fold, from base to hind-margiji, ivferiorly marhcd by an oehrey-grey stripe. $ Much paler, or sometimes nearly while; ap)iccd p)atc]i brighter or duller orange. Fore-iving : cellular spot sometimes ill-defined ; fuscous border broader, tinged with ferruginous ; costal edging reddish-grey ; bar from costa reduced to a narrower fuscous submacular stripe, within which the orange sometimes more or less extends ; along inner margin some faint, dusky irroration, very rarely developed into a rather wide longitudinal border. Hind-iving as in ^. Under side. — Similar; hatchings dai'ker. Fore-wing : apical orange faintly indicated. Hind- wing : costal hatching and cellular fold-streak more strongly marked. The ^ is remarkably constant in colouring and marking, but the %, in addition to the variable features just mentioned, occasionally (two examples from Lydenbnrg District in Transvaal, and one from Makloutse River, north of Bamangwato) has the under side of the hind- wings and of the apical area of the fore-wings tinged with delicate creamy-pinkish. In these three $ s the apical orange of the upper side of the fore-wings is brighter than usual, and extends before the reduced bar on its inner side. On the convex part of the costa of the hind- wings there is (as PIKIIIX.E. 93 WallengTen has pointed out) a fringo of moderately long, delicate, silky-wliite hairs. This very distinct aiul haiKlsonio species was discovered by Burchell in 1812, towards the northern limit of his Soutli-African journcyings. Through Professor Westwood's kindness I was able to examine tlic original specimens, and to refer to Burchell's manuscript list of localities of the species in his col- lection. It appeared from the latter that three of the four examples were captured at " Chue Spring," and the fourth at " Little Klip." Burchell gives the latitude and longitude of the lirst of these localities, and I am thus able to determine its position on recent maps as about Honing Vley, in British Bechuanaland. Specimens from Motito, in the same tract of country, were sent to me in 1866. The range of Suhfasciatiis lies between 20° and 30° S. lat., and it is known to occur from Damaraland on the Western Coast as far east as the Tati Kiver in Matabeleland. Colonel Bowker took a good many specimens on the Vaal River, Griqualand "West, and also sent a single example captured at Hope Town, on the left bank of the Orange River. The latter is its most southern locality known to me ; and it certainly appears to be most numerous in the tropical portion of its range, Mr. J. A. Bell having brought no fewer than thirty-four specimens in his small collection formed in Damaraland. Colonel Bowker describes the butterfly as a swift flyer ; he found it on the wing at Klipdrift (Barkly) in March and April, and took the Hope Town individual on ist JNIay 187 1. Mr. H. L. L. Feltham informs me that he occasionally sees specimens in Kimberley, and took some in the month of December of the years 1884 and 1885. Wallengren records ^ ]\Ir. Person's note that in Southern Transvaal the butterfly occurs in March and April. Localities of Tcracolus suhfasciahts. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. b. Eastern Districts. — Hope Town (/. //. Bowker). c. Griqualand West. — Klipdrift (Barkly) [J. H. Bowlcer). " Kimber- ley."—H. L. Feltham. K. Transvaal. — Potchefstroom {W. Movant and T. Ayres). Pretoria {T. Ayres). Limpopo River {F. C. Seloiis). Lydenburg Dis- trict (T. Ayres). L. Bechuanaland. — Chue Spring (the late W. J. Burchell). Motito (the late Rev. J. Fredoux). IL Other African Regions. A. South Tropical. a. Western Coast. — Damaraland {J. A. Bell). hi. Eastern Interior. — Makloutse and Tati Rivers [F. C. Selonti). jNIatabeleland (//. Barber). 266. (2.) Teracolus Eris, King. ^ Poiitia Eris, King, Symb. Phys., t. vi. fT. 15, 16 (1829). (J $ Pieris Eris, Boisd., Sp. Gen. Lep., i. p. 514, n. 11 1 (1836). $ $ Anthocharis Eris, Reiche, Ferr. et Gal. Yoy. Abyss., iii. pi. 460, p. 31, ff. 1-3 (1849)- } K. Vet.-Akad. Fbrh., 1875, p. 91. 94 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. S ? Anthocharis Eris, Trimen, Rliop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 59, n. 39 (1S62). (J 5 ,, ,, Hopff., Peters' Reise Mossamb., Ins., p. 356 (1862). ? Teracolas Abi/ssiuicus, Eutl., Ann. and INIag. Nat. Hist., 4th Ser., xviii. p. 486 (1876). ^ ? Idmais Eris and /. Maimiina, Kirby, Proc. R. Dubl. Soc, 18S0, pp. 46, 47. S Idmais Eris, Stand., Exot. Sohmett., i. pi. 23 (18S4). Ejyp. al., ($) I in. i i liu. — 2 in. i liu. ; $ i in. i i lin. — 2 in. I lin. ^ White, with dull yellowish-ochrcous more or less violet-glossed apical pctteh. Fore-wing : costa dusted with blackish ; in some s^Deci- mens a small black s^Dot at extremity of discoidal cell ; ochreous at apex divided into five elongate marks by the brown-clouded nervules, externally bordered by a brown violet-glossed edging, internally by a black stripe ; the latter stripe becomes merged on third median ner- vule with a glossy, deep Hack, inner-marginal land, widening from base, and becoming very broad and tending upward beyond first median nervule, but extending very close or cpidte to anal angle and lower portion of hind-margin. Hind-iving : a duller black band, of considerable width, covering basal fourth or third of discoidal cell, and bounded inferiorly by second subcostal nervule, extends along near costa, ending suddenly, with a concave excavation, just before apex ; in some specimens small black spots along hind-margin at ends of nervules, as far as second or first median nervule ; blackish clouding from base extending a little between median and submedian nervures. Under side. — Whitish, or yelloivish-iohite. Fore-wing : apex faintly tinted with yelloio, — both it and inner-marginal band being indicated by a faint greyish tinge ; between first and third median nervules, not far from hind-margin, are two rounded blackish spots (in some specimens a third smaller spot below them, immediately beneath first median nervule). Hind-wing : slightly more yellowish than fore-wing ; spots on costa edged with chrome-yellow near base. $ Not as white, often more or less tinged with yellow, rarely pcde lemon-yelloio. Fore-wing : apical patch less distinct, narrower, macular, usually ivhitish, luitliout violaceous gloss, sometimes tinged with ochre- yellow, its outer margin rusty-brownish, its inner border blackish ; the latter stripe continued by two blackish spots to first median nervule, where the lowermost of -the two spots almost touches extremity of inner-marginal band, which is much narrower, duller, and shorter than in ^, leaving anal angular area wholly white ; disco-cellular spot larger, rounder. Hind-iving : beyond middle, traces of a hlacJdsh, macular, angulated strip)e,, only distinct at commencement on costa beyond middle ; base rather widely dusted with fuscous. Under side. — Fore-wing: tinged with pale lemon-yellow ; apex pale yellow-ochreous, bordered inwardly as on u^^j^cr side, but very faintly ; below last blackish spot and first median nervule, a faint blackish mark defines extremity of inner-marginal band. Hind-wing : pale yellow-ochreous, a small rn:i:iN/i:. 95 browuish disco-cellular spot ; a dark mark ou costa, beyond middle, commences an indistinct, transverse, angnlated row of brownish spots. Variety A. ($ and ?).— ^ not differing on upper side ; ? with the black markings usually more or less reduced, and with the apical patch of the fore-wing outwardly much suffused with dull-rusty brownish. Under side. — Hind-iving and apical area of forc-iuinr/, in loth sexes, 2xdc dull creamy-reddish. (^Hah.—E2i^tex\\ Districts of Cape Colony, Natal, Transvaal, and Eastern Sonth-Tropical Interior.) ^ Examples intermediate between the variety and typical Eris occur, more particularly in the $, in which the under side presents some paler or more decided tinge of reddish. The most pronounced of these are three unusually small specimens, two ^s and a $, brought from Damara- land by the late Mr. C. J. Andersson {exi^. cd. $ i in. 7^ lin. and 81 lin." respectively ; $ i in. 9^ lin.), but rather larger examples taken by JNIr. A. W. Eriksson in the Korth-West Transvaal are almost as decidedly tinged, and so are two ^ s from the Albany district of the Cape Colony, and one from the Trans-Kei territory. Three $ s cap- tured by Mr. John L. Fry on the Makloutse River, North Bamang- wato country, ou the 20th May i 887, are all differently tinted beneath, one being slightly yellowish, another slightly tinged with reddish- brown, and the third dull brownish-creamy. The last mentioned has much the darkest under-side that I have seen in this species. As will be seen from the above description, Eris is a decidedly variable species in both sexes, but especially in the $. The Dongolau type, as figured by King," is a <^ having the black longitudinal bands broader than in any South- African examples that I have seen ; the band of the fore-wings leaving no trace of the white spot close to hind-margin between second and third median nervules, and that of the hind- wings at its extremity projecting downward very considerably beyond second subcostal nervule. The fore-wing band in South- African specimens usually leaves, besides the white spot just mentioned ^ (which is, however, very small in some Transvaal examples and a Delagoa Bay specimen, and is only just perceptible in one from Natal), two more or less apparent white marks on the hind-margin between the spot in question and the posterior angle ; but these vary to a mere 1 A 9 of the variety from Grahamstowii is labelled in the British Museum collection (September iS86) " T. Johnstoni, Butler ;" but I am not aware that any description of it has been published. " Reiche (oj). cit.) figures an Abyssinian i very like King's, but with the apical patch of the fore-wings darker and of a redder tinge, and a ? rather yellowish on the upper side and inclining to argillaceous on the under side. ^ After examining the Angolan specimens of Mr. Kirby's Maimuna in the British Museum, and carefully considering his description {loc. cit.), I am unable to regard his new species as a recognisable one. The 6 in the British Museum has the white spot in the hind-marginal border of the fore-wings well marked, and, like the ? , agrees with the majority of South-African examples. The same remark applies to a (J and ? in the same collection from Victoria Nyanza, referred to Maimuna by Mr. A. G. Butler {Ann. and Mwj. Nat. /list., xii. p. loi, 1SS3). 96 SOUTH-AFKICAX BUTTERFLIES. trace, and in one Delagoan and two Natalian specimens are totally wanting. The hind-wing band is almost always bounded inferiorly by the second subcostal nervule to its termination, but the terminal por- tion in one Transvaal specimen projects very slightly, and in a Natalian individual considerably below the nervule. The under side of King's figure is white (as in a good many South-African examples), but the dark bands of the upper side are dej^icted as showing more plainly through the wings than in any specimens which have come under my notice. As regards the nervular hind-marginal sj^ots on the upper side of the hind-wings, which are distinct but linear in King's figure, I find that, while it is unusual for them to occur in South- African specimens, they are found in those examples which more nearly approach King's t}q3e (in one Delagoa Bay specimen they are rather large and conspicuous). On the other hand, the terminal disco-cellular spot of the fore-wings (which is wanting in King's typo and in the more heavily-banded South-African examples) is most developed in specimens which bear the largest hind-marginal white markings on the black band. The ^, besides varying in ground-colour,^ exhibits great diversity in the development of the black band and of the apical hind-marginal border of the fore-wings, and in the colouring and pattern of the apical patch. In one from Natal, the inner-marginal band is scarcely nar- rower (except for a very large white spot at the posterior angle) than in the more lightly marked $ s ; while the opposite extreme is met with in an example I captured near Grahamstown, where the band is exceedingly narrow, and the usual black connection with the apical patch is only represented by two quite separate very small blackish spots." In this example the apical patch is externally broadly tinted with pale dull ferruginous, and the pale enclosed spots are almost obsolete, and it thus on the upper side approaches the $ of Variety A., above described. Eeiche's figure of an Abyssinian $ depicts the under side as inclining to argillaceous. In the British Museum collection I noted (October 1886) a remarkably large $ labelled T. opalesccns, Butler, and ticketed " Dela- goa Bay." This example is white, with the inner-marginal black of the fore-wings well developed, and the hind-marginal border rather broader than usual, — the white spots in the latter (with the exception of the two largest) being almost obsolete ; in the hind-wings both the ^ The pale lemon-yellow coloured ? seems to be rare (its occurrence was noted by Boisduval in 1836). I have seen only three specimens, respectively from Kaffraria Proper, Natal, and Angola, and a coloured photograph of a fourth example which was taken by the late Mr. E. C. Buxton either in Natal or Swaziland. The Natal specimen, taken by M?-. J. M. Hutchinson in Weenen County, belongs to Var. A., having the underside reddish very pronounced. - Felder's Idmais Fatma, from Kordofan (Heise d\i Xovara, Lep., ii. p. 1 89, t. xxv. f. 3, 1865), which I have not seen, may perhaps be an unusually small and faintly marked 9 of this kind ; the description and figure show that the inner-marginal baud is wholly wantin? PIERIN.E. 97 cliscal and liind-margiual fuscous spots are well developed. Tbo under side of tliis $ is pale-yellowish, with the usual spots pronounced. Nothing but its large size seemed to warrant its separation from the variable series of Eris $. The $ of this species presents a very striking and peculiar appear- ance, owing to the intense highly-glossy black (and great width exte- riorly) of the inner-marginal band of the fore-wings, and also to the unusual colouring of the apical patch, which combines to a considerable extent the characters of the same marking in T. Subfasciatus and T. lone, Godt. The $ also has an aspect unlike that of the same sex of any of its congeners, but shows some approach both to lone and to the desert group of which T. Fauda, Oliv., may be regarded as the type. I know of no part of Soutli Africa Avhere this widftly-rangiiig African species is at all numerous. I saw a few examples in the '• Thorn " country near Greytown, in Natal ; they were $ s, and flew with great rapidity. This was in March 1867, and the only other opportunity I had of seeing the butter- fly in life was in January and February 1870, in the Albany district of the Cape Colony, where I captured one of each sex. Mr. W. Morant sent me some specimens from near Potchefstrooni, with the note that they were taken on 25th February about a stony kopje, and flew very strongly. Mr. D'Urban found the species near King William's Town in March and April. Like T. Subfasciatus, this butterfly seems to be more numerous in the Tropical parts of Africa, but it has also an immensely wider distribution northwards, having been recorded even from Cairo. There were fifteen speci- mens in the small collection made in Damaraland by Mr. J. A. Bell. As Gerstacker remarks, the range of this species and of H. Eriplda appears to be about the same, but I do not know of the occurrence of the latter to the north of Dongola. Localities of Teracolus Eris. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. h. Eastern Districts. — Grahamstown and Zwaartwater Klouf. Albany District (Sub-typ. and A^xr. A.). Tharfield, Bathurst District {Miss M. L. Bowker — Sub-typ.). Uitenhage (*S'. D. Bairstow— Y&v. A.). Bedford (/. P. Hansel TFmZe— Var. A.). Seymour, Stockenstrom District ( TF. G. >S'c«%— Sub-typ. ). King William's Town (TF. S. M. U Urban— ^\\h-iy\>. and Var. A.). Wind- vogelberg. Queenstown District {Mrs. Barber). c. Griqualand West. — Vaal River (/. //. i>'o;f/r/-— Sub-typ.). D. Kaffraria Proper.— ]iasliee River (/. H. BoirJier—Ty\\). E. Natal. b. Upper Districts. — Greytown. Weenen County {J. M. H^dchin- 50?i— Typ. and Yar. A.). Between Tugela and JMooi Rivei-s {J. H. Boivher). G. " Swaziland."— E. C. Buxton. H. Delagoa Bay. — Louren^o Marques {Mrs. Monleiro). K. Transvaal.— Potchefstroom (TF. Morant and T. Ayres), Marico and Limpopo Rivers {F. C. Seloiis and A. TF. Eriksson — Typ. and Yar. A.). Origstadt Yalley, Lvdenburg District {T. Ayres —Yar. A.). VOL. III. G 58 SOUTII-AFEICAN BUTTERFLIES. II. Other African Regions. A. South Tropical. a. Western Coast. — Damaraland {./. A. Bell and the late C. J. Anders- son — Typ. and Sub-Typ.). Angola: Ambriz {J. J. Monteiro). —Coll. Brit. Mus. h. Eastern Coast.— Zambesi River {R5, 6 [? var.](i862). ^ The example taken by me in Griqualand West has a slight tinge of creamy-pinkish on the under side. - Mr. H. L. Langley Feltham, from whom I have lately received a 9 with unusually dark and well-developed apical marking (taken at Kimberley on 20th November 1887), informs me that this butterfly has in his experience occurred but very sparingly in and about Kimberley. He gives the following dates, viz. : 1884 — May 4th, ? ; December 14th, $ ; 1885— February 7th, 6 ; April 15th, 6 ; 1886— July loth, 6 ; 1887— April loth and 22d, 6 ; lith, ? ; November, 4th, i ; 20th, ? . 102 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. (J Euchloe Jalone, Butl., Cist. Ent., i. p. 14, n, i (1869). $ IWacolus imperatoi', Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 132, n. 20. (J Callosune lone, "VVestw., App. Gates' Matabeleland, &c., pi. 338 (1881). (^ $ Callosu7ie Jalone, Staud., Exot. Schinett., i. pi. 23 (1884). Exp. al, Q) 2 in. 2l-4^ liu. ; ($) 2 in. 2I-5 lin. $ White, with (jlittcring-vioUt cqncal patcJi edged on loth sides ivitli blackish. Fore-wing : base rather widely and closely sprinkled with blackish scales, especially along and near inner margin ; costa also similarly sprinkled but becoming black-edged before middle ; apical violet forming a moderately wide band, lessening in width towards its extremities (especially inferiorly), from second subcostal to between third and second median nervules, and divided by slender black crossing nervules into five unequal parts (besides a minute sixth part between third and fourth subcostal nervules) ; inner black edge of violet mode- rately broad, complete throughout, but rather diffused inwardly, extend- ing from costa a little beyond middle to a point at extremity of first median nervule on hind-margin ; outer edge broader, especially at apex, and (except on nervules) strongly clouded with pale grey, the dark indentations of the violet on nervules very slight ; a small, thin, elongate, slightly curved terminal disco-cellular black spot ; ueuration only black beyond middle, except submedian nervure, which is heavily marked in black from considerably before middle. Hirid-iving : neura- tion conspicuously black-marked throughout ; in some specimens the black is barely or slightly thickened at extremity of nervules, but in most it is developed into a conspicuous series of hind-marginal spots with diffiised edges ; fold between median nervure and its first nervule and submedian nervure marked with a distinct black line, and some blackish irroration over the same inter-nervular space and lower basal part of discoidal cell. Under side. — IVhite throughout, or ivith a very slight tinge of pale yelloivish or p)ale pinhish-creamy over hind-iDing and apical area of fore-wing. Fore-wing : disco-cellular spot distinct ; a veiy faint indication of the position of the violet patch of upper side. Hind-wing : costa edged narrowly with orange-yellow for a little dis- tance from base (rarely as far as middle or a little beyond it) ; a termi- nal disco-cellular black spot, smaller than that in fore-wing ; beyond middle a blackish mark on costa is the first and usually the most dis- tinct trace remaining of a discal macular ray, normally angulated on third median nervule, — but its course seldom continuously marked even so far, and beyond that point never indicated except by two widely separated, small, often indistinct spots. $ IFhitc {rarely more or less yelloiv) ; apieal patch of fore-wing much broader than in $, orange-red, spotted and broadly bordered with black. Fore-wing : basal clouding much denser, darker, and superiorly much broader than in ^ ; disco-cellular spot much larger and rounder ; between first median nervule and submedian nervure a large quadrate discal black spot, sometimes enlarged aud confluent inwardly with riEKINiE. 103 blackish clouding of basal area ; orange-red of apical patcli consider- ably wider than violet in ^, sometimes more or less stained with crimson in parts, divided into five less distinctly, and traversed mesially by a series of five black spots, — the lowest of which is united with inner black border of patch between second and third median nervules ; inner black border of patch broad, rather diffused, irregularly excavated between nervules ; outer border broad, even, only slightly greyish-tinged outwardly, continued to posterior angle. Hind-rving : basal clouding variable in density and extent, but usually darker and more developed than in $ ; rather beyond middle on costa a more or less pronounced black mark (sometimes broad and enlarged inwardly) commences a very imperfect and short narrow discal ray ; nervular black terminal spots enlarged and confluent into a broad continuous hind-marginal border, emitting acute nervular dentations inwardly. Under side. — Hind-iviiuj and aincal area of fore-wing very pcde grcyish-yelloiv, faintly stippled ivith grey scales and short lineola;. Fore-iving : basal clouding much fainter, mixed with white ; apical orange-red very faintly repre- sented, but the spots traversing it distinct, more or less sagittiform, the series having an additional (sixth) spot between second and first median nervules, and its two uppermost spots ferruginous ; large lower discal spot considerably smaller than on upper side, and divided longi- tudinally by white fold ; two or three small inter-nervular hind-marginal fuscous spots at and near posterior angle. Hind-wing : disco-cellular spot indistinct ; discal macular ray ferruginous, well-marked as far as third median nervule, and sometimes (with three widely separated spots) beyond it ; hind-marginal border faintly indicated, by a greyer shade. Second (JJimorphic) Form of $. — Like $ just described, except in apical patch of fore-wing, which is considerably narrower, and Mack, traversed mesially by a scries of five rounded wJiite spots, of which the first is much the smallest, and the fifth much smaller than the inter- mediate three. Variety A. — {$) Exp. al., 2 in. 3-4 lin. Basal irroration much more restricted in both wings. Fore-wing : apical violet considerably narroiver, its uppermost division much re- duced, and its lowest (between third and second median nervules) either a mere trace or obsolete. Under side. — Black ncuration almost as ivell developed as on up)])er side, but finer, — in hind-wing (and to a much less extent in fore-wing) thickened to form small spots along hind-margin. Hind-iving : transverse discal ray well marked, blackish. (^rtZ>.— D'Urban County, Natal.) It is not practicable to determine with certainty the exact form of $ upon which Godart {lac. cit.) founded his Pieris lone, his description being too brief, and no locality being given ; but as he describes the under side as white, and as it is improbable that he should have had before him in the year i 8 1 8 any of the more locally restricted southern forms, I consider it judicious to regard as the tyi'-ical lone the form I I04 SOUTH- AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. have above described, which has a very wide Tropical-African range, extending northward to the White Nile on the east and to Senegal on the west. I have examined the types of Jalonc and Imjjcrator, But!., in the British Muse^^m, with the result that I do not consider them separable as species, or even as marked varieties from lone. The former is a $ from the White Nile, with pinkish-tinged under side, and with the neuration and other black markings of the upper side (especially the macular terminations of the hind-w4ng nervules) less strongly marked than in Reiche's figures (o/;. cit.) of the Abyssinian ^. Imjjerator, on the other hand, is a ^ from Senegal, rather more strongly marked than Reiche's $, particularly as regards the dusky discal ray of the under side of the hind- wings ; and with it are associated (September 1886) — I think rightly — two ^ s and two deeply yellow-tinged ^s from Mamboio in Eastern Africa, and a very slightly yellow-tinged $ from Madagascar. These two continental ^ s have a very brilliant appearance from their sulphur-yellow ground-colour and crimson- glossed red apical patch, and have the black markings strongly developed, while the Malagasy $ more resembles the ordinary pattern of lone with orange-red apex. Hopffer's $ lone (Jig. op. cit.) agrees moi'e closely with Butler's Imperator than with Jalone, but has the dusky discal ray of the hind- wings only feebly represented by four faint brownish marks. Reiche's Abyssinian ^ and Hopffer's Mozambique $ agree very nearly, the main difference being that the discal ray just mentioned is better marked in the former. In four Transvaal $ s the ray in question is even more obsolescent than in Hopffer's figure. As regards the $, Reiche's and Hopffer's figures agree in the feeble development (in both forms of the sex) of the dusky clouding over the basal areas ; but on the under side Reiche's figures exhibit a deeper and warmer colouring, the ^ with red apex being pale creamy-ochreous, and that with black apex yellow, and both having the macular discal rays broad and diffused. In these features of the under side Reiche's figures appi-oach the Natalian Speciosns, Wallengr. The $ s (red-tipped) that I have seen from the Transvaal and Delagoa Bay, while heavily clouded on the upper side, have the mider side even paler and with fainter markings than Hopffer's figures. The ^ accompanying the Delagoan ^ is, like Butler's Jalone, pinkish-tinted on the under side. The Variety' K. of lone above described is only known to me by a few $ examples from Natal, viz., one in the Hewitson collection (in 1867), another taken by the late Mr. M'Ken in 1869, and three captured by Colonel Bowker in December 1884. Their slightly smaller size and more restricted apical violet apjjroximate them to the ^ Spcciosus inhabiting the same district ; but the black neuration of the almost pure -white under side shows some resemblance to Phlcgyas, viepjx.t:. 105 Butl. I have not seen any $ that appears certainly referable to this variety, but one or two of the $ s referred to Sjnxiosus exhibit some traces of similar black neuration towards the hind-margin of both fore and hind wings on the under side. Localities of Teracolus lone. I. South Africa. E. Natal. a. Coast Districts.— D'Urbau (tlie late M. J. M'Kcn—\i\x. A.). Pinetown {Colonel J. II. Bowker — Var. A.). H. Delagoa Bay. — Loureugo Marques {Mrs. Monteiro). K. Transvaal. — Limpopo and Marico Rivers {F. G. Seloiis). Lyden- burg {A. F. Ortlejqt). Lydenburg District {T. Ayres). II. Other African Regions. A. South Tropical. b. Eastern Coast, — Zambesi River {Rev. II. liowleij). " Tette." — Hopli'er. " Querimba." — Hopffer. " Bagamoyo and Zanzibar {Rafray)." — Obertbiir. Zanzibar. — Coll. Hewitson. Mamboio. —Coll. Brit. Mus. 61. Eastern Interior.— " Tati {Gales)."— ^VesUvood. bb. Eastern Islands.— Madagascar.— Coll. Brit. Mus. B. North Tropical. a. Western Coast.— Senegal (the late E. C. Buxton). — Coll. Brit. Mus. 61. Eastern Interior. — Abyssinia: " Shoa {Antinori)." — Oberthlir. White Nile {Druce).—Co\\. Brit. ]\Ius. 270. (6.) Teracolus Speciosus, (Wallengren). ^ ? Anthocharis lone, Boisd., App. Voy. Deleg. Afr. Aust., p. 587 (1847). $ Anthocharis Erone, Angas, Ivafirs. Illustr., pi. xxx. f. 3 (1849). $ AntlioiJsyche Speeiosa, Wallengr., K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1857; Lep. Rhop. Caffr., p. 16, n. 14. ^ 9 Anthocharis lune, Trim.. Rhop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 43, n. 26 (1862). Teracolus lone, Butl. [part.], Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 132. Exp. al, {$) 2 in. 2-4 lin. ; ($) 2 in. 2-4 lin. $ White, ivith lustrous-violet apical marking hroadly hordered with Hack. Fore-iving : the nervures defined with black to same extent as in lone, Godt. ; base and costa greyish ; a black terminal disco-cellular dot ; violet band at apex narrow, divided into four by the nervules (the uppermost division much smaller than the rest, or sometimes obsolete), margined both outwardly and inwardly with a broad black band, the outer band narrowing to a thin streak at posterior angle. Hind-ioing : base greyish ; nerwires all black, with moderately large diffused black spots on their hind-marginal extremities. Under side. — Fore-ioing : costa narrowly yellowdsh ; apical yatch varying from pale straiv-yellow to pale chrome-yelloiv ; disco-cellular spot larger than on upper side. Hind-iaing : same tint as apical patch of fore-iving ; nervures not black ; a distinct spot at extremity of discoidal cell ; io6 SOUTH- AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. costa from base to a little before middle edged with orange-yellow ; an elongate blackish spot on costa a little beyond middle ; spots at extremities of nervules indistinct or almost obsolete, but nervules themselves black or blackish close to hind-margin. $ White of a more ydloivish tint than in ^ ; the apical patch hright- orange. Fore-wing : disco-cellular spot larger and rounder than in $ ; orange apical band divided lengthwise by a row of four rather large wedge-shaped black spots, the black bands bordering it broader than in $, and extending to posterior angle ; a large subquadrate blackish spot on disc, immediately above submedian nervure ; basal clouding much darker and more extended than in $, usually filling basal half of cell, and extending rather wddely along inner margin as far or nearly as far as black quadrate spot. Hincl-ioing : on costa beyond middle a blackish streak commences, narrowing and gradually disappearing towards centre of wing ; hind-margin broadly black, emitting deep acute dentations on nervules. Under side. — More deeply tinted tha7i in $, hind-tving and cqncal patch of fore-wing externally didl lemon-yellow. Fore-ioing : inner portion of apical patch tinged with ochrey-orange and traversed (as on upper side) by a series of black spots ; disco-cellular and inner- marginal spots as on upper side. Hind-ioing : a narrow black spot, immediately surmounted by a white one at extremity of cell ; transverse blackish stripe from costa beyond middle strongly marked as far as third median nervule, and beyond its extremity a blackish spot below that nervule ; a second blackish spot below first median nervule. Second (Diniorjjhic') Form of $. — Orange at apex of fore-iving ivholly wanting, but to some extent replaced by three or four rather small, rounded, separate whitish spots ; black markings generally broader and somewhat diffused on their edges. This form is in the male sex readily separable from its near allies by the great development and intensity of the apical black of the fore- wings, which forms a broad inner margin to the violet band, much reducing the width and more or less the length of the latter. The outer black margin of the violet also wholly wants (or has only very faint traces of) the pale-grey clouding conspicuous in lone. The decidedly yellow colouring of the under side is further a very characteristic feature, and is pronounced in both sexes. The two forms of $ present on the upper side no salient points of distinction from those of lone (varying in the dusky clouding of basal areas, and to a less extent in yellowish tinting, much in the same way), but in the red-tipped $ the black spots traversing the red seem to be invariably much larger and nearer to its inner edge, while the red itself occupies a smaller space, scarcely extending below third median nervule. In several $ s (of both forms) the angulated blackish discal ray of the under side of the hind-wings is completed by a variably-developed spot between second and first median nervules. PIERIN.E. 107 Sjyeciostis is a remarkably local form, being apparently restricted to the coast belt of Natal, and, as far as I am aware, not having hitherto been recorded out of D'Urban County. Within tliesc narrow limits it is very numerous, and I met with it in abundance about D'Urban at the end of January, all through February, and again at the end of March and beginning of April 1867. Colonel Bowker has taken it freely in December also. The red-tipped form of $ is much less frequently met with than the other. I fell in with three specimens only during my visit, and Colonel Bowker has also noted its scarcity as coni- parctl with the black-and-white-tipped $ . The lovely (^ is a very active and even rapid flyer, but the ? is much slower in her movements. Both sexes are fond of flowers, and 1 captured the finest specimens I obtained on those of Viiica rosea and of Lantana in the Botanic Gardens on the Berea Hill On the ist February I observed and netted a S ^^"^ ^ red-tipped ? playing together close to the ground. ^ I did not meet with the species anywhere away from the neighbourhood of D'Urban. Localities of Teracolus speciosiis. I. South Africa. E. Natal. a. Coast Districts.— D'Urban. Pinetown (/. IL Boioker). "Lower Umkomazi." — J. H. Buwkcr, 27L (7.) Teracolus Jobina, Butler. $ $ Euchloe Johina, But!., Cist. Ent., i. p. 14, n. 2 (1869). $ ? Teracolus Jobina, Butl, Lep. Exot., p. 116, pL xliii. f. 3 [ c^ ] (1872). $ $ Yar. Callosune Jobina, Stand., Exot. Schmett., i. pi. 23 (1884). -£'^7^ al, {$) I in. lol lin. — 2 in. i lin. ; (?) i in. i i liu.— 2 in. ijlin. Closely allied to Spcciosus, Wallengr. ^ IVliite, with shining-violet apical patch of forc-ioiiig comparatively larger than in Spcciosus, and less loidcly Hack-edged on loth sides. Fore- wing : apical violet shaped much as in Speciosus, and divided similarly, but wider, and with a minute fifth portion between third and fourth subcostal nervules almost always present ;^ basal grey irroration very limited ; on costa sometimes a creamy-reddish tinge from base for a little distance ; terminal disco-cellular spot very faint or obsolete altogether. Hind-iving : usually subcostal nervules only black-marked (and those often only to- wards their termination) ; rarely the other nervules are black near hind- margin, and with an inclination to a spot at the extremity. Cilia in fore-wing creamy-reddish, except a white portion near posterior angle ; in hind-wing more or less white in apical half, but the rest creamy- reddish. Under side. — Hind-wing and apical patch of fore-wing pale reddish-creamy ivith a tinge of pink, — the former generally hut sp)arscly marked ivith short transverse grey striolm. Fore-wing : costa narrowly edged with creamy-reddish; terminal disco-cellular spot small but dis- ^ This minute ivliiiodt linear bit uf violet id .soiuotiaiLS fuuud in Spcciosus. io8 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. distinct. Hind-ioing : disco-cellular spot dusky, diffused ; discal ray ouly represented by a short brownish streak from costa to second sub- costal nervule ; orange costal edging almost obsolete. $ White, somewhat yellotv-tinged generally or from bases only ; apical patch of fore-wing bright orange-red, wider than in Speciostis, and emitting rays along subcostal nervure and two radial nervules as far as extremity of discoidal cell, the inner black border being very much narrowed and obsolescent in its middle part. Fore-ioing : terminal disco-cellular spot very small ; basal clouding narrow and faint ; discal spot very much re- duced, diffused, or obsolescent ; cuneiform black spots transversing apical red not so near its inner edge as in Spcciosus. Hind-iving : basal cloud- ing very faint and restricted ; discal ray obsolescent except on costa ; hind-marginal blackish border very much narrower and diffused, partly or entirely broken into separate spots. Under side. — Hind-wing and apical patch of fore-wing not pink-tinged, hut the former rendered darker than in $ hy closer and stronger striolation, and the latter flushed with reddish and traversed by the usual series of blackish spots. Hind- wing : disco-cellular terminal spot small but distinct, immediately sur- mounted by a rather conspicuous whitish spot ; discal ray dark-brownish rather strongly marked as far as third median nervule. Dimorphic Form of $. — Apical patch of fore-tving black, as in cor- responding form of % Bpcciosns, hnt white spots of scries traversing it comparatively larger and not so widely separated. Under side. — Duller in tint ; discal ray of hind-wing with macular traces of its inferior continuation. In one $ of this form the discal spot of the fore-wings beyond middle and the hind- marginal spots of the hind-wings are exceedingly reduced, and in another those markings are so faint and minute as to be scarcely perceptible. The characters given serve very well to distinguish this small violet-tipped Tcracolus from Speciosus, but it must be noted that examples occur (I have before me four $ s and a $ of each form) which show certain features intermediate between those of Jobina and Speciosus. These $ s are a little larger than Jobina proper, and have the black borders of the apical violet broader, and the cilia of the hind-wings white throughout ; and both sexes have the under-side colouring much yellower, with scantier striolation of the hind-wings. Two of these $ s and the two $ s were taken by the late Mr. M. J. M'Ken at D"Urban, Natal, late in April 1867. Jobina seems to occur solely as a winter (or dry-season) butterfly. Apart from the non-typical individuals just mentioned as captured in April (which are, however, much nearer to true Jobina than to Speciosus), all the specimens wliose dates of capture are known to me were taken in May, June, July, and August. I never saw this small form during my summer visit, Avhich ended on April 9th ; nor, on the other hand, am I aware of Speciosus' appearing on the wing except in the summer or Avet season. It seems not impossible that the two butterflies may turn out to be summer and winter broods of pikuinj:. ioq llie same species,^ but lliis could only bo proved by careful breeding from the egg. As far as my records go, Johina lias a wider range than Speciosus, Colonel Bowker having met with it as far northward as the mouth of the Tngela River, and (judging from photographs and ]\IS. sent to me), the late ]\Ir. E. C. Buxton havinu' taken it in Swaziland. Localities of Teracolns Johina. South Africa. E. Natal. a. Coast Districts. — D'Urban (/. //. Bowlcer and the late M. J. M'Ken). Pinetown and Northdene (J. //. Boiclier). Verulani and Mouth of Tugela River (/. //. Bowker). G. " Swaziland."— The late E. C. Buxton. 272, (8.) Teracolus Phlegyas, Butler. $ Anthocharis lone, Yar., Reiche, Ferr. et Gal., Voy. Abyss., pi. xxx. fF. 3, 4 (1849)-" $ 9 Anthocharis Phlegyas, Butl, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1S65, p. 431, pi. XXV. fF. 3, 3a. Yar. S ?) Teracolus Buxtoni, Butl., op. cit., 1876, p. 130, n. 17. ? Callosune Buxtoni, AYestw., App. Gates' j\Iatabeleland, \\ 340, pi. E, ir. 7, 8 (1881). Exp. ai, Q) 2 in. 0-2 lin. ; ($) 2 in. 3 lin. ^ White, ivith rather small lustrous-violet apical patch in fore-wing , not widely bordered toith fuscous externally, and very narroivly so bor- dered internally. Fore-wing : no disco-cellular terminal spot ; apical violet five-partite by dark nervules, its outer dusky border not extend- ing below second median nervule. Hind-wiyig : neuration conspicuously black, but no spots at ends of nervules. Under side. — White ; hind- wing and apical area of fore-wing ivith black neuration. Hind-wing : costa edged with orange-yellow from base to before middle ; discal ray from costa very faint and ill-defined. ^ Apical patch orange-red extending to below second median nervule, externally with a rather wide brownish border. Fore-vnng : a small terminal disco-cellular spot ; base and costa tinged with yellowish ; inner edge of apical red without blackish except close to costa, the series of blackish spots traversing it rather small and ill-defined ; discal spot near posterior angle indistinct. Hind-iving : hind -marginal ner- vular spots of moderate size, diffused. Under side. — Hind-tuing and apical area of fore-wing very pale creamy -reddish, the latter flushed ivith pale orange-red inwarxlly. Fore-iving : terminal disco-cellular spot dis- tinct; traversing spots rather faint, ill-defined. Hind-wing: discal ray ^ This is the opinion of Mr. A. D. Millar, an observer of long residence at D'Urban. The dated specimens of Johina which he has kindly sent to me are two 6 s captured on 22d August, one S on 22d September, and two i s on 24th. ^ In fig. 4 the under side of the fore-wing is represented as closely dusted with fuscous, but this is probably fmrn some defect in the engraving of the plate. I TO SOUTH-AFETCAN BUTTERFLIES. brown, macular, but complete, the spots between third median nervule and submedian nervure being represented. Variety A., $ and $ {Biixtoni, Butl.). ^ Apical patch of fore-wing rather larger, its outer border being broader, and its inner one {though narroiv and diffused) more developed and complete throughout. Fore-wing : terminal disco-cellular spot some- times present though minute. Under side. — Withoitt black neuration ; hitid-wing and apes of fore-wing with an extremely slight tinge of yellowish or reddish, — the former rarely with some scattered brownish- grey striolation, chiefly on margins; terminal disco-cellular spot small but distinct in both wings. $ Apical patch broader, brighter in tint, the orange radiating in- wardly on nervides as far as extremity of discoidal cell, and outwardly strongly suffusing its brownish border. Fore-iving : discal spot near pos- terior angle sometimes wanting. Hind-wing : hind-marginal spots very much reduced or obsolete. Under side. — Mind-wing and ap)ical area of fore-wing finely striolatcd with reddish brown. Hiyid-wing : area generally from base as far as discal ray (which is much diffused and not macular), tinged with pale-brownish. Three ^ s of this variety, respectively from Damaraland, the Trans- vaal, and the Zambesi have the under side and the cilia of fore-wing tinted with creamy-pinkish as in Jobina, Butler. {Hab. — Damaraland, Tropical Interior South Africa, Transvaal, Swaziland.) Alter examining the types in the British Museum, I could not find sufficient grounds for separating as species Buxtoni and Phlegyas. The variety {in the ^) is nearer than Phlegyas proper to typical lone ; but, on the other hand, the black under-side neuration of Phlegyas approxi- mates it to the Natalian Variety A. of lone above described. The ^ of the variety nearly resembles the ^ Jobina, Butler, especially on the under side, but presents a much more extended field of apical red on the upper side. In size Phlegyas (including Buxtoni) is intermediate between lone and Jobina. The typical Phlegyas inhabits the Soudan (White Nile) and Abyssinia, and the variety Buxtoni is known to inhabit the tropical belt from the Zambesi southAvard, and on the eastern side to penetrate as far as the Transvaal and Swaziland. I have not seen any but red-tipped $ s referable to this species. Westwood's figures (op. cit.) are somewhat larger and more strongly marked than any specimen I have seen, and indeed than, from his own description, would appear to have been among Mr. Oates's examples. The late Mr. E. C. Buxton sent me coloured photographs of Swaziland specimens of the butterfly. Localities of Teracolus Phlegyas. I. South Africa. H. Swaziland (E. C. Buxton. — Var.). K. Transvaal. — Marico and Limpopo Rivers {F. C. SeIo2is. — Var.). Lydenburg District (T. Ayres. — Var.). PIERIN>E. 1 1 T II. Other African Regions. A. Soutli Tropical. a. Western Coast. — Damaraland (//. Hutchinson and IF. C. Pal- grave — Yar.). hi. Eastern Interior. — Makloutse Kiver (/'"". C. Seluns — Yar.). Zambesi Kiver: Ziunbo (7''. C. Seloits — Yar.). B, Korth Tropical. hi. Eastern Interior. — Sondan : " AVliite Xile {Peihericli)." — Butler. " Abj'ssinia {Ferret and Galinier)." — lieiche. 273. (9.) Teracolus Regina, (Trimon). ^ $ Anthocharis Regina, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 3rd Ser., i. p. 520, n. I (1863). 9 Callosune Iteqina, AYestw., App. Gates' Matabcleland, p. 339, })1. e, ir. 9, 10(1881). Yar. A. ((J), Anfhopsi/che /a??e, \ValIcngr., K. Sv. Yet.-Akad. Ilandl. ; Lep. Rhop. Caffr., p. 15. Plate XL fig. 3 ($). Uxp. al., ($) 2 in. 4I-8 lin. ; ($) 2 in. 44-81 lin. $ Pure ivhite, iviili very large and hrilliant hlue-shot violet-lake ajncal 2mtch. Forc-iving : a linear black, terminal disco-cellular dot ; costa usually very faintly grey-dusted nearly to middle, where blackish edging of apical patch commences ; apical patch composed of six elon- gate portions (defined by more or less strongly-marked black nervules), and lying between second subcostal and second median nervules, very narrowly and faintly edged with blackish internally, narrowly along costa to apes, and rather more widely externally from apex to first median nervule (slightly indenting the violet on each nervule) ; neura- tion beyond and below discoidal cell (and submedian nervure from a little before middle) black ; base very slightly dusted with faint greyish. Hind-iving : usually spotless, occasionally with a hind-mar- ginal series of small blackish nervular spots ; first and second sub- costal and discoidal nervules and third median nervule black for some distance from near their origins ; an obsolescent greyish basal irrora- tion. Under side. — Wliite, with a faint tinge of yelloioish or pinkish in hind-iving ; apical pio.tch of fore-wing pinkish- grey., u'ith a faint flush of 2Jcde orange-yellow. Fore-wing : terminal disco-cellular spot distinct; occasionally a series of four or five very faint fuscous spots traversing apical patch. Kind-wing : costa edged from base to about middle with more or less bright yellow ; a minute terminal disco-cellular black dot, usually edged with yellow superiorly ; discal ray rarely represented by a series of small widely-separated fuscous spots ; extre- mities of nervules rarely marked with blackish. $ White, vAthout black neuration ; apical patch of the same colour as in $, hut ivith a less hrilliant hlue gloss, and traversed mesially hy a macular hlack stripe (sometimes so diffused as almost to ohliterate inner 112 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. 2)ortion of violet), — its hladnsh edgings hroader and darker. Fore-iving : disco-cellular spot larger, ovate or round ; near posterior angle two small blackish diffused spots, continuous of tlie series traversing violet patch. Hind-iuing : blackish hind-marginal spots not so rare us in $. Base of both wings (but especially that of fore-wing) with broader and darker greyish irroration. Under side. — Ili7id tving and apex of fore-wing dull cream g-ochreous {sometimes tinged with reddish), hatched fainthj and minutely unth grey; disco-cellular spots well-developed, that in hind-wing yellow with an inferior black dot ; transverse discal series of fuscous spots usually well marked, that on hind-wing elbowed at third median nervule, and continued thence to inner margin ; no spots at extremities of nervules. Variety A. {$ and $). ^ Blackish nervules and edgings of apical patch more strongly marked, the latter broader ; bases more widely and closely irrorated with greyish ; hind-marginal spots in hind-wing well marked, and five nervules (first subcostal to second median) finely black throughout their length. UNDER SIDE. — In both wings, nervules black close to hind-mai'gin, and spots of discal series blackish, but usually very small. $ Apical patch olscure-white tinged ^vith violet, the intersecting Hack macular ray very Iroctd, almost obliterating inner portion of violet. Hind-wing: hind-marginal spots large, black, inwardly prolonged and acuminate on nervules. Under side. — Hind-wing and apex of fore- wing strongly tinged with chrome-yellow ; spots of discal series very dark and distinct, separate, but larger than in ^ ; extremities of ner- vules more widely blackish than in ^. Dimorphic Form of $. — Apical patch black, broader throughout (and especially towards posterior angle) traversed mesially by a row of six rather small, outwardly narrowed white spots ; upper of two discal spots near posterior angle merged in hind-marginal black. Hind-iving : hind-marginal spots greatly widened, forming a border narrowly inter- rupted with white on inter-nervular folds. Under side. — As in $ just described, but the spots of discal series in both wings much enlarged. {^Eah. — Damaraland, North-West Transvaal, and Eastern Tropical South Africa.) Some variation exists in both sexes of the typical form of Rcgina, individuals occurring of smaller size than usual, with the under side more decidedly reddish-tinged, and with the cilia also creamy-reddish. The most strongly marked c^ s of this description that I have seen were from the Eastern Transvaal ; two examples had the hind-wings quite pinkish-creamy, with faint dusky-grey striolation. I have not seen any g in which the black macular ray traversing the violet apical patch is BO nearly obsolete as in Westwood's figure {op. cit.) of a Tati specimen, but several $ s from Damaraland and the Transvaal exhibit considerable reduction of the ray. It is a $ of this kind that I have selected for my illustration. (Plate ii, fig. 3.) The Variety A. above described is linked to the type by au inter- mediate ^ taken by Uv. A. W. Eriksson in the region between the north-west limits of tlie Transvaal and South Matabeleland. By means of an exquisite water-colour drawing of Wallengren's type, obtained for me by the kindness of Mr. Aurivillius, I have identified that author's lone with my Variety A. of Begina ; the markings being only a little less developed, and approaching those of Mr. Eriksson's example just mentioned. A second example was sent for my inspection l)y Mr. Aurivillius with the following note, viz. : " Referred by Wallen- gren to his lone, but distinct from his type and description." This was a small worn example of my typical Regina $. The very closely allied Retccra, Gerst. {Gliederth.-Fauna d. Sansi- har-Gchietcs, 1873, p. 365, t. xv. f. 2), founded on a single $ from Endara, near Mombas, seems to be distinguished from Begina by its rather larger size and redder apical patch,— the latter being also entirely devoid of any trace of black on its inner edge. This magnificent species excels in beauty all its near congeners, and is, moreover, the largest of the genus, with tlie exception of the doubtfully distmct Hetcera. The apical patch of the ^ is nearly twice as broad as that of Io7ie, Godt., and of diflferent colouring, the most brilliant metallic pale (almost glaucous) blue shifting over a ground of purplish-lake. The ? , moreover, stands alone in presenting an apical violet space partaking to a large extent of the splendour proper to that of the ^ . The Variety A. is undoubtedly the finest form of the species, but one of the two forms of ? that are referable to it exhibits only traces of the purple of the typical ? , and the other none whatever. _ , Like so many of its congeners, Begina appears to find its " metropolis between the Zambesi and the limit of the Southern Tropic, and to penetrate but a little distance into the extra-tropical tracts. Mr. T. Ayres, however, informs me that he met with the species " in numbers for a very short time m December 1875," among the mountains in the Lydenburg District of the Transvaal, and several examples (including one ? of Var. A.) taken near the junction of the Marico and Limpopo Rivers have reached me from i\Ir. Selous and Mr. Eriksson. Mr. John A. Bell, who in 1862 made me first acquainted Avith the butterfly, brought down from Damaraland no fewer than sixty-seven specimens, and informed me that it was most abundant on the Botletle, one of the chief streams connected with Lake Ngami. On the eastern side of the interior, the Makloutze River and Tati seem to be favoured stations of Begina, Mr. Gates having noted it from the latter, and Mr. Selous and Mr. John L. Fry having each sent me ticketed specimens from both localities. Mr. Fry's examples from Makloutze River were taken on the 20th May 1887, and a $ of Variety A. from Tati on the 23d January. He informs me that at the former place the butterfly was numerous on the purple flowers of a species of Cineraria. Localities of TercLcolus Beginet. 1. South Africa. K. Transvaal.— Marico and Limpopo Rivers {F. C. Selous— Ty-^. and Var. A.). Junction of Marico and Limpopo (.4. W. Eriksson). Lydenburg District {T. Aijrcs). VOL. III. H 114 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. II. Otlier African Regions. A. South Tropical. a. Western Coast. — Damaraland {J. A. Bell [Typ. and Var. A.], //. Hutcliinf^on, W. C. Palgrave, and J. J. Christie), hi. Eastern Interior.— Makloutze River {F. 0. Selous and J. L. Fry). Tati {F. C. Selous and J. L. Fri/—Typ. and Var. A.). 274. (10.) Teracolus Eunoma, HopfFer. (J Pieris Eunoma, Hopff., " Monatsber. K. Akad. d. Wissensch. Berlin, 1855, p. 640," and Peters' Reise nach Mossamb., ZooL, v., p. 353, t. xxiii. If. I, 2 (1S62). Ex2^. ciL, 2 in. 3^ lin. ^ Wliitc ; apical patch of fore-iving reduced to tioo small separated elongate purplish-lake markings hcttvcen subcostal nervure and loiver radial nervule ; bases very finely and narroioly greyish-sprinkled. Fore- wing : a small, ill-defined terminal disco-cellular blackish spot ; apical margin narrowly bordered with brownish, internally dentate on ner- vules, on hind-margin not extending below third median nervule ; close to costa, below second subcostal nervule, a small elongate faint blackish mark. Ifind-iving : without marking of any kind. Under SIDE. — Hind-wing and narrov: costcd and apical border of fore-ioing pcde oehrey-yellow. Fore-wing : terminal disco-cellular spot better de- fined than on upper side. Hind-wing : costal margin edged with orange from base to about middle ; a minute terminal disco-cellular blackish spot. This curious species, in which the purple apical marking is so extraordi- narily limited, and almost all the other ordinary markings of the group are wanting, was founded by Hopffer on a single cJ example from Inhambane. It seems to be a butterflj"- of great rarity, the only other example recorded being a ^ , ticketed " Zanzibar," in the Hewitson Collection, Avhere I noted it in 1 86 7. I did not make a description of the latter, not at the time bearing in mind that the locality of the type lay just outside the Southern Tropic. The diagnosis given above is therefore taken from Hopffer's figures in the work quoted. Localities of Teracolus Funoma. I. South Africa. I. " Inhambane." — Hopffer. II. Other African Regions. A. South Tropical. b. Eastern Coast. — Zanzibar. — Coll. Hewitson. 275. (11.) Teracolus AnnoD, (Wallengren). (J Antliocharis Danae, Doubl., Gen. D. Lep., pi. vii. f. 2 (1847). „ „ Boisd., App. Voy. Deleg. Afr. Aust., p. 587 (1847). $ Thestias Annx, "W^allengr., K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl, 1857 ; Lep. Rhop. Caffr., p. 16, n. I. I'lElllN/E. 115 S $ Anthocharis Danar, Trim., Khop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 44, n. 27 (1S62). Teracnlus cinerescens, Butl., Cist. Eiit., i. p. 172, 11. 53 (1873), and Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 155, n. 99. $ ? Callosune cinerescens, Stand., Exot. Sclimett., i. pi. 23 (1884). Ed'p. «/., {$) 2 in. 0-3 lin. ; ($) 1 in. I I lin.— 2 in. i liu. $ White, ivith very large broad crimson-red apical patch, divided into eight iincqual parts hy fine Hack nciiration. Fore-wing : costa black-edged ; basal area to beyond middle of discoidal cell and of inner margin suffused u-ith dark-grey ; apical patch usually glossed with violet in some lights, externally bordered narrowly with black, which radiates for a little distance on nervules, and internally with a broad blackish border, diffused on its inner edge, touching extremity of dis- coidal cell, and extending to posterior angle ; a terminal lunular disco- cellular black spot ; between first median nervule and submcdian nervure, almost touching internal border of red patch, a very faint indistinct blackish mark. Eind-wing : broadly suffused with dark-grey as far as extremity of discoidal cell (where there is a faint orange spot), and also as far as anal angle, where it is paler ; on costa, beyond middle, a transverse short blackish streak, from which a broad blackish band, radiating for some distance on nervules, and usually crossed by whitish inter-nervular streaks, extends along hind-margin, narrowing to anal angle. Under side. — Fore-wing : white ; basal grey much paler than on upper side, its outer edge defined by a blackish streak ; terminal disco-cellular spot larger and rounder ; apical patch outwardly creamy- white, inwardly pale orange-red, traversed on its inner side by a sinuate row of six blackish spots ; spot below first median nervule blacker and more distinct, and continuous of the sinuate row of spots ; nervules near hind-margin clouded with blackish, which forms terminal spots on the three next anal angle, Hind-iving : very slightly tinged with yellowish ; costa edged with orange-yellow from base to a little before middle ; grey suffusion as extensive as on upper side, but very much paler; a rather large, orange-red, incompletely black-ringed spot at extremity of cell ; beyond middle, from costa to submedian nervure, a sub-angulated series of seven red-centred blackish spots ; neuration clouded with blackish between this series of spots and hind-margin. In both ivings a very fine black line edging hind-margin. $ Fore-icing : suffusion from base much darker than in ^, extend- ing farther towards middle ; disco-cellular spot larger, ovate ; ajnccd marking smaller, dull-red, inclining to orange, and without violet lustre, broadly black- bordered externally, and divided by a transverse, sinuate band of contiguous black spots, similar to those on under side of ^ ; spot below third median nervule large, black, quadrate, often joined to inner border of apical marking. Hind-wing : dark suffusion not ex- tending farther than in ^, but of the same brownish-black as in fore- wing ; disco- cellular orange spot hardly perceptible ; costal mark beyond middle continued across wing bv a row of contiguous blackish spots. ii6 SOUTH- AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. which become merged in the blackish bands on inner margin and hind- margin (the latter of which is broader than in ^) near anal angle. Under side. — Like that of $. Fore-iving : apical marking yellower, and more broadly red inwardly, than in ^ ; the black spots dividing it larger, sometimes contiguous ; basal grey mixed with lemon-yellow. Hind-wing : yellowish, darker than in $ ; row of spots beyond middle larger. Cilia of fore-wing reddish-grey, but white or whitish near posterior angle; of hind-wing white, mixed with reddish in ^. Variety A. $ and $. — Usually smaller ; exp. al., Q) i in. 9I- 10-^ lin. ; ($) I in. 8^ lin. — 2 in. $ Basal grey much fainter and less developed, especially in fore- wing, where it is sometimes almost obsolete ; hind-marginal border of hind-wing broken up into completely separate spots, except near apex. ^ More or less tinged with lemon or ochreous-yellow ; basal suf- fusion not nearly so dark, mixed with ochreous-yellow scales ; apical patch of fore-wing usually larger and of brighter red, its inner border being narrower and in the upper part more or less diffused ; hind- marginal border of hind-wing narrower, radiating little or not at all on nervules. Under side in both sexes of a deeper creamy-tint in hind-wing and at apex of fore-wing ; spots of discal series (especially in hind-wing and in ^) more rounded and sub-oceliate, with centres more or less glistening. (ffaJ). — Kaffraria Proper, Natal, North- West Transvaal, and Eastern Tropical South Africa.) Of this variety, which links the typical Annce to Wallengrenii^ Butl., I possess a dwarf $, taken in some part of Kaffraria by Mr. H. J. Atherstone, which expands only I in. 6 lin. Wallengren's reference of his Anncc to the Oriental genus Thcstias, and his description of its apical patch as " rufo-fulva," for long puzzled me ; and it was not until 1 88 I, when Mr. Aurivillius kindly sent me a typical specimen from the Stockholm Museum, that I was enabled to identify it as the large African form of " Danae," figured by Doubleday and mentioned by Boisduval in 1847, ^^^ separated by Mr. Butler in 1873 as Cincrcscens. Annce is well distinguished from the Indian Banac^ Fab., by its larger size, much greater development of the basal dusky clouding in both wings, and hind-marginal blackish border in the hind- wing. In the (^, too, the apical patch is redder (not so thoroughly crimson), with a broader blackish border on its inner edge, while in the % the same marking is altogether different alike in its duller tint and the f^ir greater development of its dark borders and intersecting macular ray. On the under side there is a closer resemblance, but Annm has all the markings sti'onger, a wider red flush on inner side of the apical patch, and in the fore-wing a distinct blackish streak bounding the basal grey. The true Danae is intermediate in characters between I'lEKINiE. 117 Anna' aiul Uupompe, Klug, recorded from Nortli-East Africa and Arabia. The typical ^ presents some variation in the dusky-grey basal clouding, but iu only one specimen (from Kaffraria Proper) is there a marked diminution of it, aud that in the fore-wings only. A ^ from Damaraland approaches the individual just mentioned to some extent, and also presents a less developed and submacular border in the hind- wings. The latter peculiarity (approaching the Variety A.) occurs in an otherwise strongly-marked and very typical $ from the North-West Transvaal. The $ vai-ies more in the development of the marginal blackish (which in the hind- wings of one KafFrarian example is so great as to obliterate entirely the usual white band or spots beyond the discal blackish series), and in the tint of the apical patch. In one example from the North-West Transvaal this last feature is much suffused with fascons, and the colour of the very diminished pale portion is very dull pale ochrey-yellowish. In Natal I only once fell in witli this strikingly handsome butterfly, viz., on 23d February, about a hill-top near Verulam, where two or three examples were flying rapidly about flowers. Mr. Gooch (Entomologist, 1880, p. 274) notes the capture of a line series five miles inland from D'Urban.^ Colonel Bowker has sent but a few examples from the same neighbourhood ; but in former years he forwarded many fine specimens from the Bashee Eiver in Kaffraria,- and in 1873 dispatched to me the paired sexes captured at Fort Warden, on the west bank of the Kei. To the northward of the Transvaal, and in tlie Tropical belt beyond, as well as in Damaraland, the type-form and the variety appear to be both numerous. Localities of Teracolus Anncc. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. h. Eastern Districts. — Fort Warden, Kei Eiver (J. H. Boicker). St. John's River Mouth (Sir H. Barkly— Var. A.). D. Kaffraria Proper. — Bashee and Tsomo Rivers {J. II. Bowker). E. Natal. a. Coast Districts.— D'TJrban ( /. //. Bowlcer and the late M. J. M'Ken — Typ. and Var. A.). h. Upper Districts. — Rorke's Drift (J. H. Boivker). K. Transvaal. — Limpopo and Marico Rivers (F. C. Selous). Junction of those rivers {A. W. Eriksson— Tyg. and Var. A.). ^ Mr. A. D. Millar, in referring to some fine specimens taken in December 1887, informs me that during that month Anna is plentiful in certain localities about D'Urban, but, as a rule, is restricted to those localities. He noted a ? laying eggs on a climbing plant. - One of these specimens is very remarkable, as exhibiting to some extent the characters of both sexes. The ground-colour is as white as usual in the S ; the basal clouding is irregularly but for its larger part made grey, as in the i, by close white scaling; the border of the hind-wings is like that of tlie (J , but the discal row of black spots as in the 9 ; and, finally, while the left apical patch is coloured and marked as in the 9 , the right one is (except for the narrow strip above subcostal nervule) entirely like that in the Rhop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 45 (1862), and [^Anth. Fiqjoinjye'l ii. p. 330 (1866). S $ Teracolus Wallejigrenii, ButL, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1S76, p. 157, n. 105. ? Callosune Wallengrenii, Westw., App. Gates' j\Iatahelcland, p. 341, pi E, ff. 3, 4 (iSSi). Exp. al., (^) I in. 6i— 1 1 lin. ; ($) i in. 5-10 lin. Nearly allied to Annce, Wallengr., Var. A. ^ W/iite, ivitli large crimson-red, sUglitly violaccoics-glosscd ajncal patch, shaped and hordcred as in Annm ; based grey very narroio and faint in fore-wing, and equally faint {though extending near inner margin to beyond middle) in hind-wing, and ivithout any defined edge cxternaUy. Hind-wing : hind- marginal blackish border represented only by a series of small or very small spots on nervules, often more or less acuminate inwardly. Cilia of fore-wing reddish, except for a short white portion about posterior angle ; of hind- wing white, except for a reddish portion about and near anal angle. Under side. — Hind-iving and apical area of fore-wing pedc reddish-creamy, very finely and closely dusted with grey. Fore-wing : apical patcli decidedly yellow-tinged over its inner half, — the intersecting blackish spots small, ill-defined, but with more or less indistinct submetallic brassy centres, and partly surrounded by some diffused dull-red elongate rays ; rarely some greyish clouding in basal area. Hind-vnng : terminal disco-cellular spot reniform, submetallic brassy (or rarely silvery) ringed with blackish ; seven spots of discal row similar, but with darker rings mixed Avitli reddish or ferruginous scales (the two lowest spots small and dull) ; basi-costal orange edging not well-defined ; a minute black spot at extremity of each nervule. % Apical red patch brighter, paler, and larger than in Annce. ; the spots intersecting it smcdler and more separate, and the dark borders nar- rower,-^— the inner border being also obsolete as regards its upper part ; basal grey often not more developed than in $, but variable, — in some examples almost as strong as in Annce, Var. A. Hind-iving : spots of ^ Walleiigren's descriptions are sufficient to warrant tlie references here given ; but I have been able to confirin them by the loan from Mr. Aurivillius of typical specimens belonging to the State Museum in Stockholm. PIERINii:. 119 discal series usually smaller and narrower ; spots of hind-marginal series usually small, diffused and separate, but occasionally so much enlarged as almost to touch each other. Undku SIDE.— As in ^, but spots of discal series in both wings, and terminal disco-cellular spot on hind- wing, larger, and more distinctly silvery-centred. Forc-iving : reddish streaks on inner side of apical patch enlarged and confluent ; a hind- marginal series of minute nervular black spots. Wallcngrenii appears to represent in the south tho species named Eiqjom'pc by Klug {Symh. Phys., pi. vi. If. i 1-14), which that author records from Abyssinia, Dongola, and Arabia, and which Geyer {Zutr. Ex. Schmctt. Iliihn., ff. 991-992) also figures from Senegal. In the typical Eupompc, the carmine red of tho apical patch is in both sexes more vivid and pure than in Wallcngrenii, and the under side of the hind-wings is white, and either without or with quite minute discal spots. The $ is represented by Klug as having the basal grey broadly and strongly developed, as well as the large nervular spots of the hind- wings; but the discal series of the latter wings are faint ochreous- yellow, while on the under side the wide subapical red of the fore-wing and the discal spots of the hind-wing (orange-yellow with imperfect thin blackish rings) are marked features. I possess, however (through the kindness of Professor Meldola), specimens from Harkeko, on the Red Sea, collected by Mr. J. K. Lord, which, in the decidedly yellowish under side of the hind-wing in both sexes, exhibit a tendency in the direction of Wallcngrenii ; the two $ s of this variation are much smaller and with much less developed basal clouding than King's figure, and one $ entirely wants the apical red in the fore-wings. As shown by the measurements given above, Wallengrenii is extremely variable in size. Judging from coloured photographs sent to me by the late Mr. E. C. Buxton, some of the specimens taken in Swaziland are even smaller than the minimum I have given. On the otlier hand, a S from Delagoa Bay surpasses the maximum I have given, expanding as widely as the largest $ Annce. Nevertheless, the characters empliasised in my description of Wallen- grenii suffice to distinguish the butterfly even from the Variety A. of AnncB, which most nearly approaches it. Localities of Tcnicolus Wallcngrenii. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. h. Eastern Districts. — Ivingscote, Keiskamma River (TF. aS'. M. D' Urban). D. Kaffraria Proper. — Special locality not noted (/. //. Boicker). E. Natal. a. Coast Districts.— D'Urban (tlie late 31. J. W-Ken). Yerulam (/. H. Bowlier). Victoria County (TF. Movant), h. Upper Districts. — Weenen County {J. M. Hutchinson). G. "SwazihuKl"— The late E. C. Buxton. H. Delagoa Bay. — Louren^o Marques (]\[rs. Monteiro). K. Transvaal.— Marico Kiver {F. C. Selons). Lydenburg District {T. Ayres). T20 SOUTH-AFRICAX BUTTERFLIES. 11. Other African Regions. A. South Tropical. bi. Eastern Interior. — " Tauwani River (Oates)." — 'Westwood. 277. (13.) Teracolus Auxo, (Lucas). S 9 Antliodiaris Evarne, Boisd., App. Voy. Deleg. Afr. Aust., p. 587 (1847). c? Antliocharls Auxo, Lucas, "Rev. et Mag. Zool., 1852, p. 422." S ? Anthopsyche Evarne, Wallengr., K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1857; Lep. Rho^x Caffr., p. 14, n. 9. $ Avtliocharis Evarne, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 55, n. 36 (1862). $ ? Gallosune Anxo, Stand., Exot. Schmett., L pi. 23 (1884). ? S Teracolus Si/rtimis, But!., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 163, n. 124. Exp. al, {$) I in. 7-10 liu. ; ($) i in. 7--10 liu. $ Bright pale sulphur -y elloiu ; apical patch large, orange, very slightly glossed with pink, occupying nearly half area of fore-wing. Fore-iving : base very narrowly blackish; costa edged with black and narrowly speckled with blackish ; apical patch internally sometimes with an ill- defined faint blackish edging, externally with a well-marked black edging, widest at apex, on nervules acutely indenting orange, and narrowing to lower extremity of patch, beneath which (immediately above posterior angle) it suddenly widens, forming a blackish spot. Hind-wing : a hind-marginal series of small indistinct blackish nervular spots, in some specimens very minute. Under side. — Hind-iving and apical area of fore-wing chrortie-ycllow. Fore-wing: apical patch indi- cated by a flush of deeper yellow and very faint greyish edging ; along hind-margin an inter- nervular series of thin black dots. Rind-wing : a terminal disco-cellular blackish dot, usually rather indistinct ; inter- nervular series of dots as in fore-wino-, ^ Sometimes paler than ^, oecasioncdly nearly ivhite ; apical p)atch sometinies rather paler than in ^, traversed hy part of a discal series of large well-marked Uackish spots. Fore-iving : base rather widely but sparsely dusted with blackish ; a conspicuous well-defined terminal disco-cellular spot, very variable in size, reniform or subovate in two examples, acuminate superiorly ; outer border of orange patch browner than in ^, emitting longer nervular rays ; discal ray composed of three more or less united smaller spots, obliquely placed between dark costal border and lower radial nervule, — two united spots (of which the upper is much the larger) between third and first median nervules, and two (of which the upper is subquadrate and the largest in the series) a little before the two last-named spots, between first median nervule and inner margin ; between these three groups of spots in the discal series there is usually a thin indistinct connecting line of blackish scales. Uind-unng : a broken discal macular ray of blackish spots, widely and completely interrupted between second subcostal and third median nervules, angulated on the latter nervule, and thence consisting of two or three separate spots, and reaching either to first median ner- vule or to submediau nervure ; basal blackish irroration very sparse, but inferiorly extending widely ; blackish spots of hind-marginal series always greatly larger than in $, and acuminate inwardly on uervules, — sometimes so much developed as to form a broad border only inter- rupted by crossing lines of the ground-colour on inter-nervular folds. Under side. — Hind-iving and ajjical area of fore-wing usually rather duller and more ochreous than in $. Fore-iving : inner-marginal area whitish ; terminal disco-cellular spot not so black or so sharply defined as on upper side, — the nervule traversing it often yellowish- white ; discal macular series indistinctly marked except the two largest spots. Hind-iuing : discal macular ray only indicated by some very faint dull reddish-grey marks ; a good- sized terminal disco-cellular rounded whitish spot in a thin reddish-grey ring. Dimorphic Form of $. — Orange of apical jMich obsolete, the only traces of it being some scales on nervules and inter-nervular folds ; ground-colour yellowish-white; discal blackish markings smaller and more separate than usual. {Hah. — Kaffraria Proper and Natal.) Variety A. $ and $. — $ Yellowish-white except for a tinge of sulphur-yellow along inner edge of apical patch. Fore-icing: costal edge very finely black, its border scarcely irrorated with grey ; apical hind-marginal border more bluntly indenting the orange on nervules, its lower extremity forming a smaller blackish mark below the orange. Hind-wing : spotless ; in one example only with the faintest possible indication of minute hind-marginal nervular spots. Under side. — Much paler than in type ; inner-marginal area of fore-wing white. Fore-wing : base tinged with sulphur-yellow. Hind-iving : in two specimens, some small faint reddish-brown spots, far apart, indicate position of a discal ray. ^ Ground-colour as in ^ ; markings as in type, except that hind- marginal spots of hind-wing appear to be always rather small and widely separate. Under side. — Paler than in type. One $ and two $ s of this variety to some extent approximate to Topha, Wallengr., having the under side of the hind-wing and apical area of fore-wing tinted with pale reddish-creamy, which in the $ s is speckled with dark-grey. {ffah. — North-West Transvaal and Eastern Tropical South Africa.) The type-specimens of Sgrtinus, Butl., in the collection of the British Museum appeared to me to be pale, rather worn ^ s of Aitxo, slightly approaching the variety just described. They were ticketed " Senegal " and " Lake Nyassa." Auxo differs from Frame, Klug,^ which is itself a very near ally of the Indian Fucharis, Fab., in its general yellow ground-colour, which in both sexes of Fvarne is confined to the fore-wings, and is there very much paler, especially in the $. The $ Auxo has the apical 1 ,'^'ymb. Plii/s., pi. vi. ff. 1-4. Hah. " Ambukuhr' (Dongola). 122 SOUTH- AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. orange better defined inwardly (and sometimes faintly blackish edged), while its outer blackish border is broader, and forms a broad mark immediately above posterior angle, which is quite wanting in Ecarne ; and, on the under side, sulphur-yellow and deep-yellow take the place of the white area of fore-wing and the yellowish-white of the hind- wing. I have not seen a ^ Uvarnc, but, j udging from Klug's figures, it has much smaller black markings than the $ A^ixo, and wants the whole of the discal spots of the hind-wings except the costal one (which is exceedingly small), while the pale-yellowish under side has the markings very faint and reduced throughout.^ Colonel Bowker forwarded in 1873 the paired sexes, taken at Fort Warden on the Kei Eiver : the ^ of this pair was almost white, with the apical colouring pale salmon-reddish, and the black markings moderately developed. From Kaffraria Proper he had previously sent a good series of both sexes, quite agreeing with the Natalian typical form ; and among the few more recently sent by him from Natal is a fine example of the dimorphic $ wantiug the orange at the apex of the fore-wings. During my stay ia Natal I noticed but few of this gaily tinted species ; those that I captured flew with moderate activity, and settled often on flowers. These individuals were taken in February and March.- Westward of the Kei River, Auxo appears to be scarce, being mostly replaced by Tojoha, Wallengr. ; but Mr. J. P. Mansel Weale has recorded {Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 274) the occurrence of a number of specimens in a spot near King William's Town which had, during the preceding summer, yielded only TojjJia. Mr. Weale notes the appearance of the species from December to April. The Variety A. above described seems to be numerous in the interior on both sides of the tropical boundary, specimens having been sent from those tracts by Mr. Selous, Mr. Eriksson, and Mr. Fry. Localities of Tcracolus Auxo. I. Sou til Africa. B. Cape Colony. h. Eastern Districts. — Keiskamma Hoek (H. J. Atherstone). " King William's Town."— J. P. Mansel Weale. Fort Warden, Kei River {J. II. Boicl-er). ^ Another even nearer ally of Auxo occurs on the White Nile and in Abyssinia, viz., Xanthevarne, Butl. (he. cit., n. 123). The utl., /oc. r-zY., n. 79. Vau. (? $ Teracohis Hero, Eutl., /oc. c/Y., n. 81, p!. vi. f. 11. Vau. $ ? Teracohis Huperides, Butl., loc. cit., n. 76. ^i^j*. «^., (^) I in. 9-1 1 lin; ($) i in. 7 lin. — 2 in. $ White ; apical patch hright red, inclining to orange, hut glossed with a Tosij lustre. Forc-iving : apical red divided into six by tho dark nervules crossing it, margined outwardly by a narrow black stripe sharply indenting the red by radiating npon the nervules, inwardly by a thin, blackish, ill-defined streak, within which the nervules are usually black, piercing white ground for a little distance ; costa edged with blackish, widening above apical red ; a distinct round, black dot at extremity of discoidal cell ; a broad, blackish band along inner margin to beyond middle, where it very slightly curves upwards and ends abruptly. Eind-iving : base greyish ; a blackish band along costa adjoining that on inner margin of fore-wing, and abruptly ending immediately below where the latter ends ; on hind-margin, at extremi- ties of nervules, a row of black spots, variable in size, radiating on nervules, and inclining to form a continuous band, generally diminish- ing in size towards posterior angle. Under side. — Fore-wing : apical marking soft creamy-yellow, inwardly pale-orange ; disco-cellular spot distinct ; inner-marginal band pale- greyish from base, ending in a darker spot. Eind-iving : varying from creamy-white to creamy-yel- lowish or creamy-reddish, in the more deeply tinted examples more or less irrorated with grey atoms ; costa, from base to beyond middle, edged with bright orange-yellow ; disco- cellular spot orange, outwardly black-dotted ; a scarcely perceptible greyish tint along costa indicates the position of the costal band, the extremity of which is always shown by a greyish mark, sometimes mixed with reddish ; rarely some indis- tinct traces on lower disc of an angulated band. $ Very variable in size, frequently smaller than ^ ; of a duller ivliite, or sometimes decidedly yelloivish. Fore- wing : red at apex much nar- rower than in $, of a more orange tint, and withotit rosy lustre, its black borders very much wider, especially the inner one (which latter is, however, often intersected by the red, and occasionally with faint red- dish colouring on its inner side) ; spot at extremity of discoidal cell larger than in $ ; inner-marginal Uackish land very mucli hroader and darker, its upper edge not clearly defined, but gradually shading off in 132 SOUTH- AFRICAN BUTTEKFLTES. discoidal cell to near costa, and its outer extremity usually united to inner black border of apical marking, on third median nervule, by a narrow, upward, blackish streak. Hind-wing : grey at base and costal band similar to the same in ^, but broader and darker ; from extremity of band a more or less marked blackish streak extends almost to middle of hind-margin, where it unites with a broad diffused submacular blackish border, and from whence it turns off at right angles to beyond middle of inner margin, this latter portion being very much broader than the rest. Under side. — Duller in colour than in $, and iisually more, or less tinged with yellow. Fore-wing : a blackish streak bordering inner side of apical marking ; inner-marginal band greyish, ending in a well- marked black spot, which is often united by a thin, faint, blackish streak, to the inner border of apical marking, as on upper side ; base some- times tinged with pale yellow. Hind-ioing : greyer in tint than in ^, but marked similarly, excepting more or less indistinct pale-brownish traces of the angulated band of upper side. The apical red in the ^ presents various gradations through orange to dull-yellowish, and is rarely wanting altogether, being replaced by whitish spots. The ^ varies considerably, not only in the tints of the under side above mentioned, but in the development of the black markings, more especially as regards the inner edging of the apical patch, the longi- tudinal blackish band in both fore and hiad wings, and the hind- marginal spots of the hind-wings.^ The ^ also presents much variation in her considerably heavier black markings, which are sometimes so enlarged as to leave only isolated patches of the whitish or yellowish gi'ound-colour. The T. Hero of Butler (the types of which, a ^ and a ^, I have examined) is founded upon a % which presents these very strongly developed blackish markings in conjunction with a dull-yellowish ground-colour and a scarcely brighter apical patch ; and upon a ^ in which the blackish markings of the fore-wings are reduced, — the inner- marginal band being dusky-grey and becoming obsolete beyond middle, and the inner edging of apical patch being also almost obsolete. Butler's T. Trimeni (of which I have also examined the types) is founded on specimens identified with Hiibner's figures above cited (including some taken by myself in the Knysna District of Cape Colony), which cannot, in my opinion, be held distinct from typical Achine. Hiibner's figures represent a ^ and ^ in which the upper-side black markings are, though very distinct, considerably narrowed ; but it seems to me impossible to separate Hiibner's ^ from that originally figured by Cramer, which only differs in its duller white ground-colour and heavier black markings. Hgjicrides, But!., is founded on a $ and two $ s collected by ^ In two (5 s among those that I captured near Grahamstown in the Cape Colony, there are faint blacki.sh traces of an angulated discal ray on the itpiicr side of the hind-wings. PIERINyE. 133 the late Mi\ E. C. Buxton in Swaziland, of ratlier smaller size than usual (^ I in. 9 lin., $ i in. 8 lin.). The $ has the longitudinal stripe of the fore-wing reduced and grey, while that of the hind- wing is obsolete ; and the under side of the hind-wings is white. The $ s cannot, in my opinion, be separated from the smaller examples of Achine. A dwarf $ in my collection is only i in. 6 lin. in expanse, while two still smaller $ s expand respectively l in. 5 lin. and I in. 3 lin. I captured these three examples at Knysna. From Natal, Delagoa Bay, the TransvaaV and the Eastern South- Tropical Interior, all the ^ examples I have seen have the under side white or creamy-white, and several of those from the two tracts last- named (as well as two of the $ s) exhibit a tendency towards the very nearly allied Gavisa, Wallengr., in the nervules on the under side being blackish close to the hind-margin. This gaily-coloured Tcracohis is numerous, and generally distributed over most of Eastern South Africa, but in the Cape Colony does not appear to extend Avestward beyond the Oudtshoorn District. I have met with it freely at Knysna, Port Elizabeth, Uitenhage, and near Grahamstown, and took the paired sexes at the first-named place on iSth November 1858. In Natal it seems on the coast to be replaced almost entirely by the doubtfully distinct but larger and more heavily marked Gavisa, Wallengr. During the summer and early autumn it is constantly to be found coursing actively along the edges of woods, seldom penetrating for any distance among the trees or ranging far into open "round. Localities of Tcracolus Achine. I. South Africa, B. Cape Colony. a. Western Districts.— Oudtshoorn (— Adams). Knysna and Plet- tenberg Bay. b. Eastern Districts.— Port Elizabeth. Uitenhage. Ivowie River Mouth (/. L. Fry), Kleinemond River {H. J. Atherstone), and Tharfield {Miss M. L. Boicker). Grahamstown. King William's Town (IF. S. D' Urban). D. Kaffraria Proper.— Butterworth and Bashee River (J. II. Bowlcer). E. Natal. a. Coast Districts. — Verulani. b. Upper Districts. — Weenen County (/. 31. Hatcldnson). G. " Swaziland."— The late E. C. Buxton. II. Delagoa Bay. — Lourenco Marques {Mrs. Monteiro). ' K. Transvaal— Limpopo and Marico Rivers {F. C. Selous), and Junc- tion of those rivers {A. W. Erilsson). Potchefstroom and Lydenburg Districts ^T. Ayres). 1 I have not seen the types of T. fumidus, Swinhoe, from Transvaal ; but the figures and descriptions (Proc. Zool. Soc. Loml, 1S84, pi. xl. ff. 4, 5, p. 442) of both sexes induce a strong belief that the species in question has been founded on dwarf examples of Achine. The expanse of fore-wings noted is ih inch. 134 SOUTH- AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. II. Oilier African Regions. A. South Tropical. a. Western Coast. — Dainaraland (/. A. Bell and tlie late C. J. Andersson). " Angola (Pogge)." — Dewitz. hi. Eastern Interior. — Tauwani River (F. C. Selous). Between JSTorth-West Transvaal and Gubulewayo (A. W. Erilisson). Matabeleland {H. Barber). Zambesi: '^ Tette." — Hopffer. Mombasa : " Lake Jipc (Kei'skn)." — Gerstiicker. 282. (IS.) Teracolus Gavisa, (Wallengren). (^ '^ Anthocharis, " allied to yl. AcJtince," Angas, Kafirs. Illustr., pi. xxx. ff. 4[c?]. 5[?](i849)- ?$ Antliochans Exole, $, Reiclie, Eerr. et Gal. Yoy. Abyss., iii. pi. 31, ff. 5, 6 (1849). ^ Authopsgche Gavisa, Wallengr., K. Sv. Yet.-Akad. Handl., 1S57; Lep. Rhop. Caffr., p. 13, n. 6. $ Anthopsijche OmpJiale, "Wallengr., luc, cit., p. 11, n. 2. Antliocharis AcJiine, Trim, [part.], Rliop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 48, obs. ^ Antliocharis Gavisa, Trim., op. cit., ii. p. 324, n. 218 (1866). $ 5 Teracolus Gavisa, Butl. [part.], Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 150, n. 80. $ [and '?(J] Teracolus snhvenosus, Butl., Ann. and Mag. Kat. Hist., 5th ser., vol. xii. p. 105 (1883). $ [?iec $'\ Teracolus Sipylus, Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1884, p. 445, pi xl.f. 12. S Callosune Gavisa, Stand., Exot. Sclimett., i. pi. 23 (1884). Exp. al., {$) I in. 9I liu. — 2 in. ol, lin. ; $ i iu. 9^-1 1^ lin. Very intimately related to T. AcJiine, Cram. $ Markings and pattern as in Achine, hut all the Hack borders and hands broader and darker. Hind-wing : a continuous moderately tvide hind-marginal black border, formed of the enlarged and confluent nervular spots. Under side. — Neuration of fore-wing black beyond middle, that of hind-wing black throughout, except main nervures for a little distance from base. Hind-wing : creamy-white ; orange-yellow mark immediately preceding terminal disco-cellular black spot more or less prolonged iu direction of base ; from hind-margin to about middle, a black line on inter-nervular fold between first median ner- vule and submedian nervure. $ Like Achine $, but black markings always very broad and dark. Forc-iving : terminal disco-cellular spot sometimes merged in the dark clouding extending from base ; spaces of whitish or yellowish ground-colour considerably reduced. Hind-wing : spaces of ground- colour reduced by enlargement of black markings to a moderate-sized central patch, and a series of submarginal spots (of which the middle two are more or less obliterated). Under side. — Hind- wing and outer portion of apical patch of fore-wing strongly yellow-tinged (sometimes with a greenish cast) ; black neuration as in $. Hind-ioing : angulated discal ray well marked in diffused dull orange-yellow ; bright orange- PIEKIN.E. 135 yellow mark preceding terminal disco-cellular spot usually larger tliau in $, in one example much wider externally and prolonged almost to Lase.^ It is with much hesitation that I accord Gavmi specific rank, having in view the examples of both sexes of the variable Achine, which exhibit a partial blackening of the ueuration as above mentioned. It seems, however, to stand out as a prominent race, and perhaps may breed apart from Achine, if we can judge by a single case of pairing observed by Colonel Bowkcr at D'Urban in December 1879. In this pair (sent to me by Colonel Bowker) the characteristic complete black neuration of tbe under side is equally well marked in both sexes, A typical specimen ($) of Wallengren's Gavisa was kindly lent to me by Mr. Aurivillius, and it should be noted that it agreed with the author's description {loc. cit.) in having the black neuration of the under side limited to near the hind-margins, and in that respect more resembled the intermediate examples which I have referred to Achine. Gavisa seems limited to the eastern side of South Africa, the most western locality I liave recorded for it being the right bank of the Kei River, whence Colonel Bowker sent one of each sex in 1873. These two specimens, though strongly black-veined beneath (tlie ^ especially), are less heavily black- marked above, and the $ has the under side of the hind-wings tinged Avith ochre-yellow. I met with this form of Tcracolus not uncommonly in IvTatal, especially in the neighbourhood of D'Urban ; it had the ordinary flight and habits of the genus, and I observed it on the wing at the end of January and throughout February and March. '-^ Localities of Tcracolus Gavisa. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colon)'. b. Eastern Districts. — Fort Warden, Kei Eiver (/. H. BowJier). D. Ivaffraria Proper. — Bashee River (J. H. Boickcr). E. Natal. a. Coast Districts. — D'Urban, Pinetown (■/. H. Boiclicr). Tongaati River. Little Noodsberg. h. Upper Districts. — Estcourt {J. M. Hutcldnson). Ct. " Swaziland."— The late E. C. Buxton. K. Transvaal. — Junction of Limpopo and Marico Rivers (.4. TI'. Erilis- 8071). Lydenburg District (T. Ayres). ^ As Gerstiicker [Glicd. -Fauna dcs Sansibar-Gehietcs, Ins., p. 364) has noted, the ? figured by Eeiche as that of his £xole {loc. cit.) undoubtedly belongs to the Achine group, and I concur with Mr. Butler in thinking that it should be regarded as identical with the ? of Wallengren's Gavisa. Having examined the types of Subvenosus, Butl., from Victoria Nyanza, I find the ? inseparable from that of Gavisa, while tlie i , though very near the corresponding sex of the species named, differs in wanting the inner black edging of the apical patch, and in the feeble development of the inner-marginal blackish bar of the fore-wings and the costal one of the hind-wings. '^ Five examples sent to me from D'Urban by Mr. A. D. Millar are dated 17th Decem- ber 1SS7. 136 SOUTH-AI'RICAN BUTTERFLIES. II. Other African Ecgions. A. South Tropical. b. Eastern Coast. — "Zanzibar." — Swinhoe \Sipylus, S., $ ]. &i. Eastern Interior. — Between North- West Transvaal and Gubule- wayo {A. W. Eriksson). B. ISTorth Tropical. hi. Eastern Interior. — "Abyssinia." — Reiche \_'^ Exole, R.]. 