THE

SOUTHERN

PLANTER.

Wevotes to Agriculture, Worticulturce, avy the Wousehaly Avis.

Agriculture is the nursing mother of the Arts.— | Tillage and Pasturage are the two breasts of the

Xenophon.

State.— Sully.

FRANK: G RUFFIN, Eprror anp Proprisror.

RICHMOND, OCTOBER, 1855

Vou. XV.

T. BAILIE, PusiisHer.

No. 10.

From the Horticulturist.

STRAWBERRIES AND THEIR CULTURE.

‘The discussion of the strawberry question,

which has occupied the pages of agricultural

and horticural journals so largely for a few
years past, has been the means, directly and
indirectly, of advancing materially the culti-
vation of that fruit. We find ample evidence
of this in the more abundant supply of our
markets, and in the production of a large num-
ber of seedling varieties. Recent letters from
correspondents in all parts of the country, as

well as reports of late exhibitions, all testify to

the very general interest which is felt on the
subject, and the progress that has been made.
But, after all, we are constrained to say that
our cultivation is yet very imperfect. The
size and appearance of, the great bulk of fruit
offered in market, convince usof this. Those
who know how to cultivate, are in many cases
slovenly, or act upon the principle that good
Galture will not pay; while there are many

who fail for the want of correct information on
the subject.

We have now before usa large
number of inquiries on the subject. One
wants to know how to prepare the soil; ano-
ther when to plant; another how to plant.
Several correspondents who are well informed
on the subject of cultivation, ask us to give
them the names of the best perfect flowering
sorts, as they are tired of keeping separate the
staminate and pistilate varieties. We have
therefore thought it best to offer a few hints

‘which will serve as a general answer.

We will state here, at the outset, that to
cultivate the strawberry successfully, is but a
simple matter. ‘To grow large, handsome, fine
flavored fruit in abundance, it is not necessary
to employ a chemist to furnish us with a long
list of specifics, nor even to employ a gardener
by profession, who can boast long years of ex-
perience.
corn or potatoes, can, if he will, grow straw-

Vou. XV.—10.

Any one who can manage a crop of

berries. Wemay say this much by way of
encouragement, because so much has been said
in regard to various methods of culture, and
various applications and specifics, that some
people have become persuaded that a vast deal
of learning and experience are necessary to
produce large crops of strawberries.

Judging from what we have seen, we believe

that the great cause of failure is negligence.

The strawberry plant—not like a tree, which,
when once set in its place, remains there—ig
constantly sending out shoots (runners) in all
directions, taking possession of the ground ra-
pidly around the parent plant. In a short
time, therefore, unless these runners are kept
in check, the ground becomes entirely occupied
with plants, the parent plant becomes exhaust-
ed, and the ground can no longer be stirred or
kept in such condition as is necessary to sustain
their vigor. The result is, the ground is coy-
ered with a mass of starved and weakly plants,
choking up each other in a hard, uncultivated
soil, and producing a sparce crop of small, in-
sipid berries, that dry up on their stocks before
they are ripe, unless it happens to rain every
day.

The constant stirring of the soil around the
plants, is one thing which in our climate is ab-
solutely necessary to successful cultivation ;
and any system of culture which precludes
this, or throws any obstacles in its way, is de-
fective. If any one will examine his straw-
berry beds, he will find the plants along the
outer edges of the beds, where the soil has been
kept clean and fresh by the frequent use of the
hoe, vigorous and healthy, with luxuriant dark
green foliage, and large, fine fruit; while in
the interior of the beds, where the plants have
grown into masses, and covered all the ground,
so as to prevent its cultivation, they are yellow
and sickly looking, and the fruit poor and
worthless. This we'see in our own grounds,
and everywhere that we find the plants grow-
ing under similar circumstances. Does not

290

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

this show the necessity of cultivation close|nure, should be placed between the rows, com-

around the plants? No matter how deep we
may trench the soil, or how unsparing we may
be with manures, or how copiously we supply |
moisture, this cultivation cannot be dispensed |
with, if we aim at producing fine fruits and
abundance of them. ‘But,” says our cultiva-
tor, “by allowmg the ground: to be all occu-
pied with plants, we save all the labor which
would be consumed in removing the runners,
and we avoid the necessity of applying a mulch-
ing to keep the fruit clean.” Very true, you
. Save some expense; but what do you get in
return? A crop of fruit not fit for the table
—small, insipid, and so dirty, if a heavy rain
occurs about ripening time, that it must be
put through the wash-tub before it is placed
0: table. It is possible that the market
growe: may be able to produce berries of this
kind a+ a less price per quart than he could by
a careful, cleanly and thorough system of cul-
ture; but then he can expect to sell such fruit
ol, when no better can be had. We have
d° bts, however, as to the economy of bad
culture in the Jong run. If a proper system
were adopted at the outstart, and followed up
with regularity, it would not be found so _pro-
fitless or expensive. In this,as in every
kind of culture, a system is absolutely neces-
sary. A certain routine of operations, which
are easily executed if taken at the right time,
become burthensome when deferred, and being
so, they are not unfrequently put off altogeth-
er. Precisely thus isit that strawberry beds
are neglected, both in market gardens and
private gardens, until they are grown wild be-
yond hope of recovery. Now, we say to every
one who wishes to cultivate strawberries, re-
solve at once upon abandoning the “lazy-bed”
system ; and if you cultivate but a square rod,
do it well. |
We advise planting in rows not less than
two feet apart, unless ground be very scarce,
when eighteen might suffice, and the plants to
be twelve to eighteen inches apart in the rows.
In extensive field culture, the rows should be
at least three feet apart, in order to admit the
use of the plow or cultivator between them,
or even the passage of a cart to deposit ma-
nures or mulching materials. The spade and
wheel-barrow are too costly implements for an
extensive culture where labor is scarce and
high, as with us. rom the time the plants
are set until the fruit is gathered, the runners
should be cut away as fast as they appear, and
the ground be kept clean of weeds, and well
worked. !
In the fall, or before the setting in of win-
ter, a mulching of half-decayed leaves or ma-

TUi-t

ing close around the plants, leaving the crown
or heart uncovered: This mulching prevents
the plants from being drawn out and weaken-
ed, or destroyed by freezing and thawing in
winter. . We have sometimes covered the en-’
tire beds, plants and all, with newly-fallen
leaves, and by raking them off early in spring,
the plants came out in fine order. In the same
way we have covered them with clean wheat
straw, and found it to answer as well. In all
the northern and western States some winter
protection is of great service, although not in-
dispensable. In field culture, the earth might
be ploughed up to the plants, as is done with
nursery trees, in such a manner as to afford
considerable protection against the action of
frost on the roots. .

As soon as the fruit begins to attain its full
size, and approach maturity, the spaces be-
tween the rows which up to this time have been
under clean culture, should be covered with
straw, litter or moss. his will serve the dou-
ble purpose of keeping the fruit clean and re-
taining moisture ‘in the soil. When copious
supplies of water are applied, which should be
always done when practicable, stable litter is
a good mulching, and the water poured on it
carries down with it to the roots of the plants
the fertilizing materials which it contains.

The application of water in abundance we —
must again recommend to all who want the
finest fruit. Rains are very good, but they
cannot be relied on, and they ,always deprive
the fruit of its flavor, while artificial waterings
donot. On this account theFrench gardeners
say that the strawberry “prefers water from
the well to water from the clouds.” It is stp-
posed that the electricity which pervades the
atmosphere during our summer rains, affects
the flavor of the fruit.

When the crop has been gathered, the mulch-
ing material between the rows should be re-
moved, and the ground be forked over, so that
if plants are wanted to form a new plantation,
their growth will be encouraged. ‘The same
plants should not be relied upon for more than
two crops. The labor of making a new bed,
save the trenching of tle soil, isno more than
that of planting a plot of cabbages.

As to the season for planting, we would re-
commend the spring for large plantations, he-
cause then there is comparatively no risk of
failure. The amateur, however, who wishes
only to plant a bed in his garden, may do it at
any time he can procure good plants. If the
growth of runners is encouraged in July, after
the fruit is gathered, well-rooted runners may
be had about the first of September, or it may

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

291

be sooner. The young plant nearest the parent
should always be chosen, if possible. In plant-
ing during the month of August or Septem-
ber, rainy weather should be chosen, if possi-
ble; but itmay be safely done, even in a dry
time, by using water freely. Water the plants
well before taking them up,as it injures the
roots very much to draw them out of dry
ground; then water the soil thoroughly where
they are to be set, before planting. A sprink-
ling will be of no use: it must go down deep,
as a heavy rain would. Set the plants in the
evening, and shade them a few days with boards
set on edge, forming a sort of roof over them.
Mulch them, too, with short litter; and it will
be well, if the plants be large, to remove
some of the lower and larger leaves. Plant-
ing can be done safely in spring until the plants
are in blossom—and all summer, for that mat-
_ter, with proper care.

We have thus briefly sketched the princi-
pal operations in strawberry culture; not in
regular order, it is true, but we hope so as to
be understood. We are not writing a book,

and cannot enter into all of the details with
minuteness. We have said nothing of the
soil, and will only remark that any good gar-
-den soil, fit to produce culinary vegetables, or
any farm land, fit for grain or root crops, will
produce good strawberries; but it must be
deeply plowed, or trenched, say twenty inches
at least, and liberally manured with well-de-
composed stable manure or good compost. The
quantity of manure must vary according to
the degree of natural fertility of the soil. In
ohe case, a quantity equal to six inches deep
- all over the surface would not ve too much;.
while in other cases, half that would be
enough.

We would prefer not to make a strawberry
plantation twice on the same ground; but when
circumstances render it inconvenient to change,
rows of youag plants might be set, or allowed
to establish themselves from the runners, be-
tween the old rows, which can then be turned
under with the spade, and will serve to enrich
the ground. ,

Now as to varieties. On this point there is
a great diversity of opmion, and we cannot
hope to name a list that will be acceptable to
a large number of persons, at least in many
parts of the country. Planters must have re-
course to the best experience to be found in
their respective localities; in the meantime
we shall express our opinion of a few varieties,
and let it go for what it is worth.

It happens that in this country the greater
number of our most productive varieties have

fruitful flower must have both pistils and sta-
mens perfectly developed. The stamens are
regarded as the male organs, and the pistils
the female. When a flower has well-developed
pistils, but no stameas, or imperfect ones, it
must be impregnated by the pollen of other
flowers. Where a flower has no pistils, or has
imperfect ones, it is utterly barren. A large
number of our best American varieties—such
as Hovey’s Seedling, Burr’s New Pine, Mc-
Avoy’s Superior, Moyamensing, &c.—are
wanting in stamens, and therefore foreign im-
pregnation is necessary. In Hurope this dis-
tinction is not observed to any extent, and all
the English and continental varieties, as
far as we know, are hermaphrodite. In this
country very many of them fail from an im-
perfect development of the pistils, and are
consequently barren, owing doubtless to the
effect of climate and culture. It is not neces-
sary that the two should be in close proximity;
they are sure to get ‘impregnated if in the
same garden, as the pollen is carried about
from one flower to another by insects. The
beds of the different sorts may be kept entire-
ly separate. Mixing them up is a bad way, as
the one outgrows and overruns the other, and
they become so confused that nothing can be
done with them. On this account many have

| grown tired of keeping up the distinction, and

have resolved to cultivate hermaphrodite sorts
only.

The following varieties are the best on the
long lists of those we have tested on our own,
grounds :

Pistittate.—Burr’s New Pine, Jenny’s
Seedling, McAvoy’s Superior, Hovey’s Seed-
ling, Moyamensing, Monroe Scarlet, and Crim-
son Cone. ‘The finest flavored variety among
these, is Burr’s New Pine; the largest, Ho-
vey’s Seedling; and the finest and best for
market, Jenny’s Seedling and Crimson Cone.
Hovey’s Seedling, in Western New York, and
in many parts of the west, is a very moderate, |
and in many cases a poor bearer. We have .
had no crop so heavy this season (when all bore |
well) as on the Monroe Scarlet.

StamInaTE, oR Hermapnronire.——Large »
Harly Scarlet, Walker’s Seedling, Iowa, Bos-
ton Pine and Genesee. All these may-be
erown® successfully for market, and are good
without being first-rate in flavor. We think
much more of Walker’s Seedling ‘how than
we did last season. It is very hardy, and a
great bearer. It appears to bea seedling from
the Black Prince. The Boston Pine is the
most uncertain on the whole list; without good
soil and culture, it fails entirely.

but one set of the organs of fecundation. AJ! Beside the above list, we would recommend

LLG

292

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

to amateurs, who are willing to bestow thorough |CHEAP FURNITURE AND ORNAMENTS FOR

cultivation and care on their plants, the Bri-
tish Queen, which, when well grown, surpasses
in size, beauty, and excellence, any we have
named. The Bicton Pine—a large and beau-
tiful white variety, which ripens late. We
have had a fine crop of it this season, although
our plants being set last year were seriously
injured last winter. Like all the foreign sorts,
it needs protection, and a deep, rich soil, with
abundant moisture. The Wood Strawberries
—red and white—bear most profusely in all
places, and last a long time ; besides, they part
freely from the calyx, and are therefore easily
and rapidly picked, and their flavor is rich and
agreeable to most people. In addition to these
we must mention the Bush Alpine (having no
runners)—perpetual bearers, if kept liberally
supplied with moisture. They deserve much
more extensive cultivation than they now re-
ceive. With their assistance, we may enjoy
strawberries not one mouth only, but four
months.

To keer Sitx.—Silk articles should not
be kept folded in white paper, as the chloride
of lime used im bleaching the paper will pro-
bably impair the color of the silk. Brown or
blue paper is better; the yellowish, smooth
Indian paper is best of all. Silk intended
for dress should not be kept long in the house
before it is made up, as lying in the folds will
have a tendency to impair its durability by
causing it to cut or split, particularly if the
silk has been thickened by gum.

Thread lace veils are very easily cut; satin
and velvet being soft are not easily cut, but
dresses of velvet should not be laid by with
any weight above them. If the nap of thin
velvet is laid down, is is not possible to raise
it up again. Hard silk should never be
wrinkled, because the thread is easily broken
in the crease, and it never can be rectified.

~The way to take the wrinkles out of silk
scarfs or handkerchiefs is to moisten the sur-
face evenly with a sponge and some weak
glue, and then pin the silk with some toilet
pins around the shelves on a mattrass or fea-
ther bed, taking pains to draw out the silk as
tight as, possible.
will have disappeared. The reason of this is
obvious to every person. It is a nice job to
dress light colored silk, and few should try it.
Some silk articles should be moistened with
weak glue or gum water, and the wrinkles
ironed out by a hot flat-iron on the wrong
side.—Scientufic American.

When dry, the wrinkles.

ROOMS.

In the article on cheap furniture in the last
number, the following paragraph was omitted :

Pretty window seats, ottomans, &c., are
easily made by taking a box of suitable size
and shape, turning it bottom up, cushioning
with cotton, hair, moss, hay, or old woollen
rags, and covering it with remnants of car-
peting or cloth to suit the other furniture.
Almost every family has some boxes that
might thus be turned to good account, making
inexpensive seats that the family will greatly
prefer to chairs, and giving an air of comfort
and competence that will make home much
more attractive. Do not make the seats too
high or narrow, or the cushions too hard, and
if for common use cover with some modest
color that will not show dirt readily. The
boxes can be made with lids and hinges to hold’
wood, clothes, or other articles, if desired.

Mrs. Cutler and others have from time to
time given descriptions of ornamental articles
that could be made at home easily; to these
we have a few to add. At the exhibition of
the American Institute in New York, last fall,
was a very beautiful centre table—home made.
A thick plank was cut into a circle of the required
size and mounted upon a standard terminating
in three feet. This was entirely covered with
split acorns, put on in various fonciful designs,
laid in glue, paint, or other cement, and the
whole ‘covered with two or three coats: of
varnish. The effect was very beautiful indeed.
We have seen old picture frames, fitted up in
the same style, that were really elegant.

An equally pretty and more delicate mode
of ornament is made from the fresh cones of
the pitch pine. Separate the scales and
put on as you would acorns, overlapping the
scales as they are in nature. Pretty flower
vases, picture frames, &c., can be cut from
pasteboard, then, if the cones are soaked in
warm water, the scales can be sewed on with
stout thread, then let the whole be varnished
before the cones become shrivelled, and they
will appear more plump permanently.— Mass.
Ploughman.

The following is said to be a sure process to
get rid of caterpillars. With a common gim-
let we bored a hole into the body of a tree,
some two inches deep, perhaps, which we filled
with sulphur, and then plugged up the hole,
In a short time, say forty-eight hours, they
were seen crawling about the yard, and in less
than six days not one was to be found remai-
ing on the tree. This is a simple but sure
way.

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

293

From the Richmond Whig.

HOW TO SECURE WHEAT IN WET WEATHER. |

Observing, in the Richmond Whig, a com-
munication from Lunenburg, which speaks of
the great destruction of wheat in that part of
the country, from wet weather, I am induced
to give to the public my experience, in regard
to the management of a wheat harvest under
such circumstances—this embraces a period of
40 years or more. The communication from
Lunenburg states, that in many instances,
the wheat was suffered to remain on the ground
four or five days—this was a great and fatal
error, as [ can assert from the mest ample and
satisfactory experience.

About 30 years ago, when I lived in the
county of Essex, upon the Rappahannock ri-
ver, there was the finest growth of wheat I
ever remember to have seen but once. The
rain commenced with the harvest, and contin-
ued during the whole of it, and for some days
after it terminated. I felt myself perfectly at
a loss how to proceed. But having an intelli-
gent and experienced Overseer, consulted him
as to what had best be done. He recommend-
ed, that I should contrive to cut the wheat, re-
gardless of rain, and put it up immediately in
cocks of about five bushels, securing the tops,
by spreading a sheaf of wheat upon the top of
each, and not to open or disturb them, until all
appearances of rain had ceased. I readily
adopted his plan, and did not disturb the cocks
until the wheat was removed to the barn for
thrashing. When I commenced moving the
wheat, 1 found the outside of the cecks as
green as a meadow, and so much sprouted that
most of it was lost. But although the straw,
on the inside, was mouldy, the grain was ina
perfect state of preservation, and the crop, both
as to quality and quantity, the best I ever re-
member to have made; and I have always pur-
sued the same method since, and with equal
success ; nor have I ever dreaded a wet har-
vest since. The greater part of the crop of
which I speak, was cut when the rain was pour-
ing down in torrents, and put up immediately
as I have said, and not again disturbed until it
was removed to the barn yard. My neighbors
pursued a different plan; cutting and putting
up their wheat as I did. But when the sun
would come out, (as it frequently did,) they
had their wheat shocks opened to dry; thus
frequently subjecting the whole of their wheat
to the action of the sun, and having to put them
up again hurriedly, before they were thorough-
ly dried, they were loosened so much, as to be
thoroughly penetrated by the rain and spotted
through and through. Whereas my wheat hav-
ing been put up, after being thoroughly soaked

by rain, and not opened again, was so compact,
that neither the rain, nor the rays of the sun,
could penetrate far into the shocks, and I
found the wheat on the inside uninjured, and

of most excellent quality. And I will add,

that to secure a crop of wheat, under such cir-
cumstances, itis better not to tie the wheat in
bundles, as it packs much closer when not tied.
Considering the information of very great im-
portance to farmers, and believing that it would
be more apt to influence those acquainted with
me than an ananymous communication, I sub-
scribe my name to it.
Wituiam Garnetr,
Formerly of Essex Co., Va.

CoNVENIENT AND WHOLESOME F'@op.—A
very cheap, convenient, and palatable dish
may be prepared with the common pilot
bread, which is a hard, dry cracker, made of
flour and water. These can be purchased by,

the barrel at a price but a little higher than.

flour, pound for pound, as they are generally
made by machinery, and the cost of making
and baking is but trifling when it is done on
a large scale. We see the price of pilot bread
is quoted in this market at less than half a
cent per pound above good flour, and as they
are nearly as dry as flour they are about as
nutritious. They will keep longer than flour
without deteriorating or becoming stale. They
can be used in a variety of ways, such as put-
ting them into stews of meat, or meat and
potatoes; they improve “hash” materially,
and are a good substitute for “crust” in pot
pie, having the advantage of always being
light and wholesome. For an ordinary, every
day dish, put them into an oven after the
bread is removed, or into a stove oven, and
let them dry thoroughly ; then break them up

and pour boiling water over them, and add a

little salt, and butter, cream or milk. We
know of no more easily prepared, more whole-
some, and more palatable dish than this for

|the breakfast, supper, or even for the dinner

table.

Working animals of every kind should be
treated with care and attention. Warm sta-
bles, properly ventillated; good fare, regularly
dispensed to them; well littered stables, cur-
rying and rubbing down night and morning,
and water three times a day, are great pro-
moters of health,—and at no season of the
year is such treatment, and care more needed
than at this, when the poor animals have to
perform their daily labors amidst every degree
of inclement weather. )

294 THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

HOW WILD GEESE ARE TAKEN.

“The way they catch geese,” says the| The difficulty of getting laces washed right,
Buffalo Republican, “on the western waters, | especially out of a great city, is very great.

is sufficiently wonderful, without at all taxing) fyery lady, therefore, should know how to
the incredulity of any one. They are very) wash her own thread lace. If any fair lady is
fond of a small and very active eel, armed ignorant of this art, we can teach her in &
with sharp head and teeth, whose habits insist very few words. Let her first rip off the lace,
upon its swimming very near the surface) carefully pick out the loose bits of thread, and
of the water. It is very seldom the geese can | yo}] the lace very smoothly and securely round
eet hold of this choice morsel, and when thev | clean black bottle previously covered with
do, they do they have a grand joliification jold white lien, sewed tightly on. Tack
over it. This cel the hunters use a8 2) each end of the lace with a needle and thread,
bait for their geeseships. A short time) to keep it smooth, and be careful in wrapping
since, two hunters went out to cateh wild | 4,6: to erumble or fold in any of the scollops
geese. - One hunter laid down in his eance| oy pearlings. After it is on the bottle, take
with a trout line attached to his wrist, and On some of the best sweet oil, and with a clean
the otheg end, in the water, was tied the nim-' sponge wet the lace thoroughly to the inmost
ble, sharp-headed eel before spoken of. The/folds. Have ready, in a wash-kettle, a strong
canoe floated slowly through the marshes, and |jather of clear water and white Castile soap.
came gradually among a large flock of geese.) Pil] the bottle with cold water to prevent its
and the eel swimming along close to the sur-|pursting; cork it well and stand it upright in
face. One venerable bon vivant of a go0Se| the suds, with a string round the neck secured
gobbled up the eel, like a flash; also the ecl|t> the cars or handle of the kettle, to prevent
had made its way through the body of)its knocking about and breaking while over
the epicure, and lo! the goose was ‘on strong | the fire. Let it boil in the suds for an hour
Another goose, afflicted with eo) luxurious pal- | oy more, till the lace is clean and white all
ate, swallowed the eel, but without any par- through. Drain on the suds, and dry it on

WASH YOUR OWN LACES.

ticular satisfaction, as the eel, hardly noticing the hottie dn the sun.

When dry, remove the

an obstruction, travelled through the ‘ goose] Jace from the: bottle, and roll it round a wide

grease ’ with scarcely an effort.
identical eel travelled and travelled, until
seventeen geese were on the string, and al
scientific friend, thinking he had been for-
tunate enough, commenced hauling them mto
the boat. But, wonder of wonders,
teen geese rose upon their wings as one goose,
and before our friend of the canoe could make
a will or say a prayer, he was lifted bodily
from the canoe, through the combined efforts
of the seventeen geese attached to his wrist,
and ere he was aware of it, was thirty feet
above the water. A friend of his on shore,
who saw the difficulty, and his riffle being for-
tunately loaded, shot off the string and
rescued his friend. So, instead of wild goose
our hunter got cold duck; and, although
he fishes no more for wild geese with eels, he
is prepared to affirm, asseverate or swear to the}
truth of the foregoing.”

Remepy FoR GapEs IN Chickens. — A

And so this) yipbon block, or lay it in long folds, place it

within a sheet of smooth white paper, and
press it in'a large book for a few days.

the seven- | WHITEWASH FOR OUTHOUSES AND FENCES.

Take a clean barrel that will hold water.
Put into it half a bushel of quicklime, and
slack it by pouring over it boiling water suff-
cient to cover it four or five inches deep, and
stirring it until slaked. When quite slaked,
dissolve it in water, and add two pounds of
sulphate of zinc, which may be had at any of
the druggists, and one of common salt, and
which in a few days will cause the whitewash
to harden on the wood-work. Add sutfiicient
water to bring it to the consistency of thick
whitewash.

To make the above wash of a pleasant
cream color, add 3 lbs. yellow ochre.

For fawn color, and 4 Ibs. umber, 1 Ib. In-

correspondent says, “ Tell those of your read- dian red, and 1 li. lampblack.

ers who are interested in raising chickens,
that a small pinch of gunpowder given to a
chicken with the gapes will effect a sure and
complete cure in from one to three hours
time, and leave poor chick healthy and hearty.
I speak from what I know, having tried the
remedy with perfect satisfaction.”

For grey or stone color, add 4 Ibs. raw um-
ber, and 2 lbs. lampblack.

The color may be put on with a common
whitewash brush, and will be found much
more durable than common whitewash.— Scien-
tific American

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

i i crt patent —
or oe =

295

GREES, AND
MILKING POWERS.

