Vol. 3. No. 1. Price 12s. 6d. THE SOUTH AFEICAN JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY being the official organ of the SOUTH AFRICAN BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY with which is incorporated the Journal of The South African Ornithologists' Union, Editors : E. M. DOIDGE, Editor-in-Chief A. K. Haagner. J. Hewitt, C^ V^^AT <. |,u LISRARYJr > # V ^. Published by THE SOCIETY IN PRETORIA, SOUTH AFRICA London Agents : WITHERBY & CO., 326 HIGH HOLBORN, W.C.I CONTENTS. Page Report of the Council for 1921 5 The Termites of South Africa, by Claude Fuller 14 Marine Algae of the Cape Peninsula, by Ellen Marion Delp 5^ Food Plants of South African Butterflies and Moths, by E. E. Platt 65 The Fungus Food of Certain Termites, by A. M. BoTTOMLEY and Claude Fuller 139 Some Remarks on the Establishment and Tending of Timber Plantations with special reference to the Cape Province, by J. J. Kotze 145 Notes on birds occurring in the Cradock and Tarkastad districts. Cape Province, with nest- ing dates, by H. W. James 174 Some South African Cercariae, by F. G. Cawston 199 On the habits of the Crab (Dotillia fenestrata Hilgendorf), with special reference to the mode of feeding, by R. Bigalke 205 Voices of the Night, by Ambrose A. Lane .... 210 A Note on the germination of the Seed of Ele- phantorrliiza BurchelUi, by Joan Hofmeyr 215 The nesting habits of the trumpeter hornbill. By canister liucinator (Temn), by A. G.raham Millar Correspondence * • • - 2^7 22t) £321 0 Li L 1 3 ?^ A R THE SOUTH AFKICAN JOUK OF NATURAL HISTORY. Vol. III. JUNE, 1921 No. 1 REPORT OF THE COUNCIL FOR 1920. Your Council in presenting its Report to Members this year does so with more confidence than was possible in the past. The Membership Roll now includes 219 Members, all of whom have paid their subscriptions up to date. During the year we have lost one member through death, 6 members have resigned as from the end of this year, and your Council has been reluctantly compelled to remove 20 Members from the roll owing to non-payment of subscriptions. The pleasing feature is the number of new members who have joined during the year, viz. 7 1 , which shows that the Society is appealing to. a large section of the public. If this steady increase of new members can be maintained we may look with every confidence to the future of our Society. Perhaps one of the most important events in the history of the Society is the formation of a Branch at Cape Town with a Membership of 24. Prof. H. R. Compton, Director of National Botanic Gardens, is the first President of the Branch and Mr. V. A. Putterill, M.A., the Hon. Secretary and Treasurer. There is no reason to doubt that the Cape Town Branch will become, a most flourishing section of the Society. 6 South African Biological Society^ A new departure in the activities of the Pretoria Branch was the holding of a series of four Public Lantern Lectures in the Town Hall on various scientific subjects. Your Council feels that this is a step in the right direction and expresses the hope that the Pretoria Branch will continue holding a similar series of lectures in future years. During the year the Society has published two parts of Vol. n . of the " Journal ". While on the subject of the " Journal '* your Council is pleased to state that the Society possesses sufficient funds to publish at least twice a year, but at the same time must again appeal to Members to support the Editorial Committee by sending in MS. for the Journal. The delay in the publication of the number now in press is solely due to lack of MS. from Members. A glance at the balance sheet prepared by your Hon. Treasurer will show that the Society is financially sound. An amount of £100 has been placed on fixed deposit for 6 months, and there is a cash balance in hand of £81 19s. 7!/2d. The Public Service Commission of Enquiry invited the Society to give evidence and your Council elected Dr. Green and Dr. van Hoepen, as its representatives. Dr. Green prepared a memorandum which was presented to the Commission and in the opinion of your Council this was the most excellent presentation of the case which had been placed before the Commission. A copy of this Memorandum has been published in the Journal. The 1920 award of the Senior Capt. Scott Memorial Medal was made to Mr. Claude Fuller of the Division of Entomo- logy for his research work on the South African Termitidae. The Junior Medal was presented to Mr. J. Sandground, B. Sc. as the best Candidate in Zoology in the Bachelor of Science examination. Next year the Junior Medal will go to the best candidate in Botany. An account of Mr. Fuller's work and of the presentation of the medal is published in this volume. Report of the Council J CAPE TOWN BRANCH. Report for period May^ — October, 1920. As a result of a meeting held on January the 20th 1920» under the chairmanship of the Mayor of Cape Town (Mr. W. J. Thorne), for those of the Cape Town public interested in Natural History, it was decided to form a branch of the S. African Biological Society in Cape Town. At a subsequent meeting the following committee was elected by those who had signified their intention of joining the Society. President. Prof. R. H. Compton. Vice Presidents. Dr. Marloth, Prof. D. H. Thoday. Hon. Secretary and Treasurer. Mr. V. A. Putterill, M.A. Assistant Hon. Secretary) and Treasurer. Mr. C. van Bonde, M.A., Committee Members. Messrs. H. H. Crowther. B.A., A. H. Reid, H. G. Eaton. A series of regulations applicable to the Cape Town Branch was drawn up by the Committee and passed at one of the general meetings. These regulations make provision for Associate Membership. All persons who are either (a) under the age of 21, (b) students or (c) members of the immediate family of a full member of the Society, may become local associates, on payment of an annual subscription of 5s., after having been duly elected by the local branch. The Annual Subscription of Local Associates go to the local fund. Local Associates have the privilege of taking part in the activities of the Local Branch and of buying the Society s publications at cost price, but have no voice in the management of the Society or of the Local Branch. 8 South African Biological Society The Local Branch has furthermore entered into an agree- ment with the Parent Society, whereby it retains 5s. out of each local branch member's subscription, in lieu of the £5 mentioned in Article 44 of the Constitution. The first Monthly Meeting was held on the 17th of May, and at this meeting the President delivered his inaugural address. Mr. C. W. Mally, M.Sc, and Mr. A. H. Reid also made interesting contributions to the programme of this meeting. Since then monthly meetings for the reading of communications and discussions thereon have been held regularly. Owdng to the delay from various reasons in the preparation and the final acceptance by the local branch of the draft regu- lations, the activities and development of the branch have been somewhat hampered, but with the New Year it is hoped to be able to carry out an active membership campaign, to arrange public lectures, and to hold regular monthly excursions to places of biological interest, besides the ordinary monthly meetings. Up to the present only one excursion has been held, viz. to the S.A. Museum. The following papers were given during the period at the monthly meetings: — Notes on the Mandibles of the Witte Vlsch: Mr. A. H. Reid Talk on Insect Life: Mr. C. W. Mally, M.Sc. Bees: A. J. Attridge. Mud: H. G. Eaton. Some Curious Fishes from S.A. waters: C. van Bonde, M.A. Trout: A. H. Reid. Talk on Leaf Pigments: Prof. D. Thoday. Camouflage amongst some of the lower animals of the Cape Peninsula: C. J. French. In conclusion this first report of the Cape Town Branch would be incomplete were it not to place on record the appre- ciation of the members of the Branch, of the very active interest taken in its promotion by Dr. E. P. Phillips. Report of the Council PRETORIA BRANCH. The interest taken in the Pretoria Branch by local members has been more encouraging this year, but there is still much room for improvement in this direction. As was arranged last year, four public lectures have been given. The first was given by Prof. H. B. Fanthan on ** Darwin, Before and After ", the second by Mr H. E. Wood on *' The Distances of the Stars ", and the third by Dr. I. B. Pole-Evans on *' The Distribution of Plants in South Africa ". The fourth and last lecture was given in December, by Mr. A. J. T. Janse on the subject of '* The Moths of South Africa ". These lectures have taken the place of the usual meeting in the month in which they were held — March, June, September and December. Ordinary meetings were held in January, April, July, August, and October. During May, the Director of Veterinary Research and his staff gave an "At Home " to members of the Society. The following papers were read at ordinary meetings: — Transmission of Diseases b}^ Insects: G, A. H. Bedford. Trypanosomes: D. T. Mitchell. Notes on the Vegetation of South West Africa: Dr. I. B. Pole- Evans. The Haustoria of the Genus Melioa: Dr. E. M. Doidge. An Exhibit of the Principal Cotton Pests of South Africa.: G. C. Haines. On the Advisability of having ample Material for Entomological Stud^: A. J. T. Janse. Snotziekte in Cattle: R. W. M. Mettam. The possibility of destroying Jackals bp any biological methods based on the Life History of the Animal, introduced by Sir A. Theiler. An account of the Veld Burning Experiments at Groenkloof Illustrated by Lantern Slides. Dr. E, P. Phillips. 10 South African Biological Society An Exhibit of some neJV South African Microlepidoptera by A. J. T. Janse. An Exhibition of the Amonites of Pondoland by Dr. E. C. van Hoepen. Exhibition of Microscopic Slides^ forwarded by Dr. G. E Purvis, Grahamstown. Veld Estimation: A. O. D. Mogg. CAPT. SCOTT: SENIOR MEDAL, 1920. Tlie Capt. Scott Senior Medal was presented at the July meeting of the Pretoria Local Branch, by the President of the Society Mr. A. J. .T. Janse, who spoke as follows:— Mr. Fuller, It is an exceedingly great honour and pleasure to me to present the Capt. Scott Memorial Medal to you to-night. In presenting this third medal I may begin by pointing out to you and to the members of the S.A.B.S. that this is the first time the medal is given under somewhat different conditions from those under which the two previous awards were made For the first time a Medal Committee has been appointed by the Council so as to secure a still higher efficiency in the nomi- nation, and as this Committee consisted of our most distinguished scientists this method of election is in itself a token of the out- standing merit of the recipient. A second alteration was that the Council reconmiended to this Committee that the decision should be made on scientific grounds only, omitting any recognition for work done for the Society. By this means the Council rightly attempted to raise the standard of the award, as made to a man of science. May I point out however, that if this clause had stood you should have been the first to get the medal on such grounds alone, for there are few of our members who have done for the Society what you have done for it in the past and it is greatly to be regretted that circumstances prevent you from taking Report of the Council l\ the active position in the Society which you so ably held up to about a year ago. I hope you will, when looking at the medal, think of our gratitude for the vast amount of work you have done for the Society during the first three years of its existence and I hope you will also reflect on the friendly feelings of the one who was its President during two years of that period. With- out your support and active work we would have been helpless. At the same time, however, I beg to remind you that this award was made only in recognition of the scientific work done by you in S. Africa, and as an entomologist, it gives me great pleasure indeed that this award was made to you, as this honour reflects on us as well who are your fellow-workers. At the time when you started your entomological career most people looked upon an entomologist as a sort of crank, who, though of a harmless nature, was certainly not a scientist in the true sense of the word. His study was a hobby, fascinating perhaps, but hardly scientific. It is true, that even then the general public regarded the economic entomologist as a worker of some importance, but he was looked upon as several ranks lower than the botanist. How this state of affairs for instance is changed is proved by the fact that this third award follows immediately upon one made to a botanist. The Medal Committee has sent us the following report, show- ing the grounds on which they reconmiended the award of the third medal '* On the unanimous recommendation of the Medal Committee of the S.A.B.S, the Capt. Scott Senior Medal has been awarded to Mr. Claude Fuller, of the Division of Entomo- logy, more especially for his researches on S. African Termitidae. A brief outline of the wide scope of his work is here indicated." Mr. Fuller's investigations in economic entomology are well knovm from his numerous publications in the official Reports of the Departments of Agriculture, not only in the Union, Cape Colony and Natal, but also of New South Wales and Western Australia. The contents of the seven Annual Reports (1899- 1910) issued by him when Government Entomologist of Natal are of considerable interest, economic value and importance. In 12 South African Biological Society these Natal Reports Mr. Fuller described the life history of the maize stalk-borer, Calamistis fusca. The credit for the system of destroying locusts under State control, as practised at the present time, must be given to Mr. Fuller, who put forward he fundamental principles of this very successful scheme. Mr. Fuller also worked on problems of distinct importance to horticulturists, such as those connected with citrus fruit and pineapples. In addition to the numerous official publications mentioned previously, Mr. Fuller has published valuable memoirs on th^ Coccidae and Termitidae. Among these may be mentioned: — (1) ** The Coccidae of West Australia." Trans. Ent. Socc Lond. (1899). (2) "White Ants in Natal." Bulletin 54, Union of S.A. Dept. of Agriculture. (3) *' Observations on some S.A. Termites." Annals Natal Museum, Vol. 111. Pt. 2. 1915. (4) *' The Wing Venation and Respiratory System of certain S.A. Termites." Annals Natal Museum. Vol. IV. 1919. (5) " The development of the Termite Antenna." Annals Natal Museum. (In the Press.) As an entomologist who has had the good fortune of watching Mr. Fuller at his work I cannot refrain from making a few additional remarks, which, though not adding much to the above strictly scientific considerations, certainly will throw additional light on some of his methods of work. We have in Mr. Fuller not only a scientist, but also a great artist, a combination only too rarely found among entomologists. All articles published by him were most ably illustrated by himself with rare skill, accuracy and taste. How much work of a painstaking nature the illustrations of his '* The wing- venation and respiratory system of certain S.A. termites " in- volved, will only be realised by those who watched him during Report of the Council |3 the preparation of this volume and by those who attempt to 'follow in his footsteps. Not only his own papers, but many of those of other workers were illustrated by his able brush and pen, for instance some of Dr. Peringuey's papers on S. African Coleoptera. Last but not least I may mention Mr. Fuller's rare enthusiasm and devotion to his studies; I am sure he loves his Termites! Rarely did I come to his room when he was Secretary, to dis- cuss matters concerning the Society, but we would not soon be conversing about possible wing-development, revolutionising views about structure of stigmata, or the arrangement of termites according to the joints of the antennae. It showed how deeply and how often he thought about the problems that presented themselves and how well the observations were digested before they were sent to the press. While presenting this medal to you, Mr. Fuller, we add the sincere wish that for many years to come you will be able to continue your fascinating studies with as much success as you have done in the past. 1 4 Claude Fuller THE TERMITES OF SOUTH AFRICA; Being a PTeliminar}) Notice. By Claude Fuller. The present paper, whilst dealing mainly with the termites of the Union of South Africa also embraces species occurring or reported to occur in Africa south of lat. 22 deg. It is not proposed to give descriptions of any of the known species, but preliminary statements are made for those regarded as, at present, undescribed. The keys given are to be regarded as for the everyday use of the field naturalist, and are not designed for the systematist to whom the literature is available. Some apology is required for the length at which the synonomy of some species is dealt with. I have, however, been unable to offer solutions to the puzzles presented in fewer words. My species are species in the commonly accepted taxonomic sense. I take the type as having, or in the future being given, a sufficiently elastic description to include the many variations to be met in the asexual castes and also in the antennae and wdng vena- tion of the imagos. The term *' variety '* has been avoided as a systematic dis- tinction and " form " or " subspecies " used in its place. " Forms " are such as cannot be brought into an elastic descrip- tion without destroying the biological situation. They would be treated as species by some, but appear to me more in the nature of topographical races. The term "subspecies" is employed to preserve what also ap- pears to me to be a biological situation. Such as are given might have been ranked as species were it not that by so treating them the distinct relationship they bear to the type would be obscured. The Termites of South Africa 15 It is not to be inferred that I have any proof that the sub- species recorded are fertile with the type. It is quite possible they are not. On the other hand, the possibilities of *' forms " interbreeding among themselves and with the type are so great that such may reasonably be inferred. As I find no two authorities in agreement upon the funda- mental points of a classification, all differing more oi less in their view of family relationships, and even the status of genera and subgenera, I have adopted a group system. This may seem to be a retrograde step, but it is the only alternative. The arrange- ment followed permits of any reshuffling subsequently found desir- able, and will be found workable and non-contentious. More- over, the grouping as here proposed has these immediate, if but local, advantages: — (a) The characters of the soldiers will, almost always, give a direct clue to the group to which they belong. (b) The group gives a key to the biology of the species in- cluded in it; or, vice versa, the natural habit, when known, will indicate what group the species belongs to. Although the termites of the African continent are estimated to represent at least sixteen groups, it would serve no useful pur- pose to notice all here and, for this reason, I have confined myself to those of which we have representatives. On this basis there are ten groups and twenty-one genera. These are: 1. CALOTERMES Group. Calotermes. Neotermes. Cryptotermes. Porotermes. 2. HODOTERMES Group Hodotermes. 3. PSAMMOTERMES Group Psammotermes. 4. RHINOTERMES Group Schedorhinotermes. 16 Claude Fuller 5. TERMES Group Allodontermes. Macrotermes. Termes. Microtermes. 6. APICOTERMES Group Apicotermes. Hoplognathctermes. 7. NASUTITERMES Group Trinervitermes. Subulitermes. Coactatotermes. 8. HAMITERMES Group Hamitermes. 9. MIROTERMES Group Mirotermes. Cubitermes. Procubitermes. 10. EUTERMES Group Eutermes. (syn. Microcerotermes. ) With regard to the genera enumerated, the following remarks are offered upon the synonomy and status thereof: — Calotermes: In a preliminary note Hagen (1853) created the genus Kalotennei>. The elaboration of this note was delayed for the publication of Peter's *' Reise nach Mossambique ** (1862). In this the same spelling is adopted and Termes flavicolUs Fabr. is cited as the type for living species, as opposed to fossil species. However, in the interim, Hagen (1858) revised the spelling to Calotermes, and in this form it is now thoroughly engrafted upon the literature of termites. It is one of those cases that will, so I think, prove an exception to the rules of nomenclature Except Porotermes, the other genera included in this group (and some more not mentioned) are ranked as sub- genera of Calotermes sens. lat. by Holmgren (1911). Admit- tedly most of Holmgren's subgenera of Calotermes sens. lat. are good independent genera. The Termites of South Africa 1 7 Poroiermes is included in the Calotermes group because the biology of our one species, P. planiceps (Sjost), appears some- what similar to that of the remaining genera. It is a genus with only four known representatives, one African, two Australian and one South American. The local species was originally described as a Calotermes. It was transferred to Poroiermes by Holmgren (191 1 ) who created a special subgenus, Planitermes, for its reception. This is a distinction that seems to me to be super- fluous as the genus is so poor in species. Calotermes amahilis Sjostedt is probably the winged form of P. planiceps. Schedorhinotermes was created as an independent genus by Silvestri (1908) and subsequently reduced to a subgenus of Rhinotermes sens. lat. by Holmgren (191 1). There is muck to be said in favour of Holmgren's arrangement but, as the typical Rhinotermes are South American, a certain amount of prolixity is avoided by following Silvestri. Allodontermes was created by Silvestri (1912). In Holm- gren's classification (1912) it will be found as a subgenus of Protermes s.Iat. If Protermes stands, it may only do so as a subgenus of Altodontermes, the last having admitted priority. Macrotermes is the name given by Holmgren (1912) for a section or subgenus of his genus Termes. I propose to ignore the sub-division made by Holmgren, as it appears unnecessary, and call the genus Macrotermes. In creating a genus with Termes hellicosus Smeathman as the type, Holmgren (1912) deliberately gave to it the name Termes. As I inteipret him he says: ** I will no doubt be reproached for disregarding the rules of nomenclature in niaming the species of this genus Termes because the type of Termes is T.capensis or T.fatalis, both of which have been placed by me in the genus Odontotermes.'* On loth pages 32 and 40, " Termitenstudien III " he is at pains to point out that he has wittingly suspended the rules of nomencla- ture and to recommend that his Odontotermes should be called Termes, and a new name given to Termes sensu Holmgren. On this point Banks (1920) makes the following remarks: " Termes was used by Linneus in the tenth edition of his Systema Natujafi— ^^^ /<> o O
18 Claude Fuller
(p. 609, 1 758) for three insects, one termite, and two psocids.
The latter have been removed. The one termite was T. fatale
of India ; this then is the type of the genus. Several have credited
the genus to Hagen, and Holmgren puts Smeathman as authority
for the genus, and several have considered T. bellicosus as type.'*
The Linnean type, as types go, is unquestionably T. fatale Liim.
(1758) since this name is accompanied by both a description
and a figure in the Systema Naturae. But Termes fatale can
only be regarded as a legendary species seeing that it seems to
have been based upon an account and drav^ngs supplied to Lin-
neus by Rolander of a termite seen by that traveller in Surinam,
not India. On these grounds, coupled with the practical impossi-
bility of connecting fatale with a South American termite, Hagen
(1858) recomm.ended the suppression of fatale; from then onward
it has been treated as a nom. negl. The Indian insect is T. fatalis
Koenig (1779) doubtless so named because Koenig, when
describing it, thought he was dealing with the Linnean species.
There is no evidence to show that Linneus ever saw this insect of
Koenig, but we have Sparrman's word (1783) that Termes
capensis De Geer (1 778) was both seen and recognised as a ter-
mite by Linneus. T. capensis should therefore be regarded as
the type or leucotype of the genus. Whilst Odontotermes sensu
Holmgren falls away, it may be employed for a subgeneric section
of Termes, covering species of the monodon-had'ms-transvaalensis
group.
Microtermes is a genus to which, subsequently, Ancistrotermes
will be found attached as a subgenus. Ancistrotermes was erected
by Silvestri as an independent genus and subsequently Holmgren
(1912) reduced it to a synonym of Microtermes. Silvestri has
objected very strongly to this and maintains the separateness of
his genus. Certainly Ancistrotermes is sufficiently distinct from
Microtermes to hold subgeneric rank, but, biologically, it is too
closely allied to be treated as an independent genus.
Nasutitermes is the group name for a series of genera or sub-
genera that were placed by Holmgren (1912) in his Eutermes
sens. lat. Banks (1920) substituted Nasutitermes for Holm-
The Termites of South Africa 19
gren*s Eutermes s.lat. and c.str. He gives ample evidence to
prove that Eutermes has long been w^rongly applied to those species
with nasuti. Banks shows very clearly that the type of the genus
Eutermes, as erected by Heer (1849), is a termite known as
Microcerotermei, debilis. Consequently Microcerotermes disap-
pears and is replaced by Eutermes. The three South African
sections of this group are herein accorded generic rank tentatively.
Trinervitermes and Suhulitermes probably represent subgenera of
Nasulitermes, but Coarctotermes is without doubt independent.
Hamitermes is the spelling adopted by European authorities.
The genus was erected by Silvestri (1901) under the name
Amite'^mes. Subsequently Silvestri altered the spelling to Hami-
termes. As the change may be authorised under Article 19 of
the Rules of Nomenclature, Silvestri's revised spelling has been
followed.
• Miroiermes slat, is a genus in which Holmgren (1912) in-
cluded those here given (and a number of others) as subgenera.
So far as the South African kinds are concerned I find it con-
venient to accept the distinctions as generic.
SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.
I,— WINGED IMAOOS*
I. STUMP OF FOREWING PLAINLY DIFFERENT FROM
AND DECIDEDLY LARGER THAN THAT OF HINDWING.
A. Radius well separated from Costa with a number of
oblique offsets to Costa ; Radius without strong sector-lihe
branches to inner margin of wing.
(1) Media reaching to wing-tip; (yellowish insects).
a. Media faintly chitinised; half way between R.
and Cu. or nearer to Cu. than R.
(i) With Ocelli, these touching eyes. Calotermes
(ii) Ocelli missing. Porotermet.
b. Media densely chitinised, close to and parallel
with Radius With ocelli touching eyes.
Neotermes
(2) Media not reaching wing tip. Small brownish in-
sects. M. joined to R. at half wing-length so form-
ing an elongated cell between R. and M.
* Cryptotermes.
*In this synopsis Radius is equivalent to Sub-costa of Hagen
and Sjostedt, Radial Sector of Holmgren and Comstock anti
Radius of Desneux.
20 Claude Fuller
B. Radius quite close to and parallel with Costa; simple;
reaching to wing-tip; both Costa and Radius of equal
development. SchedorMnotermes.
II. STUMP OF FOREWING PLAINLY LIKE THAT OF HINB-
WING, ABOUT THE SAME SIZE OR BUT SLIGHTLY
LARGER.
A. Radius well separated from Costa, with a number of
oblique offsets to Costa, and WITH SEVERAL STRONG
SECTOR-LIKE BRANCHES TO INNER MARGIN OP
WING. Eodotermes.
B. Radius quite close to and parallel with Costa ; both C.
and R. of equal development. R. simple, reaching to
wing-tip.
(1) Media missing as a rule; weakly developed when
present. Cubitus highly developed. Small brownish
insects ; span 15 mm. Psammotermes.
(2) Media always present; well developed but not
strongly chitinised, reaching to apex of wing.
a. Head parallel sided, somewhat elongate. Small
black insects ; males decidedly smaller than fe-
males. Eutermes.
b. Head never parallel sided ; ( rounded or broadly
oval.)
(i) Costa and Radius, yellow or orange
coloured ; colour contrasting with more or
less smoky membrane of wing. Fontanelle
plainly triangular. Antennre XV to XVII
jointed. Insects medium sized ; body 10 mm.
Span 38 to 45 m.m. Trinervitermes,
(ii) Costa and Radius concolorous with wing,
or, if contrasting, wings clear hyaline, not
smoky or brownish,
aa. Antennae XIX .iointed.
1. Largest kinds ; Body 16 to 20 mm.
Span 54 to 88 mm. Body brown and
relatively smooth. Wings hyaline,
never smoky. Macrotermes,
2. Large kinds : Body 12 to 15 mm.
Span 38 to 56 mm. Body usually
hairy (exception T. caffrariae).
Bodies brown or black ; wings hya-
line, brown, smoky or black.
Termes.
S, Medium sized : Body 10 mm. Span
about 40 mm. Bodies smooth, yel-
lowish brown. Wings hyaline
AUodo7ite7'iyies.
bb. Antenna} XV to XVIII jointed. Me-
dium sized. Body 10 mm. Span about
30 mm. Bodies smooth, pale yellow to
yellowish brown. Wings hyaline. (Com-
pare with Allodo7itermes, which it much
resembles.) Microtermes.
The Termites of South Africa 21
cc. Antennrs XV to XVII jointed.
Relatively small insects with dark
bodies and dark winj^s.
1. Larger kinds : Body 6 to 8 mm. Span
23 to 27 mm. Wings usually smoky
or blackish. Antennae XV, XVI,
XVII, CuMtermes and
Mirotermcs.
2. Smaller kinds : Body 5 to 6 mm. Spaa
19 to 24 mm. Wings usually brownish.
Antennae XV. Eamitermen.
11. SOLDIERS.
I. NASUTI WITH MANDIBLES REDUCED TO MICROSCOPIC
PLATES. HEADS. SEEN FROM ABOVE, PEAR-SHAPED
WITH A LONG TUBULAR SNOUT.
A. Head regularly pear-shaped. Body brownish.
(1) Head yellowish or reddish; snout usually darker.
Trinervitei'mcs.
(2) Head brownish. Siihulitermes.
B. Head irregularly pear-shaped ; sides plainly constricted ;
wine-coloured. Body black. Coaretotermes.
II. HEADS ABNORMAL; MANDIBLES AS LONG OR LONGER
THAN HEAD, BLADE-LIKE OR ROD-LIKE. HEADS
SHORT AND THICK ; SEEN FROM THE SIDE DISTINCT-
LY TRUNCATE OR DECIDEDLY SLOPING IN FRONT
AND ALWAYS WITH A LARGE FRINGED PORE
(Fontanelle) ON FRONT.
A. Head not plainly longer than wide, four sided; mandibles
blade-like.
(1) Labrum deeply forked; basal joint of antenna
smooth. CuMtermes.
(2) Labrum with sinuate indented tip but not deeply
forked ; basal joint of antenna rough. ProcuMtermes.
B. Head longer than wide, four-sided, frontal ridge with a
pinched up, pointed protuberance; mandibles rod-like.
Mirntermes.
IIL HEADS NORMAL: CYLINDRICAL SUBCYLINDRICAIi
OR LENTICULAR.
A. Head long cylindrical (roller-like) about twice as long
as wide; eyes missing. Mandibles fairly strong; inbent
at tips; cutting margin finely serrate. Small insects.
Eutermes.
B. Head sub-cylindrical; somewhat flattened; facetted eyes
present ; mandibles toothed ; pronotum flat or introse never
plainly sellate.
(1) Mandibles plainly down bent, short, massive; eyes
distinct. PorotermeM.
22 Claude Fuller
(2) Tips of mandibles plainly up bent.
a. Head shorter than body ; mandibles prominent,
teeth large; labrum short, wide, appears rounded;
eyes large, coneolorous with head. Calotermes.
b. Head almost as long as body, very characteristic;
in front decidedly truncate and with a distinct
frontal cavity ; cavity overhung by a sculptured
ridge ; mandibles short, triangular with small
teeth; labrum triangular; eyes small, usually in-
distinct. Cryptotermes.
C. Heads lenticular, flatly arched, oval or sub-oval in dorsal
outline; without facetted eyes.
/(I) Labrum characteristic.
a. Labrum with a deep median groove and fim-
brinate tip; fontanelle large; mandibles short and
with acute teeth. Schedorhinotermes.
b. Labrum not grooved, triangular, with a distinct
cordate, fleshy tip. Macrotermes.
[Labrum forked like prongs of catapult; head
abnormal. CuMtermes, et ante.]
(2) labrum excluded, except us a secondary character.
a. Mandibles sickle-shaped (characteristic) ; both
alike ; both furnished with one strong tooth, the
point of which is directed backwards. Hamitermes.
b. Mandibles without teeth on cutting margin.
Mandibles strong, sword-shaped, tips inbent and
upcurved.
(i) Large insects: soldiers of two sizes; labrum
with cordate fleshy tip. Smallest soldiers
as large or larger than largest workers.
Macrotermes (et ante).
(ii) Small insects : soldiers about one size ;
labrum triangular, tip not fleshy. Soldiers
not larger than largest workers. Microtermes.
[ Small insects : head abnormal ; mandibles
blade-like. CuMtermes and
Procuhiterm^s^
[Mandibles rod-like. Mirotermes.\
c. Left mandible only with one strong tooth (like a
step) on cutting margin. Tooth placed at half
length. Right mandible may exhibit a faint
tooth opposite that on left. In most species,
soldiers only a little larger than largest workers.
Termer (Termes).
d. Both mandibles dentate.
(i) Soldiers with facetted eyes.
aa. Head broadly oval or round, slightly
arched; mandibles massive, with large
sharp triangular teeth; eyes black and
conspicuous. Pronotum distinctly sel-
late. Eodotermes.
The Termites of South Africa 23
bb. Head elongate; pronotum not sellate
i. Mandibles up bent. Calotermes
o TIT ^-ui ^ , ^^t ante).
2. Mandibles down bent. Porotermes
o iLr ^^t ante).
3. Mandibles triangular, teeth small.
Cryptotcrmes
(et ante),
(ii) Soldiers without facetted eyes.
aa. Pronotum flat, semi-lunar, deeply in-
curvate in front. Head longer than
wide, with a large pore in middle,
sides parallel. Antennae stiff, joints
with apex swollen. Legs short and
stout. Psammotermes.
bb. Pronotum not flat, somewhat sellate.
