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Proceedings

of the

Ohio State

Academy of Science

VOLUME V, PART 3,

Special Paper No. 15

a
Oia 2

wots ~!7
_ PROCEEDINGS OF THE OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE
MV [t+ Volume V, Part III. Special Paper No. 15

Trees of Ohio

and

Surrounding Territory

Including the Area Westward to the Limits of
the Prairie and South to the Thirty-
Seventh Parallel.

By

JOHN H. SCHAFFNER

Ohio State University

PUBLICATION COMMITTEE

J. C. Hambleton Lae Rice Bruce Fink

Date of Publication, April 30, 1909

Published by the Academy
Columbus, Ohio

NOTE.

The expense of publication of this paper is covered by a
special grant from the Emerson McMillin Research Fund.
WiLtiAM R. LAZENBY,
a Ib, INTER,
FRANK CARNEY,
Trustees.

CoprpyRIGHT, 1909
BY
JOHN H. SCHAFFNER

PREFACE.

This manual is intended to aid the amateur botanist and na-
ture student in identifying the trees of Ohio and surrounding
territory. There are many books which treat entertainingly of
the trees of our region, and these may be of great profit to such
as know the plants described. Without such knowledge the read-
ing of popular or scientific descriptions can not be of very much
value. The real student desires more especially a first hand ac-
quaintance, and it is hoped that the present volume will be of
service to those who wish a direct contact with nature.

The keys have been made very complete so that no difficulty
should be encountered in identification except in the case of
closely related species. No elaborate technical descriptions have
been given but a few brief notes are added in connection with
each species, calling attention to economic, ecological, or other
data of general interest. Characters given in the keys are usually
not repeated in the descriptions.

A single English name is given for each species. Thesé-
names have been taken mainly from Sudworth’s “Check List of
the Forest Trees of the United States,’ which on the whole seems
to be a very satisfactory basis for an appropriate list. Synonyms
will be found in the index. The nomenclature used is essentially
that of Britton’s Manual.

Most of our common, cultivated, exotic trees have been in-
cluded, since these form an integral part of the landscape, in
many places more conspicuous than the native species. No at-
tention has been paid to the recent effusive treatment of Cratae-
gus. All the trees known to occur in Ohio have been especially
mentioned as such.

The study of trees may be made a pleasant and profitable
pastime at any season of the year for all who have an interest in
nature. When the tree has once been identified its peculiarities
should be learned by direct observation until its individuality be-

73

74 Preface.

comes perfectly familiar. In winter one can usually find dry
leaves or fruit on the trees, which will make it possible to tell
most of the species at a time when many think botanical study
out of season.

i BS.

INTRODUCTION.

A tree many be defined as—a woody plant of any size
which produces naturally one main, erect stem with a definite
crown of branches. A shrub is a woody plant which produces
small irregular or slanting stems usually in tufts. In attempt-
ing to separate “trees” from the larger “shrubs,” one must neces-
sarily be somewhat arbitrary as nature draws no definite division
line.

A tree has three main parts, the root system, the stem or
trunk, and the crown of branches. The root system is for sup-
port in the soil and for taking up water and various mineral sub-
stances. This is accomplished by delicate organs called root
hairs developed near the root tips. Although largely dependent
on their environment the roots still have considerable selective
power in taking up the salts dissolved in the soil water. The
root system may have a main or tap-root extending deep into the
ground with smaller lateral roots; or the tap-root may be only
slightly developed or entirely absent, in which case a number of
larger branch roots may extend downward from the base of the
trunk. The roots which extend laterally near the surface some-
times run to a great distance. Such roots are called tracing
roots.

The trunk or bole is a supporting and conducting organ.
The water with dissolved mineral substances taken up by the
roots passes up through the young wood or xylem while the food
material from the young twigs and leaves passes up or down
through the phloem cells of the inner bark. There are no real
vessels for carrying food and water like the blood vessels of ani-
mals, but the sap passes through by osmosis from one cell to an-
other or from one set of cells to another as it frequently hap-
pens when some of the cross walls are broken down in a vertical
series of cells. The large cells in the wood, however, are called
wood vessels. Just how the water is able to pass up to the tops

7d

76 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science

of high trees is not fully understood. In early spring, as in the
sugar maple, the water accumulates in the sap wood since there
are no leaves from which it can be thrown off above.

The crown is a system of branches on which the leaves are
developed and exposed) to tie! elias) ihevlcavessmilostyen atic
food is manufactured which the tree uses for its growth and
nourishment. This production of organic food is carried on
through the agency of sunlight and chlorophyll, as the green col-
oring matter is called. Another important function of the leaves
is the transpiration of the surplus water brought up from below.
The water transpired by a large tree in a single day is often very
great in amount. The leaves are also important breathing or-
gans, although not exclusively so; for all the living cells in the
entire plant carry on the process of respiration.

The system of branching in the crown may be of various
types. If the main trunk cf a tree extends upward through the
crown to. the tip it is said to be excurrent, as in the larch and
Austrian pine. When the terminal bud has no pre-eminence over
others and the main trunk is soon lost, the tree is round-topped
or spreading and is said to be deliquescent, as in the apple. Ex-
current trees are often spire-shaped like the Norway spruce;
while deliquescent stems commonly give rise to dome-shaped
crowns, as in the white elm. If the terminal bud withers or is
self-pruned, as in the linden, the branching is sympodial. If the
leaves are opposite and the two lateral end buds develop, the ter-
minal bud being self-pruned, the result is a sympodial dichotomy,
as in the bladdernut. Trees in which the terminal buds are per-
sistent and functional are said to have a monopodial system of
branching.

The trunk or any branch of a coniferous or dicotylous tree
consists of four main parts, the pith, the wood, the cambium or
growing layer, and the bark. The wood consists of a series of
annual rings, since 1f normal growth takes place only a single ring
is produced each year. Each ring usually consists of two layers
called early wood and late wood. During special seasons or if
growth is checked at times during the growing period more than
one ring may be produced, although this is never perfect and

Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science (70

can usually be detected by careful examination. In most trees
the inner part of the wood and the pith are dead and this is called
the heart wood or duramen, while the outer wood is lighter in
color with living cells next the cambium layer, and is called the
sap-wood or alburnum. Sometimes there is a striking difference
in the color of the two parts. Strands of cells pass from the
pith or annual rings through the wood to the bark. These are
called medullary rays. The peculiar qualities of wood are due
to the character of its cells which have their walls lignified or
thickened by a deposit of a chemical substance called lignin.

The bark usually consists of two main layers called inner
bark and outer bark. The inner bark is often in very thin lay-
ers and is hence called liber. “The outer bark is very diverse in
character. Usually it consists mainly of layers of cork cells
which are very impervious to water. Since the outer bark usually
does not increase in diameter as rapidly as the wood it is finally
torn into strips and peels off on the outside. Trees have many
interesting ways of developing and getting rid of their outer bark.

More commonly the outer bark is developed as follows: In
a young main stem or twig there is a tissue between the outer
layer of cells or epidermis and the circle of vascular bundles
which is called the cortex. While the stem is developing and
hardening, the outermost layer of cortical cells just below the
epidermis is modified and begins to grow. This layer is the cork
cambium or phellogen. The layer of tissue thus formed by the
repeated divisions of the cells of the phellogen is called the peri-
derm or cork. On the inner side of the phellogen another layer
of tissue is produced which is called the phelloderm or secondary
cortex. The phellogen may continue to produce periderm until
the outer bark becomes very thick; and finally new cork cam-
biums may develop farther in in the cortex or even in the phloem
of the inner bark. In some plants the cork cambium originates
from the epidermis and in some from the deeper layers of the
CCrtex.

Some trees have no special means of shedding their leaves
while others shed them only after a year or more. Most of our
indigenous species are “deciduous,” that is they cast their leaves

18 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science

at the end of each growing season by the formation of a cleavage
plane or separation layer through the base of the petiole. They
also prepare for winter by developing elaborate winter buds.
The function of the winter buds is mainly to check evaporation
from the delicate stem tips during the periods of freezing and
thawing.