283. (19.) Teracolus Antevippe, (Boisduval). S $ Anilwcharis Antevippe, Boisd.,' Sp. Gen. Lep., i. p. 572, pi. 18, f. 3 [c?](i836). $ Aphrodite Antevij^pe, Geyer, Forts. Hiibn. Zutr. Exot. Schmett., p. 37, IF. p. 949-950 (1837)- $ Anthocharis Antevipipe, Trim., PJiop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 48, n. 30 ; and (?) p. 49, note (1862). $ $ Teracolus Ithomis, Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 146, n. 66, pi. vi. f. 8. Teracolus Uarmonides, But!., loc. cit., p. 146, n. 167. Teracolus Hij^pocrene, Butl., loc. cif., p. 147, n. 68. Teracolus ignifer, Butl., loc. cit., p. 147, n. 69. Bxp. al., {$) I in. 8 lin. — 2 in. ; ($) i in. 5 ^-10 lin. ^ White, with hright-rcd, slightly rosy-glossed apical patch, without (or with extremely thin and faint) internal hlacJcish edging ; no longi- tudincd hlaekish hand in cither wing. Fore-unng : terminal disco-cellular spot very small and narrow ; lower portion of base narrowly blackish ; apical patch very similar in colour and form to that of Achinc $, but with the outer black border narrower and radiating more thinly on the nervules, so that the inter-nervular rays of red are blunter ter- minally; costal black- edging as in Achine. Hind-iving : a narrow blackish suffusion at base, more extended between median and sub- median nervures ; nervular hind-marginal black spots small or very small, more or less linear and acuminate inwardly, but wider outwardly (rarely so wide that they almost touch). Under side. — Fore-wing : terminal disco-cellular spot rather larger than on upper side ; apical patch creamy-yellowish, more or less freckled with reddish-brown atoms and striolse, — along its inner j^ortion a pale-orange suffusion almost de- void of freckling. Ilind-iving : varying from creamy-white to creamy- pinkish, always more or less freckled and striolated Avith brownish or reddish-brown, — these markings being densest along costa near base, and in, below, and beyond discoidal cell ; a small but distinct ter- minal disco-cellular black dot, faintly edged or bordered with yellow inwardly. $ Pattern of Achine $, hut much less heavily mcwJccd with hlack, especially in hind-iving ; apical patch of fore- wing with the coloured portion varying from reddish-orange to pale-yellow, and with the tra- versing black macular ray near its inner portion usually of moderate width, but in some specimens broadened so as to form a border with no riEKIX.E. 137 orange or yellow preceding it. Forc-iuing : disco-cellular vSpot larger and rounder than in $ ; inner-marginal stripe moderately broad, vary- ing from pale-grey to blackish, — its truncate extremity always blackish, and often emitting a short thin upward streak,— its basal portion often more or less thinly diffused over discoidal cell. Hind-idng : costal stripe rather ill defined and diffused, — its blackish extremity almost separate, elongate, forming the commencement of the ordinary angu- lated discal ray, which is usually obsolete or obsolescent between second subcostal and radial nervules, and sometimes so near inner margin also ; basal dusky-grey suffusion usually filling greater part of discoidal cell, and extending below it to beyond middle ; hind-marginal black spots very variable in development, sometimes scarcely larger than in ^, but usually much more so, — especially the three superior ones, which occa- sionally coalesce into a short border. Under side.— Fore-ivi7ig : apical patch darker than in $, being more densely freckled, the traversing ray of the upper side reproduced in dusky grey ; base faintly tinged with yellowish ; disco-cellular spot well defined ; inner-marginal sti'ipe fainter and narrower, except at extremity. Hind-wing : pinkish-creamy or yellowish-creamy, more closely striolated and freckled generally than in ^ ; incomplete discal ray faintly indicated in brownish. Larva. — Dull reddish-sandy above, with a broad dull-grey median longitudinal stripe, interrupted on middle of each segment by a large quadrate purplish-black spot. Sides superiorly w^hitish, lower down greyish-sandy, and inferiorly (with legs, ventral surface, and head) dark-brown. General surface very sparsely set with very short white hairs. Dorsal surface minutely shagreened with raised whitish dots, but also with a number of considerably larger and more prominent deep gamboge-yellow dots, in transverse rows of six and two on each segment. (Described from a single specimen, advanced towards pupation, re- ceived from Colonel Bowker in August 1887, which pupated on 25th,) Pupa. — Very pale ochreous-yellow, with a slight reddish tinge over all the lower surface. On back, a median and two lateral grey longitudinal streaks, — each of the latter bounded interiorly by a yel- lowish-white line ; between median and lateral streaks, on each side, two rows of more or less distinct small blackish spots ; mixed with these some minute greyish speckles. Wing-covers and leg-covers here and there finely streaked with grey, the former with a row of minute black dots near hind-margin. Abdomen inferiorly with a median and two lateral dark-grey longitudinal streaks. Length, 9 lin. ; depth (from back to bulge of wing-covers), 3 lin. ' (Described from two specimens received from Colonel Bowker (D'Urban, Natal) in August 1887, resulting in ^ imagines on the 23d and 25th respectively.) The pupa formed by the larva above described produced a $ imago on 14th September. It was more brightly and deeply coloured 138 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. than the two ^ ]}n])se, pale-yellow on the back, the dorsal median streak purple, and most of the other streaks dull vinous-i-ed. After careful comparison of a large number of South-African speci- mens, and examination of the types of Mr. Butler's four species above named, I have found no characters serving to distinguish the latter from one another (except size), or the Southern Antcviiypc generally from the Senegal one constituting Boisduval's type. This author figures the upper side of a ^, showing no trace of any blackish on the inner edge of the apical patch, but in which the hind-marginal spots of the hind-wing are sufficiently enlarged to form a narrow continuous edging. Geyer's figui'es (pp. cit.) of a ^ from the same country repre- sent the same total absence of any inner blackish to the patch, but differ in the more reduced and almost macular state of the outer black edging ; while the hind-wing spots are much smaller and not united, and the under side of the hind-wing has a decidedly pinkish-creamy tinge. In Mr. Butler's series, Ignifer is the largest, and the $ has a slight blackish inner edge to the apical patch. It is to his " Var. ^ " of this that are referable the specimens described by me as Antevipjoe (op. cit.) in 1862; in them the inner edging referred to is better expressed, and but for the entire want of the longitudinal blackish stripe in both wings, they closely resemble the ordinary ^ Achine} The specimens of ItJionus, Butl., seemed to me quite inseparable from Ignifer except by their smaller size in both sexes ; Hippocrc^ie again was represented by still smaller examples and a ^ with dull pale- yellowish upper-side apical marking, and Harmonidcs by the smallest of the series (exp. al. 1 in. 5 lin.).^ In October 1885 I received from Colonel Bowker the paired sexes, then recently captured by him near D'Urban in Natal. The (J of this pair has no blackish whatever along the inner edge of the apical red ; and the $ has the apical orange-red well developed, witli the traversing macular blackish ray thin and faint, while the discal ray of the hind-wings is almost obsolete. The under-side iiroratiou is well developed in both (J and 9 • There is nothing special about the habits of this Teracolus, which on the wing resembles Achine. It was much scarcer than the latter when I was col- lecting in the Knysna district of the Cape Colony, and I only fell in with it eluring the month of November. On the coast of Natal it is evidently abun- dant in tlie dry (winter) season. Colonel Bowker having collected a large number, chiefly in the month of August ; ^ of which the ? s exhibit every gradation of size, development of upper-side black markings, and tint of apical patch. A few specimens w^ere sent from the Trans-Keian territory by Colonel Bowker as long ago as 1861-63, and are still in the collection of the South- 1 Colonel Bowker has sent one example from D'Urban, Natal, which shows a still nearer approach to Achine by possessing a very faint diffused sjjarse blackish irroration along the inner margin of the fore-wings. ^ Judging from the figure {Exot. Schmctt, i. pi. 23, 1S84), Staudinger's Uavcrnkldi from "Transvaal" is a small S of Antevippc, ^ One of two i s collected at "D'Urban by Mr. A. D. Millar is ticketed " 17th September 1S87," and the other " loth Febniary iSSS." African IMuscuni ; the ^ s agree closely Avilli the examples above referred to us belonging to the "A'ar. ^" of Mr. Butler's Ljnifer, but the two $s have the macular Vay of the apical patch so expanded inwardly that no orauge-red pre- cedes it. Localities of Tcracolus Anievipj^c. I. South Africa, B. Cape Colony. a. Western Districts. — Knysna. b. Eastern Districts. — Between Zwartkops and Coega Rivers, Uiten- hage District (J. II. Boickcr). King William's Town District {W. S. M. D' Urban). D. Ivall'raria Proper. — lUitterworth and Bashce River (J. //. Bou-Jier). E. Natal. a. Coast Districts.— D'Urban (./. //. BoirLxr and the late M. J. MKvn). b. Upper Districts. — Estcourt and Weeneu County (./. M. Iluichiit- son). F. Zululand. — St. Lucia Bay (the late Colonel H. Tower). G. " Swaziland."— The late E. C. Buxton. H. Delagoa Bay. — Louren^o Manjues {Mrs. Monteiro). K. Transvaal. — Lydenburg District {T. Ayres). II. Other African Regions. A. South Tropical. a. Western Coast. — Damaraland ( — Hutchinson). "Angola." — ■ Hoptfer. bi. Eastern Interior. — Mashunaland {F. C. Sclous). " Tette." — ■ Hopffer. B. North Tropical. a. Western Coast. — "Senegal." — Boisduval, Geyer, and Ilopffer. b. Eastern Coast. — Red Sea: " Massowah (liafrau)." — Oberthiir. White Nile {Petherick).— Coll Brit. Mus, 284. (20.) Teracolus Halyattes, Butler. (J ? Teracolus Halyattes, Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 145, n. 65, pi. vi. f. 7. ExjJ. al, (S) I ill- 2-5 lin. ; (?) i in. 5-8 lin. $ White, luith rather large orange ajncal jJatch, divided into six by dark nervules crossing it, — its outer blackish border moderately wide, indenting orange a little on nervules, — its inner blackish border vari- able in development, rather diffused, more or less obsolescent superiorly. Fore-wing : no inner-marginal stripe ; base slightly blackish ; a ter- minal disco-cellular black spot, always small, but varying in size. Hind- wing : base slightly blackish ; a hind-marginal series of small nervular spots. Under side. — Hind-unng and apical patch of fore-wing reddish- creamy, irrcgidarly sprinkled ivith fuscous atoms. Forc-ving : a terminal disco-cellular black dot. Hind-wing: on costa, not far from apex, a small cluster of fuscous atoms ; a terminal disco-cellular black dot internally bordered with orange. 140 SOUTH-AFEICAN BUTTERFLIES. ^ Much resembling a small example of Achine $. IVliite or ycUoivish ; the orange of apical patch varying from dull-orange to dull- yellowish or whitish, and traversed near its inner border by a strongly marked black bar ; blackish longitudinal sti'ipes, and discal ray and hind-marginal spots of hind-wing, moderately developed. Under side. — Hind-iving and apical patch of fore-win^ much darker than in $, closely hatched and irrorated with fuscous. Fore-iving : base more or less strongly suffused with pale-yellow ; inner-marginal stripe dusky- grey, darker at its extremity. Hind- wing : angulated discal ray mode- rately developed. This appears to be a distinct little species, combining some of the characters of Theogone, Boisd., and Achine, Cram. I made the foregoing description from the types in the British Museum, -which are the only specimens that I have seen, and are noted as from tlie north-east of Natal, collected by the late Mr. E. C. Buxton. The form and size of the apical patch and its bordering, and the under-side colouring, in the $ are very similar to the same characters in the (J Theogone; but the corresponding features in the $ approximate more closely to those of Achine $ . Locality of Teracolus Halyattcs. I. South Africa. E. Natal. a. Coast Districts. — "North-East" (the late E. G. Buxton). 285. (21.) Teracolus Evippe, (Linnoeus). cJ Papilio Evippe, Linn., Mus. Lud. Ulr. Reg,, p. 239, u. 58 (1764); and Syst. Nat., i. 2, p. 762, n. 87 (1767). $ Papilio Arethtisa, Dru., 111. Nat. Hist., ii. pi. xix. ff. 5, 6 (1773). (^ Papilio Evippe, Cram., Pap. Exot., i. pi. xci. ff. f, g (1779). $ Papilio Arethusa, Cram., Pap. Exot., iii. pi. ccx. tf. e, f (1782). cj Pieris Evippe, Godt., Enc. Meth., ix. p. 122, n. 10 (18 19). 5 Pieris Ami/tis, Godt,, loc. cit., p. 123, n. 14. ^ Anthocharis Evippe, Boisd., Sp. Gen. Lep., i. p. 573, n. 20 (1836). $ Antiwcharis Arethusa, $, Boisd., op. cit., p. 582, n. 35. 5 Anthocharis Cehreiie, Boisd., op. cit., p. 583, n. 36. cj $ Teracolus Pseudocale, Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud., 1876, p. 154, n. 93, pi. vi. f. 10. ^ $ Teracolus Angolensis, Butl., loc. cit., n. 94. Exp. al.., {$) I in. 7-10 lin. ; ($) i in. 5-8-| liu. ^ White, tvith apical pittteli of orange-red narrow, curved, very broadly hlaek-bordcred, cspccicdly on its inner edge. Fore-wing : base sparsely but usually widely irrorated with blackish ; costa narrowly black-edged to about middle ; a distinct but thin terminal disco-cellular black dot ; apical red divided into sis unequal portions by crossing black nervules, — the second portion linear, very small, and the lowest often smaller than the remainder ; outer black border of red broad and even, and prolonged (usually more narrowly) to posterior angle, — inner black riEKLX.E. 14T border extremely broad, ruther diffused and irreg'ular along its inner edge, joining outer border on second and first median norvules. Hind- wing : basal fuscous irroration less extended than in fore-wing ; a series of largo liind-marginal nervular black spots, usually uniting to form a border of moderate width, sharply dentating the white on nervules ; on costa, beyond middle, a moderate-sized blackish marking, between costal nervtire and first subcostal nei'vure. Under side. — Wldtc. Fore-icing: base rather widely suffused with pale sulphur-yellow; disco-cellular spot usually better marked and rounder than on upper side ; apical orange mucli paler and less defined, but considerably broader than on upper side, its borders only very faintly indicated by the palest grey and the outer one tinged with sulphur-yellow ; beyond middle, between first median nervule and submedian nervure, a dif- fused or faint blackish spot, sometimes obsolete. Hind-vAng : costa for a little distance from base tinged narrowly with yellow, — sometimes edged Avitli orange yellow ; a distinct terminal disco-cellular black dot, with a conspicuous (sometimes large) bright-orange spot immediately preceding and touching it ; rarely on costa, and still more rarely on median nervules, some exceedingly faint traces of a discal ray. Minute but distinct terminal nervular black dots in both wing's. $ Yellowish-white or yellowish ; apical patch brownish-black, usually uniform, but sometimes traversed hj a scries of three or four small dull pcdc-orange or yellowish spots [almost obsolete in some specimens) a7ul more rarely hy a well-developed six-partite pcdc-orange hand, mucli narrower and more curved than in $. Forc-iving : basal suflfusiou closer and wider than in $, and on inner margin about middle merged in an ill- defined fuscous stripe, of which the extremity beyond middle is blackish and truncate, and usually emits an upward projection ; disco-cellular terminal dot rather larger. Hind-iving : basal suffusion very much wider and closer than in ^, extending inferiorly to beyond middle, and more narrowly along costa ; discal ray strongly blackish-marked at costal origin, usually continuous, and also broadly and strongly marked in its inferior portion ; hind-marginal blackish spots similar in size and form to those of the more strongly marked $ s. Under side. — Foi'e- wing sulphur-yellow, ivith broad dull p)(de-orange apical pcdeh ; hind- wing varying from pale-yelloiu to deep ochrey-yellow and j^etle ochrcy- reddish. Fore-unng : blackish spot indicating termination of inner- marginal stripe well marked. Hind-wing : discal ray reproduced in dull pale brownish-ferruginous. The development of the apical black is very strong in this species ; and I have a $ from Cape Coast Castle in which the orange-red patch is quite obliterated by black below the lower radial nervule. Drurv (whose figures are exceedingly inferior to most of his illustrations) and Cramer both figure a $ in which the apical patch is wholly black except for a slight reddish scaling along its inner edge, but Cramer's ^ is more heavily marked, and with a much deeper tinted under side. The 142 SOUTn-AFRICAX LUTTERFLIES. $ represented by Cramer exliibits a very strong orange-red edging all along the costa of the hind-wings on the under side, but I have not observed anything approaching this in the specimens I have examined. After a very careful inspection and comparison of Mr. Butler's types of T. Fscudocale and T. Angolensis (in i88i and again in i8S6), I could find nothing (except the smaller size of the former) to distin- guish the two from each other, nor was I able to regard them as dis- tinct from the variable Uvi^^jJS. The ^ in both cases has in the apical patch a narrow pale-orange five-partite band.-^ Evippe is the oldest recorded species of the genus, the $ liaving been described by Linnaeus from Angola in 1764; and it is one of the comparatively few TeracoU which are known from the West-African Coast north of the ]''quator, appearing to be very numerous on the Gold Coast and at Sierra Leone. The only South- African examples that I have seen are those taken by the late Mr. E. C. Buxton in Swaziland, and presented by him to the British IMuseum. They consist oi a. $ , referred by ]\Ir. Butler to Arethusa, Drury, and three $ s (two small) and two $ s (one small), which constitute the types of his Psmdo- cale. In the coloured pliotographs sent to me by JNIr. Buxton there can be distinctly recognised four (J s (two small) and a 5 of Evippe, and in his num- bered list accompanying them all these examples are noted as from Swaziland. I have no record of the haunts or habits of this butterfly. Localities of Tcracolus Evippe. L South Africa. G. Swaziland.— (The late E. C. Buxton). II. Other African Regions. A. South Tropical. a. Western Coast.— Angola {E. C. Buxton).— CoW. Brit. IMus. Congo (Ciirror). — Coll. Brit. jMus. " Cliinchoxo {Falkcnstein)." — Dewitz. hi. Eastern Interior. — "Tati, and between Inyati and Gubulewayo (Ort^es)."— Westwood. B. North Tropical. — Gold Coast ; Cape Coast Castle ( /. M. PasTc and A. N. Lines). Accra and Ashanti. — Coll. Brit. Mus. " Lower Niger (the late W. A. Eo)-hcs)." — Godman and Salvin. Sierra Leone [Foxcroft, &c.). "River Gambia {Moloney)." — G. E. Shelley. 286. (22.) Teracolus Omphale, (Godart). S Pieris Ompiliale, Godt., Enc. Meth., ix. p. 122, n. 12 (1S19). Antliocharis Ompliale, Boisd., Sp. Gen. Lep., i. p. 574, n. 22 (1836). S Anthocharis Exole, Reiche, Ferr. et Gal. Voy. Abyss., pi. 31, f. 4 (1849). $ Antlioiisyche Achine, Wallengr., K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1857; Lep. Rhop. CafFr., p. 11, n. i. 1 I think that Ocale, Boisd. [op. cit., p. 584, n. 37), of which only the ? is described, is referable to Evippe; it is de.scribed as possessing a curved orange band of five or six divi- sions in apical patch, but has the discal ray of the liind-wings more or less merged with the hind-marginal black border. The specimens of both sexes referred to Ocale in the British Museum collection (October 1SS6) seemed identical with Angolensis, Butl. PIERIN.E. 143 $ Anthoimjclie Acfe^ Feld., Kciso Novara, Lop., ii. p. 187, 11. iSi (1867). S ? Teracolus OniphaJe, Bull., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 151, n. S;^. ^ Callosune Acliine, Stauil., Exot. Schmctt., i. pi. 23 (1884). Vau. (J 9 Teracolus Omj^halo ides and T. hijbridus, Eutl., Joe. a'f., pp. 151, 152, nn. 82, 86. A'ar. (J $ Aiifhochan'^ Ompliah', Trim., llliop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 50, 11. 31 (1S62). Exp. al., (^) I in. 7-1 I lin. ; ($) i in. 7- 10 lin. $ White, with broadly UacJc-hordered orange-red {not rosy-glossed) apical patch ; longitudinal black stripes dark and strongly dcvelojyed, as well as loivcr portion of black disced ray in hind-wing. Fore-vjing : terminal disco-cellular spot wanting, or extremely faint and minute (except in one very large and blackly-mai-ked example, where it is distinct) ; apical orange-red patch not subtriangular, but a broad curved bar, variable iu width, divided into six unequal portions by crossing black nervules, — its outer black border (prolonged to posterior angle) moderately broad, even, only slightly indenting red on nervules, — its inner border broad or very broad (except in some specimens near costa), with a rather diffused inner edge slightly radiating on nervules ; costa black-edged almost to base ; inner-marginal black bar very broad and black, superiorly infringing a little on discoidal cell, usually ending slightly diffusedly beyond middle, but sometimes united by blackish scaling to black border at posterior angle. Hind-vnng : costal black border strongly marked, slightly diffuse and irregular along its lower edge, — at its extremity beyond middle a slight downward projection indicating beginning of a discal ray ; beyond middle, inferior portion of discal ray (between radial nervule and inner margin) forming a some- what curved conspicuous broad bar ; a hind-marginal submacular black border of moderate width, emitting short nervular rays, and more or less completely united with discal bar on radial and third median nervules. Undek side. — White; all the black markings of the wppcr side faintly represented in a very pale grey shade. Fore-wing : costal and hind-marginal border of apical patch (which is pale-orange) tinged with pale-yellow so as to present a greenish tint ; terminal disco-cellular dot present ; termination of greyish inner-marginal bar blackish. Hind- wing : a very faint tinge of yellow along costal and hind-marginal border gives a slight greenish cast like that shown near apex of fore- wing ; disco-(5ellular terminal dot small, black, immediately preceded by a rather -conspicuous mark of bright orange ; discal ray represented by a pale ferruginous mark on costa beyond middle, and a narrow curved streak of the same colour between radial nervule and inner margin ; a hind-marginal series of nervular minute black dots. ^ Didler-ivhite, yellowish-^vhite, or yellowish ; apical patch consider- ably narrower, orange or dull orange ; black markings generally broader, but not so dark as in $. Fore-iving : disco-cellular dot usually well marked ; inner-marginal black exceedingly broad, rising over more than lower half of discoidal cell, touchino-, or almost touching, terminal 144 SOUTH- AFEIC AN BUTTERFLIES, dot, and by a short upward diffused projection meeting very broad inner border of apical patch on second median nervule ; in specimens where inner-marginal black extends to posterior angle a white or yel- lowish spot is isolated just below lower extremity of apical orange. Hind-iving : upper part of discal ray prolonged to angulation on radial nervule, lower part very much broader than in $, — the whole ray more or less confluent broadly on nervules w4th hind-marginal macular black border. Under side. — Hind-iving and cvpical harder of fore-wing more or less strongly tinged with creamy yellow ; indication of dark upper-side markings not so pronounced as in ^, except termination of inner-mar- ginal band of fore-wing, which is blackish. Fore-iving : basal area widely suffused with pale-yellow. Hind-iving : ferruginous discal ray more strongly marked. Variety A. $ and ^ (Omphaloidcs, Butler). Exp. al, ($) I in. 5^-8 lin. ; ($) i in. 5-8 lin. ^ All the black markings more or less reduced, but especially the lower portion of discal ray of hind-wing, which is never broad, often diffused, and sometimes obsolescent.^ Under side. — Flind-wing and ap)ical border of fore-tving more or less tinged with creamy-jnnk, — in the darker specimens sparsely irrorated with brown atoms. $ Black markings similarly reduced, as a rule, but variable ; in some examples as strongly developed as in type-form. Under side. — Pinkish tinge usually deeper but duller than in ^^ ; in some examples re- placed by pale creamy-brownish; hind-wing faintly striolated with brown. {Ilah. — Cape Colony and Delagoa Bay.) I am unable to separate from this variety a series of still smaller specimens which I captured at Robertson, Western Cape Colony, in January of 1 876 and 1 877. The $s expand only I in. 3^-6 lin., and the ^ s i in. 5 lin. The former exhibit a complete gradation, from one with black and well-developed longitudinal bands and a thin discal ray in the hind-wing, to an individual in which all these markings are wholly absent. Two similarly unhanded ^ s have reached me from Namaqualand District and one from Carnarvon District. The $ s do not differ in marking or colouring from the smaller ordinary ones of the variety." The Exolc $ of Reiclie {op. cit.) seems to me identical with the larger and darker examples of the $ Omphcdc. My conclusion from Wallengren's description {loe. cit.), that his Achinc $ was referable to the $ Omphale, has been confirmed by the loan of a typical example from the Stockholm Museum. After a careful comparison of the types of Mr. Butler's Omphalo'ides and JTydridus — the ^ of the latter being one of my own captures at Plettenberg Bay — I was unable to keep ^ In a single S which I captured at Plettenberg Bay all the black markings but the borders of apical patch are wanting. ^ I believe that the only Teracolus I ever .saw on the wing at Cape Town was a ay), as well as in Swaziland, and in the Lydcnburg District of Transvaal, varying grades of it occur, together with the darker rhlefjetonia. Localities of Tcracolus Antigone. I. South Africa. 13. Cape Colony. h. Eastern Districts. — Uitenhage {S. D. Bairstnw and J. II. Borvlier). Grahamstown. Fish llivcr, Albany District {Mrs. Barber). King AViUiam's Town (IF. S. M. D'Urban). Bedford (J. F. Mansel Weak). E. Natal. a. Coast Districts. — D'Urban (-/. //. Bou-hr). b. Upper Districts. — Estcourt and Bushman's River, Weenen County (J. M. Hutchmson). C. Swaziland.— The late E. C. Bu.don. IT. Delagoa Bay. — Lourenco JSIarques {Mrs. Monteiro). K. Transvaal. — Lydenburg District {T. Ayres). Limpopo River {F. C. Selous). II. Other African Regions. B. North Tropical. a. Western Coast. — " Guinea." — Boisduval. 61. Eastern Interior. — Soudan: " Atbara River." — Butler. 1 289. (25.) Teracolus Phlegetonia, (Boisduval). $ Antliocharis Phlegetonia, Boisd., Sp. Gen. Lep., i. 576, n. 25 (1836). "S'ar. c^ Antliopsijche F/ilegetonia, Wallengr., K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Haudl., 1857; Lep. Rhop. Caffr., p. 13, n. 5. Anthocliaris Fhlegctonia, Hopftl, Peters' Reise Mossamb., Ins., p. 360 (1862). Var. $ $ AntJiocharis Eione, Boisd., loc. cit., p. 578, n. 29. Anthocliaris Dclplune, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 53, obs. and note (1862). Tcracolus Eione, Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 144, n. 54. Exp. al, {$) I in. 3-6 lin. ; ($) i in. — I in. 6 lin. $ JVliite, with Iright-orange slightly pinTc-glossed apical patch (inarJccd inferiorly on its inner side hy a Mack spot) ; black longitudinal stripes {especially that of forc-iuing) very broad. Fore-iving : usually a more or less distinct terminal disco-cellular black dot ; orange apical patch wide superiorly and touching white field, but abruptly narrowed infe- riorly by inner rather large outwardly-excavate black spot ; costal black border of orange rather wide at beginning, then narrow, but widening again before apex ; hind-marginal black border rather wide, radiating on all nervules, deeply and sharply indenting the orange on five of them, and on and below second median nervule bounding inferior extremity of orange by a broad ray that unites with black internal spot of patch, and sometimes difFusedly touches upper corner of extremity of inner-marginal black stripe ; this stripe very broad, its upper edge 152 SOUTH- AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. rather diffused, and near base extending a little into discoidal cell, its extremity broad and more or less truncate. Hlnd-iving : base rather widely blackish except on inner-marginal border ; a wide costal black stripe, a small downward projection of its extremity marking commence- ment of discal ray ; this ray linear or obsolete as far as radial nervule, but inferiorly broad, black, diffused internally, but externally more or less completely confluent with a wide hind-marginal black border radi- ating deeply on nervules, so as to leave nothing more than four nar- row white rays or white lines on inter-nervular folds. Uinder side. — Forc-iving : base sometimes slightly tinged with sulphur-yellow ; apical orange well developed, rarely with the faintest trace of inner dark spot, externally bordered (very broadly apically) with pale sulphur-j^ellowish ; disco-cellular terminal dot always distinct ; inner-marginal stripe grey, with extremity blackish. Hind-wing : white, yellowish-white, or dull- creamy ; costa conspicuously orange-edged from base to beyond middle ; a disco-cellular terminal black dot, in contact anteriorly with a much larger pointed orange spot ; a very faint shade indicating position of costal stripe of upper side ; discal ray and hind-marginal border also usually scarcely indicated, but the former sometimes better expressed (especially at its costal origin), and in a few specimens diffusedly marked in brownish-red or pale-ferruginous. In both wings a terminal nervular series of minute but veiy distinct black dots. ^ IVIiite, or ycllowish-ivhitc ; orange of cqnccd patch exceedingly vari- able in extent, — in some examples almost as in $, except for a very faint and narroio traversing series of dushy nervular marks, — more often reduced to a narrow curved hand only partly invading a broad inner hlackish border, — still more diminished to a centred series of three to five separate very dull ixde-orange, yellowish, or even whitish, spots in a black apical patch, — rarely wholly obsolete, leaving thepcdch dusky -blackish only. Fore-wing : disco-cellular terminal spot much larger than in ^, and almost always touching inner-marginal black stripe, which is broadei', and almost fills discoidal cell, — its superior terminal portion projecting so as to join inner border of apical patch on second median nervule. Hind-wing : basal blackish extending thinly beyond cell as far as lower part of discal ray ; costal stripe as ii\ $ ; a small, but usually quite distinct, terminal disco-cellular black dot ; discal ray complete from its costal origin, and usually more distinguishable from hind-marginal border than in ^, the white inter-nervular rays being broader, and sometimes themselves confluent. Under side. — Much duller and deeper- tinted them in ^ ; hind-unng and apex of fore-wing varying from dull greyish-creamy or yellowish-creamy to reddish-creamy , sparsely irrorated with dark-grey ; markings similar to those of $, but stronger. Fore- wing : apical orange very variable, usually much narrower and fainter than in ^, never wholly absent ; a dusky streak traversing it near its inner border. A typical specimen (^) of Wallengren's Pldegetonia, kindly lent riERIN.'E. 153 from tlie Stockholm Museum by Mr. Chr. Aurivillius, agrees with Wal- lengren's description {loc. cU.), aiul with a ^ from Delagoa Bay and another from Transvaal, in wanting altogether the white inter-nervular streaks usually marking the coniluent discal ray and hind-marginal border of the hind-wings, so that a very broad uniform black border covers the lower two-thirds of the outer part of those wings. Mr. J. L. Fry has sent me a $ similarly marked from Tati. I am unable to distinguish Eoisd aval's Eiouc from his Phlegetonia, the only characters noted in his descriptions being the smaller size and greyish-yellowish under side of the former, — features highly variable, and presenting every gradation. Mr. Butler {Joe. cit., pp. 1 43-144) identifies rUcgetonia, Boisd., with Antigone, Boisd. {Sp. Gen., p. 572), but the description of the latter (only the $ is described) as having ou the upper side " la hase ct la commissure U'gcrcmcnt saupoudrees dc gris" and as regards the hind- wino-s, simply " une hordure noire creneUe," indicates a different insect from the heavily black banded and bordered Phlegclonia ; although it must be admitted (as stated under T. Antigone) that the darkest examples do nearly approach Phlegetonia in marking. This is one of the most striking of the smaller species of Teracohis, tlie relatively large size of the orange patch and the depth and extent of the black markings rendering it very conspicuous. I found it very seldom during my stay in^Natal, but abundantly in the scrub bush at Uitenhage, Cape Colony. It is an active insect, but not swift, and flics close to the ground, appearing in the height of summer (January to March). Near Graliamstown I also met witli the species, and on the 12th February 1870 captured the united sexes. In this pair neither sex had the black markings at their highest development, and the well-marked apical orange of the $ partly penetrated the upper part of its broad inner blackish border. In another pair, taken in copidd by Colonel Bowker near the Upper Tugela on 2d April 1880, the S has heavy dark mark- ings, but the $ is scarcely more heavily marked than the darkest ? s of Antigone, and has the apical orange superiorly almost as in the ^ , the usual dark inner border being reduced to a series of dusky nervular marks well within the orange. 1 Localities of Teracolus Fhlegetonia. I. South Africa. 13. Cape Colony, b. Eastern Districts. — Uitenhage. Grahamstown. D. Kaflfraria Proper. — Bashee River {J. H. Bowker). E. Natal. a. Coast Districts. — D'Urban. Verulam. h. Upper Districts. — Greytown. Valley of Tugela and Mooi Rivers (/. H. Bowker). G. Swaziland. — The late E. C. Buxton. H, Delagoa Bay. — Louren^o Marques {Mrs. Monteiro). K. Transvaal. — Lydenburg District {T. Ayres). Marico and Limpopo Rivers {F. C. Setous). 1 A very fine ? , sent from Weenen County in Natal by Mr. J. M. Hutchinson, consider- ably surpasses that here noticed as regards the width of the apical orange and the faintness of the traces of the inner dark border of the orange, but presents, on the contrary, all the great black markings in their highest development on both wings. 154 SOUTH- AFRICAN" BUTTERFLIES. II. Other African Regions. A. South Tropical. a. "Western Coast. — Daruaraland (J. A. Bell and the late C. J. A?iders,S(m). hi. Eastern Interior. — Tauwani River (F. C. Seloiis). Between Transvaal and Gubulewayo (A. W. Erik$so7i). Tati (/. L. Fry). Zambesi : " Tette."— Hopfier. B. North Tropical. a. "Western Coast. — " Accra ( (7a ?-^c'r)." — Butler. "Senegal." — Bois- duval. hi. Eastern Interior. — Abyssinia: " Slioa {Antinori) and Bogos {Beccari)." — Oberthlir. 290. (2G.) Teracolus Microcale, Butler. (J 5 Teracolus Microcale, But!., Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 4th Ser., xviii. p. 487 (1876). Ux2^. al., ($) I in. 6 liu, ; ($) i in. 3! lin. $ Wlhite, ivith rather large orange apical 2Mtch bordered rather ividcly througliout with hlacldsh. Fore-wing : base rather broadly irrorated with blackish ; apical orange of six divisions, being outwardly deeply pierced by black nervules. Hind-ioing : a series of rather large blackish nervular hind-marginal spots, of whicla the three npper ones are con- fluent. Ua'DER side. — White. Forc-inng : a terminal disco-cellular black dot ; apical orange of upper side showing faintly through. Ilind- iving : a terminal disco-cellular black dot attached to a preceding small orange spot. ^ Similar, smcdler ; luith apical orange narrow, curved, open at its lower extremity so as to touch white field heneath third median nermde. Iliiid-ioing : hind-marginal spots smaller, more separate. Under side. — Hind-wing and apical pcdch of forc-iving creamy tinged with yellowish, rery thinly irroredcd ivith Ironmish. Forc-tving : base tinged with pale sulphur-yellow. Hind-vjing : a faint trace of a brownish discal elbowed bar across median nervules. This little species comes perhaps closer to the Eoippe group than any other, and is noticeable for the wide even dark bordering of the apical patch on all sides. Neither sex has any longitudinal black markings in either wing. Mr. Butler founded the species on a (J and a $ from the Atbara (Soudan), and my description is made from those type specimens and from a second 5 > ticketed " Orange River," placed with the others in the British ]\Iuseum collection. I did not ascertain who had signified the locality of the last-named example, but I could detect no difference of any importance between it and the type $ . Localities of Teracolus Microccde. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony.— Orange River. — Coll. Brit. Mus. ir. Other African Regions. B. North Tropical. hi. Eastern Interior. — Soudan: Atbara River.— Coll. Brit. Mus. PIERIN/E. 155 291. (27.) Teracolus Lais, Butler. S Teracolus Lai.^, Bull., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1S76, p. 145, n. 64. Riy. al., {$) I in. 4-4^ liu. ; {%) i in. 4-7 lin. ^ IFIiite, with rather sinall dull orange-yellow apical imtch Uaclcish- hordcred hath internally and externally. Fore-wing : costa with a very fine linear black edging ; base narrowly and very sparsely powdered with blackish ; a well-defined terminal disco-cellular black dot ; apical orange bordered internally rather widely with blackish (which in type is even throughout, but in a second specimen becomes rather thin and diffused between third and second median nervules), and externally by narrower border, piercing the orange to some depth on nervules, and itself pierced by four or five inter-nervular acuminate rays of the orange, and ending about second median nervule. Hind-wing : sparse basal powdering rather more extended than in fore-win^^ ; a hind-marginal series of six moderate-sized or small separate nervular blackish spots. Under side. — Rind-wing and apiccd patch of fore-wing creamy-iohite, finely irrorated with fuscous. Fore-wing : terminal disco-cellular dot larger, well defined ; a very faint indication of apical orange and its dark inner border. Ilind-wing : costa edged with orange-yellow for a little distance from base ; a terminal disco-cellular black dot, bounded internally by a small bright orange spot ; nervular hind-marginal black dots very minute. $ Apiccd orange-yclloio patch narrow, much curved, six-p)artite (un- equcdhj) by very fine Uach nervules, much more hroadly hlachish-hordercd interncdly and extcrncdly than in $ ; in each wing an imperfect longi- tudincd Uackish stripe, and in hind-iuing cdso an irrccjular clhoiced disced Uackish ray. Fore-ioing : basal area finely irrorated with blackish (in one example also tinged with sulphur-yellow) ; inner-marginal blackish broad, somewhat greyish, and diflused, except at its extremity not far beyond middle (where it emits a faint thin upward ray) joinino- inner border of apical patch ; terminal disco-cellular spot large, sub-ovate ; outer border of apical patch broad, not deeply indenting the orange, and not pierced by the latter, ending abruptly on or just below first median nervule ; the two borders unite rather broadly on second median nervule. Hind-wing: basal irroration sparse, but widely extended inferiorly; costal stripe broad, rather faint, excejot at its abrupt ter- mination ; a small but distinct terminal disco-cellular dot ; discal elbowed ray narrow, irregularly angulated, fainter superiorly, and be- coming obsolete towards inner margin; a rather wide hind-marginal blackish border, continuous from apex to second subcostal nervule (where it is connected with elbow of discal ray), but thence with inter- nervular interruptions and becoming obsolete not far from anal angle. Under side. — Hind-iving and apical patch of fore-wing very pah creamy-yellowish or dull creamy, very finely irrorated icith fuscous. Fore-u-ing : basal area faintly suffused with sulphur-yellow, but without 156 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. fuscous iiToratiou above median iiervure ; inner-marginal stripe fainter than on upper side, but its terminal upward ray well marked, and (more faintly) continued to near costa by diffused macular inner border of apical patch ; disco-cellular spot well developed ; oi^ange of apical patch veiy faintly indicated. Ilind-vjing : only a very faint indication of elbowed discal ray. Variety A. {$ and $). $ Larger {cxp. cd., i in. /-^-^ lin.), tvith orange-yclloiu apical patch someichat redder hut duller in tint, and its inner blackish border much narroirer and more diffused. Fore-uing : disco-cellular dot smaller. Ilind-iving : hind-marginal nervular spots very small.- Under side. — Hind-uing and apical patch of furc-iving very pale reddish-creamy, irro- ratcd more closely than in type-form. $ Exp. al., I in. 6-y lin. Pattern as in type-form ; but apical orange-yellow in one example represented only by a few scales, and in the other by a diffused ill-defined ray of three spots in the middle of a dusJcy blackish 'paich. Under side. — Hind-wing and apical patch of fore-wing paler and duller than in typical ^. (Hab. — Vaal Eiver, Griqualand West.) The $ of this very distinct species has some resemblance to Klug's figures of his Ephyia, from Ambukohl {Syrnh. Fhys., pi. vi. ff. 9, 10), but presents a smaller apical patch and an irrorated under side. In both these characters it approaches T. Bowkeri, Trim, (see p. lOo), but differs in the much deeper, warmer colour of its apical patch with its narrower and fainter inner blackish border. In this last feature it is not unlike Agoye, Wallengr., ^, but wants the conspicuous upper-side black neuration and irroration of the latter. As regards the ^, Lais is altogether different from the two South-African congeners just named, that sex having the upper-side pattern and facies partly of Antcvippe, Boisd., $, and partly of Antigone, Boisd., $, whereas the ^ s of Agoye and Bowkeri are wholly, or almost wholly, devoid of the characteristic dark stripes and rays. The variety above described co-exists with the type-form on the Vaal River, and may possibly be a seasonal form of the latter. Very few examples of tins butterfly liave come under my notice. The type {&. S) in the British Museum is ticketed "Orange River," and registered as collected by " C. H. Pilcher, 1872." A $ from Damaraland was sent to me for determination by Mr. Aurivillius in 1S81, and a $ and 5 taken on the Vaal River were presented to the South-African Museum by Mr, H. L. Feltham during the current year (1888). Of the Variety A., four examples (two of each sex) were taken by Colonel Bowker on the Vaal River in 187 1, but no note accompanied them except the general one (since confirmed by Mr. Feltham), that in that tract of country all the TeracoU were almost confined to the immediate vicinity of the river. PIERIN.E. 157 Localities of Teracolus Lais. I. South Africa, B. Cape Colony. r^ ,, t> ■ 1 b. Eastern Districts.— Orange lliver {C. II. rilcher).— Loll J^rit. Mus. c. Gri.iualand West.— A^aal River (/. //. Bowker—Yav. A.; and //. L. Feltham). 11. Other African Regions. A. South Tropical. a. "Western Coast.— Damaraland (De Vylder). 292. (28.) Teracolus Celimene, (Lucas). $ $ Anthocharls Celimene, Lucas, Rev. et Mag. Zool., 2nd Ser., iv. p. 426 (1852). $ 9 Anthocharis Amina, Hewits., Exot. Butt., 111. pi. 5, ff. 1-3 (1S66). $ Callosune Amina, Stand., Exot. Schmett., i. pi. 23 (1884). Exp. al, {$) I in. 7-9i Hn. ; (?) i in. 10 liu. _ ^ White, with very large dull picrplish-lake, violet-glossed, Uach- hordered apiccd pateh, intersected hy a black streak. Fore-wing: base and costal margin before middle narrowly and sparsely powdered with blackish ; a very faint indication of the terminal disco-cellular black dot of the under side ; costa with a linear black edging as far as begin- ning of apical patch ; nervulcs crossing apical piatch heavily clouded with Hack, especially externcUly, dividing the purple into seven {rarely eight) uneqtial raigs, the hind-marginal tips of six of tvhich (between apex and first median nervule) are acuminate and conspicuously p)ale S7ilphur- yclloio; costal and hind-marginal black borders of apical patch very narrow, but the latter suddenly broadening at (or rarely below) first median nervule, where it unites with the narrow rather irregular and (internally) diffused inner black border of patch, and whence the united borders continue to posterior angle; black streak traversing patch nearer inner than outer edge, running a little obliquely outward from costa as far as third median nervule, but thence deflected inwardly and joining inner black border on second median nervule. Ilind-wing : a hind-marginal black border of moderate width, emitting inwardly ner- vular dentations, gradually narrowing from apex to anal angle, and enclosing near its outer edge a series of five (rarely six) small sub- rhomboidal inter-nervular white spots, lessening in size as the border narrows; base very sparsely and narrowly powdered with blackish, which extends a little along both sides of median and submedian ner- vures; before and beyond middle respectively, the two dark oblique sub-transverse streaks of the under side are faintly visible. Under side. — Eind-wing and outer apiccd hind-marginal area of fore-wing varying from cream-colour to pale sulphur-yellow ; ncuration across apical patch 158 SOUTH-AFRICAX BUTTERFLIES. of fore-iving, and in hincl-iij'uig from hcforc middle, 'palc fern( 11- 3 (1877)- Idmais Vesta, Stand., Exot. Schmett, i. pi. 23 (1884). Exp. al, (^) I in. 7-9I lin. ; ($) I iu. 7^-10! lin. $ Deep cream colour, inclining sometimes to a slightly pinh, sometimes to an oclirey-yellow tint ; bordered and transversely handed %vith Uacic ; hasal areas ivhitc, near tliorax more or less clouded with Uuish-grey ; neuration beyond middle blacJc-clouded in both loings. Fore-wing : basal bluish-grey variable in extent, covering from one-third to two-thirds of discoidal cell, so that white area beyond (extending to extremity of cell and to a little before middle inner-marginally) is wider or narrower accordingly ; costa blackish-edged, but covered as far as end of cell by basal bluish-grey ; a broad large elongated slightly-curved terminal disco-cellular black marking, superiorly touching costal blackish ; black nervular clouding only failing on lower radial nervule ; a highly irre- gular discal black band, strongly sinuated both superiorly and mesial) y, broad superiorly and inferiorly, but rather thin in its middle sinuation (on median nervules), runs from costa to inner margin ; a broad black hind-marginal border, marked externally by six short inter-nervular linear marks of the ground-colour, and internally more or less intimately united with discal band by the black-clouded nervules, so as to enclose eight unequal spots of the ground-colour (the four upper smaller than the four lower ones). liind-wing : basal bluish-grey variable in extent, sometimes so wide as to obliterate the white usually present beyond it ; about middle of costa commences a transverse black band of variable width, both internally and externally rather irregularly dentate on nervules, extending almost to submedian nervure, not far before anal angle ; a broad hind-marginal black border as in fore- wing, but with seven external spots (not streaks) of the gi'ound-colour, and so united riErjx.E. i6i with central black band by cloucled nervules as to enclose a regular series of eight elongate ground-colour spots (the first and the last two much smaller than the rest). Under side. — lUnd-vnnfj and ainml hind-margined area of fore-wing mlphur-yelloiu, ivilh ferruginous-red stripes and nervular clouding. Fore-iving : ivarm ochreous-yelloiu icith a tinge of orange; no basal grey or white or costal blackish, but costa near base bordered with sulphur-yellow ; terminal disco-cellular black mark much narrower than on upper side ; discal band reduced, sub- raacular or even macular, near costa ferruginous-red ; hind-marginal border reduced to a thin ferruginous streak, and ferruginous nervules marking off a hind-marginal series of large sulphur-yellow spots, except towards its lower extremity, where it is blackish with only a minute external ochre-yellow spot ; upper four of spots between hind-marginal border and discal band sulphur-yellow. Ilind-v)ing : central band and inner side of hind-marginal border ferruginous-red, the nervules clouded with the same colour, uniting them and serving to separate seven hind-marginal sidphur-yellow spots, all very large and rounded except a linear one at apex ; before middle, from costal nervure, a narrow irregularly-dentate ferruginous-red transverse streak, bounded outwardly by disco-cellular nervule, and becoming obsolete a little below it ; costa rather widely edged with orange-yellow to middle ; from base four longitudinal streaks of orange-yellow, viz., a very short one below costal nervure, a short one to extremity of cell, a very long one between median and submedian nervures (extending to end of central band), and a rather short one just below submedian nervure. $ Like $, hut ground-colour duller cLiidpcdcr (csjKcicdbj in hind-u-ing), and sometimes creamy-ichitisJi or almost white; hlack markings usually not so darh ; hind-marginal fore-vjing streaks and hind-wing spots ochrcy- yelloto, iisually larger {especially in hind-iviyig). Fore-wing : basal bluish- grey wider and duller, rarely leaving any white beyond it ; terminal disco-cellular mark broader (in some specimens superiorly radiating towards base). Under side. — As in ^. Variety A. $ and $ {T. argillaceus, Butl.). Exp. al, ($) I in. 6-8^ lin. ; (?) i in. 8^ lin. $ Smaller ; all the black markings much narrow^er ; hind-marginal spots of both wings larger, and those of fore-wing much less elongate. Under side. — Hind-wing and apical hind-marginal area of fore-wing completely suffused with dull creamy-reddish, the usual sulphur-yellow spots being obliterated and the ferruginous stripes represented by dull ashy-grey. $ As in ^, but the under-side suffusion much paler and tinged with pale-greyish. {Hal. — Natal and Transvaal.) A dwarf ^ of the type-form, from the interior of Natal, expands only I in. 4 lin., and a dwarf $, from the Upper Limpopo, the same. Boisduval {App. to Voy. de Deleg. dans VAfriqux Aust., p. 588, VOL. III. h 1 62 SOUTH- AFRIC AX BUTTERFLIES. 1847) mentioned ^^ Iclmais Vesta, Boisd,, iued.," as having been figured in Doubleday and Westwood's " Genera" (pi, 7, f. 5) as tlie $ of Chry- sonomc, King (Si/rnh. Phys., t. vii. if. 9-1 l). I accordingly described (^Rhoj). A/r. Aust., i. p. 62, n. 41, 1862) the British Museum specimens (from Congo), from which the " Genera "' figure was taken, as probably Vesta, Boisd. Mr. W. F. Kirby, in 1869, pointed out to me that Doubleday 's butterfly was quite distinct both from Clirysonome, Klug, and also from the Abyssinian Vesta, E-eiche {op. cit., supra), and in his Synonymic Catalogue (1871) he gave the species the name of Idmais Hewitsoni. I subsequently found, however, that Hopffer had previously {Peters' Beisc n. Mossamhique, pp. 362—363, 1862) done the same, but had named Doubleday's species /. Douhledayi. Vesta, Keiche, described from Abyssinian specimens, is unquestion- ably identical with the South-African examples here described. It may at once be distinguished from the Congo ally {Douhledayi, Hopffer) by its conspicuous black central band across the upper side of the hind- wings, but the other black markings are very similar, Douhledayi hold- ing an intermediate position between Vesta and the much smaller and duller Clirysonome, Klug, with dusky almost unmarked upper side of hind-wings, from Dongola.^ I find that the basal white of the upper side (in conjunction with a yellower general ground-colour) is usually more developed in ^ speci- mens from tracts within or near the Southern Tropic than in those inhabiting Natal ; the palest $ s also (some nearly white) come from the same tracts. The Variety A. is linked to the type-form by ^ s and a % from the Tugela Eiver and Delagoa Bay, in which the under-side colouration is dull and suffused, and the crossing bands grey, but the reddish tint not decided. Colonel Bowker, on 30th July 1878, took at the mouth of the Tugela a very pronounced ^ of the variety in company with the % of the intermediate form. This dull creamy-reddish suffusion of the under side appears to be a tendency widely prevalent throughout the greater part of the genus Teracolus. I only once fc4I in with this species during my stay in Natal, on the 12th March 1867, at a spot of limited extent in the rough thorny country called the " Dooms," near Greytown, where I took several specimens about flowers at a steep bank by the roadside. It Avas very conspicuous on the wing, and but for the roughness of the rocky ground would have been easy to capture, not flying at all swiftly At the end of March 1880, Colonel Bowker took several exam- ples near the junction of the Mooi and Tugela Rivers, and, on 2d April, the sexes in copula. All these examples were of the type-form, and the ^ and $ taken paired were both noticeable for the heaviness of their black markings on the upper side. IMr. John L. Fry brought me specimens taken in the interior at the Makloutse River on the 20th April, and at Tati on the 20th May 1887. ^ Mr. Butler records this species as also inhabiting Somaliland. See Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, p. 768. riERIN.E. 163 Localities of Tcracolus Vesta. I. South Africa. E. Natal. a. Coast Districts.— Mouth of Tugela River (/. //. Bowker.—^wh- typ. and Var. A.). Greytown.— Typ. Weciieii County (/. M. Hutchinson. — Typ. and Var. A.). Between Tugela and Mooi Rivers (/. H. Bowlier. — Typ.). O. Swaziland.— (The late E. G. Buxton.— Tj]). and Var. A.). II. Delagoa Bay. — Lourenro Marques (3Irs. Monteiro. — Typ. and Sub- typ-)- K. Transvaal- Eydenburg District {T. Aijres.—T)-\\ and ^Var. A.). Limpopo River {F. C. Selous), II. Other African Regions. A. South Tropical. a. AVestern Coast. — Damaraland (/. A. Bell. — Typ.). I. Eastern Coast. — " Querimba."— Hopffer. — Sub-typ. and Var. A. " j\Iombasa." — Staudinger. bi. Eastern Interior.— Lotsani River, Tchakani Vley, and Tati (F. 0. Selous. — Typ.). Makloutse River (J. L. Fry. — Typ.). Zam- besi {Rev. H. i?ty«:^e//.— Typ.);— "Tette."— Hopffer. B. North Tropical. hi. Eastern Interior.—" Abyssinia." — Reiche. " Shoa {Antinori)." — Oberthiir. Genus COLIAS. Colias, Fabricius, " Illiger's Mag., vi. p. 284 (1S07)." „ Latreille, Enc. Meth., ix. p. 10 (18 19). Eurymus, Swainson, Zool. Illustr., 2nd Ser., ii. pi. 60 (1S31-32). Colias, Boisduval, Sp. Gen. Lep., i. p. 633 (1836). „ Doubleday, Gen. D. Lep., i. p. 72 (1847). „ Trimen, Rhop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 70 (1862). ,, (revision), Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 133, and 1884, p. I. Imago. — Head of moderate size, scaly, densely clothed with hair, especially frontally, where there is a large projecting tuft ; iialpi rather short, compressed, densely scaled, clothed beneath with moderately long fine hairs ; basal and middle joints about equal in length, terminal joint extremely small and short, not acute ; antcnnw short, stout, straight, with a very gradually formed cylindrical club, truncate at tip. Tliorax rather stout, densely clothed with hair, which is long and silky above (especially posteriorly). Fore-wings rather truncate ; costa almost straight beyond basal curve ; apex marked, but not acute ; costal nervure very stout, ending considerably beyond middle ; subcostal nervure four-branched, — first nervule long, given off not far beyond middle of discoidal cell, — second not so long, given off at, or a little (or, rarely, a good way) beyond, extremity of discoidal cell, — third short, ending on costa just before apex, — fourth short, ending on hind- margin a little below apex ; upper radial united to subcostal nervure. 1 64 SOUTH-AFRICAX BUTTERFLIES. usually about midway between forking of third and fourth nervules and extremity of cell, but sometimes much nearer the latter ; upper disco-cellular nervule very short, slightly oblique, sometimes a little curved lower one long, arched, occasionally angulated ; discoidal cell short, less than half length of wing, moderately wide, truncate at extremity. Hind-tiings rather bluntly sub-ovate ; costa moderately arched ; anal angle rather pronounced ; convex inner-margins forming a o-roove covering three-fourths of abdomen ; first subcostal nervule arched, given otf some distance before extremity of cell ; upper disco- cellular nervule of moderate length, straight, oblique, — lower one con- siderably longer, angulated above its middle point ; internal nervure rather long, ending at some distance beyond middle ; ^ (in the Eclusa group) with an elongate-ovate patch or badge of small, closely-set, elevated scales near base, just above subcostal nervure. Legs rather short and stout, scaly ; femora with long and rather sparse hair be- neath ; middle and hind tibiae finely and sparsely spinulose beneath, their terminal spurs of moderate size ; tarsi finely spinulose generally, their claws very deeply bifid, without paronychia. Abdomen rather short, compressed but not very slender. This very compact and well-defined genus (of which the well- known " Clouded Yellows " of Europe are typical) consists of a limited number — variously estimated at from twenty-six to forty- eight — of species, very closely allied, and mainly characteristic firstly of the Pala3arctic, and secondly of the Nearctic Eegions. Several species are circumpolar in the Northern Hemisphei'e, and the majority is in tem- perate regions limited to high alpine tracts. It seems most probable that Colias is one of the groups which was of very wide and general prevalence during the last glacial period, but has since in tropical regions been compelled to retreat to the mountains. Though extend- ing all through America, from the extreme north (Gi'innel Land) to Cape Horn, it is confined to the Andes in the great tropical belt ; and in the Oriental Region only appears on the Himalayan boundary, with the exception of an isolated species on the Nilghiris in Southern India. Tropical Western Africa has yielded no representative of the genus, but South Africa has one exceedingly common and generally distri- buted species (Ekdra, Linn.), a very close ally of the European Edusa. The latter is abundant on the African shores of the Mediterranean, and Elcctra is recorded by M, Oberthiir as having occurred in Shoa on the Abyssinian plateau, while Mr, Godraan has noted the occurrence of a Colias (referred by him to Edusa) among Mr. Johnston's captures on Kilima-njaro. These butterflies ai'e orange, orange-yellow, sulphur-yellow, or yellowish-white above, with a more or less developed blackish border, a black terminal disco-cellular spot in the fore-wings, and a larger orange one in the hind- wings ; beneath, they are of a paler yellow, always more or less tinged with green ; their antennEe and legs and riERIN/E. 165 wing-cilia are pinkisli-rcd. Thcro is in many of llie decper-orango species a beautiful ros}- and violaceous gloss, bettor shown in the $. The $ is constantly paler and duller than the $, and in the largest (Edusa) group alone possesses yellow spots in the border of the fore- Avino-s ; she also, in the same group, usually presents a second white or very pale form, with in some instances individuals intermediate between this and her normal colouring. In some of the Arctic forms greenish colouring pervades the upper as well as the under surface of the wings ; and the blackish border is very faint, and in the ^ evanescent.-^ In rJiopaloccra Africce AustraUs I included, on what appeared to be good authority, C. ILjale (Linn.), in the South-African list ; but, as no properly authenticated specimen has ever since been brought to notice in any part of the country, I feel convinced that some error (perhaps the old one of confusing Ilyah with the pale form of the $ Eihisa or Ulcdra) must have led to Mr. Layard's belief that he and other collectors had taken Ilijcdc in South Africa. It is at the same time to be noticed that M. C. Oberthiir records this species as among the late Marquis Antinori's captures in 1879-81 in Shoa, Abyssinia. 294. (1.) Colias Electra, (Linuffiiis). Papilio Electra, Linn., Syst. Nat., i. 2, p. 764, n. loi (1767). S 9 Papilio Ilyale, Cram., Pap. Exot., iv. pi. cccli. ff. e, f [ (^ ], g, 11 [ ? ], (1782). Var. ? Pajnlio Pahmo, Cram., ojh cit., pi. cccxl. ff. a. b. (J 9 9 Var. Colias Eledra, Godt., Enc. Meth., ix. p. 102, n. 39 (1S19). S 9 9 Var. Colias Electra, Boisd., Sp. Gen. Lep., i. p. 637, 11. 3 (1836). ^ Colias Edtisina, Feld., " Wien. Ent. Monatschr., iv. p. 100, n. 55 (i860)." S 9 9 Vak. Colias Electra, Trim., Ehop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 71, n. 47 (1862). Larva and Pupa, Trim., oj). cit., ii. p. 332, pi. i, IF. 2, 2a (1866). Rc2). al, Q) I in. 9 lin.— 2 in. 2 lin. ; (?) I in. S^ lin.— 2 in. 3 liu. ^ BcejJ clirome-ycUow, inclinivg to orange, glossed ivitli a ]_nnk lustre in certain lights ; with hroad hlacJv hands on hind-margins. Fore-wing : base very narrowly blackish; an ovate, usually rather narrow, black spot at extremity of discoidal cell; hind-marginal band broadest at apex, irregularly dentate on nervules on its internal edge, dusted with pale-yellow scales, some of the nervules crossing it near apex being also pale-yellow, Ilind-tcing : base blackish, extending along median and submedian nervures ; costa and inner-margin pale yellowish-green ; a large, rounded, deep orange disco-cellular spot ; hind-marginal black 1 The opposite extreme in this last character is reached in the very remarkable species C. WislotU, Staudr., from Samarkand, the 6 of which has the black border in both wings occupying all the outer area from a little beyond the end of the discoidal cell. (See Berl. L'ntom. Zeitschr., 1882, p. 166, t. ii. H. g S , 10 ?.) 1 66 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. band narrower than in fore-wmff, irregularly dentate on nervules on its inner edge, gradually diminishing as far as first median nervule, where it ends ; a clothing of pale-yellow hairs on the dusky portion of wing near base and inner margin ; yellow field generally more or less finely irrorated with blackish. Under side. — Fore-iving : pale ochreous- yellow, almost cream-colour on inner margin ; costa rather narrowly from base, and bi'oad hind-marginal border, of a lighter or darker greenish-yellow ; disco-cellular spot black and conspicuous ; along inner edge of hind-marginal band, and marking its separation from the yellow ground-colour, is a row of sub-triangular dusky-blackish spots, com- mencing on costa (wi the hind-marginal band), with some ferruginous- blackish, often half-obsolete spots, but below third median nervule, where the band narrows, marking its internal edge. Hind-ioing : wholly of the same greenish-yellow as border of forc-icing : disco- cellular spot bright silvery in a ferruginous ring, usually with a smaller, similar, but duller spot touching its upper edge ; near hind- margin, and parallel to it (as if continuous of the transverse row in fore-wing), a row of seven more or less conspicuous ferruginous spots, commencing with a rather larger spot on costa, and extending to immediately above submedian nervure. $ Ground-colour much the same as in $, sometimes rather darker, the finh, lustre much fainter ; hind-marginal hands sjjotted ivith yellow. Fore-iving : basal blackish much broader than in ^, shading off into dusky-greenish, which extends along costa to hind-marginal band and to before middle of inner margin ; disco-cellular spot rounder and usually rather larger ; hind-marginal band usually rather broader and blacker, containing six or seven sidphur-yclloio spots, five of which form a curved row near apex, from costa to third median nervule (the first three of these are elongate, the two others rounded) ; another, always present, between second and first median nervules ; and the seventh spot, generally indistinct, and often wanting, immediately below first median nervule. Hind-wing : wholly suffused with dusky-greenish ; disco-cellular orange spot more conspicuous than in $ ; hind-marginal black band not so dark as in fore-wing, not well-defined on its inner edge, in some specimens extending almost to submedian nervure, in others only to second median nervule, often spotless, but sometimes con- taining on its inner side from three to five pale-yellow spots (those nearer anal angle becoming merged with the ground-colour). Undeii SIDE. — Usually somewhat deeper in colour. Fore-wing : ochreous-yellow ground-colour darker, not paler, on inner margin. Hind-wing : trans- verse row of ferruginous spots not so conspicuous. In both sexes, down on forehead and front of thorax, antenna), legs, and costal edges of a reddish-pinh colour ; fringes varied with pink above, wholly pink beneath. Dimorphic form of %. — Orange-yellow ground-colour replaced hy greyish- white. Fore-iving : dusky-grey suff'usion from base forms a conspicuous riERIN.E. 167 basal patch, abruptly eiuluig a little before extremity of discoidal cell; tlisco-cellular spot often much larger than in ordinary specimens ; spots in hind-marginal band conspicuous for their vldtcncss. Hincl-wivg : the, whole or greater fart si/ fused witli grey ; disco-cellular spot whitish, centred with yellowish ; hind-marginal spots in band whitish, variable in distinctness. Under side. — Fore-idng: basal portion, costa to beyond middle, and all but apical portion of hind-marginal band, Jjluish grey ; apical portion of band dull greenish-yellow or yellowish-green ; black spots as in ordinary specimens. Hind-wing : marked as usual, but of the same dull mixture of yellow and green as apical colouring of fore- wing. Antenna, legs, margins, and fringes jnWu, as in the common examples.^ Larva. — Attenuated posteriorly ; slightly and thinly pubescent. Yellowish-green, closely irrorated with darker atoms. Along centre of back, from head to tail, a dark-green streak ; on each side of back an ill-defined yellow streak, shading above into the pale-green. On each side, touching yellow streak, a bi'oad dark-green band, edged inferiorly by a conspicuous pure-white or yellowish-white narrow stripe above spiracles. Head granulated, clothed with very short pale hairs. Pupa. — Attached invariably head uppermost. Pale-green, semi- transparent, darker anteriorly. Prominences of head and back of thorax rather obtuse ; outline of wings projecting in a convex ridge below breast. A dark-green dorsal line. Median lateral line of frontal pro- minences marked wath a black streak inferiorly edged with greenish- 5'ellow ; inner-marginal edge of wing-cases also defined with blackish. On each side of abdomen a yellowish-white stripe ; below this, touching hind-raargin of wing-covers, a short abruptly-ending black streak. The larvte were found in May, feeding on Vicia sativa (lucerne). The pupa state continued from eighteen to twenty-three days, but this was in the beginning of winter. Except in size and in the width of the hind-marginal border (especially in the fore-wing), the ^ Electra varies very little ; but the $ exhibits many variations in tint of ground-colour and development of the basal blackish space in the fore-wing, leading in the direction of the white form above described, which is figured by Cramer as PidcrMo. Very small examples of both sexes are often met with ; a ^ in my own collection expands only i in. 5-^ lin., and a % in the South- African Museum only I in. 4 lin. The pale form of ^, though not rare, is very much scarcer than the orange-yellow one. Electra is nearly related to the well-known European C. Edusa, ' Mr. Miischler {Verli. K.K. ZooL-Bot. Gesdhcli. Wicn, 1883, p. 279) states that I in error described this form of the ? as Hyale, L. That I did not do so will be evident on reference to my Rhojt. Afr. Aust., i. p. 72, where the pale " Var. 9 " of Electra is described, and p. 74, where the true Ilyale is fully described in reference to some reputed South-African specimens. i6S SOUTH- AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. Fab., but is distinguislied by its deeper ground-colour and strong rosy gloss, as well as by the longer and sharper inward nervular dentations of the hind-marginal border of the fore-wings ; the ^, too, is almost always more marked with dusky suffusion at the base of the fore-wings, and has the hind-marginal border of the hind-wings blacker and better defined. In all these characters, except the more sharply-dentated inner edge of the hind-marginal border, Elcdra is more allied to the Himalayan C. Ficldii, Menet., a species remarkable for the large size of the black disco-cellular spot of the fore-wings, which is on the under side (and in one ^ more faintly on the upper side also) centred with silvery-white. The larva of Elcdra dift'ers from the descriptions and figures of that of Edusa known to me by possessing more conspicuous and defined longitudinal stripes of dark and light green, and by want- ing altogether the conspicuous orange spots on the lateral white or yellowish-white streak. The ^ deposits her eggs singly, each on a separate leaflet of lucerne, clover, or trefoil.^ The egg is very pale-yellow, very elon- gate, sub-cylindrical, slightly fluted longitudinally ; it is attached by the broader extremity only, so as to stand erect, the smaller free end being subcorneal. This Collas seems distributed throughout South Africa ; it is ahuost every- where abundant, and flies throughout the year, but is more prevalent in the summer months. On the wing it is less swift than Edusa, and much less so than Hyale. Some of the duller-tinted $ s, especially if somewhat worn, look very dingy in contrast to tlieir brilliant mates. I have frequently taken the paired sexes, and Colonel Bowker took them at Isipingo in Natal, but in no case that has come under my notice was tlie $ of the white form. The most northern localities for the species known to me are Damaraland on the west and the Upper Limpopo on the north-west border of the Transvaal; but according to Oberthlir, it was met with by Antinori in Abyssinia, and I think it not improbable that the specimens taken by ]\Ir. H. H. Johnston in Kilima-njaro — referred by Mr. Godman (P. Z. S. L., 1885, p. 540) to C. Edum — were actually Eledra. Localities of Colias Elcdra. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. a. Western Districts. — Cape Town. Ookiep, Namaqualand District {L. Peringueij). Stellenbosch. Wellington and Paarl. Vogel Vley and Ceres, Tulbagh District. Robertson. Swellendani (Z. Taat><). Van ^Vyk's Vley, Carnarvon District {E. G. Alston). Knysna and Plettenberg Bay. Oudtshoorn ( — Adams). h. Eastern Districts. — Uitenliage (6*. D. Bairstou'). " Port Eliza- beth."— W. S. M. D'Urban. Grahamstown. Kowie River- mouth (/. E Fry). King William's Town {W. D' Urban). Windvogelberg, Queenstown District {Dr. Bathu). Murraysburg (/. /. Muslcett). Colesberg {A. F. Ortlepij). ^ Mrs. Barber informs me that the food plants of the larva at Highlands, near Grahams- town, are a species of Indii/nfcra, Trifolium BurchcUianum, and T. Africanum. c. Griqualaiul West.—" Kimberley."— II. L. Felthaiu. Ileljron ( IT. Montiit). d. Basutoland. — Maseru (.7. //. Boiclicr). C. Orange Free State. — IJloeiiifDuteiu {Dr. II. Exton). D. Ivall'raria Proper.— IJutterworth ami Bashee Kiver (J. //. Boiclier). St. John's lliver-moutli {Sir II. Barklij). ]<:. Natal. a. Ccast Districts. — " Lower Umkomazi."— J. II. Bowker. Isi- pingo (/. H. Boiclier). ^Mapumulo. b. Upper Districts. — Uelland's Mission Station Ilermansburg. Great Xoodsberg. Grey town. Pietermaritzburg. Estcourt (/. M. IhUchinson). Kurkloof ( TF. Morant). Colenso ( IF. Morant). F. Zululand. — Isandlhwana {J. II. Boicker). Etsbowe {A. M. Goodrich). G. " Swaziland."— The late E. C. Buxton. K. Transvaal. ^Potchefstroom District {T. Ayres). Upper Limpopo River {F. C. Selous). L. Bechuanaland. — Motito (the late Eeu, J. Fraloux). II. Other African Regions. A. South Tropical. a. Western Coast. — Damaraland {J. A. Bell). B. North Tropical. hi. Eastern Interior. — "Abyssinia: Shoa {Antitiori)." — Oberthiir. Genus ERONIA. Eronia (Hiibner, in icon., 1S16-36), Boisd., Sp. Gen. Lep., i. p. 604 (1836). Dryas, Boisd., App. Voy. dc Delcg., ii. p. 588 (1S47). Eronia, Doubl. [part], Gen. D. Lep., i. p. 64 (1847). Nepheronia, Butl. [part], Cist. Ent., i. pp. 38 and 53 (1870). Imago. — Head rather broad, clothed with dense, rather coarse, short hair (longer in front) ; 'palpi very short, with long rough hair beneath, — basal joint long and curved, middle one not half as long, terminal joint minute and rounded ; antcnncv rather short and stout, with a very gradually-formed almost cylindrical club, blunt and rounded at tip. Thorax rather stout, densely clothed with fine hair, which is longer and silky on back ; prothorax well marked, forming a short neck. Forc-ivings with costa well marked ; apex well defined, sometimes rather produced and subacute ; hind-margiu slightly concave below apex, but prominent inferiorly ; subcostal nervure five-branched, — first and second nervules given off near each other at two-thirds the length of discoidal cell, the third short, given off either about midway between end of cell and apex, or nearer the latter ; fourth and fifth also short, the fourth ending at apex or just before it, the fifth a little below it ; upper radial nervule originating at extremity of cell ; upper disco- cellular nervule somewhat variable in length, curved or sub-angulated, oblique inferiorly, — lower one much longer (twice, or nearly thrice), also curved and slightly oblique ; submedian nervure sinuated before middle ; discoidal cell about half, or a little more than half, the length lyo SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. of wing, rather broad, truncate at extremity. Eind- wings large, rounded, somewhat prolonged inferiorly ; costa variable in convexity ; hind-margin entire, or (in Clcodora) moderately dentate ; costal nervure usually ex- tendino- to apex, but in Leda ending at some distance before it ; first subcostal nervule much arched, given off far before end of cell ; disco- cellular nervules very oblique, — lower one more than twice, or nearly thrice as lono- as upper, and strongly sinuated ; discoidal cell more than half as lono- as wing, more or less acuminate inferiorly at extremity ; abdominal channel formed by inner margins complete, but not deep. Legs short, slender ; femora hairy inferiorly for more than half their length from base ; tibife set with short appressed silky bristles, and sparsely and finely spinulose beneath, — their terminal spurs very fine ; tarsi rather thickly spinulose. Abdomen rather long, deep, arched, clothed with long silky hair at base. I do not find ground for following Mr. Butler in limiting Eronia to " E. Clcodora and the Lcda group," but would retain in it the other African species, only separating from it the Asiatic and Austro-Malayan species {Vakria, Cram., IIi2i2na, Fab., &c.), whose much longer abdo- men, antennee, and fore-wings, as well as their totally diff'erent pattern and facies, amply distinguish tliem.'' Eronia in general structure and neuration is near Tcracolus, differ- ino-, however, in having the subcostal nervure of the fore- wings five- (instead of four) branched, much smaller and blunter terminal joint of palpi, and gradually formed, not flattened, club of antennae. In its robuster body and gradually clavate antennae, and in outline of wings, it exhibits some approach to Callidri/as (one species, E. Buqudii, in tint and marking has quite the aspect of the pale species of that genus). The seven or eight species which Eronia contains are good-sized butterflies, and present remarkable differences in pattern and colouring, the $ being in some instances highly variable and quite unlike the $. The type of the genus is E. Clcodora, in which the sexes are alike white or yellowish, with a sharply-defined black hind-marginal border, and have the under side of the hind-wings creamy-yellow bordered and spotted with mixed brown and silvery-grey. E. Leda (on which Bois- duval founded his genus Drijas) is vivid-yellow, with a brilliant-orange apical patch in the fore-wings, and looks like a magnified Tcracolus Auxo ; and the Madagascar E. Lucasi, Grandidier, is white with a lemon-yellow apical patch. The males in E. Argia and Thalassina are greenish-white and greenish respectively, with black borders, but their females are coloured with ochre-yellow and orange-red in imitation of certain species of Picris and Mylothris. Both sexes of E. Biiqucfii are alike of a plain greenish-white, with a blackish apical hind-marginal ' The (J s of this group are bluish or bluish-white, with black border and neuration, and the ? s, by a modification of these markings, closely mimic various species of Danais. (See Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. Land., 1867 (voL iv ), p. 309.) PIERIX.F. 171 border of exceedingly variaLlo devolopmenl", and their under side has a shining dull-greenish tint, with a terminal disco-cellular spot in tlie hind-wings, so that specimens with scarcely any blackish border look very like Callidryas Florclla. E. Pilaris (which I have not had the opportunity of examining) is described by Doubleday {op. cit., p. 65) as having " the wings nearly as round as the genus Poiitia, and of as delicate a texture ; the apex of the anterior just touched above with black, below varied with brown ; the posterior wings above immaculate, below sometimes nearly immaculate, at others varied with large clouds of satiny-brown and silvery- white." The four species found in South Africa all have a tropical range, Argia and Buquetii both inhabiting alike the East and West Coasts, while Lecla and Cleodora, with an extensive East-African distribution, do not appear to have been hitherto recorded from West Africa. They are all found on the south-east, Leda and Argia not spreading farther south-westward than the Bashee Eiver, but Clcodora extending to Van Staden's River, and Buquctii to Knysna, and even straggling to Cape Town. On the wing they are decidedly swift, but constantly check their onward flight to visit flowers. The larva of E. Clcodora has been found on Capparis Zeylicri, but I have not seen either specimens or drawings of it. 295. (1.) Eronia Cleodora, Hiibner. $ Eronia Clcodora, Hiibn., Samnil. Exot. Schmett., ii. pi, 130 (1806 ?). „ ,, Boisd., Sp. Gen. Lep., i. p. 605. n. i (1836). $ ,, „ Doubl., Gen. D. Lep., i. pi. ix. f. i (1847). ^ $ „ ,, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 64, n. 43 (1862). $ ,, „ Hewits., Exot. Butt., iv pi. 5, f. 7 (1867). (J Eronia Erxia, Hewits., oj). cit., p. 8 (J Eronia Cleodora, Stand., Exot. Schmett., i. pi. 21 (1884). Exp. al, {$) 2 in. 2-7^ lin. ; ($) 2 in. 6-9 lin. ^ White, yellowish-white, or pale-yellowish, tvith a black hind-mar- ginal border, variable in ividth and irregular on its inner edge. Fore- wing : base usually marked very faintly and narrowly with blackish ; hind-marginal border varying from very narrow to broad, — wide apically, rather abruptly narrowed on third median nervule, and thence either tapering to a point or to a narrower or broader termination (in accord- ance with the less or greater width of the border) to posterior angle ; inner edge very variable and irregular in outline, generally more or less denticulate on nervules and excavate between them, — always a very marked and conspicuous prominence or projection (rounded, sub- acute, or truncate) immediately above third median nervule ; in apical extremity of border two spots of the ground-colour, — a small one between second and third subcostal nervules, and a larger one (nearer apex) between fifth subcostal and upper radial nervules. Hind-icing : 172 SOUTH- AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. liind-margiual border varying in width in accordanco with that of fore-wing, attenuated to a point at apex and anal angle, its inner edo-e irreo"ularly dentate on uervules, and almost alwaj's exhibiting a considerable projection (extremely variable in size and shape) between second subcostal and radial uervules. Cilia mixed brownish and whitish in fore-wing ; whitish or yellowish in hind-wing. Under SIDE, — Fore-wing : liind-marginal horder internalli/ hIacJdsh, but exter- nally silvery-grey stippled and clouded 'with ferrnginous, which consti- tutes an outer border wide superiorly, and tapering to a point about first median nervule, and is bounded superiorly by a costal-apical creamy-yellow or ochrey-yellow irregular marking, the inner edge of which corresponds with the position of the two white or yellowish spots of the upper side. Hind-iving : creamy or ochrcous yelloiu ; Idnd-marginal larder silvery-grey, more or less densely stippled and clouded ivitli ferruginous or ferruginous-lroiun ; inner edge of border more irregular than on upper side, and sharply defined by a ferruginous- brown line, — the inward projection between second subcostal and radial nervules always narrower and longer, almost always extending as far as third median nervule a little beyond extremity of discoidal cell, and thence often prolonged by some ferruginous scaling so as to join an irre- gular compound double spot of the same colouring between first median nervule and submedian nervure ; close to inner edge of border (and often so united with it as to enclose a small spot of the ground-colour), be- tween first and second median nervules, an elongate grey-and-ferru- giuous spot ; ^ a larger irregular elongate mark, of the same colouring, on costa a little before middle, ending on first subcostal nervule ; two small rounded spots near base, one in cell and the other below it ; and a still smaller terminal disco-cellular spot. $ Like $, hut liind-marginal horder broader (especially about poste- rior angles), of a rctther duller hlacJc, and its inner edge more irregular, emitting {especially on second and first median nervules of fore-wing and third median nervule of himl-wing) much larger and deeper dentations ; the principal projection in fore- wing less prominent (owing to width of lower half of border) and excavated at extremity, and that in hind- wing very much broader and more truncate. Under side. — As in $, but the grey of the markings not silvery, the ferruginous-brown darker, the lesser markings of the hind-wing often smaller, and the great projection of the hind-wing border not united to the spot below first median nervule by ferruginous scaling. The $ varies very greatly in the development of the black border. Specimens like that figured by Hiibner, with a rather narrow border, are frequently met with ; while not only are numerous gradations found up to and beyond as broad a border as that figured by Doubleday (wliich Hewitson, op. cit., proposed to separate as E. Erxia), but instances are not rare of ^ s with very much narrower borders than Hiibner ^ This marking is rarely (two examples) reproduced in black on the upper side. riERlN.E. 173 depicts. In these examples the subapical spots of the ground-colour iu the fore-wings are almost invariably larger than usual, and are often so extended as to become confluent, thus forming as large a marking as that shown in yellow on the under side. The extreme in this direc- tion is reached in an individual sent from King William's Town by Miss F. Bowker, where the confluent spots make a small apical patch, broadly bounded by black inwardly, but inferiorly completely united with the ground-colour, and the hind-margin bears only a narrow blackish edging; while in the hind-wing the border is reduced to a series of quite separate ill-defined tliin nervular fuscous marks with a small separate spot indicating the customary marked projection. The $ is not nearly so frequently met with as the ^ ; among fifty- five specimens, from all parts of South Africa, now before me, only eight are ^ s. In a pair taken in copuld by Colonel Bowker in March 1879, the sexes do not difler much either in size or pattern, the white $ being the broadest-bordered that I have seen, while the yellowish $ is of medium character in that respect. A dwarf very narrowly-bordered $, taken at D'Urban, Natal, by the late Mr. M. J. M'Ken, expands less than i in. 10 lin. In this example the subapical spots of the fore-wing border are normal, but the hind- wing border has its inner edge quite even. Hopffer {Peters' Eeise n. Mossamh., Ins., p. 363) and Oberthur {Etudes tVEnt., iii. p. 21) independently note the large size and broad border of East -African examples (respectively from Querimba and Zanzibar) in comparison with those from South Africa ; it is probable that they both refer to specimens of the $. Mrs. Barber wrote to me that the larva of this species fed on a Capparis,^ and subsequently Mr. J. P. INIansel AVeale informed me that Capparis Zej/heri was the food-plant. Mr. Weale added that the larva much resembled that of Teracolus Auxo (Lucas) ; it was difficult to find, its reddish-yellow lateral stripe matching in tint the edge of the leaves. This strikingly marked Eronia, which has peculiarly soft rich under-side colouring, is widely distributed, and apparently numerous in most parts of South- Eastern Africa. It has been recorded from various places on the Tropical East Coast, and from as far north as Shoa in Abyssinia. It is swift on the wing, but has the family habit of pitching frequently on flowers ; and at D'Urban, iS^atal, I took a fine series at flowers of the introduced Vinca rosea during the month of February. These summer specimens (including a few $ s) were all of the larger broad-bordered description ; but two $ s Avhich I captured, one in June and the other in August 1865, were small and narrow-bordered. As two $ s taken by Colonel Bowker (at King William's Town in May and at D'Urban in August respectively) are also small and narrow-bordered, I am disposed to think °that this form of the butterfly may possibly be the winter brood, but hitherto there have been no correspondingly narrow-bordered $ s recorded as occurrincr in the winter months.^ 1 I have lately (iSS8) discovered in the South- African Museum a pair marked as taken in copuld by Colonel Bowker at D'Urban on nth May 1879. These specimens are much smaller { i , 2 \n. 2 lin., $ , 2 in. 4 lin. across fore-wings) than the pair above mentioned as taken in INIarch of the same year, and both have the black border considerably narrower. INIr. Alfred D. Millar informs me that the butterfly is very common all the year round at 174 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. Localities of Eronia Clcodora. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. b. Eastern Districts.— " Near Port Elizabeth."— W. S. D'Urban. Van Staden's River. — Burchell Collection in Mus. Oxon. Gra- hamstown {M. E. Barber). Bathurst District : Mouth of Kowie River (/. L. Fry), Kleinemond River {H, J. Atherstone), and Tharfield {Miss M. L. Bnwker). Kincr William's Town (/. H. Boiclcer). Kingscote, near Bodiam (TU. S. U Urban). East London (P. Borcherds). D. Kafiraria Proper. — Bashee River {J. H. Boicker). E. Natal. a. Coast Districts. — " Lower Umkomazi." — J. H. Bowker. D'Urban. b. Upper Districts.— Maritzburg (S. Windham). Estcourt (/. M. HutcMvson). F. Zululand.— Etshowe (.4. M. Goodrich). 11. Other African Regions. A. South Tropical. b. Eastern Coast. — " Querimba (Peters)." — HopfFer. " Bagamoyo and Zanzibar {Raff ray)." — Oberthiir. bi. Eastern Interior. — " Tavieta {H. H. Jolniston)." — Godman.^ B. North Tropical. bi. Eastern Interior. — Abyssinia: " Shoa {Antinori)!' — Oberthiir. 296. (2.) Eronia Leda, (Boisduval). $ 5 Dryas Leda, Boisd., App. Voy. Deleg. Afr. Aust., p. 588, n. 30 (1847). 9 Eronia Leda, Doubl, Gen. D. Lep., i. p. 65 (1847), and il p. 530 (1852). 5 Callidryas, sp. inedit., Angas, Kafirs. Ulustr., pi. xxx. f. 2 (1849). $ '^ Dryas Wahlbergi, Wallengr., Iv. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1857; Lep. Rhop. Caffr., p. 17. $ Eronia Leda, Hopff., Peters' Reise Mossamb., Ins., p. 364 (1862). $ <} Eronia Leda, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 63, n. 42 (1862), and ii. pi. ii. f. 5 [ ? ]• ^Eronia Trimenii, Oberth., Etud. d'Ent., iii. p. 20 (1878). ^Eronia Leda, Stand., Exot. Schmett., i. pi. 21 (1884). Exp. al, (^) 2 in. 2-7 lin, ; ($) 2 in. 2-7-L lin. $ Bright-ycUoiv ; fore-wing with a broad orange a^oical 2y(tich. Fore- wmg : apical orange commencing on costa a little before extremity of discoidal cell, and its outer edge occupying hind-margin as far as D'Urban, and that " during the winter months it is much smaller, and varies considerably in the markings." Of the ten specimens he has sent me, five, ticketed "December 1887," are large and broad-bordered, while the remaining five, ticketed "August 18S7," are small and narrow-bordered — three of them strikingly so. ^ Mr. Butler {Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1888, p. 96) has described these specimens of Mr, Johnston's, with others from the same locality taken by the late Bishop Hannington, and at Kilima-njaro by Mr. F. J. Jackson, under the name of Eronia dllatata ; but it seems per- fectly clear to me that the paler yellow and broader border of the hind-wings on the under side, given by Mr. Butler as " the only satisfactory distinguishing characters," are altogether insufficient to warrant the separation of these examples from so highly variable a species as E. CUodora has been shown to be. riERIX.E. 175 first median nervule ; apex edged with ferrugiuous-Lrowii from first subcostal uervule on costa to third or second median nervule on hind- margin ; a hind-marginal series of minute intcr-nervular black dots. Hind-wing : slightly paler on inner margin ; a hind-marginal series of dots as in fore-wing. Under side. — Hlnd-iuing and apical area of fore-wing deep chrome-yelloio loith ferruginous marks. Fore-iuing : paler than on upper side, whitish on inner margin ; close to apex, two or three small ferruginous spots with large silvery centres ; a very small blackish terminal disco-cellular dot. Hind-iving : sometimes rather deeper in tint than apex of fore-wing, thickly or sparsely flecked with ferruginous or ferruginous-brown ; a row of rather darker spots along costal edge (which is fringed with pinkish and brown hairs), the largest and most conspicuous spot elongate, variable in shape, a little beyond middle, touching first subcostal nervule ; a curved discal row of six (as many as four sometimes obsolete) small ferruginous spots, of which the last, between first median nervule and submedian nervure, is much the largest and always well marked. Hind-marginal minute spots a little larger than on upper side in both wings, ferruginous. $ Paler. Fore-tving : orange apical patch duller, sometimes almost obsolete, rarely wanting wholly ; apical ferruginous-brown edging wider, somewhat diff"use ; a submarginal series of five inter-nervular ferru- ginous-brown spots, of which the lowest, between second and first median nervules, is indistinct. Under side. — Fore-wing : pale lemon- yellow ; beyond discoidal cell orange, deepening into ferruginous-red, tinged with pink at apex ; spots at apex larger ; other submarginal spots of upper side sometimes faintly indicated. Hind-wing : more thickly flecked than in $, the spots and atoms pinker ; the largest spot on costa silvery-centred ; spots of discal row enlarged, rounded, silvery- centred, especially a greatly -enlarged spot lying between radial and third median nervules ; beyond this conspicuous spot and the smaller one just above it, a patch or cloud of ferruginous-red tinged with pink extending to hind-marginal edge ; usually a diff"used pink stain from base between median and submedian nervures to beyond middle. In both sexes, but usually more prominently in the $, the under side of the hind-wing also bears an obliquely-transverse ill-defined fer- ruginous streak running from the extremity of the discoidal cell to submedian nervure before middle. There is much variation in size as regards both sexes.^ In colour- ing and pattern the $ is much more constant than the $ ; the upper side ofiering merely some modifications in the tint and development of the apical ferruginous-brown or dark-brown edging in the fore- wings, which when best expressed radiates slightly on the nervules, and the under side exhibiting a deeper or lighter chrome-yellow and ^ Boisduval {op. cit.) obs.erved that Abyssinian specimens were a third smaller than those which he had received from Natal ; but I have received very small examples as well as very large ones from the latter country. 176 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. a denser or sparser flecking of ferruginous. Out of eleven ^ speci- mens (all Soutli- African) now before me, only four have the apical orange well developed ; four present only irregularly-disposed diff"used orange- streaking; one has scarcely any trace of that colour; and the remaining two are altogether without it. Usually the largest silvery spot of the under side of the hind-wings and the two small ones adja- cent to it are perceptible on the upper side. The development and brilliancy of this large spot is very variable, — in some cases it is obscured greatly by ferruginous clouding, and the other spots of the discal row are very inconstant in size and shape, and in the brightness of their silvery centre. M. Oberthiir's separation {op. cit.), as U. Trimcnii, of the small KafFrarian $ figured in my Rlwpaloccra Africce Australis, cannot be sustained.