1. Left mandible with several small
broad teeth; right with one.
Labrum pointed, on the tip a boss.
Apicotermes.
2. Both mandibles with a decided tooth.
a. Tooth on left step-like, on right
triangular. Head oval. Labrum
tongue-shaped.
Termes (Odontotermes) .
h. On both step-like. Head short
rectangular. Labrum as wide as
long, sub-trapezoid in front.
Hoplognathotermes.
3. Left mandible with a wide apical
point, below this a distinct notch.
Right mandible with a decided tooth
(step-like) at half its length. Labrum
roundly triangular with a small
hyaline tip. Allodontermes.
4. Both mandibles alike, both finely ser-
rate. Heads cylindrical.
Eutermes (et ante).
SYNOPSIS OF HABITS AND FIELD KEY.
I. Living and nesting in trees.
A. Nests in form of simple cells and galleries gnawed
out for food and accommodation; almost always located
in dead stubs where limbs have broken away. Seldom
any external evidence. Abdomen of queens elongated
not greatly distended; queens moving freely in nest.
No workers present ; relatively few soldiers ; colony com-
posed of many nymphfe in all stages of development.
No earth in nest.
(1) Soldiers fairly large; mandibles large and strongly
toothed. Distribution: Natal, Cape, (East and b.l;..
Coasts). Calotermes (2 spp).
Neotermes (1 sp).
24 Claude Fuller
(2) Soldiers small, very few in colony; mandibles short;
liead hardly longer than body. Distribution: Natal,
Cape (East Coast). Cryptotermes (2 spp).
B. Living in dead wood ; so far only found in mountainous
parts of southern Cape Province. Soldiers with strong
toothed mandibles ; mandibles plainly downbent ; facet-
ted eyes large; accompanied by workers. Biology not
well understood. Porotermes (1 sp).
C. Making nests of carton in hollows, that are due to decay,
in trunks and limbs of standing trees. Soldiers and
workers found below long individual galleries of carton
extending up and down trunk and branches. Workers
boring for food in dead limbs. Soldiers of two very
distinct castes, both castes exhibiting a very distinct
labrum which is deeply grooved and possesses a flm-
brinate tip. Distribution : Coast of Natal and ZululaDd,
Schedorhinotermes (1 sp.)
II* Nesting in soiil.
A. Nests independent; capable of being lifted out bodily,
unless, as sometimes happens, attached to dead roots ol
stumps. Nests made of a black or black-brown carton
like substance. Nests ranging in size from that of the
egg of a goose to that of an ostrich, rarely larger. Sol-
diers small ; heads cylindrical, both mandibles alike,
both finely serrate. Distribution: General.
Eutermes spp.
B. Nests never independent.
(1) With little or no surface indication of nest-site.
a. Harvesters, Workers large with brown or black
heads and large facetted eyes ; to be seen
dragging or carrying short grass-lengths into
openings in soil. Soldiers large, yellow headed
with black eyes and strongly toothed mandibles.
Workers may often be found making loose piles
of earth like mole-hills, each pile with a clay,
tubular core. Nests are large globular cavities in
soil ; cavities filled with closely set shelving made
of a very fragile carton. (Exception, H, Thom^
seni. This species builds a large, hard, clay cone
over nest in De Ghoup of the Karroo.) Distri-
bution: General. Hodotermes, spp.
b. Fungus growers. Workers feeding on dead grass,
wood, and dung, always constructing a canopy of
clay. Sometimes found feeding on dead bark
and fencing poles.
(i) Nests as large globular cavities with clay
brackets and a large fungus garden. Sol-
diers about as large as largest workers,
with one large tooth on left mandible.
aa. Only known from Humansdorp, Cape,
S.E Termes capensis.
The Termites of South Africa 25
bb. Distribution: General, except Karroo
and Cape, S.W. (Exceptions: making a
small mound in the district of George;
making a bare patch more or less cirl
cular in outline over nest-site In
Transkei). Termes anguatatus.
s. lat.
(ii) Nests as very fine tunnels, diameter 2 mm.,
ramifying in soil; with small adjacent
cavities, each containing a small fungus
garden.
aa. Fungus gardens like the kernel of a
walnut, from one to three inches in
diameter. Soldiers not larger than
workers with short, toothless, sword-
shaped mandibles. Distribution: Gen-
eral, except Karroo anl Cape S.W.
Microtermes spp.
bb. Fungus gardens from 8 to 5 Inches in
diameter; sub-circular; flat below,
arched above, plainly rosette shaped;
laminae radiating from centre. Soldiers
but faintly larger than workers;
mandibles toothed, left with a decided
notch one-third from the apex. Distri-
bution : Northern half of Transvaal and
Kalahari. Allodontermes (1 sp).
c. Biology unknown.
(i) Reported from Zululand. Apicotermes (1 sp.)
(ii) Found at Vryburg. Hoplognathotermes
(1 sp.)
(2) With marked and often characteristic indications of
nest-site.
SECTION I. FUNGUS GROWERS.
a. Nest below a broad flattish and characterless
mound or below an assembly of moundlets, each
moundlet about 4 inches high and made of firmly
cemented earth; nests usually associated with
trees or shrubs. Nest cavity large, quite filled
with sponge-like fungus garden. Queens largest
found ; imprisoned in large shapeless ceU of clay.
Workers often found in great numbers feeding
on bark or trees and on posts under sheet-like
canopy of clay; commonly found attacking wool
work of houses; often found destroying lawns
under wide canopies of clay. Soldiers larger than
workers with a very distinct step-like tooth on
left mandible. Distribution: Natal, Transvaal,
Orange Free State and Transkei.
Termes hadius s. lat.
26 Claude Fuller
b. Nest-site always indicated by several pits in soil,
flat or covered by a raised mound ; mouths of pits
surrounded with clay pipes; queens large, im-
prisoned in cells.
(i) Pipes thin walled, tenuous and tapering,
sometimes 6 feet high.
Distribution : Transvaal Bush Veld, Kalahari
and Vaal River Valley (West).
Termes transvaaJensis.
(ii) Pipes thick walled, turret-like, three inches
to two feet high.
Distribution : General for Natal and Trans-
vaal. Termes latericius s. lat.
c. Nest site covered by mound of loose soil, not un-
like that of new grave; usually amongst trees;
infrequently becoming compact and hard by
weathering; usually with mole-hill like mound-
lets on or next to main mound. Soldiers large
and aggressive with sword-shaped mandibles;
queens imprisoned in clay cells.
Distribution: Transvaal, Waterberg area.
Macrotermes waterhergi,
d. Nests in or below hard mounds of cemented earth.
(i) Nests as large cavities, down to 4 feet below
soil level. Queens large, imprisoned in clay
cells. Mounds fairly characteristic when
not grass-grown.
aa. Mound roughly dome-shaped, covered
with large knobs or moundlets of hard
texture shaped like warts. Soldiers
large ; aggressive ; with sword-shaped
mandibles. A destructive species.
Distribution: Foothills of Drakensberg
in Eastern low veld of Transvaal and
Swaziland. Macrotermes swaziae.
bb. Mounds conical.
i. Tall mounds, 10 feet and upwards;
may be very large and grass-grown,
then often with a clay column at
apex. Soldiers with sword-shaped
mandibles,
a. Very destructive, found in Dama-
raland; Ovomboland; Valley of
Limpopo; Portuguese East Af-
rica ; west of Lebombo Mountains.
Macrotermes belUcosus s. lat.
t. Very destructive, found in Trans-
vaal Eastern low veld.
Macrotermes natalensis f.
intermedius.
2. Mounds not tall ; 3 to 4 feet or, rarely,
6 feet high.
The Termites of South Africa 27
a. Soldiers with sword-shaped man-
dibles. Very destructive, found
in Natal, Transvaal, Griqualand
West, Kalahari.
Macrotermes natalensia
s. str. and s. lat.
5. Soldiers with large step-like
tooth on left mandible. Mounds
low and more often grass covered
than bare. Distribution: Natal.
Termes vulgaris.
SECTION II. NOT FUNGUS GROWERS.
(11) Nests within cellular mounds; nest super-
ficial, never penetrating soil to any great
depth.
aa. Mounds usually hemispherical (like a
Zulu hut) or roughly conical. In Kala-
hari soinetimes columnar and 6 feet
high; elsewhere, seldom more than 2
high and 3 feet in diameter. Surface
of mound hard; interior relatively soft
and very cellular; cells intercommimi-
cating openly and forming a labyrinth,
always more or less filled with short
grass lengths. Cellular part never car-
ried down Into soil more than 18 to 20
inches.
1. Soldiers nasute. Soldiers with yel-
low or reddish heads. Distribution:
General for Union.
Trinervitennes spp.
2. Soldiers with brown heads. Distri-
bution : Bushmanland.
SuhuUtermes sp.
bb. Mounds sometimes hemispherical, more
often flatly dome-shaped; of hard tex-
ture; cells small and cell-walls thick.
No provisions stored in nest. Cellular
part not carried deep into soil. Sol-
diers with barbed and sickle-shaped
mandibles Distribution: General, ex-
cept Natal Hamitermes spp.
cc Mounds quite small; very hard, usually
like a piece of sandstone set m soil;
never more than a few inches high and.
12 inches in diameter. Soldiers with
short thick heads. Often built amongst
stones •
1 Soldiers with a forked labrum. Dis-
' tribution: General. CuUtermes spp.
2 Soldiers with basal joint of antenna
* roughened. Distribution: Transvaal.
^ ProcuUtermes sp.
28 Claude Fuller
1.— CALOTERMES GROUP.
Genus CALOTERMES Hagen.
Calotermes durhanensis Haviland.
= Calotermes madagascaremis Wasmann, Sjostedt (in part,
1900).
This species belongs to the C .flavicollis group. No complete
description of the imago has been given, the species being erected
by Haviland on the soldier caste only. The imago is well known
to me, and I believe the species to be distinct from the insular
madagascarensis. There appears to be much in which the two
are alike, and it is to be remembered that Sjostedt reduced dur-
hanensis to a synonym of Wasmann's species on a comparison of
soldiers only. Unfortunately Wasmann's description does not go
far enough. However, he describes the pronotum of the winged
madagascarensis as short, broad and semilunar, a description that
does not fit the pronotum of diirhanes'is, which is sub-quadrangular.
Similarly, Wasmann's description of the pronotum of the soldier
does not apply.
The soldiers of durbanensu differ from those of flavicollis in
not having the prominent third tooth (not counting the apical)
shown in Hagea's figure of the left mandible. Judging by the
same figure, the soldier pronotum of durhanensis appears more
like that of flavicollis than madagascarensis except that the hind
margin is rounded, not incurvate in the middle as appears to be
the case with both flavicollis and madagascarensis.
Calotermes hraunsi n.sp.
Through the kindness of Dr. Hans Brauns, I have from '* The
Wilderness " on the Cape South Coast soldiers and nymphs of a
Calotermes. These I regard as representing an undescribed
species. The soldier is readily distinguished from that of dur-
hanensis by having three distinct teeth below the apical, as figured
for flavicollis by Hagen. It differs from both flavicollis and
The Termites of South Africa 29
durbanensis in having the front margin of the pronotum angularly
indented in the middle. The labrum is longer than that of dur-
banensis, always covering more of the base of the mandibles.
Genus NEOTERMES Holmgren (1911).
Neotermes zuluensis Holmgren.
Holmgren has described a tpecies under this name from ma-
terial collected by Ivor Triigardh at Lake Sibayi, Zululand. The
species is founded on the soldier form, the imago being unknown.
The published description is very imperfect, and as far as it goes
might relate to durbanensis. The imagos of Neotermes differ
strikingly from those of Calotermes inasmuch as the Media runs
close to and parallel with the Radius whilst in Calotermes it lies
about half way between the Radius and Cubitus. I have not
met with any imagos or soldiers of Neotermes up to the present.
Genus CRYPTOTERMES Banks.
Cr^ptotermes merwei sp.n.
This termite is to be found at a number of points along the
Natal coast. The nests are always in the dead stubs left where
limbs have broken away from living trees. Although interming-
ling with Calotermes durbanensis it favours more the flora of the
sand dunes behind the sea beaches. However, I have received
imagos that cannot be separated from the Natal form from the
Albany Museum. These were obtained from the Brak Valley,
Grahamstown.
The imago of merwei answers well to the description given
by Sjostedt for C.Havilandi from Senegal, etc. It is, however,
a little smaller and may differ in features not touched upon in
Sjostedt's description. The soldiers are very diffeient from those
of havilandi as described by Silvestri. The frontal ridge of the
head is very slightly incurvate, almost straight. In this it differ?
from havilandi, senegalensis and pseudobrevis. The clypeo-
apical is short, wide, and the front margin distinctly incurvate.
The labrum is wide, somewhat heart-shaped in outline; the tip
30 Claude Fuller
finely pointed. I have much pleasure in naming this insect after
my colleague, Mr. C. P. van der Merwe, as a small return for
the many observations he has made for me.
Cr^piotermes pseudobrevis sp.n.
Colonies of this species are knowoi to have inhabited the v/ood-
work of certain compositors* desks in the printing works of the
** Natal Mercury,'* at Durban, for a number of years past.
Because it has not been found elsewhere and is localised in the
centre of that part of the town which has longest been the most
closely built over, one is inclined to look upon it as an exotic
species.
TTie heads of the soldiers, in a lateral inspection, agree wholly
with the excellent figure of the West Indian Cryptoiermes brevis
Walker published by Nathan Banks (1920). Unfortunately*
there appears to be no description of this caste of brevis, the species
having been erected on the imago. The head of pseudobrevis
is, as with that of brevis, tuberculate in front and smooth behind.
There is also a deep cavity in front. Viewed from above pseudo-
brevis exhibits a strikingly bilobed frontal ridge; this is more
deeply indented than is the case with havilandi and senegalensis.
Behind the frontal ridge there is a median groove extending back
to neany half the length of the head. From this aspect the sides
of the head are so sinuate that the outline resembles that of a squat
ewer. The pronotum is cream coloured except for the erected,
front corners and thereabouts, where it is brown.
The front corners are well within the boundaries of the sides
so that the pronotum may be said to narrow strikingly; they are
triangular and flap-like, and so erected that each is marked off
from the rest of the pronotum by a distinct groove. Hie sides
and hind margin merge roundlv into one another The figure
of brevis given by Banks does not indicate any striking peculiarity
of the pronotum such as that here described for pseudobrevis..
The winged imagos before me were killed in the nest before
they had become chitinised. They are pale yellow with black
The Termites of South Africa
31
eyes. With them are two breeding males and one female; these
are brown. None of the specimens have antennae.
Hagen's description of the imago of hrevis might be applied to
these except they are larger.
The measurements of the imagos of the several Cr^ptotermes
discussed are contrasted be!ow in millimetres.
merwei
havi-
landi
brevis
pseudo-
brevi«j
Body v/ith wings . . . .
8.6
9.0
9.0
11.0
Body without wings
5 to 5.9
6.0
4.0
5 to 5.5
F.Wing with stumps
7.0
9.5
. F.Wing without stumps
6.2
7.3
8.5
Span
15.0
17.0
16-0
20.0
Genus POROTERMES Hagen (1858).
Porotermes planiceps (Sjostedt.)
= Caloiermes planiceps Sjostedt (1904).
= Porotermes (Planitermes) planiceps (Sjost.) Holmgren
1911).
? == Calotermes amabilis Sjostedt (191 1).
This species was described from soldiers and workers found in
a dead stick by Dr. L. Perinquey, at Ceres, Cape Province. I
understand from Dr. Perinquey that he has also seen the species
at Stellenbosch and on Table Mountain. Part of the original
type series is in the South African Museum at Cape Town. These
specimens I have examined.
I have also a good series of soldiers and workers found by
Dr. Hans Brauns in the Montagu Pass, where he kindly made
a special search for the species on my behalf. They were found
in a fallen piece of dead wood.
The imago of planiceps is as yet unknown. Sjostedt has,
however, described and named a winged termite from *' Kap-
land '* under the name Calotermes amabilis. This exhibits no
ocelli, and the absence of these organs coupled with other fea-
tures leads one to infer that amabilis is a Porotermes and, prob-
ably, the winged form of planiceps.
32 Claude Fuller
GROUP II.— HODOTERMES.
Genus HODOTERMES Hagen.
Sub-genus Hodoiermes s.str.
Type Termes viator Latrielie (1805) a worker.
Sub-genus Macrohodotermes sg. nov.
Type Hodotermes mossambicus Hagen.
Sub-genus Anacanthotermes Jac.
Type Hodotermes ochraceas Hagen (from Persia.)
Hodotermes was created by Hagen (1853) with T. viator
Latr. as the type. Later (1858) the genus was subdivided by
him into two sections; one containing ochraceus and vagans, the
other mossambicus and viator. Neither section was given sub-
generic rank. Jaccbson (1904) erected the subgenus
Anacanthotermes for H. ochraceus Burm. This sub-genus was
suppressed by Desneux and reconstituted by Holmgren.
The revision here submitted is :
A. Tibiae of imagos without lateral spurs Anacanthotermes
Jac.
B. Tibiae of imagos with lateral spurs.
a. Styli elongate cylindrical, first wing rib without
branchlets to costa. Basal half of gula noticeably
chitinized, brown or yellow; left mandible of soldier
somewhat straight with first and second teeth short,
wide and blunt, not triangular; gula of worker as
with imago. Hodotermes s. str.
b. Styli atrophied or m.issing; first wing rib with one or
more short oblique branchlets to costa.
Basal half of gula not noticeably chitinised. pallid or
mottled with grey or black; left mandible of soldier
arcuate, with first and second teeth pointed and tri-
angular; gula of worker as with imago.
Macrohodotermes, sg.n.
The Termitei of South Africa 33
Sub-genus HoDOTERMES, s.str.
Hodotermes viator (Latr.)
=-- H. aurmllu Sjostedt (1900).
The synonomy of Hodotermes viator (Latr.) is somewhat in-
volved; but from an examination of the type, I have been able to
decide that the form hitherto known as H. aurivillii Sjostedt
(1900) represents Latrielle's species. In a previous paper of the
writer's (1915), wherein a description of the soldier and worker
caste of viator was set out, the announcement was made that
aurivillii was quite a distinct species.
It is only recently, however, that I have had the opportunity of
inspecting Latrielle's type, this being submitted to me, from the
Brussels Museum, through the kindly offices of Dr. L. Peringuey,
Director of the South African Museum. It is especially interest-
ing that after a period of over 1 1 5 years this specimen should
again return, if but temporarily, to South Africa and be sufficient-
ly unique to set at rest what might otherwise have remained
debatable.
The type has a recorded headwidth of 4 mm. (Hagen,, Sjo-
stedt) but a careful measurement shows it to be 3.8 mm. The
head is a clear red brown in colour with the pseudo ocelli very
distinct, quite sharply defined and bright yellow. The flagelli
of both antennae are missing so that only the two basal joints
of each organ remain. The mandibles are closely clenched and
cannot be examined. The frons exhibits a shallow but distinct
transverse depression almost oblong in oudine, the hind margin
being broken in the middle by a short keel, a projection of the
vertex into the depression. The body, as a whole, is an opaque,
orange yellow, there being a noticeable and dark band in the trans-
verse furrow of the pronotum. The legs are a pale sordid yellow,
but two are present, and from one, a tarsus is missing. Apart from
the labels showing it to be Latrielle's type, there are two older
labels which I have failed to decipher.
34 Claude Fuller
The type is characterized mainly by its unusually large head
and it is mainly upon this feature I have connected aurivillii with
viator.
Widely distributed as Hodoiermes s.s is throughout the Union
south of the Orange River and ample as are my series from certain
points, those points are comparatively few and widely separated as
may be seen from the accompanying list:
N. W. area: Springbok, Sts?nkopf, Prieska (Sodium) Van
Rhynsdorp.
S.W. area: Malmesbury, Stellenbosch, Elsenberg, Simondium,
Groot Drakenstein.
Middle area: Victoria West, Nobelsfontein, Three Sisters,
Beaufort West, Krantsvogelkuil, Montagu, Willowmore.
S.E. area: Peddie, Alicedale, Coeney.
Upon the whole each series is fairly representative of the average
condition of the particular community each illustrates. This being
so it is remarkable that in the Malmesbury series only are there
workers that attain the full dimensions given by Sjostedt for
H. aurmllii. Quite a number of these workers have a head width
of 3.8 mm. In only a few of the remaining series is there an
occasional worker with a head ^vidth of 3.5 nrni. Apart from
their wide heads the workers from the Malmesbury district are
also more in agreement with Latrielle's type as regards the colour
of the head and the striking distinctness of the pseudo ocelli. So
much is this the case that one feels sure the type locality of viator
must be that neighbourhood or somewhere in the country interven-
ing between there and Cape Tovm of a similar, sandy treeless,
nature.
The points upon which Sjostedt distinguished aurivillii from
viator may be tabulated as follows:
The Termites of South Africa
35
viator.
aurivillii.
(a) Mandibles somewhat
somewhat curved.
straight.
(b) Left mandible of soldier
with third tooth very distinct.
with third tooth small.
(c) Front and hind lobe about
Front lobe more strongly out-
equally long in the middle
curved than viator, front
angles more broadly
rounded.
Cd) Hind margin of pronotum
not so strongly curved. Broad
circular (kreisformig).
incurved (eingebuchtet) in
the middle.
(e) Workers:
The workers stand between
the larger and the smaller
of aurivillii, otherwise hard-
,
ly distinguished.
Headwidth of worker 4.0
Fleadwidth 2 to 3.8 mm.
mm. Length 8 mm.
Length 7 to 1 1 mm.
TTiere are three differences here which, taken together, go to
show the strong possibility that the soldier, in the Schoenherr
collection, identified as viator by Hagen was not i iator. Upon
the several points I would like to offer the following remarks.
(a) The mandibles of the largest soldiers in the Malmesbury
series are plainly more incurved than are those of the medium
sized and smallest. The mandibles of the smaller are as straight
as of soldiers of equ^l size found elsewhere in the Cape S.W.
36 Claude Fuller
(b) By comparing camera lucida drawings of the mandibles
of the soldiers of this sub-genus, one is able to detect differences
in the prominence and orientation of the third tooth of the left
mandible as between soldiers of the same series and as between
species. Thus the third tooth is more prominent in some soldiers
of the Malmesbury series than in others. As between species, so
far as my exami.iation goes this tooth is least produced and blunter
in viator (e.g. aurmllii) than in others, especially H. peringuey^i
and H. thomseni.
(c) The difference cited for the anterior lobes and angles
of the pronotum furnishes my principal reason for thinking the
insect in the Schoenherr collection was wrongly determined as
viator by Hagen,
(d) The h.ind margin of the pronotum of all soldiers of
Hodotermes s. lat. is incurved in the middle. There are diffe-
rences in the degree of incurvature, but with the exception of one
abnormal specimen, I have seen no soldier of which the hind mar-
gin of the pronotum could be described as " kreisformig ". This
abnormal specimen is one of the Malmesbury series!
(e) The only dimension of any value in comparing the varia-
tion of size of workers of Hodotermes s. lat. is the headwidth.
On this Sjostedt's statement that the workers of viator stand
*' between *' the larger and smaller of aurivillii collapses.
Latrielle*s description (1805) is quite brief and may be quoted
in full:
Termes VOYAGEURS — Termes viator.^
Je n'en connais que la larve qui est d'un brun clair, avec la
tete grosse, brune; les yeux noirs, a facettes tres distinctes»
places sur les cotes, a peu de distance des mandibles; deux
points jaunatres a la place des petits yeux Hsse. Du Cap. d.
Bon. Esp.
Burmeister (1839) described certain imagos from South Africa
(vorbirge du G. Hoff.) as those of viator. How much guesswork
there was about this determination cannot now be told, but it
♦It is evident from the title here bestowed that Latrielle was
to some extent acquainted with the characteristic habit of this
species ; that of moving freely over the surface of the ground.
The Termites of South Africa 37
must have been a conjecture. Burmeister speaks of the head being
dark coloured, mouth, antennae and legs paler. He adds that
the species inhabits sandy treeless parts where the cone-shaped
mounds appear from a distance like the huts of the inhabitants.*
Hagen (1858) furnished a more elaborate description of
viator comparing it with H. mossamhicus. That part of the
description which applies to the imagos was drawn up from
several dried males and females, the types of Burmeister. The
account of the worker clearly relates to Latrielle's type, but
mention is made of five " younger " forms of paler colour. The
description of the soldier was based upon two specimens, both of
which Hagen for some reason regarded as dwarfed — (nicht ganz
ausgewachsens).
One of these two soldiers belonged to Schoenherr's collection
in the Stockholm Museum (e.g. that used by Sjostedt for his
diagnosis) ; the imagos were collected by Krebs and Mund.
Hagen says that the relationship of imago with worker and soldier
is based only upon a conjecture although confirmed by the speci-
mens in the Berlin Museum belonging to one collection. From
this it may be gathered that a r>oldier and five workers accom-
panied Krebes' and Mund's imagos. Unfortunately, here, as with
the type, it is not nowadays possible to place precisely the locality
where the specimens were obtained.
In his description of the imago Hagen says: '* Dark brown,
head and thorax black brown; the mouth, the antennae, the front
margin of the pronotum, the tips of the tibiae and tarsi yellowish".
It can only be inferred that the unmentioned parts of the limbs
were dark brown; although this is not supported by either the
older description of Burmeister (1839) or the newer of Sjostedt
(1900). However that the rest of the legs are dark may be
gathered from the fact that Sjostedt found an imago from Hex
River to agree with the types; this could only have had dark legs
*The mounds referred to could only have been those of
Trinervitermes sp. At Malmesbury Mr. W. R. Birch, of the
Division of Entomology, has found a colony of H. viato)- nesting
in a deserted mound of Trinervitermes. The interior of ^e
mound being converted into a typical Hodotermes nest The ae-
scription of the country applies to the environment of aurmUn.
38 Claude Fuller
of which part of each tibia and the whole of each tarsus was
yellowish.*
Silvestri (1908) with specimens before him from Namaqualand
(Luderitzbucht and Steinkopf) reduced aurivillii to a synonym of
viator stating that it was clear from she description and the analyti-
cal table of Sjostedt, that the diflerence was one oi size only.
The writer has not seen any repudiation by Silvestri of his deter-
mination. But, as a footnote by no means germane to the dis-
cussion it appends, Sjostedt (19) 1) briefly states that in a pri-
vate letter to him Silvestri admits that he was wrong in reducing
aitrmllii to a synonym of via/o^. However, the Namaqualand
form which Silvestri had before him is distinct from viator. It is
referred to later as H. silvesirii.
The description of viator given by the writer (1915) applies to
the form usually met with in the neighbourhood of Paarl and
Stellenbosch. The soldiers and workers from this district seem
t:> be regularly smaller in stature than those found at Malmes-
bury but the mandibles of the soldiers are not relatively straighten
The imagos from the two centres do not differ.
As relatively large soldiers and workers have been collected
at Groot Drakenstein which intergrade between this smaller
(Stellenbosch, Paarl) and the large-; (Malmesbury) it is not
v/ise to separate the smaller although it might be considered,
tentatively, as H. viator f. hageni.
In conclusion, I take as Hodotermes viator (Latr.) that species
found in the S.W. Cape to which the descriptions cited all apply
fairly well. It is a species that can only be satisfactorily re-
cognised by the following characters of the imago.
Males often decidedly smaller than females.
Above dark red-brown; below abdomen pallid, often a sordid
brownish yellow, always sharply contrasting with the
dark coloured legs. Pronotum not quite so dark as
*Hageii states that nothing is known of the habits of viator and
qaestious the remarks of Burmeister. He presumes viator to be
the species referred to by Lichtenstein as working underground
in the vicinity of the Seacow River, a southern tributary of the
Orange River. The insect seen by Lichtenstein was no doubt a
Maorohodotermes.
The Termites of South Africa 59
the head, the anterior lobe often mottled with yellow,
often with a dark median line. (In dried material the
anterior lobe noticeably pale yellow).
Abdomen above brown or yellow brown, always less dark
than the head or the thorax, always dark in con-
trast with the underside. Legs brown or red brown
except that the tarsi, the tipr of the tibiae and the
tips of the femora are yellow. (The apical half of the
tibia or less may be yellow). The outline of the
pronotum is characteristic in that the margin of the
front lobe bends into the front margin of the anterior
lateral corners without being there angularly indented
and in that the curve of the margin of the front lobe is
somewhat acute.
The range of this termite is not defined but it may be described
as a S.W. species common to the districts of the Cape, Stellen-
bosch, Paarl and Malmesbury.
Hodotermes peringueyi sp n.
The imago of this species is readily distinguished from that of
H. viator by the uniform pale yellow colour of the legs, only the
sides of the coxae being brown: by the wide, short pronotum in
which the margin of the front lobe meets the anterior comers at a
sharp angle and by the golden yellow colour of the tergites of
the abdomen. The third tooth of the left mandible of the
soldier is more produced and acute than in viator.
This if essentially a S.E. termite of indefinite range but
known to inhabit the districts of Albany. Peddie and Alexandria.
Hodotermes thomseni sp.n.
The imagos of this species differ from any others in their small
size, the largest females attaining the dimensions of the smallest
males of viator, peringueyi and silvestrii. The pronotum is
somewhat like that of H. peringueyi, but relatively longer. The
legs and abdomen are coloured as are those parts of viator,
but are uniformly paler. The third tooth of the left mandible
of the soldier is as in peringue^i; the dentation of the mandibles
40 Claude Fuller
and the sculpture is more sharply defined in this caste than in
other species; this difference is plainly discernible when the sol-
diers of thomseni are compared with those of other species.
This termite inhabits that portion of the Great Karroo known
as De Ghoup where it builds, over its nest sites, extremely hard
conical mounds, remarkable for their symmetry. Many of
these mounds attain a height of between three and four feet.
It is the only Hodotermes building a mound over its nest site.
Similar mounds have been seen in the Karroo in the northern
part of the Ceres district where the environment is like that of De
Ghoup.
Hodotermes silvestrii sp.n.
= H. viator sens. Silvestri (1908).
The imagos of this species are much in agreement with H.
viator. They differ in having the tergites of the abdomen golden
yellow like H. peringueyi^ except that first tergite has a wide,
brown band extending across the anterior half and that the
pronotum is parti-coloured; it may be described as being some-
what cream-coloured with a wide transverse brown band. The
outline of the pronotum closely approaches that of viator ^ but
the margin of the front lobe bends into that of the anterior lateral
corners at a more definite angle.
The mandibles of the soldiers agree closely with those of
viator as regards the third tooth of the left.
This is essentially the Namaqualand-Bushmanland Hodotermes
s.s. and ranges from van Rhynsdorp to the Orange River. Imagos
have also been taken at Victoria West.
Hodotermes faurei sp.n.
