Manley Margherita LE. Smithsonian Institution Libraries From the RUSSELLE. AFRICANA COLLECTION TRAIN 7 ‘ > aS vue oe a) here ‘ « + s ~ e P - i a ’ a . - - =. ~ o eal » : e ' @ , Cal Cc 4 - + * 1 Pos al 7 C2? es ad SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. SOUTH-APRICAN BUTTERFLIES: A MONOGRAPH OF THE EXTRA-TROPICAL SPECIES. BY ROLAND TRIMEN, E.R.S., E.LS., F.Z.8., F. Ent. 8., &c. CURATOR OF THE SOUTH-AFRICAN MUSEUM, CAPE TOWN 3 ASSISTED BY JAMES HENRY BOWKER, FZS, ERGS. COLONEL (RETIRED) IN THE CAPE SERVICE LATE COMMANDANT OF FRONTIER ARMED AND MOUNTED POLICE, GOVERNOR’S AGENT IN BASUTOLAND, AND CHIEF COMMISSIONER AT THE DIAMOND FIELDS OF GRIQUALAND WEST. | AOV TOO GE PAPILIONIDA AND HESPERID&. LONDON: TRUBNER & CO, LUDGATE HILL 1889. [All rights reserved. | Ballantyne Press BALLANTYNE, HANSON AND CO, EDINBURGH AND LONDON XL ry) 7 rs 3 $87 7 2 SON H AG CONTENTS. PAGE RHOPALOCERA . ; : : : ‘ ; I Famity [V.—PapinionNIpzZ , : ; I Sub-Family—Piprinaz : : Gs Pr PAPILIONINE , : ; ‘ IQI Famity V.—HEspPerip& ‘ ; ‘ ; 259 APPENDIX J.—ADDITIONAL SPECIES, RECENTLY ASCERTAINED TO BE SouTH AFRICAN : ; : : 2 3777. APPENDIX II.—AppiTIons anpD CORRECTIONS , , 393 ERRATA : : . : : : : . 419 SysTEeMATIC INDEX TO VoL. III. . ; eddies INDEX . : ; : 2 A227, List oF SPECIES FIGURED IN THE PLATES ; ; S437 RHOPALOCERA. Famity 1V.—PAPILIONID. Papilionidx, Leach, “ Samouelle’s Comp., p. 234 (1819).” Papilionides and Pierides, Boisduval, Sp. Gen. Lep., 1. pp. 171 and 402 1836). em Swainson, “Phil. Mag., Ser. II. vol. i. p. 187 (1827);” and Hist. and Nat. Arr. Ins., p. 86 (1840). Papilionidz, Westwood, Intr. Mod. Class. Ins., 11. p. 347 (1840). Papilionide and Pieridx, Doubleday, Gen. Diurn. Lep., 1. pp. 1 and 32 (1846-47). Papilionide, Bates, Journ. Ent., 1861, p. 219. Papilionide and Pieride, Trimen, Rhop. Afr. Aust., i. pp. 10 and 24 (1862). Imaco.—First pair of legs in both sexes as fully developed in all respects as the other pairs. Discoidal cell always closed in both fore and hind wings. Larva.—In Pierinw cylindrical, tapering to each extremity, without processes or other appendages, usually with very short pubescence: in Papilionine stouter, often thickened towards anterior extremity, smooth, or with long tubercular prominences, possessing on second (prothoracic) segment an exsertible strongly-scented forked tentacle. Pupa.—More or less angulated; head singly pointed in Prerina, bifid in Papilionine ; attached erectly, obliquely, or horizontally, by the tail and by a girth round the middle. The two Sub-Families, Pierinew and Papilionine, which compose this Family, are readily distinguishable by the characters of the per- fect insect. The Pierinw have in the fore-wings the first disco-cellular nervule either obsolete or very short ; the third disco-cellular and lower radial nervules disposed as in other butterflies; the branches of the sub-costal nervure varying in number from three to five; no interno- median nervule; and the internal nervure rarely present, and then very short and slender, and running into the submedian nervure: in the hind-wings the inner margins are convex, forming a groove or channel beneath the abdomen, and the internal nervure is long and strong; the precostal nervure is always simple. ‘The palpi are of moderate size and porrected; the antennee have a straight club. The legs are short, and there is no appendage to the tibia of the first pair ; the tarsal claws are bifid, and usually provided with pulvilli and paro- nychia. The abdomen is slender, and nearly always of moderate length VOL, IID. = 2 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. or rather short. The Papiionine have in the fore-wings the first disco- cellular nervule almost always well developed; the third disco-cellular nervule so disposed in relation to the median nervure that the lower radial appears to be a fourth median nervule; the sub-costal nervure always five-branched (except in Parnassius and Hypermnestra, where it is four-branched) ; the interno-median nervule present in four genera ; and the internal nervure always present (except in Doritis), and running to a free termination on the inner margin; in the hind-wings the inner margins are concave (often folded back), leaving the abdomen perfectly free, and the internal nervure is wanting; the precostal nervure is branched, and forms with the costal nervure a small prediscoidal cell (in all but three genera). ‘The palpi are usually very small and short, and closely appressed to the head; the antennze have a curved club. The legs are long, and the fore-tibie have on the inner side a con- spicuous projecting appendage, while the tarsal claws are simple and without appendages. The abdomen is thicker than usual, and enlarged posteriorly. The full development of the first pair of legs in both sexes, and the median suspensory silken girth of the chrysalis, are the main charac- ters of this Family, and together indicate a nearer relationship to the Heterocera than the three preceding Families exhibit. Of its two Sub- Families, the Papilionine better exhibit this relationship, and in the median appendage of their fore-tibiz show a point of affinity to the Hesperide—the last Family of butterflies. In numerical strength the Papilionide stand fourth of the five Fami- lies, about fourteen hundred species being recorded. Of these, the Pierine muster a large majority (about nine hundred species), and they are also much more prolific in recognised generic forms, having thirty-nine or forty, while the Papilionine have but thirteen. The latter contain, how- ever, not only a far larger proportion of species remarkable for size, variety of form, and splendour of colouring, but also, in the genus Orni- thoptera, the very princes of the butterfly world, gigantic in stature, and of the richest and most intense hues. The Papilionine have not the same world-wide range as the Pierine, being mostly natives of tropical and sub-tropical lands, and even Parnassius (alpine above all the genera) not extending within the Arctic circle. The Pierinw are mostly of the middle size or rather smaller, and present a simple, but usually bright and conspicuous, colouring of white, yellow, or orange, tipped or bor- dered in many cases with black; some of the tropical and sub-tropical forms are, however, more variegated, and Zeracolus and Anthocharis in most cases present a brilliant patch of orange, red, crimson, or violet at the tips of the fore-wings. The larvee of the two Sub-Families (as indicated above) differ con- siderably, the robuster caterpillar of the Papilioninw alone possessing the strongly-scented extrusible forked tentacle on the back of the second segment. DSI PIERINA 3 In South Africa the Papilionide are not very extensively repre- sented; the known Pierinw numbering nine genera and sixty-one species, and the Papilionine one genus containing fifteen species. As compared with the Ethiopian region generally, this number falls short of only one genus (Larinopoda in Pierine) ; but it is very much scantier in species, the region yielding about a hundred and forty Pierinw and sixty-two Papilionine. Many of the most perfect cases of mimicry of butterflies of other tribes occur in this Family, as well as a certain number within the limits of the Family, Sub-Family, or even Genus itself. These will be found more particularly referred to under the several subdivisions and species concerned. SuB-FamMILy 1.—PIERIN Ah. Pierine, Coliane, and Liciniane, Swainson, Cab. Cyc., Hist. and Nat. Arr. Ins., pp. 88, 89 (1840). Pierides, Boisd., Sp. Gen. Lep., i. p. 402 (1836). Pieridx, Dup., “ Cat, Lep. Fr., p. 23 (1846).” Pieride, Doubl., Gen. D. Lep., i. p. 32 (1847). Pieridee, Trim. , Rhop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 24 (1862). Pierine, Bates, Journ, Ent., 1864, p p- 177. Pierine, Butl. (Revision), Cist. Ent., i. p. 33 (1870). Imaco.