^ It is noticeable, however, that the under side of the small individuals of both sexes is of a deeper yellow, with the flecking of the hind-wings denser and pinker. I think it possible that this may be the winter (dry-season) brood. I did not meet with any small speci- mens during my summer visit, and the only similar example whose month of capture is recorded is a $ taken in August 1878 by Colonel Bowker. In upper-side colouring and pattern this brilliant butterfly has the aspect of a magnified Teracolus Anxo (Lucas), but is of much more vivid and intense yellow and orange in the ,$ . I found it pretty numerous on the coast of Katal in January, Februarj', and April 1867, and had previously noticed a single specimen mi the wing when calling at D'Urban on 23d June 1865. It is exceedingly conspicuous in flight, but so swift as to be difficult to secure. Fortunately it has the family taste for frequent sips of nectar, and nearly all my specimens were made captive Avhile settling on the flowers of Vinca rosea. Colonel Bowker sent me the paired sexes taken by him near D'Urban in March 1879 ; the large $ of this pair has no apical orange. The same observer found the species common in Ivaffraria Proper ; it was noted as unusually numerous all through the summer and autumn of 1862. Though well known to range widely through Eastern Africa, I have met with no record of the occurrence of Leda on the western side, except in Mr. Kirby's Catalogue of the Hewitson Collection, where Angola is given as a locality in addition to Natal. Localities of Eronia Lcda. I. South Africa. D. Kaffraria Proper. — Bashee, Colossa, and Nabesa Rivers (/. H. BoivJier). E. Natal. a. Coast Districts. — " Lower Umkomazi."— J. II. P.owker. D'Urban. Verulam. F. Zululand. — St. Lucia Bay (the late Colonel H. Tower). Etshowe {A. M. Goodrich). 1 My friend's remark, "Jamais V Eronia Leda n'a de taches dans sa macule apicale aurora," renders it clear that he was at the time unacquainted with the female of this butterfly. riERlX/E. 177 II. Otlier African Eegioii.-. A. Sontli Tropical. a. AVcstem Coast. — "Angola [llcwitson Coll. J." — W. F. Kirby. b. Eastern Coast. — " Querimba {Peters)." — Ilopffer. ]j. North Tropical. h. Eastern Coast. — " Massowah (RaJ'ra//)." — Oberthiir. ^r. Eastern Interior. — Abyssinia : 'SShoa {Antinori)." — Oberthiir. 297. (3.) Eronia Buquetii, (Doisduval). cJ Callidnjas Bwjuciii, Boisd., S]:). Gen. Lep., i. p. 607, n. i (1836). Eronia Buqueti/', ]>oisd., App. Voy. de Deleg. Afr. Aust., p. 588 (1847). c? ? Eronia Buquetii, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 66, n. 44 (1862). Eronia Biiqupiii, lIoi)ff., Peters' Reiso ]\[ossaml)., Ins., p. 363 (1862). Uxp. al, {$) 2 in. 2-^-6 lin. ; (?) 2 in. 2-6^ lin. $ Greenish-white ; fure-wing tcith an apical-hindmcirfjinal fuscous border, varying in development from an almost liiiear edging to a hand very hroacl at apex, and tapering gradually to 'posterior angle. Fore- 'icing : costa with a very hue linear fuscous edging ; costal niar"iu nar- rowly irrorated with reddisli-browu and fuscous, — the irroration in specimens with very reduced apical-hindmarginal edging not extend- ing beyond middle ; inner edge of apical-hindmarginal border (of whatever width), from its origin on costa beyond middle to its ter- mination on hind-margin or at posterior angle, dentated on nervules and excavated between them ; in its most reduced condition this border is better expressed on costa than on hind-margin, where it is very attenuated and scarcely extends beyond third median nervule. Hinel- tcing : without markings. Under side. — Hind-iving and moderate- sized apical space of fore-wing dull greenish or yellowish-white {some- times with a faint tinge of oehreous) shot with a pale hluish-violaceous gloss, and more or less indistinctly irrorated and picLrtly striolated ivith hroiunish-grey ; on hind-marginal edge a series of minute nervular Uack spots, scarcely perceptible in fore-wing. Hind-wing : costa tinned with pale-green on basal lobe ; at extremity of discoidal cell a well-marked elongate-ovate ferruyinous-brown whitish-centred spot, bounded ex- ternally by an ill-defined small whitish mark ; sometimes a faint indication of a discal series of very small brownish-grey spots. $ Like ^, but rather less greenish in tint. Undek side. — Hind- wing and apex of fore-wing usually deeper and more yellowish in tint ; terminal disco-cellular spot rather larger and rounder, with a better developed whitish centre. Hopffer {pp. cit.) has noted three varieties of this butterfly, in addition to the conspicuously black-bordered type-form from the West Coast of Xorth Tropical Africa, viz., Var. ^, Arabica, Var. 7, Capensis, and Var. S, Mossamliccnsis, respectively inhabiting the regions indi- cated; and Mr. Butler {Proc. Zool. Soc. Land., 1884, p. 493) observes that these local forms are permanent and should be kept distinct. Were tlie Cape Colony only in question here, I should be disposed to treat VOL. III. M 1 78 SOUTH- AFRICAX BUTTERFLIES. the Var. Capensis as a separate form, all the specimens that I have seen from that territory presenting only the almost linear rudiment of the dark border of the fore-wing ; but in Katal, Transvaal, and Delagoa Bay the insect has the border more or less developed, being in the last-named locality identical with the Var. Mossambicensis. Two Trans- vaal specimens in the British Museum and five Natal examples in the South- African Museum present a complete gradation between the Vars. Capensis and Mossambicensis, which latter is scarcely separable from Congo Buquetii. The only examples that I have seen from Damara- land, viz., a $ taken by the late Mr. Andersson and a small yellowish $ in the Hewitson Collection, both have the border moderately broad and ending about first median nervule. From the Zambesi, two ^ s have the border black and broad, while in a $ it is dusky and nar- rower; and Oberthlir notes that Zanzibar examples are like the type from Senegal. It is noticeable that the broad-bordered typical Buquetii has the under side greener in tint, more glossy, and less dis- tinctly irrorated and striolated, with the terminal disco-cellular spot of the hind-wings narrower and k'ss rounded. I have not seen the Var. AraUca, but it is clear from Hopffer's account that only the apex of the fore- wings is dusky-blackish, while Butler's description of the under side applies very nearly to that of the type-form. A small $ from Madagascar in the South-African ]\Iuseum is intermediate between this variety and Mossambicensis, the narrow border extending on hind-margin only a little below second median nervule. As Doubleday {Gen. D. Lep., i. p. 65) has remarked, this plainly-tinted Eronia both in colour and marking l^ears a strong resemblance to the white species of Callidryas; and Cape specimens are so like C. Florella, (Fab.), both in appearance and flight, that it is very difficult to distinguish the two before capture. Wooded spots and gardens in their near neighbourhood are the favoured haunts of Buquetii, which appears at the end of January and remains out until the middle of April. At Plettenberg Bay and near Graliamstown I met with the $ abundantly, but ? s were scarce ; the flowers of I'lumbago^ were their constant resort. They are remarkably swift on the wing, and their halt on a flower is exceedingly short. At Port Elizabeth I took one specimen and saw another at flowers of Agapanthus. Very rarely I have met with a straggler in the neighbourhood of Cape Town during the later summer months. I did not notice the species during my stay in Natal ; and the few individuals I have received from that Colony were taken near Maritzburg.^ Localities of Eronia Buquetii. L South Africa. B. Cape Colony. a. Western Districts.— Cape Town [occasional visitor]. Knysna {Mrs. Muskett) and Plettenberg Bay. 1 In the first week of February 1SS9, Mr. A. D. Millar met with about a dozen speci- mens near D'Urban, and captured seven of them. These examples have the blackish border mcjderately developed. PIERIN.E. 179 6. Eastern Districts. — Port Elizabeth. XJitcnhagc (5. D. Bnir.^fow). Kowie Kiver ?iIoutli (J. L. Fry). Grahamstown, King Wil- liam's Town (TF. S. M. D' Urban). D, Kaffraria Proper. — Bashee Kivor (/. 31. JBuwl-er). E. Xatal. b. Upper Districts. — Maritzburg ( — Quickdt and S. Windham — Sub-Typ.). G. " Swaziland."— The late E. C. Buxton. II. Delagoa Bay. — Lourengo Marques (Mrs. j\Iontciro. — Var. Mos- sanihiceiisitt.) K. Transvaal. — Coll. Brit. Mus. — Var. Cajjcnsis and Sub-Typ. II. Other African Regions. A. South Tropical. a. Western Coast. — Damaraland (the late C. J. Andersson — Sub- Typ.). " Angola (/. /. Monteiro)." — Druce. Congo.— Coll. Brit. Mus. — Typ. h. Eastern Coast. — ZQ.mhQ&\. {Rev. M. Roicley. — Typ.). "Querimba {Peters)." — HopfFer. — Yar. Mossamhicensis. "Zanzibar {Kaf- fray)." — Oberthiir. — Typ. ^i. Eastern Interior. — "Lake Nyassa." — W. F. Kirby, Cat. Ilewits. Coll. bb. Eastern Islands. — Madagascar : Murundava ( — Greve. — Sub- Typ.)- B. Is^orth Tropical. a. Western Coast.— Sierra Leoue.— Coll. Brit. Mus.— Typ. " Sene- gal."— Boisd. — Typ. b. Eastern Coast. — Somaliland : " Eighty miles S. of Berbera ( Th rupp). " — Butler. — A"ar. Arahica. bi. Eastern Interior.— Abyssinia : " Shoa {Antinori).'' — Oberthiir. IV. Asia. — Arabia : " Lahej and Haithalkim, near Aden {Yerbury)." — Butler. — Var. Arabica. 298. (4.) Eronia Argia, (Fabricius). ^ Papilio Argia, Fab., Syst. Ent., p. 470, n. 118 (1775). $ Papilio Cassiopea, Cram., Pap. Exot., iii. pi. cci. f. a (17S2). $Pieris Argia, Godt., Enc. Meth., ix. p. 140, n. 77 (1819). $ „ „ Boisd., Sp. Gen. Lep., i. p. 442, n. 6 (1836). <^ Eronia varia, Trim., i, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 3rd Ser., ii. p. 175 (1864); and Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 327, n. 221 (1866). Var. 9 , Eronia varia, Trim., ? , loc. et op. cit. $ Eronia Argia, Staud., Exot. Schmett., i. pi. 21 (1884). Exp. al, {$) 2 iu. 8 lin.— 3 in. ; (?) 2 in. 9 lin. — 3 in. i lin. ^ Greenish-white ; fore-tving with a Mack ajncal border., continued taperingly cdong kind-margin. Fore-iving : costa narrowly edged with black ; costal margin in basal third closely irrorated with blackish ; black border very broad on costal edge, but below upper radial nervule narrowing rapidly (and below third median nervule sometimes becom- ing macular) to its terminating point at extremity of first or second median nervule; inner edge of black border more or less dentatiug (in one example deeply piercing) the ground-colour on nervules, and irregularly excavate between them. Hind-iving : along edge of i8o SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. outer half of inner margin, anal angle, and of hind-margin to mid- way between first and second median nervules, an ill-defined tinge of lemon-yellow. Under side. — Hind-iuing and narrow costcd cdginj and hind-marginal harder of fore-iving pah shining greyish-yelloio ; on hind-martTinal edge an inter-nervular series of minute black spots. Fore-wing : apical broad portion of hind-marginal border of upper side represented by a large subquadrate dark ferruginous-brown patch, more or less clouded with violaceous, reaching costal edge superiorly, but scarcely extending to apex itself, and so leaving hind-marginal border beyond it narrowly yellowish ; below patch some vague hoary- violaceous clouding marks hind-marginal border. Hind-unng : costal border broadly but faintly shot with a tint of hoary-violaceous ; hind- marginal border similarly but more narrowly and more faintly shot ; between second subcostal and radial nervules, near hind-margin, a faint, diffused, ill-defined ferruginous-brown mark (sometimes obsolete) ; costa narrowly edged with orange-yellow for a little distance from base. $ Fore-iving with orange-red basal suffusion ; hind-wing often pale creamy-yclloiu. Fore-wing: apical hind-marginal border reduced to blackish nervular rays forming elongate spots, broad externally but acuminate inwardly, at apex very prolonged and diffusedly confluent, but below that quite separate, the lowest on first median nervule ; inner edge of border faintly indicated near costa (and sometimes also on median nervules) by some indistinct fuscous scaling ; basal orange- red occupies discoidal cell except near extremity, and extends faintly and diffusedly below it ; in specimens with yellow hind-wings a faint yellowish edging along costa and hind-margin, nind-wing : white or creamy-yellow — in the latter case the neuration is whitish ; a ner- vular hind-marginal series of six rather ill-defined blackish spots, of which the first and sixth are small, the second prolonged ray-fashion along second subcostal nervule, and the third (on radial nervule) very small, minute, or even obsolete. Under side. — Hind-wing and nar- row costal and hind-marginal border of fore-unng ehrome-yelloio with a tinge of ochreous ; hind-margin of hind-vnng loith ttao violaceous-ivhitish, 2xde ferruginous-clouded blotches. Fore-wing: basal orange-red deeper than on upper side, especially below cell, — its outer edge clearly de- fined ; apical blotch coloured like the two in hind-wing, and enlarged inferiorly so as to reach lower radial nervule ; usually a smaller similar but less defined blotch on hind-margin between third and second median nervules. Hind-wing : upper blotch the larger, be- tween first subcostal and radial nervules, bifid internally ; lower blotch prominent internally, rather hollowed outv/ardly, situated mainly between third and second median nervules, but a little overlapping both. South-African specimens of the $ differ from the West-African type-form in the less-developed black border of the fore-wings on the riKKIN.E. i8i upper side, and in a yellower tint on the under side of tlie hind- wings. The former character is, however, variable, and its reduced condition is not very marked except in two examples, taken at Etshowe in Zululand by Mr. A. M. Goodrich, which present a much narrowed apical patch, continued hind-marginally below lower radial nervule only by a small separate spot on third median nervule. One Zulu- land $ has the border very nearly as well developed as in West-African specimens. An aberration of the $, captured by Colonel Bowker iti Kaflraria Proper, has all the dark markings very faintly shown, the basal red of the fore-wings almost obsolete on the upper side, and replaced on the under side by ochreous-orange, the hind-wings on both surfaces yellow- ochreous, and the under-side blotches rather indistinci.^ I have not seen an ascertained ^ of the typical Argia from West Africa, nor have I found any published description purporting to be one of that sex," but I have examined twelve South-African examples. Of seven now before me, three have the hind- wings white on the upper side. The rich red and yellow colours borne by the ^ are in singular contrast to the plain tints of the $, and there can be little doubt tliat they simulate those of the abundant and slow-flying Mylothris Agathina, (Cram.), a species which (as stated above, p. 45) appears to be also the object of direct mimicry by both sexes of Picris Thgsa, Hopff. This fine Eronia seems to be more prevalent in Zululand than elsewhere in South Africa, only scattered specimens having occurred in Kaifraria and iSTatal. The two 5 s noticed in my former work were noted by Colonel Bowker as taken near the Bashee River in February 1863; they settled on Plumbago flowers. The late Colonel Tower's Zululand examples were captured in the Avinter months, and the two $ s above specially noticed by Mr. A. M. Goodrich in October and November 1886 respectively. Localities of Eronia Argia. I. South Africa. D. Kaffraria Proper. — Bashee River (/. H. Bowlcer). E. Natal.— D'Urban (J. H. Bowker). Phietown {H. C. Harford). ^ In Rhopalocera Africce Australis — having at the time only this specimen and one ordi- dinary ? — I mistakenly treated them as se.xes of a presumed new species, which I named E. varia. Individuals of both sexes (from Zululand) did not reach me until 1S67, and I then recognised the i as A rgia, Fab. - Mr. Butler (Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud., 1S88, p. 96) identifies the 9 with both E. Poppca, (Donov.), and (yellow form) Idotea, Boisd., and remarks that the females of Argia are known to be extremely variable. I inspected both these forms in the late Mr. Hewitson's collec- tion. Both have the black border of the wings very mucli more developed than in the Southern ? (especially in the hind-wings) on both surfaces ; the former sometimes has the fore-winf ochre-yellow, while Idotea is bright lemon-yellow in both wings, simulating the appearance of the West-African Pieris lanihe, Doubl. Mr. Butler {loc. cit.) states that the (5 Argia from Kilima-njaro does not differ from Sierra Leone specimens ; his description of the single ? from that locality agrees with the characters of the Southern ? , except that the border of the wings is apparently better developed. i82 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTEEFLTES. F. Zululand.— Etshowo (.4. M. Goodrich). St. Lucia Bay (the late Colonel II. I'otcer). n. Delagoa Bay. — Louren(;o Marques {Mrs. Monteiro). II. Other African Regions. A. South Tropical. a. Western Coast. — " Angola (J". /. Monteiro)." — Druce. Congo : " Kinsembo (Ansell)." — Butler. b. Eastern Coast. — " Querimba." — Hopffer. bi. Eastern Interior. — " Kilima-njaro {F. J. Jaclsoii)." — Butler. B. North Tropical. a. Western Coast. — Cameroon INIountains {D. Rutherford). Calabar. — Coll, Hewitson. Cape Coast Castle (/. M. Pasli). "Accra : Aburi ( TFezr/Ze)."— Moschler. Genus CALLIDIIYAS. Callidriias, Boisduval " Lep. Araer. Sept., p. 73 (1833);" Sp. Gen. Lep., i. p. 605 (1836). Colias, Latr. (part), Enc. Meth., ix. p. 10 (1S19). ,, Swains., Zool. lUustr., i. pi. 5 (1820-21). CalUdryas, Doubl., Gen. D. Lep., i. p. 66 (1847). „ Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 67 (1862). ,, Butl., Cist. Ent., i. p. 46 (1870); and (Monograph) Lejx Exot., (1869-74). Catojisilia, Phcehis (Iliibner, 1816, part), CalUdryas, and Apltrissa, Butl., Lep. Exot., pp. 154-155 (1874)- Cafoj^silia, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 121 (18S1). ,, Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 295 (1SS2-S6). Imago. — Head broad, clothed with short, compact, very dense hair, projecting frontally in an acute ridge ; ^;rt/^H very short, not rising nearly to level of top of head, strongly compressed, densely clotliod \vith closely-appressed scales, which are longer and partly hair-like inferiorly, — basal joint long and curved, — middle one much shorter, — terminal one very small and short (except in the female of some species, in which it is considerably elongated and slender) ; antennae short, stout, straight, very gradually thickening into an elongate, cylin- drical, truncate club. Thorax robust, clothed with close silky hair (very long posteriorly) above, and with densely-packed furry scales beneath. Wings thick, with strong projecting nervures. Forc-unngs truncate, rather prominent and sub-acumiuate at apex ; costa usually finely serrated (in ^ only), — beyond basal curve scarcely convex till towards apex ; hind-margin very slightly concave in the middle ; inner margin more or less convex near base and very slightly concave in middle ; costal nervure two- thirds length of costa, or rather more; subcostal nervure four-branched, — first nervule given off usually before (but sometimes at or a little beyond) middle of discoidal cell ; second a little before (sometimes only just before) extremity of cell ; tliird and fourth either about mid- riERIX/E. 183 way between end of cell and apex, or considerably nearer the latter (rarely nearer the former), the third ending at or just before apex ; upper radial nervule usually united to subcostal uervure midway between end of cell and bifurcation of its third and fourth nervules, but some- times at end of cell ; disco-cellular nervules not or scarcely oblique, both arched, the lower from once and a half to twice as long as the upper; discoidal cell not wide (there being unusual space between costal and subcostal nervures), truncate terminally ; submedian nervure sinuated parallel to inner margin; internal nervure very short and slender, running into submedian nervure not far from base ; $ almost always with a more or less extended space (varying from a narrow hind-marginal border to outer two-thirds or more of wing) bearing partly raised or tilted scales, and having a duller, almost chalky aspect ; same sex in some species with inner-marginal edge near base recurved, and bearing a long tuft or brush of radiating silky hairs. Hind-wings prominent apically and inferiorly (rarely sub-caudate at anal angle) ; costa well arched, and with pronounced basal projection ; hind-margin slightly dentate (sometimes more so inferiorly) ; inner margins forming a deep and complete groove entirely covering abdomen beneath, but markedly divergent beyond this ; costal nervure extending to considerably beyond middle, and sometimes nearly to apex ; first subcostal nervule arched, given off about middle or nearer extremity (upper) of discoidal cell; disco- cellular nervules both very oblique, — the lower one about or less than twice as long as the upper, curved or sub-angulated ; internal nervure bent near base, running to end of inner-marginal groove ; ^ with space of raised scales much more limited than in fore-wing, and rarely extending as far as anal angle ; same sex usually with a more or less ovate spot or short stripe of thickened scales near base, above subcostal nervures, and in some species with a long tuft of silky hairs below that nervure. Legs short, moderately stout ; femora with only a very little extremely short hair beneath basally ; fore-tibia much shorter, middle tibia rather shorter, hind-tibia much longer than femur, — all sparsely and finely spinu- luse ; terminal spurs of middle and hind tibiie small and slender, but not very short ; tarsi nearly twice as long as tibire, rather strongly and thickly spinulose. Abdomen arched, compressed, short, acuminate, dorsally tufted with silky hair at base. Lakva. — Elongate, slightly tapering anteriorly and posteriorly; surface finely granulated. Pupa. — A^ariable in shape, especially as regards convexity of wing- covers in front of breast (which, moderate in Crocalc, Gnoma, Florclla, &c., is very strongly arched and ridged in Minuscida and ? Fhilea), and length of acute projection on head (which is much prolonged in ? Fhilea). These characters of larva and pupa are from Mr. Moore's and Mr. Butler's published figures, and Mrs. Barber's drawings of Florclla. iS4 SOUTH-AFEICAX BUTTERFLIES. Mr. Butler (pp. cii.) has proposed to reduce CaUidnjas to the American Euhule, Linn., and eight allies, in which the ^ has no brush of hairs in either wing. The other New World species he assigns to two genera, viz., Aphrissa, represented by Statira, Cram., and seven allies, in which also the $ has no tuft, but the $ has the terminal joint of the palpi lengthened, — and Fhcehis, including Cipris, Cram., and eleven others, in which the $ has the tuft near the base of the hind-wings. The Old World species, Crocale, Cram., and thirteen others, characterised by the ^ having the tuft near the base of the fore-wings, he places in the genus CatojJsiUa. While recognising these divisions as convenient and natural sections of the genus Callidryas, I cannot find that they are structurally entitled to generic rank. In the important feature of neuration there is but little variation, and the slight differences (above mentioned) that do occur are not charac- teristic of, or confined to any one of the divisions.^ In the ^ s of this genus, the inner edge of the space of raised scales is mostly well marked in both wings ; it usually follows an irregular course, and when (as often occurs) the colouring is different — yellow and white or yellowish-white, or orange and yellow — on each side of it, the effect is very remarkable. In most of the South- American species the space forms a narrow hind-marginal border, with the inner edge regularly festooned. The tuft or brush of long silky hairs is often not apparent in $ specimens of the Old World group, being folded back on that part of the inner margin which is hidden by the costal convexity of the hind-wings. Callidryas is in neuration and most other structural points rather nearly allied to Gonepteryx, but is well distinguished by its longer, much thinner, less stoutly-clubbed, not curved anteunpe and shorter palpi, its less haiiy thorax, and entire (instead of falcate and angu- lated) wings. In addition to the special sexual badges above mentioned, wide distinctions in colour also mark most of the ,^ s of Callidryas. This is very strikingly shown in some West-Indian species, of wdiich C. Avellaneda, Herr.-Schpeff. — the most splendid species in the genus — presents in the fore-wings an irregular median patch of deep crimson and an outer border of orange on a ground of lemon-yellow ; and C. Oi-his, Poey, a perfect circle of orange on the lemon-yellow basal half of the fore-wings, which outwardly are white. There is much less sexual disparity in the Old AVoiid species ; several of the Indian forms {Pyranthc, Linn., and allies) present plain greenish-white black- bordered ^ s and ^ s ; and the African C. flordla includes an almost ^ Mr. Distant {op. cit.) observes, in adopting Catopsilia, that the sj^ecies of the Old and New Worlds " are generically quite distinct, the peculiarity in neuration of the wings being sufficient to easily separate them ; " but he does not specify in what the peculiarity consists. ]\Ir. Butler mentions no distinguishing characters of neuration in his proposed gtnera. piepjx.t:. 185 spotless greenish-white $ with a scarcely distinguisliable $, as well as a pale sulphur-yellow $ with rusty-reddish marginal spots. These robust and strongly-made butterflies are very swift on the wing, but their rapid and irregular onward flight is constantly inter- rupted by settling on flowers. They are also found settled in numerous drinking parties on the edges of streams and pools. As mentioned in my introductory remarks (vol. i. \\ 31), the genus is famous for the amazing assemblages of some of its members in onward migration ; records of their steadily advancing hosts are numerous from both Old and New World.^, and the solitary African species (which ranges throughout the Ethiopian Eegion) is no exception to this remarkable tendency. Like Tcrias, it inhabits all tropical and sub-tropical coun- tries, extending also northward as far as Ohio in the United States and Syria in the Mediterranean sub-region, and southward to Chili and the Cape. The food-plants of the caterpillars in both hemispheres are Legumi- iiosce, and nearly all of those known and recorded are species of Cassia. 299. (1.) Oallidryas Florella, (Fabricius). ? Papilio Florella, Tub., Syst. Ent., p. 479, n. 159 (1775); Ent. Syst., iii. I, p. 213, n. 666 (1793). ^ and white 5. Colias Piirene, Swains., Zool. lUustr., ist Ser., i. pi. 51 (1820-21). S and 1 $ . CalUdryas Florella, Boisd., Sp. Gen. Lep., i. p. 608, n. 2 (1836). $ Gallidryas Huhkea, Boisd., op. cit., p. 612, n. 7. 5 CalUdryas Rhadia, Boisd., op. cit., p. 617, n. 11. $ ? (white). Callidrijas Florella, Trim., Bhop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 68, n. 45, and Note (1862). $ CalUdryas Rhadia, Trim., op. cit., p. 69, n. 46. ^ $ CalUdryas Florella, Hopff., Peters' Reise Mossamb., Ins., p. 365 (1862). $ Yar. CalUdryas Florella, Guen., Maillard, jSTotes Reunion (Bourbon), Lep., pi. 21, if. I, 2 (1862). 1^ $ CalUdryas Florella, Trim., Trans. Ent. See. Lond., 1S70, p. 382. cJ $ (white). Callidryas Pyrene, Butl., Lep. Exot., p. 44, pi. xvi. ti". 8, 10 [c?], 9 [? 1(1870). $ CalUdryas Florella, Bull., op. at., p. 56, pi. xxii. i'^. i, 2. ? Yar. Cato].mlia Aleurona, Butl., Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 4th Ser., xviii. p. 489 (1876). ? ?Var. Catopsilia rufosparsa, Butl., Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., May 1880, p. 395. _ CalUdryas Sicainsonii, Westw., App. Gates' Matabeleland, p. 335 (1881). Pupa {West- African), Butl., op. cit., pi. xxii. f. 2a. Exp. al., {$) 2 in. 3-9 lin. ; ($) 2 in. 2-9I lin. $ Greenish-white. Fore-wing : a small narrow terminal disco- cellular spot, variable in development (especially in length), but usually well defined, and very rarely sub-obsolete ; an exceedingly narrow faint reddish-brown edging on costa from beyond middle to apex, and thence (broken into ill-defined nervular spots) along hind-margin as i86 SOUTH-AFIUCAX BUTTEEFLIES. fur as third or second median nervule ; a hind-marginal series of minute ferruginous spots at extremities of nervules, — sometimes barely perceptible or wanting altogether. Hind-wing : a similar hind-mar- ginal series of minute spots, — often, however, wanting. Under side. — Hind-iving, and icide costal and very vAde apical area of fore-iving , glossy ipah greyish-yclloiu or greyish-green, more or less indistinctly freckled and hatched ivith brownish or reddish-grey ; cilia usually pale-reddish, except near posterior angle of fore- wing ; minute ferruginous hind-marginal spots better marked ; rarely altogether wanting. Fore-wing : costa at base with a thin pinkish-red edging ; terminal disco-cellular spot larger, rounder, dull-red, with a large, paler, shining centre ; between costa and second median nervule, not far from hind-margin, usually the more or less indistinct traces of a transverse series of five diffused reddish-grey spots, elbowed or angulated obliquely inwardly on upper radial nervule. Hind-wing : a terminal disco-cellular red spot, smaller than that in fore-wing, more circular, but with its Y''ii\e centre usually whiter; in some specimens traces of a discal series of six or seven reildish-grey spots ; at basal origin of nervures a small pinkish-red stain. $ Like the ^ ; hut fore-wing with costa throughout usually horde^xd witli brownish above costal ncrvure, and with apical and Jiind-marginal hrownisli edging rather more 'pronounced. Under side. — Like the less distinctly marked $ s, all the markings (including the terminal disco- cellular spots) more or less faint, and the discal spots very small or obsolete in both wings. Second form of ^ {Florella, Fab., = iiAacZia, Boisd.). — Sulj^hur-yclloui ; hind-margined ferruginous spots enlarged. Fore-wing : pale-brownish costal border tinged at base with pinkish-red, and becoming wider and ferruginous apically ; six well-marked (though inwardly rather diffused), good-sized hind-marginal ferruginous spots, the lowest on first median nervule, — and a seventh minute spot on submedian nervure ; terminal disco-cellular spot enlarged, black, rounded, con- spicuous ; more or less indistinct traces of the subapical elbowed transverse row of reddish spots which both sexes present on the under side. Hind-umig : costa and inner margin rather broadly bordered with somewhat iridescent pinkish-white ; hind-marginal nervular ferruginous spots always much smaller than those of fore-wing, very variable in size, shape, and distinctness, nearly always a good deal diffused in- wardly. Under side. — Hind-iving, and all fore-wing eoiecpt yellowish or yellowish-ivhite inner-marginal and sub-central area, rich ochreous- yclloio inclining to orange, rcdher sparsely freckled and hatched with ferruginous. Fore-iving : terminal disco-cellular spot usually larger than in $, — rather frequently with a second similar but usually smaller spot attached to it superiorly ; elbowed submarginal series of spots dull-reddish, rather blurred and indistinct, — the spots below the elbow often united into a streak. Hind-wing : terminal disco- riEKIX.'E. 187 cellular spot rather larger than in ^, with a silvery-white centre, and almost invariably accompanied by a similar spot immediately sur- mounting it, and by a third (commonly larger) one immediately pre- ceding it, and so within discoidal cell ; at base, immediately below origin of subcostal nervure, a ierruginous-red mark ; eight spots of irregular discal row varying from dull-reddish to ferruginous, some or all of them often indistinct or almost obsolete. In both wings the minute spots of the hind-marginal nervular series are dark and dis- tinct and bordered inwardly by some pink scaling. As indicated in the foregoing descriptions, there is some diversity in the markings of the $, chieily as relates to the development of those of the under side ; but the two forms of the $ present a far greater discrepancy, one scarcely differing from the $, while the other is sulphur-yellow above with conspicuous disco-cellular and hind-mar- ginal spots, and deep ochreous-yellow beneath, with one or two addi- tional disco-cellular spots. There exist, however, several linking variations between these two forms of ^, but almost all that I have seen "^ are nearer to the yellow than to the white form. These $ s are either simply of a paler yellow, or exhibit a more or less extensive suffusion of white over the discal area of one or both wings. The Hyhlcea of Boisduval, from Senegal, is one of the former category, and the Alcurona of Butler, from Abyssinia, one of the latter ; and it is noteworthy that in both cases the describers mention only one terminal disco-cellular spot on tlie under side of hind-wing, — a feature charac- teristic of the white $ and of the $. A fine example of the full yellow coloration, taken near D'Urban by Colonel Bowker, also pre- sents this solitary spot. In South Africa, the yellow or Rhadia form of $ appears to pre- dominate ; out of 47 examples from all quarters, I find 26 yellow, 7 intermediate, and 1 4 white. These different ^ s are not local forms, but occur together (as Mr. Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud., 1884, p. 486, has shown to be the case at Aden) in several places. For instance, I have white, yellow, and intermediate $ s from the Bashee Eiver and Potchefstroom in the Transvaal ; and Mrs. Barber informs me that all three flew in the neighbourhood of Kimberley in the autumn of 188 1." I have met with both white and yellow % s among the stragglers that occasionally find their way to Cape Town, and have received the two forms together from Springbokfontein in Namaqua- land. As respects Tropical Africa, I have noted the two in collections ^ The exceptions are two very slightly yellowish-tinged 9 s from Aden, and a dwarf (exp. 2 in. I lin.) ? , taken by Colonel Bowker in some South-African locality not specially noted, which is somewhat more yellow-tinged along hind-margins, and has in the fore-wings the disco-cellular spot very small and faint, and the reddish Iiind-margiiial spots minute and indistinct. - Mrs. Barber adds (12th September 1883) : " I have seen both white and yellow ? s lay- ing their eggs on the same plant, and have reared the caterpillars, which produced butter- flies of all the different tints that exist in this species." i88 SOUTH- AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. from Sierra Leone, and also from Kilima-njaro, and have captured them flying together in Mauritius.^ Notwithstanding the Aden evidence, Mr. Butler {Joe. cit.) keeps apart Pyrcnc, Swains., HyUcea, Boisd., Aleurona, Butl.,""^ and Florella, Fab., but he admits the great difficulty of assigning ^ s to the several $ s so separated ; and I must say that the copious material arranged by him in the British Museum collection seemed to me, upon thorough examination last year (1886), to show very satisfactorily that there is not more than one variable species concerned. Swainson {op. cit.) figures as Fyrenc an ordinary ^, with the under side rather dull yellowish and its hatching moderately distinct, and a small white $ (upper side only) nearly resembling the ^. He notes that the ^ was one of about twenty brought by Burchell from the interior of the Cape, but that the % was discovered in Haworth's col- lection. Mr. A. G. Butler first called attention {Cat. Fah. D. Lep., p. 224, 1868) to the resemblance borne by Fabricius' type oi Florella in the Banksian collection to the Rliadia of Boisduval, and upon in- spection of this example in 1881, I found it to be unquestionably (though very worn and faded) identical with Boisduval's insect. The lack of any $ approaching the Florella { = Fhadia) colouring led me early to the conjecture that these yellow ^ s could only be associated with Pyrcne ; and the subsequent capture (by myself at D'Urban ^ and by Colonel Bowker at King William's Town* respectively) of two pairs in copula, served to confirm that view, the $ in each case being of the ordinary Pyrcne pattern and the $ a yellow Florella!' Mr, H. L. L. Feltham writes to me that in 1886, at the junction of the Modder and Vaal Rivers in Griqualand West, he found a large number of pairs at rest, and that in all the cases examined (from twenty to thirty pairs) the $ was yellow. Larva. — Yellowish-green dorsally, minutely granulated with black ; pale glaucous-greenish laterally ; the two colours separated by a rather wide, conspicuous yellow stripe. Head coloured like the back. Legs pale glaucous-greenish. Feeds on Cassia arachoules!' 1 Mauritian si^ecimens are in both sexes smaller than the ordinary Continental ones, and some from the Comoro Islands in the British Museum are still smaller. - From Mr. Butler's description {loc. cit. in synon.), and his remarks in the paper just quoted on the Aden forms, I think that his C rufosjiarsa, founded on a 9 from Madagascar, cannot be separated from Aleurona. 3 26th March 1867. •* 12th September 1870. ^ The capture in copuld at Aden, by Major Yerbury, of similar sexes of the Pyrene pattern is recorded by Mr. Butler {Proc. Zool. Soc. LoncL, 1S84, p. 487). Mr. A. D. Millar has sent me the paired sexes captured by him at D'Urban on loth February 18S8. Tiie 9 in this case is worn and rather small ; it appears to have had a faint tinge of yellow (with slight traces of spots) along the hind-margins, but is otherwise all greenish-white; the disco-cellular spot of the fore-wings is rounded much as in the yellow 9 . •* Mr. A. D. Millar has forwarded to me a specimen of the Cassia upon which he has observed Florella laying eggs at D'Urban, Natal. It has been kindly determined by Mr. MacOvvan as Cassia corymhosa, an introduced South American species. riERIN.Tv 189 Pupa. — Pattern and colouring very like tliat of larva, but the green apparently more uniform and (except on wing-covers) inclining to glaucous; yellow lateral stripe paler. Acute cephalic projection tipped with reddish-brown. Attached to various bushes, grass, &c. These descriptions of larva and pupa are made from a coloured drawing sent to me by Mrs. Barber in 1882. That of the pupa must be qualified by the following note, made by Mrs. Barber during tlie great abundance of the insect near Ivimberley in 1881, viz., "The larv?e suspending themselves to various plants resulted in pupae won- derfully adapted in colour to the particular plants occupied. Those upon dry grass were straw-coloured ; one in a bunch of grass only half dry and half green was green on the under side and straw- coloured on the upper side. A number of caterpillars that I put into a tin-box suspended themselves on its sides and became pupa3 of a leaden colour, I think, however, that when at liberty the larv?e l>referred to pupate on the bluish-green upright stems of a small species of Cijphoncma, common among the grass, for the bluish-green pupre were crowded together upon it in great numbers. The chrysalis state seldom lasted more than ten days." As regards the larva, Mrs. Barber further notes : " I observed them literally in thousands on the Cassia plants ; they cleared off every leaf, and then devoured the young shoots, and even the bark of the stems. I noticed no variation whatever in these caterpillars." This butterfly is very closely allied to C. Gnoma, Pab., from India and China ; but the latter has in both sexes a rather wider, darker (and in $ continuous) brown hind-marginal edging in the fore-wings, and the under-side tint yellower than in the $ Flordla, but not nearly so deep as in the Bhadia form of ^. The $ Gnoma, too, appears never to show more sulphur-yellow on the upper side than a rather narrow suffusion along the hind-margin of both fore and hind wings. From Captain De la Chaumette's description (quoted by Mr. Butler, Zr^?. Exot., p. 43), and the figures given in Moore's Lcp. Ceylon., pi. 48, 2a), the earlier stages of Gnoma seem scarcely, if at all, to differ from those of Flordla. It is in the late summer and in autumn, from about the middle of February to the middle of ^Nlay, that Florella is most prevalent in South Africa ; but Mr. Feltham notes the occurrence of a few on the wing at Ivimberley as early as 2d October, and I met with two flying at D'Urban as late as 23d June. During the time of the extreme abundance of the insect at Kimberley in 1881, Mrs. Barber noted that the yellow form of $ was at first very scarce, but later on became very numerous.^ During my visit to Natal in the summer of 1867, the butterfly was by no means common. I took a good many ^ s, ^ Mr. H. L. L. Feltham informs me that in the beginning of the season at Kimberley white 9 B only are to be seen, and also notes the interesting circumstance that, as far as he has been able to observe, the <5 s are then all less boldly marked on the under side than those 6 s which fly later in the season, when the yellow ? s prevail. 190 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. and a few $ s (all yellow) ^ aLout D'Urbaii, but did not meet with the species elsewhere. Like the Eronicv, these swift flyers were fond of the flowers of Vinca rosea, and repeatedly stopped in their headlong flight to settle on them. The stragglers seen by me at Cape Town usually pitched on the scarlet flowers of a Pelargonium. I have already referred (vol. i. p. 31) to Colonel Eowker's observation of an immense migrating host of this butterfly in Basutoland, and reproduce here his interesting account ^ of what he witnessed : — " During my trip to No- Man's-Land in March 1869, I crossed the Maluti Mountains at two different points, going and returning ; and throughout the journey, whenever there was a gleam of sunshine between the prevalent showers, the exodus of Florella and Rltadia continued in one uninterrupted stream. These butterflies were to be seen in countless numbers, from the deepest and darkest valleys through which the Orange River forced its way, up to the highest peaks, 10,000 feet above the sea, and cdl were steadihj moving on eastward. Sometimes one of them would stop to take a sip from a tempting gladiolus, or even turn back a few yards for that purpose ; but it would be only for a minute, and then off he would hurry again, as if fearful of being left behind by his comrades. I have noticed the same swarms in the Trans-Keian country, and also in the Cape Colony. In the latter, I believe, other members of the Pieridsc Avere concerned." ^ Judging from its known localities, this powerful insect ranges over all the Ethiopian Region (except the north-west extra-tropical tracts), including most of its islands, and penetrates as far northward as Syria. In South Africa it is generally distributed, but appears to be nowhere permanently abundant, though more prevalent in the northern tracts towards the tropic. Localities of CaUidrijas Florella. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. a. Western Districts. — Cape Town (occasional visitor). Van Wyk's Vley, Carnarvon District {E. (?. Alston). Springbokfontein {G. A. Reijnolds) and Ookiep {G, Warden), Namaqualand District. Knysna. Plettenberg Bay (the late W. II. Newdigate). h. Eastern Districts. — Grahamstown {M. E. Barber). Kleinemond River, Bathurst District [H. J. Atherstone). King William's Town {W. S. M. U Urban and J. H. Bowlder). Colesberg {A. F. Ortlepp). Burghersdorp (Z>. R. Kannemcijer). c. Griqualand AVest. — Kimberley (M. E. Barber and H. L. Feltham). Barkly, Vaal River {M. E. Barber and J. H. Bowker). d. Basutoland. — Maseru (/. //. Boivlccr). " Maluti Mountains." — J. H. Bowker, C. Orange Free State. — Bloemfontein {Dr. H. Exton). D. Kaff'raria Proper. — Butterworth and Bashee River (/. H. Boirker). E. Natal. a. Coast Districts. — D'Urban. "Lower Umkomazi." — J. 11. Bowker. b. Upper Districts. — Maritzburg (Mrs. Francis). Estcourt (/. M. Hutcliinson). ^ Mr. A. D. Millar informs me that, as a rule, the yellow 9 is not so numerous about D'Urban as the white one. He notes that, "if any females are about, the males are blind to fear and easily caught." - Published by me in Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1 870, p. 383. 3 As regards the Trans-Kei (Kaffraria Proper), Colonel Bowker noted in March 1S63 that Florella suddenly appeared in thousands, but became rare by the middle of April. PAPILIONIN.a^. 191 ¥. Zululaiul.— Napoleon Valley (/. //. Buirlcer). Etshowe (^1. 31. Goodrich). G. " Swaziland."— The late E. C. lUixton. H. Dclagoa Bay. — Louren^o Marques {Mrs. Monteiro). K. Transvaal.— rotchefstrooni and Lydenburg Districts {T. Ayres). Lydenbiirg {A. F. Ortlepp). Eureka, near Barberton (C. F. Palmer). Upper Limpopo {F. C. Selous). L. Beclmanaland. — INlotito (the late Rev. J. Frcdoux). II. Other African Kegions. A. South Tropical. a. Western Coast. — Damaraland (/. A. Bell and the late C. J. Andersmn). " Angola (Pogge)." — Dewitz. b. Eastern Coast, — " Querimba " {Peters)." — HopfFer. hi. Eastern Interior. — Tauwani {F. G. Selom). " Motloutsi Kiver {Oaies)." — Westwood. Zambesi Kiver : Zumbo {F. C. Selous). "Tette (Peters)."— Hopll'er. Kilima-njaro.— Coll. Brit. Mus. hb. Eastern Islands. — Comoro Islands : Johanna. — Coll. Brit. INIus. " Madagascar (Coll. T. De Ch-ey)." — A. G. Butler. Bourbon. — Coll. Brit. Mus. Mauritius. B. North Tropical. a. Western Coast, — " Lo-wer Niger {Forbes)." — Godman and Salvin. " Abomey (Coll. Saunders)." — Butler. Accra: "Aburi ( Weir/le)." — Moschler. Cape Coast Castle and Sierra Leone ( /. JBurke). " Senegal (Coll. Druce)." — Butler. " Gambia River {Moloney). "-G. E. Shelley. b. Eastern Coast,— Somaliland. — Coll. Brit. Mus, bi. Eastern Interior. — Abyssinia. — Coll. Brit. Mus. "Khartoum (Coll. Wallace)."— Butler. " Nubia."— Hopffer, bb. Eastern Islands. — " Socotra." — Coll. Brit. Mus. IV. Asia. Arabia: Aden, Lahej, Shaik Othman, — Coll, Brit. Mus. "Syria." — Staudinger, Sub-Family 2.— PAPILIOIvJ'IN"^, PapilioJiince and Parnassinoe,, Swainson, Cab. Cyc, Hist, and Nat. An, Ins., pp. 87 and 90 (1840). Papilionides, Boisduval, Sp. Gen. Lep., i. p. 171 (1S36). Pcqnlionidce, Doubleday, Gen. D. Lep,, i. p. i (1846). Papilionidce, Trimen, Rhop. Afr. Aust,, i. p. 10 (1862). Papilionince, Bates, Journ, Ent., 1864, p. 177. Imago. — Head of moderate size, rather or decidedly broad, usually hairy ; ci/cs round or ovate, prominent, smooth ; j^ljn usually very short (but of moderate length in Thais and Scricinus, and long in TeinoiKdpus), scaly and hairy ; antenna) variable in length, thickness, and elevation, but in most genera short, with a rather abruptly-formed, curved, sub-cylindrical club. Thorax mostly rather stout (robust in Parnassius, Doritis, and Teinopalpus, but slender in Thais and Scricinus), more or less hairy (densely so in Parnassius and Boritis). Wings very variable in out- line, but mostly elongate ; discoidal cells always closed. Fore-wings 192 SOUTH-AFEICAX BUTTERFLIES. (except ill Parnassius, Thais, and Dorifis) usually more or less pro- duced apically ; subcostal nervure five-branched (except in Parnassius and Rypermncstra, where it is four-branched), — the first and second nervules "iven off before extremity of discoidal cell, the fourth and fifth branching off about midway between end of cell and apex ; three disco- cellular nervules almost always well-developed (but the first very short in Scrieinus, Thais, and Doritis, and wanting in Parnassius), — the third so inclined as to look like a continuation of median nervure, and makino- the lower radial nervule appear to be a fourth median nervule ; near base, between median and submedian nervures, a transverse interno- median nervule in Ornithoptcra, Papilio, Eunjadcs, and Eurycus ; in- ternal nervure, running free to inner margin, present in all genera except Doritis. Hind-wings usually more or less prolonged in anal- ano-ular region, and very often conspicuously tailed on third median nervule (extraordinarily so in Le/ptocircus) ; inner margin liollowed so as to leave abdomen perfectly free, and often folded back on itself : precostal nervure forked, its lower branch joining costal nervure so as to form a small prediscoidal cell (except in Thais, Doritis, and Parnassius, where the precostal nervure is simple) ; submedian nervure more or less curved ; internal nervure wanting. Legs rather thick (in Papilio and Eirrgcus long also) ; fore-tibire with an elongate process or thick- ened spur on the middle of the inner edge ; terminal spurs of middle and hind tibias strong ; tarsi long, their terminal claws large, simple, without appendages. 'Abdojncn usually of moderate size and length (very large in Orni- tlioptcra, and short, thick, and very hirsute in Parnassius and Doritis) ; anal plates in $ well developed, usually more or less conspicuous (in Ornithoptcra and Parnassius spined or hooked at tip) ; in impregnated $ of four genera (Parnassius, Eurycus, Euryades, and LucMorJia) an inferior corneous appendage, variable in form, usually constituting a pouch, open posteriorly .■■• LA.IIVA. — Stout, usually smooth, but sometimes with numerous 1 It is mainly on account of these singular appendages to the female abdomen that Mr. H. J. Ehves, in his very interesting paper "On the Genus Parnassius" [Proc. Zool. Soc. LoncL, 1886, pp. 17, 18), has proposed to form a distinct Family, " Parnassiidce," of these four genera. But when it is considered that this appendage or pouch has been shown (as Mr. Elwes fully details in his paper) by Von Siebold and Mr. Arthur Thomson, in the case of Parnassius, and by Burmeister in the case of Euryades, to be no structural part of the insect, but simply the adhering coagulated and dried condition of a secretion poured out by the 6 during co(UPA. — Very variable in shape, but usually more or less curved or bent backward superiorly, and angulated ; head usually more or less bifid, but sometimes sub-truucatt', blunt, or rounded ; back of abdomen often tuberculated. This Sub-Family is very distinct from the rierincv, the approach made to the latter by the aberi'ant Farnassius ^ being very slight, and such genera of Ficrincc as Mesapia, Gray, Davidina, Oberth., and Sti/.x; Stand., not exhibiting any structural affinity, but only a superficial resemblance to Farnnssius.'-^ The salient features in the Fapilionince are, as regards the perfect insects, the arrangement of the disco-cellu- lar and radial nervules of the fore-wings, making the lower radial appa- rently a fourth median nervule ; the development of the interno-median nervule and of the free internal nervure in the same wings ; and in the hind wings the hollowed inner-margin (with absence of the internal nervure), and formation of a small prediscoiclal cell by the branched precostal nervure ; while the first pair of tibite bear on their inner edge a conspicuous process or spur. The caterpillars stand alone among those of the entire Sub-Order^ in possessing the strongly scented exsertible fleshy organ or " tentacle " in the neck, which is instantane- ously protruded and directed vibratingly towards any part where the insect may be touched. This organ is usually of some red or crimson tint, but sometimes blue or yellow ; and its sudden appearance, mena- cing motion, and penetrating disagreeable odour, combine to make its possessors alarming and repulsive to their foes. Painlio, with some 400 species, is beyond comparison the domi- nant genus of the Sub-Family, extending throughout the globe, but very poorly represented in the Palasarctic, Nearctic, and Australian Eegions. The other twelve genera, including Ornithoptcra (about twenty species), together muster only sixty-one species, and of these Farnassius alone counts twenty-three, five of the genera being mono- typic. In curious contrast to its poverty in species of F^ipilio is the richness of the Palfearctic Piegion in generic forms, Scricinus, Thais, Hypernmestra, Doritis, and LiieMorJia being all peculiar to it, and Farnassius peculiar except for two or three North-American forms ; 1 See Doubleday, Gen. Diurn. Lep., i. p. I (1846). The singular Turkestan genua Hypermnestra, however, has in outline and hind-marginal markings of the wings, and espe- cially the pattern and colouring of the under side of the hind-wings, a striking resemblance to Anlhocharis and the Daplidicc group of Pieris. - It is worth mention, however, that the chrysalis of Zegris (a Southern Pakearctic genus close to Anthocharis) is enclosed in a delicate silken web after the manner of that of Parnassius. 3 The whole Order Lepidoptera is known to yield only one other genus, viz., Bicranura [Ccrura) among the Bombyces, whose larva; have an equally developed organ of this re- markable description ; and in these the organ is double instead of merely forked, enclosed in special sheaths, and occupies the posterior instead of the anterior end of the body. VOL. III. N 194 SOUTH-AFRICAX BUTTERFLIES. wliile Teinopalpus and ArmamUa are just on the adjacent northern boundary of the Oriental Eegion. Thais and Dor it is are limited in range to the Mediterranean Sub- Eegion, and Liichdorfia to the Siberian eastern shore. The Australian Eegion has one peculiar genus {Eurycus), and the Neo-Tropical another {Euryades) ; the African Eegion has hitherto yielded species of Papilio only. The Papilionincc, though not a very numerous Sub-Family, are pre-eminent for their combination of large size, variety of form, and richness of colouring. The hargest and (with the exception perhaps of the Nymphaline genus Morpho) most splendid of butterflies are the Orninwp)tercc of the Malayan Archipelago — a few species extend the genus to India on the one hand and Australia on the other, — magnificent creatures, whose males are velvety-black with crimson-marked thorax, long golden-yellow abdomen, and wings banded and patched with vivid green (changing into golden or blue in some species) or rich yellow, and whose duller whitish-barred and spotted females are even larger than their mates, measuring from 7 to 8^ inches across the expanded fore-wings. T\\qyqxy \&o\QXQ,()i Papilio Antimachiis of Western Africa, though smaller in body, owing to the extraordinary elongation of the fore-wings has a still wider expanse, varying from 7I to 9^ inches. Nearly all the Papilionince are above the middle size, except the genera Thais, Doritis, and part of Parnassius ; and the only really small forms are the species of Lcptocircus (exp. i^ — if inches), which make the most of their diminutive stature by the extraordinary length of their caudate hind-wings. Familiar representatives of the group are the " Swallow-Tails " of Europe, P. Machaoii (found in England) and P. Podalirius, and the beautiful " Apollo " butterflies of the Alps {Parnassius Ap)ollo and P. .Ddins) Nearly all the Papilionino) (except certain protected groups of Papilio in South America and Indo-Malaya) are strong on the wing, and many arc remarkably swift and lofty flyers. Many species of the genus Papilio — especially those of the Podalirius group or " Swallow- Tails " jJar excellence — are attracted by the moisture at the margins of streams and pools, and observers in tropical regions record with admi- ration the often immense assemblages of these lovely insects at such drinking stations. Genus PAPILIO. Papilio, Linn, (part), Syst. Nat., i. 2, p. 744 (1767); Fab. Syst. Ent., p. 442 (1775). Fapiiio, Latreille, " Hist. Nat. Crust. Ins., xiv. p. loS (1805) ;" and Enc. Meth., ix. p. 9 (18 1 9). Papilio, Boisduval, Sp. Gen. Lep., i. p. 1S3 (1836). Fapiiio, Doubleday, Gen. Diuni. Lep., i. p. 5 (1846). Imago. — Head large, clothed with short hair, often with a frontal tuft of longer hair ; eyes ovate, very prominent, smooth ; jj«/^ji very PAPILIONIN.E. 195 short, not rising above half height of head, pressed close against face, clothed with longish hair and scales inferiorly,— basal and middle johits about equal in length, terminal oue minute ; antennce of moderate length or rather long, variable in thickness, — the club long, gradually formed, usually curved upward and outward; haiisiellaiii long. Tliorax rather robust ; prothorax forming a distinct neck. Wings exceedingly varied in outline, large, with strong nervines. Fore-wings usually sub-triangular, often more or less produced apically, sometimes very narrow and elongate, rarely falcate ; costa slightly or moderately convex ; costal nervure very thick, and extending about three-fifths length of wing ; subcostal nervure five-branched, very close to costal nervure as far as its second nervule, — its first and second nervules closely approximate, long, given off not very near to each other, but far before extremity of discoidal cell (iirst in Lcunidas and Pylades, and allies, greatly abbreviated and ruiniing into costal nervure), — third rather long, curved, given off at end of cell, running close to second, and ending at apex, — fourth and fifth branching off far beyond end of cell, but nearer to it than to apex, rather short (fourth much arched and remote from third) ; disco-cellular nervules all fully developed, — the first and second almost vertical, or slightly inclined inwardly or out- wardly, but the third very oblique inwardly, and so directly continuous of median nervure that lower radial nervule has all the appearance of an additional fourth median nervule ; an interno-mediau nervule unit- ing median and submedian nervures near their origin, so as to form a small sub-discoidal cell ; internal nervure well developed, free, termi- nating on inner margin at some distance from base ; discoidal cell long and broad ; $ in some species with the lower radial and three median nervules, and the submedian nervure on disc, bordered above and below by a long space of closely-appressed fine silky short hairs, narrowing to a point both inwardly and outwardly. Uind-ivings always more or less elongate inferiorly (sometimes extremely so), commonly tailed at extremity of third median nervule ; costa moderately arched ; apex much rounded off; hind-margin more or less dentate, sometimes so strongly as to bear several short tails ; inner margin hollowed (in ^ sometimes folded back and bearing a coating or fascicle of hairs) ; pre- costal nervure forked, its lower branch united to costal nervure so as to form a small prediscoidal cell ; costal nervure ending at apex ; first subcostal nervule given off far before extremity (at from one-third to two-thirds length) of discoidal cell ; disco-cellular nervules straight, upper one longer (sometimes much longer) than lower, oblique ; dis- coidal cell short and much narrower tlian in fore-wing; submedian nervure incurved, ending at anal angle ; internal nervure wanting-. Legs long, usually thick ; ibre-coxie free, clothed w^ith short hair ; femora without hair, or with a very little inferiorly, — first pair longer, second as long as, third pair shorter than, tibiiu ; all tibia) strongly spinulose, — terminal spurs of second and third pairs rather long. 196 SOUTH- AFKICAX BUTTERFLIES. slender, — first pair, at about middle of tlieir inner edge, with a stout (often acuminate) process ; tarsi very long (especially first joint), con- siderably longer than tibite, densely spinulose beneath, — the claws large, rather straight, simple. AMomcn rather stout, of moderate length or rather long, thickened posteriorly ; anal plates in $ usually large and conspicuous. Laeva. — Eather thick, often more or less swollen on third thoracic seo-ment, and thence abruptly attenuated to head ; usually smooth, but in some "roups armed with numerous curved fleshy tubercular pro- cesses ; head small, smooth ; penultimate segment often more or less bifid dorsally into small acute prominences ; exsertile Y-shaped ten- tacle on back of first thoracic segment usually rather long; thoracic segments sometimes each with a pair of short filamentous processes superiorly and laterally. PurA. — Very variable in form ; rarely almost straight, usually with abdomen more or less curved, and thorax and head more or less bent backward. Head usually bifid (often very deeply), sometimes truncate, round, and blunted. Dorso-thoracic prominence sometimes produced into a forward-pointing process. Abdomen often dorsally armed with tubercles, which are sometimes developed into conspicuous processes. For number, diversity, and beauty of its species, the great genus Papilio, even if we withdraw from it the magnificent and barely separable group Ornithoj^teru, stands unrivalled. So conspicuous and prominent a feature are its members in the butterfly life of the tropics and adjacent latitudes, that they have been for considerably more than a century more extensively collected and better known generally than any others of their tribe. Though modern investigations have shown that structurally their affinity to the Heterocera prevents their any lono-er being regarded as the highest or most specialised butterflies, they stood for so long at the head of the Order, that they have received more study and examination than any other Lepidoptera. After comparing the catalogues published by Boisduval (1836), Doubleday (1847), G. R Gray (1852 and 1856), C. and R. Felder (1864), Kirby (1871 and 1877), and C. Obertlmr (1879), I think that the species of Fajnlio may fairly be held to exceed four hundred in number. Notwithstanding their very great diversity in outline, colouring, and pattern, the generic characters throughout this large assemblage offer but little modification ; and I agree with the great majority of lepidopterists that it is impossible to break up Papilio into satisfactory genera. At the same time, as remarked by Mr. Distant {PJiop. McJay., p. 323), the genus is readily divisible into well-marked groups ; and Loisduval, the Folders,^ and Wal- 1 Ad. C. li. Soc. Zool.-Bot. Vindoh., xiv. (1S64). This is the most elaborate of the published investigations of the structural characters ; but it is, in my opinion, carried into a minute analysis more refined than natural. There are no fewer than seventy-five sections PAPILIONIN.E. 197 lace/ have treated it wiih more or less detail from tliis point of view. Tropical South America is richest in these fine insects, and next to it stands the Malayan Archipelago, the two regions together yield- ing nearly half the known species. Tropical Asia is considerably less productive, except along the Himalaya, having produced about seventy species. The Ethiopian Eegion (including twelve from Madagascar and the Mascarene Islands) has hitherto yielded sixty-two. In com- parison with the foregoing, the Palrearctic and Nearctic Eegions and the Australian continent are exceedingly poor, each producing under twenty species. Nearly all the species of rapUlo are above the middle size, and many of them very large butterflies. The smallest known kind appears to be P. Triopas, Godt., from Cayenne and the Lower Amazons, which expands rather under 2-^ inches ; while the largest, P. Antimachus, Drury, from the Gaboon and Cameroons, measures 7^ to 9^ inches across the wing. The African species are conveniently arranged in nine groups, repre- sented by the following well-known species, viz., P. Podalirius, Linn, (not Ethiopian ; — P. Policenes, Cram., typical in Africa), P. Lconidas, Fab., P. Demolcus, Linn., P. Nireus, Linn., P. Mcrope, Cram., P. Hesperus, Westw., P. Zenobia, Fab., P. Antcnor, Drury, P. Antimachus, Drury. All but the last two groups have representatives in South Africa, and may be distinguished as follows : — Group i. — Poliecncs, Cram., representative. Sexes alike. Head broad, tufted frontally ; antenna short, with a thick abruptly-formed club. Fore-wings very produced apically, so as to have a long hind- margin and a short inner margin ; hind-wings very produced inferiorly, and with a long, almost straight, sword-shaped tail on third median nervule ; inner-marginal fold of hind-wings in $ often supporting a long brush of radiating hair. Black, with common sub-basal stripes, a discal macular band, and a submarginal row of spots, pale green. (Four species: P. Policenes, Cram., P. Antlicus, Cram., P. Porthaon, Hewits, P. Coloiina, Ward.) Gkoup 2. — Lconidas, Fab., representative. Near Group i. Sexes alike. Head broader ; antennae stouter, with broader more abruptly- formed club. Fore-wings with apical portion much elongated, but rounded off; hind-margin much more concave in middle; inner margin considerably longer ; first branch of subcostal nervure very short and slender, running into costal nervure. Hind-wings rounded, not (or but and exceedingly numerous sub-sections ; and the small value of some of these may be esti- mated from the fact that the i Papilio Merope is placed in Sub-section C. of Section Iv., while its ? , P. Ilippocoon, figures in Sub-section B. of Section Ivii. ^ "On the Phenomena of Variation and Geographical Distribution, as illustrated by the Papilionidw of the Malayan region" {Tra7is. Linn. Soc. Lond., xxv., 1865). 198 SOUTH- AFEIC AX BUTTERFLIES. very slightly) produced inferiorly ; never tailed. Black, with greenish or wliite discal and siibinarginal series of spots, and basal patch in hind-wings, and often in fore-wings also. (Four species : P. Zeonidas, Fab., F. Brasidas, Feld., P. Corinncus, BertoL, P. Morania, Angas.) Group 3. — P. Dcmohus, Linn., representative. Sexes alike. Head smaller, not tufted frontally ; antennte longer, with a gradually-formed, usually slender club. Fore-wings intermediate in form between that of Group I and that of Group 2, rather rounded apically, but not (or slightly) concave hind-marginally. Hind-wings a good deal prolonged inferiorly, bearing on third median nervule either a more prominent dentation or a broad (in P. oplbidiccphcdas also long) yellow-marked spatulate tail. Black with a common discal stripe (macular in fore- wings), and submarginal series of spots pale-yellow ; hind-wings usually with a blue, black, and red ocellus at apex and anal angle ; fore- wings beneath with several longitudinal very pale yellow streaks diverging from base. (Three species : P. DcmoUus, Linn., P. op]Lidicc])lialns, Oberthiir, P. Constantinus, Ward.) Group 4. — P. Lyccus, Doubl., representative. Sexes alike. Struc- turally close to Group 3, but fore-wings more pointed, and hind-wings with a broad blunt production inferiorly, bearing on tliird median nervule either a very prominent dentation or a short spatulate tail. Black with a common discal band and submarginal spots of submetallic greenish-blue or bluish-green. (One species : P. Lyccus, Doubl.) Group 5. — P. Cenca, Stoll, representative. Sexes extremely dif- ferent. Structurally very near Group 3 ; hind-wings without inferior blunt prolongation inferiorly of Group 4.; in ^ bearing on third median nervule a long, somewhat spatulate broad tail ; in $ tailless. $ very pale sulphur-yellow, with a black border in fore-wings and a black discal band (usually more or less broken) in hind-wings ; $ black, with ochre-yellow, ochre-red, or white discal and basal spots or patches, and small white submarginal spots, mimicking three species of Danaince. (One species : P. Cc-nca, Stoll.) Group 6. — P. Ewphranor, Trim., representative. Sexes alike, or not much unlike. Structurally near Group 4, but in colouring and in outline of hind-wings more like Group 3. Fore- wings bluntly sub- falcate ; hind-wings not produced as in Group 4, but bearing at end of third median nervule a rather short, more or less broadly-spatulate tail. Black, with a common discal stripe (macular in fure-wings) and a series of submarginal spots, sulphur-yellow (in Eupkranor $ this series PAPILIONIN.E. 199 only in hind-wings, in $ also in fore-wings and a second parallel series in hind-wings). (One species : 7'. Euphranor, Trim.) Group 7. — P. Bchcnoides, Trim., representative. Sexes very dis- similar. Structure generally much as in Group 5. Fore-wings with costa much arched, apex bluntly protuberant, rounded ; hind-wings rounded, only slightly dentate, not produced interiorly, without tail. lUack ; ^ with a common sulphur-yellow discal band, broad in hind- wings, macular and narrowing inferiorly in hind-wings ; $ with white discal spots in fore-wings, an ochre-yellow sub-basal patch in hiiid- W'ings ; and a common submarginal series of rounded white spots : — mimicking Amawris Echcria. (One species: P. Echerioidcs, Trim.) Of these fifteen South-African species, only the two last named (Eiqihra7io7- and Echcrioides) and Morania appear to be peculiar to the sub-region ; indeed, Echerioides is reported by Plotz to have been found in the Cameroons in West Africa ; but it is possible that the nearly allied P. Zoroastres, Druce, may have been mistaken for it. Of the rest, seven species extend over the Southern Tropical belt {Brasi- das apparently only on the Western, and Colonna, Portliaon, Cenea, and Ophidicephalus only on the Eastern side) ; while the six others range into both tropics, Demolcus alone appearing to occupy the entire Ethio- pian Eegion.^ The Larvae, from their size and colouring, and disregard of con- cealment, and also from the attachment of many of them to orange- trees and other cultivated plants, are better known than those of most other important genera, especially in the case of the Indian and IMalayan species. They are mostly of some shade of green, here and there varied with transverse or longitudinal or oblique paler or darker markings of subdued tints ; but the Indian P. dissimilis has a dark-grey tuberculated caterpillar, varied with bright sulphur-yellow bands and crimson spots ; and the strongly tuberculated larvas of the Oriental groups, represented by P. Nox, P. Coon, and P. Polydorus, are of a purplish or purplish-red colour.^ They are exceedingly inactive, only moving from one leaf to another as food is required. The food-plants of the several groups are characteristic ; the true " Swallow-Tails " (Group I, supra, Pul ice lies, &c.), and the section next to them (Group 2, supra, Lconidas, &c.), being found on Anonacecc ; the Dcmohus group on UmheUifeiw and Putacea), and the Mrens and Cenea groups on Pi'fficecc. 1 It is noteworthy that this dominant PapU'io is the only African species of the genus that has a close ally in the Oriental Region, P. Erithonins representing it in India, China, the Malayan Archipelago, and (under a slight variation) Australia. ^ These latter species feed on Aristolochia, and it is curious to find that the larvre of the genera Ornithoptera and Thais, which live on the fame group of plants, are similarly coloured and tuberculated. 200 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. Tlie Pltp^t: exhibit various shades of green or brown, and many diversities of form. Some of the green ones (in South Africa notably those of P. Brasiilas and P. Cenea), which are suspended on or among leaves, are both in form and colour unmistakably modified to resemble the surrounding foliage. The chrysalis of P. Lycvns was discovered by Mrs. Barber (ijide ivfra, p. 237) to have a singular faculty of assimi- lation to the colour of immediately surrounding objects ; and I have found that of P. Dtmohus to present the same phenomenon to a less extent.^ The chrysalis of the Indian P. (lissimilis closely resembles a withered twig broken off short. Mimicry is well illustrated in this genus. ]\Ir. Bates in 1862 called attention to several striking cases in South America, — two in which species of Painlio mimic respectively a Lycorca and a Ilcli- conius, and three in which species of Papilio are themselves mimicked by a Euteiyc (Picrince), a Castnia, and a Pericopis (both the latter moths). ]\Ir. Wallace in 1865 tabulated fifteen cases known to him in the Indian and Malayan liegion, viz., three in which species of Papilio imitate species of Danais, three in which they imitate species of Eup)lcea, two in which they imitate species of Hcstia, and one in which a $ form of Papilio copies a Drusilla (Sub-Family Moiyhirm). He also cited six cases in which slow- flying Papiliones of the Poly- doriis and Cooii groups are themselves simuhated by females of species of Papilio belonging to other groups of the genus. Africa has not hitherto afforded any instances of the last named very curious mimi- cries, but it presents some surprisingly exact imitations, of which the seven following are known to me, viz. : P. Brutus $ closely copies AmaKris Niaxius ; P. Cenea $ in its three pronounced forms copies A. Echcria, A. clo7ninican7is, and Danais Chrysippns ; P. Echmoides $ copies A. Echeria ; P. Cynorta ^ copies Acrxa Gca ^ ; P. Bidleyanus $ and % copy Acrcca Eyina $ and ^ ; P. Lconidas copies Danais Zimniace, var. ; " and P. Bex copies P. formosa. These deceptive simulations are too detailed and exact to admit of their protective purpose being misunderstood, more especially in those cases where the $ only is concerned, that sex departing in the most startling manner, alike in colouring, pattern, and outline, from the facies of the ^, as well as from that of its $ congeners in the same group. As regards their local distribution, the fifteen known South-African species are all found on the South-Eastern Coast. P. Porthaon and Colonna do not seem to occur south of Delagoa Bay ; Leonidas extends to Zululand ; Corinneus, Morania, Antheus, Policcnes, and Constantinus range to Natal ; Eupliranor has been found in Natal, Kaffraria Proper, and Transvaal ; Brasidas, Ophidiccpjlialus, and Echerioides extend from ^ Mr. G. r. Matliew (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., iSSS, p. 176) notes a similar power of assuming the colour of the objects to which they may be respectively attached in the chry- salides of the Australian P. Erectheus [Jilgeus). ^ The very closely allied P. Brasidas imperfectly but obviously mimics Amaiiris EeJieria. TAPILIONINyE. 20 1 Katal through Kaffraria into the eastern districts of Cape Colony ; Lyaus and Ccnca descend as far southward and westward as the Knysna district ; and Demolcus alone penetrates to the Cape peninsula itself. The Transvaal has not hitherto been much worked by collec- tors, but the following seven species have been received by me from that great tract of country, viz. : Gorinneus, Constantimis, Ophidicepha- his, Demolcus, Evphranor, Li/ccus, and Uchcrioidcs. The borders of woods are the chief resort of this genus, and it is there that all the South-African species arc to be found, — the widely-spread P. Demolcus, however, occurring freely also in open country. The $ s are strong fliers ; P. Li/rcus often soars over lofty trees ; and the rare Euphrmior appears to have habitually rather a high flight, roliccnes, like the rest of the true " Swallow-Tails," is remark- ably swift, but is fond of settling to drink at muddy places. F. Ccnca and Ojjhidicephalus} and probably others, have the habit of following for hours in the forenoon a set course through the woods, apparently in rivalry and in search of the females, the latter being comparatively slow and inactive, and more commonly taking wing in the afternoon. On their frequent visits to flowers, the species of Papilio keep their wings in rapid vibration, not closing them while feeding, but appearing to be constantly on the alert to be off again. When basking in the sun on leaves, they have, however, the habit of holding the wings horizontally or slightly deflected, M'ith the hind-wings half hidden by the over- lapping fore-wings. This posture is a specially favourite one with the African P. Demolcus. 300. (1.) Papilio Policenes, Cramer. Papilio Policenes, Cram., Pap. Exot., i. pi. xxxvii., ff. A, B (1779). _ Papilio Pompilius, Herbst. and Jabl., Ins. Natursyst., Schmeti., iii. t. xlix. ff. 5, 6(1788). Papilio Agapenor, Fab., Ent. Syst., iii. i, p. 26, n. 76 (1793). Paj)ilio Polixenus, Godt., Enc. jNIeth., ix. p. 52, n. 77 (1819). Papilio Policenes, Boisd., Sp. Gen. Lep., i. p. 261, n. 84 (1836). Papilio Agapenor, Westw., Arc. Ent., i. p. 149 (1845). Papilio Policenes, Trim., Rliop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 14, n. 4 (1862). $ Papilio Policenes, Staud., Exot. Schmett., i. pi. 7 (1884). Exp. al, {$) 2 in. 9 lin.— 3 in. 3 lin. ; ($) 3 in. — 3 in. 6 lin. ^ Brownish-black, transversely striped and spotted ivith pale-green ; common to both wings — a rather obscure basal stripe ; a moderately ivide sub-basal stripe ; a discal band of variously-shap)cd, partly-connected spots ; and a submarginal series of smaller, narrow (in hind-iving thin and lunu- Inlc) spots. Fore-wing : basal stripe and costal origin of sub-basal stripe tinged with yellow ; latter stripe from close to costal edge to inner- ^ This is the largest of the South-African butterflies, the i attaining an expanse of s| inches, and the 9 one of rather over 5^ inches. 202 SOUTH-AFKICAX BUTTERFLIES. marginal edge ; discoidal cell crossed by three almost equidistant mode- rately wide bars (of wliiL-h tlie middle and outer ones are more or less slightly bisinuated), commencing close to costal edge, but not extending beyond median nervure ; in upper part of cell, close to its extremity, a small spot, immediately surmounted by a much smaller one above costal nervure ; a little beyond cell, two similarly placed but smaller spots, the lower of which immediately surmounts second spot of discal band ; spots of this incurved band, eight, all separate except the two lowest, which form a large irregular marking (between first median nervule and inner margin), emitting inwardly a narrow upward projection, almost meeting lower extremity of first disco-cellular base ; first three spots of discal band moderate-sized, quadrate, — the first beyond the rest, — next three increasing in size downward, inwardly rounded, out- wardly truncate ; spots of submarginal series pretty even in size, but in form the first three are roughly rounded, while the rest are lunu- late. Hind-v'ing : basal band directed obliquely, short, attenuated to a point just below median nervure ; below it, along inner-marginal fold, a streak of white scales, sometimes prolonged to anal angle ; sub- basal band wider than in fore-wing, continuous, obliquely running from costa to between first and second median nervules, near anal angle, where it abruptly and bluntly terminates, — its commencement white as far as subcostal nervure ; discal band commencing broadly on costa, narrowing and the spots becoming more distinctly separated and rounded downward, strongly angulated between second and third median nervules ; the first and second spots forming one large costal marking, which is white as far as subcostal nervure ; the last spot smallest, lunulate, a little beyond extremity of sub-basal band ; at anal angle, below and a little before last-named spot, a small bright crimson- red spot ; six lanules of submarginal series irregular, sublinear — the first rather indistinct, — the fourth, fifth, and sixth immediately suc- ceeded externally by ill-defined whitish-grey scaling, broadly lunulate in form ; cilia white between third median nervule and anal angle, except about extremities of nervules and along superior edge of tail ; tail rather broad, long, nearly straight, black, rather widely tipped with white. Under side. — Much iicdcr, glistening, dull-broum ; main 'pat- tern similar, hut viarld.ngs generally rather ivider ; discal land and submarginal viacular scries grcenish-ivhite ; space hetwcen t/iese mostly hoary-grey ; in hind-ioing, narroiv brown space between sub-basal band, (also greenish-white) and disced hand outwardly bordered tliroughout, from costa to anal angle, by a sublinear series of eight dull crimson-red marks internally white-edged and externcdly fuscous-edged. Fore-wing : space between discal band and submarginal macular series brown from costa to fifth subcostal nervure, and blackish-brown from second median nervule to inner margin ; submarginal series inwardly thinly brown-edged and enclosed by hoary-grey, which narrowly extends to apex. Hind-wing .• basal band wider, white, and narrowly extending TAriLIOXIXyE. 203 almost to the last crimson mark (at anal angle) ; between costal nervure and second subcostal nervule, discal band (which is enlarged, almost continuous, and greenish-while) succeeded by two conspicuous brownish-black spots ; subinarginal lunular series very indistinct, but with brown edging internally ; the space beyond the fourth, fifth, and sixth lunules black, with hoary-grey as on u];)per side. Abdomen : black above, white beneath ; a narrow lateral longitudinal black stripe separated from dorsal black by a yellowish one. $ Like $, hut duller and paler. Hind-icing : hasal stripe much enlarged, furming a mode- ately u'ide border along inner margin to not feir from crimson-red metric, fchieh is letrger and lumdate. The South-African specimens above described are throughout paler than the AVest-African type-form, the ground being less dark and the markings less green ; and they present larger spots in the submarginal row of the fore-wings. On the under side, also, the crimson markings of the hind-wings are narrower and less continuous, and the dark markings of both fore and hind wings are less developed. A $ from the Zambesi (taken by the Eev. H. Waller), though nearer to the West- African form in nearly all respects, has the submarginal spots of the fore-wings rather larger ; but all the other green markings of the upper side are remarkably reduced, especially the cellular bars and discal spots 1-6 of the fore-wings. ? Larva. — Back ferruginous-red, transversely striped with black. Head sandy-yellow. On each segment, except second, third, and fourth (thoracic), a median transverse streak of greyish-blue, black- edged both anteriorly and posteriorly; on thoracic segments no blue streak, but the transverse black edging streaks strongly marked ; second segment bright yellow; on each thoracic segment, situate dorso- laterally, a pair of forward- and outward-pointing short acute black spines. Lower part of sides (separated from dorsal ferruginous by a lateral black stripe) pale-bluish, fading into whitish on the under surface. On anal segment a pair of short, acute, backward- and out- ward-pointing spines, superiorly yellow at base and mesially bluish, but at tip and inferiorly black. I received in 1878 four living larvae, collected near D'Urban by Colonel Bowker, and was led to think that they probably were those of Foliccnes because one of them became an imperfect pupa, agreeing in the main with some from which I reared this species, and also because they closely resembled a pencil-drawing by ]\Ir. W. D. Gooch of a larva taken in the same locality, and referred by him doubtfully to Foliccnes. One of the four examples sent by Colonel Bowker was much smaller than the others, and evidently in a much earlier moult, but it differed in no particular except in the proportionally larger thoracic spines. Food-plant : Artabotrys, n. sp., one of the Ano7iacex, native of D'Urban, Xatal, and of Delagoa Inay. (Determined for Colonel Bowker, 204 SOUTH-AFRICAX BUTTERFLIES. on reference to Kew, by Mr. J. Medley "Wood, Curator of the Botanic Gardens, D' Urban.) Pupa, — Flattened dorso-abdomiually ; thoracic dorsal projection much prolonged, pointing forward and upward, and extending as far forward as, or even a little farther than, the head ; cephalic promi- nences short, acute, widely apart ; lateral margin with two small acute projections, one behind the other; a little beyond these, abdominal margin considerably expanded laterally (almost foliated). Bright pale-green ; roughened lateral edge of dorsal projection down to lateral abdominal expansion, median frontal line of that projection, and cephalic and thoracic lateral margin, all creamy-ferrughious, which tint forms an irregular lateral patch where edges of base of dorsal projection and those of thorax meet ; two spots of the same colour on back of abdomen (third segment) ; spiracles superior, fuscous. Plate II. fig. 4. I obtained tw^elve PoUccncs (six of each sex) from j^uppe sent by Colonel Bowker from D'Urban, Natal. Tliey reached Cape Town on 30th November 1878, and the butterflies emerged during the succeed- ing fortnight, with the exception of one $, which did not make its appearance until 12th February 1879. Seven of these had the date of their becoming pupre attached, and I was thus able to record that (with the exception just noted) the chrysalis state lasted from seven to fifteen days. All these puppe were suspended to leaves, in a position near the mid-rib. ^ I have not seen P. Nyasscv, Butler {Ann. and Mag. JVat. Hist., i8yy, p. 459), from Lake Nyassa, but it is described as intermediate between Policenes and Anfheus, and, from the particulars given by the describer, appears to be nearer to the latter than to the former. I was unfortunate as regards meeting with this Pajnlio during my sum- mer stay in Katal. I had previously observed a specimen flying rapidly near D'Urban on the 4th August 1865, and looked forward to obtaining many other examples in 1867, hut only once (on 20th February) came across a solitary individual, which evaded my attempts to capture it. This example looked very green on the wing ; it flew swiftly, but settled twice on damp sand. Mr. W. D. Goocli (Entomologist, 1880, p. 230) notes that the butterfly is common, especially in November and December, and " can be taken freely, sipping the moisture from damp mud on the margins of rain-pools in the sandy paths near bush, all along the coast." Most of the specimens received from Colonel Bowker were taken in the months mentioned, but he sent one pair in copula on 5th April 1879. The latter are unusually small, the ^ expanding only 2 in. 7 lin. and the $ 3 in. 2 lin, ^ Tlie figures purporting to be those of the larva and pupa of PoUccncs which are given by W. W. Saunders (from R. W. Plant's drawings of Natal specimens) in 'Trans. Ent. Soc. Land., 2nd Series, iv. pi. 13, ff. a, b, c, 1 857, vinqnestionably illustrate the earlier stages of another PapUio — either P. Demolcus or a near ally. PAPILIONINxE. 205 Localities of rajjilio Folicenes. I. South Africa. E. Xatal. a. Coast Districts, — D'Urban. Vhmtown {J. 11. BoicJier). "Lower Uinkomazi." — J. H. Bowker. II. Other African Regions. A. South Tropical. a. AVestern Coast. — "Angola (/. G. Moiiteiro)." — Druce. "Cliiu- choxo ( Falkenstein)." — Dewitz. h. Eastern Coast. — Zambesi {Rev. H. Waller). " Mt. Schimba, Coast opposite Zanzibar (liaff'rai/)," — Oberthiir. B. Xorth Tropical. a. AVestern Coast. — " Gaboon (Tltconn)." — Aurivillius. " Eernando Po (Coll. llewitson)." — Kirliy. " Cameroons ; Mungo and Victoria {Buch7iok)."—Fl6iz. " " Calabar and Oware."— Felder. "Benin (il/^?Jrt^er)."— Oberthiir. Gold Coast {F. M. Pad-). "Between Mansu and River Prah {A. S. J5fZ/)."— Ilewitson. Sierra Leone. — Colls. Brit. jMus. and Ilewitson. 301. (2.) Papilio Antheus, Cramer. Papilio Antheus, Cram., Pap. Exot., iii. pi. ccxxxiv. ff. b, c (1782). Papilio Antharis, Godt., Enc. Meth., ix. p. 52, n. 78 (1819). Papilio Agapenor, Boisd., Sp. Gen. Lep., i. p. 255, n. 79 (1836). Papilio Antheus, Westw., Arc. Ent., i. p. 150 (1845). „ „ Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 13, n. 3 (1862). Exp. al.,($) 3 iu. 6-10 J lin.; ($) 4 in. 2 lin. Closely allied to F. Folicenes, Cram., but considerably larger. ^ Broivnish-blach, transversely stinpcd and sjjotled ivitli pale-green ; common basal and sud-hasal striijes as in Folieenes ; other common mark- ings very like those of Folicenes in pattern and disposition. Fore-tving : no yellow tinge at beginning of sub-basal stripe ; disco-celhdar trans- verse bars strongly (the outermost one very strongly) hisinuated ; no spot in upper part of discoidal cell close to extremity ; two small costal spots a little beyond cell better marked ; spots of discal band larger, more rounded, the lower four especially extended on the inner side so as to form a continuous band, and the loide marking formed by the last two sid)quadrate and internally approaching much closer to sub-basal stripe ; spots of submarginal series rounder, the lower ones hardly lunulate, the lowest more distinctly geminate. Hind-wing : inner edge of discal band of spots much closer to sub-basal stripe ; in this band the component spots differ widely in form and position from the corre- sponding ones in Folicenes, viz., the fourth is considerably enlarged and almost wholly in discoidal cell (the very small quite separate portion beyond cell being sometimes minute or even wanting), — the fifth is considerably smaller, — the sixth (between first and second median nervulcs) is greatly elongated inicardly, so as to be only separated from 2o6 SOUTH-AFRICAX BUTTERFLIES. the fourth hj median nervurc, and the seventh is much reduced and attenuated (rarely obsolete), being immediately 'preeeded hy a conspi- cuous crimson-red lunulc (additional to the inferior one also present in Policencs) ; spots of subniarginal series much larger and broader, espe- cially the upper non-lunulate ones ; hoary-grey scaling beyond three lower spots of this series more conspicuous and of a mere pronounced lunulate form. Under side. — Much pcder, glistening dull-hroum or yellou-ish-hrou-n, with a slight violaceous lustre ; nearly all the greenish- white markings somewhat enlarged; no 2}crceptihle hoary-grey suffusion hetiveen discal and subniarginal series of spots. Fore-wing : on costa, at base, a narrow edging of crimson-red ; frst and third disco-cellular bars outwardly, and second inwardly, edged vntli black ; a series of black lunules inwardly edging submarginal series of spots ; inner-marginal area, on both sides of broad lower portion of discal band, blackish ; along hind-margin a series of very indistinct small blackish nervular marks. Hind-wing : a very narrow crimson-red mark at base ; a black spot on costa between sub-basal stripe and broad commencement of discal macular band, and a black diffused outer border to the same band in its upper part ; between costal and subcostal nervures, on inner side of disced macular band, a conspicuous elongated black sjjot, imcardly edged tuith crimson-red ; below this, in discoidal cell, a very much smaller similar spot, usually ill-defined ; spots of submarginal series distinct, all lunulate, inwardly edged with black (densely bluish-scaled between third and first median nervules) ; on hind-margin a series of black sub-lunulate marks, the three lower ones large, conspicuous, inwardly bounded by bluish ; crimson-red anal-angular mark inwardly white-edged and bounded by black on both sides, immediately sur- mounted by a narrower similarly-coloured mark. Abdomen black above, white beneath ; on sides transversely striped with cream-colour and black, — the two creamy stripes next base tinged with crimson-red. $ Like $ ; but (as in ^ Policenes) with the basal stripe in hind- wing enlarged and forming a rather wide inner-marginal border. The large size of Antlicus, its want on the under side of the hind-wings of all but the two uppermost and lowermost of the long series of crimson-red marks, and the transverse striping of the abdo- men, are conspicuous features which at once distinguish the species from Policenes} The very nearly allied P. Pvombar, Boisd., from JMadagascar, may be readily recognised by the confluence in both wings (in the fore-wings only on inner margin) of the enlarged central band and the sub-basal stripe, and the absence of any crimson spot on the upper side of the hind-wings. It should, however, be noted that ■* I have not seen P. Lurliiius, Butl. (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Uid., 5th Ser., xii. p. 106, 1883), from Victoria Nyauza, but from Mr. Butler's description (of tiie s ; greenish markings as cm upper side, but pieder and rather broader, and luith rather Ihored edges, cspecicdly eommon based and sub-based stripes. Hind- u-ing : crimson-red marks of central series arranged generally as in Foliecnes, but much more irregularly placed and completely separated, their inner white edgings fainter, but their outer black borders greatly enlarged into spots much broader than in Forthewn ; of these red marks, the fourth or the fifth (at extremity of discoidal cell and imme- diately beyond it respectively) is occasionally obsolete, and the seventh (lunulate and white-edged both inwardly and outwardly) is far beyond anal-angular red spot, instead of contiguous to the latter, as in Foli- cenes and Forthaon ; on costa, about middle, immediately beyond outer black border of second crimson mark, an ill-defined whitish transverse streak, — sometimes a similar smaller streak beyond third mark, — rarely similar fainter spots beyond fourth and fifth marks ; sub-basal stripe broader, shorter, blunter at extremity ; submarginal lunules larger ; each inwardly bounded by a large ill-defined black spot ; succeeded by a hind-marginal series of thin sublinear lunules. Abdomen black dorsally and laterally, hoary-grey beneath ; on each side a series of five or six oblique creamy-white streaks, conspi- cuous on the black ground. $ Like ^, but ground-colour not so deep a black ; basal stripe of hind-wing enlarged as in ^ Forthaon. Described from specimens (only one $) collected at Delagoa Bay by Mrs. Monteiro. Li my figure of a ^ (Plate XL) the green of the markings is given of too yellowish a tint, the actual colour in nature being decidedly glaucous. Though in many respects closely allied both to F. Folicencs and F. Forthewn, the singularly different direction and reduced development of the discal macular band in the fore-wings, and its total or nearly total suppression in the hind-wings, very markedly separate Colonna from both those species, and still more from F. Antheus and F. Fvombar. As Mr. Oberthiir has remarked {Etudes cVEnt., liv. iii. p. 15, 1878), the black field of the hind-wings a])proximates this butterfly in aspect to the otherwise not remotely allied F. FidloUius, Buisd., of Northern and Central America ; but in the latter the common discal band is continuous and normal in position as regards the fore-wings, and in the hind-wings superiorly developed, much as in Forthaon. rAPILlOXlX.E. 211 Larva. — Dull yellowish-green, with an interrupted brownisli longitudinal streak along each side of the back. Sides of posterior half dark-brown ; in one place (apparently on ninth segment) the strongly sinuated dorsal margins of this dark-brown closely approxi- mate. Head brownish-sandy. Each of the three thoracic segments bearing dorso-laterally a pair of short forward- and laterally-pointing tubercular projections, — the second and third pairs clustered with small spines. Pupa. — Pale bluish-green. Margin expanded laterally about wing- covers, but constricted in two places towards head, so that the outline viewed dorsally or ventrally is sinuated. Dorsal thoracic projection and upper part of edge of wing-covers inferiorly roughened with brown granules, wliich in the latter part are inferiorly edged conspicuously with white. These descriptions of the eaxlier stages were made from drawings by Mrs. Monteiro, wbich she kindly lent to me in the year 1883. This strikingly handsome " Swallow-Tail," originally described from ex- amples taken at Elbe near Mombas, has been since recorded from otlier more southern stations, but seems limited in range to the Eastern Coast of Africa, where it occurs extra-tropically at Delagoa Bay. Oberthlir notes that it was collected in some abundance by ]\I. Eaffray on the coast opposite Zanzibar, Mrs. Monteiro informed me that it was common at Delagoa Eay ; she noticed that it seldom flew high, but kept about two feet from the ground, pursuing a circular course in and about dense bush. Localities of Fcqniio Colonna. I. South Africa. H. Delagoa Bay. — Louren^o Marques [Mrs. Monteiro), II. Other African Regions. A. South Tropical. b. Eastern Coast. — " Zambesi." — Butler. " Bagamoyo ; Mts. Schimba and Mombaye {Rafraij)." — Oberlhiir. Mombas: " Elbe."