The imagos of this species are structurally in agreement wath
H. silvestrii. Otherwise they approximate those of H. viator
but are darker, especially below, the abdominal sternites being
brown except that the first two or three may be yellowish in the
middle. The mandibles are brown, not yellow and only the
tips of the tibiae and the tarsi are pale, being pale browTi. Only
dealate imagos known. This may prove to be a dark form of //.
silvestrii. Locality Victoria West.
The Termites of South Africa 4t
Sub-genus MacrohodOTERMES sg.n.
The definition of species in this sub-genus is fraught with
many difficuhies, and it seems to me that the wide variety of
forms scattered over Southern Africa represent but very few
species. Having examined soldiers, v/orkers and imagos from
many parts I have decided to recognise only three species.
These are Macrohodotermes mossamhicus (Hagen) sensu latus,
Macrohodotermes ^arrooensis mihi and Macrohodotermes palli-
dus sp.n. Each different terrain seems to give rise to its own
peculiar " form " or topographical race. Especially is this the
case in the mossamhicus series, wherein from the largest (irans-
vaalensis mihi) to the smallest (pulcher Sjostedt) I have a series
of intergrading imagos.
Here I may say that the published measurements of pulcher
are somewhat conflicting; this is especially noticeable when com-
paring the " wing-lengths '* and the " span *', seeing that in the
latter no allowance is made by Sjostedt for the width of the pro-
notum between the wing roots. According to Sjostedt's basis
of measurements, in his Monograph, the length of the wing does
not include the stump. In the case of pulcher he gives the wings
as 21 to 23 mm., and the span 42 to 46 mm. or just twice the
length of the wing. The body length is given as 10 to 13 mm.
and I can only think these measurements refer to shrunken in-
sects with the heads in a vertical position. A type of pulcher
in the British Museum has, with the head bent down, a length
of 13 mm.; this with the head outstretched would be about
15 mm. The wings of two types in the British Museum, in-
cluding the stump, measure respectively 20 and 23 mm., and
the span of these should be 41.5 and 47.5 respectively.
In the subjoined table are given certain measurements in milli-
metres of six series of imagos. The range of each includes males
and females, the larger dimension is that of the largest female the
smaller that of the smallest male. All the material is preserved in
alcohol. The body is measured with the head outstretched. The
wing-length is that of the forewing without the stump.
42
f^^^ttrJe Fuller
P.
P.R.
J.
L.
K.
pulcher a
pulcherft
Body &
wings
:-;4-3i.5
32.27
31-30
30.5-29
29-25
—
25-23
Body
18-17
18-15.5
17-15
17-16.5
16-13
14
13-10
Fore-
wing
28-25.5
25.5-20
24.5-22
24-23
22-19.7
23-20
23-21
Span
62-57
56-45
55-49
52-51
51-42
47.5-41.5
46-42
Head-
width
?, 5-3.1
3.3-3.0
3.3-3.0
3.4-3.2
3.1-2.7
— •
—
P = Pretoria; P.R. — Pienaars River: J = Johannesburg;
L = Lovat; K = Knapdaar; pulcher a = measurements of
types in British Museum; pulcher h = Sjostedt's published
measurements.
Macrohodotermes mossambicus (Hagen) sens. sir. (1853, 1862)
= Hodotermes mossambicus Hagen (1853, 1862).
== Hodotermes mossambicus Hagen (1858 in part, nee.
soldier) .
In the strict sense mossambicus is a species only known, even
today, by the imagos and workers. No soldiers have ever been
obtained from the type locality.
There are no less than five records of the occurrence of the
species in South Africa, but no one of these can be regarded as
technically valid.
Hagen ( 1 858) gave the first record and this calls for some
explanation. In 1853 he published a preliminary note on the
Termites of Mossambique in which he named certain imagos
Hodotermes mossambicus. The amplification of this note had a
delayed publication and appeared in Peter's *' Reise nach
Mossambique *' published in 1862. The amplification refers only
to imagos and workers.
In the interim, Hagen (1858) published his Monograph and into
the description of H. mossambicus^ therein given, he inserted a
description of the soldier caste. This description was based upon a
single, dry and imperfect specimen collected by Dorhn at Pniel
Mission Station in Griqualand West. The type locality of this
soldier is, therefore, the valley of the Orange River between Kim-
berley and Barkly West.
The Termites of South Africa 43
Although it is not known with any degree of certainty where-
abouts in Portuguese East Africa Peters obtained his images,
the probability is that it was in the valley of the Zambesi River,
or quite a thousand miles away from where the soldier came from.
Sjostedt (1900) recorded the species from the Cape, the speci-
mens being collected by Meyer at " Orlog River." This prob-
ably refers to the Oorlog Kloof Rivier in Calvinia, but may refer
to the Oorlog Poort Rivier in Aliwal North. The imagos ex-
hibited much larger measurements than the type, and these, being
included in the description, have led to some misconceptions.
Sjostedt (1900) is also responsible for reducing havilandi to a
synonym of mossambicus, Silvestri (1908) recorded mossam-
hicus from the Kalahari and Damaraland. His determination
seems to have been based on Sjostedt's " hold all " description.
Holmgren (1913) determined specimens of soldiers from Zulu-
land as mossambicus. He follows Sjostedt; the record relates
more properly to havilandi.
The writer (1915) recorded mossambicus from Marico
(Transvaal), Kimberley (Griqualand West) and Somkele (Zu-
luland). The last record relates to havilandi, the two former
to transvaalensis.
Macrohodotermes mossambicus sub sp. havilandi.
= Hodotermes havilandi. Sharp and Haviland,
It is customary to credit Sharp with the description of havilandi
He appears to have selected the name for it, but it was described
by Haviland. It is regarded by Sjostedt and Holmgren as mos-
sambicus. The species is only know^ by the soldier caste; the
imagos await discovery. In the biological sense it is distinct from
any in the rest of the Union and occupies a separate terrain. The
soldiers differ from any others I have examined in having the pro-
notum narrower than the meso- and metanota and the labrum less
acute.
Localities: Zululand; Swaziland; Natal, in the valley of the
Tugela River only.
44
Claude Fuller
Macrohodotermes mossamhicus sub.sp. pulcher.
= Hodotermes pulcher Sjost. (1905).
Although, as I have shown, pulcher imagos intergrade with
those of other forms, here linked up under the subspecific name
transvaalemis, it is sufficiently removed therefrom and from mos-
samhicus s.str., to hold subspecific rank. According to Sjostedt
the types were obtained in the Orange Free State. I place with
pulcher a series of imagos captured at Knapdaar in the Cape Pro-
vince, The following are measurements from the Knapdaar
series :
males.
females.
Body, with wings
25 to 26 mm.
28 to 29 mm.
Body, without wings
13 to 14
15 to 26
Forewing, with stumps
21
23 to 24
Forewing, without stumps
19.7
21.5 to 22
Span
42
48 to 51
Kead-width
3.1
2.7
Macrohodotermes mossamhicus sub.sp. transvaalensis.
= Hodotermes transvaalensis Fuller (1915).
= „ pretoriensis „ ,»
= „ Tvarreni
=5 „ hraini
= „ mossamhicus Hagen, Silvestri (1908).
= „ ,, Hagen (1858) (in part, soldier nee
imago).
Under the one subspecific name transvaalensis I propose to
bring together a number of series which, in the broad characters
of the imagos so far found, agree with mossamhicus s.str. but
vary in their size and wdng measurements so that their dimensions
are both greater and smaller than those of mossamhicus s.str.
As with the imagos so with the soldiers there is much variation,
but the more this is studied the more the soldiers from one locality
merge into those from another. However, all seem to agree as
regards the general nature of the thorax and in the features of
this to differ from the sub-species havilandi and from karrooensis
mihi.
The Termites of South Africa 45
The pronotum is as wide or wider than the meso- and metano-
tum, as it is with k<^rrooensis soldiers, but it is relatively longer
and not so deeply incurvate. The hind margin of the meso-
notum is broadly curvate, not produced as in k^^rrooensis but agree-
ing with this feature in havilandi The hind margin of the meta-
notum is produced as is the case with both havilandi and kcirroo-
crisis.
Judging from specimens of soldiers from Kimberley and Barkly
West, the soldiex" described by Hagen (1858) belongs here.
H. pretoriensis mihi, founded on soldiers, should rank as a
form of the subspecies.
H. Warreni mihi, of which the measurements of the imago are
given under L in the foregoing table, should also rank as a form.
H. hraini mihi is given as a synonym in the belief that the sol-
diers on which the species was based were members of an immature
colony of transvaalensis, the peculiar character of their mandibles
being due to nanism.
Macrohodotermes l^arrooensis (Fuller).
= Hodotermes k^rrooensis Fuller (1915).
This species is readily recognised by its imagos which differ
from all others in their uniform yellow colour, only the wing-
stumps being brown. The wings are a pale brown and exhibit
a more generalized scheme of venation than do those of any others
I have examined. Including the stumps, the forevsangs measure
31 to 32 mm. and the span is, approximately, 66 to 67 mm.
The largest soldiers are characterised by a distinct mound in
the frons depression. The pronotum is short, decidedly incur-
vate behind and always as wide or wider than the meso- and meta-
notum. Both meso- and metanotum are produced behind and the
margin of the produced part is slightly incurved.
Localities: Middelburg (Cape); Victoria West; Montagu.
Macrohodotermes pallidas sp.n.
The imagos of this species may be recognised by their pallid
legs and the presence of two yellow patches on the frons. These
patches rest on the clypeo- frontal suture and extend back to the
ocellus spots (pseudo ocelli). In size the species approximates
pulcher.
46
Claude Fuller
Females.
Males.
Body with wings
28-30
24-26
Body
16
13.5-14
I'orewing and stump
22.5
19-21.5
Forewing, without stump
21.5
20-20.5
Span
48-50
42-45
Head-width
3.1
2.6-2.7
The soldiers of palUdus have not been obtained, but there is
much possibility that this is the termite referred to by Lichenstein.
Locahty: Olivewood, Cape Province.
III. PSAMMOTERMES GROUP.
Psammotermes allocerus Silvestri (1908).
This is probably synonymous with P.h^berstoma Desneux
(1902) in which case P.fuscofemoralis Sjostedt (1904) and
P .absuanensis Sjostedt (1912) will almost certainly fall to
P.hl)bostoma. I can, however, only indicate a possible synonomy
arising out of my examination of lengthy series of imagos, soldiers
and workers from Namaqualand and Ovomboland.
The following is a synopsis of the examinations referred to: —
(a) The imagos from Namaqualand and Ovomboland agree
entirely with the description given by Sjostedt for fuscofemoralis
(1904). The antennae of all examined are composed of XVI
joints except one of XV joints. The type fuscofemoralis is stated
to have antenn.T of XVII joints but, subsequently (1912), Sjos-
tedt announced that the majority had XVI- jointed organs. I
find the fontanelle larger and brighter in the females than in the
maleii, turbinate in outline, the narrowed apex directed forward.
The wing venation I have already dealt with (1920).
(b) The soldiers intergrade very regularly from very small to
very large ; the majority being of medium size. A series of mea-
surements specially taken for this paper show the ranges to be as
follows:*
*In my " Studies upon the Post-embryonic Development of the
Antennae of Termites," Annals, Natal Mu«. TX, 2, 1920, p. 291,
I have recorded a series of head widths for P. allocerus. In
error only half the width of the heads measured is given so
that it is necessary to double the figures to get the correct range.
Thus treated the measurements will not be found to be at
variance with the present statement.
The Termites of South Africa 47
Total length 4. 1 to 11 mm.
Head width 0.88 to 1.9 mm.
Head and mandibles . . 2.2 to 3.7 mm.
There is a regular increase of about 0.10 mm. in the head
width as from 0.88 to 1.4 mm.; there is then a break of 0.20
mm., the largest ranging in head width from 1.6 to 1.9 mm. It
is only these few odd large soldiers of 9 to 11 mm. long that
could possibly be regarded as majors. I have found the right
mandible to be regularly as long as the head is wide, but the head
length is variable as may be seen by the following contrasts:
mm. mm. mm. mm.
H.W. . .
1.0 1.2 1.3 1.4
H.+M...
, 2.0 2.5 2.2 2.7 2.3 3.0 2.7 3.1
It is readily seen from this that some heads are visibly more
elongate-rectangular than others. To this it may be added that
the largest soldiers have the heads more regularly rectangular than
the lesser, and the sides straighter, some even faintly incurved.
(c) An examination of many soldier mandibles shows consid-
erable differences. In the larger soldiers these organs are broader
and coarser than in the smaller. Apart from this all mandibles
differ extremely, both left and right, as regards the dental arma-
ture. Generally speaking, the teeth of the mandibles of the smaller
soldiers are more acute and more antrose than those of the larger
soldiers, but this does not hold good for all. The right mandible
always exhibits a large step-like tooth below its arcuate, apical
point; below this tooth there may be 2 or 3 quite distinct sub-
triangular teeth, or there may be an irregular series of knob-like
teeth; any one of these may have a simple rounded apex or a
notched apex. In one mandible I have noted three pointed teeth,
and below these two knobbed teeth, giving six teeth to the right
mandible. A suggestion of an extra tooth is often to be found
on the cutting edge of the apical point. Scarcely two right
mandibles are to be found that are quite alike.
48 Claude Fuller
There is more superficial regularity with the left mandible, but
here also an extra tooth often occurs at half the length of the
apical point. Leaving this out of consideration, left mandibles
that are more or less regularly serrate usually exhibit 7, 8 or 9
teeth; the more inferior of the series may be rounded knobs and
not triangular. Exceptional left mandibles are also to be met
vsdth which exhibit only 3 or 4 teeth.
(d) Throughout the series the pro-, meso- and metanota of the
soldier are subject to slight variations of contour. With the pro-
notum the sides of some tend to be more oblique than of others,
and to vary from being straight to faintly curvate or incurvate.
The front margin is always decidedly, angularly indented, but in
the larger soldiers the two margins meeting at the median notch
are more arcuate than in the case with smaller soldiers. The hind
margin is always faintly incurvate. The mesonotum is relatively
large and usually rounded behind, the metanotum is usually shorter
and has a more or less roundly truncate hind margin.
The head of every soldier exhibits a dorsal fuscous band ex-
tending forward to and widest at the clypeal suture, where it ter-
minates. This has the appearance of being the visible sign of a
duct below the cuticle. However, there is never a superficial
groove upon the frontal area.
(e) The clypeus of the soldier is short and incrassate, the an-
terior margin broadly curvate; it can be described as a weal-like
elevation with distinct hollows on each side.
(f) With the largest soldiers the labrum is decidedly inflated
and darker than the head (somewhat alizarine) except that the
pointed extension is white, and that this colour narrowly margins
the tapering edges of the inflated part. With large and small
soldiers the labrum narrows toward its base.
(g) With all soldiers the fontanelle is more or less distinct
and has fuscous edges
(h) The soldier antennae range from X to XVI joints; very
rarely are those of the smallest soldiers clearly moniliform.
(i) With the largest soldiers the head is plainly depressed in
the middle.
The Termites of South Africa 49
Silvestri in his remarks upon allocerus states that it is quite
distinct from P.h^bostoma Desneux inasmuch as the major soldiers
are smaller and have antennae with a maximum of XIII joints.
The second contention falls away. The difference in size appears
considerable, e.g. maximum length 1 1 against 10 to 15 mm., head-
width 1.9 against 2.5 mm. It is, however, quite possible for
h\fhostoma to be a large locality form or race just as is the worker
type of Hodotermes viator Latr.
Sjostedt's soldier of P.fuscofemoralis must be, from the descrip-
tion, quite agreeable with the small soldiers of allocerus. As be-
tween his fuscofemoralis and assuanerisis the only differences are
size, the number of teeth to the left mandible and the hollows on
either side of the clypeus (epistome). All these are features of
the soldiers of allocerus. It is true that for both these insects
Sjostedt describes a channel (Rinne) running forward from the
fontanelle, but this reference is conceivably to the duct which is
exhibited by the soldiers of allocerus.
To these remarks it may be added that Silvestri (1914) has
determined the Psammotermes found by him in Senegal as fuscofe-
moralis and Holmgren (1913) determined as this species that
from Zululand.
If future studies show the synonomy to be as here set out, then
we have a variable and remarkable species almost encircling
the African continent. That this should be the case is
all the more interesting because it is contrary to my experience
wdth South African species in general, most of which have a limited
range, and then tend to vary more or less decidedly according to
one environmental factor or another.
The insect now under reference as P. allocerus certainly extends
from van Rhynsdorp, on the south, to Angololand, and may be
classed as one peculiar to the Namib veld. It is, however, knovm
to exist in the valley of the Orange River to at least one hundred
mile? from the sea. The part of Zululand from which Holmgren
reported fuscofemoralis I have never visited, but I know it to be
of a sandy nature. There the conditions are tropical andj^££U^
liar. y \^S^ .^
llA L I 3 R a R Y —
■»-^
^Vl^^^^^
50 Claude Fuller
Sjcistedt has thrown out the suggestion that, since he found a
preserved soldier with a piece of grass stem in its jaws, Psammo-
lermes harvests as does Hodoiermes. This is not so and, further,
one never sees a soldier of the sub-genus Macrohodotermes outside
of a burrow.
Although I have never had the opportunity of studying the
biology of Psammotermes my correspondents on the Orange River
have been very good in trying to clear up this matter for me and
my colleague, Mr. F. Thomsen, endeavoured to locate the nest
definitely when in Little Namaqualand. The species feeds upon
dry grass haulms and upon wood. On the grass it feeds under
a canopy of clay and attacks wood just ar do fungus growers. It
fills up the parts removed with sand-particles firmly cemented toge-
ther. It has been taken injuring the wood of houses, vineyards,
and fencing posts, being particularly destructive to the last men-
tioned. Pieces of damaged posts are before me, and it is clear
that in the parts replaced by termite cement nest conditions obtain,
the cells in the cement being found crowded with imagos, soldiers,
workers and half-grown forms.
The Termites of South Africa 5 1
IV. RHINOTERMES GROUP.
Schedorhinotermes puiorius (Sjost.) sub species australis subsp.n.
I have hitherto regarded as Rhinotermes putorius Sjost. those
representatives of the genus coming under my notice at Beira (Por-
tuguese East Africa) and Durban (Natal). These determi-
nations (1915, 1919 and 1920) related to soldiers, workers and
dealate imagos. I have since obtained one winged imago from
Durban.
Sjostedt has described two other species, lamanicnus (1911)
and hequertianus (1913) both from Congo; from this region he
has also reported putorius. However, putorius has been recorded
from Quite a number of places. Sjostedt gives the following
localities; Cameron, Fernando Po; Gabun, Congo (1900);
Sierre Leone (1904); Congo (1905); Usambara (1906).
Flolmgren (1913) determined material from several parts of
Zululand as putorius, and Silvestri (1914) reports the species
from French Guinea, Cameroon, and Gold Coast. Wasmann
(191 1 ) treats his material from the Upper and Lower Congo as
putorius.
The imago of hequertianus is unknown.
According to Sjostedt, lamanianus differs from putorius in the
following features:
(a) The imago is distinctly larger; joint III of its antennae Is
clavate and much larger than joint II; the wings are much
longer, 1 2 mm. as against 9 to 1 0 mm.
^b) The major soldier has a more rectangular head, less narrowed
in front ; the hind margins of the pronotum and mesonotum
are distinctly incurvate; the abdomen is almost quite
smooth.
As to whether these features are sufficient to establish the bio-
logical independence of lamanianus from putorius I am not able to
say. Our South African insect is certainly more agreeable with
the description of lamanianus than with that of putorius. How-
ever, I prefer to treat it as a sub-species of putorius. The imago?
52
Claude Fuller
are not longer in the body than putorius, but the wings are longer
2Uid agreeable with the measurements of those of lamanianus. The
soldiers have the hind margins of the pronotum and mesonotum in-
curv'ate as with lamanianus, but the heads are not at all rectan-
gular. The following is a table of comparisons:
putorius.
lamanianus.
putorius^
australis.
IMAGO
Antennff^
XX joints
—
XX (or, rarely,
XXI) joints.
Joint III
distinctly-
longer than II.
clavate, longer
than adjoining
clavate, as
long as IV +
V.
Span
21-22 mm.
29 mm.
29.2 mm.
Forewing,
length
Forewing,
width
9-10 mm.
3 mm.
12 mm.
3.3 mm.
with stumps
14.1 mm.
without
12.7 mm.
4 mm.
Total length
S-9 mm.
9 mm
8 to 9 mm.
Body & wings
12-13 mm.
16 mm.
15 7-16.7 mm.
Head length
—
—
1.5-1.6 mm.
Head width
—
—
1.7-l.S mm.
MAJOR
SOLDIER
Antennae
XVI
XVII
XVI-XVIII
Total length
5-5.5 mm.
6 mm.
7-8.5 mm.
Head & Mands.
2.2 mm.
2 7-2.9 mm.
2.5-2.6 mm.
Head width
—
1.7 mm.
1.7-2 mm.
WORKER
Total length
5-6 mm.
—
4.8-6.6 mm.
Head width
1.3 mm.
—
1.2-1.6 mm.
Antennro
XVI, XVII
—
XVI-XVIII.
To be continued.
Marine Algae of the Cape Peninsula 53
MARINE ALGAE OF THE CAPE PENINSULA;
By Ellen Marion Delf, D.Sc. (Lond.), F.L.S.,
Temporary Lecturer in Botany at Cape Town University.
Marine Algae are only revealed to the curious for part of each
day. This may perhaps account for the relatively slight know-
ledge which has been gained in the past with regard to the habits
and life histories of these plants. Until perhaps the last ten or
twenty years, the work of algologists was principally confined to
describing the appearance and occurrence of those seaweeds which
could be collected by dredging or by exploring the seashore at
low tides. Of late years, however, efforts have been made to
trace something more of the life histories of seaweeds, and to
understand their mode of life. These efforts have mostly been
made in the northern hemisphere, in England, America, and
Japan. Very little work of this kind has been done on South
African seaweeds; collectors have been numerous, and the work
of the late Mr. Tyson has greatly aided in drawing attention to
the large numbers of seaweeds found on these coasts.
When the tide recedes we may find seaweeds on the short belt
in three characteristic habitats, in rock pools, exposed on rock faces
or ledges, or submerged in the deep water, only partly visible and
often wholly inaccessible to the collector. For the most part
these plants are attached at their base to the solid rock, or to some
sandy surface, by holdfasts or hapterons which reach out finger-
like processes in the case of the larger algae or minute threads in
the smaller forms, and firmly clasp the substratum. Since marine
algae live in water which is constantly subject to agitation, success
in attaching themselves is an important factor in the struggle for
existence. Other Algae, however, fasten themselves to their neigh-
bours. Plants of the green Alga, Ulva lactuca (the socalled sea
54 Ellen Marion Delj
lettuce) are frequently found growing on larger Algae, and the
delicate threads which are woven together to form the little attach-
ing- disk of this plant, are able to pierce the cells of its host and
probably to absorb food from it, although this last point is a very
difficult one to determine experimentally. In many cases no
such penetration of the host plant can be detected, and we must
suppose that any advantage derived from the epiphytic habits of
these plants depends upon the protection from exposure, or possibly
in the more crowded habitats, from a greater access to light.
On any rocky shore at low tide, it is at once easy to distinguish
three varying types amongst seaweeds, green, brown, and red, the
last varying from rose red in the more sheltered habitats, to deep
brown or brownish red in the more exposed positions. On these
shores the dark brown-red forms are very characteristic. These
colours cannot always be observed in the drift weed cast up after
rough weather, as the fronds are apt to become bleached in the
sun, as they die.
These pigments have a real significance in the life of the plant,
and play their part in determining the position in which a par-
ticular kind may be found. All these pigments undergo decom-
position in bright daj'light, but during life they are also being con-
stantly re-formed. On the whole it seems probable that the red
and brown pigments are more sensitive to light than the green
v/hich often accompany them; at any rate, the more
delicate pink seaweeds are always found in deep water
or else in deep shade; whilst when any red or brown Alga under-
goes bleaching in sunlight, the red or brown fades first and finally
thc:: undertying green colour is also destroyed. This may some-
times be seen in pools at low water during spring tides, when ex
posed tips of red seaweeds (such as Hypnea spicifera or Suhria
prhiioides at Kalk Bay for example) may be seen, bright green in
colour, projecting from the water whilst the rest of the shoots are
submerged and are red or purplish red in colour.
When the pigments are extracted from the plant and examined
spectroscopically it is found that whereas the green pigment chloro-
phyll absorbs light principally from the red end of the spectrum.
Marine Algae of the Cape Peninsula
55
the brown, and still more the red pigments absorb the light at the
blue end. This is significant when we remember that as light
passes through water it is refracted unequally, the red end of the
spectrum being first cut off, so that the light which penetrates to
the deeper layers of water is bluish in tint. The red pigment is
A r
L
'5£2S'^?'^^ra^5S?^^^C9^X^
Fig. 1. — Reduced from a life size drawing of Caulerpa UguUta,
sliowing rhizome-like base (R) bearing rhizoids (r) as liapterons,
a young frond with growing tip (G), and an old frond (OF)
proliferating and bearing new assimilating fronds (AF). The
wrinkled basal part of the fronds is characteristic.
The line AB represents 2 inches.
(Drawing by M. G. Thoday)
especially able to absorb this bluish light. I am not aware that
any definite experiments have been made to determine exactly what
limits of light intensity are characteristic of the different seaweeds,
but a simple observation was kindly made for me by Prof. Thoday
with an exposure metre at Camps Bay, on a rock pool about ten
56 Ellen Marion Delf
or twelve inches deep, high up on the shore near Camps Bay. The
pool was sheltered from all direct light by the deeply overhanging
rock, at one side of which was a narrow vertical cleft. Near the
base of the cleft was i plant of Celidium cartilagineum well grown
and just submerged. This is a characteristic deep water red
Alga, and is rarely, if ever, exposed at low water. It occurs
usually at Camp's Bay in deep pools near low water mark, partly
hidden by larger thalloid Algae (Gigartina radula and others).
Prof. Thoday succeeded in lowering an exposure metre to the
depth of the cleft and found that the light intensity just above the
level of the Celidium was not more than one thirtieth of the full
daylight. This was probably as great an intensity of light as the
plant would ever receive, and that only for a short time daily.
Another deep water rose red Alga, Plocamium corallorhiza, is
characteristic of rock faces on the shores of False Bay where it
is sometimes visible at low spring tides. By dredging, this has also
been found growing at a depth of 36 feet, in the fertile condition.
Red seaweeds of this type are then truly shade plants in their capa-
city for utilising light of such feeble intensity. In England a
typical shade flowering plant receives from about one half to about
one third of the full daylight, in localities where it flowers, though
a deeper shade often suffices for the survival of the vegetative
organs.
Other factors besides light intensity determine the distribution
of Algae on the coast. One of these is their power of resistance
to dessication whilst the tide recedes. In an atmosphere as dry
as that of this country, this factor may be of considerable import-
ance. Two of the most resistant forms from this point of view
are the blue-green Alga, Ly^ngb^a majuscula and the purplish
red Alga, Porph^ra laciniata. Both are fairly common forms
found at or near high tide levels. L^ngb^a has a blackish
appearance and is found in shallow pools or sometimes nearly
dried, forming a dense covering on the surface of rocks. In the
1- This information wtes received from Miss E. L. Stephens
of the Cape Town University (Botanical Laboratory),
Marine Algae of the Cape Peninsula 57
latter position it is one of the most slippery of all the South African
Algae that I have as yet met. Porphyra, which is of almost
world-wide distribution, grows hanging from the bare rock or
amongst a tangle of other fronds; it is generally abundant in the
neighbourhood of drain pipes or around the bathing pools of these
coasts. It varies in colour from a deep purplish red to a pale
yellow. The pale yellow fronds are generally smaller, about
Yl inch to 3 inches long, and when examined microscopically may
be seen to be giving off solitary spores which from analogy with
their nearest allied seaweeds we must call monospores. The large
purple fronds, often 12 inches or more in length, on the other
hand often have brownish red edges, and these are the regions
where reproductive organs known as carpospores are formed in
little packets. As these packets are shed into the water the frond
loses its colour and appears with a whitish edge. The two kinds of
plants probably alternate with each other, the red spores produc-
ing the small plants which in their turn produce the solitary spores
and presumably these grow into the large fronds. This sequence has
never been observed for any species of Porph^ra, but with a
marine aquarium there is little doubt that something of the kind
could be observed. The large carposporic fronds of Porph^ra
are the most resistant to drought and to exposure to light.
The distribution of Algae on a coast may often be found to
give a more or less definite zonation. On the whole the green or
blue green forms are found near the higher tide levels.
On the shore at Sea Point, for instance, there are many pools
filled wdth the bright green fronds of Ulva and of species of the
socalled Sea grass, or Enter omorpha. These, like Porphyra,
can endure bright sunlight for some hours at a time. They also
flourish best within reach of sewage or other organic contamination
of the water. Some years ago at Southampton Ulva increased
in the harbour to such an extent that it became a nuisance to the
inhabitants, owing to its liberation of sulphuretted hydrogen when
decaying. An investigation was made to find a practicable method
of exterminating the plants, but the only suggestion made was
that of cutting the fronds at intervals and removing them. There
58 Ellen Marion Delf
are, however, certain genera of green seaweeds which are found,
only in deep water or in pools near low water, during low spring
tides. On the west coast of the Cape Peninsula, Codium tomen-
tosum and C. Lindenhergi are specially frequent in this position.
On the east coast, Caulerpa Ugulata is also constantly submerged
in deep water in sheltered positions. The genus Cladophora has
representatives in both positions. It consists of a number of
branched green threads attached below to some substratum. Sev-
eral species are found in mid-tide pools, for example, C. flagelli-
formis, hospita and Eckloni; but two appear only in deep water,
C. rupestris, which forms dense green tufts in low tide pools, and
C. catenifera, which inhabits even deeper water, often far beyond
the tidal zone. It is not known how these plants find sufficient
light tc carry on the work of assimilation with only a green pig-
ment: there is no definite evidence, however, to show whether their
green pigment is identical with the chlorophyll of the higher plants,
or of the other green Algae.
Below the pools which contain a predominance of the green
Algae, there are others where one may find a variety of red or red-
brovsTi forms. Amongst the conmionest on these coasts are certain
species of Cigartina. These are often accompanied by the whip-
like threads of the brown Alga, Chordaria; the large species is
C. capensis, the smaller C. flagelliformis. In the deeper water
we find the larger red seaweeds, and also the larger brown forms
such as the bamboo seaweed, Ecklonia buccinalis, and the stringy
fronds of Macrocystls pirifera. The last two are often quite
inaccessible, but at Camps Bay at certain spots they may be
reached at low tides. Ecklonia is characteristic of deep water
below tidal limits, and is often found extending towards the open
sea. Macroc^stis on the other hand is found in much more shel-
tered positions, often protected from the force of the wave*; by a
belt of Ecklonia beyond it.
Both these plants are of some interest to the botanist. Ecklonia
buccinalis (named after Ecklon, one of the earliest collectors of
seaweeds on these shores) is a giant seaweed with a perennial
habit of growth. Its great stems reach a length of twenty feet
Marine Algae of the Cape Peninsula
59
i\
Fig. 2.— Outline sketch of Eckloma J)uccinalis (the "bamboo
seaweed). H = Hapteron; S = stipe; Fl = Float;
G = Growing region. Fr = Fronds.