—AHead small or of moderate size, sometimes rather broad, always more or less hairy, and usually densely so clothed; eyes round, prominent, smooth; haustellum (macxille) long; palpi compressed, rather short, Tour with rather bristly hair beneath, but sometimes with lengthened scales,—basal joint much developed, never shorter, and usually twice (sometimes thrice) as long as the second one,—ter- minal joint always small, seldom as long as the second, and frequently minute ; antenne usually of moderate length (very long in the genera Lepitalis and Huterpe), with an elongate-ovate club, but in many cases shorter and thicker, with a very gradually-formed blunt or truncate club. Thorax usually not large (in Leptalis, Leucophasia, Tervas, and Pontia very short and slender), but moderately robust in some genera (Callidryas, Gonepteryx, Hebomoia, &c.), often with long dense silky hair above. Wings large (the hind-wings mostly larger in proportion to the fore-wings than in other groups,—in some species of Leptalis actually twice as large as the fore-wings), usually of moderate thick- ness, but in the slender-bodied genera very thin, and in the stout- bodied ones of considerable thickness ; discoidal cell always closed (in Leucophasia extremely short). Fore-wings apically rather prominent, sometimes sub-acuminate, rarely (Gonepteryx) shortly and acutely fal- cate: subcostal nervure 3—5-branched,—the first nervule (occasionally uniting with costal nervure) always (except in Leptalis and Leucophasia) —and the second one very frequently—given off before extremity of 4 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. discoidal cell; first disco-cellular nervule almost always wanting, the upper radial springing from subcostal nervure beyond (or sometimes just at) extremity of cell; internal nervure rarely developed (Callidryas, Hebomoia, Gonepteryx), and then very short and slender, running into submedian nervure. /ind-wings rounded, very rarely (Gonepteryz) angulated on first or second median nervule, or (a few species of Cal- lidryas) produced into a long blunt projection at anal angle: costa usually much arched, and very prominent basally ; hind-margin some- times slightly or moderately dentate; inner margins convex, and form- ing a more or less complete groove under abdomen; radial nervule almost always originating nearer to subcostal than to median nervure ; internal nervure always well-developed and often long. Legs rather short (except in Leptalis), usually slender, almost hairless except at base of femora beneath ; tibize short, the terminal spurs of the middle and hind pairs very small; tarsi long, especially their first joint, and with bifid terminal claws. Abdomen slender, arched, usually of moderate length or rather short (long in Leucophasia, and in Leptalis extending beyond hind- wings). : Larva.—Elongate, cylindrical, without segmental constriction, somewhat tapering anteriorly and posteriorly, without spines or other appendages, clothed with a more or less developed very short pubes- cence, rarely with longer hairs. Puprsa.—Rather elongate, usually with a more or less prominent median dorsal ridge (higher on thorax), and with the thorax and base of abdomen laterally angulated; often much curved backward, and with wing-covers forming a very convex ridge upon breast; head with a single acute projection in front directed forward. The affinity of this Sub-Familly to the Papilionine is clearly shown by the perfect condition of the first pair of legs, and the general form and silken girth of the chrysalis ; but it differs widely in the neuration of the fore-wings, the form of antenne and palpi, the convex (instead of concave) inner margin of the hind-wings, the absence of any middle spur or process on the tibiee of the first pair of legs, the form of the caterpillar, and the single-pointed (instead of bifid) head of the chry- salis. Doubleday (op. cit.) pointed out that some Pierinew approached very near to the Lycewnide, instancing specially the genus Tervas ; and Mr. Butler has described and figured as one of the Pierine, Larino- poda lycenoides, a very curious West-African butterfly, which, with a general resemblance to Pontia, appears structurally to be in some respects intermediate between Hronia and the Lycznide genus Delo- neura. Ihave above (vol. ii. pp. 225, 227, and 234) called attention to the relation to the Pierine shown by the perfect fore-legs in both 1 Mr. W. F. Kirby (Rhop. Fxot., Pt. ii., Oct. 1887) states that Larinopoda is now more correctly referred, both by Mr. Butler and others, to the Lycenide, being nearly related to Liptena and allies. PIERIN 4. 5 sexes of the Lycanide genera Delonewra (apparently), Arrugia, and Lachnocnema ; and I understand that similar seggiure has been found in some American Lycenide. Many of the most familiar forms among butterflies belong to the Picrine, such as the European ‘‘ Garden Whites” (Pieris), ‘* Orange- Tips” (Anthocharis), ‘‘ Brimstones” (Gonepteryx), and ‘* Clouded Yel- lows” (Colias), and throughout the globe members of this Sub-Family are conspicuous by their abundance, activity, and prevalent tints of white or yellow. For by far the greater part they are insects of medium size, many being rather under than over it—such as the genera Terias, Pontia, Leucophasia, Anthocharis, and Hlodina. The American genus Nathalis contains only two or three very small species, and some kinds of Zerias expand only 1} inches, but the dwarts of the tribe are the South-American species of Leweidia (closely allied to Terias), which are less than an inch across the wings. The largest known Pierine (Hebomoia in the Oriental Region and Amynthia in the Neo-Tropical) do not expand above 4 inches. As Mr, A. R. Wallace has shown in his excellent memoir ‘‘ On the Pieride of the Indian and Australian Regions,” + this Sub-Family is specially noticeable for its general and uniform distribution over the earth, species of it being met with in all latitudes and at all elevations, and in every kind of station, whether forest-clad or open, sheltered or exposed. These butterflies are nevertheless far more numerous and varied in tropical countries, and most of the large and more richly-coloured forms are sylvan in their haunts. The extensive Indian and Australian genus Zhyca affords a striking instance, its numerous members being conspicuous for brillant red and yellow markings on a dark ground, the under side of their wings being usually more highly ornamented than the upper side. As a rule, there is much disparity between the sexes, both as regards colouring and marking. Except in the few cases where the only directly mimics other butterflies, by far the greater diver- gence from the ordinary plain type of the Sub-Family is shown by the gs; and the latter also sometimes possess special sexual badges, viz., a serrated costa in the fore-wings (Prioneris and Callidryas), and patches of elevated scales and brushes of silky hair on the wings (both in Callidryas, and the former to a slight extent in Colias). The Ethiopian Region is not rich in Pierine ; out of a roll of some forty genera and nine hundred species, it possesses but nine genera and about a hundred and forty species. Of these, only two genera, Mylothris and Herpenia, are peculiar to the region, but the species are nearly all confined to it. South Africa has yielded representatives of all the genera and sixty-one species, viz., Pontia, 1 sp., Zerias 7, Mylothris 3, Pieris 14, Herpenia 1, Teracolus 29, Colias 1, Eronia 4, and Callidryas 1, 1 Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 3rd Series, vol, iv. p. 301 (1867). 6 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. The gregarious and onward-flying habits of the Pierinw are well known, and reach their climax in the genus Callidryas (see infra, p. 185, and vol. i. p. 31), whose species have exceptional powers of flight, well indicated by their large, solid thorax and thick, strongly- veined wings. Mimicry is strikingly exhibited in this Sub-Family, and it was mainly the study of the deceptively exact imitation of various South-Ameri- can Danaine by species of the Pierine genus Leptalis that enabled Mr. Bates to give to science the satisfactory explanation of the phenome- non to which I have adverted in vol. i. pp. 35-36. The 2? sof Perrhybris, a genus very closely allied to Pieris, and a species of Huterpe, also mimic various Danaine; and one of the latter genus (Z. Tereas) closely imitates the 2 Papilio Zacynthus. Mr. Wallace, in the paper above cited, commented on the imitation by the 2s of various Malayan species of Hronia of the common kinds of Danais in the same region, and further brought to notice that mimicry occurred within the limits of the Prerine themselves, specifying several cases in which the slow-flying and showy species of Zhyca are simulated by species of the genera Prioneris and Pieris. I am able to adduce two similar cases in South Africa, where the slow-flying I/ylothris Ayathina is nearly copied by both sexes of Pieris Thysa and by the female of Hronia Argia; while in Western Africa Mylothris Poppea (Cram.) is the model followed by Pieris Rhodope (Fab.). The genus which is by far the best developed in South Africa is Teracolus, white or yellow butterflies with a patch of bright colour— orange, red, crimson, or violet—at the tip of the fore-wings. I have discussed at length (infra, p. 82) the various groups of this large and most difficult genus, which contains some of the most beautiful of all the Prerine. Seasonal dimorphism—or palpable difference between the earlier and later broods of the same species—has been shown to occur in the well-known cases of Pieris Nap (Linn.), of which P. Bryonice (Ochs.) is the early or ‘‘ winter” form, and Anthocharis Ausonia (Hiibn.), of which A. Belia (Cram.) is the ‘“‘ winter” brood. ‘The progress of observation of the life-history of butterflies has of late years gone to show that instances of this kind of dimorphism are not, as was sup- posed, limited to countries where a severe winter prevails, but occur (and are probably more numerous) in tropical and sub-tropical regions where the climate is divided into wet and dry seasons.' Three cases in South Africa certainly exist, viz., those of Pierts Charina, Boisd., P. Thysa, Hopff., and P. Severina (Cram.), in each of which the winter or dry-season brood on the South-East coast is considerably smaller, and in the two latter with enlarged black markings. Probable cases are that Pieris alba (Wallenegr.) is the dry-season brood of P. Pigea, 1 See Mr. L. de Nicéville’s paper on Calcutta Satyrinew in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, vol. lv. p. 239 (1886). PIERIN&. 