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SPECIAL ANATOMY

OF THE
GASTEROPODA OF THE UNITED STATES.

Br JOSEPH LEIDY, M. D.

OF PHILADELPHIA.

SPECIAL ANATOMY

OF THE TERRESTRIAL

GASTEROPODA OF THE UNITED STATES.

INTRODUCTION.

WHEN the researches were commenced in the winter
of 1844, of which the following chapters are the result, it
was the proposition of Dr. Binney for the author to give
a complete anatomical and physiological description of
the terrestrial Gasteropoda of the United States, includ-
ing the special and general anatomy, with the embryo-
logy of the several genera. Before the special anatomy
was fairly completed, the death of Dr. Binney put a stop
to the work; and, a different course of observation hav-
ing occupied the author’s attention, the subject is now
published, after a long delay, in its present incomplete
state, from notes taken at the time.

The animals dissected are as follow : —

Limax; L. variegata, L. agrestis, L. campestris.

ARIoN; A. hortensis.

TEBENNOPHORUS; TZ’. carolinensis.

Vaainutus; V. floridanus.

4 SPECIAL ANATOMY OF THE TERRESTRIAL

Heuix ; H. albolabris, H. thyroidus, H. sayi, H. tri-
dentata, H. fallax, H. palliata, H. ligera, H. intertezta,
Hi. suppressa, H. auriculata, H. elevata, H. profunda,
H. concava, H. fuliginosa, H. perspectiva, H. alternata,
HI. cellaria, H. exoleta, H. multilineata, H. hirsuta, H.
solitaria, H. dentifera, H. arborea, H. pulchella, H.
berlanderiana, H. gularis, H. inflecta, H. texasiana.

Bouimus ; B. fasciatus, B. decollatus, B. virgulatus,
B. dealbatus, B. caribbceorum.

Pura; P. incana.

Succinea; S. obliqua.

GLANDINA; G. truncata.

CHAPTER I. — GENERAL REMARKS UPON THE EXTERIOR FORM
AND STRUCTURE OF THE TERRESTRIAL NAKED GASTERO-

PODA.

Upon examining a Limax or an Arion, we find it com-
posed of a thick, vermiform body, with a broad, ribbon-
like, pedal disc, running the whole length of its inferior
surface. The anterior, obtuse extremity forms the head ;
and from it protrude four retractile tentacule, upon the
outer side of the tip of the two superior, or longer of
which, is placed the eye. The mouth is situated at the
antero-inferior part of the head; and immediately below
it is a deep depression, or blind sac. The posterior part
of the body forms the tail, and is acute. Upon the
antero-superior part of the body is placed the mantle,
which covers the pulmonary chamber, and contains within

GASTEROPODA OF THE UNITED STATES. 5

it a rudimentary, laminar, calcareous testa. The ante-
rior part of the mantle is free and movable, and the head,
indirectly through the retractor muscle of the buccal
body, is capable of being retracted beneath it. On the
right edge of the mantle the pulmonary orifice exists ;
and at the posterior side of the latter the anal aperture
is placed. Upon the right side of the head, a short dis-
tance posterior to the superior tentacula of that side, the
genital orifice is situated. The body has two distinct
cavities ; the pulmonary chamber, containing a vascular
net-work upon its surface, the heart, the renal organ, and
the rectum ; and the visceral cavity, separated from the
former by a muscular partition, containing the digestive
and generative apparatus and the nervous centres.

In Tebennophorus the mantle covers the whole upper
surface of the body, and encloses no testaceous rudiment.
Its anterior edge is unattached, and the head is retractile
beneath it. The pulmonary chamber is placed beneath
the anterior part of it; and the muscular membrane
bounding the visceral cavity in a great part of its extent,
is but loosely attached to the outer integument.

In Vaginula, the body appears broad from the mantle,
which encloses the whole body except the comparatively
narrow pedal disc, forming a lateral, angular projection
as it is inflected inferiorly to the margin of the pedal
disc. In transverse section it is semi-elliptical, as repre-
sented in figure 4. The mantle contains no testaceous
rudiment. The head can be but slightly protruded. The
respiratory orifice is situated on the right side of the tail,

6 SPECIAL ANATOMY OF THE TERRESTRIAL

between it and the extremity of the pedal disc. The
anal aperture opens at the posterior margin of the latter
orifice. The generative apparatus has two distinct ex-
ternal apertures, distant from each other. The male
genital orifice is placed just beneath the mouth, between
it and the blind sac, inclining to the right. The female
orifice is situated upon the inferior part of the left side
of the mantle, midway between the head and tail.

As usual, the body has two cavities, of which the pul-
monary occupies a position at the right posterior part,
beneath the mantle, and extending backwards on the
right to the tail.

CHAPTER II. — GENERAL REMARKS ON THE TERRESTRIAL
TESTACEOUS GASTEROPODA.

A testaceous gasteropod resembles a slug with the
greater portion of the viscera squeezed out upon the
back, and arranged in a turbinate manner. ‘The turbin-
ate mass is always an exact mould of the testaceous cover-
ing of the animal; its length in the spiral direction holds
no proportion with that of the foot, or that part of the
body which the animal protrudes from the shell, and dif-
fers very much, not only in different genera, but also in
different species of the same genus. With an increase
in length a proportionate decrease in breadth is observa-
ble, and vice versa. In Pupa it reaches its maximum
length and narrowness; in Succinea it has the mini-

mum length, and the greatest proportionate breadth.

GASTEROPODA OF THE UNITED STATES i

When the foot ig protruded from the shell, every part
of the exterior surface of the turbinated mass is still in
contact with the interior surface of the latter, and is re-
tained so by means of the comparatively capacious pul-
monary chamber. When the foot is retracted, it is at
the expense of the latter cavity ; so that the pulmonary
chamber of the testaceous genera is as much larger than
that of the naked genera as the size of the foot super-
added, whilst the extent of the pulmonary net-work of
blood-vessels remains the same.

The testacea have a muscle which is peculiar, namely,
the retractor-muscle of the foot, which has its origin, m
common with the retractors of the tentaculz and buccal
body, from the columella of the shell. Narrow at its
commencement, it increases in breadth, splits into several
bands, and diverges as it descends to get its insertion
into the whole of the inner margin of the excavation of
the foot, excepting anteriorly, where its place is occupied
by the retractor of the buccal body.

The head occupies the anterior portion of the foot, and
in Helix, Bulimus, Pupa, and Suceinea offers nothing
peculiar from that of Limax. In Glandina a third pair
of tentacular appendages exists. These are non-retractile,
auriculate in form, and originate just postero-inferiorly to
the base of the inferior, retractile tentaculz, and project
horizontally backward.

The body of the testacea, like that of slugs, has two
great cavities. The visceral cavity includes the greater
part of the turbinated mass, and the excavation of the

8 SPECIAL ANATOMY OF THE TERRESTRIAL

foot. The pulmonary chamber occupies a position on
the outer side of the lower one to three whorls of the tur-
binated mass. The collar apparently takes the place of
the mantle in slugs. In all the genera it is attached
around the base of the turbinated mass, and is perfora-
ted on the right side by the pulmonary orifice. On the
outer border of the latter the anal aperture is placed.

As in slugs, the genital orifice is situated on the right

side of the head, just posterior to the tentacule.

CHAPTER III. — ON THE TEGUMENTARY COVERING OF THE
TERRESTRIAL GASTEROPODA.

Besides a testa capable of enclosing the whole body,
which most of the terrestrial Gasteropoda possess, they
have a thick envelop, composed of mucous and muscular
membrane. ‘The exterior, highly irritable and contractile
investment consists of an actively secreting mucous mem-
brane, (Figs. A, B, C, 1) with a substratum of interlaced
muscular fibres (2). In the naked genera it is pretty

3

6

Figure A.

Fic. A is a diagram representing the disposition of the coverings of
the body in Limaz and Arion. 1. mucous lamina; 2. muscular substratum ;
3. muscular peritoneum; 4, visceral cavity ; 5. rudimentary testa; 6. pul-
monary chamber.

GASTEROPODA OF THE UNITED STATES. 9

uniformly developed throughout, but is thickest upon the
pedal disc, the tail, and the upper surface of the mantle,
and thinnest upon the head, tentaculz, and reflected
border of the mantle.

Figure B.

In the testaceous genera, upon the part of the body
corresponding to the interior of the shell, it appears as if
the mucous layer had been pushed downwards to form
the collar (fig. C, 1*) ; but it may be still traced over the
surface of the turbinated portion, as a delicate, tessel-
lated epithelium.

Figure C.

The mucous glands are very numerous in the mucous

Fic. B, disposition of the tegumenta in Tedennophorus. 1. mucous
lamina; 2. muscular lamina; 3. peritoneum ; 4. visceral cavity ; 5. pulmo-
nary chamber ; 6. interval between the two muscular layers.

Fic. C, disposition of the tegumenta in Heliz, Bulimus, &c. The refer-
ences are the same as in figs. A and B, except 1*, which is the collar.

Z

10 SPECIAL ANATOMY OF THE TERRESTRIAL

layer; its epithelial cells are flattened, from three to six
sided, granular, and with large, round nuclei.

The muscular substratum (figs. A, B, C, 2) of the
mucous lamina is composed of unstriped fibres, arranged
transversely, obliquely, and longitudinally. It is inflect-
ed outwards beneath the mantle, in Zimax and Arion
to form the outer parietes of the pulmonary chamber.
Between this portion and the mucous layer is placed the
rudimentary testa (fig. A,6). In Tebennophorus, it is
inflected inwards (fig. B, 5) beneath the anterior portion
of the mantle, to form the parietes of the pulmonary
cavity. Its transverse fibres predominate within the
tentaculz, its longitudinal fibres, in the exterior pul-
monary parietes of the testaceous genera, and especially
accumulate on the outside of and parallel to the rectum,
So as to serve as an efficient agent in the retraction of
the collar, and an aid in the expulsion of matters from
the rectum.

Interior to the musculo-mucous investment of the body
is a second covering, (figs. A, B, C, 3) which may be
considered as a sort of peritoneum. It is a muscular
membrane, and encloses the digestive and generative
apparatus. It is usually pretty closely attached to the
outer tegument, except in Tebennophorus carolinensis,
in which the two are separated in all parts of the body,
except above the pedal disc, where they are firmly
blended together, as in all Gasteropoda. It forms the
partition or diaphragm between the visceral and pulmo-
nary cavities. This membrane is composed of transverse

GASTEROPODA OF THE UNITED STATES. 11

and longitudinal, unstriped, nuclear fibres, and is the ori-

gin of the especial retractor muscles of different organs.

CHAPTER IV.— OF THE DIGESTIVE APPARATUS.

Limax. The orifice of the mouth is bounded by a
pair of contractile lips, is situated at the anterior part of
the head, and opens into the cavity of the buccal body.
When the latter is retracted by its peculiar muscle, the
oral orifice becomes lengthened into a canal by the in-
version of a portion of the external integument.

The buccal body is an irregularly oval-shaped, muscu-
lar organ, resembling in appearance a gizzard, and con-
tains within it the masticatory apparatus. Just within
the upper lip, attached to the entrance of the buccal
body, is the dental plate, a crescentic, corneous lamina,
used for cutting the food. Its anterior face is convex, —
and presents several vertical ridges. Into its upper
convex edge, a band of muscular fibres is inserted, by the
contraction of which the inferior, concave, cutting edge
is advanced beyond the line of the upper. The middle
of the cutting edge is extended into a short, conical
toothlet. This plate is brought into view when the ant-
mal is eating, by the advancement of the buccal body.
The floor of the cavity is occupied with a gouge-shaped,
muscular tongue, the tip and upper surface of which are
free, and are covered by a corneous lamina studded with
a great number of conical dentures, with the points pro-
jecting backwards, arranged in transverse rows. These

12 SPECIAL ANATOMY OF THE TERRESTRIAL

teeth preserve the same form in the lines from before
backwards; the central line always differs from the
others, and the teeth also vary gradually in form and
size as they pass off from the central line laterally. They
also vary slightly in form in different species. This
lamina protrudes from the buccal body posteriorly, into
a short, rounded, protuberant, blind sac, within which it
appears to undergo a constant growth, as it is worn away
by attrition anteriorly ; for its use appears not only to
facilitate the passage of the food onwards to thé cesoph-
agus, but also to act as a sort of rasp for triturating it, by
means of the powerful muscles composing the buccal body.
Into the posterior, inferior part of the buccal body, below
the blind sac of the lingual lamina, is inserted, in a trans-
verse, curved line, its retractor muscle. This muscle has
its origin, in common with the retractors of the tentacles,
from the muscular investment of the visceral cavity, pos-
terior to the pulmonary cavity, and to the night of the
rectum.