In my last letter to you on the subject ol
short-horns,I mentioned that [ had a cow in calf
to the Duke of Glo’ster (11332.) On faturday
last, the 9th of June, she produced a fine roan
calf, which, to my great satisfaction, proved to
bea bull. As the births of thorough-bred foals
are recorded as they eccur, so it. would not be
uninteresting if the births of the highest bred
calves of the short-lorn race were chronicled in
like manner. In modern times, the latter have
brought prices quite as high as the former, and
they certainly are as well worth them, since
they coaduce in an equal degree to the improve
ment of their race. In order to sustain the claim
of my calf to the honor of his name appearing
én your columns, I add the pedigree of his dam:
Ferret-Roan, of 1849 (bred by Mr. G. Bell,) by
4th Duke of York (10167); dam, Fancy by
Duke of Northumberland (1940); grandam,
Fanny by Shorttail (2621); gr.g.-dam. Fletch-
er the 2d by Belvidere (1706); gr. gr. g.-dam,
by asonof Young Winyard (2859), descended
from Mr. J. Brown’s old Red Bull.

It will be evident to any one couversant with
the pedigrees of Mr. Bates’ herd, that there is
much very close breeding in that of my calf,
and yet he far exceeds any calf] have bred
this year in size and stoutness; in fact, his size
is considerably ab®ve the average. This is
another confirmation of the trath of Mr. Bates’
view, that although to breed in and in from bad
stock was, to use his own expression, “ruin and
and devastation,” yet that the practice may be
“safely followed within certain limits where the
animals so related are descended {rom first-rate
parents, and are themselves of undeniable ex-
cellence. In this, as in every other point, suc-
cess or failure depends upon the judgment of the
breeder. It is, however, so much more common
for men to over-estimate the merits of theirown
stock, than to rate them too low, that it cannot
but be useful to breeders carefully to guard
against this tendency in themselves. It is cer-
tain that he who keeps his eyes open to excel-
lence, wherever it exists, and avails himself of
it whenever it is within his reach, willin the end
have a better herd than he who, taking it for
ranted that his stock is perfection, never trou-
bles himself to look beyond it.
short-horn breeding affords abundant evidence
of the truth of this maxim, from the time when
Mr. C. Colling purchased Hubback, which

SHORT-HORNS, THEIR PEDI

though of unknown pedigree, is an ancestor of

many of our best short-horns, down to the in-
troduction of Cleveland Lad by Mr. Bates into
his herd.

I think that Mr. HorsfalJ, in his interesting re-
cord of his dairy practice, does not state whether
he adheres to any one breed ol cows, or whe-
ther he purchases such as he conceives best
adapted for milking, irrespective of any other
consideration. It would be both useful and in-
teresting, however, if he and other agricultu-
ralists would state the results of their experience
of the milk-producing powers of the principal

The history of

breeds of cattle inthe kingdom. As reyards
the short-horns, there is, I believe, a prevalent

notion that they are indifferent milkers. Al-

though facts may seem to lend a ceriain degree

of support to this opinion, it is nevertheless a

mistake which animparual investigation must

dispel. In the first place, the principal ances-

tors of the improved short-horns—the eld Hol-

derness cows—were, and are still, the deepest

milkers in the kingdom. Is it likely, that these

descendants should wholly have lost this valua- ’
ble property ? It may, indeed, be alleged that

the celebrated cross with the Galloway cow re-

sorted to by Mr. C. Colling, may have produced

injurious consequences in this respect. I think

that the effects of this “alloy,” whether for good

or the reverse, have been over estimated, inas-

much as the cow “Lady,” from which this fami-
ly is descended, had only one-sixteenth of the

Galloway blood in her veins. As Favourite

(252) was quite unconnected with the “alloy,”

as were alsu several other celebrated originals

of the short-horns, itis evident that the union of
them with the cow Lady would give one

thirty-second of that cross in the next genera-

tion. Except, therefore, in those herds where

the “alloy” has been purposely followed out, it

may be estimated that from one fortieth to one-

fiftieth of Galloway blood is the utmost propor-

tion which exists in modern short-horns, and it

is obviously insufficient to obliterate any well

established property belonging to the original

race.

But leaving the domain of speculation to pass
to that of fact, are the improved short-horns
good dairy cows or not?) Froma considerable
mass of evidence which I have collected 10
prove the affirmative of this proposition, my li-
mits here only allow me to refer to the pamphlet
of the Rev. H. Berry, who gives a long list of
cows of the highest pedigree, with the meas-
ured quantity of milk given by each. Several
of these gave 24 quarts daily; one 32, another
36, andione as much as 38 quarts. From this
authentic testimony as to the early character of
the breed, | must passon tothe valuable article
of Mr. Dickenson, (Journal of the Royal Agri-
cultural Society, vol. xi.) on the farming of
Cumberland. and the perugal of whichI recom-
mend to all who are interested in this subject..
He mentions a high-bred cow called Kate, which
gave 12 quarts at a meal, and from this quantity
yielded at the end of a week 26 Ibe. of butter.
About the fact itself there can be no doubt, rest-
ing as it does on the testimony of the owner,
Mr. Fisherson, of Harker Lodge. Another
cow mentioned by Mr. Dickenson produced in
32 weeks 373 Ibs. of butter, being at the rate of
11 2-3 Ibs. per week.

My own experience on the subject is, that
while their milking powers are at least equal to
those of any other breed, they possess over all
others the great advantage of keeping their
condition on food on which common cows would
starve. J am far from maintaining that al]
short-horns are good milkers. Two causes have
contributed to injure them in this respect; 1st
that being a point to which many breeders are

296

indifferent, they have selected their originals
and continued to breed solely with reference to
symmetry, size, and the propensity to early
maturity. As therefore not only good qualities
but the lack of them descend, it cannot be sur-
prising that many short-horns give but litile
milk. 2d. From the emulation of breeders to
show the finest animal at the earliest age, a
system of pampering is begun at birth and car-
ried on until the animal is either sold or slaugh-
tered, which, from the premature development
of fat which it produces, tends to depress every
other vital function. This system, unfavorable
as it is for allowing the milk producing powers
to develop themselves in any individual sub-
jected to it, is fatal when pursued for generation
after generation. After a time, “function,” to
use the wordsof Dr. Playfair, “begins to re-act
on organization,” and a tribe of bad milkers is
formed, ameng which individuals may. even
occur which will give no milk. Most sincerely
do I wish that the forcing system was utterly
exploded, injurious as itis alike to the short-
horns themselves and their reputation. II they
will not thrive on the ordinary keep of other
breeding stock, the sooner they are abahdened
the better. But it is their pre-eminent merit
that they are the best thrivers in existence. As
milkers, when well selected and rationally treat-
ed, itis not easy to find cows which will excel
them. Sometimes even they will at one and
the same time give large quantities of milk and
carry a great deal of flesh, although this is not
in general desirable.

When I think of the number of good milkers
I have known among the short-horns, and re-
member that it was an original charateristic of
the tribe, it appearsto me of great consequence,
considering the national importance of dairy
produce, to use every exertion to render so va-
luable a quality permanent. Good milkers are
not over abundant among any variety of the
vaccine species, and are most scarce among ill-
bred mongrels. Mr. Atten, of Longcroft, had

two or three years a white cow of the name of

Penguin, descended from the stock of Mr. Ro-
bertson, of Ladykirk, which was an extraordi-
nary milker. Colonel Kingscote’s cow Honey-
suckle, is remarkable even in bis herd, where
this point is so successfully cultivated, for the
same quality. Mr. Sainsbury is strenuous in
attaining high excellence here as in every other
point. Among my own cows, which are milk-
ing better this year than] ever knew them be-
fore, | may be allowed to name one which at
nine years old is a most extraordinary milker,
viz., Jessy, bred by Mr. R. Bell. She is by Na-
poleon (10552), dam by Cleveland Lad (3407),
&c., and has bred a prize heifer. . She may
therefore, be cited as a proof that it is possible
to combine the quality for which I am contend-
ing with the best short-horn blood.

In conclusion, | may add that [am preparing
for publication an article on the breeding of
short-horns, and shall therefore feel obliged for
any communications from breeders containing
facts in reference to this or other points worthy

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

of notice. I shall also be glad to show mysmall
herd to any breeder who may happen to be
visiting this neighborhood. They are as hard-
ly kept as those of any neighboring farmer, and
as my object is to make cheese, the calves are
weaned from new milk at an earlier age than is
usual among the breeders of short-horns.
| Willoughby Wood, London Agr. Gaz.

PRESERVING FRUIT BY HERMETICAL
SEALING.

We are glad to see that year by year the old
practice of making large quantities of preserves
in every family is declining, and sweetmeats are
giving place to a more simple, healthful, and
Celicious article, namely, fresh fruit preserved in
its natural state, by perfectly excluding the air.

Fresh peaches, strawberries, &c., are certainly a
sreater Juxury in mid-winter than the same fruits
preserved with sugar, while the expense is less,
and the amount of skill required, no greater.

The self-sealing tin cans, now extensively intro-
duced, are far superior to the old kind, as the
house-wife can put them up quickly and safely,
without the aid of a tinner; they are as easily
opened as closed, and the same cans will do for
successive years. These self-sealing cans are
made in different ways. Some are sealed by
screwing a cork upon a rubber compress, and ap-
plying melted beeswax, others by warming the
cover and pressing it into a rim of cement, which
surrounds the top of the can, others again are
sealed with a peculiar kind of soft solder.

The chief agent in the work of preservation is
heat. If after the application of heat for a certain
time, (by which process the air is expelled,) the
article be sealed up hermetically, it will remain
unchanged for an indefinite period. We will
briefly describe the method of putting up fruits
in this manner, as given by several manufacturers :

First, select good fresh fruits or vegetables.
Stale and fermented articles can never be pre-
served. Vegetablesidecomposing quickly, such as
ereen corn, green peas, asparagus, sl ould be pre-
served within six hours after being picked, parti-
cularly in warm weather. Berries aiways within
twenty-four hours. Peaches, quinces, apples and
pears should be peeled, and the seeds removed
before preserving.

Vegetables should be partially cooked first.
Such as corn, peas and tomatoes should be boiled
a half hour; asparagus, a quarter hour. To the
vegetables, add a haif pint of the water they are
cooked in, to the quart.

Fill the can with ripe fruit, adding, if desired,
a little sugar—simply enough to render the fruit
palatable—and set it in a vessel of water, (warm
or cold.) Let the water boil, and continue boiling
until the fruit is well heated through—say for half
an hour. Direction has been given to simply let
the water boil, but such direction is defective,
as at this time the fruit in the centre of the vessel
will be scarcely warmed. Should the vessel be
then sealed, fermentation will take place. The
heat must thoroughly penetrate the contents of the
vessel, As soon as the fruit is sufficiently heated,

.|seal the can, and the work is done.

Another way is to make a syrup of two pounds
of sugar for every six pounds of fruit, using half a
pint of water for every pound of sugar. Skim
the syrup as soon as it boils, and then put in your

s

THE

SOUTHERN PLANTER,

297

fruit and let it boil ten minutes. Fill the cans, and
seal up hot. Some make a syrup of half a pound

of sugar to every pound of fruit—and some use
only.a quarter of a pound of sugar to a pound
of fruit—while some use no sugar at all.

To keep peaches, pare and cut them up. If
thrown into cold water,. they retain their firmness
and color. Heat them in the cans as above—or,
boil them ten minutes in asyrup. In this way,
strawberries, raspberries, cherries, plums, peaches,
&c., &c., may be kept for any length of time, in
the same condition they were sealed up, and with
their favor unchanged. for small fruit, it is best
to make a syrup without water, and boil the fruit
in it for oply a few minutes.

Mr. Doddridge of this city, has experimented
largely with the use of different kinds of cans,
and gives the following instructions :

Peaches, quinces, pears, apples, should be
peeled, quartered, and the seed removed before
preserving. They should be placed in a kettle
and brought to a brisk boil, with as little stirring
as will prevent them from_ scorching, to avoid
breaking the fruit. The fruct should be kept boiling
while the cans are being filled. Tomatoes should be
boiled and the’ skin taken off, and then placed in
a kettle and brought to a boil, and kept so while
filling the cans.

Fill the cans quickly f overflowing from the
boiling material in the kettle, and immediately
‘ place on the cap, (which should be warm,) fitting
it closely to the shoulder of the neck of the can.
Blow or wipe the moisture out of the gallery,
which the heat of the can will in a little while
dry off. This takes less time than filling with cold
fruit, and heating the can up in boiling water.

Fresh stewed fruits of all kinds may be kept
in these vessels. It will only be necessary to stew
the fruit as for the table, adding the amount of
sugar required to make it palatable; fill up the
vessel with the hot fruit, and seal at once. All
ripe fruits preserved in this way, will be found as
fresh in the winter season, as if just taken from
the tree and stewed.

How to know that the Can is Hermetically Sealed,
and that thé contents will keep.—The contents, as
soon as they cool will slightly shrink, leaving a
vacuum, and, the top and bottom of the can will
become concave, from the pressure of the external
air. If the concave condition of the top and
bottom remain, all is right. But if they swell
out fermentation has commenced. As soon as
this is perceived, open, and heat the contents, as
at first.

These directions apply to every kind of can,
the only difference being in the modes of sealing,
and for these particular directions always accom-
pany the cans. These cans are manufactured and
sold extensively in all the large cities, and we pre-
sume at other places also. The quart cans are
sold at $1.50 to $2:25 per dozen, the two quart
cans at $2.50 to $3 50. The cement to be used
with the self-sealing cans is furnished gratis with
the cans, but as an additional supply would be
wanted in successive years, we will give the re-
cipe for its manufacture, as furnished by Mr. Dod-
dridge

Take lb. Rosin, + Ib. Beeswax, and 6 oz.
Shellac; boil, and stir tgether.

AN ENGLISH EXPERIMENTER ON WHEAT.

We have been much interested in reading a
pamphlet published last year, in London, entitled
‘‘A word in season; or how to grow wheat with
profit. Addressed to the Stout British Farmer.”

The writer, whoever he may be, bases his mode
of cultivation on Tull’s ‘system of deep and

; thorough pulverization of the soil and using no

manure. This system, as far as it goes, is a good
one. The finer you can get the soil pulverized the
better. It is a point too much neglected by our
farmers, many of whom seem to act on the oppo-
site extreme from Tull’s methov. Tull depended
wholly on pulverizing the soil and no manure—they
depend wholly on manure and no pulverizing of the
soil. Now we recommend both. Pulverize as much
and as fine as youcan, and manure all that you can.
The aathor of these experiments claims to have
improved on Tull’s method by going deeper than
he did. Tull never dug deeper than the soil—but
he dives into the subsoil and brings up, from the
depths to which he goes, all the fertilizing ele-
meuts which he contends lies imbedded there,
waiting for man to seize upon them and bring
them into action. He does this by spading the
land two spits deep—that is adepth equal to twice
the length of the spade blade. He goes two feet
deep. He contends that clay loams contain an al-
most inexhaustible supply of the mineral matter
necessary for the growth of wheat, and that these
materials, when the clay loam is perfectly pre-
pared and brought to the action of the sun, dews,
rain, and air, supply to every one the requisites
necessary for a large wheat crop. By means,
says he, ‘of the deep stirring, uplifting fork, in
lieu of the glazing and level plough, I bring up
those naineral treasures, inch by inch, to be disinteg-
rated and decomposed by the summer fallow; ex-
posing them gradually year ofter year, till I reach
the limited depth of two feet, beyond which it is
neither needful nor convenient to TOW

Instead of sowing broadcast as we do, he drills
or sows it in rows, , leaving intervals of three feet
between his cluster of rows. That is, he has a
bed two feet wide on which are three rows of
wheat a foot apart and then an interval of three
feet between these, which gives a space of five
feet breadth to every three rows of wheat, thus:

La | bite Lift. | deft.
space. | space. 3 feet. | space. | space.
2 feet. interval. 2 feet.

Thege rows (being winter wheat,) he sows in
September. These three feet spaces are to be
spaded or trenched, as soon as the rows of wheat
are up, to within three inches of the wheat. The
spaces between the wheat are hoed until the blades
spread so as to meet. This mode of sowing the
seed in the drill, is peculiar. ‘‘For my three
rows of wheat, I make channels with a three
wheeled presser, the edges of which are sharper
than usual, in order to cut through the land, to the
depth of three inches. Boys or men follow, and
drop single grains in the channels, about two or
three inches apart. The seed thus lying deep on
ahard bed, and the land being well drained, i am
not afraid of the plants being bit by the fr ost: so IL
cover the seed and close up the channels with the
rollers.’

He says, that he has had wheat three successive
years on the same acre of land, yaised by this pro-
cess, Without manure. That of the first year he

298 THE

SOUTHERN PLANTER.

took no account of, but accurately measured the
produce of the two last years, and the yield was
the same in both cases, namely: four quar ters and
two bushels. An English “ quarter’ we believe

is eight bushels, the yield therefore, was thirty -fowr
bushels! ! certainly, a great vield for an acre.
This yield he attributes to ‘“‘that wnsown, well
tilled interval of three feet, belween each tier of rows.”

The writer then goes on to state that, being so
well satisfied with this mode of culture, he took a
four acre field that had been pretty well exhausted,
and littered it in 1850-51, in the same way. The
wheat was sown in October. The whole cost of
culture, including interest and taxes, was $73.622.
He obtained in 1855, from this October sowing,
twenty quarters and a half of clear wheat—allow-
ing eight bushels for a quarter, is 164 bushels, or
over thirty bushels to the acre! He estimates the
wheat worth $209.25, and the straw worth $80---
being eight tons at $10 (English price) per ton.
This left a total profit of $185.75 on the operation
—a pretty good job, there being, as he states, one
moiety of each of these four acres in “wheat, and
the other moiety fallow—the land exhausted—no
manure—little more than a peck of seed to the
half-acre—and yet the yield of 164 bushels or
over forty bushels to the acre; and for the en-
couragement of others, he adds: there was noth-
ing whatever in these operations which were so
successful here, to prevent their application to any
extent elsewhere.

These things are worth thinking over, and the
principles worth examining into. There is one
obstacle, however, in our way, which will hinder
our “following, in this country, his advice and ex-
ample, and that is, the difficulty of getting men
at reasonable prices, to spade up and till the inter-

vals as he did. How far the new ‘digger’ will
act as substitute for this, remains to be seen. We

sent to England to obtain this pamphlet, where it
had gone through thirteen editions. We may refer
to it again at some convenient time.

SALT AND, GUANO.

The following article, from the Mark Lane Ex-
press, contains some facts which should be under-
stood. Large quantities of salt, similar to that
named below, may be purchased from tanners, re-
packers of pork in the city of New York, and else-
where.

Some experiments, lately reported upon the ac-
tion of common salt when mixed with guano are
instructive as well as suggestive of further examl-
rations. It is well known that guano, when used
as top dressing, is best applied in rainy weather, | >
and that its ammonia is rapidly dissipated by’expo-
sure to the sun andwinds. Again, in top-dressing
cereals with either cubic petre org cuano, it has been
found advantageous to mix the guano with a certain
proportion of common salt, the salt being found to
preserve that hardness of the straw which guano
has a considerable tendency to weaken.

To ascertain the extent to which the exposure of
guano in a dry atmosphere diminishes the amount
of its ammonia, and the effect produced in fixing
that ammonia by an addition to it of half its
weight of common salt, was the object of M. Bar-
ral, ‘the editor of the Journal a’ Agriculture Pra-
tique, in some experiments which are reported in
the last number of the Edinburg Qaurterly Jour-
nalof Agriculture. We need only describe in his
words one trial, “vhere he observes:

days, equal weights of the pure guano, and the
euano previously mixed with sait. At the end of

that time we examined anew the amount of nitro-

gen, and found that the pure guano had lost 11.6
per cent. of its nitrogen, while that mixed with
salt had lost only 5 per “cent.”

These experiments furnished us with more than
one valuable suggestion; they-not only show the
importance of using common salt in conjunetion
with ammoniacle manures, but they clearly prove
the importance of protecting these from the action
of the atmosphere. It should never be forgotten,
in fact, by any of us, that when we smell very
strongly any manure, there copious emanations
are going on deteriorating the value of the
fertilizer; a loss that, either by the use of some
chemical fixer, or of nature’s own unfailing
fixer, the soil, Bsn have been very commonly
prevented,

The quality of the common salt used is of some
importance ; the kind which we have always pre-
ferred is the oil-stained fishery salt, chiefly ob-
tained from the Cornish pilchard fisheries. The
fishermen of that magniffcent coasts pile up in
their store-room these fish in large banks—first a
layer of salt, ther. a layer of pilehards, then salt,
then fish, till a heap is formed several feet high.
As these area very oily fish, the oi] soon begins to
drain from them through ‘the salt, and reaching
the paved floor on which “the pile is resting, is com
ducted by channels formed in the pavement, ita
little cisterns. The oil (which is very valuable:
for certain manufacturing purposes) turns the salt
of a yellow color; and its mixture,.added to a
proportion of other fishey matter, rather adds to
the value of the salt as a manure.

Baruey.----The Rochester ‘‘Democrat” says :—
“There has within a few days been an unusual
movement in Barley, a demand having arisen for
the article in Philadelphia, and agents sent into
the State to make*purchases. They have in many
eases bought up the crops on the ground, paying
farmers what the latter regarded as a fair price.—
In view of the doubt respecting the ultimate en-
forcement ofthe Maine law, malsters in this region
have not been anxious to buy, and have no doubt
kept out of the market froma determination to
show the farmers that the effect of the prohibitory
liquor law would be to depreciate this description
of grain, and thus influence their votes at the next
election. But while the Brewers here have stood
aloof, the crop has bden taken by foreign buyers,
who visited the farmers at their homes, and enga-
ged the grain in anticipation of the harvest. Now
that the demand for the local trade has arisen, pri-
ces have gone up rapidly, and those whe have dis-
posed of their stocks are dissatisfied. Barley has
been selling for nine shillings lately. and the coun-

‘try buyers, it is said, pay even more, Our masters

are unwilling to quote even at nine. We noticed
sometime since that an agent had beenengaged by
Philadeiphia houses to buy barley and osher pro-
duce for which the Catawissa Railroad had opened
anew market to our producers. It is evident from
the course which has been taken that the competi-
tion is to be immediately felt in this region.

Wuear rrom Mempuis.----The Memphis (Tenn. )
Whig says that Shipments'of wheat were made
from that port on the 5th instant, destined both for
New York and Liverpool. This is something new

|in the course of trade, as the like was never known

“We left in the open air, in plates, during 15 before the pre-eutseason.

299

TulEK SOUTHERN PLANTER.

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Fawkes, I

S$. Thorne, Thornedale, Washington Hollow, Dutch- | cows and heifers.
by Partner, (2,409); by R. Alcock’s bull, (19.)

Calved, May 26, 1847; «

ess co., N.Y.

300

RAIN—EVAPORATION AND FILTRATION

We have before mentioned a paper, pre-
pared for the transactions of the New York
State Agricultural Society for 1854, on this
subject, by Hon. Geo..Geddes. From an atten-
tive perusal of it, we find it contams matter
which would be very valuable to the farm-
er. Meteorogical facts have not received that
attention from the agriculturalist, and not un-
til recently from the government, that they
deserve. Mr. Geddes well remarks, that
‘ One of the things to be looked at in select-
ing a new home is the rain-guage, and the goy-
ernment would do the world a great favor to
have rain-guages kept at all the frontier posts,
and at every station in the country, and pub-
lish the reports, property arranged in tables,
for every work.” ‘

It has been ascertained from records kept
in various parts of Hurope and America, that

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

Hence every foot of earth in depth, so satu-
rated, contains seven inches of water, and it
may part with a quarter of its water, or even
one-half, and not be too dry for supporting ve-
getation. This is the fund of water with
which we start in the spring—say three inches
in depth, within one foot of the top of the
ground. Roots of plants go down lower than
this if the soil is mellow and not flooded with
water,

Mr. Dalton’s experiments, made with a cy-
lindrical vessel, ten inches in diameter, three
feet deep, filled with gravel, sand, and soil—
having a discharge pipe at the bottom, by
which to measure the quantity of water that
‘runs off, and which gave perfect drainage—the
top of the soil being covered with grass, the
whole buried so that the top was even with
the ground, shows that earth that is moderate-
ly moist will take up three inches of water

there is annually more rain along the Atlantic without Carry ing it bey ond the pomt of satu-
coast than in the interior. But the wants of|ftion. This amount had in the preceding dry
agriculture do not depend so much on the month been taken up by the plants and evap-
quantity of water as on the manner in which orated, and, without making the soil too dry,

it falls. Thus, some districts which in the
course of the year receive an unusual quantity
of rain, suffer much from drouth. In Hng-
land the annual fall of water is stated to be
32 inches. Along the Atlantic coast of the
U. States it is at different pomts from 38 to 40
inches, and in the State of New York, taking
the average from about forty points of obser-
vation, it is 35 inches. Yet the climate of
Britain is much more moist than that of the
United States. There the number of rainy

days is greater, and the rains more moderate |

than here. There is also a great variation in
different parts of our own country. In the
warmer and more level portions, rains often
come in heavy showers, washing and packip

the earth injuriously ; in the cooler and more
mountainous sections there is’ a regular con-

densation of vapor, and the rains fall lighter | *

and ina longer space of time.

