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60M — 048 — Form 8

VETERINARY MEDICINE SERIES

No. 7
Edited by D. M. CAMPBELL, D. V. S.

SPECIAL
CATTLE THERAPY

BY

MART R. STEFFEN, M. D. C, V. S.

Author of "SPECIAL VETERINARY THERAPY"; Editor

"Therapeutic Digest Department," American

Journal of Veterinary Medicine

Chicago

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE
1915

Coi'vniGiiT, 1915,

I!Y

1) M. CA^rriELL

PREFACE

Special Cattle Therapy was written to fill the de-
mand for a concise, practical treatise on the treatment
of the commoner diseases of cattle.

As in ''Special Veterinary Therapy" no particular
system of medicine is advocated, practical procedures
only being given attention ; especially, such treatments
and methods of handling as the author's experience
has suggested as being successful.

While every effort has been made to harmonize all
procedures with the teachings of veterinary science as
far as is consistent, scientific teachings have been sac-
rificed where the ultimate result has demanded methods
of treatment bordering on the empirical. Where such
sacrifice has been made, however, an attempt is made
in every instance to explain the action and effect of
empirical methods on a scientific basis.

MART R. STEFFEN.
Brillion, Wis.

August, 1915.

INTRODUCTION
The Action of Drugs

Of all the domestic animals cattle, more particularly
dairy cattle, respond most satisfactorily to the action
of drugs. A system of specific medication is possible
in cattle if it is possible in any animal. Granted that
the drug" has been intelligently selected for the disease,
and that it has Been judiciously administered, a defi-
nite action is ahvays forthcoming. This is true whether
the drug be given orally or hypodermically, but espe-
cially so when given orally.

The Administration of Drugs

For all practical purposes the administration of
drugs can be limited to oral and hypodermic adminis-
tration.

Oral administration in the cow is a very simple pro-
cedure, especially so when the cow is not confined in a
stanchion. The thumb and forefinger of the left hand
grasp the nasal septum firmly from above and just
inside the nostrils. The head is then raised straight
up, under the veterinarian's left arm, and the medi-
cine emptied into the mouth. Most cows will swallow
liquids in this manner just as fast as they are poured
in. Usually the veterinarian can do- this single-handed ;
now and then a head-strong cow will require that a
helper give the veterinarian some assistance in keep-
ing the animal's head raised. There is an impression
among farmers that the tongue must be held out of

5

O H. HILL LIBRARY

NoSk Caroltoa State CoUifa

6 SPECIAL CATTLE THERAPY

one corner of the cow's mouth when the animal is
being drenched. This is erroneous. The tongue should
not be touched by the person giving the drench. The
free use of the tongue is necessary to properly per-
form the act of deglutition. The mouth of the bottle
used for drenching should rest against the roof of the
cow's mouth, just back of the dental pad, and should
then follow the movements of the tongue, up and down.
In other words, each time the cow swallows the mouth
opens wider and the tongue is drawn back towards
the pharynx; the bottle should follow in, keeping it
against the roof of the mouth and until the shoulder
of the bottle strikes the first molar. When the act of
deglutition is completed the tongue comes forward
again and the mouth closes ; the bottle is then allowed
to come forward again towards the region just back
of the dental pad. This is repeated at each deglutitory
act until the medicine has been entirely poured in.
When cattle are drenched in this manner the danger
of inhalation pneumonia from portions of the medica-
ment entering the larynx are nil.

To jam the bottle into the corner of the cow's mouth
when drenching and hold it there until it is empty is
not the correct method and usually induces a fit of
coughing immediately after the drench.

The hypodermatic administration of drugs does not
differ materially in cows from the same procedure in
horses. It is only necessary to use a heavier needle
and to select a place in the skin where it can be in-
serted easily. The top of the shoulder presents a good
area for the entrance of the hypodermic needle in
cows. The skin is loose enough here so that a fold
can be picked up, and it is not so tough here as in
other parts. Another point in selecting this region
lies in the fact that the veterinarian can get into such

INTRODUCTION 7

a position here that he can avoid being kicked by the
cow when the needle is thrnst in.

The needle shonld be thrnst from above downwards,
and a slip needle should be used if possible. If a
needle with a screw thread is used it is frequently
broken if it is thrust in while attached to the syringe.
If it is not attached to the syringe, too much time is
lost in attaching the syringe after the needle is in situ.

When the cow is recumbent the injection can be
given in the side of the neck, or in the region of the
flank.

Abscess formations following on hypodermatic injec-
tions in cattle are almost never seen, even when no
antiseptic precautions are taken.

Things that Make for Success in Cattle Practice

In beginning the discussion of diseases of cattle it
might be in place to call the reader's attention to the
fact that it would be a difficult matter to cite author-
itative and, at the same time, practical writings on a
system of therapeutics for cattle. Bovine therapy is
a specialty of veterinary medicine which offers a con-
siderable field for the development of improved and
enlightened methods of treatment. The same is true
of the diagnosis of diseases of cattle.

Another point worthy of consideration in cattle prac-
tice is the veterinarian's personality, or his demeanor
towards the patient. This can almost be summed up
in two words: ''Be gentle." We are speaking, of
course, of dairy cattle. No consideration is given to
range cattle in this treatise.

The diseases with which we shall concern ourselves
in the following chapters include the pathologic con-
ditions and accidents in cattle with which the prac-

8 SPECIAL CATTLE THERAPY

titioner most frequently meets, and especially those
conditions upon the proper and efficient handling of
which depend the veterinarian's popularity and his
financial success in a country practice.

RANULA

There does not seem to be much conformity of
opinion among veterinarians as to just what a ranula
is. For the present purpose we shall call a ranula a
cyst w^hich makes its appearance under the tongue,
extending from the franum linguae forward, towards
the incisors. It is quite generally presumed, that this
condition is the result of foreign particles entering
into the substance of the submaxillary gland through
Wharton's duct.

The symptoms in this condition usually begin with
the appearance of fullness or swelling which can be
seen best by viewing the cow's head from the side.
It begins two or three inches behind the chin in the
inter-maxillary space, is pouch-like and extends back-
ward towards the larynx. This swelling is movable
and can be pushed upwards between the rami of the
lower jaw, free from the skin. (The swelling of acti-
nomycosis affecting this region is adherent.)

After a period of time the cow does not eat nor-
mally and saliva constantly drips from the mouth.

Usually it is at about this time that the veterinarian
is called. AVhen, after having noted the external
swelling, he examines the interior of the mouth he
discovers a swelling below the free portion of the
tongue. This swelling usually is circumscribed, stand-
ing out from the parts to the height of an inch or
two and, in the early stages, is quite firm. The fact

RANULA 9

that the swelling is circumscribed sharply, differen-
tiates ranula from all other abnormalities in this part
of the anatomy, and it can not be mistaken for any
other disease.

The treatment is chiefly surgical and consists of
lancing the swelling in the mouth at the point proximal
to the incisors. A straight abscess knife is merely
thrust into the front of the swelling and withdrawn;
no extensive incision need be made. If the disease is
of recent occurrence the- discharge which is emitted
following the lance is quite thick and of a dark gray
color; in fact, more of the appearance and consistency
of necrotic tissue shreds than of pus. If the disease
has existed for a considerable length of time the swell-
ing, which is then not so firm, contains a rather thin,
syrupy fluid. Nothing further is done to the lesion in
the mouth, but the external swelling is to be treated
with a mild counter-irritant or an absorbent.

Relief is immediate when the cyst has been lanced
and the cow begins to eat normally. The essential
feature in the handling of this condition lies in lancing
the swelling in the mouth. The external swelling
should never be incised. Further, no time should be
w^asted in waiting for the internal swelling to ''point";
it should be lanced even if it is apparently ''not ready"
to be lanced. Whenever ranula has reached the stage
in which it produces trouble in eating it is ready for
opening, no matter how firm it may feel. The knife
should penetrate to the center with one thrust ; upon
its withdrawal the contents of the cyst makes its exit.

10 SPECIAL CATTLE THERAPY

DENTAL IRREGULARITIES AND OTHER SPO-
RADIC DISEASED CONDITIONS IN
THE MOUTH

Dental Irregularities

Irregularities of the teeth do not come to the atten-
tion of the veterinarian frequently in a cattle practice.
When such irregularities do occur they are usually so
evident bj^ their symptoms that the diagnosis is not
difficult.

Probably the most common dental irregularity that
occurs in the cow is the split and deflected molar; such
molars are, in fact more common than is generally sup-
posed. Systematic examination of the mouth and the
dental arches will disclose this abnormality quite fre-
quently.

It is, however, astonishing to what length a split
and deflected molar can grow in cattle without inter-
fering to any great degree Avith mastication or the well-
being of the animal. We have seen only a very few
cases of ulceration of teeth accompanied by bony en-
largements and subsequent abscess formation on the
maxilla.

Xow and then a case is presented in which deciduous
molars are capping the permanent teeth, producing a
certain degree of difficulty in mastication. This con-
dition is very rare also.

The treatment of dental abnormalities in the cow
does not differ materially from the treatment of simi-
lar conditions in equine subjects. Split and elongated
molars are either extracted or cut down with the molar
cutter. Ulcerated fangs are repulsed if they can not
be grasped with the extracting forceps.

DENTAL IRREGULARITIES 11

No manipulations of any extent should ever be at-
tempted in the mouth of the cow without the use of a
strong mouth speculum. Those not acquainted with
the contractile power of the masseters of the cow
should not chance experience to make this acquaint-
ance. The power of the masseters in the cow is tre-
mendous; aided by the scissor-like movements, of
which the mandible is capable in this animal, it makes
manipulations in the cavity without the use of a good
mouth speculum far from a safe procedure. A per-
fectly trustworthy speculum can be made from an or-
dinary plow clevis, w^hen no other speculum is at
hand. We have used a plow clevis for this purpose
a number of times and with satisfaction. Care must
be observed to keep it in an upright position, in case
the cow moves the head suddenly.

Stomatitis From Mis-Cut Ensilage

Ensilage improperly cut in length is frequently the
cause of a considerable degree of stomatitis and ulcer-
ations of the buccal mucosa.

The condition makes itself known by profuse sali-
vation, smacking of the lips, and refusal of feed. All
the symptoms point to a purely local trouble in the
mouth. Several cattle are usually affected simultane-
ously. Examination will show the mucous membrane
of the mouth quite generally inflamed, with numbers
of spots in various stages of ulceration.

We recall an instance during the recent epizootic of
foot-and-mouth disease in which a city veterinarian
diagnosed this condition, caused by mis-cut ensilage,
foot-and-mouth disease. A small-town country prac-
titioner promptly set him right and handled the cases
to the satisfaction of all concerned by withdrawing
the ensilage from the daily ration.

12 SPECIAL CATTLE THERAPY

This, in fact, practically constitutes the entire treat-
ment of this condition. Should a particular case pre-
sent especially severe lesions a mouth wash can be
used for a few days, or the ulcerating spots can be
touched up with equal parts tincture iodin and com-
pound tincture of benzoin a few times.

Foreign Bodies in the Tongue

Hard, sharp objects such as pins, nails, pieces of wire
and the like, are quite frequently found lodged in the
tongue of the cow. We dare say, that in probably
ninety-five per cent of the cases absolutely no symp-
toms are produced that can be observed ordinarily.

When symptoms of an objective nature are produced
they point very distinctly to the region involved.
Objects which are not wholly embedded in the lingual
tissues may be discovered without difficulty. They are
to be removed and the wound given whatever atten-
tion is required. Very small wounds here are best
left alone.

Objects which are wholly embedded are detected by
very careful and painstaking examination, disclosing
their location always as a distinctly circumscribed area
of hardened tissue. When this area has been located
it is still necessary to locate the object itself by in-
cision, carrying the incision inward by repeated cuts
until the object is disclosed. It is then to be appro-
priately removed and the wound is treated along ordi-
uai'v lines.

ACUTE PAROTITIS 13

ACUTE PAROTITIS

Acute inflammation of the parotid glands, commonly
termed ''mumps," is a very common disease of cattle.
It is seen under all conditions of housing and at va-
riable seasons. The prognosis of parotitis in cattle,
(not due to actinomycosis), is very favorable and the
course of the disease is usually typical.

Parotitis begins with a rigor in most cases. The
temperature may run as high as 106° F. in the be-
ginning. At the same time there is noticed a slight
fullness in the region of the parotid gland, from the
ear to the angle of the jaw. This fullness increases
rapidly until at the end of twenty-four hours or there-
about, there is a distinct, rounded swelling in the re-
gion. This swelling is very tender on pressure, and
the cow stands with the head extended in a line with
the neck. If the trouble is unilateral the head is held
to one side and partly twisted on its own axis. The
cow^ attempts to eat but finds deglutition very pain-
ful, and usually all feed is refused. In drinking water
much time is consumed in the act and, after a number
of swallows have been taken, the animal gives up the
attempt. If the swelling in the parotid region is very
extensive and reaches below the larynx and between
the rami of the lower jaw there may be a degree of
dyspnea.

Ordinary cases yield to treatment in a week or ten
days. In other cases abscess formation delays the
recovery, so that in certain instances three or four
weeks may elapse before the case is completely cured.

The best results in the treatment of this disease are
obtained from repeated injections of polyvalent bac-
terins. We give a full dose hypodermically every three
days until the case is under control.

14 SPECIAL CATTLE THERAPY

For local applications over the swollen parotids we
have found nothing better than iodin tincture. The
first two or three days we paint the entire swelling
several times during the day with pure tincture of
iodin. Later we make the applications only once daily.

Since we have been using the foregoing treatment
we have had no case with abscess formation, and re-
covery is more prompt than with old line treatments.
In addition to the above treatment we make it a rule
to see to it that a tub or large pail of water is kept
constantly before the animal where it can be reached
without much effort. A few tablespoonfuls of dilute
sulphuric acid are added to each tub of water, for its
refrigerant and astringent effect.

The feed should consist of thin slops and other moist
feeds.

If abscess formation should occur we recommend
early incision. We do not pay much attention to the
invasion of the parotid gland with the lance ; even
when the abscess is lanced directly through the gland
substance. Permanent salivary fistula is rare.

ACTINOMYCOSIS ("Lumpy Jaw")

Actinomycosis comes to the veterinarian's attention
only when it is localized on some exterior portion of
the body. Actinomycotic processes of the internal or-
gans, such as the lungs for instance, are probably
never diagnosed ante-mortem.

The actinomycotic lesion most frequently seen in
practice is in the region of the angle of the lower jaw
or in the parotid region. Next in frequency as regards
location is that form which involves the tissues lying
in the space between the rami of the lower jaw.

ACTINOMYCOSIS 15

Not quite so frequent, but yet common enough, is
actinomycosis of the tongue. In all forms this disease
shows a decided preference for young or middle-aged
cattle; old cattle are only occasionally affected.

While it is presumed to be infectious it is generally
found in isolated instances. One cow in a herd of
dairy cattle may have the disease in a well-marked
form and not another animal in the herd become
affected ; but often more than one become affected, the
number sometimes including twenty-five per cent of
large herds.

When the disease makes its appearance at the angle
of the jaw it is in the form of a smooth tumefaction
or lump, or ''bunch." In the early stages this tume-
faction increases in size, becomes more firm, and
usually tends to become anchored or fixed to the bone.
Still later the center becomes necrotic, and the typical
stringy, marrow-colored pus is discharged.

If the case is not checked at this time it may pro-
gress until the bone itself is involved in the disease
process, and the treatment then becomes difficult.

When actinomycosis involves the tissues lying be-
tween the rami of the inferior maxilla we find this
space completely filled with a mass of dense, appar-
ently fibrous, tissue. If the disease has existed here
for some time the enlargement can be seen plainly
with the animal in the standing position; the under
side of the jaws between the chin and throat appears
curved from before backwards with a considerable belly
towards the bottom.

After variable periods of time this swelling breaks
down in one or more places. Usually there are three
or four openings, and from these escapes actinomycotic
pus. The pus in this location is not so characteristic,
being thin and lighter in consistency.

16 SPECIAL CATTLE THERAPY

Actinomycosis involving the tongue usually does not
produce noticeable symptoms until it is quite exten-
sive. When the condition does attract attention it is
usually seen that the cow has difficulty in masticating
her food. The mouth is constantly held partly open
and saliva is continually dripping from the opening.
The tongue seems too large for the mouth and when
the veterinarian examines it he finds that it feels more
or less solid or 'Svoody." When the disease has pro-
gressed to this stage it is only a matter of a short
time until the cow finds eating an impossibility and if
the condition is not properly treated the animal dies
of inanition.

The treatment of actinomycosis is very satisfactory
when the disease has confined itself to soft tissue.
When it has invaded the dense tissues, bone or car-
tilage, the treatment is not so satisfactory.

In that form which asserts itself in the form of a
tumor or bunch at or near the angle of the jaw the
treatment begins with incision of the tumor. That
this may be safely and thoroughly done it is necessary
to cast the patient. It is almost impossible to so con-
fine a cow in the standing position that the necessary
steps in the treatment can be satisfactorily and safely
performed. Having cast the patient, the veterinarian
incises the tumor near the most dependent part, using
an abscess knife and making the incision not more
than one inch in length. The incision is carried well
into the center of the tumor and the interior is then
thoroughly curetted. This is a painful operation and
is best performed under anesthetics. When this has
been done a gauze or cotton wad, which has been sat-
urated in a ten per cent solution of chromium trioxid,
is packed firmly into the cavity and the animal is
allowed to get up.

ACTINOMYCOSIS 17

In most cases this completes the local treatment in
this form of the disease. After a week or ten days the
entire mass of diseased tissue drops out and leaves but
little scar.

The internal treatment in this, as in all other forms
of actinomycosis, consists- of the administration of
potassium iodid. The result obtained from the use of
potassium iodid in this disease is frequently nothing
short of marvelous.' The dose is from one to two
drams three times daily for matured cows, and it is
to be persisted in until all symptoms of the disease
have disappeared. If iodism supervenes the drug can
be discontinued for a few days and then be given
again. Unless the disease has already involved the
inferior maxilla a complete recovery may be expected
in from two to three weeks.

The treatment of that form which attacks the tissue
lying between the rami of the inferior maxilla varies
from the foregoing only in the local treatment. The
openings which are present, if any, are merely en-
larged slightly with a sharp curette. If there are no
openings present no attempt is made to produce any
by surgical means. The swelling is subjected to no
further local handling than a daily painting with pure
tincture of iodin.

In actinomycosis of the tongue the treatment is con-
fined to the internal administration of the potassium
iodid. The results in this form are most prompt and
highly pleasing to both the client and the veterinarian.
However, unless the treatment is persisted in for a
sufficient length of time relapses of this form fre-
quently occur. The treatment should be kept up until
iodism has been produced at least three or four times ;
only then can a cure be assured. Half dram doses of

18 SPECIAL CATTLE THERAPY

fluid extract of Phytolacca improve the action of potas-
sium iodici when given with it in these cases.

In summing up the treatment of actinomycosis it
can be said that even very extensive lesions can be
controlled and ultimately entirely cured with judicious
use of potassium iodid. In our own practice we do
not pa}^ very much attention to the local handling
even w^hen the actinomycotic growth has assumed
great proportions. The following case report is an
example of the effect of potassium iodid in this disease.

A Jersey cow had an actinomrcotic tumor at the angle of the
jaw extending to and involving the parotid region. It was of
long standing when it came into our hands, having gone through
various courses of treatment with home remedies. At the time
we were called in the cow was barely able to breathe, the tumor
having involved the trachea and larynx, probably producing
the dyspnea by pressure. The dyspnea was so distressing that
a tracheotomy had to be performed. Under treatment improve-
ment progressed so rapidly that the tube was taken out at the
end of a week, all signs of dyspnea having disappeared. The
tumor itself had been reduced to the size of a lemon.

Another case, illustrating the effect of potassium
iodid in actinomycosis involving the tissues in the
space between the rami of the lower jaw may be cited.

This case occurred in a Holstein calf, six or eight months old.
The entire space was filled up with the growth and a number
of openings were discharging typical pus. Examination of the
interior of the mouth showed the lingual canal pushed up and
nearly filled in, making the tongue appear as though it were
crowded against the roof of the mouth. The calf was emaciated
and stunted in growth.

The openings were curetted slightly and the calf allowed to
get up. He was put on a dram of potassium iodid morning and
evening, and the enlargement painted once or twice daily with
tincture iodin. In two weeks there was no sign of swelling
and the calf had improved remarkably in condition.

To assure a permanent result the potassium iodid was con-
tinued a week longer and paintings were made occasionally
with iodin. The calf has developed into a fine bull, is now
eighteen months old and is entirely free from any sign of the
trouble. The entire treatment covered about three or four
weeks' time.

It should be mentioned that actinomycosis involving
the parotid gland is for some reason more difficult to

EPIZOOTIC KERATITIS 19

cure than when it involves other soft structures, even
more stubborn to treat than some of the cases where
osseous tissue is extensively involved. The treatment
is the same as that for involvement of other organs
and tissues.

EPIZOOTIC KERATITIS

This is a disease affecting the eyes of cattle which
occurs from time to time in certain localities. It is
seen usually during the summer months w^hen the cat-
tle are on grass. Almost without exception it attacks
every animal in a herd of cattle w^hich it invades. In
rare instances a few animals may escape the infection.

The first attacked in an outbreak usually develop
the disease in its most severe form; towards the latter
part of the epizootic the cases become milder and may
recover spontaneously.

The disease affects cattle only. Horses in the same
pastures with the affected cattle do not develop the
disease, nor are other animals on the farm affected.
We recall an instance where a man, who had a herd
of cows under his care during an outbreak of keratitis
and who treated the eyes of those affected, contracted
a mild conjunctivitis.

In the mild or sub-acute form the symptoms are con-
fined wholly to the eyes. In the severe form the ani-
mal shows systemic derangement such as loss of appe-
tite and a considerable interference with the lacteal
secretion.

The first symptom, that the farmer sees, when the
disease appears in his herd is lachrymation. When the
cows are brought in from pasture at night he notices
a few cows with ''a running from the eyes.'' The

20 SPECIAL CATTLE THERAPY

eyes are only partly open and the lids appear slightly
swollen. Within twenty-fonr to forty-eight hours
nearly every animal in the herd is affected. In those
that develop the disease in its severe form the lachry-
mal flow becomes pui'ulent on about the second day.
The cornea becomes the seat of an ulcer, or several
of them. In not a few cases the ulceration continues
until perforation of the cornea results, staphylomata
appear and the eye is permanently injured. A deposit
of pus may also be seen along the inferior margin of
the cornea in the anterior chamber. Permanent cor-
neal and even lenticular opacities frequently destroy
the sight.

In the mild cases the symptoms consist of profuse
lachrymation, and a considerable degree of photo-
phobia. This disappears in three or four days under
treatment, or even without treatment. In the severe
form from two to three weeks may elapse before the
disease runs its course, leaving one or both eyes partly
or wholly blind.

The treatment of this disease is entirely local, con-
sisting of antiseptic and astringent solutions and oint-
ments.

In the mild form we use one per cent yellow oxid
of mercury ointment. A small lump of this ointment
of about the size of a pea, is placed within the lower
eyelid near the external canthus and the lids pressed
together a few moments, until the ointment becomes
warm. It is then distributed over the interior surface
of the orbit by gentle massaging of the lids and the
movements of the eye-ball.

The animals should be kept indoors and the stable
darkened for a few days. In three to five days re-
covery is complete. In the severe form, in which the
discharges from the eyes are purulent in character a

EPIZOOTIC KERATITIS 21

solution of zinc sulphate of from two to four per cent
strength is to be used. It is best applied with a small
glass syringe having a soft rubber tip.

With the owner or an attendant holding the cow's
head, the person giving the treatment draws the lower
eye-lid away from the globe, by pulling on the lashes ;
about a teaspoonful of the zinc sulphate solution is
then squirted into the cup thus formed and the lid
allowed to return to position. This is repeated three
times daily until the most acute symptoms have dis-
appeared. The treatment is then terminated, with
daily applications of the yellow oxid of mercury oint-
ment. In complicated cases that develop ulcers on the
cornea the ulcers should be touched up every other
day with ten per cent silver nitrate solution, by means
of a cotton swab on an applicator. Staphylomata that
occur in the form of sacculated protrusions of the
iris following perforation of the cornea from ulcer-
ation, should be snipped off with scissors and then
cauterized. Before either the cauterization of an ulcer
or the ablation of the staphyloma is attempted the eye
should be anesthetized. The simplest and most con-
venient method of anesthetizing the eye is by placing
a one grain quinin-urea hydrochlorid tablet between
the lids, and waiting about twenty minutes for anes-
thesia to become established.

Collections of pus in the lower part of the anterior
chamber of the eye are best ignored. They usually
become absorbed without producing particular damage.
Opacities of either the cornea or the lens that remain
after the inflammation are best treated with iodides
internally.

Synechia (adhesions between the iris and cornea
anteriorly, or the iris and lens posteriorly) can usually
be prevented by the addition of a few drops of fluid

22 SPECIAL CATTLE THERAPY

extract of belladonna (or a solution of atropin) to the
zinc sulphate solution. This will produce mydriasis
sufficiently to Avithdraw the iris from the active field
of the disease.

Darkened quarters are essential in all cases, because
of the marked photophobia. The affected cattle should
be kept out of bright light until recovery is assured.
Light should be excluded from the stable by means
of blankets or canvas hung before windows and doors.
Bandages should not be used with the object of shield-
ing or protecting the eye. Their use favors ulceration.