(Much reduced)
60 Ellen Marion Delf
or more. They are held at the base by a much branched hap-
teron. The stem is hollow when adult, and is swollen at the end
to form a float. In this region it bears a large number of flat
frond.*- which trail freely at or near the surface of the water. The
fronds are therefore comparatively well illuminated like those of
plants in shallow pools at low or mid-tide levels. The fronds
like the stems are long lived, but ultimately become fertile, bearing
a large number of sporangia. The dehiscence of these and the
behaviour of the spores when liberated has not yet been followed.
Macroc^stis is a large kelp which is also knovm from the deep
water off the coasts of South America. On the shores of the
Cape it possesses a creeping rhizome-like base bearing many long
slender branches. These bear a series of distant leaflike appen-
dages which have a wrinkled lamina, and generally a pyriform
float at the base. A fair sized plant here reaches the length of
12-15 feet, and has a diameter of about ]/4 inch; the South Am-
erican form is said to reach much larger dimensions. Al the apex
of each branch is the region of differentiation of new fronds which
gradually split off from one another as they lengthen. At the base
of stem or '* stipe/' a leaf like frond may usually be seen wathout
a float, and it is possible that this may depend on the depth of the
water in which they are differentiated. At or near the base of
the elder stems, a short branch may occasionally be seen bearing
two or three flat fronds without a float; these are thin at first and
not wrinkled, but they become thicker and slimy in irregular
patches, where a large number of sporangia may be found. So
far as I am aware there are no previous records of the fertile
fronds of this plant. Occasionally, the fertile fronds are borne
on short stipes arising directly from the basal rhizome-like branches.
The deep water red seaweeds of these shores are sufficiently
obvious when cast up after storms; they are often rose red when
fresh, turning dark red when dried. The large leathery red fronds
found in deep water near the Rogge Bay pier are Nemasioma
lanceolaia. The long more delicate fronds of Schizymenia undu-
lata are found in deep pools such as are uncovered at low spring
tides. Another deep water red seaweed characteristic of the warm
Marine Algae of the Cape Peninsula
61
-water of the East coast (False Bay) is Plocamium corallorhiza.
It may be found on rock faces at low water of spring tides grow-
ing equally well on a sandstone substratum as at Kalk Bay, or
on granite rocks, as at Oatlands. In both these places the fern-
Fig. 3.— Outline sketch of base of plant of Macrocystis pirifera.
S = Stipe; R = Rhizome-like base; H = Hapterons;
SF ^ Lower part of sterile frond; FF -= Fertile fronds, with
broken apex, and with fertile region stippled: at the base, the
fertile fronds are gradually splitting, and thus multiplying.
{Much reduced)
like fronds may be found with little clusters of reproductive organs
bodies at their crenated margins.
There are also a number of filamentous or thread-like red
Algae, but these are usually found in the more sheltered pools
62 Ellen Marion Delf
or epiphytic on the larger Algae. Various species of Pol^si-
phonia may be found as delicate soft red tufts in the deeper creeks
and sheltered pools of St. James and Kalk Bay. Various species
of Ceramium may also be recognised by the beaded appearance
of their regularly branched threads. These and many other
seaweeds may be seen by the collector on application at the Bolus
Herbarium, Cape Town.
In addition to this zonation which extends over the whole tidal
area of the shore, there is a vertical zonation which is sometimes
very clearly to be seen amongst the algae which line the steep rock
faces of the deeper pools. At the top, well out of the water may
be seen the half dry fronds of Porph})ra laciniata; lower come
the smaller and more delicate monosporic fronds of the same plant.
Within the pools there are often green feathery tufts of Clado-
phora or of Chaetomorpha, sometimes called " mermaids' hair,'*
while beneath there are plants of Cigartina or of Poly^siphonia,
and the smaller kinds of a stiff looking pink jointed seaweed known
as Coralltna. At a depth of about two feet, one frequently finds
small fanlike fronds of a red Alga, C};mnogongrus vermicularis.
The fronds are always extended so as to be placed at right angles
to the direction of the brightest light. The bifurcated tips are so
placed that they interlace, offering the maximum surface to the dim
light which reaches them. This is the most striking case which I
have seen of a definite orientation of fronds of seaweeds to light,
comparable to the well known cases of leaf mosaic among the
higher plants.
Another point of interest in connection with marine Algae is
their common habit of becoming epiphytic or parasitic upon each
other. The smaller red Algae sometimes have their own specific
host plant. For instance, on these shores, Ceramium cancellatum
is commonly found on C odium iomeniosum; Actinococcus
aggregatus on Cy^mnogongrus repandus; and Callithamnion pur-
puriferum, on Cigartina stiriata. On the other hand, certain Algae
serve as hosts to a variety of other Algae. The various species of
Cladophora are often coated with epiphytes, their rough walls
serving as an excellent support. Ecklonia buccinalis in spite of
S. Afr. Journ. Nat. Hist Vol. III. No. 1.
Plate I.
Marine Algae of the Cape Peninsula 63
its mucilage has also a characteristic number of epiphytic or some-
times parasitic plants. Among the commonest are Suhria viliata,
Carpoblepharis flaccida, and Polysiphonia virgata. The first of
these has narrow bright red ribbon like fronds fringed with minute
reproductive bodies when fertile. This always frequents the base
of the stipes of Ecklonia, so that it is submerged in deep water.
When the stipes are cast up on the shore, these fronds quickly
bleach white, and are then gathered by the poor and eaten as a
vegetable. According to Mr. Tyson, this is the same plant as
is mentioned in the " Swiss Family Robinson " as being edible.
Other red Algae found at the base of Ecklonia stipes are
Epimen^a obiusa and Trematocarpus flabellatus. Higher up the
stipes are found the ragged looking Carpoblepharis flaccida and
Polvsiphonia virgata. Of these, Suhria vittata and probably also
Pol^siphonia virgata Fend rhizoids into the substance of the host
plant and may therefore be regarded as probably parasitic.
Much more might be said about the distribution of the Algae on
these shores. One thing which has never received attention from
workers in this country is the comparison of the flora of the East
coast with its warmer seas with that of the west with its much
coldei water. Provisionally one may say that there is a predomi-
nance of the larger more leathery forms on the cold side ; Ecklonia,
Macrocystis, and Laminaria pallida are found on the west and
hardly at all on the east coast. On the other hand it is easy to
find plants which are characteristic of the warmer water, such are
Plocamium corallorhiza, Caulerpa ligulata, Dict})ota, and several
species of Ectocarpm, whilst a large number can tolerate both
habitats. That this difference is primarily due to the temperature
seems to be shown from the fact that on both the east and west
coast similar substrata may be found. Sandstone is characteristic
of much of False Bay, but at Simon's Bay and Oatlands
there is an outcrop of granite. Granite is characteristic
of the west coast, but at Kommetje there is a sandstone formation,
very similar in disposition to the granite boulders of certain coves
near Camps Bay. On the whole, a comparison of these places
gives the impression that sandstone offers the better substratum as
64 Ellen Marion Delf
evidcLced by greater numbers of Algae as well as by the greater
variety of forms. Further information must be obtained, how-
ever, before any more definite conclusions can be reached, on this
point.
In conclusion it may be well to mention some of the possible
economic uses of seaweeds. It is well known that the larger brown
Algae may be used as a source of iodine and also in some cases
of potash. The fronds and stipes of Ecklonia would be well
worth examining from this point of view. Before however any kelp
industry on a large scale should arise, it would be well to re-
member that at present we know but little of the lives of the fishes
of these seas, and any considerable interference with the algal
flora would probably affect the supply of certain fish sooner or
later. Many and probably all seaweeds form good manure for
soil, either burnt for their ash or simpV dug in as green manure.
If any one is inclined to utilise the cast up seaweeds for this pur-
pose they ought to receive facilities and encouragement from the
municipality, for many are the problems both for the scientist and
for the practical man in the study of seaweeds and the attempt to
utilise them.
I have to thank Prof. Thoday of Cape Town University for
the photograph showing the habit of Ecl^lonia buccinalis, and Mrs.
Thoday for the original (drawn from life) of Fig. 1.
Food Plants of Lepid apterous Larvae 65
LIST OF FOODPLANTS OF SOME SOUTH
AFRICAN LEPIDOPTEROUS LARV/E.
B}) E. E. Platt, F.E.S.
The following list has been compiled in the hope that it may
be of assistance to entomologists interested in the early stages
of lepidoptera, either in supplying the name of a known food-
plant for a given species, or in suggesting a substitute.
Unfortunately little is known of the larvae of our South
African species, so the list is necessarily incomplete, but now
that a start has been made I am hopeful that entomologists will
kindly assist me with their information, which can be published
in supplementary lists, from time to time, if sufficient interest is
manifested. On page 98 the information is repeated in a form
which will enable the foodplant of a particular species of butter-
fly or moth to be readily found.
The Roman numerals denote the months in which full-fed
larvae have been noted, whilst the initials indicate the observers
and localities as follows: —
C.F.M.S. — Mr. C. F. M. Swynnerton, Melsetter, Rhodesia.
J.O'N.— Rev. Father J. O'Neil, S.J., Salisbury. Rhodesia.
C.B.H.— Mr. C. B. Hardenberg, Greytown, Natal.
G.F.L.— Mr. G. F. Leigh. Durban. Natal.
H.A.G.— Mr. H. A. Green, Durban.
H.M.M.— Mr. H. M. Millar, Durban.
H.W.B.-M.— Mr. H. W. Bell-Marley. Durban.
E.L.C.-Mr. E. L. Clark, Durban.
W.J.H.— Mr. W. J. Haygarth, Krantzkloof, Natal.
Where my ovm initials occur the observations were made in
the Durban district, except where otherwise stated.
Many of these occurrences have been the discoveries of the
late Mr. A. D, Millar (whose family have been the local
66 E.E. Plait
pioneers in so many branches of natural history) as well as of
other entomologists of the past.
I have embodied the information contained in Miss
Fountaine's paper in Trans. Ent. Soc, 1911, p. 48, and
Lt.-Col. J. M. Fawcett*s contribution to Trans. Zool. Soc, vols,
^v, xvii.
The foodplants were identified at the Natal Herbarium by
the late director. Dr. Medley Wood, and his assistants Miss
Franks and Miss Lansdell: Dr. P. van der Bijl, who assumed
charge after Dr. Wood's death, extended to me the same
courtesy and assistance as his predecessor, and very kindly
revised the botanical portion of the paper and verified the plant
names.
To the above, I am much indebted for their kind assistance,
also to Sir G. F. Hampson, of the British Museum, for deter-
mining many moths and describing new species, and to Mr,
A. J. T. Janse, Pretoria, for similar help and encouragement.
Abutilon indicum G. Don. (Malvaceae).
Pyrgus elma Trimen. G.F.L., E.E. P., i.
Tarache antica Wlk- E.E. P., i.
Anomis flava Fabr. E.E. P., i.
Anomis luperca Moschl. E.E. P., i.
Aberia macrocalyx Oliv. (Bixineae).
Atella phalantha Drur^, C.F.M.S.
Acacia sp. (Leguminosae).
Cyligramma latona Cram. J.O'N.
Pericyma umbrina Guen, J.O'N.
Acacia sp.
Azanus natalensis Trimen. E.E. P., x.
Acacia Gerrardi Bih.
Megasoma accuminata Wlk- E.L.C.
Acacia hirtella, E. Me^.
Laelia clarki Janse. E.E. P. i, iii, iv, xi.
Dasychira georgiana Fawceit. E.E. P. iv.
Eublemma nigrivitta Hmpsn. E.E. P.
Food Plants of Lepidopterous Larvae
67
Pericyma mendax Wlk- E.E.P., iv.
Ulothrichopus glaucescens Hmpsn. E.E.P., iv.
. Ulothrichopus primulina Hmpsn. E.E.P., iv.
Ulothrichopus catocala Feld. E.E.P., iii, iv, v.
Sphingomorpha chlorea Cram. E.E.P., i, iv.
Sarmatia interitalis Guen. E.E.P., iii.
Tephrina deeraria IVlk- E.E.P., iii.
Macaria brongusaria IVlk- E.E.P.
Lophostola atridisca Warr. E.E.P.
Odontocheilopteryx myxa Wllgrn. E.E.P., iv.
Anadiasa punctifascia Wlk- E.E.P.
Acacia molissima Willd. (Wattle).
Pericyma mendax Wlk' E.E.P.
Polydesma inangulata Guen. E.E.P. i.
Dasychira georgiana Fawcett. E.E.P., i, ii, v, ix, xi.
Euproctis fasciata Wlk- Fawcett, E.E.P. iii.
Porthesia natalensis Janse. E.E.P., i.
Chogada acaciaria Boisd. E.E.P., viii.
Cleora proximaria Wlk- E.E.P.
Gonimbrasia tyrrhea Cram.
Gynanisa maia Klug. E.E.P., xii.
Heniocha dyops Maas & We'^m. C.B.H.
Heniocha appolonia Cram. G.F.L.
Anadiasa punctifascia Wlk- E.E.P., iv.
Taragama polydora Druce. E.E.P.
Taragama carinata Wllgrn. E.E.P.
Pachypasa truncata Wlk- E.E.P., iii.
Pachypasa capensis Aur. E.E.P., xii.
Gonometa postica Wlk- E.E.P., xii.
Odontocheilopteryx myxa Wllgrn. G.F.L., E.E.P.
Coenobasis amoena Feld. E.L.C., E.E.P., iii.
Acacia Natalitia E.M.
Charaxes zoolina Wesirv. E.E.P., iii.
Acacia ca£Fra Willd.
Ulothrichopus glaucescens Hmpsn. E.E.P., iv.
Hypotacha retracta Hmpsn. E.E.P., iii, vi.
68 E. E. Piatt
Pericyma mendax Wlk. E.E.P., iii.
Odontocheilopteryx myxa Wllgrn. E.E.P., iv.
Acalypha sp. (Euphorbiaceae).
Neptis goochi Trim. E.L.C.
Acalypha glabrata Thb.
Neptis marpessa Hopff.
Cryptothripa polyhymnia Hmpsn. E.E.P., iv, ix.
Euproctis punctifera Wlk- E.E.P., iv.
Parallelia properans Wlk- E.E.P., ii, xii.
Omocena systis Schaus. E.E.P., xi.
Acokanthera spectabilis Hooker. (Apocynaceae).
Digama aganais Feld. E.E.P., ix.
Digama sinuosa Hmpsn. E.E.P., x.
Acridocarpus natalitius Juss. (Malpighiaceae).
Hesperia keithloa Wllgrn. E.E.P., iii, v, xi, xii.
Acridocarpus pruriens A. Juss.
Hesperia pisistratus Fah. H.W.B.M. Zululand, x.
Albizzia fastigiata Oliv. Flat-crown Acacia. (Leguminosae),
Charaxes ethalion Bo'isd. G.F.L., E.E.P., ii, v, vi.
Charaxes cithaeron Feld. Trimen.
Audea bipunctata Wlk. H.W.B.M, E.E.P., iii, ix.
Enmonodia capensis HerrSchdff. E.E.P., iii.
Pericyma mendax Wlk- E.E.P., iii.
Polydesma marmorifera Wlk- G.F.L., E.E.P., i, v.
Eublemmistis chlorozonea Hmpsn. E.L.C.
Cleora proximaria Wlk- E.L.C.
Nudaurelia arata Westrv. E.L.C, E.E.P., iv.
Taragama polydora Druce. E.E.P., iii.
Albizzia fastigiata Oliv., var. chirindensis Sw^nncrton,
Charaxes ethalion Boisd. C.F.M.S.
Althaea rosea Cav. (Hollyhock).
Phytometra limbirena Guen. E.E.P., x.
Anomis luperca Moschl. E.E.P., i.
Sylepta derogata Fabr. E.E.P., ii.
Ampelopsis sp. Virginia Creeper. (Ampelideae).
Hippotion eson Cram. E.E.P., v.
Food Plants of Lepid apterous Larvae 69
Anona senegalensis Pers. (Anonaceae).
Papilio angolanus Goeze. C.F.M.S.
Papilio corinneus Bert. H.W.B.M. (Zululand).
Ansellia africana Lindl. (Orchideae).
Theretra orpheus Herr-Schdff. Fawcett, E.E.P., iii.
Antidesma venosum E.M. (Euphorbiaceae).
Catephia dulcistriga Wlk- E.E.P., i, iv, xii.
Parallelia proxima Hmpsn. E.E.P., iii.
Apodytes dimidiata E. Mey. White Pear. (Olacineae).
Temnora murina Wlk- E.E.P., ii, x.
Temnora plagiata Wlk' E.E.P., iii, iv.
Diptychis geometrina Feld. E.E.P., x.
Veniliodes pantheraria Feld. E.E.P., x.
Zerenopsis leopardina Feld. E.E.P., xi,
Bunaea angasana WesiTv. H.M.M.
Arctotis grandis Thunh. (Compositae).
Pyrameis cardui L'lnn. E.E.P., x.
Asclepias fulva N.E.B. (Asclepiadaceae).
lineolata Schl.
Swynnertonii S. Moore.
coarctata S. Moore.
scabrifolia S. Moore.
reflexa Britt & Rend. ' ' .
Danaida chrysippus Linn. C.F.M.S.
Asystasia coromandeliana Nees. (Acanthaceae).
Precis clelia Cram. Fawcett. E.E.P., ii, xii.
,, oenone Huhn. E.E.P.
,, natalica Feld. E.E.P.
,, elgiva Hew. E.E.P.
Salamis parhassus Dru. E.E.P., ii, iii, ix.
Hypolimnas misippus Linn. H.M.M.
Bombycopsis ? ochroleuca Feld E.E.P., xii, Eshowe.
Baphia racemosa Hochsi (Leguminosae).
Charaxes cithaeron Feld. E.E.P., iv, xi.
Deudorix diodes Hen>. (in seed pods). H.M.M.
Polyptychus mutata Wlk- E.E.P., i, x.
70 E. E. Piatt
Bauhinia sp. (Leguminosae).
Achaea catella Cuen. J.O'N.
Anomoetes levis Feld. H.W.B.M., E.E.P.. v.
Bauhinia Galpini N.E.D.
Deudorix diodes Hew. H.M.M., E.E.P., vi.
Becium angustifolium N.E.B.
Cetola pulchra B. -Baker. E.E.P., iv, xii.
Phytometra limbirena Cuen. E.E.P., v.
Boehmeria nivea Caudich. (Imported "Ramie'*). Urticaceae.
Pyrameis cardui Linn. C.F.M.S.
Antanartia schoeneia Trim. C.F.M.S.
Bidens pilosa Linn. (Black Jack). Compositae.
Zethes caffra Cuen.
Lebeda bipars Wlk- G.F.L., E.E.P., ii, iv.
Boscia caffra Sond. Capparideae.
Pieris severina Cram. H.A.G.
epaphia Cram. H.A.G.
Brachystegia appendiculata Benth. Leguminosae.
Charaxes guderiana Den^. Miss Fountaine, Macequece.
Brachystegia globiflora Benth.
Olapa nuda Holl. J.O'N.
Olapa flabellaria Fabr. J.O'N.
Elpanaphe clarilla Aur. J.O'N.
Nudaurelia camegiei Janse. J.O'N,
Athletes semialba Sonth. J.O'N.
Taragama polydora Druce. J.O'N.
Gonometa postica Wlk- J.O'N.
Gastroplakaeis meridionalis Aur. J.O'N.
Ceratopacha gemmata Dist. J.O'N
Bombycopsis sp. J.O'N.
Brachystegia Randii Balder.
Eutelia polychorda Hmpsn. J.O'N.
Olapa flabellaria Fahr. J.O'N.
Polyptychus compar Roths. & Jord. J.O'N.
Scalmicauda o'neili Janse. J.O'N.
Scalmicauda albicostata Hmpsn. J.O'N.
Food Plants of Lepldopierous Larvae 7|
Epanaphe clarilla Aur. J.O'N.
Stauropus thalassina Hmpsn. J.O'N.
Prionocentrum o'neili Janse. J.O'N.
Imbrasia epimethea-ertli Rebel. J.O'N.
Bunaea heroum Oberih. J.O'N.
Lobobunaea natalensis Aur. J.O'N.
Lobobunaea epithyrena Maas. & We}fm. J.O'N.
Athletes semialba Sonth. J.O'N.
Goodia Kuntzei Den>. J.O'N.
Cinabra hyperbius Wesiw. J.O'N.
Taragama polydora Druce. J.O'N.
Gonometa postica Wlk- J.O'N.
Lenodora nigrolineata Aur. J.O'N.
Gastroplakaeis meridionalis Aur. J.O'N.
Bombycopsis sp. J.O'N.
Ceratopacha gemmata Dist. J.O'N.
Burchellia capensis R.Br. Rubiaceae.
Cephonodes hylas Wllgrn. E.E.P.
Temnora zantus Herr-Schdff. E.E.P.
Callistephus hortensis Cass. '* Aster."
Phytometra transfixa Wlk. E.E.P., xii.
Calodendron capense Thb. (Rutaceae).
Papilio nireus Cram. E.E.P.
Papilio demodocus Esp. E.E.P., ix.
Chogada acaciaria Boisd. E.E.P.
Calpurnia lasiogyne E.M. (Leguminosae).
Achaea indeterminata Wlk- Fawcett, E.E.P., i, iii, x.
Achaea sordida Wlk- E.L.C.
Canthium obovatum Kl. (Rubiaceae).
Taviodes subjecta Wlk- E.E.P., ii.
Jana eurymas Herr Schdff. E.E.P., xii.
Capparis citrifolia Lam. (Capparideae)
Pieris gidica Godt. Fawcett, E.E.P., iv.
Capparis corymbifera E.M.
Pieris pigea Boisd. H.A.G.
,, gidica Codi. Fawcett, E.L.C.
,. severina Cram. Fawcett.
72 E. E, Plait
Capparis Zeyheri Turcz.
Pieris gidica Codt. Fawcett.
Capparis Gueinzii, Sond.
Pieris gidica Codt. Fawcett.
Carissa grandiflora A.D.C. *' Amatungulu." (Apocynaceae).
Euchromia amoena Moschl. E.E.P., xi.
Digama aganais Feld, E.E.P., i, vii, xi.
Deilephila nerii Linn. E.L.C.
Nephele comma Hopff. G.F.L., E.E.P., i, ii.
Nephele argentifera Wlk. H.W.B.M.. G.F.L., E.E.P., iii.
Zerenopsis leopardina Feld. E.E.P., ii.
Chogada acaciaria Bo'isd.
Gonimbrasia belina Westw. E.E.P., xi.
Cirina forda IVestn}. E.E.P., x.
Cassia occidentalis Linn. (Leguminosae).
Catopsilia florella Fabr.
Diacrisia flava Wllgrn. E.E.P., xi.
Cassia Petersiana Bolle.
Nychitona medusa Cram. C.F.MS.
Catopsilia florella Fabr. C.F.M.S.
Cassia sp.
Athletes semialba Sonth. J.O'N.
Pachypasa sp. J. O'N.
Cassia tomentosa Linn.
Diacrisia flava Wllgrn. E.E.P., v.
,, lutescens Wlk- E.E.P., x.
scita Wlk. E.E.P., xii.
Dionychopus amasis Cram. E.E.P.
Euproctis fasciata Wlk- E.E.P., xii.
Cassipourea verticillata N.E.B. (Rhizophoreae).
Achaea praestans Cuen. E.E.P. , xii.
Redoa melanocraspis Hmpsn. E.E.P., xii.
Celastrus undatus Thb. (Celastrineae).
Boarmia ectropodes Prout. E.E.P., vi.
Celastrus verucosus E.M.
Sicyodes cambogiaria Cuen. E.E.P., x.
Food Plants of Lepidopterous Larvae 73
Euexia percnopis Prout. E.E.P., x.
Metarbela tuckeri Bull E.E.P.
Crothaema decorata Dist. E.E.P. , xi.
Parasa latistriga Wlk- E.E.P., xi.
Omocena systis Schaus. E.E.P., xi.
Celtis Kraussiana Bernh. (Urticaceae).
Libythea laius Trim. E.E.P., x.
Exophila multistriata Hmpsn. E.E.P., iii, ix. x.
Dasychira georgiana Fawcett. E.E.P., iii.
Pseudoclanis postica Wlk- E.E.P., xii.
Lobobunaea tyrrhena Westiv. Fawcett.
Pachypasa pithyocampa Cram. E.E.P., xii.
Celtis Soyauxii Engl.
Charaxes cithaeron Feld. E.E.P., iii.
Libythea laius Trim. E.E.P., x.
Cestrum aurantiacum Ldl. " Inkberry."
Dionychopus amasis Cram. E.E.P., x.
Phytometra acuta Wlk- E.E.P.
Metarbela tuckeri Bull. E.E.P., ix.
Chaetachme aristata Planch. *' Umkavoti." (Urticaceae.)
Charaxes cithaeron Feld. E.E.P., iii.
Pseudoclanis postica Wlk- Fawcett, E.E.P., ii, xii.
Chadisra curvilinea Swinh. E.E.P.. ii.
Chrysophyllum argyrophyllum H'lern. (Sapotaceae.)
Pseudacraea lucretia expansa. C.F.M.S.
Chrysophyllum fulvum wS, Moore.
Pseudacraea lucretia expansa. C.F.M.S.
Chrysophyllum natalense Sond.
Pseudacraea eurytus imitator Trim. G.F.L., E.E.P., vi., vii.
„ lucretia tarquinia Trim. G.F.L., E.E.P., vii.
„ ,, expansa, C.F-M.S.
Desmeocraera atriguttata Hmpsn. E.E.P., x.
Chrysophyllum viridifolium Wood & Franks.
Pseudacraea eurytus imitator Trim. G.F.L., E.E.P., iii.,
vii.
„ lucretia tarquinia Trim. G.F.L., E.E.P., iii,
vi.
74 £. E. Piatt
Achaea mercatoria Fahr. E.E.P.
Dasychira greeni Janse. H.A.G., E.E.P.
Desmeocraera atriguttata Hmpsn. E.E.P., ii, x.
„ calliope Hmpsn. H.A.G., E.E.P.
Gastropacha sp. H.A.G.
Cissampelos torulosa E.M. (Menispermaceae.)
Calpe provocans Wlk E.E.P., x.
,, emarginata Fabr. E.E.P.
Cissus capensis Willd. (Ampelideae.)
Theretra capensis Linn. Fawcett.
Cissus cirrhosa Thb.
Xanthospilopteryx africana Bull. E.E.P., i, xi.
,i superba Butl. E.E.P., i, ii, x.
Tuerta trimeni Feld. E.E.P., i.
Hippotion celerio Linn. E.E.P., xi.
Citrus aurantium, f. near vulgaris Rino. (Rutaceae.)
Papilio dardanus Broivn. C.F.M.S.
„ demodocus Esp. C.F.M.S.
„ nireus Cram. C.F.M.S.
Clausena inaequalis Bih. (Rutaceae.)
Papilio demodocus Esp.
„ menestheus ophidicephalus Oberth. Miss Fountalne,
Eshowe, i. E.E.P., Karkloof, i.
„ dardanus Brown. C.F.M.S.
„ echerioides Trim. Miss Fountaine, Donnybrook.
„ nireus Cram. C.F.M.S.
Procris subdiaphana Feld. E.E.P., Karkloof, i.
Clerodendron glabrum E.M. (Verbenaceae.)
Hypolycaena philippus Fab. E.E.P., iv.
Diacrisia diplosticta Hmpsn. E.E.P., xii.
Dionychopus amasis Cram. E.E.P., xi.
Porthesia natalensis Janse. E.E.P., i.
Acherontia atropos Linn. E.E.P., iii.
Ischnurges lancinalis Cuen. E.E.P., i.
Clerodendron myricoides R. Br.
Phytometra euchroa Hmpsn. E.E.P., ii.
Food Plants of Lepidopterous Larvae 75
Ciuytia pulchella Linn. (Euphorbiaceae.)
Hypoplexia mictochroa Hmpsn. E.E.P., ix.
Daseochaeta verbenata Disi. E.E.P., ix, xi.
Prasinocyma vermicularia Guen. E.E.P., ix, xi.
Cola natalensis Oliv. (Sterculiaceae.)
Abantis paradisea Bull. E.E.P., iv, viii.
Coleus sp. (Labiatae.)
Precis octavia Cram. W.J.H., ix.
Phytometra acuta Wlk. E.E.P.
Combretum apiculatum Sond. (Combretaceae.)
Hesperia forestan Cram. E.E.P., ii.
Bombotelia ethiopica Hmpsn. E.E.P., xi, xii.
Goniocalpe heteromorpha Hmpsn. E.E.P., iii.
Omithopsyche difficilis Wlk. E.E.P., i, iv, xi.
Desmeocraera vernalis Dist. G.F.L,, E.E.P., ii, xi.
Leipaxais peraffinis Holl. E.E.P., ii, ix.
Coryphodema tristis Drury. E.E.P., viii, ix.
Combretum bracteosum Brandis.
Neptis saclava Bdv. E.E.P., vi, vii.
Hesperia forestan Cram. E.E.P., v.
Omithopsyche difficilis Wlk- E.E.P., v.
Combretum Gueinzii Sond.
Hamanumida daedalus Fah. H.M.M., E.E.P., iv
Pamphila morantii Trim. E.E.P., v.
Nola hardenbergi Janse. E.E.P.
Bombotelia ethiopica Hmpsn. E.E.P., v, ix, xii.
MauriHa arcuata Wlk- E.E.P., iii, v, xi.
Goniocalpe heteromorpha Hmpsn. E.E.P., iv, ix.
Negeta ruficeps Hmpsn. E.E.P., iii, iv.
Negeta luminosa Wlk- E.E.P.
Arcyophora longivalvis Guen. E.E.P., v, xi.
Dermaleipa rubricata Holl. E.E.P., v.
Hypanua roseitincta Hmpsn. E.E.P., iv, v.
Anua tirhaca Cram. E.E.P., iv.
Dasychira rocana Srvinh. E.E.P.
Omithopsyche difficilis Wlk- E.E.P., xi.
76 E. E. Piatt
Homochira rendalli Dist. E.E.P., v.
Euproctis rufopunctata Wlk. E.E.P., xi.
Desmeocraera pergrisea Hmpsn. E.E.P., iv, xii.
Ochrostigma mediata Wlk- E.E.P., iv.
Hoplitis phyllocampa Trim. H.M.M., E.E.P., iv, v.
Celidomphax rubrimaculata Warr. E.E.P., iv, vi.
Haggardia grisea Warr. E.E.P., iii.
Omphalucha maturnaria Moschl. E.E.P., iii.
Cleora divisaria Wlk- E.E.P., iv, xi.
Boarmia octomaculata Wllgrn. E.E.P., iv.
Pachypasa pithyocampa Cram. E.E.P., xii
Commelina nudiflora Linn. (Commelinaceae.)