Many of the smaller branches and twigs of a tree especially
when growing in a dense forest are continually dying off. But
the tree rids itself of these dead branches by forming a collar of
tissue from the cambium layer around the base of the dead
branch, which finally covers over the wound when the dead mem-
ber falls off. This process is known as natural pruning. By the
formation of a similar callus other wounds are covered up.
There is still a more remarkable process present in many trees
by which surplus living branches are cut off in one way or an-
other. Terminal and lateral buds are also commonly cut off.
This process is known as self-pruning. The most common
method is by the formation of a cleavage plane in a basal joint
or in the annual nodes of growth. In some genera brittle zones
are produced. The self-pruning process is very highly devel-
oped in the cottonwood, white oak, white elm, and silver maple.

Trees grow in height only at the tips of the main stem or
branches. Some trees are naturally shortlived; others attain an
enormous size and age, but from the very nature of their up-
right development their life must sooner or later come to an end.
In some cases the individual organism may continue by a new
development from sprouts growing out of the stump or the roots.

All of our trees bear flowers and seeds. After arriving at
a certain age depending on the species, the tips of some twigs or
the axillary buds will develop flowers. In the more highly de-
veloped and typical flowers four sets of organs are present; the
calyx composed of sepals, the corolla composed of petals, the
androecium composed of stamens, and the gynoecium composed
of carpels. The two essential sets of organs in the flower are
the stamens and the carpels. These may both be in the same
flower, when the flower is said to be bisporangiate or in separate
flowers, when the flower is monosporangiate. If the two kinds
of flowers are on one individual the plant is monoecious, if on

Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 19

two distinct individuals the plant 1s dioecious. The stamens pro-
duce microsporangia and the carpels megasporangia or ovules.
In the angiosperms the carpel usually has three parts called
stigma, style, and ovulary, the ovules being completely inclosed
in the ovulary. Commonly all the carpels of the gynoecium are
grown together and in such cases a compound ovulary is pro-
duced with one or more cavities.

Following a peculiar process known as reduction, which
takes place in the cells inside of the microsporangium, a consid-
erable number of microspores are developed, four for each origi-
nal cell. In nearly the same way, four megaspores one of which
survives, are usually produced in each ovule. The flowers are
thus modified spore-bearing branches or shoots producing two
kinds of nonsexual spores. The flowers are nonsexual organs
and the tree itself is always a nonsexual plant called the sporo-
phyte, The microspores germinate and develop into the pollen
grains and the megaspores into the so-called embryo sacs, or min-
ute, parasitic, male and female gametophytes respectively. After
pollination has taken place, which is simply the transfer of the
pollen to the ovules or the stigmas, a tube grows from the pollen
grain into the embryo sac. The two sperm cells produced in the
pollen grain or in the pollen tube pass down the tube and one
-unites with the egg cell of the female gametophyte. This union
of sperm and egg is called fertilization. The resulting cell which
is the oospore germinates and gives rise to an embryo inside of
the ovule, the whole finally constituting the body called the seed.
This embryo in the seed is the sporophyte and after sprouting
develops into the tree. The seed is produced inside of or in con-
nection with the modified carpels and other contiguous parts, the
whole being called the fruit. The fruits of our trees are of many
types usually with some adaptation for seed distribution, so that
the seed with its little embryonic tree inside may be carried away
from the parent plants to some other and perhaps more favor-
able environment. Here, if conditions are proper, it sprouts and
begins its life as an independent individual. The whole pro-
cess of flower, seed, and fruit production is exceedingly complex
anc. requires close study and observation if one would know the
more obscure activities going on during the life cycle of a tree.

80

Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy: of Science

KEY TO THE GENERA OF TREES IN THE SUMMER

CONDITION.

Based mainly on leaf and twig characters. The number

following the generic name refers to the list number.

I.
Ifo

iN)

f+

6.

Foliage leaves with expanded blades, netted-veined. 8.

Foliage leaves needle-shaped, narrowly linear, subulate,
or scale-like; conifers. 2.

Foliage leaves fan-shaped with dichotomous venation, a
number on thick, wart-like, persistent dwarf branches.
Ginkgo. (1).

With typical dwarf branches, persistent for more than
Ih eels.

With feather-like dwarf branches, deciduous each year,
the linear leaves spreading into 2 ranks. Taxodium. (7).

Without dwarf branches. 4.

Dwarf branches small, selfi-pruned, with 2-5 foliage
leaves. Pinus. (2).

Dwarf branches thick, wart-like, persistent, with nu-
merous deciduous leaves. Larix. (3).

Leaf buds scaly; leaves scattered. 5.

Leaf buds not scaly, naked; leaves opposite or whorled. 7.

Leaf scar on a sterigma, the twigs covered with scales
representing the leaf bases. 6.

Leaf scar on the bark; twigs without scales; leaves
flat. Abies. (6).

Leaves flat, those on the upper side of the twig much
Slioreweie waa wae leer Omess wrees, Iswlee — (5).
Leaves more or less 4-sided, spreading in all directions.

Picea: | (A):

Foliage leaves small, scale-like, appressed, opposite, 4-
ranked, closely covering the twigs which are decidedly
flattened and fan-like; leaves of two shapes, the dorsal
and ventral broader and less acute than the lateral
ones. scales) Jot the ‘cagpellate. come not) peltare:

Mhuyas (Sy.

NI

il

10.

TT

14.

G0 0 9 oO

Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 81

Foliage leaves small, scale-like, appressed, opposite, 4-
ranked, closely covering the slightly flattened twigs
which are not very fan-like; leaves nearly or quite
Silane m scales Ol stem cannellate um come sypeltave.

Chamaecyparis. (Q).

Foliage leaves of two types, scale-like and subulate,
opposite or in threes; the scale-like leaves 4-ranked,
appressed, causing the twigs to appear quadrangular,
the subulate leaves spreading; one or both types of
leaves on a plant; carpellate cone developing into a
bluish-black berry-like fruit. Juniperus. (10).

Ses Quits
Leaves alternate. 9Q.
Leaves opposite or whorled. 74.
Leaves simple. 10.
Leaves compound. 62.
Leaves pinnately veined or with a simple midrib. 11.
Leaves palmately veined or at least with 2 or more
prominent side ribs coming from near the base of the
inllagle,. 58,
Leaves truncate or broadly emarginate; with complete
stipular rings at the nodes. Lirodendron. (33).
Leaves entire. 12.
Leaves serrate, dentate, crenate, pinnatifid, or variously
lobed 25:
With stipular rings at each leaf node; leaves large.
Magnolia. (32).
Not with stipular rings. 13.
With thorns and milky sap. 14.
Without thorns; sap not milky. 15.
With thorns beside the axillary buds; leaves not taper-
ime ie WNe MASS, (AetWe Cr eye lneairi-Sliekooal:
Toxylon. (27).
With terminal thorns and some axillary thorns; leaves
tapering to the base; marrow or slender-cuneate.
Bumelia. (65).

18.

19.

Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science

Leaves evergreen, coriaceous, some on wood of the
previous season. 16.

No leaves on wood of the previous season. 17.

Leaves green on both sides, thick, coriaceous, oblong to
oblanceolate, 5-10 in. long; winter buds very scaly.

Rhododendron. (62).

Leaves green on both sides, or glaucous beneath,
coriaceous, 2-5 in. long; oval or oval-lanceolate, winter
buds naked. Kalmia. (63).

Pith with prominent diaphragms but solid; vascular
bundles in base of petiole 3-7. 18.

Pith not both diaphragmed and solid, but sometimes
with lenticular cavities. 19.

Leaves 2-ranked; bark with fetid odor: vascular bundles
in base of petiole 5-7. Asimina. (34).

Leaves not 2-ranked; vascular bundles in base of
petiole 3. Nyssa. (76).