7 Boisd., P. Abyssinica, Lucas, the same of P. Gidica, Godt., and Zera- colus Jobina, Butl., the same of TZ. speciosa (Wallengr.), as, in each case, the smaller form appears only in the dry season and the larger one only in the wet season. ‘These latter cases can only be proved by careful breeding from the eggs of one or both forms; at present, we have only the recorded dates of capture (and far too few of them) to go upon. When really systematic and extensive rearing of successive generations from the ova shall have been fully carried out and recorded by competent lepidopterists, it cannot be doubted that a great and most instructive rectification of our so-called ‘‘ species” will ensue, not only in this Sub-Family, but throughout the Order. Genus PONTIA. Pontia (Fab., 1807,—part.), Boisd., Sp. Gen. Lep., i. p. 430 (1836). Pontia, Doubl., Gen. Diurn. Lep., i. p. 40 (1847); Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aiists op. 25 (1862). Nychitona, Butl., Cist. Ent., i. p. 41 (1870); Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 117 (1881). Leptosia (Hiibn., 1816,—part), Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 287 (1882-86). ImaGco.—Head wide, clothed above and in front with rather rough short hair; eyes large, smooth; palpi short, acute, the tips far apart, —only terminal joint porrected, the others appressed to the face and clothed inferiorly with long hairs; antennw of moderate length, rather thick, with a gradually-formed but well-marked fusiform club. Thorax very small and short, narrower than head, clothed with scales and short hairs; prothorax forming a marked neck. Jore- wings elongate, with costa much arched, apex very rounded, and hind- margin convex; costal nervure terminating at about two-thirds length of wing; subcostal nervure three-branched, the first nervule emitted far (about one-third), the second a little before extremity of discoidal cell; upper radial united to third subcostal nervule at some distance beyond, lower radial at extremity of cell; lower disco-cellular nervule long, strongly curved inwardly, joining third median nervule at a pro- nounced angle; discoidal cell rather broad, and three-fifths the length of wing; submedian nervure curved downward near base. Tind-wings rather bluntly obovate; costa very slightly curved beyond basal lobe; apex somewhat pronounced; hind-margin very convex; anal angle rounded ; inner margin convex at base only, so that no channel or groove is formed beneath abdomen ; costal nervure ending on costa not — far beyond middle; subcostal nervules much curved, especially upper one, which is emitted a full third before extremity of discoidal cell ; upper disco-cellular extremely short (so that radial nervule appears almost to spring from second subcostal), lower one long, angulated, oblique ; discoidal cell about half length of wing; internal nervure strongly bent downward, terminating at a little beyond middle. Legs 8 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. of moderate length, slender, clothed with scales; tibie slightly, tarsi very bristly ; terminal spurs of middle and hind tibize very small. Abdomen very slender, elongate, arched, laterally compressed. This is a very well-marked genus, containing a few closely-allied species, and having a very wide range over the tropical and sub-tropical regions of the Old World, from Western Africa to North-Western Australia. Its extreme slenderness of structure, long abdomen, and contour of wings give it a strong resemblance to the Palearctic genus Leucophasia—which it also resembles in its plain white livery, some- times blackish-tipped in the fore-wings—but it is widely different in neuration, having only two instead of five subcostal nervules in the fore-wings, and very large instead of extremely small discoidal cells. On the whole, Pontia appears to be most nearly related to the small Australian genus Elodina, Felder, which presents very similar neura- tion as well as colouring, but has the apex of the fore-wings pointed, and the first subcostal nervule of the hind-wings originating near the extremity of the discoidal cell. Next to Zlodina, the genus Terias comes nearest to Pontia. In habits the Pontiw greatly resemble the European Leucophasie. They frequent wooded places and flit feebly about bushes and herbage, preferring shade to sunshine. Besides P. Alcesta (Cram.), which is the only species known to occur in South Africa, the Ethiopian Region yields P. Medusa (Cram.),” a larger form from the Gold Coast with greenish under-side markings, and two from Madagascar—one of which (P. sylvicola, Boisd.) 1s - exceedingly close to Alcesta, while the other (of a singularly pure white) appears to be undescribed. 239. (1.) Pontia Alcesta, (Cramer). Papilio Alcesta, Cram., Pap. Exot., iv. pl. ceclxxix. f. a (1782). Papilio Narica, Fab,, Ent. Syst., iii, I, p. 187, n. 578 (2793): Pontia Narica, Boisd. ; op. Gen, lene i. DP. 432, D. 3 (1836); App. Voy Deleg. Afr. Aust. » p. 586 (1847). Pontia Alcesta, Wallern., K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1857; Lep. Rhop. Caffr., p. 6. Pontia Alcesta, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 26, n. 12 (1862). 35 Hopif., Peters’ Reise Mossamb., Ins., p. 349. PLATE XY. o,f (2) Exp. al., Hin. 5—9 lin. Pure-white ; fore-wing with a blackish apical border and a blackish discal spot. Fore-wing: costal margin irregularly hatched and speckled with blackish to about middle, and sometimes very sparsely speckled beyond middle ; apical border moderately wide at apex, but attenuated to a point at its commencement on costa at extremity of first sub- costal nervure, and similarly at its hind-marginal termination (which t Pap. Exot. ue pl. cl. figs F (1779). PIERINE. 9 is usually a little above the extremity of third median nervule, but sometimes below it); inner edge of apical border irregularly excavate above and below upper radial nervule ; rarely a minute blackish spot at extremity of second median nervule, and occasionally another on inter- nervular fold below it; discal spot rather large, sub-reniform, not far from hind-margin, its lower extremity on second median nervule and its upper one rather above third median nervule ; circumference of this spot not sharply defined, but somewhat suffused. Hind-wing: without marking, except on hind-marginal edge, where there is a series of minute inter-nervular blackish linear marks (sometimes all but imper- ceptible), and occasionally traces of a series of similar minute marks at extremities of nervules. UNDER SIDE.