The cesophagus proceeds from the upper, posterior part
of the buccal body backward to the stomach. It is short,
and dilates gradually into the latter.

The stomach is a capacious, membranous receptacle,
when extended being two-thirds the length of the animal.
In L. variegata and L. agrestis, anteriorly it is dilated,
and elongated-oval in form, posteriorly it is intestiniform.
In L. campestris, it is nearly uniformly cylindrical
throughout. Where the stomach terminates in the small
intestine, it makes a turn forward with the latter, pro-

GASTEROPODA OF THE UNITED STATES. 13

ducing, in DL. variegata and L. campestris, a sort of cul-
de-sac posteriorly. Into the angle formed by the stomach
and intestine, on each side, opens a biliary duct, which,
in L. agrestis, however, are more removed toward the
small intestines.

The intestine forms a single convolution among the
lobes of the liver, and then passes obliquely forward from
the left to the right side, to jom the rectum. It is capa-
cious, and pretty uniformly cylindrical throughout.

About the middle of the oblique portion going to jom
the rectum, in L. agrestis, opens a short, cylindrical cul-
de-sac. In L. variegata the intestine, upon reaching
the retractor muscles of the buccal body and tentacles,
winds around their origin, turns backward a short dis-
tance, and then again forward to the rectum, producing
in this way a sigmoid flexure. From the termination of
the latter in the straight portion, there proceeds back-
ward as far as the termination of the visceral mass, a
long, cylindrical cul-de-sac.

The rectum is short and straight, and penetrates into
the pulmonary cavity, upon the right side of which it
proceeds to the pulmonary orifice, at which it terminates
by the anal aperture.

The salivary glands are two in number, flat, oval or
irregular in outline, of a grayish pink hue, and are situ-
ated upon the anterior parietes of the stomach. They
are composed of several lobuli, which are conglomerated.
From each gland proceeds a duct, along the oesophagus
to the buccal body, into which they open on each side of

14 SPECIAL ANATOMY OF THE TERRESTRIAL

the entrance of the cesophagus. In ZL. campestris, the
two glands are conjoined, so as to form a collar around
the commencement of the stomach.

The liver, by far the largest viscus in the body,
occupies a position at the posterior part of the latter.
It is of a brownish color, and consists of two principal
lobes, an anterior and a posterior, which are further
divided, the anterior into three or four, and the poste-
rior into two lobes. Each lobe is composed of a number
of lobuli held together by bloodvessels. From the con-
vergence of branches, an hepatic duct is formed for each
principal lobe, which opens in the side of the angle formed
at the termination of the stomach in the intestine. The
posterior cul-de-sac of the stomach usually contains some
bile, which is a thin, glairy, drab-colored fluid.

ARIon. The digestive apparatus offers but little
peculiarity from that of Limax. The retractor muscle
of the buccal body is not so strong, and is divided into
two lateral bands. The cesophagus is narrower and
longer. In the form of the stomach and absence of a
cul-de-sac to the small intestine, it resembles Limax
campestris. The rectum, in its course to the pulmonary
orifice, perforates the renal organ.

TEBENNOPHORUS. The buccal body has a conspicu-
ous curve downwards, and the buccal pouch of the
lingual lamina is longer than in Limax or Arion, and
curves upwards from the postero-inferior part of the

GASTEROPODA OF THE UNITED STATES. 15

buccal body. The retractor muscle of the latter is split
into two bands as in Arion, but one stronger. There are
also two small retractor muscles to the lower lip. The
cesophagus is comparatively long. The stomach is cylin-
drical and sacculated, and, posteriorly with the small
intestine, forms a wide cul-de-sac. The small intestine
is like that of Z. campestris and Arion. The salivary
glands occupy a position on each side of the oesophagus.
The ducts are tortuous.

Vaainuta. The buccal body possesses no retrac-
tor muscle. The dental plate is broad, and, upon the
anterior surface, has a pectinate appearance, from the
numerous ridges upon it. Its cutting edge is devoid of
the conical toothlet. The cesophagus is moderately long
and capacious. ‘The stomach is cylindrical and saccu-
lated, and posteriorly forms a deep, capacious cul-de-sac,
independent of the small intestine. It is strongly mus-
cular and shining, the transverse muscular fibres bemg
very distinct. The anterior hepatic duct opens into the
angle formed by the cul-de-sac and the intestine, the
posterior into the fundus of the latter. The small intes-
tine is pretty uniformly cylindrical, and holds the usual
course to near its termination in the rectum, when to
reach the latter it turns abruptly backward, and joins it
on the right side, just posterior to the middle of the
body. The rectum is straight, and proceeds backwards,
along the right side of the body, within the pulmonary
cavity, and terminates between the extremity of the tail

16 SPECIAL ANATOMY OF THE TERRESTRIAL

and the pedal disk, at the side of the pulmonary orifice.
The salivary glands are arborescent, or fasciculated in
appearance. ‘The ducts are short and delicate. The
lobuli of the liver are looser, or more separated, than in

the preceding genera.

Hetix. The buccal body has the same appearance,
generally, as in the slugs. ‘The retractor muscle 1s
much stronger, and has its origin in common with the
retractor of the foot and tentacule, from the columella of
the shell ; at its insertion it forms a semicircle around the
posterior inferior part of the buccal body. ‘The pouch of
the lingual lamina is always a prominent object. In H.
cellaria and H. concava, the buccal body is proportionately
nearly twice the length of that of the other species. The
dental plate varies in some degree in different species: in
HT. ligera, H. intertexta, &c. it is smooth anteriorly, and
in the middle projects downwards into a large, conical
toothlet ; in H. albolabris, H. tridentata, &c. the ‘ante-
rior surface presents a number of curved ridges, each of
which projects inferiorly as a sort of toothlet.

The cesophagus is generally long and narrow. In
some species it is unusually long and contracted, as in
H. concava, H. cellaria, H. hirsuta, H. perspectiva, ete. ;
in others it is long, and dilated in the middle, as in H.
auriculata ; in many it is capacious, and gradually passes
into the stomach, as in H. exoleta, etc.

The stomach is usually cylindroid, and more or less
gacculated. ‘The posterior cul-de-sac is always present.

GASTEROPODA OF THE UNITED STATES. By

The small intestine comes off from the stomach at a
very acute angle, and into the latter two hepatic ducts
empty. It is pretty uniformly cylindrical, and forms, as
in slugs, a single convolution or a sigmoid curve, among
the lobes of the liver, and penetrates to the pulmonary
cavity at its right posterior angle. The rectum, in all
the testaceous genera, corresponds in length to the pul-
monary cavity, the right side of which it occupies to the
pulmonary orifice, at the outer border of which it ter-
minates by the anal aperture. It is cylindrical, usually
wider than the small intestine, and is frequently some-
what sacculated. Upon the outer side of the rectum,
running its whole length, is a band of muscular fibres,
the object of which is, apparently, the retraction of the
collar, the shortening of the rectum, and the expulsion
of its contents.

The salivary glands are generally elongated, oval, with
lobed edges. ‘hey are usually united together and
situated on the cesophagus, or commencement of the sto-
mach. When the oesophagus is narrow they surround
it ; when dilated, they occupy one-half or two-thirds of
its surface. ‘he salivary ducts are long and large.

The liver is four lobed, three of which lobes are ante-
rior or inferior, and the fourth posterior or superior. The
fourth lobe, conjoined with the testicle, forms the very
summit of the turbinated mass. The ducts from the
anterior lobes converge to form a single trunk, which,
with that from the posterior lobe, open into the junction,
or angle, of the cul-de-sac of the stomach with the intes-
tine.

18 SPECIAL ANATOMY OF THE TERRESTRIAL

Butimvus. The digestive apparatus in B. dealbatus,
B. decollatus, and B. virgulatus, resembles that of H.
auriculata ; the cesophagus is long, narrow, and dilated
in the middle ; the stomach is cylindroid, and more or
less sacculated. The stomach of B. fasciatus resembles
that of Limazx variegata, being large and capacious ante-
riorly, cylindrical and sacculated posteriorly. The rec-

tum is capacious and sacculated.

Pupa. A characteristic of this genus is the very great
proportionate length of the viscera, corresponding to the
numerous whorls of the shell. The retractor muscle of
the buccal mass is long and strong. ‘The dental plate
has two central, conical toothlets in its cutting edge.
The oesophagus is very long and narrow. ‘The stomach
is very long, and even forms a fold upon itself. The rec-
tum is very long and sacculated ; the muscle on its outer

side is well developed.

SucctineA. A characteristic of this genus, the re-
verse of Pupa, is the great breadth and shortness of the
viscera. ‘I'he dental plate has an upper, quadrangular
piece, superadded to the ordinary, crescentic plate.
The stomach resembles that of Limax variegata. Its
mucous membrane presents several longitudinal rugee.
The small intestine does not undergo the same relative
diminution. with the other viscera. The rectum is very
short, and, from the transverse position of the pulmo-
nary cavity, it is placed along the right of the breadth,

GASTEROPODA OF THE UNITED STATES. 19

instead of the length of the latter, as usual. The salivary
glands are situated one on each side of the commencement
of the stomach ; their ducts, just before opening into the

buccal body, become dilated.

GLANDINA. The oral orifice is triangular, and bounded
by three papillated lips, one upper and two lateral. The
buccal body is a very long muscular cylinder, a little
curved downward at the posterior part. There is no
cul-de-sac for the lingual lamina protruding behind; and
the retractor muscle is divided into three fasciculi, one
central and passing into the buccal body posteriorly, the
others lateral and inserted as usual. Externally, it has
a very thin investment of longitudinal muscular fibres,
continuous with those of the retractor muscle and the
origin of the especial muscles of the tongue. This layer
is very delicate and transparent; and at the anterior
third of the buccal body, laterally and inferiorly, it pre-
sents several fasciculi, which pass to the tegumentary lips.
Beneath the exterior covering, and readily seen through
it, is a thick and strongly fasciculated, transverse layer of
muscular fibres. When the buccal body is laid open the
oral orifice is found to be continuous with a triangular ¢a-
nal with smooth sides, running one-third its length. At
the posterior superior termination of the canal, is the open-
ing of the cesophagus and orifices of the salivary ducts.
There is no dental plate. The posterior two-thirds of the
buccal body is occupied by a long oval organ, composed
of numerous, strong fasciculi of muscular fibres, arising

20 SPECIAL ANATOMY OF THE TERRESTRIAL

laterally and inferiorly at the posterior part of the buccal
body ; the former passing inwards and forwards, the lat-
ter forwards to the anterior extremity of the organ, which
is free, and projects into the triangular, oval canal. The
lateral fasciculi leave between them superiorly an inter-
stice, at the bottom of which is found the lingual lamina,
in the form of a tube, closed posteriorly, and open and
reflected downwards and backwards upon the anterior,
free tip of the organ. Into the posterior extremity of
the lamina, the middle fasciculus of the retractor mus-
"cle of the buccal body is inserted ; and, just anterior
to this insertion, a small, attrahent fasciculus, arising
from the roof of the buccal body, posterior to the orifice
of the cesophagus, which gets to the lamina by means of
the interstice of the muscular organ superiorly. The
teeth of the lingual lamina are arranged diagonally, from
the middle line, in parallel rows, passing from within out-
wards.

The oesophagus issues from a fissure at the upper poste-
rior line of the anterior third of the buccal body. It is
long and cylindrical, and rather wider at its termination
than atits orig. The stomach is irregularly cylindroid,
and has a cul-de-sac at its commencement, projecting an-
terior to the entrance of the cesophagus. The small intes-
tine 1s capacious.

The salivary glands are conjoined, so as to form a cir-
cular collar around the posterior part of the cesophagus.
The salivary ducts are long, and enter the same fissure
of the buccal body at which the oesophagus issues. The

GASTEROPODA OF THE UNITED STATES. 2

anterjor lobes of the liver are comparatively very small,
while the posterior lobe is correspondingly large 5 and to

the whole there is but a single duct.

CHAPTER V.— OBSERVATIONS ON THE TISSUES OF THE
DIGESTIVE APPARATUS.