Some of the principles involved in evapora-
tion and filtration, are given by Mr. G. in t
following paragraphs:

When the frost

this saturated earth is to water in its specific

ravity as five to three; dried to the moisture |!

suitable to have seed put in it, it loses one-

had so drawn upon it that it could imbibe
three inches, which fell in four days.
Ordinary plowing does not bring into use
more than six inches in depth of soil; extra-
ordinary ploughing may reach as low as one
foot. Subsoiling and trenching to the depth

of three feet would give to the plants all that

| Mr. Dalton claims for his experiments. W here

ground is cultivated only six inehes deep, it
only holds, subject to the purposes of vegeta-
ition, (if no account is made of water rising
up through the hard earth beneath,) one inch

leaves the ground in the) COM ns
spring it is “full of water, and a cubic foot of; ecet®

and a half of water. If cultivation goes down
one foot the quantity of available water is dou-

ed. If the soil is broken up still deeper,
though it may be that the roots of the plants
may not go down beyond a foot, yet the water
from lower down will rise up by capillary at-
raction, and supply the evaporation from the
superior parts of the soil. So it results that
while one foot of earth will hoid for the uses

he|of vegetation three inches of water, three feet

will hold so much that it can part (without be-
too dry,) with three inches, and then
in the course of a four-days rain ano-
ther three mches, without overflow or discharg-
ng from the drains beneath. :

Tt will be noticed that in the estimates com-

twelfth of its weight; when perfectly dried it| prised in the last paragraph, no account is made

loses one-third.

of water rising from the earth below the depth

Mr. Dalton, in makinghis experiments, came | of cultivation. Now it is evident that wheth-
to the conclusion that when it had lost one-|er water will rise from below this ar not, de-

sixth of its weight by drying,
dry to support vegetation.

When it had lost| ta.

it was not too|pends on the condition of the underlying stra-_

It is well known that some soil is natu-.

two-ninths it appeared like top soil in summer. !rally just in that state which favors capillary

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

action. Other soil is in a different state, and
needs changing, artificially. Further along,
Mr. Geddes speaks of soils in this happy “na-
tural condition” which needs not drainage and
subsoiling. He says:

_ Ina country thoroughly underdrained to
the depth of three feet, and deeply subsoiled,
neither drouths nor excessive rains are much
feared by the cultivator; a large proportion of
the water that falls is treasured up in his sub-
terranean reservoirs, and any, excess is carried
off by his drains. Some districts of country
have a soft, mellow soil, just clay enough, and
just sand enough to give it proper consistency,
and then this soil underdrained perfectly by
an open gravel or shelly rock.

This is the natural condition of most of that
part of this State that has been denominated
by the geologists the “Onondaga Salt Group.”
It is a narrow strip of land, but little observed
east cf Madison county. It widens weatward,
and crosses the Niagara river at Grand Island.
Most of this soil is drained just enough; but
in some cases the shale comes so near to the
top of the ground that the drainage is excessive,
until by deep cultivation the underlying soft
rock has been brought to the action of the
frosts and atmosphere, and thus disintegrated
and softened down and made soil. In other
cases—as saucer-shaped vallies where the soil
has washed from the surrounding hill sides—
it is so deep over ‘the shale, and made tenacious
- of water by being packed tight in the process
of transportation and deposit, that draining is
necessary. In some localities clay predomi-
nates, so as to require subsoiling and draining;
but these are exceptions. In many other parts
of the State there are soils that neither re-
quire underdraining nor subsoil plowing, and
the owners of these districts should be careful
not to be carried off the balance of their own
good judgment by the reports they see of the
great utility of underdraining in Seneca coun-
ty and other places, where a tenacious soil is
underdrained by a tenacious rock of clay.
Enough has been said in the previous pages of
this article to show the utility of deep culti-
vation and thorough-draining, where it is de-
manded by the nature of the soil, and it was
thought equally necessary to warn the reader
against the folly of laying out money in those
cases where it ‘vould do no good.

Mr. Geddes’ farm, which, as to productive-
ness and permanent fertility, is one of the best
we ever saw, is on this formation called ‘the
“Onondaga Salt Group.” In repeated visits
which we have had the pleasure of making to
st, We have observed the great advantages of

al texture of the soil to which he al-

301

ludes. We invite particular attention to Mr.
G.’s remarks, that this, as well as some soils in
other districts, “neither requires underdrain-
ing nor subsoil plowing.” ‘The caution which
he interposes on this subject should be heeded
by all farmers who design to use their brains
in regulating their operations. Let deep cul-
tivation and thorough draiming be practised
‘“where it is demanded by the nature of the
soil.”

In the following extract Mr. Geddes de-
seribes a state of things which we have fre-
quently witnessed. The remarks will apply
with special force to much of the land in the
western part of Vermont, along Lake Cham-
plain, of which our readers may recollect we
have lately spoken :

Some soils do not appear to suffer from an
excessive supply of water, when first put un-
der cultivation, that afterwards require drain-
ing. This was the case in some parts of Onon-
daga county. When the soil was first put un-
der the plow, it was lighter and more porous
than it was after repeated cultivation—just as
earth, by being removed from a cutting, in the

construction of a road, to an embankment loses.

a part of its bulk; so that it is computed by en-
gineers that it takes ten yards of earth, mea-
sured in a cutting, to make nme yards after it
has settled in an embankment. Whoever has
been engaged in the construction of post fen-

ces has observed this tendency of earth to pack

together when it is moved. It is commonly
said that a post can be put in the hole, and
then all the earth that was dug out of it can
be putin too. . Perhaps another reason that
these soils when new are dry enough, and af-
terwards require draining, is that the cavities
and water courses produced by the roots of
trees are filled up by cultivation.

FOOD CONSUMED BY DIFFERENT SORTS
OF FARM STOCK.

In Boussingault’s experiments, the average
daily consumption of 17 horses and mares,
aged from 5 to 12 years, and weighing on an
average 1079 lbs., was 33 lbs. of hay each, per
day, equal to 3.08 Ibs. of hay per day to each
100 lbs of live weight. His milch cows weigh-
ing on an average 1466 lbs., are also allowed
33 lbs. of hay per head per day. This gives
to each 100 lbs. of live weight 2.25 lbs. of hay
per day.

As might be expected, Boussingault found
that 14 growing animals, from 5 to 20 months

=

old, required more food, or 100 Ibs. liveweight -

required 3.08 Ibs. of hay per day.
Boussingault estimates from his experiments
that pigs consume an equivalent of hay per

é

02

day, equal to 3 per cent of their live weight.
Sheep, too, require about the’same amount.

In some experiments made in consequence
of premiums offered by the Worcester Coun-
ty (Mass.) Agricultural Society on the econo-
my of cutting food for stock, a pair of working
oxen belonging to A. H. Hawes, and kept at
moderate work, weighing 3134 lbs., consumed
75.2 lbs. of hay per day; or 100 lbs. of live
weight consumed 24 lbs. of hay per day. A
pair of steers, belonging to Harvey Dodge,
weighing 2220 lbs., consumed 51.2 lbs. of hay
per day, equal to 2.84 per cent. live weight.
Two dry cows belonging to C. B. Demond,and
weighing 1734 lbs., consumed 43.5 lbs. of hay
per day, or 2.42 per cent. of their live weight.
Two milch cows, belonging to W. 8. Lincoln,
weighing 1800 !bs., consumed 43.2 Ibs. of hay
per day, equal to 2.4 per cent. of live weight.

Mr. Barnum’s elephant, weighing 4700 lbs.,
consumes 100 Ibs. of hay anda bushel of oats
per day; 100 Ibs. live weight, therefore, con-

sume 2.12 lbs. of hay and 0.68 lbs. of oats per |/

day, or, estimating, as Boussingault does, that
68 Ibs. of oats are equal to 100 lbs. of hay, the
elephant consumes 3.12 lbs. of hay per day for
each 100 lbs. live weight. ‘To recapitulate,
therefore, 100 lbs. live weight of animal re-
quires of hay per day, in

Working horses........ 08
W orkine joker). sonics ilk cc Geom ood 2.40
Milch cows, (Boussingault’s)...........2.25,
Do do. (bracoln’s)).'. . o1s a9. . 2.40
Young growing cattle..... 8.98
BteersvU tag. it 2 U . 2.84
Dry iCOWSILIE) tia & . 2.42
Pigs (estimated) ..... 3.00
Sheep ... Bae earn os 3.00
SAN er sla ctrates icin eae Whe cae cha tayat ate tes a) oe rahe
There is considerable difference in these

figures, but certainly not as much as might be
expected from such various animals. The ele-
phant consumes the most, the working horses
and young cattle the next highest amount, then
the sheep and pigs, and what is surprising, the
large milch cows of Boussingault consume least
of all. Working oxen would appear to con-
sume less than horses. On the whole, these
figures give little indication that large animals
consume less in proportion to their weight than
smaller ones.— Country Gentleman.

HORTICULTURAL QUACKERY.

In the American Farmer for July, among
other directions under the head of “ Work for
the Month,” we find the following directions:

‘¢ W#xamine your peach trees a few inches be-
neath the surface of the ground, and wherever
you find a puncture, or the exudation of gum,
thrust a knitting needle, or a piece of wire, or

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

———

the point of aknife into the hole, work it about’
and you will kill the worm; then fill wp the
hole with a mixture composed of two parts of
soft soap, one part flour, sulphur, and one part
salt, then paint the trunk of the tree, from
the point at which the earth had been dug out
to the més, throw back the earth that had been
dug out, and sow around the trunk of each
tree a mixture composed of half a peck of
lime, half a peck of ashes, 1 pint of salt, and
1-8 lb. of saltpetge, and each year thereafter
strew around the trunk of the tree at the
ground, half a peck of lime.”

It is to the sentence in italics to which we

wish to call attention, as it involyes the viola-
tion of an important physiological law. Very
frequent cases are recorded by our exchanges
of the destruction of trees from practices simi-
lar to the one here noticed. In reference to
this subject, we find the following in the
Country Gentleman of the 19th ult. :
‘Some cultivators seem not to be aware of
the existence of evaporating pores in the bark
of trees. We see an evidence of this want of
knowledge, in the frequent attempts that are
made to prevent grafts from drying, by merely
closing the ends with wax, and other similar
attempts. Improper applications to the bark, .
by closing these pores, frequently causes the
death of the trees: instances of which are of-
ten seen recorded in the papers. When we
see oily substances recommended as remedies
to prevent the attacks of imsects, &c., we may
confidently predict the destruction of the trees.
As examples, we clip the two following state-
ments from exchange papers, now on the table
before us :” es

Sure Curr ror tae Curcunio.—Mr. Jas.
Taylor of St. Catherines, Canada West, hav-
ing learned from the Tribune that a Mr. Jo-
seph Mather, Goshen, C. W., had found a
mixture of sulphur,g lard, and Scotch snuff,
rubbed freely upon the body and branches of
a plum tree, an effectual remedy against the
curculio, writes to that paper that he (Mr.
Taylor,) tried it upon some of his choicest
trees, and had a splendid crop of plums. But
mark the result: Hvery tree so treated, ex-
cept one or two young ones, is now dead!
Sure remedy, that !—Amer. Agr.

Tar ann Om For Trees.—The Ozaukee
County Advertiser says : :

In the May number of the Chicago Prairie
Farmer, an article appears, contributed by A.
G. Hanford, Esq., of Waukesha, recommend-
ing the use of “tar and linseed oil, equal parts
mixed,” to be applied while warm to fruit treesg
to destroy the “bark louse.” While in Wau-
kesha, a few days since, we chancedto visit the

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

orchard of Mr. A. Griffin, who with a sadden-
ed countenance, pointed to his once thrifty and
productive orchard, how totally destroyed by
the application of tar and linseed oil. It ap-
pears that he had heard of the success of the
experiment as tried by QO. 8. Rathburn, of}1
Brookfield, and resolved to make the trial on
his own orchard, the result of which was the
entire destruction of a beautiful and bearing
orchard.

The structure of woody plants consists prin-
cipally of woody tissue or fibre and cellular
tissue. These two tissues exist in relation to
each other in different plants in different pro-
portions. Trees and shrubs are mostly woody
fibre, while soft, succulent herbs are almost
entirely composed of cellular tissue.

‘When the stem is first called into exis-
tence, itis merely a small portion of cellular
tissue : an organic substance, possessing nel-
ther strength nor tenacity, and altogether un-
suited to the purposes for which the stem is
destined. If such matter formed exclusively
its solid contents, the stem would have neither
toughness nor strength, but would be brittle

like a mushroom, or like those parts of plants |

of which cellular tissue is the exclusive com-
ponent; such, for example, as the club-shaped
spadix of an Arum, or the Soft prickles of a
young rose branch. Nature, however, from
the first moment that the rudiment of a leaf
appears upon the growing point of a stem, oc-
cupies herself with the formation of woody
matter, consisting of tough tubes of extreme
fineness, which take their rise in the leaves, and
which, thence passing downwards through the
cellular tissue, are incorpor ated with the Jatter,
to which they give the necessary degree of
strength and flexibility. In trees and “shrubs
they combine intimately with each other, and
so form what is properly called the wood and
inner bark; in herbaceous and annual plants,
they constitute a lax fibrousmatter. No woody
matter appears till the first leaf, or the seed-
leaves, have begun to act; it always arises from
their bases; it is abundant, on the contrary, in
proportion to the strength, number and devel-
opment of the leaves; and in their absence is
absent also

‘When woody matter is first plunged into
the cellular tissue of the nascant stem, it forms
a circle a little within the circumference of the
stem, whose interior it thus separates into two
pee namely, the bark or the superficial, and

the pith or the central portion, or, in what
are called Endogens, into a superficial coating
analogous to bark, and acentral confused. mass
of wood and pith ‘intermingled, The efiect of
this, in Exogens, is, to divide the interior of a

perennial stem into three parts, the pith, the
wood, and the bark.

‘“As the cellular tissue of the stem is not
sensibly lengthened more in one direction than
in another, and as it is the only kind of organ-
ic matter that in stems increases laterally, it
is sometimes convenient to speak of it under
the name of the horizontal system ; and, for
a similar reason, to designate the woody tubes
which are plunged among it, and which only
increase by addition of new tubes having the
same direction as themselves, as the perpen-
dicular system.

“Wood properly so called, and liber or inner
bark, consist, in Hxogens, of the Peas Sia
system, for the most part: while the pith and
external rind or bark are chiefly formed of the
horizontal system. The two latter are connec-
ted by cellular tissue, which, when itis pressed
into thin plates by the woody tubes that pass
through it, acquires the name of medullary
rays. It is important, for the due explanation
of certain phenomena coanected with cultiva-
tion, to understand this point correctly; and
to remember that, while the perpendicular sys-
tem is distributed through the wood and bark,
the horizontal system consists of pith, outer
bark, and the medullary processes which con-
nect these two in Hndogens, and of irregular
cellular tissue analogous to medullary rays in
Endogens. So that the stem of a plant is not
inaptly compared to a piece of linen, the hori-
zontal cellular system representing the woof,
and the woody system the warp.”

From the above explanation, we see that
there is an extensive free communication be-
tween the atmosphere and every internal por-
tion of a plant, and numberless facts similar to
those we have presented, prove conclusively’
that this arrangement cannot be violated with
impunity—but that if it is not always fatal to
the life of the plant, it is injurious in a very
serious degree. |

WuirewasH.—Poor whitewash is serious
injury to a wall ceiling, and when once on, it is
dificult to get it off or properly cover it, and
produce a clear white appearance. This is the
season for cleaning up, and we will give the
recipe for a first rate wash: Quick lime, slacked
by boiling water, stirring it until so slacked.
Then dissolve in water white vitriol, (sulphate
of zinc,) which you get at the druggists, at
the rate of two pounds of zine to a half bar-
rel of whitewash, making it of the consistency
of rich milk. . This sulphate of zine will cause
the wash to harden, and to prevent the lime
from rubbing off; a pound of fine salt should
be thrown into it,

THE

SOUTHERN PLANTER

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER
RICHMOND, OCTOBER, 1855.

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fa" Postage on the Southern Planter, (when paid in
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“WHAT THEY THINK OF US.”

It isacustom of some papers, better honored
in the breach than in the observance, to publish
the commendations bestowed on them by other pa-
pers. We do not admire this plan, and if we had
praises enough from our cotemporaries to make it
worth while to collect them---which we have not,
and from our own fault, no doubt—we would hard-
ly venture, even for money, into that kind of ego-
tism.

But what our subscribers think of us is a matter
of more moment. From one circumstance we fear
we are not held in very high estimation by them,
and that circumstance is the failure to pay their
subscriptions. There are two ways in which
subscribers may shew their appreciation of an edi-
tor’s labors: the first is to read him, the second
to pay him. We fear we are noi read, because so
few people have responded to the invitation we
lately gave them to pay their dues. And from this
and other reasons, we know we are not paid. One
of the strongest of these other reasons is that we
did not get money enough last month and the
month before to pay the clerk hire and printing bill
*of the paper, and had to advance three hundred

|

dollars out of our private funds. This is not
right. If gentlemen think the Planter an indif-
ferent paper, we do not ask them to take it, nor
complain of an opinion, whichis perhaps correct.
But we do say that we would much rather they
would pay up aud ‘‘stop the thing,” than take it
and continue in our debt. The want of $9000
makes a vacuum in any man’s pocket: it creates a
great gulf in ours. i

MEETING OF THE STATE AGRICULTURAL
SOCIETY.

We presume that every body knows that the Fair
and Exhibition of the Virginia State Agricultural
Society is to take place on Tuesday, the 30th of
October, and to last four days, as usual. We pre-
sume, too, that every body will be at it, as usual.
We have been asked occasionally by some of its
friends, why we have not made a fuss about it-
We have two answers to give: First, that we do
not exactly know how to puff; second, that if we
did the Virginia State Agricultural Society is not
supposed to be in need of it. We would as soon
think of puffing Congress in order to convene the
politicians, big and little, that compose that re-
spectable body ; or of “ praising up’ the Virginia
Legislature to make sure of a quorum. No, no,
the Society now numbers, men,women and children,
upwards of twelve thousand: it is a settled and
powerful institution, beyond all compare the
largest and most imposing of its kind in the U.
States; it has held the two most brilliant exhibi-
tions that have ever been held, and on the best ap-
pointed fair grounds in the Union, except perhaps
in Kentucky. Its members have manifested more
enthusiasm and more of “simple, solid, hard: mo-
ney” liberality, than any other two or thr ee socie-
ties of other States put together; it has twice
assembled more of “her beauty and her chivalry”
than Virginia ever before saw brought together,
and has on those two occasions introduced to
friendly converse the pick of every part of the State
except the distant and almost detached Northwest.
It is the grand festival of agriculture, the great
entertainment annually given by Richmond. And
when it is known, as we presume it is, every where,
that the same invitation has. been long ago ex-
tended to every citizen of Virginia, and on the same
terms, we do not see the use of beginning to beat
the drum some months before the muster.

What will be the character of the Fair, we have
no means of ascertaining. As little had we before.
Exhibitors as a general thing say nothing of their
purposes before hand, and at each previous Fair
they have taken us eR 4 by surprise. But
we have heard that our friend Col. Kent, means to.
have ‘something fat on hand, that Mr. Cloyd is
aiming at something fatter than he had last year,
and that McGavock has the fattest bullock he ever

ry

~ which it has been framed.

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

did have, and that he means to make him THE dos,
or the boss— our informant was not certain which—
of the fat cattle. Our old friend Mr. Burwell, of
Powhatan, is ‘“‘ backing and filling” ‘“ the best yoke
of steers in Virginia,” &c. James Newman, Esq.
of Orange, is feeding what he means to be “the
best carcass of slaughtered mutton,” on a mixture
of corn meal and suet. Dr. Woods is putting some
corn into a few choice hogs of his admirable
breeds, and various others that we hear of “ wil)
come if they can,” which means they can’t be kept
away.

But let us pass to other matters. There will be
one or two questions perhaps for the Society to
consider, in reference to which we desire to say 4
word. The first of these questions is their action
on the Constitution which will be submitted to
them. ‘ ”...

It will be recollected that at the last meeting the
President was required to appoint a committee to
revise the present Constitution and report such
amendments as might to them seem expedient.
That committee, composed of gentlemen of charac-
ter and ability ,has had two laborious and protracted
meetings, and will shortly have a third to com-
plete their work. That they have worked faith-
fully and zealously we know, for we were necessa-
rily present during much of their deliberations,
and they have framed an instrument which they
have deemed the best under the circumstances and
the most likely to meet the wishes of the Society.
We take leave to bespeak for it in advance a calm
consideration, and a regard to the difficulties under
For ourselves we dis-
approve it, but we mean to vote for it. It contains
ample provisions for its own amendment, and can
therefore safely be adopted. Defective as it may
be, and as we think it is, anything is better
than the wild confusion which our last meetings
exhibited, and which must always ensue when
three thousand gentlemen in mass attempt to legis-
late, or to deliberate.

The second question is, what shall be done with
the money already in our coffers, and how shall we
raise more? A great’annual exhibition, however
useful and interesting, cannot be the whole end
and aim of a large agricultural society.

The Legislature having failed, we think acciden-
tally, to grant the largess asked of them by the So-
ciety, the Executive Committee have been at a
stand, end for want of means could not prosecute
any of the plans of improvement which have been
suggested by various persons. What these plans
may be, it is not proper to discuss in this place; but
we humbly submit that it would be more profita-
ble, if we are to have debate at the next meeting
to discuss such things than some others that have
distracted the Society. —

But these are matters which can be more appro-

priately brought forward in the annual report of
the Executive Committee, and they are here mere-
ly alluded to that members, if they decide to act
on them, may not come entirely unprepared:

The reason why the committees have not been
sooner announced is, that so large a portion of
hose appointed, and notified of their appointment,
have not replied to the notice. It is very desirable
to know, before the public announcement is made,
whether those appointed will serve; and it is there-
fore deemed prudent to wait until the latest mo-
ment.

The Rail Road and other transportation compa-
nies of the State were addressed some time ago, to
know on what terms they would transport passen-
gers and articles of all sorts intented for exhibi-
tion. With the exception of the Va. & Tennessee
Road, which declines giving any gratuitous as-
sistance, those that have been heard from have de-
termined, with their usual and expected liberality,
to transport on the same terms as heretofore, and
there is no doubt that the rest will follow suit.

“BEWARE O° CUTTING WHEAT PREMA-

; TURELY.” |

‘* One of the largest wheat growers in the State
of Delaware, who uses between fifty and sixty
tons of guano a year, informs us that he lost near-
ly three thousand dollars by cutting his wheat pre-
maturely, and thereby causing it to shrink badly,
at the harvest of 1852. He was induced to deviate
from his usual practice by reading an «.xtended ar-
ticle on harvesting wheat, written by Mr. Edinund
Ruffin, of Virginia, who is generally regarded as
high authority, being himself a pretty large wheat
crower.” * * ag €

The foregoing, which is the beginning of an arti-
cle in the ‘Working Farmer” of August, copied
from the ‘ Burlington Gazette,” is a serious though
a loose and general charge, made without any
specifications upon which to found a defence. We
do not question the occurrence of the heavy loss
stated—or, it possibly, might be, any amount of
number of such losses. But in all such cases, we
are confident that the loss was caused, not by the
following of the advice and directions here charged
as being the guide to error and disaster, but the
neglect of some of the important particulars direc-
ted in the essay in question. We have some gene-
ral and personal acquaintance with Mr. Edmund
Ruffin’s practice in this respect, conforming as
nearly as circumstances will permit, to his direc.
tions referred to above. We have never heard of
his having suffered any loss from his early reaping
of wheat, nor of any other person’s doing so from
truly following his precepts. And we have heard
from him that he has aimed to reap as early as he
has advised others to do in every harvest since
about 1821; that he has never lost by it, or re-
gretted having begun to reap too soon; while in
every harvest, he has had to regret that, for want

306

of sufficient force and speed of operations, a pro-
portionate quantity of every crop was reaped riper,
and much riper, than the state preferred, and
that by this unavoidable delay, much waste and
loss have been incurred.

FINE FRUIT.

About ten days ago, we received per Adams &
Co.’s Express, freight paid, a box of fruit, contain-
ing pears, apples and peaches, from Mr. H. R. Ro-
bey, proprietor of the Hopewell Nurseries, near
Fredericksburg. We never eat apples when we can
get peaches, nor either when we can get pears, nor
pears when we can get figs. But having no figs,
we ate—we andsome friends, Mr. Robey, of course
sent more than enough for “just you by yourself” —
all the pears that were then eatable, and found
them first rate ; then we fell upon the peaches, and
found them Haverout 2% almostas good as if they
had been brandied ; to which, by.the bye, Mr. Ro-
bey has a peach admirably adapted. The apples
we left for a more convenient season. They were
very jarge and apparently fine. If we are to judge
_ the trees by their fruit, we should say Mr. Robey
has some good trees: ava the people of Freder-
icksburg and the country around, need not go to
the North ternal North---to get anything in
the plant line.

P. iS. We have since eaten some more pears, and
better. Dreamed last night that we were the
Duchess D’Angouleme in hoop petticoats, hanging

fee}

by a Chinese queue, from a pear tree, and were
proposing to “ pear off”. with a Mr. Bartlett; when
Mr. Robey came in and began to eat Mr. Bartlett,
pronouncing him very juicy and sweet as sugar,
Whereat our ladyship was so shocked that we at-
tempted to fly the orchard, but tripped in our un-
accustomed attire, fell down five miles and knock-
ed out three teeth. Waked up very much stunned
at the end of the évip, congratulating ourself that
it was no worse, and that the drapery had proved
so good a parachute.

Mean to read no more fruit‘tree catalogues about
bed time.

GUINEA FOWLS vs. RATS ONCE MORE.

A correspondent from Orange writes that Guinea
fowls will not drive off rats, as he knows of cases
in which they both infest the same curtilage.—
So do we:

in our

yard, where one

own case, we have had a,hen- | j
side of the enciosure was the
gable end of a smoke house. The Guineas lived
there, and the rats destroyed two or three hun-
dred weight of meat every year. It is proba-
bie that their first introduction annoys the rats—
their nocturnal clatter will annoy folks—and drives
them away; but they will soon become accustom-
ed toit,and return. Any cthe# unusual noise, if

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

loud, and constantly repeated, will cause them to
depart, but only for a season. Thus, we have al-
ways heard that Gov. Randolph once rid a barn of
them by causing a drum to be beat all night in the
barn, for two or three nights in succession. We
do not know if they returned, but presume they
did.