— AVard. 304. (5.) Papilio Leonidas, Pabricius. PapiHo similis, Cram., Pap. Exot., i. pi. ix. ff. b, c (1779). Ptqnlio Leonidas, Fab., Ent. Syst., iii. i, p. 35, n. 103 (1793). ,, ,, Godt., Enc. Meth., ix. p. 44, n. 56 (1S19). ,, ., Boisd., Sp. Gen. Lep., i. p. 242, n. 66 (1S36), „ „ "Westw., Are. Ent., i. p. 149 (1845). ,, ,, Stand., Exot. Schmett., i. pi. 7 (18S4). Var. a. Papilio Felojridas, Oberth., Etudes d'Eut., iv. p. 55, pi. v. f. i (1879). UxjJ. ciL, ($) 3 in. 0-3 lin. ; (?) 3 in. 5-6 lin. $ JJrownish-blacJc, with numerous very pale glaucous-grccnisli spots; a large basal patch of the same colour in hind-iving. Fore-wi7ig : three good-sized oblique marks in discoidal cell, of wliich the smallest (near 212 SOUTH- AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. base) is almost longitudinal, — the largest (very oblique and wider inferiorly) not far beyond the first and completely crossing cell, — and the third (rounded superiorly and exteriorly) more remote and close to upper part of extremity of cell ; an irregular incurved discal series of spots of very different sizes and shapes, viz., the first and second small, rather elongate, between third and fifih subcostal nervules, the lower one placed obliquely slightly beyond the upper one ; the third and fourth extremely small (fourth olten wanting), nearer to end of cell ; the fifth elongate, or little larger than the first ; the sixth (the largest in the series), between second and third median nervules, con- tinuous in an oblique line of middle mark in cell ; the seventh very small, sublinear (very rarely wanting) ; and the eighth (between first median nervule and submedian nervure) in size next to the sixth, but narrower ; a submarginal row of eight small rounded spots, of which the third is much more elongate than the rest and out of line hefore them, so as to appear the third in an oblique subapical row with the first and second spots of the discal series. Hind-iving : base narrowly black ; basal patch white above subcostal nervure, lying between costal and submedian nervures, divided into five unequal portions by blackish subcostal nervure and nervules and median nervure and its first ner- vule, roughly subquadrate (its farthest projection between subcostal nervules), not occupying cell to its extremity ; a short discal series of four small or very small rounded spots not far beyond outer edge of patch, between second subcostal and first median nervules ; a sub- marginal row of seven rounded spots, six of them of about the size of the corresponding row in fore-wing, but the seventh (close to inner margin) minute; a hind-marginal row of minute inter-nervular white spots, with the cilia touching them also white ; inner-marginal fringe of long hair white where it borders basal patch, but ochre-yellow beyond. Under side. — Hind-u-iiuj and cqncal area of fore-ioing pale- hrown, somcioliat glistening ; markings much as on upper side, hut whiter and with less defined edges ; hasal patch of hind-wing icith a faint yel- lowish tinge ; bases stained vnth deep dull-red. JJind-iving : at base an inferior black spot enclosing two small white ones. Head black, with two white spots on front, two smaller ones on vertex, and one on each palpus ; thorax black, with two dorsal and two lateral white spots on collar, a white streak on each pterygode, and numerous large white spots on breast ; abdomen black dorsally, cream-coloured laterally with a black longitudinal streak and black segmented incisions, whitish inferiorly, with an ochre-yellow basal tuft and median stripe, and two rows of small black spots on each side. % Lilxc ^, hut ivith all the marlcings paler {sometimes almost white) ; in hind-wing, hind-margined white dots a little larger, especially on under side. Vaiuety a. {$) FcJopidas, Oberthiir. — Severed of the principal marlcings much enlarged. Fore-wing : median oblique disco-cellular I'AL'lLlONIN.l^. 213 mark twice as broad as in Lconldas ; sixth spot of discal series rather, and fifth greatly enh\rged, so that these three markings form a broad oblique band ; the seventh spot is considerably and the eighth moder- ately enlarged and lengthened ; and the first and second are much longer ; hrst and third disco-cellular marks and eight spots of sub- marginal row, on the contrary, considerably smaller. Jlind-winr/ : basal patch consideral»ly wider, especially along inner margin, and in discoidal cell reaching nearly to extremity ; submavginal spots much reduced in size. The basal red appears to be wanting on the under side in both wings. (Jjah. — " Zanguebar : Tchouacka (7.'((f/Y///)."— Oberthiir.) This marked variety was named and figured by Mr. C. Oberthur (oj). cit) from a single example ; it is possibly, as he suggests, entitled to species rank, but not having examined the specimen, I am unable to give any decided opinion on this point. P. Lconldas has long been well known from the Western Coast of Tropical Africa, and later as a native also of the Eastern Coast. It was not until 1878 that I learned the existence of the typical form to the south of the tropic, where its prevalent representative is the doubtfully distinct " Variety A." of Mr. G. R. Gray ( = Brasidas, Feld.). Specimens received in that year and subsequently from Delagoa Bay (Mrs. Monteiro) quite agree with West-Coast examples; and just recently — in November 1887 — I have received a $ and a $ taken as far south as Etshowe in Zululand by Captain A. M. Goodrich. The $ shows a tendency in the direction of Brasidas by the almost obsolete condition of the basal cellular mark in the fore-wings. A pupa received from Mrs. Monteiro resulted in a ^ on the 9th December 1886. I could not discover that this Delagoa Bay specimen differed at all from the chrysalides of Brasidas from Natal, which are described below. As Boisduval (oj). cit.) and Mrs. Butler {Cat. Fah. D. Lep. in Brit. Mils., p. 243) have pointed out, P. Lconidas in pattern and colouring presents unmistakable resemblance to the variety (Petiverana, Doubl. = Leonora, Butl.) of Panais Limniacc, Cram., inhabiting Western Tropical Africa.^ Tliis mimicry is not close as regards the basal patch of the hind-wings, but is accentuated by the similarity in the outline of the wings, the white spotting of the head and thorax, and the median ochreous-yellow colouring on the under side of the abdomen. Localities of Papilio Lconidas. I. South Africa. F. Zululand.— Etshowe {A. M. Goodrich). H. Delagoa Bay. — Louren^o Marques {Mrs. Monteiro). 1 Mr. J. Morton Pask, R.N., who presented specimens of this Banais to the South- African Museum, informed me that it was a very abunowker in 1878.^ With the latter arrived two ^ In 1S79 I obtained Mr. W. D. Gooch's excellent figures and notes of Natalian lepidopterous larvse, among which are pencil outlines (with remarks) of the early stages of this Papilio quite confirmatory of Captain Harford's. 2i6 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. larvce, one already suspended for pupation, the other in the stage de- scribed as the " second moult " by Captain Harford. Only the former of these larvte produced the perfect insect, but I obtained ten butterflies from the pupte received. Of these, the dates of pupation of nine being on record, I am able to note that the duration .of the chrysalis state in November and December varied from twelve to eighteen days. These eleven pupa were (with the exception of two on the twigs of the food-plant, and one — from the larva that pupated after arrival — attached to the side of a box) suspended on the under side of the leaves, the tail being fixed at the base of the mid-rib, or, in a few cases, just free of the beginning of the leaf, to the short foot-stalk. In this position, the difficulty of distinguishing the pupa from the adjacent leaves is considerable, as the concavity and depression of the dorsal aspect, from the attenuated tail to the prominent and curved thoracic peak (which intercepts the view of the blunted head), and the outline of this aspect, the resemblance of the four raised dorsal stripes converging at the tail to a mid-rib or short foot-stalk, and the slightly darker oblique streaks and minute flecks representing the venation, all combine to assimilate the pupa to the surrounding foliage in the most deceptive manner. In my former work on South-African Butterflies, I followed Mr. G. R. Gray in treating this Papilio as an austral form of P. Leonidas, Fab. ; but the accession of more material, and the fact of the unmistakable modification of P. Brasidas (more especially the $ ) in mimicry of a different Danaine (viz., Amauris Eclieria) from that imitated by P. Leonidas, have led me to keep the two forms apart, notwithstanding their very intimate alliance. The occurrence of both Leonidas and Brasidas in Zululand marks up till now (January 1888) the southern limit of the former and the northern one of the latter on the East Coast; but according to Mr. Druce (Proc. Zool. Soc. Land., 1875, p. 416), the two forms both appear in the late Mr. Monteiro's collection, formed in Angola, very much farther to the northward on the West Coast. Brasidas appears to have rather a limited range in South Africa, not being known to me to exist to the westward of King William's Town and East London, where Mr. D'Urhan reported it to be rare. Colonel Bowker did not meet with many examples in the Trans-Ivei country ; hut on and near the coast of Natal and Zululand the butterfly is by no means uncommon, and often numerous. I took a good many specimens about D'Urbau at the end of January and in February 1867 ; they frequent woods and their vicinity, flying briskly but not very swiftly, and often visiting Lanta^ia and other flowers. In relation to this Papilio' s marked resemblance to Amauris Eckeria, Stoll,i |)oth in pattern and outline of wings. I was much interested to see that it was in the habit of settling precisely in the way affected by the Amauris, viz., on a projecting leaf or twig, with the wings closed and hanging downward, and in this exposed position remaining motionless for a considerable time. On more than one occasion I have mistaken Brasidas when so posed for Echeria. Captain Goodrich's Zululand specimens were captured in October and November 1886, and January and April 1887. ^ See vol, i. pp. 37 and 59; and Trans, Linn. Soc. Lond., xxvi. p. 507, and note (1869). PAPILIONIN^. 217 Localities of rajiilio Brasidas. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. h. Eastern Districts. — King AVilliaui's Town ami East London (]F. S. M. D' Urban). D. Kaffraria Proper. — Basliee River (/. //. Bowkcr). E. Xatal. a. Coast Districts. — D'Urban. "Lower Unikoniazi." — J. IL Bowker. h. Upper Districts. — Maritzburg (*S'. Windluirn). r. ZululanJ. — Etshowe (.4. M. Goodrich). IL Other African Kegions. A. South Tropical. a. Western Coast.- — "Angola [Monteiro)." — Druce. 306. (7.) Papilio Oorinneus, Bertoloni. Papilio Corinimis, Bert., "Mem. Acad. Sci. Bologn., 1849, p. 9, t. i, fT. 1-3." Papilio Pijlades, Var. a., G. R. Gray, Cat. Lep. Brit. Mas., i. p. 8 (1852). Papilio Anthemenes, Wallengr., K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1S57; Lep. Rhop. Caffr., p. 6, n. 5. Exp. cd., ($) 3 in. 0-3 lin. ; (?) 3 in. 1-4^ liii. Very nearly allied to P. Pyladcs, Fab. ^ Black, ivith a large ivhitc patcK and white spots in hath ivings. Fore-wing : in discoidal cell four spots of very different shape and size, viz., one very small, more or less rounded, before middle of cell, — the second, a little beyond, of moderate size, oblique, wedge-shaped, reach- ing about half-way across cell ; the third very much larger, irregularly bi-sinuated, slightly oblique, narrow superiorly, but much widened in- feriorly, extending quite across cell ; and the fourth, about the size of the second, but rounded, in upper part of cell close to extremity; just beyond extremity of cell a short transverse row of three very small spots, of which the uppermost is the largest and inclining to be quad- rate ; a discal macular band composed of nine spots very different in form and size, viz., the first and second subapical, of moderate size, the second, the larger and longer, and projecting outwardly consider- ably beyond the first ; the third and fourth very small, not far beyond, and rather larger than, the second and third spots of the short trans- verse row just beyond cell ; the fifth, large, ovate, between lower radial and third median nervules next to largest cellular spot ; the sixth, small, or very small, elongate, ovate ; and the seventh, eighth, and ninth, greatly enlarged and coufluent into a large patch, which occupies inner margin for a little beyond base to a little before posterior angle, is bounded superiorly by median nervure and its second nervule, and presents a very prominent, rounded, outward projection of outline between second and first median nervules ; close to hind-margin, a series of eight rather small rounded spots, of which the lowest is gemi- 2i8 SOUTII-AFRICAX BUTTERFLIES. iiate ; l)ase with a white suffusion over the black extenduig into cliscoidal cell nearly as far as, or sometimes a little beyond, first spot. nind-icinrj : white patch occupying all basal half of wing, except a strongly white suffused, narrow, blackish base, and streak along sub- median nervure, its outer edge rather irregular crossing discoidal cell very near extremity, slightly impinging narrowly and diffusedly on the black between nervules, and dentated by the black on nervules ; close to liind-maro-in, a series of seven rather small spots, of which the first is very small, often indistinct, and sometimes wanting, — the second and third rather broad sub-lunulate, — the fourth thin and lunulate, — the fifth and sixth thin and sagittiform, — and the seventh minute and linear, close to anal angle ; midway between outer edge of white patch and hind-mar- crinal series of spots, a row of three rather small rounded spots (inter-ner- vular) from radial to first median nervules, — rarely a minute fourth spot above radial nervule ; at anal angle, usually a very indistinct ochreous- yellow spot. Cilia white, interrupted with black at the end of the nervules. Under side. — Pattern similar, hut apical area of fore-wing and outer area of liind-wing orJtreous-yelhvv, and lases of both icings lake- red; many of the ivhite viarkings rather enlarged. Fore-wing: basal red fills discoidal cell as far as origin of first median nervule, and extends superiorly as far as third cellular spot ; apical ochreous-yellow enters cell as far as the third spot, and extends narrowly along costa as far as first spot ; second cellular spot produced by an incurved greyish pro- lono^ation quite across cell ; sixth spot of discal series enlarged by a o-reyish ring ; black of ground limited to a small basal space below median nervure, the lower part of outer half of discoidal cell, and a space bounded by third median nervule, hind-margin, and outer edge of white patch. Hind-ioing : neuration and costal edge of white patch ochreous-yellow ; basal red narrow, outwardly black-edged, ex- tending very narrowly along inner margin ; patch externally with a black edging ; strongest from second subcostal nervule to anal angle, and along that inferior half immediately bounded by a series of four small lunulate white marks ; of the seven spots near hind-margin, the upper three are inwardly, the lower four both inwardly and out- wardly, black-edged ; anal-angular spot large, ovate, of a brighter tint than the adjacent ochreous-yellow. Hecul black, with two large white spots on front, two smaller ones on vertex, a white outer fringe bordering the eyes, and white palpi. Thorax black, clothed above with white hair, except on collar, which bears two white spots ; beneath with two large median and seven good-sized lateral white spots on each side. Legs white, with the femora above black. Abdomen above mesially black, relieved on each side with white ; a conspicuous lateral band of ochreous-yellow from close to base almost to extremity ; beneath white, with a gradually- narrowing median black streak, the segmental incisions also marked with well-defined transverse black streaks in basal half. PAPILIONIN.E. 219 $ Like $, but the hind-wing usually with a rather broader black- outer field, and the ochre-}'ello\v spot at anal angle well marked or even conspicuous. Undkii side. — Ilind-ivinrj : red streak along sub- median nervure obscured by blackish from near base ; a moderately wide white border between this streak and inner margin, which has itself a well-marked black edging. I am indebted to ]\Ir. W. L. Distant for a tracing of Bertoloni's insect and some notes on its special characters, which enabled me to decide on keeping Coriiineus distinct from botli Pylades, Fab., and i)/c»ra;n'<^, Angas, and identifying it with the An.tlicmcnes of Wallengren. In outline the wings of Curinncm differ from those of Pijlachs, the fore-wings being less produced apically, and the liind-wiiigs less so inferiorly, besides being much less prominently dentated at extremity of iiervules. In pattern Corinncus differs very markedly in the fore- wings by the limitation of the large white patch, which does not rise above the median nervure and its second branch, whereas in Pylades it encroaches considerably on the discoidal cell, is continent with the second and third cidlular spots, and also includes the much-enlarged sixth spot in the discal series ; the outward projection of the patch between first and second median nervules is also much stronger in Corinncus. The head in front is white with a median black stripe, instead of black with two large white spots, as in Pylades ; and on the under side of the abdomen the median black streak is a character wdioUy wanting in Pylades, and the transverse black streaks on its segmented incisions are scarcely indicated in the latter species. In the black-filled discoidal cell and space between third and second median nervules, and in the black abdominal markings, Corinneus approaches Morania, but in all other respects is closer to Pylades} Tlie range of Corinneus is found to differ considerably from that of Pylades, for -while the latter prevails on the Western Coast of North Tropical Africa, the former seems limited to regions (both east and west) to the south of the Equator, and extends to the coast of Natal. At Delagoa Bay it appears to be common, in company with the strictly Southern allied species Morania, but farther southward seems to be scarce. In February 1867 I captured a $ at Verulam, and Colonel Bowker sent another from Pinetown in 1884, wliile two specimens occurred in the collection of Natalian insects formed by my colleague for the Colonial and Indian Exhibition of 1886. On the confines of the tropic it is evidently a frequent form, many specimens from the tracts between the Transvaal and Zambesi having reached me from Mr. F. W. and Mr. II. Barber, Mr. F. C. Selous, and Mr. Eriksson. Localities of Pajnlio Corinneus, I. South Africa. E. Natal. a. Coast Districts. — A'"erulam. Pinetown (J. 11. Bowker). H. Delagoa Bay. — Lourengo Marques {Mrs. Montei.ro). ^ From the particulars given by Dewitz [Nov. Act. Leop.-Carol. -Dcutscli. Akad. Naturf., xli. pp. 187 and 209, 1879), it is quite clear that the specimens from Angola (/"or/i/^) and Chinchoxo {Fallanstcin), recorded as Pifadcs, are referable to Corinncus, 220 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. K. Transvaal. — Lydenburg District {T. Af/res). Limpopo River (F. a Sehm^). II. Other African Regions. A. South Tropical a. A^^estern Coast. — " Angola (./. /. Mo?ifetro)." — Druce. Congo. — Coll. Brit. Mws. " Chinchoxo {Falliemtein)." — Dewitz [as Py lades, Fab.]. b. Eastern Coast. — "Mozambique." — Bertoloni. " Zanguebar." — Oberthlir [as Anthemenes, Wallengr.]. hi. Eastern Interior. — INfatabeleland (//. Barber). Gubulewayo (/'. C. Selous). Daka River {F. W. Barber). 307. (8.) Papilio Morania, Angas. Papilio Morania, Ang., Kafirs Illustr., pi. xxx. f. i {1849). Papilio Pijlades, Trim., Rhop. Air. Aust., i. p. 22, n. 10 (1862). Exp. at., {$) 2 in. g-i i lin. ; {%) 2 in. i i liu. — 3 in. i lin. Very nearly allied to P. Corinncus, Bertol. ^ Black, with a large white ixttch and tvhite spots in hath wings. Fore- wing : white patch bounded as in Gorimicus, hut decidedly hroadcr in its inferior part, beginning nearer to base and extending nearer to posterior ano'le, so that the outward projection of the portion between first and second median nervules is slight ; only three spots in discoidal cell, — the first not so small and rounder than in Corinneus, — the second much en- larf^ed, curved, and prolonged inferiorly quite across cell (as on under side in Corinneus), — tlie third {representing both third, and fourth of Corinneus) large, very broad, excavate inwardly and rounded outwardly ; remain- in^y (subapical and hind-marginal) spots in number, position, form, and relative size as in Corinneus, except that the hind-marginal spots are closer to the edge. Hind-iving : white yatch considcrahly wider, so that hind-marginal hlack border is correspondingly narroiver, — the white completely filling discoidal cell, and projecting beyond it both supe- riorly and inferiorly ; white spots as in Corinncus, but the inner row of three or four is of course nearer to the edge of the white patch in consequence of the greater extension of the latter ; three upper spots of outer row closer to hind-marginal edge ; anal-angular ochre-yellow spot more distinct. Under side. — Very like that of Corinneus. Fore- wing : apical ochre-yellow darker, not invading discoidal cell, but itself slightly obscured by a fuscous suffusion immediately beyond extremity of cell, and bounded externally by a narroiu black border. Hind-wing : basal red narrower, but its inner-marginal extension (inferiorly much obscured with ochrcous-brown) much wider, filling, or occasionally almost fillino-, the space between submedian nervure and median nervure and its first nervule ; outer black edging of white patch broader, inferiorly diffused, where the two or three lunulate whitish marks bounding it are less conspicuous, being mixed with ochre-yellow ; these marks and the anal-angular spot (more orange than in Corinncus) are only sepa- rAPJLIONIN.E. 22 1 rated from the inner row of white spots by the diffused black edging of white patch ; ochre-yellow of border darker and rather broadly and regularly edged with black throughout. $ Like $ ; hind-wing witli ochre-yellow anal-angular spot better developed. Under sidk. — HiiuJ-iring : white inner-marginal border not black-edged, but with a blackish longitudinal streak running near iis inner edge about as far as end of abdomen. Head with frontal white spots smaller. Ahdomcn above more decidedly black down the middle, with the white on each side more sharply separated, and so widened in apical half that tlie ochre-yelloiv lateral hand does not extend hei/ond fourth segment; beneath with the black middle and lateral streaks and segmental incision streaks more strongly marked. In addition to the various differences above pointed out, Morania presents shorter and more rounded wings, and much slighter dentation of the hind-wings. Larva. — Dull-green with a yellowish tinge ; two parallel darker transverse lines across back of each segment ; incisions of segments pale bluish-grey. First thoracic segment and lateral stripe bright- yellow, the latter deepening to orange on last segment, and edged infe- riorly throughout by dark-green. Lower portion of sides pale bluish- green, with a bluish-white stripe immediately above legs. Head pale- green. Each thoracic segment with a pair of short, pointed, laterally projecting spines, of which the first pair is shortest and mainly black, but sandy-yellow' at base, — the second ferruginous basally, but thence lj]ack, — and the third whitish tinged with blue; between the bases of the second and third pairs a transverse ferruginous-brown streak (incomplete on second thoracic segment). Anal segment bearing dor- sally a pair of terminal, short, acute, yellow spines. A small example in an earlier moult is very different, having three dorsal longitudinal blackish lines, of which the middle one is thinnest, the transverse darker dorsal lines more developed, and a blackish transverse bar on the penultimate segment. The lower sides and the under side are fuscous, the head is sandy-yellow, the thoracic spines are proportionally larger, and the transverse bars between the second and third pairs broader and much darker. Food-plant, Arteihejtrjjs, n. sp., one of the Anonacca3, native of D'Urban, Natal, and Delagoa Bay. (Determined for Colonel Bowker, on reference to Kew, by Mr. J. Medley Wood, Curator of the Botanic Gardens, D'Urban.) Pupa. — Stout, rounded, but tapering posteriorly to rather a long point ; not depressed or widened dorsally, as in Brasideis. Not nearly so blunt and rounded anteriorly as in Brasidas, the cephalic promi- nences, though short, being acute and widely divergent. Dorso-thoracic peak not so long as in Brasidas, and more ascendant, so as not to pro- ject so I'ar in iVont of the head. About one inch in length. Bright- 2 22 SOrill-AFRICAX BUTTERFLIES. green ; a well-defined, raised, pale-yellow line curving along each side from apex of dorso-thoracic peak, and meeting at anal extremity. On back a similar thinner line, starting from same peak (but near its base), almost immediately branches into two gently divergent lines, which from third abdominal segment gradually converge, to meet again at anal extremity. Between these lateral and dorsal lines, on each side a series of very thin V-like yellow marks (with the angles directed backward), and all truncated by the segmental incisions. On third abdominal (seventh) segment, a small ferruginous spot in a dull- creamy ring adjoins each dorsal line on its inner side about the middle. About midway between the lateral line and the cephalic }>ro- minence on each side, a somewhat sinuous, less distinct, pale-yellow line, which on wing-cover marks position of median nervure, and emits thin indications of positions of nervules. In addition to these princi- pal pale-yellow markings, there are numerous minor reticulations and dottings of the same colour distributed over the surface. Frontal line of dorso-thoracic peak, from its apex to head, minutely roughened, ami coloured dull-ferruginous, with a few creamy specks. The larva is described from four Natalian specimens (one of an early moult) forwarded by Colonel Bowker in November 1878. I did not rear the perfect insect from them, but two of them became pup^ quite like those of Morania ; and coloured drawings (accompanied by the wings of that species) lent me by Mrs. Monteiro in 1883 (made from Delagoa Bay larvte), agreed closely with my description above given. ■^ Of the pupa, I received from Colonel Bowker thirteen living speci- mens, and obtained the imago from each one, ten butterflies appearing between 24th November and i6th December 1878. Of the remain- ing three, two did not make their appearance before a year afterwards (14th November and 9th December 1879), and the last not until 14th March 1880. Colonel Bowker noted the date of pupation in five instances, so that I can record the normal duration of the chrysalis state in those few cases as varying from twelve to sixteen days. It is noticeable that in outline this pupa does not simulate a complete leaf so well as that of P. Brasidas, but the anterior extremity, with the concave, roughened, and ferruginous-tinted line from the tip of the thoracic peak to the head, gives precisely the effect of the irregular edge of a leaf gnawed and partly eaten away by insects. The under side of the mid-rib of a leaf is usually the situation of the suspended ^ In 18S6 Mrs. Monteiro .succeeded in taking alive to England various puptc of Dela- goan Papilioncs, and wrote to me in November of that year that P. Morania was appear- ing at the Insect House of the Zoological Gardens " from two distinct caterpillars." There can be little doubt that the two different larvte wei-e those of Corinneus and Morania respectively, as both butterflies resulted from pupae left at the South-African Museum by Mrs. Monteiro while I was away from the Colony. As far as the exuvia; of the Cormneus pupa go, I can see no difference between it and Morania pupic, except the greater pro- minence of both tile dorso-thoracic peak and the cephalic prujections. rAriLTOXIX.E. 223 pupa ; in two instances only, among- tlie specimens sent Ly Colonel Bowker, was the insect attached to the twigs of the fuod-plant. As regards the snrl'ace of tlie pnpa, the yellow lines, V-strcaks, and minuter markings admirably represent the aspect of the leaves, and ellcctually conceal the insect among tlie foliage. The chaiacters above described as distinguishing this butterfly from P. Corinncus are remarkably constant; the only sign of instability that I have found among a large number of specimens being the rare occurrence, in the large terminal disco-cellular spot in the fore-wings, of a small, superior, blackish spot (in one instance extended into a crossing streak), being the merest indication of the broad black bar that in Corinneus completely divides the marking into two unequal spots. A dwarf ^ tliat I captured at D'Urban, Xatal, in January 1867 expands only 2 in. 4 lin., and has the under side unusually dull. I did not find Morania at all numerous about D'Urban in 1S67 ; most of my specimens were taken in February, but otliers occurred at tlie end of January, end of jNIarch, and beginning of April. They flew low, and by no means rapidly, keeping about low trees and shrubs on the edge of the woods, some- times settling on leaves, but very rarely on flowers. Colonel Bowker took a good many examples in November; he sent me the sexes netted in coimid in March 1879. The known range of this sjiecies is much more restricted than tliat of Corinneus, being apparently limited to the South-East Coast from Natal to Delagoa Lay. Localities of Papilio Morania. I. South Africa. E. Xatal. a. Coast Districts. — D'Urban. Verulam. F. Zululand. — Etsliowe {A. M. Goodrich). II. Delagoa Bay. — Louren90 IMari^ues {Mrs. Monteiru). 308. (9.) Papilio Demoleus, Linnai'us. Paj/ilio Demoleus, Linn., jNIus. Lud. Ulr. Reg., p. 214, n. 2,?> {1764); and Syst. Nat, i. 2, P-_753> n- 46 (1767)- „ ,, Cram., Pap. Exot., iii. pi. ccxxxi. ff. a, b (1782). „ ,, "Wulfen, Capens. Ins., p. 29, n. 28 (1786). Princeps dominans Demoleus, Hiibn., Samml. Exot. Schmett., i. pi. 117 (?iSo6). Papilio Demoleus, Godt., Enc. Meth., ix. p. 43, n. 52 (1819). „ „ Boisd., Sp. Gen. Lep., i. p. 237, n. 60 (1S36). ,, ,, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., i. ]>. 17, 11. 6 (1S62). $ Papilio Demoleus, Staud., Exot. Schmett., i. jil. 13 (1884). Larva and Pupa (South African), Trim., o}). cit., i. p. 18, and ii. pi. i, fp. I, la (1866). Uxp. al, (^) 3 in. 9 lin. — 4 in. 3 lin. ; ($) 2 in. i i lin. — 4 in. 5 lin. $ Black, tvith 2^(ilo sulphur-yellow stripes and spots. Fore-wmg : a yellow streak from base just above subcostal nervure, about half the 2 24 SOUTH- AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. length of discoidal cell ; basal portion, to some distance, thickly streaked with short, thin, yellow transverse lines, and irrorated with yellowish scales ; in outer portion of discoidal cell two good-sized spots, the lower one farther from base than npper, and a transverse yellow streak touch- ing the closing nervules ; above the latter, outside cell, a short longi- tudinal streak ; beyond this a subquadrate spot on costa commences a transverse row of ten irregular-shaped spots, the first three curving out- wards towards hind-margin, the remainder inclining inwardly, increasing in size to about middle of inner margin, — the eighth and ninth much larger than the rest ; two rows of spots along hind-margin, the inner row of nine spots commencing with an elongate outwardly-curving mark on costa, the outer row on hind-marginal edge consisting of eight lunular spots. Hind-wing: a little before middle a transverse stripe continuous of the median row of spots in fore-wing, narrowing to beyond middle of inner margin, and divided very unequally into six by the crossing nervures; on costa touching, and half encircled by, outer edge of stripe, an ovate, bronzy, blue-ringed spot in a black ring ; on inner margin, just before anal angle and almost touching stripe, a black inwardly densely blue-scaled sjDot, bounded outwardly by a very broad dark-red crescent ; two rows of hind-marginal spots as in fore-wing, but larger and more lunular, the inner row of seven (of which the first and seventh touch the costal and inner-marginal ocelli respectively), the outer of six spots ; all the black portion of wing, as far as inner row of marginal spots, thickly irrorated with yellow dots ; dentation on first median nervule on hind-margin more produced than the rest (indicating the generic inclination to a tail). Under side. — Consider- ably 2Mlcr than iqjpcr side. Fore-wing : spots as on upper side ; yellow streak above subcostal nervure extends to beyond middle ; four yellow streaks radiating from base in cell (besides two very fine bounding lines along subcostal and median nervules respectively), and two below cell ; no irrorations. Hind-vnng : base widely yellowish, divided into three curved transverse stripes by the black-clouded costal and pre- costal nervures ; stripe before middle as on upper side ; ocelli similar ; within discoidal cell, at extremity, a dull-golden inwardly bluish-scaled crescent, edging a semicircular black marking ; inner row of hind- marginal spots (which are larger than on upper side) closely paralleled on their inner side by a row of five sublunular marks, coloured like the crescent in cell, and, like it, bounding each a blackish mark ; the dark space between cell and these latter markings is thickly irrorated with dull-golden scales. Head black, with palpi, a streak on each side from palpus to back of vertex, and edging round eyes, pale sulphur-yellow. Thorax above black, irrorated with sulphur-yellow, except pterygodes (which have, however, an internal yellow streak continuous of that on each side of the head) 5 breast sulphur-yellow with two oblique black stripes on each side ; legs black, more or less densely scaled with yellow except PAPILIONIN.E. 225 on tarsi. Abdomen black above irrorated with sulpliur-yellow ; laterally and beneath yellow, with a lateral and an inferior longitudinal black streak on each side, $ Like $, but slightly duller and paler. Hind-iving : first spot of submarginal row, bounding costal ocellus, more or less stained with dull-reddish on its inner side. Larva. — Pale yclloivish-grccn, marlled with purple or purplish- grey, running in irregular transverse, and in places irregularly confluent, markings on the sides. Numerous pale-ferruginous, small, ocellate spots sprinkled about purple markings. A broad longitudinal white stripe above spiracles. Head and legs pale sandy-brown, as well as two small pointed tubercles on segment next head, from between which is protruded, when the animal is irritated, a crimson Y-shaped tentacle- like organ, emitting a very peculiar pungent odour. Two similar smaller tubercles on anal segment. A very sluggish larva, and very variable in the distribution of its colours. The young caterpillar differs strikingly from the full-grown one, being very dark, without green colouring, and clothed with short spines. Feeds on Umhelliferce, Bulon galbamcm and gummiferum, and in gardens on the fennel. Among trees it is common on the orange and lemon ; ^ and Mrs. Barber noted that near Grahamstown it also fed on Vepris lanceolata (the " white ironwood ") and Rijpohromics alata ; while in Natal Colonel Bowdcer found it on Calodendron capense (the " wild chestnut "). Pupa. — Elongate, rather slender anteriorly ; head bluntly but deeply bifid, the projections irregularly dentate on the inner edge, and with a denticulated superior ridge inclining outward ; thorax mode- rately angulated laterally, its dorsal projection rather acute, considerably elevated as to its anterior edge ; abdomen widening from base to hind part of third segment, where it is very slightly angulated, and thence narrowing gradually to tail. On back of abdomen four rows of tubercles, of wdiich those of the two middle rows (especially on fourth, fifth, and sixth segments) are larger and more prominent ; also a solitary mesial tubercle on back of second segment, and a tuberculated ridge margin- ing from base to widest parts. Surface generally rough, with here and there minute acute tubercule, anteriorly on under side. Variable in colouring ; usually ashy-grey or brownish-grey (when, as usual, attached to the old stems of its food-plants, which it closely resembles), but often much tinged with pale dull-sandy or ochreous- yellow, and more rarely with greenish. Prominences of head and peak ^ I noticed at Highlands, near Grahamstown, that the larvae feeding on the orange were all of a darker green than the umbellifer-feeders above described, and with the purple bands (though strongly and broadly marked) limited to the three thoracic and six succeeding seg- ments. The head was almost ferruginous and the pro-legs pale greenish-grey. Mrs. Barber wrote to me in 1S69 that she once, in a season of great drought, when most insects were unusually scarce, found a cuckoo in a very weakly state, with its crop full of Denioleua larvs, and she considered that necessity had compelled the bird to swallow these distasteful creatures, which are in the habit of feeding fully exposed on flowers and leaves, but appear, as a rule, to be entirely unmolested by insectivorous animals. VOL. III. p 2 26 SOUTH- AFRICAX BUTTERFLIES. of thorax, a dorsal median strii^e from meta-tliorax to fourth abdominal segment, an irregular streak at each side of back of same abdominal segments, some streaks roughly indicating main neuration of wings, and some longitudinal streaking on under side of head and leg-cases, all darker and in parts approaching to blackish.-^ Aberration ($). — In fore-wing, the disco-cellular spots and all the spots of discal series (except the small third one) enlarged and cou- lluent into a broad band, the outer half of cell being completely filled with sulphur-yellow. In both wings the spots of the submarginal series are almost entirely effaced, and those of the hind-marginal edge exceedingly small; and in hind-wing the red of the anal-angular ocellus is replaced by black. On the under side the same peculiarities are reproduced, but the submarginal and hind-marginal spots are of nearer the normal size, though very obscured in tint. — Hab. Pletten- berg Bay, Cape Colony. (Sent to me in 1880 by the late W. H. Newdigate.) A $ presenting some approach towards the " sport " just described was bred near Cape Town from a fennel-eating larva in January 1869, ^ Soon after receiving Mrs. Barber's account {Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1S74) of the remarkable adaptation of colour in the pupa of P. Lyceus {Nireus, anct., part) to its imme- diate surroundings, I endeavoured to ascertain if the chrysalis of P. Demoleus (which in nature I knew to be variable) was similarly susceptible. I found that this was the case, although to a less extent ; but unfortunately I kept no notes of the experiment. Lately (in February 188S) I have repeated my endeavour, causing the larva to pupate in boxes respec- tively lined with paper of different colours, but covered with glass only, and fully exposed to daylight. The results were as follow, viz. : — 1. Pupa formed on deep-green paper: above pale sandy-ochreous with a reddish tinge ; beneath paler, but with the wing-covers tinged with greenish-grey. All the customary darker streaks and markings almost obsolete. 2. Pupa formed on hroion paper : not unlike the above, but all the back with a more red- dish tinge ; in one case with the front and sides of thoracic peak, the lateral thoracic angles, wing-covers, and the sides and under surface of abdomen, all varied with bright pale- green. {N.B. — Some of the food-plant was accidentally left in the box with this latter pupa.] 3. Pupa formed on wJdic paper : paler than others, especially on back. 4. Pupa formed on hrl'jlit chrome-yellow paper : above creamy yellow-ochrcous ; beneath dull greenish-grey, except abdomen, which was pale flesh-colour. 5. Pupa formed on vermilion-red paper : above bright greenish-yellow, with ordinary darker markings pale creamy-ferruginotis ; beneath wholly very pale greyish-green. Another example was very different in tint, not unlike pupa on bright chrome-yellow paper, but of a deeper and more rufous yellow above. 6. Pupa formed on rich deep-blue p.aper : above pale sand^'-ochreous, beneath of almost the same colour ; usual markings dull fuscous-grey. A pupa formed in complete darkness nearly resembled those formed on the deep-green paper, but was paler and more cream-coloured above. A larva left to choose its place of suspension in a large new breeding-cage selected a wooden bar across the arched top, and the resulting pupa much resembled the pale ochrey- yellow tint of the freshly-planed deal to which it was attached. In these cases it will be noticed that altliough there was considerable variation in the colouring of these pupse (most noticeable in tliose on the red and yellow papers), the tints for the most part by no means reproduced or even approached those of the surfaces immediately about the insects. The adaptability of the pupa to the hues of its ordinary natural surround- ings is, however, very observable, though it appears to be but slightly and irregularly suscep- tible to colours beyond those narrow limits. TAPILIONIN^E. 227 by Captain SanJforJ, li.E. In the left wings of tliis example the two disco-cellular spots of the fore-wing are enlarged and confluent, but the terminal streak in cell is almost obsolete, while the spots of the discal series, though with diffused edges and somewhat widened inwardly, are not enlarged, but smaller than usual. The submarginal spots are all but obsolete in the fore-wing and wholly wanting in the hind-wing, — and in the latter the transverse bar is widened and diffused inwardly. The right wings are normal, except for the absence of the small third spot in discal row of fore-wing, and of the first and second spots in submarginal row of hind- wing. Apart from the two individuals here noticed, I have found Bcmolcus to be remarkably constant throughout its wide range as regards both pattern and colouring.^ It exhibits occasionally, however, a variation in the transverse bar of the hind-wings, the second division of which is often more or less produced along the lower edge of the costal ocellus so as partly to enclose the latter, and in one ^ (which I captured at Kimberley in 1872) does completely so enclose the ocellus by uniting with the first spot of the submarginal row immediately beyond that marking. In size the butterfly seems more impressible by surrounding con- ditions, being noticeably smaller in dry upland interior districts than near the coast. Some specimens that I took on the wing near Kimberley are under 3I- inches in expanse, and Colonel Bowker frequently met with dwarfed specimens in Basutoland (one % that he sent expanding only 3 in. I liu., and a ^ not more than 2 in. 7 lin.), though he informed me that others of various sizes up to the ordinary one were to be seen in that territory. The largest South- African examples I have noticed inhabit the Natal Coast (where the species is remarkably abundant) ; but the finest individual I ever measured was taken at Fernando Po by Lieut. Bourke, E.K, of H.M.S. Druid, in 1873 ; it expanded 4 in. 9 lin.^ The Indian P. Erithonius, Cram., is a very near ally of JDemoleus ; in the fore-wings it scarcely differs, except in the want of the fifth spot of the discal series ; in the hind- wings, the transverse bar is much broader, and constantly very nearly completely encloses costal ocellus, and includes a small additional portion (sometimes, however, isolated) between the bases of second and third median nervules, and the dark- ^ As Oberthiir notes (Etudes iVEnt., liv. iii. p. 14, 1S78), specimens of Demolcus occur in which all the pale-yellow markings are stained with a dull ochrey-reddish tint. The same aberrant stamp of colour has been noticed in PapUio Machaon, and I believe in some other congeners with pale-yellow markings. The two or three Demolcus of this unusual tint that have come under my notice were all very worn and battered ; and I have conjectured that possibly, under certain circumstances, the pale-yellow in aged specimens is changed into the dingy-reddish tinge in question. " It is worth noting that in Mr. Bourke's collection (made at many points along tlie West African Coast) there were Fernando Po examples of three other species of Papilio, which were much larger than the specimens captured on the mainland, viz., P. Nircus and P. Charojpus, both 4 in. 9 lin. across the fore-wings, and P. Meropc, slightly over 5 in. 2 28 SOUTII-AFKICAX BUTTEEFLIES. red of the aiial-anuular ocellus extends baseward, so as to occupy nearly the whole marking. On the under side the fore-wings pre- sent a subapical short series of dull golden-yellow spots between the discal and subniarginal series ; and in the hind-wings all the yellow markings are so much enlarged as to occupy nearly the whole around of the wing except the discal series of dull golden- yellow blue- and black-edged markings, commencing with the costal ocellus.'^ P. Demolens is an active and powerful flyer, but does not attain the eleva- tion exhibited on the wing by both P. Nireus and P. Cenea. It is fond of sporting about rocky knolls on the slopes or summits of hills. It occurs com- monly over open ground generally, and is a frequent visitor to garden-flowers. On Table Mountain I have noticed tbat it seemed to favour Agapantlius, when that flower was in bloom ; and at Plettenberg Bay it sometimes entered the woods to feast on the honey of Pluvibcujo. The butterfly usually first appears in the Western districts about the end of September (but I bave seen it as early as the 6th), and remains out until the beginning or middle of April. There appears to be a succession of broods during the hot months, as I have taken full-grown larva at different dates in November, December, and Feb- ruary, and obtained the perfect insects after a pupation varying from fourteen to twenty-seven days ; but from larvae full-grown in April the butterflies do not emerge until the succeeding September or October. Tins butterfly has an exceedingly wide Ethiopian distribution, and is the only Papilio tbat has penetrated to the Cape peninsula. It is common in Madagascar, and has been recorded by Mr. Butler from the Comoro Islands ; but it^was not known in Mauritius when I visited that island in 1865. But in March and April 1870 it appeared in Port Louis in some numbers, and was in July of the same year successfully introduced (by means of five larvae and three pupce sent by M. Bouton to Dr. Vinson) into Reunion, becoming numerous there in 1871. (See Anmial Report of Jioyal Society of Arts and Sciences, Mauritms, 1871, p. v. ; and Transactions of the same body, N.S., vol, vi. p. 30, 1872). Mr. Bourke hiformed me that the butterfly abounded all alon"- the coast of Tropical Western Africa. Localities of Fapilio Dcmoleus. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. a. Western Districts. — Cape Town. Ilout Bay and Simon's Town, Cape District. Stellenl)oscli. Paarl. Bain's Kloof. IMichell's Pass, Tulbagh District. Robertson. Montagu. Swellen- dam {L. Taats). Oudtshoorn ( — Adams). Ivnysna and Plet- tenberg Bay. ^ Erithonins has a very wide range through India, the Malayan Islands, China, &c., and (as the very slight variation Sthenelus, Mach., cannot be regarded as a good species) Aus- tralia. Judging from the figures given in Moore's Lcpidoptera of Ceylon (i. pi. 61), the larva of Erithonius is very like the darker larvae of Demoleus, but has two distinct collars of small sub-ocellate pale-ferruginous spots on third thoracic and first abdominal segments, and the markings on the sides blacker and (except for some scattered small spots) restricted to abdominal segments 7-9. The pupa is represented as dull-green, with a greenish-yellow back. PAPILIONINyE. 229 b. Eastern Districts. — Port Elizabeth. Uitenhage. CTraliamstown and Mitford Park, Albany District. King William's Town. " Windvogelberg, Queenstown District." — W. D'Urban. Murray sburg (/. /. Muslictt). Colesberg {D. Arnot and A. F. Ort/qyp). c. Griqiuiland West. — Kimbcrley. D. Kaffraria Proper. — Butterworth and Baslice River (/. II. Bowlcer). E. Natal. a. Coast Districts. — D'Urban. Ycrulam. Mapunuilo. " Lower Umkomazi." — J. H. Bowker. K Upper Districts. — INIaritzburg. Estcourt (/. 71/. Hutchinson). F. Zululand. — Etsliowe {A. M. Goodrich). St. Lucia Bay (the late Colonel H. Toicer). G. '•' Swaziland."— E. C. Buxton. K. Transvaal. — Potchefstroom and District {T. Ayres). Lydenburg {A. F. Ortlej^p)- L. Bechuanaland. — Motito (the late Rev. J. Fraloux). II. Other African Eegions. A. South Tropical a. Western Coast. — Damaraland {J. A. Bdl). " Angola (Moyiteiro)." — Druce. Congo : " Kinsembo (Ansell)." — Butler. " Chin- choxo {Falkenstein)." — Dewitz. h. Eastern Coast. — Zambesi River {Rev. H. Roiuley) and Shire River {Rev. H. Waller). " Zanguebar and Zanzibar {Raffray)." — Oberthiir. "Endara {Kersten)." — Gerstiicker. h\. Eastern Interior. — " Ivilima-njaro {H. H. Johnston)." Godman and Salvin. bb. Eastern Islands. — Madagascar: Tamatavc {Caldwell) and Murun- dava {Greve). " Mauritius." — Bouton. " Comoro Islands : Johanna [Bewsher)." — Butler. B. K"orth Tropical. a. Western Coast. — " Gahoon [Theorin)." — Aurivillius. Fernando Po [Bourl-e). "Old Calabar."— Oberthiir. "Lower Niger (TF. A. Forbes)." — Godman. Sierra Leone {A. R. Innes). "Rio Nunez."— Oberthiir. "Gambia {Moloney)."— G^. E. Shelley. " Senegal." — Boisduval and Oberthiir. bi. Eastern Interior. — Abyssinia: " Shoa (^7//mon')." — Oberthiir. " Nubia."— Felder. C. Extra-Tropical North- Africa. — "Egypt." — Felder and Gerstiicker. 309. (10.) Papilio ophidicephalus, Oberthiir. Painlio Menestheus, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 320, n. 214, pi. 2, f. i [(?]>(i866). , ... , , Painlio ojyhidicephalus, Oberthiir, Etudes d'Ent., 111. p. 13 (1878). „ „ Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 345. Uxp. cd., {$) 4 in. 7 liii — 5 in. 3 lin. ; (?) 5 in. 3I-7 lin. ^ Tailed. Black, ivith very 'pah sulphur -yclluiv hands and spots ; the ground thinly irrorated with pale-yellowish scales ; common to loth wings, — a transverse macular band, commencing broadly on costa of fore-wing near apex, narrowing and with its spots more separate as it approaches inner margin beyond middle, and thence crossing hind- uing in a continuous stripe, straight on its inner, dentate on its outer 230 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. edge, rather before middle, from costa to inner margin,— a submarginal row of large sub-lunulate spots (eight in fore-wing, seven in hind- wing), and a hind-uiargiual row of seven lunules (larger in hind-wing) marking excavations between nervules. Fore-iviwj : in cell, near ex- tremity, an oblique elongate marking, formed of two confluent spots, — and also four thin longitudinal streaks of pale sulphur-yellow scales from base (the lower three branching from a common origin) nearly to extrenuty ; o}i disc, especially about median nervules and submedian nervure, a clothing of short, cotton-like hair. Hind-iving : two superiorly blue-edged and blue-scaled ocellate spots, placed quite as in Demolcus but more elongate, — that on costa not reddish itself, but the first lunule of submarginal row bounding it externally, like that on inner margin, dull-red ; between the two spots more or less indistinct indications of similar spots, of which, however, only one (that next to inner-mar- ginal spot) is distinctly blue-scaled ; some reddish-yellow scaling along median nervules; tail long, spatulate, marked on each side near its extremity with an elongate, pale-yellow inwardly-convex spot. Under SIDE. — Similar, ixilcr, all the markings with more or less diffused edges ; all nervures more or less completely edged with pale-yellowish on both sides, cspccialb/ lower edge of costal nervure of hind-iving. Fore-iving : a longitudinal streak between median and submedian nervures ; streaks in cell better defined. Hind-iving : three streaks in cell like those of fore-wing ; traces of ocelliform spots between the two ocelli much better marked, all more or less blue-scaled. Head, thorax, legs, and abdomen coloured and marked quite as in Dcmoleus, Linn., but the superior pale sulphur-yellow stripes on head and pterygodes less conspicuous. The anteunaj (as Felder has pointed out) are much more slender, especially as regards the clul), which is scarcely recurved ; but the agreement in other structural points (as well as in pattern and colouring) is close in the two species. ^ Like $, hut dccidedhj duller, the ground more fuscoiLS than Hack, and the yellow markings considerahhj deeper i7i tint. Fore-icing : band broader, especially at costal commencement, the lower component spots larger, almost touching (in one example confluent into a continuous band) ; space between band and submarginal row of spots irrorated with pale-yellow ; lowest spot of submarginal row tinged with dull-red. Rind-wing : sixth as well as seventh lunule of submarginal row dull- red, except at its extremities. Under side as in ^. This is the Southern representative of Papilio Mencsthcus, Drury, but is a much larger form, no example of either sex of the West- African butterfly that I have measured expanding more than 5 iV inches across the wings.^ Apart from size, Ophidiccphalus is best 1 The form found in Madagascar {P. Lormieri, Distant) is nearer to the West-African type, having the spots of the fore-wing band all small and separate, the markings generally of small size, and the disc of hind-wings beyond middle scarcely irrorated. The band of the fore-wings is, however, straighter, as in Ophkliccphalus, not incurved costally, as in Mcnesthcus. I'APILIONIN.E. 231 recognised by (ist) the more decided yellow, inclining to sulphureous, of the markings; (2d) the greater size of all the markings, hut espc- cially the ividth of the transverse land of fore-wings near costa and the contiyuitij and oidicardly-truncate form of its component spots ; (3d) the more conspicuous ocelli of the hind-wings and irroration of the disc between those markings ; (4th) the much longer and hasally mneh broader tails. In the $, the discal silky clothing is barely seen on the third median nervule of the fore-wings; and the disco-cellular oblique marking of the same wings in both sexes is not separated into two distinct spots. The dentation of the stripe of the hind-wings which borders the costal ocellus inferiorly is much more prolonged and acuminate. Three male examples, which were taken by Mr, T. Ayres in the Lydenburg District of the Transvaal, are in some respects intermediate between the Southern and Tropical Western forms, though nearer to the former. In size, colouring, and development of hind-wing ocelli, and tails, they are quite like Ophidicephalus ; but in the fore-wings the transverse band is as narrow as in Menesthcus (except at its costal commencement, where it is somewhat broader), and its component spots are all separated from each other except the first three, though they preserve the outwardly truncate form characteristic of Ophi- dicephalus. In one specimen, moreover, the oblique marking of the discoidal cell in the fore-wings is divided into two parts, but the upper part remains much larger than the corresponding mark in Menesthcus. Tiiis very fine Papilio, the largest of the South-African butterflies, was discovered in Ivaffraria Proper by Colonel Bowker, who forwarded specimens from the Trans-Kei territory as long ago as 1862, and has subsequently met with the species in the King William's Town and East London districts and in iS"atal. He notes it as common in its favourite haunts, which are deep wooded kloofs, where it follows a regular line of flight along the course of a stream, keeping usually about five or six feet from the ground. One of the localities where the species occurs in abundance is the Perie Bush near King William's Town, where Mr. Mansel Weale took it in ]\Iarch 1873. Colonel Bowker notes that it first makes its appearance at the end of September or beginning of October. Both lie and Mr. A. D. Millar inform me that near D'Urban, the $ has been observed ovipositing on a species of Zanthoxylon, and the latter writes that the young larvae are very similar to those of P. Demoleus. In Natal Colonel Bowker has personally observed the butterfly all along the coast from the Tugela to the Umkomazi, and inland at Karkloof and in woods above ]\Iaritzburg. Mr. W. D. Gooch has published a graphic account {Ento- mologist, 1880, pp. 228-229) of the difiiculty of capturing tliis apparently easy prey on its course through the bush, the butterfly having a knack of evading the sweep of the net just at the critical moment. During my visit to Natal in 1867, I saw but one example, which was flying rapidly across open land on the road between D'Urban and A^erulam. It is not recorded how far to the eastward typical Menesthcus extends in Africa, but it may possibly occur side by side with Ophidicephalus, which Oberthiir records from Zangiiebar, and which, ]\Ir. Butler informs me, has lately (1S87) been brought from Kilima-njaro. 232 SOUTII-AFRICAX BUTTERFLIES. Localities of Fapilio ophidicephcdiLs. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. b. Eastern Districts. — King William's Town and Perie Bush (/. //. Bowker and /. P. Mansel Weale). " Gonubie River, Izeli, Buffalo River, and East London." — J. H. Bowker. D. Kaffraria Proper. — Bashee River (/. H. Bou-her). " Baziya (Batir and Hartmann)." — Mcischler. " Boolo Forest and Tsomo River." — J. 11. Bowker. E. Natal. a. Coast Districts.— D'Urban {M. J. M'Ken). Pinetown (/. H. Boivh'r). Between D'Urban and Verulam. " Verulam." — W. D. Gooch. " From Tugela River to Umkomazi."— J. H. Bowker. h. Upper Districts. — Maritzburg {Colonel Scutt, E.A.). " Ulundi, sources of Bushman's River." — J. M. Hutchinson. K. Transvaal. — Lydenburg District (T. Ayres) — Var. II. Other African Regions. A. South Tropical. h. Eastern Coast. — " Zanguebar : Schumba IMountains (Raffray)." — Oberthiir. 6i. Eastern Interior. — " Kilima-njaro (F. J. Jackson)." — Butler. 310. (11.) Papilio Const antinus, Waid. Papilio Constantimi.% Ward, Ent. M. IMag., viii. p. 34 (1871) ; and African Lepid., pt. i. pi. i. fi'. i, 2 [^\ (1873). „ ,, Oberth., Etudes d'Ent., iii. p. 12, pi. i. f. i [ ? ], (1878). Exp. at., {$) 3 ill. 8-1 I liii. $ Brownish-black, ivith a very pale sulj^hur-yelloiv transverse stripe (jnacular in fore-wing, unbroken in hind-iving), and submarginal spots of the same colour ; hind-wing u-ith a short, broad, spatnlate tail. Forc- iving : basal area very finely irrorated with yellovvrish, extending through two-thirds of discoidal cell ; transverse stripe consisting of eight mode- rate-sized separated spots, of different shapes, but more or less narrowed and pointed externally, — the uppermost spot (between fourth and fifth subcostal iiervules) remarkably narrow, elongate, and acuminate, and shaped like an axe with its handle pointing outward, — the seventh rather deeply bifid externally, and only separated from the eighth by black submedian nervure ; in discoidal cell, immediately adjacent to fourth spot of transverse stripe, an irregularly rounded or sub-ovate large pale sulphur-yellow spot ; just above and beyond upper part of extremity of cell, an elongate mark of the same colour, externally deeply bifid, and crossed near its inner end by base of third subcostal nervule ; submarginal spots small, but increasing in size downward, arranged in inter-nervular pairs from below fifth subcostal nervule to rAPlLIONIX.E. 233 above subraedian nervure, — one of the minute uppermost pair often wanting, and one or more of the lower pairs usually coalescent ; sexual discal badges of silky appressed hairs on median nervules and sub- median nervure well developed. Ilind-wimj : transverse stripe well before middle at its origin on costa, narrow, or rather narrow, running obliquely as far as submedian nervure, and terminating acuminately beyond middle ; along inner margin, and also on external border of lower part of stripe, a little pale sulphur-yellow irroration ; subniar- ginal spots larger than in fore-wing (except uppermost pair), the upper spot in each of the five pairs considerably larger than the lower one ; sometimes traces of a sixth pair of spots between first median nervule and submedian nervure ; sometimes a small indistinct anal-angular pale sulphur-yellow spot ; tail black, edged on each side of its wider part towards extremity by a narrow elongate pale sulphur-yellow spot tinged with ochre-yellow. Common to hoth vAngs, an inter-nervular series of pale sulphur-yellow lunular marks, more or less tinged with ochre-yellow, along all hind-marginal edge. Under side. — Hind-icinrj and apical area of fore-icivg 7Jrt/e-5ro26'?t, 7citli Uackish intcr-nervidar rays; yelloivish markings all iialcr ; submarginal spots cidargcd., witli diffused edges. Fore-wing : bosi-disco-cellular area yellowish-white, with four blackish longitudinal rays (of which the three lower branch from one stem) ; outer part of costal margin clouded with whitish as far as apex. Hind-ioing : neuration black ; inter -ncrvidar rays hcyond transverse stripe hroadly hut irregidarly clouded with hroivnisli-black ; rays before stripe (viz., one between costal and subcostal nervures, and three with common stem in discoidal cell) blackish but unclouded ; above costal nervure, from base to middle, a yellowish-white margin, edged near base first with black and then with chrome-yellow ; small anal-angular spot, and marginal lunulate mark just beyond it, chrome- yellow ; immediately beyond outer boundary of discoidal cell, between origins of first subcostal and second median nervules, a more or less indistinct whitish streak, interrupted on nervules. Head black, with palpi, two frontal stripes, four spots on vertex, a spot at the back of each eye, and a lateral inferior half-ring round eye, pale sulphur-yellow ; antennae conspicuously tiiyped icith oclire- yelloiv. Thorax black above, with a clothing of yellowish hairs, and two spots on prothorax ; beneath yellowish-white, with a black stripe down the coxa of each leg. Abdomen black above, irrorated with yellowish ; beneath and laterally, yellowish-white, with two longitu- dinal black stripes on each side. I have not seen the $, but, from Oberthlir's note and figure above cited, that sex does not appear to differ from the other except as regards the ground-colour, which is duller and browner ; the some- what broader transverse stripe ; and the rather larger and much duller- coloured submarginal spots. The under side is depicted as generally darker. 234 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. This Fapilio is not distantly related to P. Thersamkr, Fab.,^ from West Africa, but difl'ers markedly in the form and superiorly outward curve of the discal macular band in the fore-wings, in possessing a large disco-cellular spot in the same wings, and in the broader, shorter tails of the hind-wings ; while on the under side the basal yellowish- white of the fore-wings and discal blackish clouding of the hind-wings are quite wanting in Thersandcr. The very singular elongate hatchet- shaped first spot of the fore-wing band in Constantinus is evidently formed by the extension and coalescence of two widely separate spots which lie between the corresponding nervules in Thersandcr. This plainly-coloured but strikingly marked butterfly was first described from East-African examples, and has since been found to occur at several points on that side of the continent ; but Herr Mlischler has now recorded it as inhabiting also the remote Gold Coast. Mrs. Monteiro informed me that the species was not uncommon at Delagoa Bay, and had much the same habits as P. Demolens. Stragglers have been met with in the Eastern Transvaal and upper districts of Katal • and in the latter country Mr. J. M. Hutchinson, who met with five specimens on the Bushman River, a few miles beloAV Est- court, in the year 1881, informs me that the butterfly Avas confined to tracts known as the " Thorns." He notes that its fliglit was comparatively weak, and that it frequently settled on low flowering plants, and was much more easily captured than DemoJeus. Localities of Popilio Constantinus. I. South Africa. E. Natal. — Estcourt (/. M. Hutcliinson). H. Delagoa Bay. — Louren^o Marques {Mrs. Monteira). K. Transvaal.— Lydenburg District {T. Ayres). II. Other African Regions. A. South Tropical. h. Eastern Coast. — " Bagamoyo." — Oberthiir. Mombasa: " Ribe." — Ward. hi. Eastern Interior. — Lotsani River [F. C. Scloux). "Kilima- njaro {F. G. JacJison)." — Butler, B. North Tropical. a. Western Coast. — Accra: " Aburi (Wci(jJc)." — Mlischler. 1 I had for long supposed, with Mr. Kirby, that this btitterfly would prove to be the 9 of P. Phorcas, Cram. (— Doreus, Fab.) ; but Mr. Distant {Proc. Zool. Soc. Land., 1879, p. 648) states that two J s of Thersandcr had been received by Mr. Horniman from Aburie, near Accra, and that they differed from the ? in having all the macular markings pale- yellow instead of creamy-white. This discovery would leave the ? of the green-banded Phorcas still unknown ; but I find that Herr Moschler {Ahhandl. Scnckcnhcrg. Naturf. GeselUch., 1SS7, p. 51) mentions having received both sexes of Phorcas from Accra and Aburie, and although he quotes Thersandcr, Fab., as the 9 , his note on two (apparently aberrant) examples of that sex, in which the " griine Grundfarlc" is more or less tinged or replaced by ochre-yellow, appears to indicate that the normal colouring of the central band is green in tlie 9 as well as in the J . PAPILIONINJ:. 235 311. (12.) Papilio Euphranor, Tiimcn. (J ? Papilio Euphranor, Trim., Tran.?. Eiit. Soc. Lontl., 1S68, p. 70, pi. V. ff. I, 2. Exp. al, {$) 3 in. 6-1 i liu. ; ($) 3 ii^- 9 H".— 4 in- 2 lin. $ Brmvnish-black, with a pah sniphur-yelloto transverse stripe (macular in fore-iuing) ; hiiul-iving only ivith a siibmavfjinal scries of sjwts of the same colonr, and ivith a rather hroad, slvjUly spat\date, itv- spotted black tail. Fore-wing : costa narrowly and finely irrorated with sulphur-yellow as far as extremity of discoidal cell, where the irrora- tions become so dense as to form a more or less distinct longitudinal streak ; this streak, with a more conspicuous one immediately below it, forming the beginning of the macular transverse stripe of eight spots, gradually increasing in width to its termination a little beyond inner margin ; this band is rather abruptly angulated on upper radial ner- vule, where its second spot closely approximates, or (usually) is con- fluent with the last of a short series of three smaller spots of the same colour (in line with the six other spots of discal stripe) from costa not far before apex ; in cell, at lower edge of extremity, sometimes a small, ill-defined sulphur-yellow spot ; on hind-marginal edge, below apical projection, a series of six iuter-nervular lunular marks, gradu- ally increasing in size downward. Hind-idiuj : transverse stripe before middle continuous (nearly straight along its inner edge, but out- wardly irregular, and sharply denticulated with black on the crossing nervures), and extending to submedian nervure, along which it runs a narrow termination to beyond middle; adjoining middle part of stripe, but separated from it by a black bar at extremity of discoidal cell, a curved row of three pale sulphur-yellow spots, of which the uppermost is largest ; a small sub-lunular orange spot a little before anal angle, sometimes touching extremity of transverse stripe ; sub- marginal spots arranged in six inter-nervular pairs, the upper spot in each pair the larger, and the spots of the fourth (and usually also of the fifth) pair confluent; a series of thin, sulphur-yellow, inter- nervular, lunulate marks along hind-marghial edge. Under side. — Gcncrcd pattern like that of upper side ; hind-wing and apical area of fore-wing choeolate-lroion, clouded with pale ochreous-hroivu {which latter has in |?ar/s a faint violaceous lustre). Fore-wing : upper spots of discal stripe and those of row from near apex represented by ill-defined yellowish-white marks ; cellular spot larger and more distinct, and succeeded by a very small spot immediately beyond cell ; other spots of discal stripe as on upper side, but much more acuminate externally. Hind-wing : basal area unclouded by paler brown, but discal hind- marginal area with two wide clouds, one apical, the other on median nervules ; transverse stripe almost white, much narrower thau above, and about its middle greatly attenuated; the adjacent spots, just beyond cell, smaller, almost white ; submarginal series of spots obsolete, or 236 SOUTH-AFKICAN BUTTERFLIES. but faintly indicated ; orange anal-angular spot wanting, or represented by a few scales ; in discoidal cell an indistinct bifurcate black streak. Head black, with two well-marked frontal pale sulphur-yellow spots, two (less distinct) at bases of antennre, and two posterior to these ; inferior part of ring round eyes and palpi pale sulphur-yellow, the latter with a black ring. Thorax brownish-black above, with three pairs of very indistinct yellowish spots on prothorax and an almost imperceptible yellow streak on pterygodes ; beneath chocolate-brown ; leots usually better developed than on upper side, seldom alto- gether absent, but sub-metallic pale-creamy instead of greenish-blue. Hind-wmg : submarginal stripe rather variable in width, and more perceptibly submacular when narrower ; it occupies a corresponding position to that of the series of spots on upper side, and, like it, begins marginally at apex, and ends marginally between first and second median nervules ; basi-costal space strongly tinged with reddish- oehreous above costal nervure ; three longitudinal black streaks in dis- coidal cell from a common stem, — the upper one much shorter than the others ; anal-angular marginal lunule rather larger than on upper side, and metallic-creamy instead of white ; a larger spot of the same tint, variable in size and form, but usually sub-lunulate, at some dis- tance before anal angle, above submedian nervure, close to inner margin ; median shining-greyish fascia sometimes faint or partly eva- nescent, rarely almost wholly obsolete except for a pale scaling about bases of median nervules, — when best developed, extending slightly before middle from costa to inner margin, and externally somewhat diffused and radiating on median nervules (and rarely on subcostal nervule). Head black, with two white spots in front, two at bases of antenuffi, and two (wider apart) behind these on vertex ; palpi black with a white spot at base and a white tij) ; an outward and inferior half- ring round eyes white. Thorax black, with three successive pairs of well-separated small white spots dorsally on the fore part ; breast with rAPTLTOXIX.E. 239 a frontal whitish tuft, and six or eight indistinct whitish spots on eacli side ; legs black, the femora and tibiiia outwardly whitish-scaled. Abdo- men black above, dull greyish-brown on the sides and beneath, witli two lower lateral series of minute white spots, sometimes scarcely visible. $ Blade duller, more sooty than in ^ ; stripe and spots mueh duller and paler, more greenish, scarcely metallic. Fore-ioing : median stripe always widened (and sometimes very muck loider) on inner margin, instead of being narrowed there, as in $, — its general width variable ; often a third very small spot under the second sub-apical one, and sometimes a more or less incomplete submarginal series of similar small spots divided by inter-nervular folds ; hind-marginal series of minute spots often mixed with whitish and touching white interruptions of cilia. Hind-wing : beginning of median stripe little if at all narrower than the rest, and near costa dull-greyish ; its edges somewhat diffused, and its lower extremity narrowly prolonged to a point just above anal- angular white lunule ; an inner-marginal spot as on under side of ^, but smaller and greenish, and sometimes touching median stripe ; sub- marginal spots larger, and so shaped that each pair below second sub- costal nervule forms a strongly-curved crescent with the points more or less prolonged. Under side. — Hind-wing and apical hind-marginal area of fore-wing of a paler, more rvfous hroiV7i than in $, ^citk the shining pale-greyish fascia and clouding always strongly developted, and in imrts quite lahitish ; inter-nervular hind-marginal small paired whitish spots better developed in fore-wing, and also present (and larger) in hind-wing, except (usually) between radial and second median ner- vules. Fore-icing: costal pale clouding broadly developed, almost silvery, completed, confluent on radial nervules (so as to isolate a small brown costal space), and thence extending downward in a much- narrowed submarginal ray, becoming macular and whitish below third median nervule. Hind-wing : basal reddish-ochreous much more deve- loped, extending over all the area as far as median shining-greyish fascia ; submarginal stripe very different from that of $, being expanded into a wide shining-grey band, bright and silvery superiorly, but becom- ing more or less indistinct and diffused between third and first median nervules ; a little before this band, and at points touching it, a more or less connected series of shining-greyish lunular marks, often indistinct. White spots of head and body more apparent than in $, especially the abdominal lateral spots. M. C. Oberthiir notes two aberrant ^ s from Shoa, Abyssinia, and another from Tchouacka in Zanguebar, in which the upper-side stripe was almost entirely obliterated in the fore-wings, and sensibly reduced in the hind-wings. His doubtful reference of this aberration to P. jjseiidonircus, Feld. (founded on a single ^ from Bogos), seems borne out by Felder's description ^ of his type, in which, however, the band ' lieisc der Novara, Zoo!,, Lcp., i. p. 94 (1S64). 240 SOUTH-AFRICAN LUTTEEFLIES. is described as less reduced than it appears to be in M. Oberthiir's specimens. An aberrant ^, taken by Mrs. F. W. Barber near Grahamstown, shows just the opposite tendency, the stripe in the fore-wing being fully twice as broad as usual. Larva. — Deep yellowish-green. Widest portion of back, on third thoracic and first abdominal segments, occupied by a subovate patch or shield of pale bluish-green, crossed mesially by a thin whitish line, closely irrorated generally with white dots, and bearing near its poste- rior edge a transverse row of four small pinkish-lilac spots. Ante- riorly a greenish-yellow, posteriorly a narrow ochreous-yellow, edging borders this patch, the anterior edging being marked with four double (concentric) very small, thin, blackish rings, and at each extremity by a small black yellow-pupilled ocellus, surrounded by a separate, tliin, imperfect blackish ring. All the green of the back posterior to the patch is mottled irregularly with greenish-yellow. From second to last abdominal segment a lower-lateral white stripe ; on each side of back more or less distinct traces of a thin yellowish stripe, which in some examples is crossed obliquely by a short whitish inferiorly dark- bordered streak. Projections on back of first thoracic segment yellow, shorter and blunter than in P. Demoleus, but those on back of anal segment pale-yellow, longer, farther apart, and with a straight creamy- Vvhite connecting streak between their bases. Head and thoracic legs pale bluish-green ; pro-legs very pale-greyish with a greenish tinge. Described from larvae found on the Orange at Highlands, near Grahamstown. Mrs. Barber informed me that the native food-trees in that locality were Vejjris laiiccolata and Calodendron capense. The dorsal green (excepting the ovate patch of a blue tint) assimilates very closely to that of the upper surface of the leaves of the orange, upon which the caterpillar is always found resting ; but Mrs. Barber {Trans. Ent. Soc. Loncl., 1874, p. 519) has pointed out that when the larva feeds on Vepris it is of a lighter green, so as to resemble in tint the leaves of that tree. Plate II. fig. 5, 5. Pupa. — Length, i in. 3 lin. Somewhat attenuated anteriorly, cephalic processes short and directed laterally outward (not obliquely forward, as in Demoleus), so that frontal line of head is widened and but slightly concave. Thoracic lateral angles moderately acute ; dorsal pro- minence also elevated acutely, but not inclined forward. Sides of abdo- men widely flattened, and so extended as to form a very marked angle on each side of third abdominal segment ; whence the abdomen narrows very rapidly and greatly to the extremity. Infra-pectoral region, where wing-covers meet, very strongly convex. A marked constriction dor- sally at junction of thorax and abdomen. In its natural position, attached vertically or nearly so, head uppermost, the anterior portion rAPTLTONIN/E. 241 of this pupa is seen to be very much more bent backward than it is in Dcmolcus. Usually pale bluish-green, inclining to yellowish on under surface of abdomen, but very variable in tint. Point of dorso-thoracic promi- nence, two spots below it (at abdominal base), and edge of abdominal lateral angles, creamy-reddish. A row of minute indistinct blackish spots on each side of back of abdomen. This chrysalis, though usually pale-green, is variable in colouring, specimens that I reared near Grahamstown pupating in the same wooden box (on the sides) within a day or two of each other, varying from that tint to a more or less ochreous-tinged, much duller hue. Mrs. Barber was subsequently so fortunate as to observe the extreme susceptibility of this pupa to colour influences, as pointed out in her paper above quoted. From these most interesting observations it appears that the colour of the object on which a larva pupated was very closely reproduced in the pupa. Pupa among orange twigs were of the ordinary green colour ; others, among half-dried leaves of the " bottle-brush," were pale yellowish-green ; one attached to the wooden frame of the case was of the yellowish tint of the wood ; and another, attached to a part of the frame where wood and purplish- brown brick joined each other, was coloured on the under surface like the wood and on the upper surface like the brick. The experiment of causing a larva to pupate on scarlet cloth had no effect except that the ordinary small red s]3ots were brighter than usual; but this is not to be wondered at, considering that the environment of these insects could never, through endless generations in the past, have rendered the assumption of a scarlet colour of any advantage in con- cealment.^ Colonel Bowker, in 1874, sent me from King William's Town four pupa3, three of the ordinary green colour, and the fourth (which had been purposely placed w^ien changing on the mud-mortar of a wall) of a dull greenish-yellow, much clouded dorsally with dull creamy ferruginous-grey. These were winter pupae ; two became per- fect insects in July (ist and 24th), one on October ist, and the last on December 21st. I set three of the butterflies loose in the Museum ^ A most remarkable instance of pseudo-mimicry recently came to my notice in connection with the pupa of this Papilio. In September 18S7 I received from the Rev. N. Meeser, of George, Cape Colony, a small box containing what I took at the first glance for three ordinary green chrysalides of P. Lyaus. Only one of these objects, however, was a veri- table chrysalis, the two others being the seed-capsules of a plant, stated by Mr. Meeser to be a species of Hahca. The tint of green, the general lateral outline (especially the bulging ventral convexity of the wing-covers), the projections of the bifid head, the attenu- ated form of the posterior abdomen and anal extremity, and even the slight ferruginous tips of the projections on the head, are all reproduced in the seed-capsules to a very decep- tive extent. The chrysalis was found " in the neighbourhood of a hedge of the Ilakca ; " and if this plant had been a native of South Africa, it can scarcely be qiiestioned that a strong case of mimicry would readily have been admitted by observers. As a recent intro- duction from Australia, however, it is clear that the Hahea cannot have been the model for the pupa of a Papilio of a specially African group. VOL. Ill, Q 242 SOUTH-AFRICAX BUTTEKFLIES. enclosure, "but tliey were promptly seized by the ever-watchful butcher- bird, Lanius collar is. It has been with considerable hesitation that I have separated this Fcqjilio, under Doubleday's name of Lyceus, from the well-known Nireus, Linn., notwithstanding that Doubleday has been followed in this by several authors. There can be no doubt that Linne's original description of Nireus applies to the well-known butterfly from the coast of Western Africa figured by Clerck and Drury, and by Cramer on his Plate 187, ff. A, B.^ The form figured by the latter as the ^ of the Nireus depicted in the plate named — which is itself a ^ — will be found on Plate 378, ff. F, G, and is a rather small $ from South Africa, exhibiting very clearly the differences more or less distinctly presented in specimens inhabiting that part of the continent. These differences are : i °, shorter wings, the fore-wings not so pointed apically, the hind-wings not so produced inferiorly (and with shorter and rounder dentations); 2°, the common stripe decidedly bluer, usually rather broader in fore-wing, and considerably narrower and shorter at its termination in hind-wing (where in Nireus the 'portion between second and first median nervides is much enlarged and elongated, and extends along njyper side of first median nermde considerably beyond the ^portion below that nervtde " — just the reverse of what is seen in Lyoeus) ; 3°, the submarginal spots in hind-wing usually larger, more elongate, and more numerous ; and, on the under side of the ^, 4°, the paler hind-wing and apical area of fore-wing, and the presence in both of some broad shining-greyish clouding (wholly wanting in Nireus) ; and 5°, the wider and continuous shining- creamy submarginal stripe (which in Nireus is throughout broken into spots both by nervules and inter-nervular folds). The upper-side differences are very constant, and so also is the under-side one of the continuous hind-wing stripe ; but specimens of the $ occur in Natal, Zululand, Transvaal, and especially Delagoa Bay, in which the shining-greyish clouding of the under side is more or less reduced, and sometimes almost obsolete. M. C. Oberthiir {Ann. Mus. Civ. di Geneva, xv. p. 147, 1880), while distinguishing between Nireus and Lyceus, and rightly pointing out the application to them respectively of Cramer's different figures, still supposes (as he had previously intimated in his Mudes d'Entomo- logie, liv. iii. p. 13, 1878) that Nireus (Cramer's PI. 187, A, b) is the form spread through all the southern parts of Africa, and that Lyoeus (Cramer's PI. 378 F, g) is peculiar to countries north of the Equator; but, as I have abundantly shown, it is the latter that inhabits all South Africa proper, and as M. Oberthur records that all the Abyssinian 1 The late Mr. G. R. Gray evidently took the opposite view ; for in both his Britis^h Museum Catalogues of Papilionidae (1852 and 1856) he gave the Linnean Nireus as the Southern form, and proposed the new name of Erinus for the West-Coast one. " This character is also prominent in the closely-allied P. Bromius, Doiabl., from West Africa, distinguished from Nireus by its much wider bluish-green stripes. PAPILIONIN.E. 243 specimens taken by both Eaffray and Antinoii were of the Lyceus form, we may conckide that this is emphatically the form of the East and South, as Nircus is of the West. This very beautiful species is common and ■widely spread over Eastern South Africa, wherever native woods extend ; its soutliern and western limit appearing to be Knysna in Cape Colony, where I found it abundantly. It has a rajnd and powerful flight, often soaring over the highest forest trees, but its frequent visits to flowers render it tolerably easy of capture. In the woods Plumbago capensis seemed its principal attraction, and in gardens the flowers of the orange and the common and Indian periwinkles. At D'Urban, Natal, where it attains its largest size and is very numerous, I often took it at rest on leaves of trees at the edges of woods. There appear to be a succession of broods from September to INIay, and I have records of various stragglers taken during the three winter months, but the butterfly is at this season seldom met witli. The paired sexes were captured by Colonel Bowker at King William's Town in November 1S76, and at D'Urban in January 1888. Localities of Papilio Lyceus. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. a. Western Districts. — Knysna and Plettenberg Bay. 6. Eastern Districts. — Uitenhage. Grahamstown, Highlands, and Mitford Park, Albany District. King William's Town. East London {P. Borcherds). Windvogelberg, Queenstown District {G. E. Bulger). D. Kaffraria Proper. — Bashee River (/. H. Bowker). E. Natal. a. Coast Districts. — D'Urban, Mapumulo. "Lower Umkomazi." — J. H. Bowker. h. Upper Districts. — Umqueqa Falls. Greytown. Maritzburg (il/iS5 Colenso and A. Windham). E. Zululand.— Etshowe {A. M. Goodrich and T. VacheU). G. " Swaziland."— The late E. C. Buxton. H. Delagoa Bay. — Lourengo INIarques [Mrs. Monteiro). K. Transvaal. — Lydenburg District {T. Ayres). II. Other African Regions. A. South Tropical. b. Eastern Coast. — River Shire {Rev. H. Waller). ? " Tchouacka, Zanguebar (Bafray)." — Oberthiir — ["Yar. Nireus."] B. North Tropical. bi. Eastern Interior. — Abyssinia, "Lake Tsana (Raffray)," and " Shoa (Antirwri)." — Oberthiir. 313. (U.) Papilio Cenea, Stoll.' (J Papilio Brutus, Godt. (pars), Encyc. Meth., ix, p. 69, n. 122 (1819). „ „ Donov., Nat. Repos., iii. pi. 77 (1825). „ „ Boisd. (pars), Faune Entom. de JNIadag., etc., p. 12 (1833). „ ,, Boisd., Var. A., Spec. Gen. Lep., p. 221, n. 39 (1836). ,, „ Chenu, Encyc. d'Hist. Nat., Pap., pi. 2, f. i (?i852). Papilio Merope, Doubl. and Westw. (pars). Gen. Diurn. Lep., i. p. 13, n. 92 (1846). ^ See some remarks on this species and its allies in vol. i. pp. 38, 39. 244 SOUTH-AFRICA X BUTTERFLIES. Papilio Mero2-)e, G. R. Gray (pars), Cat. Lep. Brit. Mas., Pap., p. 25 (1852). ,, „ Trimen (pars), Rhop. Afr. Aust, i. p. 11 (1862). jj ,, Trimen, in Trans. Linn. Soc, xxvi., tab. 43, f. i (1869). „ J. P. Mausel Weale, Trans. Eut. Soc. Lond., pi. i. f. 3 (1874). $ (Form i), rapilio Cenea, StoU, Suppl. Cramer, Pap. Exot., p. 134, pi. xxix. f. I, lA (1791). Danais Rechila, Godt., Encyc. Metli., ix. p. 183, n. 24 (1819). 1 Papilio Tropho7iius, Westw. (pars), Arc. Entom., i. p. 153 (1845). Papilio Cenea, Douljleday and Westw. (pars). Gen. Diurn. Lep., i. p. 20, n. 255 (1846). „ „ G. R. Gray (pars), op. cit., p. 70, n. 322 (1852). „ ,, Trimen {,$), Rhop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 20, n. 8 (1862). Papilio Merope, Trimen (first form of $ ), in Trans. Linn. Soc, loc. cit., f. 3 (1S69). „ ,, Butler ( $ , Form a), in Trans. Ent. Soc, 1869, p. 275. „ „ Kirby ( ? ), Synon. Cat. Diurn. Lep., p. 563, n. 305 (187 I ). Vakiety. — Papnlio Meropte, Trimen (ist Form of ? var.), in Trans. Linn. Soc, loc. cit., f. 4, and p. 521. Papilio Merope, Butler ( ? , Form aa), in Trans. Ent. Soc, loc. cit., p. 276. $ (Form 2). Papilio Merop>e, Trimen (2nd Form of ?, Hippocoon, Fab., var.), in Trans. Linn. Soc, loc. cit., f. 6 (1869). ? (Form 3). Papilio Trophonius, Westw., "Ann. Nat. Hist., ix. p. 38 (1842)," and Arcan. Entom., i. pi. 39, ff. i, 2 (1845). Papilio Cenea, Doubl. and Westw. ( $ ), Gen. Diurn. Lep., i. p. 20, n. 255 (1846). „ „ G. R. Gray ( ? ), Cat. Lep. Brit. Mus., Pap., p. 70, n. 322 (1852); and List Lep. Brit, Mus., Pap., p. 82, n. 339 (1856). „ ,, Trimen ( $ ), Rhop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 20, n. 8 (1862). Papilio Meroj-ie, Trimen (4th Form of $ ), in Trans, Lmn, Soc, loc. cit., f. 5. „ „ Butler ( $ , Form b = " Merope, true "), in Trans. Ent. Soc, loc. cit., p. 276. Kirby ( ? , Var. b), ojx cit., p. 563, n. 305. ^ and $ (Form 2), Papilio TihuUus, or Merope, Cram., var. 1, Kirby, Proc R. Dublin Soc, 1880, p. 48. $ and $ (Form i), Papilio Cenea, Trimen, Trans. Ent, Soc Lond., 1881, p. 169, pi. ix. flf. I, 2. Larva and Pupa {South African), J. P. Mansel Weale, Trans, Ent. Soc, Lond., 1S74, pp. i33-i34> pl- i- Exp. al, (^) 3 in. 7 liu. — 4 in, 3 lin, ; (?) 3 in. 7 lin. — 4 in, 3 lin.^ $ Very pale creamy sulphur-yelloiu ; fore-vAng vnth a broad Jmid- marginal black border, hind-winy with an irregidar {often broken) discal black band, and black hind-marginal lunidatc marks; a rather broad, 1 Two dwarfed examples, a S and ordinary form of ? , taken at D'Urban, Natal, by Colonel Bowker in August 1878, expand only 3 in. 3 lin. ; and another ? from the same district is only 3 in. 4 lin. across the wings. rAPILIONIN.l^. 