The mucous membrane of the alimentary canal is
usually smooth throughout. In the stomach it frequently
presents a number of transverse folds, corresponding to
the contractions which produce the sacculated appearance
of the organ ; and in several species of different genera
it presents a few longitudinal rugee, as in Limax varie-
gata, Bulimus fasciatus, Helix exoleta, etc. In its
whole extent it is formed of a columnar epithelium and
a nucleolated-nucleated basement membrane. ‘The col-
umnar cells of the epithelium are long and pyramidal,
the upper part or base being broad, and the attached ex-
tremity very narrow. They are filled with a very fine,
indistinct, granular matter, intermingled with coarser,
highly reflective granules. Each contains an oval, gran-
ular nucleus, with a minute nucleolus.

The muscular investment of the intestinal canal is
strongest upon the stomach and rectum. In Vaginulus,
Pupa incana, ete. it is strong and shining upon the sto-
mach. It consists of two layers, an internal transverse
and an external longitudinal. They are both composed
of white, shining, strap-shaped bands, with the extremities
pointed and closely adapted to each other. None of

99 SPECIAL ANATOMY OF THE TERRESTRIAL

the transverse bands surround the stomach, all being
much too short. ‘They are indistinctly granular in struc-
ture, and each contains one or two elongated nuclei.

The lobules of the salivary gland are composed of the
dilated commencements of the ducts, lined with soft,
granular cells, which are oval in form, and contain a
round, granular nucleus with a minute nucleolus. ‘The
basement membrane of the salivary ducts is amorphous.
The epithelial cells lining the trunks bear considerable
resemblance to those found in their follicular commence-
ment. Outside of the basement membrane, twine nar-
row, muscular fibres in various directions. They are
nucleated, and where the nuclei exist are wider than at
the intervening parts.

The lobuli of the liver are composed of the rounded
commencement of the biliary ducts, and are lined with
polygonal cells, which become globular on the removal of
pressure. The hepatic cells contain a fine, granular
matter, fine and large oil-globules, and a round, nucleo-

lated nucleus.

CHAPTER VI. — OF THE GENERATIVE APPARATUS.

All the terrestrial Gasteropoda under consideration are
moneecious, or hermaphroditic, though none are capable

of self-impregnation. ‘They are also all oviparous.

Limax. ‘The testicle is a round, or oval body, par-
tially concealed by the liver ; it 1s brown in color, and

GASTEROPODA OF THE UNITED STATES. 93

has the appearance of being composed of rounded acini.
In L. variegata, it 1s lobulated. The epididymis is an
undulated, or moderately tortuous tube, leading from the
testicle to the inner side of the junction of the ovary with
the prostate gland. It opens into a groove upon the mner
side of the interior of the oviduct which is continuous, at
its inferior extremity, with the vas deferens. Opening
into the termination of the epididymis, and lying against
the inner side of the ovary, is a small, compound, folli-
cular body, which appears to be common to all the terres-
trial Gasteropoda. The prostate gland is a white, or
cream-colored body, occupying the inner side of the whole
length of the oviduct. It has a transverse, striated ap-
pearance, and numerous openings into the groove leading
from the epididymis to the vas deferens.

The vas deferens is a comparatively short tube, pass-
ing from the prostate gland to the penis. In L. varie-
gata, it joins the summit of the latter ; in L. agrestis
and L. campestris, it enters near the base.

The penis, in L. variegata, is a long, cylindroid, irre-
cular body, lying at the right anterior part of the vis-
ceral cavity, and joining at its termination a short cloaca.
Into its summit is inserted the retractor muscle, which
has its origin from the muscular investment of the Vis-
ceral cavity, just posterior to the position of the pulmo-
nary cavity. The interior of the penis is lined by mucous
membrane, its exterior of muscular membrane. In’.
agrestis and L. campestris, the organ which corresponds

to the penis of L. variegata becomes of a somewhat pro-

94 SPECIAL ANATOMY OF THE TERRESTRIAL

blematical character. In ZL. agrestis, it is an elongated,
conical organ, with a protuberant base. Its summit is
divided into three coeca; the retractor muscle is
inserted into its side. Upon the interior it presents
several longitudinal folds of mucous membrane, and at
its lower part, corresponding to the protuberance of the
base, an oval, pointed papilla. In ZL. campestris, the
organ is spiral, and has but a single pointed summit.

The ovary is a large, white, semi-elliptic organ, usually
more or less curved and lobulated, and situated at the
summit of the oviduct. In L. agrestis and L. campestris
it is always two-lobed, or double. The oviduct is a long,
wide, soft, white, tortuous, sacculated tube, passing from
the ovary to the vagina. The neck or portion immediately
joiing the vagina, commences usually where the prostate
gland terminates, and is contracted to less than half the
calibre of the upper portion of the tube. Its interior sur-
face exhibits a number of transverse folds, corresponding
to the contractions which produce the sacculated appear-
ance of the organ, and upon the inner side upon each
side of the spermatic groove, or longitudinal fold.

The generative bladder, in L. variegata, is a large
pointed, oval receptacle, opening by a very short, wide
tube or duct, into the vagina. In Z. agrestis it is large,
elongated oval, and opens by a short duct into the angle
formed by the junction of the vagina with the male
portion of the generative apparatus. In ZL. campestris
it is a small oval sac, with a longer, narrow duct, open-
ing into the tube leading from the penis to the cloaca.

GASTEROPODA OF THE UNITED STATES. 95

In all three species of Limaz, the cloaca is a short canal
opening at the generative orifice on the right side of the
head.

Arron. The generative apparatus resembles more
that of L. variegata than the other species. ‘The penis
is cylindrical, dilated at base, and has its retractor mus-
cle inserted into the latter point. The generative blad-
der is large, oval, pointed at summit, and has a very
short but muscular duct, joined midway by the vagina.
At the latter junction is inserted a second retractor mus-
cle. The cloaca is long and dilated in the middle.

TeBENNoPHORUS. ‘The testicle lies upon the right
side, partly concealed by the liver ; it is round and lobu-
lated. The epididymis is more tortuous than in the pre-
ceding. The vas deferens is very long, tortuous, and
muscular. It joins the penis at its summit, and has the
retractor muscle inserted into it the length of the penis
above the latter. The penis is irregularly cylindroid,
bent at its summit.

The ovary is exceedingly lobulated. The oviduct is
tortuous, wide, aud very much sacculated. The prostate
gland is longer than in Limax or Arion. The genera-
tive bladder is large, globular, or nearly so. Its duct is
rather less than half the length of the oviduct. At its
junction with the neck of the latter, an oval, muscular
organ exists, the dart sac. Within the latter at the bot-

tom, is a hemispherical papilla, upon the summit of which
4

96 SPECIAL ANATOMY OF THE TERRESTRIAL

is placed a white, calcareous, calcarate dart. At the
junction of the vagina, common to the neck of the ovi-
duct, duct of the generative bladder, and the dart sac,
with the penis, there are two short retractor muscles
inserted. The cloaca is narrow and cylindrical, and has
surrounding two-thirds of its middle, a thick, glandular
organ. Interiorly, the penis, cloaca, etc. have a longi-
tudinally rugous surface.

VacinuLus. A remarkable peculiarity of this genus
is the removal of the male and female portions of the sex-
ual apparatus from each other. The former, except the
testicle and prostate gland, occupies the usual position,
but opens externally between the mouth and olfactory
orifice ; the latter is placed in the middle inferior part of
the visceral cavity, and opens exteriorly on the right
side, inferiorly just posterior to the middle of the body.

The testicle is situated between the posterior part
of the stomach and the liver, on the rght side. It is
not lobulated, but has the same aciniform arrangement
as in the preceding genera. ‘The epididymis is mode-
rately tortuous, and becomes the vas deferens at the
junction of the ovary with the oviduct. The vas deferens
takes a remarkable course to get to the penis. It is, at
first, attached for a short distance to the commencement
of the oviduct, which it leaves, and then winds around its
lower extremity, where it is joined by a comparatively
very small prostatic gland. It continues its attachment
to the lower part of the oviduct to the junction of the

GASTEROPODA OF THE UNITED STATES. a7

latter with the duct of the generative bladder, where it
receives a small duct from the duct of the latter organ,
and then passes nearly to the external female orifice,
where it turns abruptly forwards between the muscular
peritoneum and the right edge of the podal disk, and
continues this course to the head. It now turns abruptly
backwards to the right, and again appears within the
visceral cavity, and passes to the base of the penis.

The penis is a conico-cylindroid, contorted organ, con-
tained within a thin, muscular sheath. Its apex presents
a small, round papilla, or glans ; and into its base is i-
serted the retractor-muscle, which arises just anterior to
the pulmonary cavity. The lower part of the preputial
sheath of the penis is jomed by the common duct of a
highly developed, multifid vesicle. This latter organ
consists of twenty-five long, narrow, cylindrical, blind
tubes, contorted at their termination, and opening sepa-
rately into a common tube, containing, in the specimen
examined, attached to its bottom, a narrow, cylindroid
organ, which, probably, may have been an uncalcified
dart.

The tube formed by the przeputium and the duct of
the multifid vesicle, as previously mentioned, opens ex-
teriorly immediately beneath the mouth. ‘The ovary is
small and unusually lobulated. The oviduct is a narrow,
cylindrical tube, which winds forwards and then back
again so as to form a double spiral, after which it makes
a curve downwards, and is jomed by the duct of the
generative bladder. The latter organ is globular ; its

hel SPECIAL ANATOMY OF THE TERRESTRIAL

duct is short, gradually increases in breadth, and is spi-
rally twisted. From the duct, as previously mentioned,
passes a small offset to the vas deferens. The common
duct of the bladder and oviduct, or vagina, is cylindri-
cal, and, just before terminating, is jomed by a short,
wide tube, derived from a large, oval sac, which is filled
with a delicate, reticulated substance. This sac is pecu-
har to Vaginulus ; its use is problematical.

The position of the female orifice of generation has
been already stated.

Hettx. The testicle, very unlike that of slugs, is
imbedded or commingled with the parenchyma of the
posterior or superior lobe of the liver; and, instead of
having an aciniform appearance, it is composed of fasci-
culi of short coeca. It is usually of a lighter color than
the liver. The epididymis is long, and generally very
much convoluted, and contains a white, silky, tenacious,
substance, often distending the tube to a considerable
degree, composed of spermatozoa. At its junction with
the prostate gland, it always receives the duct of a small
accessory gland, composed, in different species of Helix,
of from three to nine acini.

The prostate gland is generally larger than in the
Limaces ; in H. exoleta it is unusually large.

The vas deferens generally corresponds in length with
the curve passing from the termination of the prostate
gland downwards to the cloaca, and thence to the sum-
mit of the penis. In A. exoleta and H. albolabris it is

GASTEROPODA OF THE UNITED STATES. 29

considerably longer, and in the latter presents several
large convolutions. In H. intertexta, H. ligera, H. gu-
laris, and H. suppressa, it is much shorter. Generally,
it is a white, narrow, cylindrical, frequently undulated
tube. Sometimes it is distinctly and strongly muscular,
as in H. albolabris, H. tridentata, H. elevata, etc. In
H. fuliginosa its lower part is dilated to the diameter of
the penis, and is strongly muscular. In H. albolabris,
H. tridentata, and H. exoleta, at its commencement it
presents a dilated and glandular appearance. In #.
solitaria it is much dilated, annulated, and glandular at
its termination. In all instances except in H. cellaria
and H. alternata, it joins the summit of the penis; in
the two latter it joins the penis at the side, very near
the summit.

The penis varies very much in form and size; most
usually it partakes of a conico-cylindroid form. In H.
sayi, H. texasiana, H. inflecta, and H. auriculata, it
is very large and long, cylindrical, collapsed, and flaccid.
In H. concava it is long, clavate, and bipartite at the
summit. In H. alternata, H. perspectiva, and H. solita-
ria, it is short, stout, and clavate. In H. albolabris, H.
tridentata, H. multilineata, H. arborea, H. dentifera,
and H. palliata, it has a thick, preputial membrane,
originating around its base, and rising upwards so as to
envelop it for one or two-thirds of its extent. In H. pro-
funda the base of the penis protrudes into a sheath join-
ing the cloaca, in the form of a cone with its apex bent
upon itself. In H. ligera, H. intertexta, and H. sup-

30 SPECIAL ANATOMY OF THE TERRESTRIAL

pressa, it is wholly enveloped in a sheath derived from a
tubular offset from the duct of the generative bladder.

The muscular tunic of the penis is thick and strong.
The internal lining mucous membrane usually presents a
number of large rugze, longitudinal and oblique; fre-
quently there is but a single, large, longitudinal fold, as
in H. alternata, H. albolabris, etc. At the point of en-
trance of the vas deferens there is generally one or two
pendant, valve-like folds of the lining membrane.