For the Southern Planter:
DRAINAGE.
Mr. fditor :

Sir :—At your kind request, I submit some,
of the details of my practice, upon the much
neglected subject of ditching, 1 in our State. It
isa difficult matter with me to give any general
directions, suitable for all occasions and locali-
ties. I think, however, I can point out some
important labor-saving plans, combining great
efiiciency, as well as thereby relieving the
operation of ditching of many of its terrors,
of expense and tediousness, in thisera of rapid
progression.

In taking possession of a farm in Virginia,
where the previous management was accor rding
to the customs of the olden time, you are
apt to be confused by the old ditches’ fences,
hedge rows and bushes, in running your drains
1n proper places. It is, therefore, necessary to
take a comprehensive view of the fall of the eoun-
try, and particularly the fall of the whole land
you design ditching. In doing this, discard
all the old ditches and other draw- backs from
your eye, as much as possibile. Set out with
the determination to leave no cpen ditch wher-
ever the body of water can be compassed, safe-
ly, with a secret ditch.* Open ditches offend
the eye by their annual crops of briars, alder,
&c., besides, in most cases, becoming nullities.
The freezing and thawing of winter, or the
dashing rains of summer, almost invariably
fill them up, or cause them to change their
course. It is necessary, where you have no
river or creek, to receive your secret ditches, to
have one, and sometimes, though rarely, two,
main open ditches, in a land, to carry the wa-
ter from the covere oe drains, anal from the sur-
face. Open ditches should be located in the
lowest places; the banks, while the operation
is going on, should be drawn off, according to
a quantity of earth, by ploughing and scoop- _

, to the distance, (each side of the ditch,)
final 5 to 10 yards. ‘This must be done to
enable the surface water to flow from all parts
of the land, freely into the ditch. The old

*It is very important to notice your land,when per-
fectly saturated, after a long spell of wet weather;
the narrow ditches are intended for ordinary land ;
when the body of water requires it, widen the
ditches to 16 inches.

BHE SOUTHERNUPDANTER.

307

plan of leaving two high banks on each side of
the ditch, did more harm than good. Upon
this new plan you can plough and cultivate
nearly to the water’s edge. This practice pre-
vents the growth of noxious weeds, so univer-
sal upon the high bank ditches.

Secret Ditches.*—An experience of some
twelve years has reduced my practice to the
following mode of constructing under drains.
In the first. place, it is my invariable rule to
haul the stone in place before a spade is suf-
fered to be put in the ground. [I either run
the line of ditches with a plough, or set up a
number of stakes. I will venture to assert,
that more time and labor has been lost from
the neglect of this rule, than would have ac-
complished half as much more ditching. The
caving in of the banks, after a few rains, ren-
ders the undertaking almost as tedious as the
first cutting. I have two sets of spades and
‘long-handle shovels—one set of the common
size, and another set to work in the bottoms of
the ditches—the spades 54 inches wide at
the edge, and the shovels four and a half inch-
es wide. My ‘“labor-saving ditches,” as I call
them, are commenced about 2 feet wide at the
top, with the ordinary “spade; then draw in
gradually to the depth of three feet, when the
additional foot is cut with the narrow spades
and shovels. J hold it to be good policy and
great economy, to dig all secret ditches at least
4 feet deep, when the requisite fall can be ob-
tained. The moment you finish a line of ditch-
ing, turn right around and lay the stone.
Have a quick boy on the bank to hand the
stone to the layer. If you have flat stone set
them all edging, upon the principle of the
arch. for instance, the sides of your ditch,
for a foot or so from the bottom, are from 7 to
9 inches wide. If the bottom is very soft,
and many craw-fish abound, first lay a thin
stone on either side of the bottom, then upon
these lay the largest stone edgeways, bringing
them together at the top; then wedge these be-
hind with all sizes, top dressing with the small-
est. It isa safe rule to raise the stones to ful-
ly 2 feet in height.
narrow ditches with fewer stone than is used
in ditches cut thiee feet wide and 24 deep. If
you have round stone, throw them in at ran-
dom, only taking care to put enough. An in-
verted sod, usually to be had on the bank,

*Tt frequently happens persons are deterred
from covering ditches, because of low places of
basins. When this is the case, let the surface wa-
ter of these into the secret ditch, by deep furrows,
only observing to put a load or two of small rock
just where the furrow enters the ditch. This will
prevent any derangement or obstruction to the
operation of the under drain.

=

makes the best covering, before the dirt is
drawn upon the ditch. My rule is, to fill my
ditches with a two horse plough, with some
use of the hoe, in finishing off. Pine poles
and all kinds of wood, I utterly discard, as
material for making drains. The labor justi-
fies more lasting substances. Gentlemen upon
tide water, who have no rock upon their land
ought, by all means, to use tile, and be sure
they are Zarge enough and well burnt. Ne-
groes are old fogies, all the world over, and it
is dificult to convince them that it is less la-
borious to cut a narrow ditch than a wide one.
They say they have not room to work. My
hands have to stand in the bottom of the ditch-
es, which are about 7 inches wide, with one
foot before the other. ‘

You have less than one-half the earth to cut
and throw out in the narrow ditches, and the
stone can be laid in half the time, and being
supported by the narrow banks or sides, are
less liable to get out of place. If I couid
show you the mouths of my ditches, you
would have such ocular demonstration to sup-
port all I have stated, that you would not hes-
itate to adopt a similar practice. I do not
claim originality in this system. It is very
generally the usage in Scotland and parts of
Ireland, and perhaps of England also. = I
omitted to say when sods are not to be found
upon the ditch banks, pine brush constitute
covering for the stone, not to be surpassed by
anything known.

Lhave thus hastily given you the details of
my draining, as I promised you, together with
with as much “elaboration” as you will proba-
bly desire. I have written it particularly for
yourself, not that I think myself capable of
imparting learning in this branch, but because
you put the request in a way I could not well
refuse. If it is worth the ink and paper to
publish it, you are welcome to doit. Hoping
it may be of some service to yoursef, at least,’
I sign myself openly,

A Ssecrer Dircuer.

This can be done in these |

For the Southern Planter.
TO THE READERS OF THE PLANTER

Who have, or may hercafter have Seymour's Broad-
cast Sewing Machine.

We will suppose the machine before you in
the condition in which you receive it, provided it
reaches youin good order. Jfirst put on the
wheels—observing that the wheel with the
heaviest casting, or “ quick motioned zizzag”
is the right hand wheel as you sit in the chair
to drive the horse. The wooden lever belongs
on this side, and is operated by the wheel to

303 -

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

give a quick, vibrating motion to the “seed
rod,” “plaster rod,” &c., while the iron lever
is operated by the “slow motioned zizzag” on
the left hand whl to operate the ‘“ feeder.”

A cord passing from the upper end of the

wooden lever over the pulley, to the left leg of

the chair above the middle, is very convenient
for the operatér, enabling him to stop the sew-
ing at pleasure, merely by placing his foot
upon the cord. The shafts and seat being
put in place, the machine is ready for action.

The “rods” for sowing may be changed by
raising a small iron slide inside of one end of
the box, and drawing out one rod at that end
and putting inanother. The amount of seed
per acre must be determined by the operator.
Let him set the machine so the seed he wishes
to sow will just pass. This with a medium
motion of the rod, (or at all events with the
shortest motion of the rod,) will give as small
a quantity asis ever desired, and the quantity

may be increased by increasing the motion of

the rod, or by enlarging’ the passage for the
seed. ‘The index shows when you enlarge the
passage for the seed—thus it may be increased
to any desired (uantity, (varying, if you wish
as little as half a pint at a time,) within the
capacity of the machine, which is from a peck
of grain to ten bushels or more, and from two
quarts to three bushels of clover or timothy
seed, or of the two mixed, and from one peck
to twenty bushels or more of lime, plaster, &c.
Tt is proper here to say, the dryer the lime,
plaster, guano, &c. the more per acre may be
sown, for when damp they require a larger
space to discharge the same amount. And
now a word to those who have, or may have
Seymour’s Grain Drill.

Nhe seed box and mode of distributing the
seed and regulating the quantity is the same
as in the Broadcast Sowing Machine.

It isso obvious how every part goes that it
would seem difficult to make a mistake in put-
ting it together.

The wonder is, that so simple a machine is
capable of doing, with almost no machinery,
all which is deemed important, that any other
grain drill will do, while it is divested of that
complication in which most of them so largely
share. Directions for using are found in each
machine. P. Seymour,

Patentee of Seymour’s Broadcast
. Sowing Machine, and Seymour’s
Grain Drill.

He that rises late, must trot all day, and
scarce overtake his business at night.

. For the Southern Planter.
But especially for Mr. WV. J Bingham.
GRASSES, SHEEP, &c.
Sir :—You inquire about grasses, sheep,
&e., to which I reply.
If you have abundance of hay for winter,
and grass for summer, then perhaps the Dur-

ham cattle are preferable to any other; but
on ordinary keep the Devon, or the black Scotch
polled are to be preferred.
above alluded to are black, with red back, no
horns, short legs, heavy bodies, thick hides,
hardy, and easily fatted ; and everything con-

The Scotch cattle

sidered, I incline to think they are for general
purposes, the most profitable breed of cattle in
our country. I hada few some years past,
but discarded them and started after the fash-
ion, which I now regret.

If you have a convenient market for mut-
ton, then the carcase should be the predomi-

nant object, and consequently the larger the
breed the better, provided that breed will fat-

ten kindly. If the marketing your mutton
would cost much, then wool should be the pre-
dominant object, and consequently the finer
the quality the better. But what will you do
with your old sheep? It is true that a healthy
wedder or buck will live to the age of 30 or
even 40 years, and yield his fleece annually ;
but whatis to be done with the old ewes? In
my younger days I was a bréeder Of sheep,
but not now; yet, if I were, I should prefer
the Spanish Merino, which combines both va-
luable carcase and valuable wool. But, Sir,
let me tell you that no man can succeed in any
manner of business unless he takes pleasure in
attending to that business, consequently if you
cannot condescend to occasionally follow your
shepherd and sheep all day, with an ash-cake
in one pocket and a bottle of water m the oth-
er, touch not the sheep business.

There is no profit, worth consideration, on a
stock of less than 1000 sheep. Ina healthy
region, from one to two thousand can be kept
in a flock, in health, provided the shepherd
does not permit them tolie in filthy places. And
[ will also make the declaration that no man

‘can profit by breeding sheep on lands which

are fit and proper for agricultural purposes.
Elevated, broken, and rocky lands, and loca-
tions secluded from market are proper tor
sheep walks—‘ The cattle on a thousand hills
are mine, saith the Lord.” If your fences are
not tall, then you should not own a tall sheep,
for certainly over he goes, and then over goes
short legs also.

Asto the proper grasses which you should
sow, I thought I had been sufficiently explicit

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

309

in my late communication, to which I beg leave
to call your further attention. But one re-
mark I will now add, that is, if your lands are
liable to broom, let your seeds at first be prin-
cipally red clover, so that by the application
and effect of plaster, the land may be advanced
beyond the natural broom point. Red clover
is not valuable for grazing purposes, principal-
ly because of its being so easily killed by the
treading of stock, but it is well to scatter a
few seeds with other grasses, that the grazing
animals may have varicty.

Above I have said that sheep should net be
kept on land which is fit and proper for agri-
cultural purposes. Now, although I do not
intend to modify this declaration, yet it may
need explanation. ‘There are some few spots,
other than alluvial bottoms, which from natu-
ral causes or peculiar management, become
surcharged with vegetable matter, and hence
(in part,) too porous to yield a crop of corn or
wheat equivalent to their apparent ability.
Such lands are wanting what is generally term-
ed animal matter; that is, the droppings of ani-
mals, their respiration and perspiration, in
quantities equivalent to the vegetable matter ;
in addition to which the tramping of the ani-
mals will also add to the improvement. For
this purpose, perhaps, sheep are to be preferred.
And for the eradication of sassafras and briars
perhaps sheep are preferable to any other ani-
mal; but when these purposes are effected
what is to be done with the sheep ?

For grazing purposes the most valuable
grass In our State is the green sward, especial-
ly for sheep; and I very much doubt the suc-
cess of sheep breeding in Va., where the green
sward does not appear without sowing, except
in some of the western counties, where the ti-
mothy has become indigenous. I would not
dissuade Mr. Bingham from his purpose of at-
tempting to profit by breeding cattle and sheep
for market, but as he asks my opinion, I an
swer, I think his locality (Orange county, N.
C.,) unsuitable for either purpose. The mur-
rain, the rot, the flies, and ticks, will be down
upon his stock; and in proportion to the in-
crease of the herd of the flock, so the increase
of disease. Let him, however, hold on to what
he has on hand, and let his increase of stock
only be proportionate to his increase of confi-
dence.

As to the Murrian, (distemper,) I suppose
Mr. B. is better acquainted with the disease
than I am, for it is common in his neighbor-
hood, but is seldom seen north of James River.
But having suffered by the rot, I can tell him
how to detect it, and the remedy. If a sheep
coughs vehemently with head up, the disease

is asthma, and not dangerous; but if the cough

ig suppressed. with head down, it is rot, (con-
sumption,) and the only remedy is to fatten
him as quickly as possible, and away to mar-
ket. Andas this disease is infectious, the
diseased sheep should be separated from the
flock so ‘soon as the disease is detected. I say
be in haste to fatten, for if the disease is suf-
fered to run longer than three or four months,
the animal will thereafter not fatten, but be-
come poorer for eight or ten months, when
death overtakes him. I do not think that the
above recommended act would be fraudulent,
for surely a fat sheep cannot be objectionable.

In consideration of the natural habits of the
sheep, I incline to the opinion that the Creator
intended they should be continually under the
control of man. Unlike all other ‘animals,
they are too lazy or stupid to seck a proper
shelter from the scorching sun or pelting storm;
and when they have taken a position by the
side of a fence or log, they hold on till near
sun down, and return thither day after day,
unless beat and kept off by sticks and stones.
Perhaps the hot sun and accumulated.stench
produces the rot. Sheep should be kept on
the coolest and cleanest portions of the pas-
ture ground during the heat of the day, and
on the warmer portions before and after. I
doubt whether a sheep will ever dic of disease
in a healthy region, during the grazing season
provided the shepherd performs his duty.

If any person is disposed to doubt that a
sheep will live to be 40 years old, let him sig-
nify that doubt, and I will prove my assertion
by a certificate from Mr. Thomas Allen, of
this county, whose mother owned the sheep re-
ferred to. ~

Now, friend Bingham, I have answered your
interrogatories to the best of my ability.
Please pay me in something of the like kind,
through the same medium I send this.

Yours,
“a. Drummonp.

For the Southern Planter.
CORN FODDER.

In the last number of the Southern Planter
a correspondent writes in terms of commenda-
tion of the practice of cutting off corn at the
ground to rid the land of the crop, and save
the provender for winter use. The plan he
proposes for shocking the corn would be en-
tirely impracticable in this county, where the
plant grows from 10 to 16 feet high. If I
understand his plan, he shocks around a stake,
and after tying, withdraws the stake from the
top. Now, as our corn shocks are fully 10

310- THE SOUTHERN

feet high upon an average, it would take
rather a greater length of leg and arm than
is usually seen in these parts. Isc has been my
practice for ten years to cut off corn, and [
have found but little difficulty in securing both
fodder and corn. As the shuck begins to dry
or the grain is well in the dough state, I com-
mence cutting off. The operation may be
done with safety much earlier than is usually
supposed. In commencing let one hand enter
the’ corn in the row selected for the shocks,
leaving about eight hills behind him—take
four stalks from hills forming a square, draw
the tops together and tie them; then let each
hand cut off as many stalks as he ean conve-
niently hold in one arm, rest the buts upon the
left thigh, (which assists in moving it from hill
to hill,) and without dropping the turn carry
it at onse to the shock. The important point
to be observed in shocking is "to place the
stalks “square” to the shock, as they are
leaned to a common center at top. If they be
placed obliquely to the shock it “twists” in
curing, and the whole will tumble down. If
the corn be cut green, it ig best to make the
shocks but half the proper size with the first
cutting—cutting eight rows and leaving eight
a ternately through the field. This allows the
interior of the shock to cure before the rest is
added to it, and enables us to make the shocks
of larger size. In this case I tie the shocks
twice, otherwise but once; and this may be
done either with splits prepared for the pur-
pose, grape vines, corn stalks or broom corn.
This last ties better than Indian corn, and is
more easily procured than either splits or
vines. By planting broom corn through the
field at convenient points the tyers are always
athand. The shocks stand sixteen rows apart
one Way—the distance the other depending of
course upon the thickness of the corn and
sige of shock. The strips occupied by the
corn may be seeded in oats, and the whole land
thus brought into grass at once.

Ef the corn be very tall T cut the stubble
two or three feet high, which lessens the weight
of stalk without loss of fodder, and makes the
shocks. stand up better.

[ agree with your correspondent that the
fodder thus saved is equal to blades and tops,
and Tam very sure I can rid the land of crop
by this system with two-thirds the labor ex-
pended in the blade pulling and top cutting
process.

Yours truly,
ROW: Be

Rex, Albemarle Co., Va.

PLANTER.

Below will be found the republication of a valu-
able article from Dr. Thomas W. Meriwether, on
the remedy against joint worm. So certain is the
remedy in the hands of Dr. Meriwether, that he
has concluded, after full trial of its efficacy, ta
compete for the premium of $500, offered by a
portion of the Executive Committee for the disco-
very of some available and sufficient remedy
against the joint worm. By the terms of the sche-
dule, the remedy must be presented in time to be

tried this fail, and hence Dr. Meriwether publishes

it now, in advance of the meeting of the Society.

How far the presence of Chinch Bug should deter
from early seeding, must depend on the judg-
ment of each farmer. Our own experience with
Chinch Bug is so limited that we do not know.
what to advise.

For the Southern Planter.

THE WHEAT CROP AND ITS ENEMIES.

Mr. Editor :—Whilst the wheat is “ root-
ing,” as our great farmer Rogers used to ex-
press its winter growth, let us endeavor to
dive into some of the mysteries of this won-
derful plant. The chief of these at psesent

is, the destroying joint-worm, which has dimin-

ished the crop of this and several adjoining
counties from 30 to 50 per cent. Yet, in the
midst of it, for the last two years, my crops
have been the best Lever made. . Of this fact
[ will give the reasons, so far as I know, in
the hope of throwing some light on this en-
grossing topic.

A short review of the wheat culture of
Virginia may be of interest to our younger
brethren, and illustrate more clearly our
present difficulty. In old times, before the
Hessian fly, when the wheat was often sowed .
and ploughed in at the last working of the’corn,
almost the only limit to the crop was in the
extent and fertility of the land. This suc-
cess encouraged its cultivation, till the wheat
patch, as it was then called, expanded into the
wheat field. Then came the fiy, so destruct-
ive under this system, that it was called Hes-
sian, after a ruthless and unprovoked enemy,
and erroneously supposed to be brought over
by them. The habits of this insect being
carefully investigated by Gov. Barbour, Gen.
Cocke, and others, showed the danger of too
early seeding, and the advantage of -grazing
and other means of diminishing its ravages.—
To avoid their fall deposit of eggs on the
blades of the wheat, it became the settled
practice not to begin sowing earlier than the
first to the fifth of October. This delay of a
full month or more from the former usage, be-
sides subjecting the latter part of the crop to
the spring attack of the fly, aggravated enor-

THE SOUTHE

RN PLANTER. S11

mously the danger from rust—the universal
enemy to the wheat. The necessity of early
ripening to escape the rust, while prevented
from early sowing by, the fly, led to the trial
of every possible variety of wheat, nor is any
one kind even yet decided on as the kest.——
The Mediterranean has at least the two-fold
advantage, that it may be sown ten days earlier,
and ripens nearly as much sooner, than the
white flint and other standard kinds. Its
culture, in spite of many objections, is extend-
ing, and of this our crops in this region partly
consisted when firstattacked by the jomt-worm.

In the panic occasioned by this dreadful ene-|:

my, which has driven some of our farmers off
the field, we could not at first say that it
spared any kind. But on closer inspection,
the old proverb proved true—‘“ the devil take
the hindmost.”

The joint-worm has a certain time to change
from its chrysalis state and come forth to
work; but if a little before this time the wheat | ‘
can head, the straw is then too hard for them,
and they seek that which is more tender.—
Their mode of operation is to pierce the outer
covering near the joint, and deposit their eggs,

which soon hatch and cut off all nourishment
from above that pomt. Upon these facts we
base our practice, which is to sow in good time
and with the best preparation the earlier kinds
of wheat, and push them in every way to the
speediest maturity. We begin by the middle
of ‘September, or as soon after as we can get
ready, and sow for the first week or ten days
of pure Mediterranean, then of one-third
early purple straw mixed with it, and finish
with the purple straw alone. Ifany Poland
or late wheat at all, it should be sowed early
in October on tobacco land, or the most favor-
able spots as to fertility and exposure. ‘The
white May wheat we are now trying, to see if
that will not head the enemy. My neighbor,
F. K. Nelson, tried his last crop in three ways,
®nd all turned out well. First, prime clover,
fallow, sowed early in Mediterranean: second,
well manured land in the same, and third, the
corn field m early purple straw, with guano.
These three methods seem likely to succeed.
I know of no other. Ordinary fallow, or
good corn land, may do with one hundred
pounds of guano to the acre; but two bun-
. dred pounds are necess soe if the land be poor.
The wheat drill with the guano attachment,
will, I hope, do great things for us and the
whole country. A single experiment with it in
Fauquier is enough, at leas st, to attract atten-
tion. Three strips of land, sowed gide by side,
the first, without help, brought fifteen bushels
to the acre; the second, with two hundred

pounds of guano broadcast, fifteen; and the
third, drilled with fifty pounds of guano,
twenty bushels.
Yours, sincerely,
Tuos. W. MreriwerHer.
Albemarle, February, 1854.

For the Southern Planter.

In your September No. is a communieation
signed Yardly Taylor, commenting on Dr.
Baldwin’s cee yi of promoting the fertility of
soil. The spirit of that piece is in anything but
good taste. It is arrogant, and its allusion to
Cobbett’s maxim is vulgar—but let all that
pass. Mr. Taylor says: ‘“ What is the differ-
ence between woody and vegetable fibre in a
state of decay, and wood in a state of putre-
faction?” This is asked in triumph. Pray,
Mr. Taylor, do you not know the difference be-
tween decomposition and putrefaction? If
you do not, then in your own words you have

‘exposed your ignorance.’ ” . The error of Mr.
Taylor is that he pins his faith on names ; and
names in this age are worth just as much as
they will ‘bring.

Dr. B. offers Le second premium of $100
for proof that “any substance whatever pos-
sesses the fertilizing qualities of manure ex-
cept the residue of putrefaction.”

Sulphate of lime, says Mr. Taylor, is not
the “residue of putrefaction,” and yet hehas
seen it “ increase greatly the crop of wheat
and clover.” So, too, Mr. Taylor, you have
seen a fellow who drinks whiskey freely stwell
up and grow as fat asa bear, but did the whis-
key feed or did it stimulate his appetite ?

On Dr. Baldwin’s third premium, Mr. Tay-
lor is somewhat cloudy and confused. He’
says of “ inorganic matters,” “ they never
dergo the putrefactive process.” Now if Mr.
T. will take a brick and place it in a wet, cool
vault or cave, he will find that it will ultimate-
ly crumble into humus. This is putrefaction
and a fertilizer. If the brick is resolved into |
its original elements——silex, lime, &e., &c. he
will find that neither of these elements sepa-
rate or combined ¢7 the brick is a fertilizer—
this is decomposition. The error of the moon
now Mr. Editor, is that great writers—and they
seem to be conclusive with Mr. T.—have as-
sumed that inorganic matters never undergo
the putrefactive process. Who told them this
negative proposition? If it be true, let them
attempt to prove a negative. The law re-
quires no man to prove a negative simply be-
mcause it isimpossible, but Mr. T. and other
great writers assume most conveniently this
negative position, and flare up because they
[are asked respectfully to prove it.

Now, sir, if you cannot prove your asser-
_ tion, don’t be quite so presumptious in promul-
gating it, nor so pugnacious when you are
asked for some facts to sustain you. Mr. Tay-
lor, but for his “ pecuniary means,” is willing
to risk $100 if Dr. B. will prove the converse
of the proposition. If the converse cannot
be proved, as Mr. T. lustily asserts over and
over again, where is the peril to his pecuniary
neans ? And besides, he would have the satis-
faction of putting the docter in a corner—
which Mr. T. knows well is not easily done
with a truly philosophic writer, who follows
strictly the Baconian methed of building his
theories on facts.