—/find-wing and narrow costal, apical, and hind-marginal border of fore-wing more or less faintly tinged with straw-yellow, and sparsely hatched or freckled with short, thin, fuscous lineole. Fore-wing: fuscous lineole extend below costal border, more especially near base, where they cover about a third of discoidal cell as far as median neryure; discal spot somewhat smaller and fainter than on upper side; along hind-marginal edge a series of minute but very distinct inter-nervular blackish spots, of which between first median nervule and submedian nervure there are two. Hind- wing: lineole pretty evenly distributed, but sparse generally beyond middle; about middle, and about midway between middle and hind- margin, the lineole tend more or less prominently to group themselves into two nearly straight and almost parallel obliquely transverse striz, of -which the outer is much more pronounced ; a series of inter-nervular hind-marginal spots, quite as in fore-wing, but slightly larger. The sexes do not differ except in size, and in the @ having a rather broader apical border on the upper side of the fore-wing, and the under side usually paler in tint and less freckled. A dwarf ¢g, taken near Pinetown, in Natal, by Colonel Bowker, expands only rin. 24 lin. In another ¢, from the same locality, the discal blackish spot is on the upper side of the fore-wings much reduced, and on the under side obsolescent. I do not think that the Narica of Fabricius, in which the apical blackish tip of the fore-wing is wanting, or almost wanting, is separable from Alcesta 1 the four specimens from West Africa (Ashanti, Gold Coast) which I examined in the British Museum do not in other respects exhibit any special feature, except in the rather closer freckling of the under side of the hind-wing. I find that South-African specimens of Alcesta almost always exhibit a smaller but better-defined discal spot on the fore-wings, and a yellower tinge on the under side of the hind-wings and border of the fore-wings than are found in recognised West-African examples of the species. No South-African individual has come under my notice in which there was any failure of the apical fuscous border of the fore-wings. Alcesta, as found in Natal, Zululand, Delagoa Bay, and Querimba, and also in Western Africa, is very near X¢phia, Fab., inhabiting India, Ceylon, and part of the Indian Archipelago, but is distinguishable by having both the 1 Cramer’s very rough figure of the upper side apparently represents a ¢ with scarcely any apical border in the fore-wings. He notes the under side as wholly white, and gives the Guinea Coast as habitat, 10) SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. blackish markings of the fore-wings smaller and not so dark, and the freckling of the under side less dense. The very closely-allied Sylvicola, Boisd. (of which Nupta, Butler, must, I think, be considered as a variation only), from Mada- gascar, may be separated from Alcesta by the comparative or almost complete failure of the discal spot, and by the duller, narrower, inwardly more suffused apical border,! Although I was on the look-out for this butterfly when visiting Natal in the summer of 1867, I found it only on three occasions, frequenting the borders of woods on the coast, at the Umgeni and near Verulam. It has very much the flight and habits of the European Leucophasia, flitting slowly and feebly about the herbage in shady spots. Colonel Bowker has forwarded a good many examples, taken near D’Urban and Pinetown in March, April, and May; the few examples that I met with were on the wing at the end of February and the end of March.? Mr. Druce notes (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1875, p. 414) that the specimens of this butterfly brought from Angola by the late Mr. J. J. Monteiro were very small, Localities of Pontia Alcesta. I. South Africa. E. Natal. a. Coast Districts —D’Urban. Verulam. Pinetown (J. H. Bowker). F. Zululand.—St. Lucia Bay (the late Colonel H. Tower). H. Delagoa Bay.—Lourengo Marques (Mrs. Monteiro). , II. Other African Regions. A. South Tropical. a. Western Coast.—“ Angola (J. J. Monteiro).”—Druce. Congo and Loango (Chinchoxo).—Coll. Brit. Mus. 6. Eastern Coast.—Querimba.—Coll. Brit. Mus. “ Tchouaka (Ra/- Fray).”—Oberthiir. B. North Tropical. a. Western Coast.—Gold Coast (Accra and Ashanti) and Sierra Leon.—Coll. Brit. Mus. ‘Lower Niger (W. A. Forbes).”— Godman and Salvin. GEeNus TERIAS. Terias, Swainson, Zool. Illustr., i. text to pl. 22 (1820-21). Xanthidia, Boisduval, ‘“‘ Lep. Amer. Sept., p. 48 (1833).” Terias, Boisd., Sp. Gen. Lep., 1.-p: 651 (7836). 5 -Doubl., Gen. Dy Lep.a. p.764847): 5; Lrim.; Rhop. Atm Aust, Wp. 75 (1862). , Butl., Cist. Ent., i. p. 44 (1870), and (Revision) Proc. Zool. Soe. ond., 1871, "p. 526: 55 Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 118 (1881). » Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 302 (1882-86). ImaGo.— Head small, clothed densely with short hair; eyes smooth, globose, large; palpi very short, slender, scarcely projecting beyond 1 There is another form in Madagascar, of which two gs and a 2 are in the South- African Museum, presented by Mr. EH, L. Layard, who captured them, I believe, on the N.W. coast. It is of a singularly pure white, with the apical fuscous much reduced (espe- cially in the two és), but the discal spot almost as large and rounded as in XipAia, and with the under side all but pure white, and its frecklings very faint and sparse. * Two D’Urban examples, forwarded by Mr. A. D. Millar, are dated 17th September 1887. PIERIN &. II forehead, compressed, clothed beneath with closely-appressed scaly hairs,—terminal joint very small, blunt, scaly ; antenne rather short and thick, with an elongate, very gradually formed, depressed club, blunt at the tip. Thorax very short, slender, clothed with scales and short hair. Wings large and thin: /ore-wings rather elongate, more or less trun- cate; costa strongly arched at base, but thence only slightly so; apex usually rounded or moderately pronounced, sometimes acuminate ; hind- margin more or less convex; posterior angle usually well-marked, but sometimes rounded ; inner margin slightly concave about middle ; costal nervure much thicker than the others, ending at or a little beyond middle ; four subcostal nervules,—the first originating about one-third, the second only a little, before extremity of discoidal cell,—the third and fourth forking at some distance beyond cell, not quite half-way to apex; upper radial nervule united to subcostal nervure about midway between end of cell and third subcostal nervule,—lower one originating at junction of disco-cellular nervules, of which the upper is shorter and less curved inwardly than the lower; discoidal cell rather broad, terminating somewhat truncately about middle. Hind-wings bluntly obovate, but sometimes with hind-margin sub-angulated at ex- tremity of second median nervule; costa more or less strongly arched from base; anal angle mostly rather marked ; inner margin moderately convex, so as to form a pretty complete but wide and shallow groove for abdomen; pre-costal nervure much atrophied, scarcely traceable ; costal nervure arched, ending beyond middle (sometimes not very far before apex); first subcostal nervule arched, given off just before extre- mity of discoidal cell; upper disco-cellular nervule rather short, almost straight—lower one fully twice as long and obliquely angulated; dis- coidal cell rather short, but widening outwardly, terminating truncately before middle. Legs slender, scaly; fore and middle femora longer, hind-femora much shorter, than tibiee; terminal tibial spurs minute ; all tarsi longer than respective tibiee, and thickly spinulose. Abdomen slender, elongate (not quite as long as inner margin of hind-wings), much compressed laterally, slightly arched. Larva.—Of the ordinary Pierine form, towards extremities only slightly attenuated ; clothed with a very short pubescence. Pupa.—Slender, laterally compressed, much attenuated and sharply pointed at extremities ; wing-covers very prominent ventrally, laterally flattened into a very convex keel. These characters of larva and pupa are from figures of the early stages of 7. Hecabe, (Linn.), in Horsefield and Moore’s Catalogue of Lepidopterous Insects in the Museum of the H. FE. India Company (1857), pl. i. ff. 11, 11a, and in Moore’s Lepidoptera of Ceylon, 1881, pl. 45, f. 1c.; and (as regards the pupa only) from a figure of (pre- sumably) a Japanese species given by Mr. A. G. Butler on pl. vi. of the Lrans. Entom. Soc. Lond. for 1880, and the chrysalis skin of a Cape 12 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. specimen of 7. Brigitta, (Cram.). The Cingalese larva of Hecabe is depicted as pale yellowish-green with a dark-brown head, and the pupa as dark purplish-brown. ‘The larvee of this genus are stated by Double- day (Gen. D. Lep., i. p. 78) and Thwaites (Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 119) to feed on Leguminose. Tervas is a very extensive genus of closely-allied forms, occurring throughout the tropical and sub-tropical zones of both hemispheres, and in America extending as far northward as Virginia and Pennsylvania in the United States. It finds, however, by far its largest development in America (South and Central), whence about half the recorded species have been received ; and in the second place comes the Indian region, yielding some thirty species. The