CANCER OF THE EYE

This condition, sometimes termed fungus hema-
toids, is decidedly common in cattle. Only one eye
is affected as a rule, and the condition comes to the
attention of the veterinarian in various stages, from
the benign appearing granular growth on the edge of
the cornea to the immense cauliflower-like growth in-
volving the entire orbit.

Most of these cases begin as a small, flat mass of
granular tissue near the corneo-scleratlc margin. The
mass stands off from the globe quite prominently and
has the appearance of w^hat is commonly termed
''proud flesh." This slowly spreads over the surface
of the eye-ball ; in most cases, at first, in a thin, flat
layer. Later, there is a purulent flow of mucus from
the affected eye, and the growth begins to assume the
form of a ''bunch," layer after layer of now cells be-
ing formed. This continues until the growth projects
outward an inch or more. The tissue is very vascular ;
slight handling or touching in any manner induces
bleedinej. Still later the external surface of the mass

CANCER OF THE EYE 23

becomes necrotic, assumes a blackish-gray color and
constantly exudes serum, pus and shreds of tissue.

If the disease is not checked the growth continues
to increase in size, crowding the eye-ball deep into the
orbit. Nothing of the eye itself can be seen; the entire
orbital cavity is filled with the new growth, the lids
and orbital conjunctiva developing additional new
growths.

Finally the lymphatics in the region break down,
forming enlargements on the side of the head and
parotid region that open and discharge purulent mat-
ter. The animal becomes cachectic and finally dies.

Treatment of cancer of the eye is not very satis-
factory. If the eye is to be saved the case must be
submitted to treatment as soon as possible after the
first layer of granular tissue forms. If the veterinarian
is able to begin the treatment in this stage he can
promise his client fairly good results.

To handle the condition satisfactorily, even at this
stage, it is usually necessary to cast the cow and pro-
duce profound anesthesia, without which all attempts
at worthy treatment are usually converted into bungle-
some interference. We make this statement with due
consideration, following personal experience.

When the cow has been chloroformed the orbital
cavity is to be copiously irrigated with a very mild
bichlorid or chinosol solution. With an eye speculum
holding the lids apart the layer of cells is very care-
fully shaved off, care being taken not to injure the
healthy face of the cornea.

In this early stage it will be seen that the layer of
granulation tissue is underlaid with a thin ])and of
white connective tissue. This band is apparently the
foundation of the growth; it is very intimately con-
nected to the surface of the cornea. When the soft

24 SPECIAL CATTLE THERAPY

layer of granular cells has been thoroughly shaved off,
no attempt should be made to remove the band of
white tissue just named. We do not disturb this with
the knife, but submit it to a thorough cauterization
with a solution of bichlorid of mercury, five grains to
an ounce of distilled water. This cauterization is per- •
formed with a very small, firmly rolled cotton swab ;
it is dipped into the solution until saturated, after '
which most of the solution is squeezed out so that the
swab is just nicely moist. This is done to prevent any
superfluous solution from running over the healthy
cornea. The swab so prepared is held and drawn over
the entire band of white tissue, using moderate pres-
sure and repeating the process seven or eight times,
using a fresh swab each time. When the swabbing has
been completed the parts should have a dry, woolly
appearance.

The cow is allowed to revive from the chloroform
and nothing further done for tAventy-four hours, at
the end of which time daily applications of a four per
cent yellow oxid of mercury ointment are begun, plac-
ing a small piece of the ointment betw^een the lids only.
After a week these applications are made every other
day, until another week has elapsed. They may then
be discontinued and the case usually considered cured.

An opaque area will remain in the vicinity of the
original lesion.

When the disease has been allowed to progress until
there are several thicknesses of granulation tissue and
the eye is discharging a muco-purulent fluid the above
treatment is of no avail. If it is demanded that some-
thing be done the surgeon should advise a complete
enucleation of the eye and its adnexa. The sooner
this operation is undertaken the better. We do not
advise enucleation unless the animal is especially valu-

AMAUEOSIS 25

able for some reason or other. The operation is not
always followed by satisfactory results and unless
there is an exceptionally good reason for resorting to
this measure we recommend slaughter in the severe
forms of this disease.

AMAUROSIS

This is nearly always a disease of pregnancy when
it occurs in cows. In one instance a case occurred in
our practice as a sequel to parturient paresis.

The whole symptom complex of amaurosis is blind-
ness.

There are no lesions in the eye or in its appendages
which the examiner can detect ; the organs have a per-
fectly normal appearance.

When the disease occurs during the pregnant state
it begins usually during the last weeks of the period.
The veterinarian is informed that the cow suddenly
went blind. Aside from her inability to see, she is
in good health.

Amaurosis occurring under these conditions is a
transient disease, which disappears at parturition or
very soon thereafter.

The case occurring in our practice as a sequel to
parturient paresis persisted for some weeks. Ulti-
mately a course of potassium iodid terminated the
case satisfactorily.

It is very doubtful whether any treatment should
be attempted in cases occurring in the latter weeks
of gestation. Knowing that the condition is entirely
the result of the pregnancy and that it will correct
itself spontaneously with the arrival of the calf, we
can usually serve the patient and our client best by

26 SPECIAL CATTLE THERAPY

advising against direct interference with the trouble
by medical means. If the condition should persist
after the parturition we would advise a course of po-
tassium iodid internally.

EPISTAXSIS

Nasal hemorrhage can occur in cattle as the result
of injuries and contusions under the same circum-
stances that it occurs in other animals.

The particular form of epistaxsis which Ave will
discuss here is that form which occurs now and then
in cows during the period of gestation, and not as the
result of trauma.

The cows which are the subjects of a hemorrhage
of this nature are generally aged cows in somewhat
unthrifty condition.

They are most frequently affected during the lat-
ter period of pregnancy, usually when about four to
six weeks before calving. The symptoms are pre-
cipitated by a somewhat profuse flow of blood from
one or both nostrils, amounting on occasions to sev-
eral pints.

The flow stops of its own accord in most cases, after
a few hours. The cow is off feed for a day or two and
nothing further of note follows. After five or six
days, sometimes a week or ten days, the hemorrhage
recurs, leaving the cow usually in a dejected, weak
condition. Three or four such hemorrhages may
occur before the close of gestation, after which they
do not occur again. Evidently the pregnant state is
responsible for the condition in some manner, it be-
ing distinctly a disease of pregnancy.

If the hemorrhages are severe enough and recur at
short intervals, the cow is in poor condition to sur-

EPISTAXSIS 27

vive the ordeal of parturition and its probable com-
plications. The milk output is decidedly curtailed and
sometimes entirely lacking. If there should happen
to be a considerable degree of dystocia, or an infec-
tion following on complete or partial retention of the
secundines, the cow will probably succumb.

It has been our experience that, where the case
comes into our hands at the time of the first hemor-
rhage or soon thereafter, we can carry the cow through
the period of gestation to an uneventful parturition,
and prevent recurrence of the hemorrhage.

Our remedy is iron, and we give it in the form of
the tincture of ferric chlorid once or twice a day in
one ounce doses, diluted with water. No further
bleeding occurs and the cow improves in condition
promptly.

HEMORRHAGE FOLLOWING DEHORNING

Dehorning is now and then followed by persistent
bleeding, the subjects as a rule being unthrifty young-
sters. Fatal hemorrhage after dehorning is very rare,
but we have seen alarming symptoms, a good many
times, result from prolonged dripping in weakly stock.

While it is not a very difficult matter to control
the hemorrhage, the means employed should do as
little damage as possible. We have frequently seen
severe catarrhal involvement of the sinuses and nares
from injudicious treatment of a hemorrhage of this
kind.

If the patient is (luite young and tractal)l(', the l)est
means for checking the bleeding consists of a wad of
absorbent cotton and a bandage. The cotton can first
be saturated with an ordinary antiseptic solution; it

28 SPECIAL CATTLE THERAPY

is then applied on the horn stump and tightly ban-
daged in place. If the animal is confined in a stan-
chion, a rope securely tied across the stanchion up-
rights can serve the purpose of keeping the head
raised for an hour or two. The bandage may be left
in place for ten or fifteen hours, after which it is cut
across and allowed to come off of its own accord.

In other animals, or those which will not submit to
bandaging, the best effect is obtained from prolonged
irrigation of the bleeding stump with a very warm
solution of potassium permanganate not more than
one per cent strength. Fifteen minutes of continued
irrigation with this agent by means of a fountain
syringe gives good results. The syringe should be
hung high enough to give considerable force to the
stream. In all cases the head should be held high by
means of halters and ropes.

A hypodermic injection of atropin sulphate, from
one-fourth to one-half grain, assists materially in
checking the flow.

We condemn the use of Monsell's solution and Mon-
sell's powder in hemorrhages of this nature. "When
the solution is used, sinus and nasal catarrh result
almost every time ; when the powder is used, suppura-
tion always occurs under the scab around the base
of the stump.

WIRE CUTS 29

WIRE CUTS AND OTHER LACERATED INJURIES

Space is devoted in this treatise to the above con-
ditions chiefly with the object of impressing on the
practitioner the fact that even the most extensive cuts
and tears unite beautifully with proper suturing.

This is especially noteworthy when the cuts or lacera-
tions are in a location where no tendons or articula-
tions are involved in the trauma.

Sutures should be set well back from the edges of
the wound and a heavy, braided silk suture material
should be used. If care is taken to provide ordinary
drainage for the wound, the sutures will not tear or
slough out, but remain in place until healing is com-
plete. It is well to select a strong needle for the
purpose and a needle holder is almost indispensable
because of the extreme toughness of the skin.

A daily irrigation of the wound with an antiseptic
solution is all that is necessaTy as after-treatment.
Exuberant granulations do not occur.

Wounds of this nature treated during the warm
months must be protected from the activities of flies.
For this purpose we find an excellent and cheap
preparation in one part oil of cajuput shaken up with
two parts of olive oil. This is painted around the
edges of the wound with a small brush or feather
several times daily. The oil of cajuput alone acts
very well as a ''fly-chaser," but used alone repeat-
edly it is slightly irritating and evaporates too quickly.
The olive oil overcomes both of these objections.

Another satisfactory fly repellent is composed of
phenol one part; turpentine one part, and olive oil or
cottonseed oil sixteen parts.

30 SPECIAL CATTLE THERAPY

ACUTE ARTHRITIS

Acute arthritis is seen quite frequently in cows.
The most common seat is the hock. A causative factor
in its localization in the hock joint is an excessively
deep gutter, especially of cement construction, in
dairy barns.

The symptoms of acute arthritis here are great
lameness in the affected leg and swelling of the region
of the hock. This swelling is sharply circumscribed,
is hot to the touch and xerj painful on pressure. The
affected leg is held up in extreme flexion and usually
spasmodic jerk}^ movements are gone through, very
much as in the horse.

The temperature is raised considerably and the cow
refuses her feed. If the condition is not treated at
this time, the acute sjanptoms gradually disappear.
A hard, firm swelling, osseous in consistency, remains
in the hock and the muscles on the affected side from
the hip down, slowly atrophy. Apparently this form
of arthritis in cows takes the form of what w^as for-
merly spoken of as arthritis deformans. Pus forma-
tion is unknoAvn.

In my experience the best results in treatment have
come from blistering. No matter whether the acute
or sub-acute stage, a good, sharp blister, repeated as
necessary, gives fairly satisfactory results. While the
hock usually remains enlarged to some extent, it does
not seem to cause any trouble later. Some of these
cases recur at intervals. A tonic should always be
given in these cases and a box stall provided until
lameness disappears. When the blister is applied to
the hock, care must be taken to properly protect the
udder from the "iDlister. Also w^hen recovery has taken

FRACTURES 31

place, defects in the stable at the place where the cow
stands must be improved so as to prevent a recui^-
rerce from the same cause.

FRACTURES

While fractures of the bones of the limbs are not
as common in cattle as in equine subjects, they do
occur occasionally.

On general principles it can l)e said that fractures
of the legs in cattle condemn the animal to death
at once. Unless the accident occurs in a very young
animal or an animal of great value for breeding pur-
poses, the veterinarian usually serves his client best
by recommending the destruction of the animal at
once. There is one possible exception to this: simple
fracture of the canon bone in an anterior limb. If
the animal is in good condition in other respects we
occasionally recommend the treatment of these cases.
The treatment does not differ from that in other ani-
mals similarly affected.

Fractures of the pelvis .occur with some frequency
in cattle and frequently heal without treatment. They
are of importance chiefly as contributing to subse-
quent maternal dystokia.

Fractures of the ribs are also quite frequent in cat-
tle. Comminuted fractures of ribs in cows usually
terminuate in necrosis and extensive sloughing and
abscess formation. The abscesses are to be drained
and the sequestra removed. Rarely empyema results.

Fractures of the phalanges are quite amenable to
treatment in cattle ; however, they always terminate
in a permanent lameness and deformity, resembling
ringbone formations.

32 SPECIAL CATTLE THERAPY

HYGROMA

Practically the only seat of a hygroma in cows is the
anterior face of the carpus, resulting probably from
bruises contracted in the act of getting up. Again
some stanchions and mangers are so arranged that
the cows kneel a great deal of the time while feeding
and this results in bruising the anterior surface of the
knees and the formation of hygromas.

Hygromas in this location have been seen in cattle
frequently, some of them of immense size. Even small
h3^gromas in the region named seriously interfere with
the movements of the limb and in many cases the cow
finds it almost impossible to arise when lying down,
or to assume recumbency when standing. A case
came to our attention in which the tumor had attained
the dimensions of a small cocoanut, making it very
difficult for the animal to get up or to lie down. The
owner informed us that the cow had to be given
assistance in getting up ; she would then remain in the
standing position for several days at a time.

The treatment of this condition is almost wholly
surgical.

With the COAV in . the recumbent position and the
affected limb fully extended, a free incision is made
along the antero-inferior surface of the tumor, carrj^-
ing the incision well into the center. When the knife
penetrates to the center of the tumor, a quantity of
more or less organized synovia, or even pus, makes
its escape.

The cavity in the center of the tumor is then in-
jected with several ounces of pure tincture of iodin,
allowing it to remain for a minute or two. It is then
flushed out with sterile water until the water returns
clear.

HYGROMA 33

A wad of cotton or strip of gauze saturated with
equal parts of oleum lini and turpentine is then packed
snugly into the cavity, allowing a small portion of
the packing to protrude from the wound. This pack-
ing is to be renewed every twenty-four hours, and
the external surface of the tumor is to be painted
daily with tincture of iodin.

At the end of ten days or two weeks the tumor will
have decreased to such an extent that interference
with the movements of the limb will be abolished. If
it is desired that the entire growth disappear, the
incision can be renewed and the treatment persisted
in for another week or two. The iodin applications
externally can be kept up alone somewhat longer.

If, for any reason, it is desired that the size of
the hygroma be reduced more quickly, the injection
of fibrolysin, as recommended in ''Special Veterinary
Therapy'' (page 12), will accomplish the object very
satisfactorily.

As the daily removal and insertion of the packing
in the foregoing treatment must usually be left to the
owners or the attendants, they should be thoroughly
instructed in observing the most regular antiseptic pre-
cautions. If this is ignored, grave infections may
occur and result in the death of the cow.

34 SPECIAL CATTLE THERAPY

INGESTED FOREIGN BODIES

Under this head Ave will discuss those conditions
which occasionally develop in cattle from swallowing
hard substances, such as pieces of iron, wire, nails,
hairpins, and similar objects.

The habit of ingesting foreign material such as that
described above seems to be a normal one in cattle.
Nearly all cattle examined postmortem are found to
contain in the rumen and other parts of the alimen-
tary tract numbers of such objects. Apparently they
rarely do harm ; at least they ordinarily give no sign
of their presence during the life of the animal.

Under certain conditions, however, the ingestion of
hard foreign objects produces results which are quite
serious and frequently fatal.

In such cases the offending object is usually of iron,
steel or wire in the form of elongated pieces with a
pointed extremity. It may be that the sharp end of
the object becomes lodged between folds of mucous
membrane, or that it enters the mouth of the ducts of
some gland. The peristaltic movements and contrac-
tions assist in implanting or embedding the object to
such a degree that it remains lodged. Necrosis at the
point of lodgement occurs and the object penetrates
into the peritoneal cavity or into contiguous organs
such as the liver, spleen, through the diaphragm and
the heart or lungs.

Nails, pieces of baling wire, and similar objects,
have been found on postmortem examination in almost
all organs, not excepting the heart, and in many in-
stances the animal suffered no ill effects apparent to
the eye during its lifetime; although in some cases
the object had traversed the length of the abdominal

INGESTED FOREIGN BODIES 35

and thoracic cavities before it became permanently
located.

In other cases which have been reported by veteri-
narians similar objects have sloughed through the
abdominal wall and made their appearance and es-
cape from the body, the cow suffering no particular
ill effects.

In many cases, however, serious damage is done and
grave consequences, or even death, may result from
the passage of foreign bodies through, or into, the
abdominal cavity and other organs.

Death may be caused in such cases by the direct
presence of the object interfering with the proper
performance of function in an organ; by inflamma-
tory or necrotic processes developing in the region of
the object; and by secondary pathological conditions
occurring as the result of damage done by the object.

The diagnosis of abnormal conditions produced by
the emigration of foreign bodies is not easy. With
very few exceptions, the diagnosis can be made cer-
tain only on postmortem examination. If laparotomy
were more practical in cattle it might on certain occa-
sions be resorted to in the diagnoses of conditions in
which foreign bodies are suspected. Dr. John K. Boss-
hardt, of Camden, N. Y., has performed a consider-
able number of successful laparotomies in cattle for
intestinal invagination. For him it is from all appear-
ances an ordinary proceeding. The average veteri-
narian, however, as a rule does not transgress to any
great extent on the abdominal viscera in a surgical
manner. We rely for diagnostic purposes chiefly on
our powders of observation, on our sense of touch, and
other ordinary means.

The symptoms produced by foreign bodies which
leave the intestinal or alimentary tract vary, of course.

36 SPECIAL CATTLE THERAPY

with the extent of the lesions produced, and the or-
gans involved.

The usual history in eases due to the action of for-
eign bodies is that the cow has been suffering from
inappetence for a long time. For weeks she has not
been a hearty eater and she looks unthrifty. At
times she has had the appearance of a cow suffering
dull pains; she stands almost immovable for hours.
The expression of the countenance is that described
as '^haggard" or ''anxious"; she frequently grinds
her teeth. At other times she has had slightly colicky
pains. This covers the general initial symptoms in
all cases. Now come special symptoms, varying from
now on with the course pursued by the object in its
movement within the body.

When the object penetrates and severely injures
the peritoneum, the special symptoms are those of
peritonitis, with possibly perforation of the abdominal
wall and the liberation of the object.

When the liver has been injured seriously by the
object the symptoms do not vary from those occur-
ring when the object injures the heart. We find in
either instance a set of symptoms which duplicate
almost entirely those symptoms seen in infection with
Distoma hepaticum. The symptoms due to foreign
bodies, however, develop more gradually and persist
for a greater length of time. Another point of dif-
ferentiation lies in the color of the fluid in the drop-
sical swellings; that found in cases of infection with
the liver fluke is clear as water. The fluid contained
in the dropsical swellings caused by injuries to the
liver and heart from foreign bodies is either yellowish
or tinged with blood. Also, in the latter cases, the
hide does not peel off as in liver rot.

INGESTED FOREIGN BODIES 37

When a foreign body damages the lung tissue or
becomes lodged therein, the symptoms are either those
of pulmonary gangrene or of pulmonary tuberculosis;
the former when the object is en route through the
lung tissue, the latter when it has lodged there per-
manently.

An exact diagnosis can hardly ever be made with
assurance. The diagnosis can be made with reason-
able certainty when either the liver or the heart is
involved.

The treatment of conditions produced by foreign
bodies which have been swallowed and then go through
a period of wandering about in the body cavities can
only be symptomatic and expectant. If the veteri-
narian can be reasonably certain that the object is in
a portion of the peritoneal cavity where it can be
reached and safely removed through laparotomy, he
would be justified in undertaking the operation.

In all other locations the symptoms can only be
treated as they arise.

38 SPECIAL CATTLE THERAPY

THUROW'S DISEASE

Thurow's disease is a condition which is seen now
and then in cattle and presents itself in the form of
a distention of the subcutaneous tissues w^ith gas. It
is always a hyper-acute condition and at times accom-
panied by most alarming manifestations.

Thurow's disease most frequently affects cows at the
height of the milking period, and apparently the na-
ture of the feed has no bearing on the disease. It has
been seen in cows on pasture as well as in cows sta-
bled and fed only dry feed.

The symptoms of this disease are always the same
and, in our experience, the disease never appears in
an atypical form. The history, course and termiRa-
tion are the same in practically every case.

The cow stops eating suddenly, sometimes abruptly,
so that the last mouthful of feed is held between the
lips. The animal seems terribly distressed almost in-
stantly and stands immovable. Breathing becomes
rapid and labored; salivation and lachrymation be-
come marked. Defecation and micturition seem to be
performed involuntarily or spontaneously. The ani-
mal trembles markedly and soon begins to shift her
weight from one leg to the other repeatedly. AVhile
the observer is looking on he sees the cow growing in
size; the distention is not confined to any particular
region but seems to be general. The sides of the neck,
shoulders, thorax, flanks, hips, thighs, udder^ — in fact,
the entire integument — seems to undergo inflation.

This distention takes place so rapidly that in the
course of a half hour the animal bears but little
resemblance to a cow.

If death does not supervene in the course of an
hour or two, the swelling begins to recede; in the

THUROWS DISEASE 39

course of another hour, every trace of it will have
disappeared, and the cow, aside from appearing some-
what ^' dopey," will be apparently none the worse
for the experience. In most cases the attack will have
run its course by the time the veterinarian arrives.

Our experience records no deaths from Thurow's dis-
ease ; two cases which occurred in our practice re-
cently, within a few weeks of each other, recovered
within an hour or two. Where we arrive early enough
to attend the cow in the attack we refrain from ad-
ministering any medicinal treament if we observe
that the condition is beginning to correct itself.

Should the condition be in the ascendency when we
arrive, we administer intestinal antiseptics, such as
salol, sulpho-carbolates, or permanganate of potas-
sium. Stimulants, such as aromatic spirits of ammo-
nia, also seem to benefit.

There appear to be no sequela? to this disease ; the
cow resumes feeding the same day, and aside from a
moderate diminution in the milk output for a day or
two, no bad results follow.

40 SPECIAL CATTLE THERAPY

TYMPANITES

By the term tympanites in cattle is understood, as
a general rule, the distention of the rumen with gas
as an acute condition or clinical entity.

Tympanites frequently becomes fully established
within a few minutes to an hour after the ingestion
of certain feeds, such as clover or alfalfa. When it
results from the ingestion of dry feed it develops
more slowly and usually does not assume such serious
proportions.

Tympanites resulting from the ingestion of green
food may progress so rapidly as to cause death from
suffocation within ten to twenty minutes.

The symptoms of tympanites are always the same
and leave no room for doubt in diagnosis.

When the veterinarian arrives he usually finds the
cow gasping for breath, the mouth wide open, and
the tongue protruding. The left flank is immensely
distended and the cow constantly shifts her weight
from one hind leg to the other. Some cases are ac-
companied by vomition. Apparently the sensation
endured by the cow is more one of distress than of
acute pain. Only occasionally does a cow show signs
of acute pain with tympanites.

The treatment of tympanites is both surgical and
medicinal.

The surgical end of the treatment consists of tap-
ping the rumen with a large trocar and canula,
thereby permitting the escape of the gas. The rule
in our practice calling for tapping is the opening of
the mouth.

Although the cow may be immensely bloated, we
do not resort to the trocar unless the cow is so dis-

TYMPANITES 41

tressed that she opens her mouth in the attempt to
breathe. As long as she keeps her mouth closed,
breathing through the nose, we find that we are able
to give relief by medicinal means alone.

In those cases in which the cow breathes only spar-
ingly, with mouth agape and tongue protruding, no
time should be lost in performing the tapping opera-
tion. A large cattle trocar should always be used,
forcing it into the distended rumen slightly below the
middle of the most prominent point In the triangle
formed by the last rib, lumbar vertebrae and external
angle of the ilium, causing the instrument to take
the direction of '' inward, downw^ard, and slightly for-
ward."

Ordinarily no time is wasted in cleaning up the
seat of operation.

The veterinarian's trocar should be in a surgically
clean condition always, so that he may not be required
to choose between two alternatives : one, that of en-
dangering the life of the cow by postponing the
operation until he can sterilize his trocar; the other,
that of jeopardizing the ultimate smooth result of the
operation by taking a chance on infection resulting
from tapping the animal with a dirty trocar.

In passing or entering the trocar the veterinarian
should assume such a position that he may avoid being
kicked by the cow. Many cows will make a fairly
good attempt at reaching the doctor with a hind foot
when the trocar is forced in, although they are to
all appearances near collapse from suffocation. This
point is one of the reasons that we say the cow
evidently does not suffer greatly from pain in this con-
dition. Were the animaPs distressed condition the re-
sult of extreme pain, the entrance of the trocar would
probably not be noticed.

42 SPECIAL CATTLE THERAPY

When the instrument has been entered the trocar
is pulled out of the canula at once, allowing gas and
food particles to spurt out. It is well to stajid to
one side when this is done, because frequently fluids
are forced out far enough to soil the surgeon's clothes.
When portions of ingesta block the lumen of the can-
ula, tliQ trpcar is passed in and out a few times to
dislodge them.