Mr. T. in his last paragraph complains that
Dr. B. has never once “ condescended to no-
tice any objections or inconsistencies,” &c. &c.
Now, my dear Mr. Editor, I’ask you, for the
love of the brethren, would it be in good taste
for a man who thinks before he writes to spend
his time, so valuable to a physician in full
practice, in answering writers, many of whom
evidently write before they think? Dr. B. |
presume has no time to teach any body the
difference between putrefaction and decomposi-
tion. He has no time, and from what I have
heard of him, no taste to bandy back such a
sentiment as that quoted from Cobbett by Mr.
f. The truth is, sir, that the old fogies in
agriculture must back out. Dr. B. started
with declaring the “ sczence” of agricultural
chemistry a humbug; and after he said so the
Agricultural Society of Maryland, in a solemn
resolution, reiterated the same opinion. He de-
clares that nothing applied to vegetation feeds
plants but that which has in some form under-
gone the putrefactive process; that whilst de-
composition precedes putr efaction it is not ne-
cessarily followed by it, and unless so followed
it yields no nutriment. Now all this is very
sunple. Hany man can find anything applied to
the root of a tree or vegetable in an exhausted
sod, which will make it grow, except what has in
some form and to some extent undergone the
putrefactive process, let him print it. The Dr.
says he finds by actual experiment that if an
exhausted soil is covered, or as he chooses to
call it, is shaded, that the surface of the earth
so covered or shaded becomes rich and fertile,
and he thus zzfers that the same chemical ac-
tion has taken place, which does take place
when you apply manure or any matter which
is putrefactive. He finds by experiment that
it does not matter what: the covering sub-
stance is——although the effect produced depends
much upon its being done right, as in all other
cases the way-in which you do a thing is al-
most as important as doing it at all. He

THE SOUTHERN ‘PUALNTE RR

tells his brother farmers to take their straw
and cover their knolls and spots, and that it
will manure, or rather enrich ten times as
much ground as it would do if reduced by the
putrefactive process to ‘manure, and then
spread. This is all very simple—and all he
asks is for them to try it. If he is right, he
has made a great and sublime discovery. He
has got clear of the jargon of the schools, and
the Don Quixotism of chemical agriculture.
He has doubled and tripled and quadrupled
the products of the soil, and thus swelled the
individual and aggregate wealth of the coun-
try; and if no other man bless him, my
blessing shall be on his head.
A Jerrerson Farmer.

Southern Planter.
4

For the

Gentlemen of the Virginia
Slate Agricultural Society :

The precarious state of my health and the
pressure of private engagements require that |
should decline a re-election to the honorable
post to which your partiality has hitherto
assigned me: and I therefore give this timely
notice in order that you may be prepared, at
your approaching annual meeting, to fill that
honorable office.

I shall. ever gratefully remember the kind
and constant support of my numerous friends
in the society, as wellas their hearty co-opera-
tion and generous efforts, whilst we havet for
three years past labored together to establish
the prosperity and usefulness of our State Ag-
ricultural Society.

Pump St. Gro. Cocke.

Retreat, Sept. 8, 1355.

For the Southern - Planter.
Mr. Editor :

Dear Sir,—I have wished to inform you;
that I gave ‘last spring a fair trial to gas-tar
as a means of preventing the depredation of
the bud-worm. My crop of corn was planted,
as recommended in the Southern Planter, and
in no precedmg year have I suffered- more
from the worm. The season was an unfavora-
ble one for the germination of the grain, the
spring being very dry until the 19th of May,
up to which date corn came up badly and
grew very slowly. I used, too, a small quan-
tity of guano in the drill to force the corn to
be strong enough to resist the worm. My de-
cided opinion is, that gas-tar produces no bene-
fit whatever.

Very truly yours,
Ep. T. Tayzor.

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

313

a

For the Southern Planter.
OVERSEERS.

Their term of service begins on the Ist of
January. This is attended with many incon-
veniences. It isthe most inclement season of
the year to move them and their effects to their
new home, when the roads are generally bad
and the rivers often frozen. Their interest

and their employers combines in favor of,

changing the time to either the Ist of August
or of September. This is properly the com-
mencement of the agricultural year. The new
overseer will make the necessary preparations
for the sowing of the wheat crop, which he
will himself reap before the end of his service;
will have the care of the fodder and corn which
has been made under the charge of his prede-
cessor, and will feel an interest in making early
arrangements for the next year’s crop. Itisa
favorable season for the removal of families,
and at a time when farm work is least pressing,
and exposure is least apprehended. The re-
moving overseer would have the benefit of sel-
ling his garden products and his poultry to his
successor, or to his employer.

The wheat crop is next in importance to that
of corn. It is more likely that the overseer
who will reap it, will bestow more care in sow-
ing it than he who will probaply never see it
during its growth. It will be the more his in-
terest to secure: good and abundant provender
‘for the teams and stock under his charge, and
to make timely preparations for the ploughing,
manuring, and tillage of the crops he will su-
perintend.

In the expediency of the proposed change,
every farmer concurs. To accomplish it, the
act must be general The difficulty is, how
to begin it. |

The planter may, perhaps, desire a later day.
But will not his interest, too, be promoted by
entrusting the tobacco crop to a new overseer
on the Ist of August or of September ?

A reform may be effected through the means
of the State Agricultural Society at its next
meeting. oa aad Me

For the Southern Planter.
CHINCH BUG.
Mr. Editor:

Dear Sir :—-As the ravages of this insect
are attracting considerable attention in almost
every quarter of the State east of the Alle-
ghany mountains, and are becoming more fre-
quent than formerly, would recommend to
your readers the practice of sowing buckwheat

in their corn fields as a protection against it-
A neighbor of mine, Mr. Stout, and myself,
both tried it this season, and in both instances
the effect was very evident, particularly in
that of Mr. Stout, the ravages the bug ceas-
ing the moment it came in contact with the
buckwheat. °

I also had a buckwheat fallow, and it was
very rare to see a bug in that portion of the
wheat field, although they swarmed up to the
very line. But I regard the experiment at
Mr. S’s. as decisive of the fact that to a con.
siderable extent the practice will prove success-
ful. Of course, I do not mean to say that this
would be of any avail in very dry seasons,
when the corn would be destroyed before it at-
tained the height of your knee.

It costs but little to try this, as in all proba-
bility, the buckwheat will remunerate the la-
bour, should the corn be lost.

TS

For the Southern Planter.
ANALYSIS OF THE TOBACCO PLANT.

Ranpotpn Macon Cotuecer,
Sept. 13th, 1855.

I herewith send you for publication an
analysis of the ash of the leaf and stalk of
the tobacco plant, made in my laboratory. by
my assistant, Mr. Shepard. No time or labor
has been spared to have the analysis correct,
and without hesitation [ commend it to the
confidence of those who take an intcrest in
such things: The tobacco was cbtained in the
month of March, 1854, from the farm of Dr.
Wm. H. Jones of this county, and was of the
“ Orinoco” kind.

Leaf. Stalk.
Sulphuric acid 2.95 per cent. 4.12 per cent-
Chlorine BLOB hud 14.42 fe
Phosphoric acid 6.08 “ 6.70
‘Lime BOeGGae 4 26.34 °°
Potash 30.46 = * 35.32 uf
Soda 2:95¢.,. “ 1.14
Magnesia G.9Gr. " :“* 8.30 if
Soluble silicze 12° 2a Be ay a
Charcoal and sand 6.95“ 3.88 a
Tron, merely A trace. A trace

9970 100.39

The amount of ash in the dried leaf was
18.47 per cent. We did not determine the
per centage of ash in the stalk. For compari-
son [ have arranged the analysis of the leaf
after the manner of Johnson, and annexed the
analysis of Hungarian tobacco gathered from
two localities, found in his large work :

314 THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

SS SSS SSS = —

ea: im
I. if. If.

uine worth, occupy that stand, and meet with.

Analysis of the Analysis of Analysis of |that reward that his talents and honesty and
Viginia Leaf. Hungarian Hungarian | his modesty entitles to.

No. 1. No. 2..

Sulphate of lime o.12 pie... 7:14’ p.c." 6:36 pice.
Chioride-of ‘sodium S:65)05)) 6. 9ba hi) 849)
Choride of potassium 5.50 “ 2.21 “ 3.93)‘
Potassa POS 2h ie COTO Nay elas las
Lime aT QTE SE, SAR IOG. aur!
Magnesia TUL SEVP O GAR ST AS OS's eh
Soluble silica 1368) ;°' i

Chareoal; and. sand i706), I2A1B ee 8.01
Phosphate of lime 8.19. “ ge 28° a
Soda - ee DOr ONO aie
Tron A trace. & —— “ —— ¢
Phosphate of iron iso RA OOLNSS -1OI43: 116°

1U0.G0 100.00 100.00

The per centage of ash in the dried leaf of
Hungarian No. }, 21.28, and in No. 2, 23.68.
A remarkable peculiarity about the Virginia
leaf m the absence of iron—in the Hungarian
iron is found in respectable quantity. Many
other points cf interest will present themselves
to those who will take the pains to inspect and
compare the tables,
bave never met with a previous analysis of
the tobacco stalk.
Cuas. B. Sruart,
Prof. of Chemistry.

For the Southern Planter,
‘
Mr. Prosrect, Sept. 3, 1855.
Myr Editor:

Dear Sir,—I desire through your journal
to express my great admiration as to the ex-

cellency and completeness of the Threshing

Machine built by John Haw of Hanover.

This machine was exhibited at our last an-
nual fair,and this season it has threshed a
crop of five or six thousand bushels, doing its
work as beautifully and as thoroughly as it
was possible for any machine to do, threshing
and cleaning the wheat at the same time.

Besides this one, Mr. Haw has built some four
five others, (one of which I have,) allof which
have worked to the entire satisfaction of those
who have them. Ido not think I could well
say tco much in favor of this machine.

I am confident that all who will give it a
trial will be pleased with it.

I think for $500 Mr. Haw would build a
machine to work 16 horses, (mules,) that
would thresh 1000 bushels of wheat per day.

I do not like, Mr. Editor, to appear extrava-
gant, or to run away with the thing; but Ido
desire to see such a machinist, and hea Vir:
ginian, who stands so pre-eminently high
where he is known for real integrity and gen-

Respectfully, yrs. &e., |
| W. H. Macon.

THE LOGAN GRAZIER,

A POEM OF WESTERN VIRGINIA.

By Thomas Dunn English.

At dawn to where the herbage grows,
Up yonder hill the grazier goes.
Obedient to his every word,

Before him stalks the lowing herd.
Reluctant in the misty morn,

With stamping foot and tossing horn,
With lengthened low and angry moan,
Through drain and hollow, up the hill,
They pass obedient to his will.

The slender ox and mighty bull—

The grazier thinks them beautiful.

You see less beauty in the herd
Than in yon orange-tinted bird ;

You fix your better pleased gaze

On yon broad sweep of emerald maize,
Yon maples on the hill-side high,

Or on yon field of waving rye.

More pleased with maize, or rye, or trees—
The graziers sight is not on these.

He sees a netted purse of gold,

In every bellowing three-year old.

He sees new comforts round his home,
When buyers down from Tazewell come.

He sees his cabin nigh the creek,

Its mud-daubed chimney changed to brick,
ts rude logs hid by clap-boards sawed,
Split shingles on its roof so broad;
New puncheons on the worn-out floor,

A picket fence before the door,

And cups of tin and plates of delf,

And pewter spoons adorn the shelf,
Close where the rifles hangs on hooks,
On cupboard tops are rows of books—

The Pilgrim of the dreaming John,

And Weem’s life of Marion ;

The well thumbed speeches of Cathoun,.
The pictured life of Daniel Boone;

D’Aubigne’s story told so well,

How Luther fought and Crammer fell.

To please his wife a yellow gown,

And beads to deck bis daughters brown,

A jack-knife for his youngest son,

A rifle for his eldest one.

All these to him the cattle low,

As up the hill they slowly go.

He fears no ravage of disease.

’Mong brutes so strong and fat as these.
There’s salt enough for them in store,
Brought from Kanawha’s muddy shore.
The le:bage on the hill is good,

The fern is thick within the wood,
There’s tender grass in yonder drain,
And pea-vine on the summit plain.
Hith thought of gain that moment thrills
The grazier of the Logan hills.

He envies not the hero bold,

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

He cares not who may office hold.

The statesmen’s pride, the stout man’s limb,
The lover’s hopes are naught to him,

His mind three things alone receives—

His wife, his children, and his beeves.

So these may flourish and be fair,

All else around is smoke and air.

Oh, Logan grazier, stout and strong,
Despising fraud, defying wrong,

Brave as thine ancestors who bore

The scars of combat, long and sore,
And fearless met in battle shock,

The wild and painted Shawanock ;

True as the rifle in thy hand,

And generous as thy fertile land—-

Full oft I’ve eaten by thy side
Thy cakes, of corn and venison fried :
Oft in thy cabin as thy guest

Have stretched my weary limbs to rest.
I love to note thy honest brow,

Staunch friend and true companion thou;
And know no manlier form is seen
Than dwells within thy coat of. jean ;
Truth fills those eyes so keenly set
Beneath thy fox skin cap, and yet

I would not that thy lot were mine,

I would not that my lot were thine,
Guard thou thy beeves and count thy gold,
Be glad when those great herds are sold.

For me, by midnight lamp, I pore
My manuscript in silence o’er.

Each to the path that suits his feet;
Each toil, for time is moving fleet.
And soon in linen shroud arrayed,
Both in our narrow coftins laid,

It matters not if cattle fair,

Or making songs has been our care.
The poet’s and the grazier’s form
Shall feed alike the greedy worm;
Shall pass the poet’s glowing words,
Shall pass the grazier’s lowing herds ;
And from men’s memory fade away
Both grazier’s shout and poet’s lay.

From the Genesee Farmer.

RIPENING OF APPLES AND PEARS.

As many farmers and orchardists will be
busy in gathering their fruit crop for winter
use during this and the coming month, we may
be able to give some useful hints.

_ To have sound and perfect apples through
the winter months, it is absolutely necessary
that. much care should be given in gathering.
This should be deferred with the winter fruit
as late as practicable and avoid early severe
frosts. The fruit should be picked from the
tree by means of ladders, and placed in bas-
kets, when it should be assorted and packed at
once carefully in new tight barrels. These
barrels, after heading, should be removed on
sleds to a shed through which the air circulates
freely, or they might be protected easily from
the dew and rain by placing boards over them.
They may be allowed to remain in this situa-

tion a week or more, or until the cold is too
severe, when they should be transferred to a
cool, dry cellar, and into which air may be ad-
mitted in mild weather. The barrels should
then be placed in tiers upon their sides, num-
bering upon each head the quality of the fruit
contained in the barrel, and the name. The’
small imperfect but sound fruit is treated in
same manner, and marked No. 2, indicating an
inferior sort. Apples which are intended for
market are frequently assorted into three dif-
ferent classes, the dest, good, and infertor—
the former being all selected fruit; the good
containing sound fruit of medium or smail
specimens; the third being so poor that the
fruit is wholly unfit for market, and suitable
only for stock or immediate family use. All
of this is easily done, yet many whole orchards
bring but an inferior price for want of this
care. .

Too often we find that winter apples are left
upon the tree very late in the autumn, fre-
quently till they have been exposed to two or
three severe frosts; when convenient they are
shaken from the trees, the good and bad poured
into barrels or open wagons, or perhaps half a
dozen sorts. Afterwards they are emptied
promiscuously into bins, barrels or open boxes,
where they are expected to keep well through
winter. ‘This is a most ruinous method, yet it
is practised by at least three-fourths of the
farmers; or they adopt another course equally
as wasteful in securing the fruit. :

Fully one-half is lost by this method of
gathering, as the fruit ripens prematurely and
decays rapidly by being bruised. The decay
is very much hastened where several sorts. are
mixed promiscuously together, ripening at as
many different seasons. Those kinds, too,
which do not come to maturity till late in the
winter or early in the spring, are turned and
handled many times when assorting those
which are in season during November and De-
cember.

Iaghi is found unfavorable to the keeping of
fruit, and should be excluded: and it is often
noticed, that where fruit, particularly pears, is
placed in a room above ground, and often-
times in a very dry cellar, and left exposed to
the air they shrivel. They should therefore be
kept either in barrels or tight boxes. About
the time pears are needed for use they can be
removed to a room of higher temperature and
kept as closely as before in drawers or boxes,
where they will ripen very speedily, and will
possess much finer flavor than if allowed to
ripen in a cooler place. By treating pears in
this way, one variety can be made to last'a
long time.

ol

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

SS ————— ay

Summers pears ought to be gathered a week
before ripe; early autumn kinds about. ten
days or more;, late fall and winter varieties
eucht to be allowed to hang upon the trees as
long as they may and escape frost.

ANTISEPTIC PAINT.

We have been frequently asked whe-
ther gas tar was good for painting fences and
buildings with. The following, from the Coun-
try Gentleman, may be an answer.

Its bad smell is an objection with some,
But that does not last long.

Antiseptc Pamwr——The Country Gentle-
man speaks very favorably cf Gas Tar asa
paint to preserve timber. From the nature of
the substance we are inclined to think it pos-
sesses this valuable property im a high degree.
The paper referred to says:

The preservation of wood is a subject of
great and increasing importanee. In this
country and in Hurepe, patent after patent has
been taken out for various processes of accom-
plishing this object. Metallic Salts are gene-
rally employed, and afford, unquestionably, the
means of increasing to a great degree the du-
rability of timber. The high price seems to
be the chief objection to their use, and espe-
cially to the use of corrosive sublimate.

To exclude the oxygen of the atmosphere is
the first thing to be seeured——decomposition
cannot take place unless oxygen be present in
some form or other. The albuminous matter
of the sap, too, is a great cause of decay, and
the more so, if inamoist state. It acts pre-
cisely as yeast 10 the fermentation of bread.
If we boil yeast, its fermenting power is de-
stroyed. By steaming wood we coagulate the
albumen (white of egg,) of the sap, and thus,
to a certain extent, lessen its lability to fer-
mentation or decay. The exclusion of the at-
ynosphere and water, and the coagulation of
the albuminous matters of the sap, or recent-
ly formed portions of the tree, are the two
ereat points to be secured in the preservation
of wood,—and, we may add, of almost every
vegetable or animal substance.

The various metallic or mineral paints se-
cure to a certain extent the former object, and
a solution of a metallic sulphate the latter; and
we would advocate the use of both articles to
a much greater extent than is now practised
by most farmers. + We hope to liveito see the
time when every wooden implement on the
farm shall receive a good coat of paint every

year. Such a practice will pay, now that good
timber is getting scarcer and higher every
year.

There is a substance, however, that to a cer-
tain extent, at least contains, in itself, both
these qualities. Gas tar will coagulate albu-
men, and exclude the air and moisture. It is
cheap and easily supplied; why then is it not
more generally and bountifully used ? In
England, hedges take the place of our not very
picturesque Virginia fences, and the home-
steading is of brick or stone, but the extent to
which gas tar is used on the doors of build-
ings, gates, &¢c., affords conclusive evidence
that, were board fences used, as with us, they
would be preserved, if not ornamented with a
frequent coat of this odoriferous paint. We
do not recollect to have seen it used for this
purpose, in this country, except on the magni-
ficent farm of J. 8. Wadsworth, Hsq., of Gene-
see, N. Y., where it has been employed for
many years in painting board fences, and proves
to all what its advocates claim.

The art of preserving timber and wooden
implements from decay is one of the most im-
portant in the whole range of domestic econo-
my. Little valuable knowledge on this sub-
ject has yet been acyuired. It is a field of in-
vestigation which, to be explored, requires a
long series of patient experiment. Time alone
can demonstrate the preserving power of any
composition. The article from which we
have taken the foregoing extract, concludes as
follows :

Is prejudice or ignorance the cause of the
general neglect of gas tar as a paint and as a
preventive of decay ? The experience of those
who have used gas tar on posts in the ground
is, 80 far as we know, without exception, in fa- .
vor of gas tar. We have met with one gen-
tlenan who thought that, while gas tar retard-
ed the decay of timber in the ground, it accel-
lerated its decay above the ground. We can-
not think that there is any foundation for this
opinion ; if there is, we should be pleased to
hear from those who are competent from ex-
perience to speak on the subject. We have
many such among our readers. Will they not
favor us with their experience in the use of gas

|tar?

Mr. French, of Braintree, Mass., said at
one of the agricultural meetings im Boston,
that he had made many experiments as to the
cost of keeping stock. His horses cost him 53
cents a day, and his oxen $1 per yoke.

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER. ;

TWO ACRE FARM.

We had lately an inquiry from a young
lawyer, for information as to the amount he
might raise from a sixteen acre farm. We
copy the following account of the products of
two acres, furnished bya correspondent of the

New England Farmer, which were planted.

with crops somewhat similar to those we pro-
posed for the sixteen acres’, and which at the
same rate for the sixteen acre surface, would
yield over one thousand dollars. Such land,
must, of course, be in the highest state of til-
lage; but we doubt the propriety of mixing
two crops ‘together, which grow and ripen
nearly at the same time, because it is often
troublesome to cultivate both at once, and one
of them operates detriméntally, as weeds do,
onthe other. When one succeeds the other
in most of its growth, as turnips with beans,
the case is different. Planting vegetables with
young fruit trees we have found to injure, like
weeds, the growth of the trees, unless with
young seedlings, whose roots had not extended
far— Country Gentleman.

Mr. Editor: The article recently in the
Farmer, giving an account of a ‘‘one acre
farm, has led me to think I might possibly
make a statement of facts that would be valu-
_able, and J forward the same to you, hoping
you will use it just as it deserves.

Nine years ago last spring I came into pos-
session of a two acre farm, and at that time it
was barely possible to get one ton of hay from
the whole of it, such was the state of cultiva-
tion it was in. It was all in mowing at the
time, except one-cigth of an acre that I sowed
oats on, and they were so small that a good
stout grasshopper could eat the heads off by
standing tiptoe. Circumstances prevented me
from making much improvement until 1849 or

50, and new for the results of the past dry
season :

24 tons hay, at 8 perton,-+++++++eee eee ees #20 00
12 busheis corn, at 80 cents per bush-------- 9 60
PU GV INUE OUT ss evepe melas) cle) eres oe see ele go ses a. 1 GO
2 loads pumpkins: MEMO 61 s)\ivioite/ aisha) a ieust aiek ch sy» Jos « 1 00
21 bushels potatoes, 20 cents per bush------ 6 30
2 bushels beans, $1 50 do do s+++s. 3 00
38 bush carrets, 30 cents do do --++++ 11 40
32 bush turnips, 30'cents do oti omerer e 6 40
10 bush graft apples, 50 cents do 5 00
Grarden Saucer eee ser siece sree seccescecce 5 00
Growth of 140 standard apple, plum, cherry
pear trees, 10 cents each--+--++-+++++ 14 00
Growth 250 nursery trees, 2d year, 5c each-+ 12 50
Do 1100 do do Ist year, 3c each,-+ 33 00
Do 1000 seedlings, $c each: ++ ++++ ++ 5 00
A LTS 133" 96

Perhaps some may think it is impossible to
have so much on so small a surfice. 1 would
just say that my beans and carrots grew

amongst the nursery trees, and the most of the
turnips amongst the potatoes. Qn one small
patch I raised a good crop of green peas, pota-
toes and turnips; the peas were planted in the
hills with the potatoes, and the turnips set
both ways between the hills, getting three

good crops on the same land in the same sea-

son, and neither crop appeared to injure the
other—at least they all did well.

Now, if this will stimulate another two acre
farmer to do the like out of nothing, | have
my reward. :

From the Baltimore Sun.
BENEFITS OF DROUGHTS TO LAND.
[Laboratory of State Chemist, No. 29, Exchange
Buildings. |

It may be a consolation to those who have
felt the influence of the late, long and pro-
tracted dry weather to know that droughts are
one of the natural causes to restore the con-
stitutents of crops and renovate cultivated
soils The diminution of the mineral matter
of cultivated soils takes place from two causes :

Ist. The quantity of mineral matter carried
off in crops and not returned to the soil in ma-
nure.

2d. The mineral matter carried off by ram
water to the sea by means of fresh water
streams.

These two causes, always in operation, and
counteracted by nothing, would in time render
the earth a barren waste in which no verdure
would quicken and no solitary plant take root.
A rational system of agriculture would obvi-
ate the first cause of sterility, by always re-
storing to the soil am equivalent for that
which is taken off by the crops; butas this is
not done in all cases, Providence has provided
a way of its own to counteract the thriftless-
ness of man, by instituting droughts at proper
periods to bring up from the deep parts of the
earth food on which plants might feed when
rains should again fall. The manner in which
droughts exercise their benefitial influence is
as follows: During dry weather a continual
evaporation of water takes place from the sur-
face of the earth, which is not supplied by any
from the clouds. The evaporation from the
surface creates a vacuum, (so far as water is
concerned,) which is at once filled by the water
rising up from the subsoil of the land; the
water from the subsoil is replaced from the
next strata below, and in this manner the cir-
culation of water in the earth is the reverse to
that which takes place in wet weather. This
progress to the surface of the water in the
earth manifests itself strikingly in the drying

318

THE SOUTHERN PLANTHER.

"ere

up of springs, and of rivers and streams which
are supported by springs. It is not, however,
only the water which is brought to the surface
of the earth, but also all that which the water
holds in solution. These substances are salts
of lime, and magnesia of potash and soda, and
indeed whatever the subsoil or deep strata of
the earth may contain. The water on reach-
ing the surface of the soil is evaporated and
leaves behind the mineral salts, which I will
here enumerate, viz: Lime, as air-slaked lime ;
magnesia, as air-slaked magnesia; phosphate
of lime, or bone earth; sulphate of lime, or
plaster of Paris; carbonate of potash, and
soda, with silicate cf potash and soda, and
also chloride of sodium or common salt. All
indispensabie to the growth and production of
plants which are used for food. Pure rain

rater as it falls would dissolve but a very
small proportion of some of these substances,
bat when it becomes soaked into the earth it
there becomes strongly imbued with carbonic
acid from the decomposition of vegetable mat-
ter in the soil, and thus acquires the property
of readily dissolving minerals on which before
it could have very little influence.