Australian and African regions seem about equally poor in comparison, some twelve forms being known to inhabit each of them. I recognise seven forms as natives of South Africa, but am very doubtful as to the actual limits which can be defined as separating them in the ‘ species” sense. The difficulty of dealing satisfactorily with the numerous forms of Terias is admitted by all lepidopterists, and has been the subject of comment by EH. Doubleday (op. cit.), Bates’ (Journ. of Ent., 1861, p. 245), Butler (loc. cit., and Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1886, p. 212), and Distant (op. cit.). Bates has pointed out the extreme similarity of certain forms inhabiting such widely separated countries as St. Domingo (West Indies) and the Malayan Archipelago; and as regards variation in one and the same locality, Butler (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 197, pl. vi.) has described and figured a series of seventeen (selected from no less than 154) examples taken at Nikko in Japan, exhibiting every gradation, ‘‘from the most heavily-bordered of the Japanese representative of 7’. Hecabe to the palest 7. Mandarina, in which the border has practically disappeared.” In connection with this remark- able case, it is most interesting to note that the late Mr. H. Pryer has recorded (op. cit., 1882, p. 488) his having bred in Japan from eggs laid by Mandarina all the broader-bordered variations (11) figured by Butler, and also his having personally observed that Mandarina and the narrow-bordered variations that approach it are merely the autumnal brood of the same butterfly. Butler inclined to attribute this exces- sive variation to the crossing of various races of TZerias,’ but Mr. Pryer’s experience certainly seems to show that it is a case of seasonal dimorphism in a transitional condition. The butterflies of this genus are all below the medium size, and some of them very small; their normal colouring and pattern are very simple, consisting of some tint of yellow or orange (a few species are white), with a black border that is sometimes confined to the fore-wings. This black border altogether disappears in some forms, while in many it is very broad in the fore-wings. Several species, both in the Old 1 A case of a 6 7. Zoé having been captured in copuld with a 9 7. Brigitta, is noted below, p. 16. PIERIN 2. 13 and New Worlds, are further ornamented by a black stripe along the inner margin of the fore-wings (like the corresponding marking so prevalent in many females and some males of the genus Teracolus), and in the pretty American group represented by 7’. Delia and 7. Elathea, Cram., this stripe is in the ¢ edged with orange on the inner margin itself. These insects are for the most part of weak flight, and keep near the herbage, but those of them that are more partial to open ground are moderately active on the wing, and have the Pierine habit of flying onward instead of keeping about one spot. Doubleday (op. cit., p. 78) observes that 7. Nicippe (Cram.)—which in colouring and pattern strongly resembles one of the deeper-tinted species of Colias—in the United States flew abundantly in clover-fields in company with Col. Philodice and Col. (Meganostoma) Cesonia, and that in flight it was more like those swift butterflies than its own congeners. The South-African forms are all yellow, with more or less developed black borders; the males having the ground-colour bright gamboge or chrome and the border deep black, while the females are of a paler, more sulphur tint, with the border more dusky. Three groups are typically represented by Zerias Brigitta (Cram.), 7. floricola, Boisd., and 7’. Desjardinsii, Boisd.: with the first is associated 7. Zoé, Hopff.; with the second 7. Athiopica, mihi ( = Senegalensis, Geyer, nec Boisd.), and 7. Butleri, mihi; and with the third 7. regularis, Butl. The Brigitta group has the fore-wing border very broad, and the hind-wing one much narrower, or even (in the ?) reduced to small nervular spots; the upper side of the 2 is more or less irrorated basally with fuscous scales: the under side of both sexes is also faintly irrorated, the hind-wing being feebly marked with some transverse dusky streaks. The Floricola group (not separable from the Indian 7. Hecabe (Linn.), group) has the fore-wing border broad or very broad hind-mar- ginally and more or less deeply bi-excavated or bi-sinuated on its inner edge, and the hind-wing border very narrow, or represented only by small spots or even dots; the upper side of the 2 is not irrorated; the under side of both sexes is free from irroration, and its markings usually much more distinct, dentated irregularly, and ferruginous, there being commonly a conspicuous patch of the latter colour close to the apex of the fore-wings. The Desjardinsit group has the fore-wing border moderately broad, narrow, or very narrow, with its inner edge more as in the Brigitta group, and the hind-wing border varying from narrow to purely macu- lar; the under-side markings are intermediate in character between those of the two foregoing groups respectively; the hind-wings are bluntly angulated at extremity of second median nervule.! 1 The allied forms from Central and South America separated from Terias by Mr. Butler in 1870, under the generic title of Sphwnogona, present a sharp angle or even prominent caudate projection at the same point of the hind-wings, 4 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. The species inhabiting South Africa are prevalent on the eastern side, and three of them, viz., Brigitta, Zoé, and Regularis, penetrate as far as the western central districts of the Cape Colony, but are scarce there. 240. (1.) Terias Brigitta, (Cramer). @ Papilho Brigitta, Cram., Pap. Exot., iv. pl. ecexxxi. ff. B, o (1782). Pieris Brigitta, Godt , Ent. Meth., ix. p. 135) 0. 53 (1819). 36 2 Tertas Brigitta, ‘Boisd. , Sp. Gen. Lep., 1. p. 676, n. 38 (1836). ha ipim: , Rhop. Air. Aust., 1. ip. 80, n. 52(ro02): Terias Rahel, Hopff. [ part], Peters’ Reise Mossamb. , Ins, p. 368 (1862). 3 Terias Coin dace, Feld., Reise d. Novara, Lep., i 1. Pp. 213, me 228 (1865). ? (as 6) Tertas Brigitta, Staud., Exot. Schmett., i. pl. 16 (1884). Lixp. al., (¢) 1 mn. 54-7 lin.; (2) 1 in. 5=69 ln. & Lright gamboge-yellow ; fore-wing with a broad black border, hind-wing with a very narrow one, both dentate internally on nervules. Fore-wing : base very narrowly speckled with blackish ; on costa close to base some blackish speckling, soon giving place to a narrow costal black border, which extends to about middle and thence rapidly widens, to become very broad apically, whence it gradually narrows along hind- margin to posterior angle; hind-marginally this border is more or less completely interrupted, between first median nervule and sub- median nervure, by the yellow ground-colour; the yellow interrupt- ing streak more or less obscured with blackish specks; on costal edge, near apex, three minute pale-yellowish inter-nervular marks indenting the black border. MHind-wing: hind-marginal narrow border com- mencing very faintly at extremity of costal nervure, widening about extremity of second subcostal nervule, and thence narrowing to a point at extremity of first median nervule (in one specimen this border is extremely narrow, and becomes merely macular on the nervules in its lower portion); inner margin as far as submedian nervure bordered with pale sulphur-yellowish ; costa also narrowly edged with that tint; base very narrowly and (usually) faintly speckled with blackish. Cilia yellow, irregularly tinged with reddish (especially in fore-wing). UNDER SIDE.—Rather dullish pale-yellow, with the hind-wing (chiefly marginally) and apical border of fore-wing more or less tinged with creamy-reddish, for the most part very minutely speckled with fuscous atoms. Jore-wing: a very faint, slender, terminal disco-cellular striola, more or less interrupted in its middle portion; a faint (sometimes obsolete), transverse, short, sub-apical reddish-grey streak, from near costa to below second radial nervule. J2ind-wing: a minute fuscous spot close to base below costal nervure; a transverse row of three rather larger reddish-grey spots near base, of which the middle one is in discoidal cell; a double very slender terminal disco-cellular striola, more distinct and reddish than that of fore-wing; beyond middle, PIERINE. 