'If proper medicinal treatment is at hand so that
it can be at once administered, the canula may be
withdrawn as soon as the distention has gone down.
If it is not convenient to administer correct medicinal
treatment at once, the canula should be left in place
until all danger of a renewal of the gas distention
is past, if necessary for several hours. During this
time some one should remain in attendance for the
purpose of keeping the canula free from blocking with
food.

When the canula is to be removed, the trocar should
first be passed into it, removing the trocar and canula
together with one or two quick jerks. The point of
entrance should be given a thorough application of
tincture of iodin.

Administration of medicaments through the canula
for the abatement of the fermentive process in the
rumen we have found w^holly unsatisfactory. In the
medicinal treatment of this condition w^e have ob-
tained the best, most prompt, and most satisfactorily
uniform results from four ounces each of aromatic
spirits of ammonia and oil of turpentine, administered
m a pint or two of w^ater in the form of a drench.
Credit for this treatment belongs to Dr. J. M. Wright,
formerly of Chicago but now retired. Even severely
grave attacks of tympanites yield almost instantly to
one such dose. In a period of practice covering more

TYMPANITES 43

than ten years we can not recall more than two or
three cases requiring the second dose.

Potassium permanganate takes second place in the
medical treatment of tympanites. One dram dissolved
in a quart of water and given as a drench will ter-
minate ordinary cases favorably in a few minutes.

Complete abstinence from all food for at least twelve
hours should be the rule after an attack of tympa-
nites of moderate severity, and for twenty-four hours
after an attack requiring tapping.

Abscess formation is an occasional sequel to tap-
ping for tympanites. Proper drainage by surgical in-
cision effects prompt recovery if treatment is com-
menced promptly.

SURFEIT IN FAMILY COWS

One of the pathological phenomena which attacks
the family cow is a condition which merits some
space in any treatise on cattle diseases, although it is
a very benign and transient trouble if properly han-
dled. This condition is over-feeding.

Most veterinarians have a few clients in town who
keep a cow; also, most veterinarians have no love for
the family cow. Some of the most obscure, atypical
diseased conditions can be seen in the family coav,
and, as a patient, the family-town-cow is in a class
by herself.

Surfeit is of frequent occurrence in these patients,
and presents such variable clinical aspects that the
symptoms are difficult to tabulate. In our practice
we have formed the habit of diagnosing as surfeit all
irregular or atypical conditions in town cows and treat-
ing them as such; at least, until something definite

44 SPECIAL CATTLE THERAPY

can be made out. And in most instances we are not
deceived.

A list of the variable quantities and varieties of
feeds which are thrown to the family cow would
be a very long one. We have known of family cows
that received regularly the meat scraps from the table
and apparently relished them; this, of course, in addi-
tion to the usual grain and hay ration.

Only a few days ago we had under our care a fam-
ily cow that is now sixteen years old and has never
been given a drink of clear water; bran slops are as
near a drink of w^ater as she ever gets. Nearly every
v^eterinarian knows of equally odd instances. It if'
chiefly for this reason that we say the veterinarian,
in most cases, will not be greatly in error when he
attributes most of the obscure, irregular attacks of in-
disposition in the family cow to errors in feeding : first,
excessive feeding, and second, injudicious foods.

Complete abstinence from all feed for from twelve
to twenty-four hours, with a moderate dose of saline
physic, or a few doses of intestinal antiseptics, are
usually sufficient to straighten the case out.

In regard to the matter of complete abstinence from
all feed, the veterinarian must be firm and emphatic.
Many family cows are the idol of the family they
supply with milk, and often it is no easy task to carry
out the starvation treatment.

PERSISTENT ANOREXIA 45

PERSISTENT ANOREXIA

This seems perhaps an odd. name. Anorexia or lack
of appetite usually is only one of the symptoms of a
disease. In the condition I am about to speak of,
anorexia is the whole disease and the whole symptom-
atology.

These are aggravating cases for the veterinarian.
To the owner the case appears very simple; the cow
''just won't eat anything." Nothing else of an ab-
normal nature can be seen. Cases have been reported
in which the inappetence or anorexia persisted for two
weeks without any evidence of other disease or a sign
upon which to base a diagnosis.

In my own experience I have never been able to
make a definite diagnosis in these cases, and other
experienced practitioners with whom I have discussed
this subject make the same confession. The cow
simply (and merely, and only, and every other which
way) won't eat. That is all. Examine her as care-
fully and as thoroughly as you can and you disclose
absolutely nothing else which will help you in diag-
nosis. For this reason I know of no better name for
the condition than that of ''persistent anorexia."

Because the loss of appetite is the only symptom,
the owner usually does not call the veterinarian in
until the case has been running along two or three
days. In any other disease than a case of persistent
anorexia the cow would have developed more or less
positive signs pointing to the nature of the trouble
in such a period of time. In persistent anorexia, how-
ever, nothing has developed. The owner tells you she
has not eaten for so and so long and she won't eat
now. AVhen you get through with your examination,

46 SPECIAL CATTLE THERAPY

you know no more; first, last, and all the time, ''she
simply won 't eat. ' '

The prognosis must be very guarded. The cow may
begin to eat again very shortly after you have pre-
scribed for her, and then again she may not come
back to feeding for a week or more.

In my practice I have tried many different rem-
edies for this condition. Laitil we discover the cause
or the nature of this ailment, our treatment will be
more or less empirical, and to my knowledge the
pathology in persistent anorexia has never been ex-
plained. My best results have come from agents acid
in reaction; lately, I use dilute acetic acid, giving two
ounces morning and evening for two or three days,
with an equal amount of water.

PICA

This name has been given to a diseased condition
affecting cattle that is characterized chiefly by a de-
praved appetite.

It is doubtful whether pica is in itself a disease.
It is highly probable that it is only a symptom of
certain pathological changes which are the result of
disturbance in ceitain metabolic processes.

The habit of ingesting indigestible objects can al-
most be said to be normal in cattle. Therefore, it
would appear that an exaggeration of this habit could
be easily induced under conditions which would have
a tendency to disturb the anabolic equilibrium; such
conditions, for instance, as might l)e induced by an
unbalanced ration.

Pica is a condition which affects the family cow most
frequently; it is only rarely seen in herd animals.

PICA 47

There are practically no other symptoms beside the
depraved appetite.

The cow seems to have a craving for roughness,
such as pieces of leather, rags, crockery, mortar, pieces
of wood, metal, dirt, and so forth. She picks these
objects up and apparently has a relish for them,
frequently ignoring good feed for the sake of chewing
up and swallowing an old shoe. She does this not
only occasionally and casually, as all cows do nor-
mally, but ravenously and persistently and contin-
ually. In very aggravated cases the animal's coat
lacks gloss, and constipation may be present. If not
properly treated, some cases of pica persist indefi-
nitely, the cow gets poor in condition and may de-
velop a variety of conditions. In other instances, pica
is a very transient condition, which disappears in a
few days after it begins to attract attention.

The treatment of this affection begins with an in-
vestigation of the ration fed. The condition can usually
be promptly terminated with the inauguration of
measures assuring a properly balanced ration.

In other instances, free access to an unlimited sup-
ply of salt is all that is necessary.

In cases which occur under good feeding conditions
and in which salt treatment fails to correct the trou-
ble, the cow is given a saline purgative. AVhen the
purgative has acted, two or three drams of resublimed
iodin is given in a capsule. Nothing further is re-
quired as a rule. After a prolonged siege of pica it is
always a good plan to examine the cow's mouth for
injuries, lacerations or ulcerations, and varying de-
grees of stomatitis. The prehension, mastication and
deglutition of the various objects which the cow
chooses to select not infrequently produce injuries in
the mouth which later prevent the eating of regular feeds.

48 SPECIAL CATTLE THERAPY

IMPACTION OF THE RUMEN IN COWS

In this article wc will consider (1) some of the
more prominent or diagnostic symptoms, and (2) the
medical treatment of impaction of the rnmen.

AVe will ignore the surgical treatment in this
treatise.

Unless the young graduate has served his appren-
ticeship in a locality where this condition occurs fre-
quently, and unless his preceptor has given him the
opportunity to become familiar with its symptoms and
handling, he will find it a more or less troublesome
condition in more ways than one. In diagnosis it
offers difficulties because the symptoms are by no
means true to type in every case. They vary accord-
ing to the completeness or severity of the stasis.

In treatment this condition presents difficulties also.
Usually the beginner resorts to measures which are too
heroic ; he attempts to do too much. Instead of aiming
to give just the correct degree of assistance, he usually
overdoes his part.

In beginning the consideration of the more impor-
tant symptoms I would mention the ''grunt." When-
ever impaction of the rumen is severe enough to at-
tract attention, the cow grunts. I can not find a better
word for this than grunt, although in the very grave
cases this grunt becomes almost a moan. The grunt
is synchronous with the respirations and is not quite
constant in the milder cases. I mean by this that it
appears intermittently; you hear it once or twice and
then a few respirator}^ acts are gone through without
the accompanying grunt. In the grave cases the grunt
comes with every breath and is loud enough to be
heard quite a distance. I repeat, if the case before

IMPACTION OF THE RUiMEX 49

3^011 is one of rumen impaction, yon will hear this
g-rnnt, either intermittently or regularly.

A second symptom which, ii' present with the gi'uut,
clinches the diagnosis is the deviation to the left of
the spinal column. Possibly it would be better to say
the apparent deviation to the left. Standing squarely
behind the cow, it appears to the eye as though the
spinal column forms a curve to the left and upwards
in the lumbar region. This is so marked that the
farmer sometimes calls attention to it before you no-
tice it, saying, ''She stands humped up to one side."
The more complete and extensive the impaction, the
more marked is this symptom. You may be called to
cases in which the grunt is heard from other causes,
and you may be called to cases which show this lateral
deviation of the spine from other causes. But, when-
ever you get a case of impaction of the rumen, you
w411 hear this ''grunt"; and whenever you hear this
g-runt and also see this deviation of the spinal column
to the left and upwards in the same cow, you can stake
your professional reputation on the diagnosis of impac-
tion of the rumen.

The absence or the presence of peristaltic sounds are
not diagnostic. Even in some quite grave cases of
impaction, you will hear some such sounds if you have
a good ear and apply it over the rumen for a suffi-
cient length of time. The cardinal sjanptoms are the
grunt and the curve in the spine. When you have
made these out, you can satisfy your desire for fur-
ther confirmation of the correctness of your diagnosis
by noting the tension of the mass in the rumen, the
evidence of ileus, absence of eructations and regurgita-
tions, and so on. If the case is mild, the tempera-
ture is not far from normal; in a well marked case
it usually stands around 104 degrees Fahrenheit. Good

50 SPECIAL CATTLE THERAPY

appetite or the other extreme, anorexia, are of no
value in diagnosis here. Some cows in this condition
will eat well until the case assumes a really grave
character. Defecation, while usually scant, is not al-
ways entirely absent.

NoAv for the treatment. The first thing, and always
the first thing, is to strictly forbid feeding. Not a
sprig or a grain must be allowed until rumination is
again fully established. This may mean a day or two,
or it may mean four or five days without food of any
kind. Water may be given freely. In these cases I
see to it that before I leave the place every bit of
feed has been taken out of the manger and matters
so arranged that the patient cannot reach food thrown
to cows standing near her. For us, this complete ab-
stinence from food constitutes seventy-five per cent of
the treatment. The balance consists of plenty of water
and repeated small doses of fluid extract of nux vomica
with either salol or sulpho-carbolates compound. I
prefer salol. The nux is given in half -dram doses every
three hours; the salol is given with it in dram doses.
This is kept up until peristalsis is growing marked and
there are occasional eructations and signs of rumina-
tion. In a well marked case it may take three or
four days to get this far. Then I give a large dose
of oil, such as castor, linseed or cottonseed, containing
an ounce or two of a volatile, carminative oil, such as
cajuput.

The usual '^salts'' have no place in the treatment
of this impaction. AVhen the bowel movements are
again fully established and rumination is resumed,
small quantities of feed may be permitted, gradually
returning to the accustomed ration.

I can recommend the foregoing treatment as the
safest treatment for this impaction; it is slow but

COLIC 51

sure. There are forms of treatment aimed at quicker
results, but they are not always safe. Even in veter-
inary practice the motto is ''Safety First."

COLIC

For various reasons colics do not occur so frequently
in cows as in horses. Colic in the cow is probably
always a true colic. In horses, ''colic" covers a mul-
titude of pathological conditions, at least, in the com-
mon sense of the term.

The symptoms of colic in the cow are quite acute
and sometimes they may assume even a violent char-
acter. The condition usually begins with the animal
striking* at the abdomen wdth the hind legs and with
kicking and stamping with the hind legs. If in the
stanchion, the cow moves backward and forward,
crow^ds to one side and then to the other, and occa-
sionally throws herself doAvn, groaning when down.
At times a slight bloat is present, but usually none.

If no flatulence is present, a hypodermic injection
of morphin, from four to six grains, with a quarter
or a half grain of atropin, will end the trouble
promptly. If there are some signs of flatulence, a
drench of some internal antiseptic solution is given in
conjunction with the morphin and atropin.

52 SPECIAL CATTLE THERAPY

OBSCURE ABDOMINAL AILMENTS

There occur in cattle a number of indefinite, obscure
disease conditions Avhich affect the alimentary tract
and Avhich invariably defy diagnosis of an exact char-
acter. In many of these cases the most sincere, thor-
ough and skilled practitioner is unable to make a diag-
nosis which he could uphold by the symptoms and
clinical findings.

The general clinical picture points to some derange-
ment of the alimentary tract ; yet, there ar^ not suffi-
ciently clear signs to warrant a reasonably specific
diagnosis.

Cases of this kind are at times the cause of con-
siderable embarrassment to the young practitioner. If
he will remember that old and experienced practi-
tioners are as much ''at sea" with these cases as he,
it may make the battle a bit more pleasant for him.

The cases under discussion appear somewhat in the
following form :

The cow has been "off feed" for a few days; she
has not quit eating entirely, but she '/don't eat like
she ought to." She has a somewhat "glum" expres-
sion of the face, and once in a while she grinds her
teeth, hardly often enough to attract attention, how-
ever.

She is neither "full" nor bloated, nor is she drawn;
occasionally, if she is observed for a long time, she
seems to tense the abdominal muscles just a trifle.
The evacuations are good enough to be termed nor-
mal. The temperature is also normal. Auscultation
brings out nothing of an abnormal character in either
body cavitj^ In some cases there is just a trace of
tenderness shown by pressure on the lower abdominal

OBSCURE ABDOMINAL CONDITIONS 53

wall. These are all the symptoms that can be dug
out of the case; and even these are not always very
plain at first.

Our treatment for these cases begins with a good
mustard plaster over the entire abdominal wall.

The balance of the treatment consists of a few doses
of some intestinal cleanser such as triple sulpho-carbo-
lates or salol, in conjunction with ounce doses of fluid
extract of cascara sagrada. Three or four doses two
hours apart are usually sufficient.

Absolutely no feed of any kind is allowed while the
treatment is being given. Water is permitted freely.
When the course of treatment has been fully admin-
istered, feeding may be resumed. This should be
done gradually, however, giving not more than half
a feed the first few times.

Most of these cases occur during the winter months
when the cattle are housed. Only in one or two in-
stances have we seen this condition during the sum-
mer time.

INFECTION WITH DISTOMA HEPATICUM

Infection with Distoma or Fasciola hepaticum pro-
duces a disease commonly termed ''liver rot." It is
seen only in cattle that have had access to lowlands,
river bottoms, sloughs and marshes, and then chiefly
in the South.

The disease runs a very slow course and usually is
not recognized until it has reached what is known
as the third stage, when its manifestations are quite
evident.

Almost the first symptom to attract attention is an
edematous swelling below and between thp inferior

54 SPECIAL CATTLE THERAPY

maxilla. This swelling runs from the chin to the
throat and may hang downward three or four inches.
It has the feeling of being full of water, is loose and
squashy, and can be compressed and moved about in
all directions. If it is incised the contents are found
to be a thin fluid, colorless and clear as crystal, with
a sweetish acid odor. This odor is very faint, but is
easih' detected if some of the fluid is permitted to dry
and evaporate in the hand.

At this time the cow refuses to eat heartily, and con-
stipation is present. Within two to four days, some-
times a week, the dropsical swelling extends down the
front of the trachea and an immense swelling locates
itself betw^een the forelegs. This slowly moves back-
ward along the under side of the abdomen, and later
the hind extremities are also swollen. Ascites usually
develops and a severe form of dysentery is now raging.
There is a severe dyspnea and the cow maintains
the standing position for days. If death does not
occur at this point the dropsical swellings slowly de-
crease in size, the cow begins to eat a little, the dys-
entery is checked and recovery comes at the end of
three weeks or so. As the dropsical sw^ellings leave,
the skin over them assumes a dry, tanned appearance
and peels off in rolls, somewhat of the nature of the
shedding of skin which follows some cases of purpura
hemorrhagica in horses.

The cow emerges from an attack of this condition
greatly emaciated and rarely regains her former con-
dition of health and strength.

AVhen proper treatment is instituted early in the
attack, however, the course of the disease can be
considerably shortened and the cow returned to rea-
sonably good condition.

INFECTION WITH DISTOMA HEPATICUM 55

If the veterinarian is called in when the dropsical
swelling is confined to the region of the jaw and has
had enough experience with the disease so that he rec-
ognizes the condition, he can give reasonable assur-
ance that the cow will survive in good condition at
the end of two or three weeks.

In localities in which this disease occurs quite regu-
larly a dropsical swelling under the jaw should al-
ways excite suspicion of this disease. If there is in-
appetence and constipation at the same time with a
slight elevation of temperature, we incise the swell-
ing. If the contents are clear and watery and have
the characteristic sweet-acid odor, it is safe to diag-
nose infection with Fasciola hepaticum.

In occasional cases it may be possible to determine
distinct tenderness in the right flank and right an-
terior quadrant of the abdomen. Another early symp-
tom is frequent shifting or changing of the front
limbs: the cow flexes one knee and then the other,
off and on.

The treatment which we have used with very good
results in this disease is somewhat troublesome, but
this should not deter one from adopting it, especially
if the cow affected is a valuable animal.

We begin with incision of the dropsical swellings,
making the openings where the fluid will drain out
freely and where the wound will not do other dam-
age. The incisions should be quite extensive, so as to
assure constant leakage from them. One or two in-
cisions properly located in the swellings will exude
several gallons of fluid in the course of twenty-four
hours.

The medicinal treatment consists of Fowler's solu-
tion of arsenic and iodid of potassium given at the
same time. We give an ounce of Fowler's solution

56 SPECIAL CATTLE THERAPY

in the morning; an hour later we give two drams of
potassium iodid in aqueous solution. At noon an-
other ounce of Fowler's solution and an hour later
another two-dram dose of the iodid. The same is
done at night. This performance is kept up for a
week or ten days; the swellings are usually disap-
pearing by this time and the general aspect of the
case is favorable in appearance. For a few days
from noAV on the Fowler's solution and potassium
iodid are given only at noon, and the morning and
evening medication now consists of tonics; nux vom-
ica, gentian ; iron and quinin with strychnin ; or
other tonics with which the attending veterinarian is
familiar. When four or five days have passed in this
manner the Fowler's solution and potassium iodid are
discontinued altogether, and the tonics alone are kept
up for a few days more.

The cow should be stabled for such time until she
is again in good condition, when she may ])e turned
on grass. Most cases occur in spring; good grazing
after an attack aids materially in building the cow up.

ENZOOTIC DYSENTERY

This is an infectious form of dysentery whicli af-
fects cattle in the northern half of the United States,
being most common in the north central states.

The disease makes its appearance in the winter
months and in early spring. It seldom covers large
areas; usually only a township or two is invaded.

Animals of all ages are attacked; sex, condition, and
breed exert no influence on the disease. It affects
sucking calves and aged cows, as well. A character-
istic trait of this disease is the fact that in nearly

ENZOOTIC DYSENTERY 57

every instance it attacks every cow, calf and bull on
the premises; only in rare instances do any mem-
bers of the herd escape the infection. To the veter-
inarian who has had no experience with this disease
this peculiarity usually leads him to assume that the
cause of the outbreak can be attributed to food con-
tamination. That he is mistaken in this assumption
he discovers later when he finds the disease on other
farms, sometimes miles away, where entirely different
feeds and water, and entirely different methods of
feeding and watering are used.

In many instances it is no difficult matter to trace
the infection carrier, from one farm to another, in
the person of visitors, stock-buyers or others.

In other respects, also, the disease has the ear-
marks of an infectious disease; the symptoms are al-
ways the same, the color of the feces is always the
same, and the course of the attack varies but slightly
in any instance. Another point indicating an infec-
tious character in this disease is the fact that towards
the latter part of an outbreak the cases are milder;
this is characteristic of many epidemic and epizootic
diseases.

Enzootic dysentery is serious because it runs a rath-
er slow course, during which the secretion of milk is
almost entirely stopped. We recall an instance in
which a herd of fifteen cows altogether gave less than
an ordinary milk pail full of milk at one milking.
Deaths occur but rarely; in two outbreaks we remem-
ber but a single death in each, although hundreds of
cows were affected.

The symptoms of enzootic dysentery can not be
mistaken easily for those of other forms of dysentery.
The attack begins on a farm, usually, with one or two
cases. A cow refuses her feed and it is seen that she

58 SPECIAL CATTLE THERAPY

is suffering from a form of scours. Even on the same
day another cow or two quit eating and begin to
scour; the next day a few more, and so on, until the
entire herd is affected. We know of no instance in
which the animals were all attacked on one day; a
herd of twenty head may consume a week's time in
contracting the disease. The feces have a character-
istic appearance and color. They are not watery,
but have a mushy or granular appearance; the color
is a rich chocolate shade, sometimes (just barely)
more towards a red shade. There is no abnormal
odor.

In most cases the cows refuse to eat while the
diarrhea persists, which may be from three days to
a week or ten days; they drink water freely, even to
excess, if permitted to do so.

The temperature is raised from one to three de-
grees.

After two or three days from the b3ginning of the
attack the animals develop a cough. In some of the
later cases the cough may be present from the start;
mucous rales can then be heard in the trachea and
lungs. Also, about at this time, there appear spasms
of certain muscle groups; these spasms are tonic in
character and most frequently affect the posterior
limbs.

The milk flow is almost entirely absent ; the animals
lose flesh rapidly. A herd of dairy cows just emerg-
ing from an attack of enzootic dysentery is a sorry
spectacle to behold.

The animals recover irregularly in a given herd, by
ones and twos, but not generally in the same order
in which they were attacked; frequently the cows
first affected are the last to recover. In a large herd
a month may elapse before the entire herd is free
from the disease.

ENZOOTIC DYSENTERY 59

As far as our observations go, one attack confers
immunity; the disease has not appeared on the same
farm twice in our experience.

A poorly nourished cow, should she happen to be
attacked by this disease in a severe form, may not
survive. Otherwise recovery is the rule. The disease
is therefore important chiefly because of the resulting
shrinkage in the milk output.

The treatment of enzootic dysentery should begin
as soon after the disease is recognized as possible, and
every bovine on the farm should be treated from the
first. Almost invariably all cows are affected, once
the disease enters a herd, and the veterinarian who has
had experience with this disease knows that although
he may not be able to check the outbreak abruptly,
he can lessen the severity of the attack by early treat-
ment. Cows treated before they develop symptoms of
the disease are affected in a very mild form, and re-
cover in a few days. If the animals are treated only
as they develop the disease, one after another, the
attack in a herd is prolonged unnecessarily.

We have had the best results in the treatment of
this disease from an oily preparation consisting of
beechwood creosote, twenty drops; oil of cajuput, half
an ounce; cottonseed oil, two ounces; this size dose is
given four times daily until the diarrhea stops. If the
case is an exceptionally severe one we may give one
or two doses of opium to control the scours at first;
this is rarely necessary with the above treatment.

We pay little attention to the feed; in most cases
the animals will not eat anything. Water should be
given in very small quantities, but at frequent inter-
vals. If the cattle are watered at a tank they usually
drink to excess.

60 SPECIAL CATTLE THERAPY

111 our early experiences with this disease we used
various medicinal agents which can be relied on in
other forms of diarrhea. None of them accomplished
much good. In the combination given above we con
sider the beechwood creosote the active principle. The
value of the combination might be enhanced by the
addition of tincture of capsicum.

COCCIDIAL DYSENTERY

Coccidial dysentery in cattle is an acute disease oc
curring in epizootic and enzootic form.

It is seen most frequently during those months of
the year in which cattle are grazing, and young cattle
are most commonly affected. Mild cases of the dis-
ease terminate favorably in three or four days. Se-
vere attacks terminate in death frequently in the same
number of days. Several animals are affected at the
same time. On occasions an entire herd was attacked
on the same day. The diarrhea becomes suddenly
and fully established in almost all cases. The evac-
uations are copious and thin and are soon accom-
panied by very serious tenesmus. Within the course
of eight or ten hours bloody streaks, and sometimes
large blood clots, can be found in the evacuations. In
grave cases the tenesmus may attain such severity
that varying degrees of eversion of the rectum are
seen in some of the cows. There is great depression
and loss of appetite and the animals are soon in a
very weakened state, trembling and staggering about.
Before death there may be coma, or delirium border-
ing on convulsions. The feces invariably are foul
smelling and are usually intermixed with gas bubbles.