In HZ. albolabris, H. tridentata, and H. multilineata,
the surface of the membrane is everywhere distinctly
papillated ; in the others it is smooth.

The penis of H. cellaria on the outside presents a row
of minute, round, glandular bodies.

The retractor muscle is in all cases, except in H. soli-
taria, inserted into the summit of the penis, or into the
vas deferens near its termination in the latter. In the
excepted case, it is inserted into the side of the penis,
above its middle. In H. multilineata there are some
accessory fibres passing from the latter to the prepu-
tium; in H. profunda to the base of the penis ; in H.
albolabris, tridentata, etc. from the vas deferens to the
preputium. ‘The penis joins at its base the cloaca.

The ovary has the same general form and color as in
slugs, but rarely presents any thing more ‘than a trace of
lobuli, usually having a uniform, homogeneous appear-
ance. The oviduct does not differ from that of the slugs.
Its neck is usually narrow, and of variable length, and is
joined at the lower part by the duct of the genital blad-

GASTEROPODA OF THE UNITED STATES. 31

der, to form the vagina. In H. concava and H. multi-
lineata, the neck is long, dilated at its lower part, and
strongly muscular, and its internal surface presents a
number of longitudinal ruge. In H. profunda and 1.
fuliginosa, it is long, eylindrical, and strongly muscular.

The genital bladder, constantly existing, presents con-
siderable variation in the form, size, and length of the
duct. It is generally subrotund, oval, or pyriform in
shape, and large. In H. solitaria the duct is wide, as
long as the oviduct, and dilated at its lower part. In H.
perspectiva it is as long as the oviduct, and narrow. In
H. alternata, H. ligera, H. interteata, H. concava, H.
suppressa, and H. gularis, it is rather more than half
the length of the oviduct. In the remaining species gen-
erally, the bladder reclines upon the lower part of the
prostate gland, and its duct is about the length of the
neck of the oviduct. In H. multilineata it does not
reach the prostate gland, and so gradually passes into its
duct as to be a mere, long, ccecal tube. In H. ber-
landeriana the duct of the bladder is as short as that of
Arion. Usually, the surface of the bladder is smooth ;
in H. profunda and H. exoleta it is transversely folded ;
in H. fuliginosa it is regularly, longitudinally folded.
In H. concava and H. multilineata, the duct of the
bladder at its termination dilates, and is strongly muscu-
lar. In H. solitaria the lower third is dilated. In Z.
fuliginosa and H. profunda, it is strongly muscular the
greater part of its extent. In H. albolabris, H. palhata,
H. tridentata, etc. it is dilated to the size of the bladder,

32. SPECIAL ANATOMY OF THE TERRESTRIAL

is strongly muscular, and internally presents a number
of regular, longitudinal folds, sometimes undulated at the
sides, extending to the lining of the bladder in the form
of line-like plice. In H. ligera, H. intertexta, H.
gularis, and H. suppressa, an offset from the duct of the
bladder passes down, and encloses the penis, dart sac,
and cloaca.

The vagina, or common duct of the oviduct and duct
of the genital bladder, holds no correspondence with the
length of the penis; it is always shorter, usually not
more than one-third the length, and is also narrower.
In H. fuliginosa, it is surrounded by a thick, glandulous
body.

In H. ligera, H. intertexta, H. gularis, and H. sup-
pressa, there exists, opening into the cloaca, a cur¥ed,
cylindrical, strongly muscular dart sac, longer and nar-
rower than the penis. ‘The bottom of the tube, for one-
fourth the length of the latter, is occupied by the papilla
from which arises the dart. The muscular layer, for
more than half the length of the tube, at the middle of the
latter, closely envelops the dart, and terminates abruptly
below in a sort of papilla, from which the point of the dart
projects into the lower part of the tube. The dart is a very
long, narrow, curved, cylindrical, tubular, flexible, calca-
reous spiculum, terminating in a sharp, spear point. At
the base of the dart, there opens into the dart sac, in H.
ligera and H. suppressa, a single, short, pyriform follicle,
the simplest homologue of the multifid vesicle. In H. in-
tertexta and H. gularis, there is a pair of such follicles,

GASTEROPODA OF THE UNITED STATES. 33

but longer. Into the summit of the dart sac is inserted
a retractor muscle, originating from the angle formed by
the division of the duct of the genital bladder into two
parts. Opening into the tube which leads from the penis
to the cloaca, in H. Berlanderiana, is a cylindrical,
curved, muscular organ, about one-half the length and as
thick as the penis, which is probably a dart sac, although
in the specimen dissected no dart was found. In HZ. con-
cava, opening into the cloaca, is a short, rounded, muscu-
lar cavity, probably a dart sac, which, however, in the
individuals dissected, were also destitute of the organ.

The cloaca, or common receptacle of the termination
of the male and female organs of generation, is a short,
wide, muscular tube, holding no relationship with the
length of the penis, and opening exteriorly on the right
side of the head.

In many species of Helix, the anatomy of the genera-
tive apparatus is so very similar, that they appear to
differ in nothing but size. Thus, H. albolabris, H.
tridentata, H. dentifera, H. palliata, H. arborea, and
H. fallax, are alike; H. intertexta, H. gularis, H.
suppressa, and H. ligera are also alike, except that the
two latter have but a single vesicle to the dart sac, while
the former have a pair. HZ. auriculata, H. texasiana,
and JT. inflecta, are alike, and also H. thyroidus and H.
pulchella.

It is a very remarkable fact in the special anatomy of
the generative apparatus of the genus Helix, that while
the flagellate form of the penis and those accessory

5

84. SPECIAL ANATOMY OF THE TERRESTRIAL

organs, the dart sac and multifid vesicles, are so com-
mon in European species, they are very rare in American
species. In not one of the latter does the flagellate form
of penis exist. A rudiment, or simplest condition of the
multifid vesicles, only exists in four species; HH. inter-
texta and H. gularis, in which there is a single pair of
follicles, and H. ligera and H. suppressa, in which there
is but one short follicle. The dart sac exists certainly
in only the four latter species, probably in H. berland-

ertana, and doubtfully in H. concava.

Buus. In B. fasciatus the penis is long, cylindri-
cal, and strongly muscular. The vas deferens joins it
near the summit; and the retractor muscle, which is
very long, is inserted into the latter. The oviduct is
long, and its central part presents the peculiarity of be-
ing colored brown. ‘The genital bladder is ovate, situated
near the ovary, and its duct is narrow, and as long as
the oviduct. ‘The vagina is broad and muscular. At
the base of the penis, there opens a short, cylindrical
duct, derived from a single, multifid vesicle, which pre-
sents six or seven rounded or ovate divisions. There is
no dart sac.

In B. dealbatus the penis is very long ; its upper por-
tion is narrow and very tortuous, and flagellate in appear-
ance ; although the true flagellum, or the free portion of
the summit of the penis beyond the insertion of the re-
tractor muscle, is very short. The lower third of the
penis is dilated, and presents an annular constriction ;

GASTEROPODA OF THE UNITED STATES. 85

at its base it is enveloped by a short prepuce. The vas
deferens follows the course of the penis nearly to its
summit. The genital bladder is oval; its duct as long
as the oviduct.

In B. virgulatus the penis is long, irregularly cylin-
droid, and has its base enclosed in a short prepuce. The
vas deferens terminates in, and the retractor muscle is
inserted into, its summit. ‘The genital bladder is oval ;
its duct is not more than one-third the length of the ovi-
duct, and dilates as it passes downwards. :

In B. decollatus the penis is short, conico-cylindroid,
and simple. The vas deferens enters near its base; the
retractor muscle is inserted into its summit. The geni-
tal bladder is small ; its duct is narrow, and not longer
than the neck of the oviduct.

Pupa. In P. incana the penis is short, narrow, and
cylindrical. The vas deferens is of a very great length
when compared with what it is usually in the other
genera. Its lower part, about the length of the penis,
is dilated to the size of the latter organ, is strongly mus-
cular, and terminates at the base of the penis. The
retractor muscle is inserted into the summit of the latter.
The linmg membrane of the penis presents a single, longi-
tudinal fold. At the base of the penis is a short, muscu-
lar sac, or protuberance, probably a dart sac, although
the individual dissected possessed no such instrument.
The genital bladder is oval; its duct is as long as the
oviduct, and midway receives a long, narrow duct, de-

36 SPECIAL ANATOMY OF THE TERRESTRIAL

rived from a granular, glandular organ combined with
the testicle in the posterior lobe of the liver.

SuccineA. ‘The testicle is not separated into distinct
fasciculi by the parenchyma of the liver as in Helix, but
forms a single mass. ‘The epididymis is very much con-
voluted, and appears always to be distended with sperm-
atic matter. The prostate gland is unusually short,
occupying the upper half only of the length of the ovi-
duct, and is thick, clavate, and more or less colored by
pigmentum nigrum cells upon the surface. The penis
is long, cylindroid, curved downward at its upper part,
and is joined at its summit by the vas deferens. The
retractor muscle is inserted into the penis a short dis-
tance below its summit. The genital bladder is large
and globular ; its duct is nearly as long as the oviduct,
and is narrow. ‘The vagina is moderately long and mus-
cular. The cloaca is short.

GLANDINA. The testicle is an oval mass, separated
from the liver as in the Limaces. The epididymis ap-
pears from a hilum in the side of the testicle; at first
but slightly tortuous, it becomes convoluted just before
ending. Its accessory glandulais large. The penis is
long, large, and clavate, very gradually enlarging from
the base to the summit. ‘The vas deferens, which joins
the latter poimt, is long, moderately tortuous, and wide.
The retractor muscle is inserted into it near its ter-
mination in the penis. The bladder is oval, cénstricted ;

GASTEROPODA OF THE UNITED STATES. 37

its duct is as long as the oviduct. ‘The vagina is
moderately broad. The cloaca is short. The exte-
rior generative orifice is on the right side of the head,
considerably posterior to the inferior tentaculz.

CHAPTER VII. — GENERAL REMARKS UPON THE JUNCTION
OF DIFFERENT PORTIONS OF THE GENERATIVE APPARA-
TUS, AND THE STRUCTURE OF ITS TISSUES.

The testicle was mistaken by Swammerdam, Cuvier,
and others for the ovary, and the latter organ and pros-
tate gland for two portions of the testicle. A micro-
scopic examination of these different organs at once,
very easily settles their true nature ; although, even
without this mode of analysis, we would suppose the epi-
didymis would indicate the character of the gland of
which it is the duct, and leave the remaining two organs
to be considered as belonging to the female apparatus.
In Helix, the structure of the testicle consists of dense
fasciculi of short coecal pouches, which are simple, bifur-
cate, or trifurcate. These contain polygonal spermato-
phori, which are finely granular with a round nucleus, or
filled with granular globules of uniform size, or with coils
or bunches or fasciculi of spermatozoa. The epididymis
always contains, more or less, and is frequently dis-
tended with, a white, silky, filamentous substance, com-
posed of spermatozoa. The latter consist of very delicate
and, comparatively, enormously long filaments, terminat-
ing, at one extremity, in a thickened head. They vary

88 SPECIAL ANATOMY OF THE TERRESTRIAL

in length in different species of these gasteropods. The
head assumes two principal forms; it is either sigmoid
and pointed, as in H. albolabris, H. multilineata, etec., or
else it is spiral and pointed, as in H. alternata, H. soli-
taria, etc. In the vas deferens, the spermatozoa may
often be detected in movement, which is slow and vibrat-
ing in character.

The prostate gland, although situated along the tract
of the oviduct, evidently belongs to the male apparatus,
as is proved by its emptying solely into the vas deferens
in Vaginulus, and in its being placed between the ter-
mination of the epididymis and the commencement of
the vas deferens only, as is very conspicuously observed
in Succinea. In structure, it is composed of closely
packed, tortuous, tubular, simple follicles, lined with
short, thick, pyramidal epithelia, which are densely gra-
nular, and contain a round, nucleolated nucleus. The
object of this organ probably is to dilute the very tena-
cious spermatic matter as it oozes from the epididymis
into the spermatic groove on the mner side of the ovi-
duct.

In all the terrestrial gasteropods examined, there was
found a small, glandular body, from which proceeds a
short duct to join the termination of the epididymis. It
consists of from two to nine rounded follicles joming a
common duct, and, from the constancy of its existence,
must be deemed important.