15 three obliquely-transverse rather irregular reddish-grey streaks,—of which the first is short, just beyond middle, from costal nervure to first subcostal nervule,—the second, at some distance beyond middle, rather broad, from first subcostal nervule to submedian nervure, but very widely interrupted from third to first median nervules,—and the third, considerably beyond the second, short, dentate on median ner- vules. On hind-margin of both wings a series of minute black spots marks the extremities of the nervules. 2 Much paler, inclining to sulphur-yellow ; black border not so dark and more restricted in fore-wing and wanting wm hind-wing. fore- wing: costa rather faintly irrorated with dusky atoms from base to a point about one-third of its length; black border apically as broad as in @, its internal edge less regularly excavated, its costal commence- ment much more attenuated and farther from base, and its hind-mar- ginal termination very abrupt on first median nervule; small yellow inter-nervular costal streaks better marked; rarely the hind-marginal border is interrupted by a yellow streak on second median nervule; a small (usually minute) black spot at extremity of submedian nervure. Hind-wing: a hind-marginal series of very small (sometimes minute, and more rarely towards apex of moderate size) black spots, at extre- mity of each nervule as far as first median. UNDER sipE.—Hind-wing and costal-apical border of fore-wing of an uniform dull pale rufous- creamy, varying in depth of tint, its minute fuscous speckling more general than in f; markings usually duller and fainter than in 2, sometimes very indistinct. The 2 exhibits much variation in the tint of the under side, some examples being of quite a pallid cream-colour with only a sight reddish tinge, while in others the rufous colour is very pronounced. Mr. Butler has recently (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., March 1886, p. 214) expressed the opinion that Brigitta is the Southern representative of Candace, Feld., from Abyssinia. An examination of the ¢ and ? of the latter in the British Museum has convinced me that the two are identical, Candace being simply rather more faintly marked and less reddish on the under side than usual. Among its South-African congeners, 7. Brigitta is distinguished in both “sexes, but more especially in the female, by the prevalent reddish tint of the under side, as well as of the cilia both above and below: In this respect it appears to approach 7. Lerla, Macl., from Northern Australia, but I have not seen the latter species, and can only judge by the published descriptions of it, Apart from the peculiarity mentioned, Brigitta differs in the following parti- culars from its close ally, 7. Zoé, Hopff., viz. :—(¢) Ground-colour a deeper, warmer yellow ; black border of fore-wing narrower costally and at posterior angle—above which it is usually narrowly interrupted ; border of hind-wing much narrower, and becoming more or less submacular and obsolete towards anal angle; (@) ground-colour a deeper, richer yellow, without fine dusky 1 I think it not unlikely that Terias Seruli, Westw. (App. Oates’s Matabeleland, &c., p. 342, 1881), is a variation of the 9 Brigitta, in which the under-side markings are obsolete ; these markings being very faint in many examples of Brigitta, and in one specimen from Delagoa Bay (unusually red beneath) almost imperceptible. 16 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. irroration except on basal third of costa; black border of fore-wing darker, and of hind-wing altogether wanting or feebly represented by some hind-marginal spots. The close affinity of the two forms is nevertheless very apparent, and is illustrated by the circumstance of the capture 7m copula of a ¢ Zoé and a 2? Brigitta, in April 1863, by Colonel Bowker, while collecting in Kaffraria Proper. I was surprised not to meet with this Terzas while collecting in Natal in 1867 ; it is evidently not uncommon there in most seasons. My correspondents in different parts of Eastern South Africa have noted nothing characteristic in the habits or haunts of Brigitta, but I have observed that the 9 is much oftener forwarded than the ¢. Mr. D’Urban found both sexes at King William’s Town, and noted the abundance of the butterfly in February and April 1861. Colonel Bowker met with the ? in the same locality on May 1, 1874. Localities of Terias Brigitta. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. a. Western Districts—WVan Wyk’s Vley, Carnarvon District (£. G. Alston). b. Eastern Districts.—King William’s Town (W. S. M. D’Urban and J.!iZ. Bowker). Orange River, near Aliwal North (J. 7. Bowker). c. Griqualand West.—Vaal River (J. H. Bowker). D. Kaffraria Proper.—Butterworth, Tsomo River, and Bashee River (J. H. Bowker). EK. Natal. a. Coast Districts—D’Urban (J. H. Bowker and M. J. M‘Ken). b. Upper Districts.— Estcourt (J. M. Hutchinson). F. Zululand.—St. Lucia Bay (the late Colonel H. Tower’). G. Swaziland (the late #. C. Buxton ; photogr.). H. Delagoa Bay.—Lourengo Marques (Mrs. Monteiro). K. Transvaal.—Potchefstroom District (7. Ayres). Marico River (F. C. Selous). Eureka, near Barberton (C. F. Palmer). II. Other African Regions. A. South Tropical. a. Western Coast.—Damaraland (C. J. Anderson). ‘ Angola (J. J. Monteiro).”—Druce. “ Congo: Kinsembo (H. Ansell).”—Butler. bi. Eastern Interior.—Mashunaland (f. C. Selous). bb. Madagascar.—Coll. Brit. Mus. (1886). B. North Tropical. a. Western Coast.—‘‘ Lower Niger (W. A. Forbes).”—Godman and Salvin. Gold Coast (Ff. Bourke). ‘ Senegal.”—Boisd. b. Eastern Coast.—Abyssinia: ‘“ Massaouah (Raffray).”—Oberthiir. “ South Abyssinia (Zander).”—Felder. 241. (2.) Terias Zoe, Hopfter. ¢ Eurema pulchella, Geyer, Forts. Hiibn. Ztitr. Exot. Schmett., p. 8, if 81-816 (1837). . 9 Terias Zoé, Hoptf., “‘ Monatsb. k. Akad. Wissensch. Berl., 1855, p. 640;” and Peters’ Reise Mossamb., Ins., p. 369, pl. xxii. ff. 10, 11 (1862). PIERINA. 17 & Terias Drona, Wallgrn., K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1857; Lep. Rhop. Gali, p.. 10} 2 Terias Zoé, Wallgrn., loc. cit. 3 Terias Rahel, Hopff. [part], Peters’ Reise, &c., p. 368 (1862). oe » and TZerras pulchella, 2, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., 1. p. 76, n. 49, and p. 78 (1862). Exp. al., ($) 1 in. 4-7 lin.; (9) 1 in. 4-8 lin." tf Bright chrome-yellow, of variable depth and brightness; with strongly-marked black borders to both wings. Fore-wing: base powdered with blackish ; a black border from base along costa, gradually widen- ing to apex, where it is very broad, and thence narrowing to anal angle, where it is about one line in breadth, the inner edge of its hind- marginal portion slightly scalloped, forming small acute projections on nervules, Hind-wing: blackish at base and along submedian nervure to a little before middle; a black band along hind-margin, widest in apical portion (but even there not or very slightly broader than the anal-angular portion of band in fore-wing), and gradually diminishing to anal angle, whereitendsinapoint. Cilia of fore-wing fuscous, slightly mixed with pale-yellow,—of hind-wing all pale-yellow. UNDER sIDE.— Citron-yellow. Fore-wing: at extremity of discoidal cell, a double narrow blackish line including the yellow disco-cellular nervule, occa- sionally almost obsolete; the broad border of upper side indicated by a greenish tint, sparsely irrorated with blackish atoms; in some speci- mens an indistinct, blackish, oblique stria near apex; small black dots at extremities of nervules; inner-marginal portion of wing paler than the rest. Hind-wing: more or less irrorated with blackish atoms; a transverse series of three blackish dots, sometimes yellow-centred, near base; an indistinct, blackish line, like that in fore-wing, at extremity of discoidal cell; beyond middle two or three faint-blackish, inter- rupted, obliquely transverse streaks (often scarcely perceptible),—the first on costa, only reaching subcostal nervure; the second, widely interrupted on median nervules, almost crossing the whole wing; the third, on median nervules; black dots on hind-margin as in fore-wing ; occasionally a small rounded blackish spot close to base, between costal and subcostal nervules. 2 Very much paler, varying from pale lemon-yellow to primvrose- yellow, more or less densely and generally irrorated with blackish atoms ; dark border in both wings of a duller black,—in hind-wing more or less suffused, and sometimes submacular, or actually broken into nervu- lar spots contiguous only near apex. Fore-wing: blackish irroration densest in basal half, thinner (or sometimes wanting) in discal area; dark border commencing farther from base, and broadly interrupted with irrorated ground-colour between first median nervule and sub- median nervure, so that a well-marked terminal blackish spot is isolated 1 A dwarf 9, captured at Pinetown, Natal, by Colonel Bowker, expands only an inch across the wings. VO, IIL. B / ie 18 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. at posterior angle. Hind-wing: blackish irroration usually denser than in fore-wing, except near costal margin; dark border very variable, sometimes broader or considerably broader than in %, rarely narrower, always ending at extremity of first median nervule. Cilia of fore-wing more mixed with pale-yellow generally, and almost wholly pale-yellow about posterior angle. UNDER SIDE.