245 spatulatc tail of moderate length on third median nervule. Fore-iving : costa with a black border, rather wide from base to a little before middle, thence much narrower till it meets hind-marginal border; the latter broad apically, and enclosing an elongate sub-ovate spot of the ground-colour between fourth and lifth subcostal nervules, but narrow- ing very considerably to posterior angle, — its inner edge usually more or less irregular, and only slightly and unequally dentating the ground- colour on nervules, but in some of the more strongly-marked speci- mens emitting deep and almost regular nervular dentations; along its outer edge on hind-margin itself, a series of very small thin inter- nervular spots of the ground-colour — rarely obsolescent ; middle disco- cellular nervule occasionally marked by a very small black dot or a black line. Hind-iving : discal black hand cxceedinglg variable as regards width and continuity, — when completely continuous, it is always nar- rower between second and third median nervules (where the wider and more complete interval occurs in the interrupted state ; the other interval, less frequent than the first, being between second subcostal and radial nervules) ; inner edge of this baud variably uneven, slightly diffused, sometimes denticulating ground-colour on nervules ; but not unfrequeutly more or less pierced itself by small nervular dentations of the ground-colour ; outer edge always presenting large and promi- nent nervular dentations ; along hind-margin a series of narrow more or less lunulate black markings, which in the most strongly-expressed specimens form a thoroughly continuous serpentine streak (touch- ing on most nervules the outer dentations of discal band, and leaving inter-nervular hind-marginal luuules of ground-colour), but in others are partly or altogether and widely separated ; tail with a median black line of variable definition, and almost always with a thin black edging on each side, — in strongly marked specimens these streaks are more or less diffused and confluent, making more than basal half of the tail black or blackish ; along hind- marginal edge (including tail) a more or less decided tinge of ochre- yellow ; just before anal angle, in discal black band, a small lunate spot of the ground-colour, sometimes very indistinct. Under side. — Hind-wing and borders of fore-wing dull ochrcous-ycllow, — the former paler or omcch paler in basal half, and with disced band represented by fcrruginous-broicn. Fore-wing : costal border more or less blackish inwardly as far as middle, especially at and near base ; from lower radial nervule, the inner side of hind-marginal border is blackish and this dark edging increases in width downward till at posterior angle it occupies all the border- inter-nervular folds sometimes defined by brown rays crossing yellow-ochreous part of border. Hind-wing : throughout marked with more or less distinct inter-nervular brown rays (in some of the more strongly marked specimens becoming blackish and often diffused where crossing discal band) ; three similar but usually thinner and darker longitudinal ravs in discoidal cell, divergent from 246 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. base, — the upper and middle ones having a common stem ; discal band irregularly varied with very pale grey, most prominent between second subcostal and radial nervules (where on upper side occurs usually the wider of the two gaps often met with in discal baud) ; hind-marginal lunulate markings brown ; neuration in the more strongly marked ex- amples dark-brown or blackish except near base. Head and body above black, thorax and abdomen beneath and laterally ochreous-yellow. Head with two large frontal spots, six superior spots, half-ring round eyes, and palpi pale sulphur-yellow. Thorax above with four pale sulphur-yellow spots, — two on prothorax and two (larger) on bases of pterygodes ; legs black, femora pale sul- phur-yellow in front. AMomcn with two rows of black spots on each side (the upper row marking the line of junction of the dorsal blackish and the ventral yellow), and with two black longitudinal streaks beneath. $ (Ccnca, Stoll)."^ Sooty-black, ivith ochreous-ydloiu and white (o/- all white) sjjofs in both loings, and a broad ochreous-yellow ine-mcdian band in hind-ivings. Fore-wing : in discoidal cell, towards its ex- tremity, an oblique, narrow marking, usually with a more or less marked hook at each end, crossing about half the width of cell, white, often tinged inferiorly with ochreous-yellow ; beyond cell, a discal curved row of four spots, — three rather small (third longer than first and second) between third subcostal and third median nervules, — the fourth, much larger, elongate-ovate, between first and second median nervules (sometimes diffusedly extending below first median nervule) ; of these spots, the first is always white, the second and third usually ochreous-yellow, but not rarely whitish or white, and the fourth nearly always ochreous-yellow or pale ochreous-yellow, but sometimes white ; a subapical spot as in $, but white (very rarely wanting) ; a sub- marginal row of three (rarely two) smaller, rounded spots between third median nervule and submedian nervure, usually more or less tinged with ochreous-yellow, but in some specimens quite white ; in some of the white-spotted examples, an indistinct narrow ochreous- yellow mark on inner margin before middle. Hind-unng : ochreous- yellow band somewhat paler and broader in specimens having the spots of the fore-wing white, a little diffused on both inner and outer edges, — the former being not very far from base, and the latter a little beyond middle ; a submarginal series of twelve small spots arranged in inter-nervular pairs, of which ordinarily only the uppermost two are white, while the rest are ochreous-yellow, but in some examples (and always in those which have white-spotted fore-wing) all are white. Under side : Ground-colour of fore-wing blacli, and the pale marJcings in both icings answering to those of upper side ; but ground- colour of hind-iving and apical hind-marginal area of fore-iving lighter or deeper ochreous-broivn, with inter-nervular rays agreeing ivith those ' Mimics Amaurls Echcria, (Stoli). PAPILIONIN.^. 247 0/ $. Fore-wing : disco-cellular streak and all the spots (except the largest discal one) pure white, larger than on upper side, their edges being diffused ; costa narrowly edged with ochreous-brown. ITind- xving : inner edge of pale oclireous-yellow-band ill-defined, the basal dark-brown or ochreous-brown being diffused, — outer edge rather nearer middle, so that the band is narrower than on upper side ; three streaks in cell as in $ ; inter-nervular streaks usually rather faintly marked ; greyish mark between second subcostal and radial nervules (which in ^ answers to ordinary wider break in band of upper side) almost always present (and in the white-spotted examples often con- spicuous), but very faint in two specimens, and wanting in two others ; submarginal spots rather larger than on upper side, all white, and besides the full number of six pairs (which seems not to vary) there is a smaller seventh pair close to anal angle. Coloration and markings of head and body like those of ^, except that the thorax beneath, instead of being uniformly clothed with ochreous-yellow, is black, varied with eight large whitish spots on each side, interspersed with a few orange-oclireous markings ; and that the abdomen is on the sides of a deeper and duller ochreous-yellow. $ Second Form (near Eippocoon, Fah.)} Sooty-black, 'with all the marJcmgs 2ncre-ivhite, and the chief ones in both wings greatly enlarged. Fore-wing : disco-cellular oblique streak and subapical spot as in ordinary %, — the spot sometimes wanting ; instead of the small widely- separated second and third spots of discal row, a broad oblique con- tinuous subapical bar, with which superiorly the first spot of discal row is sometimes incorporated ; instead of the isolated fourth spot a broad patch occupying nearly all inner margin, not entering discoidal cell, but rounded superiorly and rising as far as second median nervule. Hind-wing : band so much widened as to constitute a very large central patch occupying all the area except some very narrow basal black and a broad hind-marginal black border; externally the white patch is deeply pierced by black nervules and also (less conspicuously) by inter-nervular blackish rays ; the remainder of the inter-nervular rays so marked on the under side indistinctly visible. Under side. — Bor- ders of wings sometimes of the same ochreous-brown as in ordinary $, hut usually jJcder, and always narroiuer owing to the broad white mark- ings. Hind-wing : basal brown always very much narrower, and often almost obsolete, — the white extending almost to base itself; exter- nally the M'hite does not extend quite so far as on upper side, except between second subcostal and radial nervules, where it is prolonged into the scarcely distinguishable very pale-greyish mark ; neuration beyond middle black or blackish ; inter-nervular rays and streaks vary- in2 from ochreous-brown to black. Coloration and markings of head and body as in ordinary $, except that the abdomen has the sides much paler and is almost white beneath. ^ ^Limics Ai/iauris dominicanu!', Trim. 2 48 SOUTH- AFRIC AX BUTTERFLIES. $ Third Form {Trophonius, Wostw.).-^ Pattern of Second Fcn'm, hut large patch in both wings tvider, and pale bricJc-red instead of ivhite. Fore-ioing : disco-cellular oblique white streak usually longer and wider ; small subapical white spot rarely well expressed, sometimes very minute, often altogether wanting ; subapical oblique white bar as in Second Form, but sometimes with a creamy-reddish tinge ; inner- margiual brick-red patch usually extending close to base and over median nervure into discoidal cell. Hind-iving : patch usually ex- tending to base itself (but rarely with a very narrow blackish suffusion there), and externally nearer to hind-margin, — its outer edge not so conspicuously marked with dark neuration and inter-nervular rays ; a few of the submarginal spots sometimes tinged with creamy-reddish. Undeu side. — Bo7rlcrs of ivings as iji Second Form ; in other ixsjyects the pattern and coloration of upper side is reproduced, tvith the hrick-rcd rather pcdcr and duller ; dark neuration and inter-nervidar streaks not strongly marked. Coloration and markings of head and body as in ordinary $. In addition to the three prominent and very distinct forms above described, the $ P. Ccnea presents numerous intermediate and other variations, of wliich the following are the principal instances that have come under my notice, viz. : — A. Between Forms i (Cenea) and 2 (analogue of Hippocoon Fab.). a. P. Merope, Butler ( ? , P. Cenea, var.), in Trans. Eyit. Soc., loc. cit., P- ^75- ... This individual is very close to the typical Ceiiea, but in the shape and position of the very restricted i^atch in the hiiul- Aviugs resembles tlie individual (c) following liercunder. — Hah. Grahamstown, Cape Colony. h. P. Cenea, Trim. ( 9 , variation), Trans. Ent. Soc. Land., 1874, y. 150, note. All the upper-side markings in this specimen are white, and though answering to those of the HijjpocooTi-like form, are so reduced and attenuated as (with the single exception of the very much narrowed and dentated subapical bar of the fore- wings) more to resemble those of the white-spotted variety of Cenea. — Hah. Knyana, Cape Colony. c. P. Merope, Trim. ( $ , variation), in Trans. Linn. Soc., loc. cit., f. 2. All the markings in this individual are dull white. The fore- wings have the subapical bar of the Hijypocoon-WkQ form, and an inner-marginal patch strictly intei-mediato in size and shape between those of the latter form and of the Cenea form respec- tively. The patch of the hind-wings is mucli narrowed by a fuscous basal suffusion. — Hah. Tsomo Eiver, Kafharia (/. H. Boivker). d. P. Cenea, Trim. ( $ , variation) [ = P. Merope, peculiar Hippocoun form, J. P. Mansel Weale], Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 144. In the fore-wings botli the subapical white bar and tlie inner- marginal white patch are considerably smaller and narrower than in the ordinary Southern Hip)pocoon, the latter marking ^ Mimics Danais Chrnsippus, (Linn.). PAPILIOXIX.E. 249 being interiorly clouded \vith blackish. It most nearly resem- bles the variation figured in the second plate accompanying my paper in the Linnean Society's 'Transact ioris (vol. xxvi. tab. 43, f. 2), and, like that example, wants the apical spot of the fore-Avings ; but (as far as 1 can make out in its very damaged state) it has more resemblance to Hi2:)pocoo7i in the wider white space of the hind-wings. — Hab. King William's Town, Cape Colony. e. Two specimens near the simple variation of ordinary 9 > but having all the white spots of the fore-wing considerably enlarged, as well as the ochreous-yellow mark on inner margin before middle ; while the ochreous-yellow band of the hind-wing is increased to a patch as large as in the Hi2^pocoo7i-\\kQ Second Form. — Hab. Delagoa Bay {Mrs. Moiiteiro). f. An example like ordinary $ in all respects, except that in fore-wing it has a continuous white subapical bar as in Second Form, and that in hind-wing the ochre-yellow band (though scarcely extending beyond middle) reaches almost to base itself. — Ilab. King "Wil- liam's Town {J. H. Bowlder). g. An individual like the last (/") in the suba[)ical bar, but differing in that there is a good-sized very pale-yellow inner-marginal marking on fore-wing, and that the large discal spot is white, and diffusedly extended downward so as almost to meet it. — Hab. Delagoa Bay {Mrs. Monteiro). B. Between Forms 2 (analogue of Hippocoon^ Fab.) and 3 {Trophonius, Westw.). h. P. Merope, Trim. (9, variation), in Trans. Linn. Soc, loc. cit., p. 510, note. This specimen and another received in 1884 have the ordinary markings of the forms which they link, excepting that the patch of the hind-wings, though not obscured at the base, is de- cidedly narrower. All the markings are tinged with faint, dull, ochreous-yellow. — Hab. St. Lucia Bay (the late Colonel H. Tower), and Delagoa Bay {Mrs. Monteiro). C. Form 3 {Troplwniiis, Westw.). i. P. Genea, Trim. (9, variation), Trans. Ent. Soc. Loud., 1874, p. 153- . This example has the subapical bar of the fove-wings consider- ably broader than usual, and yellowish brick-red instead of white. The field of red common to both wings differs from that ordinarily presented in being darker (inclining to ferru- ginous) and smaller, in the fore-wings not reaching to the median nervure, and clouded with fuscous between that nervure and the submedian nervure. — Hab. Bathurst, Cape Colony {3Iiss M. Barber). Larva. — " ist Stage. Black, with white filamentous tubercles on second segment and anal segment. " 2d Stage. Two pairs of filamentous tubercules on same segments, the first and last pair longest ; a white transverse lunular band, con- nected with the head laterally, across sixth and seventh segments. Laterally a broad white band above spiracles. Last two segments whitish. "From this growth to the last change but one, the filamentous 250 SOUTH- AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. tubercles grow longer, and the ground colour changes from greenisli- brown to greenish, and the white markings grow less distinct. " Full-grown Larva. — Bluish-green, like larva of PliUognoma Va~ ranes. Tubercles very short, those next head yellowish, on anal segment whitish ; very much like a slug in shape. Y-like organ crimson-lake at base, tapering to greenish-white. On fourth segment, two small black spots, bordered by a narrow white line ; sixth and seventh segments festooned with delicate whitish zigzag lines. A double row of bluish- white dots along back. Lateral borders above spiracles white. Head and true legs green, false legs pale-ochreous. I5 to i|- inch long." "feeds on Vcpris lanccolata." — J. P. Mansel Weale. Pupa. — Anteriorly much attenuated, but about middle greatly ex- panded laterally ; posteriorly tapering rather abruptly to a point. Inferior side strongly convex, especially about broadest part of wing- covers ; superior side moderately concave from tail to disco-thoracic prominence, which is acute but not much elevated ; lateral line along expansion forming a thin sharp ridge. Head very prominent ; the two ordinary points not being divergent, but directed straight forward with their inner edges closely contiguous, so as to form a single forward pro- jection tapering together to one point. Bright yellowish-green on back and rather dull-green on under side. Along back, a median whitish-ferruginous streak, commencing with a small spot on thoracic elevation, and gradually becoming slightly wider and better defined until it reaches anal extremity. On each side of this streak on fifth abdominal segment, a subquadrate reddish- white sj)ot, external to which is a dot of the same colour (the second and most apparent in a longitudinal row of four). Expansion of lateral margin bounded by yellow (here and there varied with whitish-ferru- ginous) along the ridge separating the dorsal and ventral aspects, from head to tail. Spiracles situated just above this thin lateral ridge. On ventral aspect a narrow longitudinal yellow streak defines the line of the median convex ridge. On wing-covers, besides some very fine pale lines indicating the neuration, some similar transverse lines on each side of median streak. On sixth segment of abdomen, on each side of median streak, a sub-ovate whitish ferruginous spot. Length, i in. 3^ and I in. 4^ lin. ; greatest width (across third abdominal segment) 6 lin. ; greatest depth (at junction of second and third abdominal seg- ments) from breast to back 4 lin. and 5 lin. (Described from two pujite forwarded by Mr. J. P. Mansel Weale from the neighbourhood of King William's Towni.) Mr. Weale (loc. cit., p. 134) observes "that the larva about to pupate generally fixes its anal legs below the axil of a leaf-stalk, and fastens itself below sixth " [actually metathoracic] " segment with a double thread to the petiole." In this position the ventral or under side of the pupa, which is darker than the dorsal or upper side, is PAriLIONIN.E. 251 uppermost ; and the general resemblance of the insect to the leaflets of its food-plant, which in outline is very remarkable, is thus completed, V. lanceolata having the leaflets darker above and paler below. Mr. Weale further points out that such minutite as the more glossy upper surface of the leaflets, the slight inilexion of their margins, the slightly ferruginous tint of the mid-rib, and the reticulated venation, are all to some extent imitated in this chrysalis. The modifications of shape and outline which combine with the colouring to complete this deceptive resemblance are unusually great, when the pupa is compared with those of other species of rainlio. Not only is the whole pupa much flattened, and the convexity of the ventral and pectoral region balanced by an unusual concavity of the dorsal region (with almost a suppres- sion of the dorso-thoracic prominence), but the development and ex- pansion of the lateral longitudinal ridges is very pronounced. Tiie cephalic projections, however, exhibit the most unique form. If these had retained the customary conspicuous divergence into two promi- nent processes, as in P. Dcmolcus, P. Lyceus, &c., it is obvious that the general resemblance to a leaf would have been greatly lessened, and the object of concealment to some extent frustrated. These projections are, however, brought closely together, so that their inner edges touch throughout their length to the very extremity, and their outer edges converge to a common point ; and in this manner the top of the leaf is accurately represented. P. Cema is a very near ally of P. Merope, Cram. (Paj). Ewt., tab. 151, A, B, and 378 D, e), from West Africa,^ and it was not until 1873 that I became convinced that the two forms should be treated as distinct species. As regards the 6 , Ccnca is to be distinguished by its shorter wings, darker and more rufescent under-side colouring, shorter tail on hind-wings, much fainter inter-nervular dark rays on the under side in both fore and hind wings, and broader and more con- tinuous (ferruginous-ochreous, not fuscous) discal band on the under side of the hind-wings. With respect to the $ s, the first or ordinary Southern form {Cenea, Stoll) — which is imitative of a Southern species of Panaincc, Amauris Echcria — appears to have no analogue in Tropical West Africa ; but the much rarer sccojid form is very like the ordinary West-Coast $ Mcropc named by Fabricius P. Hippocoon, being separable very readily, however, by its smaller size, shorter wings, narrower sub- apical white bar in the fore-wings, and much larger white patch in the hind-wings. The equally scarce third form {Troplwnius, Westw.) was evidently originally figured from a Southern example ; and its appar- ently rare Western analogue, figured by Hewitson {Exot. Butt., iv. Papilio xii. f. 40), presents as regards the fore-wings a broader, more oblique, almost wholly brick-red subapical bar, but (unlike the form Hippocooii of the same region) has quite as broad a patch in the hind- ^ Fabricius' name oi Brutus waf5 given to the same butterfly in 17S1, two years later than Cramer's publication of his earlier figures (vol. ii.). 252 SOUTH- AFRIC AX BUTTERFLIES. wings as Trophonius exhibits, and is little if at all larger than the latter.^ As I j-tointed out in 1873 {Trans. Ent. Sue. Zond., 1874, jo. 149), the circumstances under which the several forms and variations of this most interesting Papilio occur in South Africa do not warrant the assignment of certain variations of the $ to separate ^ forms proposed by Mr. Butler {op. cit., 1869, p. 275). The ^ s, not only from the same district, or from the same locality, but even from the same wood, vary indefinitely as to their black markings witliin certain limits. An instance of this is given by seven examples reared by Mr. Weale from larvae of one season found in the same spot." I possess five examples, taken by Mrs. Barber, Mr. F. Barber, jun., and myself, in the same little copse at Highlands, near Grahanistown, which present great variation in the discal upper-side band of the hind-wings,'^ and a notice- able difference in the width of the hind-marginal band of the fore- wings, as well as in the dentation of its interior edge. A very remark- able specimen, taken by Mrs. Barber at the mouth of the Kleinemond River, recalls, in the character of the spots which represent the hind- wing bands, the ordinary West- African ^, but is also signalised by a very narroio hlacJc border to the fore-v:ings, only slightly denticulated on its inner edge. The other extreme form in the Southern ^ is that described by Mr. Butler under the head of " (aa.) Cenca, var.," from ^ The explanation of this discrepancy seems obvious. The Western Ilippocoon closely mimics the largest of Western Danaides (Amauris Niavius), which has a small white patch in hind-winj^'s ; while Trojihonius is modified in imitation of the considerably smaller iJanais Chri/slppits, in which nearly the whole field of hind-wings is brick-red. In both the Western and Southern Troplwnius form of ? the subapical bar of fore-wings is sometimes almost as red as the other markings. This variation appears to be in imitation of the Dorippus variety of Danais Chryslppus. Another remarkable form of the ? is that named by Doubleday {Gen. Dlurn. Lcp., pi. 3, f. 4), P. Dionysos. It is peculiar to Western Africa, and, in company with the curious allied variation figured by Mr. Hewitson {loc. cit., i. 39), is of high interest, not only as combining the features of Hippocoon and TropJwnius, but as indicating, in its possession of merely a trace of black between the white subapical bar and inner-marginal space of the fore-wings, the mode in which (as suggested by me in the Transactions of the Linnean Society, loc. cit., with reference to the ? Meriones of Madagascar}, the extraordinary modification of the fore-wing markings of the ? s was most probably initiated. Dionysos is, in fact, of all tlie West- African ? s, the least profoundly modified form as compared with tlie i . All the Western ? s, like the passing on after making " two or three dips M'ith half-closed wings." Mr. Weale further records that "as the afternoon draws on the females leave their retiring spot and flutter slowly about, sometimes coming out into the open, but more appa- rently to show themselves than for the sake of food. On one occasion I saw four males busily courting a female, but unfortunately I disturbed them." The ? is always, as far as I have observed, much slower on the wing than the ^ , and stays much longer at the flowers she visits. I noticed at Knysna that she specially afiected the small white flowers of a low-growing labiate. The brown and ochre-yellow colouring of the under side of P. Cenea serves well to protect the butterfly from observation when at rest among withered foliage. Mrs. Barber, at the beginning of the year 1871, was fortunate enough to observe this protective resemblance in nature, and sent me the following note on the subject, viz. : — " I caught a fine Merope with my finger and thumb the other day. It was just beginning to rain, and, though it w^as not late, Merojje thought proper to seek a resting-place, which he Avisely chose upon a shrub which resembled his own under-side colouring. It was a splendid match. When he closed his wings among the yellow and brown seeds and flowers of the shrub, no bird would ever have distinguished him. I had no net with me, and my first attempt was a failure. However, the butterfly took a turn round the neigh- bourhood, examined several other shrubs (which he found were not so good, I suppose), and eventually returned to the same perch." The mimicry of Amauris Echeria, A. dominicanus, and Danais Chrysippus respectively by the three forms of the ? is very apparent. It is closest in the first of these, the simulation of Echeria by the smaller specimens of the ordi- nary 9 (Cenea, Stoll) being exact to deception, but is quite near enough to be effectual in the two others, as I have noticed at Knysna and D'Urban respectively. ^ The late Mr. Hewitson has put on record {Ent. M. Mag., 1S74, p. 113) his receipt from Fernando Po of P. Me7-ope and P. Ilippocoon, captured in copula by Mr. Rogers. PAriLioNiN.T:. 255 The range of the species beyond South Africa is not clearly known, but as it occurs ((J of continuous-banded marking, and $ of Ilippocoon-Vika form) at Zanguebar and Zanzibar, it is not improbable that it is native to the inter- veni°ig country north of Delagoa Bay. ]\Iany years ago I noted a ^ Meropc, brought by Mv. II. Waller from ^Nlouiit jMorambala, on the Kiver Shire, an important lower tributary of the Zambesi, but did not record whether it agreed with the more Southern examples. Localities of Pnpilio Cenca, I. South Africa. B. Cape Colon}'. a. Western Districts. — Oakhurst, George District {Sir A. Scott). Knysna and Plettenborg Bay. b. Eastern Districts. — Kleinemond River, Bathurst District (H. J. Atherstone and Miss M. Barber). King William's Town {W. S. M. U Urban and /. P. Mansel Weale). Grahamstown. Sey- mour, Stockenstrom District (TF. G. Scull 1/). Fort Warden, Kei River {J. H. Boicker). D. Kaffraria Proper. — Bashee River and jManubie Forest [J. H. Boioker). " Baziya {Baur and Hartmann)." — Moschler. E. Natal. a. Coast Districts.— D' Urban. Tongaati River. Pinetown (/. H. Boicl-er). " Lower Umkomazi." — J. H. Bowker. b. Upper Districts.— ]\raritzburg {Colonel Scott, R.A.). F. Zululand.— Etshowe {T. Vachell). St. Lucia Bay (the late Colond Tower). H. Delagoa Bay. — Lourengo Marques (Mrs. Monteiro). II. Other African Regions. A. South Tropical. b. Eastern Coast. — Zanzibar.— Coll. W. Distant. Zanguebar {R. P. Le Roy). 314. (15.) Papilio Echerioides, Trimeu. S Papilio Messalina, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 329^^(1866). (J <} Papilio Echerioides, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 72, n. 2, pi. vi. fF. I, 2. Xvjy. cd., ($) 3 in. 3-6 lin.; (?) 3 in. 3-8 lin.' $ Black, loith a common transverse yellovnsh-iohite land, regularly interrupted in fore-iuing hict continuous {and much wider) in Jiind-iving ; a row of yellowish-iohite spots on hind-margin of hind-wing. Fore- wing : band discal, commencing near apex, and composed of eight very distinct well-separated spots, gradually increasing in size (both verti- cally and longitudinally) from the first irregularly-ovate small spot between fourth and fifth subcostal nervules to the seventh between first median nervule and submedian nervure ; the eighth (inner mar- ginal) is nearly as long as the seventh, but not half as broad, and only ^ A dwarf S expands only 2 in. 9 Hn., another 2 in. 10 lin., and a dwarf 9 only 2 in, 8 lin. All three examples are from the Tsomo River. 256 SOUTn-AFRICAX BUTTERFLIES. separated from It by black nervure ; the sexual discal coating of hairs somewhat woolly, specially apparent on median and radial nervules separating spots of band ; cilia with very minute white inter-nervular dots, except just below apex, where a very small white spot on hind- marginal edge (between third and fourth subcostal nervules) with adjoining white cilia is rather conspicuous. Hind-win{i : band median, but nearer to base than to hind-margin, its inner edge sharply defined, nearly straight, — its outer edge somewhat beyond middle, rather dif- fused, pierced slightly by black inter-nervular rays ; a series of six conspicuous, moderate-sized, more or less rounded spots (each crossed by inter-nervular fold), usually touching, but sometimes just separate from, white marks of cilia, which are very much larger than in fore- wing ; the first and second of the hind-marginal spots smaller than the rest. Under side. — Outer half of hind-wing and apiccd area of fore- iving dark ochreous-hroiLm ; in hind-wing, median hand greatly reduced, and space between it and base dull yellow-ochreous tvith black markings. Fore-iving : ground brownish-fuscous ; most spots of band larger, on each side more rounded, less widely separated than on upper side, — the second spot almost obsolete and (together with the first, which is indistinctly defined) confused with some oblique greyish-white ill- defined apical clouding; subcostal nervure at base edged beneath by white scaling. Hind-iving : band greatly narrowed, its outer half (except on costa) being obscured by pale-brownish, and further pierced by inter-nervular brown rays and marked by two brown striae in dis- coidal cell ; basal yellow-ochreous with the crossing nervures, a rounded spot, and thick end of ray between costal and subcostal nervures, a three-branched disco-cellular streak, and thick ends of rays on each side of subraedian nervure, all black ; a small white spot at origin of median and submedian nervures ; just above radial nervule, about midway between end of cell and hind-margin, an ovate whitish spot, variable in size and definition ; hind-marginal spots much smaller than on upper side, — the third distinctly elongated in direction of discal spot, and the lower ones usually distinctly divided by blackish inter- nervular rays. Head and body above black. Head with basal and terminal joints (hirsute) of palpi, a pair of frontal and three pairs of vertical spots, and a spot outwardly edging each eye, yellowish-white. Thorax above with two pairs of similar spots on prothorax, and another pair (larger and hirsute) on pterygodes ; breast black, with nine or ten large ochre- yellow, yellowish, and yellowish-white spots on each side ; legs black, with the femora whitish or yellowish in front. Abdomen laterally dusky-brownish ; inferiorly pale-yellowish or yellowish-white, with two parallel longitudinal streaks and segmental incisions black. ^ Quite unlike ^, closely resembling ordinary ^ of Papilio Cenea, Stoll, and, like it, mimicking Amauris Ucheria, Stoll, Brownish-black with white spots; hijid-tving with a pale ochreous-yelloiu broad band {or PAPTLIOXIX.E. 257 rather patch Icforc middle) Fore-wing: the following white spots, viz., in discoidal cell, not far from extremity, and adjoining subcostal nervure, a short oblique white mark of variable size and shape (but always much smaller than in P. Ccnca, and sometimes almost obsolete) ; beyond cell a short oblique subapical bar crossed by upper radial ner- vule ; a large ovate spot below cell, between second and first median nervules (its upper edge sometimes extending beyond second median nervule) ; a subapical hind-marginal spot as in $, but very much larger ; and a submarginal series of four similar spots between first radial nervure and subniedian nervure. Hiiid-vnng : central band or patch (rarely dull yellowish-white) considerably wider than in ^, except costally (where it is much narrower) and inner-marginally (where it is rather narrower), — its inner edge being nearer base, and its outer edge much more rounded ; hind-marginal spots white, larger than in $, the lower ones usually not quite so close to marginal edge, and sometimes a small additional spot close to anal angle. Under SIDE. — As in $, except for the totally different white marks of the fore- wing, which agree ivith those of the iqiper side, hut are rather larger. Fore-iving : uppermost spot of submarginal row of four obsolete. Hind-wing : basal ochreous-yellow narrower than in $ ; some indistinct greyish-white scaling between discal white spot and third spot of hind- marginal row ; of the latter the second and fourth spots are often very small and obsolescent, and rarely wanting altogether. In the dwarf $ above noted, all the usually white spots are of the same pale ochreous-yellow as the hind-wing patch, except that the marginal ones are rather paler. Head and body marked and coloured as in ^, except that the sides and back of abdomen are not so dark. As regards the $ P. Eeherioides differs from its near ally the West-African P. Cynorta, Fab. {Zeryntius, Boisd.), as follows, viz. : ( i ) The macular band of the fore-wing is much narrower, its inner edge being at some distance from discoidal cell, and its outer edge much farther from hind-margin ; (2) this band is uninterrupted, the sepa- rate spots gradually widening from its origin, while in Cynorta it is abruptly interrupted, the second spot being absent or quite obsole- scent, and the third very large; (3) the outer contour of the band is slightly concave instead of convex, and the component spots are nar- rower and less blunt internally, the separating black rays being broader ; (4) in the hind-iving, the continuous band is usually nar- rower, its inner edge being further from the base, while its outer edge is almost even, instead of being sharply and regularly dentated by the inter-nervular rays; and (5) the hind-marginal spots are a conspicuous difference, being either very small or (oftener) altogether wanting in Cynorta. On the under side, in the fore-iuing, (6) the inner edge of the band is rather farther from the discoidal cell than it is on the upper side, whereas in Cynorta it is so close as partly to touch the VOL. III. B 258 SOUTII-AFEICAX BUTTERFLIES. extremity of the cell ; (7) the small whitish spot in the upper part of the cell, near its extremity, sometimes found in Cynorta, is wanting ; 1 in the Mnd-ving, (8) the basal ochreous is darker and more rufous in tint, extending farther costally ; (9) the band is considerably narrower, its inner edge not so even, the brownish clouding of its outer border better defined ; (10) the inter-nervular rays are not so strongly marked ; (11) the discal whitish spot is not found in Cynorta. It is also to be noted that Echerioides is considerably the larger of the two species. The $ s of these two very similar ^ s are surprisingly different, for while that sex in P. Echerioides (as mentioned above) so closely mimics Amauris Eeheria as to be in life indistinguishable from the ^ P. Ccnca, the ^ of Cynorta (described by Westwood under the name of Boisduvcdliamis ") closely copies the very differently marked Planema Gea, (Fab.) $, — a well-known native of Western Africa. The feature common to these two $ s — by which the collector can at once distin- guish Eelicrioidcs from Cenca — is the ochre-yellow black-spotted basal patch on the under side of the hind-wings. This character is in the ^ s of Cynortet and Echerioides even more developed than in the $ s, and is in direct mimicry of the Planema ; and its continued existence in the $ Echerioides — wdiich mimics a Danaine butterfly not possessing this peculiar marking — points to the inference that mimicry of the Plencma group was in both these Papilioiies the earlier tendency, and has only more recently been diverted in the direction of Amauris in the case of the Southern species. Archdeacon Ivitton, of King William's Town, first brought this interesting Papilio to my notice, having in April 1863 forwarded a $ example captured by him in the Perie Bush.^ Colonel Bowker in 1865 found the butterfly numerously in the Sogana and Boolo Forests, near the Tsomo River in Ivaffaria, and sent me a number of specimens of both sexes, including two pairs taken in copula. He noted that there were two broods in the year, one in November, not lasting for more than about four weeks, and the other in January, continuing to appear until far into March. " The ^ s," he wrote, " take a constant course through the forest, returning regularly by the same route ; while tlie $ s keep about the place, but fly at a lower elevation, and do not appear to take the rounds of the $ s. The sexes disappeared together at the end of November, and did not appear again until early in January, when they both came out on the same day. When the $ and 5 meet, they whirl about together among the tops of plants m the forest, and as soon as united, disappear down under the leaves." I only once chanced upon living Echerioides, on the 8th March 1867, in highdying woods at Tunjumbili, on the Tugela border of Natal. The $ s were tolerably numerous, but I saw only two $ s, and at first mistook one of them for P. Cenca. The flight of the insects quite confirmed Colonel Bowker's 1 A single example from Natal has a very faint trace of this spot in each fore-wing. 2 Strong evidence of the species-identity of Cynorta and Boisdiivalliamis was adduced in 1878 by the late Mr. D. G. Rutlierford, who exhibited at the June meeting of the Ento- mological Society of London a specimen showing on the left side the wing-markings of Cynorta, and on the right side those of BoisduraUkmus. 2 This specimen reached me in a very damaged state ; and I erroneously referred it to P. Messalina, Stoll, and so recorded it in Bhopaloccra Africce AustraHs, ii. p. 329. IIESPERID.E. 259 description, the ^ s coursing rather rapidly and irregularly over the underwood, wliile the ? s hovered flatteringly near the ground, and often settled on leaves. The species seems hy no means generally distributed in forest tracts, evidently preferring, if not being limited to, woods lying at some elevation. Several examples have been sent to mo by Mr. T. Ay res from the Eastern Transvaal. Localities of Papilio Echcrioides. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. h. Eastern Districts. — King WiUiam's Town {Archd. Kitton). D. Kaffraria Proper. — Tsomo River (/. //. Boicher). E. Xatal. b. Uiiper Districts. — Tunjumbili, Tugela River. K. Transvaal. — Lydenberg District {T. Ay res). II. Other African Regions. K North Tropical. a. Western Coast. — " Cameroon Mountains ; Bonjongo (BucJihoh)." — Plotz.i Family V.— HESPERID.E. ffesperides, Latreille, "Cons. Gen. Crust. Arachn. et Ins. (1810) ;" Encyc. Meth., ix. p. 706 (18 1 9), [excl. Urania]. Hesperidce, Leach, " Samouelle's Comp., p. 242 (18 19). " Hesperides, Boisduval, Sp. Gen. Lep., i. p. 167 (1836). Hesperidce, Swainson, Hist, and Nat. Arr. Ins., p. 97 (1840). HesperiidcB, Westwood, Intr. Mod. Class. Ins., ii. p. 360 (1840) ; and Gen. Diurn. Lep., ii. p. 505 (1852). Hesperidce, Trimen, Ehop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 285 (1866). Hes2)eriina, Herrich-Schiiffer, Corresp.-Blatt. Zool.-Min. Ver. Regensb., 1869, pp. 28 and 50. Urhicoloi (Fab.), Scudder, Bull. Buff. Soc. Nat. Sci., 1874, p. 195. Hesperiina, Plotz, Stett. Ent. Zeit., 1879, p. 175 ; and Mitth. Nat. Ver. Neu-Yorpomm. u. Rligen, 1884, p. i. Hesperiidce, Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 366 (1886). Imago. — Head i-cry Iroad ; eyes large, very prominent, smooth; paliJi set apart from each other, broad, thick, short, appressed to face, densely clothed with scales and hair on basal and middle joints, — ter- minal joint very slender, usually very short (often minute and almost hidden by hair of middle joint), clothed with extremely fine and short appressed hairs ; antennce wide apart at origin, ivith a more or less elongate eluh, usucdli/ curved, often rejlexed or attenuated into a slender hooked tip ; haustcUum (maxillcc) much elongated ; usually a compact tuft or pencil of stiff hairs hetiveen base of each antenna and margin of eye. Thorax usually very robust, sometimes broader than head. Wings ^ This is probably p. Zoroastrcs, Druco (Ent. M. Mag., 1S78, p. 226), from Fernando Po, described as nearly allied to P. Echcrioides, but larger and with the bands pure white ( i ). 26o SOUTH-AFEICAN BUTTERFLIES. small, thick ; fore-wings usually more or less elongated apically ; sub- costal nervure five-branched, — nervules all near together, originating at about equal distances apart, the fifth {and sometimes the fourth also) given off at extremity of discoidal cell (in Cychpides the first nervule in some species is very short, and runs into costal nervure) ; upper radial ner- vule orif'inating close to fifth subcostal at extremity of cell, — lovxr one more or less attenuated, springing from junction of disco-cellular ner- vules; discoidal cell long and narrow, the closing nervules very slender ; first median 7icrvidc often given off not far from base. Hind- ivings short and blunt apically, longer, and usually more or less pro- minent or lobate (rarely broadly and lengthily caudate) about anal anrfle ; a longitudinal fold betiveen sid)median and internal nervures ; subcostal nervure usually angulated near base, so as to touch costal ner- vure and to shut off fro7n discoidal cell a small prediscoidal cell; disco- cellular nervules exceedingly attenuated, sometimes imperceptible ; radial nervule much atrophied, occasioncdly wanting, — the space between second subcostal nervule and third median nervule being always nar- row ; interned nervure very long, extending to anal angle. Legs per- fect in both sexes ; fore-legs only differing from the others in their much shorter tibias, which bear inwardly (except in Cychpides) beyond middle a flattened acute appendage or spur ; hind-legs almost ahvays hearing, besides tcrmincd spurs, a pair of similar (often shorter) spurs beyond middle ; all the tarsi long and stout, more or less spinulose inferiorly, their terminal claws and appendages small. Abdomen attenuated posteriorly, usually short (especially in $), seldom as long as inner margin of hind-wings, and very rarely longer. Larva. — Elongate, cylindrical, markedly attenuated anteriorly (tho- racic segments) ; head large, much widened superiorly. Usually naked, but sometimes thinly hairy. Pupa. — Elongate, rounded (rarely sub-angulated bluntly anteriorly); head with a median frontal more or less elongate acute projection; haustellum-case sometimes freely extending beyond wing-cases to a point far past extremity of abdomen. Attached by tail and by a free silken girth round middle, and also usually enclosed by other silken threads or in an imperfect open thin web. As may be seen from the characters italicised in the foregoing diag- nosis, the HesperidK constitute a family very distinct from all other butterflies; their structure is indeed so peculiar, and in the main so constant, that they seem almost entitled to rank as a Sub-Order of the Lepidoptera. It is very noteworthy that, although their most striking characters — such as the large head, wide apart antenna, and four- spurred tibiae of the hind-legs— certainly approximate them to moths (Heterocera) generally,^ it is not found, upon close examination, that the 1 The S of the Australian Euschemon Rafflesia (Macleay)— an unquestionable Hesperide — alone possesses the striking Heterocerous feature of a fully-developed bristle and loop linking the fore and hind wings near the base. (See vol. i. p. IS-) HESPEKID.^. 261 Hcspcridce are nearly related to any particular lleterocerous group or family. Tlie connection so long supposed — from the resemblance of the antennae and general fades — to exist between them and the singular moths of the Castnia group has been proved illusory, as no wider disparity in the whole Order can be found than that shown by the simple almost unbrauched condition of the neuration of the wings in the Hcspcridcc and its highly complicated arrangement in Castnia and allied forms/ Throughout the Hespcridce the peculiar neuration is so remarkably constant, that it aflbrds little or no means for discriminat- ing genera ; and even Speyer, who has published ^ by far the most thorough investigation on this portion of the structure of the family that has yet appeared, is constrained to regard as the most momentous point for observation so slight a matter as the position of the lower radial nervule in the fore- wings, viz., whether it originates exactly mid- way between the upper radial and third median nervules, or nearer to one or the other of them. In strong contrast to the constancy of the wing-neuration is the irregularity with which the numerous secondary sexual characters pre- sented by the $ Hcs2Kridai are distributed. Tliese conspicuous badges, consisting of a long costal or discal groove or fold, lined with peculiarly formed scales in the fore- wings ; a felt-like patch of scales in the same wings ; a tuft or pencil of very long stiff hairs on the tibi^ of the hind pair of legs, or on the coxee of the front pair ; a very dense stiff fringe of hairs and scales on the tibifB and part of the tarsi of the first pair of legs ; a great enlargement of the first joint of the tarsi of the hind pair, or a pair of long curved appendages attached to the thorax pos- teriorly on the under side ; — occur or are totally wanting in species which are so intimately related as to be unquestionably congeneric. The characters of most value in this extremely difficult group (apart from the rarely-occurring absence of such salient ones as the additional pair of spurs on the hind-tibise, the solitary spur on the fore- tibiae, or the extra-antenual tufts on the head), are those presented by the clavation of the antennae, and by the terminal joint of the palpi. Beyond these, one has to depend on such general features as the rela- tive robustness and length of the body, the size and shape of the wings, and the particular pattern of markings and system of colouring. It is most probable that when this entire Family has been as thoroughly studied as the few Palaearctic members of it have been by Speyer,^ a large proportion of the very numerous proposed and tacitly accepted genera will be no longer recognised ; for in no group of the Lepidoptera has there been more random and careless creation of generic names. The most moderate of recent writers on the Hcspcrida% Herrich-Schiiffer, tabulated 34 genera in 1869; Mr. W. F. Kirby's ^ See Westwood, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., Second Serie?, Zool., i. p. 155, &c., pi. 2S-33 (1877). - Stctt. Ent. Zcit., 1879, p. 477, &c. 2 Stdt. Ent. Zcit., 1S7S and 1879. 262 SOUTil-AFEICAN BUTTEKFLIES. Catalogue (1871-77) gave 60 ; and the late C. PloLz recognised (i 886) no fewer than 6"], The large broad head and narrow neck of the Hesperide larvae give them a very different aspect from the caterpillars of other butterflies ; but they are in most cases not easily discoverable, owing to their habit of living and feeding in leaves which they roll or curl up by means of silken threads, much after the manner practised by the larvae of moths of the Tortrix tribe. The chrysalis state is usually assumed within leaves so curled ; and besides the ordinary attachments, there are often various enclosing threads and a slight cocoon. In comparison with other groups of butterflies, the Hesj^cridcc exhibit a very limited area of wing-surface, and this makes them appear to be much smaller insects than on observing their large bodies they prove to be. In this respect, and, to a certain extent, in the slender hooked termination of their antenna3,they bear some resemblance to many of the Spliingcs (hawk-moths), which, too, they approach in the great length of their trunk. The largest of them, the AVest- African Hesperia IpJiis, the Indian Erionota Thyrsis $, the Central- American Pyrrliopyga spatiosa, and the South-American Goniloba Astylos, do not expand across the fore-wings much more than three inches ; but the bodies of these species equal in bulk those of the largest Charaxcs. Many exten- sive genera, however, such as the South-American Hudavius, Goniloha, Tamyris, and Proteidcs, and the Old- World Hesperia {Ismene, auct.), consist almost entirely of species expanding from two to two and one- third inches ; but the majority of the Family is of smaller stature, with an expanse ranging from three-fourths of an inch to an inch and a half. The minimum size is exhibited by the South- American Ancyloxy- pha mclanoneura, Felder, and the South African Fyrgus nanus, Trim., scarcely exceeds this in the smaller male examples. There is not much variety in the shape of the wings, except in the case of many species of Eudamus, where the hind-wings have a great (in some instances very great) prolongation, broad and ending bluntly, at the anal an^le. In Caprona, some species of Pterygospidea, and especially in Hellas and Achylodcs, the hind-wings are more or less angu- lated, and in parts excised, and in the genera last named the apex of the fore- wings has an acute projection. For the greater part, the Hesjjendco are not brightly coloured, and glittering or metallic hues are of extreme rarity among them. The prevalent ground-colour is brown of a darker or lighter shade, and spaces or spots of ochre-yellow are very frequent. Very many are marked with transparent or semi-transparent spots or macular bands. There exists, however, a considerable proportion of more gaily-tinted species ; the South-American genus Tamyris {PyrrJiop>yga, auct.) stand- ing first in the varied colouring of its members, — of which T. versicolor, Latr., with its red, blue, and yellow markings, is perhaps the most striking. Metallic blue and areeu occur in several of the Gonilobce IIESPERIDJ-:. 263 (such as G. McrcatiLs, (Fab.), Alcdor, Fekl. &c.), and arc still more developed in the West- African Hespcria Bmce, (L.), and Chalyhe, Westw. ; and submetallic similar hues adorn Ahantis Zamhcsina and 'imradisca, of Tropical and Extra-Tropical Southern Africa. The New World is the metropolis of this family, about two-thirds of the recorded species and a majority of the genera being peculiar to it. Even North America (Extra-Tropical), which is poor in butter- flies generally, has yielded over 1 00 species — mostly belonging, how- ever, to the two genera Fampldla and Mson lacks. Tropical America has produced nearly three-fifths of the known species. The Talaiarctic region is exceedingly poor in HesjJeridce, the researches of very many collectors and of lepidopterists having resulted in a series of 46 species only, of whicli 28 belong to Europe proper. Next to but far behind the overwhelmingly rich Neo-Tropical region comes the Oriental, which appears to have produced considerably over 200 species; while under half this number are noted as inhabiting the Australian region. Africa and its islands do not hitherto seem to have yielded more than about 1 60 species, the majority of which are only known to me by Plotz's brief descriptions. The South-African list embraces 64, thus distributed among the following genera, viz. : — Cijclopidcs 9, Pyrgiis 14, TliymcHcus 7, PamphUa 12, Ancyloxypha 3, Ahantis (including Lcucochitonca, Wallengren) 5, Caprona 2, Ftcrygo- spidea 7, and Rcspcria ( = Ismcne, Swainsou) 5. None of these genera are peculiar to the Ethiopian region except Ahantis and Caprona, but these two do not appear to be represented north of the Equator. Thirty of the sixty-four South-African species at present seem to be peculiar to the Extra-Tropical area, but this number will probably be reduced when the South-Tropical belt is better explored by collectors. The flight of the Hesperidoi is very peculiar ; though always swift, and usually of great velocity, it is exceedingly short, being continually arrested by the abrupt settling of the insect. This curious action on the wing has gained for the few species inhabiting England the common name of " Skipper." When resting, these butterflies exhibit various modes of holding the wings, some — such as Cydopidcs, Hespcria, and Paynpihila — having their wings either quite erect in the ordinary manner, or with the hind-wings partly open ; others {Caprona, Ptcry- gospidea, &c.), keeping all the wings fully expanded; and Tamijris, according to Swainson,^ sitting with wings lowered, but (as in some species of Papilio) so that the fore-wings overlap and almost conceal the hind-wings. As mentioned above (vol. i. p. 30), the European Nisoniades Tages, when completely in repose, holds its wings deflected in the attitude of a Bombycide or Nocturide moth ; and Speyer men- tions" that Zeller had noticed this as long ago as 1847, not only in Tagcs, but also in newly-emerged Pyrgus Mcdvarum ( = Alccm, Esp.)- Those Hcspcridw that keep the wings fully expanded have the habit of 1 Zool. lllustr., i. pi. 33 (1S20-21). - Stctt. Ent. Zdt., 187S, p. 16S. 264 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. settling on the under side of leaves, and they do this so quickly, that to the inexperienced collector they seem to have unaccountably vanished. A good many species are both early and late on the wing, but several do not make their appearance till about sunset. They are rather eager and greedy honey-suckers, and the length of their trunk enables them to rifle the stores of many tubular flowers unvisited by shorter-tomjued butterflies. Genus CYCLOPIDES.^ • Sierojjes, BoisJ., " Voy. Astrol., Lep., p. 167 (1832)." Cijdopides, (Hiibner, 181 6), Westw. , Geii. Diurn. Lep., ii. p. 520 (1852). Carter ocephalus, Lederer, "Verb. Zool.-Bot. Ges., ii. p. 26 (1853)." Cydopides, Trim., Bhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 292 (1866). Cydopidcs and Carterocej)JiaIus, Speyer, Stett. Ent. Zeit., xxxix. pp. 181-S2 (1878), and xl. p 487 (1879). Carterocephalus and Gydrqndes (part), Pliitz, Stett. Ent. Zeit., 1884, pp. 386-389. Imago. — Head as wide as thorax, hairy ; eyes round, smooth ; a thin compact tuft or pencil of longish stiff hairs springing from between base of each antenna and border of eye ; ^a//>t long, porrected horizontally with dense bristly hair, — terminal joint rather long, taper- ing, slightly depressed at tip, with very short appressed hairs, usually almost hidden by bristly dense hair of middle joint; anfennce short, with a pronounced, rather thick, somewhat compressed, slightly-curved club, blunt (very rarely acuminate) at tip. Thorax short and narrow, moderately or sparsely hairy. Wings rather long apically. Fore-'idngs somewhat truncate ; costa beyond basal curve almost straight, or slightly concave beyond middle ; costal nervure terminating at a little beyond middle ; subcostal nervure five- branched, — three nervules originating before, fourth and fifth at, ex- tremity of discoidal cell, — first nervule in three species ( WilUmi, ^gipein, and 3Icninx) very short, running into costal nervure ; upper radial nervule originating near or very near to origin of fifth subcostal nervule ; disco-cellular nervules slender, slightly oblique ; first median nervule given off at a point considerably before middle and far apart from the other median nervules. Hind-ivings very slightly prominent at anal angle ; costa beyond basal lobe almost straight or very slightly arched ; costal nervure terminating at a little before apex ; subcostal nervure branching at a considerable or a little distance before extremity of discoidal cell, — latter being variable in length ; disco-cellular ner- ' Mr. Kirby (Cat. D. Lep., 1871, p. 623) adopted Dumeril's name Hetcroptcrus (1S06) for tliis genus. It is true that Uumeril happened to give the species Aracintkus, Fab. ( = Morpheus, Pall.) as representing Ileteropterus ; but as his extremely vague and brief definition of the genus applies, and was certainly meant to apply, to the whole group of Ilcsperidte, and not to what modern zoologists mean by a genus, it appears to me that JIdcroptcrus cannot be retained as a generic name. IIESPERID.E. 265 vules and radial nervule extremely slender ; internal nervure very long, running not far from inner margin, terminating at anal angle. Legs of moderate size, first pair smaller tlian rest ; tibiie of first pair very short, without appendage ; tibise of hind ])air usually with two pairs of spurs, but in some species (several I'ahearcLiu and three South- African, viz., WiUcmi, j^gijmn, and Mcninx) with the terminal pair only, — no ^ tuft in any species ; tarsi stout and rather long, especially first joint, and usually more or less finely spinulose beneath. AMomcii long (in ^ very slender), and extending as far as or a little beyond anal angle of hind-wings), tufted at tip ; basal half more or less hairy. Larva. — Moderately slender {Morplicus) or stout (Pakcmon) ; head smaller than usual in this Family. Pupa. — Slender, elongate, very narrowly acuminate posteriorly ; frontal spine long, straight, projecting horizontally {Morpheus). (These characters of the larvie and pupa of the European species named are from figures by Duponchel and Guenee, and by Boisduval, Eambur, and Graslin.) I do not think that Carteroecphalus can be held distinct from Cyclopides, the only peculiar characters being the slightly lower origin of the lower radial nervule of the fore-wings, and the longer discoidal cell of the hind-wings; for, as Sj^eyer {Stctt. Eat. Zeif., 1878, p. 181) points out, the absence of the second pair of spurs on the hind-tibise — upon which Lederer chiefly relied — is an unstable distinction, occurring in Ci/cl. ornatus, Breni. This want of the second pair of spurs also characterises (as mentioned in my diagnosis above) the South-African Willemi, uEgipan, and Mcninx, and these three species are further linked by the short first subcostal nervule of the fore-wings runnin'^ into the costal nervure ; but these forms are very unlike in facies and pattern of markings. The most aberrant of the known species seems to be Lcpcleticrii, Godt., in which the club of the anteunce ends in an acute point, the palpi are rather longer, the fore-wings more pointed, and the abdomen is thicker ; but in all these features it is approached by Tsita and Inornatus, Trim., which also resemble it in their un- spotted plain brown colouring. The South-African conspicuously yellow-spotted species are Metis, Or., and Malgacha, Boisd. ; those more faintly and sparsely spotted are WiUemi, Wallgrn., Syrinx, Trim., and the $ of jEgipan, Trim. ; the little Meninx, Trim., is gaily yellow- spotted along the hind-margins on the under-side, and it. Syrinx, and Lepcleticrii alike have two longitudinal white stripes on the under side of the hind-wings. WiUcmi presents on the under side of the hind- wings a very peculiar pattern of black neuration and cross-streaks on a pale yellow-ground. The prominent distinguishing characters of this genus are the absence of any appendage to the fore-tibia3, the not infrequent absence of tlie secom-l or middle pair of spurs on the hind-tibia3, the slender- 266 SOUTH-AFRICAX BUTTERFLIES. ness and length of the body, the bristly hairiness of the palpi, and the usually more or less bluntly-ending club of the autenn^e. A good many species seem to have been incorrectly recorded under this genus, especially various Tropical South-American forms described and figured by the Pelders in the third volume of the Lepidoptera of the Ecise der Novara (1867), pp. 521-523, ph Ixxiv. Besides the five Palasarctic species, there are two from North America and two from Chili, and as many as eleven from the Ethiopian Eegion (two peculiar to Madagascar). Of the African species, nine are found in South Africa, and of these five — viz., Syriiwc, u^^gipan, Ilcninx, Tsita, and Inornatus — appear to be peculiar to the Sub-liegion. One, Mal- gacha, is also a native of Madagascar ; Lepcleticrii ranges far along the western coast of the Southern Tropical belt; Willcmi occupies great part of that belt, and is also recorded from Somaliland, in North-East Africa; while Metis, the most richly-coloured of the genus, is not known to occur beyond the Sub-Region except in Angola. In South Africa Metis is the most numerous and widely distributed species, and Malgacha is only second to it. LcjJcIetiei'ii is apparently confined to a few localities in Cape Colony, particularly towards the western side. Tsita and Inornatus are, on the contrary, widely spread on the eastern side of the country, and come but little westward of the Kei Eiver. Willemi and Mcninx are Transvaal natives ; and the exceedingly local Syrinx and ^.gipan have been found only in a few very elevated stations in the eastern districts of Cape Colony, Lasuto- land, and Natal. 315. (1.) Oyclopides Metis, (Cramer). 1^ rapilio Metis, Linn., Mus. Lud. XJlr, Reg., p. 325, n. 143 (1764); and Syst. Nat., i. 2, p. 792, n. 245 (1767). S „ „ Dru., 111. Nat. Hist., ii. pi. xvi. If. 3, 4 (1773). ^ „ ,, Cram., Pap. Exot., ii. pi. clxii. f. g (1779). (J ,, ,, Wulf., Capens. Ins., p. xxxiii. n. 32 (1786). S ^ Hesperla Metis, Latr., Enc. Meth., ix. p. 776, n. 129 (1823). S ? Ci/r.lopides Metis, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 293, n. 182 (1866}. $ Heteropterus Metis, Stand., Exot. Schmett., i. pi. 100 (1888). E,rp. al., (S) I in. ^\-2\ lin. ; ($) i in. I-2J lin, ^ Darh p)urplish-broivn, witli orange-yelloio spots. Forc-tving: basal area irrorated witli yellow scales in three longitudinal streaks, viz., on costa, below median nervure, and on inner margin ; two spots on costa about middle, the upper just above and partly beyond the lower (which is in cell) ; beyond middle, a transverse row of five spots, of which the second is beyond the line of the others, the third and fourth only separated by second median nervule, and the fifth (just above sub- median) smallest and sometimes obsolete, innd-iving : basal irrora- tion confined to neighbourhood of median and submedian nervures ; IIESPERID.E. 267 a large subquadrate sput at end of cell, with a smaller spot just below it; a subraargiual row of seven or eight spots, of whicli the first, fourth, and fifth arc the largest, and the last three ill-defined. Cilia of the ground-colour, but in hind-wing yellow near and at anal angle. Under side. — Paler, more gloss;/. Fore-iving : spots larger, paler ; basal irroration forming a distinct streak on costa, and another in cell (the latter coniluent with cellular spot). Ilind-iuing : unicolo- rous, excepting only a small yellow spot on costa near base. Cilia as above. $ Brown, without purplish tinge ; spots jMler, larger. Fore-wing : spots in and above cell forming one marking ; more irroration in cell. Hind-wing : the small spots of submarginal row very small, some or all of them occasionally wanting (in one example, the first spot is very small, and the only two others, the fourth and fifth, are scarcely visible as dots). Cilia yellow thronghout in hind-wing, and at anal angle of fore-wing. Under side. — Hind-wing and apex of fore-wing marked. %oith ferruginous-ochrcous, ivhich in the foi'mer hroadly indieates the position of the sp)ots of up2)er side Fore-iving : no cellular streak from base; cellular spot often confluent with third spot of transverse row. Head and body of ground-colour interndngled with golden-yellow. Antenna half-ringed (inwardly) with alternate dark-brown and golden- yellow, and tipped with the latter ; palpi with mixed hairs of the same two colours. Abdomen superiorly rather inconspicuously half- ringed with the two colours and with a terminal tuft of golden yellow. In ^ the yellow is throughout paler and duller. A ^ taken at Etshowe in Znluland by Mr. T. Vachell, of the 27 th (Inniskillen) Eeginient, has on the upper side the spots of the fore-wings unusually small, and the lowest spot of the discal row wanting; the under side is normal. The very deep rich colouring of this well-known species — the golden-yellow spots being very conspicuous on the dark purple-brown ground — at once separates Metis from its congeners ; and in the $ the very dark unmarked under side of the hind-wings is a characteristic feature. It seems to present no variation over its extensive South- African range. At Cape Town this species is common, especially about hedgerows and in gardens, where it is fond of settling on leaves in sheltered situations. Though it often when settled keeps the wings fully expanded, I have noticed that it sometimes holds them all vertically erect, the wings of the right and left sides not toucliing, but standing paraUel quite apart. On the wing it is active, but with a somewhat fluttering motion. It occurs throughout the year, but is rare during the winter months. In the Botanic Gardens at Cape Town this butterfly is one of the most frequent victims of the climbing South- American Asclepiad, Physiantlius alhens, which nips with a vice-like tenacity the proboscis of any insect attempting to rifle its nectaries, Metis with its Ion" trunk thus sharing the fate of several ISToctuaj and Sphinges, and bein" held prisoner till it dies. 268 SOUTH-AFEICAX BUTTERFLIES. Localities of Cydopides Metis. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. a. Western Districts. — Cape Town. Genadendal, Caledon Dis- trict (G^. Hettarsch). Swellendam (.4. C. Harrison), Knysna and Plettenberg Bay. h. Eastern Districts. — Uitenhage. Tharfield, Bathurst District {Mrs. Barber and Miss M. L. Boicker). Grahamstown. King William's Town (IF. S. M. U Urban). Windvogelberg, Queenstown District {Dr. Batho). D. Kaffraria Proper. — Bashee River {J. H. Bowker). E. Natal. a. Coast Districts. — D' Urban ( /. H. BowJcer). b. Upper Districts. — Tunjumbili. F. Zululand. — Etsliowe (A. M. Goodrich and T. Vachell). K. Transvaal. — Lydenburg District (T. Ayres). II. Other African Regions. A. South Tropical. a. Western Coast. — "Angola (,/. /. Monteiro).'" — Druce. 316. (2.) Cyclopides Malgacha, (Boisduval). Steropes MaJgaclia, Boisd., Faune Ent. IMadag., tl'c, p. 67, n. i (1S33). Hesperia Limpopona, Wallengr., K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1857; Lep. Rliop. Cafi'r., p. 50, n. 5. $ 9 Cydopides Mah/acha, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii, p. 294, n. 183, pi. V. f. 10 [Sl (1866). (^ Ci/dopides Malr/adia, Grandidier, Hist. IMadag., xix., Lepid., ii. i, pi. 'lii. ff. 6, 6a(iS85). Ux2J. al, {$) II lin. — i in. 2 lin. ; ($) i in. 1-2 lin. Allied to 0. Metis, (Cram.), but smaller and paler. $ Greyish-brmvn, with small yellow spots arranged as in Metis. Fore-ioing : basal irroratiou more evenly spread, not distributed in rows ; two costal spots more separate ; an indistinct suhniarginal rotv of small yellowish spots. Hind-wing : spots of submarginal row cdl small, those near costa commonly wanting. Cilia of fore-wing of the ground-colour slightly mixed with yellowish, of hind-wing yellow. Under side.' — Hind-wing and apex of fore-tving creamy-greyish or ydloivish-ochreous, the former with spots of upper side fcdntly orproduccd in paler ydloio. Fore- wing : spots much larger than above ; costa and cell closely irrorated with yellow. $ Duller, paler., spots larger : cilia pale-yellowish throughout. Under side. — Hind-wing : spots more distinct. A ^ in my collection, captured near Cape Town, wants cdl the sp)ots -i/i fore-wing except the minute ones of submarginal row ; on the binder side, however, the spots near costa are observable, but small and ill- defined. Six Basutoland examples, of which two are $ s, have the under side HESPERID.E. 269 colourinfj of the hiiul-wings and apices of fore-wings considerably paler than in Cape specimens. One of the females is remarkable for the well-detined rows of submarginal spots on the upper side (especially in the hind-wings), and for the vivid orange of the spots on the under side. A further and more decided variation occurs in a ^ from the Potchefstroom District, Transvaal, in which the upper-side spots are in both wings much reduced in size, but the under side of the hind- wincT is very much darker and browner than usual, with all its yellow spots remarkably distinct and sharply defined. About Cape Town and in the Cape l^eninsula this is a rarer insect than Metis, and does not seem to occur durin.Lj the winter months, first appearing about the middle of September. In habits it nearly resembles the species named, but is much less conspicuous, and flies more slowly, always keeping near the ground. Apart from its being a native of Madagascar, MaJgaclia appears to have much the same distribution as Metis, but I have not seen any specimens from Zululand. Localities of Cydoindcs Mcdgacha. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. a. Western Districts. — Cape Town ; and Hout Bay, Koord Hoek, and Simon's ToAvn, Cape District. Eerste Kiver and Stellen- bosch. Paarl. Robertson. Sw^ellendam {A. C. Harrison). Plettenberg Bay. h. Eastern Districts. — Between Somerset East and Murraysburg (/. H. Boicker). Stormbergen {Mrs. Barber). Burghersdorp (£>. i?. Kannemeyer). c. Basutoland (J. H. Boiolcer). C. Orange Free State.— Vet River {C. Hart). D. Kaffraria Proper. — Tsomo River and Ileads of St. John's River {J. H. Boivker). E. Natal. h. Upper Districts. — Ivarkloof (/. H. BowJier). K. Transvaal. — Potchefstroom District {T. Aijres). II. Other African Regions. A. South Tropical. hh. Eastern Islands. — " Madagascar : Tamatave." — Boisduval. 317. (3.) Cyclopides Syrinx, Trimen. $ Cyclopides Si/rvi.v, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lend., 1868, p. 93, pi. v. f! 8; and $ ", ibid., 1870, p. 387. UxjJ. al, {$) I in. 2-3 lin. ; (?) i in. 2i-4 lin. $ Dull-greyish hroivn, v:ith small ill-defined didl iMh-yelloivish spots ; hasal areas sparsely irroratcd %vith pale-yellowish. Fore-wing: a spot in discoidal cell near extremity, sometimes surmounted by two yellowish 2 70 SOUTH-AFRICAN LUTTERFLIES. costal dashes ; a discal series of six or seven spots, viz., three or four forming an oblique subcostal outward-inclining streak between end of cell and apex, and three others in an inward-inclining line between third median nervule and submedian nervure ; inner margin edged rather faintly with the same dull pale-yellowish from near base to beyond middle ; in some specimens a submarginal series of six very indistinct elongate yellowish marks. Hind-wing : a clothing of yel- lowish-grey hairs from base over cell and along inner margin ; the trace of a spot in cell ; two or three discal spots (the uppermost one rather large) between second subcostal nervule and submedian nervure ; a sub- marginal series of marks as in fore-wing, but longer, usually obsolete near apex. Cilia of the ground-colour slightly mixed with yellowish. Under side. — Hind-iving and costal and apical border of fore-wing hrownish ycllow-ochreous ; the hind-wing ivifh two longitudinal whitish stripes. Fore-wing : lower discal spots usually, cellular spot rarely, obsolete ; a rather brighter tinge of yellow along costa ; no trace of submarginal marks. Hind-wing : upper longitudinal stripe, from base through discoidal cell to hind-margin, broad, pretty even in width, creamy or yellowish-white ; lower stripe narrow, sublinear near base, but somewhat widening to hind-margin, running between median and submedian nervures, white without yellowish tinge ; no other markings. $ SjJots more decidedly yellow. Fore-wing: only two spots in costal part of discal series, the first and fourth being obsolete. In both wings submarginal marks almost obsolete. Under side. — Hind-wing {except inner-marginal fold) and costal and apical border of fore-wing much pcdcr, inclining to greyish ; both longitudinal stripes of hind-wing broader than in $, the superior one yellower, and the inferior one whiter. In this Cyclojndcs the ordinary spots are pallid and poorly defined, and in some specimens obscured and sub-obsolete. One $ is entirely devoid of spots on both surfaces except for a trace of the superior discal spot on the upper side of the hind-wings. C. Syrinx to a great extent combines the characters of C. Malgacha, (Boisd.), and C. Lcpeletierii, (Latr.), differing from the former in having conspicuous pale stripes on the under side of the hind-wings, and from the latter in being spotted with yellowish. This appears to be not only a strictly mountain butterfly, but one confined to the highest elevations and to particular spots. Colonel Bowker is the only collector that to my knowledge has taken this insect; he discovered it on the 19th January 1867 on the summit of Gaika's Kop, the highest point of the Amatola Mountains (Queenstown District of Cape Colony), being estimated as about 6500 feet above the sea. lie noted it as being very numerous among a plant named " Mountain Bamboo," flitting about in hundreds, but not occurring anywhere bej^ond the immediate vicinity of that plant. The only other recorded locality for the species is the Maluti Mountains in Basutoland, where, in Jan- uary 1869, Colonel Bowker again met with it, frequenting the same sort of Mountain Bamboo as on the Amatolas. Among eleven specimens received, two only are females. HESrERTD/E. 271 LocaliLifS of Ci/clojndcs Sijrinx. I. South Africa. 13. Cape Colony. h. Eastern Districts. — Gaika's Kop, Amatola jNIountains, Queen- stown District (/. //. Bowlcer). c. Basutoland. — Maluti JNIountains (/. //. Boicker). 318. (4.) Oyclopides JEgipan, Trimen. i 9 Cydojndcs J^Jcjipan, Trim., Trans. Ent. See. Lond., 1868, p. 94, pl. vi. f. 9[(^]. Exp.al, {t) I in. ij-^i lin. ; (?) i in. 2\ lin. $ Glossy dark-hroicn (in Jive examjjles with a suhmctallic hronzy- greenish gloss) ; cilia |?aZcr hrotvn, very glossy, mixed with yellow in Mnd-iving. Fove-wing : some inconspicuous ochre-yellow irroration about base, chiefly on costa ; beyond middle, a short costal mark of two or three very small indistinct yellowish spots (sometimes obsolete). Undeii side. — Hind-wing and costal horder of fore-wing very glossy yclloivish-grcy. Fore-wing : ground-colour much paler than on upper side, not much darker than hind- wing in some examples ; costal mark usually better developed, chrome-yellow ; a hind-marginal chrome- yellow border from apex (where it is of moderate width) narrowing to a point about second median nervule. Ilind-wing : inner-marginal fold darker, al)Out the same tint as ground-colour of fore-wing. Paljn with a dense admixture of yellow hairs, with fewer fuscous ones ; abdomen with lateral stripe, under side of anal segment, and conspicuous terminal tuft chrome-yellow. ? Falcr, the brown ground-colour with a yellower tinge ; fore-iving with three chrome-yellow marks. Fore-wing : in discoidal cell a trans- versely elongate spot near extremity ; costal mark beyond middle much larger than in $, well defined, tripartite ; beneath the latter, between second and third median nervules, a small spot. Cilia of fore-wing mixed with yellowish-grey ; of hind-wing, wholly pale chrome-yellow. U>'DER side. — Hind-wing yellower ; fore-wing with costal mark conspicuous, but other spots indistinct. This species is a near ally of Malgacha, Boisd., but readily distin- guishable by its larger size, total want of spots in the hind-wings, and yellow apical hind-marginal edging on the under side of the fore-wings. The spotless, or all but spotless, upper side resembles that of Lepele- tierii, Latr., but from that species and from Syrinx, Trim., this butterfly is easily known by the absence of white stripes on the under side of the hind-wings. Like C. S//rin.r, Trim., this Hesperid frequents high elevations. Colonel Bowker having discovered it on the Hog's Back in the Amatola range on 2otli January 1867, where he reported it to be not uncommon among long grass near 2 72 SOUTH- AFRTC AX BUTTERFLIES. water. "With the exception of a single example from the Transvaal from Mr. T. Aj'res in 1879, the insect had not again been received by me imtil February 1888, when four fine ^ s arrived from Mr. J. M. Hutchinson of Estcourt, Katal. These specimens were taken on Table Mountain, Ulundi, in Weenen County, at a height of 6000 feet ; and Mr. Hutchinson wrote that he took thirty examples, and could have easily taken many more without moving from one place, as they flew low and were easily captured. Only a single $ has reached me, accompanying five ^ s from the Amatola station. Localities of Ci/clopides uEgipan. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony, h. Eastern Districts. — Hog's Back, Amatola Mountains (/. H. Boiclier). E. Natal. a. Upper Districts. — Ulundi, Weenen County {J. M, Hutclmison). K. Transvaal. — Lydenburg District (7". Aijres). 319. (5.) Cyclopides Meninx, Trimen. ^ Cycloindes Meninx, Trim., Trans. Eiit. Soc. Lond., 1873, P- ^^i, pi. i. f. 12. $ $ Tliymelicus Meninx, "Wallengr., Ofv. K. Yet.-Akad. Fcirh., 1S75, }). 92. (J Cyclopides argeideostriatus, Plotz, Stett. Ent. Zeit., 1886, p. no, n. 19b. Ex]}. al., ($) lo^ — 1 1 J lin. ; ($) i i^ lin. ^ Dark-hroum, rather glossy, without marhings ; cilia paler, more glossy. Under side. — Paler ; a hind-inarginal scries of chrome-yellow spots ; liind-tving with three Imigitudinal silky-white stripes. Pore-wing : four or five hind-marginal spots, small, triangular, inter-nerviilar, be- tween apex and third or second median nervule, diminishing in size downward ; on costa, beyond middle, three or four inter-nervular yellow dashes, and immediately beneath the outermost but one of these, usually two small similar marks, one above the other. Hind-tving : upper silky-white longitudinal stripe broad, commencing abruptly in discoidal cell near extremity, and reaching to hind-margin ; lower one much narrower, running from base between median and submedian nervures, and fining ojQF into a thin line before reaching hind-margin, and the lowest one forming a narrow inner-marginal edging from base to beyond middle ; six hind-marginal yellow spots, larger than in fore-wing, — the first sublinear, elongate, — the third at extremity of upper white stripe ; some indistinct thin inter-nervular yellowish striee on disc, and a short disco-cellular one at base. Head and body all very dark brown ; among hairs of palpi a few dull-yellowish ones ; antennae very dark brown above, but white beneath. $ Paler, and with a slight tinge of ochreous-ycllow. Fore-wing : yellow subcostal marks beyond middle larger, better defined, three IIESPERID.E. 273 together forming a sliort transverse streak ; below and beyond these a fourth very small yellow spot. Under side. — As in $, but all hind- marginal spots larger, and the subcostal marks of fore- wing as on upper side, but larger. This little C/jcIop ides is on the upper side in both sexes like a mini- ature C. ^Uyipan, Trim., but is strikingly different on the under side, the marginal yellow spots and the shining white stripes of the hind- wings giving it a very varied and unique aspect. Except for the under-side stripes, Ilotinx bears a near resemblance to a South- American species, figured under the name of 3Icnes by Cramer {Pa]). Exot, iv.j pi. cccxciii. {{. 11, i) and Stoll {SuppL, pi. vii. f. 6 g). Mr. AV. Morant, in December 1868, first made this butterfly known to me, forwarding a $ which he had taken near Potchefstroom, Transvaal, and which I described as the type of G. Meninx in 1872. Later in the latter year, I re- ceived from him seven ^ s and a 9 from the same locality, as well as a (J from Mr. T. Ayres, also taken at Potchefstroom. In the collection acquired from jNIr. Ayres in 1879, the South-African Museum received four fine $s, all noted as taken in the Potchefstroom District. Mr. Morant described the insect as occurring early in December and flying feebly, and both he and Mr. Ayres stated that it was confined to marshy ground and the banks of streams. ■Wallengren {Ofv. K. Vei.-Almd. ForJi., 1875, p. 92) mentions that Mr. N. Person found Meninx pretty commonly at Potchefstroom in damp spots during the months December to February. Localities of Cijdopides Meninx. I. South Africa. E. "Natal."— Plotz. K. Transvaal. — Potchefstroom and District {W. Morant and T. Aijres). 320. (G.) Cyclopides Willemi, (Wallengren). (J lleteropterus Willemi, Wallengr., K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1857 ; Lep. Rhop. Caffr., p. 47, n. 2. ^ Ci/dopides? Willemi, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 296, n. 186(1866). Cyclopides Cheles, Hewits., Descr. 100 N. Sp. Hesp., ii. p. 42, n. 5 (1868) ; and Exot. Butt., v. ph 59, ff. 12, 13 (1874). Exp. al, {$) I in. 3-3^ lin. $ Darli-broivn, very slifjhtly glossy ; fore-wing with an oider-discal and also a suhmarginal series of dull pale-yelloivish spots. Forc-icing : spots of discal series elongate, the first three forming (with a minute superior costal dot of the same colour) a short transverse subcostal streak, the fourth and fifth nearer hind-margin, and almost touching third and fourth spots of suhmarginal series, and the ninth and seventh (of which the latter is small and sometimes obsolete) almost in a line below first three ; eight spots in submarginal row, of which the four upper are linear and indistinct, but the four lower much broader and distinct. Hind-iring without markings. Under side. — Hind-iving and apical hind-marginal border of fore-icing ycUoidsh-wliite, with VOL. in. s 274 SOUTH-AFRICAX BUTTERFLIES. strongly hlachish-doudcd nenration. Forc-iving : ground a, little paler than on upper side ; costal edge and upper side of costal nervure with a line of yellowish-white ; only first three spots of discal series repre- sented, and those smaller and more separate than on upper side ; apical hind-marginal yellowish-white border wide at apex, but narrowing to a point above submedian nervure, divided into seven or eight separate, elongate, inwardly acuminate spots by the blackish-clouded nervules. Hind-u'ing : neuration, a streak from base through discoidal cell to hind-margin, two very irregular median and two less irregular sub- marginal transverse blackish streaks from costal to submedian nervure, and inner-marginal fold except along inner edge, all strongly blackish. Head and palpi clothed with a mixture of yellow and blackish hairs. Thorax blackish above, with mixed yellow and blackish hairs frontally and laterally ; yellowish- white beneath. Legs yellowish-white, with a black middle streak longitudinally. Abdomen blackish above, yel- lowish-white beneath, and with a small terminal yellow tuft. The blackish neuration and irregular transverse stripes, conspi- cuous on the almost white ground of the under side of the hind-wings, present a very peculiar reticulated appearance, and give Willcmi some resemblance to the larger and beneath much more conspicuously orna- mented C. Sferojjcs (W. V.) of Europe ; but the butterfly has no very near congener known to me. Very few examples of this species have come under my notice, and I have not seen the female. As far as known, it would appear to inhabit chiefly the country skirting the Southern Tropic, Mr. Hewitson recording it from Damara- land, while a few have been taken in Bechuanaland and the Eastern Transvaal. In 1886 'Mt. a. G. Butler recorded its having occurred in the remote region of Somaliland. Localities of Cgcloj)ides Willcmi. I. South Africa. Iv. Transvaal. — -Lydenburg District {T. Ayres) and Barberton (C. F. Palmer). Crocodile River (F. H. Barber), Marico River (F. C. Selous). II. Other African Regions. A. South Tropical. a. "Western Coast. — '• Damaraland." — Hewitson. ^i. Eastern Interior. — Between Transvaal and Gubulewayo {A. W. Erilisson). B. North Tropical. h. Eastern Coast. — " Somaliland (Thrupj^)." — Butler. 32L (7.) Oyclopides Lepeletierii, (Latreille). Hesperia Lepeletier, Latr., Enc. Meth., ix. p. 777, n. 134 (1823). Cydopides LepeleUerii, Trim, [part], Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 295, n. 184 (1 866). Ex2J. al, ($) I in. i i^- lin. ; ($) i in. 2 lin. ^ Rather glossy dark-hrown, nnicolorous, unthout marking of any IIESPERID.E. 275 kijid ; cilia greyer, more glossy. Under side. — Hind-wing and costal and broad apical Und-margincd border of forc-iving rcddish-broiun vnth a tinge of yellow-ochreous. Fore-wing : ground rather pakr and greyer than on upper side. Hind-wing : two white longitudinal streaks^ — the upper one very conspicuous, sharply defined, running from base through discoidal cell to hind-margin,— the lower one duller and thinner, running from base to hind-margin between first median nervule and submedian nervure, not well-marked before middle ; inner-marginal fold dull greyish-brown. Head and body fuscous-brown above, the thorax beneath clothed with greyish hair, and the abdomen with a whitish median stripe. Antennas blackish above, barred with brown and white beneath ; palpi with fuscous hairs above, but beneath with whitish basal scales and mixed sandy and grey hairs. $ Like $, but fore-wings rather longer and acuter, and cilia greyer. Under side. — Paler, and with a stronger tinge of ochreous-yellow than in $. Hind-wing : upper stripe thinner and not so purely white or so sharply defined ; lower stripe almost obsolete. Variety A. — Much larger; cxp. al {$) i in. 3-3 J lin. ; ($) i in. 4-6 lin. Paler ; cilia greyer. Under side paler ; in hind-wing some more or less developed white irroration immediately above lower white stripe. In both sexes, but especially in the ?, the fore-wings are more pointed at apex. {Hab. — Piketberg, Tulbagh, and Swellendam Districts, Cape Colony.) I think that the smaller examples above described are really referable to Latreille's species, the expanse of which is given as about an inch ; but I am doubtful as to the much larger Variety A. The only known locality of the smaller (typical) form is Uitenhage in the Eastern Cape Colony, while the variety belongs to the Western Dis- tricts. The Kaffrarian specimens included under this species in my former catalogue must, I think, be removed to the next species, 0. Tsita, mihi, although the presence of the reduced white streaks on the under side of the hind-wings approximates them to Lepeletierii. Colonel Bowker took a few of the typical form (including one ? example) at Uitenhage in October 1879 and in 1881. I received from Mr. S. D. Bairstow a $ captured at the same place. I first met with Var. A. at Vogel Vley, Tulbagh District, in October 1863; and subsequently (September 1869) took a good many specimens of both sexes in the Piketberg District. The insect frequents broken shrubby slopes and banks of streams, preferring stony places ; it settles constantly on the ground and on stones, and is easily captured. Localities of Cyclopides Lepeletierii. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. a. Western Districts.— Yogcl A^ley, Tulljagh District. Berg River Bridge and Piketberg. Swellendam {L. Taats)—Yav. A. 2 76 SOUTH- AFRICAN" BUTTERFLIES. h. Eastern Districts. — Uitenhage (J. 11. Botcher and S. D. Bair- stuw). II. Other African Regions. A. South Tropical. a. "Western Coast. — Congo : " Kinsembo (FI. Ansell)." — Butler. " Angola (Pogge) and Chinchoxo {Falkenstein)." — DeM'itz. 322. (8.) Cyclopides Tsita, Trimen. Cyclopides Tsita, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lend., 1870, p. 386, pi. vi. f. 13. Ux^. al, ($) I in. 1-4 lin. ; ($) i in. 3-3^ lin. Allied to C. Lepeletierii, Latr., and C. inornatus, Trimen. $ Glossy greyish -})7'own, ujiicoloi^ous, without markings of any hind ; cilia paler, with a silky lustre. Under side. — Hind-ioing {except fuscous-broivn inner -marginal fold) and costal and apical-hind-marginal horder of fore-wing paler hrown with a reddish tinge, and with the neu- ration usually finely whitish in parts ; hiiid-margin of both wings ^vith a fine whitish edging line. Hind-wing : two longitudinal white streaks (as in Lepeletierii) but more attenuated, — in some specimens quite faint or reduced to mere whitish lines ; neuration generally whitish, but seldom so above disco-cellular fold ; between the two white streaks (even when the streaks are scarcely represented) some more or less developed diffuse white irroration. $ Like $, but rather paler on both surfaces, and with longer and more pointed fore-wings. Under side. — Fine white neuration general and better defined, but white stripes reduced to mere lines like the white nervures. It is in specimens from King William's Town and Kaffraria Proper that the white stripes and irroration of the under side of the hind-wings are best expressed. A constant feature distinguishing Tsita from Lepeletierii is the fine white neuration more or less prevalent on the under side, to which should be added the fine white hind-marginal edging line. Tlie Natal examples that I have met with are smaller than usual, and, like the Basutoland ones on which I founded the spe- cies, have the white stripes on the under side of the hind-wings no wider and no more conspicuous than the adjacent white nervures. Mr. W. S. M. D' Urban noted this obscurely tinted species as abundant in the King William's Town District ; and Colonel Bowker found it commonly about grassy spots in Kaffraria Proper, and in similar places by river-banks in Basutoland. The examples that I cai)tured on the Natal coast haunted similar localities, flitting about long grass in February and March. A specimen taken in Zululand by Captain Goodrich is ticketed "November 1886," and three from Weenen County, Natal, were captured by IMr. J. M. Hutchinson in Janu- ary 1888. IIESPERID.E. 277 Localities of Cyclop ides Tsita. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. b. Eastern Districts.— King William's Town (W. S. M. D' Urban). d. Basutoland. — Koro-Koro (/. //. Bowker). C. Orange Free State. — Parijs, Upper Vaal Kiver (K G. Aldon). D. Ivaffraria Proper.— Tsomo and liashee Kivers (J. 11. Bowlder). E. Is^ital. a. Coast Districts.— D'Urban (J. //. Bowker). Verulam and Itongati Kiver. b. Upper Districts.— Ulundi, Weeneu County (./. M. Hutchinson). r. Zululand. — Etshowe {A. M Goodrich). K. Transvaal.— Potchefstroom and District {T. Ayrex). " Schonian's Farm, Vaal River {N. Person)." — Wallengren. 323. (9.) Cyclopides inornatus, Trimen. Cyclopides inornatus, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Loud, 3rd Ser., ii. p. 179 (1864)5 and Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 295, n. 185, pi. 5, f. 11 (1866). Exp. cd., {$) I in. — i in. i lin. ; (?) i in. i-ij liii. $ Bull-hroivn, rather glossy ; cilia pcder, greyish externally. Fore- wing : beyond middle, about midway between apex and extremity of discoidal cell, an oblique subcostal row of three exceedingly indistinct pale-greyish dots. Under side. — Hind-iving, and costal harder, and broad apical hind-marginal area of fore-vniig pcde reddish-hrown, with a tinge of ochrcons-ycUow ; in both wings an indistinct terminal disco- cellular dull greyish-white dot, and a discal series (elbowed in fore- wing and very strongly curved in hind-wing) of six and eight similar dots. Hind-ii-ing : inner marginal fold pale-grey ; a greyish white dot near base, between costal and subcostal nervures. $ Like $, hut fore-wing longer and more pointed apically, and disco- cellular and lower discal dots of under side {tvhich are hetter expressed than in $) sometimes reproduced in fore-wing. This species is well distinguished from Tsita, Trim., by its smaller size, minute subcostal spots in the fore-wings, and redder under side (without whitish neuratiou or streaks, but with minute pale discal spots). Colonel IJowker discovered this remarkably dull-coloured and inconspicuous little butterfly in Kaffraria Proper. In February and j\Iarch 1867 I took several examples on the coast of Natal, flitting about long grass ; but it was certainly very local in its distribution. The only example known to me from within the boundary of the Cape Colony is a (J captured by Colonel Bowker in 1873 at Fort Warden, Kei River. At the end of October 1878 the same collector met with several fine specimens at Northdene, near D'Urban, Natal. 2 78 SOUTH- AFEIC AN BUTTERFLIES. Localities of Cychypidcs inornatus. I. South Africa. 