If the attack is a mild one improvement is evident

COCCIDIAL DYSENTERY 61

at the end of eighteen or twenty-four hours; if the
symptoms do not decrease in severity at this time
the attack is usually fatal.

The treatment of coecidial dysentery does not prove
successful in very severe attacks, which run on to a
fatal termination in spite of all treatment. In mild
or only moderately severe attacks the results from
treatment attained are quite satisfactory.

The first important step is to have the animals sta-
bled at once and provide for watering them from a
supply different from the one they had access to while
on pasture. The water should be allowed in very
small quantities, but frequently.

The medical treatment begins with an ounce dose
of dilute acetic acid in a small quantity of water.
Every half hour thereafter until relief is evident we
give tincture of opium two drams, oil of eucalyptus
half an ounce, dilute acetic acid half an ounce, shak-
ing these three drugs up together with a little water
for a drench. As soon as the evacuations are less fre-
quent and the tenesmus less severe two or more hours
are allowed to pass between doses. Oases exhibiting
protrusions of the rectal mucosa as a result of severe
tenesmus may be given a large dose of morphin sul-
phate hypodermically. Animals recovering from an
attack of coecidial dysentery have a long convalescent
period. They do not resume normal feeding nor gain
their former condition for a long time after recovery.

62 SPECIAL CATTLE THERAPY

JOHNES DISEASE

This disease, also known as para-tuberculosis in-
testinalis, is a form of diarrhea which affects cattle
with some frequency in certain localities. The .disease
is an infectious one and the feces from cattle suffering
from it are to be considered as the most common car-
rier of the infection. The course of Johnes disease
is chronic in character, extending over several months
as a rule, and generally terminating in death.

While the disease occurs mainly in isolated in-
stances, affecting only one or two cows in the herd
at the same time, the infection may remain in the
stable indefinitely, so that cases of the disease appear
at intervals for years.

The symptoms of Johnes disease are not accom-
panied by any very remarkable diagnostic climax.
Until the veterinarian has seen a few cases of the
disease he does not get a very clear conception of the
clinical index to the condition.

A cow, in the beginning, has somewhat more fre-
quent bowel evacuations than normal; a little later
these evacuations become somewhat thin in consis-
tency, and finally, at the end of a week or two, a real
diarrhea has developed. This diarrhea is very per-
sistent; it may improve slightly on certain days, but
always returns. There is no particular character of
evacuations; towards the end of the disease there may
be some mucus mixed w^th the feces.

The appetite of the cow is but slightly affected, but
emaciation rapidly becomes evident. At the end of
six weeks or two months there is a veritable cachexia,
terminating in marasmus, decubitus, and death. Re-'
coveries are rare once the disease becomes well estab-

JOHNES DISEASE 63

lislied. In some cases constipation sets in before death
occurs, so that there may be several days with no evac-
uations, preceding the end.

The treatment of Johnes disease up to the present
time has been unsuccessful. Until a satisfactory treat-
ment has been elaborated the handling of this disease
lies solely in prevention. Feces from infected animals
should be cremated and premises disinfected. Imme-
diate isolation of the patient should be the rule, and
when death comes the entire carcass should be buried
in quicklime.

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSTIC MARKS OF—

Enzootic Dysentery

1. Affects cattle of all ages; calves, young stock,
old stock.

2. Occurs during winter and spring.

3. Affects animals stabled or on range.

4. Onset is sudden.

5. Course of disease is from one to two weeks.

6. No appetite.

7. Feces have no abnormal odor.

8. Feces are granular.

9. Feces are chocolate colored.

10. Milk secretion totally absent.

11. Pertussis is a common complication.

12. Practically never fatal.

Coccidial Dysentery

1. Affects chiefly young stock.

2. Occurs during grass season.

3. Affects animals being pastured almost wholly.

64 SPECIAL CATTLE THERAPY

4. Onset is very acute.

5. Course of disease is fi'om two to five days.

6. No appetite.

7. Feces have distinct odor ; foul.

8. Feces are liquid.

9. Feces are hemorrhagic.

10. Milk secretion diminished.

11. No pertussis.

12. Commonly fatal ; probably 20 per cent.

Johnes Disease

1. Affects all ages.

2. Occurs in all seasons.

3. Affects animals under all conditions of feeding.

4. Onset is gradual.

5. Course of disease is from one to three months.

6. Appetite remains good.

7. Feces have no marked odor.

8. Feces are copious and thin.

9. Feces have no characteristic color.

10. Milk secretion not greatly affected.

11. No pertussis.

12. Always fatal, eventually.

SIMPLE DIARRHEA IN CALVES 65

SIMPLE DIARRHEA IN CALVES

Diarrhea in a simple or sporadic form occurs in
calves during the first few weeks of life. It may
appear as early as two or three days after birth;
most commonly at the end of the first w^eek or ten
days.

The bowel evacuations are performed at short in-
tervals, the feces having a very light yellow color
and considerable odor. When the disease has been
active for twenty-four or forty-eight hours the calf
has a dejected appearance, is listless, and does not
move about much. In some cases there are slight
colir^ky pains.

If the disease is not checked the calf rapidly loses
strength, lies down almost constantly and dies, having
lingered for several days in an exhausted cachectic
condition.

The treatment of this condition is followed by
prompt and satisfactory results if the case is taken in
hand while the patient is yet vigorous. Neglected cases
frequently die in spite of the most careful nursing
and judicious treatment.

Calves which have just been attacked with diarrhea
are given a few large doses of intestinal antiseptics.
We have had most excellent results from the triple
sulpho-earbolates: zinc, sodium and calcium. Calves
up to two weeks old we give two thirty-grain tablets
at one dose, and repeat the same in about four hours.
This is usually all that is required.

When a case has been neglected until the calf has
abdominal pains and has become listless and weak,
the treatment requires more care. The calf must be
provided with warm quarters, and if the abdomen is

66 SPECIAL CATTLE THERAPY

quite tense and the colicky pains frequently recur, a
Aveak mustard plaster is applied on the belly.

AVe then order a dose every hour or two of tincture
of capsicum ten minims, triple sulpho-carbolates fif-
teen grains (5 grs. each of sulpho-carbolates: zinc,
sodium and calcium), and compound tincture of gam-
bir half ounce. This is kept up hourly until four or
five doses are given, thereafter every two to four hours
according to the case. If more stimulation is neces-
sary a small dose of warm brandy may be given now
and then.

In exceptional cases tincture of opium may be used
to advantage but it should not be used if it can be
avoided. Frequently, when opium is used in conjunc-
tion to check the scours the case is transformed into
a stubborn attack of constipation which proves as dif-
ficult to relieve as the disease which preceded it. In
the treatment which we have outlined are contained
no agents to cause the prolonged effect of opiates.

When a troublesome constipation does supervene on
a case of diarrhea in calves we recommend large doses
of castor oil, with a few doses of cascara sagrada. If
the treatment which we have outlined is used the oc-
currence of constipation as a sequel will be practically
unheard of.

INFECTIOUS DYSENTERY OF CALVES 67

INFECTIOUS DYSENTERY OF CALVES

This form of diarrhea in calves is very prevalent in
some localities. It differs from sporadic or simple
dysentery to that extent that it is very rapidly fatal.
It can probably be best described as a hyperacute
diarrhea.

This disease attacks calves very soon after their
birth; in some cases it is present at the time of birth.
Usually the symptoms set in on the first or second
day and the course of the disease is very rapid and
the termination fatal in a high percentage of cases.

Infectious dysentery of calves begins as an ordinary
diarrhea, developing in the course of a few hours into
a very grave condition.

The evacuations are at first normal in color; later
they become of a pale-grey, or almost white, shade.
The odor is intense, and the evacuations are accom-
panied by much straining. In spite of the severe
tenesmus, the evacuations, which are very thin now,
do not spurt outward, but merely run down the but-
tocks. This region and the tail are soon very filthy
and foul-smelling. At the end of from ten to fifteen
hours, convulsions, and, finally, decubitus and death,
occur.

The treatment of this disease has not been very
satisfactory in the past. Most cases terminated in
death in spite of prompt remedial measures.

Recently fair results have been reported from ser-
ums prepared from horses subjected to the effects of
the colon bacillus, and this serum deserves further
trial at the hands of practitioners. However, for all
purposes in general practice, we must yet consider
the handling of this disease almost wholly from a

68 SPECIAL CATTLE THERAPY

prophylactic standpoint. Pregnant cows should not
be permitted to give birth in infected stables and
all calves born on premises where the disease has been
known to occur should at once be submitted for Dre-
ventive inoculation. For all purposes of prevention
the serums now in use appear to be reliable.

AVe are not acquainted with any form of curative
treatment which w^e can recommend.

MUSCULAR RHEUMATISM

This is by 'no means a rare affection in dairy cows.
It is seen quite frequently in cows housed in cemented
stables, not so frequently in cows stabled on ground or
wood floors, and almost never during the months when
ibe cattle are on grass.

Most attacks are of a sub-acute character. Both
young and old cows are affected, and in rare instances
even calves have been seen thus afflicted. An attack
of muscular rheumatism appears in cattle in a grad-
ual manner. Usually a single animal is affected, but it
is nothing unusual for several cows to develop symp-
toms at the same time.

There is at first a general stiffness, shown by very
limited flexion of the extremities, especially the hind
extremities, and a disinclination to move about. If
the animal is confined in a stanchion she has some
difficulty in getting up after she has been lying down
for a time ; there is no struggling or flopping about
?is in cases due to weakness or paresis, but -the at-
tempt to arise partakes more of the nature of hesi-
tancy. The animal seems afraid to undergo the ex-
ertion required to assume the standing position. AVhen
the standing position is finally acquired the cow
''stands in a bunch," swaying backward and forward

MUSCULAR RHEUMATISM 69

a few times, and then shifts from one leg to the other
for several minutes. When she is released from the
stanchion she does not seem to appreciate her free-
dom and may not follow the herd out into the yard.
If she is urged she moves cautiously, becoming some-
what more supple in her movements after she walks
a short distance.

The foregoing is about the extent of the symptoms
in usual cases. In more marked attacks there appears
excessive lameness in one limb or another after this.
Soreness cannot be located in any particular spot; the
anini'=il exhibits signs of pain equally on any part o^
the member when examined or gives no reaction what-
ever to manipulations. There is some falling off in
appetite and but one or two degress of fever.

The response to treatment is very prompt. If pos-
sible the animal should be turned loose in a box-stall,
the floor of which should be dry and well bedded. A
saline purge is administered. Following this the cow
is to be drenched three times daily with a preparation
containing fluid extract colchicum half a dram, sodium
salicylate one dram and hexamethylenamine one dram
in each dose, using water to dissolve the last two in-
gredients. A few doses produce considerable improve-
ment, and four or five days of this treatment effects
the disappearance of all the symptoms.

In severe cases in which there is a very marked
lameness in one leg a liniment may be applied in con-
junction with the above treatment. A good combina-
tion for use as a liniment in these cases is oil of
cajuput one ounce, camphorated soap liniment two
ounces, alcohol two ounces, water to make twelve
ounces. This should be briskly rubbed over the mus-
cular and tendinous regions of the affected limb sev-
eral times during the day.

70 SPECIAL CATTLE THERAPY

PARAPLEGIA (Bovine Azoturia)

Under this head we will consider that form of
paralysis of the posterior limbs which occurs in cattle
with considerable frequency, and always precipitately.

It is this condition that has been designated ''azotu-
ria of cattle." In our estimation the condition does
not resemble azoturia in any other respect than the
inability to arise; the other symptoms and phenomena
of azoturia are not present. Neither is paraplegia
ever seen in cattle in a mild or partial form, as is the
case quite often in horses attacked with azoturia. Par-
aplegia always occurs in the cow in the form of a
complete paralysis of the posterior extremities, total
loss of power and absolute decubitus.

It affects cattle of all ages, in every state or condi-
tion, in pregnancy and in barenness. It affects cattle
housed under the most sanitary and hygienic condi-
tions, as well as cattle kept in filthy environment. It
occurs in the winter months when cattle are stabled
and in the summer months when they are at pasture.
There are no premonitory symptoms indicating the ap-
proach of the trouble. In every other form of paral-
ysis, with which we are familiar, there are certain
unfailing premonitory manifestations. Not so in this
disease. The cow is found in the recumbent position,
usually flat on its side. The veterinarian is called in ;
he can get no other history in regard to the case. All
the owner can tall him is that he found the cow down,
either in the yard, barn, pasture, or wherever it hap-
pened to be. He has observed absolutely no sign of
ailing or sickness before the animal ivas found down.
Usually the farmer thinks the cow has been, what he
calls, "split."

PARAPLEGIA 71

The veterinarian begins his examination, and finds a
case about as follows:

The temperature is either normal or not far from
it. If the cow has been down only an hour or two,
the temperature may be at 104 degrees Fahrenheit or
thereabouts. After she has been down a number of
hours the temperature is about normal. When the
animal is rolled up on her chest (providing she has not
already assumed that attitude voluntarily) she appears
entirely normal. She is bright and apparently suffer-
ing no pain; if there is some feed within reach she
begins to eat.

The pulse is somewhat faster than normal, but not
much altered.

"When the cow is urged to get up she willingly makes
the attempt; she is able to stand on her front legs
but the hind ones lie inert and the rump does not leave
the ground. If the animal is given assistance by lift-
ing at the tail she makes a few feeble outward strokes
with each hind leg and then usually falls in a heap.
There seems to be a total lack of power for adduction
and flexion; all motion is towards «Z)duction and ex-
tension, as in an obturator paralysis. Sensation is
diminished in the parts from the lumbar region back-
ward, and in some instances almost absent. In near-
ly every case the tail is flabby and immobile. The
latter is diagnostic of this condition and differentiates
the case from obturator paralysis, o])stetrieal paralysis
and other diseases of similar symptomatology. The
course of paraplegia is irregular and indefinite. Usu-
ally the cow retains a good appetite and apparently
suffers no pains. At intervals she makes strenuous
efforts to arise, creeping or falling over a considerable
area in the course of a day.

72 SPECIAL CATTLE THERAPY

At first there is coprostasis; after a day or two
defecation is re-established. Improvement may be seen
sometimes within a few days; the tail regains its mo-
tility, the hind legs come nearer to the body. After
a few more days the standing position is attained for
a moment or two, but the cow almost immediately
collapses again. Several more days, rarely before two
whole weeks after the onset of the attack, see the cow
get up and stand fairly steady. Complete recovery,
with good co-ordination, requires another week or ten
days.

In other instances the cow shows not a particle of
improvement, and may remain in the recumbent posi-
tion until she is either killed or dies from other causes.
This may not occur for three or four weeks.

The treatment of this condition is not highly satis-
factory. In our practice w^e treat the cow for two or
three days and if she shows no improvement at the
end of that time we advise destruction. If she shows
improvement sufficient to arouse reasonable hope of
recovery, we continue the treatment a few days
longer, or, if the cow continues to improve, until recov-
ery is complete.

The best results in the first few days of the sick-
ness come from atropin in half-grain doses, every four
hours. On the second or third day we begin with
strychnin, a quarter grain of the sulphate four times
daily. Massage of the affected parts sometimes
hastens recovery. Counter-irritants applied along the
spinal column in the lumbar region are also used.

The treatment is mostly empirical, because the path-
ology of the condition is not known. It is therefore
doubtful whether any improvement obtained is the
result of the treatment or of vis medicatrix natui^ae.

ACUTE BULBAR PARALYSIS 73

ACUTE BULBAR PARALYSIS

Under this head we undertake to discuss a patho-
logical condition in cattle which occurs quite fre-
quently and usually in a typical form.

The exact nature of this condition from an etiolog-
ical standpoint is not known. In some instances it
assumes an enzootic character, having been described
by some authors in this form as an enzootic pharyn-
geal paralysis. As the symptoms are not by any means
confined to the pharynx, nor to the effects of a pharyn-
geal paralysis, this name is misleading.

A disease which is prevalent in Europe in an en-
zootic and epizootic form and which has been named
the diseas,e of Aujesky, somewhat resembles what we
term acute bulbar paralysis in this country. Au-
jesky's disease may be the same disease in a more
active form; the cases which he has described as
occurring in Europe have to be differentiated from
furious rabies. Acute bulbar paralysis as seen in the
United States may on occasions be taken for dumb
rabies. Under certain conditions, such as exist when
the disease occurs shortly before or after parturition,
it is also confused with parturient paresis.

Acute bulbar paralysis seems to affect cattle of all
ages, although there is a slight preference on the part
of the disease for "animals which are not aged. As
a general rule it may be said to be sporadic in na-
ture ; in exceptional instances it is mildly enzootic.

The inaugural symptom is a dullness, or an appear-
ance indicating general indisposition. The animal will
neither eat nor drink; rumination is suspended and
constipation exists. These symptoms the veterinarian
usually hears in the history given by the owner. The

74 SPECIAL CATTLE THERAPY

veterinarian as a rule does not see the case until more
definite symptoms have developed, which is usually
on the second or third day. The cow now lies down
most of .the time. If she is sufficiently urged by prod-
ding or whipping she can usually be made to ^et up on
her feet. This is a good point to have in mind in case
the attack has occurred soon after calving, when it
would be necessary to exclude parturient paresis.

When the cow has assumed the standing position
she constantly shifts her weight from limb to limb ;
she is restless and in a few minutes lies down again.
While she is standing she sometimes kicks backward
repeatedly with one hind leg.

There are no bowel evacuations, but usually the
urine dribbles away, apparently involuntarily.

There is a steady dripping of clear saliva from the
mouth; not a ropy, stringy saliva hanging from the
mouth but a steady dripping, and clear. Tears flow
down over the sides of the face steadily. When the
cow has been lying down for a few minutes she ap-
parently goes to sleep if she is not molested; she be-
gins to moan and will remain in a semi-comatose con-
dition indefinitely if undisturbed. If she is slapped or
shaken she wakes, looks about a moment or two, and
goes to sleep again. During the moments of wakeful-
ness the mouth hangs partly open.

In this stage the temperature is raised from two to
four degrees. In the end it becomes subnormal. Swal-
lowing, if not entirely impossible, is performed with
great reluctance and difficulty.

At the end of another twenty-four to forty-eight
hours the cow is no longer able to gain the standing
position; she lies flat on her side part of the time,
making ineffectual struggles to arise at intervals.
There are now symptoms pointing towards pulmonary

ACUTE BULBAR PARALYSIS 75

edema or congestion; severe dyspnea accompanied by
rustling sounds. The tongue protrudes from the
mouth; diarrhea is present. The temperature now
keeps going down until it may be several degrees
subnormal; the periods of coma are prolonged, and
the cow dies on the fifth or sixth day after the begin-
ning of the attack.

Some cases run a somewhat slower course, dying on
the eighth to tenth day. Now and then a case sur-
vives the acute attack, gradually assuming a subacute
form and lingering along for several weeks. In the
latter form inspiration pneumonia develops at last and
pulmonary gangrene supervenes.

The treatment of this disease is far from satisfac-
tory. In fact, all that we can do is to treat the symp-
toms as they arise. Until the exact nature of the con-
dition is discovered the treatment will be empirical.

We can point to no particular remedial agent or
method of treatment which has given good results in
our practice. We have used every form of treatment
which the symptoms, and pathology so far as it is
understood, would indicate as helpful, but without
success. For this reason we refrain from suggesting
any method of handling this disease, leaving the
treatment to the judgment of the individual veteri-
narian.

Because of the apparent semi-infectious nature that
the disease sometimes assumes, when it occurs in the
enzootic form, we Avould suggest as a precautionary
matter the thorough disinfection of the premises on
which a case develops. If it can conveniently be ar-
ranged the patient should be taken out of the herd
and isolated. It is impossible to differentiate the spo-
radic from the enzootic form clinically; because of
this all cases of this disease should be regarded as
being communicable.

76 SPECIAL CATTLE THERAPY

SENILE PARALYSIS

This is a condition which occurs with considerable
regularity in old cows. Li most cases it takes what
may be termed a progressive form, starting with a
stiffness in one hind leg. After weeks, sometimes
months, a lameness develops in one hind leg, with-
out any evidence of swelling or any localized area of
soreness. About at this time it is noticed that the
cow ''can not get up as well as she used to''; she
seems to be weak in the posterior parts. Also about
at this time she begins to look bad; does not thrive
or keep in her usual good condition, although her
appetite is apparently as good as ever.

Very soon after the trouble has reached this stage
the Cow becomes entirely unable to get up without
assistance. This condition is confined to aged cows
and is never seen in cows under nine or ten years old.

Usually it is best in these cases to advise the de-
struction of the cow. While now and then one of
these cases improves sufficiently under treatment to
enable the owner to dispose of the cow^ in some other
manner, it is usually a loss from a financial standpoint
to attempt their cure.

The condition is seen both in cows which are in
various stages of pregnancy and in cows which are
barren. It seems, however, to run a more rapid course
in pregnant cows.

PUERPERAL MANIA 77

PUERPERAL MANIA

This is a somewhat rare pathological condition, but
occurs frequently enough in cows so that a knowledge
of its manifestations is essential.

Puerperal mania is important in the main because
of the possibility of its clinical phenomena being mis-
taken for rabies. In itself, in so far as prognosis is
concerned, puerperal mania is a benign and very tran-
sient disease.

It is seen in cows nearly always during the last
months of pregnancy, or during the first week after
calving. An otherwise kind and docile cow becomes
suddenly nervous and highly excitable. Within a few
hours she becomes violent, well nigh unmanageable.
If she is not confined she races about the yard or
pasture wildly, bellowing and pawing up the earth.
Feces and urine are passed in small quantities every
few minutes and there are clonic spasms, or ''rip-
plings,*' of various groups of muscles. The animal
will assume a wild, menacing attitude; she makes
plunges at her own shadows, and will pursue dogs or
other animals that intrude on her domain. She is less
intent on rushing at human beings; she may threaten
to attack but is easily driven off. Her apparent vicious-
ness is confined to rushing at objects and other ani-
mals ; she does not lay hold of anything with her teeth.
When she rests, the conjunctiva is seen to be injected,
the eyes are very wide open and prominent; on the
whole, the beast has a ^' crazy" appearance.

The treatment is confined to placing the animal in
a spacious yard or other enclosure where she can not
easily come to injury while plunging about. The
prognosis has to do chiefly with the duration of the

78 SPECIAL CATTLE THERAPY

attack; this is so variable that attempts at forecast-
ing it can be only problematical. All signs of the
disease may disappear in a few hours; on the other
hand, the attack may last several days or even until
the termination of the pregnancy.

AVith the symptoms of puerperal mania in mind,
the veterinarian can not easily confuse the condition
with rabies. AYhile at first sight the cow^ with an
attack of puerperal mania may cause some concern
through the fear of rabies, a calm consideration of
the situation will usually decide the diagnosis. We
would make a comparison of the two diseases from
the standpoint of diagnosis in the following manner:

Rabies Puerperal Mania

Possible history of attack by

dog or other animal. No history of such occurrence.

Premonitory symptoms, such

as itching, indisposition, etc. . No premonitory signs.

Dysphagia. Swallows normally.

Attacks viciously, using teeth Attacks excitedly only; will
on objects poked at her. not grasp objects with teeth.

r

Is not easily prevented from

pursuing her attacks. Is easily driven off.

Tends towards paralysis and Is unchanged, or soon im-
prostration rapidly. proved.

Death is practically a fore-
gone conclusion. Always recover.

Affects both sexes. Affects pregnant females only,

or those in the puerperium.

If, even then, it should be difficult to make a satis-
factory diiferentiation the animal should be isolated
for tw^enty-four hours. A case of rabies will have
developed unmistakable symptoms at the end of that
period; whereas, a case of puerperal mania is usually
well on the road to recovery in that time.

OBSTETRICAL PARALYSIS 79

While recoveries have been reported in cases of
rabies it is very doubtful whether they were correctly
diagnosed. We can readily understand how one hav-
ing had no experience with puerperal mania could
mistake the condition for rabies. For us, however,
the very fact that the animal survives is ample evi-
dence that the disease with which the animal was af-
flicted was not rabies.

OBSTETRICAL PARALYSIS

This is a condition which follows only those cases
of parturition in which the calf is exceedingly large,
or cases of dystocia, during the correction of which
the cow is subjected to prolonged handling and bruis-
ing. It is rarely, if ever, seen after normal delivery
or after cases of minor dystocia.

The ideal circumstances for the development of this
condition consist in prolonged labor due to an abnor-
mally large fetus. The usual history is that the cow
was down during the birth and has not been able to
get up since, or that she went down very soon after
the calf was delivered and is unable to arise.

These cases can not very easily be confused with
parturient paresis because the entire symptomatology
in obstetrical paralysis is confined to the inability of
the cow to get up. In every other way the animal
is normal; no sign of coma or indisposition in the
least. The animal eats and drinks and looks well in
every way. The most careful examination will bring
out nothing of value in diagnosis, except that usually
the tumefied condition of the vulva gives evidence of
the difficult labor.

80 SPECIAL CATTLE THERAPY.

The history in these eases determines the diagnosis.
A very large calf; much pulling; long time in effect-
ing delivery. Sometimes these cases supervene on
cases of dystocia which the veterinarian himself has
been called to relieve and it is on this point that 1
want to call especial attention in this chapter.

It has been my experience that obstetrical paralysis
will not develop in these cases where the cow, if
lying when delivery is effected, is immediately made
to rise. Every mans must be used to get the animal
upon her feet at once and when this has been done
some one should remain present to see to it that she
remains up for at least two hours, during which time
a little walk should be given every twenty minutes.