Acraea encedon Linn. E.E.P., iv, vi.
Commiphora caryasfolia Oliv. (Burseraceae.)
Usta terpsichore Maas. & We'^m. Fawcett.
Convolvulus sp. (Convolvulaceae.)
Herse convolvuli Linn J.O'N.
Coelonia fulvinotata Butl. J.O'N.
Cordia caffra Sond. (Boragineae.)
Callyna decora Wlk- G.F.L., E,E.P., ii, vi, xi, xii.
„ figurans Wlk- G.F.L., E.E.P., ii, xii.
,, unicolor Hmpsn. E.E.P., x.
Cyclopera galactiplaga Hmpsn. E.E.P., ix.
Catephia striata Hmpsn. G.F.L., E.E.P., ii, iii, xii.
Polydesma basilinea Hmpsn. E.E.P.
Coelonia fulvinotata Butl. E.E.P. , i.
Polyptychus grayi Wlk- Fawcett, E.L.C., E.E.P., ii, xii.
Striphnopteryx edulis Boisd. E.L.C
Jana tantalus Herr.Schaff. E.L.C
Lebedodes durbanica Hmpsn. G.F.L., E.E.P., ix.
Crotalaria capensis Jacq. (Leguminosae.)
Lycaena boetica Linn.
Alytarchia bellatrix Dalman. Fawcett, E.E.P., ii, vii, xi.
Croton sylvaticus Hochst. (Euphorbiaceae.)
Charaxes candiope Codt. Fawcett, E.E.P., iv, x, xii.
Amyna punctum Fabr. E.E.P., iv, v, x.
Epiphora mythimnia Westrv. H.M.M., E.E.P., xii.
Food Plants of Lepidopierous Larvae
77
Cryptocarya Woodii Engl. (Laurineae.)
Metarbela tuckeri Bull. E.E.P., x.
Cryptocarya Woodii acuminata Schinz.
Charaxes xiphares Cram. Miss Fountaine, Dargle, Natal.
Cussonia spicata Thb. (Araliaceae.)
Bunaea alcinoe StolL J.O'N.
Holocera Rhodesiensis Janse. J.O'N.
Cyanotis nodiflora Kth. (Commelinaceae.)
Estigmene atropunctata Fawcett. Fawcett.
dissimilis Disi. Fawcett.
Cynanchum chirindense 5. Moore. (Asclepiadaceae.)
Amauris lobengula E. Sharpe. C.F.M.S.
albimaculata Bull C.F.M.S.
ochlea Boisd C.F.M.S.
Cyperus albostriatus Schrad. " Sedge." (Cyperaceae.)
Phiala dasypoda Wllgrn. H.W.B.M., E.E.P., ii. (Dargle)
Dahlia variabilis Desf. (Compositae).
Coelonia fulvinotata Bull. Fawcett.
Dalbergia obovata E.M. (Leguminosae).
Pristanepa platti Hmpsn. E.E.P., x.
Thermesia atriplaga Wlk- E.E.P., iii.
Catalebeda cuneilinea IVlk- E.E.P., i.
Datura stramonium Linn. (Solanaceae).
Acherontia atropos Linn. E.E.P., xii.
Desmonema caff rum Meirs (Menispermeae.)
Ophideres materna Linn. E.E.P., iii, iv, xii.
Desmodium incanum D.C. (Leguminosae).
Antheua simplex Wlk- E.E.P., iii, xi.
Monda delicatissima Wlk- E.E.P.
Dichrostachys nutans Bth. (Leguminosae).
Zamarada secutaria Cuen. E.E.P.
Pachymeta clarki Aur. E.L.C.
Dioscorea malifolia Baker. (Dioscoraceae).
Pterygospidea flesus Fab. E.E.P., i. v.
Dimorphotheca aurantiaca D.C. (Compositae).
Cucullia terrensis Feld. E.E.P., ii, xi.
78 E. E. Plait
Dipcadi umbonatum Baker- (Liliaceae).
Diaphone eumela Stoll. E.E.P., x.
Eublemma rubripuncta Hmpsn. E.E.P., xii.
Dombeya cymosa Harv. (Sterculiaceae) .
Caprona canopus Trim. E.E.P., i, xi.
Pterygospidea nottoana Wllgrn. E.E.P., iii, v, xi.
Olapa flabellaria Fab. E.E.P., xi.
Pteredoa monosticta Bull. E.E.P., ii, iv, v.
Tarache nubilata Hmpsn. E.E.P., i.
Anomis leona Schaus. E.E.P., i, iii, iv.
Lophostethus dumolinii Angas. E.E.P., xii.
Chadisra uncifera Hmpsn. E.E.P., iv.
Dombeya rotundifolia Harv.
Hoplitis concolor Janse. J.O'N., E.E.P., iii, vi.
Anaphe reticulata Wlk- J.O'N.
Lophostethus dumoHnii Angas. J.O'N.
DovyaHs rotundifolia Thb. (Bixineae).
Atella phalantha Drury. E.E.P., v, viii.
Dracaena Hookeriana K. Koch. (Liliaceae).
Pamphila erinnys Trim. E.E.P., ii, iii, x.
Duranta plumieri Jacq. ( Verbenaceae) .
Coelonia fulvinotata Buil. Fawcett,
Eclipta erecta Ltnn. (Compositae).
Deilemera leuconoe Hopff. E.E.P.
Ekebergia Meyeri Presl. (Meliaceae).
Charaxes brutus Cram. E.E.P., xi.
Ochrostigma mediata Wlk- E.E.P. , iv.
Bunaea alcinoe Sioll. E.E.P., xi.
Lobobunaea tyrrhena Westw. H.A.G.
Holocera smilax Westn>. E.E.P., iv.
Entada natalensis Bih. (Leguminosae).
Nyctipao Walkeri Bull. E.E.P., xii.
Erigeron canadense Linn. (Compositae).
Acraea rahira Boisd. Fawcett, E.E.P.
Eriobotrya japonica Lindl. (Loquat).
Euproctis rufopunctata IVlk. E.E.P., x.
Food Plants of Lepidopterous Larvae 79
Eriosema sp. (Vaal Bosch). (Leguminosae).
Precis sesamus Trim. J.O'N.
Antheua croceipuncta Hmpsn. J. O'N.
Leptoclanis pulchra R. & /. J.O'N.
Trabala rennei Dew. J.O'N.
Erythrina caffra Thb. Kaffir Boom. (Leguminosae).
Urota sinope IVestw. Fawcett, E.E.P., i, x.
Agathodes musivalis Guen. E.E.P., ii, xi.
Terastia margaritis Feld. E.E.P., ii, xi.
Eugenia capensis Harv. (Myrtaceae).
Selagena obsolescens Hmpsn. E.E.P., x, xii.
Eugenia cordata Laws. Waterboom.
Charaxes druceanus Bull. J.H.D. Millar, W.J.H., vii, ix.
Rhodogastria bauri Moschl. Fawcett.
Rhodogastria astreas Drury.
Achaea echo Wlk- E.E.P., ix.
Catephia amplificans Wlk- E.L.C., G.F.L.
Euproctis rufopunctata Wlk- W.J.H.
Desmeocraera tripuncta Janse. E.E.P., vi, ix, xi.
Selagena obsolescens Hmpsn. E.E.P.
Bunaea angasana Westw. H.M.M,
Pingasa abyssinaria Guen. E.E.P., ii.
Excoecaria reticulata Muell. Arg. (Euphorbiaceae).
Crenis boisduvali Wllgrn. Fawcett, E.E.P., iii, xi.
Crenis natalensis Boisd. Fawcett, E.E.P., i, xii.
Achaea echo Wlk. G.F.L.
Faurea saligna Harv. (Proteaceae).
Dasychira pyrosoma Hmpsn. E.E.P., v.
Cerura esmeralda Hmpsn. E.E.P.. v.
Ichthyura violacearia Janse. E.E.P., v.
Pseudometa basalis Wlk. E.E.P., vi.
Ficus capensis Thb. (Urticaceae).
Myrina ficedula Trim. E.E.P., iv.
Eutelia leighi Hmpsn. E.E.P., iv, vi.
Dasychira extorta Disi. E.E.P.
Euproctis rufopunctata Wlk' E.E.P., xi.
80 E. E, Plait
Ficus cordata Thh.
Myrina ficedula Trim.
Melanocera menippe Westrv. C.B.H.
Ficus Petersii Warb.
Myrina dermaptera Wllgrn. E.E.P., vii, x.
Rhodogastria astreas Drur^. E.E.P., iii.
Bareia incidens Wlk- E.E.P., ii, vi, ix.
Dasychira extorta Disi. E.E.P., vi.
Naroma signifera Wlk- E.E.P., viii, x, xii.
Hypsa subretracta Wlk- E.E.P., i, ii, xi.
Pseudoclanis postica Wlk- E.E.P., iii.
Nephele accentifera Beauv. E.E.P., ii, iv, v.
Trilocha ficicolor Wesiw. & Orm. E.E.P., v, ix.
Ficus sp.
Gonimbrasia belina Westw. E.E.P-
Ficus sp.
Dasychira extorta Disi. J.O'N.
Fleurya capensis Wedd. (Urticaceae). •
Acraea esebria Heiv. E.E.P., ii, iv, vi.
Antanartia schoeneia Trim. E.E.P., vi.
Hypolimnas mima Trim. E.E.P., i. iv.
Fuchsia sp. (Onagrarieae).
Hippotion osiris Dalman.
Hippotion eson Cram. E.E.P., ii, viii.
Gardenia jasminoides Ellis. (Rubiaceae).
Cephonodes hylas Wllgrn.
Deilephila nerii Linn. E.E.P., iii.
Glyphodes sericea Drur^. E.E.P., vi.
Gardenia globosa Hochsi.
Diacrisia diplosticta Hmpsn. E.E.P , iii.
Hemerophila serrataria Wlk- E.EP., xi.
Omizodes ocellata IVarr. E.E.P., ii, xi.
Anomoetes levis Feld. E.E.P., xi.
Geranium sp. (Geraniaceae).
Lycaena palemon Cram. E.E.P., v.
Gerbera Jamesoni Bolus. (Compositae).
Polia speyeri Feld. E.E.P., x.
Food Plants of Lepidopterous Larvae 81
Gnaphalium purpureum Linn. (Compositae).
Pyrameis cardui Linn. E.E.P., i, vi,
Gomphocarpus fruticosus R.Br. (Asclepiadaceae).
Danaida chrysippus Linn. Fawcett, E.E.P., i, iv.
Gramineae (Grasses).
Mycalesis safitza Hen). E.E.P.
Leptoneura dingana Trim. Miss Fountaine, Barberton.
Pamphila hottentota Latr. E.E.P., x.
Cyclopides metis Cram. E.E.P.
Micragrotis interstriata Hmpsn. J.O'N.
Laphygma exempta Wlk. E.E.P., ii.
Cropera testacea Wlk- E.E.P.
Psalis securis Hubn. E.E.P., xii.
Janomima westwoodi Aur. J.O'N.
Phyllalia patens Boisd. Fawcett.
Phyllalia flavicostata Fawcett.
Rigema woerdeni Snelt. E.E.P., iv.
Rigema ornata Wlk. J.O'N., E.E.P., i.
Nudaurelia arabella Aur. J.O'N.
Nudaurelia oubie Cuen. J.O'N.
Anadiasa distincta Dist. E.E.P., iv.
Olyra reducta Wlk. E.E.P., xi.
Grewia lasiocarpa E.M. (Tiliaceae).
Chadisra curvilinea Srvinh. E.L.C.
Rethona albicans Wlk- E.L.C.
Grewia occidentalis L.
Caprona canopus Trim. E.E.P., x.
Pterygospidea nottoana Wllgrn. E.E.P., ii, xi.
Chasmina tibialis Fahr. E.E.P., iv.
Acripia chloropera Hmpsn. E.E.P., iii., iv.
Cosmophila sabulifera Cuen. E.E.P., iii.
Olapa flabellaria Fab. E.E.P.
Chadisra uncifera Hmpsn. E.E.P., iv.
Lophostethus dumolinii Angas. E,E.P., v.
Lebedodes rufithorax Hmpsn. E.E.P., ix.
Metarbela tuckeri Butl. E.E.P., x.
82 E, E. Plait
Gymnandropsis sp. (Capparideae).
Crocidolomia binotalis Zell.
Helinus ovatus E. Meyer. (Rhamneae).
Epiphora mythimnia Wesiw. H.M.M.
Heliotrope sp. (Boragineae).
Diacrisia eugraphica Wlk- E.E.P., xii.
Heliotropium peruvianum Lmn. (Lettuce).
Syngrapha circumflexa L'lnn, E.E.P., x.
Phytometra orichalcea Fahr. E.E.P., vii, ix.
Xanthorhoe poseata Cuen. E.E.P., ix.
Hibiscus gossypinus Thh. (Malvaceae).
Pyrgus vindex Cram. E.E.P., iv, vi.
Leocyma appollinis Cuen. E.E.P., iii.
Creaga dealbata Herr.-Schaff. E.E.P., iii.
Anomis flava Fabr. E.E.P., iii.
Hibiscus panduraeformis Burm.
Lophostethus dumolinii Angas. J. O'N.
Hibiscus pedunculatus Cav.
Leocyma appollinis Cuen. E.E.P., iii.
Tarache tetragonisa Hmpsn. E.E.P., iii.
Anomis luperca Moschl. E.E.P., iii.
Hibiscus tiliaceus Linn.
Abantis paradisea Buil. H.M.M.» E.E.P., iii, x.
Chasmina tibialis Fabr. H.M.M. , E.E.P., iii.
Lophostethus dumolinii Angas. Fawcett, H.A.G,
Hypericum aethiopicum Thb. (Hypericineae).
Terias brigitta Cram. C.F.M.S.
Terias senegalensis Boisd. C.F.M.S.
Hyphaene crinata Caerin. (Palmae).
Nudaurelia anna Maas. & Wey^m. H.W.B.M., xi. (Zulu-
Impatiens sp. Balsam. (Geraniaceae). land).
Hippotion osiris Dalman. E.E.P., ii.
Hippotion eson Cram. E.E.P.
Hippotion celerio Linn. E.E.P., iv.
Iboza riparia N.E.B.
Phytometra obtusisigna Wlk- E.E.P., iii, v.
Food Plants of Lepidopierous Larvae 83
Ipomcjea batatas Poir. Sweet Potato. (Convolvulaceae.)
Herse convolvuli Linn. J.O'N. E.E.P., i, iii.
Ipomoea ficifolia Ldl.
Catephia iridicosma B. -Balder. E.E.P., iii, xi.
Herse convolvuli Linn. E.E.P., i, iii.
Ipomoea sp. (flowers).
Eublemma apicemacula Mab. E.E.P., ii.
Ipomoea sp.
Euchromia formosa Cuen. E.E.P., iv, xi.
Isoglossa mossambicensis Lindau. (Acanthaceae).
Salamis parhassus aethiops Pal. C.F.M.S.
Isoglossa Woodii C. B. Clarke.
Pterygospidea mokeezi Wllgrn. H.A.G., i.
Jasminium pubigerum D. Don. (Oleaceae).
Acherontia atropos Linn. Fawcett, E.E.P., iv, xi.
Holocera smilax IVestw. Fawcett, E.E.P., ii, iv, xii.
Jasminium streptopus E.M.
Jana tantalus H.S. E.E.P., xi.
Jussiaea repens Linn. (Onagrarieae).
Hippotion balsaminae Wlk- Fawcett, H.M.M., iii.
Justicia natalensis T. Anders. (Acanthaceae).
Precis oenone Huhn. Fawcett.
Justicia pulegioides E.M.
Catacroptera cloantha Cram. Miss Fountaine, Dargle.
Kiggelaria africana Linn. (Bixineae).
Acraea horta Linn. E.E.P., xii.
Cymothoe alcimeda Codt. E.E.P., i, xii.
Kraussia floribunda Harv. (Rubiaceae).
Cephonodes hylas Wllgrn.
Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae).
Acherontia atropos Linn. E.E.P., ii,
Coelonia fulvinotata Bull. E.E.P., vi, xii.
Lasiosiphon kraussii Meisn.
Hadena bulgeri Feld. E.E.P., xi.
Leucas milanjiana Cuerk. (Labiatae).
Temnora pylas Cram. J.O'N.
84 E. E. Plait
Leucosidea sericea E. & Z. (Rosaceae).
Nola holoscota Hmpsn. E.E.P. (Karkioof), i.
Ortholitha horismodes Prout. E.E.P. (Karkioof), i.
Lichen.
Ilema bipuncta Huhn. E.E.P., xi.
Asura sagenaria Wllgrn. E.E.P.
Chionema pretoriae D'lsi. E.E.P.
Ilemodes heterogyna Hmpsn. E.E.P., xi, xii.
Dasychira octophora Hmpsn. E.E.P., ix.
Euproctis crocata Boisd. E.E.P., xi, xii.
Lonicera sempervirens Linn. (Caprifoliaceae) .
Diacrisia eugraphica Wlk- E.L.C., E.E.P., v.
Liiiaceae.
Brithys pancratii Cyr. J.O'N., E.E.P., i, xi.
Loranthus Dregei E. 6c Z. (Loranthaceae).
lolaus silas Westrv. H.A.G., E.E.P., iii, vi, ix, xi.
Mylothris agathina Cram.
Achaea mabilli Saalm, E.E.P., iv,
Victoria mirabilis Wan. E.E.P., iv.
Chogada acaciaria Boisd. E.E.P.
Ocinaropsis obscura Aur. H.M.M., E.E.P., v, viii.
Loranthus Kraussiana Meisn.
lolaus sidus Trim. E.E.P., iv, xii.
Mylothris trimenia Bull. E.E.P., ix.
Achaea mabilli Saalm. E.E.P., iv, xi.
Epigynopteryx deformis Warr. E.E.P., x.
Loranthus quinquenervius Hochst.
lolaus sidus Trim. E.E.P., x.
Mylothris agathina Cram. E.E.P., ix.
Ocinaropsis obscura Aur. E.E.P., v, viii.
Maesa alnifoHa Harv. (Myrsineae).
Pingasa abyssinaria Cuen. H.W.B.M., E.E.P., iv.
Zerenopsis leopardina Feld. E.E.P., v.
Nudaurelia gueinzii Staud. H.W.B.M., E.E.P., xi.
Mangifera indica Linn. (Mango). (Anacardiaceae).
Lycaenesthes liodes Herv. (flowers) E.E.P., ix.
Food Plants of Lepidopterous Larvae 85
Deilephila nerii Linn. J.O'N.
Pachypasa pithyocampa Cram. E.E.P., ii.
Nudaurelia wahlbergi Bo'isd. E.E.P.
Medicago satlva Linn. (Lucerne). Leguminosae.
Colias electo Linn.
Phytometra angulum Guen. E.E.P., viii, x.
Melia azedarach L. (Syringa). Meliaceae.
Charaxes brutus Cram.
Microglossa mespiloides Bih. & Hl^. Compositae.
Ludia delegorguei Boisd. Fawcett.
Millettia Sutherland! Harv. Leguminosae.
Hesperia forestan Cram. E.E.P., iv.
Thermesia burrowsi Butl. E.E.P. (Eshowe), xii.
Platysphinx piabilis Dist. E.E.P. (Eshov/e), i, ii, xii.
Scaimicauda heterogyna Hmpsn. E.E.P., vi.
Mimusops discolor Sond. Sapotaceae.
Pseudacraea boisduvali Trim, iii, vi.
Achaea mercatoria Fabr. E.E.P., iii, x, xi, xii.
Dasychira greeni Janse. H.A.G., E.E.P., i, v.
Euproctis punctifera V/lk.
Desmeocraera varia Janse. E.E.P., iii, vi, xi.
Desmeocraera platti Janse. E.E.P., vi, x.
Mimusops obovata Sond.
Pseudacraea boisduvali Trim, vi, xii.
Pseudacraea lucretia Cram.
Rhodogastria astreas Drury. E.E.P., ix.
Dasychira greeni Janse. H.A.G., E.E.P., v, vi.
Desmeocraera atriguttata Hmpsn. E.E.P., viii, xii.
Desmeocraera varia Janse. E.E.P., ii, ix.
Diptychis geometrina Feld. E.E.P., xi.
Morus sp. (Mulberry). Urticaceae.
Pseudoclanis postica Wlk- J.O'N.
Myrica aethiopica Linn. Myricaceae.
Lycaenesthes liodes Hew. (flowers). E.E.P., vt.
Eutelia leucographa Hmpsn. E.E.P., vi.
Maurilia arcuata Wlk. E.E.P., v.
^6 E. E. Piatt
Anua violascens Hmpsn. E.E.P., v.
Thalassodes digressa Wlk' E.E.P.,
Pantoctenia gemmans Fold, E.E.P., v.
Myrica sp.
Lycaenesthes liodes Heiv. E.E.P., viii.
Eutelia leucographa Hmpsn. E.E.P., viii.
Nerium Oleander Linn. (Apocynaceae).
Deilephila nerii Linn. J.O'N., E.E.P., i, ii, iii.
Gonimbrasia zambesina Wlk. H.W.B.M., xi. (Zululand)
Nicotiana aflinis Hori. Solanaceae.
Phytometra acuta Wlk- E.E.P.
Coeionia fulvinotata Butl. E.E.P.
Niebuhria pedunculosa Hochsi. Capparideae.
Pieris severina Cram. E.E.P., iv, vii, ix.
Pieris zochalia Boisd. E.E.P., iv.
Pieris thysa Hopff. E.E.P., v, viii, xi.
Pieris epaphia Cram. E.E.P., i, iv, vi.
Teracolus erone Angas. E.E.P., iii, v, ix, xii.
Metarbeia tuckeri Bull. E.E.P.
Ochna atropurpurea D.C. Ochnaceae.
Rhodogastria astreas Drur}). E.E.P., ix.
^ Hemerophila contemptaria Wlk- E.E.P., x.
Hemerophila serrataria Wlk- E.E.P.
Melanocera menippe lVesiia>. H.M.M., E.E.P., xii.
Oldenlandia amatymbica Kunize. Rubiaceae.
Pais decora Linn. E.E.P., xi. (Zululand).
Oncoba Kraussiana Planch. Bixineae.
Acraea oncaea Hopff. E.E.P., iv, xii.
Acraea petraea Boisd. Fawcett, E.E.P., ii, viii, xi.
Ophiocaulon gummifera HI^.F. Passifloreae.
Acraea natalica Boisd. E.E.P., i, vi.
Planema aganice Hew. E.E.P., vi.
Caipe provocans Wlf^. E.E.P.
Caipe emarginata Fahr. E.E.P., vi.
OntJtHogalum Eckloni Sch. Liliaceae.
Diacrisia flava Wllgrn. Fawcett.
Food Plants of Lepidopierous Larvae 87
Diacrisia screabilis Wllgrn. Fawcett.
Diaphone eumela Sioll. Fawcett.
Orthosiphon sp. Labiatae.
Callyna nigerrima Hmpsn. J.O'N.
Oxalis corniculata Linn. Geraniaceae.
Zizura gaika Trim. W.J.H.
Parinarium Mobola 0/iv. Rosaceae.
Dasychira pryosoma Hmpsn. J.O'N.
Polyptychus coryndoni Roths. & /. J.O'N.
Passiflora caerulea Linn. Passifloreae.
Acraea zetes Trim. E.E.P., i, iii, vii, xi.
Planema aganice Hew. E.E.P.
Acraea natalica Boisd. E.E.P., iii.
Passiflora edulis Sims. (Grenadilla).
Acraea neobule Doubl. C.F.M.S.
Acraea zetes Trim. Trimen, C.F.M.S.
Acraea aglaonice Westw. C.F.M.S.
Acraea horta Linn. Trimen.
Diacrisia lineata Wlk- Fawcett.
Passiflora incarnata Linn. (American " May Pop.")
Acraea neobule Doubl. C.F.M.S.
Acraea zetes Trim. C.F.M.S.
Acraea aglaonice Westw. C.F.M.S.
Pavetta lanceolata Eck' Rubiaceae.
Cephonodes hylas Wllgrn. Fawcett, E.E.P., iv, xii.
Parasa vivida Wlk- E.E.P., i.
Ctenogyna natalensis Feld. E.E.P.
Pavonia columella Cav. Malvaceae.
Duomitus capensis Wlk- E.E.P., vii.
Pavonia macrophylla E.M.
Pyrgus vindex Cram. E.E.P., i.
Caprona canopus Trim. E.E.P., ii.
Acontia malvae Esp. G.F.L., E.E.P., ii, xii.
Leocyma appollinis Cuen. G.F.L., E.E.P., ii.
Pellaea hastata Link' (Fern).
Bombycopsis ?ochroleuca Feld. E.E.P., xi, xii. (Zululand)
Elaeodes acatharta Hmpsn. H.M.M., i.
88 E, E. Plait
Pentanisia variabilis Harv. Rubiaceae.
Pais decora Linn. E.E.P., xi. (Zululand).
Petunia violacea Lindl. Solanaceae.
Phytometra angulum Cuen. E.E.P.
Phaseolus vulgaris Linn. Leguminosae.
Phytometra angulum Cuen. E.E.P., x.
Phytometra acuta Wlk- E.E.P., iii.
Phoenix reclinata Jacq. Palmae.
Pamphila dysmephila Trim. A. D. Millar, E.E.P., iv, x.
Pirus communis L. (Pear).
Selagena tessellata Disi.
Plectranthus sp. Labiatae.
Precis archesia Cram. Miss Fountaine, Jolivet, Natal.
Plectranthus floribundus N.E.B.
Precis natalensis Siaud. C.F.M.S.
Plectranthus calycinus Bth.
Precis octavia Cram. Miss Fountaine, Dargle.
Plectronia ventosa L. Rubiaceae.
Poloma angulata IVlk. E.E.P., v, xi.
Plumbago capensis Thb. Plumbagineae.
Tarucus telicanus Lang. W.J.H.
Polygonum sp. Polygonaceae.
Acraea rahira Boisd. H.M.M., E.E.P., iii.
Popowia cafFra H. & S. Anonaceae.
Papilio brasidas Feld. Fawcett, E.E.P., i, iii, xii.
Saroba cyanescens Hmpsn. E.E.P., xii.
Racotis zebrina Warr. E.E.P., ix.
Mallocampa sp. E.E.P., vi.
Populus alba Linn. Salicinae.
Atella phalantha Drur^. C.F.M.S.
Portulaca foliosa Ker-Carvl. Portulaceae.
Hypolimnas misippus L. C.F.M.S.
Portulaca sp.
Hypolimnas misippus L. E.E.P., i, iii, v.
Pro tea hirta Kloizsch. Proteaceae.
Capys disjunctus Trim. G.F.L., E.E.P., iv.
Cerura esmcralda Hmpsn. E.E.P., i.
Food Plants of Lepidopterous Larvae 89
Protea multibracteata Phillips.
Capys disjunctus, G.F.L., E.E.P., iv.
Diacrisia flava Wllgrn. E.E.P., iv.
Catephia natalensis Hmpsn. E.E.P., v.
Dasychira pyrosoma Hmpsn. E.E.P., v, x.
Ichthyura violacearia Janse. E.E.P., iv, v, x.
Cerura esmeralda Hmpsn. E.E.P., v.
Mauna filia Cram. E.E.P., iv, v,
Pseudometa basalis Wlk- E.E.P., v.
Clania moddermanni He})l. E.E.P.
Protea sp.
Achaea violescens Hmpsn. J.O'N.
Callyna nigerrima Hmpsn. J.O'N.
Cerura esmeralda Hmpsn. J.O'N.
Cinabra hyperbius Westw. J.O'N.
Prunus Persica Stores. Rosaceae.
Pachypasa capensis Aur. H.W.B.M., xii.
Psidium sp. (Guava). Myrtaceae.
Chlumetia polymorpha Hmpsn. E.E.P., i, xii.
Euproctis rufopunctata Wlk- E.E.P.
Nudaurelia w^ahlbergi Boisd. E.E.P.
Holocera smilax IVestri). Fawcett, E.E.P., ii.
Psychotria capensis Valine. Rubiaceae.
Prodenia litura Fab. E.L.C.
Catephia bipuncta Hmpsn. E.E.P., iv, ix.
Temnora marginata Wlk- E.L.C, E.E.P., i, iv, ix, xii.
Pycnostachys reticulata Bth. Labiatae.
Precis octavia Cram. E.E.P., iv.
Pycnostachys urticifoHa Hook.
Precis octavia Cram. E.E.P., viii, ix.
Coelonia fulvinotata Bull. E.E.P., x, xii.
Quercus pedunculata Ehrh. Cupuliferae.
Dasychira georgiana Fawcett.
Holocera smilax Westw.
Rauwolfia natalensis Sond. Apocynaceae.
Deilephila nerii Linn. W.J.H., xii.
90 E' E' Piatt
Rawsonia lucida Harv. Bixineae.
Acraea cerasa Hew. H.A.G., E.E.P., i, ix.
Lachnoptera ayresii Trim. H.A.G., E.E.P.» i, x.
Rhoicissus cirrhiflora Gilg. & Brandt. Ampelideae.
Aegocera fervida Wlk- E.E.P., iv, xii.
Tuerta trimenii Feld. E.E.P., i.
Polia speyeri Feld. E.E.P., xi.
Theretra capensis Linn. E.E.P., i.
Saliuncella marshalli Jord. E.E.P.. iv.
Rhus laevigata L. Anacardiaceae.
Anua tirhaca Cram. E.E.P., ii.
Dasychira georgiana Fawceit. E.E.P.
Holocera smilax Westw. E.E.P., i, xi.
Taragama polydora Druce. E.E.P., iii.
Rhus villosa Lf.
Eutelia amatrix Wlk- E.E.P., iv, xi.
Phlegetonia catephioides Guen. E.E.P., iii.
Anua tirhaca Cram. E.E.P., iv.
Lymantria modesta Wlk. E.E.P., iii, iv, xi.
Chadisra bicolor Dht. E.E.P., iv.
Omphalucha matumaria Moschl. E.E.P., iii, xi.
Xylopteryx arcuata Wlk- E.E.P.
Holocera smilax WestTV. E.E.P.
Bombycomorpha bifascia Wlk- E.E.P., xi, xii.
Beralade pygmula Strand. E.E.P., iii, iv.
Rhus longifolia Sond.
Pacidara venustissima Wlk- E.E.P., v.
Holocera smilax WestTV. E.E.P., ii.
Gonimbrasia belina Westm. Fawcett.
Bunaea angasana Westw. H.M.M.
Cirina forda Westw. Faw^cett, E.E.P., x.
Richardia africana Kunth. Aroideae.
Hippotion osiris Dalman. J.O'N.
eson Cram. J.O'N., E.E.P.
Richardia albomaculata Hook.
Theretra cajus Cram. E.E.P., i. (Karkloof).
Food Plants of Lepidopierous Larvae 91
Richardsonia pilosa H.B. & K. Rubiaceae.
Basiotha medea Fabr. E.E.P.. iii, iv.
Ricinus communis Linn. (Castor Oil Plant). Euphorbiaceae.