15. Cape Colony. h. Eastern Districts. — Fort Warden, Kei River (/. //. Boivker) D. Kaffraria Proper. — Tsomo and Bashee Rivers (J. H. Boidccr). E. Natal. a. Coast Districts. — D'Urban and Pinetown {J. H. Boiclier). Yeru- 1am. Umvoti. iNIapumulo. F. Zululand. — St. Lucia Bay (the late Colonel H. Tower). Genus PYEGUS. Pyrgus (Hiibner, i8i6), Westw., Gen. D. Lep., ii. p. 516 (1852). Syriclitlius and Sinlothyrus, Boisd., "Gen. Ind. Meth., p. 35 (1840)." Spilothyrus and Scelothrix, Rambur, " Cat. Lep. Andal., i. p. 62, (1858)." Pyrgus, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 286 (1866). Hesjperia, Ivirby, Syn. Cat. D. Lep., p. 611 (1871). Pyrgus and Scelothrix, Speyer, Stett. Ent. Zeit., 1878, pp. 1S7, 189. Pyrgus, Speyer, lac. cit., 1879, p. 492. Hesperia, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 182 (1881). Pyrgus and Carcharodus (Hiibner, 18 16), Pliitz, INIitth. Nat. Yer. Neu- Yorpomni., &c., 1884, pp. 2 and 23. Imago. — Head not so broad as thorax, densely hairy ; ^^aZ/^i rather long, with basal and middle joints densely hairy and sometimes bristly, and with terminal joint of variable length, obliquely or hori- zontally porrect, blunt, clothed with short appressed hairs ; antcnnce short, with a stout sub-cylindrical, rather gradually-formed, slightly compressed, usually straight (sometimes slightly bent) club, blunt at tip ; tufts at bases of antennre long, conspicuous. Thorax robust, more or less hairy (especially posteriorly and be- neath ^) ; pterygodes with long hair. Wings blunt, not (or very slightly) prominent apically. Forc-vnngs with hind-margin usually rather convex (especially in ^) ; neuration as in Cydopjides ; in $ of some species (only P. Elma in South Africa), costa from near base to about middle recurved so as to form a groove or deep fold. Hind-wings prominent at anal angle ; hind-margin usually entire, but moderately dentate in a few species (only P. Ehna in South Africa) ; neuration as in Cgclojndcs. Legs rather long ; fore-tibiae with well-developed acutely-pointed appendage ; middle and hind tibia3 with very long and acute terminal spurs, — the latter also with a second pair of spurs well developed, hairy superiorly (and in $ of some species — none South-African — with a conspicuous tuft of very long hair springing from its base on ^ The (J in a considerable section of European species (of which Malro', Linn., and Alveus, Hlibn., are well-known members) presents a singular pair of scabbard-shaped scaly and hairy appendages, springing posteriorly from the breast at the base of the hind-legs, and about one-third the length of the abdomen. They partly cover a very deep longitudinal groove which occupies the basal portion of the under side of the abdomen. lIESrERlDJv 279 inner side) ; femora finely hairy beneath ; tarsi long and stout, spinu- lose. Ahdomm stout, of moderate length ; in $ terminally tufted and laterally compressed, and beneath with a more or less deeply excavated median groove, widest at base and extending to beyond basal half. Larva.— Stout, somewhat tapering anteriorly, very sparsely and shortly pubescent ; head of moderate size, granulated. PurA. — Rather stout; head prominent; thorax rounded and ele- vated dorsally ; covered generally with a bluish or whitish powder. (These characters of the earlier stages are from the descriptions and figures in Duponchel's Iconoyrapliic, &c., (Us ChmUlcfi, i. (1849), of those of P. Malvce, L.) The butterflies of this genus are further distinguished by the length of the cilia of the wings, which is emphasised by their being white with conspicuous black interruptions at the extremities of the nervules. Although, as indicated in the foregoing diagnosis, there exist con- siderable diversities in Pyrgus as far as the secondary sexual characters of the $ are concerned, I agree with Dr. Speyer's later view {I. c, 1 879) that these are insufticieut to warrant the separation of the respective sets of species presenting them in the proposed distinct genera Car- charodus and Scelothrix. It is remarkable that, with the exception of P. Elma, Trim, (a member of the Alccce group, which possesses the costal fold in the fore-wings), none of the South- African species pre- sents any of the secondary ^ characters in question.^ These small but robust butterflies have been well studied in Europe, where no fewer than seventeen species are found (besides several marked varieties), and representatives of the genus occur throughout, but are more numerous in the southern countries. The re- corded Pyrgi amount in all to about seventy-six ; the Paltearctic Ptegion yielding twenty-two ; the Nearctic fourteen ; Central and South Ame- rica fifteen; India and China six; Africa nineteen; and Australia, according to Plotz, one {Anjlna, H. Schiiff). There can be little doubt that many more species remain to be discovered ; the small stature, plain colouring, and swift flight (combined with the very restricted localities of some of the forms) rendering these insects very likely to escape the collector's observation. The black or blackish-brown (rarely greyish) ground-colour of Pyrgus is marked with white (rarely also with transparent) spots ; and on the under side a similar pattern prevails, but the ground-colour (except the blackish disk of the fore-wings) is of some tint of yellowish-, reddish-, greyish-, or greenish-ochreous. The fourteen known natives of South Africa are for the most part (nine species) of this prevalent 1 Plotz {loc. cit., p. 6) notes of P. Sataspcs, Trim., " der Umsclilag iler Vfl. ist orange ;" but in this he appears to have been misled by the colourist of the figure in Bhop. Afr. Aust. (ii. pi. 5), who has given the costa too warm a tint, and probably conveyed the impressioo that this stripe of colour indicated the presence of a costal fold. 2So SOUTU-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. conspicuously white-spotted black pattern, and belong to the European group of r. Sao and F. orhifer, (Hiibn.) ; but P. Miiia, Trim, (a member of the Alccce group), has the fore-wings with vitreous spots only; P. Sandaster, Trim., has the white spots exceedingly small, and the under side of the hind-wings dark-brown with two very sharply-defined dentate white stripes ; and the more aberrant group (apparently pecu- liar to Africa) which contains Mohozutza, Wallengr., Chaca, Trim., and Tucusa, Trim., presents on the upper side, besides white spots on the fore-wings, a common submarginal row of pale fulvous spots, and on the under side a greyish-creamy ground-colour varied with fulvous and spotted with black. In South Africa the most numerous and widely distributed species are Vindex, Cram., Mafa, Trim., Diomus, Hopff., and Elma, Trim., — Vindcx and Diomus being common about Cape Town. Asterodia and Sataspes, Trim., seem next in width of range, the latter occasionally occurring near Cape Town. Moliozutza, Wallengr., has an extensive eastern distribution through Kaffraria Proper, Natal, Zulu- land, and Transvaal ; Drom ks, Plotz, has been received from Natal and Delagoa Bay, and Tiimm, Trim., from Natal and Transvaal. Nanus, Trim., is not uncommon about Cape Town, and extends over the Western and Central Districts of the Cape Colony and into Griqualand West. Chaca, Trim., is apparently very rare, — I only know of its occurrence near Grahamstown and in Kaffraria Proper ; Agylla, Trim., is known from a few scattered stations in the Eastern Cape Colony and Griqualand West ; and Transvaalia;, Trim., is represented by two examples only from tlie Potchefstroom district. Three species, Diomus, Pima, and Chaca, are recorded from locali- ties within the South-Tropical belt of Africa, and two, Vindcx and Dromus, from the western side of the Nortli-Tropical belt in addition. The members of this genus are of active habits ; they have a short quick flight near the ground, stopping very abruptly, and settling with wings fully expanded, usually on the bare earth or on stones. They mostly frequent open ground, delighting in dry hill slopes and waste spots. P. Pima is the only South- African species known to me which is almost confined to wooded localities. 324. (1.) Pyrgus Vindex, (Cramer). Papilio Vindcx, Crain., Pap. Exot., iv. pi. cccliii. ft", o, n (1782). Hesperia Vindex, Latr., Enc. Metli., ix. p. 785. n. 148 (1823). 1 Pyrgus Vindex, Westw., Gen. 1). Lcp., pi. Ixxix. f. 6 (1852). ., „ Trim., Rliop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 287, n. 177 (1866). 1: Aherr. — Papilio Spio, Linn., Mus. Lud. Ulr. Re^,'., p. 338, 11. 156 (1764) ; and Syst. Kat., i. 2, p. 796, n. 271 (1767). Px2>. a/., 10 lin. — i in. I lin. Brmvnish-hlaclc, with rather large v:hite spots. Pore-wing : on costa an elongate whitish spot near base, and a thin white edging as far as IIESPERTD.i:. 281 apex, interrupted iu four places ; three spots in discoidal cell, the outer one lunular and closing cell, that nearest base subquadrate, the central one (nearer to basal than outer spot) quadrate, elongate ; below first cellular spot, touching submedian nervure, a whitish spot divided by longitudinal fold ; a discal row of four spots, of which the first is rather large and crossed by two subcostal nervules, the second small, between third and second median nervules, the third large and just below outer cellular spot and crossed by first median nervule, the fourth small and semicircular (above submedian nervure), and the nearest to base of the row ; between this row and cilia two rows of white dots, the inner one of eight dots usually complete and well marked, the outer imperfect, with its dots between nervules and touch- ing cilia. Hind-wing : a small round spot in discoidal cell near base ; a rather, broad, short, white, transverse, discal band, abruptly commencing on second subcostal nervule, crosses end of cell and extends irregularly and more narrowly to submedian nervure ; rows of dots as in fore- winjx, but outer row more regular and perfect than inner, which is obsolete towards costa, but of which the first dot (on fold beyond cell) is enlarged into a good-sized spot. Cilia broad, white, broadly inter- rupted with black on nervules. Under side. — Costa and aj)cx of forc- ving and ground-colour of hind-ving 2^alcr or darker ydlovAsh-ochreous ; black of fore-ioing less dark. Fore-iving : spots as on upper side, but all rather larger ; costa from base broadly whitish. Hind-iuing : costa edged with whitish, especially on basal prominence ; discal band longer than on upper side, commencing on costa, but widely interrupted on subcostal nervules, its extremity joining a longitudinal white space on inner margin from base to anal angle, bounded by submedian ; before middle a similar transverse white stripe, commencing with a large costal patch, more or less interrupted on subcostal nervure, and nar- rowing to join inner-marginal white on submedian. Cilia tinged with yellowish, the interruptions with ochreous. Head above blackish, with a white spot on each side next the eye, but frontally clothed with a mixture of blackish, whitish, and yellowish hairs ; pencil of hairs at base of each antenna mostly black, but partly yellowish ; antennae black above but white beneath, with the extremity of the club beneath ferruginous-red ; palpi above with mixed hairs like those of front, but beneath with creamy-white hairs and scales only, except as regards terminal joint, which is black. Thorax above black, rather densely clothed frontally and laterally with yellow- ish-grey, posteriorly with hoary-grey hair ; beneath very densely clothed with white or creamy-white hair ; legs creamy, tinged with brownish superiorly. Ahdomen above black, with very distinct white segmental incisions ; laterally tinged with ochreous-yellow ; iuferiorly white. Specimens from Kaffraria I'roper, Natal, Zululand, and Griqualand West seem always to be larger, and with paler, larger-spotted under 282 SOUTH-AFRICAX BUTTEEFLIES. side than the typical form, figured roughly by Cramer, which prevails in the south of the Cape Colony. I quote Westwood's figure {op. cit.) with some doubt, because only the upper side is depicted, and the narrower hind-wing band there shown makes it possible that the illustration may apply to the nearly allied 3Iafa, mihi. As regards the Spio of Linnaeus, Mr. C. Aurivillus, in his excellent Becensio Critica Lcpidopticoriiiii Jlhisci Ludovicce Ulricce, published in 1882 in the Transactions of the Royal Swedish Academy, gives (Tab. i. ff. 3, 3a) copies of figures by Clerck (previously unpublished), which there appears to be no reason to doubt were made from Linne's type speci- men. As stated in my letter quoted (pp. 1 24-1 25) by Mr. Aurivillius, I consider these figures to warrant the opinion that Spio is an aberra- tion of Vindcx, in which the largest discal spot in the fore-wing was confluent with the small spot which in ordinary examples is just below the former, and was also so much extended superiorly as to unite with the middle disco-cellular spot. The figure of the under side is rough and obscure — a fault very conmion with the older iconographers when dealing with small species — but is more like that of Vindcx than any other species. Vindex and its near ally Dromus, Plotz, are distinguishable among their South-African congeners by the broader and more sharply-defined white markings of the upper side, especially the median band of the hind- wings. Among European species, the southern P. Sao, Hlibn., seems nearest to Vindex, but it has much smaller spots, and the under- side ground-colour is ochreous-red. This is a widely-distributed and common South African P>/rgus, frequent- ing open ground and waste places. About Cape Town it is numerous at the base and on the lower slopes of the mountains, settling with expanded wings on the ground, on stones, or on low plants. It appears almost throughout the year, June and July being the only months in which I have not noticed it, but is more abundant from August to October than at other seasons. Localities of Pyrgus Vindcx. L South Africa. B. Cape Colony. a. Western Districts. — Cape Town. Muizenborg, Cape District. Hex Eiver, Worcester District. Robertson. Oudtshoorn ( — Adams). Knysna and Plettenberg Bay. Van Wyk's Vley, Carnarvon District {E. G. Alstoji). h. Eastern Districts. — Near Grahamstown (TF. S. M. D'Urba7i). King William's Town ( TF. S. M. U Urhan). c. Griqualand West. — Vaal River (/. //. Boicker). Kimberley {H. L. L. Feltham). D. Kaffraria Proper. — Bashee River {J. 11. Boivlicr). E. Natal. a. Coast Districts. — D'Urban. Itongati River. b. Upper Districts. — Udland's Mission Station. Greytown. Est- court (/. M. Hidchinsori). Rorke's Drift (/. H. Boicker). IIESPERID.E. 283 F. Zululand.— Napoleon Valley {J. II. Bowlder). Etsliowc {A. M. Goodrich and T. Vachell). H. Delagoa Bay. — Lourengo Maniucs {Mrs. Munteiro). II. Other African Regions. A. South Tropical. a. Western Coast. — " Angola (Por/rje)." — Dewitz. bi. Eastern Interior. — Between Transvaal and Gubulewayo {A. W. Eriksson). B. North Tropical. a. Western Coast.— Gaboon River (G. Geynet). "Lower Niger {W. A. Forbes)." — Godman and Salvin. 325. (2.) Psn^gus Dromus, Tlutz. Fyrus Dromus, Plotz, INIitth. Naturw. Vercino Ncu-Vorpomm. und Riigen, 1884, p. 6, n. 13. Uxp. a!., 1 in. — i in. i^ lin. Closely allied to P. Vindcx, (Cram.). White spots similarly ar- ranged, hut mostly somewhat larger, notably so {in fore-wing) last spot of discal series and third of suhmarginal series, and {in hind-iving) median hand. Fore-vying : third spot of discal series not (or but very slightly) extending below first median nervule, but fourth (last) spot larger (very much larger than in Vindcx) and subquadrate ; submarginal series of small spots more sinuate. Hind-wing : median band much wider inferiorly, being of almost even width throughout, much more curved, not marked by crossing nervures. Under side. — Colouring as in Vindcx, hut hind-wing toith one rather wide continuous white median hand from casta to sid)mcdian nervure. Fore-2oing : spots as on upper side. Hind-wing : close to base, four white spots, forming a more or less disconnected short transverse baud ; both inner and outer edges of median band irregularly dentated, the band itself being widest on costal edge and bisinuated, with a rather acute inward projection between median nervure and its first nervule. The characters italicised appear to be quite constant, and serve well to dis- tinguish this species from Vindex. It is common about D'Urban in Natal, where I took it in June 1865, and again in February and March 1867. I have received a dwarf ^ from the Gaboon which expands only ten lines across the fore-wings. Localities of Pyrgus Dromus. I. South Africa. E. Natal a. Coast Districts. — D'Urban. H. Delagoa Bay. — Lourenyo Marques {Mrs. Monteiro). II. Other African Regions. A. South Tropical.—" Congo."— Pldtz. B. North Tropical. — Gaboon River {G. Geynet). 284 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. 326. (3.) Pyrgus Mafa, Triraen. Pyrgus Mafa, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Loud., 1870, p. 386, pi. vi. f. 12. Closely allied to P. Vindcr, Cram. Ea-p. al., iih; lin. — i in. Black spotted with white ; the spots in numhcr and arrangement quite as in P. Vindex, hut mostly smaller, and very sharply defined ; the median hand of hind-winy narrov.ier, interrupted inferiorly and denticulate externally. Under side. — ITind-winy : the suh-hasal and central white stripes rather narrou\ not ohliqus, intcrrup)ted more or less markedly in, two places, viz., the former on costal and median uervures, and the latter on second subcostal and first median nervules ; of the separate spots or portions of the stripes, the largest is the middle one of the central stripe, which is dcntindatc hoth inwardly and outwardly, hut much more stronyly outwardly. It is doubtful whether this form should be regarded as a species distinct from Vindex, for the characters above indicated, though well- marked through a good series of specimens from different localities, are less distinctly expressed in three examples that I captured at Eerste Eiver, — one of which has the upper side discal spots of the fore-wing as large as in ordinary Vindex. Colonel Bowker found Mafa pretty numerously in Basuioluud, but else- where it appears to be rather scarce, though with a wide distribution through the interior, and especial!}^ the North-Eastern districts. Tlie few specimens that I have noticed in life were on the wing during September, with the exception of one which I took at Grey town in Natal on the 15 th March. Localities of Pyrgus Mafa. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. a. Western Districts. — Eerste River, Stellenbosch District. b. Eastern Districts. — Burghersdorp {D. R. Kamienieyer). Kraai River, Barkly District (/. H. Boivhr). r. Griqualand West. — Kimberley, Vaal Kiver (J. H. Bowlcer). d. Basutoland. — Maseru and Koro-Koro (,/. H. Bovlxer). C. Orange Free State. — Parijs, Upper Vaal River {^E. G. Alston). E. Natal. h. Upper Districts. — Greytown. Estcourt (J. M. Hutchinson). K. Transvaal. — Potchefstroom District {T. Ayres). 327. (4.) Pyrgus Asterodia, Trimen. Pyryus Asterndia, Trim., Trans. Ent, Soc. Lond., 3rd Ser., ii. p. 178 (1864) ; ''^i^d llhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 289, n. 178, pi. 5, f. 6 (1866). Exp. al., 10 lin. — i in. Allied to P. Vindex, Cram., hut ground-colour paler, more glossy ; and, spots smcdlcr, vol so purely tvJiitc. Fore-wing : three spots in cell, the IIESPERID.E. 285 central largest and nearer to outer titan inner spot (the reverse being the case in Vindex) ; above central spot is one on costa, composed of tivo short lineolce, no trace of which exists in any example of Vindex ; row of spots beyond middle, including an additional dot (just above third median nervule), and more curved inwardly, so that the two lowest spots come in line with central cellular spot and that above it, — the lowest spot largest, while in Vindex the last but one is invaricMy the largest in the row ; an interrupted submarginal row of dots, hut no vestige of the row immediately before cilia; spot beneath first cellular one wholly wanting. Hind-tving : transverse stripe commencing on costa, interrupted on first subcostal nervule, very much attenuated inferiorly ; dot in cell near base small, indistinct ; row of dots as in fore- wing. Under side. — Fore-ioing : apical colour warmer, less inclining to greyish. Hind-iving : ground-colour more including to ful- vous (markedly so in some specimens) ; first stripe near base narrow, but joining basal white edging on costa ; second irregular and den- ticulated, but continuous from costa to inner-marginal stripe, which is greyish rather than white ; some fuscous variegation of ground-colour, especially on edges of stripes and spots of submarginal row, which latter are somewhat enlarged, though ill defined. In the disposition and relative sizes of the discal series of spots in the fore-wing, and in the form and direction of the two white bands on the under side of the hind-wing, Asterodia is not unlike Dromus, Plotz ; but, on the upper side, the much smaller and duller white markings (and especially the very much narrower and longer median stripe of the hind-wing) give it a totally different aspect, and the differences above emphasised seem constantly to sepa- rate it from both Vindex and Dromus. Its smaller size is also a dis- tinction. I discovered this Pyrgus at Plettenberg Bay as long ago as 1859. It frequented marshy plains about a stream called the Bitouw River, settling constantly on the flowers of low plants. It has not since occurred to me in life, and but ver\' few examples have reached me from correspondents, although the species seems to be of tolerably wide distribution. Localities of Pyrgus Asterodia. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. a Western Districts. — Breede Eiver, Swellendam District(L. Taats). Plettenberg Bay. h. Eastern Districts. — Between Zwartkops and Coega Rivers, Uitenhage District (/. H. Boicker). Grahamstown {M. E. Bar- ber). Burghersdorp {D. Ji. Kannemeyer). d. Basutoland. — Koro-Koro (/. H. Boicker). K. Transvaal. — Potchefstroom (W. Morant and T. Aprs). 286 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. 328. (5.) Pyrgus Agylla, sp. nov. Uxp. al., 10 — 1 1^ lin. Closely allied to P. Asterodia, Trim., but smaller, 7oith the markings of a ^;w?'cr ichite, and the discal ones larger ; hind- wing with basi-cel- lular spot distinct and well developed, and submarginal spots larger. Under side. — Hind-wing and apex of fore-tving darker in ground- colour, less strongly tinged with ochreous-yellow ; ncrvidar interrup- tions of cilia conspicuously Hack, without admixture of ochreous yellow. Hind-iving : suh-basal and median ivhite hands much more irregidar and denticulate on hoth edges, and more sharply defined hy darker fuscous edging in parts ; — the opposite projections of these bands all but touch each other in two places, viz., at origin of subcostal and of median nervules respectively ; submarginal white spots enlarged, and near anal angle sometimes partly confluent. Though so very near Asterodia in most respects, the under side, with its strongly black-marked cilia, and very sharply-defined, irregu- larly-shaped white bands on a ground darker than usual, gives this form a peculiar aspect, rendering it easily recognisable. This little Pyrgus seems confined to the dry upland interior districts of the Cape Colony. It was first brought to my notice in 187 1 by Colonel Bowker, who took a few examples (three at Hope Town on the Orange River and one between Somerset East and Murraysburg) in April of that year ; and a few months later Mrs. Barber and he sent three examples from Griqualand West. In September 1872 I took a single specimen at Kimberley. In two of Mrs. Barber's specimens the middle spots of the fore-wing are so enlarged as to give the effect of a straight white fascia from costa to sub- median nervure. Localities of Pyrgus Agylla. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. h. Eastern Districts. — Between Somerset East and Murraysburg (/. H. Bowlier). Murraysburg (3Irs. Muskeit). Hope Town (/. H. Bowker). c. Griqualand West. — Kimberley. Between Riet and Modder Rivers (Mrs. Barber). Vaal River (J. H. Boivker). 329. (6.) Pyrgus Transvaalise, sp. nov. Exp. al., 1 1 lin. Allied to P. Viiidex, Cram,, and Droimis, Plotz. $ Brotvnish-black, with very distinct, mostly rounded, white spots. Fore-wing : spots in disposition and relative size most like those of Promus, but hasi-ccllular sp)ots very narroio and longitudinally elongate, terminal cellular spot more quadrate, and costal spot of discal row narrower and more distinctly tripartite ; spots of strongly-sinuated TTKSrERID.E. 287 submargiual series very distinct (in one specimen larger than in the other) and of equal size throughout ; no spot beneath basi-cellukr one. Hind-winij : a distinct basi-cellular spot ; median band resembling that of Diomus, Hopff., but not curved, more oblique, more macular (the crossing nervules forming strongly-marked interruptions) ; submarginal scries of spots more complete than in any of the allied forms, there being a series of three (rather smaller than the rest) somewhat obliquely placed between first subcostal and third median nervules. Undek side. — Hind-iving and costal and apical border of fore-wing glossy yelloiuish- hroion; all spots very distinct; hind-wing ivith median hand not so macular as on iip)per side, hut continuous from costa to suhmedian nervure, and ivith a suh-hasal curved series of foiir conspicuous spots. Fore-wing : an elongate small whitish spot immediately below discoidal cell near base (lollowed in one specimen by a second similar spot) ; four upper spots of suhmarginal series much larger and more elongated longitudi- nally than on upper side. Hind-tving : a white spot at base ; first and second spots of sub-basal row lather large and pyriform, third spot very small, fourth spot narrow and elongate, adjoining greyish-white of inner-marginal fold ; seven spots in median band (which is irregular in outline on both edges), the two lowest spots almost touching the fourth spot in sub-basal series ; spots of irregular submarginal row considerably larger and more elongated than on upper side. This is a very distinct little species, at once to be recognised by the thickly maculated under side of the hind-wings, owing chielly to the unusual separation and definition of the sub-basal spots, and (to a less degree) of those forming the median band, and to the number and large size of the spots of the submarginal series. Only two examples have come under my notice ; one sent to me from the Transvaal by Mr. T. Ayres in 1878, and the other in a collection made by the same naturalist in that country, and acquired by the South-African Museum in the following year. Locality of Pyrgus Transvaalice. I. South Africa. K. Transvaal. — Potchefstroom District {T. Ayres). 330. (7.) Pyrgus Diomus, Hopffer. Pyrgus Diomus, Hopff;, " Monatsb. K. Akad. Wissensch. Berlin, 1855, p. 643 ;" and Peters' Reise Mossamk, Ins., p. 420, t. xxvii. ff. 9, 10 (1862). Syrichtus ferax, AVallengr., Wien. Ent. Monatschr., 1863, p. 137. Pyrgus Vindex, Cram., ?Var. Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. pp. 287-288 (1866). Hesperia {Syrichtus) Diomus, "VVallengr., Sv. Vet. -Akad. Porh., 1872, p. 50. 288 SOUTIT-AFRICAX EUTTERFLIES. Pyrgus Diotnus, Mtischl., Verh. Zool. • Eot. Gesellscli. ^Vien, 1883, p. 286. Hesj>ena Sandastcr, Stand., Exot. Schmett., ii. pi. 100 (1888).^ Bxp. ciL, I ill. — I in. 2 lin. Aspect of P. Vindex, Cram., hut not of so deep a black, with the spots of a duller v:hlte and mostly rather narrotver ; cilia yellowish- white, with the black mtemqytions duller and not so sharply defined. Fore-wing : basi-costal wliitisli more diffused, not forming a distinct white mark inwardly ; cellular spots narrower, the inner one occa- sionally wanting ; in disced row there is no seiKirate fourth spot, that marking being immediately and vertically beneatli, and completely united with third sjwt. Ifind-iving : basi-cellular spot usually small and indistinct, and sometimes wanting ; median band narrower, duller, and more oblique than in Vindex, crossed rather conspicuously by end of black median nervure and origins of its second and third nervules, and often narrowly and indistinctly prolonged towards costa. Under SIDE. — Hind-wing and apical area of fore-wing pede greyish or yelloivish- ochreous, tisucdly with a slight greenisli tinge in $ ; hind-iving with sid)- bascd and median white strii^cs very oblique, well separated — the former rather vaguely defined internally and inferiorly, — the latter with well- defined edges (not much denticulated), continuous, and varying little in width from costa to where it joins anal-angular white ; white spots of submargincd roiu confluent into an irregularly-denticulate rather ill- defined, streak, also obliquely placed and -running almost parallel with median band ; beyond this streak, the hind-marginal border is much paler than the rest of the ground, and often nearly white in $. Cilia beneath rather indistinctly interrupted with greyish-ochreous, espe- cially in hind-wing. A fine $ example taken in Basutoland by Colonel Bowker varies in possessing much enlarged discal spots in the fore-wings. This species is readily recognised by the peculiarly oblique white bands on the under side of the hind-wings ; and Herr Moschler (Joe. cit.) was undoubtedly right in dissenting from my suggestion in 1866 that it was proljably a variety of Vindex; but I had as long ago as 1870 (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., p. 385) corrected that suggestion, and stated that I had seen reason to hold Diomus as distinct. About Cape Town this butterfly is numerous ; its habits are precisely those of P. Vindex, and the two forms fly in company. Tliongh having an exten- sive range in the Southern Tropical Kegion, Diomus does not appear to have been recorded from any locality north of the Equator. Its distribution in South Africa proper seems to be general, but it has appeared more rarely than Vi7idex ill collections received. ^ Dr. Standinger's figure has no resemblance to P. Sandastcr, Trim, (see below, p. 291), but represents an apparent ? of P. Diomus. IIESPERID.E. 289 Localities of P//r(/us Diomus. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony, a. Western Districts. — Cape Town. Ookiep, Namaqualand District {L. Peringney). c. Griqualand West. — Kimbcrley. Between Riet and Modder Rivers {Mrs. Barber). d. Basutoland. — Maseru (J. 11. Boiclcer). D. Kaffraria Proper. — Tsomo River (/. //. Bowler). E. Natal. a. Coast Districts. — D'Urban {J. H. Boicker). F. Zululand. — Napoleon Valley ('/. H. Bowker). H. Delagoa Bay. — Lourengo INIaniues (Mrs. Monteiro). K. Transvaal. — Potchefstroom {W. Morant and T. Ayres). Eureka City, near Barberton (C. F. Palmer). II. Other African Regions. A. South Tropical. a. Western Coast. — Damaraland : "R. Kuisip (Wahlberg)." — Wallengren. b. Eastern Coast. — " Querimba (Peters)." — Hopffer. hi. Eastern Interior. — Between Transvaal and Gubulewayo (A. W. Eriksson). 331. (8.) Pyrgus Sataspes, Trimen. $ ? Pyrgus Sataspes, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 3rd Ser., ii. p. 178 (1864); and Rhop, Afr. Aust., ii. p. 290, n. 179, pi. 5, f. 7 (1866). Exp. al., {$) 10 lin. — i in. ; ($) i\\ lin. — i in. I lin. ^ Fiiscous-hvian, with small, dull-whitish spots. Fore-wing : only two, rather widely separated, spots in discoidal cell, one of which closes it ; spots in transverse row beyond middle less separated than in Vindex group, the row of three on costa more in line with the rest, not lying so obliquely towards hind-margin ; a row of dots immediately before cilia tinged with ochreous, often indistinct, but always present ; between it and row of spots a sinuate line of similar dots ; base more or less clouded with dull-ochreous scales. Hind-iving : no spot near base ; median band interrupted at origin of second and third median nervules, very much narrower than in Vindex group ; two rows of dots as in fore-wing, but inner one not sinuate and often almost obliterated. Cilia dull greyish-yellow, inconspicuously varied with fuscous. Under SIDE. — Fore-iving : markings as above, but outermost row of dots wanting ; costa and apex widely coloured with pale greyish-yellow, the latter clouded with pale reddish-brown. Hind-wing : pale fuscous, tinged with reddish, crossed hy two yelloivish-ivhite stripes, commencing on costal nervure, — the first short, often indistinct, narrow before middle, — the second median, conspicuous, slightly oblique, rather narrow (being ividest costally), uniting with an inner-marginal longitudinal stripe to form a VOL. III. T 290 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. wliite space at anal angle ; hind-margin widely tinted with dull-reddish, and edged with a pale line ; rows of dots obsolete. $ Paler, more conspicuously spotted; under side of hind-iving reddish' ockreous, only tinged tvitJi fuscous next to stripes. In some of the more distinctly-marked examples of both sexes, there are in the fore-wing two short sub-basal whitish longitudinal streaks or dashes — one in discoidal cell just above, and the other immediately below, median nervure. This little Fyrgus is readily known by its brownish upper side with small dull spots ; and by the dull reddish-brown of the under side of the hind-wings, crossed by a very distinct continuous median white stripe, only a little denticulate on its edges, and not nearly so oblique as in Diomtis. P. Zebra, Butl. {Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 6th Ser., i. p. 207, March 18S8), is described as " nearest to P. SatasjJes;" it is a native of India (" Campbellpore and Chittur Pahar, Major Yerliiry"), and, judging from the description given, differs in presenting a greyish- brown under side of the hind- wings, marked with an additional outer narrow white stripe from apex to lower part of hind- margin. This additional stripe is a point of agreement with P. Diomiis, Hopff. I first met with the species at Knj'sna, Cape Colony, in 1858 ; it was there not uncommon, and remained out from September to February 1859. About Cape Town I have since constantly taken it, but only in the summer and later spring months. In the neighbourhood of Grahamstown I took a few specimens during February. There is nothing remarkable in its habits ; like its congeners, it is fond of resting Avith expanded wings on the ground or on stones. I have received this butterfly from but few localities, and usually singly ; it is inconspicuous, and probably passed over among its immediate allies. Localities of Pyrgus Sataspes. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. a. Western Districts. — Cape Town. Knysna and Plettenberg Bay. h. Eastern Districts. — Between Zwartkop and Coega Rivers {J. H. Boioker). Kleinemond River, Bathurst (//. /. Atherstone). Grahamstown {Miss II. L. Botcl-er). Mitford Park, Albany District. E. Natal. a. Coast Districts. — D'Urban (,/. H. Bowlder), h. Upper Districts. — Estcourt (/. M. Hutchinson). 332. (9.) Pyrgus nanus. Pyrgus Sataspes, Var. A., Trim., Rbop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 290 (1866). Exp. cd., {$) 9I — I il lin. ; ($) i i lin. — i in. Nearly allied to P. Sataspes, Trim. $ Brownish-black, with small white spots; spots in oiuniber and position almost as in Sataspes, hit of a purer white and more sharply IIESPERID.E. 291 defined ; Idnd-iuing median hand divided as in Sataspes, hut not at all ohlique. Under side. — Hind-wing : ground-colour much paler ; base with a whitish tinge ; both transverse bands whiter, and beginning on costal edge, — the sub-basal one not extending below su])COstal nervure, — the median one outwardly darl'-edgcd, hiangulated (just above third and just upon first median ncrvvXes), and not ohlique, its attenuated lower extremity joining white of inner-marginal fold at some distanee before anal angle; an indistinct Insinuated suhmarginal series of whitish dots. $ "White spots and white of cilia purer, more conspicuous. Ukder SIDE. — All the markings more sharply defined. A dwarf $ that I captured near Cape Town in April 1872 expands only 8 lin. The characters emphasised in the above description appear to be tlioroughly constant, and warrant the separation of this form from Sataspes. I am not aware of the occurrence of this little species beyond tlie limits of the Cape Colony, but within those limits it appears to be of wide distribution. Near Cape Town I have not found it at all numerous ; there seem to be two broods, one in September and October, and the other in March and April. Mr. L. Peringuey took some examples in the Namaqualand District in October and November 1885 ; and I took a specimen at Kobertson in January 1876. Localities of Pyrgus nanus. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. a. Western Districts. — Cape Town. ]\Ialmesbury. Yogel Vley, Tulbagh District. Robertson. Ookiep, Xamaqualand District (L. Peringney). h. Eastern Districts. — Uitenhage (/. H. Bowl-er). Between Somer- set East and Murraysburg (/. H. Bowl-cr). c. Griqualand West. — Kimberley {H. L. L. Peltham). 333. (10.) Pyrgus Sandaster, Trimen. $ Pyrgus Sandaster, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 92, pi. v. f. 9. Exp. cd., {$) 10 — II lin.; $ 11 lin.— i in. $ Glossy hroivnish-hlack, ivith minute white sp)ots ; cilia hlaeh, with narrow ivhite inter-nervular interruptions. Fore-wing: five minute inter- nervular white dashes on costa ; a linear transverse white mark in discoidal cell towards extremity ; discal row of eight or nine spots irre- gular, strongly bisinuate, — spots one to three forming a straight trans- verse costal line, spots four and five a little beyond them, spots six and seven lying very obliquely (almost longitudinally) before those above, and spots eight and nine (one or both sometimes obsolete) vertically below seventh spot ; in some specimens, an indistinct transverse linear white mark before middle, between first median nervule and submedian 292 SOUTH-AFRICAX BUTTERFLIES. neniire ; immediately before cilia a partly obsolescent series of inter- ner^'ular white dots. Hind- wing : usually a wliitish spot in discoidal cell towards extremity ; a discal row of two or three (usually rather indistinct) spots between second subcostal and first median nervules ; two or three indistinct pre-ciliary whitish dots near apex. Under SIDE. — Dark-broivn, with all the border's of hind-vnng and costa and apex of fore-wing densely hut unequally irrorated with whitish ; hind-wing with tivo very narrow transverse stripes sharply defined hy hlacJcish edges. Fore-wing : base of cell irrorated with whitish ; costal dashes repre- sented by more distinct small spots ; a good-sized quadrate white spot on costa before middle ; a faint transverse whitish streak at extremity of discoidal cell ; other spots larger and better defined than on upper side ; ground-colour paler near inner margin. Hind-iving : base whitish ; sub-basal stripe from costa to submedian nervure, angulated and more slender inferiorly ; discal strij^e widely interrupted on first subcostal nervule, irregularly dentate on its inner edge, more regularly and acutely on its outer edge, attenuated inferiorly and ending on sub- median nervure. $ Like ^, but all the white markings (except discal spots of hind- wing) better developed and more sharply defined, especially transverse stripes on under side of hind-wing, the edgings of which are quite black. This is a very distinct species, differing from all its congeners in its very small white spots, and (on the under side) in its dark ground- colour and very narrow sharply-defined black-edged transverse stripes of the hind-wings. Only ten specimens (three $ s) have come under my notice. The first was taken near Murraysburg, about the centre of the Cape Colony, in 1864, by Dr. J. J. Muskett ; three were captured by Mrs. Barber on the Fish River in November 187 1. On the i8th and 20th August 1873 I met with three examples in Little Namaqualand ; and Colonel Bowker took three at Uitenhage on the 6th October 1879. I took all the few examples that I saw in XamaqualanJ ; they settled on the ground in dry stony places, and were not easily taken. Mrs. Barber wrote that it was very numerous at Fort Brown on a particular hillock covered with Barleria shrubs, but that she did not notice it elsewhere in the vicinity. Colonel Bowker found his Uitenhage specimens "at the foot of stony hills." Localities of Pyrgus Sandaster. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. a. Western Districts. — Oograbics, and between Ivomaggas and Spec- takel, Namaqualand District. h. Eastern Districts. — Uitenhage (/. //. Buwlier). Murraysburg {J. J. MusTxett). Fort Brown, Fish River, Albany District {Mrs. Barber). IIESPEEIDi^E. 293 334. (11.) Pyrgus Elrna, Trimcn. Pyrgus Elma, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Loiul, 31x1 Ser., i. p. 288 (1862); \'uk1 Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 291, n. 180, pi. 5, f. 8 [V^(^ Chaca, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lend., 1873, P- ^^S, pi. i. ff. 9 Ex}). al, Q), I iu. 3^ liu. ; ($) ^ iii- 5^ lin. ^ Fuscous, with ichitc and uchreo2is s/xds. Fore-wing : irrorated thinly in parts with some yellowish scales ; a broad, sub-reniform, white spot at extremity of discoidal cell ; a very irregular row of eight white spots, of which the first three are contiguous, and form a short, rather wide, costal and subapical stripe, the fourth and fifth are nearest hind-margin and minute, the seventh largest and just under disco-cellular spot, and the eighth indistinct and just above submedian nervure ; a hind-marginal row of seven indistinct small ochreous spots, of which the lowest is suffused and almost obsolete. Hind-wing: some hoary hairs along line of median and submedian nervures ; an indistinct, good-sized, ochreous spot at extremity of discoidal cell; vague traces of three or four small ochreous spots near upper half of hind-margin. Cilia white, varied with black at ends of nervures. Under side. — Hind-wing and costcd and apical region of fore-vAng mingled creamy and fidvous-ochrcous, the fulvous predominating in hind-wing. Fore- wing : white spots as above, but rather larger, and relieved by black edgings from the ochreous colouring round them ; a small black spot on costa close to base ; a row of seven small black spots on hind-margin from apex to anal angle, the lowest two suffused and enlarged, so as to join inner-marginal blackish ground-colour. Hind-wing : between costal and submedian nervures, two transverse white bands (one before, the other beyond middle) edged on both sides with macular black streaks ; a hind-marginal row of six small black spots ; space between submedian nervure and inner-marginal edge blackish, irrorated anteriorly with creamy-ochreous ; costa at base with a black curved mark, about and beyond middle bordered with grey. ^ A^ot m dark as $ ; spotting similar, but all the yelloiv-ochreovs spots larger and more distinct ; cilia creamy instead of white, more broadly varied with black. Under side. — As in ^, but the fulvous brighter, especially in hind- wing. Apart from the very considerable difference in size (P. Mohozutza, not exceeding about 13 lines), both sexes of P. Chaca may, as regards the markings of the upper side, be recognised by the possession of two small additional white spots (the fourth and fifth) in the transverse row beyond the middle of the fore-wings, and the duller and proper- HESPERID.E. 297 tionally much smaller ochreous spots of tlio hind-marginal row in the fore-wings of both sexes and in the hind-wings of the $. On the upper side of the hind-wings of the $ Chaca there are, however, an indistinct central spot, and traces of three hind-marginal spots not found in the ^ Mohozntza. The under side in both sexes differs from that of MoJiozutza by being paler ; by having a row of distinct black spots, instead of a black streak, along the hind-marginal edge of the wings ; and by presenting a whitish transverse band before the middle in the hind-wings. IMr. Eowker took this butterlly in several localities near the Tsomo River, ICafTrai'ia, in December, and notes it as occurring in " open grassy glades between forests upon high mountains, sitting on flowers with closed wings." Mrs. Barber, however, who met with the species near Bathurst in ]\farch 1870, writes that it frequented " long grass, in rather a low and damp locality, among trees." Mr. SchifFman's specimens were captured on one of the hills round Graharastown, but I am not aAvare in what kind of station. The species appears to be rare and very local ; I have seen only two examples of each sex. Localities of Pyrgus Chaca. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colon}'. h. Eastern Districts. — Grahamstown ( — Schiffman). Bathurst {Mrs. Barber). II. Other African Regions. A. South Tropical. a. Western Coast. — " Angola (Por/f/e)." — Dewitz. D. Kaff"raria Proper. — Tsomo River (J. H. Boichtr). 337. (U.) Pyrgus Tucusa, Trimen. Pyrgus TiicKsa, Trim., Trans. Eiit. Soc. Loud., 1SS3, p. 359. £xp. al., I in. 1-3 liu. ^ Fuscous, with semi-transparent white spots. Fore-winy: a dull yellowish-white scaling from base to before middle along costa, median nervure, and inner margin ; at extremity of discoidal cell two elongate spots, one above the other ; a discal continuous row of nine spots, strongly curved outwardly in its upper portion, but thence sharply deflected inwardly to submedian nervure a little beyond middle ; of this row the largest spot is the seventh (immediately below disco- cellular spots), and the smallest the eighth ; close to upper part of hind-margin a row of five almost obsolete dull fulvous-ochreous spots. Hind-iving : median and submedian nervures clothed with dull yellow- ish-white scales and hairs ; at extremity of cell an ill-defined whitish spot. Cilia white, in fore-iving with narrow fuscous nervular interrup- tions, in hind-wing with scarcely visible similar interruptions. Under SIDE. — Dull creamy ivhite, varied with very pale fulvous and idth small 298 SOUin-AFEICAN BUTTERFLIES. hlach spots. Forc-v:ing : -^vhite spots as on upper side, and edged with fuscous; inner-marginal area pale fuscous ; hind-marginal border creamy, faintly tinged with fulvous, becoming macular towards posterior angle ; along hind-marginal edge a row of small inter-nervular black spots, Ilind-u-ing : a thin costal edging near base, discoidal cell, and a small space beyond, and a widish hind-marginal border, very pale fulvous ; near base two small black spots above discoidal cell, two in cell (with a small space of the ground-colour between them), and one below cell ; two parallel discal rows of small black spots (seven in each row), parallel at a little distance apart ; inner-marginal fold tinged with fuscous at its broad anal-angular extremity ; hind-margin thinly edged with fuscous, interrupted (like the fulvous border) by nervules of the ground- colour. $ Fore-ioiiig : wJiitc sjpots inclining to creamy, all smaller than in $ (esjjcciallg the seventh, while the eighth is wanting or exceedingly minute); hind-marginal spots distinct, j;afc fidvotcs-ochrcous, seven in numher. Hind-wing : disco-cellular spot large, pale ftdvous-ochreous ; close to hind- margin a roio of seven spots of the same colour, not extending below submedian nervure. Cilia creamy white, with wider fuscous interrup- tions, of which in hind-wing there are only three, at the extremities of median nervules. Under side. — As in $, hut the fulvous marlcings much brighter. Hind-u-ing : two additional fulvous marks immediately before inner discal row of black spots, viz., one between costal and subcostal, the other between median and submedian nervures. This Pyrgus closely resembles both P. Mohozutza (Wallengr.) and P. Chaca, Trim. ; in size it is nearer to the former, but in pattern to the latter. The continuous character of the discal row of white spots, due to the constant presence of two spots between the costal three and those below median nervure, distinguishes it in both sexes from Mohozutza. The $ is further separable by the purer white of the discal spots and the cilia, and by the obsolete condition of the hind- marginal ochreous spots, which in Mohozutza are well marked. On the under side both sexes present in the hind-wing a regular inner discal row of seven black spots instead of the three or four widely- separated and irregularly-placed spots in Mohozutza ; paler (and on costa and submedian nervure much reduced) fulvous markings, and a whitish instead of fuscous inner-marginal fold. Apart from its very much smaller size, Tucusa in both sexes is very like Chaca on the upper side, but on the under side it wholly wants in the hind- wings the broad transverse median fulvous band and fulvous base, separated by a creamy-white black-edged band, so conspicuous in Chaca. An aberrant $ sent from the Transvaal in 1873 by Mr. II. Barber has the fore-wings longer than usual, with the discal spots all smaller and tinged with yellow-ochreous, but three ^ s accompanying that specimen are normal. IIESPERID.E. 299 Localities of Pz/rr/us Tuciosa. I. South Africa. E. Natal. h. Upper Districts. — Estcourt (./. M. Ilutclunson). K. Transvaal.— (//. Barber). Genus TIIYMELICUS. rampkila, Westwood (part), Gen. Diurn. Lcp., ii. p. 521 (1S52). Pampliila, Trimeii (pari), Khop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 297 (1866). Thiimelirus (Iliibner, 1816), llerricli-Scliall'., Corr.-lJlatt. Zool.-Miu. A^er. Kegensb., 1868, p. 44. TliijmeUcm, Speyer, Stett. Eiit. Zeit., 187S, p. 182, and 1879, p. 4S8. Thymelkus, Plotz, Stett. Ent. Zeit., 1884, p. 284. Imago. — Head with usual small tuft of hairs close to origin of each antenna : palpi long, — the second joint densely hairy, — the third long, ascendant or erect, or horizontally porrected, clothed with short appressed hairs ; antenna short, with a gradually-formed sub-cylindrical club, thinner and slightly curved towards tip (which is blunt). Thorax robust and hairy. Wings with neuration as in Pampliila, Fab. Fore-ivings more or less pointed apically ; discoidal cell about three-fifths the length of the wing, its very slender closing nervules forming an inwardly oblique line ; ^ in some species with a lower discal linear groove running obliquely from second median nervule near its origin to submedian nervure before middle. Hind-iuings small, bluntly rounded, usually rather prominent (sometimes much so) anal- angularly ; discoidal cell very short, from one-third to less than half the length of the wing, — its closing nervule angulated inwardly in the middle. Legs rather short and thick ; femora (especially hind ones superiorly) more or less hairy ; appendage to tibias of first pair incon- spicuous, often with difficulty perceptible among the scaly hairs ; tarsi spinulose beneath. Abdomen rather long, — in ^ laterally compressed and slightly tufted at extremity. Larva. — Slender, gradually attenuated anteriorly, rather abruptly pointed posteriorly ; head small ; no hairs on tubercles. Pupa. — Slender and elongate ; frontal spike of head short ; ex- tremity of abdomen very attenuated and acute ; case of haustellum extending freely to about half the length of abdomen. (These characters are those of the early stages of Thaumas (Linea) and Lincola (European species), as figured and described by Hlibner, Duponchel, and Boisduval.) There is little to distinguish this genus from Pampliila, Fab., except the blunt unhooked club of the antenna?, and the much longer and usually more erect terminal joint of the palpi. In the former 300 SOUTH-AFEICAX BUTTERFLIES. feature it resembles Pyrgus, but, unlike that group, the ^ in Thymc- liciis never exhibits a costal fold in the fore-wings, a tuft on the hind- tibiae, or posterior thoracic appendages in any species. About thirty species are recorded, pretty evenly distributed among the great zoological regions, with the exception of Australia. The Ethiopian Region has yielded eight species, the Paltearctic, Nearctic, and Oriental Regions six each, and the Neotropical Region five. The African species have a very different facies from that of the European ones ; their hind- wings are apically shorter, and the terminal joint of their palpi is not erected. Five are natives of South Africa ; of these two, Lcpenula, Wallengr., and Macomo, Trim., are brown, with ochre-yellow markings ; two, Niveostriga and Wallcngrenii, are brown, with a few whitish spots in the fore-wings ; and the fifth, Barhercc, Trim. , has consiiicuous pure- white spots on a brown ground, and black- and-white cilia as in Pyrgus. All five inhabit the eastern side of the country, and the only one known to me to extend into the tropical belt is Lcpenula. Macomo ^ appears to be the least rare ; of the scarcest species, Barhcra', I have seen only four examples. 338. (1.) Thymelicus Lepenula, (Wallengreu). $ HesjKiia Lepenula, "Wallengr., K. S. Vet.-Akad. Haiidl., 1857 ; Lep. Rhop. Catfr., p. 50, n. 6. (5 Pamphila? Lepenula, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 298, n. 189 (1866). Cydopides Chersias, Ilewits., Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 4th Ser., xx. p. 327 (i877).2 Plate XI. fig. 6 {$). Exp. al, ($) I in. 1-2 lin. ; ($) i in. 2^ lin. ^ Broivn, unth wide pale ochreous-yellow marlcings. Fore-iving : a large basal marking filling all discoidal cell and a shorter area between median and submedian nervures, from base itself ; costa to about middle and inner margin very densely to beyond middle irrorated with ochreous-yellow ; a short transverse subapical and subcostal mark, ex- ternally tridentate on nervules ; boneath this, and between third median nervule and submedian nervure, an oblique wide discal band, externally quinquedentate and internally strongly indented by ground-colour below first median nervule. Hind-vnng : basi-cellular and inner-marginal area clothed with some pale-yellow hairs ; in discoidal cell, near extremity, a good- sized spot ; beyond it a wide irregular discal band on patch, between subcostal and submedian nervures, inwardly rather vaguely defined, outwardly better defined, more even, forming short ' A near but quite distinct ally is T. Capenas (Hewits.), from the Zambesi, at once recog- nised by having the nervules yellow near the superior half of the hind-margin of the fore- wings on upper side. ^ I examined the six specimens of Chersias in the Hewitson Collection, and found them unquestionably identical with Lcpenula. Wallengr. IIESPERID.T.. 30 r nervular dentations. Cilia of fore-wing brownisli-grey, except about posterior angle, where pale-ycllowisli prevails; of hind-wing wholly pale-yellow. Under side. — llind-ioing, and all forc-toincj except imrt of central and inner-marginal area, j^^aZe chrome-yelloiv or sulphur- yellow, without marking. Fore-wing : in cell and on lower disc a faint indication of the upper-side pattern and colouring ; from base, below median nervure and its first nervule, a conspicuous blackish suffusion, extending to rather beyond middle only along first median nervule, but below submedian nervure to posterior angle. Head and body above blackish with yellowish hairs, beneath pale chrome-yellow or sulphur-yellow. Antennas black ; palpi with mixed yellow and brown hairs above, and pale chrome-yellow hairs beneath, — the terminal joint black ; vertex with a median yellow line and a yellow spot above each eye. Abdomen above with yellow segmental half- rings. $ Like $, hut in fore-wing basal yellow marking is much narrower inferiorly, and further reduced hy one dark-brotvn ray from base in dis- coidal cell (widening outivardly), and by another between median and submedian nervures. This species is well characterised by the wide development of the yellow markings of the upper side, and by the almost (in the hind- wings wholly) spotless pale-yellow under side. Its nearest ally in these respects is Harona, Westw.,^ a species not hitherto recorded from south of the Tropic, in which the yellow of the uj^per side is still more extended, occupying the costa of the fore-wings and nearly the whole of the hind-wings, but in which the under side of the hind- wings is of a paler yellow." Le-pemda appears to belong to the interior tracts of South Africa, especially the Transvaal country; but in 1881 I was surprised to receive from Mr. S. D. Bairstow a ^ example captured by him at Uitenhage. At the end of 187 1 Colonel Bowker found this butterfly very sparingly on a hillside at Klipdrift (now Barkly), on the Yaal Eiver, and sent me a specimen for determination. About Potchefstroom it seems to be not uncommon. Localities of Thymelicus Lepenula. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. h. Eastern Districts. — Uitenhage (^S*. D. Bairstoio). c. Griqualand West. — A-^aal River : Barkly (J". H. Bowker). K. Transvaal. — Potchefstroom and District {T. Ayres and W. Morant). II. Other African Regions. A. South Tropical. 61. Eastern Interior (special locality not stated: A. W. Ericksson). 1 App. Gates' Matabele Land, p. 353 (1881). - On the upper side Lepenula bears a close resemblance to Maro (Fab.), a Cingalese species, but wants the fuscous spotting and brownish clouding of the latter on the under side. SOUTH-AFRICAX BUTTERFLIES. 339. (2.) Thsnnelicus Macomo, (Trimen). Ci/clopides Macomo, Trim., Trans. Eut. Soc. Lond., 3rcl Ser., i. p. 405 (1862). $ 9 Pampliila Macomo, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 297, n. 188, pi. 6, i.6[S], (1866). $ TInjmclicus Macomo, Stand., Exot. Schmett., i. p. 100 (1888). Uxp. al., {$) I in. 0^-2 liu. ; ($) i in. 2-3I lin. ^ Brown, with mostly sharply-defined, sub-quadrate, jjcde ochreous- yelloiv spots ; cilia didl yelloivish-ivhite, tnixed with greyish in fore-wing. Fore-wing : basal third scaled with pale ochreous-yellow ; a good- sized terminal disco-cellnlar spot ; between it and submedian nervure, ob- liquely placed towards base, two smaller spots, of which the upper one is crossed by beginning of first median nervule ; a discal row of six sharply-defined spots, of which the upper three are considerably smaller and united to form a short and narrow subapical bar, — the fourth and fifth united between third and first median nervules, — and the sixth separated just above submedian nervure. Hind-wing: over discoidal cell and upper part of inner-marginal fold some sparse yellowish hairs ; a small and rather indistinct terminal disco-cellular spot ; an irregular discal band composed of five spots, the second of which (just beyond end of cell) is much the largest, and the fifth rather large and indis- tinct. U>fDER SIDE. — Hind-iving, and all fore-wing except fuscous inner- marginal area, creamy-yelloio, with small black spots. Fore-xviiig : a short black longitudinal streak in basal two-thirds of discoidal cell, and a small black spot at upper corner of extremity of cell ; only lower three spots of discal row apparent, much paler than on upper side, but inner edge of upper three indicated by three minute black dots, and outer edge of all except the lowest by a series of five inter-nervular short black rays (thicker inwardly) extending to hind-margin ; two similar but longer and more linear rays from just beyond extremity of cell ; costa and hind-margin with a linear black edging. Hind-wing : an indistinct fuscous streak along costa from base, a little within the edge ; a spot close to base just above subcostal nervure, and another (before middle) below it ; an irregular discal row of five spots, of which the third and fourth are considerably beyond the others ; and a sub- marginal row of five, of which the fifth is considerably before the others ; inner-marginal fold and anal-angular area of a deeper yellow, and marked superiorly by a strong longitudinal black ray from base ; hind-margin with a linear black edge. Head black, with some creamy-white hairs in front, two white spots on middle line of vertex, a larger spot behind base of each antennas, and a yellowish half-ring behind eyes ; antennm black, the basal half of club beneath and some of the articulations marked with pale-yellowish ; palpi above black with a conspicuous white mark near extremity of second joint, beneath (except terminal joiut) creamy-yellow. Thorax IIESPERID.E. 303 aud ahdomcii above Llackisli, beneath creamy-yellow ; the former above with some pale-yellowish hairs frontally, laterally, and posteriorly ; the latter above with last four segmental incisions aud terminal tuft yel- low, beneath whitish edged on each side by a series of small black spots. Zcfjs with femora aud tibiiu j^ellow tipped with black, and tarsi brownish scaled with yellowish- white. $ Like $, but rather paler ; the wings blunter — the fore-wing not so pointed apically, and the hind-wing less prominent about anal angle. A very distinct species, well characterised by its pronounced and sharply-defined spotting on the upper side, and by the conspicuous black spots and streaks of the under side. Mr. W. S. M. D'Uiban first made known to rue this pretty species; lie took a single example at King William's Town on the 8th December i860. Colonel Bowker has since forwarded several specimens from Kafi"raria Proper and the Coast Districts of Natal ; it does not appear to be at all numerous in the latter region, and during my visit in 1867 I fell in with but one specimen, on 2ist March, between Itongati and Verulam. At Piiietown Colonel Bowker took the species in December 1S84. Only four $s have reached me, the largest bein" from Delagoa Bay. Localities of Tlujmclicus Macomo. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. h. Eastern Districts.— King William's Town (TF. S. M. D' Urban). West bank of Kei River (/. H. Boivker). D. Kaffraria Proper. — Butterworth, Tsomo, and Bashee Ptivers {J. II. Boicker). E. Natal. a. Coast Districts. — Lower Undvomazi, D'Urban, and Pinetown (/. H. Bowker.) Between Verulam and Itongati. II. Delagoa Bay. — Louren^o Marques {Mrs. Monteiru). 340. (3.) Thymelicus niveostriga, (Trimen). $ Pamphila? niveostriga, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond,, 3rd Ser., vol. ii. p. 179 (1864); Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 298, n. 190, pi. 6, f. 7 (1866); and (?) Trans. Ent. Soc. Loud., 1870, p. 389. Exp. al, {$) I in. 1J-3 lin. ; (?) i in. 3-4 lin. ^ Fuscous-hrown ; fore-tving with semi-transparent white spots. Fore-wing : costa tinged with dull-ochreous ; an elongate, sub-reniform spot at extremity of discoidal cell ; beyond it, a strongly inward-curved row of six more or less quadrate spots, commencing below costa, of which the two first spots are small and contiguous, the third all but obsolete, the fifth largest, and just below spot in cell, and the sixth (above submedian nervure) somewhat sufiused and invaded by ground- colour. Ilind-vjing : darker, spotless. Undek side. — Wholly , except- ing inner-marginal area of fore-wing, lude rcddish-ochreous, marked ivith paler creamy nervures ; on inner-margin of hind-u'ing a glistening, snow- 304 SOUTH-AFEICAX BUTTERFLIES. white border, bounded interiorly (along deep fold of wing) with blackish. Fore-iving : only three spots, viz., that in cell, and the fourth and fifth of transverse row ; fuscous greyer, paler. Hind-tving : from base to hind-margin, traversing discoidal cell, a straight very indistinct narrow creamy streak. Cilia broad, above and below dull greyish- white. $ Similar to ^, hut hind-wing not, or very slightly, darker than fore-wing. Fore-iving : last spot of discal row very small and indis- tinct. U^'DER SIDE. — Rather more reddish ; fuscous of fore-wing paler. Colonel Bowker discovered tliis curious species in the year 1863, on the Bashee Eiver in Kaffraria, and subsequently sent several specimens from that locality and from the Tsonio Eiver. In 1869 he sent a $ and two $ s from Basutoland. These examples are a little smaller than the Kafirarian ones, and the fore-wings are less acuminate apically. In tlie $ the hind-wings are scarcely darker than the fore-wings, and in this example as well as iii one of the $ s the first subapical and lowest discal spots of the fore-wings are wanting, and the other spots on both upper side and under side much reduced. The snow- white inner-marginal stripe on under side of the hind-wings is narrower and less shining than in the Kaffrarian specimens and those taken by myself in Natal. Colonel Bowker noted this very local " Skipper" as occurring among long grass and rushes in the neighbourhood of water. Near the Hermansburg Mission Station, in Natal, on loth March 1867, I captured six examples on the summit of a lofty hill-ridge ; the}'- were flitting about the purple flowers of a leguminous shrub of moderate height (which was numerous in one spot), in company with Pyrgiis Moliozutza and other butterflies. Localities of Thymelicus niveostriga. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. a. Basutoland. — Koro-Koro, Maluti Mountains, and Makaleng Eiver (/. //. BowJcer). D. Kaffraria Proper. — Tsomo and Bashee Elvers (ydenburg District [T. Ayres). nESPERIDiE. 32 1 IT. Other African Regions. A. South Tropical. ai. "Western Interior. — Mossamcdes : Ilumbc, Cunene River {A. W. Eriksson). 350. (8.) Pamphila Ayresii, s/j. nov. Plate XII. fig. i {^)} Exp. al, {$) I in.; ($) i in. 1-2 lin. Nearly allied to Moritili, Wallengr. $ Pale greyish-brown; fore-wing with small vitreous spots, hind- wing with a dull yellowish-white discal streak. Fore-wing: vitreous spots arranged as in Moritili, but only one (the upper) spot in discoidal cell near extremity, and the last spot in discal series (immediately above submedian nervure), wanting; some faint and sparse yellowish irroration in basal area, but no distinct inner-marginal streak. Hind- tving : discal yellowish-white streak very ill-defined, difiused externally, scarcely curved, lying between second subcostal and first median ner- vules. Cilia as in Moritili. Under smE.—Hind-iving {except on inner-marginal fold) and narrow costal and moderately-wide apical hind-marginal border of fore-wing hoary-grey, closely and finely hatched or striolated with blacJcish. Fore-wing: vitreous spots as on upper side ; hind-marginal border narrowing to a point on first median ner- vule ; ground-colour very much paler throughout inner-marginal area. Bind- wing: inner-marginal fold brownish-grey, not striolated. $ Like $ ; but in fore-wing two disco-cellular vitreous spots, and a small yellowish-white spot at end of discal series, just above sub- median nervure, as in Moritili. Besides the peculiar striolated hoary-grey under side of the wings, the much paler upper side and smaller head serve to distinguish this butterfly from Moritili, Wallengr. I liave dedicated the species to Mr. Thomas Ayres, the well-known orni- thological observer, Avho has made very extensive collections of insects durin" his long residence in South Africa, and from whom a $ example (the first seen) was obtained by the South-African Museum in 1879. Until quite recently (1888) I had met witli no other specimens, but, in a fine collection formed in the interior of South- Western Tropical Africa by Mr. A. W. Eriksson, I have found a pair, noted as captured at Omrora River, and a single ^, noted as taken at Ehanda, between Northern Ovampoland and Ombuella' earlv in August 1 88 7. 'J 1 In this figure the club of the antenns is represented as too long ; its real form is like that shown in fig. 4 (Moritili, Wallengr.). The vitreous spots of the fore-wings are too near the base, and the subcostal ones are not shown with sufficient distinctness; while the yellowish-white streak in the hind-wings is too curved. VOL. in. X 322 SOUTH- AFEICAX BUTTERFLIES. Localities of PampMla Ayresii. 1. South Africa. K. Transvaal. — Lyclenburg District (T. Ayres). IL Other African Regions. A. South Tropical. ai. Western Interior. — Omrora River (J. W. Eriksson). 351. (9.) Pamphila Borbonica, (Boisduval). Eesjperia Borhonica, Boisd., Faune Ent. Ma Jag., &c., p. 65, n. 3, pi. 9, ff. 5, 6 (1833). Hesperia FatueUus, Wallengr. {nee Hopff.), Iv. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1857 ; Lep. Rhop. Caffr., p. 48, n. i. $ 9 Pamphila Borbonica, Trim, [part], Rhop. Afr, Aust., ii. p. 303, n. 197 (1866). Exp. ah, {$) I in. 4-6 lin. ; ($) 1 in. 6-6\ lin. ^ Glossy Iroivn, widely suffused from bases ivitli olivaceous; ivith vitreoxis spots. Fore-wing : in upper part of discoidal cell, near ex- tremity, a small vitreous spot ; beyond middle a transverse row of seven spots (of which the first three are minute, subcostal, and form- ing one narrow streak, — the other four larger, separate, the sixth being the largest, and the seventh, which is just above submedian nervure, tinged with yellowish), abruptly angulated iuAvardly on first median nervule. Under side. — Paler ; hind-ioing and costal and apical border of fore-wing olivaccous-yclloia. Fore-wing : spots as above. Plind-wing : beyond middle a row of three small white, thinly fuscous-ringed spots, between first subcostal and third median nervl^les ; inner-marginal fold fuscous-grey superiorly, widening to anal angle. $ Similar; vitreous spots larger. Under side. — As in ^, but slightly duller in tint. Cilia, in both sexes, throughout dull brownish-white. The South- African examples differ from the typical form in their yellower under side, with larger white discal spots, and in possessing the small vitreous disco-cellular spot of the fore-wing. I took two or three examples near D'Urban, Natal, in February 1867, and Colonel Bowker has also met with it there, and has further sent me two ^ s, captured respectively at Pinetown in June and at Umbilo in December 1879. It seems to be decidedly much scarcer on the Natal coast than either of its near allies — P. Fatuellus, llopfl'., and P. Molwpaani, AVallengr. This butterfly was abundant in Maiu'itius during my visit in July 1865, and I captured many specimens at flowers in gardens. Localities of Pamp)Mla Borbonica. I. South Africa. E. Natal. a. Coast Districts. — D'Urban. Pinetown and Umbilo (/. H. Bowlcer). K. Transvaal — 1 Locality " (N. Person)." — Wallengren. IIESPERID/E. 323 II. Other African Regions. A. South Tropical. hh. Eastern Islands. — Madagascar : Llurundava (Greve). Mauritius. " Bourbon." — Loisduval. 352. (10.) Pamphila Fatuellus, Hopffer. aradisea, Stand., Exot. Schmett., i. pi. 100 (1888).'^ Exp. al, ($) I in. 7-8I lin. ; (?) 2 in. ol lin. $ Glossy black, unth a slight submetallic dark-green lustre: fore- wing loith rather large serni-transparent white sp)ots near base and inner margin, and vitreous ones superiorly and suhapically ; hind-ivioig with a very large scmi-t7'ansparent lohite rounded patch; in both wings the semi-traMsp)arent markings are sometivies tinged with 2^ale ochre-yellow ; cilia short and black, except about anal angle of hind-iving, where they are longer and mixed with whitish. Fore-wing : at base, below sub- costal nervure, a silky-white spot ; three spots in basal area arranged in a triangle, — the upper one small (in discoidal cell), and the two lower ones (between median nervure and its first nervule and sub- ^ Dr. Staiulinger (op. cit., p. 299) suggests that this species and L. hicolor, Trim., pro- bably belong to the genus Ahantis^. IIESrERID.E. 343 median nei'viire) nearly equidistant from it — tlie outer of the two very mucli larger than the inner ; in discoidal cell, very near extremity, a large vitreous spot, variaLlo in shape, broader inferiorly ; a much elbowed discal row of five spots, of which the first three are small, forming a nearly straight continuous subcostal transverse streak mid- way between oud of cell and apex ; the fourth is rather large, sub- quadrate, just below the upper three, between third and second median nervules ; and the fifth (the largest in wing) is elongated longitudinally, and situated immediately below the large disco-cellular spot, between second and first median nervules ; below this last spot, above sub- median nervure, a small semi-transparent white spot. Ilind-wing : white patch roughly rotundate in outline, leaving a black border tole- rably wide at base, narrow on costa, wide on hind-mai-gin and inner margin, and very broad in anal-angular area ; it is crossed by strongly black-clouded subcostal and median nervures and their nervules, dividinor it very unequally into three large and three small sections — the portion between third and second median nervules being minute, and sometimes obsolete. Under side. — As on upper side, hut the scmi-transjxireiit marlc- ings all of a inircr white. Hind-iving : a white spot at base on costal prominence; a conspicuous white longitudinal ray close to inner-marginal edge ; median nervure and the origins of its nervules not black-clouded. Head above black, with three white spots down middle line, one in front and one behind base of each antenna, and a linear one behind each eye ; palpi black, with a white spot on middle joint ; antennae black ; beneath white at base, but the palpi (except small terminal joint) ochre-yellow. Thorax above black, with six orange-yellow spots, viz., one on eacli side of collar, two (larger and longer) on pterygodes ; and two (smaller and paler) on mesonotum ; with two white dots marking middle of collar, and two white spots the bases of pterygodes ; and posteriorly clothed with black hairs, but (superiorly) with two conspicuous tufts of white ; beneath pale ochre-yellow in front on middle, and laterally black with three white spots; legs black, the middle and posterior tibige white externally, and the latter tufted with white hair. Abdomen above blue-black, with an ochre-yellow anal tuft, and marked laterally with four orange-red transverse bars, confluent inferiorly, but acutely pointed superiorly, — the points of the two sets of bars not meeting dorsally ; beneath pure white, with a black longitudinal streak on each side. $ Like ^, hit the four spots in based einel inner-marginal area of fore-icing ochre-yelloiv, and the white space in hind-icing strongly tinged with the same colour. Under side. — The same spots in fore-wing ochre-yellow, but much paler ; in hind-wing the subcostal nervure and its nervules, as well as the median, without black clouding. The t^'pe specimen (a Natal ^) described and figured by Butler has the three sub-basal spots (but not the small outer inner-marginal one) ochre-yellow as in the %. I have not seen any ^ s having this character 344 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. so strongly developed, but several exhibit a yellowish tinge over the spots in question, as well as over the large white patch in the hind- wings, — notably a specimen from Zululaud and another (smaller than usual) from Ehanda, to the northward of Ovampoland. The only specimen of the $ that has come under my notice was cap- tured at Etshowe, in Zululand, by Captain Goodrich, of the 27th Innis- killing Fusiliers ; it is much larger than the $, with the wings (espe- cially the hind- wings) blunter and subtruncate. A. paradlsea is a very handsome specie?, but is surpassed in beauty by its near congener A. Zavthezina (Westw.),i of which a single $ was brought from the Zambesi many years ago by the Rev. H. Rowley, but which in 1887 was taken rather numerously by Mr. Eriksson in the country between Northern Ovampoland and Ombuella. Mr. "Walter Morant in October 1869 sent me a specimen of Faradisea, with the information that it was captured with out- spread wings on a young Syringa tree at Pinetown, Natal, and that the butterfly occurred there in the months of March, April, and May. Colonel Bowker has forwarded examples taken in the same locality on 5th April, and nearer D'Urban in the middle of February and in June ; and he notes that the Avings are always held either open or not more than half closed, and that the species much affects loquat trees. He adds that a number of the pupa? were found at Umzinto, on the coast of Natal, in the rotting stumps of a wooden fence. Mr. A. D. Millar, of D'Urban, writes that Pinetown is the only locality known to him for this species, and that he had caught several fine examples there towards the end of April, including ^ and $ in copuld. He notes that the $ had " orange markings in place of the white ones of the ^ " and describes the $ s as " settling on twigs and leaves, darting about and returning to the same spot." In 1878 I received from Mr. H. Barber a single specimen captured by Inm not far from Shoshong (Bamangwato). Localities of Abantis paradisea. I. South Africa. E. Natal. a. Coast Districts. — D'Urban {J. H. Botcher). Pinetown (IF. Morant, B. Ayres, J. H. Boivker, and A. D. Millar). F. Zululand.— Etshowe {A. M. Goodrich and T. Vachell). H. Delagoa Bay. — Lourengo Marques [Mrs. Monteiro). II. Other African Regions. A. South Tropical. ax. Western Interior. — Omrora and Ehanda, northward of Ovampo- land (A. W. Eriksson). hi. Eastern Interior. — Bamangwato Country {H. Barber). ^ Thes. Ent. Oxon., p. 183, pi. xxxiv. f. 9 (1874). This lovely insect is smaller than Paradisea, and the ground-colour of the wings is on both surfaces brilliantly glossed with metallic blue and green ; the spots of the fore-wing are mostly larger ; and the collar and large posterior tufts of the thorax, as well as the anal tuft of the abdomen, are rich deep red with a tinge of carmine, while the sides of the abdomen are pure white bordered with black. In the type specimen figured by Westwood— of which I made a description in 1867 — the sides of the abdomen were dull-yellowish, having probably become discoloured. I have not yet met with the ? of this species. IIESPERID.E. 345 364. (5.) Abantis Levubu, ("Wallengren). S Leucochitonea Levtibu, Wallcngr., K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. llandl., 1857 ; I.ep. Khop. Caffr., p. 52. „ ,, Trim., Khop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 306, n. 200 (1866). Plate XII. fig-. 5 (^)} Exp. al., (^) I in. 6-y lin. ; ($) i in. 7J- lin. ^ Pure lohite, ivith narrow hlacJc margins. Fore-wing : costa and Lind-margin rather narrowly edged throughout ; a submarginal black streak, slightly inclining towards hind-marginal black, and becoming obsolete about or rather above submedian nervure ; before this, a curved black streak from costa beyond middle extends to third median ner- vule, where it joins submarginal streak ; all nervuhs, hetiueen curved streak and eosta and hind-margin, clouded with black, as well as (more slightly) those in lower half of wing, near hind-margin ; by these black markings a hind-marginal series of seven, and a curved subapical series of six white spots (the latter much more elongate than the former spots) are completely separated from the white field. Hind-iving : hind- margin with a narrow edge, becoming broad at anal angle, whence it radiates on nervules (chiefly along submedian nervure, which is clouded throughout). Under side. — Scarcely differing from tipper side. Hind- iving : inner margin edged with black ; a black ray between it and submedian nervure ; median nervules black towards hind-margin, especially the first, between which and submedian nervure is a short black ray ; a hroad black clouding conspicuously marks basal half of costal nervure. Cilia white, black-spotted at ends of nervules ; at anal angle of hind-wing longer than elsewhere. Head above black, with the following white spots, viz., one frontal, one central and vertical, one posterior to base of each antenna ; palpi above black, with a conspicuous white spot at base of middle joint, and a smaller one at extremity of that joint ; beneath, pure white, except terminal joint, which is black. Thorax above black, clothed with long white hair laterally and posteriorly ; collar with a median white spot and a larger ochre-yellow one on each side ; pterygodes conspicuously deep ochre-yellow in basal half, but beyond that white and hairy ; beneath white frontally, mesially, and posteriorly, but ochre-yellow laterally ; legs black, with the front of the tibia) and the terminal half of tlie front of the femora of the middle and hind pairs pure white. Abdomen above black, with a black anal tuft, beneath and on the sides pure white. ^ Like ^, but the black streaks and outer neuration more finely marked, so that the separated hind-marginal and subapical spots are all rather larger. Ochre-yellow slioulder-patches on thorax paler. ^ This figure is much too yellow, the white ground being in nature quite pure ; the inner- marginal shading in the liind-wings is too dark ; and the rich ochre-yellow shoulder-patches are very inadequately shown. 346 SOUTH-AFEICAX BUTTERFLIES. This beautiful insect bears a strong superficial resemblance to tlie Soutli- American Arsalte, Linn. ( — Niveus, Cram.), which, with Petrus, Hiibn., and other New- World allies, has been by authors misplaced in the genus Zcucochitonca, differing as they all do very markedly in their much more slender antennae with a thin very gently- curved club, more hirsute palpi, smaller thorax, shorter abdomen, and much blunter fore-wings. Lcvuhii is unlike every other South-African member of the Hcsperidcv, and must be highly conspicuous in its pure- white black-edged livery when on the wing. It seems to present scarcely any variation, but the $ s lately (1888) received from Northern Ovampoland — where they were taken by Mr. Eriksson — have the black markings thicker in the fore-wings. Only two ^ s have come under my notice, — one taken on the Upper Limpopo by Mr. F. H. Barber in 1875, and the other by Mr. H. Barber in Matabeleland in 1878 or 1879. Though having a pretty wide range through Tropical South Africa, Levubu does not appear to have been met with abundantly in any locality. Its most southern station known to me is Griqualand West, wliere (at Ivlipdrift, on the Vaal River) Mrs. Barber and Colonel Bowker both took a few specimens. The latter, in November 1871, found the butterfly only about a particular hill-top, keeping to a space of limited extent ; it was exceedingly swift on the wing, and looked in flight like a bit of burnished silver. Mr. Eriksson's Ovampo- land examples are noted as taken in November 1887 and January 1888. Mr. T. Ayres has forwarded six specimens from the district of Potchefstrooni, Traansvaal. Localities of Abantis Zevuhu. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. c. Griqualand West.— Vaal River ; Barkly (Mrs. Barber and J. H. Bowker). Iv. Transvaal. — Upper Limpopo {H. Barber, F. H. Barter, and F. C. Selous). Potchefstroom District (T. Ayres). II. Other African Regions. A. South Tropical. a. Western Coast. — Damaraland (J. A. Bell). a I. Western Interior. — North-East Damaraland : Omaramba — Oama- tako (A. W. Eriksson). North Ovampoland : Omrora {A. W. Eriksso7i). hi. Eastern Interior. — Matabeleland {H. Barber). Tati River (J. L. Fry). " Sakasusi or Dry River (Oafes)." — Westwood. Genus CAPRONA. Caprona, Wallengren, K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Ilandl., 1857 ; Lep. Rhop. Caffr., P- 51- Caivona, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 308 (1866). Imago. — Head densely clothed above with long scales and short hairs ; tuft of hairs near base of each antenna slender ; palpi as in Abantis, but very short terminal joint rather broader and more dis- IIESPERID^E. 347 tinctly liaiiy and scaly ; antcnncv as in Abanlis, but comparatively shorter, and with the club rather more abruptly formed and more rounded at tip. Thorax moderately robust, about as lonj^ as abdomen, with rather sparse long hair above laterally and posteriorly. Forc-ivings with costa as in Ahantis ; apex acute but not produced; hind-margin moderately dentate, slightly hollowed just below apex, and again between first median nervule and submedian nervure, the intervening space being convexly prominent ; posterior angle prominent ; these hind-marginal characters more pronounced in the $ ; inner margin concave mesially (more so in PiUaana than in Canopns) ; neuration mainly as in Ahan- tis, but disco-cellular nervules less oblique (the lower one considerably longer and curved inwardly), and discoidal cell longer. Ilind-wings i-ather short, except inner-marginally ; costa short and straight after prominent basal lobe ; hind-margin angulated between first and second subcostal, and more prominently between second and third median nervules ; anal angle moderately lobed ; inner-marginal border clothed with long hair ; cilia very long on anal-angular lobe ; neuration as in Ahantis. Lcgs^ with femora all thinly hairy inferiorly ; middle and liind tibiae with long sparse hair superiorly ; spur-like appendage on fore-tibite well developed, as well as second pair of spurs on liind-tibia3. Abdomen shaped as in Ahantis, but bearing dorsally, on posterior part of segments one to three, long, sparsely-set, radiating, erect hairs. The shape of the wings, which is unlike that of any other South- African genus of Hespcrida:, best distinguishes Caprona from Ahantis, and at the same time exhibits considerable resemblance to that found in the South- American genus Hdias ; indeed, one species of the latter, H. Laccena, Hewits. (as remarked by Mr. Butler in JEnt. 31. Mag., 1870, p. 98), strikingly resembles C. Canopus both in outline and colouring of the wings, the pattern also nearly agreeing, except in the siiialler size of the transparent spots in H. Lacmna. The exceedingly blunt, evenly-thick club of the antennas, however, well distinguishes Caprona not only from Hdias, but — ^judging from the figure and description — also from the Indian genus Darya, Moore," in which the dentation of the hind-margins is more pronounced. The only known species are the type PiUaana, Wallengr., in which the gi-ound-colour is greyish-brown with paler markings, and Canopus, mihi, which is white with ferruginous and blackish markings, — both species bearing also transparent spots. PiUaana is much the rarer, being known only by a very few specimens, respectively obtained in Natal, Bechuanaland, Damaraland, and Matabeleland ; while Cano- pies, with a less extended range (not being known to me to occur in 1 The fore-coxffi in the S PiUaana (but not in Canopus) have a tuft of long black hairs situated and directed exactly as in Ahantis Levubu, Wallengr. - Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1865, p. 781, pi. xlii. fig. 2. The type, D. Hanria, Moore, is described as having " the usual second pair of spurs on the hind-tibise invisible." 348 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTP:RFLIES. any tropical locality) is not uncommon on the eastern side of South Africa, especially in Natal, I have not seen living Pillaana, but observed in Natal that Canopus frequented the borders of woods and often visited the flowers of Labiate plants, and that it held the wings fully expanded when settled. 365. (1.) Caprona Pillaana, Wallengreu. Capro7ia Pillaana, AVallengr., K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Haiidl., 1857; Lep. Rhop. Caffi'., p. 51. ? ,, ,, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 308, 11. 202 (1866). Plate XII. fig. 6 (^), 6a ($).i $ Grcyish-hroivn, varied with darker and with paler transverse markings ; fore-wing ivith transverse vitreous markings, hind-icing with semi-transparent dingy -ivhitish median fascia. Fore-wing: just about middle a narrow, transverse, sinuated, submacular vitreous stripe, finely black-edged, from costa to submedian nervure, interrupted on first median nervule, between which and submedian nervure are a minute and a small spot in succession ; a minute separate vitreous black-edged spot just beyond stripe, between origins of second and third median nervules ; a little beyond vitreous stripe a submacular blackish irregular stria from first median nervule to submedian nervure ; on costa, about midway between vitreous stripe and apex, a short narrow rather irre- gular oblique vitreous streak, crossed by three nervules and immediately succeeded by a fuscous cloud ; immediately beyond this a whitish costal transverse mark, which is the beginning of an almost imperceptible waved pale discal streak, bounding exteriorly the blackish irregular stria ; a rather narrow paler hind-marginal edging. Hind-icing : basal area dark-brown, with a tinge of ferruginous superiorly ; median semi- transparent fascia broad, extending from costa to below median nervure and its first nervule (where it ends abruptly, but emits two small acute projections), and traversed by two parallel unequal greyish-brown streaks, traces of a discal pale streak continuous of that of fore-wing ; ground-colour beyond this tinged with ferruginous ; hind-marginal pale streak as in fore-wing, but inclining to whitish at anal angle. Cilice of the ground-colour black-spotted at extremities of nervules. Under SIDE. — Ilnch paler, especially in hind-wing, where dull-whitish (slightly grcy-clondcd at base) occupies area to heyond middle. Fore-wing : viti-eous markings as on upper side ; a hind-marginal pale cloud suc- ceeds sinuated discal streak. Hind-wing : streaks traversing median fascia almost obsolescent ; an obsolescent similar streak crossing disk beyond them. $ Lilcc $, hut ^mlcr ; the discal deirker and paler markings more ^ In fig. 6rt the under-side colouring is not accuratt-ly given, the fore-wing being much too dark and the hind-wing too yellow. HESPERID.E. 349 apparent. Fore-iving : vitreous niarkiugs broader ; a sub-basal denticu- late blackish transverse streak ; at apex a dark-brown spot. Iliml- wing : semi-transparent fascia broader, prolonged on its inner side almost to inner margin. Under side. — Considerably paler, nearly all the surface being dull-whitish, except an interrupted submarginal brownish fascia. Forc-iiAng : costal commencement and inner-marginal termination of submarginal fascia ferruginous-brown. Hind-ivlng : no grey at base. This butterfly, the type of Wallengren's genus Caprona, appears to be exceedingly rare. I have seen only four examples— a ? (described in Rhopalo- cera Africce Australis), taken in Damaraland by Mr. John A. Bell as long ago as 1862 ; another 9, captured on the Upper Limpopo, not very far south of Bamangwato, by Mr. F. Barber in 1875; a S found at Pinetown, Natal, by Colonei Bowker in 1879; and a ^ taken by Mr. F. C. Selous, on the Makloutse River, not far south of Tati, in Southern Matabeleland, in 1882. Its obscure colouring may, however, load to its being overlooked by most collectors. Localities of Caprona Pillaana. I. South Africa. E. Natal. a. Coast Districts. — Pinetown (/. H. Bou-ker). L. Bechuanaland. — Upper Limpopo {F. W. Barber). II. Other African Regions. A. South Tropical. a. Western Coast. — Damaraland {J. A. Bell). bu Eastern Interior. — Makloutse River, South Matabeleland {F. C. Selous). 366. (2.) Caprona Canopus, Trimen. Caprona Canopus, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 3rd Ser., ii. p. 180 (1864); Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 309, n. 203, pi. 6, i. 2 [$\ (1866). $ Caprona Canojnis, Stand., Exot. Schmett., i. pb 100 (1888). Exp. al, ($) I in. 3-4! lin. ; (?) I in. 5^-61 lin. ^ Semi-transparent creamy-ioldte, with vitreous lands and spots; base in hoth ivings and apical area of fore-wing ferrugiyious-ochreous, varied with blackish marks. Fore-iving : basal patch rather broad, well- defined, irrorated with fuscous atoms ; touching it, in discoidal cell a small snbvitreous spot, separated by a fuscous-ochreous line from a sub- viti'eous band of three rather large contiguous spots between subcostal and submedian nervnres ; a broad median vitreous band of six spots (of which the two costal are sublinear, the two central large and sub- quadrate, and the two lower small and irregular in shape) extends from costa to submedian nervure, and is edged internally by a thin fuscous- ochreous line, and externally by the apical patch, which encloses a small, round, vitreous spot between third and second median nervules ; 35 o SOUTH- AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. colouring nearer apex itself pale-ferruginous, enclosing a short vitreous streak of four spots on costa, and two jDale indistinct lines, hind- marginal and submarginal ; a wavy streak of fuscous-ochreous reaches inner margin, leaving anal angle white ; on costa, between apical and central vitreous some ill-defined, elongate, blackish mai'ks ; continuous of transverse line of apical vitreous, three or four blackish spots. Hind- wing : basal fuscous-ochreous as in fore-wing ; first subvitreous band of fore-wing continued to submedian nervure or almost to inner margin ; outer band irregular, narrow, merged with inner on costa, and only- reaching first median nervule ; cell closed by a fuscous-ochreous streak, succeeded by a transverse macular row of the same hue quite across wing to inner margin, where it much widens, and is sometimes joined to an outer, parallel, incomplete, ochreous shade ; inner-marginal region densely fringed with long hairs ; a hind-marginal fuscous-ochreous bounding line from second median nervule to anal angle. Cilia in fore- wing brownish as far as first median nervule, thence white to pos- terior angle, with fuscous spots at ends of nervules ; in hind-wing broader (especially long about anal angle) white, with small fuscous spots at ends of median nervules only. Under side. — IVliite imrer ; hasal colouring wholly absent. Fore-wing : apical colouring very much paler, obsolescent on inner side, not varied with dark spots. Hind- tving : vitreous mai-kings indistinct ; ochreous stripes almost obsolete, hut a conspicuous round black sjwt in fold of inner margin near anal angle, marking termination of outer one. AntcnncG white, with black club. Body above blackish, clothed with mixed ochreous-yellow and greyish hairs, beneath white ; abdomen above with thin white incision rings, a white anal tuft, and thin erect tufts of hairs. % Quite like $, except for its somewhat paler basal patches and larger apical patch in fore-wing. The peculiar and strongly-contrasted colouring and marking of this species at once distinguish it from its dull-tinted congener, 0. Pil- laana, and a further character of distinction is its much less excised inner margin of the fore-wings. Colonel Bowker discovered this beautiful Caprona in Ivaffraria Proper in the year 1863, and forwarded several fine specimens to the South- African Museum. On the coast of Natal it is by no means rare : I took my first speci- men at D'Urban on 23rd June 1865, and subsequently (February and March 1867) became well acquainted with the insect in that neighbourhood. It is not a rapid flyer, but has a rather fluttering motion on the wing ; it frequently liglits on flowers, and sometimes on the under side of leaves, holding all the wings expanded. It seems to appear throughout tlie year, as Colonel Bowker took several in August 1878, and Captain Goodrich others in Zululand during October and November 1886. As noted in my former book (ii. p. 310), Colonel Bowker observed tliat, wlien in flight, this butterfly made a sharp creaking or buzzing noise. I failed to detect any sound of the kind in the living examples to which I listened in Natal ; but Colonel Bowkcr's observation is confirmed by his niece, Mrs. Bailie, Avho informed me tliat in 1869 she was attracted to IIESPERIDyE. 