If the cow is on her feet when the calf is delivered
every effort should be made to keep her up for at
least two hours, walking her a short distance every
ten or twenty minutes during this time.

I can sincerely recommend this as a certain preven-
tive of this condition, a condition which is very un-
satisfactory to treat. Once obstetrical paralysis is
fully developed, a guarded prognosis must always be
given.

Some of these cases lie around in this condition for
three or four weeks and then die. Others lie around
just as long and recover. Sometimes the condition
terminates in complete recovery within three or four
days, and I have known them to terminate fatally
also, in an equally short period. Recovery is the
rule, but the duration of the period of recumbency
is so varied and so indefinite that statements on the
part of the veterinarian forecasting the termination
must be given guardedly.

Probably the best and most prompt effect in treat-
ing cases which have been allowed to develop this con-

PARTURIENT SYNCOPE 81

ditioii (I say allowed to develop it because it can cer-
tainly be prevented) is obtained by frequent vaginal
douching with hot water containing just a trace of
fluid extract of belladonna. This in conjunction with
strychnin or nux vomica administered internally is
rational and quite satisfactory.

PARTURIENT SYNCOPE

This term, parturient syncope, I w^ould give to a
condition occurring with considerable regularity in
cows after calving and for which there has hereto-
fore been no generally recognized name.

It is most commonly seen in cows which have given
birth to three or four calves, rarely in younger cows,
and hardly ever in heifers. It follows both normal
and difficult parturition and is apparently not gov-
erned by any degree of dystocia or absence thereof.
The usual history in these cases is that the cow has
been off her feed since she had her calf, a day or two
before. In some cases the condition does not become
marked until four or five days or even a week after
calving. The veterinarian finds the symptoms as fol-
lows :

The patient appears fairly bright; usually the ab-
domen is just a trifle ''drawn." The temperature,
if not normal, is raised but half a degree or so. This
is all, if the doctor has been called in the early
stages of the condition, and aside from the fact that
the cow refuses to eat, nothing more is brought out
in the examination. Of course, as a consequence of
the anorexia, milk secretion is almost absent. If the
owner has not- called the veterinarian in the early
stages, the latter sees a greater variety of symptoms

82 SPECIAL CATTLE THERAPY

when he is called to a case of this kind later; he finds
now what could have been avoided by prompt and
appropriate treatment. Dropsical swellings of vary-
ing proportions are now present, located first along
the front of the trachea and later gravitating down
between the forelegs. Constipation and later a diar-
rhea appears, and the cow now has a haggard,
''anxious" countenance. She appears somewhat stiff
and does not care to move about much. The tem-
perature is normal or very close to normal.

The treatment in the early stages of this disease is
simple and promptly satisfactory. It begins with a
prolonged flushing of the genital tract with very warm
antiseptic solution. Every veterinarian has his own
favorite antiseptic for such purposes and any one
which is non-irritating will do. One such douche, if
thoroughly carried out, is all that is necessary in the
early stages of this condition. To complete the han-
dling of the case, we usually leave a fe"w doses of
nux vomica.

When the cow has been allowed to develop the more
severe form of this condition, either through the own-
er *s procrastination or the veterinarian's treatment,
we have on our hands a very grave case, and one very
unsatisfactory to treat.

The heart muscle has suffered from the effects of
the toxin which has been elaborated and slowly ab-
sorbed. We are assuming that we have to deal in
this condition with a slow, saprophitic infection. We
are led to this assumption chiefly because of the pe-
culiar progress of the symptoms — namely: the drop-
sical swellings in the absence of pyrexia and the
almost rheumatic stiffness.

We begin the treatment in this form as in the
milder stages, with very warm antiseptic douches.

PARTURIENT PARESIS 83

Although the os is usually firmly closed in this stage,
the irrigations of the vaginal canal seem to do much
good. These douches are to be given several times
daily by the owner or attendant. Medical treatment
internally consists of spartein sulphate, from twenty
to thirty grains three or four times daily for a week,
or usually until the dropsical swellings leave. Warm
quarters and good nursing help much, and in some
cases a dose of mixed bacterins seems to do good.
The mortality is very high w^here the ailment is al-
lowed to progress to this stage.

PARTURIENT PARESIS

This disease, commonly termed milk fever, is of
very frequent occurrence in dairy cow^s.

Not so many years ago milk fever was considered
a very serious disease; it w^as usually fatal. Today
this disease causes but few deaths. Although the
present day treatment of this disease is wholly em-
pirical, it is the one disease that the veterinarian can
almost invariably handle with success. This is the
more astounding when we take into consideration the
rapidity with which the disease attacks and the hyper-
acute character of its manifestations once it becomes
established. In but few other pathological condi-
tions do we see such a profound symptomatology occur
so precipitately. In a way, the prompt and regular
recovery removes the stain of empirics from this treat-
ment to a certain degree. There can be not a shadow
of doubt but what the present day treatment of par-
turient paresis is correct. Even though we understood
the pathology of the disease fully, it is not probable
that we could make any improvement in the treat-

84 SPECIAL CATTLE THERAPY

ment; at least no improvement that would improve
the ultimate effect.

Parturient paresis, when it occurs in its typical
form, is diagnosed ordinarily from the history and
circumstances appertaining. Typically the disease
makes its appearance from one to a few days after
parturition; atypically it appears after the lapse of
a greater number of days, sometimeOeven weeks or
months, after parturition, and in a few instances be-
fore the close of the period of gestation. When the
symptoms of parturient paresis occur before partu-
rition, or remotely after it, the term parturient pare-
sis can not be used consistently; we would suggest
that in this form the disease be given the name of
pre-parturient paresis. Whether the pre-parturient
form of this disease is the same as the parturient form,
pathologically, is a question. It is an established clin-
ical fact, however, that the pre-parturient form re-
sponds to the same treatment as the parturient.

To take up in detail the circumstances, periods, va-
riations, and clinical phenomena of this disease when
it occurs in an atypical form would make a small
volume in itself. In the diagnosis of this disease in
an atypical form the veterinarian has to rely chiefly
on his powers of intuition. In this sense we can find
no better word than intuition; that form of diagnostic
intuition which comes to the practitioner only after
close contact with a number of cases of a given kind
in actual practice. To positively diagnose most of the
cases of atypical paresis of this form merely from the
symptoms and clinical manifestations is an impossi-
bility. What is usually termed a snap diagnosis is
what is called for here; the form of diagnosis which
old and experienced practitioners become adept* in.
A rapid and collective mental assimilation of the evi-

PARTURIENT PARESIS 85

dent clinical picture, history, circumstances and pre-
sumptions; all of which is instantaneously and almost
subconsciously tabulated, with previous experience as
a guide, and the diagnosis is made.

Parturient paresis in typical form presents no diffi-
culties in diagnosis. It follows an easy parturition
with the greatest frequency. This is one of the points
to be elicited in the history obtained from the owner
or attendant — namely: whether the parturition has
been complicated by any degree of dystocia. The dis-
ease is rarely, almost never, seen after difficult par-
turition.

The cows affected are almost without exception in
good condition and heavy milkers. "While young
cows are more frequently affected, the disease also at-
tacks aged cows. From twenty-four to seventy-two
hours after the birth of the calf is usually the time
of attack in the typical form.

The cow refuses her feed and shows a stiffness or
stiltiness in her movements of the hind legs. Within
not more than a few hours there are rigors or trem-
bling of the posterior muscle groups and the cow is
losing the co-ordination of movements in the rear ex-
tremities; she goes ''wabbly" behind, and while
standing still constantly shifts her weight from leg to
leg. From this stage it is only a matter of minutes,
or at most an hour, until the animal goes down. Very
soon after assuming the recumbent attitude there ap-
pear signs of drowsiness, and within another hour or
two the cow is in a comatose condition. She fre-
quently snores ; the neck is sharply bent on itself with
the head resting against the thorax and the animal is
not aroused by blows or chastisement. In well marked
cases this attitude is maintained in death, which may
occur, in a few hours if the animal is not properly

86 SPECIAL CATTLE THERAPY

treated; in other cases death is preceded by convul-
sions, terminating in opisthotonic position. In most
of the cases to which the veterinarian is called the
animal is down.

The early signs of the disease frequently are not
observed by the attendant or owner; in other in-
stances the disease progresses so rapidly that even if
the onset of the disease is observed and recognized
the cow goes down before the doctor arrives. He
finds the patient in the position which we have just
described. There is salivation of varying degree; the
reflexes are abolished almost without exception. In
most cases the temperature is decidedly subnormal
taken per rectum, running as low as 96 degrees Fahr-
enheit in some cases. The history which accompa-
nies— namely: calf born a day or two before without
trouble, etc. — decides the diagnosis.

By far the greater number of cases of parturient
paresis constitute in themselves the sole complication
of the parturition. We mean by this that this dis-
ease is only very rarely accompanied by other dis-
eases or accidents of pregnancy, such as retention of
the after-birth, eversion of the uterus, and other trou-
bles. Now and then a case occurs in company with
such conditions, but in rare instances only.

The prognosis in parturient paresis is favorable as
long as there is a spark of life in the cow. We have
seen quick recoveries in cases which had every ap-
pearance of being moribund. In parturient paresis
the veterinarian arrives ''too late" only if he arrives
when the cow is dead. While it is highly desirable
and advantageous that the case be taken in hand as
soon as possible after the onsat of the attack, hopes
for saving the animal's life and usefulness in cases in
which treatment has been delayed, should never be

PARTURIENT PARESIS 87

given up as long as the cow shows signs of life. In
this disease the old saying ''as long as there is life
there is hope" is most fitting.

We urge haste in beginning the treatment of any
attack of parturient paresis; all cases should be
treated at once, because of the rapidity with which
death approaches at times. But at the same time we
desire to caution against a grave or unfavorable prog-
nosis in cases in which treatment has not been given
promptly.

We wish to emphasize this point because we have
known veterinarians to refuse to treat cases of this
disease when treatment had been delayed and the
animal appeared to be in a dying condition.

The treatment of parturient paresis has been a suc-
cess since the introduction, by Schmidt, of the potas-
sium iodid treatment. Schmidt's treatment has grad-
ually been converted into the present day air treat-
ment, having taken various steps, from iodid of potash
solution to saline solution, to sterile water, to oxygen,
and lastly to atmospheric air pressure. As far as it has
been possible to ascertain, the effects which are ob-
tained are due to pressure exerted on the parts within
the udder with which the various agents come in con-
tact. But even this is not fully understood ; as we said
in beginning the discussion of this disease, the treat-
ment is empirical. It has been held that the effect of
the treatment was due to the oxygen content of the
various agents. This is not in accord with practical
evidence, because not much difference is seen in the
result whether atmospheric air or pure oxygen gas is
injected.

Today, in this country at least, the treatment of
parturient paresis is commonly called the ''air treat-
ment," and consists in the main of tensely inflating the

88 SPECIAL CATTLE THERAPY

udder with air. Various methods are in vogue for this
purpose and one is probably as good as another. Most
of the apparatus used for this purpose consists of a rub-
ber bulb, rubber tubing, and a milk tube.

No matter in what stage of the attack the veteri-
narian gets the case the treatment is the same. While
the veterinarian is preparing an antiseptic solution
and assembling his air machine the owner or attendant
should milk the udder out thoroughly. Usually there
is not much milk present in the udder, but what is
there should be milked out thoroughly. The cow is
now to be shoved into such a position that the four
teats can be handled easily; usually it is sufficient to
pull the upper hind leg straight backward.

The two teats on the under side are to be inflated
first. The entire teat is washed with antiseptic solu-
tion, paying special attention to the teat orifice, and
the milk tube attached to the air apparatus is then
inserted. Air is pumped in until the quarter supplying
the teat is tensely distended. The tube is then care-
fully removed and the same process repeated with each
of the remaining teats.

If the end of the teat is repeatedly pushed into itself
until the distention of the teat proper has decreased
to a certain extent no more air will escape. To ac-
complish this satisfactorily requires some practice but
when it is once mastered it proves a good ''stunt."
"We most emphatically condemn the application of
tapes or rubber bands to the teat with the object of
preventing the escape of the air. If they are applied
sufficiently tight to accomplish the purpose for which
they are used they frequently cause trouble. In an
experience in practice over a period of more than ten
years we have never had an unfavorable sequel di-
rectly due to the inflation of the udder, such for in-

PARTUEIENT PARESIS 89

stance as mastitis or teat strictures; and we confess
that in many instances we have not taken the anti-
septic precautions demanded. We attribute our
''luck'^ to the aversion we have towards tapes and
rubber bands for holding the air in the udder. Some
of our friends in practice who were using tapes or
rubber bands had cases of stricture and mastitis as
sequelae at times.

When all four quarters have been properly inflated
it has been the custom to give from a quarter to a
grain of strychnin sulphate hypodermically. For some
time we have been using atropin sulphate, in doses
from a quarter to a half grain, in place of the strych-
nin. The result has been a quicker response to the
treatment and a more prompt complete recovery.
» When Ave have given the atropin injection we see
to it that the cow is thickly covered with blankets,
the object being to hasten the rise of the body tempera-
ture to normal, toward which desirable end the atropin
injection plays no small part.

In our experience we have found that when the tem-
perature rises to normal the animal is able to get on
her feet. In atypical cases the temperature is no guide
to the animal's condition. In typical cases the tem-
perature is a very reliable guide, so much so with us
that, when the temperature approaches normal we con-
sider the fight won. After giving the atropin and
applying several layers of blankets we take the tem-
perature every fifteen minutes. In most cases it be-
gins to rise promptly and usually reaches normal be-
fore three hours elapse. As the temperature rises the
coma lessens, the cow becomes brighter and indulges
in frequent acts of normally performed deglutition.

We do uot wait for the cow to arise voluntarily;
as soon as she is fairly bright, with a normal or near-

90 SPECIAL CATTLE THERAPY

normal temperature, we urge her at intervals. As
soon as she makes a good attempt to arise she is as-
sisted by lifting by the tail. AVhen she gains the stand-
ing position she is supported until she becomes steady
and stands firmly; until she is standing quite firmly
she must not be permitted to move about for fear that
she may fall. When she does stand firmly she is left
to herself; water may be allowed but no feed for from
eight to twelve hours ; at the end of that time she may
be milked. This concludes the handling of this disease
in its usual typical form.

We will now consider some of the variations, those
especially which are of the most frequent occurrence.

Relapse

In some cases of parturient paresis, which in the
start are apparently typical cases, the cow gives only
a very moderate response to the treatment. She be-
gins to brighten up some but after an hour or two
no further progress has been made. In such cases
the best method is to '4eave well enough alone" for
a few hours. If at the end of four or five hours no fur-
ther improvement has set in the entire course of treat-
ment is to be repeated. In other cases the cow re-
sponds to the treatment promptly, gets up on her feet
within a few hours and is apparently entirely relieved.
After about eight or ten hours she suddenly develops
another attack, goes down, and soon falls into a coma-
tose state. In cases of this sort the entire treatment
is to be repeated, just as though it were an initial at-
tack. The response to treatment in relapses of this
disease is not so prompt as in primary attacks.

PARTURIENT P.\RESIS 91

Pre-parturient Attacks

The treatment of cases occurring- before parturition
is exactly the same as that for cases after parturition.

Eclamptic Symptoms

In occasional cases of parturient paresis the cow may
show symptoms of eclampsia. There is not a very well
marked degree of coma ; but instead more or less nerv-
ousness, with muscular twitchings. In this form there
is a true dysphagia, usually accompanied by spasmodic
contractions in the region of the larynx. In typical
parturient paresis a certain degree of dysphagia is
also present, probably due to the general coma or
lifelessness. In the cases presenting eclamptic signs
the dysphagia is a true one, apparently due to neurotic
hyper-tension. These cases are to be given the air
treatment as in typical cases. By no means administer
strychnin in this form of the disease. We have seen
grave symptoms of strychnin poisoning from a half-
grain hypodermic dose in such cases. The atropin
injection is ideal for these, and is usually followed
by prompt cessation of the nervousness.

It has been our experience that the cases showing
symptoms of eclampsia make the quickest recoveries;
it is only necessary to omit the administration of
strychnin. Otherwise the treatment is the same as
for the typical cases.

Complications

When parturient paresis occurs in company with
such conditions as a retained placenta or an everted
uterus no attempt should be made to correct these
abnormalities until the treatment for parturient pa-

92 SPECIAL CATTLE THERAPY

resis has been administered. The inflation of the
udder and the hypodermatic injection of atropin sul-
phate consumes only a few minutes time, after which
the correction of the other abnormalities can be under-
taken with safety.

Prevention

For the prevention of the occurrence of parturient
paresis in dairy cows we can offer no remedy. In dif-
ferent localities different theories exist in this regard,
most of them being particular ideas about feeding be-
fore calving, or certain notions about milking the
cow before calving. Others consist of laxative treat-
ment ante-partum. We have seen the disease occur
in spite of all precautions and supposedly preventive
measures, and have no great faith in any one or the
other. If we had any choice in this regard we would
side with the theory which recommends the adminis-
tration of a cathartic just before calving.

PATHOGNOMONIC SYMPTOM 93

A PATHOGNOMONIC SYMPTOM OF FETAL
DEATH

It is a common occurrence for the practitioner to be
called in attendance on cows heavy in calf and pre-
senting symptoms of a somewhat doubtful character.
These cases, in cows nearly due to calve, are always
important from the standpoint of their effect on the
reputation of the attending surgeon. An error in
diagnosis and wrong treatment in these cases usually
results disastrously for the doctor, even if not for the
cow.

A variety of pathological conditions within the uter-
us present very complex symptoms and it requires con-
siderable experience to recognize and classify them
correctly. There is, however, one symptom in this
class of cases which is almost absolutely reliable and
can always be depended upon. This is the rapid, some-
times chorea-like twitching of the vulva in those cases
in which the fetus is dead and undergoing degenerative
changes. This twitching of the vulva is also seen in
other diseases, but, in cows nearing the end of the
period of gestation it is a sure diagnostic sign of fetal
death when accompanied by fever, anorexia and other
usual symptoms.

For many years I have not hesitated to base my
diagnosis of fetal death on this sign and I have never
yet been deceived by it. Remember I say this sign
is reliable when the fetus is dead and undergoing de-
generative changes.

I have not been able to test its reliability in other
animals than cows, in fact, am not sure whether it is
a symptom in other animals. However, in the cow I
have so much confidence in this sign that I never hesi-

94 SPECIAL CxVTTLE THERAPY

late to begin preparations for delivering the calf at
once when this symptom is present, and in every case
I find a putrid fetus. This sign is doubly valuable as
an aid to diagnosis of these cases because, usually, a
putrid fetus is retained; only rarely is a putrid fetus
expelled spontaneously at the end of the period of
gestation. All practitioners recognize the gravity of
this condition.

It must, of course, be understood that this diagnostic
sign is in reference to those cases in which the fetus
dies and begins to degenerate while the os is still
closed. It would be of no value and has no bearing
on cases of fetal death resulting at the close of the
gestation period from dystocia.

RABIES

Rabies is not a common disease of dairy cattle.
When it does occur the diagnosis is made with little
difficulty ordinarily; because a good history of the
manner of infection, almost without exception a dog
bite, can usually be obtained.

The period of incubation in this disease is quite
variable, depending upon the amount of virus that has
been deposited, the virulency of the virus, the resist-
ance of the patient, and the location of the wound.
The period of incubation is shortest, other things be-
ing equal, when the bite is inflicted on the head; ani-
mals bitten on the extremities take a longer time to
develop the symptoms of the disease. Probably in no
case, however, does the period of incubation exceed
three months; belief is no longer held in excessively
long periods of incubation in this disease. Now that
the infective organism has been recognized we may
expect positive data on this point in the near future.

RABIES 95

The diagnosis of rabies clinically can be made with
reasonable certainty by many experienced practition-
ers. A positive diagnosis is possible only by laboratory
methods. In cattle rabies occurs almost wholly in the
furious form; cases of paralytic rabies have been re-
ported in cattle only a few times.

Nearly always the first symptom in cows is general
restlessness ; the animal moves forward and backward,
or stamps; shakes the head, gets up and lies down at
short intervals. Every few minutes small quantities
of urine and feces are passed, and the cow acts much
as when in heat. Now she begins to bellow furiously,
persisting sometimes for a quarter to half an hour
without a stop.

The eyes are excessively dilated, with the conjunc-
tiva markedly injected and the vessels on the sclera
prominent. The expression of the face is that of a
combination of fear and anger, an expression that is
characteristic of the disease, and which experienced
practitioners recognize as readily as the expression
of the face in equine tetanus. (In some cases there
is some pruritus before other symptoms develop, but
we have seen only occasionally itching and rubbing
of the location of the wound through which the infec-
tion entered. While this may be a regular symptom
in other animals we have almost never seen it in our
experience with this disease in cattle.)

The cow, if confined, soon begins to make attempts
to free herself; she plunges backward and forward,
rears up, and performs other acts of violence. If
other animals or persons approach her she makes furi-
ous attempts to attack them. If an object, such as
a broom or stick of wood is held in front of her she
fiercely bunts it with her head and grasps it v;^ith the
teeth if permitted to do so.

96 SPECIAL CATTLE THERAPY

If the animal is in pasture or yard she races about,
pawing up the earth, and rushing wildly at all who
approach. Evidently there is no true hydrophobia
(or fear of water) for cows affected Avith rabies will
plunge into creeks, tanks, or other receptacles for
Avater. They are unable to drink, however, because of
well-marked dysphagia.

Later, .these spells of ferocity, which in the begin-
ning are of short duration become more prolonged
and recur at shorter intervals. In all from six to
twelve hours are spent in this actively furious stage.
The symptoms then become somewhat milder; the cow^
shows some lack of co-ordination in movement; there
is now ptosis of one or both lids, and general evidences
of both nerve and muscular exhaustion. After a few
hours of staggering about she goes down, lying in odd
positions and struggling in convulsions, sometimes for
hours, before death comes.

In our cases the whole course of the disease, from
initial signs to termination in death, rarely required
more than thirty-six or forty-eight hours.

The treatment of rabies is considered hopeless once
it develops; the only hope lies in prophylaxsis. Sev-
eral of the manufacturers of biologicals now have fa-
cilities for supplying veterinarians with the preventive
treatment of Pasteur; the inoculation for each day is
sent by mail in the order in which it is to be used.
While the treatment is too expensive for common cows
we recommend it in valuable animals that have been
attacked by rabid dogs. Animals showing symptoms
of rabies should either be permitted to develop the
disease fully so that the diagnosis may be made reason-
ably certain by clinical means, or they should be im-
mediately destroyed and the head submitted to the
laboratory for diagnosis. Either of these procedures

PARTIAL RETENTION OF SECUNDINES 97

makes it possible for persons who have exposed them-
selves to infection by handling the animal or who have
been bitten, to act according to the findings. Either
they should submit themselves to the Pasteur treat-
ment at once or, if the diagnosis is negative, ''forget
it/' Where there are no laboratory facilities, to de-
stroy the animal before the disease has developed
fully, so that it can be diagnosed clinically, is a display
of poor judgment.

EFFECTS OF PARTIAL RETENTION OF
- SECUNDINES

When a considerable portion of the fetal envelopes
is permanently retained in the uterus of the cow patho-
logical conditions of various forms develop.

A portion of the after-birth may be retained in the
uterus when the cow apparently ''cleans" in a normal
manner. In other instances portions of the membranes
are left in the uterus when the after-birth is extracted
manually by inexperienced persons, or even by veteri-
narians.

The custom of attaching w^eights to the protruding
portion of the after-birth with the object of hastening
its expulsion usually results in only partial removal
of the membranes and the retention of a greater or
less amount thereof.

The most frequent results of a partial retention of
the secundines are the following:

1. Uterine Catarrh.

2. Cachexia.

3. Pyo-metra.

4. Sterility.

98 SPECIAL CATTLE THERAPY

Catarrh — When the portion retained is relatively
small there follows usually a catarrhal uterine dis-
charge which persists indefinitely. The character of
this discharge varies from a mucous or slimy fluid re-
sembling the lochial discharge to a discharge of pure
pus streaked with blood.

This discharge usually makes its escape when the
cow is in the recumbent position, several ounces being
emitted daily in some cases. The cow's tail and es-
cutcheon are soiled with the fluid, which later dries
and forms a mat of filth. The discharge has a putrid
odor and usually cows suffering from this condition
can be detected in a herd by this odor alone.

In other instances the discharge escapes only at in-
tervals of two or three wrecks, usually about at the
normal periods of estrum. While the general condition
and well-being of the cow is not affected to any ex-
tent as long as the condition confines itself to a
catarrhal affection, cow^s so affected should be consid-
ered as giving impure milk. The milk from cows so
affected is unfit for human consumption if from no
other standpoint than an esthetic one.

Cows suffering from catarrhal conditions of the
uterus as the result of partial retention of the secun-
dines frequently become sterile.

The treatment of the condition in this form is no
more rew^arded with satisfactory results than are the
more severe forms, such as when the condition results
in cachexia and pus collections, for instance. If the
veterinarian is called in w^hile the os is yet sufficiently
dilated to admit the insertion of an irrigating tube and
the proper drawing off of the fluid, he may be able
to obtain fairly good and prompt results from irri-
gations with warm chinosol solutions of about 1 to
2,000 strength.