The ovary is soft and homogeneous in appearance ;
viewed by the microscope, it is found to be almost wholly

GASTEROPODA OF THE UNITED STATES. 839

composed of immature ova, polygonal cells with a germi-
nal vesicle and macula.

The sides of the oviduct are soft, and in great measure
composed of a tissue consisting of large, polygonal cells,
with from one to five small, round nuclei.

The organ denominated genital bladder, from its open-
ing into the vagina, or at the termination of the latter,
and in Vaginulus from its belonging almost wholly to the
female organs, must be considered rather as a portion of
the female apparatus than a prostatic sac, as it is called
by Owen. By many authors, this has been termed the
spermatheca, from its supposed function of holding sperm-
atic fluid received from the male organs ; and with some
reason ; for in several instances I have found it to contain
a tenacious mass, which upon microscopic analysis was,
found to be composed of spermatozoa. This cannot, how-
ever, be considered wholly as its use; for it secretes a
mucoid matter, which may probably facilitate the passage’
of the ova through the vagina and cloaca. The mucoid
matter within the bladder is frequently found to contain -
immense numbers of an infusorial parasite, which I have
described under the name of Cryptoicus.?

The epithelium of the bladder consists of very long,
caudate, columnar cells, with elliptical, granular nuclei,
and a small, round nucleolus.

1 Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. N.S. Vol. I.

40 SPECIAL ANATOMY OF THE TERRESTRIAL

CHAPTER VIII. —OF THE RESPIRATORY AND CIRCULATORY
APPARATUS.

The lung of the Terrestrial Gasteropoda is a simple
cavity, with an orifice communicating with the exterior,
upon the right side of the body. The surface of this
pulmonary cavity in part of its extent, and more parti-
cularly near the pulmonary orifice, is covered by a close
intertexture of blood-vessels. The blood of the body is
conveyed directly to the lungs by two principal vessels,
the pulmonary arteries, which join the capillary rete of
the pulmonary surface. From this rete passes off the
pulmonary vein to the heart, which is systemic, and con-

,sists of an auricle and ventricle. The auricle receives
the pulmonary vein; from the ventricle passes off the
aorta, to be distributed throughout the body.

Limax. The pulmonary cavity is situated beneath
the mantle, and has nearly the same size and form. It
is separated from the visceral cavity by the muscular
peritoneum, but contains the rectum, renal organ, and
heart. The pulmonary orifice is situated at the antero-
inferior edge of the mantle, on the right side of the body.
When open it appears round; it is closed by means of
circular, muscular fibres. The pulmonary rete is princi-
pally displayed upon the roof of the cavity, and from it
converge three principal trunks, to form the pulmonary
vein which passes to the auricle of the heart.

GASTEROPODA OF THE UNITED STATES. Al

The heart, enclosed within a pericardium, is situated
near the middle of the pulmonary cavity. The auricle
and ventricle are pyriform, and placed base to base.
The sides of the latter are considerably thicker than
those of the former, and present internally several well-
marked fasciculi, crossing in different directions. Be-
tween the auricle and ventricle is a double valve. From
the apex of the ventricle passes off the aorta, which
pierces the muscular peritoneum, and divides into two
principal branches, — one passing to the sub-cesophageal
ganglia devoted to the viscera in the anterior part of the
visceral cavity, the other passing to supply the viscera
posteriorly. Upon the right of the heart, attached to
the roof of the pulmonary cavity, is placed a large, glan-
dular organ, considered as the kidney ; from the wh le of
its right margin proceeds a duct backwards, which then
curves to the side of the rectum, at the left side of which

it remains attached to the pulmonary orifice.

Arron, The pulmonary cavity is situated as in
Limax. Its whole interior surface presents an intricate
rete, from which converge six or seven pulmonary veins
to the auricle of the heart.

The renal organ forms a complete circle around the
heart, and is perforated by the rectum, in the course of

the latter to the pulmonary aperture.

TERENNOPHORUS. The pulmonary cavity is situated

beneath the anterior portion of the mantle. It is formed
6

42, SPECIAL ANATOMY OF THE TERRESTRIAL

by an inflection of the muscular layer of the mtegument
of the body. The renal organ is placed to the right of
the heart, and at its posterior part is perforated by the
aorta.

Vacinutus. The pulmonary cavity is situated be-
tween the muscular peritoneum and the integument of
the body. Its principal portion is placed upon the night
side, anterior to the middle, but extends to the left side,
over the back, and along the right side to the pulmonary
aperture, between the tail and posterior extremity of the
podal disc. The heart is placed in the anterior portion
of the cavity. The auricle receives a vein from the nght
and another from the left side. ‘The renal organ is
placed posterior to the heart, between the passage lead-
ing from the pulmonary cavity to its orifice, and the

course of the rectum.

Hettx. In this genus, as is also the case in all the
testaceous genera under examination, the pulmonary
chamber is comparatively very large, for reasons already
stated, and occupies a position on the outside of the
lower one or two whorls of the turbinated mass of the
viscera. In front, it is bounded by the collar, in the
right side of which is the pulmonary orifice. ‘The floor
of the cavity is formed, as in slugs generally, by the
muscular peritoneum. ‘The roof, or outer wall, is occu-
pied on the right side by the rectum, posteriorly by the
heart and renal organ, and anteriorly by the pulmonary

GASTEROPODA OF THE UNITED STATES. 43

rete of capillary vessels. ‘The pulmonary rete is most
developed in the vicinity of the pulmonary orifice ; and
from it in a line with the latter, along the course of the
rectum, proceeds backward a single pulmonary vein to the
heart. ‘The renal organ is elongated, pyramidal, and is
placed to the right of the heart and pulmonary vein. Its
duct commences upon the right border of the gland,
courses backward to the rectum, along the inner side of
which it passes to the pulmonary aperture.

The remaining testaceous genera present nothing pecu-
liar in the character of the pulmonary or circulatory
apparatus.

GENERAL REMARKS. The heart, in warm weather,
beats about fifty-five times in a minute, but to some
extent appears to be under the control of the animal, for
if disturbed or irritated it pulsates much slower.

In composition, the heart consists of distinctly granu-
lated, unstriped, muscular fibres, with oval nuclei, which
are hardly visible before the application of acetic acid to
them.

The interior of the heart and aorta is lined with a tes-
sellated epithelium ; and the exterior of the former and
interior surface of the pericardium are covered by the
same. ‘The cells are granular, with distinct, round, or
oval, granular nuclei, and a minute nucleolus.

The pericardial epithelium separates its peculiar fluid
very freely, the pericardium frequently appearing dis-
tended with the liquor pericardii. In Helices, it fre-

A4 SPECIAL ANATOMY OF THE TERRESTRIAL

quently contains numbers of an entozoon, which I have
named Distoma vagans.1_ The blood-vessels, especially
in the liver, exhibit a white, opaque appearance, which
is dependent upon the deposit in the sides of the vessel
of innumerable, oil-like granules.

The blood contains numerous blood-corpuscles, which
vary in size, are granular, and exhibit numerous radiat-
ing, projecting points of variable length, — frequently
greater than the diameter of the corpuscle.

The pulmonary cavity is lined with a tessellated epi-
thelium, the cells of which are faintly granular, with a
few coarser granules, and a distinct, round or oval, gra-
nular, nucleolated nucleus.

The renal organ is a gland which exhibits a foliated,
or plicated appearance, within a capsule. The surfaces
of the plice communicate with the duct existing along
the whole right border of the organ, and are covered
with polygonal, organic cells, every one of which con-
tains a large, white, round, opaque mass, resembling
uric acid in appearance.

CHAPTER IX.— ON THE NERVOUS CENTRES, AND THE
DISTRIBUTION OF THE NERVES.

The nervous centres consist of three distinct sets of
ganglia, which are all placed within the anterior part of
the body or head.

The first set, or supra-cesophageal ganglia, form a trans-

1 See Journal Acad. Nat. Sci. New Series, Vol. I.

GASTEROPODA OF THE UNITED STATES. 45

verse band, above or in front of the buccal body, usually
at its anterior part, but varying in the latter position, to
some degree depending upon the movements of the buc-
cal body. When the latter is protruded, the band of
ganglia is thrown back to the commencement of the
cesophagus ; when retracted it is placed just behind the
upper lip. It consists of two symmetrical halves united
by a short, transverse commissure. Each half is com-
posed of several ganglia, ageregated to a greater or less
degree in different genera and species, Sometimes they
are so aggregated, or are so covered by enveloping tis-
sue, as to appear a single mass; in others five or six
distinct masses may be readily counted.

The second set, or sub-cesophageal ganglia, form a cir-
cular mass, placed infero-posteriorly to the buccal body,
+n the excavation of the foot. It is asymmetrical, and is
composed of several ganglia, more or less aggregated
together ; from four to seven masses can generally be
counted. Itis usually more developed upon the right
than the left side, and passes through all the shades of
color, in different genera and species, from white, yellow,
to orange. ‘Through the opening formed by the arrange-
ment of the ganglia into a circle, passes th: cepha'ic
branch of the aorta. The supra-cesophageal and sub-
cesophageal ganglia are connected together on each side
of the buceal body by a double commissure, which varies
in length in different genera ; thus, in Helices, etc., it 1s
generally so long as to allow of much movement of the

supra-cesophageal ganglia forward with the buccal body, »

46 SPECIAL ANATOMY OF THE TERRESTRIAL

while in Vaginulus it is so short that the two sets of gan-
glia form a close ring around the anterior part of the
buccal body. |

The third set of ganglia are the stomato-gastric, con-
sisting of two minute, lateral masses, united by a short,
transverse commissure, and always placed upon the buc-
cal body immediately postero-laterally to the commence-
ment of the esophagus. ‘The stomato-gastric ganglia are
connected with the supra-cesophageal on each side, by
means of a long, delicate commissure, which is more or
less loose, and permits a free movement of the former
ganglia with the buccal body to which they are fixed.

From the supra-cosophageal ganglia pass off on each
side, — 1st, a minute branch along the course of the
supra-sub-cesophageal commissure ; 2d, three or four small
branches to the retractor muscles of the tentaculee; 3d,
a large branch, the superior tentacular nerve ; 4th, one
or two small branches to the base of the superior tenta-
cle, for its integument; 5th, the inferior tentacular
nerve; 6th, small branches to the integument of the
lips.

From the sub-cesophageal ganglia pass off, — 1st, nume-
rous branches on each side, to the podal disk, and late-
rally to the integument ; 2d, a branch on the right side
to the penis; 3d, a branch to the vas deferens and pros-
tate gland; 4th, on each side a branch to the retractor
muscle of the buccal body; 5th, a large one to each side
of the collar and pulmonary chamber; 6th, a branch
which follows the posterior aortic vessel, which gives off

GASTEROPODA OF THE UNITED STATES. AT

branches to the ynuscular peritoneum ; 7th, branches to
the origin of the tentacular retractors , 8th, branches
to the oviduct, ovary, testicle, stomach, intestine, and
liver.

From the stomato-gastric ganglia pass off on each
side, — 1st, a nerve to the external muscular structure
of the buccal body; 2d, two branches which penetrate
posteriorly into the buccal body; 8d, a branch to the
salivary duct and gland; 4th, a branch to the oesophagus
and stomach ; 5th, branch to the interior of the buccal
body anteriorly.

Tho above distribution of the nerves has been princi-
pally derived from dissections of Glandina and Helix
albolabris. In the former genus, upon what is the nerve
to the inferior tentacle in the other genera, there is
formed, near the base of the tentacula, a ganglionary
enlargement, from which passes off the true, inferior
tentacular nerve of this animal, and two other large
branches to the third, or external tentacle.

The nervous centres are composed of ganglion glo-
bules, varying very much in size; some are very large,
others are not more than one-cighth the diameter of
the larger ones and nuclear bodies. The globules are
more or less polygonal, from mutual pressure, are dlis-
tinctly granular, and contain a nucleus which is com-
paratively of enormous size. The latter usually fills
one-half or two-thirds of the cell or globule, is more
distinctly and darkly granular, and contains from one

to seven small, round, transparent nucleoli. ‘The sepa-

48 SPECIAL ANATOMY OF THE TERRESTRIAL

rate nuclear bodies resemble the nuclei of the ganglion
globules, but are much smaller, and contain but a
single nucleolus. The nerve fibres pass through the
ganglionary centres, among the globules in every direc-
tion ; but none of them appear to originate or terminate
in the latter. None of the ganglionary cells are cau-
dated.