—Much paler (in hind-wing com- monly with a whitish cast), with irroration of blackish atoms usually more pronounced ; markings as in ¢. I followed Doubleday in referring this butterfly to Rahel, Fab., in my work above quoted; but Fabricius’ description (Znt. Syst., iii. 1, p. 204, n. 367) is certainly not applicable to it, and Mr. Butler is apparently right in identifying the Bornean 7. Tondana, Feld., with the Fabrician Rahel. Geyer, who undoubtedly figures (op. cit.) a small ¢ from the Cape of Good Hope, refers it to the nearly-allied 7. pulchella, Boisd., from Madagascar and Mauritius; but, as I hold these forms to be distinct,! I can only adopt the name of Zoé, given by Hopffer, who (op. czt.) describes and figures a Q from Querimba, East Africa, differing in no respect that I can detect from many South-African specimens before me. M. Aurivillius kindly forwarded me a specimen of Wallengren’s Drona (op. cit.), and I was thus enabled satisfactorily to determine it as the ordinary ¢ Zoé. From the well-known and widely-spread Indian 7. Drona of Horsfield, the South-African species is readily distinguished, as far as the ¢ is concerned, by its very much deeper yellow ground-colour (the ¢ Drona being nearly as pale as the 9 Zoé), narrower and much duller blackish border, and less basal blackish. The @s of the two forms are, however, exceedingly close to each other ; but, as far as I have noticed, the Indian one has usually much fainter under-side markings. The intimate alliance between 7. Zoé and T. Brigitta has already been pointed out (supra, p. 15), as well as the fact of the capture of an ordinary g of the former paired with a ? of the latter. I twice took the paired sexes of Zoé, on the same day (18th March 1867), in Natal, and have since received from that Colony two pairs captured 2m cod’tu by Colonel Bowker, and one by Mr. J. M. Hutchinson ; in all these five cases, as well as in a sixth, where the paired sexes were captured in the Transvaal by Mr. W. Morant, the gs do not vary, but the ?s exhibit the variations above described as regards both the development of the hind-wing border and the extent of fuscous irroration on the upper side. This gaily-hued little butterfly was numerous about open ground throughout such parts of Natal as I visited in the summer of 1867. It is conspicuous on the wing, and, while active, is not swift, but keeps near the ground, and often settles on flowers. Colonel Bowker found it “‘ very common all over the Trans- Kei territory in summer and autumn, frequenting open grassy country.” I have taken it near Port Elizabeth, and also about Grahamstown and the neigh- bourhood, but it was rather scarce in both places. The season during which I observed the species was from the end of January to the beginning of April ; 1 The characters distinguishing 7’. pulchella, Boisd., though slight, appear to be remark- ably constant—a condition of value in such a genus as Zerias. They are (in the g) a much deeper yellow ground-colour on upper side, and a much broader border—near apex of hind- wing nearly twice as broad—of an intenser black, with the basal blackish of both wings very much darker; while (in the @ ) the border of the fore-wing, singularly enough, is con- spicuously narrower than in the ? Zoé. On the under side both sexes of Pulchella are of a deeper yellow. In Mauritius, where I found this butterfly numerous, it appeared to be larger than the specimens usually received from Madagascar, and with the black border somewhat less broad. PIERINE. 19 but Mr. D’Urban noted its occurring in British Kaffraria from September to April, and Colonel Bowker took it at Delagoa Bay about the middle of the former month. Zoé has a more general range in South Africa than any of its congeners, but has not been recorded in the Cape Colony westward of Port Elizabeth on the south coast, or of the Carnarvon district inland.! Its distri- bution over the African continent seems to be very wide, but corresponding in the main to that of Brigitta. Localities of Terias Zoe. I. South Africa. B. Cape Colony. . a. Western Districts—Van Wyk’s Vley, Carnarvon District (@. £. Alston). 6. Kastern iene Elizabeth. Uitenhage (S. D. Bairstow). Grahamstown. King William’s Town (W. D’Urban). East London (P. Borcherds). Windvogelberg, Queenstown District (Dr. Batho). Burghersdorp, Albert District (D. R. Kanne- meyer). c. Griqualand West.—“ Kimberley.” —-H. L. Feltham. Vaal River (J, H. Bowker and Mrs. Barber). D. Kaffraria Proper.—Butterworth and Bashee River (J. H. Bowker). E. Natal. a. Coast Districts.—D’Urban. Verulam. Umvoti River. Mapu- mulo. Pinetown (J. H. Bowker). 6. Upper Districts:—Hermansburg. Great Noodsberg. Greytown. Pietermaritzburg. Estcourt (J. M. Hutchinson). Rorke’s Drift and Biggarsberg (J. H. Bowker). F. Zululand.—St. Lucia Bay (the late Colonel H. Tower). Napoleon Valley (J. H. Bowker). H. Delagoa Bay.—Lourengo Marques (J. H. Bowker and Mrs. Montetro). K. Transvaal.—Potchefstroom (W. Morant). Potchefstroom and Lyden- burg Districts (7. Ayres). Eureka, near Barberton (C. F. Palmer). Marico River (f. C. Selous). L. Bechuanaland.—Motito (the late Rev. J. Frédoux). II. Other African Regions. A. South Tropical. a, Western Coast.—Damaraland (the late C. J. Andersson). ‘ Angola (Pogge).” —Dewitz. ‘“ Chinchoxo (falkenstein).” — Dewitz. Congo.—Coll. Brit. Mus. 6, Eastern Coast.— Quilimane.”—Hopffer. ‘Zanzibar (Raffray).” —Oberthiir. B. North Tropical. a. Western Coast.—“ Lower Niger (W. A. Forbves).”—Godman and Salvin. Gold Coast (/ Bourke). b, Eastern Coast.—‘“ Somaliland (Zhrupp).”’—Butler. 242. (3.) Terias Floricola, Boisduval. Aanthidia Floricola, Boisd., Faune Ent. Madag., c&c., p. 21, n. 2 (1883). 3 2 Lervas Lloricola, Boisd., Sp. Gen. Lep., i. p. 671, n. 29 (1836). é Terias Ceres, Butl., Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., March 1886, p. 218, ply. 4.. 3. * Mr. G. Warden has since (June 1887) brought a specimen taken at Ookiep, in the Namaqualand District. 20 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. Exp. al., 1 i. 5—8 lin. gf Bright chrome-yellow ; fore-wing only with a narrow black border widened about the apex. Hore-wing: border commencing at a point on costa just before extremity of second subcostal nervule, its apical portion moderately wide, but its hind-marginal portion rather abruptly becoming very narrow about end of third median nervule, and continuing so to pos- terior angle,—just above which it is sub-interrupted by some yellow scaling ; the inner edge of this border emits more or less acute denti- culations on nervules, and between these is more or less excavated, especially in its lower portion; costa with a black edging line of extreme tenuity. Hind-wing: a series of nine very small but (with the exception of the two last) very distinct black hind-marginal spots, all nervular except the eighth, which is between first median nervule and submedian nervure. UNDER SIDE.—Very much paler yellow, with pale dull-ferruginous markings. Fore-wing: two slender transverse linear marks in discoidal cell before middle, of which the first is near base and minute, and the second considerably larger and more or less angu- lated; at extremity of cell a small geminate marking of irregular form, with a more or less prominent superior projection outward, enclosing two whitish spots; a subapical, elongate, irregular marking, wider inferiorly, lying between costa and third median nervule; space between superior part of this marking and apex sparsely scaled with dull-ferruginous ; a marginal series of nervular black spots throughout, minute on hind-margin, but larger (in fine specimens somewhat con- Spicuous) on costa; inner-marginal border whitish. Mind-wing: at extremity of discoidal cell a marking similar to that in fore-wing, but more irregular and more deeply insected ; a sub-basal curved transverse row of three small whitish spots in ferruginous rings; close to base, between costal and subcostal nervures, a fourth spot (smaller and imperfect) ; a very indistinct, irregular, transverse, discal streak from costa to inner margin, broken completely on first subcostal, radial, and all three median nervules, and on submedian neryure; series of minute hind-marginal spots as on upper side. 2 Similar, rather paler. Fore-wing: apical black border broader, prominently so at point (between radial and third median nervules) where hind-marginal narrowing begins. UNDER SIDE.