PARTIAL RETENTION OF SECUNDINES 99

These irrigations must be copious, and should be
I'epeated two or three times daily as long as it is pos-
sible to enter the tube and properly drain out the solu-
tion. If doubt exists about being able to thoroughly
siphon off the fluid which it is intended to inject the
injections had better not be given. The retention of
quantities of antiseptic solutions, or even sterile water,
may evoke sufficient irritation and straining to pro-
duce severe complications; such, for instance, as vag-
inal prolapse. Usually the veterinarian does not get
the case until the os has contracted so that the opening
will barely admit a small finger. In that case w^e do
not advise the use of the antiseptic irrigations, and it
is extremely doubtful whether any form of treatment
is of actual benefit. The effect of remedial agents ad-
ministered orally is very uncertain and hardly worth
the trouble.

Cachexia. — In some cases resulting from a partial re-
tention of the after-birth we see very w^ell-marked
systemic effects. The cow slowly loses weight and
gradually wastes aw^ay. At the end of several months
she is a weak, wabbly critter with a staring coat and
general unthrifty appearance. She has become a
"boarder," giving little or no milk; as a rule she is
barren. If she is carefully fed she may eventually re-
gain some semblance of her former condition. In most
instances, however, if she does not develop an acute
attack of pyo-metra and die, she is sold to the butcher.

Treatment is far from satisfactory. If antiseptic
irrigations of the uterus are possible they can be used
with some benefit. Tonics and good feed help some.
In occasional cases mixed bacterins seem to do much
good.

Many of these cases apparently respond nicely to
treatment at first, then suddenly relapse. Soon they

100 SPECIAL CATTLE THERAPY

reach such a weakened condition that they remain
recumbent, dying from decubitus before many days.

Pyo-metra. — In another class of cases resulting from
the same cause we see violent, acute symptoms of pus
absorption after varied intervals. In these cases the
contents of the uterus have no doubt been transformed
into a sea of pus. We have repeatedly seen this dem-
onstrated post-mortem.

For several weeks the cow has been exhibiting signs
of a partial retention of the after-birth ; there has been
some discharge from the uterus of a muco-purulent
character and the cow has not been thriving. Now she
shows unmistakable signs of serious illness; a rigor,
with a temperature of perhaps 105 to 106 degrees Fah-
renheit. The respirations are shallow and quite irregu-
lar; probably ten or twelve rapid respiratory move-
ments are seen, and then a few are performed more
slowly, and so on. The appetite is lacking and the cow
moans at intervals. She stands somewhat ''humped
up," and does not care to move about much. The
lower commissure of the vulva and the tail over the
vulva are soiled with discharges and matted filth. A
quite characteristic odor prevails, and when the ani-
mal lies down, purulent fluid escapes from the vulva.
Death may occur in from one to three or four days,
or the cow may survive the attack, becoming a ''liv-
ing skeleton" at the end of several weeks.

Aside from irrigating the uterus when it can be
done, the treatment is w^holly symptomatic.

Sterility. — Pathological conditions caused by a par-
tial retention of the after-birth very frequently ter-
minate in barenness. Even in very mild catarrhal
forms of such conditions it is frequently a very difficult
matter to get the cow in calf again; usually several
services are required and the animal does not con-

ALOPECIA AREATA 101

ceive until the catarrhal condition has been terminated.
In some instances the sterility is temporary in char-
acter, depending probably upon the relative activity
of the diseased condition within the uterus; after one
or two seasons of barrenness the cow will again be-
come pregnant. Many cases, however, terminate in
permanent worthlessness of the cow for breeding or
dairy .purposes.

ALOPECIA AREATA

This is a condition characterized by the falling out
of the hair in irregular spots on various parts of the
body.

The condition deserves mention in this treatise only
for the reason that valuable breeding or show animals
are apt to be disfigured by the affection to such an
extent that their market or showing qualities are in-
jured. '

Alopecia areata appears as a purely local disease ; no
systemic derangement is noticed. It begins with
the appearance of small, rounded bald areas, which
first appear on the neck and shoulders as a rule.
Gradually these bald areas enlarge in size, and fresh
spots appear in other regions also. The skin is ap-
parently normal, at least nothing in the form of a
skin lesion per se can be detected. In aggravated
cases the bald areas may reach great dimensions; bare
patches of the size of two hands are not unusual.

The treatment of this disease is wholly empirical.
In some cases we have obtained fine results from mas-
saging the bald areas with pure cajuput oil, while at
the same time a course of alterative treatment was
given internally. "We can recommend no treatment

102 SPECIAL CATTLE THERAPY

which gives constantly uniform results. Many cases
resist all forms of treatment and the condition goes
on in spite of anything which may be done. Until the
pathology of this disease is more fully understood we
can hope to make but little progress along the lines
of curative treatment.

HERPES TONSURANS

This is an affection of the skin. It is commonly
known as ''ring-worm."

The form of ring-worm disease which is the most
common in cattle is slightly different from that in
other animals as regards clinical manifestations. It
is characterized by the appearance of layers of bark-
like, or almost wart-like, formations on various parts
of the body.

The parts of the body most frequently involved are
the head, croup, anal and vulvar region, and withers.

The disease commonly is infectious and trans-
missible in nature, usually affecting a number of ani-
mals in the herd. It is transmissible to man also, and
the caretaker of infected animals not infrequently
develops the disease. It is presumed that the infection
is spread by currycombs and brushes and similar
agencies. The disease is slightly more prevalent in
young cattle than in old ones, and occurs under all
conditions of housing as well as at pasture.

The first recognizable manifestation of this malady
consists of the appearance of very small, hard and
rounded, wart-like nodules. They may make their ap-
pearance on various parts of the body simultaneously;
usually, however, the different locations become in-
volved successively. In this stage there is some pru-

HERPES TONSURANS 103

ritus, which the animal demonstrates by rubbing the
part on posts and other objects.

In the course of three or four weeks the nodules in-
crease to a considerable size. They are no longer
rounded, but now appear irregularly flattened and
raised on the normal skin surface. Their color is of a
greyish, ashlike tint, and their thickness sometimes
exceeds half an inch. In the anal and vulvar region
they usually assume a very irregular outline and frc-
(juently occur in clusters in these locations.

The immediate outer edge of the formation is usual-
ly free, and a considerable portion can be jerked loose
without disclosing any vascular basic attachments. We
frequently have seen these bark-like formations assume
the size of the hand.

The disease evidently interferes in some manner
with the nutrition, because the animals affected lose
some weight, almost invariably. This impairment of
the usual well-being can hardly be attributed to the
irritation which exists because, as a rule, after the
nodular stage has been passed there is apparently lit-
tle or no pruritus.

The treatment of this form of ring-worm disease
is quite satisfactory. Those of the formations that are
quite loose are forcibly removed and the underlying
active base is then painted twice daily with pure iodin
tincture. A week of these paintings terminates the
trouble here.

The formations which can not be safely extracted
because of extensive contact with the dermal tissues
are to be soaked several times daily with olive oil to
which a small proportion of volatile oil has been added.
After five to seven days of these oil soakings most of
the formation can be removed without trouble. The
exposed active area is then submitted to the iodin treat-
ment twice daily until cured.

104 SPECIAL CATTLE THERAPY

In all cases under treatment careful examination of
the entire skin should be made frequently with the
object of locating fresh foci in the nodular form.

When some of the formations occur on the upper
eyelid, where the iodin applications can not be made,
powdered iodoform is pressed into the active area
after the growths have been removed.
■ In all cases it is well to apply the iodin over an area
considerably larger than the seat of the trouble.

Ring-worm disease should be considered by the vet-
erinarian as a transmissible affection. Animals which
have the disease should not be permitted to mingle
with the herd in yard or pasture, and separate curry-
combs and brushes should be used for them.

If the disease is well established in the herd when
the veterinarian assumes charge he should order the
disinfection of the stable and then have all posts or
other rubbing places either white-washed or painted.
If prophjdactic measures are ignored it may prove a
difficult matter to stamp out the infection. As one
case heals up another breaks out, and almost all of the
herd may develop some degree of the trouble.

ANTE PARTUM VAGINAL PROLAPSE 105

ANTE-PARTUM VAGINAL PROLAPSE

This affection is not rare in dairy practice.

It occurs only in cows which have given birth to
several calves; never (or exceedingly rarely) in heif-
ers.

The condition occurs usually in a very typical man-
ner, the only variation in a given number of cases be-
ing the extent to which the vagina protrudes outside
the vulva. This varies from a mass the size of an
orange, consisting of the vaginal floor, to complete
eversion of the vagina as far as the cervix or os uteri.

The trouble first makes its appearance as a rounded,
pinkish mass which can be seen forcing itself between
the lips of the vulva when the cow is lying down.
When the cow is standing the mass falls back into nor-
mal position and can no longer be seen; nor is it pos-
sible, with the cow in the standing position, to detect
the abnormality at this stage by vaginal examination.

In some cases the condition does not change much,
remaining as a small protrusion of the vaginal floor,
that is visible only when the cow lies down. It is
terminated with parturition. In other instances, how-
ever, the case gradually increases in severity, the
mass which protrudes slowly assumes greater dimen-
sions; until towards the approach of parturition it
causes some concern. From contact with the floor or
edge of the gutter the mass becomes eroded in places.
This causes the entire vaginal mucosa to become the
seat of a low-grade inflammation. The eroded surfaces
have been converted into foul-smelling ulcers, with
the result that the cow strains frequently so that the
mass now makes its appearance outside the vulva even
when the cow is standing. If the cow does not give

106 SPECIAL CATTLE THERAPY

birth to her calf prematurely in these aggravated cases
there is at least danger of an eversion of the uterus
after parturition.

In a small proportion of these cases the parturition
proceeds normally without any accompanying mishaps,
but the vaginal prolapse persists. In such cases the
prolapse sometimes becomes more extensive than be-
fore parturition and the constant straining finally is
the cause of adding a degree of rectal eversion to the
trouble. Only recently we saw a case of this kind.

This cow had had a moderate vaginal prolapse be-
fore calving. This persisted after calving and w^ithin
ten days increased to complete eversion of the vagina
to the OS uteri, and an accompanying eversion of the
rectum, protruding four or five inches outside the
anus.

In very mild forms of this condition no treatment
is required. The cow does not seem to be inconven-
ienced in any other respect and usually the trouble
ends with parturition. If it is seen, however, that the
mass is increasing in size treatment should not be de-
layed.

Before an intelligent treatment can be applied it is
absolutely essential that the veterinarian make a care-
ful vaginal and rectal examination. In this examina-
tion we attempt to locate an abnormality in the region
which might be responsible for the condition.

First among these abnormalities stand concretions
or a catarrhal condition in the sub-urethral diverticu-
lum. Removal of exciting concretions or catarrhal dis-
charges from the diverticulum, with following irriga-
tions of mild astringent and antiseptic solutions satis-
factorily terminate some cases.

In other instances an ulcerative condition in the
rectum is the direct cause. This must be found; usual-

ANTE PARTUM VAGINAL PROLAPSE 107

ly it is not far from tlie anus. (In one case we saw a
necro-ulcerative area affecting the rectal mucosa the
size of a small hand.) This must be thoroughly cleaned
and cauterized; laxatives and tonics prescribed and
rectal irrigations persisted in until the area is healed.
The vaginal prolapse disappears with the healing of
the rectal lesion.

Where neither the rectal trouble nor abnormalities
in the sub-urethral fossa are found, good results fre-
quently come from aiming treatment at vesical tenes-
mus. Stramonium gives the best results in half-dram
doses three times daily. A few doses of salol, about
a dram each, in the beginning help to hasten results.

In still other cases the most careful and thorough
examination fails to disclose the cause of the pro-
lapse and the condition resists all treatment; but in
these and in fact in all cases acetanilid, in rather small
doses (one to three drams) every three hours is some-
times markedly palliative and will hold the straining
in abeyance until the normal time for parturition ar-
rives; when help must be given the animal to enable
her to deliver the fetus. Usually the acetanilid will
need to be given only every fourth to seventh day to
prevent straining.

In all cases, no matter what the abnormality pro-
ducing the condition, the veterinarian must not neg-
lect to treat the lesions in the vagina, such as ulcers
or other injuries resulting from contact of the mass
with the floor while the cow has been recumbent.

When eversion of the vagina occurs in a marked de-
gree in an aged cow in unthrifty condition it is, as a
rule, a good plan to consign the animal to the can-
nery. In the event that the owner requests that some-
thing be done in such instances the treatment must in-
clude measures aimed at the restoration of the general

108 SPECIAL CATTLE THERAPY

well-being, such as suitable tonic treatment, highly nu-
tritious feeds and sanitary quarters. In most cases
of this disease in old cows, however, the trouble and
expense of treatment render inadvisable the attempt
at a cure, that, even in exceptional cases, is usually
only temporary or partial. The treatment of ante-
partum vaginal prolapse requires the exercise of good
judgment, from an economic standpoint, in many in-
stances.

EVERSION OF THE UTERUS

Eversion of the uterus is always a very serious con-
dition in cows. A complete eversion of the uterus pre-
sents a most discouraging spectacle and in all veter-
inary practice there is no condition presenting an ana-
tomical displacement of more formidable proportions.

There seems to be no fixed rule or combination of cir-
cumstances for the occurrence of this accident in cows.
The condition has been seen in range catUe as well as
in dairy cattle. One possible explanation of an excit-
ing cause might b? an exceptionally heavy, and at the
same time, completely attached placenta which induces
excessive post-partum, expulsive acts.

Aside from this I can point to no particular direct
cause for this condition. In my experience most of
these cases show eversion with the placenta firmly at-
tached ; now and then an eversion occurs in which the
after-birth has come off. I can recall several cases to
which I was called wherein the cow was straining ab-
normally, apparently in an effort to expel the secun-
dines, which I am positive would have ultimately ter-
minated in complete eversion of the uterus if their re-
moval had not been promptly accomplished by manual

EVERSION OF THE UTERUS 109

extraction. In these cases eversion had already start-
ed ; removal of the after-birth with proper flushing and
swabbing immediately put an end to the trouble.

The mortality in eversion of the uterus is governed
by two chief causes. One is shock ; the other infection.
But here again no fixed rule can be considered. Those
of us who have seen many of these cases can recall
deaths with the best of care and recoveries with the
most outrageous handling. I recall one instance which
was somewhat of a knocker to me when I first began
practice. A farmer had a case of eversion of the
uterus in a cow shortly before I located for practice.
He ''merely put it back in," hair, chaff, manure and
everything else with it. The cow recovered without
missing a feed. Some time after I located in his vicin^
ity he had another similar case and, like a good fellow,
called me. I spent ten or fifteen minutes cleaning up
the mass with every antiseptic precaution and delicacy
before replacing it and gave the cow every care. She
died in two or three days. I remember a number of
similar incidents.

However, this is no reason why we should allow^ our-
selves to ignore scrupulous cleanliness in treating
these cases. I merely mention it to show that recovery
or death is not controlled by set rules. All w^e can
reasonably say is that undoubtedly death was due to
shock if the death occurred a relatively short time
after the eversion took place, say, not more than ten
or twelve hours. If the death occurred after a num-
ber of days the cows no doubt succumbed to infection.
To attempt to prognosticate this cause of probable
death is evidence of a lack of experience with these
cases.

The treatment or handling of a case of this kind in
a tactful, and at the same time, successful manner, re-

110 SPECIAL CATTLE THERAPY

quires the exercise of much good judgment on the
veterinarian's part. In addition to this good judg-
ment the veterinarian must ''keep cool." Veterina-
rians who never use a cuss-word at other times usually
''cuss" just a little when they are engaged in cori'ect-
ing an eversion of the uterus.

My plan of handling these cases is about as follows :

I start with a hypodermic injection of morphin sul-
phate, from 'four to six grains. I have a twofold pur-
pose in this morphin injection. The first is to overcome
sensibility to a certain extent ; the second is to counter-
act shock. Morphin is now considered the most scien-
tific remedy for combating existing shock.

Having given the morphin injection I proceed to
remove the after-birth if it is still attached. When this
has been accomplished an attempt is made to cleanse
the organ itself. "When I. say "an attempt is made"
I mean that I do not go to extremes in this part of
the performance. I have a pail full of antiseptic solu-
tion into which I repeatedly dip the hands, slushing
the contents wherever any foreign matter is seen on
the parts. With a pail full of solution the cleaning can
be accomplished thoroughly enough for all practical
purposes. A clean sheet or rubber apron is placed
under the uterus to keep it clean after the washing is
completed.

Up to this point in the proceedings no difficulties
of moment are encountered. Now they begin.

I make strenuous efforts to get the cow on her feet
in every case after I get through cleaning up the uter-
us, in those cases in which she is lying down. If she
is standing up, of course, one is that much ahead. It
is not always possible to get the cow^ up, but it pays to
make considerable effort to get her to arise because,
if one succeeds in bringing her to her feet the reposi-

EVERSION OF THE UTERUS 111

tion of the mass is ni^dL'red fully fifty per cent easier.

During the time that the cow is being urged to get
up, and when she is in the act of getting up, the uterus
must be protected from again becoming soiled. This
is best done by wrapping it entirely in the sheet or
rubber apron. When the standing position has been
attained have the cow moved in such a way that the
fore-quarters will be considerably lower than the hind.
This is not absolutely essential, but it helps to make
the replacement easier.

With an attendant holding the tail out of the way
and another man supporting the mass in the sheet or
apron, the veterinarian begins the inversion by firmly
grasping around the portion closest to the vulva with
both hands and forcing it firmly, yet not roughly, into
the vulva. At the same time the attendant holding
the pendant portion of the mass should ''folio y up"
with it. AVhen the veterinarian has the portion in his
grasp forced into the vulva opening, he must not re-
lease his grip at once, but slowly, with a sort of ''feed-
ing in" motion, and all the time holding in place by
forward pressure what he has already replaced, he
grasps again with both hands. Sometimes, if the cow
strains severely, only one hand at a time is changed for
a new grasp. This is repeatedly gone through until
enough of the mass has been pushed in so that the
attendant finds he has nothing left to hold. The veter-
inarian now places the doubled fist of one hand in the
center of the mass still outside of the canal and by ap-
propriate pressure completes the aversion, following
in the full length of his arm and straightening out the
"kinks" as much as possible. The pushing, during the
entire process, must be done during the straining in-
tervals ; that is, while the cow is in the act of straining
the veterinarian holds his ground. Then, just at the

112 SPECIAL CATTLE THERAPY

moment when the cow relaxes from each strain, is the
time to accomplish something.

This I have found the best and safest method for in-
verting an everted uterus. I have tried other meth-
ods, such as have been recommended from time to
time by various writers, but find this the best.

If one fails to get the cow^ on her feet he is com-
pelled to accomplish his object in a very awkward and
tiresome position, and usually to complete the reposi-
tion, must lie flat. Besides, the resistance to inversion
is greater in the recumbent position. In the stand-
ing position the last portion of the mass literally falls
into place.

In some cases matters are expedited considerably
by smearing the vulva and its surroundings thickly
with vaseline.

When inversion has been accomplished nothing in
the line of a retaining appliance is necessary if the cow
is standing up at the time. Straining after reposition
is usually due to ^' kinks," and will not occur if the
cow is standing at the time of the replacement. If
the cow is down at the time of replacement it is a
difficult matter to properly straighten these ''kinks"
and straining usually occurs.

Even in the latter cases I use no retaining appli-
ances. I make ever effort to get the cow on her feet
as soon as the organ is in place and then have her
placed with the hindquarters raised.

Sutures through the vulva, rope trusses and other
appliances have little value. I never use them. AVhen
a cow strains after I have replaced the mass I know
that there is still a portion of it being pinched by a
partial inversion. If it cannot be reached wdth the
hand and forced into normal position the best plan
is to pump the cavity full of warm antiseptic solution.

STKANGUARY FROM CONCRETIONS 113

The straining will stop as soon as the ''kinks"
straighten out.

Tonics are to be given as after-treatment, and al-
icays a prophylactic dose of mixed bacterius to fore-
stall infection. The treatment of various complica-
tions or sequelae is left to the professional judgment
of the attending veterinarian.

STRANGUARY FROM CONCRETIONS IN THE
SUB-URETHRAL DIVERTICULUM

This is a condition which occurs in cows of mod-
erate and old age and may become evident in some
cases within a month or two after a difficult parturi-
tion. The latter form is probably the result of uterine
discharges or debris, such as hair, being forced into
the diverticulum during the difficult labor and acting
as an excitant to its lining membrane. The resulting
catarrhal excretions collect around the debris as a
nucleus, forming sometimes in the course of two
months, a concrete mass of the size of a hen ^g^.

In other instances the concretion may be due to
the collection and inspissation of catarrhal discharges
from no particular cause.

These concretions have the appearance of and are of
nearly the consistency of coffee grounds. Here and
there in the mass can be seen white flakes which are
somewhat firmer than the other portions.

The elaboration and retention of concretions in the
suburethral diverticulum produces no objective symp-
toms until the mass has attained sufficient dimension
to interfere with the exit of urine from the urethra.
When this stage has been reached the cow does not
urinate quite as freely as she should; she requires a

114 . SPECIAL CATTLE THERAPY

little more time than usual to complete the act, and
instead of the normal gushing flow it is seen that the
urine comes in spurts, an ounce or two at a time. This
may go on for several weeks without attracting much
attention from the owner, and without increasing in
severity to any great extent.

This condition persists for a variable period depend-
ing upon the rapidity with which the mass is growing
in size, and then it suddenly assumes an alarming char-
acter. The veterinarian is called and he finds a case
about as follows:

The cow appears in acute pain, constantly getting
up and lying down. AVhen up, she paws and kicks
at the abdomen. She ignores her feed. So far it
looks like a case of colic. It is now noticed that a
very thin stream of urine is almost constantly escap-
ing from the vulva. Every few moments the cow as-
sumes the position for micturition but the stream of
urine which she succeeds in ejecting is very small.
The vulva is agape and appears congested.

As the symptoms now point to a local trouble in
the vagina the veterinarian makes an examination
here. The hand is passed in, and when it has entered
as far as the knuckles the finger tips come in contact
with what at first is taken for some sort of a cauli-
flower growth. It seems to stick straight upwards
and backwards and is movable. While the fingers are
feeling for anatomical land-marks a jet of urine shoots
up from behind the enlargement and the diagnosis is
readily made. If the hand is passed into the vaginal
canal somewhat deeper the veterinarian discovers that
the bladder is filled to the limit of its capacity.

The treatment consists of mechanical removal of
the concretions. Usually it is necessary to begin the
removal with a blunt curette. After a good start has

DOUGLASS' POUCH CYST 115

been made with the curette the removal can be com-
pleted with the finger.

Immediately the mass has been removed the cow
urinates normally and begins to eat. All signs of
acute pain disappear instantly, although the cow may
strain slightly for some time. A few small doses of
fluid extract of stramonium suffice to overcome the lat-
ter. Stramonium seems to have a selective action on
the parts responsible for symptoms referable to ves-
ical irritation.

DOUGLASS' POUCH CYST

Cyst formation in the loose tissues between the
rectum and vagina is a pathological condition which
occurs chiefly in young cows and heifers. Unless the
veterinarian is a close observer and makes it a rule to
include a rectal examination in his diagnostic efforts,
especially in cases pointing towards bowel trouble, he
frequently fails to recognize the exact manifestations
of this condition. A superficial system of diagnosis
usually confuses the symptoms of a cyst in the pouch
of Douglass with colic.

A cyst in this region may attain enormous dimen-
sions, containing on occasions a gallon of fluid. No
symptoms are produced, however, until the cyst has
assumed such size that it mechanically interferes with
defecation or micturition.

When this stage has been reached the veterinarian
is usually called in, and he finds the animal present-
ing some symptoms of an ordinary colic. There are
some points of differentiation, however. The chief
one is that the cow keeps her tail raised almost con-
stantly, and repeatedly strains, apparently in attempts
at defecation. No feces are passed, however, and if

116 SPECIAL CATTLE THERAPY

the case is of long standing or has been neglected,
there may be the beginning of an eversion of the rec-
tum.

The cow is considerably distressed, breathing rapid-
ly, and sometimes moaning while in the act of strain-
ing. She stands up and lies down at intervals, and
when lying down she usually stretches out, flat on her
side, moaning and straining. In nearly all cases there
is a marked degree of tympanites.

The diagnosis can be made only from examination
per rectum. When the hand is passed into the rec-
tum it will not enter more than the length of the fin-
gers, or, at most, to the wrist. The floor of the rectum
is pushed up in the form of a smoothly rounded swell-
ing so that it is in contact with the sacral region. The
first thought which this arouses in the surgeon's mind
is of a fully distended urinary bladder. However,
when he passes the catheter and withdraws the urine
from the bladder, he discovers that the swelling in
the rectum has not diminished a particle. The diag-
nosis of a cyst is therefore certain and the treatment
comes up for consideration.

The treatment of these cases is entirely surgical and
is confined to tapping the cyst, allowing the coirtents
to escape. In most cases the cyst content is a watery,
yellowish, odorless fluid ; if it were not free from odor
it might pass for urine as far as appearance goes.

The best results are obtained by tapping the cyst
through the floor of the rectum. A trocar and canula
and a piece of rubber tubing is all that is required.
The best trocar for this purpose is an ordinary horse
trocar, such as is used in tapping the cecum. The
rubber tubing should be of such calibre that it passes
over the head of the canula easily.

The operation is best performed with the cow in

DOUGLASS' POUCH CYST 117

the standing position, with a rope adjusted above both
hocks to prevent the veterinarian from being kicked
when the trocar is thrust into the cyst.