Eurytela dryope Cram. E.E.P., v.
Euproctis punctifera Wlf^.
Dasychira georgiana Farvcett.
Achaea catella Guen. J.O'N.
Achaea mormoides Wlk- G.F.L., E.E.P., ii.
Achaea finita Cuen. E.E.P., iv.
Parallelia algira Linn. E.E.P., iv.
Thalassodes digressa Wlk- E.E.P., xii.
Chogada acaciaria Boisd. E.L.C.
Nudaurelia wahlbergi Boisd. E.E.P., v.
Duomitus capensis Wlk- E.E.P.
Royena pallens Thb. Ebenaceae.
Hypocala deflorata Fabr. E.E.P., ii, xi.
Taragama carinata Wllgm. E.E.P., ii.
Royena villosa Linn.
Hypocala deflorata Fabr. E.E.P., xii.
Ornithopsyche difficilis Wlk. E.E.P., xi.
Cleora divisaria Wlk. E.E.P.
Metarbela tuckeri Bull. E.E.P., x.
Omocena systis Schaus. E.E.P., xii.
Rubia cordifolia L. Rubiaceae.
Macroglossum trochilus Hubn. H.M.M., E.E.P., ii, iv.
Salix sp. Salicinae.
Atella phalantha Drur\). C.F.M.S.
Salvia splendens Ker-Cawl. Labiatae.
Phytometra limbirena Guen. E.E.P., vii.
Coelonia fulvinotata Bull. E.E.P., ii.
Sapindus oblongifolius Sond. Sapindaceae.
Egybolis vaillantina Stall. Fawcett, E.E.P.. ii, vii, xi.
Serrodes inara Cram. E.L.C.
Omocena systis Schaus. E.E.P., xii.
Argyroploce illepida Butl. E.E.P.
92 E. E. Plait
Schinus molle Lmn. (Pepper Tree). Piperaceae
Eutelia discistriga Wlk- E.E.P., in, iv.
Thalassodes digressa Wlk- E.E.P., iv.
Schmidelia africana D.C. Sapindaceae.
Charaxes varanes Cram. E.E.P., i, iii, xii.
Lycaenesthes liodes Hew. E.E.P., i.
Dasychira lunensis Hmpsn. G.F.L., E.E.P., i, iii, xi.
Tagoropsis flavinata Wlk. E.E.P., xii.
Schotia brachypetala Sond. Leguminosae.
Pachymeta clarki Aur. E.L.C.
Sclerocarya caffra Sond. Anacardiaceae.
Phlegetonia catephioides Cuen. E.E.P., iv.
Lymantria modesta Wll^. E.E.P., iv.
Euproctis rufopunctata Wlk- E.E.P., iii.
Argema mimosa Bo'isd. Fawcett, E.E.P., xi.
Gonimbrasia belina IVestlv. E.E.P., xi.
Usta terpsichore Maas. & We^m. H.M.M., E.E.P., i, xi.
Lebeda kollikerii Dew. E.L.C, E.E.P., iv, v, xii.
Trabala pallida Fawcett. Faw^cett, E.L.C, E.E.P., iv.
Scolopia Gerrardi Harv. Bixineae.
Ichthyura lentisignata Hmpsn. E.E.P., v.
Pararethona hierax Dist. E.E.P., v, x.
Scutia Commersonii Brogn. Rhamneae.
Pterygospidea nottoana Wllgrn. E.E.P., xi.
Polydesma inangulata Cuen. E.E.P., x.
Lasiochlora bicolor Th. Mieg. E.E.P., x.
Lasiochlora diducta Wlk. E.E.P., xii.
Chloroclystis marmorata Wan. E.E.P,, x.
Secamone Gerrardi Harv. Asclepiadaceae.
Euchromia amoena Moschl. E.E.P., xi.
Spiramiopsis comma Hmpsn. E.E.P., x.
Senecio bupleuroides D.C. Compositae.
Diacrisia scita Wlk. E.E.P., xii.
Phytometra exquisita Feld. E.E.P., i.
Senecio deltoideus Less.
Ludia delegorguei Bo'isd. E.E.P., xi.
Food Plants of Lepidopterous Larvae 93
Lebeda bipars Wlk- H.A.G., E.E.P.. v.
Senecio pellucidus D.C.
Deilemera leuconoe Hopff. E.E.P., v, vi.
Setaria sulcata Raddi Gramineae.
Melanitis leda Linn. H.A.G., E.E.P., iii, v.
Sida rhombifolia Linn. Malvaceae.
Cosmophila erosa Hubn. E.E.P., iii.
Sideroxylon inerme L. Sapotaceae.
Dasychira metathermes Hmpsn. E.E.P., iii.
Smilax Kraussiana Meisn. Liliaceae.
Diacrisia scita Wlk- E.E.P., iv.
Heliophisma croceipennis Wlk- E.E.P., ii, iv, vi.
Dasychira whitei Druce. E.E.P., iii, vi, xi.
Solanum auriculatum Ait. Solanaceae.
Hesperia forestan Cram. E.E.P., xii. (Eshowe).
Solanum giganteum Jacq.
Euplexia amaranta Feld. E.E.P., xii. (Eshowe).
Solanum lycopersicum Linn. (Tomato).
Phytometra acuta Wlk. E.E.P.
Acherontia atropos Linn. E.E.P.
Coelonia fulvinotata Butl. E.E.P., ii, iv.
Solanum Seaforthianum Andr.
Diacrisia lutescens Wlk- E.E.P., ii.
Solanum sodomeum Linn.
Selepa docilis Butl. E.E.P., i.
Coelonia fulvinotata Butl. E.E.P., vi.
Solanum tuberosum Linn. (Potato).
Acherontia atropos Linn. J.O'N.
Spermacoce natalensis Hochst. Rubiaceae.
Basiotha medea Fabr. Fawcett, E.E.P., i. (Karkloof).
Sphedamnocarpus pruriens Sz^sz^l. Malpighiaceae.
Papilio angolanus Goeze. C.F.M.S.
Stephania discolor Spreng. Menispermaceae.
Caipe emarginata Fabr. E.E.P., i. (Karkloof).
Stoboea discolor D.C. (Thistle). Compositae.
Pyrameis cardui Linn.
94 E. E. Piatt
Strelitzia augusta Thh. (Wild Banana). Scitamineae.
Pamphila fiara Buil H.A.G., E.E.P., viii, x.
Strychnos Henningsii Cilg. Loganiaceae.
Temnora inornatum Roths. E.E.P., i, x, xi.
Temnora zantus H.-S. E.E.P., ii, iii, v, vi, vii, viii, xi.
Leucostrophus hirundo Gerst. H.M.M., E.E.P., ii.
Atemnora westermanni Boisd. E.E.P., vii.
Strychnos Gerrardi N.E.B.
Phasicnecus obtusus Wlk- E.E.P., xi.
Syncolostemon densiflorus EM. Labiatae.
Phytometra transfixa Wlk- E.E.P., iv.
acuta Wlk- E.E.P., iv.
„ arachnoides D'lst. E.E.P., iv.
Tagetes erecta L. (African Marigold). Compositae.
Diacrisia eugraphica Wlk- E.E.P., ii.
,, scita Wlk' E.E.P., xii.
„ flava Wllgrn. E.E.P.
lineata Wlk- E.E.P., ii.
Teracotona submacula Wlk- E.E.P., xi, xii.
Dionychopus amasis Cram. E.E.P., x.
Teclea Swynnertonii Bak. Rutaceae.
Papilio dardanus Brown. C.F.M.S.
,, demodocus Esp. C.F.M.S.
,, nireus Cram. C.F.M.S.
Tecomaria capensis Spach. Bignoniaceae.
Acherontia atropos Linn. E.E.P.
Coelonia fulvinotata Butl. E.E.P., xi.
Oligographa juniperi Botsd. E.E.P., iii, x, xii.
Striphnopteryx edulis Wllgrn.
Tephrosia elongata E.M. (Leguminosae).
Diacrisia scita Wlk- E.E.P., xii.
Tephrosia macropoda E.M.
Antheua dimorpha Janse. E.E.P., x, xi.
Thespesia Garckeana F. Hoffm. Malvaceae.
Eulymnia pulcherrima Hmpsn. J.O'N.
Food Plants of Lepidopierous Larvae 9J
Thyatirina achatina We^m. J.O'N.
Likoma apicalis Roths. & Jord. J.O'N.
Thunbergia a!ata Bojer. Acanthaceae.
Rhanidophora phedonia Stoll. E.E.P., xi
Thunbergia podoensis Lindau.
Rhanidophora cinctigutta Wlk- E.E.P., i, iii, xi.
„ phedonia Stoll. E.E.P., iii.
Thunbergia lancifoHa T. Anders.
Rhanidophora cinctigutta Wlk- J.O'N.
Toddalia aculeata Pers. Rutaceae.
PapiHo dardanus Brown. C.F.M.S.
,, demodocus Esp. C.F.M.S.
„ nireus Cram. C.F.M.S.
ToddaHa lanceolata Lam.
PapiHo echeroides Trim. E.E.P., ii, (Karkloof).
„ nireus Cram. E.E.P., ix.
ToddaHa natalensis Sond.
PapiHo dardanus Brown. C.F.M.S.
,, demodocus Esp. C.F.M.S.
,, nireus Cram. C.F.M.S.
Tragia durbanensis Kuntze. (Euphorbiaceae).
BybHa iHthyia Drur\). E.E.P., i, ii.
Eurytela hiarbas Drury. E.E.P.
Rhaesena subcupraHs Wlk- E.E.P., ii, vi.
Trema bracteolati Blume. Urticaceae.
Charaxes cithaeron Feld. E.E.P., vii.
Metarctia meteus Stoll. E.E.P., xii.
Plusiopalpa adrasta Feld. E.E.P., ii, iv, vi.
Phytometra acuta V/lk. E.E.P., iv.
Cosmophila erosa Huhn.
Dasychira georgiana Fawcett. E.E.P., iv.
Porthesia natalensis Janse. E.E.P., iii, iv.
Pseudoclanis postica Wlk- E.E.P., i.
Chadisra curviHnea Swinh. E.E.P., iv.
Gonimbrasia beHna Westw. E.E.P.
NudaureHa wahlbergi Bolsd. E.E.P., xi.
96 E. E. Piatt
Lobobunaea tyrrhena Westw. E.E.P., xi.
Trabala rosa Druce. E.E.P., xii.
Trichilia Dregeana EM. Meliaceae.
Dendrolimus aculeata Wlk- Fawcett.
Trichilia emetica Vahl.
Charaxes brutus Cram. G.F.L., E.E.P., iv, vi.
Taragama distinguenda Aur. E.E.P., viii.
Tagoropsis dentifera Maas. & We'^m. E.E.P., xi.
EulophoROtus myrmeleon Feld. H.M.M., ix.
Trimeria alnifolia Planch. Bixineae.
Atella phalantha Drury. E.E.P., iii.
Ichthyura lentisignata Hmpsn. E.E.P., x.
Rethona albicans V/lk- E.L.C., E.E.P., xi, xii.
Teragra guttifera Hmpsn. E.E.P., x.
Triumfetta annua L. Tiliaceae.
Acraea terpsichore Linn. C.F.M.S.
Triumfetta effusa E. Me^er.
Acraea terpsichore Linn. C.F.M.S.
Triumfetta pilosa Roth.
Acraea terpsichore Linn. C.F.M.S.
Triumfetta rhomboidea J acq.
Acraea terpsichore Linn. Fawcett, C.F.M,S., E.E.P., ii.
Pyrgus dromus Plotz. E.E.P., ii.
Cosmophila sabulifera Cuen. E.E.P., ii.
Triumfetta tomentosa Boj.
Acraea cabira Hopff. E.E.P., ii, iv, vi.
Pyrgus dromus Plotz. E.E.P., ii.
Tropaeolum sp. (Nasturtium). Crucifereae.
Crocidolomia binotalis Zell. E.E.P., ii.
Tryphostemma Sandersoni Harv. Passifloreae.
Acraea nohara Boisd. E.E.P., xi.
Turraea floribunda Hochst. Meliaceae.
Charaxes brutus Cram. G.F.L., E.E.P., vi.
Pseudaphelia apollinaris Boisd. Fawcett, E.E.P., i, xi.
Tylophora anomala N.E.B. Asclepiadaceae.
Amauris echeria Stall. E.E.P., iv, v, ix.
Food Plants of Lepidoplerous Larvae 97
Amauris albimaculata Bull. E.E.P., iv, vii, x, xii.
„ ochlea Boisd. E.E.P., i, x, xii.
Uapaca Kirkiana Muell. Euphorbiaceae.
Bunaea angasana Wesiw. J.O'N.
Urera Woodii A^. E. Br. Urticaceae.
Acraea igola Trim. H.A.G.
„ esebria Herv. H.A.G., E.E.P., vii.
Uvaria caffra E.M. Anonaceae.
Papilio policenes Cram. Fawcett, E.E.P., i, xi, xii.
„ morania Angas. Fawcett, E.E.P., iii, x.
„ antheus Cram. G.F.L., E.E.P., ii, xii.
Verbascum sp. Scrophularineae.
Phytometra limbirena Cuen. E.E.P., vii.
Vigna sp. (Cov^ Pea). Leguminosae.
Polia speyeri Feld. J.O'N.
Vernonia corymbosa Less. Compositae.
Ramesodes divisa Hmpsrt. E.E.P., iv.
Vernonia Gerrardi Harv.
Estigmene atropunctata Fawcett. Fawcett.
,, dissimilis Dist. Fawcett.
Vernonia sp.
Basiotha schenki Moschl J.O'N.
Vangueria infausta Burch. Rubiaceae.
Cephonodes hylas Wllgrn. E.E.P., xi.
Omphax subaspersa Warr. E.E.P., xi.
Petovia dichroaria H.-S. Fawcett, E.E.P., xi.
Heterorachis devocata Wlk- Fawcett.
Voacanga Dregei E.M. Apocynaceae.
Deilephila nerii Linn. E.E.P., xii. (Eshowe).
Vitis vinifera Linn. (Grape Vine). Ampelideae.
Rothia butleri Wlk. Fawcett.
Xanthospilopteryx superba Butl. E.E.P., xii.
Agrotis segetis Schiff. Fawcett.
Euchloron megaera Linn. E.E.P., ii, v.
Hippotion eson Cram. E.E.P.
„ celerio Lirm. E.E.P., i.
98 E. E. Piatt
Hippotion osiris Dolman. Fawcett.
Theretra capensis Linn. E.E.P., i.
Weihea Gerrardi Schinz. Rhizophoreae.
Ogoa simplex Wlk- E.E..P., vii.
Lepidopalpus hyalina Janse. E.E.P., vi, viii, x.
Wormskioldia longepedunculata Mast. Turneraceae.
Acraea asema Hew. C.F.M.S.
caldarena Hew. C.F.M.S.
oncaea Hopff. C.F.M.S.
„ natalica Botsd. C.F.M.S.
„ nohara Boisd. Miss Fountaine, Macequece.
Zizyphus mucronata Willd. Rhamneae.
Tolna sypnoides Buil H.W.B.M.
Taeniopteryx cinerea Janse. E.E.P., i.
Petrodava subapicata Warr. E.E.P.
Epiphora vera Janse. J.O'N.
mythimnia Westw. H.M.M., E.E.P.
SOUTH AFRICAN LEPIDOPTERA WITH THE
PLANTS UPON WHICH THEIR LARV/E FEED.
DANAIDIDAE.
Danaida chrysippus Linn.
Gomphocarpus fruticosus Linn.
Asclepias fulva N.E.B.
„ lineolata Schl.
„ Swynnertonii S. Moore.
„ coarctata S. Moore.
„ scabrifolia S. Moore.
„ reflexa Britt. & Rend.
Amauris echeria Stoll.
Tylophora anomala N.E.B.
Amauris albimaculata Butl.
Tylophora anomala N.E.B.
Cynanchum chirindense S. Moore.
Lepidoptera with Plants upon which Larvae feed 99
Amauris ochlea Boisd.
Tylophora anomala N.E.B,
Cynanchum chirindense S. Moore
Amauris lobengula E. Sharpe.
Cynanchum chirindense S. Moore
SATYRIDAE.
Mycalesis safitza Help.
Grass.
Melanitis leda Linn.
Setaria sulcata Raddi.
Leptoneura dingana Trim.
Grass.
NYMPHALIDAE.
ACRAEINAE.
Acraea terpsichore Linn.
Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq.
„ annua L.
,, effusa E. Meyer,
,, pilosa Roth.
Acraea cabira Hopff.
Triumfetta tomentosa Bof,
Acraea igola Trim.
Urera Woodii A^. E. Br,
Acraea cerasa Hew.
Rawsonia lucida Harv.
Acraea zetes Trim.
Passiflora eduh's Sims.
„ caerulea Linn,
„ incarnata Linn,
Acraea horta Linn.
Passiflora.
Kigellaria africana Linn,
Acraea aglaonice Westw.
Passiflora edulis Sims.
Passiflora incarnata LtnrL
'fOO E. E. Piatt
Acraea neobule Douhl.
Passiflora edulis Sims.
„ incamata Lmn.
Acraea asema Heiv.
Wormskioldia longepedunculata Mast,
Acraea caldarena Hew.
Wormskioldia longepedunculata Mast.
Acraea oncaea Hopff.
Oncoba Kraussiana Planch.
Wormskioldia longepedunculata MasL
Acraea natalica Boisd.
Ophiocaulon gummifera HJ^. f.
Wormskioldia longepedunculata MasU
Passiflora caerulea Linn.
Acraea petraea Boisd.
Oncoba Kraussiana Planch.
Acraea encedon Linn.
Commelina nudiflora Lmn.
Acraea rahira Boisd.
Erigeron canadense Linn.
Polygonum- sp,
Acraea nohara Boisd,
Tryphostemma Sanderson! Harv,
Wormskioldia longepedunculata Mast,
Planema aganice HeTv.
Ophiocaulon gummifera //^. /.
Passiflora caerulea Linn.
Nymphalinae.
Atella phalantha Drury.
Trimeria alnifolia Planch.
Dovyalis rotundifolia Thh.
Aberia macrocalyx Oliv.
Populus alba Linn.
Salix sp.
Lachnoptera ayresii Trim.
Rawsonia lucida Harv.
Lepidoptera with Plants upon which Larvae feed tOI
Pyrameis cardui Linn.
Arctotis grandis Thb.
Gnaphalium purpureum Linn.
Stoboea discolor D.C. (Thistle).
Boehmeria nivea Caudich.
Phaseolus vulgaris Linn.
Antanartia schoeneia Trim.
Fleurya capensis Wedd.
Boehmeria nivea Caudich,
Precis oenone Huhn.
Justicia natalensis T. Anders.
Asystasia coromandeliana Nees.
Precis clelia Cram.
Asystasia coromandeliana A^ees.
Precis terea Drury.
Asystasia coromandeliana Nees.
Precis natalica Feld.
Asystasia coromandeliana Nees,
Precis archesia Cram.
Plectranthus sp.
Precis octavia Cram,
Coleus sp.
Plectranthus floribundus N.E.B.
„ var. longipes N,E,B,
Plectranthus calycinus Bth.
Pycnostachys reticulata Bth.
Pycnostachys urticifolia HooJ^,
Catacroptera cloantha Cram.
Justicia pulegioides E.M,
Salamis parhassus Dru.
Asystasia coromandeliana Nees,
Isoglossa mossambicensis Lindau,
Crenis boisduvali IVllgrn.
Excoecaria reticulata Muell. Arg,
Crenis natalensis Boisd.
Excoecaria reticulata Muell, Arg,
102 E. E. Plait
Ekirylela hiarbas Drury.
Tragia durbanensis Kunize.
Eurytela dryope Cram.
Tragia durbanensis Kunize.
Ricinus communis Linn.
Byblia ilithyia Drur^.
Tragia durbanensis Kunize.
Neptis saclava Bdv.
Acalypha glabrata Thb.
Combretum bracteosum Brandis,
Neptis goochii Trim.
Acalypha sp.
Hypolimnas misippus L.
Portulaca sp.
Portulaca foliosa Ker.-CawL
Asystasia coromandeliana A^eeSt
Hypolimnas mima Trim.
Fleurya capensis Wedd.
Pseudacraea iucretia Cram.
Chrysophyllum natalense Sond.
„ viridi folium Wood & Franks.
„ fulvum S. Moore.
argyrophyllum Hiem.
.;^ Mimusops obovata Sond.
Pseudacraea eurytus Clerck.
Chrysophyllum natalense Sond.
„ viridi folium Wood & Franks
Pseudacraea boisduvali Trim.
Mimusops obovata Sond.
„ discolor Sond.
Hamanumida daedalus Fah.
Combretum Gueinzii Sond.
Cymothoe alcimeda Godi.
Kigellaria africana Linn.
Charaxcs varanes Cram.
Schmidelia africana D.C.
Lepidoptera mih Plants upon ip/iic/i Larvae feed 103
Charaxes zoolina WestT)^.
Entada natalensis Bth.
Acacia Natalitia Willd.
Charaxes candiope Codt.
Croton sylvaticus HochsL
Charaxes guderiana Deip.
Brachystegia appendiculata Benih.
Charaxes druceanus Bull.
Eugenia cordata Laws.
Charaxes brutus Cram.
Trichilea emetica Vahl.
Turraea floribunda HochsL
Melia azedarach L.
Ekebergia meyeri Presl.
Charaxes ethalion Boisd.
Albizzia fastigiata OUv.
»» ». var. chirindensis Swynnerton.
Charaxes cithaeron Feld.
Chaetachme aristata Planch.
Albizzia fastigiata Oliv.
Baphia racemosa Hochst.
Trema bracteolata Blume.
Celtis Soyauxii Engl.
Charaxes xiphares Cram.
Cryptocarya Woodii acuminata Schmz,
PIERIDAE.
Nychitona medusa Cram.
Cassia Petersiana Bolle.
Terias brigitta Cram.
Hypericum aethiopicum Thh.
Terias senegalensis Bdv.
Hypericum aethiopicum Thb.
Mylothris trimenia Bull.
Loranthus Kraussiana Meisn,
104 E, E. Plait
Mylothris agathina Cram.
Loranthus Dregei E. & S.
„ quinquenervius Hochst.
Pieris thysa Hopff.
Niebuhria pedunculosa Hochst.
Pieris gidica Codi.
Capparis corymbifera E.M.
,, citrifolia Lam.
,, Gueinzii Sond.
„ Zeyheri Turcz,
Pieris severina Cram.
Boscia caffra Sond.
Niebuhria pedunculosa Hochst.
Capparis corymbifera E.M.
Pieris zochalia Bdv.
Niebuhria pedunculosa Hochst.
Pieris pigea Bdv.
Capparis corymbifera E.M.
Pieris epaphia Cram.
Boscia caffra Sond.
Niebuhria pedunculosa Hochst,
Teracolus erone Angas.
Niebuhria pedunculosa Hochst.
Colias electo Linn.
Medicago sativa Linn. (Lucerne.)
Catopsilia florella Fabr.
Cassia occidentalis Linn.
,, Petersiana Bolle.
PAPILIONIDAE.
PapiHo antheus Cram.
Uvaria caffra E.M.
Papilio demodocus Esp.
Clausena inaequalis Bth.
Lepidoplera with Plants upon which Larvae feed 105
Toddalia aculeata Pers.
,, natalensis Sond.
Teclea Swynnertonii BaJf.
Citrus aurantium, f. near vulgaris Rino,
Calodendron capense Thh.
Papilio angolanus Coeze.
Anona Senegalensis Pers.
Sphedamnocarpus pruriens Sz^sz^l.
Papilio dardanus Brown.
Toddalia aculeata Pers.
,, natalensis Sond.
Teclea Swynnertonii Bal^.
Clausena inaequalis Bth.
Citrus aurantium, f, near vulgaris Rino,
Papilio nireus Cram.
Calodendron capense Thb.
Toddalia aculeata Pers.
„ natalensis Sond.
,, lanceolata Law.
Teclea Swynnertonii BaJ^.
Clausena inaequalis Bth.
Citrus aurantium, f. near vulgaris Rino,
Papilio morania Angas.
Uvaria caffra E.M.
Papilio corinneus Bert.
Anona Senegalensis Pers.
Papilio policenes Cram.
Uvaria caffra E.M.
Papilio menestheus Trim.
Clausena inaequalis Bth.
Papilio brasidas Feld.
Popowia caffra // & S.
Papilio echerioides Trim.
Toddalia lanceolata Lam.
Clausena inaequalis Bth.
J 06 £. E. Plait
ERYCINIDAE.
Libythea laius Trim.
Celtis Kraussiana Bernh.
„ Soyauxii EngL
LYCAENIDAE.
Lycaena baetica Linn,
Crotalaria capensis Jacq.
Lycaena palemon Cram.
Geranium sp.
Zizura gaika Trim.
Oxalis corniculata Linn.
Azanus natalensis Trim.
Acacia sp.
Tarucus telicanus Lang.
Plumbago capensis Thh.
Myrina ficedula Trim.
Ficus cordata Thb.
„ capensis Thb.
Myrina dermaptera Wllgrn.
Ficus Petersii, Warh.
Capys disjunctus Trim.
Protea hirta Klotzsch.
„ multibracteata Phillips.
Lycaenesthes liodes Herv.
Schmidelia africana D.C. (flowers)
Mangifera indica Linn, (flowers)
Myrica aethiopica Linn, (flowers)
Hypolycaena philippus Fab.
Clerodendron glabrum E.M.
Dteudorix diodes Hefv.
Bauhinia Galpini N.E.B. (seeds),
lolaus silas Wesin>.
Loranthus Dregei E. & S.
lolaus sidus Trim.
Loranthus quinquenervius Hochst.
,, Kraussiana Meisn.
Ltpldopi&ra mih Plants upon n>/iic/i Larvae feed 107
HESPERIDAE.
Cyclopides metis Cram.
Grass.
P)rrgus vindex Cram.
Pavonia maciophylla E.li^.
Hibiscus gossypinus Thh.
Pyrgus dromus Plotz.
Triumfetta tomentosa Boj.
„ rhomboidea J acq,
Pyrgus elma Trim.
Abutilon indicum G. Don.
Pamphila morantii Trim.
Combretum Gueinzii Sond.
Pamphila hottentota Latr.
Grass.
Pamphila erinnys Trim.
Dracaena Hookeriana K. Koch.
Pamphila dysmephila Trim.
Phoenix reclinata Jacq.
Pamphila fiara Bull.
Strelitzia augusta Thb.
Abantis paradisea Bull.
Hibiscus tiliaceus Linn.
Cola natalensis Oliv.
Caprona canopus Trim.
Grewia occidentalis Lirm.
Dombeya cymosa Harv.
Pavonia macrophylla E.M,
Pterygospidea flesus Fab.
Dioscorea malifolia Baker.
Pterygospidea mokeezi Wllgrn.
Isoglossa Woodii C. B. Clarke.
Pterygospidea nottoana WUgrn.
Grewia occidentalis Linn,
Dombeya cymosa Harv.
Scutia commersonii Brogn.
108 £. £. ^^a«
Hesperia keithloa IVllgrn.
Acridocarpus natalitius Juss.
Hesperia forestan Cram.
Combretum apiculatum Sond,
,, braclcosum Hochst,
Solanum auriculatum Ait.
Millettia Sutherlandi Harv.
Hesperia pisistratus Fab.
Acridocarpus pruriens A. Juss,
AMATIDAE.
Euchromia amoena Moschl.
Secamone Gerrardi Harv,
Carissa grandiflora A.D.C.
Euchromia formosa Cuen.
Ipomoea.
Metarctia meteus Stoll.
Trema bracteolata Blume.
ARCTIADAE.
NOLINAE.
Nola holoscota Hmpsn.
Leucosidea sericea R. & Z.
Nola hardenbergi Janse.
Combretum Gueinzii Sond.
LiTHOSIANAE.
Ilema bipuncta Hubn.
Lichen.
Asura sagenaria IVllgrn.
Lichen.
Chionaema pretoriae Dist.
Lichen.
Arctianae.
Ilemodes heterogyna Hmpsn.
Lichen.
Lepidoptera with Plants upon rvhich Larvae feed 109
Diacrisia flava Wllgrn.
Cassia tomenlosa Linn.
Cassia occidentalis Linn.
Tagetes erecta Linn.
Protea multibracteata Phillips.
Ornithogalum Eckloni Sch.
Diacrisia scita Wlk.
Cassia tomentosa Linn.
Senecio bupleuroides D.C.
Tephrosia elongata E.M.
Tagetes erecta Linn.
Smilax Kraussiana Meisn.
Diacrisia eugraphica Wlk.
Lonicera sempervirens Linn.
Heliotrope.
Tagetes erecta Linn.
Diacrisia screabilis Wllgrn.
Ornithogalum ^ckloni Sch.
Diacrisia lutescens Wlk-
Solanum Seaforthianum Andr.
Cassia tomentosa Linn.
Diacrisia lineata Wlf^.
Tagetes erecta Linn.
Passiflora edulis Sims.
Diacrisia diplosticta Hmpsn.
Gardenia globosa Hochsi.
Clerodendron glabrum E.M,
Estigmene dissimilis Dis^t.
Vernonia G^vvavfjlj Marv.
Cyanotis nod'I'ora Klh.
Estigmene atropunctata Farvc.
Vernonia Gerrardi Harv.
Cyanotis nodiflora Kih.
Dionychopus amasis Cram.
Cestrum au^anti?,cum Ldl.
Clerodend^'on i^'-^'^'-um P.M.
1 10 £. E. Plait
Tagetes erecta Linn.
Cassia tomentosa Linn.
Teracotona submacula Wlk-
Tagetes erecta Linn.
Rhodogastria astreas Drur^,
Eugenia cordata Laxps.
Ficus Petersii Warh.
Ochna atropurpurea D.C.
Mimusops obovata Sond.
Rhodogastria bauri Moschl.
Eugenia cordata Laws.
Agaristidae.
Xanthospilopteryx superba Buil.
Cissus cirrhosa Thh.
Vitis vinifera Linn.
Xanthospilopteryx africana ButL
Cissus cirrhosa Thh.
Rothia butleri Wlk.
Vitis vinifera Linn.
Tuerta trimenii Feld.
Cissus cirrhosa Thh.
Rhoicissus cirrhiflora C. & S,
Pais decora Linn.
Pentanisia variabiHs Harv,
Oldenlandia amatymbica Kuntze^
Aegocera fervida Wlk-
Rhoicissus cirrhiflora C. & B.
NOCTUIDAE.
Agrotinae.
Agrotis segetis Sch'^iJ.
Vitis vinifera Linn.
Micragrotis interstriata Hmpsn.
Grass.
Lepidoptera with Plants upon which Larvae feed 111
Hadeninae.
Brithys pancratii Cyr.
Liliacea.
Diaphone eumela Stoll.
Dipcadi umbonatum BaJ^er.
Omithogalum Eckloni Sch.
Polia speyeri Feld.
Rhoicissus cirrhiflora G. & 5.
Vigna sp.
Gerbera Jamesoni Bolus.