The nerves consist of bundles of tubuli, containing an
oleo-albuminous matter, which in the fresh nerve is semi-
fluid, faintiy granular, homogeneous, and translucent, but
after the matter is pressed out of the tubuli it separates
into two portions, one of which is a tenacious, fluid sub-
stance, containing the other in the form of oil-like glo-
bules of no determinate size. The wall of the tubuli is
amorphous and transparent, and has attached to it, and
projecting externally, oval, granular, nucleolated nuclei.

The nerves, especially in those emanating from the
supra-cesophageal ganglia, are enveloped in a sheath
formed of large, elongated, polygonal, transparent cells,
containing in the centre an oval nucleus surrounded by
a mass of coarse, granular bodies, which are endowed
with a very active molecular movement.

CHAPTER X.— ON THE ORGANS OF ESPECIAL SENSE.

Toucu. The soft, mucous integument is very irrita-
ble ; but tactile sensibility is most developed in the ten-
taculze, which are two pairs of tubular prolongations of
the external integument, from the anterior part of the

body or head. The superior pair of tentacule are

GASTEROPODA OF THE UNITED STATES. 49

several times longer and thicker than the inferior pair.
They are conico-cylindroid in shape, with the free extre-
mity or point dilated, or bulbous, in the outer side of
which the eyes are placed. The inferior pair are short,
conico-cylindroid, and slightly bulbous at the point.

The integument is thick at the base of the tentaculz,
but gradually becomes thinner as it approaches the free
extremity, where it is delicate and transparent. ‘The
color is the same on the general investment of the body,
except at the free extremity of the tentacule, where,
from its transparency, the structure beneath shows
through, and appears whitish. On the superior tenta-
culze if is rougher than upon the inferior, from the poly-
gonal folds being deeper. It is but loosely attached to
the parts within, except at the free extremity, where it
becomes firmly united.

The retraction of the tentaculze takes place by means
of the contraction of the retractor muscle, which forms
within the tentaculz a cylindrical tube, and is inserted
into the integument at their free extremity, so that when
they are retracting the integument becomes inverted,
and the point of the tentacula first disappears from view
and, in protrusion, is last to appear. ‘The latter move-
ment takes place through the relaxation of the retractor
muscle, and the gradual contraction of the circular, mus-
cular fibres forming the basis of the integument, com-
mencing at the base of the tentaculz and proceeding
towards the free extremity, by which course of movement

the latter is pushed out.
7

50 SPECIAL ANATOMY OF THE TERRESTRIAL

Within the tube of the retractor muscle of the tenta-
culz, passes to the free extremity of the latter the ten-
tacular nerve. When the tentaculz are retracted, the
nerve becomes tortuous, and spiral, but when fully pro-
truded it is nearly straight, or merely undulated.

Near the free extremity of the superior tentaculee the
nerve undergoes a sudden constriction, and then dilates
into a gangliform enlargement, from the outer side of
which proceeds a small division of the tentacular nerve,
as the optic nerve, to the eye. The gangliform enlarge-
ment is composed, on the exterior, of the nerve-tubuli of
the tentacular nerve, and on the exterior, of a soft, white,
finely granular matter, containing, in the exterior layer,
round, granular, nuclear bodies. Anteriorly, the enlarge-
ment undergoes a cOnstriction, and then dilates into the
large, bulbous mass of the extremity of the tentacule.
This latter mass is white, soft, and finely granular.
Upon its exterior, the nerve-tubuli of the exterior of the
first gangliform enlargement diverge, and divide into a
number of large branches, which laterally subdivide into
numerous smaller branches, and thus inclose the granu-
lar mass.

The inferior tentaculz present the same nervous struc-
ture, except that there is no well-marked constriction
between the tentacular nerve and the first gangliform
enlargement, nor between the two enlargements, nor is
there any optic nerve.

The space between the tentacular nerve and the
retractor muscle, is filled with a filamentous tissue, con-

GASTEROPODA OF THE UNITED STATES. 51

taining round, granular, nucleolated nuclei, and large,
round or elliptical, transparent cells, with nuclei similar
to those which lie free in the tissue.

The integument of the tentacule is very freely sup-
plied with nerves from the supra-cesophageal ganglia.

Taste. If existent, it is probably dependent upon
nerves distributed within the buccal body, and derived
from the stomato-gastric ganglia. The structure of the
lingual lamina precludes any idea of its existence there.

SMELL. The presence of this sense is undoubted,
though there is much discrepancy of opinion as to its
situation. I have suspected that it probably may be
placed in the blind sac, or depression, which opens just
below the mouth. ‘This sac varies in its degree of devel-
opment in the different genera; in Limax it is a super-
ficial depression; in Vaginulus it extends backwards
beneath the buccal body for half an inch, is conical in
shape and yellowish-white in color; in Bulimus fasciatus
it extends back, in the excavation of the foot, to the tail,
and is folded several times upon itself.

Hearine. The acoustic apparatus consists of a pair
of transparent, vesicular bodies, placed upon the postero-
inferior part of the sub-cesophageal ganglia, one on each
side. They are placed in a depression of the ganglia,
formed by a separation of the nerve-tubuli as they pass
from and into the latter, immediately upon the gan-

52 SPECIAL ANATOMY OF THE TERRESTRIAL

glionic globules. Their interior is filled with a trans-
parent fluid, containing numerous otoconites, which vary
in size, aré oval in form, transparent, composed of con-
centric layers of carbonate of lime, and frequently have
a small cavity in their centre. During life, and for a
short time after the death of the animal, the otoconites
are endowed with a peculiar vibratory movement, by
which they are disposed to accumulate into a mass in the
centre of the auditory vesicle. After the cessation of
the movement, they become diffused through the fluid of
the vesicle.

SreHt. The eyeball is placed beneath the mtegu-
ment, on the outer side of the constriction which exists
between the gangliform swellings at the free extremity
of the superior tentacula. The optic nerve is derived
from the inferior part of the first gangliform enlargement,
is tortuous or undulating, and reaches the eyeball at its
posterior part. Its course is frequently indicated by a
deposit of pigmentum nigrum.

The eyeball is globular, and is invested exteriorly by
a transparent tunic, corresponding to the sclerotica and
cornea.

The choroidea forms two-thirds of a sphere, and is
inflected anteriorly into a sort of depressed disk, perfo-
rated in the centre. It consists of a delicate, trans-
lucent membrane, with a deposit of a single layer of
irregularly rounded, or oval, black pigment cells. The
interior of the choroidea contains a clear, consistent vit-

GASTEROPODA OF THE UNITED STATES. 53

reous humor ; but the character of the retina I did not
detect at the time. Whether a crystalline lens exists or
not I am in doubt; at the time of making the investiga-
tions, in several instances I thought I discerned it very
distinctly ; but in other instances, even when larger spe-
cies were examined, if it existed it escaped my observa-

tion.

REFERENCES TO THE PLATES.

PLATE I.
LIMAX VARIEGATUS.

Fie. I. The integument laid open, with the viscera in situ. 1. Buc-
cal body; 2. salivary gland; 3. stomach; 4. intestine; 5. termination
of intestine in the rectum; 6. blind tube from the termination of the in-
testine ; 7. oviduct; 8. pulmonary chamber; 9. heart; 10. renal organ ;
11. left superior tentacle; 12. sub-cesophageal ganglia; 13. left stomato-
gastric ganglion; 14. liver; 15. origin of the retractor muscle of the
penis.

Fie. If, The viscera dissected apart. 1. Buccal body; 2. stomach;
3. intestine; 4. termination of do.; 5. blind tube from do.; 6. salivary
glands; 6.* salivary duct; 7. liver; 8. hepatic duct; 9. testicle; 10.
epididymis; 11. prostate gland; 12. penis; 13. retractor of do.; 14.
ovary; 15. oviduct; 16. genital bladder; 17. pulmonary chamber; 18.
aorta; 19. cephalic branch of do.; 20. visceral branch of do.; 21. sub-
cesophageal ganglia; 22. left superior tentacle.

Fig, III. The generative apparatus. 1. Testicle; 2. epididymis ;
3. prostate gland; 4. penis; 5. retractor of do.; 6. ovary; 7. oviduct;
8. genital bladder; 9. cloaca.

Fig. IV. The pulmonary chamber laid open and magnified four
diameters. 1. Floor formed by the muscular peritoneum; 2. pulmonary
orifice; 3. rectum; 4. anal aperture; 5. renal organ; 6. duct of do.; 7.
pericardium laid open; 8. heart; 9. pulmonary vein; 10. pulmonary
arteries; 11. aorta.

Fie. V. Testa.

Fic. VI. Dental plate.

PLATE II.
Fies. I.—IV. Arion HORTENSIS.

Fie. I. Organs in situ. 1. Buccal body; 2. stomach; 3. intestine;
4. termination of do.; 5. liver; 6. testicle; 7. ovary; 8. oviduct; 9.
cloaca; 10. pulmonary chamber; 11. heart; 12. retractors of the penis
_ and vagina,

REFERENCES TO THE PLATES. a

Fic. II. Genitalia, two diameters. 1. Testicle; 2. epididymis;
2.* vas deferens; 3. prostate gland; 5. penis; 6. ovary; 7. oviduct; 8
genital bladder; 9. cloaca; 10. retractors of the penis and vagina.

Fic. II. Digestive apparatus. 1. Buccal body; 2. retractors of
do.; 3. esophagus; 4. stomach; 5. intestine; 6. rectum; 7. anus; 8.
salivary glands; 9. ducts of do.; 10. liver; 11. duct of liver.

Fig. IV. Pulmonary chamber, magnified. 1. Floor of the cavity ;
2. pulmonary orifice ; 3. pulmonary arteries; 4. auricle; 5. ventricle; 6.
pericardium; 7. aorta; 8. renal organ; 9. intestine; 10. anus.

Figs. V.— VI. Limax CAMPESTRIS.

Fig. V. The digestive apparatus. 1. Buccal body; 2. its retrac-
tor; 3. stomach; 4. intestine ; 5. terminal portion of do.; 6. anus; 7.
salivary glands ; 8. liver.

Fic. VI. Generative apparatus. 1. Testicle; 2. epididymis; 2.”
vas deferens; 38. accessory gland of do.; 4. prostate; 5, 6. penis; 8.
oviduct; 9. genital bladder; 10. cloaca.

Fics. VII.—IX. Limax aGREsrTISs.

Fie. VII. Body laid open, and viscera dissected apart. 1. Buccal
body; 2. stomach; 3. intestine; 4. blind tube of do.; 5. salivary
glands; 6. liver; 7. testicle; 8. epididymis; 9. prostate; 10. recepta-
cle of the penis; 11. trifurcate gland of do.; 12. sac of penis; 13. retrac-
tor muscle; 14. ovary; 15. oviduct; 16. genital bladder; 17. pulmon-
ary chamber.

Fic. VIII. Lower portion of the genitalia. 1. Prostate; 2. recepta-
cle of penis; 3. trifurcate gland of do.; 4. sac of penis; 5. retractor; 6.
oviduct; 7. bladder; 8. cloaca.

Fic. IX. Receptacle of the penis laid open. 1. penis; 2. longitu-
dinal folds of the receptacle; 3. trifurcate gland.

PLATE III.

TEBENNOPHORUS CAROLINENSIS.

Fic. I. Integument laid open, and the viscera in situ enclosed
within the muscular peritoneum.

Fie. IJ. Muscular peritoneum laid open; the organs in situ. 1.
Pulmonary chamber laid open; 2. muscular peritoneum; 3. buccal
body; 4. stomach; 5. liver; 6. intestine; 7. testicle; 8. ovary; 9. ovi-
duct; 10. dart sac; 11. heart; 12. renal organ; 13. pulmonary orifice.

56 REFERENCES TO THE PLATES.

Fie. Ill. Digestive apparatus and pulmonary chamber. 1. Buc-
cal body; 2. retractors of do.; 3. esophagus; 4. stomach; 5. intestine;
6. rectum; 7. salivary glands; 8. ducts of do.; 9. liver; 10. ducts of
do.; 11. pulmonary chamber; 12. pulmonary veins; 13. renal organ;
14. heart. ‘

Fie. IV. Generative apparatus. 1. Testicle; 2. epididymis; 2.*
vas deferens; 5. prostate; 4. penis; 5. retractor of penis; 6. ovary;
7. oviduct; 8. genital bladder; 9. dart sac; 10. cloaca; 11. glandular
structure of do.; 12. right superior tentacle.