After having copiously anointed the anus and rec-
tum with a lubricant, such as vaseline or lard, the
trocar and canula guarded in the hand is passed into
the rectum. The point of the trocar is set at a place
about one inch higher than the normal floor of the
rectum, directing it towards the cow's sternum, and
plunging it into the cyst with one thrust to the depth
of tw^o or three inches.

The trocar is drawn out of the canula as soon as
the cow has ceased struggling. The cyst contents
spurt through the canula immediately and into the
rectum as long as the veterinarian protects the mouth
of the canula with his hand. When he withdraws his
hand the rectal folds either envelop the mouth of the
canula and shut off the flow, or under the influence
of the rectal tenesmus the canula is pushed too far
into the cyst. To obviate this w^e slip the rubber tub-
ing over the end of the canula after withdrawing the
trocar, leaving one end hanging out of the rectum.

When the fluid begins to run out more slowly pres-
sure exerted on the cyst, with one hand in the rectum
and the other in the vagina, is applied with success
in entirely emptying the cyst. The canula is then with-
drawn with a quick jerk.

No further attention need be given the case. Relief
is instantaneous and lasting. The animal begins to
eat and is entirely normal at once, unless the case
had been neglected ; when it may be necessary to ad-
minister a laxative to overcome constipation which
has developed.

In our experience one thorough draining is all that
is necessary; the cyst does not become distended with
fluid a second time.

118 SPECIAL CATTLE THERAPY

PHYMOSIS

Phymosis, or imprisonment of the penis in the
sheath, occurs in bulls as a distinct clinical phenom-
enon. Aside from direct injuries there are probably
two chief reasons for the frequency of its occurrence.
One is the fact that micturition is commonly performed
in the sheath without protruding the penis; the other
is the superabundance of long, heavy hair at the pre-
putial orifice. The anatomical proportionment of
loose, flabby tissue around the prepuce is not ample,
allowing but little space for infiltration with inflam-
matory exudates and fluids. Even moderate swelling
in the prepuce of the bull markedly diminishes the
size of the opening which is normally not very large
in a relative sense. The presence of the hairy tuft
which surrounds and depends from the orifice favors
the retention of filth and the development of infec-
tions.

Phymosis makes its appearance, usually, in a rather
rapid manner. A firm, rounded swelling is seen along
the sheath, from the orifice to ten or twelve inches
posteriorly. When fully developed the swelling may
involve the subcutaneous tissues in front of the sheath
so that the orifice appears to lie fiat against the ab-
domen.

There is a discharge of muco-purulent matter or
even of thick pus, which sticks to the hair around the
parts, making, before long, a matted, filthy barrier to
drainage.

If the swelling is of sufficient intensity to seriously
interfere Avith micturition the bull shows mild colicky
pains as a result of distention of the urinary bladder.
If the condition has been neglected for several days

PHYMOSIS 119

the pains increase in severity, the respirations are hur-
ried and shallow, the temperature rises several degrees
and the animal refuses its feed. A bull suffering from
a well developed phymosis is a sorry brute to look
upon.

The treatment of phymosis is quite satisfacory and a
favorable termination is the rule.

While it may considerably facilitate the handling
of the parts we do not advise that the animal be cast.
It is not possible to determine the extent of the dis-
tention of the urinary bladder and there may be danger
of rupturing the bladder by casting the animal. At
least, the first treatment should be given in the stand-
ing position. When the condition has been sufficiently
relieved to permit of micturition the animal can be
cast for subsequent handling if conditions exist which
require it. Usually, however, it is unnecessary to cast
the patient if the manipulations called for are per-
formed in a gentle and painstaking manner.

The treatment begins with cutting away the hair
in the region of the preputial orifice, for which pur-
pose an ordinary curved scissors answers very well.
All filth and adhering discharges are then to be thor-
oughly removed by means of warm antiseptic washes.
The latter must not be too active; the parts are nor-
mally very sensitive and this state of sensitiveness is
all the more marked under the influence of the patho-
logical condition. If mercury bichlorid is used, a 1 to
4000 solution is ample. When the mouth of the orifice
and its immediate surroundings have been thus
cleansed the interior of the sheath must be copiously
irrigated with warm antiseptic solutions. In our hands
we have had fine results from solutions of potassium
permanganate here. Half a dram of the crystals dis-
solved in a quart of warm water makes about the prop-

120 SPECIAL CATTLE THERAPY

er strength solution to begin with. As the acute stage
disappears the strength can be gradually increased,
until towards the end of the treatment a dram of the
crystals can be used to a quart of water.

To make these irrigations effective it is almost
absolutely necessary to use a fountain syringe.

It may be difficult in some cases to use any style
of syringe successfully unless a very small nozzle is
used. The opening in the sheath has closed to such
an extent that a thick nozzle will not permit the re-
turn flow of the fluid. Several quarts of antiseptic
solution should be used at each irrigation and the
irrigations are to be repeated at least three times
daily. If the proper strength antiseptic is used and
the irrigations are thoroughly carried out, marked im-
provement is evident after two or three applications.
If the treatment is persisted .in conscientiously, with
appropriate internal treatment, for three or four days,
the irrigations are only necessary once or twice daily
for another two or three days thereafter, when the
case can usually be considered cured. Even very
severe cases of phymosis can be carried to a suc-
cessful termination in from a week to ten days.

We have never found it necessary to make sur-
gical incisions for drainage, nor to enlarge the orifice
so as to permit the use of larger syringe nozzles.
Gentle, patient manipulations usually suffice to ac-
complish the desired end.

For the internal treatment we can highly recom-
mend doses of phenyl salicylate half a dram to a dram,
with fluid extract of belladonna half a dram and fluid
extract saw palmetto half an ounce. Three such doses
are given daily for two or three days and once or
twice daily thereafter, until the case is discharged.

If the case should come into the veterinarian's hands

ACUTE, SIMPLE AGALACTIA 121

in a precarious condition from retention of the urine,
so that danger of losing the animal's life were immi-
nent, we would recommend tapping the bladder
through the rectum as the first procedure.

ACUTE, SIMPLE AGALACTIA

In dairy cows a condition frequently occurs which
can only be described as an acute, simple agalactia.

This trouble is usually sporadic in nature, affecting
a single cow now and then without any apparent
cause.

The history in these caess is nearly always the same.
A cow that is otherwise a good milker suddenly gives
only about half the usual quantity and at the very
next milking is almost completely dry. In every other
respect the animal appears normal; eats well, drinks,
appears bright and well. Quite careful examination
on the part of the attending veterinarian fails to de-
tect any abnormality of value from a diagnostic stand-
point.

It is usual to suspect something wrong with the feed,
but this suspicion is discarded because all the other
cows in the herd are getting the same feed and are
not affected.

Apparently this is a condition induced by trophic
nerve disturbance of an obscure character. It is al-
ways a purely functional disease; no inflammatory or
congestive signs occur in the udder which can be de-
termined clinically. The one and only symptom is
the absence of lacteal fluid.

The treatment of this condition is based wholly on
this aspect of the pathology of the disease — namely:
that it is a purely functional abnormality, and the

122 SPECIAL CATTLE THERAPY

treatment is very successful. It is quite important
that the case be taken in hand promptly because, to a
great extent, the degree of functionating which again
develops as a result of the treatment depends upon
the length of time that the glands have been idle. A
case of this kind properly treated within a day or
two after the milk secretion stops will usually come
up to the normal output of milk again.

The treatment consists wholly of the administration
of two well known alkaloids, pilocarpin and strychnin.

Four grains of pilocarpin hydro-chlorid and two and
a half grains of strychnin sulphate are dissolved in
a pint of water. This is divided into three doses,
one to be given orally every three hours.

Nothing further is required and usually the glands
resume their function promptly. Changed feed or
special feed does not seem to hasten recovery in these
cases. The fact that such feeds which are in ordinary
cases more or less of a galactogogue have no effect in
this disease is further evidence that we are dealing
here with a trophic nerve disturbance more than any-
thing else.

MASTITIS— MAMMITIS 123

MASTITIS— MAMMITIS

These terms are applied indiscriminately to acute
inflammatory conditions attacking tlie mammary
giand.

Mastitis or mammitis is serious because of its eco-
nomic import in dairy cattle and the veterinarian's
efforts in treating this disease are concerned chiefly
with conserving the function of the gland. Almost
without exception, even with approved treatment and
most careful handling^ spyere attacks of mastitis ulti-
mately impair the function of the gland involved.

For the purpose of this discussion we shall ignore
the various forms of mastitis which are looked upon
as specific in character, such as infectious mastitis,
tubercular mastitis, and so on. We shall concern our-
selves solely with what we would term sporadic mas-
titis, that form which is always seen in isolated in-
stances in cows which are being heavily fed for milk
production. Sporadic mastitis makes its appearance
most frequently in heavy milkers and is probably most
common in the first two months after calving.

Most cases begin with a chill which, after variable
periods of time, terminates in rigors confined to the
posterior part of the body.. The cow refuses all feed
and appears generally indisposed. There is usually
constipation and the temperature is but one or two
degrees above normal. (This is a good clinical point
of differentiation between sporadic and infectious
forms of mastitis — namely: that in sporadic mastitis
the temperature is raised only a trifle ; in infectious
forms fever runs high.) In nearly all cases there is
some stiffness in one hind leg which could almost be
called a lameness. In the early stages the local signs

124 SPECIAL CATTLE THERAPY

of inflammation are usually confined to one quarter
of the udder; later both quarters on one side, or both
front or rear quarters, may be involved. In rare
cases the entire udder is involved.

In sporadic mastitis the part involved is the seat of
a uniform, firm swelling which is very painful under
manipulation. There is considerable local heat and
the skin over the quarters involved appears much red-
dened and tense. The lacteal secretion is diminished;
in some cases it is almost completely suspended. When
the veterinarian strips the teat on the affected quar-
ter to ascertain the character of the secretion, he finds
that the first spurt or two has the appearance of
water into w^hich a drop or two of fluid extract of
nux vomica has been dissolved. Following this the fluid
that is stripped out has more the appearance of milk,
but it contains clots and flakes. Cows that are other-
wise gentle and kind milkers will resist handling of
the parts affected.

If the condition is not promptly and judiciously
treated, pus formation and abscesses may supervene.

Before taking up the treatment of mastitis we would
like to impress upon the reader our understanding of
the term ''infectious mastitis." By infectious mas-
titis we understand that form of this disease which is
more or less readily communicated to other cows. We
make this point clear so that the reader may not get
the impression that we consider sporadic mastitis idio-
pathic. Sporadic mastitis is usually due to infection
with micro-organisms of the pus-producing group, but
it is not infectious in the sense of transmissibility or
contagion.

The treatment of sporadic mastitis at the present
time includes a great variety of remedial procedures.
It can safely be said that there is at the present time

MASTITIS— MAMMITIS 125

no generally practiced or accepted method of treat-
ment. Nearly every veterinarian has his own ideas
and method of treating this condition. In our own
practice we have had recourse to a considerable num-
ber of therapeutic measures such as have been recom-
mended from time to time, and we confess that we
have not been very successful in treating mastitis with
any of them. Neither have we been able to work-
out a uniformly successful treatment of our own.
While we are able to obtain moderately satisfactory
results in most cases, we can not say that w^e have a
treatment for this disease which is equal to the de-
mands made upon it by the condition. We mean by
this that we are not quite sure of our success in pre-
venting interference with the function of the gland.
It is by this success — namely: that the cow may be as
good a milk producer after the attack as before — that
the real value of treatment is measured.

As we said in beginning, mastitis is important from
an economic standpoint chiefly because it has a tend-
ency to permanently interfere with the output of milk.
It is not an exceptionally difficult matter to subdue
the acute manifestations of the disease; but it is a
very difficult matter to so conduct the treatment that
the gland may escape permanent impairment of func-
tion.

The method of treatment which has given us the
best results begins with a cathartic dose of arecolin
or eserin. The earlier in the attack this cathartic is
given the more gratifying the results.

Following on this, hot fomentations are ordered ap-
plied to the affected gland, at least fifteen minutes
out of every hour, for twelve or fifteen hours. The
affected quarter is to be gently milked out each time
before applying the hot water. Also, during the same

126 SPECIAL CATTLE THERAPY

period, we order that a dose be given every two hours
consisting of a half ounce of sodium bicarbonate and
of fluid extract taraxacum and of rhubarb, each an
ounce.

At the end of this twelve or fifteen hour period
the cow is usually quite comfortable and the acute
manifestations of the disease are well under control.

With this, as with all other treatments which we
have used, the case has now assumed a sort of mediocre
or sub-acute status. While the animal is free from
pain, eats well and is apparently on the road to a
rapid recovery, we find that from now on progress is
slow. In this stage we use an ointment of Phytolacca
locally and potassium iodid internally, continuing both
for a week at least. It is not rare to meet with
cases of this disease which are exceptionally stubborn
towards recovery and the veterinarian's skill as a
physician is taxed to the limit before he succeeds in
conquering them. In such cases polyvalent bacterins
frequently do much good.

The cow should be on half rations during the en-
tire treatment.

ATRESIA OF THE LACTEAL DUCT 127

ATRESIA OF THE LACTEAL DUCT

Atresia of the lacteal duct is commonly termed teat
stricture. The occlusion is usually a partial one,
rarely complete. The seat of stricture or closure may
be at the teat orifice, along the course of the duct, or
at the proximal end of the duct where it emerges from
the sinus lactiferus.

When the stricture is located at the apex, or near
the distal end, the milk enters the teat quite readily
but difficulty is experienced in squeezing it out; the
stream is very thin, or it squirts in several directions.

When the stricture is farther up, or at the proximal
end, difficulty is experienced in getting the milk to fill
up the teat; after the teat is filled it is ejected easily.

In rare cases, which may occur in heifers, there is
a true atresia or closure of the duct orifice in the end
of the teat. There is only a slight pit or depression
in the epithelium, at the point where the duct nor-
mally emerges, but the epithelium is not perforated.

With two exceptions, strictures of the teat have an
unfavorable prognosis. One exception is that form
occurring at the very extremity or external orifice of
the duct; the other exception is that form appearing
as a true atresia in heifers.

In the various forms involving the duct higher up
and at its proximal end the treatment is not very
well understood nor accompanied by satisfactory re-
sults. Of course, there are cases of the latter variety
occasionally which have a satisfactory termination,
but they are rare. The treatment which is in vogue
for these conditions (and to all appearances as good
as we can do) is fraught with danger from the stand-

128 SPECIAL CATTLE THERAPY

point of sequelifi, of wliicli mastitis is the most im-
portant.

The vai".' us operations which have been recom-
mended and quite thoroughl}^ tried out, as well as the
different typ^s of bistuories and dilators, have not
proven of much value in general practice. It is al-
most an absolute, necessity to have hospital facilities
for the proper and conscientious performance of the
measures required to correct a high stricture in the
lacteal duct. It is decidedly humiliating for the vet-
erinarian in general practice to see a severe mastitis
succeeding manipulations for the correction of a con-
dition which, to the farmer, seems a trivial matter.

In our practice we refuse to treat a high stricture
of the teat until we have clearly explained to the owner
what the chances are. We make it clear to him that
rarely is any form of interference attended with re-
sults which are so satisfactory as to warrant the at-
tempt; that in many instances a severe mastitis, which
will probably destroy the quarter, Avill supervene. If,
after this warning, he is still willing to submit the cow
to treatment, we attempt dilatation, and in some cases
incision of the stricture. AVe have not enough faith in
any procedure for the correction of this condition,
with which we are familiar, to give it space here.

In those cases which involve the apex or distal end
of the duct we can obtain good results with fair regu-
larity. "We have met with two forms of the condition
in this part of the duct. One form is a true stricture
or narrowing of the lumen of the duct, probably as the
result of infectious or other inflammatory processes.
In this form we are able to obtain good results from
dilatation. It is not very important how this dilata-
tion is accomplished, so that it is done aseptically and
bloodlessly. We use an ordinary teat dilator, repeat-

ATRESIA OF THE LACTEAL DUCT 129

ing" the stretching every few days. The best method is
to dilate and allow the duct to collapse repeatedly,
from six to ten times at each treatment. Insert the
dilator, expand it as far as indicated, and then hold
it there for one or two minutes ; take it out, wait a
couple of minutes, and repeat. Do this from six to
eight times at each sitting, and in a few days again.
Three to five of these courses of stretching accomplish
the desired result.

The other form which we can also treat successfully
is a narrowing of the orifice of the duct from collec-
tions of evaporated mucus or similar concretions.
These collect just inside the edge of the orifice and are
of the consistency of dry putty. When an instrument
is passed over them, a faint, scraping sound can be
detected.

They are to be very gently removed with a small
eye curette or an ear spoon, and the parts are then to
be given an application of glycerin by means of a
cotton swab.

Cases of true atresia of the distal end of the lacteal
duct which occur occasionally in heifers can also be
treated with very satisfactory results. The duct is per-
fect except for the appearance of the orifice through
the skin.

When the teat has been thoroughly cleansed, the
pointed stilet of an exploring trocar is used to punc-
ture the skin. This puncture is made exactly in the
center of the pit, which is always present, and just
deep enough so that the point penetrates the skin.
With slight pressure, but not enough to cause the stilet
to enter deeper, it is turned from right to left, and
from left to right a few times. It is then withdrawn
and laid aside. A small sharp curette is now used
to enlarge the opening until it is of such size that a

130 SPECIAL CATTLE THERAPY

«

milk tube will readily pass through it into the duct.
A little pressure may at first be necessary to enter
the point of the tube in the duct.

A small strip of gauze saturated with glj^cerin is
then forced a short distance into the duct and allowed
to remain, with an inch or so protruding. This strip
of gauze is removed after twenty-four hours and the
heifer milked regularly.

The restraint for this operation is always to be in
the recumbent position. If the operation is deftly per-
formed it is practically bloodless.

In heifers this operation should be performed just
before or immediately after calving.

We would call the veterinarian's attention again,
before closing the discussion, to what has been said,
about high strictures of the teat. Our experience is
that the veterinarian can serve his client best in most
of those cases by advising that the condition be left
alone, letting that particular quarter go dry.

LACTEAL FISTULA 131

LACTEAL FISTULA

Lacteal fistula appears in various locations on teats
and udder. The most common seat of a lacteal fistula
is on the teat over the course of the lacteal duct.

Most lacteal fistulas are of traumatic origin; occa-
sionally abscess formation in mastitis may leave a per-
manent opening in the udder through which milk es-
capes.

Li rare cases rudimentary teats near the base of a
teat may develop a permanent opening, allowing a
constant dripping of milk. Some cases have occurred
in our practice which resulted from cutting off rudi-
mentary teats. The animals w^ere pure-bred cows and
the owner feared that the rudimentary teats would
detract from their showing qualities. He snipped off
the rudimentary teats with scissors. Evidently the
teats contained a lacteal duct, which continued to drip
milk constantly, after being cut through.

A lacteal fistula is difficult to heal when chronic, es-
pecially while the gland is active. The proper time to
undertake the cure of a lacteal fistula which has been
in existence for a month or longer is when the cow
"goes dry." While it is possible to obtain good re-
sults while the cow is being milked, no certain prom-
ises of a favorable outcome should be made.

In cases which are of less than one month's standing,
good results can be obtained at any time. The treat-
ment which we recommend is the same for recent
and for chronic cases — the only point differentiating
one from the other being the time when the treatment
is used — namely: in chronic cases only during the in-
terval between lactation periods; in recent cases, at
any time. To apply the treatment properly the cow

132 SPECIAL CATTLE THERAPY

should be cast, unless she happens to be a very gentle
one.

The affected teat is to be washed thoroughly with
soap and warm water and then dried and a local anes-
thetic used. A milk tube, of the self-retaining variety,
and of sufficient length to reach the whole length of
the teat, is then inserted. With a small, sharp curette
the Avails and edges of the fistulous opening are now
thoroughly scarified, and any indurated tissues on the
surface edges are removed. When this has been thor-
oughly accomplished all hemorrhage, which is some-
times considerable, must be controlled by pressure and
wiping, before the next step is taken.

When the hemorrhage has ceased, at least so far
that it amounts to only a slight oozing, the wound is
given a light application of tincture of iodin with a
cotton swab and applicator.

The last step consists of snugly wrapping the entire
teat with layer after layer of gauze strip, interposing
between each a coating of pine tar. A two-inch gauze
bandage is about right.

We first apply a coat of pine tar directly on the
teat around its entire surface from top to bottom. We
then begin bandaging on top of this, and, as the band-
age is applied, we apply a coat of the tar after each
lap, until about seven* or eight layers of both tar and
bandage have been applied. The bandage must be
drawn just ''good and snug," not too tight nor too
loose. The milk tube is j^et in the duct and allow-
ance must be made for it — namely: that the bandage
will be ''just snug" Avhen the tube is pulled out of the
teat. When seven or eight turns of the gauze bandage
have been applied, it is tied, or sewed, to the last turn.
Another layer of tar is then applied over all.

LACTEAL FISTULA 133

The milk tube is now removed and the cow allowed
to get up.

In recent cases this bandage may be removed at the
end of ten days or two weeks, when the fistula is
usually entirely healed. In chronic cases three to four
weeks should elapse before removing the bandage.
The removal of the bandage is facilitated by first satu-
rating with alcohol, after which it may be unwound
gently. If the layer in contact with the teat sticks
tenaciously it should merely be saturated with alcohol
and then allowed to drop off of its own accord, a thing
it will do after a few days.

The above is not an ideal or very scientific perform-
ance, but "it works" every time if the bandaging is
correctly done.

In our hands, classical surgical procedures have been
failures in this condition.

Lacteal fistulas resulting from meddling with a rudi-
mentary teat or from a rudimentary teat which has
begun to leak can only be cured by direct surgical
interference.

In such cases the cow is cast, and the region of the
fistula is thoroughly cleansed with soap and warm
water, and rinsed with antiseptic solutions. The
mouth of the opening or fistula is then swabbed thor-
oughly dry with cotton and a local anesthetic injected.
The rudimentary duct is now grasped on one side of
its edge with rat-tooth forceps and dissected loose from
the wall of the teat or udder. A new hold is repeat-
edly taken with the forceps, around the entire circum-
ference of the duct, and the duct dissected inward to
a distance of at least half an inch. Great care must be
taken not to prick through the duct with the point or
edge of the knife.

134 SPECIAL CATTLE THERAPY

When the duct is dissected free from its surround-
ing's to the depth of half an inch, a catgut ligature is
applied around it, close to the proximal end. Just be-
fore the ligature is tied, the duct is swabbed with tur-
pentine, the latter for the purpose of setting up an irri-
tation to hasten the formation of adhesions. The ex-
ternal 'wound is treated as an injury and heals
promptly.

Unless the operator has been unclean in this opera-
tion the results will be all that can be expected.

The ligature requires no attention, and all trace of
the fistulous opening gradually disappears. The tur-
pentine swab must not be forced into the duct too far,
as in that event it may do harm in the glandular por-
tion. Some rudimentary teats appear to obtain their
duet directly from the acini instead of from the sinus
lactiferus.

VARIOLA 135

VARIOLA (Cow Pox)

This disease, in cattle, runs a mild course in nearly
every instance and, in this country, may be looked
upon as being confined almost wholly to the udder.
Now and then a case occurs in which the animal shows
slight systemic derangement.

The disease affects sometimes only a few animals in
a herd; at other times none escape the infection. This
feature is probably influenced to a great extent by the
sanitary or insanitary methods of milking in vogue on
different farms.

The first symptom is soreness, or tenderness, evinced
when the cow is milked. The teat or teats feel hot
and slightly swollen. Soon after this, nodules develop
on the teats and on the udder of about the size of peas,
usually. In a day or two these become vesicles of a
bluish or purplish color. The vesicles break down,
leaving under them the characteristic pox ''pit," show-
ing granulations. The tissues immediately around the
pit are injected and tender. Soon the pit becomes
covered with a scab, which drops off in four or five
days, and the disease has run its course.

If the milking is not done in a cleanly and gentle
manner while the pit is yet uncovered, extensive ulcers
sometimes form.

The vesicles do not all appear at the same time and
several Aveeks may elapse before any one cow is en-
tirely free from lesions. The infection frequently is
contracted by the persons doing the milking. Pim-
ples, which break down and end in scab formation,
appear on the hands and wrists. They heal kindly and
usually cause no other trouble.

136 SPECIAL CATTLE THERAPY

The most important point as regards the treatment
of variola in cows is the observation of cleanliness and
g-entle manipulation of the teat in milking. If the
teat contains a great number of vesicles a milking
tube should be used.

Scab formation can be hastened by touching the pits
with a saturated solution of potassium permanganate.
If extensive ulceration occurs, the parts are to be
painted after each milking with a mixture of one part
tincture iodin and three parts tincture benzoin com-
pound. The number of cases in an outbreak can often
be limited if cows affected are milked last, thus avoid-
ing direct transmission of the disease.

CHAPPED OR CRACKED TEATS 137

CHAPPED OR CRACKED TEATS

This condition varies from slight degrees of ery-
thema to extensive involvement of the sub-dermal
tissues.

When the condition has been allowed to become
chronic so that the teat is the seat of deep cracks or
fissures it may prove quite resistant to treatment. The
repeated stretching and other manipulations to which
the teat is subjected during the process of milking
greatly hinders the healing process.