Leaves resin-dotted, waxy-dotted or punctate, oblong-
lanceolate, spatulate, or oblanceolate, short-pointed,
narrowed at the base. Myrica. (13).

Leaves not dotted nor punctate. 20.

Pith prominently 5-angled; leaves with deciduous
stipules and with bristle tips. Quercus. (22).

Pith cylindrical or nearly so; leaves not bristle-
(ND OEG, Bil.

Leaves with the upper 2 lateral veins more or less
parallel with the midrib. Cornus. (75).

Leaves pinnately veined to the tip. 22.

Bundle scar central; pith sometimes diaphragmed with
lenticular cavities. 23.

Bundle scars 2 or more; pith without lenticular
cavities. 24.

Leaves truncate or short-pointed at the base, usually
widest below the middle or somewhat oblong, glabrous
when mature; fruit a large pulpy berry, very astringent
when green. Diospyros. (66).

238

24.

24.

2.

20.

30.

am,

Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 83:

Leaves pointed at the base, widest above the middle,

lower surface pubescent; fruit a nut-like drupe.
Symplocos. (67).
With prominent deciduous stipules; bark not resinous.
Cydonia. (39).

Without stipules; bark resinous, aromatic. Cotinus. (53).

Lateral veins from the midrib straight and parailel or
nearly so; some or all lateral veins usually ending in
the serrations, teeth or lobes. 26.

Lateral veins not straight and parallel. 37.

Leaves not 2-ranked. 27.

Leaves quite regularly 2-ranked, that is with the third
leaiowver itie inst gO:

Pith 3-angled, buds stalked. Alnus. (19).

Pith 5-angled, buds not stalked. 28.

Pith cylindrical or nearly so. 20.

Leaves or their lobes bristle-tipped, or if not bristle-
tipped then the teeth or lobes not sharply acuminate;
buds clustered at the tip of the twig; nut in a cup-
like involucre of numerous scales. Quercus. (22).

Leaves with sharply acuminate teeth; buds not
clustered at the tip; nuts with a prickly or spiny
involucre. Castanea. (21).

Usually with prominent and typical lateral thorns;
carpels of the pome bony. Crataegus. (41).

Without thorns but sometimes with thorn-like stunted
branches; leaves irregularly dentate, serrate, or
crenate-dentate; sometimes lobed; pome fleshy with-
out grit cells; carpels papery or leathery. Malus. (38).

Without thorns; leaves serrate or serrate-dentate; pome
berry-like, carpels not bony. Amelanchier. (40).

Leaves decidedly inequilateral at the base. 31.

Leaves not inequilateral or only very slightly so. 32.

Axiliary buds prominently stalked; leaves repand-
dentate. Hamamelis. (29).

3S

J

37.

Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science:

Buds sessile; leaves doubly serrate; bark not scaling
off in plates. Ulmus. (23).

Buds sessile; leaves serrate; bark scaling off in plates
like in the Sycamore. -Planera. (24).

Lateral veins ending in the large dentations or serra-
tions which are always simple (a vein for each). 33.

Leaves doubly serrate or sometimes simply serrate, the
lateral veins ending in the main serrations or teeth
but not in the smaller ones, or the veins not ending in
the serrations. 34.

Leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, short acuminate; teeth
not with slender points; bark smooth, light-gray.

Hacus:) (20):

Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, with slender often

inwardly curved points on the serrations; bark rough.
Castanea. (21).

Lateral yems cor EHchme ah Une SeinciliORS Or iweeula,
Amelanchier. (40).

Lateral veins ending in some ol the serrations, teeth or
IOIDES, Bis.

Bark smooth, the trunk and larger branches with fluted
or projecting ridges; leaves acute or acuminate, sharply
doubly serrate; nuts small, in a large-bracted catkin.

Carpinus. (16).

Trunk and larger branches not with fluted or projecting
ridges. 36.

Bark of trunk and larger branches separating into papery
or leathery sheets; trees or shrubs with glabrous,
pubescent, or glandular-warty twigs. Betula. (18).

Bark of trunk scaly, fine furrowed; twigs pubescent;
carpellate catkin in fruit appearing like that of the hop.

Ostrya. (17).

Bark scaling off in plates like in the Sycamore; fruit
coriaceous, nut-like. Planera. (24).

Leaves 2-ranked. 38.

Leaves not 2-ranked. 30.

Al.

A5.

Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 85

Bark of trunk and larger branches separating into papery
or -leathery sheets; leaves doubly serrate, the lateral
veins ending in the main serrations, teeth or lobes.

Betula. (18).

Bark not in papery or leathery sheets; leaves not doubly
serrate, the lateral veins not ending directly in the
serrations or teeth. Amelanchier. (40).

Leaves not with spines. 40.

Leaves evergreen, with spine-tipped lobes. Tlex. (54).

Pith not solid, diaphragmed, with lenticular cavities. 41.

Pith solid but with prominent diaphragms; vascular
bundles 3 in the base of the petiole. Nyssa. (76).

Pith solid, without diaphragms. 42.

Leaves oval or obovate, serrate or denticulate, abruptly
acuminate, wedge-shaped at the base, more or less
stellate pubescent beneath; bark of twigs peeling off
in slender shreds; fruit 4-winged. Mohrodendron. (68).

Leaves oblong or slightly obovate, acute or acuminate
at both ends, crenate-serrate or repand, short petioled;
twigs of the season and lower surface of leaves
pubescent, not stellate; fruit a nut-like drupe.

Symplocos. (67).

Leaves with peltate scales, or resin-dotted, oblanceolate
or wedge-lanceolate. Myrica. (13).

Leaves not peltate scaly, nor resin-dotted. 43.

Outer bud scales of winter buds more than I. 44.

Outer bud scale 1; twigs with brittle zones, hence easily
detached and leaving peculiar self-pruning scars:
terminal bud of ripe branches absent; bundle scars or
vascular bundles in base of petiole. 3. Salix. (12).

Pith decidedly 5-angled. 45.

Pith cylindrical or nearly so. 46.

Bundle scars 3; leaves with gland-tipped teeth, usually
broad-based, usually with 2 prominent glands at the
base of the blade. Populus. (11).

Bundle scars several, scattered; leaves without glands;
buds clustered at the tip of the twig. Quercus. (22).

49.

49.

BI,

52.

Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science

With stipules or stipular scars. 47.

Without stipules or stipular scars; leaves sour, with
prominent scattered hairs on the midrib beneath; trees;
fruit a capsule. Oxydendrum. (64).

With typical lateral thorns; fruit a drupe-like pome with
bony ripe carpels. Crataegus. (41).

Not with typical lateral thorns, but some may have thorn-
like stunted branches. 48.

Leaves with 1 or more disc-like, wart-like, or tooth-like
elands on the petiole or at the base of the blade. 40.

Leaves not with distinct glands on the top of the petiole
nor at the base of the blade, but they may be glandular-
hairy. 50.

Twigs green, red, or red and green; nectar glands disc-
like, usually 2-4 near the base at the edge of the blade;
terminal bud present; fruit a velvety drupe.

Amygdalus. (43).

Glands various; twigs not red and green, some with
cleavage planes in basal joints; terminal bud present
or absent, fruit a smooth drupe. Prunus. (42).

Axillary buds usually superposed; leaves lanceolate or
oblong-lanceolate, tapering towards the short petiole;
fruit a berry-like drupe. Ilex. (54).

Axillary buds not superposed. 51.

Leaves with gland-tipped serrations; terminal bud absent
on ripe twigs or 1f present then the lateral veins promi-
nent and nearly parallel and curving upward at the
margin of the leaf; fruit a berry-like drupe.

Rhamnus. (60).

Leaves not with gland-tipped serrations, or if so then
not as above; terminal bud present; fruit a pome. 52.

Leaves sharply and regularly serrate, glabrous when
mature, petioles long; pome with erit cells.

PyGus: (yar

Leaves irregularly dentate or serrate, or more or less
lobed; pome without grit cells. Malus. (38).

59:

60.

Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 87

Base of petiole covering the axillary bud; twigs with
stipular rings. Platanus. (31).

Axillary buds usually evident; twigs without stipular
rings. 54.

Leaves 2-ranked. 55.

Leaves not 2-ranked. 60.

Leaves entire, round-heart-shaped. Cercis. (44).

Leaves serrate, dentate, or lobed. 56.

Pith usually in transverse plates; leaves ovate-lanceolate,
inequilateral, taper-pointed. Celtis. (25).

Pith solid, not diaphragmed. 57.

With milky sap. 58.

Without milky sap. 509.

Twigs gray or brown, glabrous or nearly so;, leaves
pubescent or glabrous beneath. Morus. (26).

Twigs grayish-green, downy; leaves tomentose be-
neath. Broussonetia. (28). ;

Leaves not inequilateral; vascular bundles in base of
Deno 3, leer, (is)

Leaves inequilateral at the base; vascular bundles in

base of petiole several, scattered. Tilia. (61).

Leaves more or less star-shaped, with 3-7 long pointed
serrate lobes, strongly aromatic when crushed; pith
5-angled. Liquidambar. (30).

Leaves entire or three-lobed, bark spicy-aromatic; in-
ternodes very unequal. Sassafras. (35).

Leaves crenate, serrate, dentate, or lobed, not star-
shaped and not spicy-aromatic. 61.

Pith 5-angled; trees usually with resinous buds; leaves |
usually broad based. Populus. (11).

Pith cylindrical or nearly so; usually with prominent
typical thorns. Crataegus. (41).

S622
Pith diaphragmed, with cavities; large trees with pin-
nate leaves. Juglans. (14).

Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science

Pith not diaphragmed. 63.

Leaves trifoliate or odd-pinnate. 64.

Leaves evenly pinnate or bipinnate; axillary buds super-
posed. 73.

Leaves odd-bipinnate, serrate; twigs and leaves usually
prickly. Aralia. (74).

Lobes or teeth at the base of the leaflets with prominent
ereen glands beneath; leaves pinnate, very large with
disagreeable odor. Ailanthus. (51).

Lobes or teeth if present without green glands. 65.

With stipular spines a pair for each leaf; leaflets mostly
entire. “66.

Without stipular spines, but some may have thorns or
prcklessa G77

Leaflets oval or ovate, not pointed, usually mucronate,
not punctate. Robinia. (48).

Leaflets ovate, pointed, glandular-punctate.

Xanthoxylum. (49).

Base of petiole covering the anillary buds; not prickly. 68.

Base of petiole not covering the axillary buds. 7o.

Leaves 3-foliate, leaflets crenulate, glandular punctate;
bark with disagreeable odor; axillary buds super-
posed. Ptelea. (50).

Leaves pinnate, not punctate. 69.

Leaflets serrate; pith very large; bark resinous or milky.

Rhus. (52).

Leaflets entire; pith small, bark not resinous or milky.

Cladrastis. (47).

Leaflets entire or if occasionally few-toothed then the
rachis prominently winged. 71.

Leaflets serrate or dentate, the rachis not winged. 72.

Leaflets decidedly inequilateral, obliquely lanceolate or
falcate, acuminate. Sapindus. (59).

Leaflets not inequilateral or only slightly so, not slender
falcate, sometimes poisonous to the touch.

Rhus. (52).

72,

Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 89

Pith 5-angled; stipules none, base of petiole with nu-
merous vascular bundles, scattered or in 3 areas.
Hicoria. (15).
Pith cylindrical or nearly so; leaves with stipules;
vascular bundles in base of petiole 3-5. Sorbus. (36).
Pith small; base of petiole covering the axillary buds;
usually with prominent thorns. Gleditsia. (45).
Pith very large, base of petiole not covering the axillary
buds; without thorns. Gymnocladus. (46).

—74—
Leaves simple. 78.
Leaves compound. 75.
Leaves digitate with 5 or more leaflets. Aesculus. (58).
Leaves trifoliate or pinnate. 76.
Base of petiole covering the axillary buds; leaflets
dentate, lobed, or nearly entire. Acer. (57).
Base of petiole not covering the axillary buds. 77.
Leaves trifoliate; bark with strong odor; terminal bud
self-pruned. - Staphylea. (56).
Leaflets 5-13; terminal bud present. Fraxinus. (69).
Leaves pinnately veined. 82.
Leaves palmately veined or at least with 2 prominent
side ribs from the base. 79.
Leaves entire or if somewhat 3-lobed with entire
margin. 80.
Leaves serrate, crenate, dentate or variously lobed. 8t.
Pith diaphragmed, or with large cavities; petioles usually
hollow; axillary buds superposed. Paulownia. (72).
Pith and petioles solid; axillary buds not superposed;
under side of leaves with glands in the axils of the
larger veins. Catalpa. (73).
Leaves more or less lobed; fruit a 2-winged samara.
NGS (897)
Leaves not lobed; fruit a drupe. Rhamnus. (60).
Leaves serrate, dentate, crenate, or variously lobed. 83.
IWeawiesmemtine "Ose

84.

85.

85.
86.

86.

Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science

Bark of ripe twigs green, bundles scar or vascular bundle
in base of petiole 1; pith rhombic. Euonymus. (55).

Bark of ripe twigs gray, brown, or red; pith cylindrical
or nearly so. 84.

Axillary buds sometimes superposed; leaves finely dentic-
ulate; twigs light brown, sometimes thorny; drupe
narrowly oblong. Adelia. (70).

Axillary buds not superposed ; twigs not 4-angled, brown;
flowers epigynous; fruit a fleshy drupe; vascular
bundles in the base of the petiole 3. Viburnum. (77).

Axillary buds not superposed; leaves serrate with
stipules, small; bundle scar central; twigs brown,
sometimes with thorns; shrub-like trees with drupe-
like berries. Rhamnus. (60).

Leaves coriaceous, evergreen, hence on wood of the
previous season. Kalmia. (63).

Leaves deciduous each year. 86.

Leaves with the two outer lateral veins more or less
parallel with the midrib; fruit:a drupe. Cornus. (75).

Leaves pinnately veined to the tip, 3-6 in. long, fruit
an oblong drupe. Chionanthus. (71).

Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 91

KEY TO THE GENERA OF TREES IN THE WINTER

CONDITION.

Based mainly on twig and stem characters. The num-

ber following the genric name refers to the list number.

Ie
Ihe
2.

aS ago

Foliage leaves persistent and usually evergreen. 2.
Foliage leaves deciduous each year. 11. |
Foliage leaves needle-shaped, subulate, narrowly linear,
or scale-like; conifers. 3.
Foliage leaves with expanded blades, netted veined. 8.
With dwarf branches, each bearing 2-5 foliage leaves.
Pinus: (@)r
Without true dwarf branches. 4.
Leaf buds scaly. 5.
Leaf buds not scaly, naked. 7.
Leaf scar not on a sterigma, prominent, circular; leaves
flat. Abies. (6).
Leaf scar on a sterigma, the base of the leaf remaining
as a scale on the twig. 6.
Leaves flat, those on the upper side of the twig much
shorter than the lateral ones. Tsuga. (5).
Leaves more or less 4-sided, spreading in all directions.
Piceds (4)
Foliage leaves small, scale-like, appressed, opposite, 4-
ranked, closely covering the twigs which are decidedly
flattened and fan-like; leaves of two shapes, the dorsal
and ventral broader and less acute than the lateral
ones; scales of the carpellate cone not peltate.
Thuja. (8).
Foliage leaves small, scale-like, appressed, opposite, 4-
ranked, closely covering the slightly flattened twigs
which are not very fan-like; leaves nearly or quite
similar; scales of the carpellate cone peltate.
Chamecyparis. (9).
Foliage leaves of two types, scale-like and subulate, op-
posite or in threes; the scale-like leaves 4-ranked, ap-
pressed, causing the twigs to appear quadrangular, the

92

G0 90

{0O.

10.

If 10,
Il.
12.
12.