351 a specimen of Canopus by the clicking sound it made (in a locality about sixteen miles cast of King "William's Town), and followed the insect until she suc- ceeded in capturing it. It is not improbable that this sound may be peculiar to the ^ when courting the $ . Localities of Caprona Canopus. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. h. Eastern Districts. — " King AYilliam's Town District." — Mrs. Ikilie. D. Kaffraria Proper. — Bashec River (/. //. Boiclcer). E. Natal. a. Coast Districts. — D'Urban. " Lower Umkomazi." — J. H. Bowkcr. h. Upper Districts. — Tunjumbili, Tugela River. F. Zululand. — Etsliowe {A. M. Goodrich and 2\ Vachell). K. Transvaal. — Potchcfstroom District (T. Ayres). Gexus PTERYGOSPIDEA. PterygospiJea, AVallengren, K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1857; Lcp. Rhop. Caffr., p. 53. Nisoniades (Hiibner, 1S16), Trimen, Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 310 (1S66). Imago. — Read not quite as wide as thorax ; tuft near base of each antenna rather full ; palpi short, broad, densely scaly and hairy ; terminal joint conical, short or very short [except in Bjcelcelce and Kohcla, not projecting much beyond short hairs of middle joint] ; antenna: of moderate length, with a more or less gradually-formed, elongate, fusiform club, tapering to a point, more or less bent or elbowed, but (except in Flesus and some intimately allied species) not hooked. lliorax moderately stout, considerably shorter than abdomen. Forc- ivings rather broad ; costa scarcely arched beyond basal curve ; hind- margin entire or moderately denticulate (in Djcdaila^^ 3Iotozi, Nottoana, FhyllopMla, and Flesus^ more or less excised or hollowed inferiorly between second or first median nervule and snbmedian nervure) ; inner margin straight ; costal nervure situated at some distance from costa, except at its extremity — at or a little beyond middle — where it abruptly curves upward ; discoidal cell about two-thirds length of wing ; lower radial originating a little nearer to upper one than to third median nervule ; first median nervule given off much nearer to base than to second median nervule ; in ^ Nottoana a long costal groove or fold from near base to about middle. Hind-ioings rounded, not (or very slightly) produced about anal angle ; hind-margin usually slightly or moderately dentate (in Dja:la:Ice decidedly so, and with a marked exca- vation between second subcostal and third median nervules). Legs of moderate length, rather stout, more or less hairy ; terminal spurs on middle and hind tibia? long and strong, — the second pair on the latter also well developed ; tarsi more or less spinulose beneath ; spur on fore- tibiee rather large ; in male, fore-tibia3 sometimes {Djcclcclcc) with a long 352 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. external fringe of broad scale-like Lairs, extending also to first joint of tarsi, or (Mokeczi) with a dense coating of short liair, somewhat lengthened at extremity of tarsi ; hind-femora at base beneath and hind-tibite throughont above in some species (Bjaicclcv and Mokeezi) bearing very long bristly hairs, forming a tuft directed posteriorly ; or hind-tibifB and first joint of hind-tarsi (the latter enlarged to thick- ness of tarsus) tnfted superiorly throughout with long dense softer hair {Motozi and Kottoana) ; or, lastly, hind-tibia3 with two fringes, supe- rior and inferior, of fine long silky hair (Flcsus). Abdomen moderately stout, variable in length, but always shorter — usually much shorter — than inner margin of hind-wings ; in $ hollowed and hairy in basal part beneath ; in ^ not blunt and broad at tip as in Caprona. It is difficult to separate this genus from Nisoniadcs — represented by Tagcs, Linn., and Marloyi, Boisd., in Europe, and by a considerable number of species in North America — except by the length and flexure of the antennal club, and the shorter and less hairy palpi. The South- African species have been dispersed in several Hiibnerian genera, — Plotz, for instance,! makes Motozi an Ephyriadcs^ Nottoana an Antigonus, and Dja'Icclcc, Kohda, Mokeczi, and Flesus species of Tagiades, — but I have not succeeded in discovering among them any distinctions of generic value. The remarkable variation as regards the secondary sexual characters of the J", as in the case of Pgrgus (to which genus Fterygosindea presents considerable afiinity), does not afford any constant criterion for grouping the species, these badges differing in such closely- allied forms as Flesih and Nottoana, while the $ s throughout offer no tangible points of distinction. Fjcelcclcc approaches nearest to Nisoniades in respect to palpi and antennae, but is singular in the toothed and excised hind-margin of the hind-wings (which resembles to a slight extent that found in Caprona) ;^ its small size, purplish-glossed black-brown upper side and reddish under side render it easily recognised. All the South-African species possess some transparent markings in the fore-wings, but these are very small in Dja:Ic€la\ Kohela, and the $ b oi Nottoana, Motozi, and Flcsus, while in both sexes of 3Iokeczi they are enlarged into two oblique bars, and of a light-yellow tint. The ground-colour is in all of some shade of brown (in Nottoana much darker in the ^ than in the $). In general aspect Kohela is more like a Nisoniadcs than any of the others. The species known to inhabit South Africa are sylvan ; they rest with fully-expanded wings, chiefly on leaves — Flcsus and Mokeezi almost always, and Nottoana by preference, on the under surface of the latter. I have frequently taken Djcclaice and Motozi settled on the ground. ^ Jahrh. Nass. Vcr. filr Nat., 1884, pp. 59, 85, 94, &c. - The larger P. crosula and P. angulata, Feld., from the Oriental Region, are figured as possessing a very similar hind-marginal outline. IIESPERID.E. 2^. Only Djcelcelce and Nottoana are known to extend as far to the south- west as Knysna in Cape Colony. The former and Flcsns are most widely distributed over the African continent, but tlie only other known to me to occur within the tropical boundary is Motozi. From Natal I have obtained all but Kohela ; this last, with Motozi and Mokeezi, extend into the eastern border of Capo Colony. I am not acquainted with many species of this f^enus from other countries ; but several near allies of Flcsus occur in the Indo-INfalayan area, and some related to Mokeezi in the same region and in Tropical Africa. 367. (1.) Pterygospidea Kobela, Trimen. S ? Nisoniades Kohela, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lend., 3rd Ser., ii. p. 180 (1864) ; and Rhop. Afr. Aust., p. 312, 11. 205, pi. 6, f. 4 [ ? ], (1866). Exp. al, Q) I in. 5I-9 lin. ; ($) i in. /-lO^ lin. $ Dusky Mackish-hroiun, here and there clouded with ptciler scales ; with small vitreous, ayid indistinct larger Uack spots ; in hoth wings a suUerminal disco-cellular spot, and a transverse discal row of spots. Fore-xoing : cellular spot encloses a vitreous dot, — often wanting ; discal row of spots elbowed on discoidal nervules, composed of nine spots, the three first of which (next costa) are minute and always vitreous, the fourth and fifth black only and nearer margin than the rest, the others more or less indistinctly vitreous-centred ; between first median nervule and submediau nervure, before middle, a large indistinct black spot ; beyond discal spots and also along hind-margin some faint-yellowish scaling. Hind-iving : spots without vitreous centres ; discal row more regular than in fore-wing, of six or seven spots. Under side. — Bather paler, more glossy ; spots more distinct, hut smaller. Fore-wing : inner margin bordered with dull-greyish ; spot before middle obsolete. Riiid- wing : a double streak closing cell ; spots of transverse row bounded outwardly and often centred with dull-yellowish scales. Cilia of fore- wing fuscous, indistinctly mixed with dull greyish-yellow, more apparent near anal angle ; of hind-wing conspicuously dull yclloivish-white inter- rupted tvith fuscous on nervules, — paler beneath. $ Paler, browner ; spots of fore-wing (especially lower ones of discal ro^v) always with vitreous or subvitreous centres, — that in dis- coidal cell sometimes containing a second (inferior) vitreous spot ; all spots more apparent than in $. Antennce fuscous above ; half-ringed with creamy-yellow beneath, and with the club (except its dull-red tip) of the same colour. Palpi beneath with some pale-yellowish hairs mixed with the fuscous ones. However indistinct the spots in general may be in the $, the three minute vitreous ones commencing the discal row in the fore-wings are always well marked. VOL. III. z 354 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. Var. a. (^ and ^.) — Darker ; the Hack sj^ots almost indistinguish- able; the vitreous spots of fore-wing, on the contrary, very distinet (except, in $, the two lowest of discal row) ; always two disco-cellular, vitreous spots in ^, contluent into one elongate mark in $. Cilia with more distinct pale marks in fore-wing, and of a clearer creamy-white in hind- wing ; beneath in both wings the paler portions are wider and whiter. Hob. — Transvaal. In marking this rather large and very dark species much resembles the considerably smaller P. Nottoana, Wallengr. ; but, irrespective of size, it differs in its robuster structure, blunter and more rounded wings, tendency to vitreous or subvitreous centres to the dark spots on the fore-wings of the ^, and much smaller development of lower discal vitreous spots in the ^. Colonel Bowker discovered this Hesperid in 1862, frequenting thick forest on the Basliee River in Kaffraria Proper ; he reported it as being more numerous in the following year, but restricted to certain localities. In 1872 he sent five specimens from the Perie Bush in the King William's Town district. The occurrence of the variety above described in the Eastern Transvaal renders it most probable that the butterfly inhabits the intermediate tracts of country, but I have seen no specimens from either Natal or Zululand, Localities of Fterygos'pidea Kobela. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. h. Eastern Districts. — Perie Bush, King William's Town District {J. H. Bowker). D. Kafl'raria Proper. — Bashee River (/. //. Bowker). K. Transvaal. — Lydenburg District {T. Ayrcs — A^ar.). 368. (2.) Pterygospidea Djaslselee, Wallengren. ^ Pterygospidea Djcelteloi, Wallengr., K, Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1857; Lep. Rhop. Caffr., p. 54, n. 5. Nisoniades Umbra, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 3rd Ser., i. p. 289 (1862). Nisoniades DjcelceJce, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 311, n. 204 (1866). Plate XII. fig. 7 ($).i Exp. ah, {■$) I in. 1-3 lin. ; ($) i in. iJ-S-J lin. ^ Very dark glossy purple-hrotvn, varied with some almost Hack patches, and very sparsely sp)rinklcd with yellowish-wliite scales ; fore- wing with very small discoidal vitreous spots. Fore-wing : a very large indistinctly defined roughly-triangular darker patch rather before middle, — its wide base on inner margin, its apex on costal nervure ; on outer edge of this patch two minute subcostal vitreous spots — the lower one just within discoidal cell — and three other small vitreous ^ Tliis figure does not sufficiently exhibit the excision of the hind-margins — in fore-wing just above posterior angle, and in hind-wing between second subcostal and third median nervules. On the upper side of the fore-wing, the subapical vitreous streak of three small spots is obscured ; it should be quite distinct. HESPERID.E. 355 spots (of which the middle one is twice as large as the otliers) in an irregular Hue between base of third median nervule and just below first median nervule; a much smaller rougldy sub-triangular subcostal darker patch beyond middle — its base on third median nervule — out- wardly edged by a thin oblique slightly curved streak composed of three minute vitreous spots ; at apex and posterior angle a good-sized darker mark, with tiaces of a connecting submarginal dark fascia between the two ; close to hind-margin a black streak, immediately succeeded by an indistinct yellowish-white one. Hind-icing : an in- distinct broad darker fascia about middle ; beyond it traces of a more indistinct dark streak ; at apex a darker mark extending along upper third of hind-margin. Cilia blackish, with pale-greyish internervular interruptions, indistinct in fore-wing but well defined in hind-wing. Under side, — Ferruginous-orange, with blackish stricc indicating roughly the outline of the darher 2^<^'^lc,he$ of upijcr side. Fore-iving : vitreous spots as on upper side, but with fuscous edges, rarely an additional small one in discoidal cell immediately below ordinary one ; a fuscous line marking extremity of cell ; continuous of vitreous streak of three subcostal spots, two fuscous spots between ujiper radial and third median nervules ; inner-marginal border ashy-grey. Hind-wing : a thin terminal disco-cellular streak ; base ashy-grey ; an interrupted sub-basal stria, and a less widely interrupted but submacular and irre- gular discal stria from near costa to submedian nervure. Head (with palpi and antennoe) and hody above like upper side of wings ; paljpi beneath dull ferruginous-ochreous; rtn^ewio^ beneath white, except black apical half of club. Thorax and abdomen beneath dull- brown, legs also dull-brown, excej^t tibia and tarsus of front iKiir, which are snoiv-ivhite externally ; the tibia and first joint of tarsus bearing a dense snow-white fringe. $ Like $, the discal spots of fore-wings rather larger. Uxder SIDE. — Orange paler. Antenmc not white beneath, but with whitish half- rings. Fore-legs not white on tibia and tarsus, but wholly brown and without fringe. A large $, taken by Mr. C. F. Palmer near Barberton, Transvaal, on I 2th April 1888, varies in having the upper side more uniformly dark and with a more apparent purplish gloss, while the under side is very much darker, the ferruginous-orange only appearing as an upper discal patch (small and ill defined in hind-wings), the rest of the sur- face being not much paler and of the same colour as the upper side.^ In the ordinary $ it occasionally happens that the two minute sub- costal spots about middle are obsolescent, or (very rarely) absent entirely. ^ Mr. A. G. Butler {Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1S88, p. 81) observes that $ specimens received from Wadelai (about 3° N. lat. in Central Africa) " show no trace of the ochra- ceous colouring on the under surface which characterises the i specimens." The ordinary South-African 9 s that I have seen present, on the contrary, a somewhat paler (but quite as decided) ferruginous-orange under side than the i s. It is not impossible that the Tropical specimens may prove to constitute a distinct race or variety. 356 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. The $ seems to be very seldom met with : the specimen figured was taken w cojndd on 3d September 1878, by Colonel Bowker, at D' Urban, Natal. I took this curious little butterfly rarely at Plcttenberg Bay, Cape Colony, in February 1858, and also near Grahamstown in the same month of 1870. It is numerous in Ivafl"raria and Natal, and in the latter country (chiefly on the coast) I captured many specimens in the summer of 1867. It is tolerably active, frequenting hilly and bushy spots, and often settling •with expanded wings on the ground or on low plants. I have noticed that it soon loses its glossy dark tints, becoming worn and dull ; the ^ , too, not long retaining the remarkable snow-white fringe of hair and long scales on the front legs. Djceloelce has an immense African range, and is recorded also to occur at Aden. Localities of Pterygospidea Dja'kclcc. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. a. Western Districts. — Plcttenberg Bay. b. Eastern Districts. — Port Elizabeth (/. L. Fry). Between Zwartkop and Coega Rivers (/. H. Bowker). Grahamstown [Mrs. Barber). Mitford Park, Albany District. King William's Town ( W. S. M. D' Urban). Lower Kei River (/. II. Bowher). Mooi Plaat, Stormbergen, Albert District {D. II. Kannemeyer). C. Orange Free State. — Special locality not stated (C. Hart). D. Kaffraria Proper. — Butterworth, Tsomo River, and Bashee River (/. H. Boiclcer). " Baziya (i^aa^r)."— Moschler. E. Natal. a. Coast Districts. — D'Urban {J. II. Boiclcer). Verulam. Itongati River. Mapumulo. " LoAver Umkomazi." — J. H. Bowker. h. Upper Districts. — Maritzburg. Greytown. Estcourt {J. M. Ihitchinson). Colenso {W. Morant). F. Zululand. — Napoleon Valley (/. H. Boiclcer). Etshowe {A. M. Goodrich and T. Vachell). St. Lucia Bay (the late Colonel H. Toiver). K. Transvaal. — Potchefstroom District {T. Ayres). Eureka, near Bar- berton (C. F. Palmer — Vau.). " Schoman's Farm {Person)." — Wallengren. II. Other African Regions. A. South Tropical. a. Western Coast. — " Angola." — Butler. b. Eastern Coast. — " Somaliland {Thrupp).'' — Butler. bi. Eastern Interior. — Matabeleland : Shashani River {F. G. Selous). B. North Tropical. a. Western Coast. — " Gambia River {Moloney).'" — G. E. Shelley. bi. Eastern Interior. — " Wadelai {Emin Bey)^ — Butler. Abyssinia : " Shoa {Antinori).'" — Oberthiir. IV. Asia. A. Southern Region, — Arabia: ''Aden {Yerbiiry).^^ — Butler. 369. (3.) Pterygospidea Motozi, Wallengren. 5 Pierycjospidea Motozi, Wallengr., K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handk, 1857; Lep. Rhop. Caffr., p. 53. IIESPERID^. 357 $ Nisoniades Palo, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. LonJ., 3rtl Ser., i. p. 404 (1862). $ Nisoniades Moiozi, Trim., Khop. Afr. Aust, ii. p. 313, n. 206, pi. 6, f. 3 (1S66). Hxp. al., Q) I in. 2-3 lin. ; (?) i in. 4-5! lin. $ Palc-broivn ; fore-ivlng ivit/o a hroad dai'k-hrown median fascia, and some small discal vitreous spots ; liind-iving ivith indistinct darker discal spots; in hath tvings a sid)marginal indistinct suhmacidar darker streak ; cilia of the ground-colour, fading into gregish-white e3i:ternally. Fore-wing : median fascia very broad on costa, where it encloses a triangular mark (apex downward) of ground-colour, terminating in a small narrow subterminal disco-cellular vitreous spot; inner edge of fascia not well defined, except between first median nervule and sub- median nervure, where it is bounded by an indistinct j'ale linear mark ; outer edge well defined, strongly elbowed between upper radial and third median nervules, bounded subcostally by the usual slightly oblique streak of three small vitreous spots, and between third and first median nervules by two small vitreous spots (of which the lower is elongate vertically and considerably larger). Hind-wing : a good- sized subterminal disco-cellular darker spot, sometimes with an indis- tinct pale centre ; two indistinct smaller sub-basal spots, and another below larger disco-cellular one ; seven spots of discal series forming an irregular streak, and containing sometimes traces of paler centres. Underside. — Pcde ochre-yellow ; vitreous spots as above, hut luith diffused dark-grey horders ; suhmarghial macular streak of both wings, and all spots ofhind-iving (the latter with more distinct pale centres), dull-greyish ; hind-margin hounded hy a slender hlackish line. Fore-vjing : imme- diately beyond vitreous spots a rather narrow dark-grey discal fascia with ill-defined edges. Antenna: fuscous with thin white rings, and a broad white ring at base of club ; palpi brown above, pale-yellow beneath. $ 3Iore varied than in $, some hoary-grey clouding more or less p>revalent hasally and discally, and the less strongly-defined dark fascia of fore-wing mixed ivith paler ferruginous-hrown ; vitreous spots of fore- iving greatly enlarged (especially the lowest discal one, which is sid)- quadrate) ; suhterniinal disco-cellular sp)ot in hind-iving enlarged, rounded, vitreous. Fore-iving : line of inner edge of median fascia between first median nervule and submedian nervule by two small black spots ; enlarged subterminal disco-cellular vitreous spot very variable in shape and size, and surmounted by an also variable very small vitre- ous spot ; submarginal streak usually more developed and externally clouded slightly with ferruginous-brown. Bind-wing : submarginal streak widened apically into a good-sized border. Under side. — Variahlc in tint, hut almost always much duller and hroivner than in $ ; the yellow being usually much suffused with hroivnish, and its brighter portions in most specimens confined to median discal and submarginal 358 SOUTH-AFRICAIT BUTTERFLIES. spots hchvecn the enlarged darker marldiigs ; vitreous spots as on upper side. The ^ varies somewhat in depth of colouring on the upper side, and in one example from Southern Matabeleland the dark fascia of the fore-wings scarcely appears. In the $, besides the variations noted above, the vitreous spots are sometimes very much reduced in size, and in three examples (two from Natal and one from Delagoa Bay) the disco-cellular one in the hind-wings is obsolete as in the $. These examples, as well as several of the more ordinary pattern, exhibit in the fore-wings two minute subvitreous spots on the disc immediately below the largest vitreous spot. Although so much larger and paler, and without marked excision of the hind-margins of the wings, the $ of this species is evidently not distantly allied to P. Djcclcelcc, Wallengr. ; while the $ is more like the $ P. Nottoana, Wallengr., owing to its well-developed vitreous spots. In August 1865 I took three ? s in the Botanic Garden at D'Urban, jSTatal; they settled on the ground with expanded wings ; and Colonel Bowker has since forwarded specimens captured in that neighbourhood during July and August. In the summer of 1867 (February and March), I met with several of both sexes, chiefly in the coast districts; they frecpiented bushes at the edge of woods, frequently settling on the leaves. Mr. A. D. Millar informs me that the butterfly is numerous at Sydenham, near D'Urban. In Kaffraria Proper Colonel Bowker found it but rarely ; and single specimens have occurred in the eastern districts of the Cape Colony, Localities of Ptcrygospidca Motozi. I. South Africa, B, Cape Colony, h. Eastern Districts.— Pluto's Yale, Albany District {W. S. M. D'Urban). Uitenhage, Lower Kei River (/. //. Boiclcer). D. Kaffraria Proper. — Bashce and Tsomo Rivers (/. H. Buw/cer). E. Natal. a. Coast Districts. — D'Urban. Verulam. Pinetown, Avoca, and Mouth of Tugela River (/. H. BoirJcer). b. Ujiper Districts. — Greytown. Estcourt (/. 31. Hutchinson). Between Tugela and Mooi Rivers (/. H. Bowlcer). H. Delagoa Bay. — Lourengo Marques {Mrs. Monteiro). K. Transvaal. — Upper Limpopo {F. C. Selous). 11. Other African Regions, A. South Tropical. hi. Eastern Interior,— South Matabeleland, Makloutse River {F. 0. Selous). 370. (4.) Pterygospidea Mokeezi, Wallengren. rterijijospidea Mokeezi, AYallengr., K, Sv, Vet,-Akad. Handl., 1857 j Lep. Rhop. Caffr., p. 54. $ 2 Hesperia Amaponda, Trim., Trans, Ent. Soc. Lond., 3rd Ser., i. p. 405 (1862). ^ $ Nisoniades Mokeezi^ Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 316, n. 210, pi. 6, f. 5[cJ], (1866). IIESPERID.^. 359 Exp. al., ($) I in. 8-9 lin. ; (?) i in. 9-1 oj Hn. $ Dark-hrown ; forc-iviiifj %vlth two siibvitrcous, pale ydlow-ochrcous, transverse stripes. Fore-iving : in basal portion and along inner margin irrorated with dull-yellowish; a rather wide oblique stripe, irregularly- indented externally and internally, from costa slightly before middle to submedian nervure not far before posterior angle, where it ends almost in a point ; a subapical much shorter and narrower stripe, touching neither costa nor hind-margin, and ending abruptly on third median nervule. Hind-wing : irrorated with yellowish scales, excepting along costa and hind-margin ; at extremity of discoidal cell a sub-reniform yellow-ochreous spot ; in some specimens a discal submarginal series of from five to seven elongate yellow-ochreous spots rarely distinct; inner-marginal area with brownish-yellow hairs. Cilia of fore-wing brown, of hind-wing pale-yellow. Under side. — Paler ; yelloiv mark- ings as above, hut icith fewer scales than on iqyper side; a very limited yelloivish irroration at bases. Fore-wing : a pale yellowish-grey inner- marginal border, joining extremity of longer transverse stripe. Hind- wing : spot at extremity of cell larger, more conspicuous ; in cell, a more or less distinct, small, yellow spot ; in some specimens the discal row of yellow spots is more or less distinct, and there is also a pair of small spots of the same colour below terminal disco-cellular spot, between first median nervule and submedian nervure. Head above dark-brown, with the following pale-yellow markings, viz., a transverse streak in front, another between bases of antennae, a spot behind each antenna, and an outer half-ring round each eye ; palpi black above, pale-yellow beneath ; antennce black, the club pale- yellow beneath. Thorax and abdomen above dark-brown, with bronzy- yellow hair; beneath pale-brown, — the former with a pale-yellow median longitudinal stripe in front. Legs pale yellow-ochreous, shaded with brown on femora and tibia. $ like ^, hut slightly p)aler ; semi-transparent stripes of fore-wing rather broader. Botli sexes are subject to the same amount of variation as regards the yellow spotting of the hind-wings beyond the middle ; but a single $ taken near D'Urban, Natal, by Mr. W. D. Gooch, presents on the under side, in addition to the spots above described, two small sub- costal ones, one just above costal nervure before middle, and the other just below it about middle. This $, as well as two others from the same locality and one from the Kei Pdver in the Cape Colony — two of the four with the yellow discal spottings of the hind-wings undeveloped — is remarkable for having a minute subvitreous ochre-yellow spot in the fore-wings between and near the origins of the second and third median nervules, and about midway between the two subvitreous stripes.^ ^ In a fifth ( 9 ) specimen, taken by myself at Tunjumbili, Natal, tliis additional spot in the fore-wings is considerably larger. This example has the stripes of the fore-wings de- cidedly broader than usual ; in the hind-wings, however, the disco-cellular terminal spot is a mere line, and ou the upper side almost obsolete. 36o SOUTH-AFRICAX BUTTERFLIES. This species is allied to P. Gaknus, (Fab.),^ from Tropical Western Africa, but differs widely in the simple two-striped instead of manj'-spotted pattern of the fore-wings, and wholly distinct markings and colouring of the hind-wings. It is a strictly sylvan insect, and api)arently more prevalent in highdying ■woods than in those situated at low levels. It M'as scarce at D' Urban during the summer of 1867 : but Mr. AV. D. Gooch and Colonel Bowker have taken a good many specimens in that neighbourhood, and Mr. A. D. Millar writes that he has found it numerous in bush-lands along the Natal coast. At Tunjumbili, I found it very abundant on the 7th and 8th March, flitting actively about the undergrowth in open glades of the hill-forest, and often lighting suddenly on the vmder side of leaves. In Kafi'raria Proper, Colonel Bowker noted the butterfly as of rare occurrence ; but in the King AVilliam's Town district, Mr. W. S. M. D'Urban took it in abundance in the forest on the hill above Frankfort. Mokeezi is a very handsome warmly-tinted " Skipper," and conspicuous on the wing. Some of Colonel Bowker's specimens are re- corded as taken in November and December ; Mr. D'Urban's were captured on 28th March. Localities of Pterygospidca Moheezi. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. h. Eastern Districts. — Frankfort, near King William's Town {W. S. M. n Urban). Lower Kei River {/. H. Boicker). D. Kafi'raria Proper. — Bashee River {J. H. Botcker). E. Natal. a. Coast Districts. — D'Urban. Isipingo (/. H. Boicker). h. Upper Districts. — Tunjumbili, Umvoti County. F. Zululand. — Etshowe (.4. M. Guodrich and T. Vachell). K. Transvaal. — Lydenburg District (2\ Ai/res). 371. (5.) Pterygospidea Nottoana, Wallengreu. ^ Pterygospidea Nottoana, Wallengr., K. Sv. Yet.-Akad. Hand!., 1857; Lep. Rhop. Cafi"r., p. 54, n. 4. ^ $ Nisoniades Sabadius, Trim.. Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 315, n. 208 (1866). Exp. al, ($) I in. 3^-5 lin. ; ($) i in. 3^-6 lin. $ Very dark glossy hroitm, tinged more or less obscurely tcith ferru- ginous ; in both wings a subterminal disco-cellular spot, a disced series of spots, and a hind-margined series, all black, more or less indistinct ; in fore-wing, the first and second (and rarely cdso the third) spots of dis- cal series with a minute vitreous centre ; cilia not cpiitc so dark as ground- colour. Fore-iving : disco-cellular mark very oblique, composed of two (sometimes quite separated) spots ; nine spots in discal row, of which the seventh (between first and second median nervules) is the largest, and the eighth and ninth are almost as small as spots first to fifth ; two small black spots before middle, one above the other, between first median nervule and submedian nervure. Hind-iving : disco-cellular spot and seven spots of discal series very indistinct ; two spots before middle, one above and the other below disco-cellular spot. Under ' For figure of this species, see Staudinger, Exot. Schmctt., i. pi. lOO (1S8S). tiks^perid.t:. 361 SIDE. — Considerably paler ; darker spots of fore-wing scarcely perceptible. Hind-wing : darker spots less indistinct, occasionally pretty well de- fined, especially the large first spot in discal row and the spot preced- ing it between costal and subcostal uervures. Head above almost black, with a frontal transverse ochre-yellow streak and also a vertical one ; on inner edge of each eye a small ochre-yellow spot; palpi above with mixed black and ochre-yellow hair, beneath all ochre-yellow with a tinge of rufous ; antennae black, with the club creamy-yellow beneath. Body above black, beneath ashy-grey ; front of thorax beneath dull ochre-yellow in the middle ; legs ochre-yellow with tarsi rather paler. ^ Very much pcdcr, dull pale reddish-broivn u-ith a slight violaceous gloss ; fore-iving icith large disco-cellular and discal vitreous spots. Fore- going : two subterminal disco-cellular vitreous spots obliquely placed, contiguous, the lower and outer one larger ; above first of these spots a smaller subcostal one; small vitreous spots at beginning of discal row larger than in $, three or four in number ; vitreous spots of lower part of discal row four — the first rather small, between third and second median nervules, the second very large between second and first median nervules and just below lower disco-cellular spot, and the third and fourth very small, one above the other, between first median nervule and submedian nervure ; all these vitreous spots more or less edged narrowly with blackish, Hind-toing : spots as in $, but more distinct on the paler ground-colour. Under side. — Paler; vitreous spots of fore-unng luithout dark edges ; darker spots of hind-wing usually less distinct ; in loth wings a dull-whitish linear hind-marginal edging. Hind-u'ing : inner-marginal area paler, inclining to dull-whitish. Head and body very much paler than in $, greyish-white beneath ; p)alpi beneath and legs merely tinged with ochre-yellow. This species is closely allied to P. Sabadius, (Boisd.), of Mauritius, but differs, as far as the ^ sex is concerned, in its much darker and less rufous colour, very much larger black spots (two good-sized ones instead of a single small one in discoidal cell of fore-wing), and fuscous instead of yellow-ochreous cilia ; as well as in the possession of two small vitreous spots at the beginning of the discal row of the fore- wing. I have not seen the $ Sabadius, but judging from Boisduval's figure and description (Faune Fnt. cle Madag., &c., p. 62, pi. 9, f. 2), the cellular and lower discal vitreous spots in the fore-wing of Not- toana $ are considerably larger, and the two lowest of the latter are only represented by a fuscous mark in Sabadius. I found this butterfly rarel\' in tlie Knysiia district of the Cape Colony, firstly in October and Xovembor 1858, and again from the middle of February to April 1859. I did not meet with it at all numerously in Natal, but cap- tured occasional $ s about D'Urban during February and at the beginning of April 1867. Colonel Eowker has taken several examples in the same neigh- bourhood in August ; and Mr. A. D. Millar informs me that the butterfly is found numerously at Sydenham near D'Urban. It is quite a woodland species, 362 SOUTH- AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. keeping much about a particular spot, but usually singly ; it haunts bushes, often settling with expanded -wings on leaves, sometimes on their under surfaces. I have taken it on the flowers of Lentana and Acacia. The $ s, like DJcelcelce, soon lose their dark glossy freshness and grow worn and reddish ; they occur much more frequently than the ? s. Localities of Pterygospicha Nottoana. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. a. AVestern Districts. — Knysna and Plettenberg Bay. h. Eastern Districts. — Grahamstown {Mrs. Barber). Bathurst {Mrs. Barber) and Tharfield {Miss M. L. Bowler). D. Kaffraria Proper.- — Tsomo River (J. M. Bowlier). E. Natal. a. Coast Districts. — D'Urban. K. Delagoa Bay. — Louren^o Marques {Mrs. Monteiro). 372. (6.) Pterygospidea phyllophila, (Trimen). $ Nisoniades pliyllopJiila, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 362. Plate XII. fig. 8 (?). Very closely allied to F. Nottoana, Wallgrn. Exp. al, ($) I in. 5-7 lin. ^ Pale dull rcddish-hroivn with fuscous spots ; fore-wing also with disco-cellular and disced vitreous spots ; all arranged as in Noitoana, and quite similar in relative size and shape. Fore-iving : dark edges of vitreous spots better marked ; two dark spots between upper and lower vitreous spots of discal row sometimes much enlarged and elongated lonfTitudinally. Hind-wing : dark spots more distinct than in Nottoana ; alonf-f hind-margin, except near apex, a narrow irroration of whitish scales, more developed towards anal angle. Cilia in fore-wing reddish- brown, except in slight concavity just above posterior angle, where it is white ; in hind-wing brown apically, but elsewhere white. Undee SIDE. — Hind-tving white, hroadhj bordered loith ^^a/g reddish-hvion costally and apically. Fore-wing : at base a little whitish suffusion ; fuscous inferior spot before middle faint, but marked with two sub- vitreous dots. Hind-iving : costal brown border very narrow at base, but broadening before middle, and very broad in apical area ; lowest dark spot before middle (and often also fifth spot of discal row) obso- lete ; a short brown hind-marginal edging between first median nervule and submedian nervure. Body and palpi beneath white, — the latter tinged with ochre- yellow at tip of middle joint ; legs white. Although the conspicuous white field of the under side of the hind-wings gives this form such a distinct appearance, and makes it resemble a small Flcsus, Fab., I am inclined to the opinion that it may IIESPERID^. 363 prove to be inseparable from Noltoana, especially as one or two of the few known Cape $ s of the latter exhibit a sli<^ht tendency to a wliitish sulTusion about the inner margin of the liind-wiiigs. The $ Nottoana from Natal is a little larger, darker, and more heavily fuscous-spotted than most of the Cape $ s ; and it is not impossible that Phjjllophila may actually be merely the modified $ of this slight $ variation proper to Natal and Delagoa Bay, particularly as $ s of the Cape form have not reached me from those countries. I have before nie nine Nutalian specimens, and one from Delagoa Bay. Six examples from the latter locahty are in the Ilewitson Collection in the British Museum. The specimen figured was captured by myself at D'Urban in February 1867 ; it was settling on leaves, and resting with outspread wings. Two of the seven specimens collected in the same locality by Colonel Bowker were taken on the 15th August 1878; they frequented leaves in the same manner. Localities of Pterygospidca phylloj^hila. I. South Africa. E. Natal. a. Coast Districts. — D'Urban. H. Delagoa Bay. — Louren90 Marques (3lrs. Monteiro). 373. (7.) Pterygospidea Flesus, (Fabricius). Papilio Flesus, Eab.,^ " Sp. Ins., ii. p. 135, n. 621" (1781); Ent. Syst., iii. I, p. 338, n. 286 (1793). ^ Papilio Ophion, Dru., 111. Nat. Hist., iii. pi. xvii. ff. i, 2 (1782). ^ „ „ Stoll, Suppl. Cram. Pap. Exot., p. 127, pi. xxvi. ff. 4, 4 0(1791)- 1 Thymele Opiliion, Boisd., Faune Ent. Madag., &c., p. St,, pi. 9, f. 4 (1833). ^ $ Nisoniades Ophion, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 313, n. 207 (1866). ITagiades insular is, Mab., Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 5, vi. p. 272, n. 21 ' (1876). Uxp. al., {$) I in. 8-10 lin. ; ($) i in. 9 lin. — 2 in. $ Dull pale greyish-b7'oivn {darker in some specimens), wilh more or less indistinct discal blackish spots and siibmarginal hluish-tokite irrora- tion ; fore-wing with small vitreous spots, incompletely and diffiisedly hlackish-cdged. Fo7'e-iving : about middle, close to costa, a vitreous spot ; below it, in discoidal cell near extremity, two very obliquely placed rather widely separated vitreous spots ; discal series of vitreous spots composed of a superior subcostal very oblique slightly curved row of three very small (or even minute) ones about midway between ^ In 1S81 I examined the Fabrician type of Flesus in the Banksian Collection at the British Museum, and can confirm Mr. Butler's identification of it with Urury's Ophion, of which it i3 a small 6 • 364 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. extremity of cell and apex, and an inferior inwardly-oblique row of two, immediately adjacent to lower and outer disco-cellular spot, one just above and the other just below second median nervule ; between three superior and two inferior discal vitreous spots, in some specimens two additional minute vitreous spots, one above and the other below lower radial nervule ; immediately before disco-cellular and inferior discal vitreous spots, a rather broad, ill-defined blackish fascia, extend- ing to subniedian nervure ; before middle, between median and sub- median uervures, a short, narrow, obliquely transverse blackish streak, of which the portion below origin of first median nervule is marked with two minute bluish-white spots on its inner edge ; bluish-white submarginal irroration always sparse, very variable in development, sometimes scarcely perceptible, but occasionally forming an ill-defined fascia. Hind-iving : a strongly -curved, somewhat irregular discal series of seven blackish spots, very variable in distinctness, and in some examples obsolete ; bluish-white irroration better expressed than in fore-wing, most developed at anal angle and along lower half of hind-margin, but usually also shown to some extent before discal series of spots. Under side. — Fore-wing with blackish markings quite obsolete; hind-wing pure white, ivith a broad costal-apical broini border. Fore- wing : vitreous spots as on upper side, but without blackish edges ; submarginal irroration, without bluish tinge, confined to inferior disc below vitreous spots, sometimes forming two ill-defined whitish spots between first median nervule and submedian nervure. Hind-wing: base bluish-white; costal border narrow at base but broad beyond middle, and terminating rather abruptly on hind-margin a little below second subcostal nervule ; along lower edge of costal border a series of three conspicuous good-sized black spots, the first and second respec- tively before and about middle, and both below costal nervure, the third (first of discal series) between subcostal nervules ; remaining spots of discal series very much smaller than the first (two or more of them sometimes obsolete), but very conspicuous on the pure-white ground ; close to hind-margin a submacular, more or less interrupted, narrow brown border, best developed on each side of first median nervule. Cilia pale-brown, mixed with white in fore-wing below first median nervule, in hind-wing (to a greater degree) below second sub- costal nervule. Head and body brown above, white beneath. Head with seven small pure-white spots above, viz., two in middle in front, one behind base of each antenna, and three at back (one in middle and one on each side) ; 2^cdp^ brown above, with a small white spot at extremity of middle joint, — beneath pure white, with terminal joint and tip of middle joint black ; antennce black, with club beneath creamy-yellowish. Legs white, — the tibiae and tarsi faintly tinged with brownish. Abdo- men above and laterally with segmental incisions very finely marked with pure white. HESPEKIDiE. 365 $ Lihe $, hut rather paler, and ivith all the vitreous spots of fore- wing larger. Fore-iving : disco-cellular enlarged vitreous spots touch- ing or almost touching, and not rarely confluent. In both sexes the size of the disco-cellular and discal vitreous spots of the fore-wing varies considerably, and in some $ s they are even minute. ]]oisduval {op. cit.) described as Ophioii Madagascar specimens which, except for their smaller size, he could not distinguish from Drury's West-African type-form ; but M. Mabille {loc. cit.) has sepa- rated the Malagasy insect as 1\ insularis. Trom the latter author's full description of the two examples lie possessed, I am disposed to conclude that Boisduval was right in regarding the insular and conti- nental specimens as belonging to the same species, especially as the butterfly offers considerable variation in Africa itself ; ^ but not having seen any examples from ]\Iadagascar, I cannot determine the point with certainty. Fksus has several near allies in the Indo-Malayan Sub-Eegion, of which the nearest are the Indian and Malaccan P. Gana (Moore), and the Javan Japctus (Cram.) ; in both these species, however, there is a conspicuous broad white black-spotted lower hind-marginal border on the upper side of the hind-wings. I first made the acquaintance of this Avidely-distributed Ethiopian species in life at D'Urbaii, Natal, in June 1865, and again took it there in the follow- ing August ; and in February and March 1867 captured a good many speci- mens there and at two other localities on the JSTatal coast. It is active and rapid in flight ; the white under side of the wings renders it then conspicuous, but it has the habit of settling constantly and very abruptly on the under side of leaves, so as suddenly to disappear from view altogether. When thus settled, the wings are held fully expanded. I only on one occasion took an example on a flower. Localities of Fterygospidca Flcsus. I. South Africa. E. Natal. a. Coast Districts. — D'Urban. Verulam. Itongati River. More- wood's Bay (/. H. Boivker). " Lower Umkomazi." — (/. H. Boicker). F. Zululand. — Etshowe {A. M. Goodrich and T. Vacliell). St. Lucia Bay (the late Colonel H. Toiver). H. Delagoa Bay. — Lourengo Marcpies {Mrs. Monteiro). II. Other African Regions. A. South Tropical. a. "Western Coast. — " Angola (Pogge)." — Dewitz. " Chinchoxo (Fal- kenstem).' ' — DeAvitz. 1 StoU's figure (oj). cit.) of a "Sierra Leone" specimen represents the discal series of black spots and the hind-marginal brown border on the under side of the hind-wings as much more developed than in any South-African examples which I have seen. 366 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. B. Nortli Tropical. a. AVestern Coast. — " Camaroons (Buchholz)." — Pltitz. Accra : "Aburi (TFe/f/Ze)." — Moscliler. Ashanti. — Coll. Brit. Mus. Gold Coast (E. Bourke). Sierra Leone. — Coll. Mus. Oxon. " Gambia River {Molo7ieyy—Q^. E. Shelley. Genus HESPERIA. Hesperia, Fabricius (part), Ent. Syst., iii. i, pp. 258 and 325 (1793). Is77ie)ie, Swainson, Zool. Ulust., i. pi. 16 (1820-21). Jsmene, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep., ii. p. 514 (1852). Rhopalocampta, Wallengren, K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1857 ; Lep. Rhop. Caffr., IX 47. Ismene, Trimen, Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 317 (1866). Hesperia, Butler, Cat. Fab. Diurn. Lep., p. 269 (1869); and Ent. M. Mag., 1870, p. 58. Imago. — Head very broad, not narrower than thorax, densely hairy, but without extra-antennal tufts; palpi with basal and middle joints much swollen (especially the middle joint, which is egg-shaped and twice as long as the basal one), and very densely clothed with scales and hairs (of which the marginal hairs on each side beneath are rather longer than the rest), — terminal joint long, not shorter than middle one, very slender, straight, not acuminate, clothed with exceedingly fine, short, closely-appressed hairs, porrected horizontally ; antennce of moderate length or rather short, very gradually and moderately thick- ened from about middle, and towards extremity tapering to a fine point, and very strongly recurved into a long hook, Thoraoi exceedingly stout, clothed with dense hair, longer than usual dorsally. Forc-vnngs more or less elongated aj^ically ; costa nearly straight, but slightly curved at base and apex ; inner margin slightly concave ; discoidal cell narrow, long or very long (from three- fifths to two-thirds the length of wing), closed by slender disco-cellu- lar nervules in an inwardly-oblique line ; lower radial nervule well developed, originating midway between upper one and third median nervule ; first median nervule very long, much curved, given off not far from base at a great distance before origin of second. Hind-iuings more or less prominently and broadly lobate about anal angle ; basal protuberance of costa very prominent, fringed with hair ; disco-cellular nervules obsolete or reduced to an extremely attenuated line ; radial nervule also greatly reduced or obsolete. Legs rather long, stout ; all femora inferiorly, and middle and hind tibiai suj^eriorly, more or less densely fringed with long silky hair ; appendage to fore-tibise well developed ; terminal spurs of middle and hind tibi?e, and second pair of spurs of the latter, rather long and stout ; all tarsi strongly and closely spinulose beneath. Abdomen thick, but tapering posteriorly, usually considerably shorter than inner margin of hind-wing, but in $ of some species almost as long ; a terminal tuft in ^. TIESPERIDiE. 367 Larva. — Elongate, contracted 011 second segment. Head large, sub- triangular, but rounded superiorly, with a depression in the middle of its upper edge. Pupa.— Stout, rounded ; abdomen tapering abruptly to a point. Head with frontal projection short, slender, and acute; eye-covers elevated, conical. Prothorax dorsally with a laterally projecting acute prominence, like that on head, but shorter. In loose irregular web in curled leaf; attached by the anal prominence (which is rather long, stout, and curved), and with a free silken girth, giving off from its middle point over the back a silken stay, attached to the leaf far away from the attachments of the ends of the girth. (The above characters are taken from Mr. J. P. ]\Iansel "Weale's notes and drawings of the larva of K. Forestall, and from pupa3 of that species and H. Keithloa.) I have followed Mr. Butler (uj). cit.) in adopting as the type of Hesperia the species which Fabricius in 1793 placed at the head of his Hcspcrice Urhicolce { = the modern Family Hcspcridce), viz., the Indian H. Exclamationis, Fab. From this species the type of Swain- son's genus Ismcne, the Javan I. ccclipodea, Sws., cannot be generically separated, the only differences presented by the latter being greater width of fore-wings, and (in the $ only) a sub-basal velvety patch on those wings. I had for some time supposed Wallengreu's genus HJwjmlocampta to be a natural one, but npon closer comparison of the three South-African species on which he founded it with others from different regions recognised as species of Ismcne, Sws., I can find nothing warranting its being kept apart. The genus Hesperia is readily recognised by the long, slender, terminal joint of the palpi, and the very gradually thickened and then attenuated antennne terminating in a very long thin hook. The species composing it are all above the medium size in this Family, most of them being large (above 2 inches in expanse), and one, the West- African Iphis, Drury, quite a giant among the Hcsperidm, attaining an expanse of over 3 inches. The colouring of Iphis, and of its nearest congener, the considerably smaller Juno, Plotz, is very peculiar, viz., a shining indigo-black or very dark bronzy-green upper side, with a more decided submetallic and partly blue-shot under side, while the head and palpi and under side of end of abdomen are deep-red. West Africa also affords the most brilliant members of the genus, H. Biecv, (L.), and H. CUcdyhe, (Westw.), in which the body and a space from the bases of the wings above are of an intense glittering blue shot with verditer-green. Most of the Hesperia: are, however, of dull-brown and yellowish tints, often relieved on the under side of the hind-wings by a white band. All the species are proper to the Old World ; out of about seventy recorded, nearly half belong to India and other parts of the Oriental 368 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. Region. Only one si3ecies is known from the Palsearctic Eegion/ iuhabiting Vladivostok on its extreme east. The Australian Eegion appears to have yielded sixteen, and the Ethiopian Eegion nineteen species. Of the last named, four appear to be peculiar to Madagascar, and one {Arhogastcs, Guen.) to Madagascar and E^union. The five found in South Africa are Forestall, Cram. ; Pisistratus, Fab. ; Anchises, Gerst. ; Keithloa, Wallengr. ; and Unicolor, Mabille. The first and second of these scarcely differ from each other on the upper side, but on the under side of the hind-wings the white band is in Pisistratus marked with three black spots. Anchises also presents this black- spotted white band, but has also two orange-red spots ; while Keithloa has no white bands, but vivid orange-red spots. In Unicolor, which is considerably smaller and darker, there are no markings on either side of the wings. Forcstan and Pisistratus range very widely through Tropical Africa, the former also reaching Madagascar and Mauritius ; Anchises appears to be chiefly East-African, and has been recorded from Aden ; Unicolor was first described from Congo specimens ; and Keithloa is not known to me to have occurred beyond South- African limits. All five species inhabit the eastern side of South Africa ; and Forestan and Keithloa penetrate as far to the south and w^est as Port Elizabeth in the Cape Colony. Anchises has been received from Delagoa Bay only ; Unicolor from that place and Natal. The three species I have observed in life {Forestan, Pisistratus, and Keithloa) have a rapid but hustling flight, reminding one, though much quicker, of that of such Noctuai as Plusia and allied genera. Owing to their constant visits to flowers, they are not difficult to capture ; when settled, they hold the wings erect, the hind pair being kept, however, a little more open than the fore-wings. 374. (1.) Hesperia Forestan, (Cramer). Papilio Forestan, Cram., Pap. Exot., iv. pi. cccxci. IF. e, f (1782). $ $ Isniene Florestan, Trim, [part], Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 318, n. 213 (1866). Ex}-). al., {$) 2 in. — 2 in. i lin. ; ($) 2 in. 2-3 lin. $ Pull pale greyish-hroivn, darker in hind-iviiig ; fore-wing with a slight tinge of yelloivish-grey lasally, hind-iving with a hasi-mediaii pale oclireous-yclloiv p)atch. Fore-wing : paler about middle ; some greyish- yellow hairs at base and on inner margin. Hind-wing : much darker (almost black) at and near anal angle ; central and inner-marginal area thickly clothed with pale ochreous-yellow hairs, mixed with greyish near base. Under side. — Smoother, sometimes unth a faint violaceous gloss. 1 Of this species, //. {Ismcne) Aquilina, Speyer (Stett. Ent. Zcit., 1S79, p. 500) notes that it is one of the few Hcsperidcc that exhibit a sexual distinction in the neuration ; the second median nervule of the fore-wings originating in the i nearer to the first than to the third, but in the 9 just the reverse. IIESPERID/E. 369 Forc-iving : a dull whitish space on middle of inner margin, ill defined on its edges, rising slightly above first median nervule. Hind-wing : a hroad, even, transverse imrc ivhite hand from costa to siibmedian nervure, where it narrows, and is abruptly and widely interrupted, ending in a separate elongate white spot close to inner margin beyond middle. Cilia on both sides grey, but orange-yclloiu on lobe of anal angle. Head above ashy-grey, with an ochreous-yellow spot on each side between eye and base of antenna ; palpi with terminal joint wholly black, but with middle joint above black-tipped with ochreous-yellow, — beneath ochreous-yellow, with a conspicuous outer black longitudinal streak; antennce black. Thorax above ashy-grey mixed with greenish ; collar edged anteriorly with an orange-yellow line ; beneath ashy-grey, except mesially in front, where it is orange-yellow ; legs fuscous, the cox£e, femora, and tibios with long dense tufts of orange-yellow hair, the latter (and also the fore-tarsi) more or less striped longitudinally with creamy-yellow in front. Abdomen above dark-grey with wdiitish, laterally and inferiorly black with white, segmental rings ; a median longitudinal ochre-yellow stripe beneath. $ like $, but the ground-colour rather darker. Larva. — " Pale-yellow, with purplish or crimson transverse bands. Head brick-red or yellowish, with two frontal rows of black spots — the upper row of six, the lower of five ; mandibles black. Each segment wnth a deep crimson or purplish transverse median band ; the yellow ground between these bands crossed by two narrow streaks of the same colour. Anal segment with three somewhat angulated black marks. Above spiracles a series of rather elevated yellowish spots. Legs black ; pro-legs deep yellow or orange. " About an inch in length, but variable in size. Feeds on Bobinia liscud-acacia (and probably on Erijthrina caffra), fastening the pinnae of a leaf together with silk and feeding in the shelter thus formed." — J. P. Mansel Weale, in epist. Plate II. fig. 6. Pupa. — Pale greyish-green, covered with a dense chalky-white efflorescence ; first three dorsal segmental incisions of abdomen yellow. Under surface with nine small black spots, viz., one on each eye-case, one (rather smaller) on middle line of haustellum, two (not so widely apart as those on eyes) on middle pair of legs, two (very minute) on third pair of legs, not so widely apart as the two preceding them, and two (larger than the rest and sub-rhomboidal) on wing-covers, a little more widely apart than those on eyes. Spiracles linear, black. Head with an acute, median, superior, small, short, slender black projection ; a similar projection, rather dorsal than lateral, on each side of collar of thorax, and a little below it, on shoulder, three black dots arranged triangularly. Anal projection blackish. VOL. in. 2 A 370 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. Length |- inch ; greatest width (across base of abdomen and wing- covers) ^ inch. (Described from a King "William's Town example sent to me by Mr. Mansel Weale, from which the imago emerged on 24th March 1873.) I have also reared a ^ imago from a similar pupa received from Colonel Bowker (D'Urban, Natal) in March 1S81. Plate II. fig. 6a. Mr. "Weale wrote in 1873 that his Rohinia trees at Erooklyn, near King William's Town, were covered with the larvae of Forestall, which completely- riddled the clusters of leaves within Avhich they fed. This welbknown species appears to range throughout the Ethiopian Region. Its closest ally, which accompanies it in Madagascar and Reunion, is Arhogastes, Guen, { = Margarita, Butl.),^ hut it is also very nearly related to Fisistratus, Fab., which has a similarly wide continental distribution, but does not seem to occur in Madagascar or the Mascarene Islands. In South Africa it inhabits only the eastern side, not having, to my knowledge, been taken westward of Port Elizabeth, and is commoner on the Natal coast than elsewhere. In January and February 1867 I took a good many examples about D'Urban; and also met with the species in Mauritius in July 1865, and near Grahams- town in February 1870. Its flight is very swift, but hzistling, reminding one of that of the Flusice and other diurnal members of the Noctuje tribe ; it keeps steadily to flowers (in Natal preferring the cultivated Lantana), appearing both in the heat of the day and a little after sunset. The wings are elevated wdien the insect is settled, the hind-wings being held slightly apart from the fore- Aviugs. Localities of Hcspcria Forestan. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. h. Eastern Districts. — "Port Elizabeth." — S. D. Bairstow. Grahams- town. King William's Town {J. P. Mansel Weale). D. Kaffraria Proper. — Bashee River (J. II. Bowker). E. Natal. a. Coast Districts. — D'Urban. h. Upper Districts. — Estcourt (J. M. Hiitchinson). F. Zululand.— Etshowe {A. M. Goodrich and T. Vachell). K. Transvaal, — Barberton, De Kaap (C. F. Palmer). II. Other African Regions. A. South Tropical. a. Western Coast. — Damaraland (J. A. Bell). "Angola (Pogge)." — Dewitz. ai. Western Interior. — Otiembora (A. W. Eriksso7i). h. Eastern Coast. — " Querimba (Peters)." — Hopffer. hb. Eastern Islands. — " Madagascar." — Saalmliller. " Reunion." — Guende. Mauritius. ^ Figured in Grandidier, Hist. Madag., xix. Atlas, pi. 51, ff. 5, 5a (1SS5), and distin- guished by its sub-metallic greenish-grey basal sufiFusion on the upper side (shading off into hoary-grey in hind-wings), and inferiorly mucli narrower white band on the under side of the hind-wings. IIESPERIDJE. 371 r>. Xortli Tropical. a. Western Coast. — Accra: " Aburi (TFe/r/Ze)." — IMosehler. "Gambia River {Moloney)."— O. E. Shelley. " Senegal."— Ilopffer. hi. Eastern Interior. — " j\Ionbuttu {Emin Pasha)." — Butler. Abys- sinia : " Slioa {Antlnori)." — Oberthiir. "Nubia." — Ilopffer. 375. ('2.) Hesperia Pisistratus, Fabricius. Hespcria Pisidrahis, Fab,, Ent. Syst., iii. i, p. 345, n. 311 (1793). Rhopalocamijta Valmaran, Wallengr., K. Sv. Yet.-Akad. Ilundl., 1857 ; Lep. Khop. Caffr., p. 48. L. Upper Districts. — Colenso (TF. Movant). F. Zululand. — Etshowe {A. M. Goodrich). St. Lucia Bay (the late Colonel H. Toivers). 11. Delagoa Bay. — Louren^o Marques {Mrs. Monteiro). K. Transvaal. — Potchefstroom District {T. Ayres). Marico and Upper Limpopo Rivers {F. C. Selous). II. Other African Regions. A. South Tropical. a. Western Coast. — Damaraland (/. A. Bell). ai. Western Interior. — Omrora River, to North of Ovampoland {A. W. Friliss07i). hi. Eastern Interior. — Near Bamangwato {H. Barber). Makloutse River (J. L. Fry). B. North Tropical. a. Western Coast. — " Accra (Buchholz)." — Plcitz. Gold Coast (E. Bourlce). 376. (3.) Hesperia Keithloa, (Wallengren). 9 Rhojjalocampta Keithloa, Wallengr., K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Ilandl., 1857; Lep. Rhop. Cafl"r., p. 48. ^ $ Ismene Stella, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 3rd Ser., i. p. 287 (1862). S ? Ismene Keithloa, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 317, n. 212 (1866). Plate XII. fig. 9 {$)} Exp. al., {$) I in. 11 lin. — 2 in; ($) 2 in. — 2 in. 2 lin. $ Dull ochreous-hrotvn. Fore-iving : an orange edging on costa at base ; a very slight ochre-yellow suffusion over basi-inner-marginal area. Hind-iaing : much darker than fore-wing, especially at anal angle, clothed with orange hairs except near costa and hind-margin ; cilia orange from anal angle for more than half the extent of hind-margin, fading thence into greyish. Under side. — Tinged ivith bronzed-green, ^ In this figure the orange cilia and discal space and the under-side orange-red marks of the hind-wings are not nearly bright enough in colour. HESPEKID.E. 373 and n-ith more or less of a violaeeous gloss. Fore-wing : on inner mar- gin, from base to about middle, a dull-whitish space, not rising above first median nervule. Hind-wing : hcfore anal angle, hctween first median nervule and siibmedian nermire, an orange-red marlcing, divided hg a transverse hlacJc streak ; below this mark an orange spot on inner margin ; orange cilia as above. Head and bodg above much darker and browner than in Forestan ov Pisistratus ; the spots of head as in Forestan, but witli an additional median frontal spot, and all orange-red ; ahdomcn with thin whitish median rings and orange-yellow incision rings. Beneath, palpi, median front of thorax, spots and tufts of legs, and median stripe of abdomen all orange-red. $ Like ^, but slightly paler. This very liandsonie and distinct species is readily known by its want of any white band on the under side of the hind-wings and by the presence there of the vivid orange-red spots near the anal-angular lobe. In the former respect it is allied to the Malagasy Batch, (Boisd.),^ but this species has the under side of the hind-wings without marking of any kind. Perhaps the nearest known ally of Keithloa is the Soco- tran species named Jucunda by Butler {Froe. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 179, pi. xviii. f. 8). This is very like Keithloa on the upper side, but wants the orange discal pubescence in the hind-wings ; and on the under side of the same wings it has, in addition to two orange-red marks near anal angle, some median marks of the same colour, the lowest and largest of which bears a black spot, I have the skins of two pupte sent to the Museum by Colonel Bowker from D'Urban in August 1881, from one of which the imago emerged in the following October. They are very like the pupa of Forestan, being covered with a dense white efflorescence, but their colouring beneath this is dark-red instead of pale-greenish. Unlike its two South-African congeners, Forestan and Pisisfratus, this butterfly has rather a limited range, and I have not found any record of its occurrence in Tropical Africa ; from its presence, however, at Delagoa Bay, it is very likely to extend into Mozambique. It is numerous on the Natal Coast, where its habits quite agree with those of its congeners just mentioned. I took many specimens about D'Urban in February 1867; and met with the species singly at Port Elizabeth in January, and at King William's Town in February 1878. Colonel Bowker, writing from D'Urban on 24th May 1887, observed : *' Keithloa is very common here now, and I have been noticing the curious behaviour of the sexes. The 9 darts away from a flowering-tree the species frequents and settles on the ground, closely followed by the ^ ; after a little she rises slowly, keeping her wings constantly fluttering, while the ^ circles round her; and when they reach about a yard above the ground, off they 1 This species was, I believe, erroneously catalogued as South-African in my earlier work (ii. p. 317). The specimen then described was ticketed "Natal" on the authority of Mr. E. L. Layard ; but I have little doubt that it was actually taken in Madagascar, and after- wards by accident was misplaced among the South-African allied species. 374 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. go to the flowers of the tree for a drink, but soon return to go through the same evohitions." Localities of Hcspcria Keithloa. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. — Port Elizabeth. Grahamstown {Mrs. Barber). King "William's Town. D. Kaffraria. — " Baziya {Baur and Hartmann)." — Mbschler. E. Natal. a. Coast Districts. — D'Urban. Pinetown and Mouth of Tugela River (J". H. BowJier). " Lower Umkomazi." — J. H. Bowker. b. Upper Districts. — Maritzburg (S. Windham). H. Delagoa Bay. — Lourenco Marques {3Irs. Monteiro). 377. (L) Hesperia Anchises, (Gerst.). <^ $ Ismene Andiises, Gerst., Gliederth.-Fauna d. Sansibar-Gebiet., p. 374, n. 29, pi. XV. ff. 6, 6a (1873). Ismene Taranis, Hewits., Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 4th Ser., vol. xviii. p. 347 (1876). Exp. al., 2 iu. — 2 in. 3-^ lin. *' Uniformly brown ; fore-wing lighter and with a greyish tinge, hind-wing, except at base, darker pitch-brown ; bases with bluish slate- grey hair; in hind-wing hair along inner margin light grey-brown, and near anal angle even hoary ; cilia of fore-wing brown basally but nar- rowdy chalk-white ontwardly, — of hind-wing broad and pure chalk- white, edged with light golden-yellow at the anal-angular projection. Under side. — Hind-icing: cbalk-white band ending rather farther from inner margin than from hind-margin, elongately and bluntly trian- gular, its broader base (towards inner margin) bearing a larger round deep black spot and a smaller acute one ; beyond this two orange-red scaled spots, of which the inferior one is smaller, immediately at anal angle, and the superior one larger, more curved anteriorly and longi- tudinally parallel to the outline of the superior side of anal-angular projection. " Head above slate-grey ; border of eyes above and in front reddish- yellow, behind almost vermilion ; p)o.lp'^ orange-yellow with black ter- minal joint ; antenncB black. Tho7'ax above slate-grey, beneath bluish- grey on the sides. Fore,-Ugs with femur above blackish, beneath with a tuft of reddish-yellow hair ; middle and liind legs with tibia3 white- scaled at tip and bearing vivid fox-red hair beneath. Abdomen above brownish-grey, beneath chalk-white on each side, in the middle spotted with reddish-yellow." Not having seen specimens of this Hesperid, I have above adapted Gerstaecker's description (op. cit.). It should be added that his figure shows the white under part of the abdomen to be crossed by four black streaks. Anchises combines to some extent the markings on the under side of the hind-wings of Pisistratus and Keithloa, having both a white black-spotted band and two orange-red spots. HESPERIDiE. 375 The species was discovered by JDr. Kersten (on Van Der Decken's East- African Expedition) at Lake Jip6, and in 1876 was renamed 'Taranis by Ilewitson from Zanzibar specimens. I have included it in tlie South- African list on the strength of a coloured drawing of a Delagoa Bay butterfly forwarded to nie in 18S4 by Mr. 11. Grose Smith, wliich appeared to represent the 9 Anchiscs. The drawing differed from Gerstaecker's figures in the following particulars, viz., the hind-wings on tlie upper side duller and paler, and on the under side having the upper ochre-yellow spot smaller and on the hind-marginal edge (instead of some little way before it), and the lower spot more elongate and along hind-marginal edge (instead of only touching the edge just at anal angle) ; the cilia on anal-angular lobe white insteail of yellow ; the under side of the abdomen less regularly and distinctly banded with black and white. Localities of Hcsperia Anchises. I. South Africa. H. Delagoa Bay. — " Lourenjo Marques (Mrs. Moniciro)." — IL G. Smith. II. Other African Regions. A. South Tropical. b. Eastern Coast. — " Zanzibar." — Hewitson. hi. Eastern Interior. — "Lake Jipe (A'ers^ew)." — Gerstaecker. "Vic- toria i^yanza." — Butler. IV. Asia. — Arabia: ^^ Aden (Yerburi/)." — Butler. 378. (5.) Hesperia unicolor, (Mabille). Ismene unicolor, Mab., Ann. Soc. Ent. de France, Ser. 5, vii. p. xxxix. n. 47 (1877); and Bull. Soc. Zool. de France, 1877, p. 230. Exjx al., ($) I in. 9 liu. ; ($) i in. 10 lin. $ DarJc-hrown, without marldngs, tut ivith a sliglit violaceous gloss; bases {especially towards inner margin in fore-wing^ icith a hronzy tinge ; a coating of bronzy-yellowish hairs (thickest towards inner margin) over basi-median and lower discal area of hind- wing, but leaving free a broad costal, apical, and hind-marginal border ; cilia dull-whitish in fore-wing, white in hind-wing, Uxder side. — Much 2}cder, the viola- ceous gloss much stronger. Fore-iving : inner margin with a still paler ill-defined border. Cilia as on upper side. Head and hodg above brown, clothed with bronzy hair (intermixed, on head and front of thorax with grey and shining green hairs) ; an ochre-yellow streak inwardly edging each eye ; jjalpi clothed with mixed pale ochre-yellow and black hairs, and with a black exterior streak beneath ; antennoi black with the i\]) dark-red. Thorax beneath grey, but with a pale ochre-yellow median space in front. Legs brown, with some yellowish scales and hair. Abdomen beneath with a median dull pale-yellowish stripe and indistinct segmental half-wings. $ Like t This sombre-tinted Hesperid seems to differ from H. Liheon, (Druce),! a native of Angola, solely in wanting the " indistinct small ^ Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1S75, p. 416. 376 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. white spot near the aual angle " on the under side of the hind-wings. Should the two prove to be the same species, Druce's name will have priority. Mabille's insect is recorded as a native of Congo ; his de- scriptions above cited apply well to the South-African specimens I have seen. Mr. H. Grose Smith made this butterfly known to me by a coloured draw- ing of a Delagoa Bay specimen which he forwarded in 1884, and I subsequently examined a pair from that locality in his fine collection. In February 1S85 I received a fine (J captured on the 14th of that month by Colonel Bowker at Northdene near D'Urban, Natal, and in May 1887 two $s arrived from the same neighbourhood, also just taken by my colleague. The first of these was secured at garden flowers in the evening in company with KeWdoa. Colonel Bowker has met with no other examples, and Mr. A. D. Millar writes that only one has come under his notice. Localities of Hcspcria unicolor. I. South Africa. E. Natal. a. Coast Districts. — D'Urban (J. H. Boioker). H. Delagoa Bay. — Louren9o Marques {Mrs. Monteiro). II. Other African Regions. A. South Tropical. a. Western Coast. — "Congo." — Mabille. APPENDIX I. ADDITIONAL SPECIES, RECENTLY ASCERTAINED TO BE SOUTH-AFRICAN. VOL. I. Family NYMPHALID^. Sub-Family ACR^IN^. Genus ACR^A. 379. (3a.) Acrsea Machequena, H. G. Smith. Acroea Macheque7ia, H. G. Smith, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 5th Ser., xix. p. 62 (1887). UX2J. al., ($) I in. 9 lin. — 2 in.; ($) 2 in. 2-3 lin. ^ Pale yellowish-red, semi-trans2xirent ; fore-iving with hroad apical area transparent grey ; hhid-wing ivith basal, discal, and suhmarginal black spots. Fore-wing : spotless ; yellowish red bounded by costa as far as extremity of discoidal cell, inner margin to posterior angle, and disco-cellular nervules, — below discoidal cell it extends more towards hind-margin, presenting a somewhat convex outer edge as far as poste- rior angle. Hind-wing : base narrowly blackish ; in discoidal cell two spots, of which one (close to base) is smaller than the other (about middle) ; a minute terminal disco-cellular spot ; three spots below cell, near base, of which the two lower ones (close to inner margin) are smaller than the upper one ; about middle, a sinuated discal series of eight rather small spots (of which the third and fourth are sometimes obsolescent, and the sixth is nearer base than the rest) ; hind-margin itself narrowly edged with fuscous-grey, which is immediately preceded by a series of six good-sized internervular hastate black spots, each of which is bounded outwardly by a smaller spot of the ground-colour interrupting the fuscous-grey edging. Under side. — Reddish areas 378 SOUTH-AFKICAN BUTTERFLIES. very much paler, and with a glossier surface ; spots of hind-wing as on upper side. $ Reddish colouring loanting ; fore-wing with a slight tinge of hrownish-ge/loiv {chiefg along ncrvurcs) over inner half ; hind-iuing dull- whitish. Hind-toing : basal and discal spots reduced iu size, — the basal disco-cellular spot and tlie first (and sometimes also the second) spot of the discal series obsolete ; submarginal hastate spots consider- ably enlarged and lengthened, the spots bounding these externally ochre- yellow ; hind-marginal fuscous-grey edging broader, diffused. Under SIDE. — Almost colourless ; only submarginal black spots of hind-wing well marked. This species is a very near ally of A. Ranavalona, Boisd./ a native of Madagascar. It differs from the latter, as far as the $ is concerned, iu having the red area much paler and yellower, and iu the fore-wings of very much greater extent ; in both sexes there is no sub-basal black spot just below costal nervure, the submarginal black spots of the hind-wings are much larger, and the adjoining hind-marginal rufous sj^ots of a much duller tint, while the spots of the discal series are considerably smaller, especially in the $, which entirely lacks the large and conspicuous first (costal) spot of the ^ Ranavalona.'^ The curious arrangement of the hastate submarginal black spots of the hind-wings, with their externally adherent reddish spots interrupting the actual grey edging of the hind-margin, readily distinguishes Ilache- qucna from all other known South- African Acra'a\ In tint and general aspect the $ is not unlike A. Ncohulc, Doubl., but the absence of mark- ings iu the fore-wings, and black, laterally ochreous-spotted (instead of wholly ochreous) terminal half of the abdomen above, at once mark it as a different species. The spotless fore-wings recur in some examples of the variable A. Cerasa, Hewits., but the latter has no submarginal spots at all in the hind-wings. Mrs. Monteiro discovered this Acra:a at Delagoa Bay early in the year 1886, and sent me a rough sketch of it in March, and specimens later on. She met with a good many examples of both sexes, but did not note anything peculiar in the habits of the species. 1 Faune Ent. de Madag., &c., p. 30, pi. 6, ff. 3, 4, 5 (1833). - C. Ward in Part II. of his African Lepidoptera, p. 9, states that he had recently (1874) received pairs taken in copula of i and ? Ranavalona, " in no way differing" (that is, the ? agreeing with Boisduval's Ranavalona S ), and of the 9 Ranavalona, Boisd., " with a i only differing in being rather smaller ; " and he on this account separates the latter under the name of A, Manandaza. [His description here is identical with th'at previously published in the Entom. Monthly Mag., 1872, ix. p. 147.] The occurrence of a red-tinted 9 resembling the i is accordant with several similar cases in the same genus ; but I incline to the belief (in the absence, however, of the speci- mens with which Mr. Ward dealt) that some error was made in respect to the alleged pair in which the S only differed in size from the pale 9 . In Ward's figures {op. cit., ]A. vii. ff. I, 2) the larger " 9 " has a good deal of reddish suffusion in the hind-wings, while in the smaller " (J "' this is quite absent. ALiDlTIONAL SPECIES. 379 Locality of Acrau Machcqiicna. I. South Africa. H. Delagoa Eay. — LourenCj^o Marques {Mrs. Monteiro). 380. (3b.) Acrsea Igola, sp. nov. Kvp. al., ($) I ill. 1 1 lin. ; ($) 2 in. $ Brick-red, in hind-ivinri siJottcd and bordered with hlack ; apical area of fore-iving transparent, colourless, hordered v:ith blackish and crossed by blacJc-elouded ncrvides. Forc-ivinrj : red area semi-transparent, filling discoidal cell, and occup}'ing all space below cell to inner mar- ginal edge as far as posterior angle ; a rather narrow blackish costal border, becoming very much broader at apex ; hind-marginal border below uj)per radial nervule not much wider tlian costal border, inwardly somewhat excavated between nervules, and diminishing to a point at posterior angle ; at base a short black longitudinal mark between median and submedian nervures, and a longer black streak along inner margin to before middle ; an ill-defined narrow terminal disco-cellular black mark. Hind-wing: hind-marginal black border of moderate width, emitting inwardly short acute sublinear nervular dentations and very short internervular ones ; black spots of moderate size, distinct, rounded, viz., one in cell near base ; an irregular sub-basal curved series of four, of which the second is in cell ; two small ones obliquely placed at u^^per part of extremity of cell ; and an irregular median discal series, of which the superior ones (except that next costa) are very small and partly obsolete, but the three lower large and con- spicuous, and forming a straight row from below second median to internal nervule ; base with a rather wide blackish suffusion ; inner- marginal border pale -yellowish beyond middle. Under side. — Exceedingly glossy ; reel in fore-iving extremely pale ; hind-iving pale dull- yellowish ivith a very faint reddish tinge. Fore-icing : costal, apical, and hind-marginal border thinly scaled with pale-yellow crossed by blackish-clouded nervules. Hind-iving : hind-marginal border grey, rather closely scaled with pale-yellow, crossed by blackish nervules, and also by a series of short internervular black streaks not reaching hind-margin ; spots more conspicuous than above, — three additional ones present, viz., two near base on costa and inner margin respectively, and a very small one on inner margin about middle. Abdomen above black, with a superior lateral series of six small white spots, and an inferior lateral white streak, — beneath yellowish- white. % Bed replaced by very p)<^le, yellowish ; borders not so dark. Fore- wing : base widely suffused with fuscous, especially below cell, where suffusion reaches' to beyond middle ; submedian nervure and median nervure with its first nervule blackish-clouded. Hind-iving: spots larger, especially upper ones of discal series ; basal blackish suffusion 38o SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. considerably wider; hind-marginal border broader, emitting nervular rays inwardly. Under side. — Fore-iving : border as in ^ ; basal fus- cous suffusion and yellowish area beyond both paler than on upper side. Hind-u-ing : whiter than in ^, without reddish tinge ; black spots larger ; hind-marginal border broader, but its internervular sub- marginal dark marks less defined. Abdomen with larger white spots. This Acrceci has at the first glance much the appearance of a dwarf Horta, but the blackish border of the fore-wings and broad unspotted black border of the hind-wings readily distinguish it. The $ seems most nearly related to A. Fcnckos, Ward,^ from Cameroons and Old Calabar, but has much shorter and blunter fore-wings, with a very large red area in place of only two longitudinal red streaks on the inner margin near the posterior angle ; and in the hind-wings has the inferior discal spots differently shaped and arranged. The $ comes very close to a Madagascar Acrcea described and figured by Saalmiiller ^ as A. Fose(B, but differs in its heavy basal blackish suffusion of both fore and hind wings, and the form and disposition of the black spots of the hind-wings. In the last-mentioned character the $ Igola agrees much better with the $ Masamha, Ward,^ which is, however, a much larger insect, without basal black suffusion, and with very hyaline fore-wings, which bear a dusky spot in the discoidal cell. The $ Masamha has a small field of red in the fore-wings, only filling basal half of cell and not rising above first median nervule, and the discal black spots of the hind-wing are very much larger, especially that next to costa ; more- over the fore-wings are as much elongated apically as in the $ Fendcos. Major H. D'Aguilar discovered this butterfly in Zululand during May 1886, and communicated to me through Colonel Bowker the two specimens (^ and $) from which the above description is made. He wrote that the $ s appeared about the middle of May, flying over a yellow-flowered climbing plant in thick forest near Etshowe ; they kept usually about twenty-five feet from the ground, and were not scarce. The only $ observed sat low down and was easily captured ; this example occurred near the end of May, when Major D'Aguilar left the neighbourhood ; but the wings of a second $ were found by him in the same spot. Locality of Acrcea Igola. I. South Africa. F. Zululand. — Etshowe {Major H. UAgidlar). ^ Ent. 31. Mag., viii, p. 60 (1871); and African Lepidoptera, 1. p. 7, pi. vi. ff. 3, 4 (1873), [^1- - Lep. Madag., i. p. 76, pi. i. f. 3, [ ? ]. ^ Ent. M. Mag., ix. p. 3. (1872) ; and African Lepidoptera, ii. p. 10, pi. 7, flf. 3, 4 (1874). See also Saalmuller, op. cit., p. 75, pi. 3, f. 32, for a dull-reddish tinted 9 of this Mada- gascar species. ADDITIONAL SPECIES. 381 381. (11a.) AcraBa Acrita, Hewitson. Acnaa Acrita, Hewitson, Exot. Butt., iii. pi. 8 (Acriea iii.), f. 18 [ cJ ]. Exp. al., ($) 2 in. 4-6 lin. $ Beep ochreous-red, with a ferruginous tinge, spotted ivith black ; wide apical area of fore-wing ochreous-yelloiv , ptaler on its inner side ; cilia white. Fore-wing : a good-sized ovate black spot in outer half of discoidal cell, and another (more elongatt;) at extremity of cell ; in an oblique line below latter spot towards posterior angle, two other spots, the upper one large, rounded, above first median nervule, — the lower one smaller, narrower, below that nervule ; sometimes a small round spot below median nervure, some way before origin of the first nervule ; costa very finely black-edged from about middle ; apex nar- rowly or broadly black-bordered ; hind-margin narrowly black-edged from end of apical border to posterior angle ; boundary between ochreous-red and apical ochreous-yellow areas not sharply defined, the latter beginning about extremity of cell. Hind-iving : paler on its margins ; base in the middle very narrowly irrorated with blackish ; a small spot in discoidal cell close to base ; an irregular sub-basal row of four spots, of which the first and fourth (respectively next costa and inner margin) are very small and indistinct, and the second is in cell ; immediately beyond upper disco-cellular nervule a rather small rounded spot ; an exceedingly irregular discal row of six moderate-sized spots, of which the first and fifth are nearer base than the rest ; a rather broad black hind-marginal border enclosing seven large spots of the ground-colour, but rather paler. Under side. — Hind-icing and moderately hroad apiccd area of fore-toing with a ground of clear yellowish- creamy, largely obscured in the former by broad didl lake-red, in the latter by narrow reddish-ochreous, internervidar ra.ys. Fore-iving : black-edging everywhere linear ; black spots as on upper side ; ner- vules crossing apical creamy space very finely black. Hind-icing : except in discoidal cell for about two-thirds of its length from base, and in a more restricted space between median and submedian nervures, the internervular lake-red rays leave only a creamy clouding on neura- tion and round spots ; latter as above, but three small additional ones close to base ; spots of hind-marginal border clear yellowish-creamy, and so enlarged that black is reduced to a very distinct and well- defined inner and outer edging to, and nervular lines of separation between, them. ^ Dushy-broicn, icith the subapical space beyond extremity of dis- coidal cell conspicuonsly paler ; all spotting similar to that of ^ ; colour- ing of under side much duller. There is much probability that the $ of this striking and distinct Acra^a is in life of considerably brighter colouring than appears in my description, which was made from Hewitson's types and from a $ cap- tured in 1883 by Mr. Selous. I include the species in this Appendix, 382 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. on the strength of several examples from Delagoa Bay which I saw in Mr. H. Grose Smith's collection in 1886. Its nearest described allies appear to be A. Caldarena, Hewits., and A. Stenohea, Wallengr., but it differs greatly from both these congeners by its deep-red upper side (in the $ sex), and want of basal dusky suffusion and subapical oblique series of spots in the fore-wings, as well as by the disposition of the discal spots, and the existence of large spots of the ground-colour in the hind-marginal border on the upper side, in the hind-wings. The wide unbroken ochre-yellow apical area of the fore-wings in the $ recalls the still larger space in A. Anemosa, Hewits., — a congener in other respects so totally different in marking.-^ This species is very rare in collections, and would appear to be so, or possibly extremely local, in nature. Mr. Hewitson's types (a ^ and a $) were from the Zambesi," and the only specimen (a very fine $) sent me by Mr. Selous was taken in Mashunaland, an elevated region not far to the south of that river. Tlie six Delagoa Bay specimens (three $ s, three ^ s) above mentioned were, I believe, captured by Mrs. Monteiro. A solitary example is recorded by M. C. Oberthiir {Etudes cVEntomologie, iii. p. 24, 1878) as having been taken by ]\I. Eaffray in Zanguebar. Localities of Acrcca Acrita. I, South Africa. H. Delagoa Bay. — Loureufo Marques {Mrs. Monteiro ?). II. Other African Regions. A. South Tropical. h. Eastern Coast. — "Zanguebar: Tchouacka (i?a/Va//)."— Oberthiir "Zanzibar." — Kirby. Cat. Coll. Hewitson. hi. Eastern Interior. — Zambesi, — Coll. Hewitson. Mashunaland (i^. G. Selous). Sub-Family NYMPH ALIN^. Genus HARMA. 382. (2.) Harma Ooranus, H. G. Smith. $ $ Cymothoe Coranus, H. G. Smith, Ann, and Mag. Nat. Hist., Feb. 1889, p. 133. Ex2J. al, {$) 2 in. 5-6 lin.; (^) 2 in. 6 liu. $ Cream-colour; a suhnarginal sharply-dentated black streak of uneqiial thickness, and a hind-marginal narroiv fuscous border ; common 1 A much closer ally of Acrita, but exhibiting one or two more features of alliance with Caldarena, has lately (1888) been sent to me by Mr. A. W. Eriksson from Tropical South- western Africa. This species presents, however, in the fore-wings, besides the very broad apical black of Caldarena, a subapical loliite patch. - In Kirby's Catalogue of the Hewitson Collection, p. 51, Zanzibar is given as the locality of Acrita (of which five examples are recorded) ; but Zambesi was the locality given me by the late Mr. Hewitson for his two type specimens, and is that noted in his published description above cited, \ ADDITIONAL SPECIES. 383 median streak of under side dimly iierceptihle ; ncrvulcs defined with black toivards hind-margin. Fore-wing : submarginal streak thickened on points of internerviilar dentation, and at each point having a small acute projection towards hind-margin ; fuscous border much widened at apex, sending a rather wide projection I'or a little distance along costa, and also a short streak or ray along subcostal nervure, — also abruptly widened between lower radial and second median nervules, so as to join black submarginal streak, whicli here curves inward consider- ably ; costa narrowly edged with black ; base with a narrow grey suf- fusion, somewhat wider on inner margin. Hind-wing: submarginal streak more acutely dentated than in fore-wing, and more distinct from hind-marginal fuscous border ; a very narrow basal grey suffusion, but prolonged outwardly over a small (inferior) part of discoidal cell and below median nervure and base of its iirst nervule ; inner-marginal groove and a small space beyond its extremity (before anal angle) brownish-grey, paler in the middle. Under side. — Almost as imle as dipper side to about middle, where a narroio (almost linear) darh-broicn streak crosses from costa of fore-wing to just before anal angle of hind- wing ; immediately beyond streak a very pale brownish-grey fascia, rather narrow, and sharply dentate externally on nervules ; this is closely succeeded by narrow stripe of the same colour, exhibiting cor- responding dentations ; submarginal line indistinctly represented, except that the apices of the dentations form a series of very small rather ill-defined blackish spots. Fore-wing : the following fine fuscous mark- ings before middle, viz., a highly irregular, unsymmetrical, transverse figure in discoidal cell just before origin of first median nervule ; two similar longer less irregular figures (open inferiorly), one imme- diately before, the other immediately beyond extremity of cell ; external edge of the outer of these two markings interruptedly prolonged by a very fine broken and irregular line, a little before dark-brown streak, almost to submedian nervure ; an annulet, succeeded by a very fine transverse line, just below inner irregular disco-cellular figure; a small diffused fuscous mark in cell, near base ; a very slight ochrey-red tino-e along edge of hind-margin. Hind-wing : disco-cellular fine linear figures arranged as in fore-wing, but the inner one shaped like a somewhat oblique 8, and the two outer ones considerably straighter ; two transverse irregular lines (completely and widely interrupted by disco-cellular space) ending on submedian nervure. % Fuscous, with a common pnire-ivliite transverse disced band, closely succeeded by an interncrvular series of rcdher smcdl, mostly sagittate- lunidate white marks. Fore-iving : beyond extremity of discoidal cell, between subcostal nervure and third median nervule, a well-defined moderately broad white bar (crossed by two black nervules), the lower end of which is externally only divided from discal white band by a slender curved black streak ; discal baud inwardly only slightly exca- vate between nervules, but outwardly very deeply, so as to present 384 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. very sharp nervular dentations, — superiorly the band consists of two very narrow attenuated rather indistinct separate sagittate marks, but from lower radial nervule is continuous, widening on inner margin ; upper three of succeeding series of spots subapical, slightly diffused, not lunulate. Hind-iving : discal band much narrowed on costa, but broader than in fore-wing from costal to submedian nervure, — its inner edge even but somewhat convex inwardly, its outer edge not nearly so sharply dentated as in fore-wing; white spots of succeeding series much smaller than in fore-wing, scarcely lunulate, except the upper two, which are almost obsolete. On the fuscous ground there are darker traces of the submarginal markings and (in the fore- wing) of disco- cellular ones. Under side. — Area before median streak very pale- greyish (becoming whitish along inner-marginal border of hind- wing) ; beyond median streak follows whitish, representing band of upper side, but its external edge and the succeeding white spots very vague ; hind- marginal border rather widely pale-greyish tinged (more decidedly in fore-wing) with ochrey-yellow ; fine lineolar markings before middle much as in $, but broader in figure, and much less conspicuous. Fore- wing : costal bar whitish, immediately before transverse median streak, which is not nearly so dark as in ^. Hind-wing : median streak with a distinct curve inward superiorly. This Harma combines many characters of H. Alcimeda, (Godt.), Variety A., and H. Cccnis, (Drury), the $ being on the whole nearer to that sex of the former, while the ^ is distinctly intermediate between those of the two species named. The $ Coranus is on the upper side very near Var. A. of the $ Alcimeda, both in tint of ground-colour and in markings, but it has much less grey suflfusiou at the bases ; presents no trace (except in one example the faintest indication near inner margin of hind-wings) of the inner submarginal lunulate or dentate black streak ; and wants altogether the hind-marginal orange- ochreous spots ; on the under side the resemblance to Var. Alcimeda is also close, but difference is observable in the paler ground before middle with more defined linear black figures ; the darker (and in hind- wings straighter) median transverse streak ; the very much broader and better defined brownish-grey fascia immediately succeeding the median streak ; and the very much fainter ochrey-red tinge on the hind-margins. The much larger size and considerably less prominence of the apical production of the fore-wings and the anal-angular one of the hind-wings, readily distinguish the $ Coranus from its smaller ally, and approximate it to the $ Ccvnis, to which it is further related by the absence of the hind-marginal orange-ochreous spots. It is sepa- rated from the latter by its want of the inner submarginal dentate or lunulate streak, and the more regular and less strong dentation of the outer one ; while on the under side it has no trace of the peculiar very pale greenish tint of Caniis ; the common median streak is de- flected inwardly near the costa of the fore-wings, instead of running AUDITIONAL SPECIES. 