Hadena bulgeri Feld.
Lasiosiphon Kraussii Meisn.
CUCULLIANAE.
Cucullia terrensis Feld.
Dimorphotheca aurantiaca D.C,
ACRONYCTINAE.
Hypoplexia mictochroa Hmpsn.
Cluytia pulchella Linn.
Euplexia amaranta Feld.
Solanum giganteum Jacq.
Daseochaeta verbenata Dlst.
Cluytia pulchella Linn.
Cetola pulchra B. -Baker.
Becium angustifolium N.E.B.
Prodenia litura Fahr.
Psychotria capensis Valine.
Laphygma exempta Wlk-
Grass.
Eulymnia pulcherrima Hmpsn.
Thespesia Garckeana T. Hoffm. ^
Ramesodes divisa Hmpsn.
Vemonia corymbosa Less.
Calamistis fusca Hmpsn.
Mealie stalks.
112 E. E. Piatt
Chasmlna tibialis Fahr.
Grewia occidentalis Linn.
Hibiscus tiliaceus Linn.
Callyna unicolor Hmpsn.
Cordia caffra Sond.
Callyna nigerrima Hmpsn.
Protea sp.
Orthosiphon sp.
Callyna figurans IVlk-
Cordia caffra Sond.
Callyna decora Wlk.
Cordia caffra Sond.
Cycl opera galactiplaga Hmpsn.
Cordia caffra Sond.
Erastrianae.
Eublemmistis chlorozonea Hmpsn.
Albizzia fastigiata Oliv.
Eublemma rubripuncta Hmpsn.
Dipcadi umbonatum Balder.
Eublemma apicemacula Mab.
Ipomoea (flowers).
Eublemma nigrivitta Hmpsn.
Acacia hirtella E. Mey.
Amyna punctum Fahr.
Croton sylvaticus Hochst.
Thyatirina achatina Weym.
Thespesia Garckeana T. Hoffm.
Tarache nubilata Hmpsn.
Dombeya cymosa Harv.
Tarache antica Wlk-
Abutilon indicum C. Don.
Tarache tetragonisa Hmpsn.
Hibiscus pedunculatus Cav.
LepidopUra with Plants upon jvhich Larvae feed 113
EUTELIANAE.
Pacidara venustissima IVlk-
Protorhus longifolia EngL
Eutelia leucographa Hmpsn.
Myrica aethiopica Linn.
Myrica sp.
Eutelia leighi Hmpsn ^
Ficus capensis Thb.
Eutelia discistriga Wll^.
Schinus molle Linn,
Eutelia amatrix Wll^.
Rhus villosa L.f.
Eutelia polychorda Hmpsn.
Brachystegia Randii Ba^er.
Bombotelia ethiopica Hmpsn.
Combretum apiculatum Sond,
Combretum Gueinzii Sond.
Chlumetia polymorpha Hmpsn.
Psidium sp. (guava).
Phlegetonia catephioides Cuen.
Sclerocarya caffra Sond.
Rhus villosa L.f.
Sarrothriiinae.
Cryptothripa polyhymnia Hmpsn.
Acalypha glabrata Thb.
Selepa docilis Buil.
Solanum sodomeum Linn,
ACONTIANAE.
Maurilia arcuata IVlk.
Combretum Gueinzii Sond.
Myrica aethiopica Linn.
Acripia chloropera Hmpsn.
Grewia occidentalis Linn,
1 14 £. E. Plait
Goniocalpe heteromorpha Hmpsn.
Combretum apiculatum Sond,
Combretum Gueinzii Sond.
Negeta ruficeps Hmpsn.
Combretum Gueinzii Sond.
Negeta luminosa IVlk.
Combretum gueinzii Sond.
Arcyophora longivalvis Cuen.
Combretum Gueinzii Sond.
Acontia malvae Esp.
Pavonia macrophylla E.M.
Leocyma appollinis Cuen.
Pavonia macrophylla E.M.
Hibiscus gossypinus Thb.
Hibiscus pedunculatus Cav.
Catocalinae.
Audea bipunctata Wlk'
Albizzia fastigiata Oliv.
Ulothrichopus catocala Feld.
Acacia hirtella E. Mep.
Ulothrichopus primulina Hmpsn.
Acacia hirtella E. A/ep.
Ulothrichopus glaucescens Hmpsn.
Acacia caffra Willd.
Acacia hirtella E. Mey.
Hypotacha retracta Hmpsn.
Acacia caffra Willd.
Elgybolis vaillantina Stoll.
Sapindus oblongifolius Sond,
Nyctipao walkeri Bull.
Ejitada natalensis Dth.
Cyligramma latona Boisd.
Acacia sp.
Enmonodia capensis H.-S.
Albizzia fastigiata Oliv.
Lepidopiera Tvith Plants upon rvhich Larvae feed 1 1 5
Dermaleipa rubricata HolL
Combretum Gueinzii Sond.
Anua violascens Hmpsn.
Myrica aethiopica Linn.
Anua tirhaca Cram.
Rhus laevigata Linn.
Rhus villosa L.f,
Combretum Gueinzii Sond.
Heliophisma croceipennis IVlk'
Smilax Kraussiana Meisn.
Tolna sypnoides Bull.
Zizyphus mucronata Willd.
Achaea praestans Cuen.
Cassipourea verticillata N.E.B,
Achaea echo Wlk-
Excoecaria reticulata Muell. Arg,
Eugenia cordata Laws.
Achaea mormoides Wlk.
Ricinus communis Linn.
Achaea indeterminata Wlk-
Calpurnia lasiogyne E.M.
Achaea sordida Wlk.
Calpurnia lasiogyne E.M.
Achaea mabilli Saalm.
Loranthus Dregei E. ^ Z.
Loranthus Kraussiana Meibn.
Achaea mercatoria Fabr.
Mimusops discolor Sond.
Chrysophyllum viridifolium Wood & Franks.
Achaea violescens Hmpsn.
Protea sp.
Achaea catella Cuen.
Bauhinia sp.
Ricinus communis Linn.
Achaea finita Cuen.
Ricinus communis Lirm.
116 E.E.Piatt
Parallelia proxima Hmpsn.
Antidesma venosum E.M.
Parallelia properans Wlk-
Acalypha glabrata Thh.
Parallelia algira L'lnn.
Ricinus communis Linn.
Pericyma umbrina Cuen.
Acacia sp.
Pericyma mendax Wlk-
Acacia molissima Willd.
Albizzia fastigiata OUv.
Acacia hirtella E. Me^.
Acacia caffra Willd.
MOMINAE.
Elaeodes acatharta Hmpsn.
Pellaea hastata Linf^. and other ferns.
Phytometrinae.
Syngrapha circumflexa Linn.
Heliotropium peruvianum Linn. (Lettuce).
Plusiopalpa adrasta Feld.
Trema bracteolata Blume.
Phytometra exquisita Feld.
Senecio bupleuroides D.C.
Phytometra limbirena Guen.
Salvia sp.
Verbascum sp.
Becium angustifolium N.E.B.
Althaea rosea Cav. (Hollyhock).
Phytometra orichalcea Fabr.
Heliotropium peruvianum Linn. (Lettuce).
Phytometra euchroa Hmpsn.
Clerodendron myricoides R. Br.
Phytometra angulum Cuen.
Petunia violacea Lindl.
Lepidoptera with Plants upon which Larvae feed 1 1 7
Medicago sativa Linn. (Lucerne).
Phaseolus vulgaris Linn. (Kidney Bean).
Phytometra acuta Wlf^.
Solanum lycopersicum Linn. (Tomato).
Nicotiana affinis Hort.
Trema bracteolata Blume.
Cestrum aurantiacum Ldl,
Lonicera sp.
Coleus sp.
Phaseolus vulgaris Linn. (Kidney Bean).
Synclostemon densiflorus E.M.
Phytometra transfixa WIJ^.
Callistephus hortensis Cass. (Aster).
Synclostemon densiflorus E.M.
Phytometra arachnoides Dist.
Synclostemon densiflorus EM,
Phytometra obtusisigna Wll^.
Iboza riparia N.E.B.
NOCTUINAE.
Serrodes inara Cram.
Sapindus oblongifolius, Sond.
Sphingomorpha chlorea Cram.
Acacia hirtella E.M.
Catephia bipuncta Hmpsn.
Psychotria capensis Vat^e,
Catephia dulcistriga Wlk-
Antidesma venosum E.M.
Catephia striata Hmpsn.
Cordia caffra Sond.
Catephia amplificans Wlk-
Eugenia cordata Laws.
Catephia natalensis Hmpsn.
Protea multibracteata Phillips.
Catephia iridicosma B.-Baf^er.
Ipomoea ficifolia Ldl.
118 E. E. Piatt
Polydesma inangulata Cuen.
Acacia molissima Willd.
Scutia commersonii Brogn.
Polydesma marmorifera Wlk-
Albizzia fastigiata Oliv.
Polydesma basilinea Hmpsn.
Cordia caffra Sond.
Taviodes subjecta Wlk-
Canthium obovatum KL
Saroba cyanescens Hmpsn.
Popowda caffra H. & S.
Pristanepa platti Hmpsn.
Dalbergia obovata E.M.
Thermesia burrowsi Bull.
Millettia Sutherlandi Harv,
Thermesia atriplaga Wlk-
Dalbergia obovata E.M.
Anomis luperca, Moschl.
Abutilon indicum G. Don.
Althaea rosea Cav.
Hibiscus pedunculatus Cav.
Anomis flava Fabr.
Abutilon indicum G. Don.
Hibiscus gossypinus Thb,
Anomis leona Schaus.
Dombeya cymosa Harv.
Cosmophila erosa Hubn.
Trema bracteolata Blume.
Sida rhombifolia Linn.
Cosmophila sabulifera Cuen.
Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq.
Grewia occidentals Linn.
Bareia incidens Wlk.
Ficus Petersii Warb.
Lepidopiera i»ith Plants upon n^hich Larvae feed 1 19
Rhanidophora cinctigutta Wlk.
Thunbergia podoensis L.
Thunbergia lancifolia T. Anders.
Rhanidophora phedonia Sioll.
Thunbergia alata Bojer.
Thunbergia podoensis L.
Hypocala deflorata Fabr.
Royena villosa Linn.
Royena pallens Thh.
Ophidercs matema Linn.
Desmonema caffrum Meirs.
Calpe emarginata Fahr.
Cissampelos torulosa E.M.
Ophiocaulon gummifera Hkf-
Stephania discolor Spreng.
Calpe provocans Wlk-
Cissampelos torulosa E.M.
Ophiocaulon gummifera Hkf.
Exophila multistriata Hmpsn.
Celtis Kraussiana Bemh.
Sarmartia interitalis Cuen.
Acacia hirtella E.M.
Hypeninae.
Zethes caffra Guen.
Bidens pilosa Linn.
Rhaesena subcupralis Wlk-
Tragia durbanensis O. Kuntze.
LYMANTRIAD/E.
Ogoa simplex Wlk-
Weihea Gerrardi Schinz.
Lepidopalpus hyalina, Janse.
Weihea Gerrardi Schinz.
Olapa nuda Holl.
Brachystegia globiflora Benth.
120 £• ^- ^^a«
Olapa flabellaria Fahr.
Grewia occldentalis L'mn.
Dombeya cymosa Harv,
Brachystegia Randii Baker*
Brachystegia globiflora Benth,
Redoa melanocraspis, Hmpsn.
Cassipourea verticillata N.E.B,
Creaga dealbata H.-S.
Hibiscus gossypinus Thb.
Cropera testacea Wlk'
Grass.
Dasychira octophora Hmpsn.
Lichen.
Dasychira rocana Swinh,
Combretum Gueinzii Sond,
Dasychira georgiana Fawcett
Trema bracteolata Blume,
Ricinus communis Linn.
Celtis Kraussiana Bemh.
Acacia molissima IVilld.
Quercus pedunculata Ehrh.
Rhus laevigata Linn.
Acacia hirtella E. Mel;.
Dasychira metathermes Hmpsn.
Sideroxylon inerme L.
Dasychira lunensis Hmpsn.
Schmidelia africana D.C.
Dasychira extorta Dist.
Ficus Petersii Warh,
Ficus capensis Thh.
Ficus sp.
Dasychira pyrosoma Hmpsn.
Protea multibracteata Phillips.
Faurea sahgna Harv.
Parinarium Mobola Oliv.
Lepidoplera ivith Plants upon Q>/iic/i Larvae feed 121
Dasychira whitei Druce.
Smilax kraussiana Meisn.
Dasychira greeni Janse.
Chrysophyllum viridifolium Wood & pTanki-
Mimusops discolor Sond.
Mimusops obovata Sond.
Laelia clarki Janse.
Acacia hirtella E. Mey.
Psalis securis Hubn.
Grass.
Lymantria modesta Wlk'
Sclerocarya caffra Sond.
Rhus villosa L.f.
Omithopsyche difficilis Wlk-
Royena villosa Linn.
Combretum Gueinzii Sond.
„ apiculatum Sond.
„ bracteosum Hochst,
Homochira rendalli Dist.
Combretum Gueinzii Sond.
Euproctis fasciata Wlk-
Acacia molissima Willd.
Protea multibracteata Phillips.
Cassia tomentosa Linn.
Euproctis punctifera Wlk-
Ricinus communis Linn.
Acalypha glabrata Thb.
Mimusops discolor Sond.
Euproctis rufopunctata Wlk-
Sclerocarya caffra Sond.
Ficus capensis Thb.
Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.
Combretum Gueinzii Sond.
Psidium sp.
Eugenia cordata Laws.
122 E. E. Piatt
Euproctis crocata Boisd.
Lichen.
Porthesia natalensis Janse.
Trema bracteolata Blume.
Clerodendron glabrum E.M.
Acacia molissima Willd.
Naroma signifera Wlk-
Ficus Petersii Warb.
Pteredoa monosticta Bull.
Dombeya cymosa Harv.
HYPSIDAE.
Hypsa subretracta Wlk-
Ficus Petersii Warb.
Digama sinuosa Hmpsn.
Acokanthera spectabilis Hooker,
Digama aganais Feld.
Carissa grandiflora A. D.C,
Acokanthera spectabiHs Hooker.
Deilemera leuconoe Hopff.
Senecio pellucidus D.C.
Alytarchia bellatrix Dalm.
Crotalaria capensis Jacq.
SPHINGIDAE.
Herse convolvuH Linn.
Ipomoea licifolia Ldl.
„ batatas Poir (Sweet Potato).
Convolvulus sp.
Acherontia atropos Linn.
Datura stramonium Linn.
Jasminium pubigerum D. Don.
Solanum lycopersicum Linn.
Lantana camara Linn.
Tecomaria capensis Spach.
Clerodendron glabrum E.M,
Solanum tuberosum Linn.
Lepidoptera mih Plants upon B?/iic/i Larvae feed 123
Coelonia fulvinotata Bull.
Cordia caffra Sond.
Tecomaria capensis Spach.
Solanum lycopersicum Linn.
Solanum sodomeum Linn.
EKiranta plumieri Jacq.
Dahlia variabilis Desf.
Lantana camara Linn.
Nicotiana affinis Hort.
Convolvulus sp.
Pycnostachys urticifolia Hook-
Salvia sp.
Oligographa juniperi Boisd.
Tecomaria capensis Spach.
Pseudoclanis postica Wlk-
Chaetachme aristata Planch.
Trema bracteolata Blame
Celtis Kraussiana Bernh.
Moms sp.
Ficus Petersii Warh.
Leptoclanis pulchra R. & /.
Eriosema sp. (Vaalbosch)
Platysphinx piabilis Dist.
Millettia Sutherlandi Harv.
Polyptychus grayi IVlk-
Cordia caffra Sond.
Polyptychus mutata Wlk-
Baphia racemosa HochsU
Polyptychus compar R. & /.
Brachystegia Rcindii Baker.
Polyptychus coryndoni Roth. & Jord.
Parinarium Mobola Oliv.
Lophostethus dumolini Angas.
Grewia occidentalis Linn.
Hibiscus tiliaceus Linn.
Dombeya cymosa Harv.
124 E, E. Plait
Dombeya rotundifolia Harv,
Hibiscus panduraeformis Burm,
Likoma apicalis R. & /.
Thespesia Garckeana T. Hoffm.
Cephonodes hylas Linn.
Pavetta lanceolata Sond.
Gardenia jasminoides Ellis.
Burchellia capensis R, Br.
Kraussia floribunda Harv.
Vangueria infausta Burch.
Deilephila nerii Linn.
Carissa grandiflora A.D.C.
Gardenia jasminoides Ellis.
Rauwolfia natalensis Sond.
Voacanga Dregei E.M.
Nerium Oleander Linn.
Mangifera indica Linn. (Mango),
Nephele argentifera Wlk-
Carissa grandiflora A.D.C.
Nephele comma Hopff.
Carissa grandiflora A.D.C.
Nephele accentifera Beauv.
Ficus Petersii Warb.
Temnora pylas Cram.
Leucas milanjiana Guerk.
Temnora zantus H.-S.
Burchellia capensis R. Br.
Strychnos Henningsii Cilg.
Temnora murina Wlk-
Apodytes dimidiata E. Mep.
Temnora marginata Wlk-
Psychotria capensis Vaif^e.
Temnora inornatum R. & /.
Strychnos Henningsii Cilg.
Tenmora plagiata Wlk.
Apodytes dimidiata E. Me\\
Lepidopiera with Plants upon which Larvae feed 125
Atemnora westermanni Boisd.
Strychnos Henningsii Cilg.
Macroglossum trochilus Hubn.
Rubia cordifolia L.
Leucostrophus hirundo Cerst.
Strychnos Henningsii Cilg.
Euchloron megaera Linn.
Vitis vinifera Linn,
Basiotha media Fahr.
Spermacoce natalensis Hochst.
Richardsonia pilosa H,B. & K.
Basiotha schencki Moschl.
Vernonia sp.
Hippotion osiris Dalman.
Fuchsia sp.
Impatiens sp. (Balsam).
Richardia africana Kunth.
Vitis vinifera Linn.
Hippotion celerio Linn.
Cissus cirrhosa Thb,
Vitis vinifera Linn.
Impatiens sp.
Hippotion eson Cram.
Fuchsia sp.
Ampelopsis sp. (Virginia Creeper).
Vitis vinifera Linn.
Richardia africana Kunth.
Hippotion balsaminae Wlk-
Jussiaea repens Linn.
Theretra capensis Linn.
Vitis vinifera Linn.
Rhoicissus cirrhiflora G. & B.
Cissus capensis L.
Theretra orpheus H.S.
Ansellia africana Lindl.
Theretra cajus Cram.
Richardia albomaculata H.K.
.u L I 3 R A R Y!
126 E. E. Plait
EUPTEROTIDAE.
Striphnopteryx edulis Boisd.
Tecomaria capensis Spach*
Cordia caffra Sond.
Janomima westwoodi Aur.
Grass.
Poloma angulata Wlk'
Plectronia ventosa L.
Spiramiopsis comma Hmpsn.
Secamone Gerrardi Harv.
Phyllalia patens Boisd.
Grass.
Phyllalia flavicostata Faii^cett.
Grass.
Phiala dasypoda IVllgrn,
Cyperus albostriatus Schrad.
Jana tantalus H.-S.
Jasminium streptopus E.M.
Cordia caffra Sond.
Jana eurymas H.-S.
Canthium obovatum Kl.
Phasicnecus obtusus Wlk-
Strychnos Gerrardi N.E.B.
NOTODONTIDAE.
Ichthyura lentisignata Hmpsn.
Trimeria alnifolia Planch.
Scolopia Gerrardi Harv.
Ichthyura violacearia Janse.
Protea multibracteata Phillips.
Faurea saligna Harv.
Scalmicauda heterogyna Hmpsn.
Millettia Sutherlandi Harv.
Scalmicaudo o'neili Janse.
Brachystegia Randii Balder,
Lepidoptera rvith Plants upon which Larvae feed 127
Prionocentnim o*neili Janse.
Brachystegia Randii Baker.
Pararethona hierax Dist.
Scolopia Gerrardi Harv,
Rethona albicans WlJf.
Grewia lasiocarpa E.M.
Trimeria alnifolia Planch.
Desmeocraera vernalis Dist.
Combretum apiculatum Sond,
Desmeocraera varia Janse.
Mimusops obovata Sond.
„ discolor Sond.
Desmeocraera platti Janse.
Mimusops discolor Sond.
Desmeocraera tripuncta Janse.
Eugenia cordata Laws.
Desmeocraera pergrisea Hmpsn.
Combretum Gueinzii Sond.
Desmeocraera calliope Hmpsn.
Chrysophyllum viridi folium Wood & Franks.
Desmeocraera atriguttata Hmpsn.
Chrysophyllum viridifolium Wood & Franks*
„ natalense Sond.
Mimusops obovata Sond.
Desmeocraera thalassina Hmpsn.
Brachystegia Randii Baker.
Anaphe reticulata Wlk-
Dombeya rotundifolia Harv.
Epanaphe clarilla Aur.
Brachystegia Randii Baker.
„ globiflora Benth.
Rigema woerdeni Snell.
Grass.
Rigema ornata Wlk^
Grass.
128 £. E. Plait
Chadisra bicolor Dist.
Rhus villosa L/.
Chadisra curvilinea Sw'mh.
Trema bracteolata Blume.
Chaetachme aristata Planch.
Grewia lasiocarpa E.M.
Croton sylvaticus Hochst.
Chadisra uncifera Hmpsn.
Dombeya cymosa Harv.
Grewia occiden talis Linn.
Cerura esmeralda Hmpsn.
Protea hirta Klotzsch.
„ multibracteata Phillips.
sp.
Faurea saligna Harv.
Taeniopteryx cinerea Janse.
Zizyphus mucronata Willd.
Ochrostigma mediata Wlk-
Ekebergia Meyeri Presl.
Combretum Gueinzii Sond.
Hoplitis phyllocampa Trim.
Combretum Gueinzii Sond.
Hoplitis concolor Janse.
Dombeya rotundi folia Harv.
Antheua croceipuncta Hmpsn.
Eriosema sp. (Vaalbosch).
Antheua simplex Wlk-
Desmonodium incanum D.C.
Antheua dimorpha Janse.
Tephrosia macropoda E.M.
GEOMETRIDAE.
Petovia dichroaria H.-S.
Vangueria infausta Burch.
Lepidoptera mih Plants upon rvhich Larvae feed 129
Pingasa abyssinaria Cuen.
Maesa alnifolia Harv.
Eugenia cordata Larvs.
Victoria mirabilis Wan.
Loranthus Dregei E. & Z.
Thalassodes digressa W^.
Ricinus communis Linn.
Schinus molle Linn.
Myrica aethiopica Linn.
Heterorachis devocata Wll^.
Vangueria infausta Burch.
Prasinocyma vermicularia Cuen.
Cluytia pulchella Linn.
Celidomphax rubrimaculata Warr,
Combretum Gueinzii Sond.
Omphax subaspersa IVarr.
Vangueria infausta Burch.
Lasiochlora bicolor Th. Mieg.
Scutia commersonii Brog,
Lasiochlora diducta Wlk-
Scutia commersonii Brog.
Lophostela atridisca Warr.
Acacia hirtella E. A/ep.
Xanthorhoe poseata Cuen.
Heliotropium peruvianum Linn. (Lettuce).
Ortholitha horismodes, Prout.
Leucosidea sericea E. & Z.
Chloroclystis marmcrata Warr.
Scutia commersonii Brogn.
Diptychis geometrina Feld.
Mimusops obovata Sond.
Apodytes dimidiata E.M.
Mauna filia Cram.
Protea multibracteata Phillips,
Sicyodes cambogiaria Cuen.
Celastrus verucosus E.M,
130 E. E. Plait
Haggardia grisea IVarr.
Combretum Gueinzii Sond.
Omphalucha maturnaria Moschl.
Rhus villosa Lf.
Combretum Gueinzii Sond.
Hemerophila serrataria Wlk-
Ochna atropurpurea D.C.
Gardenia globosa Hochst.
Hemerophila contemptaria StepJi.
Ochna atropurpurea D.C.
Xylopteryx arcuata Wlk-
Rhus villosa Lf.
Racotis zebrina Wart.
Popowia caffra H. & 5.
Chogada acaciaria Boisd.
Calodendron capense Thb.
Tagetes erecta Linn.
Loranthus Dregei E. & Z.
Acacia molissima Willd.
Carissa grandiflora A. D.C.
Ricinus communis Linn.
Cleora divisaria Wlk.
Royena villosa Linn.
Combretum Gueinzii Sond.
Cleora proximaria Wlk-
Albizzia fastigiata Oliv.
Acacia molissima IV Hid.
Boarmia ectropodes Proui.
Celastrus undatus Thh.
Boarmia octomaculata Proui.
Combretum Gueinzii Sond.
Tephrina deeraria Wlk-
Acacia hirtella E. Mey.
Macaria brongusaria Wlk.
Acacia hirtella E. A/ep.
Lepidopiera with Plants upon Jvhich Larvae feed 131
Euexia percnopis Prout.
Celastrus verucosus E.M.
Petrodava subapicata Wan.
Zizyphus mucronata Willd.
Omizodes ocellata Warr.
Gardenia globosa Hochst.
Veniliodes pantheraria Feld.
Apodytes dimidiata E.M.
Zerenopsis leopardina Feld.
Maesa alnifolia Harv.
Apodytes dimidiata E.M.
Carissa grandiflora A.D.C.
Epigynopteryx deformis Wart.
Loranthus Kraussiana Meisn.
Zamarada secutaria Cuen.
Dichrostachys nutans Bth.
SATURNIDAE.
Epiphora mythimnia Westw.
Croton sylvaticus Hochst.
Helinus ovatus E. Me^er.
Zizyphus mucronata Willd.
Epiphora vera Janse.
Zizyphus mucronata Willd.
Argema mimosae Boisd.
Sclerocarya caffra Sond.
Gonimbrasia zambesina Wlk-
Nerium Oleander Linn.
Gonimbrasia tyrrhea Cram.
Acacia molissima Willd.
Gonimbrasia behna Wesin).
Carissa grandiflora A.D.C.
Trema bracteolata Blume.
Rhus longifolia Engl.
Ficus sp.
Sclerocarya caffra Sond.
132 £. £. Plait
Imbrasia epimethea ertli Rebel.
Brachystegia Randii Baf^er^
Bunaea alcinoe Stoll.
Ekebergia Meyeri Presl.
Cussonia spicata Thb,
Bunaea angasana Wesirv.
Apodytes dimidiata E.M.
Eugenia cordata Laws.
Protorhus (Rhus) longifolius EngL
Uapaca Kirkiana Muell.
Bunaea heroum, Oberth.
Brachystegia Randii Balder.
Nudaurelia arata Westw.
Albizzia fastigiata Oliv.
NudaureHa gueinzii Staud.
Maesa alnifolia Harv.
Nudaurelia wahlbergi Bo'isd.
Trema bracteolata Blume.
Ricinus communis Linn.
Psidium sp. (Guava).
Mangifera indica Linn. (Mango).
NudaureHa oubie Cuen.
Grasses.
NudaureHa carnegiei Janse.
Brachystegia globiflora Benth.
NudaureHa arabeHa Aur.
Reed-Hke grass.
NudaureHa anna Maas & IVe^m.
Hyphaene crinata Caertn.
Lobobunaea tyrrhena WestTV.
Celtis Kraussii^na Bernh.
Trema bracteolata Blume.
Ekebergia Meyeri Presl.
Lobobunaea natalensis Aur.
Brachystegia Randii Ballet.
Lepidoptera with Plants upon iphich Larvae feed 133
Lobobunaea epithyrena Maas & Weym,
Brachystegia Randii Baker.
Cirina forda Wesiw.
Rhus longifolia Engl.
Carissa grandiflora A.D.C.
Melanocera menippe Westw.
Ochna atropurpurea D.C.
Ficus cordata Thb.
Gynanisa maia King.
Acacia molissima Willd.
Athletes semialba Sonih.
Brachystegia Randii Ba^er.
Brachystegia globiflora Benth.
Cassia sp.
Heniocha appolonia Cram.
Acacia molissima IVilld.
Heniocha dyops Maas & We^m.
Acacia molissima IVilld.
Pseudaphelia apollinaris Boisd
Turraea floribunda Hochst.
LuDIINyE.
Goodia kuntzei Dew.
Brachystegia Randii Baker,
Ludia delegorguei Boisd.
Microglossa mespiloides Bth. & Hk*
Senecio deltoideus Less.
Urota sinope IVestn).
Erythrina caffra Thb.
Holocera smilax Wesin).
Jasminium pubigerum D. Don,
Rhus laevigata Linn.
Psidium sp.
Rhus longifolia Send.
Rhus villosa Lj.
Ekebergia Meyeri Presl.
Quercus pendunculata Ehrh.
134 E. E. Plait
Holocera rhodesiensis Janse.
Cussonia spicata Thb.
Cinabra hyperbius Westiv.
Brachystegia Randii Baker.
Protea sp.
Tagoropsis flavinata Wlk-
Schmidelia africana D.C.
Tagoropsis dentifera Maas & lVe}fm,
Trichilea emetica Vahl.
Usta terpsichore Wesin).
Sclerocarya caffra Sond.
Commiphora caryaefolia Oliv.
BOMBYCID/E.
Trilocha ficicolor WestTV. & Orm.
Ficus Petersii Warb.
PSYCHID/E.
Clania moddermanm' Heyl.
Protea multibracteata Phillips.
Monda delicatissima Wlk-
Desmonodium incanum D.C.
ARBELID/E.
Lebedodes rufithorax Hmpsn.
Grewia occidentalis Linn.
Lebedodes durbanica Hmpsn.
Cordia caffra Sond.
Selagena obsolescens Hmpsn.
Eugenia cordata Laws.
,, capensis Harv.
Selagena tessellata Disi.
Pirus communis L. (Pear.)
Metarbela tuckeri Bull.
Cryptocarya Woodii Engl.
Cestrum aurantiacum Ldl.
Lepidopiera mth Plants upon Hfhich Larvae feed 135
Celastrus verucosus E.M.
Niebuhria pedunculosa Hochst
Royena villosa Linn.
Grewia occid;*nt:iHs Lmn.
Abutiion indicum G. Don.
Teragra guttifera Hmpsn.
Trimeria alnifolia Planch.
COSSID/E.
Coryphodema tristis Druv^.
Combretum apiculatum Sond.
Duomitus capensis Wlk-
Ricinus communis Linn.
Pavonia columella Cav.
LASIOCAMPID/E.
Anadiasa punctifascia Wlk'
Acacia molissima Willd.
Acacia hirtella E. Mej;.
Anadiasa distincta Disi.
Grass.
Taragama polydora Druce.
Albizzia fastigiata Oliv.
Rhus laevigata Linn.
Acacia molissima Willd.
Brachystegia Randii Baker,
globiflora Benth.
Taragama distinguenda Aur.
Trichilea emetica Vahl.
Taragama carinata Wllgrn.
Royena pallens Thb.
Acacia molissima Willd.
Pachypasa truncata Wlk-
Acacia molissima Willd.