13.

Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science

subulate leaves spreading; one or both types of leaves
on a plant; carpellate cone developing into a bluish-
black berry-like fruit. Juniperus. (10).

Leaves with spine-tipped lobes or teeth. Ilex. (54).

Leaves without spines. 9.

Leaves pubescent at least below, lanceolate, mucronate,
not evergreen; buds clustered at the tip of the twig;
trees with 5-angled pith. Quercus. (22).

Leaves glabrous. 10.

Leaves green on both sides, thick, coriaceous, oblong
to oblanceolate, 5-10 in. long; winter buds very scaly.

Rhododendron. (62).

Leaves green on both sides or glaucous beneath,
coriaceous, 2-5 in. long, oval to oval-lanceolate; winter
buds naked; erect shrubs. Kalmia. (63).

Twigs with thick wart-like dwarf branches; conifers. 12.
Twigs without true dwarf branches. 13.

Young twigs covered with scales. Larix. (3).

Twigs without scales. Ginkgo. (1).

Twigs with numerous small scattered self-pruning scars,
without apparent leaf scars but with minute dry scale
leaves, with feather-like dwarf branches, some usually
remaining in winter; foliage leaves spreading into two
ranks; roots often with knees; a conifer.

Taxodium. (7).

Twigs with evident leaf scars and lateral winter buds. 14,

Leaf scars alternate. 15.

Leaf scars opposite or whorled. 72.

Twigs with distinct and complete stipular ridges or
rings at the leaf nodes. 16.

Twigs without complete stipular rings. 18.

Leaf scar surrounding the axillary bud, terminal bud
self-pruned; wood with prominent medullary rays.

Platanus. (31).

16.

10.

21.

21.

Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 93

Leaf scar not surrounding the axillary bud, terminal
bud not self-pruned; buds enclosed in the large con-
nate stipules. 17.

Buds glabrous; twigs brown; pith diaphragmed; leaf
scars oval or circular; bark spicy-aromatic.

Liriodendron. (33).

Buds downy, or if glabrous then the twigs red; pith
with or without diaphragms; leaf scars U-shaped, oval,
or circular; bark usually aromatic. Magnolia. (32).

With thorns, prickles, or spines; or with spur-like
branches ending in thorns. 19.

Without thorns, prickles or spines, but some may have
thorn-like stunted branches. 26.

With stipular spines, a pair for each leaf scar. 20.

Twigs with typical lateral thorns, without terminal
thorns. 21.

With thorns at the ends of branches or with spur-like
branches ending in thorns, and in addition axillary
thorns may be present. 22.

Stems or twigs with prickles; leaf scar extending nearly
around the stem, with about 20 bundle scars; pith
large. Aralia. (74).

Leaf scar covering the two or more superposed axillary
buds. Robinia. (48).

Leaf scar below the axillary buds; buds reddish, pubes-
cent. Xanthoxylum. (49).

With thorns beside the axillary buds; normally one for
each leaf axil, becoming gradually smaller toward the
tip of the twig, terminal bud absent. Toxylon. (27).

Thorns axillary, large, rarely branched except on the
main trunk; usually with two lateral buds at the base
which may develop as twigs; numerous axils without
thorns. Crategus. (41).

Thorns commonly branched, situated above the axil of
the leaf; leaf scar covering the two or more super-
posed axillary buds; twigs polished, often zigzag.

Gleditsia.. (45).

25

20.

20.

30.
30.

Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science

Not with three distinct bundle scars. 23.

With three bundle scars. 24.

3uds and twigs glabrous or nearly so; with few thorns.

Rhamnus. (60).

Buds and sometimes twigs pubescent or downy; thorns
prominent. Bumelia. (65).

Terminal bud self-pruned: twigs some shade of black,
brown, or reddish. Prunus. (42).

Terminal bud present. 25.

Buds conical, pungent, pubescent, twigs glabrous or
nearly so, mostly yellow-olive; trees with erect growth,
the branches not spreading as in most of the apples.

Byruss: (7).
suds downy or pubescent, twigs usually pubescent, 1f
glabrous then dark reddish-brown; trees with rounded
crowns and spreading branches. Malus. (38).
ao

Leaf scars quite regularly 2-ranked, that is with the third
SCF Over une irst, 27.

Leaf scars not 2-ranked. 38.

Bundle scar 1; visible bud scales 2; twigs brown; pith
sometimes with cavities. Diospyros. (66).

Bundle scars 3. 32.

Bundle scars more than 3, usually scattered. 28.

Pith diaphragmed, solid; bundle scars 5-7; bark with
fetid odor; terminal bud elongated, naked, silky;
stipular scars none. Asimina. (34).

Pith not diaphragmed; bark not with fetid odor. 20.

Buds very long-pointed, with 10-20 visible scales;
medullary rays very prominent; stipular scars narrow,
extending some distance around the twig.

Fagus. (20).

Visible bud scales less than 10; terminal bud_ self-
pruned. 30.

Visible bud scales 1-3: 31.

Visible bud scales more than 3; pith white, rather large.

Morus. (26).

Bi.

34.

34.

35:

35-

30.

36.
37:

37:

Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 95:

Twigs grayish-brown or reddish, usually zigzag; bark
mucilaginous fibrous; buds rather fleshy, usually
bright red; medullary rays prominent when the bark
is removed; the winged fruiting panicle often per-
Snisikermcs INGE ai)

Twigs glabrous or pubescent, reddish or yellowish-
brown; pith 5-angled. Castanea. (21).

Twigs downy, grayish-green; pith white, cylindrical,
large; bark very fibrous. Broussonetia. (28).

Pith interruptedly diaphragmed, with cavities, small,
greenish-white. Celtis. (25).

ivlosolidy = 23%

Terminal bud naked, elongated, tomentose; buds promi-
nently stalked, light gray; twigs zigzag. ,

Hamamelis. (29).

‘Terminal bud absent, the twig showing a terminal self-
pruning scar at the morphological tip; or if present
then with scales; buds not stalked. 34.

Terminal bud present, long pointed; leaf scar narrow
contracted between the bundle scars.

Amelanchier. (40).

Terminal bud absent, or if present then the leaf scar
oval or semicircular. 35.

Twigs dark reddish-brown, speckled, often zigzag; buds
reddish-violet, often superposed or clustered; leaf
scars not oblique but below the lateral bud.

Cercis. (44).

Twigs dark brown, not speckled; buds not superposed ;.
leaf scars oblique. 36.

Bark smooth, trunk and large branches with peculiar
fluted or projecting ridges; bud scales brown, finely
pubescent; staminate catkins in the bud in winter.

Carpinus. (16).

Trunk not with fluted or projecting ridges. 37.

Bark of trunk scaling off like in the Sycamore; twigs.
very slender; no catkins. Planera. (24).

Bark in rough ridges; no catkins; twigs and buds im

‘96

37:

37:

Al.

42.

42.

43.

Proceedings of the Ohio. State Academy of Science

most cases pubescent; some species with characteristic
transverse self-pruning scars on the twigs, others with
corky ridges. Ulmus. (23). |

Bark scaly, fine-furrowed, the furrows usually somewhat
spiral; bud scales green with brown tips, nearly
glabrous; staminate catkins exposed in winter.

Ostrya. (17).

Bark of trunk and larger branches separating into papery
or leathery sheets; catkins in winter. Betula. (18).

With 2 or more superposed axillary buds; all except
I may be very small. 30:

Axillary buds single or 2 or more side by side; not
superposed. 46.

Pith diaphragmed, with air cavities. 40.

Pith diaphragmed but solid; bundle scars 3; stipular
scars none. Nyssa. (76).

Pith not diaphragmed, solid. 41.

Pith large, brown; twigs thick, with large leaf scars
and 3 prominent bundle scars. Juglans. (14).

Pith rather small, white or greenish; leaf scars semi-
circular; outer bud scales about 2.

Mohrodendron, (68).