3S5 directly onward ; and the outer submarginal streak is much fainter and far more regular in its dentation. The single specimen of $ Coranus is no larger than a full -sized $ of the Var. A. of Alcimcda : the features in which it differs from the latter and approximates the $ Cccnis are, on the ujiper side, (i) the absence of the disco-cellular white transverse mark in the fore-win ss. and (2) the greater development of the subcostal white bar beyond the cell ; (3) the greater width of the discal white band on inner margin of the fore-wings, and (4) the absence in both wings of the orange hind-marginal spots; while, on the under side, (5) it has none of the ferruginous tint, but is of a grey even paler than in Cccnis, and (6) has .he white band much wider and outwardly very vaguely defined. The characters in which it approaclies the $ Alcimeda Var, are its small size and the shortness and comparative bluntness of the indistinct black submarginal spots of the upper side, which, although hastate, are only about half as long, and not nearly so acute, as in Ccenis. This is the insect mentioned in the text (p. 312) as taken by Colonel Bowker in Natal. I hesitated to describe it from a solitary and imperfect $ example ; but having since received a perfect $ and a passable $ from Zululand (where they were taken by Captain A. M. Goodrich, of the Eoyal Inniskilling Tusiliers), I am now able to give its distinctive characters. Colonel Bowker's specimen was captured at Pinetown in June 1883 ; in sending it to me, he remarked on its large size and other differences from Alcimeda, and noted that it had the same flight and habits as the latter. Captain Goodrich took his speci- mens at Etshowe, — the $ in November 1886, and the $ in April 1887; lie informed me that there was nothing noticeable in their behaviour to distinguish them from E. Alcimeda, Var. A., which occurred in the same locality. Localities of Harma Cccnides. I. South Africa. E. Natal.— Pinetown (/.if. i?rm'^-er). F. Zuhiland. — Etshowe {A. M, Goodrich). II. Other African Regions. A. South Tropical. h. Eastern Coast.—" Mombasa {Last)."—K. G. Smith. Genus CHAEAXES.^ 383. (14a.) Oharaxes Violetta, H. G. Smith. $ 9 Charaxes Violetta, H. G. Smith, Ent. INI. Mag., xxi. p. 247 (1885); and Rhop. Exot., pt. i, pi. i. ff. 1-3 (1887). " UpjJer side. — ^ Anterior wings dark brown, suffused slightly with violet, with a curved row of violet-blue spots across the middle ^ In October 1885 Mrs. Monteiro (then at Delagoa Bay) sent me a coloured drawing of a Charaxes which she had taken, with the note that it had previously been forwarded to VOL. III. 2 B 386 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. of the wino-s, and a submargiual row of similai' spots from near the costa to the inner mai'gin, the lower half of the two rows becoming confluent, the two submarginal spots near the apex nearly white. Posterior wings with a broad central band of violet-blue, suffused with white from the second subcostal nervule to the abdominal fold near the anal angle ; above this band are two pairs of violet-blue spots, a submarginal row of seven small spots, and a row of elongated spots on the margin on each side of the nervules, all violet-blue suffused with white. $ Anterior wings with a broad curved band across the centre of the wings from the costa to the inner margin, and two white transverse spots near the apex. Posterior wings : the inner half, from near the base, white, suffused with violet, a submarginal row of small white spots, and a marginal white line intercepted by the nervures, both suffused with violet. " Under side. — Both wings as in Ch. Ciihccron, except that the central black line across both wings, which is broadly bordered on the outside with white, is straight and continuous, not irregular and interrupted as in Cithccron. This species on the upper side has a general resemblance to Cithceron ; it is more violet-blue, and is smaller in size, particularly the female, which is not so large as the male Cithceron, while the under side of both sexes is very distinct from Cithceron. " Exp. 3-g- inches. " ^a&.— Delagoa Bay." In the absence of any examples of this close ally of Cithccron, Feld., I give Mr. H. Grose Smith's original description from the Journal quoted. Judging from the figures of the upper side of the $ and the under side of both sexes more recently (op. cit.) published by Mr. Smith, it appears that in the ^ the violet-blue spots are in their deeper tint more like those of the ^ Xiphares, Cram., although the violet-blue band of the hind-wings is, as regards width and the white suffusion in its inferior part, more like that of Cithccron. It is also noteworthy that on the under side, although the thin blue-black transverse striae Mr. H. Grose Smith, adding, " Mr. Smith sayss, ' The blue band is much wider than in Etesipe, and the tails are larger ; ' — when he sees the original I shall know if the difference is due to my hurried sketch." This drawing represented a This correction applies also to my remark on the subject under the Sub-Family Acrceince, p. 129, line 30. 394 SOUTH-AFEICAN BUTTERFLIES. Rhopalocera, p. 40, note i. Terias Hecahe should be withdrawn from the list of species extending be3'ond the African Eegion, as I think the South- African representative distinct, and have named it T. Butleri. (See vol. iii. p. 23.) On the other hand, Lycoena Telicanus is to be added to this list, so that the number, tliirteen, remains unaltered. Family NYMPHALID^. Sub-Family DANAIN^. Genus DANAIS, p. 51, line 14. I overlooked a third African species, viz., D. formosa, Godman (Proc. Zool. Soc. LoJid., 1880, p. 183, pi. xix. f. i), brought from the mainland opposite Zanzibar by Mr. J. T. Last. It is related to the variety of D. Limniace, men- tioned in the text, but has the singular feature of a large rufous-ochreous basal patch occupying nearly half the area of the fore-wings, while in tlie hind-wings the basal third is whitish crossed by strongly black- clouded nervures. It is most interesting to find that this remarkable Danais, which combines to some extent the coloration of the Limniace and CJinjsij^j^ns groups, is un- questionably mimicked (as M. Oberthiir has pointed out in A7i7i. Soc. Ent. de France, 1886, p. cxiv.) by the larger Papilio Rex, Oberth. {loc. cit., and Etudes d^Ent., liv. 12, pi. i. f. 2, 1888), which inhabits the same part of East Africa, and is a very isolated form, recalling both P. Antimaclius and P. Antenor, but not nearly related to either. Danais Chrysippus, p. 54? line 10 from bottom of page. Mr. Meldola {Anji. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 5th Ser., i. p. 158, 1878) notes the significant fact that in Australia, where D. Chrysippus does not occur, the $ of Argynnis Niphe (var. inconstans) is like the ^. Amauris Echcria, p. 59, line 21. Plotz (Stett. Ent. Zeit., xli. p. 189, 1880) notes five examples taken at Victoria, on the mainland, just opposite Fernando Po, by Dr. Buchholz, but does not state whether they differed from typical Echeria. Additional locality : — Transvaal : Barberton ( /. P. Cloete). The single specimen ( $ ) received from Mr. Cloete is of the typical yellow- spotted form. Sub-Family SATYRIN^. Ypthima Aster ope, p. 67. Additional localities in Western Districts of Cape Colony : — Prieska, Orange River, Victoria West {E. Purcell), and Spectakel, Namaqualand (L. Peringuey). Additional localities on Western Coast of North Tropical Africa : — " Cama- roon Mountains : Bonjongo," Niger : *' Abo," and Accra : " Aburi (Buchhoh)." —Plotz. ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 395 Ccenyra Hehe, p. 69. Fig. of c? (typic^'^l). Stand., Exot. Sclmictt, pi. 82 (1887). Genus PHYSCiENEURA, p. 71, liuo 25. A singular intermediate form between P. Panda and P. Lecla is described and figured by Mr. Godraan {Proc. Zool. Soc. Land., 1880, p. 183, pi. xix. ff. 2, 3) as P. Pione, from a specimen obtained by Mr. Last on the Gnuru Hills, opposite Zanzibar. In this species the white of the upper side is less deve- loped than in Leda, leaving a brown inner-marginal border from base to beyond middle in the fore-wings, and a costal narrow one in the hind-wings ; the ocelli, too, are mostly visible. On the under side it is much nearer Panda, being everywhere striated except for a small discal space in each wing immediately before the ocelli. Only a single example occurred in Mr. Last's collection. Physcceneura Panda, p. / i . Fig. Maniola Panda, Stand., Exot. Schmett., pi. 81 (1887). Pseudonympha sp., near P. Natalii, Boisd., p. 82, note. Judging from the descriptions given, I think Mr. Selous' Tropical South- African species is identical with the Ypldhima Bern of Hewitson (Ent 31. Mag., 1877, p. 107), from Lake Nyassa, from v,-\i\ch Neoccenyra duplex, Butler {Proc. Zool. Soc. Land., 1885, p. 758), a native of Somaliland, does not appear to be separable. Mr. A. W. Eriksson has lately (1S88) sent me fourteen speci- mens taken on the Okavango River. Pseudonympha Hippia, p. 82. Four more examples of this rare butterfly have come under my notice ; one Avas captured by ]\Ir. II. L. L. Feltham on the summit of Table ]\Iountain on the 15th January 1888, and three were taken by INIr. R. M. Lightfoot on the same mountain, but at the lower elevation of about 2300 feet, on the ist February 1889. Mycalesis Safitza, p. 105, and Mycalcsis perspicua, p. 107. There is considerable ground for believing that the variety occurring in both these species in which the under-side ocelli are very greatly reduced or almost obsolete is the winter or dry-season form. My attention was directed to this view by Mr. L. de Nic(^ville, who sent me his interesting paper on the analogous cases observed by him among Indian Saii/ridce of the genera Myca- lesis,^Ypthima, and Melanitis {Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Iv. p. 229, 1886). In Safitza and Persjncua, all the specimens which bear dates of capture by myself or others in Eastern Sauth Africa have been carefully referred to, and I find that all but one Zululand Safitza, ticketed March 1887 (which has small ocelli), and a Natal one ticketed May 1884 (which has them moderately deve- ioped), bear out M. de Niceville's Indian experience that the summer or wet- season specimens have the under-side ocelli fully developed, while the winter or dry-season specimens have them either greatly reduced or obsolete. It is worth noting that at Knysna, on the south coast of Cape Colony, where the year is not sharply divisible into a wet summer and a dry winter season, but where the rainfall is more irregularly distributed, the long series of Safitza 39<5 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. ■which I captured consisted almost entirely of specimens with either obsolete or very small ocelli. Additional locality of M. Safitza in Eastern Districts of Cape Colony : — Tharfield, Kleinemond River {Miss M. L. Bowker). Additional locality of M. perspiaia in Transvaal : — Eureka, near Barberton (a. F. Palmer). Mclanitis diversa, p. i 1 6. Fig. of ?, Gnojiliodes Parmeno, Stand., Exot. Schmett. pi. 78 (1886). Lethe Indosa, p. 121, Fig. of $ , Lethe dendrophihis, var. albo-maculatus, Staud., Exot. Schmett., pi. 78 (1886). Additional localities : — Coast Districts of Natal : Umzinto (/. //. Bowlcer). Zululand : Etshowe {A. M. Goodrich and T. Vachdl). Mencris Tulhaghia, p. 125. Fig. of ?, Staud., Exot. Schmett., pi. 57 (1885). Larva and Pupa, p. 127. I found a full-grown larva of this species at Rondebosch, near Cape Town, on the 19th November 1885, and append the following description of it, viz. : — Ochre-yellow, with a broad conspicuous median dorsal blackish stripe, narrowing toward tail ; on each side a supra-spiracular waved rather indistinct "waved dusky-grey stripe ; spiracles ringed with blackish ; all the legs and the under surface of a very much paler and duller ochre-yellow. Head dark-red, set sparsely but generally witli short stiff black bristles; body generally (includ- ing legs and two short acute hindward-pointing projections at tail) set sparsely with short whitish bristles, — those on the body planted in regular successive transverse lines, which are closer together on the hinder part of each segment. Rather broad and flattened dorsally, tapering gradually toward the tail from the tenth segment ; head globose, — the next adjoining segment somewhat constricted. Length, 2} inches.^ Tins exceedingly sluggish larva was resting near the top of a wooden fence (on which I had previously discovered two pupae) ; it seemed about to pupate, but did not do so until the 25th November. The butterfly (a $ ) emerged on 26th December. The fence in question divided a public road from a piece of ground bare of vegetation in the immediate neighbourhood of the fence, except for a bank recently planted with the " Kweek " grass {Stenotapltrum glahrum), — the plant mentioned in the text as conjectured to be a food-plant of Tulbaghia. Long and careful search on this bank, however, failed to produce another larva. The following description of the pupa is made from three specimens, viz., the two found suspended on the fence on 14th and 19th November respec- tively, and that of which the larva pupated on 25 th November. Pale sandy-yellowish, witli a generally-distributed pinkish-white bloom ; semi-transparent ; wing-cases very finely and indistinctly striolated with short grey lines. Numerous small spots and dots of black, of which the following are the principal, viz., a median longitudinal dorsal abdominal scries, of which ' It remains to be seen whether the larva varies irregularly or sexually, or perhaps locally, as regards green or ochre-yellow colouring. Mrs. Barber mentions that her pale- green larva was much yellower in a younger stage, and certainly all the young ones hatched from the eggs laid by the Cape Town 9 mentioned in the text were sandy-yellowish. ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 397 the two spots at base of abilomen are iiiucli larf,'cr than the others ; also another abdominal series on each side of back, with a larger suffused spot at base ; two spots on each blunted side of thorax ; three across back of thorax in front ; two at extremity of head, and one on lower edge of each eye-case ; three, at unequal distances, along leg-cases ; on each wing-case, near frontal margin, one at base, and two about middle, and also a straight transverse series of six minute spots beyond middle ; on each side of abdomen four series of small or minute spots ; at base of abdomen beneath, immediately beyond end of wing- cases, a median elongate roughened double blackish streak, apparently marking the case of the termination of the maxillae. Anal foot-stalk black, flattened beneath and hollowed, sending off two ridges on under surface of end of abdomen. Length, i in. 4 lin. ; greatest depth, from hollow of back to meet- ing-line of wing-cases in front of breast, 7^- lin. ; greatest width, 5 lin. Attached to a small quantity of strong reddish-brown silk, in one case near the top of the fence, and in the other near the bottom close to the ground. The upper one was in the depression or channel formed by the over-lapping of one board over the other ; it was quite unconcealed, and indeed conspicuous on the black of tlie fence. The lower one, on the contrary (a thicker and rounder individual, with all the black markings stronger), was not only partly shel- tered by a grass {Briza major), but also in close approximation to some spider's web and the bud-sheath of a Piuus; in this case (as in the one at Seapoint recorded in the text) the pale colour and black specklings of the pupa rendered it decidedly inconspicuous. The smaller pupa from the top of the fence produced a ^ Tulhaghia on the 8th December; the larger one died, but I conclude, from its size and agreement in stronger black markings with the pupa resulting from the larva above described, that it was that of a $ . Examination of the living larva confirmed my judgment that Meneris is properly placed with the Sub-Family Satyr ince. Sub-Family ACR/EIN^. AcTcea Eahbaiw, p. 133. Additional locality : — Zululand : Etshowe (A. J/. Goodrich). A single S in the collection of Captain Goodrich was taken in this locality in February 1887. Acrcea Neohule, p. 137. Additional locality on West Coast of North Tropical Africa : — " Nicrer • Abo {Buc1ilioJz)."—VV6iz. Acrcea Violarum, p. 141. Additional locality in Transvaal: — Barberton [C. F. Palmer). Acrcea Nohara, p. 142. Additional locality in Transvaal: — Barberton (C. F. Palmer). Acrcea Petrcea, p. 144. Fig. of $, Staud., Exot. Schmett, pi. t^t, (1885). 398 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. Acrcca Aglaonicc, p. i 5 i . Additional locality : — Zululand : Etsliowe [A. M. Goodrich). Tlie single $ in Captain Goodrich's collection M-as taken in March 1887. It differs from those described in the text by the possession of a good-sized space of -white in the lower central area of the hind-wings, extending from the basal to the hind-marginal blackish, Acrarc Anemosa, -p. 157. Fig. of (J, Stand., Exot. Schmett., pi. 33 (1885). Acrcca Barheri, p. 162. Additional locality in Cape Colony : — Prieska, Orange River, Victoria "West District (F. Purcell). The single ^ , collected in November 18S7 by Mr. Purcell, agrees with the variation (recorded in the text) from Griqualand West. Acrcea Uncedon, p. 163. Fig. of Var. A. (Lycia, Fab.), Acrcea Braimei, Stand., Exot. Schmett., Pl- 33- A remarkable Aberration of this Variety, taken at Pinetown, Natal, by Major D'Aguilar, in March 1S86, has been sent to me by Colonel Bowker. In this example (a $ ) the fore-wings are obscured with sooty black, altogether obliterating subapical bar, and leaving only a paler dusky space along inner margin and in middle of wing ; black spots enlarged, lengthened, diffused. The hind-wings have a broad dusky-black border, pierced deeply by the much- elongated, outwardly-acuminate, discal spots, which unite with the inter- nervular dusky rays ; the basal and terminal disco-cellular spots are also much enlarged and elongated. On the under side similar peculiarities are observable, but in both fore and hind wings the hind-marginal border is yellowish, and in the hind- wings the elongated discal spots are more conspicuous on the clear ground. A less remarkable " sport " of the typical or rufous form of this species is a $ taken at Etshowe, Zululand, by ]\Ir. T. Vachell, in which the discal spots of the fore- wings are greatly elongated towards base. Additional locality in Transvaal : — Barberton (C F. Palmer). Additional localities on the Western Coast of North Tropical Africa : — ** Cameroons and Abo (B/tchltoIz)." — Plotz. Acrcca Rahira, p. 166. Additional localities in Cape Colony : — Western Districts : Stellenbosch (L. Peringuey). Eastern Districts : Tharfield, Kleinemond River {Miss M. L. Boivker). Acrcca Anacrcon, p. 168. In March 1888 I received from Mr. J. M. Hutchinson a number of speci- mens of the pupa of this species (from larvaa collected at Estcourt, Natal), four of which were still alive and yielded the perfect insect. This pupa, though smaller and more slender, is not at all unlike that of A. Horta ; the ground being white or creamy, with the outlines of wings and neuration strongly ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 399 marked with Uack, and tlie alxlomeu having on each side a sub-dorsal and an inferior-hiteral continuous cliain-like scries of orange-yellow spots in hlack rings. On back, two longitudinal black streaks from head, meeting and thickening on middle of thorax, and thence narrowing to a common terminal point on first abdominal segment. Eye-cases black superiorly; black on wing-cases most strongly developed near apex, along hind-margin, and along lino of median nervure and its first ncrvule. Length, 7-8 lines. Acrcca Bu.vfoni, I). 170. Tlie Zanguebar Acrcea subsequently described by Hewitson under this name (Ent. M. Mag., xiv. p. 155, 1S77) has nothing to do with A. Buxtoni, Butler, but is, as Mr. Distant has pointed out (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1880, pp. 184-185), a close ally of A. Ilorta, and apparently identical with A. insignis, Dist., loc. cit., pi. xix. f. 6. Acrcca Cahira, p. 173. Fig. of (J, Stand., Exot. Schmett., pi. 33 (1885). Planema Esehria, p. 177. Fig. of Var. A. {^), Acrcea Esehria, Stand., Exot. Schmett., pi. 33 (1885). Additional locality on Western Coast of North Tropical Africa : — " Cama- roons : Victoria (Buchhoh)." — Plotz. A (J of Var. A., taken by Captain Goodrich at Etshowe, Zululand, has the yellow markings much reduced, especially in the fore-wings, where the sub- apical bar is almost obsolete. Planema Aganice, p. 180. Additional locality :— Transvaal : Barberton (C F. Palmer — Var.). The single $ received from Mr. Palmer is noted by him as captured on " ist April i888, in gully on stony ridge. Eureka, near Barberton." It ex- pands to the largest size of the $ , viz., 2 in. 11 lin., and is a very marked variation from the typical form, presenting the following differences, viz., transverse pale-yellowish band much broader in both fore and hind Avings, especially in the latter, where it is even broader proportionally than in the ordinary $ ; in the fore-wing the lowest of the component spots of the band is on the upper side as large as in the ? , and on the under side only separated by first median nervule from next (largest) spot of the band. Dewitz {K. Leop.-Car.-Deutsch. Akad. Nat., xli. p. 190, 1879) states that the single specimen (sex not given) from Angola referred by him to Aganice had the band of the fore-Avings much broader than in Hewitson's figure, and also than in a Camaroons specimen in the Berlin ^luseum. Pardopsis pundatissima, p. 183. Fig. Acrcea ptindatissima, Stand., Exot. Schmett., pi. 33 (1885). Additional locality : — Zululand : Etshowe {A. M. Goodridi and T. Vacliell). Of the thirteen Zululand specimens collected by Captain Goodrich and Mr. Vacheil, all but one had the spots smaller than usual, and in three ^ s and two 9 s these markings were very small. Additional locality : — North Tropical Africa, Eastern Interior : Abyssinia; " Shoa (^«itz«ori)."— Oberthur. 400 SOUTH-AFEICAN BUTTERFLIES. Sub-Family NYMPHALIN^. Atella Cohimhina, p, 193. Fig. Atella Phalanta, Staud., Exot. Sclimett., pi. 36 (1885). Lachnoptera Ayresii, p. 196. Additional locality : — Zululand : Etshowe {A. M. Goodrich and T. Vachell). Eurema Hippomene, p. 204. An Abyssinian $ kindly sent to me by M. Ch. Oberthiir presents the peculiarity of a ferruginons-red suffusion in basal half of discoidal cell, and also a tinge of the same colour over the middle part of the pale-yellow band on the under side, Eurema Schceneia, p. 207. Additional locality : — North Tropical Africa : Eastern Interior ; Abyssinia ; " Shoa {Aiitmori)."—Ohevthih\ Fig. of (J and 5, Va7iessa Sch(xneia, Oberth., Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, XV. ph ix. ff. I, 2 (1883). A (J example from Abyssinia, kindly sent to me by M. Oberthiir, confirms that author's identification of Schce7ieia in the late Marquis Antinori's collection. J'unonia Celjrcnc, p. 210. Fig. of $ , Junonia (Enone, Staud., Exot. Schmett., pi. 37 (1885). Additional locality in Cape Colony : — Western Districts : Van "Wyk's Vley, Carnarvon District {E. G. Alston). Precis Sophia, p. 221. Fig. of (?, Staud., Exot. Schmett., pi. 37 (1885). Precis CloantJia, p. 222. Fig. of (?, Stand., op. cit., pL 38 (1885). Additional locality in Transvaal : — Barberton (C. F. Palmer). Additional locality on Western Coast of North Tropical Africa : — " Accra {Bicchholz):'—VY6iz. Precis Octavia, p. 229. Fig. of $, Stand., Exot. Schmett., pi. 38 (1885). The intimate relation of this butterfly to P. Sesamus, Trim., referred to in the text, is further borne out by a (J example (very like the larger of the two Transvaal specimens mentioned on p. 231) received from Colonel Bowker, He notes it as captured close to Malvern, ten miles from D'Urban, Natal, on nth September 1887 ; it was in company with two P. Sesamus. In this specimen the inner half of the red discal field is in both fore and hind Avings obscured by violaceous-grey irrorations. ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 401 A second smaller ^ , almost exactly similar in colouring, was obtained in the same locality by Mr. C. Barker, and was received by me in January 1888, Additional localities on "Western Coast of North Tropical Africa: — Came- roons : " Mungo " and Niger ; ' ^ Aho (Buchholz)." — Plotz. Precis Sesamus, p. 231. Precis Sesamus, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 347. Fig. of (?, Precis Amestris, var. Caffraria, Stand., Exot. Schmett., pi. -58 (1885). Pupa. — Prominences on head rather short, wide apart, minutely and un- equally bifid at tip. Thorax dorsally elevated into a prominence with a some- what blunted point, but laterally acutely so at base and also before middle of inner margin of wing-cases; a pair of acute tubercles on back of each thoracic segment, besides some minute intermediate ones. Abdomen with three dorsal series of similar tubercles, — the tubercles of the series on each side much larger and longer than those of the middle series ; two lateral series of very much smaller tubercles. Abdomen beyond fourth segment and lower median area of thorax reddish- brown ; all dorsal area as far as end of fourth segment brassy-gilded, with numerous small brown spots, and with more burnished brassy-gilded spots on tubercles and their bases; a duller gilded dorsal stripe, narrowing to tip of abdomen ; superior half of wing-cases rather dully gilded, and with a short brown streak (composed of three subquadrate spots) about middle of inner margin ; head dully gilded beneath. Length i inch. This description was made from two living pupae sent to me from Estcourt, Natal, by Mr. J. M. Hutchinson in March 1888. They produced pure Sesamus, $ and c? respectively, on 14th and 15th March. I can detect no difference between the empty skins of these specimens and that of an Octavia pupa described on pp. 219 and 230. An interesting (apparently $ ) example, rather nearer to Sesainus than any of the three specimens recorded on p. 233, was sent by Mr. C. Barker from Malvern, Natal, with the individual near Octavia mentioned above. This example retains in the fore-wings much of the basal blue irroration, and has barely a trace of red in the striation of the discoidal cell, while the upper part of the median fascia is pure-blue, but its lower part (inwardly bordering the macular red band) is dull reddish-violaceous ; in the hind-wings, however, the red invades the violaceous or lower half of median band, and there is also a red disco-cellular stria. In both wings, hoAvever, the submarginal blue lunules are reduced as in Octavia. The under side is quite like that of Sesamus, except that the discal red is much more developed in the fore-wings, and also faintly indicated in the hind-wings, Oberthiir (Ajiti. Mus. Civ. St. Nat. Geneva, xviii. pp. 721-722, 1883) records several examples intermediate between Amestris, (Drury), and Octavia, taken by the late Marquis Antinori in Shoa, Abyssinia, and is of opinion that these two forms can no longer be regarded as separate species. Dewitz {Berl. Ent. Zeitschr., xxix. p. 142, pi. 2, 1885) gives (fig. 5) true Sesamus; (figs. 2, 3, and 4) variations indicating more or less approach to Octavia; and (fig. 1) a specimen very much resembling the variation near Octavia depicted in my pi. 4, f. 4. Tliese intermediate examples appear to be in the Berlin Museum; the only locality noted is that of fig. 3, viz., Liberia. The evidence in this most interesting case certainly seems to indicate that Octavia, Amestris, and Sesamus are as yet incompletely segregated forms, and that fertile inter-crossing is not unfrequent among them.^ ^ Precis Actia, Distant (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., l8So, p. 1S5, pi. xix. f. 7), seems to a large extent to be intermediate between P. Sesamus and P. Archesia. It baa the outline VOL. III. 2 C 402 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTEEFLIES. Precis Pelasgis, p. 236. I received in May 1888 from Mr. A. D. Millar the cast skins of the larva and pupa of this species. Mr. Millar found about a dozen of the larvae feeding on cultivated plants of Coleus at D'Urhan, Natal, and reared two Pelasgis, •which made their appearance on the 4th May. The larva is described by him as entirely dark-brown. As far as can be judged from the skin cast before pupation, it does not differ much from that of Odavia, except that the head is black, instead of yellowish-brown with black marks, and the body-spines are shorter, more slender, and mostly yellowish brown instead of black. The skin of the pupa strongly resembles those of P. Sesamus and P. Oda- via, but is of a darker and browner tint, with the surface not so much granu- lated, and the tubercular points smaller. Mr. Millar does not state whether this pupa has any gilded ornamentation. Precis JElgiva, p. 240. Fig. of S, Stand., Exot. Schmett., pi. 37 (1885). Precis Tiigcla, p. 241. Additional locality :— Zululand : Etshowe {A. M. Goodrich and T. Vachell). Of three Zululand examples, two were captured by Captain Goodrich re- spectively in November 1886 and January 1887. All three were $s and had the discal band tinged with rufous, chiefly in its outer portion. The example captured in January was of a more uniform pale ochre-yellow on the under side than in the $ described in the text, most of the brown markings being much fainter, except the common dark-brown streak. Salamis Anacardii, p. 244. Fig. of $ , Stand., Exot. Schmett., pi. 38 (1885). Additional locality :— Zululand : Etshowe {A. M. Goodrich and T. Vachell). Genus Ceenis, p. 248. From notes and pencil outlines by Mr. W. D. Gooch, it is evident that the larva of this genus (it is uncertain whether C. NataleJisis or C. Boisduvali was the species reared from Mr. Gooch's specimens) is very similar to that of Precis. The branched spines or horns borne on the head are, however, shown as much shorter, and the dorsal branched spines of the third, fourth, fifth, eleventh, and twelfth segments are much larger than the others. The second (first thoracic) segment is small and has very short spines ; the thirteenth (anal) segment has two subdorsal and two lateral, all four simple, unbranched, Crenis Boisduvali, p. 252. Additional locality: — Zululand: Etshowe (J". Vachell). (except that the hind-margins are almost without dentation) and apparently under-side colouring (though more uniform) of Archcsia, and the upper-side striping is represented as more even and continuous tlian in that species, but the upper-side colouring is quite of the character of that exhibited by P. Sesamus and P. Amestris. Uab. — " Masassi, East Africa." ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 403 Crenis Morantii, p. 253. Additional locality: — Zululaud : Etshowe (^1. M. Goodrich). Crenis Jiosa, Hewitson, p. 255. (J Crenis PecJmelii, Dewitz, Nov. Act. Leop.-Carol.-Deutsch. Akad. Nat., xli. p. 195, tab. xxvi. f. i (1879). (J Crenis Pechuelii, Staud., Exot. Schmett, i. p. 107, pi. 40 (1885). [Female noted in text.] I overlooked the fact that C. Pechuelii is unquestionably the ^ of Ilcwitson's earlier C. Rosa, owing partly to the dull colouring and small size of Dewitz's figure, which gives but little idea of the great beauty of the insect. Staud- inger's figure is not much better, but renders more faithfully the warm, rich ochre-yellow of the under side of the fore-wings. Dewitz's types (six ^ s) were taken by Pogge in Angola ("Lat. 10° S., long. 17-22° E."), but Staiid- inger mentions having received a pair from Vivi, on the Congo, and others from the Quango, a southern tributary of the Congo. I have lately (1888) had the pleasure of receiving eleven fine (J s from Otjimbora, a locality within the Portuguese boundary of the interior of the province of Mossamedes, just to the north-east of Ovampoland, and situated apparently in about S. lat. 17° 8', and E. long. 17° 27'. These specimens were taken by the well-known hunter and naturalist Mr. A. W. Eriksson, at dates between the 20th November and 3d December 1887.^ I give from these examples the characters distinguishing the $ from the 9 • $ Exp. al., 2 in. 5j-7i lin. Violaceous-hlue brighter, suhmetallic, more or less shot toith pink. Fore-ioing : Oblique fuscous bars between extremity of discoidal cell and apex wanting; near apex, from fourth subcostal to lower radial nervule, a transverse row of three small, or very small, fuscous spots, of which the lowest is the largest ; hind-marginal fuscous border very much narrower, almost linear in some examples, its radiation on nervules and on subcostal nervure much thinner ; a submarginal series of very small fuscous spots, extending from costa to between second and first median nervules. Hind-wing : black spots of discal series smaller, not encircled by paler blue. Under side. — As in 9 > but brighter ; the greenish-ivhite markiiigs more glossy, and sometimes ivith a tinge of violaceous-blue. Fore-iving : no trace of inner oblique fuscous bar or of spot below third median nervule ; costal-apical widening of greenish-white edging wanting. Hind-wi7ig : median and pre- niedian greenish-white transverse bands usually coalesce, more or less com- pletely, about median nervure and the base of its first nervule, but in four examples they are completely separated, as in $ . This lovely Nymphaline has much the aspect of a magnified Lycaenide, its shot-blue upper side strongly resembling that of various species of Lycaeiia, while the under side in tints and hind-wing ocellate spots strongly recalls that of the European Chrysophanus Hippofhoe. Additional localities in South Tropical Africa ; — AVestern Interior. — Mossa- medes Province : Otjimbora (A. W. Eriksson). "Angola (Pogge)." — Dewitz. Congo: " Yivi (Pechuel-Loesche) ami Quango River (Von Mechow)." — Staud- insfer. ^ Four of the nearly allied and almost equally beautiful C. Benguelce were taken by Mr. Eriksson at the same time and place, and two other examples at Ehanda, considerably farther northward, in September 1887. In 1873 I made a description of two (J s of this Crenis among other butterflies collected at Kabenda, about forty miles north of the mouth of the Congo, by Lieutenant Larconi, R.N. 404 SOUTH-AFEICAN BUTTERFLIES. Eurytela Hiarbas, p. 258. Fig. of $, Stand., Exot. Schmett., pi. 39 (1885). Additional locality on Western Coast of Tropical North Africa : — Came- roons : " Victoria (Buchholz)." — Plotz. Eurytela Dry ope, p. 261. Mrs. Monteiro sent me the wings of this butterfly from Delagoa Bay, and informed me that she had reared it from a green larva, closely set with green branched spines and bearing two brown horns on the head, which fed on the castor-oil plant. Additional localities on "Western Coast of Tropical ISTorth Africa : — Came- roons : " Victoria," and Accra : " Aburi {Buchholz).'" — Plotz. Hypanis Jlithyia, p. 264. Colonel Bowker forwarded in 1887 a pair of small specimens of the typical form taken w cojndd at INIalvern, near D'Urban, Natal, on the 6th September, by jNIr. C. Barker. Tiie ^ of this pair has the under side of the hind-wings moderately dark ochrey-chocolate, with reduced (but distinct) ordinary black and white markings, while the 9 has it ochre-yellow, with creamy bars and fully developed ordinary markings. Additional localities on Western Coast of Tropical North Africa : — Came- roons : " Mungo " and Accra : " Aburi (Buchholz)." — Plotz. Neptis Agatha, p. 270. Fig., Staud., Exot. Schmett., pi. 50 (1885). Additional locality : — Zululand : Etshowe {A. M. Goodrich and T. Vachell). Diadema Misippus, p. 277. Hypollmnas Alcippo'ides, Butler {Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 5th Ser., xii, p. 102, 1883), from Lake Nyanza, seems clearly to be merely a $ Misi^^pus with the whitish suffusion on the disk of the hind-wings mentioned on p. 279. It is noted that a second form of $ like a small Inaria occurs in the same locality, while the $ is stated not to differ from the ordinary $ Misippus. Additional localities on Western Coast of Tropical North Africa : — Came- roons : " Victoria," and also " Accra and Aburi {Buchholz)." — Plotz.^ Pseudacrcea Tarquinia, p. 289. Fig. of $, Staud., Exot. Schmett., pi. 49 (1885). Additional locality : — Zululand : Etshowe {A. M. Goodrich and T. Vachell).^ * Mr. L. de Nic(Sville informs me that Mr. W. H. Edwards has recorded Misippus as having occurred in Florida. ^ A ? taken by Mr. Vachell is smaller than usual, and has the spots of the fore-wings (except that between first and second median nervules) almost obsolete ; wiiile in the hind- wings the ochre-yellow patch is very narrow — tlie basal black being broader — and marked at extremity of discoidal cell with an obliquely transverse black streak. ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 405 Pseudacrcea Delagoce, p. 291. An apparently very near ally of this species is Panopea protrada, Butler {Ent. M. Mag., 1874, p. 164); but it is described as very much larger, viz., exp. aL, 3 in, 6 lin. (Hub. — Cabinda [Congo] (Montetro). Pseudacrcea imitator, p. 293. Five examples (four ^ s, one ? ) were received from Colonel Bowlcer during 1887, with the note that they were captured at Northdene, near D'Urban, Natal, in the first quarter of 1884. Pseudacrcea Trimenii, p. 296. Since my account of this fine species was published, I have examined twenty-four additional specimens, nineteen being ^ s and five $ s : all were taken in the D'Urban district of Natal (except two of the $ s, which were captured in Zululand), — sixteen ^ s and two ? s by Colonel Bowker, three cJ s and one 9 by INIr. A. F. Evans. Of this series, twelve ,^ s and four ? s are of the normal coloration ; but three of the ^ s exhibit a limited white lower discal suffusion on the upper side of the hind-wings. The remaining seven ^ s and one (Zululand) ? exhibit more or less failure of the yellow-ochreous subapical bar of the fore- wings, thus approximating to the Variety A. {P. Colvillei, Butler) described in the text. Five of these $ s, all taken by Colonel Bowker at Northdene from January to May 1884, exhibit a complete and regular gradation in this char- acter, from a much narrower but complete yellow-ochreous bar, through an attenuated bar obsolescent and whitish superiorly, to an example where only a small yellow-ochreous trace of the lower extremity of the bar remains. Additional locality : — Zululand : Etshowe {A. 31. Goodrich and T. Vachell). Uuphcedra Neophron, p. 305. A $ example taken near Delagoa Bay was received by the South-African Museum from Mrs. Monteiro in 1886. Ilamanuniida Dcedalus, p. 309. Additional locality in Transvaal: — Barberton (/. P. Cloete and C. F. Palmer). Harma Alcimeda, p. 312. Additional locality for Variety A. :— Zululand : Etshowe (A. M. Goodrich and T. Vachell). Charaxes Zoolina, p. 318. Variety A. — ^ Fuscous borders much broader; their enclosed spots of ground-colour more or less obliterated. Fore-wing: basal fuscous greatly developed, filling discoidal cell up to terminal transverse stripe ; lower basal area (in one example) tinged with dull fulvous-ochreous. Hind-iving : base narrowly fuscous ; median dusky streak deepening into fuscous superiorly ; narrow longitudinal brown streak of under side, between median and sub- 4o6 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. median nervures, also diffusedly represented on upper side, {Hah. — Delagoa Bay : Louren9o jNIaniues {Mrs. Monteiro). — Three examples.) A (J of this Variety was taken at Etshowe, Zululand, by Mr. T. Vachell in 1886-87. A near ally of Zoolina is C. Detsimisaraha, Lucas, a native of Madagascar.^ Another allied form (varying in the direction of a great reduction of the dark markings) is G. Kahldeni, Homeyer and Dewitz {Berl. Ent. Zeifschr., 1882, p. 381), from "Pungo Andonga, Angola {A. von Homeyer).'" It differs in the very great attenuation of the dark markings, especially those of the hind-margin of the hind- wings, which on the upper side are almost obsolete in both sexes, according to the descrijjtion and accompanying figures. Additional locality (of C. Zoolina) : — North Tropical Africa. Eastern Inte- rior. Abyssinia : '* Shoa {Antinori)." — Oberthiir, Char axes Neanthes, p. 320. Fig. of ^, Stand., Exot. Schmett., pi. 58 (1885). Besides the Malagasy Betanimena, Lucas ^ (erroneously given as Betsimi- saraka of the same author on p. 321, line 21), two other close allies of Neanthes appear, from the description and figures, to be G. Homeijeri, Dewitz, and G. Ehmcldi, Dewitz and Homeyer {Berl. E7it. Zeitsdir., 1882, p. 382), from "Pungo Andonga, Angola {A. V. Homeyer)." Both these forms have a broad whitish suffusion from the base of the wings (exceedingly wide in the hind-wings of G. Homeyeri). Additional locality (of G. Neanthes) : — North Tropical Africa. Eastern Interior. Abyssinia: " Shoa (^?i^i/ion)." — Oberthiir. Char axes Varanes, p. 321. Fig. of ^, Palla Varanes, Staud., Exot. Schmett., pi. 60 (1885). Pupa, p. 324. — In June 1887 I received from Colonel Eowker two living pupge of this butterfly, from which I obtained a $ perfect insect on June 19 (pupation i8th May), and a female on June 26th. These pupae were semi- transparent, of a uniform bright- green, Avith a wax-like surface ; six abdominal spiracles on each side, and six caudal tubercles, black. They were very thick and swollen abdominally, but became gradually slenderer and narrower ante- riorly. Head very shallowly bifid. Inferior outline, along middle line of head and thorax, almost straight ; dorsal median line of thorax and inner-marginal edges of wing-cases somewhat prominently but smoothly ridged or keeled. Length, about i inch ; greatest width and also greatest depth — across third abdominal segment — | inch. The band of light reddish-brown silk to which these pupoe were attached completely encircled the slender stem of Gardiosjiermuin halicacabum, on Avhich the insects were suspended. Colonel Bowker found the larvae feeding on this widely-spread tropical climber near D'Urban, Natal, and called my attention to the general resemblance borne by the pupae to the younger somewhat heart- shaped inflated seed-vessels of the plant, which hang similarly, though by a much longer pedicel. Additional locality on "Western Coast of Tropical North Africa : — Came- roons : "Victoria {Buchholz)." — Plbtz. 1 Figured in Grandidier's Hist. Phys. Nat. etc. dc Madag., xix. Lep., Atlas i., pi. 21, ff. 2, 2a (1885). * Figured in Grandidier'a Hist. Pliya. Nat. etc. de Madag., xix. Lep., Atlas i., pi. 23, ff. 5, 6, 7 (1885). ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 407 Charaxes Jahhisa, p. 325. A (J example, captured at Euroka, near BarLerton, Eastern Transvaal, by Ih. C. F. Palmer, on the 12th JNIay 18S8, is very near the Zambesi specimen mentioned iu the text, but on the upper side the ground-colour is generally brighter, and not obscured near apex of fore-wings, and the black hind-mar- "iual border of the hind-wings is rather broader ; wliile on the under side the colouring is more vivid, and the silvery submarginal marks in upper part of fore-wings are almost replaced by an enlargement of the adjacent salmon-red marks. Mrs. Barber wrote to me in 1887 that Mr. Bourchicr Bowker had noticed this butterfly in remarkable numbers in a piece of ground covered with Pappea Capensis (one of the Family Sapindacece), which she believes to be one of the insect's food-plants. Additional locality in Eastern Districts of Cape Colony :— Junction Drift, Commadagga, Somerset East District {3Irs. Barber). Charaxes Candiope, p. 327. The Malagasy ally mentioned in a note on p. 328 is C. Antamhoulu, Lucas. It is figured "in Grandidier's Hist. Phys. Nat. etc. de Madag., vol. xix. Lep. Atlas i., pi. 23, fr. 3, 4 (1885). Charaxes Pelias, p. 331. Additional locality in Western Districts of Cape Colony :— Waterfall, Tul- bagh District (TF. Thomas). The single example kindly presented to me by Mr. Wyan Thomas was taken on or about 12th February 1888, settling on the stem of a pear-tree. Charaxes Saiurmis, p. 334. Fig. of S , Cliaraxes Pelias, Stand., Exot. Sclimett., i. pi. 58 (1885). Additional locality : — Delagoa Bay : Lourengo Marques {Mrs. Monteiro). Charaxes Brutus, p. 335. Additional locality :— Delagoa Bay : Lourengo Marques {Mrs. Monteiro). Charaxes Castor, p. 338. $ Exp. al., 3 in. 7-8 lin. Like ? , but common macular band much narrower, and of a deeper tint of ochreous-yelloio. Fore-ioing : hind-marginal internervular yellowish marks and adjacent white marks in cilia much smaller, especially the latter. Hind- idng : only three submarginal blue lunules, lying between submedian nervure and third median nerviile ; both tails (but more especially that at end of third median nervule) considerably shorter. (/7a&.— Delagoa Bay— two examples ; and Barberton, Transvaal — one example.) Compared with Cramer's figure (C.) of the upper side, these South- African specimens differ in having the common macular band considerably wider throughout, and without perceptible ferruginous edging, and also in presenting a mixUu-e of white and greenish in the hind-marginal lunules (a touch of ochre- yellow in the two upper ones) quite as in the $ . 4o8 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. Feisthamel's fine figure quoted in the text represents an apparent $ from the River Casamanza, a little to the south of the Gambia. The Delagoa Bay $ s differ from it in the same characters as those which have just been noted as distinguisliing the ,$ s from Cramer's figure oi a ^ from the Guinea Coast ; but tlie Casamanza specimen presents no trace of any ferruginous edging to the common macular band. The (J specimen from Barberton has the common macular band rather narrower and of a deeper tint than in the two (^ s from Delagoa Bay, and possesses in the fore-wing a small diffuse ferrugiiious-ochreous spot in tlie upper part of the discoidal cell near its extremity. Its captor, Mr. C. F. Palmer, notes that it was taken on a teak tree, on a " kopje " on the stony ridge at Eureka, on the 24th April 1888. Additional locality on "Western Coast of North Tropical Africa : — Came- roons : " Victoria (Buchhoh)." — Plotz. Charaxes Achcemenes, p. 340. Mr. C. F Palmer has forwarded two (J s from Eureka, near Barberton; one of them is noted as captured at the same station as C. Castor, on the i2tli May 1888. Additional locality in Western Interior of South Tropical Africa : — Omrora {A. W. Eriksson). Charaxes Mhalion, p. 342. Fig. of (^ , Charaxes Ephyra, Stand., Exot. Schmett., pi. 58 (1885). Additional locality : — Transvaal : De Kaap, near Barberton [C. F. rainier). Charaxes Phccus, p. 344. In 1886 the South-African Museum acquired two $ examples taken at Delagoa Bay by Mrs. Monteiro, and I have recently (October 1888) received a worn (J captured near Barberton, North-East Transvaal, by Mr. J. P. Cloete. Charaxes Xiphares, p. 346. Additional locality : — Transvaal : Eureka, near Barberton {C. F. Palmer). ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 409 VOL. II. Family ERYOINID^. Sub-Family LIBYTHiEIN^. Libythea Laius, p. 5' Additional locality : — Znluland : Etshowe {A. M. Goodrich). The single specimen ( (J ) in Captain Goodrich's collection was ticketed "February 1887." Family LYC^NID^. LyccBiia Osiris, p. 15- Additional localities in Zululand and Transvaal : — Etshowe (T. Vachell) ; Eureka, near Barberton (C. F. Palmer). The two specimens forwarded by Mr. Palmer were noted as captured on the icth and 15th April 1888 respectively. Lyccena Asopus, p. 16. Additional locality on Western Coast of North Tropical Africa : — Accra : "Aburi {BucUiolz):'—'PV6iz. Lyccena Methynina, p. 27. Additional locality in Natal : — Estcourt {C. W. Morrison). Lyccena MahalloJcocena, p. 44. Additional locality in Transvaal :— Eureka, near Barberton (C. F. Palmer). Lyccena Lysimon, p. 45- A very small $ {exp. 9 lin.) was taken at Estcourt, Natal, by Mr. C. F. Palmer, and sent for my inspection; all its under-side markings were very indistinct. Additional localities: — "Lower Niger (H. A. Forbes)." — Godman and Salvin [Knysna, Trim.]. Southern Arabia : " Shaik Othman, Huswah, and Lahej (Yerbury)." — A. G. Butler [K7iys7ia, Trim.]. Lyccena lucida, p. 47- Additional localities : — Zululand : Etshowe {A. M. Goodrich and T. Vachell). Transvaal : Eureka, near Barberton (C. F. Palmer). 410 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. Lyccena Gaika, p. 50. The paired sexes were taken at Xorthdene, near D'Urban, Natal, by Colonel Bowker on nth June 1883. Additional locality: — Southern Arabia: "Aden and Haithalkim (Yer- huryy—A. G. Butler. Lyccena Trochilus, p. 52. Additional localities : — Transvaal : Eureka, near Barberton {C. F. Palmer). Southern Arabia : " Aden, Huswah, and Lahej {Yerbury)." — A. G. Butler. Lyccena Bcetica, p. 58. Additional locality on Western Coast of North Tropical Africa : — " Accra {Buchlwh). "—VYotz. Lyccena Noquasa, p. 64. Additional locality in Upper Districts of Natal : — Uliindi, sources of Bush- man's River (/. M. Hutchinson). Among the examples received from Mr. Hutchinson there are two ? s, which in the hind-wings on the upper side present below (as well as above) the ordinary hind-marginal spot traces of bluish-white annulets, and in a third 5 these inferior markings are developed into minute, black, bluish-ringed spots. Mr. Hutchinson wrote, in February 1888, that he found this species in hun- dreds about the vleys at Ulundi. Lycaina Lingeiis, p. 66. Additional localities : — Cape Colony, Eastern Districts : Tharfield, Kleine- mond River {Miss M. L. Boivker). North Tropical Africa : Western Coast : "Cameroon Mountains; Bonjongo (BuchJwIz)," and "Accra; Aburi (Buch- Jiolz)." — Plotz : " Lower Niger {H. A. Forbes)." — Godman and Salvin. Eastern North Tropical Interior: Abyssinia; " Shoa (Antinori)." — Oberthiir. Lyccena Telicanus, p. 69. Additional localities : — Cape Colony, Eastern Districts : Tharfield, Kleine- mond River {Miss M. L. Boioker). Transvaal : Eureka, near Barberton {C. F. Palmer). Western Coast of North Tropical Africa : " Lower Niger {W. A. Forbes)." — Godman and Salvin [Pulchra, Murray]. Lyccena Jesous, p. 72. Additional locality : — Zululand : Etshowe {T.^Vachell). Lyccena Macalenga, p. 74. Additional locality : — Transvaal ; Heidelberg (C. Barker). Lyccena Moriqua, p. 75* Additional locality ; — Zululand, Etshowe {A, M. Goodrich). ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 411 Lyccena Natalensis, p. 77. Additional locality :— Zululaiul, Etshowe {A. M. Goodrich and T. Vachell). Lyccena Calice, p. 80. Additional locality :— Zululand : liltshowe {T. Vachell). Lyccena Thespis, p. 87. Additional locality in Eastern Districts of Cape Colony : — Tharfield, Kleine- mond River (Miss M. L. Bowker). Lyccena Bowkcri, p. 88. Additional locality in Upper Districts of Natal : — Estcourt (C. W. Mor- rison). Lyccenesthcs Amarah, p. 94. Additional locality : — Zululand : Etshowe {A. M. Goodrich and T. Vachell). A 9 taken by Mr. Vachell has on the under side all the dark edgings of the markings stronger than usual, that of the lower spots of the discal row in the fore-wings being diffusedly extended baseward. Lycce7iesthes Sylvanus, p. 98. ? Pseudodipsas Srjlvanus, Stand., Exot, Schmett., pi. 94 (1887). Additional locality on Western Coast of North Tropical Africa : — " Came- roon Mountains : Bonjongo (Buchhoh)." — Plotz. Deudorix Antalus, p. 107. Additional localities : — Transvaal : Eureka, near Barberton (C. F. Palmer). North Tropical Africa, Western Coast: Cameroons; " Victoria (Buchhoh).'^ — Plotz. Deudorix Diodes, p. 108. Fig. of $ , Deudorix Diodes, Staud., Exot. Schmett., i. pi. 96 (1888). Deudorix Licinia, p. 1 1 1 . Fig. of (^ and $ , Deudorix Dinochares, H. G. Smith, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 5th Ser., xix. p. 64, n. 7. " ? Upper side. — Dull blue, shading broadly into brown on the costal and exterior margins, paler in the middle of the anterior wings. Posterior wings with a black caudal spot, lobe grey. Under side. — Grey with red markings as in the $ ." (H. G. Smith, loc. cit.) Capys Al2}hmus, p. 115. Fig. of (J, Cajnjs Alphceus, Staud., Exot. Schmett., i. pi. 95 (1887). Additional locality in Western Districts of Cape Colony : — Worcester Dis- trict : Hex River {L. Peringuey). 412 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. Hypolyccena Cceculus, p. 1 1 6. Additional locality in Eastern Interior of South Tropical Africa : — Ram- pungu River, "about 15° S. lat." {F. C. Selous). Hypolycmna Philippus, p. 118. Fig. of $ , Hypolycoena Philippus, Staud., Exot. Schmett., i. pi. 96 (1888). Additional locality on Western Coast of North Tropical Africa : — Accra " Aburi {Buchlwhy—VVoiz. Hypolycoena Biixtoni, p. 119. Additional locality : — Zululand : Etshowe {A. M. Goodrich and T. VachelT). Hypolycoena Lara, p. 1 23. Fig. of $, Hypolycoena Lara, Stand., Exot. Schmett., i. pi. 96 (1888). Additional localities : — Cape Colony, Eastern Districts : Tharfield, Kleine- mond River {Miss M. L. Boioker). Transvaal : Eureka, near Barberton (C. F. Palmer). lolaus Silas, p. 127. Fig. of $ , lolaus Silas, Staud., Exot. Schmett., i. pi. 95 (1887). Additional locality : — Zululand : Etshowe {T. Vachell). lolaus Trimcni, ■p. 129. Additional locality in Transvaal : — Eureka, near Barberton (C. F. Palmer). Two worn (? s of this rare species reached me from Mr. Palmer, who notes that they were taken on " teak " trees on a stony ridge on the i6th April 1888. lolaus BowJceo'i, p. 132. Fig. of (J, lolaus Bou'keri, Staud., Exot. Schmett., i. pi. 95 (1887). Additional localities : — Transvaal : Sheba Range (C. F. Palmer). Western Interior of South Tropical Africa : Ehanda and Okavango River {A. W. Eriksson). lolaus Mimosce, p. 135. Additional locality : — Transvaal : Eureka, near Barberton ((7. F. Palmer). lolaus Aphnceoides, p. 137. A very fine example of this rare species has been presented to me by Mr. F. C. Selous; it was taken on ist November 1888 at Panda-ma-Tenka, about thirty-five miles duo south of the Victoria Falls of the Zambesi. I have also seen a specimen in Mr. H. Grose Smith's collection, which was captured in the Trans-Kei Kaffrarian territory by Mr. F. N. Streatfeild. ADDITIONS AND CORKECTIONS. 413 lolmis Pallene, p. 138. Fig. Sithon Pallene, Stand., Exot. Schmott., i. pi. 95 (1887). This curious species occurs sparingly iu Natal. Colonel Bowker wrote to me in January 1S88 that two were taken at Stanger (near the coast, a few miles to the south of the Tugela) by the Rev. Mr. Pettnian ; and in October Mr. C. AV. Morrison acquainted me with his having captured it near Estcourt. Additional locality in South Tropical Africa : — Okavango Kiver {A. W. Eriksson). Myrina Jicedula, p. 141. Fig. of (J, Myrina Silenus, Stand., Exot. Schmett., i. pi. 95 (1887).,' Additional locality : — Zululand : Etshowe {A. M. Goodrich and T. Vachell). Myrina derma'ptei'a, p. 144. Larva. — Dull pale olivaceous-green, except seventh segment, which is ferruginous ; a consj)icuous white median mark on sixth segment, and a similar one on eighth segment, both apparently extending partly on the ferruginous seventh segment. This note of the colouring of the larva is made from a drawing (giving a dorsal view only) by Mrs. Barber of a full-grown specimen just before pupation, found near D'Urban, Natal. Mrs. Barber's figure of the pupa (dorsal view) resembles that by Captain Harford, noted in the text. Aphnceus Hutchinsonii, p. 148. ^ Aphnceus Zanziharensis, H. G. Smith, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist, Feb. 1889, p. 136. Since the description in the text was made I have had the satisfaction of examining two very fine males taken in the same locality as the type — Estcourt, Natal — by j\Ir. C. W. Morrison, and also a ^ captured at Eureka, near Bar- berton, Transvaal, by Mr. C. F. Palmer, and so am enabled to amend that description in the following particulars, viz. : — Exp. al, I in. 4h-(>h lin. Upper side bluej^not" metallic, bright and pale, with scarcely any violaceous tinge ; cilia white with black nervular interruptions (very slender on hind- wing). Fore-icing : costa at base not yellow-ochreous, but with a dull purplish- red stain. Hind-ioing : tails black, white-tipped, — that on first median nervule short, but that on submedian nervure nearly thrice as long, viz., 2J lines. Under side. — Ground-colour dull-olivaceous (in tiie Transvaal example much yellower). Fore-wing : a submarginal dark ferruginous streak much as in hind- wing, but thinner. Hind- icing : four small silvery spots in outer area very minute and indistinct ; submarginal ferruginous streak very dark and angulated towards base on submedian nervure ; hind-marginal edging black streak becomes orange on anal-angular lobe on both sides of origin of long tail ; immediately before edging a series of five ill-defined diffused small white spots dotted externally with silvery. Head black (not reddish-brown) ; thorax beneath ferruginous-broAvn, with an anterior long white mesial mark, another posterior one, and three white spots on each side ; legs with ferruginous-brown femora (hind pair inferiorly edged and tipped with white) and white tibia; and tarsi — the tibiae Avith a black ring at base, and the tarsi with black tips. The upper side much resembles that of A. (Spindasis) Somalina, Butl. {Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885 (publ. 1S86), p. 764, pi. xlvii. f. 5), but the blue 414 SOUTH-AFRICAX BUTTERFLIES. is in both wings more limited, and the subapical white spots of tlie fore-wing are differently arranged. The under side is altogether different in the two species. Mr. ]\Iorrison most liberally allowed me to retain one of the two specimens above mentioned; it is noted as captured on 4th November 1888. He informs me that he took what appeared to be a $ on the same date, not differing from the (J except in its larger size and squarer wings. During the four seasons of Mr. Morrison's acquaintance with this brilliant species, he has not met with it before 15th October or after 7th November. Aphnmus Natalensis, p. 150. Fig. of (J, Aphnceus Natalensis, Stand., Exot. Schmett., i. pi. 95 (1887). Aphnccus Masilihazi}- p. 154. Additional locality in Zululand : — Etshowe [A. M. Goodrich and T. Vachell). Aj^hnccus Mia, 'p. 154. Additional locality in Transvaal : — Eureka, near Barberton (C. F. Palmer). The single specimen (^ ) received from Mr. Palmer is noted by him as having been captured about " teak " trees on a stony ridge"on 12th April 1888. A23hna'us Fhanes, p. i 5 6. Additional locality : — Transvaal : Eureka, near Barberton (C F. Palmer). Aphnceus pseudo-zeritis, p. 1 60. ,$ Chloroselas Esmeralda, Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885 [publ. 1886], p. 765, pi. xlvii. f. 4. Additional localities : — Natal : D'Urban {A. D. Millar). Eastern Interior of South Tropical Africa {F. C. Selous). Eastern Interior of North Tropical Africa: " Somaliland : Bunder Maria (Yei-bury)." — Butler. $ Wholly dark-brown, tcithout any trace of blue ; orange spot at anal angle of hind-wing as in $ . Under side as in $ . (Specimen received from Mr. A. D. Millar, who took it near D'Urban in December 1887.) On careful comparison of two $ s taken by Mr. Selous — which quite agree with Mr. Butler's description of C. Esmeralda — and of three very fine (Js ' Mr. A. G. Butler {Ent. M. Mag., xx. pp. 250-251, 1884) has described two near allies of tliis species — one from Lake Nyassa (A. Nyassce) and the other from the Victoria Nyanza (A. Victorice). I have not seen the former, but a ? example of the latter has occurred in a collection recentlj' foi-med in the Western Interior of Soutli Tropical Africa by Mr. A. W. Eriksson, having been captured on the Omrora, " a river between Ovaquenyama and Ombuela," to the north of Ovampoland, in November 1887. It is very like Masilikazi ? on the upper side, but on the under side the fore- wing exhibits a very strongly flexuose (instead of straight) subapical fascia, the lower portion of which is connected with the median fascia by an oblique similarly-coloured mark lying between second and third median nervules — and in the hind-wing the long fascia angulated before anal angle is much more flexuose and distinctly composite of six unequal portions, while the short outer subapical fascia is distinctly composed of two very unequal portions, a small part on costa projecting beyond and almost apart from the rest of the marking. These and some minor distinctive markings noted by Mr. Butler fully warrant the separation of A. Victoria from A. Masilikazi. ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 415 taken near D'Urban by ]\Ir. INIillar, with the type of A. pseudo-zeritis, I have come to the conclusion that Esmeralda is identical with Pseudo-zeritis. The type of the latter is considerably worn, and the metallic spots on its under side are more brassy than silvery, while the fulvous-yellow tinge over the disco- cellular and costal part of the fore-wings is more pronounced, and there is pro- nounced brownish fuscous clouding over both basal and lower discal areas of the hind-wings. Mr. Selous' two examples have on the under side a paler ground-colour, wholly wanting any dusky clouding. The D'Urban specimens, on the contrary, are beneath of a darker greyer tint than the others, presenting also a small but very pronounced fuscous cloud on the middle disc of the hind- wings, and having all tlie silvery spots very brilliant. The greenish hue Avhich replaces in certain lights the blue of the upper side is well exhibited in all the specimens except the type of Pseudo-zeritis. There are two linear tails on the hind-wing, respectively on the first median nervule and the submedian nervure — the latter tail being the longer of the two. It has been rightly pointed out by Mr. Butler that the subcostal nervure of the fore-wings has only three nervules, instead of four (rarely five) as in Aphnceus ; but this is the only important feature of his new genus Chloroselas, approximating it to Chri/sori/chia. The butterfly under notice is, however, much less robust in structure than Chrysorychia, and has much longer and more hirsute palpi ; and it is on the whole so thorough an Ai^hnceus that I hesitate to separate it generically on account of its wanting one branch of the subcostal nervure of the fore-wings. In December 1887 ISIr. Millar had the good fortune to fall in with this exquisite little species near D'Urban. He wrote to me that he took about a dozen examples " flying round acacia trees at Clare Estate, Sydenham. They perched both on twigs and leaves, from Avhich they darted at one another, and were very swift on the wing, usually returning to the same spot. They had not, so far as I am aware, been seen before near D'Urban." Chrysorycliia Harpax, p. 162. Fig. of $ , Axiocerces Perion, Stand., Exot. Schmett., i. pi. 94 (1887). _ Additional locality in Eastern Districts of Cape Colony : — Tharfield, Kleine- mond River {Miss M. L. Bowker). Additional locality in Transvaal : — Eureka, near Barberton [C. F. Palmer). Chrysorychia Amaiiga, p. 165. Additional localities :— Natal : " D'Urban."— A. D. Millar. Transvaal: Eureka, near Barberton (G. F. Palmer). The specimens received from Mr. Palmer are noted as having been taken on 14th March and 17th April 1888; they were settling on grass and low plants about " kopjes," on a stony ridge. Zeritis Lycegencs, p. 175- Additional locality in Upper Districts of Natal :— Ulundi, Weenen County (J. M. Hutchinson). It gave me great pleasure to receive three ^ s and a ? of this very rare species from Mr. Hutchinson in February 1888; and I am thus enabled to supplement my description of the solitary specimen previously known to me in the following particulars, viz. : — Fxp. al, (c?) II lin.— I in. | lin. ; (?) 11 ^ lin.— I in. i lin. It is clear, on comparison with the $ received from Mr. Hutchinson, that the smaller example described in the text is also of that sex. The larger ? 41 6 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. is somewhat duller, and the black spots of the fore-wing are proportionally smaller, but the hind-marginal black edging has in both wings (but especially in the fore-wing) more jn-ominent internervular projections. ^ Orange-red deeper, more metallic; blacJc liind-ma7'ginal edging in both icings broader in apical half ; bases slightly dusky — in one example more strongly so. Under SIDE. — As in $ , but the colouring generally deeper. The specimens here noted were captured in January 1888; and Mr. Hutchinson wrote that the butterfly was very plentiful for some months at one spot on a stony hillside at Ulundi. Zeriiis Thyshe, p. 181. Fig. of (J, Axiocerces Thysbe, Staud., Exot. Schmett., i. pi. 94 (1887). Zeritis There, p. 186. Additional locality in Eastern Districts of Cape Colony : — Grahamstown {Miss M. L. Bowker). Zeritis Sardonyx, p. 188. Additional localities in Cape Colony : — Western Districts : Ookiep, Nama- qualand (G. Warden) ; Prieska, Victoria West {F. Purcell). Mr. Warden sent seven examples from Ookiep. Mr. Purcell's single speci- men ((J) was captured in November 1887. Zeritis Argyraspis, p. 189. Additional locality in Western Districts of Cape Colony : — Prieska, Orange River, Victoria West {F. Purcell). Zeritis Wallengrenii, Var. A., p. 193. Additional locality in Western Districts of Cape Colony : — Prieska, Orange River, Victoria West {F. Purcell). The specimens (two 34- Aviytis (Teracolus) . HI. 140. Agave (Lyceena) . . . II. 72. Anacardii (Salamis). I. 244. Aglaonice ( Acraea) 1. 1 3 2 ,151; III. 398. Anacreon (Acreea) 1. 1^ 52,168; III. 398 Aglaspis (Zeritis) II. 194. Anchises (Hesperia) III. 374. Aglatonice (Salamis) I. 244. Ancyloxypha . . . III. 330. Agoye (Teracolus) . . III. 83, 98. Anemosa (Acrsea) . . I- 132, 157 Agripjpina (Pieris) . . III. 68. Ajigolensis (Teracolus) III. 140. Agylla (Pyrgus) . . . III. 286. Annse (Teracolus III. 86, 114. 428 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. Anta (Deudorix). . . II. PAGE 107. Antalus (Deudorix) . . II. 107. Anteupompe (Teracolus^ III. 86. Antevippe (Teracolus) . III. 88, I 36. Antharis (Papilio) . . III. 205. Anthedon (Euralia) . I. 282. Antliemenes (Papilio) III. 217. Antheus (Papilio) . . III. 197, 205. Anthocharis . . III. 80. Anthopsyche . . III. 80. Antigone (Teracolus) . III. 87, I 48. Apaustus . . . III. 330- Aphnaeoides (lolaus) II. 13- J ', ni. 412. Aphn^us .... II. 146. Aphrissa .... III. 182. Aranda (Zeritis) . . i [. 198 ; in. 416. Areas (Chrysophanus) II. 91. Arcensia (Melanitis) I. 113- Archesia (Precis) I. 134- Arethusa (Teracolus) III. 140. Argenteostriatus (Cyclo pides) .... III. 272. Argia (Eronia) . . . III. 179. Argillaceus (Teracolus) III. I 60 161 Argynnides (Charaxes) I. 325- Argyraspis (Zeritis) . II. 189. Arrugia .... II. 226. Aslauga (D'Urbania) ] [I. 22c ; III. 418. Asopus (Lycsena) II. 16. Asteris (Lycsena) II. 24. ^s^em (Lycsena) ii. i S, 20, 21, 2^ 3,26. Asterodia (Pyrgus) . in. 284. Asterope (Ypthima) I. 66. Atella I. 188. Aterica .... I. 307- Aurigineus (Teracolus) . III. 89. Aurota (Pieris) . . . III. 59- Auxo (Teracolus) . III. 86, ] [20. Axijia (Acreea) . . I. 147. 148. AXIOCERSES . . . II. 161. Ayresii (Lachnoptera) I. 196. Ayresii (Pamphila) . . III. 309. 321. Azota (Charaxes) . III. 387- B. Bsetica (Lycsena) . . 11. 58. Balfouri (Charaxes) . . !• 323. £an7aa (Melanitis) . . i. 113. Barberae (Lycsena) . . 11. 14, 56. Barberse (Thymelicus) . in. 306. Barberi (Acraea) i. 132, 162 ; in. 398. Barklyi (Zeritis) ... n. 208. Basuta (Arrugia) . . . n. 231. jBa^z'&Zi (Deudorix) . . n. 107. Belenois III. 37. Bellua (Acraea) . . . i- 155. Benigna (Lycaena) . . n. 75. BIBLIDES .... I. 185. BlBLlS I. 258, 261, 264, Bibulus (Lachnocnema) n. 235 ; in. 418. Bicolor (Abantis) . . in. 340. Boguensis (Pieris) . . in. 68. Boliemani (Teracolus) . in. 92. Boisduvali (Crenis) . . i. 252. Bolina (Diadema) . . i. 277. Boopis (Junonia) . . i. 217. Borbonica (Pamphila) . in. 309, 322. Borhonica (Pamphila) . in. 323. Bowkeri (lolaus) . . . n. 132. Bowkeri (Leptoneura) . i. 98. Bowkeri (Lyc^na) . . n. 87, 88. Bowkeri (Teracolus) . in. 83, 100. Brachycera (Arrugia) 11. 230; in. 418. Brasidas (Papilio) Brigitta (Terias) . Brutius (Charaxes) Brutus (Charaxes) Brutus (Papilio) . Buquetii (Eronia) Butleri (Terias) . Buxtoni (Acraea) i. 13 Buxtoni (Hypolycaena) Buxtoni (Teracolus) C. Cabira (Acrsea) Caeculus (Hypolycaena) Caerulea (Euryphene) Gaffer (Aphnaeus) Caff'ra (Acraea) . Caff r a (Mycalesis) Caflfrariae (Lycaena) Gajus (Charaxes) Caldarena (Acraea) Calice (Lycaena) . Calice (Lycaena) . in. 197, 214. in. 13, 14. I- 335- I- 335- in. 243. III. 177. in. 23. 2, 170; in. 399. II. 119. III. 109. 1- 132, 173 na) II. 116. 0 I. 306. II. 150. I, 159. I. 105. II. 14, 23. I- 335- 1.132, 149 II. 80. n. 82. INDEX. 429 PACE PAGE Calliclcs (Pampliila) III. 308, 309. Cloantha (Precis) . . I. 222. Callidryas . . . . III. 182. Clytus (Leptoneura) I. 92. Candiope (Charaxes) i. 327 ; III. 407. Chjtus (Leptoneura) I. 96, 98. Ca7ussiis (lolaus) . . II. 137. CCENYRA I. 68. Canopus (Caprona) . . III. 349. COLIAS III. 163. Caprona III. 346. Colias III. 182. Capys II. 112. Colonna (Papilio) . . III. 195, 209. Carcharodus . . . III. 278. Columbina (Atella) . . I. 193. CarducUs (Pyrameis) . I. 200. Columhina (Atella) . I. 189. Cardiii (Pyrameis) . . I. 200. Colvillei (Pseudacr£Ea) i. 296, 298 note. Ca r terocepha l us . III. 264. Constantinus (Papilio) . III. 198, 232. Cassiua (Leptoneura) . I. 102. Cora (Ilypanis) . . . I. 264. Cassiopea (Eronia) . . III. 179. Coranus (Harma) . . III. 382. Cassius (Pseudonym])ha ) I- 89. Corinneus (Papilio) III. 198, 217. Cassius (Pseudonympha ) I. 82. Crenis I. 248 ; III. 402. Cassus (Leptoneura) I. 100. Crudaria II. 167. Cassiis (Leptoneura) . I. 102. Cyclopides .... III. 264. Casta (Teracolus) . . III. 126. Cydonia (Acrsea) . . I. 177. Castor (Charaxes) . I . 338 ; HI. 407. Cynthia I. 198. Catharina (Lycoena) . II. 31. Cynthia (Acraea) . . . I- 173- Catopsilia . . . . III. 182. Cebrene (Junonia) . . I. 210. D. Cebrene (Teracolus) III. 140. Celceus (Lycsena) . ll. 18, 20, 24, 27. Daedalus (Hamanumida) I. 309. Celimene (Teracolus) . III. 157. Damarensis (Teracolus) in. 130. Cenea (Papilio) . . III. 198, 243. Danae (Teracolus) iii. 114, 115, 118. Cerasa (Acrsea) . . I. 132, 139. DANAID^ . . . . I- 45. 47- Ceres (lolaus) . . 11. 134. DANAm^ .... I. 47. Geres (Terias) . . III. 19. Danais [. 50; III. 394. Ceryne (Precis) . . I. 224. Danais 1.56. Chaca (Pyrgus) . . . III. 296. Dariaves (Deudorix) . II. 110. Cliaka (Aphnseus) , • n. 154. Debis I. 118. Charaxes .... • I- 315- Deceptor (Euralia) . . I. 286. Charina (Pieris) . . . III. 52. Deidamia (Teracolus) . III. 126. Cheles (Cyclopides) . . in. 273. Z)ezVZam20ii(ies (Teracolus) iii. 126. Chersias (Thymelicus) . III. 300. Delagose (Pseudacraea) i. 291 ; .III. 405 Chloroselas . . . III. 414. Delegorguei (Lachnoc- Chrysantas (Zeritis) . II. 177. nema) II. 235, 236 Chrysaor (Zeritis) . 11. 172. Deloneura . . .11. 224; III. 418. Chrysippe (Danais) . . I. 51. Delphine (Teracolus) . III. 148, 151 Chrysippus (Danais) I. 51; III. 394. Demoleus (Papilio) . . III. 198, 223 Chrtsophanus . . II. 90. Dendrophilus (Lethe) . I. 120. Chrysorychia . II. 161. Dendrop)liilus (Lethe) . I. 121. Cinadon (Charaxes) I. 329. Dermaptera (Myrina) 11 144; III. 413 Cinerescens (Teracolus) III. 115. Desjardinsii (Terias) . III. 13, 24. Cissus (Lycaena) . II. 14, 31. Desjardinsii (Terias) , III. 26. Cithaerou (Charaxes) I- 344- Deudorix II. 105. Clelia (Junonia) . . I. 214. Diadema I- 275- Cleodora (Eronia) . . HI. 171. Diadem a I. 281. 430 SOUTH-AFKICAN BUTTERFLIES. PAGK PAGE Dingana (Leptoneura) I. 97- Erxia (Eronia) . . . III. 171. Dinomenes (Deudorix) III. 391- ERYCINID^ . . II. I. Diocippus (Diadema) I. 277. ERYGINID^ . . II. 7- Diodes (Deudorix) . II. 108. Erylus (Hypolycaena) II. 118. Diomus (Pyrgus) . III. 287. Esebria (Planema) . I. 177 ; III. 399 Djpsas .... II. 105. Esmeralda (Aphnseus) . III. 414. Diversa (Melanitis) . I. 116. Ethalion (Charaxes) I. 342. Djselselse (Pterygospidea ) III. 354- Eucharis (Teracolus) . III. 123, 148 Dolorosa (Lycsena) . II. 14, 41. EUMENIDES . . II. 7- Domiuicanus (Amauris ) I- 61. EUNICA .... I. 248. Dorippiis (Danais) . I. 51. 53- Eunoma (Teracolus) . III. 84, 1 14. Doubledayi (Acraea) I. 132, 147- EUPH^DRA . . . I. 302. Dromus (Pyrgus) . III. 283. Eupbranor (Papilio) . III. 198, 235 Drona (Terias) . . III. 17- Eiqnfhes (Harma) . I. 312. Druceanus (Charaxes) I. 329- EURYMUS . . . . . III. 163. Dryas III. 169. EURYPHENE . . . I. 305- Dryope (Eurytela) . [. 261 ; III. 404. Eurytela .... I. 256. D'Urbani (Lachnocnem a) II. 236. EURYTELIDjE . I. 45. J 85. D'Urbani (Pseudonym Eurytis (Atella) . . I. 193- pM I. 80. Eusirus (Mycalesis) . II. 105. D'Urbania . . . II. 213. Evadrus (Zeritis) II. 195. Dysmephila (Pampliila] ) III. 309, 327- Evarne (Teracolus) . III. 120. Evenina (Teracolus) III. 87, 126. E. Evenus (Mycalesis) . I. 105. Evippe (Teracolus) . III. 88, 1 40. Echeria (Amauris) . I- 57 ; III. 394- Exole (Teracolus) . . III. 134, 142. Echerioides (Papilio) . III. i99» 255- Edusina (Colias) . . III. 165. F. Eione (Teracolus) . . III. 151- Electra (Colias) . . IIL 165. Fatuellus (Pampliila) III. 309, 323. Elgiva (Precis) . . I. 239- Fatuelhts (Pampliila) III. 322. Ella (Aphnaeus) . . II. 154. Fenestrata (Acrsea) . . I. 151. Elma (Pyrgus) . . III. 293- Ferax (Pyrgus) . . . III. 287. Emolus (Lycsena) . . II. 61. Fiara (Pampliila) . . III. 309. 323- Emolus (Lyceenesthes) . II. 98, 100. Ficedula (Myrina) . II. 141. Encedon (Acraea) . l .163 ; III. 398. Flaminia (Teracolus) III. 148. Encedonia (Acraja) . I. 163. Flavida (Pieris) . . III. 42. Eospliorus (Teracolus) III. 98. Flesus (Pterygospidea) in. Z^Z- Epaphia (Pieris) . . III. 40. Florella (Callidryas) . III. 185. Ephyra (Charaxes) . I. 342. Florcstan (Hesperia) III. 368, 371- Erebia .... I. 73- Floricola (Terias) . . HI. 19. Ericus (Lycaena) 11. 66. Floricola (Terias) . III. 24. Erinnys (Pampliila) III. 309' 326. Forestan (Hesperia) . III. 368. Eripliia (Herpa^nia) III. 77- Friga (Teracolus) . . III. 148. Eris (Teracolus) . . III. 83> 93- Eritltalion (Charaxes) I. 342. G. Eeonia III. 169. Eroim (Teracolus) . III. 105. Gaika (Lycaena) . . . II. 14, 5 0. Erosine (Zeritis) . . II. 186. Galathinus (Teracolus) III. 148. INDEX. 431 PAOE Gallenga (Pieris) . . iii. 54. Gavisa (Teracolus) . . in. 134. Gidica (Pieris) . . . in. 64. Glauca (Lyctcua) . . 11. 14, 21. Gnesia I. 130, 131. GnOPHODES . . . . I. III. GODARTIA I. 299. Goocliii (Neptis). . . i. 273. Gorgias (Hypolycsena) . ii. 123. Griqua (Lycsena) . . 11.14,79,84. H. Hcemus (Mylothris) . in. 34. Halyattes (Teracolus) . in. 88, 139. Hamanumida .... I- 307- Harma I- 310- JYarmowzc^es (Teracolus) in. 136. Harpax (Clirysorycliia) n. 162. Hebe (Coenyra) ... i. 69. Hecate (Precis)] ... I. 238. iJe/zVe (Pieris) . . . '111.73. HELICOXIDJE , . I. 45, 47- Hellica (Pieris) ... 11. 40, 73. Hero (Teracolus) . . in. 131. HERPiENIA .... III. 76. Hesperia III. 366. Hesperia .... III. 278, 307. HESPERID.E . . . m. 259. HESPERIINA . . . III. 259. Hiarha (Eurytela) . . i. 258. Hiarbas (Eurytela) . . i. 258. Higinia (Pieris) . . . in. 40. Hintza (Lycsena) . . 11. 14, 79. HiPio I. III. Hippia (Pseudonympha) i. 82 ; in. 395. Hijypia (Pseudonympha) i. 84, 85. Hijjpocoon (Papilio) . in. 244. Hippocrates (Lycoena) . n. 14, 35. Hippocrene (Teracolus) in. 136. Hippoinene (Eurema) i. 204; in. 400. Hirundo (Hypolycsena) n. 121. Hoffmannseggii (Lycsena) n. 69. Horta (Acrtea) . . , i. 132, 134 Hottentota (Pamphila) in. 309, 314 Hutcliinsonii(Aplinoeus) n. 148; in. 413 Hyale (Colias) . in. 165, 167 note Hyalites .... i. 130, 131 Hyhlcea (Callidryas) . in. 185. Hyhridus (Teracolus) HrPANARTIA . . Hypanis .... Hypafia (Acrsea) Hypatia (Pieris) Hy2>erhioules (Pscudo nymplia) . . . Hyperbius (Pseudo nymplia) . . . Hyperides (Teracolus) HypOLYCiENA . . . Hypopolia (Lycaena) I. IdMAIS HI. Ignifer (Teracolus) . . in. Ignota (Lycsena) ... n. Igola (Acraea) . . . in. Ilithya (Ilypanis) . . i, Ilithyia (Hypanis) . i. 264 Ilytliia (Hypanis) . . i. Imitator (Pseudacrsea) i. 293 Immaculata (Deloneura) 11. in. in. I. I. I. in. PAOE in. 143. I. 203. I. 263. I- 155- III. 40. I. 89. I. 75- III. 131. II. 114. II. 14, 30. Imperator (Teracolus) Liana (Pieris) . . Inarm (Diadema) . Indosa (Lethe) . . Injicsta (iNIycalesis) . Inornatus (Cyclopides) Insidaris (Pterygospidea) in. lOLAUS II. lolaus (Hypolycaena) . 11. lone (Teracolus) . . in. lone (Teracolus) . in. 105, Irrorata (Pseudonympha) i. ISMENE III. Ismene (Melanitis) . . i i. Itlwnus (Teracolus) . . in. 80, 85. 136. 14, 39- 379- 264. ; in. 404. 264. ; III. 405- 226. 102 46. 277. 121. 105. 277. 125. 123. 84, lOI. 109, III. 76. 366. 113- 136. Jahlusa (Charaxes) Jalone (Teracolus) Jesous (Lycaena) Jobates (Lyccena) Jobina (Teracolus) JuxoxiA . . . JUNONIA . . . 325 ; HI. 407. III. 102. n. 72. "• 14, 33- III. 84. 107. I. 209. I. 243. 432 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. K. Kama (Lycaena) . . . Keiskamma (Teracolus) Keithloa (Hesperia) Kersteni (Lycaenesthes) Knysna (Lycaena) . . Kobela (Pterygospidea) Laches (Lachnocnema) Laohnocnema . Lachnoptera Lais (Teracolus) , Laius (Libythea) Lara (Hypolycaena Larydas (Lycaenesthes) Larydas (Lycaenesthes) Leda (Eronia) Leda (Melanitis) Lemnos (Lycaenesthes) LEMONIID^ . . Leonidas (Papilio) . Leonidas (Papilio) . Lepeletierii (Cyclopides) Lepenula (Thymelicus) Leptoneura . . . Leptosia .... Leroma (Zeritis) . Lethe Letsea (Lycaena) . Letterstedti (Pamphila) Leucochitonea Levubu (Abantis) . LIBYTHiEIN^ . Libythea .... LIBYTHEID^ . LIB YT HIDES . . Licinia (Deudorix) i Limbata (D'Urbania) Lingeus (Lycaena) . Liodes (Lycaenesthes) LiPTENA .... Livida (Lycaenesthes) Lordaca (Pieris) . LoxuRA . . . Lucia .... Lucida (Lycaena) Lugens (Pamphila) II. 16. II. 123. III. 372. II. 96. II. 45. I"- 353- n- 235- n. 233. I. 195. III. 88, 155. II. 5. II. 123. II. 96. II. 98. III. 174. I. 112. II. 98. II. I. III. 197, 211. III. 214. III. 274. III. 300. I. 91. HI. 7. II. 169. I. 119. II. 14, 40. III. 314. Ill- 335- ni. 345- II. 2. II. 4. 11. I, 2. II. I, 2. Ill ; III. 411, II. 213. 11. 66. II. 100. II. 213. II. 103. III. 60. II. 140. "• 233. II. 14, 47. in. 309. 318. Lyaeus (Papilio) . . Lyceus (Teracolus) . Lycena .... LvCy^yA .... Lyc^nesthes . . . LYC^NIDxE . . Lycegenes (Zeritis) . Lycia (Acraea) . . Lycoris (Teracolus) . Lygus (Acraea) . . Lyncurium (Zeritis) Lysimon (Lycaena) 11. 14, 45 ; in. 409 Ly Simon (Lycaena) . . ii. 50 III. 198, 237. III. 148. II. II. 11. 90, 93. 11. 93. II. 7. 175; III. 415. I. 163. III. 148. I- 153- II. 174. M. Macalenga (Lycaena) Machequena (Acraea) . Mackenii (Ancyloxypha) Mafa (Pyrgus) . . . Mahallokoaena (Lycaena) Mahota (Lycaenesthes) . Maimuna (Teracolus) in Malagrida (Zeritis) . Malagrida (Zeritis) . Malatha (Pieris) . ]\Ialgacha (Cyclopides) . Manjaca (Acraea) . . Marginalis (Euralia) Marpessa (Neptis) . . Mars (Zeritis) . . Masilikazi (Aphnaeus) . Melaena (Lycaena) . . Melanitis .... Melantha (Hamanumida) Meleagris (Hamanumida) Melicerta (Neptis) . . Meneris Menestheus (Papilio) Meninx (Cyclopides) . Merope (Papilio) Mesentina (Pieris) . Messalina (Papilio) . . Messapus (Lycaena) . . Methymna (Lycaena) Metis (Cyclopides) . . Metophis (Lycaena) . . Micipsa (Pamphila) Microcale (Teracolus) . II. 72, 74. III. 377. ni. 331. III. 284. II. 14, 44. in. 390. • 94, 95. note. II. 194. II. 189, 192. III. 40. III. 268. I. 170. I. 282. I. 272. II. 198. n. 152. II. 79, 82. I. III. I. 309. I. 309. I. 270. i. 123. III. 229. III. 272. III. 243. III. 59. in- 255. II. 14, 42. II. 14, 27. III. 266. II. 14, 54. III. 324. III. 88, 154^ INDEX. 433 PAOE 284. 135- 96. 277. ; III. 404. 309> 324- 294. 358. 205. 309> 317- 82. 198, 220. 253- 308, 311. 72, 75- 309, 319- 45' 185- 356. 103. 113- 28. 140. 114. Mima (Euralia) ... i. Mimosa) (lolaus) ... 11. Mintha (Loptoneura) . i. Misippe (Diaderaa) . . i. Misippus (Diadema) i. 277 Mohopaani (Pamphila) in. Mohozutza (Pyrgiis) . in. Mokeozi (Pterj'gospidea) iii. Molomo (Zeritis) . . ir. Monasi (Pamphila) . . iii. Montcma (Pseudonymj^lia) i. IMorania (Papilio) . . iii. Morantii (Crenis) . . i. Morantii (Pamphila) . m. Moriqua (Lycaena) . . 11. Moritili (Pamphila) . . in. MORPHIDJ^ ... I. Motozi (Pterygospidca) iii. Mycalesis .... I. Mycena (IMelanitis) . . i. Mylothris .... III. MyRINA II. MVKINA II. MVSCELIA .... I. 248. N. Nais II. 167. Nais (Zeritis) . . . 11. 181. Namaquana (Abantis) . in. 342. Namaquus (AphnaBus) . n. 158. Nanus (Pyrgus) . . . in. 290. Narica (Pontia) . . . in. 8. Narycia (Pseudonympha) i. 77. Narycia (Pseudonympha) i. 79. Natalensis (Aphnaeus) . n. 150. Natalensis (Aphnaeus) . n. 152. Natalensis (Crenis) . . i. 250. Natalensis (Crenis) . . i. 252. Natalensis (Lj-ceena) . n. 72, 77. Natalica (Acraea) . . . i. 132, 155. Natalica (Acrrea) . . i. 153. Natalica (Precis) . . . i. 238. Natalie?isis (Acvsea) . . i. 141. Natalii (Pseudonympha) i. 81. Neanthes (Charaxes) i. 320 ; in. 406. Neha (Pamphila) . . in. 319. Nega (lolaus). . . . n. 127. Neita (Pseudonympha). i. 79. NelusJia (Acvseo). . . i. 147. VOL. III. Neobule (Acrsea). . . Neophron (Euphsedra) . Neptis .... Niavius (Amauris) Niobe (Lyca3na) . Nireus (Papilio) . Niso (Pamphila) . NiSONIADES . . Nohara (Acrsea) . Noquasa (Lyca^na) 11. 58, Norma (Ypthima) Notobia (Lycaena) Nottoana (Pterygospidca) Nycetus (Zeritis) . Nychitona . . NYMPHALIDiE NYMPH ALIDM NYMPPIALIN^ Nymphalis . . 0 PAOE I- 132, 137- I. 304. I. 268. I. 61. n. 14, 36. III. 237. III. 314. I". 351- I. 132, 142. 64; III. 410. I. 66. II. 58, 62. in. 360. II. 195. III. 7. I-45- I. 185. I. 185. • I- 315- Ochlea (Amauris) . . i. 60. Octavia (Precis) . . i. 227 ; in. 400. Odavia (Precis) . . . i. 229. QLnone (Junonia) . . i. 210, 214. Ogygia (Pieris) . . . in. 56. Olympusa (Lycaena) . 11. 95. Omphale (Teracolus) . in. 142. Omphale (Teracolus) . in. 134. Omj^haloides (Teracolus) in. 143. Onccea (Acraea) ... i. 147. Ophidicephalus (Papilio) in. 198, 229. Ophio7i (Pterygospidca) in. 363. Orhona (Pieris) . . . in. 40. Ore;'2is (Hy poly ca3na) . n. 118. Orithyia (Junonia) . . i. 217. Orthrus (Zeritis) . . 11. 207. Ortygia (Lycaena) . . n. 14, 26. Orus (Chrysophanus) . n. 91. Osbecki (Zeritis) . . 11. 183. Osiris (Lycaena) . . - . n. 14, 15. Otacilia (Lycaenesthes) n. 102. Oxylus (Leptoneura) . i. 94. Palemon (Lycaena) Pallene (lolaus) . Palmus (Zeritis) . II. 66, 67. II. 138; m. 413. . II. 185. 2 E 434 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. PAOR PAOE Pamphila III. 307. PIERINJE . . . . III. 3. Pamphila . . . . III. 299. PlERIS III. 37. Pauda (Physcseneura) . I. 71. Pieris III. 28, 76. Panopea I. 288. Pierus (Zeritis) . . . II. 202. Papilio III. 194. Pierus (Zeritis) . . 11 198, 200, 203. PAPILIONID^ . . III. I. Pigea (Pieris) . . . III. 40, 46. PAPILIONID^ . . III. 191. Pigea (Pieris) . . . III. 48, 50. PAPILIONIN.E . . III. 191. Pillaana (Caprona) . . III. 348. Paradisea (Abantis) III. 342. PiNACOPTERYX . . . III. 37. Pardopsis . . . . I. 182. Pisistratus (Hesperia) . III. 371. Pareba I. 131. Pitlio (Lycaena) . . . II. 87. Parmeno (Melanitis) . I. 116. Planejia .... I- 175- PARNASSIID^ . . III. 192. Policenes (Papilio) . . III. 197, 201. Parrliasus (Salamis) I. 244. PoUnice (Hypanis) . . I. 264. Parsimon (Lyccena) . 11. 14, 18, PolixeMus (Papilio) . III. 201. Parmnon (Lycaena) II. 20. Pollux (Charaxes) . I. 338. Parva (Lycaena) . . . II. 52. POLYOMMATUS . . II. II, 90. Pato (Pterygospidea) "I- 357- Pompilius (Papilio) III. 201. Patricia (Lycsena) . . II. 14, 20. Pontia .... III. 7. Pecliiielii (Crenis) . . III. 403. PONTIA . . . . III. 37. Pelarga (Precis) . . . I. 226. Poppea (Mylothris) , III. 34. Pelasgis (Precis) . ] • 236; III. 402. Porthaon (Papilio) . III. 195, 207. Pelias (Cbaraxes) . i • 331 ; "I- 407- Precis I. 219. Pelias (Charaxes) . . I- 334- Procne (Teracolus) . . m. 145. Peloindas (Papilio) . III. 211. Producta (xincyloxypha ) III- 334- Pentila II. 210. Protea (Acra3a) . . I. 177. Pentila II. 213. Protogoniomorpha I. 243. Pephredo (Lycaena) . ui. 389. Protumnus (Arrugia) II. 228. Per ion (Clirysoryclua) II. 163. P'rofM??JW«^ (Arrugia) . n. 230, 231. Pekiplysia . . . I. 71. PsEUDACRiEA . . I. 288. Perspicua (Mycalesis) I. 107; in. 395 Pseudocale (Teracolus) . III. 140. Petrsea (Acrsea) . . . I. 132, 144. PSEUD0NY3IPHA . . . I. 73 ; III- 395- Petalus (Arrugia) II. 228, Pseudo-zeritis (Aph Phaeus (Charaxes) . L 344; III. 408. nteus) .... I I. 160; III. 414. Phalanta (Atella) . I. 189, 193. Pterygospidea . . . III. 351. Phalantha (Atella) . I. 189. Ptychopteryx . UI. 80. Phanes (lolaus) . . II. 156. Pulchella (Terias) . III. 16. Pnas/s .... II. 167. Pidchra (Lycrena) . II. 69. Phedima (Melanitis) 5- 113- Pidsms (Zeritis) . , . II. 186. Philander (Ancyloxyph a) in. 333- Plinctafeissima (Par - Philippus (Hypolycaena ), II. 118. dopsis) .... L 183; III, 399. Phlegetoiiia (Teracolus] m. 151. Puncticilia (Lycsena) . II. 14, 29. Phlegyas (Teracolus) III. 109.. Pygmcea (Lycaena) . u. 50. Phcebis .... III. 182. Pylades (Papilio) . III. 217, 2 20. Phosphor (Zeritis) . II. 179.. Pyrameis .... I. 198. Phyllophila (Pterygos Pyrameis . . . I. 203. pidea) .... IIL 362. Pyrene (Callidryas) . . III. 185. PHYSCiENEtJRA . . I. 71^ III. 395. Pyrgus .... . III. 278. PIERIDyE . . . ' III. I, 3. Pyroeis (Zeritis) . . 11. 180. INDEX. 435 E. Rabbaia (Acroea) Rahel (Terias) . . Rabira (Acrrea) . Ranoha (Paniphila) . Rapliani (Picris) Rechila (Papilio) Regina (Teracolus) . Rcgularis (Terias) , Rhadia (Callidryas). Rhopalocampta . romaleosoma . . Rosa (Crenis) . . . Rosimon (Lycrena) . Roxane (Teracolus) . Rueppellii (Mylothris) Rufosparsa (Callidryas) Rumina (Zeritis) S. Saba (Picris) .... Sabacus (Pseudonympba) ASa&acz/s(Pseudonympba) Sahadius (Pterygospidca) Sahrata (Pieris) . . . Saclava (Neptis) . . . Safitza (Mycalesis) . i. Saga (D'Urbania) . ii. Salamis Salmoneus (Zeritis) . Sandaster (Pyrgus) . . . Sandaster (Pyrgus) , . Sap^a Sardonyx (Zeritis) . . Sataspes (Pyrgus) . Sataspes (Pyrgus) . . Saturnus (Cbaraxes) SATYRID^ . . . SATYRIX^ . . . SCELOTHRIX .... Schoeneia (Eurema) i. Seamani (Hypolycsena) Sehagadis (Lycsena) . . Seis (Acrsea) .... Senegalensis (Terias) Serena (Acrsea) . . , Sesamus (Precis) . i. Severina (Pieris) . . . III. 14, 17. I. 132, i66-. III. 311. III. 73. III. 244. III. III. III. 26. III. 185. III. 366. I. 302. 255 ; III. 403. II. 79. m. 131. III. 34. III. 185. II. 186. III. 39, 40. 1.85. I. 88. III. 360. III. 44. I. 272. 105 ; III. 395. 219; III. 417. I. 243. II. 186. III. 291. III. 288. "I- 335- II. 188. III. 289. III. 288. I- 334- I. 62. I. 62. III. 278. 207 ; III. 400. II. 119. II. 42. I- 137- III. 21. I. 170. 231 ; III. 401. III. 40, 68. Sgan::ini (Acrrea) . . I. PAGE 163, 164. Sicliela (Lycrena) II. 58, 62. Siclv'la (Lycsenesthes) . II. TOO. Sidus (lolaus) . . . II. 130. Silas (lolaus) . . . . II. 127. Silvim (Arrugia) II. 228. Siniana (Pieris) . III. 40, 50. Simana (Pieris) . . III. 46. Simla (Precis) . . I. 227. Similis (Papilio) . III. 211. Simonsii (Mycalesis) . I. 109. Simplex (Teracolus) III. 88, 130. SimpJicia (Yptbima) III. 66. Sijvjhis (Teracolus) . III. 126, 134 &ITHON .... II. 105. Siwani (Lyca^na) II. 33- Solandra (Melanitis) I. 113- Sopbia (Precis) . . I. 221. Speciosus (Teracolus) II. 84, 105. Spilleri (Pieris) . . III. 40, 54. Spilothvrus . . . III. 278. Spinvas/s . . . II. 146. Spio (Pyrgus) . . III. 280. Stellata (Lycajna) II. 14, 49. Stenobea (Acrsea) I. 132, 153 Steropes . . . . III. 264. Stidica (Pardopsis) . I. 183. Subfasciatus (Teracolus ) III. 92. SiibfiLmosus (Teracolus) HI. 148. Siibvenosus (Teracolus) . III. 134- Suetonius (Zeritis) . II. 202. Swainsonii (Callidryas) III. 185. Sybaris (Lycaena) . II. 79> 85. Sylvanus (Lycaenestbes] ) n. 98. SVNCHLOE . . . III. 37- SVRICHTHUS . . . III. 278. Syrinx (Cyclopides) . III. 269. Syrinx (Pieris) . . III. 60. Sijrtinus (Teracolus) III. 120. Taikosama (Zeritis) . . 11. 203. Tantalus (Lycjena) . . 11. 14, 38. Taranis (Hesperia) . . in. 374. Tarquinia (Pseudacraea) i. 289. Telch/mia . . . . I. 131. Telicanus (Lycoena) . . 11. 69. Teracolus .... iii. 80. 436 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. Terias Tettensis (Abantis) . Theogone (Teracolus) Thero (Zeritis) . . Thespia .... Thespis (Lycjena) . Thuriiis (Charaxes) . Thyestes (Charaxes) . Thtmelicus • . . Thyra (Zeritis) . . Thysa (Pieris) . . Thysbe (Zeritis) . . TJnjshe (Zeritis) . . Tibullus (Papilio) . TlNGRA .... Tisiplione (Leptoneura) Tjocme (Chrysorychia) Topha (Teracolus) . Tragicus (Papilio) . TransvaalisB (Pyrgus) Trimeni (lolaus) . . I Trimeni (Teracolus) Trimenia (Mylotliris) Trimenii (Eronia) . Trimenii (Pseudacrsea) Trimenii (Pseudonym pha) Tritogenia (Herpsenia) Trochilus (Lycaena) . TropJionius (Papilio) Tropicalis (Pentila) . Tsita (Cyclopides) . Tsomo (Lycsena) . . Tucusa (Pyrgus) . . Tugela (Precis) . . Tukuoa (Precis) . . Tulbaghia (Meneris) U. Umbra (Pterygospidea) in. 354. Unicolor (Hesperia) . in. 375. URBICOLjE . . . III. 259. PAGE III. 10. ni. 337- III. 88, 145. II. 186. III. 80. II. 87. I. 346. I. 346. III. 299. II. 195. III. 40, 44. II. 181. II. 185. III. 244. II. 211. I. 92. II. 162. III. 86, 123. III. 209. III. 286. 129 ; III. 412. III. 131. "I- ZZ- III. 171. I. 296; III. 405. I. 88. III. 77. II. 14, 52. HI. 244. II. 211. III. 276. II. 58, 68. III. 297. , 241 ; III. 402. I. 226. • 125; III. 396. V. Vaillantiana (Auiauris) I. 57- Valmaran (Hesperia) . III. 371- Varanes (Charaxes) . [. 321 ; III, 406 Varia (Eronia) . . III. 179. Venosa (Abantis) III. 339- Vesta (Teracolus) III. 89, 160. Vindex (Pyrgus) III. 280. Vindex (Pyrgus) . . HI. 287. Violaruni (Acrsea) . I. 141. A^ioletta (Charaxes) . III. 385- w. "Wahlbergi (Euralia) , i. 282. "NYakefieldii (Godartia) . i. 300. Wallengrenii (Teracolus) in. 118. "Wallengrenii (Thymeli- cus) III. 304. Wallengrenii (Zeritis) 11. 192 ; in. 416. AVillemi (Cyclopides) . in. 273. X. Xanthidia .... in. 10. Xiphares (Charaxes) . i. 346, Ypthima 1-65. Zanzibar ensis{^k?^\\\ss\x'&) in. 413. Zaraces (Arrugia) Zeno (Pamphila) Zeritis .... Zeritis . . . Zer ythis . . Zetes (AcriEa) . . Zeuxo (Zeritis) . Zochalia (Pieris) . Zoe (Terias) . Zoolina (Charaxes) Zorites (Zeritis) . II. 231. Ill- 309> 313- II. 167. 112, 161, 226. II. 167. I. 159. II. 171. ni. 57. III. 16. I. 318; III. 405. II. 169. ( 437 ) LIST OF SPECIES FIGURED IN THE PLATES.^ PLATE X. VOL. III. Fig. i.—rontia Alrcsta (Cram.), ? . //a&.— D'Urbaii, Kital (/. H. page Boirker) .......... 8 Fig. 2. — Terias Desjardinsii, Boisd., Vav. $. Hob. — Lydeiiburg Dis- trict, Transvaal (T. Ayres) ...... 24 Fig. 3, 3a. — Mylothris RuppelUi, Koch, $ and 5 . Ilah. — Basliee Eiver, IvafTraria, and Kei Eiver, Cape Colony (/. H. Boioker) 34 Fig. 4. — Pieris Charina, Boisd., (J. Hub. — Knysna, Cape Colony (R. Trimen) . . ....... 52 Fig. 5, 5rt. — Pieris Pigea, Boisd., ^ and $ . Hah. — D'Urban, JSTatal {R. Trimen) ......... 46 Fig. 6. — Pieris Zochalia, Boisd., 5. Hah. — Grahamstown, Cape Colony (ii. Trimen) . . . . . . . . 57 PLATE XL Fig. I. — Pieris Gidica, Godt., ^ . Hah. — D'Urban, Natal (R. Trimen) 64 Fig. 2. — Pieris Ogygia, Trimen, $ . Hah. — D'Urban, Xatal {M. J. M'Kcn) 56 Fig. 3. — Teracolus Regina, Trimen, Var. $ . Hah. — Lydenburg Dis- trict, Transvaal (T. Ayres) . . . . . .111 Fig. 4. — Teracolus Boiokeri, Trimen, $ . Hah. — Yaal River, Griqua- land "West (/. H. Boicker) . . . . . .100 Fig. 5. — Papilio Colonna, Ward, $ . Hah. — Dclagoa Bay {Mrs. Mon- ieiro) 209 Fig. 6. — Thymelicus Lepenula, Wallengr., $. Hah. — Potcliefstroom District, Transvaal {T. Ayres) ...... 300 Fig. 7. — Thymelicus Wallengrenii, Trimen, $ . Hah. — Xapolcon Val- ley, Zululand (J. H. Boicker) ...... 304 Fig. 8, 2>a. — PampltUa Hottentota (Latr.), $ and $ . Hah. — Cape Town and IMapumulo, Xatal {R. Trimc7i) . . . .314 ^ The halitat of each of the speciinens figured is given, with the name of the collector who is the authority for it. 438 SOUTH-AFKICAN BUTTERFLIES. PLATE XIL VOL. IIT. Fig. I. — PampMla Ayresii, Trimen, $ . II ah. — Lydenburg District, page Transvaal (T. ^?/res) 321 Fig. 2. — Pamphila Zeno, Trimen, $ . Hah. — Basliee Eiver, Kaffraria {J. H. Bowker) 313 Fig. 3. — Pamphila Moraniii, Trimen, $. Hah. — Pinetown, Natal (/. //. Bowker) 311 Fig. 4. — Pampldla Moritih, Wallengr., ^. Hah. — D'Urban, Natal (R. Trimen) 319 Fig. 5. — Ahantis Levuhu (Wallengr.), S- ^^a^- — Potcliefstroom Dis- trict, Transvaal {T. Ayres) 345 Fig. 6, 6a. — Capro7ia Pillaana, Wallengr., $ and $. Hah. — Pine- town, Natal {J. H. Boivker), and Crocodile River, S. of Sho- shong {F. Barhcr) 348 Fig. y. — Pterygospidea Djxlxlx, Wallengr., ? . Hah. — D'Urban, Natal (J. H. Boioker) 354 Fig. 8. — Pterygospidea phyllopliila (Trimen), 9 . Hab. — D'Urban, Natal {R. Trimen) 362 Fig, g. — Hesperia Keithloa, Wallengr., ^ . Hab. — Tugela River Mouth, Natal (/. H. Bowker) 372 Fig. 10. — Hesperia Pisistratus, Fab., $. Hah. — D'Urban, Natal {R. Trimen) 37 1 END OF VOL. III. PRINTED BY BALLANTYNE, HANSON AND CO. EDINBURGH AND LONDON. '^Vest Ne^A^ma)^ & C? ad. ns.t. chrom- Tith. Plate 11. West Newman & C° ad nat dktoir^lnlL Plate 12. f ^OC West.Ne-*«nflji3cCo.ad na.t-citPGm.lith. m EWMJfM^^M^M iljMjfiiliiiSMnjiiii Smithsonian in STITUTION LIBRARIES 39088004476669