Pachypasa capensis Aur.
Acacia molissima Willd.
Prunus persica Stokes. (Peach.)
136 E. E. Piatt
Pachypasa pithyocampa Cram,
Celtis Kraussiana Bernh.
Mangifera indica Linn. (Mango.)
Combretum Gueinzii Sond.
Pachymeta clarki Aur.
Dichrostachys nutans Bth.
Schotia brachypetala Sond.
Gonometa postica Wlk-
Acacia molissima Willd.
Brachystegia Randii Bak^r.
Brachystegia globiflora Benth,
Pseudometa basalis Wlk'
Protea multibracteata Phillips.
Faurea saligna Harv.
Dendrolimus aculeata Wlk'
Trichilea Dregeana E.M.
Catalebeda cuneilinea Wlk-
Dalbergia obovata E.M.
Lebeda kollikerii Dew.
Sclerocarya caffra Sond.
Lebeda bipars Wlk-
Senecio deltoideus Less.
Bidens pilosa Linn.
Trabala rennei Deiv.
Eriosema sp.
Trabala pallida Farvcett.
Sclerocarya caffra Sond.
Trabala rosa Druce.
Trema bracteolata Blume.
Lenodora nigrolineata Aur.
Brachystegia Randii Balder.
Leipaxais peraffinis Holl.
Combretum apiculatum Sond.
Gastroplakaeis meridionalis Aur.
Brachystegia Randii Balder.
Brachystegia globiflora Benth.
Lepidoptera mlh Plants upon rvhich Larvae feed 137
Bombycomorpha bifoscia WlJf.
Rhus villosa Lf.
Megasoma accuminata Wlk.
Acacia Gerrardi Bth.
Ceratopacha gemmata Dist.
Brachystegia Randii Baker.
Brachystegia globiflora Benih.
Odontocheilopteryx myxa Wllgrn.
Acacia molissima Willd.
M hirtella EM.
caffra Willd,
Beralade pygmula Stand.
Rhus villosa Lf.
Bombycopsis ?ochroleuca Feld.
Pellaea hastata Link.
Asystasia coromandeliana Nees.
Ocinaropsis obscura Am.
Loranthus Dregei E. & Z.
quinquenervius Hochst.
Pachygastria reducta Wlk.
Grass,
LIMACODIDi^.
Crothaema decorata Dist.
Celastrus verucosus jE.M,
Coenobasis amoena Feld.
Acacia molissima Willd.
Parasa vivida Wlk.
Pavetta lanceolata Sond.
Parasa latistriga Wlk.
Celastrus verucosus E.M.
Pantoctema gemmans Feld.
Myrica aethiopica Linn.
Omocena systis Schaus.
Sapindus oblongifolius Sond.
138 E. E. Plait
Royena villosa Linn.
Acalypha glabrata Thh.
Celastrus verucosus E.M.
ZYG/ENID/E.
Procris subdiaphana Feld.
Clausena inaequalis Bth.
Saliuncella marshalli Jord.
Rhoicissus cirrhiflora Cilg. & Brandt.
Anomoetes levis Feld.
Bauhinia sp.
Gardenia globosa Hochst.
DREPANULID/E.
Ctenogyna natalensis Feld.
Pavetta lanceolata Sond,
PYRALID/E.
Crocidolomia binotalis Zell.
Gymnandropsis sp.
Tropaeolum sp.
Sylepta derogata Fabr.
Althaea rosea Cav. (Hollyhock).
Agathodes musivalis Cuen.
Erythrina caffra Thb.
Glyphodes sericea Drur};»
Gardenia jasminoides Ellis.
Terastia margaritis Feld.
Erythrina caffra Thb.
Ischnurges lancinalis Cuen.
Clerodendron glabrum E.M.
Fungus Food of certain Termites 1 39
THE FUNGUS FOOD OF CERTAIN TERMITES.
By AvERiL M. BoTTOMLEY, B.A. and Claude Fuller
Department of Agriculture, Pretoria, S. Africa.
Almost since 1 78 1 when Smeathman first commented upon
the white globules *' which evidently appeared to be a species of
mushroom " found by him in the *' nurseries " of Macrotermes
bellicosus (Sm.). a profound interest has been attached to the
cultivation of fungi by certain white ants. And it was Smeathman
who observed that the white globules or '* spheres " as they
have come to be called, were " composed of an indefinite num-
ber of pellucid particles, approaching to oval forms and difficult
to separate ".
The nature of these spheres, the combs on which they grow
and the other fungi with which they are associated have all been
ably set out by Fetch ( 1 906) .
Although, following upon the observations of Doflein ( 1 905 ) ,
it is generally accepted that the young of certain termites sub-
sist on the spheres, it is still held that the case is not definitely
proved, however probable. According to Fetch, the spheres
were found by Doflein in the crops of all the larvae and nymphae
investigated and the cells of the spheres were quite uninjured.
Fetch goes on to remark " It has yet to be decided whether the
larvae feed themselves (p. 245) The non-occurrence of in-
jured spheres on the comb suggests that each is devoured whole.
If so, although the spheres are abundant, there does not appear
to be at any time a sufficiently large number to supply food for
the crowded hosts of larvae, unless the growth of the fungus is
abnormally rapid ".
One of the writers (C.F., 1920) stated it could be readily
demonstrated that the immature forms of Macrotermes natalensis
(Hav.) fed regularly upon the cells composing the white spheres.
140 A. M. Botiomle^ and C. Fuller
In this connection it may be added that whilst the immatures of
all fungus growers can be seen browsing upon the spheres, the
action is more in the nature of a caress and is not followed by
any disturbance of the contour of the spheres. The insects
swallow chains of cells. Thus no sphere has the appearance
•of being gnawed and none is removed bodily. As Fetch
suggests, there are relatively few spheres in comparison with the
host of insects; consequently, one cannot avoid the conclusion
that every removal is almost at once made good by abnormally
rapid growth. There can be no oher explanation and it is
quite essential and natural to the economy of the nest that such
should be the case. There is not room for many spheres where
there are so many insects to be accommodated.
Sjostedt (1913) described Euiermes agricola as a fungus
grower. This termite belongs to Holmgren's genus Trinerviiermes
of which there are a number of species scattered over South
Africa. The cellular, mound nests of one or another are notice-
ably abundant throughout our grassy areas, but no species is a
fungus grower in our present acceptance of this term. Although,
during the rainy season, either Podaxon pistillaris or P. carcmo"
malts — fungi belonging to the Lycoperdaceae or puff-ball family
— may be found growing from out of these mounds there is, as yet,
no direct evidence of a symbiotic relationship between termite
and Podaxon^ Certainly there is a very definite association of
nest and fungus and as certainly the latter is tolerated by the
insects. It is this toleration which leads one to suspect a more
intimate relationship since some mycelial growth, not yet ob-
served, may be consumed by the Trinervitermes. The mycelium
of the Podaxon is, at times, observable in the intra-cellular
matrix of the mound and one is led to suspect that it grows there
upon the organic matter of the nest composition or on the matter
voided and plastered on to the cell walls by the termites.
These Podaxons originate within the cellular spaces of the mound,
and here at a depth of one to four inches from the surface, the
initial stages of the fruiting bodies develop The Podaxon
pushes through the crust of the mound, and after the spores
Fungus Food of certain Termites 141
have dispersed, dries up, the stalk remaining for a long while
like a short pointed stick of wood. Very often, immediately
after this fungus has developed and before the spores have
ripened, the termites construct a clay collar about the base of its
stalk. This collar seems to give no practical protection and is
seldom made; however, that it is made is indicative of a benign
relationship. When the spores have dispersed, the greater part
of the base of the Pcdaxon within the mound is eaten away by
the termites. Sjostedt gave the name agricola to the 7'nnervi-
termes mentioned because he was misled by the account Bequaert
(1913) gives of its nest and the fungus associated therewith. It
is abundantly clear from this writer's illustration and remarks
that he found growing over the surface and in the chimneys of
the nest of a Termes (probably T. latericius) a small agaric,
and in probing the soil shallowly below the agarics he found a
Trinervitermes which simply had galleries in the clay thrown
up by the Termes and was quite unconnected with the fungus
except, perhaps, in a predatory sense.
The true fungus-growers, those making special combs com-
posed of more or less digested matter upon which white spheres
grow, all belong to the Termes Group as represented by the
following African genera: Acanthotermes Sjost. Allodontermes
Silv., MacYoiermes (sensu Fuller), Termes Linn., (=OdontO'
termes sensu Holmgren), Microtermes Wasmann and Ancistro'
termes Silv.
It has not fallen to either of us to find any large agaric
associated in any definite way with the nests of the species be-
longing to these genera. In Ceylon, however. Fetch (1906)
made an elaborate study of an agaric frequently found grow-
mg from the old comb in the nests of certain fungus-growing
termites of that island. Of it he says:
" This agaric appears in two forms, one of which has
been assigned by various mycologists to Lentinus, Colly^bta,
Pluteus, PhoUota, and Flammula, and the other to
Armillaria. It develops in a cartilaginous, almost gelatinous,
universal veil and is a modified Volvaria.
142 A. M. Boiiomky and C. Fuller
The same author discusses at length the X^larias, the mycelium
of which he found to be always present in the comb. At the
close of his paper Fetch gives an account of a small agaric,
Entoloma micro carp um. He speaks of this as having no con-
nection wdth termite nests (p. 25 1 ) although he found it *' in
profusion on the side of a mound of earth, part of which was
occupied by a termite nest ". Still, a possible connection of thi^
fungus with those cultivated by termites was strongly suspected
by Fetch and he discusses many points of similarity between
the Entoloma and the white spheres of the fungus garden. From
his summary we quote the two following sections:
"17. A Ceylon agaric Entoloma microcarpum^ possesses a
mycelium composed of spheres of swollen cells: the
details of these spheres resemble the parts of the ter-
mite spheres, but are not so highly developed."
1 9. The available evidence appears to show that tKe
' spheres ' are part of the mycelium of the Volvaria, but
it has not been possible to connect these forms ex-
perimentally."
Several years ago the remains of a bed of very small agarics
was found overlying the nest of Termes vulgaris Hav. at Pie-
termaritzburg, Natal, by one of the writers (C.F.) Later two
correspondents of the Department of Agriculture remarked upon
the amount of earth-like material being brought up and placed
upon the floors of their houses by white ants and upon the sub-
sequent growth thereon of small mushrooms. One correspondent
sent examples of the mushrooms and termites. The latter were
identified as Termes (Odontotermes) transvaalensis Sjost., the
former were very small dried agarics exactly resembling those
figured by Bequaert (1913).
Quite recently when at Klerksdorp, Transvaal, one of the
writers (C.F.) observed a flagged stoep being carpeted with
more less finely triturated fungus comb from its nest below
the stones by Termes (Odontotermes) badius Hav. This was
brought up through very small openings and spread about even-
ly over the surface to form a canopy beneath which many wor-
kers and soldiers moved about. The pellets were loosely webbed
Fungus Food of certain Termites 143
together with mycelium and in the course of a few hours longish
white spheres or buttons, as the initial stages of agarics are
usually termed, developed upon the upper surface of the carpet.
These were about 2 mm. in diameter, flattened at the base and
slightly pointed at the apex. A small quantity of the material
was wrapped in paper and when opened out about thirty-six
hours later, it was found that some of these spheres had developed
into small white agarics, described as follows: —
Pileus — 4-8 mm. diameter, white, conical (expanded when kept
in moist chamber) umbonate, splitting at the margin.
Gills — white, free, edge wavy towards stipe.
Spores — subglobose, slightly angular 3-4 p diameter.
Stipe — solid, white, smooth, equal except at base where
slightly bulbous, 1.5 - 2.5 cm. long, 1-1.5 mm. diam.
The plants occurred singly, and were apparently short-lived,
soon shrivelling up and becoming a yellowish or dirty white
colour, but reviving rapidly again in water.
On comparing the above description with that of Fetch's
Entoloma microcarpum, it will be found that the two fungi re-
semble each other in many points, but whether the two are
identical will have to be decided when more material is available
and further investigation undertaken. Our collection of fruit-
ing bodies developed under rather abnormal conditions and it
will be necessary to examine further specimens before the
identity of the fungus can be established. The chief points in
which the two agarics seem to differ are as follows: — In E.
microcarpum the pileus is livid gray, darker towards the umbo,
it varies in size from 1.75 to 5 cm. in diameter, and becomes
expanded when mature, whereas that of our agaric is pure white^
when fresh, the maximum size of its diameter is only 8 mm.
and it becomes expanded only when kept in a moist chamber.
Again the spores of E. microcarpum differ from those of the
other, being larger in size, 5-7 x 3-4 p instead of 3-4 p %
and elliptic with a sub-lateral apiculus instead of subglobose and
slightly angular. With regard to the colour of the spores on
which the identity of the fungus depends a spore print was un-
fortunately not taken so that this point remains to be cleared up.
144 A. M. Bottomle^ and C. Fuller
The pellets on being examined microscopically were found to
be composed of vegetable matter and particles of soil closely
interwoven with a hyaline, branched mycelium.
Sections cut through the spheres showed typical agaric for-
mation and differentiation. No chains of swollen cells such as
are described by Fetch for the spheres of E. microcarpum
were observed.
Although direct proof may still be wanting, the circumstances
herein related point to a direct connection between the small agaric
and the white spheres since both are ** cultivated " by the termites.
As the comb of the fungus garden is specially treated (chewed
up) and, when removed from the nest, attended to by the insects,
it is perfectly clear that special provision is made for the fruiting
of the fungus with which the economy of the colony is so intimately
involved.
To this it may be added that the deliberate removal of parts
of the fungus garden and the placing of such under the influence
of external conditions only takes place when circumstances are pro-
pitious. Thus, the incident at Klerksdorp took place after a week's
rain succeeding upon a prolonged drought. The time also coin-
cided with a general emergence in the country thereabouts of
winged imagos. With some species the exodus had been long
delayed. The moment was normal for Termes (O.) badius and
T. (O.) transvaalensis ; but, in addition to these species, the
winged imagos of Microtermes and Hodotermes also emerged,
species which ordinarily leave the nest in November and December.
Literature cited.
1781 Smeathman: Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. pp. 139-192.
1905 Doflein: Verhandl. d. Deutsch. Zool. Gesellschaft pp.
140-9.
1906 Fetch: Annals Roy. Bot. Gard. Feradenyia III, 2, pp.
185-270.
1913 Sjostedt: Rev. Zool. Af. ii, 3, pp. 396, 431.
1913 Bequaert: Rev. Zool, Af. ii, 3. pp. 354-390.
1920 Fuller: Annals Natal Mus. IV., 2. pp. 235-295.
See Addendum, page 223.
Establishment and Tending of Timber Plantations 1 45
SOME REMARKS ON THE ESTABLISHMENT AND
TENDING OF TIMBER PLANTATIONS WITH
SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE CAPE PROVINCE.
By J. J. KoTZE, B.A., B.Sc, Forest Department, Pretoria,
Introduction.
The profession of the Forest Officer is generally little under-
stood in South Africa, and is usually taken to represent some-
thing relating to the planting of trees. While this has a modicum
of truth in it the prevailing idea would be greatly modified if
this were a country rich in natural forests, and it may come as
a surprise to many to learn that for the successful practice of his
profession the Forest Officer requires to be highly trained. In
addition to a knowledge of the principles underlying the manage-
ment of forests, called Forest Science, and the application of
these principles to the treatment of forests (Practical Forestry),
he must be acquainted with the many sciences auxiliary to for-
estry such as Botany, Zoology including Entomology, Chemistry,
Physics including Meteorology, Geology, Surveying, etc. More-
over, the profession demands long views, and in this connection
it may not be out of place to quote from a speech delivered by
His Majesty the King on the 21st July, 1920, in reply to the
address of the the delegates to the recent Empire Forestry Con-
ference when they had the honour of being received by His
Majesty in London. His Majesty said inter alia:
" It is a peculiar difficulty of your work that it demands
" perhaps more imagination, more patience and more fore-
" sight than any other industry; and it is an immense advan-
" tage that the experience of all parts of the Empire should
*' be brought into a common stock and made available for
** all. I welcome the importance which is now attached to
T46 ;. y. Kotze
** forestry, one of the most useful and healthful of human
'* occupations. Directed as it is to checking reckless con-
*' sumption of the world's supply of timber and to teaching
" and encouraging thrifty use and prudent replacement, it
*' represents a great work for the common good.'*
The indirect utility of forests to mankind is not so readily
patent as its direct benefits in the shape of timber, fuel, bark and
other products, in the provision of a field for employment in their
management and working, in supplying the raw material on which
so many industries depend, and in the economic development of
a country, nevertheless, without entering upon that much debated
and controversial topic as to whether forests influence climate, it
may be stated it is now generally recognised that they do, when
in mass formation, reduce to some extent the temperature of the
air and soil, thus rendering a climate more equable, that they
increase the relative humidity of the air, assist in reducing evapor
ation and tend to increase the precipitation of moisture, and there
is no doubt that forest cover, particularly on watersheds and ele-
vated situations, is of great value in regulating the run-off and the
flow of water, in minimising erosion of soil and in preventng the
silting of watercourses.
Forestry is closely connected with agriculture. The object
of both is the same — to make the most profitable use of the soil.
The part of agriculture is to supply the country with food; the
part of forestry is to supply the country primarily with wood.
And for civilised life wood is almost as necessary as food. Their
interests do not, moreover, clash as neither of them covets the land
which the other uses, the forester being satisfied with land which
is of no use to the farmer or only suitable for grazing.
The production of timber for commercial purposes is a duty
for which the State and, to a lesser extent. Corporate Bodies are
peculiarly fitted to deal with. The practice of forestry involves
a large outlay of capital from which the State and Public Bodies
can afford to wait for returns. Another important consideration
is that the State enjoys, to all intents and purposes, perpetual ex-
istence, and its forestry assets are thus handed down from gener-
Establishment and Tending of Timber Plantations 147
ation to generation, provided of course they have been properly
and scientifically managed.
The natural forests of the Union, even if fully developed, are
never likely to be able to supply even five per cent, of the soft-
wood requirements of the country. According to the latest
Census Returns the percentage of forest land, i.e. land under
natural forests as well as plantations, in the Union is only .5 per
cent., in other words, the Union contains only 2,361 square miles
under trees in comparison with its total area of 473,096 square
miles. Of these 2,361 square miles, 1,446 belong to private
individuals, including companies, 880 to the State, and 35 to
Corporate Bodies.
The Government, realising the seriousness of the position, has
embarked on a vigorous policy of afforestation, and the Forest
Department now aims at making the Union in years to come
largely independent of outside sources of softwood supplies.
At the same time it continues to safeguard and husband as far
as possible the resources of the country's existing natural forests.
Apart from the fact that the creation of large forests in South
Africa is a national necessity, it is not likely that afforestation will
prove unprofitable from a financial point of view.
Though the chief responsibility for afforestation in this, as in
most other countries, must be shouldered by the State, yet much
can be done by private enterprise and by Public Bodies such as
Municipalities, Divisional Councils and Corporations, provided
they have funds and facilities after they have discharged the more
special functions for which they exist.
Every tree successfully planted adds to the national wealth*
and in times of stress and shortage, such as we have recently
experienced, these trees may prove a useful store on which to draw.
In illustration of this point it may be mentioned that for the past
five years the match factories of the Union have been dependent
solely on South African timber, the bulk of it Poplar, which was
planted long ago in small lots by farmers all over the countr>%
and the planters had no idea then how important economically
their efforts would ultimately become.
148 /. /. Kotze
With these introductory remarks we now pass on to consider
the practical measures necessary for the estabhshment and tending
of Plantations, and finally an endeavour will be made to indicate
the class of trees most likely to succeed in various zones of the
Cape Province.
PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS.
Perhaps the most clear and concise account of these consider-
ations in so far as South Africa, especially the Transvaal High
Veld, is concerned, is given by Mr. Carlson in his recent Bulletin
(No. I of 1920) on " The Cromng of Mine Props on the High
Veldy' and this publication, as well as Mr. Robertson's Bulletin
(No. 1 of 1911) entitled ''Farm Forestry in the Orange Free
State,'* have been freely drawn upon in the preparation of the
following paragraphs.
(1) Situation.
General.
Although some classes of industrial timbers can be grown,
within limitations, in parts of the Cape Province, a great deal
of this area cannot compete in the production of high grade
material of large dimensions with the true forest land on the well-
watered mountains of the Cape Peninsula and adjoining Districts
and along the seaward slopes and foothills of the mountain ranges
of the south, south-east and east, where the climate is compara-
tively moist and equable. Nevertheless, in many parts further
inland successful plantations have been established, and in most
regions where the rainfall exceeds 20 inches plantations or trees
of some kind or other can be grown.
LocaL
Paiticular attention should be directed to studying the con-
figuration of the area it is proposed to afforest as this materially
affects the choice of species. Is the situation an open one ex-
posed to all winds or is shelter obtained from kopjes. Is it low
lying, and thus subject to severe frosts, or is it high and warm.
Has it a northern or western aspect receiving the full force of the
sun's rays or has it a cool southern or eastern slope.
Establishment and Tending of Timber Plantations 149
(2) Soil.
A careful examination of soil conditions, especially where the
rainfall is on the low side, is very important.
Generally the soils in forest areas and areas of high rainfall
where afforestation is most feasible are poor in plant food, being
especially lacking in lime and phosphoric acid. On account of
the deficiency of lime, locally described as " sourness," these
soils have to be very thoroughly worked before they can be planted
successfully. Fortunately the chemical composition of a soil has
little effect on tree growth, and there are few soils too poor in
plant food to sustain trees. The physical properties of a soil,
viz., its depth, porosity and a proper degree of moisture, especially
depth, are, however, of paramount importance in affore-
station. Depth of soil varies rapidly even within limited areas,
and stretches of land which present a uniform appearance to the
eye may show variation in depth from a few inches to several
feet. On accoupnt of the long dry season depth of soil becomes
a factor of prime importance, and is one of the cardinal points
to be considered in deciding on the suitability of any area for
planting. Hardpan, or impervious pot-clay subsoils occur over
large tracts, and render many localities, otherwise suitable for
tree growth, of little or no value for that purpose. The depth
of the soil and nature of the subsoil should therefore be carefully
ascertained by examining any railway cuttings, quarries, dongas
or sluits that may happen to be situated in or in the vicinity of the
area, and whenever in doubt test pits should be sunk. Trees
often flourish for a number of favourable years even on shallow
soil, and then go off suddenly, and the error of planting in such
ground may therefore not be discovered for some years. Generally
speaking a depth of 4 to 5 feet will be found sufficient, although
a lesser depth may suffice in areas of high rainfall.
The soils most suitable for afforestation appear to be those
derived from granites. Table Mountain Sandstone and dolerites,
but it may be stated that some trees thrive equally well on soils
of the most different geological origin.
150 /. y. Kotze
(3) Climate.
Temperature.
In high-lying areas frosts, especially early frosts, are a serious
factor to reckon with in the establishment of plantations of cer-
tain species, such as the Eucalyptus. In normal years, if the
selection of species has been sound, losses are insignificant, but
occasionally sudden severe frosts, accompanied by cold winds,
following on a period of warm weather, will play havoc. In
such circumstances the whole or a large percentage of the plan-
tation may be destroyed, though, if the planting scheme be perse-
vered in, and is favoured with a few good seasons, a wood may
be established which will be proof against subsequent vicissitudes
of a similar kind. It is generally in the first two years after plant-
ing that losses occur. Aftei that the trees are usually strong
enongh to hold their owti.
JR.amfall.
Perhaps no factor in South Africa influences afforestation so
much as rainfall, and it is owing to the more abundant precipi-
tation that the most suitable portions of the country for affore-
station occur along the escarpment previously referred to and on
the foohhills immediately below it.
Where the fall drops to below 20 inches the limit of successful
commercial forestry may, speaking broadly, be said to have been
reached. In the dry western and central interior portion of the
Cape Province where the rainfall is about 5 to 1 5 inches, tree
growth, except along river banks, is entirely absent, and it is im-
practicable, if not impossible, except under irrigation, to establish
plantations in such localities.
Attention must be drawn to the variation that occurs in the
Cape Province in respect of the time of the year during which
the rain falls, for this variation has a marked influence in the
selection of the species of trees suitable for a particular locality
A tree such as Pinus lonsifoUa is peculiarly suited to a summer
rainfall area, whereas P.insignis, although largely grown in sum-
mer rainfall areas, shows better and surer growth in winter or all*
Establishment and Tending of Timber Plantations 1 5 1
the-year rainfall areas such as the western and south-western
coastal districts.
(4) Natural Vegetation.
The nature of the surface vegetation is also an important
factor to consider. Virgin veld, as a general rule, is by far the
best, as very little cultivation after planting is then necessary.
Weedy old lands, on the other hand, give much trouble in this
respect, and they should be thoroughly cleared before planting.
(5) Object For Which The Plantation Is Desired.
The object of management is a very important consideration
as the selection of the species to be growni, the distance from each
other at which the trees are to be planted, the subsequent tending
of the plantation, etc., are all governed by it. The object might
be for shelter for stock, for crops or for orchards, for the preven-
tion and arresting of erosion, or for the production of timber for
various uses such as saw-timber, for poles, fuel, bark, etc.
(6) Selection Of Species.
The factors of the locality having thus been assessed, and the
object of management having been clearly defined, the next step
is the selection of the species of trees most likely to suit the con-
ditions obtaining, and at the same time most likely to fulfil the
purposes desired.
The selection of the best species is perhaps the most important
and difficult matter of all, for on a correct choice depends to a
large extent the success of the undertaking. It requires a good
knowledge of the requirements and characteristics of different
trees, and an intimate acquaintance with the locality where they
are to be planted. In a paper of this nature it is not possible
to state definitely which trees should be planted in specified locali-
ties as the local conditions vary so very much throughout the Pro-
vince, and even in the same locality. At the end of this paper
will be found a list giving some of the characteristics and require-
152 J. J. Koize
ments of a number of trees, and it must be left to planters to
endeavour to fit the requirements of the trees to the conditions
obtaining on the areas it is desired to afforest or to consult the
nearest Forest Officer in order to obtain special advice. Trees
growing in the vicinity are very useful in affording evidence as to
which species have already found the factors of the locality to
their liking, and their growth and general appearance will serve
as an excellent guide.
Operations Necessary to the Formation of a
Plantation.
1. Preparation of a Planting Plan.
If the planting scheme be of any extent it is very necessary
that a clearly defined modus operandi be drawn up. Haphazard
planting is of little avail, and usually leads to a great deal of
trouble later on. A detailed examination of every part of the
area to be planted, a rough survey and the construction of a map
on which should be shown a complete system of compartments,
roads, nurseries, buildings, etc., for the most convenient and
economic future working of the scheme, the proposed protective
measures to be adopted against fire or cold winds, the allocation
of species to each compartment according to soil, aspect and
elevation, the regulation of espacements, directions as to the order
in which planting should proceed and numerous other details
should all be included in the plan.
2. Fencing.
Planting unfenced areas avails little, and this protective mea-
sure against stock, etc., should be carried out before a single tree
is put in.
3. Preparation of the Ground,
Experience in South Africa has demonstrated that an entire
and thorough preparation of the soil is essential. In the summer
rainfall areas new ground should be broken up by ploughing, or
by picking where ploughing is not possible, in late summer before
Establishment and Tending of Timber Plantations 153
it dries out altogether and allowed to lie fallow during the winter.
Before planting in the following summer as soon as steady rains
have set in, the ground must be cross-ploughed and harrowed to
bring it to a proper tilth. In the winter rainfall areas the seasons
are reserved and the first preparation should then take place to-
wards the end of the rainy season, and the second just prior to
planting at the commencement of the following winter.
4. Raising the Young Crop.
Trees may be established either by setting out plants raised
in a nursery or else by sowing the seeds direct in the land. The
latter method can, however, be used with certainty only in certain
localities where the climatic conditions are favourable, where the
seed of the species being sown is comparatively cheap, and when
germination can be relied upon. The various kinds of wattles
and some of the pines, e.g. P.pinaster, can be raised in this
manner. The best time to sow in situ is when steady rains have
commenced to fall. The seed coats of wattles are very hard,
and such seeds should have boiling water poured on them and be
left to soak for 24 hours till soft enough to be cut with the thumb-
nail. In situ sowings may be carried out either broadcast, in
lines, or in spots, and wherever practised now the Department
finds the latter method the most economical. In spot sowings
a few seeds are placed in the same spot at the required espace-
ment, care being taken to place each seed in the spot a few inches
from the other. This facilitates weeding out later on and dis-
turbs the root system of the seedling left to form part of the crop
to a much lesser extent and allows of those uprooted to be utilised
for filling blanks.
Raising plants in a nursery or purchasing transplants from the
nearest Government Nursery will, however, be found the safest
method. Transplants in trays containing about 25 plants each
are sold from the Government Nurseries at a price of approxi-
mately 6s. per hundred, and the Department issues a Price List
giving further information on the subject. For the guidance of
those anxious to carry out the operation for themselves the Depart-
ment issues two Bulletins on the subject, viz. : " The Propagation
154 J. J. Koize
of Trees from Seed,'* and *' How to Raise Trees from Seed."
The former refers mainly to summer rainfall, and the latter to
winter rainfall areas, but as the former is the more useful of the
two a copy of it should always be obtained even if the area
affected be a winter rainfall one.
5. Planting.
In the case of deciduous trees planting out of transplants or
rooted cuttings must be carried out in winter when they are leaf-
less, and if the ground be very dry occasional waterings,
especially at the time the plants commence to shoot, should be
given.
Evergreen trees (Pines, Eucalypts, etc.) on the other hand can
be planted at any time provided the ground is moist and good
rains have set in. If possible the operation should be carried
out on a cloudy day when more rain is expected or even while
it is actually raining. Otherwise the trees should be well watered
immediately after planting, and if hot, dry weather follows further
watering may be necessary. Watering, however, is scarcely a
practicable proposition when the area planted is a large one.
It is estimated that a gang of 20 men under a good overseer,
if properly organised, should plant from 1 0,000 to 20,000 trees
a day on easy ground. Care in planting should not, however, be
sacrificed for speed.
The actual operation consists in removing the transplants care-
fully out of the tins or trays, each with a ball of earth adhering
to the roots, and placing them m the little holes made with an ordi-
nary garden trowel at the required distance. The position of
this required distance or espacement (see next paragraph) on the
ground is best ascertained by stretching along the row a planting
chain or line which has the espacement desired marked on it. A
good plan is to have three planting lines, all marked to the same
espacement, in operation at the same time, the second and third
being placed at right angles to and at each extremiy of the first
to mark the distance between the rows. The first marks the posi-
tion each plant is to be set out in the row. The following dia-
gram showing an espacement of 6 feet by 6 feet makes this
clear: —
/' « ' * '
Tt)
1^
1
1 (
1 1
; ■ '\
1
Tt
1
1 1
"%
1 1
J
1
1
^ 1
; ; T
•*
• •
•
1
I
•
1
I
1
» 1
i
• 1
' T)i'r