Buds partly sunken, hardly projecting beyond the sur-
face; terminal bud self-pruned or tips of branches
withering. 42.

Buds not sunken in the epidermis. 43.

Leaf scar not surrounding the axillary buds; pith large,
chocolate-colored; twigs robust, polished, mottled
white and purplish-brown. Gymnocladus. (46).

Leaf scar surrounding the Axillary buds, quadrangular
U-shaped; bark with pungent odor; pith white.

Ptelea. (50).

Leaf scar covering the axillary buds; pith small; twigs
brown, polished, often zigzag. Gleditsia. (45).

Pith cylindrical or nearly so. 44.

43.

45.

AO.

46.
47.

47-
48.

48.
49.
49.
50.

50.

cl.

pes

Shy
Se

EB,

Proceedings of the Olue State Academy of Science 97

Pith more or less 5-angled, yellowish or brownish;
terminal bud large; bundle scars scattered; trees with
tough twigs. Hicoria. (15).

Leaf scar surrounding the hairy axillary buds; bundle
scars 5-9; terminal bud self-pruned. Cladrastis. (47).

Leaf scar not surrounding the axillary buds. 45.

Bundle scars 3; buds spherical, bark light gray; leaf
scars heart-shaped; stipular scars none.

Sapindus. (59).

Bundle scar usually 1; buds rounded or somewhat
pointed; stipular scars or minute stipules present.

Iker; (Sal)

Terminal and lateral buds stalked; pith 3-angled; both

staminate and carpellate catkins present all winter.
Alnus. (19).

Buds sessile or nearly so; pith not 3-angled. 47.

Leaf scars surrounding the axillary buds which are
usually sunken; terminal bud self-pruned; bark
resinous; pith large. Rhus. (52).

Leaf scars not surrounding the axillary buds. 48.

Bundle scar 1, or if several then closely crowded and
confluent, appearing as I. 49.

Bundle scars more than I. 54.

Stipular scars and stipules present. 50.

Stipular scars and stipules none. 51.

Terminal bud absent; bud scales dark brown or black.

Rhamnus. (60).

Terminal bud present; stipules minute, usually per-
sistent.) ext (54).

Terminal bud present. 52.

Terminal bud absent. 53.

Pith diaphragmed, with cavities; bark reddish; outer
bud scales several, short. Symplocos. (67).

Pith not diaphragmed; bark green, very spicy aromatic ;
internodes very unequal. Sassafras. (35).

98

54.
54.

59:

60.

Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science

With polished, greenish-brown, grayish-yellow, or red
twigs; bark sour; leaf scar prominent, semi-oval, with
a dark central scar usually in the form of a ring;
buds small, not projecting much beyond the epidermis;
the large terminal panicled raceme with capsules per-
sisting all winter. Oxydendrum. (64).

With 2 visible scales in the triangular flattened bud;
pith sometimes with lenticular cavities; twigs pubes-
cent, zigzag at the tip. Diospyres. (66).

Outer bud scales more than I. 55.

Outer bud scale 1; twigs usually with brittle zones and
hence very easily detached; stipular scars present;
bundle scars 3. Salix. (12).

Pith diaphragmed but solid; bundle scars 3; no stipular
scars. Nyssa. (76).

Pith not diaphragmed. 56.

Pith more or less 5-angled. 57.

Pith cylindrical or nearly so. O61.

Buds clustered at the tip of the twig; bundle scars
numerous, scattered. Quercus. (22).

Buds not clustered at the tip. 58.

Bundle scars numerous usually scattered. 59.

Bundle scars 3. 60.

Buds small with about 3 outer scales; twigs reddish or
yellowish-brown, glabrous or pubescent; terminal bud
‘present or absent; stipular scars prominent.

Castanea. (21).

Terminal bud large with 4 or more visible scales, hairy
or peltate pubescent; lateral buds usually superposed ;
twigs tough. Hicoria. (15).

Without stipular or self-pruning scars; crushed buds
fragrant, aromatic, not resinous, glabrous.

Liquidambar. (30).

Stipular and self-pruning scars present; crushed buds

not fragrant though they may have a resinous odor,

61.

Ole
62.

62.
8:

63.

68.

68.

Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 99

resinous or if only slightly so then the twigs pubescent
or tomentose. Populus. (11).

Pith very large, light brown, bark not resinous, ill-
smelling; buds spherical or flattened at the apex,
often clustered at the tip of the twig, brown and pubes-
cent; bundle scars about 9 along the lower edge of
the very large leaf scar; large trees. Ailanthus. (51).

Rithessmall sor it arses ands browm then the” bark
resinous. 62.

Bark with a resinous or sticky milky sap; pith usually
large, if rather small then the bark aromatic. 63.

Bark not resinous. 64.

Buds clustered at the tip of the twig; bark spicy-fragrant
to the smell; base of petiole prominent with several
bundle scars; fruiting panicles plumose.

Cotinus. (53).

Buds not clustered at the tip; bark sometimes aromatic,
often very poisonous to the touch; leaf scar partly
surrounding the bud or the bud covered; small trees
or shrubs. Rhus. (52).

Terminal bud absent. 65.

Terminal bud present. 68.

Stipules or stipular scars absent or indistinct. 66.

Stipules or stipular scars present. 67.

Buds clustered at the tip of the twig; young twigs
glandular dotted. Myrica. (13).

Buds not clustered at the tip; twigs not glandular.

Prunus. (42).

Buds and twigs very downy, twigs dark brown or black.

Cydonia. (39).

Buds downy or pubescent; twigs glabrous or pubescent,
gray or brown. Rhamnus. (60).

Twigs green or yellowish-green, glabrous; internodes
very unequal; lateral buds minute; small trees.

Cornus. (75).

Twigs normally red above and green beneath, glabrous;

100

68.
69.
69.
70.

70.

70.

hi

ois

Tilt

D.

7
WP

Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science

bark very bitter; some axils with 2 or 3 hairy buds of
nearly equal size; trees. Amygdalus. (43).

Twigs not green or red and green unless the plants are
low shrubs, but gray, brown, black, or reddish. 609.
Bundle scars 5 or more in the broad U-shaped leaf scar;

tips of the buds quite downy; small trees.
Sorbus. (36).

Bundle scars 3. 70.

Buds rounded at the apex, often clustered at the tip of
the twig; twigs glandular dotted. Myrica. (13).
Buds rounded at the apex; scales thick; twigs often
zigzag; plant usually with some thorns, not glandular

dotted. Cratzgus. (41).

Buds pointed; plants sometimes with thorn-like stunted
branches, not glandular dotted. 71.

Buds glabrous or slightly pubescent; twigs usually
glabrous and slender, some shade of black, brown, or
reddish, often with 2 or 3 axillary buds; some with
self-pruning scars. Prunus. (42).

Buds downy or strongly pubescent, conical, pungent;
twigs glabrous, mostly yellow-olive; trees with erect
growth, the branches not spreading as in most of the
yoolles, IAs, (B27).

Buds downy or strongly pubescent; twigs strongly
pubescent or if glabrous then dark reddish-brown;
trees with rounded or spreading crowns.

Malus. (38).

Buds and twigs very pubescent; terminal bud with long
spreading scales; shrubs or small trees with globose
berry-like drupes containing 2-4 stones.

Rhamnus. (60).

—72—

Bundle scars 1, or several closely united in a curved
line, appearing as I. 74.

Bundle scars more than 1 but not in an ellipse or ring. 78.

Bundle scars numerous, in an ellipse or ring; buds small
and flat or superposed. 73.

79:
80.

Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 101

Pith with cavities or more or less diaphragmed; axillary
buds superposed. Paulowina. (72).

Pith solid; axillary buds small and flat, not superposed,
leaf scars often in trees. Catalpa. (73).

Twigs very green, more or less 4-angled; pith diamond-
shaped or rhomboidal. Euonymus. (55).

Twigs not green when ripe but gray, brown or red, some-
times 4-angled; pith cylindrical or nearly so. 75.
Terminal bud absent, the twig usually ending in a thorn.