Fig. V. Penis, dart sac, etc. laid open. 1. Penis; 2. folded lining
of do.; 3. vas deferens; 4. dart sac, containing the dart; 5. neck of
oviduct; 6. duct of bladder; 7. cloaca.

Fic. VI. The dart, enlarged.

Fie. VII. Glandular layer of the cloaca, enlarged.

Fie. VII. Globular form of the genital bladder.

Fic. IX. Spermatozoa, highly magnified.

Fig. X. A bunch of imperfect spermatozoa from the testicle, highly
magnified.

Fie. XI. Granules from the testicle, highly magnified.

Fie. XII. Imperfect ova from the ovary, highly magnified.

PLATE . IV.

VAGINULUS FLORIDANUS.

Fie JI. Integument laid open; the viscera in situ. 1. Buccal
body; 2. salivary gland; 3. stomach; 4. intestine; 5. rectum; 6. liver;
7. testicle; 8. multifid vesicle; 9. heart.

Fig. II. Viscera separated. 1. Buccal body; 2. stomach; 3. intes-
tine; 4. salivary glands; 5. liver; 6. course of rectum, renal duct, and
pulmonary passage; 7. testicle; 8. epididymis; 9. receptacle of penis; ©
10. multifid vesicle; 11. ovary; 12. oviduct; 13. genital bladder; 14.
parenchymatous sac of the vagina.

Fie. WI. Part of the digestive apparatus. 1. Cisophagus; 2. sto-
mach; 3. intestine; 4. liver; 5. hepatic ducts.

Fic. IV. Genitalia. 1. Testicle; 2. epididymis; 3. vas deferens;
4. prostate; 5. receptacle of penis laid open; 6. penis; 7. retractor of
penis; 8. base of multifid vesicle; 9. ovary; 10. oviduct; 11. genital
bladder; 12. parenchymatous sac of vagina laid open.

Fig. V. Visceral cavity, with the greater portion of the viscera
removed. 1. Buccal body; 2. salivary glands; 3. cesophagus; 4. rec-
tum; 5. pulmonary passage; 6. pulmonary cells between the integu-
ment and muscular peritoneum; 7. pulmonary artery from the left

REFERENCES TO THE PLATES. 57

side; 8. heart; 9. renal organ; 10. renal duct; 11. penis, seen within
its receptacle; 12. base of the multifid vesicle; 13. parenchymatous sac
of the vagina; 14. vagina; 15. sub-cesophageal, and 16. supra-cesopha-
geal ganglia; 17. olfactory sinus.

Fig. VI. Dental plate: a. size of nature; b. magnified, with the
retractor muscle attached.

PLATE V.
BULIMUS FASCIATUS.

Fie. I. The viscera dissected apart. 1. Buccal body; 2. lingual
pouch; 3. retractor of buccal body ; 4. stomach; 5. intestine; 6. rec-
tum; 7. anus; 8. salivary glands; 9. ducts of do. ; 10. liver; 11. posi-
tion of the testicle commingled with the posterior lobe of the liver; 12.
epididymis ; 12.* vas deferens; 13. accessory gland of the epididymis ;
14. prostate; 15. penis; 16. retractor of do.; 17. multifid vesicle; 18.
ovary ; 19. oviduct; 19.* glandular portion of do.; 20. genital blad-
der; 21. pulmonary chamber ; 22. pulmonary aperture ; 23. pulmonary
artery ; 24. pulmonary vein; 25. pericardium; 26. auricle; 27. ventri-
cle; 28. aorta; 29. renal organ; 30. renal duct; 31. orifice of do.; 32.
supra-cesophageal ganglia; 33. stomato-gastric ganglia; 34. sub-
cesophageal ganglia.

Fie. Il. Buccal body laid open, enlarged. 1. Upper lip; 2. lower
lip; 3. dental plate ; 4. sides of buccal cavity; 5. tongue; 6. entrance
of cesophagus; 7. cesophagus; 8. salivary ducts; 9. lower part of
buccal body; 10. retractor muscle.

Fie. II. The muscular tongue, with the tubular prolongation of
the lingual lamina into the lingual pouch.

Fic. IV. Dental plate: a. magnified; b. size of nature.

Fie. V. Excavation of the foot. 1. Buccal body turned forward ;
2. retractor muscle; 3. attrahent fasciculi; 4. lingual pouch; 5. re-
tractors of the foot; 6. olfactory sinus.

PLATE VI.
HELIX ALBOLABRIS.

Fie. I. The animal, with the pulmonary chamber (1) laid open
and turned back from the visceral mass (2); 3. the mouth; 4. the
cloaca, voluntarily protruded.

Fic. Il. The viscera, all dissected apart. 1. Buccal body; 2.

8

58 REFERENCES TO THE PLATES.

retractor of do.; 3. cesophagus; 4. stomach; 5. intestine; 6. rectum;
7. anus; 8. salivary glands; 9. liver; 10. testicle; 11. epididymis ;
11.* vas deferens; 11.** accessory gland of epididymis; 12. pros-
tate; 13. penis; 14. retractor of do.; 15. ovary; 16. oviduct; 17.
genital bladder; 18. pulmonary chamber; 19. pulmonary vein; 20.
heart; 21. renal organ; 22. its duct ; 23. anus; 24. cephalic branch of
aorta; 25. supra-cesophageal ganglia.

Fie. II. Genitalia. 1. Testicle; 2. epididymis; 2.* vas deferens ;
2.** dilated commencement of do.; 3. accessory gland of epididymis ;
4. prostate; 5. penis; 6. prepuce; 7. retractor muscle; 8. ovary; 9.
oviduct; 10. genital bladder; 11. muscular organ on the duct of do. ;
12. cloaca.

Fie. IV. Penis, etc. laid open. 1. Vas deferens; 2. retractor of
penis; 3. penis; 4. a longitudinal papillated fold of the lining mem-
brane; 5. prepuce; 6. bladder laid open; 7. muscular organ at its
base; 8. neck of oviduct; 9. orifice of do.; 10. cloaca.

Fic. V. A second appearance of the interior of the organ at the
base of the bladder (1). 2. Longitudinal folds; 3. neck of oviduct; 4.
orifice of do.

Fria. VI. Portion of oviduct laid open, exhibiting the spermatic
groove, and, within it, the orifice of the prostate gland. 1. Epididymis ;
2. accessory gland; 3. spermatic groove ; 4. side of the oviduct.

Fie. VII. Pyramidal epithelia from the prostate gland, highly mag-
nified. 1. Mass of cells; 2. isolated cells.

Fic. VIII. Imperfect ova ‘from the ovary.

Fie. IX. Dental plate, much magnified.

Fie. X. Eye, much enlarged.

Fig. XI. Portion of renal organ, moderately magnified.

PLATE VIL

Fie. I. H. ceriarnta; Il.—V. H. antrernata; IV.,, VII. H.
PERSPECTIVA; VIII. H. PALwiaTa.

Fie. I, Viscera of H. cellaria, dissected apart. 1. Buccal body ;
2. retractor of do.; 3. cesophagus; 4. stomach ; 5. intestine; 6. rec-
tum; 7. anus; 8. salivary gland; 9. liver; 10. duct of do.; 11. testicle ;
12. epididymis; 12.* vas deferens; 13. prostate; 14. penis; 15.
retractor of penis; 16. ovary; 17. oviduct; 18. genital bladder; 19.
vagina; 20. pulmonary chamber ; 21. heart; 22. renal organ.

Fie. Il. Viscera of H. alternata. 1. Buccal body; 2. cesophagus ;
3. stomach; 4. intestine; 5. rectum; 6. salivary gland; 7. liver; 8.
testicle; 9. epididymis; 10. prostate; 11. penis; 12. retractor of do.;

REFERENCES TO THE PLATES. 59

13. ovary; 14. oviduct; 15. genital bladder; 16. pulmonary chamber ;
17. heart; 18. renal organ; 19. renal duct; 20. pulmonary aperture.

Fic. HI. Dental plate, magnified. 1. Muscle; 2. the plate.

Fig. IV. Penis laid open. 1. Penis; 2. thick longitudinal fold ;
3. vas deferens; 4. retractor of penis.

Fic. V. Spermatozoa, highly magnified.

Fic. VI. Digestive apparatus of H. perspectiva. 1. Buccal body ;
2. retractor of buccal body ; 3. cesophagus; 4. stomach; 5. intestine ;
6. salivary gland; 7. ducts of do.; 8. hepatic ducts.

Fig VII. Genitalia. 1. Testicle; 2. epididymis; 3. accessory
gland of do.; 4. prostate ; 5. penis ; 6. retractor of do.; 7. ovary; 8.
oviduct; 9. genital bladder; 10. cloaca; 11. right superior tentacle.

Fig. VIII. Dissection of H. palliata. 1. Buccal body; 2. stomach ;
3. intestine; 4. rectum; 5% anus; 6. salivary gland; 7. liver; 8. epidi-
dymis; 8.* vas deferens; 9. accessory gland of do.; 10. prostate; 11.
penis; 12. retractor of do.; 13. ovary ; 14. oviduct; 15. genital blad-
der; 16. retractor of buccal body; 17. pulmonary chamber; 18. heart ;
19. renal organ; 20. supra-cesophageal ganglia.

PLATE VIIL.
Fies. IL.— VI. HELIx MULTILINEATA.

Fic. I. Digestive apparatus. 1. Buccal body; 2. retractor of do.;
3. lingual pouch; 4. stomach; 5. intestine; 6. salivary gland; 7.
hepatic duct.

Fic. II. Genitalia. 1. Testicle; 2. epididymis; 2.* vas deferens ;
3. accessory gland of epididymis; 4. prostate; 5. penis; 6. prepuce ;
7. retractor of penis; 8. ovary; 9. oviduct; 10. genital bladder; 11.
vagina; 12. cloaca; 13. right superior tentacle.

Fie. II. Penis (1) laid open to exhibit the papillary structure on
its inner surface; 2. prepuce; 3. vas deferens; 4,5. neck of oviduct
and vagina laid open; 6. bladder; 7. orifice of bladder.

Fic. IV. Portion of the inner surface of the penis, magnified two
diameters.

Fie. V. Spermatozoa, highly magnified.

Fie. VI. Spermatozoa in coil.

Fies. Vil.— xX: Hi sonrrarra.

Fic. VII. Digestive apparatus. Same references as Fig. I.

Fie. VIL. Genitalia. 1. Testicle ; 2. epididymis ; 2.* vas deferens ;
3. accessory gland of do.; 4. prostate; 5. penis; 6. retractor of do.;
7. ovary; 8. oviduct; 9. bladder; 10. cloaca.

60 REFERENCES TO THE PLATES.

Fic. IX. Spermatozoa and granules from the epididymis, highly
magnified.

Fic. X. Portion of the renal organ at its commencement, exhibit-
ing the relation of the duct at its outer edge.

Fig. XI. Herti1x BERLANDERIANA.

Fic. XI. Genitalia of Helix Berlanderiana. 1. Testicle; 2. epi-
didymis; 3. accessory gland of do.; 4. prostate; 5. penis; 6. double
retractor of do. ; 7. sac of the dart?; 8. ovary; 9. oviduct; 10. blad-
der; 11. cloaca.

PLATE IX.

Fies. I.—IU. H. prorunpa.

Fie. I. Digestive apparatus. 1. Buccal body; 2. retractor of do. ;
3. esophagus; 4. stomach; 5. intestine; 6. salivary gland; 7. ducts;
of do.; 8. hepatic ducts.

Fic. I. Inferior part of the genitalia. 1. Prostate; 2. vas defe-
rens; 3. penis; 4. retractor of do.; 5. prepuce; 6. oviduct; 7. bladder ;
8. vagina; 9. cloaca; 10. tentacle.

Fie. Il. 1. Vas deferens; 2. penis; 3. retractor of do.; 4. prepuce
laid open; 5. glans penis; 6. genital bladder and duct laid open, ex-
hibiting the interior, longitudinal folds; 7. neck of oviduct; 8. vagina;
9. cloaca; 10. tentacle.

HELIX FULIGINOSA.

Fic. IV. H. fuliginosa, with all the viscera dissected apart. 1,
Buccal body; 2. retractor of do.; 3. cesophagus; 4 stomach; 5. intes-
tine; 6. rectum; 7. anus; 8. salivary gland; 9. ducts of do.; 10. liver;
11. testicle; 12. epididymis; 13. accessory gland of do.; 14. prostate; _
15. penis; 16. retractor of do.; 17. ovary; 18. oviduct; 19. bladder;
20. glandular structure surrounding the vagina; 21. pulmonary cham-
ber; 22. heart; 23. renal organ; 24. retractor muscle of the foot; 25.
supra-, 26. sub-cesophageal, and 27. stomato-gastric ganglia.