I was first led to the consideration of the
above subjects by finding, on the re-examina-
tion of a soil which I analysed three or four
years ago, a larger quantity of a particular
mineral substance than I at first found, as none
had been applied in the meantime. The
thing was difficult of explanation until I re-
membered the late long and protracted drought.
L then also remembered that in Zacatecas and
several other provinces in South America, soda
was obtained from the bottom of ponds, which
were dried in the dry, and again filled up in
the rainy season. As the above explanation
depended on the principles of natural philoso-
phy, I at once instituted several experiments
ta prove its truth. |

Into a glass cylinder was placed a small
quantity of chloride of barium, in solution;
this was then filled with a dry soil, and for a
long time exposed to the direct rays of the
gun on the surface. The soil on the surface
of the cylinder was now treated with sulphuric
acid, and gave a copious precipitate of sulphate
of baryta. 3

The experiment was varied by substitutin
chloride of lime, sulphate of soda, and carbo-
nate of potash, for the chloride of barium, and
on the proper re-agents being applied in every
instance, the presence of those substances
were detected in large quantities on the sur-
face of the soil in the cylinder. Here then
was proof positive and direct, by plain experi-
weuts in chemistry and natural philosophy, of

the agency, the ultimate, beneficial agency, of
droughts. :
We see, therefore, in this, that even those
things which we look upon as evils, by Provi-
dence are blessings in disguise, and that we
should not murmur even when dry seasons

afflict us, for they too.are for our good. The

early and the later rain may produce at once
abundant crops, but- dry weather is also a be-
nificent dispensation of Providence in bringing
to the surface food for future crops, which
otherwise would be forever useless. Seasona-
ble weather is good for the present, but
droughts renew the storehouses of plants in
the soil, and furnish an abundant supply of
nutriment for future crops.
. James Hicerns,
Maryland State Agricultural Chemist.

TO PRESERVE WHEAT FROM WEEVIL.

It is hardly necessary to say that as soon as pos-
sible after the wheat is dry after harvest, it should
be threshed out, for if left in small shocks or hand
stacks, the weather, the weevil and. the bird, will
soon bring down a very respectable crop to a very
short one. I therefore hasten it into large stacks
and barn, and thresh it out as soon as my other avo-
cations will permit me. The first year or twol
was much perplexed in sunning and keeping, or
trying to keep it free from weevil, by sunning, and

thought that this, (the weevil) if nothing else, .

would prevent persons from attempting to grow
wheat to any extent. I have since adopted a plan
which has been attended with entire success. When
having my wheat sunned, I noticed that when a
barrel of wheat was left for any length of time
without sunning, the weevil commenced their rava-
ges on the wheat exposed to the atmosphere; the
top of the wheat for two or three inches would be
completely destroyed, and below that the wheat
completely free from weevil. Along the joints of
the staves and at the bottom also, would be weevil
eaten; in fact, where the atmosphere came to the
wheat through crack or crevice, the weevil hatched
out and permitted the atmosphere to penetrate still
deeper in. I also noticed that if Tleft asmall bulk
in a barrel or box, that it was soon destroyed. I
therefore came to the conclusion that if 1 could
exclude the atmosphere from it I could save much
time in sunning. I therefore built me a small
framed wheat house and daubed it well on the in-
side with clay, floor and sides, cleaned ont my
wheat and put it in at a door at the top of the
house; it did not quite fill ihe house, and I thrust
straw in the intervening space between roof and
wheat, and packed it in closely. I was completely
successful, and found nothing to complain of but
the scaling off of the clay, and that it had to be
daubed every year. Finding wheat remunerative,
I extended my crop, and harvested in 1852 a crop
of one thousand bushels. ‘There wai but slight
demand for it, as every one who attempted to raise
wheat was quite successful, and I was at some loss
how to store it away, but finally appropriated one-
third of my pick room to it, and adopted the fel-
lowing plan to exclude the atmosphere: I took up
the floor and filled between the sleepers with straw,

i

Ae ge A ‘ je
ey wad 4 mn
ee x

ba

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER. ‘an 319

vreplaced the floor and laid it close; nailed slats on
the studding, and thrust straw between them and
- the weather. boarding, thus making a wall of straw
in addition to the weather-boarding. Three sides
of this division of the pick room was done in this
way, and a board partition on the fourth side, this
had no straw. I now threshed out my wheat and
put up in the chaff—the division was full to within
a oot of the top; this space was closely packed
with straw. Twelve months afterwards I cleaned
up from this pen a fraction under five hundred

bushels of wheat, and there was no sign of flying eight years since, L have a tree standing in my
weevil, except a few on the side that had no wall

a ate ce eened Wecetauel for tan Wakes yard, eighteen inches in circumference. The
is that to HER do wheat perfectly from light and | Past season it perfected its fruit, which, in qual-
the atmosphere, is to secure it from the effects of |!ty, was equally as good as that imported.—
the flying weevil. I act upon the same principle |The seed may be sown in drills, about four in-
with my corn, and house it in as large a bulk as | ches apart, and covered from two to three inch-
possible, and find the centre ofa large crib will be | o, deep, with light, rich’ soil. They may be
sound long after the sides and bottom have been th a ra "e Binnie , :
destroyed by the black weevil.—American Cotton sown either in the fall or spring. If in the
Be or. latter, they should be exposed to the weather

' during the winter previous, in order that their
hull or coverings may be acted on by the frost.
When grown to the height of three or four
feet, the young trees may be transplanted in
the sites where they are permanently to re-
main.”

the tamarind. Its growth is rapid, its form
symmetrical, its foliage beautifully delicate,
and it is altogether highly ornamental; be-
sides, it is perfectly free from blight, as well as
from the depredations of insects. If cultiva-
ted on our Western prairies, it would doubtless
form a valuable acquisition.

“From the growth of some tamarind seeds
which I obtained at a confectioner’s shop some

BIRDS AND INSECTS.

Wilson Flagg, in a late number of Hovey’s
Magazine, makes five classes of insects, and as
many of birds, acting as natural checks upon
the increase of insects.

The swallows are the natural enemies of the
swarming insects, living almost entirely upon
them, taking their food upon, the wing.—
The common martin devours great quantities
of wasps, beetles and goldsmiths. A single
bird will devour five thousand butterflies in
a week. The moral-of this is, that the hus-
bandman should cultivate the society of swal-

THe CaLIFORNIA Quarries are yielding some
of the finest white, black and variegated marbles
in the world. They are said to be fully equal to
the finest kinds of Egyptian or Italian, and are
found in exhaustiess quantities, ‘

GSR SEES BEES PS a ea ee eT eh

CONTENTS OF NUMBER KX.

PAGE
lows and martins about his land and déut- Strawberries and. their Culture With, Sere. 289
Bac Cheap Furniture and Ornaments for Rooms.... 202
eager ag How to Secure Wheat in Wet’ Weather........ 293
The sparrows and Wrens feed upon the craw-| How Wild Geese are Taken... 02.0. 0000000..294
ling insects that lurk within the buds, foliage |Short-Horns .......... 00... ..6. eee eee eee 295
and flowers of plants. The wrens are pugna- Preserving Fruit by Hermetical Sealing...... 296
cious, and a little box ina cherry tree will soon ees vat on Wheat........ oa
be appropriated by them, and they will drive|ypinicent............ 999
away other birds that feed upon the fruit; a Rain, Evaporation and Filtration.....0...... -. 890
hint that cherry growers should remember this | Food Consumed by Different Sorts of Farm
spring and act upon. Stock... 01.20... esse. oN REM Rete: RE and oe, . 301
The thrushes, blue-birds, jays and crows eg oe eeaee AD oat peaeedene a
Wit ovat = ae at sey Think of Us.. base tees ee eee BOE
prey upon putteries, grasshoppers, Crickets, | Meeting of the Agricultural Scciety......... 304

locusts and the larger beetles. A single fami-
ly of jays will consume 20,000 of these ina

Beware of Cutting Wheat Prematurely... .... 305
The Frutt 2.0...

sie ibys el aint, 5 aheleta UN, AR UR OOD
geason of three months. Bey Fowls vs. Rats.i0.. 5443 aad, 306
yd. Hillam i Y mel AY TLIC eo ate fee Se! 4 olan! lola ENG OR aay) ME PDO
se he wood-peckers are armed with a stout, Seymour’s Broadcast Sewing Machine........ 307
1 ong bill, to penetrate the wood of trees, where | Grasses, Sheep, &c.... 6... cee. cece eve cee 308
the borers deposit their larvae. ‘They live al-|Corn Fodder........ 0... ... ee ee eee. 309
most entirely upon these worms. The Wheat Crop and its Enemies............310
ee Ph ea ys MVerseers 2... ees eee eee eS Te NT) oa 313

. [ Rural New- Yorker, April. Oiineh Bug. .0 0000. 6.0 2 a. ee A es

Sia nae Ae Aualysis of the Tobacco Plants). ac i.e) 318

Toe Tamarinp IN Vireiia.—-Wm. M.|The Logan, Grazer ® .:.! 4. . 36ers Ppl 314
Singleton, Hisq., of Winchester, communicates | Ripening of Apples and Peags...............315
4 ; as 7 SOLVER) G Dias aa?

the following to the Commissioner of Patents :| Antiseptic Paint... .. 6... BIG
“OF all the ornamental trees propagated Benefits of rots es torent mene BVT
th £ : ae | Ef LW OPOLe Mamie. eS tule. ee ms AINA EE O07

ie oodow = eben elt ite Negi he native, there 18)o Preserve Wheat from Weevil............318
none, in my judgment, more desirable than | Birds and Insects...........60.0.......5.., 31g

320

ieee tie

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.

PAYMENTS 10 THE SOUTHERN PLANTER,
To the 29th of September, 1855.

All persons who have made payments early enough to
be entered, and whose names. do not appear in the following | ¢
receipt list, are requested to give immediate notice of the
omission, in order that the correction may be made in the

next issue:

W F Watts January 1856

Jas Collins January 1856

W P Waugh September 1856

W P Quesenbury January 1857

E Henshaw July 1856

W D Snead January 1856

W L Waring January 1856

H Taylor January 1857

N Quesenbery January 1856

J W Goss July 1856

W C Graves July 1856

FE C Satchel! September 1856

WS Dupree July 1856 :)

G L Bayned July ’56 |

Capt G A Wood July %5 56

C O Lipscomb July ’56 |

W H Eubank July 756 |
|

&&

Pt feet HE het DD Re et OT et et
i=)
©

Ct

Capt R H Williams July ’56
W B Purcell July °56

W H Pettus July *66

T B Purcell July ’56

RE Knight July 756

J & Watkins July ’56

R Lipscomb July 756

P L Lipscomb July ’66

Col 8S D Crawford August ’57
D A Tapscott Dec pd J T Ellis
P J Carrington January 1856
Geo Turner Sept 756

J ‘’ Hoskins July 756

W A Dearing Nov 755,

P Saunders April.’56

E G Leigh January ’56

W A Perkins Dec ’55

J F Moses January ’66

R G Wood Jan 756

Capt J Robinson Oct ’56
John Hoffiran July ’58

S A Brock Sept 756

J M Adam Sept ’55

J Hightower January 56

A R Anderson Sept 756

R M Whaley January 56

J Dryden April 755

Dr J Mayo Jan ’56

Gen J H Hammond June 56
H i} Watkins Oct ’56

T M Hughes Oct ’56

T J Preston April 756

DO Witt April ’56

F Slaughter July 756

W Fitzgerald Noy 766

Capt W H Carter Oct ’56

A B Nichols July ’56

E A Tilman Nov 756

Col R R Brown January ’57
E L Travis Jan 57

Thos Staples July. ’56

2 M Dickinson July. ‘56

10 00

HD tt BD ED De SO et OT
=)
)

Oaisber 1, 1855
Red $1 90@$1 95;

RICHMOND MARKETS,
WHEAT--White $1 95@&2 00;
er bushel.
FLOUR---Family, #10 50@11 50; Superfine, $8 75
@9 per barrel.

MLANE’S VERMIPFUGE IN TEXAS.

Hear what the Proprietor of the ‘Star Hotel ™
has to say of the wonderful effects of M'Lane’s .
Vermifuge :

STAR Hore, CenrreviLie, Texas, Aug. 22, 1854.

I feel in duty bound to make the ‘following State-
ment: Several of my children ,have been ‘unwell
for the last week or wwo. I called at the “Big
Mortar” to get some Oil of Wormseed and other
truck, to give them for worms. The Druggist
recommended M’LANE?S VERMIFUGE, but
having, heretofore, tried every Vermifage, in my
Knowing, without advantage, | told him il was not
worth while, as my children appeared proof against
them all. He said to take a bottle, and offered if
itdone no good to refund the money. To satisfy
him I done so, and the effect was so much better
than expected that I got another bottle, and the
result was most astonishing. ‘Three of my chil-
dren discharged a great number of the largest
worms [I ever saw. To a young man, my Mail
Carrier, who was weak, puny and poor asa snake,
for a month orso, I gave two doses, which brought
from him at Jeast a pint of whav’s called Stomach
worms! Strange as this may appear, yet it is as
““ true as preaching.” Wow the boy stood it so long
as he did, with ten thousand “Bots” gnawing at
his stomach, is the greatest wonder to me. All
these cases are now doing well. No doubt the
lives of thousands of children have been saved by
the timely wse of this extraordinary medicine.
Don’t fail to give it a trial.

se THOS. R. THURMAN.
Purchasers will be careful to ask for DR.
M’LANE’S CELEBRATED VERMIFUGE, and

take none else—all others in comparison are worth-
less. Dr. M’Lane’s Vermifnge, also his Celebra-
ted Liver Pills, can now be had at all respectable
Drug Stores in the United States. se ly

DR. WLAN b’S CELEBRATED LIVER
PILLS IN TEXAS.

Travis Co., Texas, June 12, 1854.
Messrs. Fleming Brothers, Pittsburgh, Pa.

Gentlemen: This is to certify, that my mother
had been subject to periodical attacks of sick
head ache for a great many years; all the usual
remedies failing to give relief, one of your pam-
phlets accidentally falling into her hands, she at
once determined to try DR. M’LANE’S CELE-
BRATED LIVER PILLS, and immediately pro-
cured a box, from the use of which she received
great benefit, and so long as she continued to use
them was entirely relieved.

We have now been in Travis Co., Texas; for
the last four years, and not being able to procure
these valuable pills, her attacks of sick head ache .
have again returned—for time back has been grad-
ually getting worse—and has determined me to
send to you for a few boxes of Dr. M’Lane’s Cele-
brated Liver Pills. 1 herewith enclose you one
dollar, for which you will please send me Pills per
return mail. Address Austin, Texas.

I think you would do well to establish an agency
in Austin ; the Pills are well known here and would
meet with ready sale.

MEREDITH W. HENRY.

Purchasers will be careful to ask for DR
M’LANE’S CELEBRATED LIVER PILLS, and |
take none else. ‘There are other Pills, purporting
to be Liver Pills, now before the public. Dr. &
M’Lane’s Liver Pills, also his celebrated Vermi- —
fuge, can now be had atall respectable Drug Stores —
in the United States, se 1y ‘

f

2

. ; SOUTIIERN PLANTER—EXTRA.

QUARTERLY LAW JOURNAL.

Sa Sort og Brett SN EDEL ED BY AW BSE UIE ON:
"CONTRIBUTORS: —Ww. Green, of Culpeper; Prof. J. B. Mixon, University of Virginia; W. Tt Jovyes, Author of « Essay on Limitations ;” |
Ee AA. TE. Sanps, Author of “ History of Suit in Equity,” and other professional gentlemen of ‘well-known ability and ~ ~~~ -
| ; eter : learning, have agreed to contribute £0 the columns of the Journal. :
| a The undersigned proposes to commence on the Ist of January, the publication of a Law Journal. The want of such a work, ogiiainthe mate-

long felt and frequently expressed, and more than one
publisher has been solicited to undertake its publication. m — "3
The undersigned, therefore, believing that such a periodical would be not only important and useful, but would meet with a ready support from
the bar, has undertaken to supply the desideratum. - The bar of Pennsylvania, New York and Massachusetts, have, for some few years past, supported
' the publication of such journals. - Why should not the barristers of Virginia and of the South have theirs?) -A journal which they may call their
own, and in the pages of which they will find law more peculiarly affecting their actual daily practice ? gies NS,

conformity
to this, -would call attention to the following features which I propose to incorporate in the Journal: eet Ce Lest .

In the first place, it is designed to furnish reports of decisions made by the Federal Courts held in this City—by the District-and Circuit. Courts

of the State, and reports of decisions made by the Special Court of Appeals; and by the Supreme Court of Appeals incases_ of interest and impor-

tance. The earlier numbers will contain also a complete digested index f the reports of Grattan, beginning at the 2nd yolume. _ Tate’s Index of
ine cases decided in the Court of Appeals of Vas. reaches the 2nd volume of Grattan, end since that time 9 volumes have already been published,
which the lawyer must burrow through when searching for any of the deeisi ns contained in them. This supplement to Tate’s Analytical Index will
relieve the professional man of this labor, and this part of the contents of the Journal will be so printed and paged that it may be bound up in a

e-

separate form.- fe 3 : See. |
Another peculiar feature of the Journal, making it especially useful to Virginia practitioners, is the following: wets Fo
Kach number of the Journal will contain a-chapier or more of the Revisors’ Reports, with their notes, and such alterations of the Code of Virgi- | <—
uia as have been made by statutory enactments since the year 1849, “ This companion to the Code will also be so paged and printed that it: may be-
bound up uniform with the Code. The importance of these Reports is well known by members of the profession who have had. occasion to consult
them, as shedding light upon the provisions of the Code. eee ee By 1 Re Se Ee 4 i acess S
In 1854, the following case occurred in one of our Circuit Courts, A party living in Virginia, had drawn a bill of exchange on a resident of
Maryland, the bill was protested for non-payment by a Notary. of Maryland. Suit being instituted in Virginia on this bill, the only evidence offered -
was the bill, together with the protest of the Notary, This evidence was demurred to. The ground of demurrer was that the. pill in question was
un inland bill of exchange, not payable in the State of Virginia, and therefore did not fall within the provisions of either the 7th or 8th Sections of
the Code of Virginia. In support of the position that this bill was an inland bill of exchange, the Defendant’s Attorney cited the act I, Revised |
Code 1819, Chap. 125, Sec. 1, which declares “‘ That all bills of exchange or drafts for money in the nature of bills of exchange, drawn by any person —-

: 2 ~ >

‘ur persons residing in this State on ‘anv nersoans in tha Tivitad Stataa fa tate CR, a5 ale ae one tase, eh Fe aie seo poe SS a : b db!

SOUTHERN PLANTER—EXTRA,

qBRLY LAW JOURNAL,

C inno BD

CONTRIBUTORS Wu. Green, of Culpeper; Prof. J. B. Minor, University of Virginia; W. Te Joyyes, Author of “ Essay on Limitations ;”
‘A, TH. Sanps, Author of" Mistory of Suit in Equity,” and other professional gentlemen of ‘well-known ability and ~ :
> Fella learning, have agreed to contribute to the columns of the Journal.

A QUAR

‘The undersigned proposes to comimence on the Ist of January; the publication of a Law Journal. The want of such a work, containing mate-
~rial of peculiar interest and importance to the Bar of Virginia and of other States, has been long felt and frequently expressed, and more than one
publisher has heen solicited to undertake its publication. :
The undersigned, therefore, believing that such a periodical would be not only important and useful, but would meet with a ready support from
the bar, has undertaken to supply the desideratum, « The-har of Pennsylvania, New York and Massachusetts, have, for some few years past, supported
ihe publication. of such journals.- Why should not the barristers of Virginia-and of the South haye theirs? -A journal which they mny call their
own; aud in the pages of which they will find law-more peculiarly affecting their actual daily practice? =
To meet this want, it is'designed to publish such matter as will be of yalue-to Virginia and the practitioners of other States, and in conformity
to this, Fovoald enll attention to the following features which I propose to incorporate in the Journal. 5
In the first place; it is designed to furnish reports of decisions made by the Federal Courts held in this City—by the Districtiand Circuit. Courts
of the Stato, and-reports of decisions made by the Special Court of Appeals; and by the Supreme Court of Appeals in-cases of interest and impor-
tance. The earlier numbers will contain also a complete digested index. f the reports of Grattan, beginning at the 2nd yolume, ‘Tate's Index of
the cases decided in the Court of Appeals of Va, reaches the 2nd volume.of Grattan, ond since that time 9 yolumes have already been published,
which the lawyer must burrow through when searching for any of ‘the deeisi ns contained in them. This supplement to Tate's Analytical Index will
relieve the professional man of this labor, and this part of the contents of the Journal will be so printed and paged that it may be bound up'in a
separate form. ~ : °
Another peculiar feature of the Journal, making it especially useful to Virginia practitioners, is the following:
Each number of the Journal will contain a chapter or more of the Revisors’ Reports, with their notes, and such alterations of the Code of Virgi-
iia as haye been made by statutory enactments siuce the year [849, ~ This companion to the Code will also be so paged and printed that it: may be
jound up uniform with the Code, The importance of these Reports is well known by members of’ the profession-who haye-bad occasion to consult,
them, as shedding light upon the provisions of the Code. ‘
In 1854, the following case occurred in one ‘of our Circuit Courts. ~ A party living in Virginia, had drawn a Dill of exchange on a resident of
Maryland, the bill was protested for non-payment by a Notary of Maryland. Suit-being instituted in Virginia on this bill, the only evidence offered
was the Dill, together with the protest of the Notary, ‘This evidence was demurred to, The ground of demurrer was that the bill in question was
un inland bill of exchange, not payable in the State of Virginia, and therefore did not fall within the provisions of either the 7th or 8th Sections of
the Cude of Virginia. In support of the position that this bill was an inland bill of exchange, the Defendant’s Attorney cited the act I, Revised
Vode 1819, Chap. 125, Sec. 1, which declares ‘* That all bills of exchange or drafts for money in the nature of bills of exchange, drawn by any person
ve persons residing in this State on any persons in the United States, &c., shall be considered in all cases whatsoever as inland bills of exchange.” oo
Upon tuming.te the act, Cade of Virginia, Chapter M44, Seo, Wand 8, the. Plajntifi’s Attorney-discoveredthat-it-simply provided that tle protest of
‘a Notary should be prima facie evidence of what was stated therein, when’ the protest of a foreign bill, or of an inland bill of exchange payable in this

S'ule: Thinking that the case at bar was a casus omissus, he refused to join in the demurrer to the evidence, withdrew a Juror and suffered a non-suit.

A simple reference to the reports of the revisors would have put the question at rest, and the Attorney would haye sustained his action.

Read the following, found on page 722 of the Reyisors Reports. :

“The Statute of Virginia declaring that certain bills shall be considered as inland bills, has produced some confusion, since upon it a bill drawn
by a person residing im this State on a person in the United States, is an iZand Lill (1 R. C. p. 488 2 1.), while according to the decisions of the
Courts a bill drawnin another State on a house in Virginia, is ‘a foreign bill, unless.the law of the State in which the bill is drawn‘has expressly en-
acted otherwise. Brown & Sons v, Ferguson, 4 Leigh 37. In the section as above proposed, [which so far as the present point is concerned, is iden-
tical with the language of the Code,) so much of the statute of 1819 as declares that certain Wills shall be considered in/and bills-is omitted ; and the
yule left.as established by the Supreme Court of ihe United States, and the’ Courts of the various States, to wit that a bill drawn in one State of the
Union upon a person living in another, is'to-bé treated as a foreign bill,” On reading this language, there can be no doubt that the action should have
been sustained. =

It is needless to inultiply illustrations of the practical value and utility of the reports in thus shedding light upon the meaning of the Code.
here is hardly a chapter in it, which may not be made clearer by reference to the notes and-reports df the Revisors, -

~ There will be occasionally introduced forms, of utility to practitioners, Clerks of Courts, Cunveyancers and others.

For the rest, the Journal will contain the usual matter of such publications ;—the latest reports of new and important decisions in other
States, (especially the Southern and We ern, ) essays on interesting legal:subjects, and occasional biographies of those distinguished inembers of the
Lar, now deceased, who in their day and generation, won for it sig:ued 4 Stinetion and honor, and whose memories, culpably. neglected by their de-
scendants, live only in tradition. )

As this Journal will circuljte in all parts of the United States, it will be an insportant and valuable mode of advertising, Cards inserted 12.
montlis for $5 00, longer advertisements in proportion. “

The. work will be published quante: on good white paper, each number contamme oyer 125 pages, 8yo,

All who are disposed to favor this enterprise, will please forward their Hames immediately.

New Books, when forwarded:to-the Publisher, will Ue noticed according to their merits.

Terus—$5 per year—6 copies for $25, . Liberatcommission allowed to all who will act as agents,

J. W. RANDOLPH, Booksdler and Pullisher,

Ocroner, 1855. \ =) be No. 121, Main Street, Richmond, Virginia,

School, and Miscellaneous Books, tohe found 11 Virginia. Books sent by mail, post paid, to all who remit the price.
Blank Books made to order, and Book-Binding in every style, Catalogues sent to all who apply.

gap~ J. W. RANDOLPTT offers for sale the best assortment of Law, Medical, Theological, Biographical, Historical, Pootical, Classical, Juvenile

RICHMOND MEDICAL MONTHLY.

The Virginia Medical and Surgical Journal, the largest and most valuable Medical Monthly. in this country, will issue the first number of its sixth
volume on the Ist of January 1856, ‘The terms of: this work are jive dollars a year, for which the subscriber receives, two volumes of eloven hundred *
pages, containing a lage amount of valuable and practicn| information on every branch of médical science, . Unconnected with any medical associa-
tion, collegiate institution, or publishing house, it is designed to be the independent advocate of the rights and interests of the entire medical public,
EDITORS.—J. B: McCaw, M. D., Richmond. J<P. Prepues, M. D., Petersburg, Gzo, A. Oris, M. D., Corresponding Editor,
All remittances and letters on the business of the Journal should be addressed to “ Editors of the Virginia Medical Surgi + Rich-
iaond; Vitgioin.- , Subscriptions receivad by J:"W. RANDOLPH. aud Sangeet Yournaaaibcl
"pax Full eets of the Journal, in Five Volumes, beautifully bound by J. W. Ranvovey, are for sale =

te Bae ERIC ON PN BOE EL ule bIttds

S! ‘itd ‘Thishing that the case at bar was a casus omissus, he refused to join in the demurrer to the evidence, withdrew a J uror and: suffered a non-suit,
wi ae simple reference to the reports of the revisors would have put the question at rest, and the Attorney would have sustained his action.

| _ Read the following, found on page 722 of the Revisors Reports. — Fis

“The Statute of Virginia declaring that certain bills shall be considered as inland bills, has produced some confusion, since upon ita bill dreitvix. ro ae

by a person residing in this State on a person in’ the United States, 1 is an inland bill (1 R. C. p. 483 ¢1.), while according to the decisions of the “2

Courts a bill drawn in another State on a house in Virginia, is a foreign bill, unless the law of the State in which the bill is drawn has expressly. en-
acted otherwise. Brown & Sons v. Ferguson, 4 Leigh 37. In the section as above proposed, [which so far as the present point is concerned, is iden-,

tical with the language of the Code,] so much of the statute of 1819 as declares that certain bills shall be considered inland bills is. omitted ; and the.