Rhamnus. (60).

Meinnntialy tic aphesentnya;0:

Axillary buds often superposed; twigs often with thorns;
leaf scars small. Adelia. (70).

Axillary buds not superposed; no thorns on the twigs;
leaiescans pavnen lances 777

Twigs and buds pubescent; lateral buds cylindrical or
hem spherical; bud scales dry; leaf scar concave, on
the short petiole base; lenticels large and conspicuous ;
fruit a drupe. Chionanthus. (71).

Buds rough or pubescent; twigs glabrous or pubescent,
sometimes 4-angled; lateral buds somewhat flattened,
obtuse; bud scales rather dry; leaf scar close to the
bank. lenticels not lange: ) inuit) a samara.

Fraxinus. (69).

With 4 distinct stipular scars; terminal bud self-pruned ;
twigs green with strong odor. Staphylea. (56).

Without definite stipular scars; twigs not. green or if
so then the terminal bud present. 79.

Trees or shrubs with numerous bundle scars, sometimes
in 3 areas, in a large heart-shaped leaf scar; pith rather
large; terminal bud large, with numerous scales.

fEsculus. (58).

Bundle scars 3 or sometimes 5. 80.

Terminal bud with 2 long acuminate pubescent outer
scales; line connecting the uppermost leaf scars
notched. Cornus. (75).

102. = =Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science

8o. Terminal bud with one main pair of visible scales and
a smaller pair at the base. Viburnum. (77).

80. ‘Terminal bud with several pairs of visible scales; bundle
scars 3-5; twigs sometimes green. Acer. (57).

Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 103

GENERAL KEY TO THE FAMILIES AND GENERA.

Based on the flower and other characters. The number fol-
lowing the generic name refers to the list number.

SIPIEIRIMUA MOVPE ITA.

1. Ovules naked on an open carpel; pollen falling directly on the
ovule; trees or shrubs; ours usually evergreen with nar-
row leaves, or with fan-shaped leaves and dichotomous
venation; monoecious, rarely dioecious. 2.

I. Ovules in a closed carpel or set of carpels; provided witha
stigma for the reception of the pollen; flowers more com-
monly showy. 4.

Pe GNNEN@ Si RIVE,

2. Carpellate flowers developing as woody cones, the carpels ar-
tanged in spirals or opposite, each usually with 1-2
ovules; or by coalescence forming a black or blue berry-
IGG) THE CLUE. es

2. Carpellate flowers developing large plum-like fleshy seeds;
dioecious trees with fan-shaped leaves dichotomously
veined. GINKGOACEAE.

2, (Gaba, (i).

3. Leaf-buds scaly; carpels usually numerous; leaves spirally
arranged, the foliage leaves often situated on dwarf
branches. PINACEAE.

a. Ovuliferous scales woody; leaves needle-shaped,
2-5 on a dwarf branch. Pinus. (2).

a. Ovuliferous scales thin; leaves linear or filiform, scat-—
tered or on thick wart-like dwarf branches. b.

b. Leaves deciduous on wart-like dwarf branches.
Warix, 193).

Leaves scattered, persistent. c.
c. Cones pendulous. d.

104

Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science

ee (ones erect, /Noles, (O).
d. Leaves more or less 4-angled or tetragonal, sessile.
Picea. (4).
d. Leaves flat, short-petioled. Tsuga. (5).
Leaf buds naked; carpels few, spiral; leaves on feather-like
dwarf branches which are deciduous. TAXODIACEAE.

a. Taxodium. (7).

Leaf-buds naked; carpels few, opposite, sometimes forming
a black or blue berry-like fruit; leaves opposite or
whorled, rarely scattered, persistent. JUNIPERACEAE.
a. Cones oblong, ovuliferous scales not peltate.
Thuja. (8).

a. Cones globose, ovuliferous scales peltate. Chamae-
cyparis. (Q).

a. Cones becoming fleshy, berry-like. Juniperus. (10).

A LIN(EMO Se IR IMDaUS,

Leaves mostly parallel-veined, sometimes netted-veined ;
parts of the flower very often in threes (trimerous) ;
cotyledon 1; vascular bundles scattered through the pith,
usually not in a circle; no annual rings of growth. No
trees in our region. MONOCOTYLAE.

Leaves usually netted-veined; parts of the flower more com-
monly in fives (pentamerous) or fours (tetramerous) ;
cotyledons usually 2; vascular bundles usually in a circle
around a central pith, forming annual rings of growth
in perennial stems, with bark on the outside. 5.

5. DICOTYLAE.

Perianth none or of similar segments or divided into calyx
and corolla; corolla when present choripetalous (petals
distinct). 6.

Perianth composed of calyx and corolla, calyx may be min-

ute or suppressed; corolla sympetalous (petals more or
less united). 36.

ST SU GA

Co)

S

Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 105

Perianth none; sometimes a minute border, cup, or gland
may represent the calyx. 7.

Only the calyx present, sepals distinct or united, green or
colored. 9.

Calyx and corolla both present, calyx may be minute. 16.

Leaves alternate, simple. 8.

Leaves opposite, compound ; flowers in crowded panicles or
racemes. OLEACEAE. .

a. Fraxinus. (69).

Both staminate and carpellate flowers in aments; ovulary
uni-locular many-seeded; seeds with a tuft of cottony
hairs. SALICACEAE,

a. Stamens numerous, bracts fimbriate or incised; buds

with several scales; pith 5-angled. Populus. (11).

a. Stamens 2-10, bracts entire; buds with one outer

senile, Seulse, (12).

Both staminate and carpellate flowers in aments, ovulary
uni-locular with 1 erect ovule; carpellate flowers single
in each bract of the ament. MyricacEAE.

ane Wiy rica 13).

Both staminate and carpellate flowers in aments, ovulary
bi-locular; carpe'late flowers 2 or mcre in each bract of
the ament, or capitate. DBETULACEAE.

See 11 below.

Flowers monoecious in dense heads; base of petiole cover-
ing the axillary bud. PLATANACEAE.

a. | eilenearobis, © (Bin),

Flowers imperfectly bisporangiate or monoecious, crowded
into catkin-like heads; ovules 1-several in each cavity;
stamens ,-many. HLAMAMELIDACEAE.

a. Liquidambar. (30).

Flowers, at least the staminate ones in aments or ament-like

spikes. 10.

106 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science

g. Flowers not in aments but variously clustered, sometimes
Solitainya ae?

1@, ILGehves Sule, ~ iit,

10. Leaves odd-pinnate; fruit a nut inclosed in a husk. Juc-
LANDACEAE.
a. Pith of twigs in transverse plates; husk indehiscent ;
nut rugose. Juglans. (14).
a. Pith solid; husk at length splitting into segments,
nut smooth or angled. MHlicoria. (15).

11. Both staminate and carpellate flowers in aments; sap not
milky. BETULACEAE.
a. Staminate flowers solitary im the axil of each bract,
without a calyx; carpellate flowers with a calyx. Db.
a. Staminate flowers 3-6 in the axil of each bract, with a
calyx; carpellate flowers without a calyx. c.
b. Fruiting bractlet flat, 3-cleft and incised; nut small.
Carpinus. (16).
b. Fruiting bractlet bladder-like, closed, membranous;
nut small. Ostrya. (17).
c. Stamens 2; fruiting bracts 3-lobed or entire, decidu-
ous. Betula. (18).
c. Stamens 4; fruiting bracts woody, persistent; pith
3-angled. Alnus. (19).

TI. Carpellate flowers subtended by an involucre which becomes
a bur or cup in fruit; staminate flowers in aments, or capi-
tate. FF AGACEAE.

a. Staminate flowers capitate; nut triangular. Fagus.
Zor

a. Staminate flowers in slender aments; nut rounded. b.

b. Carpellate flowers 2-5 in each involucre, which be-
comes prickly in fruit. Castanea. (21).

b. Carpellate flower 1 in each inyvolucre, which consists
of numerous scales. Quercus. (22).