—As in f, but the large subapical ferruginous marking of fore-wing rather broader and darker. The foregoing description is made from specimens captured by myself in Mauritius. The very few South-African specimens (three $s and five 9s) which I consider referable to Floricola are slightly larger, and of a paler yellow tint on the upper side; and in the ¢ the black apical border is a little broader and decidedly more prominent inwardly. On the under side the yellow is purer and brighter; the subapical marking of the fore-wing is broader and darker, and the other markings are in general better developed. In these respects they approach Senegalens?s, Geyer (nec Boisd.), which is indeed a very close ally of PIERIN Z&. 21 Floricola, distinguished by its broader, inwardly angulated apical border of fore-wing, and its very strongly marked under side. I have examined the ¢ Mauritian and South-African examples on which Mr. Butler founded his 7. Ceres, as well as two Qs, ticketed ‘ South Africa” and “ Natal,” which in the British Museum collection are associated with the two gs. The interruption of the border of the fore-wing above the posterior angle, which Mr. Butler specially notes as a distinguishing character, is in neither ¢ complete. The Madagascar specimens of Floricola in the South-African Museum are more like the South-African than the Mauritian examples, especially the @s, one of which is of an unusual paleness, inclining to whitish. This appears to be a rare form in South Africa. I took two 9s near D’ Urban, Natal, in February and April 1867, and the late Colonel Tower brought one ¢ from St. Lucia Bay later in the same year. Colonel Bowker has sent only two examples (both from D’Urban), taken respectively in 1878 and 1879. My captures were made in the Botanic Garden, where several species of Z'erzas frequented the flowers of Vinca rosea. In Mauritius I found Floricola numerous, and generally distributed about grassy waste spaces, In company with its congener Pulchella, Localities of Tertas floricola. I, South Africa. EK. Natal. a. Coast Districts. —D’ Urban. F, Zululand.—st. Lucia Bay (Colonel H. Tower). II, Other African Regions. A, South Tropical. 6b, Eastern Islands——Madagascar: Murundava (Grevé), Mauritius. ‘* Bourbon.”—Boisduval. 243, (4.) Terias Asthiopica, sp. nov. 3 Eurema Senegalensis, Geyer [nec Boisd.], Forts, Hiibn., Zutr. Exot. Schmett., p. 41, ff. 969-970 (1837). Exp. al., 1 in, 7-84 lin. Closely allied to 7. floricola, Boisd. Chrome-yellow ground-colour bright but rather paler ; black border in fore-wing only, but broader supe- riorly ; nervular hind-marginal spots in hind-wing larger. Fore-wing : black border shaped much as in Fluricola, but considerably broader apically, and presenting a marked angulated prominence inwardly on third median nervule (much as in Hecate, Linn.), as well as a usually rather more pronounced small projection on first median nervule, Hind-wing ; terminal nervular spots considerably enlarged and thinly elongated laterally. UNDER sibE.—WMMarkings as in Floricola, but much more strongly marked, especially the subapical ferruginous patch of fore- wing, which rs broad and dark (more particularly in 2), and the irre- gular transverse discal streak of hind-wing. Fore-wing : terminal disco- 1 See 7. Athiopica, Trim., infra, No, 243. 22 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. cellular mark indistinctly geminate, larger ; subapical patch more or less reproducing internal outline of upper side of black border as far as third median nervule, but in emitting downward from its outer side a narrow somewhat incurved projection as far as inter-nervular fold between third and second median nervules. Hind-wing: terminal disco-cellular mark much enlarged, not geminate, sub-reniform; discal transverse streak very distinct, and usually (more particularly in 2) outwardly suffused in its middle portion between first subcostal and third median nervules; hind-marginal nervular spots not lengthened laterally as on upper side, and only a little larger than in Floricola. I have reluctantly been compelled to re-name this 7Z'erias, because, though evidently the same as Senegalensis, Geyer, it is not the form to which the name of Senegalensis was given by Boisduval in 1836 (Sp. Gen. Lep., 1. p. 672). The latter author states expressly that the under side of his species was so faint in its markings as at first to appear to have none, whereas the Terias now under notice, of which Geyer figures the ¢, is remarkable for the great development of the under-side pattern, especially in the 9. Boisduval’s insect is evidently very close to Hecabe, L., and perhaps not separable from it. In the above description Z. dithiopica is sufficiently distinguished from T. floricola, Boisd., but it comes even nearer to the Indian and Australian 7. Sart, Horsfield (from which the Cingalese 7. simulata and T. uniformis of Moore! cannot, I think, be separated). The only obvious distinctions of Aithiopica are on the upper side the very slight inward inferior prominence of the fore-wing border (which in Sari is very pronounced), and the hind- marginal marking of the hind-wing being restricted to small separate spots (instead of, as in Sarz, a narrow continuous blackish border). This latter feature is, however, inclined to be unstable, for in one ¢ Athiopica the thin, laterally elongated spots almost unite. A hind-wing border of variable width is a character of 7. Hecabe, and thus Sari is nearer to the latter than thio- pica is. I have seen but few examples of this Terias from South Africa, A ¢ was sent by Colonel Bowker from Kaffraria Proper in 1866, and another labelled ‘‘ Natal” was received at the South-African Museum in a collection acquired about the same date. In 1867 Colonel Tower gave mea ? captured at St. Lucia Bay, and the Museum received a series of the same sex taken in Natal by the late Mr. M. J. M‘Ken. I did not meet with the insect during my collecting excursions in Natal. Localities of Zertas Aithiopica. I, South Africa. D. Kaffraria Proper.—Tsomo River (J. H. Bowker) i. Natal. a. Coast Districts. —D’Urban (MZ. J. M‘Ken). F. Zululand.—St. Lucia Bay (Colonel H. Tower). II. Other African Regions. — B. North Tropical. a. Western Coast.—“ Senegal.”—Geyer. 1 Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 119, pl. 45, ff. 2, 2a, 2b; and p. 120, pl. 46, ff. 2, 2a, 2b (1881). 2 Boisduval (op. cit. p. 670) gives Sari as a ? variety of Hecabe, but he has not been followed by Wallace (1867), Butler (1871), or Kirby (1871). PIERINA, a4 244. (5.) Terias Butleri, sp. nov. eos lo ( Py Te ire lies (ey dy hs Oi Lin: f Sulphur-yellow ; fore-wing with rather broad, inwardly deeply excavated black border; hind-wing with a very narrow, inwardly slightly suffused border. Fore-wing: costa irrorated finely with black for about one-third from base, thence rather strongly black-edged to first subcostal nervule, where the apical border begins to widen; upper part of border shaped as in Athiopica as far as third median nervule, but thence much broader, the lower inward projection between first median nervule and posterior angle being at least twice as broad. Hind-wing: border extending from first subcostal to first submedian nervure, attenuated to each extremity, and crossed by yellow inter-nervular folds ; at extremity of submedian nervure, and of fold between it and first median nervule, a minute black spot. UNDER sIDE.—Almost the same tint of yellow ; usual markings very indistinct ; no trace wm fore-wing of any subapical patch or streak. Fore-wing: disco-cellular dot and streak faint and minute, and terminal markings very indistinct, small, and narrow. Hind-wing : small sub-basal annulets less indistinct; terminal disco- cellular mark rather narrow, interrupted on fold; discal irregular streak faint or nearly obsolete. 2 Considerably paler, sometimes rnelining to whitish-yellow, with broader duller borders. Fore-wing: a faint sparse minute fuscous irro- - ration from base (in one example not so sparse, and extending over basal third of wing); border broader throughout, but more markedly so at inferior inward projection. Hind-wing: border variable in width, but always narrow, more suffused inwardly ; in the example above mentioned a very sparse fuscous irroration for a little distance from base, chiefly in discoidal cell. UNDER stipeE.—