Fics. V. VI. HL. avricuara.
Fig. V. Digestive apparatus. 1. Buccal body; 2. lingual pouch;

3. retractor of buccal body; 4. cesophagus; 5. stomach; 6. intestine;
7. salivary gland; 8. ducts of do.; 9. hepatic ducts.

REFERENCES TO THE PLATES. 61

Fie. VI. Genitalia. 1. Testicle; 2. epididymis; 2.* vas deferens ;
3. accessory gland of epididymis; 4. prostate; 5. penis; 6. retractor
of do.; 7. ovary; 8. oviduct; 9. genital bladder; 10. vagina; 11.
cloaca. .

Fics. VII.—IX. Aupirory APPARATUS oF H. PULCHELLA.

Fie. VII. Inferior ganglia of the sub-cesophageal mass, highly
magnified, with the auditory vesicles attached.

Fic. VIII. Side view of one of the auditory vesicles.

Fic. IX. Otoconites, very highly magnified.

PLATE X.
Fies. I.—TII. H. pexorera.

Fie. I. Digestive apparatus. 1. Buccal body; 2. lingual pouch;
3. retractor of buccal body ; 4. stomach; 5. intestine; 6. salivary gland;
7. ducts of do.; 8. hepatic ducts.

Fie. I. Genitalia. Same references as Fig. VI. Pl. [X.; 2.** glan-
dular commencement of vas deferens.

Fig. U1. Penis laid open. 1, Longitudinal folds; 2. vas deferens ;
3. valvular folds; 4. retractor of penis; 5. vagina; 6. orifice of do.

Fics. IV. V. H. Evevata.

Fie. IV. Viscera dissected apart. 1. Buccal body; 2. esophagus;
3. stomach; 4. intestine; 5. rectum; 6. anus; 7. salivary gland;
8. liver; 9. testicle; 10. epididymis; 11. accessory gland of do.; 10.*
vas deferens ; 12. prostate; 13. penis; 14. retractor of do.; 15. ovary ;
16. oviduct; 17. genital bladder; 18. pulmonary chamber; 19. pul-
monary vein; 20. heart; 21. renal organ; 22. duct of do.; 23. pulmo-
nary orifice; 24. supra-, 25. sub-cesophageal, and 26. stomato-gastric
ganglia.

Fic. V. Penis laid open. 1. Longitudinal folds of interior; 2. vas
deferens; 3. retractor of penis.

PLATE XI.
Fies. I.—IV. H. Sarr.

Fic. I. Digestive apparatus. 1. Buccal body; 2. retractor of do.;
3. lingual pouch; 4. esophagus; 5. stomach; 6. intestine; 7. salivary
gland; 8. salivary ducts ; 9. hepatic ducts.

8 *

62 REFERENCES TO THE PLATES.
Fie. II. Genitalia. Same references as Fig. VI. Pl. IX.
Fig. II. Portion of the oviduct laid open. 1. Transverse folds of
the sides; 2. spermatic groove.
Fie. IV. Dental plate, largely magnified.

Figs. V.— VI. H. nirsuta.

Fic. V. Viscera dissected apart. 1. Buccal body; 2. esophagus;
3. stomach; 4. intestine; 5. rectum; 6. anus; 7. salivary gland; 8.
liver; 9. testicle; 10. epididymis; 11. accessory gland of do. ; 10.* vas
deferens; 12. prostate; 15. penis; 14. retractor of do.; 15. ovary; 16.
oviduct; 17. genital bladder; 18. pulmonary chamber; 19. heart; 20
renal organ.

Fie. VI. Accessory gland of the epididymis, highly magnified.

Figs. VII.—IX. H. ruyroripes.

Fic. VII. Digestive apparatus. Same references as Fig. I.

Fic. VIII. Genitalia. Same references as Fig. VI. Pl. IX.

Fic. IX. Penis laid open. 1. Longitudinal folds; 2. valvular fold ;
3. vas deferens; 4. retractor of penis; 5. orifice of vagina.

PUATEH Xi:
Fies. I.—III. H. inTERTExTA.

Fie. I. Genitalia. 1. Testicle; 2. epididymis; 3. accessory gland
of do.; 2.* vas deferens; 4. prostate; 5. penis; 6. retractor of do.;
7. sac of the dart; 8. glandular pouches; 9. ovary; 10. oviduct; 11.
genital bladder; 12. duct of do. to the vagina; 13. division of the duct,
enclosing the lower part of the genitalia; 14. retractor of the dart sac;
15. portion of the duct of the genital bladder, enclosing the cloaca; 16.
cloaca.

Fie. II. Lower part of the genitalia laid open. 1. Penis; 2. por-
tion of the duct of the genital bladder, which encloses the lower part of
the genitalia, laid open; 3. vas deferens; 4. neck of the oviduct; 5.
duct of the bladder; 6. the portion of do. to the vagina; 7. dart sac; ~
8. glandular pouches; 9. dart; 10. orifice of the vagina.

Fig. II. a. the dart, the size of nature; b. do. much magnified.

Fies. IV.— VIL. H. LiGERa.

Fic. IV. Digestive apparatus. 1. Buccal body; 2. retractor of
do.; 3. cesophagus; 4. stomach; 5. intestine; 6. salivary gland; 7.
hepatic duct.

REFERENCES TO THE PLATES. 63

Fie. V. Genitalia. Same references as Fig. I.

Fie. VI. Animal with the penis and lower portion of the dart sac.

Fie. VII. Dental plate.

Fic. VII. Genitalia of H. suppressa, magnified seven diameters.
Same references as Fig. I.

Fies. IX.—XI. H. concava.

Fie. IX. Digestive apparatus. Same references as Fig. I. Pl.
XI.

Fic. X. Genitalia. Same references as Fig. VI. Pl. [X., except
11, which is probably a dart sac; 12. cloaca.

Fie. XI. Dental plate, much magnified.

PLATE XTi.

Fie. I.—II. Succrnea.

Fic. I. Viscera dissected apart. 1. Buccal body; 2. stomach; 3.
intestine; 4. rectum; 5. anus; 6. salivary gland; 7. ducts of do.; 8.
liver; 9. testicle; 10. epididymis; 11. accessory gland of do.; 12. pros-
tate; 13. penis; 14. ovary; 15. oviduct; 16. genital bladder; 17.
pulmonary chamber; 18. heart; 19. renal organ.

Fic. II. Genitalia. Same references as Fig. VI. Pl. IX.

Fie. III. Dental plate. a. Natural size; b. magnified; 1. mus-
cle; 2. dental plate; 3. accessory plate.

Fic. IV. Nerve centres of Helicina orbiculata, highly magnified.
1. Supra-cesophageal ganglia; 2. stomato-gastric ganglia; 3. sub-
cesophageal ganglia; 4. auditory vesicles.

Fic. V. Spermatozoa from the epididymis, very highly magnified.

PLATE XIV.

GLANDINA TRUNCATA.

Fia. I. Animal deprived of its shell. 1. Turbinate mass of vis-
cera; 2. anterior third of the buccal body protruded as in eating; 3.
mouth ; 4. generative aperture; 5. superior tentacles; 6. inferior ten-
tacles; 7. external tentacles.

Fic. II. Viscera dissected apart. 1. Buccal body; 2. esophagus ;
2." exit of do.; 3. stomach; 4. intestine; 5. rectum; 6. anus; 7. sali-
vary gland; 8. ducts of do.; 9. liver; 10. hepatic duct; 11. testicle;
12. epididymis; 13. accessory gland of do. ; 12*. vas deferens ; 14. pros-
tate; 15. penis; 16. retractor of do.; 17. ovary; 18. oviduct; 19. genital
bladder; 20. vagina; 21. cloaca; 22. pulmonary chamber; 23. pul-

64 REFERENCES TO THE PLATES.

monary vein; 24. heart; 25. aorta; 26. renal organ; 27. duct of do.;
28. orifice of do.; 29. retractor muscles of buccal body, tentacles, and
podal disk; 30. supra-cesophageal ganglia; 31. stomato-gastric oad
glia; 32. superior tentacles retracted; 33. Distoma sacs.

Fie. III. Inferior view of the protruded portion of buccal body.
1. Mouth; 2. external tentacles.

Fie. IV. Diagram of nervous centres. 1. Sub-cesophageal gan-
glia; 2. supra-cesophageal ganglia; 3. stomato-gastric ganglia.

PLATE XV.

Fic. I. Genitalia of Bulimus dealbatus. 1. Testicle; 2. epididy-
mis; 3. accessory g gland of do.; 4. prostate; 5. vas deferens; 6. penis;
7. retractor of do.; 8. ovary; 9. oviduct; 10. genital bladder; 11. va-
gina; 12. cloaca.

Fie. I.—IV. Pura incana.

Fic. II. Visccra dissected apart. 1. Buccal body; 2. retractor of
do.; 3. cesophagus; 4. stomach; 5. intestine; 6. rectum; 7. anus;
8. salivary gland; 9. liver; 10. pulmonary chamber; 11. collar; 12.
pulmonary aperture; 13. pulmonary vein; 14. heart; 15. aorta; 16.
renal organ; 17. duct of do.; 18. testicle; 19. epididymis; 20. acces-
sory gland of do.; 21. prostate; 22. vas deferens; 23. penis; 24. retrac-’
tor of do.; 25. dart sac (4); 26. ovary; 27. oviduct; 28. genital bladder ;
29. an accessory gland joining the duct of the genital bladder by the
duct 30; 31. retractor muscles ; 32. sub-cesophageal ganglia.

Fic. Ill. Penis laid open. 1. Penis; 2. longitudinal fold; 3. re-
tractor of penis; 4. vas deferens ; 5. orifice of do.

Fic. IV. Dental plate, magnified.

Fies. V. VI. BuLimMvus DECOLLATUS.

Fie. V. Digestive apparatus. 1. Buccal body; 2. lingual pouch;
3. retractor of buccal body; 4. cesophagus; 5. stomach; 6. intestine;
7. salivary gland; 8. ducts of do.; 9. hepatic ducts.

Fic. VI. Lower portion of the Genitalia.

Fics. VII. VII. B. vireuiatvus.

Fie. VII. Digestive apparatus. Same references as in digestive
apparatus of Fig. II.
Fic. VUI. Genitalia. Same references as Fig. I.

PLATE XVI.

Fic. I. Nervous system of Glandina truncata, magnified. 1. Supra-

REEERENCES TO THE PLATES. 65

cesophageal ganglia; 2. sub-cesophageal ganglia; 3. stomato-gastric
ganglia; 4.nerve to the upper lip; 5. to the integument of the superior
tentacule; 6. to the lateral lips; 7. supra-cesophageal, stomato-gastric
ganglionic commissure; 8. superior tentacular nerve; 9. an accessory
branch; 10. nerve to the inferior and external tentacule; 11. gan-
elionic enlargement of do.; 12. inferior tentacular nerve; 13. external
tentacular nerves; 14. nerves to the buccal body; 15. to cesophagus
and stomach; 16. to salivary ducts and gland; 17. supra-cesophageal,
sub-cesophageal, ganglionic commissures; 18. nerves to podal disk;
19. nerves to collar and pulmonary chamber; 20. to retractor of buc-
cal body; 21. follows course of aorta, and supplies the oviduct, ovary,
testicle, etc.; 22. supplies integument, collar, pulmonary chamber, and
retractor muscles, at origin; 23. to penis; 24. to cloaca and integu-
ment in vicinity; 25. numerous branches to integument on each side,
and podal disk; 26. to retractor muscles; 27. to tail and podal disk ;
28. large branch to integument on each side.

Fie. Ul. Supra-cesophageal and stomato-gastric ganglia of Helix
albolabris. 1. Supra-cesophageal ganglia; 2. stomato-gastric ganglia.
3. supra-cesophageal, sub-cesophageal, ganglionic commissures; 4. su-
pra-cesophageal, stomato-gastric, ganglionic commissures; 5. superior
tentacular nerve; 6. inferior tentacular do.; 7. to commencement of
olfactory sinus; 8. inferior part of mouth and buccal body; 9. to inte-
gument of lips; 10. integument at side of mouth, and generative aper-
ture on the right side; 11. recurrent branch to superior tentacular
muscle; 12. to retractor of podal disk; 13. to buccal body; 14. to
cesophagus; 15. to salivary glands.

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