~yule left-as established by the Supreme Court of the United States, and the Courts of the various States, to wit. that a bill drawn in one State of the ,

Vaion upon a person living in another, is tobe treated as a for eign bill,” On reading this language, there can be no doubt that the action should have

+
been sustained. : : oo
It is needless to multiply illustrations of the practical value and utility of the reports in thus shedding light upen ite 4 meaning of the Code: ae
There is hardly a chapter in it, which may not be made clearer by reference to the notes and reports of the Renises s. S43 re
= There will be occasionally introduced forms, of utility to practitioners, Clerks of Courts, Conveyancers and others. r fos jt s
ee For the rest, the Journal will contain the usual matter of such publications ;—the latest reports of new and impariont decisions in- other < See
_ States, (especially the Southern and Western ,) essays on interesting legal subjects, and occasional biographies of those distinguished members of the
Lar, now deceased, who in their day and generation, won for it sie:ed «@ Stinction and honor, and whose memories, culpably neglected by their dps
scendants, live only in tradition. ¢
_ As this Journal will circulate in all par is of the United States, it will be an important and valuable mode of advertising. Cazas inserted 12.
: juiaietlie for $5 00, longer advertisements in proportion. , : ;
The work will be published quartrERiy, on good white paper, each number contaming over 125 pages, 8y0,
All who are disposed. to favor this enterprise, will please forward their names immediately. ee. ae
New Books, when forwarded to the Publisher, will be noticed according to their merits. 7 =
Terus—$5 per year) copies for $25. . Liberal: commission allowed to all who will act as agents, —
J. W. RANDOLPH, Bookseller ae Pibtision of Ts
OcrozER, 1855. , Ne: 121, Main Street, Richmond, Virginia, |
peas> J. W. RANDOLPH offers for sale the best assortment of Law, Medical, Theological, Biographical, Historical, Poetical, Classical; Stvarile
School, and Miscellaneous Books, to be foun ii Virginia. Books sent by mail, post paid, to all who remit the price. ae 3
‘Blank Books made to order, and Book- Binding in every style. Catalogues sent to all who apply.
. TT Pur : ; err.
; | RICHMOND MEDICAL MONTHLY. i :
The Virginia } Medical and Surgical Journal, the largest and most valuable Medical Monthly in this country, will issue the first number of its sixth 4
volume on the Ist of January 1856. The terms of this work are jive dollars a year, for which the subscriber receives two volumes of eleven hundred
pages, containing a lage amount of valuable and practical information on every branch of medical science. _Unconnected with any medical associa- %
tion, collegiate institution, or publishing house, it is designed to be the independent adv ocate of the rights and interests of the entire medical public,
EDITORS. —J. B. McCaw, M. D., Richmond. J. F. Perey M. D., Petersburg. Gero. A. Orts, M. D., Corresponding Kditor, «i

~ All remittances and letters on the business uf the Journal should be addressed to “ Editors of the Virginia Medical and Surgical Journal,” Bich-
mond, Virginia. Subscriptions received by J. W. RANDOLPH.

~ p@x~ Full sets of the Journal, in Five Volumes, beautifully bound by J. W. Ranpotrg, are for sale. Pees <Tkas

ye THE

SOUTHERN PLANTER.

ie

ADVERTISING

SHEET,

SSS Serer wea ee eet

RICHMOND BOOKSTORE
, Jj. W. RANDOLPH,
PUBLISHER, BOOSKELLER, STATIONER
AND MUSIC DEALER, —
_ 12L Main Street, Richmond, Va. -
N addition to the best assortment of Law, Medi-
cal, Theological, Historical, Classical, Agricul-
tural, School and Miscellaneous Books in Virginia,
offers the following for sale in any quantity:
Wyithe’s Virginia Reports, new and only com-

plete edition, #4 00,

Jefferson’s Virginia Reports, 2 00,

Hening and Munford’s Virginia Reports, new edi-
tion, 4 vols, with notes, 20 00,

Munford’s Virginia Reports, 6 vols, 30 00,

Randolph’s Virginia Reports, 6 vois, 24 00,

Gilmer’s Virginia Reports, 2.00,

Leigh’s Virginia Reports, 12 vols, 4 80,

Graitan’s Virginia Reports, 11 vols, 44 00,

Cases, Criminal, etc., by Judges Brockenbrough
and Holms, new edition, with notes, 2 vols in 1, 600,
_ Acts of Assembly of Va., various years,

Hening and Sheppard’s Statutes of Va., 16 vols,
13 00
} Hening’s Lawyer’s Guide and American Pleader,
2 vols, & 00,

Hall’s Digested Index to the Virginia Reports, 2
vols, 3 00,

Mathews’ Guide to Commissioners in Chancery
250,

Rules of the Court of Appeals of Va., 12c,

Mayo’s Magistrate’s Guide, 3 00,

Laws on Corporations, 50c,

Trial of T. Ritchie, jr., for killing LH. Pleas.
ants, 25c, * ;

Justice’s Record Book of Judgments, | 00 and 1 50,

Tucker’s Lectures on Natural Law and Govern-
ment, 75c,

Tucker’s Lectures on Constitutional Law, 75c,

Va. Pay and Muster Rolls, 2 vols in 1, 15 00,

Va. House of Delegates Journals, various years,

Journals of Va. Conventions, of 1776 and 1850,
2 50,

Journals of Debates of Va
730, 2 00,
_ Debates in Va Convention of 1788, 5 00,

Va Debates and Resolutions of 1798-9, 1 50,

Statistics of Va to 1850, 2 50,

Constitution of Va, 1851, 12c,

Progress of the U. States, with Census of 1850,
8 00 «
Statistics of U. States Census of 1850, 1 50,’

Smith’s History of Va, 2 vols, 5 00,

Smith’s News from Va, 25c,

Campbell’s History of Va, 1 50,

Beverley’s History of Va, new edition, edited by
C. Campbell, with plates, 250,

Martin and Brockenbrough’s History of Va, 2 00,

Jefferson’s Notes on Virginia, new edition, with

Conventions of 1829,

price.

icals,

map and plates and new matter never before
250,
Va Historical Register, 6 vols, 1 00, |
Va Historical Society Addresses, 25c,
Jefierson’s Memoir, Correspondence and Miscel-
lanies 4 vols, 5 00,
Lee’s Remarks nthe Writings of Jefferson,1 25,
Bvrd’s Westover Manuscripts, 1 25,
Bland’s Papers and Memoir, 1 25,
Dr. Moorman’s Guide to Va Springs, 10,
Dr. Burke’s Guide fo Va Springs, t 25,
Dr. Goode’s Guide to Va Hot Springs, 12c,’
Maurv’s Gulf Stream and Currents of the Sea, 25,
Smith’s View of British Pcssessions in America,

printed,

25,

Southern Literary Messenger, 20 vols, complete,
a handsome set bound, 75 00, any year or number
supplied,

Life and Sermons of Rev Wm Duval, by Rev C
Walker, 1 90,

Sermons by Rev J D Blair, 75,

Fletcher’s Studies on Slavery, 2 00,

Dew’s Essay on Slavery, 50c,

Lays of Ancient Virginia and other poems, by J
A Bartley, ! 00,

Gertrude, a novel, by Jndge Tucker,

Southern and South-Western Sketches, Fun,
Sentiment and Adventure, 3%e,

Uncle Robin in his Cabin in Virginia and) Tom
without one in Boston, by J W Page with plates, 100
Garnett’s Lectures on Female Education, 50c,

Vaughan’s Speller, Reader and Definer, No 1, 18¢,
Vaughan’s Speller, Readerand Definer, No 2, 25c,
Life cf the Hon. Nathaniel Macon, of North
Carolina, 62,
Rodger’s Va Geological Reports, 1 00,
Winckler’s Hints to Piano Forte Players, 25c,
Laws of Trade, by Charies Elle t, 1 50,
Industrial Resonrces of the Sou h, 3 vols, 6.00
Family Receip Bool, 25,
A collection of the Early Vcyages to America,
by Conway Robinson, 3 00,
Edgar’s Spoitsman’s Herald and Stud Book, 1 50,
Plantation and Farm Book, Record, Inventory
and Acconnt Book, by a Souihern Planter, 2 00
Ruffin’s Farmer’s Register, 10 vols, 30 00,
Ruffin’s Essay on Agricultural Education, 12c,
Ruffin’s Essay on Calcareous Manures, 1 25,
_ Roffin’s Agricultural Essays and Notes, 1 25,
Transactions of Virginia Agricultural Society to
1853, 50c,
Randolph’s Pocket Daily Memoranda, 50c,
Cottom’s Edition of Richardson’s Va, N Carolina,
Maryland, District of Columbia Almanac. for
1856, 6c each; 25c per dozen or 2 50 per gross. .
Books sent by mail post paid to all who remit the
Catalogues given to. all who apply.
J. W. RANDOLPH receives all new works of

merit as Soon as published, and is agent for Period-

oct—ly x

for sale in quatities to suit the buyer.

= a

DANIEL H. LONDON,
Comer Main and 13th streets,

IMPORTER,

a Gee always for sale the best Negro Cl hing
of English and domestic makers aT THs ow-
EST PRICES. The farmers and planters willfi d it
to their interest to examine his stock. Silk Near-
pets, blankets and of all kinds of seasonable g ogy
aut

UANO AND WHEAT DRILLS.— We beg
leave to call the attention of the farmers to
Pennock’s Guano and Wheat Drills which has been
much improved upon in the last year. By the use
of this valuable implement 100 pounds of Guano
drilled in with the Wheat is considered equal to
200° lbs. sown broad-cast. Warranted to work
well. We willalso furnish any kird of Guano
drill that may be preferred. A sample can be seen
at our Agricultural Warehouse and seed Store.
au 2t MEADE & EACHES,
Alexandria, Va.
FINE DEVON STOCK HOR SALE.
EIGHTY TO AN HUNDRED HEAD.

HE large and fine Devon herd, belonging to the

estate of Chauncey P. Holcombe, deceased, is
offered, agreeably to the provisions of his will, at
private sale. This herd, upon which he bestowed
so much judicious care, and which was to hima
source of pride and pleasure, as well as profit, con-
sists of the usual variety, bulls, cows, heifers and
calves, of his own breeding, with imported animals
selected by himself from one of the finest herds of
England. A large number of animais have, for
several years past, been sent from this herd, to dif-
ferent parts ef the country, from New York to
Georgia. Persons desirous of purchasing, if not
convenient to visit the ‘herd, will by describing in
writing the stock they wish, be furnished with the
price, and such other information as may be re-
quired.

Orders may be made throvgh Bryan Jackson, a
Agriculturist of the same neighborhoed, who will
doubtless attend te the selection, &c., of any ani-
mals, the purchase of which may be entrusted to
his.eare and judgment. Apply personally, or by
letter te the subscriber at Devondale Farm, near
Wew Castle, Delaware. EF. P. HALCOMBE,

au 4t Executor.

COTSWOLD,
GR NEW OXFORDSHIRE SHEEP.

WHE subseriber has for sale five very superior
& Yearling Bucks, of this breed. Also, Buck
Lambs ef the same; and of this breed crossed with
eure Seuth Bown.
' C#aNTILLY,
Fairfax Co., Va., S.l. STWART.
CeTSWOLD SHEEP.
Nhe subscriber will sell three fine blooded Cots-
i wold Bucks and Ewes, &c., twelve or more
thalf-blooded ditto, ail yearlings. ‘They are the
offspring of the Royal Prize Buck, which took the
highest prize at tke National Agriculwural Exhibi-
tion of Englaad in 1852, for which Col. Ware, of
Virginia, paid $569. My post office, Mt. Solon,
Augusta County, Va. 5, M. McCUE.
jy '---3 mos.
ERUVIAN GUANO.—Having on hand, and engaged
to arrive, a large supply of Guano, we solicit orders.
All who buy of us may rely on getting it genwine, as we

sell none except what comes direct from the Peruvian agents.

CRENSHAW & CO.,,

june—tf North side ef the Basin, Richmond, Va.

SOUTHERN PLANTER—ADVERTISING SHEET.

A VALUABLE NORTH CAROLINA
; ESTATE FOR SALE. -
\HE subscriber offers for sale a valuable tract of
land, containing 4,400 acres, lying in the coun-
ties of Warren and Halifax, N. C., 14 miles dis-
tant from Warrenton, and 8 miles trom Littleton
Depot on the Raleigh and Gaston Railroad, having
the advantage of the Norfolk, Petersburg and Rich-
mond markets—near 2,000 acres of the upland is
in native growth of Oak, Hickory and Poplar—
There are 3 creeks running through the land, on
which are about 800 acres of low grounds of fine
quality, one halfof which is cleared and canalled,
and thoroughly drained; the other half isin origina)
forest and heavily timbered.
finely, the various staples of the region, (corn, wheat
and tobacco; and is equal to, if not the best tract
in the two counties off the Roanoke river... The
county of Warren is.celebrated for its healthfulness
and for the refinement of its society. The improve-
ments consist of a two story dwelling house with
four rooms, and all the necessary out houses. Also
25 excellent tobacco barns.
This land will be sold-very low and upon accommodating
terms. For further infermation apply to
N. AUGUST,
General Agent for sale of lands, &c.,
y—4t Southern Planter Office, Richmond Va.
RICE & NORRIS,

Dealers in Agricultural Implements, Machines, Far-
ming and Garden Tools, Seeds, &c.,
Warehouses, Nos. 46 and 48, Light street, Balt.

—upiieese: Would respectfully call
<= il ae the attention of Farmer

Wai and dealers to the “EaGLs
Hi

+

i
i Fan,” just the very thing
ythe farmer needs, The
best and cheapest Grain
and Seed separator ever
offered’ in this market.—
=e The superiority of this
Fan cunsists—lIst, in cleaning without.ascreen, by
separating the impurities, such as cheat, cockle,
smut, &c., by the blast alone, consequently, saving
the loss of the small sound kernels of wheat which
must go through a sereen. 2d, An arrangement by
which a part of the sound and pertect grains are
separated from the rest for seeding, leaving the bal-
ance is a good marketable condition, so that the
farmer need sow only such grain as contains the
germ of growth. 3d. Smaller seed, such as grass
and clover seed, are cleaned in the most perfect
manner. 4th. Fans built on this plan will clean
grain, both in the first and second cleaning, faster
and better than any others nowin use. 5th, The cheap
ness and durability of its construction. Price $20.
Discount to dealers.

We would also call attention to a very superior
portable Mill and Cider Press, which those who have
many apples would do well to purchase, price $40.
A general variety of Implements and Machines
kept constantly on hand. We wouldcall particular
attention te-our Horse Power and Turasuine Ma-
CHINES, which have given universal satisfaction, a
great variety of Plows, embracing all the kinds
made or sold in this market; also, Riche’s Iran Beam
Plow, highly recommended by Hon. W.C. Rives,
of Virginia, and others; Prouty & Mears’ plows
and castings; Harrison’s Portable Mills; Scott’s
Littke ‘Giant Corn and Cob Crusher; Revolving and
Independent teeth Horse Rakes; a general assort-
ment of garden and field seeds &c.

Agents for Herring’s Patent Fire and Burglar Proxf Safes.

Ail Grdess attended to witk promptness and despatch.

jy—tt RICE & NORRIS.

ti

TiN
yi

=

Anal
Whi 4 |
i) ain

———

This land produces.

&

fy

f

SUPERIOR SUFROLK SWINE.

he subscribers have for sale Suffolk Pigs got

by their famous imported Boars Moses

WereLter and Sypuax, and from the very best

Suffolk Sows, among which is the imported Prize

Saw of the Royal Agricultural Society, and several
others of equal quality.

This Stock is much superior in size and hardi-
dess of constitution io most Suffolks that have been
seen in this country, while at the same time they
are unsurpassed in form and tendency to fatten.

Address JOSIAH STICKNEY,
Watertown, Mass.; or

ISAAC STICKNEY,
Boston, Mass.

GOOD MEDICINES.

T is estimated that Ayer’s Cherry Pectoral and

Cathartie’ Pills have done more to promote the
public health, than any other one cause. There
can be no question that the Cherry Pectoral has, by
its thousand on thousand cures of Colds, Coughs,
Asthma, Croup, Influenza Bronchitis, &c., very
much reduced the proportion of deaths from con-
sumptive diseases in this country. The Pills are
as good as the Pectoral and will cure more com-
plaints.

Every body needs, more or lesspurging. Purge the
blood from its impurities. Purge the bowels, liver
and the whole visceral system from obstructions.
Purge out the diseases which fasten on the body
to work its decay. But for diseases we should die
only of old age. Take antidotes early and thrust
it A the system, before it is yet too strong to
yield.

Ayer’s Pills do thrust out disease, not only while
itis weak but whenit has taken a strong hold. Read
the astounding statements of those who have been
cured by them: from dreadful Scrofula, Dropsy, Ul-
cers, Skin Diseases, Rheumatism, Neuralgia,. Dys-
pepsia, Internal Pains, BiliousCompl’ts, Heartburn,
Gout, and many less dangerous but still threatening
ailments, suchas pimpleson the face, Worms, Ner-
vous Irritability, Loss of Appetite, Irregularities,
Dizziness in the Head, Colds, Fevers, Dysentery
and indeed every variety of complaints for which
a purgative remedy is required.

These are'no random statements,.but are authen-
ticated by’ your own neighbors and your own phy-
sicians.

Try them once and you will never be without
them.

Price 25 cents per box—5 boxes for $1,00.

Prepared by Dr. J.C. Ayer, Chemist, Lowell,
Ms., and sold by all respectable Druggists every
where. se

AT

(LOTHING HOUSE,
RICHMOND, VA.

HE Subscriber keeps constantly on hand a
large and Fashionable Assortment of Ready
made Clothing, of his own manufacture, of the
latest and most approved Styles, Also a large as-
sortment of Gentlemen’s furnishing Goods, such as
Hawnopx’rs, Cravats, Neck Ties, Shirts, Drawers,
Gloves, Suspenders, Collars, Umbrellas, &c. &c.
In addition to which he keeps a large and general
assortment of Piece Goods of every Style and
Quality, which he is prepared to make to measure
at the shortest notice and in the best and most
fashionable sjyle.

SOUTHERN

EK. B, SPENCE,
No, 120, Corner of Main & 13th sts.
may——ly

SOUTHERN PLANTER—ADVERTISING SHEET.

may—tf

3

ENERAL AGENCY AND COMMISSION BUSI-
NESS.—The subscriber tenders his thanks for the
many calls heretofore received, and again offers his services
on reasonable terms. Now for sale many farms in Mary-
land and Virginia, Stallions, Bulls, Bucks, Boars, of im-
proved stock; improved fowls of all kinds; Mares, Cows,
Ewes, Sows; Ewes one-half and three-fourths Cotswold;
Calves at three months old, one-half Alderney; South Down
Ewes with their lambs. For particulars address (post paid)
the subscriber.

MARTIN GOLDSBOROUGH,
38 Holliday Street, Baltimore, Maryland.
P. S—Answers to letters particularly desired. M. G.

THE CHINCHA ISLANDS.
As many ships to our address are under charter to pro-
- ceed: to these Islands to load Guano, we beg to submit
some particulars relative to the detention of ships and the
expenses of Loading.

All vessels may expect to lay: out the full number of their
lay days before loading is completed: A bonus of $10 to
$15 per day, for every day saved, is sometimes paid as a
gratification to oficials. Most ships are kept a month after
arrival, before an order is given to ballast, after which it ia
decided whether they are to load by lighter. or by “‘ Mangu-
era,” or shoot, by which the Guano is run into the hold.

The “Manguera” discharges from: 400 to: 500 tons per
day. All ships dry up very much, from being exposed toa
hot sun, and nearly all are obliged to caulk before leaving,
unless they have been very recently caulked. Vessels
should be provided with oakum and: pitch, and English
Caulkers can be obtained at $4 per day and board. Ame-
rican coin or Sovereigns are best for disbursements—the for-
mer passing at par,.and'the latter at $5 each. Captains of
vessels, short of funds, can obtain money of resident
Houses, if well accredited, at 6 per cent. premium upon
sight bills, or draw upon their charters ati 12 per cent. pre-
mium. The following were the Port Charges and disburse-
ments for a ship of 700 tons ::

CanLEo.—Stamps, $5; Sailing License, $11---+- $16 00

onage Dues, 25c per ton-+++-+s++++++ 175 00
Clearance dues, Pisco: ++-+++++se+e+ 4 00
Com’n on Charter-+++++++ eee eens + 150 00
At the Islands-++-++++-++> ee eeeee + 345 00
Manuguera Fees, mooring: --- $20 00
Pilot attending: ++-+e+s+ser+s + 24 00
Trimm’g Fees, 17¢ reg’r ton:+- 119 00
165 00
Grew to load from Callao and
back, 16 men 3 months each,.
at $20 per month--.---+-« 960 00
Com’n shipping and boat hire,
$2 each- sss eee reece ee ees 32’ 00
Market bill for beef and vegeta-
bles, 3 months: ++++++-- s+ 300 00
Water bill for the Islands----- 50 00
Crew shipped to go home, 16
at $36 yer month, 2 months
in advance, $70 each, is: +++1,120 00
Com’n ship’g and boat hire, $5
each see eet tet ete ee ees 80 00
Water to go homes +546 ences 30 00
Captain’s expenses at Calao &
Limas-ececeeeee ‘ee cee weve »« 95 00
2,597 00
Add for caulking ship-++-++++--+> oes 200 00
“ gratification to trimmers and
pilots: +++ sere eee ees se sia ate came so «80 00
é ———-
$3,335 00

There is another charge for hire of water casks (2 cents
per gallon) to carry water from, Calao to the Islands, which
the charter says is to be delivered “free of expense.’ The
water has to be bought, and if the ship has no spsre casks,
they have to be hired. There is also a chance of losing
$50 on the boats or lighters used in ballasting or loading,
vessels arriving purchasing of those leaving and when
loaded, but not always obtaing as much as they expended,

se——tf HUSSEY, BOND & HALE.

as aight

4, SOUTHERN PLANTER-—ADVERTISING SHEET:

a Bs ie

J

v RHODES?
FEVER AND AGUE CURE,

Or, Nature’s Infallible Specific.

F\OR the Prevention and Cure of INTERMITTENT

and RemirtentT Fevers, Fever and AGues,
Cuinns and Fever; Dums Accs, Genera Depit-
iry, Nichi Sweats, and all other forms of disease
which havea common origin in Malaria or Miasma.
This subtle atmospheric poison, which at certain
seasons is unavoidably inhaled at every breath, is
the same in character wherever it exisis,—North,
South, East or West,—and will every where yield
to this newly discovered antidote, which is claimed
to be the greatest discovery in nucdicine ever made, _

Thiss pecific is so harmless that it may be taken
by persons of every age, sex or condition and it will
not substitute for one disease others still worse, as
is tco often the result in the treatment by Quinine,
Mercury, Arsenic, and other poisonous or deleteri-
ous drags, not a particle of any of which is admit-
tedinto this preparation.

The proprietor distinctly claims these extraordi-
nary results from the use of this NATURAL AN-
TIDOTE.TO MALARIA.

It will entirely protect any resident or traveller
even in the most sickly or swampy localities, from
any. Ague or Bilious disease whatever, or any in-
jury from constantly inhaling Malaria or Miasma.

It will instantly check the Ague in persons who
have suffered for any length of time, from one day

to twenty years, so that they need never have another |

chill,gby continuing its use according to directions.

It will immediately relieve all the distressing re-
sults of Billious or Ague diseases, such as general
debility, night sweats, etc. The patient at once be-
gins to recover appetite and Strength, and continues
until a permanent and radical cttre is effected.

Finally, its use will banish Fever and Ague from
families and all classes. Farmers and all laboring
men, by adopting it asa preventive, will be free
from Ague or Bilious attacks in that season of the
year which, while it is the most sickly, is the most
valuable one to. them.

One or two bottles will answer for ordinary cases ;
some may require more. Directions, printed in
German, French and Spanish, accompany each
bottle. Price one Dollar. Liberal discounts made
to the trade.

JAS. A, RHODES, Proprietor,
Providence, R. I.

For sale in Richmond by. Grubbs & Apperson,
and J. B. Wood... Wheeling, Wm.J. Armstrong,
and J. B. Powell. Norfolk, L. W. Webb. Alex-
andria, Stone & Hart. Suffolk, Joseph P. Hall —
Fredericksburg, Johnson & Wallace. Lexington,
R. T. Marshall. Parkersburg, J. M. Boreman.—
Petersburg, F. H. Robertson, & Co.,and for sale by
medicine dealers generally.

YE SHAKERS READ!!!

ONE of the many testimonials received almost

daily in favor of Ruopes’ Fever aND AGuECURE, |

which has never failed ! .
Lewisburg, Union Co., Pa.,
May 2, 1855.