When the condition is confined to the superficial skin
good results can be obtained from compound tincture
of benzoin applied with a camel's-hair brush after milk-
ing. Three or four days of such treatment effects a
cure. In those cases which are of long standing and
in which cracks and fissures of considerable depth are
present, we have obtained the best results from solu-
tions of chinosol in 1 to 1000 strength. After each
milking a cup or a tumbler is filled with the solution
into which the affected teat is plunged, holding the cup
or the tumbler so that its rim rests against the udder.
At least five minutes should be consumed in the bath
in this manner, after each milking.

In many quite severe chronic cases three or four of
these baths or soakings produce a marked improve-
ment and a week of such treatment usually suffices
to bring complete healing. In exceptionally severe
cases it may help to hasten matters if the cracks are
first lightly cauterized witli a mild solution of silver
nitrate.

In occasional cases, those usually termed ''sore"
teats, the lesions are arranged in patches, some of

138 SPECIAL CATTLE THERAPY

them running almost entirely around the teat. In
these cases there is a tendency toward scab forma-
tion and, occasionally, ulceration. In this form we
begin the treatment with an application of one part
tincture benzoin compound in three parts glycerin,
applying it frequently during the day with a soft
brush. The glycerin softens and dissolves the scabs,
and leaves a healthy looking sore. The treatment is
then terminated with the chinosol baths.

In very obstinate or severe cases of chapped, cracked
or sore teats, it may be impossible to effect a cure
unless a milk tube is used in place of milking by
hand.

PNEUMONIA 139

PNEUMONIA

For this disease in cattle we would prefer the word
pneumonitis, because from the standpoint of treatment
the word pneumonitis is specific. The veterinarian in
daily practice who comes actually in contact with this
disease in cattle does not pay much attention to the
particular form of pneumonia a given patient may be
afflicted with. To the practicing veterinarian pneu-
monia is an inflammation of the lungs, pneumonitis,
and that is sufficient for practical purposes.

Probably a minority of the actively practicing vet-
erinarians, although they treat, successfully, several
dozen cases of pneumonia each season, can differentiate
the various forms of pneumonia either in words or in
clinical application. ^

The secret of success in treating pneumonia in any
form lies in early recognition or diagnosis. The best
that any treatment can do in pneumonia is to lessen
the severity of the attack, and it can do this best when
the disease is just developing. It is now quite gen-
erally accepted that pneumonia, once it asserts itself,
can not be aborted. On the other hand, correct and
judicious treatment instituted early in the attack can
make of this disease a reasonably moderate attack of
sickness.

In our own practice pneumonitis in cattle does not
cause us much worry if we have been called reason-
ably early. We usually have little trouble in giving
quite an exact prognosis and as a rule see it verified
almost in detail. When we are not called in early in
the attack, we have learned from experience to guard
our prognosis decidedly.

140 SPECIAL CATTLE THERAPY

The diagnosis of pneumonitis in cattle does not offer
much difficult3^ In most instances the attack begins
with a chill or rigor which may remain in evidence
only a few minutes. In other cases It may remain
for several hours; usually, however, it does not per-
sist for any great length of time, and has passed by
the time the veterinarian sees the patient.

The animal stands slightly ''humped up" and al-
most from the very beginning the elbows are turned
outward. The body temperature is elevated several
degrees, standing when the chill has passed around
104 degrees Fahrenheit, or even a little higher.

Auscultation over the thorax reveals distinct rales,
and pressure exerted over the intercostal spaces always
proves painful to the patient. In the early stages
the cow will maintain the standing position, but later
in the attack she assumes the recumbent attitude for
long periods at a time. AVhen in the latter position
she usually emits a characteristic grunt.

The appetite is impaired as a rule and in the lat-
ter stages there may be a discharge from the nose.
In most cases there is a certain degree of constipa-
tion at first; later there is apt to be some diarrhea.

The treatment of pneumonitis consists of remedial
agents Avhich have a tendency to support the system,
especially the heart, and appropriate sero-therapy to
control secondary infections, such as result from the
invasion of pus-producing organisms. Measures used
to exert a direct action on the pathological condition
are, as a rule, failures.

The treatment which we have adopted and used
with mucli satisfaction for a period of years is about
as follows:

We start the treatment, no matter in what stage
the case comes into our hands, with an old fashioned

PNEUMONIA 141

mustard plaster. We make this mustard plaster by
stirring a pound of powdered mustard into a thin
paste with hot water, which is then rubbed briskly
into the hair over both sides of the thorax and along
the course of- the trachea from the larynx to the breast.
This application causes only slight irritation in cattle
and lasts for about a half hour, during which the ani-
mal usually trembles a little and paws some with one
foot or the other.

We make no attempt to remove the mustard after
it has served its purpose, allowing it to dry and come
off of its own accord in time. Medical treatment we
limit to one dram each of fluid extracts of nux vom-
ica and gentian root every few hours during the day.
If a cough is present we add to this a quarter dram
of fluid extract of belladonna. On the first day of
treatment, and again on the fourth day, we inject a
dose of polyvalent bacterins hypodermically.

If the appetite is very much below par we double
the dose of the nux vomica until the cow eats; then
reduce it to one dram again. We see to it that the
patient is stabled under hygienic conditions and sup-
plied with tempting feeds. Really, the best index to
the condition of a bovine patient suffering from pneu-
monitis is the appetite. If the veterinarian can con-
trive to keep the patient eating regularly and quite
heartily he is doing well.

The foregoing comprises the sum total of our treat-
ment in pneumonitis in cattle. We pay no attention
to reducing the temperature with coal-tar prepara-
tions or other febrifuges. If the temperature persists
at a dangerous height, we find the administration of
intestinal antiseptics most serviceable. When con-
fronted with this state of affairs we give a few large
doses of sulpho-carbolates compound, usually about

142 SPECIAL CATTLE THERAPY

forty or fifty grains each of calcium, sodium, and zinc
sulpho carbolates at one dose. This dose we repeat
at intervals of three or four houi'S until four doses
have been given.

AVith this treatment most of our cases terminate
satisfactorily in from seven to ten days. We rarely
have complications — in fact, practically none — and
while the past year or two has shown us some fine
results with sparteine sulphate in this disease, we
have more faith in this old system.

Spartein sulphate is used in twenty-grain doses
every three or four hours in pneumonitis, and its ef-
fect is very gratifying. I have extolled its merits and
given details of its effect in ''Special Veterinary
Therapy."

TUBERCULOSIS 143

TUBERCULOSIS

AVe hesitate to undertake the discussion of this dis-
ease in a treatise on special therapy. AYe feel that in
the space available justice can hardly be done to a
disease which presents such a variety of clinical phe-
nomena as this one. Yet, any treatise on the most
common diseases of dairy cattle would be most glar-
ingly incomplete did it not include a discussion
thereon, for tuberculosis is most assuredly one of the
most common diseases of dairy cattle.

The longer one is engaged in the practice of vet-
erinary medicine the more does he become impressed
with the great variability and the constant modifica-
tion or aggravation of the clinical signs of this dis-
ease. Also, the more extensive one's experience with
this variability of clinical evidences of the disease the
more impressed he becomes with the idea that tuber-
culosis is practically universal. One finds it where it
is least expected, and one finds more than he expected
to find wherever he finds it.

The diagnosis of tuberculosis is limited only, in our
opinion, by the diagnostic acuteness of the diagnos-
tician. We vividly recall an experience w^e went
through in the great Southwest, where tuberculosis is
not common in native cattle. A dairy near the city
of El Paso, Texas, milking around five hundred cows,
was forced by city ordinance to submit the herd to the
tuberculin test. The dairy was a model from a sani-
tary standpoint, was hygienically conducted in all de-
partments and the cows themselves were almost daily
under the eye of a veterinarian. The cows, mostly
Holsteins, were almost all bought in Northern states.
While we knew that the herd had a number of tuber-

144 SPECIAL CATTLE THERAPY

culous members, we were not prepared for the most
shocking disclosures made by the tuberculin — namely :
that out of four hundred and fifty cows tested one
hundred and seventy-two gave a decidedly positive
leaction.

Veterinarians long engaged in practice are never
surprised by results obtained with the use of tuber-
culin ; they have seen cows react under such a great
variety of circumstances and conditions of environ-
ment that they alivays expect to find it.

In this place we must confine our remarks, how^ever,
to those clinical manifestations of tuberculosis which
the practicing veterinarian may encounter in the indi-
vidual cow in the daily rounds of practice ; those mani-
festations which must attract his attention to the tuber-
cular character, or nature, of more or less usual patho-
logical states.

We are but little concerned with the tuberculin-
testing of cows in herds, because, when w^e once arrive
at the tuberculin application, we are expecting to find
tuberculosis. Our task, in this treatise, is to attempt
a discussion of those marks which should demonstrate
the necessity of the tuberculin test in cases where we
do not expect to find it. And it is indeed a task to
make the discussion both intelligent and brief.

To begin with, the veterinarian whose practice
brings him in daily contact with herds of dairy cattle
or, to express it more specifically, with the individuals
of those herds, must be constantly on .the lookout for
manifestations of tuberculosis. If he relaxes his guard
in this respect in any case, no matter what the path-
ology of the case under his care at the time, he is in
serious danger of jeopardizing the financial interests of
his client and the social welfare of humanity at large.

The veterinarian's examination, especially in sub-

TUBERCULOSIS 145

acute or chronic diseases, should invariably include
careful palpation of the superficial lymph glands, such
as the prescapular, precrural, iliac, and mammary
groups. Enlargement of any of these glands to a
marked degree is sufficient cause for the application of
tuberculin, especially when the enlargement is bilateral
in any group.

Localized tuberculous abscesses are very common in
the submaxillary, cervical and pharyngeal lymph
glands, assuming immense proportions on occasions.
If the veterinarian merely lances these and fails to
recognize their true significance, he is in grave error.
Another very frequent location of a localized tuber-
cular abscess is on the side of the face, just a trifle
below the eye and near the facial tuberosity. Ab-
scesses of this nature are always slow in forming ; some
of them rupture spontaneously, discharge their con-
tents and heal over, only to enlarge again very soon
thereafter. There is here a fairly accurate diagnostic
point, to wit: these abscesses may rupture and dis-
charge their contents spontaneously. In the cow, ab-
scess formations, not tuberculous, hardly ever rupture
spontaneously. Immense collections of non-specific pus
are retained sub-dermally in the cow for indefinte pe-
riods if they are not molested surgically.

In a dairy practice, abscess formation in any group
of lymphatics, not accompanied by definite pathological
conditions to which such abscess formation might be
attributed, should always be suspected as being tuber-
culous. While the experienced practitioner can make
a reasonably sure identification by macroscopic pus ex-
amination, we do not counsel the lancing of abscesses
in the region of any lymphatic groups until a negative
tuberculin reaction has been seen. If the reaction is
positive they most assuredly should not be opened. To

146 SPECIAL CATTLE THERAPY

open these abscesses before a positive diagnosis of their
non-tuberculous character is made, by means of tuber-
culin, is not acting upon good judgment. The surgical
invasion can have no ultimate value if the case is
tuberculous and only endangers other members of the
herd with the possibility of their becoming infected
from the discharges.

Localized tuberculous abscesses are never a contra-
indication with regard to the tuberculin test, nor are
other localized pus collections of sufficient import to
seriously interfere with the intelligent interpretation
of the tuberculin reaction. The ophthalmic method
has been shown to be just as reliable in the disease
in bovines as the ophthalmic mallein application for
diagnosing glanders in equines, and it would be the
method of choice here. It is more prompt than the
subcutaneous method and, besides, provides for a
distinct control of each subject tested in the eye- which
has not been subjected to the tuberculin.

Extensive enlargement of the bronchial and medias-
tinal lymphatic glands has been known to produce
various acute clinical manifestations. One of the al-
leged conditions resulting from an extensive enlarge-
ment of these glands is a thoracic choke, presumably
due to encroachment of the swollen glands on the
esophagus. No doubt cases of thoracic choke from this
cause are very uncommon, because the glandular tume-
faction must always assume immense proportions be-
fore it can interfere seriously with the limits of flex-
ibility of the esophagus.

In the liver even very extensive tubercular changes
rarely produce clinical signs which can be diagnosed
as being produced by this disease. Why this should be
true we can not explain, unless it be due to the fact

TUBERCULOSIS 147

that we are somewhat limited in our diagnostic ability
in diseases that affect the liver.

We have seen postmortem demonstrations on cattle
which were apparently in the "pink of condition" dur-
ing life, showing a liv*er fairly rotten with tubercular
invasion.

Tubercular involvement of the intestinal mucosa, es-
pecially of the terminal portion, is frequently the
cause of a persistent, or recurring, diarrhea.

This diarrhcea is marked by the fact that it pro-
duces none of the common by-effects of benign or
non-specific diarrhoeas. Although it may persist for
days, there is no apparent abdominal pain nor any
distinct sign of derangement in the alimentary tract.
The evacuations are evidently the result of the irri-
tation accompanying certain stages of the pathological
processes taking place in the hindermost gut.

If a rectal examination is made in these cases it is
usually no difficult matter to detect great numbers of
pea-sized nodules, many of them undergoing degen-
erative changes. It is probably as a result of these
changes of a degenerative character that the diarrhoea
occurs. Mucus, streaked with blood and occasionally
blood-clots, can nearly always be detected in the feces
in diarrhoea of this form.

Cases of slowly developing ascites in cattle, not re-
ferable to any demonstrable causative factor, may al-
ways be suspected as being of tuberculous origin. It is
barely possible that some of these can be attributed
to interference with the portal circulation from ex-
tensive tuberculous involvement of the liver. Usually,
however, there is a distinct tubercular involvement
of the peritoneum which can often be detected by
careful rectal examination in the form of numerous
nodules or pearls.

148 SPECIAL CATTLE THERAPY

Tubercular pericarditis is a form of tuberculosis
which we have seen on several occasions when no other
clinical signs of tuberculosis were evident. The ex-
tensiveness of the invasion of the disease in some of
these cases is most astounding when on postmortem
examination we attempt to establish a connection be-
tween the lesion and the symptoms presented by the
animal during life.

Symptoms of tuberculous pericarditis are indefinite
until the heart muscle and the valvular apparatus are
seriously hampered by excessive effusions or, possibly,
adhesions. Cows so- affected have exacerbations of
dyspnea without provocation ; recurring, transient edem-
atous swellings in the anterior portions of the body.
Auscultation detects the faulty heart action, and fre-
quently pressure over the heart occasions pain and
temporary dyspnea. The left elbow is habitually in
an abducted state, and a cough is invariably present.
Li some cases there is a slight limp on the left pectoral
limb.

Tuberculous involvement of an articulation in an
extremity is not a rare condition in cows. Most fre-
quently a pelvic limb is affected, and the hip joint is
the usual seat of the lesion. There is continued lame-
ness and, later, enlargement of the tissues surround-
ing the articulation. In this affection there is nearly
always a marked enlargement of the superficial lym-
phatics on the affected side.

Tuberculous mastitis can frequently be diagnosed in
the absence of any other symptoms of tuberculosis.

Acute mastitis tuberculous in character is not ac-
companied by manifestations whose severity coincides
with the gravity of the disease ; the clinical findings
are rather sub-acute. The affected quarter is filled
with a floccular, cheesy, milk-like matter. The supra-
mammary lymphatics are tender to the touch, even be-

TUBERCULOSIS 149

fore they are much enlarged. The great swelling,
tenseness and soreness which we find in the udder in
other forms of mastitis is lacking here; the udder is
the seat of some swelling, but not much. This swell-
ing is somewhat ''doughy" in consistency and not
very painful. The body temperature is elevated but
little or not at all. We have met with cases of acute
tuberculous mastitis of this type in unbred heifers.

Chronic tuberculous lesions in the mammary glands
appear in various forms. Very commonly seen is the
form consisting of a solid mass of tissue in the glandu-
lar substance. To the touch this mass has the feeling
of smooth, fibrous tissue firmly compact and sharply
outlined.

In other forms numerous small masses, of hazel-
nut size, can be felt in various parts of the gland. In
all cases there is enlargement of the regional lym-
phatic glands. Abscess formation of tuberculous origin
is not uncommon in the substance of the mammary
glands. When such abscesses rupture into the lacteal
cistern, which is not an unusual occurrence by any
means, there can be no question of the infectiousness
of the milk.

Tuberculous meningitis occurs in cows but is prac-
tically never seen until the patient is in extremis as
the result of generalized tuberculosis.

Habitual or recurrent tympanites is subject to the
suspicion of being tuberculosis. A herd cow who par-
takes of the same rations as the other members of the
herd and has repeated attacks of tympanites with no
particular cause, is a good subject for tuberculiniza-
tion.

Bovine nymphomaniacs always deserve the tuber-
culin test, before any other form of treatment is in-
stituted.

150 SPECIAL CATTLE THERAPY

Neoformations in the testicular substance of males
are always to be looked upon as tuberculous until a
negative test proves the contrary.

This concludes the consideration of the varieties of
tuberculous lesions Avhich are commonly encountered,
unexpectedly and yet frequently. Even from a brief
outline, such as this one, it can be seen how constant
must be the practitioner's vigil, and in what strange
clinical disguises localized tuberculous processes will
make their appearance.

The control of tuberculosis in dairy herds depends
to a very great extent upon this vigilance on the
part of the attending veterinarian, which in itself is
one of the best arguments against the licensure of
empirical practitioners. The treatment of unrecog-
nized local or regional manifestations of tuberculosis
is one of the important factors bearing on the spread
of this disease.

INCIPIENT TUBERCULOSIS 151

INCIPIENT TUBERCULOSIS . IN FAMILY COWS

Those practitioners who are located in villages and
cities of moderate size where ordinances have not yet
been passed prohibiting the housing of cows within
the corporate limits, have usually a number of clients
who keep a cow to furnish milk for the family. If
there are circumstances where the attending veteri-
narian should promptly recognize diseases and con-
ditions which affect the wholesomeness of the milk and
the ultimate w^ell-being of the' consumer, those cir-
cumstances are certainly found here. Those veteri-
narians who have been close observers and who keep
more or less closely in touch with their clientele can
name many instances in which sickness in the family
and the family cow are closely allied. Sometimes it
requires the most exact scientific discrimination and
well trained powers of observation to detect the
connection ; the veterinarian who has the training and
is conscientious can, however, make the proper deduc-
tions and sift the case down.

To take under consideration the entire field for
study on this point would entail -almost endless writ-
ings. We will take up the one condition which is more
common in family cows than is generally presumed,
and will confine our remarks to the early stages of
this condition.

Incipient tuberculosis in family cows deserves a
separate chapter in our text books. Despite the teach-
ings and theories of Koch and other equally eminent
investigators, there is a close connection between tu-
berculosis . in the cow and tuberculosis in the family.
I say family, not humanity in general.

152 SPECIAL CATTLE THERAPY

Milk from the family cow and cream from tlie fam-
ily cow go to the members of the family as milk and
cream, undiluted with milk or cream from other cows
or with water. Therefore, the one tuberculous cow,
or several tuberculous cows, in a herd of dairy cows
are not nearly so dangerous to the ultimate consumer
as is the tuberculous family cow to the family using
its milk and cream directly and undiluted.

My experience has been that, in every instance of
a family using the milk from a family cow with a
fairly well marked case of tuberculosis, which has
come to my attention, I have been able to satisfy myself
that one or more members of that family are already
tuberculous or are ''getting consumption." (And in
many cases it does not take very long before some
member of the family begins to show signs of the
disease. Sometimes a few months is enough time to
infect some members virulently.)

For this reason I say incipient tuberculosis deserves
a separate chapter in our text books; it is in the in-
cipient stage it must be recognized to prevent the
harm it might do once it becomes fully developed.
Here I would say that the family cow which is more
or less regularly attacked by spells of ''off feed," by
mild, repeated attack of indigestion, especially, if at
the same time there are symptoms referable to the
mammary glands, is a good subject for the tuberculin
test. Usually, in the family cow, the reaction is either
clearly negative or typically positive. This is prob-
ably due to the fact that the surroundings and gen-
eral treatment accorded the family cow are more fa-
vorable to the ideal application of the test than is the
CRSo Vvdth cows in herds.

Histories of the infection of families with tuber-
culosis through the medium of the milk from the fam-

INCIPIENT TUBERCULOSIS 153

ily cow will continue to be written until all communi-
ties provide rigid rules and regulations to govern the
production and sale, and even the use, of milk. Every
person who keeps a cow for milk should be com-
pelled by law to submit the animal to the tuberculin
test at least once every year. Once every six months
would be even better. Under present conditions the
veterinarian's attention is called to these cases only
when the cow is actually sick, and more likely than
not has been feeding the family with virulent milk
for months past.

INDEX

Abdominal ailments,

obscure 52

Actinomycosis 14

Actinomycosis, case reports 18

Afterbirth, retained 97

Agalactia, acute, simple.. 121
Ailments, obscure

abdominal 52

Alopecia areata 101

Amaurosis 25

Ammonia, aromatic spir-
its of, for tympanites. . 42
Anorexia from obscure

causes 52

Anorexia, persistent 45

Ante-partum vaginal

prolapse 105

Appetite, aberration of... 46

Appetite, depraved 47

Arsenic for liver flukes. . 55

Arthritis, acute 30

Arthritis deformans 30

Atresia of the lacteal duct. 127

Atropin for eye affections. 22

Atropin for hemorrhage... 28

Azoturia , 70

Bleeding from the nose. . 26

Blindness 25

Bloat 40

Cajuput for repelling flies. 29

Cancer of the eye 22

Chapped teats 137

Coccidial dysentery 60

Colic 51

Concretions in sub-urethral

diverticulum 113

Corneal ulcers 21

Cow pox 135

Cracked teats 137

Cyst, Douglass' pouch 115

Cysts, sublingual 8

Dental irregularities 10

Diarrhea in calves, simple 65

Distoma hepaticum 53

Douglass ' j)ouch cyst 115

Drenching, the proper

method of 5

Dropsical swellings 55

Drugs, action of 5

Drugs, administration of . . 5
Dysenteries, differentiation

of, 63

Dysentery of calves,

infectious 67

Dysentery, coccidial 60

Dysentery, enzootic 36

Dysentery — Johnes disease 62

Eclamptic parturient

paresis 91

Enzootic dysentery 56

Epistaxis 26

Epizootic keratitis 19

Eversion of the uterus., .. .108

155

156

INDEX

Eye, anesthesia of 21

Eye, cancer of 22

Fasciola hepaticum 53

Fetal death, symptoms of. 93

Fibrolysin for hygromas. . 33

Fistula, lacteal 131

Fluke, liver 53

Fly repellent 29

Foot-and-mouth disease. ... 11

Foreign bodies, ingested. . 34

Foreign bodies in tongue. 12

Fractures 31

Hemorrhage following

dehorning 27

Hemorrhage from the nose 26

Herpes tonsurans 102

Hoven 40

Hygroma 32

Hypodermic medication... 6

Impaction of the rumen. . 48
Ingested foreign bodies... 34
Intestinal antiseptic for

impaction 50

Intestinal antiseptics for

Thurow's disease 39

Johnes disease 62

Keratitis, epizootic 19

Knee, hygroma of 32

Lacerated injuries 29

Lacteal duct, atresia of.. 127

Lacteal fistula 131

Laparotomy 35

Liver fluke 53

Liver, foreign bodies in. . 36

Lumpy jaw 14

Lungs, foreign bodies in.. 37

Mammitis 123

Mania, puerperal 77

Mastitis 123

Medication of cattle,

successful 7

Medication, hypodermic... 6

Medication, oral 5

Mercuric chlorid for can-
cer of the eye 24

Mercuric oxid for keratitis 20

Milk fever 83

Molars, deciduous 10

Molars, defective 10

MonsePs solution for

hemorrhage 28

Mumps 13

Muscular rheumatism 68

Nux vomica for impaction. 50

Obstetrical paralysis 79

''Off feed'' 52

Opacities of lens or cornea. 21

Paralysis, acute bulbar. ... 73

Paralysis, obstetrical 79

Paralysis, senile 76

Paraplegia 70

Paresis, parturient 83

Parotitis, acute 13

Parturient paresis 83

Parturient paresis,

eclamptic 91

Parturient paresis,

recurrent 90

Parturient syncope 81

Phymosis 118

Phytolacca for actinomy-
cosis 18

Pica 46

Pneumonia 139

Potassium iodid for

actinomycosis . 17

Potassium iodid for liver

flukes 53

INDEX

157

Pouch, iutcrmaxillary 8

Prolapse of the uterus. . . .108

Prolapse, vaginal 105

Puerperal mania 77

Puerperal mania — Eabies,
differentiation 78

Eabies 94

Eabies — Puerperal mania,

differentiation 78

Ranula 8

Retained secundines 97

Rheumatism, muscular. ... 68

Ring worm 102

Senile paralysis 76

Silver nitrate for corneal

ulcer's 21

Sore teats 137

Spartein sulphate for

pneumonia 142

Staphyloma 21

Sterility 100

Stomatitis 11

Stranguary 113

Surfeit 43

Syncope, parturient 81

Synechia 21

Tapping 41

Teats, chapped 137

Teats, cracked 137

Teats, sore 137

Thurow's disease 38

Tongue, actinomycosis of. 16
Tongue, foreign bodies in 12

Tongue, woody 16

Trocar, use of 41

Tuberculosis 143

Tuberculosis in family

cows 151

Tuberculosis, incipient. . . .151
Tympanites 40

Ulcers, corneal 21

Uterus, eversion of 108

Vaginal prolapse 105

Variola 135

Wire cuts 29

Woody tongue 16

Wright 's treatment for

bloat 42

Zinc sulphate for keratitis £1