Me. J. A. Roopes—Dear Sir: The box of medi.
cine you sent me was duly received on the 11th of
April, and I hand you herewith receipt for the
same.

I have sold about one half of it, and so farthe peo-
ple who have used it are satisfied that it has cured
them. It has certainly stopped the Ague in every

one who has used it, and siz of the cases were of

~ jlong standing.

My sister, wno has. had it for five
or six years back, and could never get it stopped,
except by Quinine, and that only as long as she
would take it, is now,I think, entirely cured by
your remedy. La

If it thas continues to keep off the Ague, as I
think it will, you may expect from me large orders;

Tam Sir,
Yours, very truly,
Cc. R. McGINLY. -
®O AGUE SURRERERS.

Take no more Arsenic, Tonics, Mercury, Qui-
nine, Febrifuges, Strychnine, or Anti-Periodics of
jany kind. The well known inefficiency of these
noxiows poisons proves them to be the offspring
either of false medical principles or of mercenary
quacks.

The accumulative atmospheric poison Mavaria _

is the one cause for which the ONE REMEDY is thé
natural autidote which can NeuTRaLIze it. Take
this and health is secured. See advertisement of
RHODES’ FEVER AND AGUE CURE, |
READ, CONSIDER AND ACT WISELY.
IMPORTANT TO FARMERS!
What is that Ah! Massa, dis de Wells’ Seed
you have got lf Sower—de berry best ting in de
there boy, and world to sow de clober and dé
what doing?

| It is only by the use ot vaiuapie improvements that wé
can reasonably expect to keep up with the age in which
we live, and public opinion everywhere has placed M. D.
Wells’ Improved Patent Seed Sower in the first class of

agricultural implements. ‘The above drawing exhibits it
in use, and any ordinary mind must at once be impressed
with the certain conviction that it is an indispensable im-
plement of husbandry, and that every good farmer should
have it. By its use you save time, which is money and
| labor which costs money, and experience in using it proves
| you will not be driven from the field unless by very rough
weather, and the almost mathematical precision with which
| the seed is distributed, compared with hand sowing, renders
it self-evident in the opinion of the best farmers that a sav-
ing or gain of two dollars per acre is made in two crops of
grass and the succeeding crop of wheat, one year’s inte-
rest on an acre of land at $333, and sowing three acres
pays for a machine with lid at $6.

The first premium was recommended for this machine
at the late Virginia State Fair, and four of the committee
(all having use for it) engaged one each; and we think if
governed by your interest you will do likewise.

MOTT, LEWIS & WILLSON,
Sole agents for Richmond—Agricultural Implement
fe—tf Store, No. 36, Main Street.

AMUEL 8. COTTRELL, SADDLE AND HARNESS

MANUFACTURER, Wholesale and Retail, No. 118
Main Street, Richmond, Virginia, haying received the first
premium at the Fair of the Virginia Mechanics Institute,
feels confident he can please all persons in want of any ar-
ticle in his line. fely

\NE HUNDRED THOUSAND PEAR TREES.—
Or Pear and Quince roots for sale by
G. W. WILSON, Malden, Mass.
Refer to T. A. Hardy, Esq., Norfolk, Va., C. B. Cal-
vert, Riversdale, Md., and Samuel Sands, Balt.

(e, VS , ee
ATLIN +3 we ol Te
DN FS eine

ee NV

mea

ME ARN eScsE NITE ily

EUSA

pwige i ESTE ee

: Risks ———~
Wf

. INTERESTING TO FARMERS.
LEAVITT’S PORTABLE CORN. CRUSH-
ERS.

A WESTERN invention. For grinding fine meal
for family use, crushing corn and cob together
for stock, shelling corn, grinding all kinds of grain

and guano. In bringing the above mill before the
public, we rely solely upon its merits, and not upon
the hundreds of certificates and newspaper puffs
that frequently accompany inventions of very litle
or no practical value. The favorable impression
which this mill makes on the minds of all who see
it perform, induces the belief, that there is not one
intelligent practical farmer, who will fail to be
thoroughly convinced of its great utility, filness and
perfect adaptation to the wants of the planter, by
seeing it perform one hour. Grinding fine meal
for bread, three bushels per hour; crushing ears of
corn, cob and all, into meal for stock, from six
to eight bushels per hour; shelling twenty bushels
per hour, with two ordinary horses, mules or oxen ;
and draft lighter than common plowing. These
are things that it can and will do.

The above mill isno Yankee humbug; it is the
invention of Charles Leavitt, of Quincy, Illinois ;
who obtained a patent therefor in July, 1852. It
differs from those of ordinary construction, in hav-
ing the relative position of grinding surface reversed:
that is, the external hollow cone or concave grinder,
is made to revolve on the inner or convex cone,
which is itself stationary, and so formed with an
internal cavity, that it may be readily and securely

SOUTHERN PLANTER—ADVERTISING SHEET. 5

fixed on a post, and thus all exterior framing, as
well as shafts or spindles, &c., &c., are entirely
dispensed with; and the lever to which the horses
are connected for giving motion to the mill, is at-
tached directly to the concave. The regulating
screw and lever, are also simple and effectual, and
are worked from above, without interfering with
the operation of the mill. This form of mill is
so simple in its construction, and so few in its
parts, that it can be furnished at a very low price,
when the value of the services it performs is consid-
ered; and for the same reason it is durable and not
likely to get out of order.

This mill is furnished with all necessary direc-
tions for putting up and grinding, for forty five dol-

lars. The mill is now manufactured and for sale

by R. McLAGAN & CO., at Samson & Pae’s
Foundry, Richmond, Va.

3-> Persons wishing to purchase county rights,
in any part of the State unsold, or persons owning
foundries, wishing to manufacture, can be {fur-
nished wiih patterns by applying to R. MCLAGAN
& CO., of Richmond, Va. These mills have been
in use two years, and have given general satisfac-
tion. Over 700 are how in use in this State alone,
and all who use them gladly unite ia recommend-
ing them to their brother farmers. The best of
references given. But come and see the mill at
157 Main Street.

a‘rp RIGHTS for the sale of the above mill, in
the State of North Carolina, can also be purchased
on application to R. McLAGAN.

se ly

Ss. SUTHERLAND,
No. 132 Main Street, between 12th and 13th Streets,
(Opposite Eagle Square,) |

MPORTER of Guns, Rifles, Pistols, fancy Hard-

ware, Fowling Tackle, fine Cutlery, Walking
Canes, Fishing Lines, &c. S. SUTHERLAND
in calling the attention of his friends to his removal
to the above address, avails himself of the opportu-
nity thus offered, to thank them for past favors and
invites them to his new store, 132 Main street,
where he will always have on hand a large and
well assorted stock of all kinds of goods in his
line, which he will be able to supply on the most
favorable terms; and begs to assure those who may
intrust him with their orders, that the greatest
attention shall be paid to them.

Richmond, Va. S. SUTHERLAND.

se—3m

M‘CONNELL & BURTON,
DENTISTS,

Main Street, between 9th and 10th Streets, Richmond, Va.

JOHN M‘CONNELL. W. LEIGH BURTON.
ap—tf -

by oa ——— a= Dae —
SOS SSS Se
——— a

WM. A. BUTTERS,
BOOKSELLER AND STATIONER,
au No. 157 Martn Srreer, Ricumonp, Va.

,

6 SOUTHERN PLANTER—ADVERTISING SHEET.

REAT REDUCTION IN PRICES OF HATS
AND BOOTS.—J. H. ANTHONY’S FasuHiona-
BKE Hat Srore, Columbian Hotel Corner. The
cheapest place in the city of Richmond to buy hats
and boots is at the above store, where every article
sold may be relied on as represented. By this
means he has gained a good run of custom, and
his customers are satisfied. Below is a list of his
prices, which will be strictly adhered to:

Best quality moleskin.......... Be. #3 50

Second quality moleskin.............. 3 00

Best: qualityesilk. oie jet) wks eh Oe 2 50

Secorid' quality silk). .0. ee es. 2 2,00

Fine Calfskin Sewed Boots only three dollars and
fifty cents.

Also, Caps, Shoes and Umbrellas.

J. H. Anthony has nrade an arrangement with
one of the best makers in the city of Philadelphia
to supply him with a handsome and substantial
calfskin sewed Boot, which he will sell at the un-
precedented low price of three dollars and fifty
cents. The attention of gentlemen is respectfully
solicited, as they are the best and cheapest boots
that have ever been offered for sale in this city.
He intends to keep but the one kind, and sell them
at one price. mar Oo4—tf

PANISH MERINO SHEEP.—Convinced of the
advantages of fine-wool growing over any other
branch of husbandry in Virginia, I keep a flock
commonly of about 1000 Merino sheep. After
much care-and judicious selection I have succeeded
in raising my flock to an wniform and high standard
of excellence. My sheep, for thrift, form, purity
of blood and fineness and weight of fleece, will
compare favorably with any flock in the United
States. JI have an agent, an experienced wool-
grower in New York, an excellent judge of fine
wool and sheep, and acquainted with all the best
flocks in the country, who every year buys for me
a lot of the best bucks and ewes to be found in the
North. This annual addition enables me to pre-
serve the purity and excellence of my flock without
practising the fatal error of ‘‘ breeding-in-and-in.”’
The large increase from my ewes give me annually
a surplus of over 1000 for sale. Persons wishing
to get the best stock of this-description are invited
to examine my flock. They can be supplied here
as cheaply as stock of the same character can: be
brought from the North, and with a certainty of
getting them in thrifty condition and free from all
disease.. S: 8. BRADFORD.
Afton, Culpeper County, Va.—fetf

SINTON & SONS’ NURSERY,
Near Richmond,. Va.

S. the season for planting has arrived, the sub-
_ seribers would respectfully call the attention
of their friends and the public generally, to their
large: and extensive collection of Fruir Tress,
embracing, perhaps, a'selection that has not been
surpassed, for the climate of Virginia, and nearly
all propagated from fruit-Bearing trees in their own
orchard. ;
Catalogues, with directions for planting, may be
had at William Palmer’s Seed and Plough Store;
at Peyton Johnston & Brother’s Apothecary Store ;
at C. J. Sinton & Co’s. Hardware Store, and at Lo-
gan Waller’s Commission House, where any orders
left will be punctually attended to, and letters ad-
dressed to the subscribers, Richmond, will receive
prompt attention.
nov—tf

JOSEPH SINTON & SONS.

ARM, STOCK, CROPS, NEGROES, &c., FOR
SALE.—The subscribers are authorized to sell
a valuable farm in the county of Buckingham, 64
miles from the Court House, containing upwards
of 800:acres, having on it every necessary improve-
ment, consisting of a handsome two story dwelling
just completed, barn with threshing machine, sta-
bles, cornerib, carriage and ice houses, blacksmith’s
shop, &c., with a kitchen and: meat house about to
be erected. It has also a fine garden and orchard
of choice fruit, embracing almost every variety
grown in Virginia. It will be:sold with the grow-
ing crops, (175: bushels of wheat and 100 bushels
of oats have been seeded) stock, tools and imple-
ments of every description,.and 16 first rate farm
and house servants, one of whom is a good black-
smith.
This farm is sitwated in a region proverbial for
health and agreeable society, 15° farms and dwell-
ings being in view from the dwelling. ;

The owner desiring to remove to the South, and:

being unwilling to break up the relations existing
among his negroes, will dispose of the whole at a:
a great bargain.

For terms, &c. apply to

MARTIN GOLDSBOROUGEH, Baltimore,
RUFFIN & AUGUST, Richmond; Va.
jun—tf

CG GENNET, Watchmaker and Jeweler, 149' west
e Main street, Bagle Square, Richmond. Watches
and Clocks repaired and warrente di

FOR SALE.

Tee tracts of land in the county of Fluvanna.
The first, four and a half miles from Palmyra,
the county seat, on the south fork of Cunningham
creek, adjoining the lands of John Sclater, James
Massie and others, contains about 300 acres, in
good heart, of fine natural quality, lying well, with
twenty five acres of bottom, nearly half of it the
bed of an old mill pond; well watered,. convenient
to grist and saw mills, churches and schoo]. About
one half cleared and the other well wooded. Im-
provements: A comfortable dwelling, with six
rooms, ail the usual outhouses and two-good tobacco
houses.

The second, nearly adjoining, contains 300 acres
all in original growth, at least half of it prime land
for manufacturing tobacco, with: a plenty of plant
land, well watered with springs-and branches run-
ning through it. ALFRED WREN,

se—3t Cartersville, Cumberland

IGS OF IMPROVED BREED FOR SALE.—-

I have for sale, to be delivered at weaning time,

a good many pigs of improved breed. I have pro-
duced it myself from crosses of the Surry (or Suf-
folk) genuine Berkshire, (Dr. John R. Woods’ stock)
Irish Grazier, Chester County, No Bone and Duch-
ess. I think them superior hogs of medium size,
and for fourteen years they have: not had a bad
crossamong them: I prefer thatpurchasers should
view my brood sows and my boar on my farm, three
miles below Richmond. I will not sell them in
pairs, because the in-and-in breeding would depre-
ciate the stock at once and cause dissatisfaction,
but I will sell in one lot several of the same sex.
Price $5 per head for one, and an agreed price for
a larger number. They will be delivered on the
Basin, or at any of the Rail Road Depots free of

charge.
FRANK: G. RUFFIN.
Summer Hill, Chesterfield, Jam. 4, 1855.

sep 24 ly

SOUTHERN PLAN TER—ADVERTISING SHEET, .

RIDGEWAY SCHCOL.

HE next session of my School will begin on
‘the first. Monday in September and end on the

last Friday of June, 1856. There will be a vaca-
tion of two weeks at Christmas. I-eharge $220
for a whole session, or $25 a month for any period
less than a whole session. I furnish my pupils
board, lodging, light, fuel, washing, and all else ne-
cessary to comfort, and make ro extra charges for
anything. I have three assistant teachers and am
_ prepared to give instruction in every branch of
education proper to fit boys to enter the University

Virginia. For further particulars apply to me
Charlottesville, Va.
au—t f FRANKLIN MINOR.

DOMEsTIC ANIMALS AT PRIVATE.
: SALE.
i. G. MORRIS’ Illustrated Catalogue, with
Ade prices attached of Short Horned and Devon
Bulls and Bull Calves, a few Horses, Southdown
Rams, Berkshire, Suffolk and Essex Swine, will be
forwarded by mail, if desired, by addressing L. G.
MORRIS, Fordham, Westchester County, N. Y.,
or N. J. Becar, 187 Broadway, N. Y. It also con-
lains portrait, pedigree and performance on ihe
turf of the celebrated horse ‘‘ Monarch,” standing
this season at the Herdsdale Farm. je—tf
SCOTT’S LITTLE GIANT CORN AND
COB MILL.
Patented May \6th’54, Copyright secured March 1st.’55.
OBBINS & BIBB, Proprietors of the Balti-

more Stove House, having bought the right of

Lyman Scott to Manufacture and sell the justly
celebrated Corn and Cob Mill, known as the
Little Giant, for the States of Maryland, Virginia,
North Carolina and the District of Columbia, and
having made very extensive arrangemenis for the
manufactury of the same, are now prepared to exe-
cute promptly and in a thorough workmanlike
manner all orders, either wholesale or retail, as also

The attention of Plan-
==S=— ters, Farmers and Stock
feeders in general, is
SF ~respectfully called to
y-\= this mill as the most
“LY important article of the
IS Mimo w= kind now in use; not
only well adapted for grinding Cob Meal for Stock,
but Grits for the table, and especially Bread Meal
{from corn not fully ripe or dry in the fall.

In setting this mill, no mechanic or frame work
is wanted, only rebuiring to be fastened to a floor
or platform. Easily adjusted and used by any
body, even a child.

The Little Giant has received the first premiums
at the late Agricultural Fairs of Missouri, Ken-
tucky, Maryland and other States; and that in the
most complimentary manner; as well as the most
ready commendations from the thousands witness-
ing its performance.

These mills are guaranteed in the most positive
manner; and No. 2 warranted to grind 10 bushels
‘of feed per ‘hour with one horse, and offered at the
low price of $44, all complete, ready for attaching
the team; No. 3 at $55, grinds 15 bushels per hour;
‘No. 4 at $66, grinds 20 bushels per hour with 2
horses. For town and country rights in either
of the above named States address

ROBBINS & BIBB,

ap6m 39 Light st., Baltimore, Md.

BOOK AND JOB PRINTING,

Neatly executed at the Offiec of the “Southern Planter.”

: = = yeaa Fre

CRENSHAW & CO.,

COMMISSION MERCHANTS & GROCERS,

North Side of the Basin,

Richmond, Virginia.

pane always on hand a large assortment of

Groceries.
A No.1 Peruvian Guano, direct from the Agents.
A A and White Mexican do do do
Clover, Timothy, Orchard, Herds & Randall

Grass Seed,.all of which they will sell on the best

terms. We give our personal attention to the sale

of all descriptions of produce and make liberal
advances when desired.

my
TS THE WOOL GROWERS OF
VIRGINIA.
S the new crop will soon be ready for market,
we beg leaveto.call your attention to the advan-
tages of our depot system for the grading and sale
of wool. Notwithstanding the.disadvantages under
which we have had to labour during the past season
on account of the dull state of the trade, we have
made sales of all that we have received, at prices
not only very satisfactory but exceeding any others
that we have head of, for wool grown in this State.
We therefore confidently refer all interested to
those from whom we have had ‘consignments the
past year. CRENSHAW &CO.,
my North side of the Basin, Richmond, Va.

FHE ALBEMARLE INSURANCE
COMPANY.

The Great Central Company of the Slate.

CHARTERED CAPITAL $400,000.
PRESIDENT.
Wm. T. Early.
DUR ESTO R's.

Wm.T. Early, Dr. Socrates Maupin, Thos. L.
Farish, Samuel O. Moon, B. H. Magrauder, Dr. M.
L. Anderson, John H. Timberlake, B. C. F. Canne-
gan, Thos. Wood.

SECRETARY.
John Wood, Jr.
Principal Office, Charlottesville, Va.
HIS company will take Fire, Marine, and Life
Risks in town or country, on as good terms as
other responsible Companies in the State.

With a cash fund constantly increasing, of
$120,000 to meet losses. and being a home institution,
under the direction of practical business men, it
commends itself to the patronage of the Virginia
public, as a relrabie medium of Insurance, in all its
various branches.

Farm property and the lives of slaaes, insured
on reasonable terms.

Losses will beadjusted and paid by this company
in the fairest manner, without useless difficulties
being thrown in the way.

Refer in Richmond, Va., to Kent, Paine & Kent,
Hugh W. Fry, Lewis Webb & Son, Col. E. Fon-
taine, J. Browa, jr., Frank G. Ruffin, Stokes & Co.

In Alexandria, Fowle & Co., Lewis McKenzie,
Wheat & Bros., Corse, Snowden & Corse, G. Ky
Whitmer & Bro, Ashby & Herbert.

In Staunton, Va., Thos. J. Michie, Boliva
Christian, H. W. Sheffey, Pike Powers.
my

HELL LIME.—I have for sale, and will keep

constantly on hand, at my lime kilns near Capt.
Goddin’s tavern, on Bacon Quarter Branch, a large
supply of the best quality of Shell Lime. Farmers
and others in want of this article, can get their
orders filled by applying at my kilns or addressing
me through the city post office,

ap ly JOHN MOSS,

RIVER, SIX MILES BELOW RICHMOND, FOR

8 SOUTHERN PLANTER—ADVERTISING SHEET.

HE FARM, CALLED LILLY VALLEY, ON
THE OSBORNE TURNPIKE, AND ON JAMES

SALE.---The subscribers are authorised to sell the above
valuable farm, now owned and occupied by Mr. B, O.
Aikin. It contains 335 acres, of which 210 acres lie on the
west side, and 125 acres on the east side of the Osborne’s
Turnpike, 6 miles below Richmond. The improvements
on the place are new, and though small, are sufficient for
the accommodation of a mederate sized family. The
place is very healthy. Besides a well in the yard, there
is an excellent spring near thereto. The land is of excel-
lent quality. ‘The portion to be put in wheat will be pre-
pared so as to be ready for fall seeding. Those disposed
to purchase are requested to view the premises.
Terms accommodating. Apply to Mr. Aikin, or to
GODDIN & APPERSON,

Auctioneers,

oct—-tf

RICE & NORRIS,

ANUFACTURERS AND DEALERS’ IN
AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS, Ma&-
CHINES, SEEDS, &c.---Keep constantly on hand a
general assortment of all articles in their line.” Agents for
Herrin@’s CHAMPION FiRE AND BurGlar PRooF
SAFES. Agricultural and Seed Store,
oct—tf 46 and 48 Light st. Baltimore, Md.

AMERICAN HOTEL,

AIN STREET, opposite Capitol Square,

Richmond, Va, J. Mildeberger Smith, Proprie-
tor. This Hotelis the best located in Richmond,
being on Vain street, near the Banks, opposite
Capitol Square, and commanding a fine view of the
city. Thanktul for past favors, the Proprietor
respectfully asks a continuance of public patronage
—assuring his friends that no exertion shall be
spared to conduce to their comfort while at the
American, and to make it all that a first class hotel
should be. oct 3m

GILMOR HOUSE.
NALVERT st., opposite the Battle Monument,
Monument Square, Baltimore, J. Mildebergeg
Smith, Proprietor, W. S. Warner, late of St. Nich-
olas Hotel, N. Y., Superintendent. oct 3m

IMPORTED MONARCH.

T9Y Priam, out of Delphine by Whisker, will
stand the present season at L. G. MORRIS’S
Herdsdale Farm, 13 miles from Scarsdale Depot,
and 24 miles from New York by Harlem Railroad.
Terms, $20 the season for mares not thoroughbred,
and $50 for thoroughbred. Pasturage $3 per mouth.
Accidents and escapes at the risk of the owner.

All business connected with the horse to be
addressed to ‘‘ Monarch’s Groom, Scarsdale P. O.,
Westchester County, N. Y.”

A portrait, taken from life, with performance or
the turf, full pedigree, &c., &c., will be forwarded
by mail, by addressing L,G. MORRIS, Fordham,
Westchester Co., N. Y. je—tf

SCHOOL FOR BOYS.
HE second session of my school will begin the
Sd first October next and terminate the first of
August following. I desire to get as boarders in
my family, two boys, about twelve years old.
The school is asmall. one, intended for the educa-
tion of my own children, and the course of instruc-
tion such as will fit them for the University of
Virginia. ,
Terms—Two hundred -dollars for the whole
session; payable. one haff the first October, the
other half the first of March.
FRANG.K: RUFFIN, .
Summer Hill, Chesterfield, _
au 4 miles below Richmond,

| the same as manufacturedsout of the S

= le

JAMES RIVER CEMENT AND LIME

WORKS, oll ae

IME.—I am now engaged manufacturing Lime

principally for Agricultural purposes, of which

the following is an analysis, by Professor Gilliam, of
the Virginia Military Institute, at Lexington:

Carbonate of Lime, - +H ie 88.595
Carbonate of Magnesia, - - = 5,361
Silicia, — - - - - - - 1,000 |
Alumina and Oxideof Iron -. - yi ae
Original Matter, Waterand Loss. - 4.369
_ 100,000.

“The Magnesia and other foréigh matters are
too small to interfere much with the quality of the
Lime; it will make a good Lime, and more free
from Magnesia than much of the Northern Lime.”
Wiliam Gilham.

My principal object being an experiment .with
the view to larger operations in this business, have
concluded (for the present) to putthe price at
cents per bushel for the Slacked Lime, at the Kilns;
or with the addition of freight and toll, to any point
on the James River and Kanawha Canal. ’

CEMENT.

Always on hand the celebrated James River Ce-
ment, fresh ground, inferior to none manufactured in
this country. Orders supplied at shortest notice to
any point in the Union. For reference as to quality,
refer to nearly every work of importance in Vir-
ginia and North Carolina. Address,

CHARLES H. LOCHER,
3 Balcony, Falls, Va,

Acents—Messrs. Davenport, Allen & Co., Rich-
mond. oct--3 mos

WANTED, »
MANAGER for the Marlbourne farm, Hano-
ver, for the ensuing year. A person properly
recommended for good ability, intelligence, compe- —
tent education, good morals and ‘habits, and high
character and respectability, is desired, and no
other need apply. To such a one,-deemed alto-
gether suitable, a liberal salary and good position
will be offered. An unmarried man, or, if married
one without children, will be much preferred, ¥
In the case of being unable to engage an expe-
rienced and well qualified farmer and manager,
then a young gentleman of good connections, even if
with but small experience in farming, though other-
wise well fitted to act under advice and general
direction, would be employed, to live as a member
of the employer’s family. Any of the personal and
intimate friends of the proprietor of the farm, who
may know of a person suitable for the duties, wiil
confera favor by giving such information by_ pri-
vate letter. Address either Edmund Ruffin, or
JULIAN C, RUFFIN,
se tf Old Church P O., Hanover.
GENCY FOR THE PURCHASE AND SALE OF
IMPROVED STOCK.—Stock Cattle of all the differ-
ent breeds, Sheep, Swine, Foultry, &c. will be purchased
to order, and carefully shipped to any part of, the United
States, for which a reasonable commission will be charged.
Apply to AARON CLEMENT, Philadelphia.
Refer to Gen. Wm. H. Richardson, Richmond, Virginia.
N. B.—All letters, (post-paid,) will be prompily attended

: wt as
ap 53—tf nf at"
PMEROY ED SUPER PHOSPHATE OF LIME.—The

subscriber is manufacturing the above at his Bone Mill,
a short distance from the city, of the best.amd purest kind.
Farmers are requested to examine his before purchasing
elsewhere; the quality will speak for itself,and his price is

R. DUVAL..

to.

may -tf