I1. Trees with alternate leaves and milky sap; ovules pendulous.
MorACEAE.

See 15 below.

12.
12.

13.

14.

14.

eS

7

Proceedings of the Ohto State Academy of Science 107

Leaves opposite or whorled. 13.

Leaves alternate. 14.

Trees or shrubs with pinnate leaves and fruit a samara
with 1 wing; or leaves simple and fruit a drupe. OLEA-
CEAE,

a. Leaves compound; fruit a samara; flowers mostly

dioecious. Fraxinus. (69).
a. eaves simples intuit a drupe; “towers dioecious,
from catkin-like scaly buds. Adelia. (70).

Fruit a 2-winged, 2-seeded samara; leaves palmately veined
or if pinnately compound then the petioles covering the
axillary buds. ACERACEAE.

an Acer. &(57)))

Base of petiole covering the axillary bud; the flowers in
dense spherical heads, the carpellate on a long slender
peduncle; twigs with stipular rings. PLATANACEAE.

ae Platanuss (3)

Base of petiole not covering the axillary bud, and inflores-
cence and twigs not as above. 15.
Trees or shrubs with compound punctate leaves. RUTACEAE.

a. Xanthoxylum. (49).

Trees usually with serrate pinnately-veined sometimes palm-
ately-veined leaves with fugaceous stipules; ovulary unt-
locular, 1-2-ovuled; fruit a samara, drupe or nut. ULMa-
CEAE.

a. Flowers in clusters on twigs of the previous season;

fruit a samara or nut-like. Db.
a. Flowers on twigs of the season, fruit a drupe.
Celtis. (25).

b. Flowers expanding before the leaves; fruit a
samara. Ulmus. (23).

b. Flowers expanding with the leaves; fruit nut-like.
Planera. (24).

Trees with milky sap; stipules fugaceous; fruit aggregate.
MorACEAE.

108

15.

m8.

15.

15.

Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science

a. Staminate flowers racemose or spicate, the carpellate
Capitatenasp:
a. Staminate and carpellate flowers in ament-like spikes.
Morus. (26).
b. Carpellate perianth deeply 4-cleft; twigs with thorns.
Toxylon. (27).
b. Carpellate perianth 3-4 toothed; twigs not thorny.
Broussonetia. (28).
Trees with alternate, palmately lobed, fragrant leaves; the
flowers in dense heads, the carpellate ones long-peduncled.
HAMAMELIDACEAE.

a. Liquidambar. (30).

Shrubs or trees with g or 12 stamens in 3 or 4 cycles;
anthers opening by valves; aromatic; fruit a 1-seeded
drupe or berry. LAURACEAE,

a. Sassafras. (35).

Shrubs or trees with simple leaves, with 4-5 perigynous sta-
mens alternate with the sepals; ovulary 2-5-locular, ovules
solitary in each cavity, stigmas 2-5; fruit a drupe.
RHAMNACEAE.

a. Rhamnus. (60).
Trees with simple alternate leaves and diaphragmed but

solid pith; stamens 5-15, flowers epigynous; ovulary uni-
locular with 1 pendulous ovule. Some CORNACEAE.

a. Nyssa. (76).
utr Gols
Flowers hypogynous or perigynous; ovulary free from the

calyx or adherent to the perigynous disc. 17.
Flowers epigynous; calyx above the ovulary. 33.

Stamens numerous, at least more than 10.and more than

twice the petals. 18.

Stamens not more than twice as many as the petals, when of
just the number as the petals then alternate with them.
OMe

—
~]

18.

18.

18.

19.
TO.

20.

740);

Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 109

Stamens of the same number as the petals and opposite
them; ovulary 2-5-locular, calyx 4-5-cleft, valvate in the
bud; petals involute; fruit a drupe or capsule; shrubs,
smail trees, or vines with simple leaves. RHAMNACEAE.

a. Rhamnus. (60).

Carpels 1 or more, united, but styles and stigmas may be
several. 10.

Carpels more than 1, distinct; filaments shorter than the
anthers; perianth trimerous; leaves 2-ranked. ANON-
ACEAE,

a. Asimina. (34).

Carpels numerous spirally arranged and cohering over each
other, forming an aggregate cone-like fruit; trees; sepals
and petals in threes; twigs with stipular rings. MaAGNOL-
TACEAE.

a. Anthersintrorse; leaves not truncate. Magnolia (32).

a. Anthers extrorse; leaves truncate. Liriodendron. (33).

Ovulary compound, plurilocular. 20.

Ovulary 1-locular, 2-ovuled; fruit a drupe with 1 seed.
ROSACEAE. © (DRUPATAE).

a. Drupe glabrous, stone smooth or nearly so.

Prunus. (42).

a. Drupe velvety, stone deeply pitted. Amygdalus (43).

Calyx deciduous; flower cluster subtended by a large mem-
branous bract; trees with alternate, 2-ranked leaves and
mucilaginous sap. TILIACEAE.

a, alike. (GO))s

Leaves alternate with deciduous stipules; ovulary composed
of 2-5 wholly or partly united carpels; fruit a more or
less fleshy pome. ROSACEAE. (POMATAE).

Ripe carpels papery or leathery. b.

Ripe carpels bony. Crategus. (41).

Leaves pinnate. Sorbus. (36).

Leaves simple. c.

Cavities of the ovulary as many as the styles. d.

Cree. Oo ee ie

110

Zils
21.

22.
22.

23:

23.

24.

Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science

c. Cavities of the ovulary becoming twice as many as
-the styles. Amelanchier. (40).
d. Cavities of the ovulary with 1-3 seeds. e.
d. Cavities of the ovulary with many seeds. Cydonia.
(39).
e. Flesh of the pome with egrit-cells. Pyrus. (37).
e. Flesh of the pome without grit-cells. Malus. (38).

Ovulary only 1, carpels 1 to many, united. 24.

Carpels 2 or more, distinct, or somewhat united at the
base a22:

Leaves compound. 23.
Shrubs or trees with alternate simple leaves. LHAMAMELID-
ACEAE,
a. Ovules 1 im each cavity, immitva woody) capsule:
Hamamelis. (20).
a. Ovules several in each cavity, fruit globular, spiny.
Liquidambar. (30).
Leaves punctate with pellucid dots, alternate. RUTACEAE.
a. Carpels 2-5, distinct. Xanthoxylum. (49).
an Onulanyenrs2locilareteleaun 1 5@).
Leaves large, pinnate, alternate, not punctate but with disc-
like glands under the teeth or lobes. SIMARUBACEAE.

a. Ailanthus. (51).

Carpel 1, ovulary with 1 parietal placenta; leaves alternate,
usually with stipules, usually compound. FABACEAE.

A. Fruit a legume; upper petal inclosed by the lateral ones
in the bud; leaves simple or compound mostly with
stipules. CASSIATAE.

a. Leaves simple, flowers bisporangiate. Cercis.
(44).

a. Leaves compound, flowers dioecious or imperfectly
dioecious. b.

b. Stamens 3-5; pod flat. Gleditsia. (45).

b. Stamens 10; pod thick, woody. Gymnocladus.

(46).

24.

25.
Be.

20.
20.

Die.

Ag.
28.

28.

20.

Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 111

B. Fruit a legume or loment, upper petal inclosing the lat-
eral ones in the bud; leaves compound (sometimes
with 1 leaflet) with stipules. PAPILIONATAE.

a. Without stipular spines; leaflets large, 3-6 in.
long; base of petiole covering the axillary
buds like a cap. Cladrastis. (47).

a. With stipular spines; leaflets small, 1-2 in. long;

base of petiole not covering the axillary buds
like a cap, but solid. Robinia. (48).

Carpels more than 1 as shown by the compound ovulary,
cavities, placentae, styles, or stigmas. 25.

Ovulary 2-locular to plurilocular. 26.

Ovulary t-locular, ovules solitary, stigmas 3; shrubs or trees
with resinous or milky sap and alternate leaves without
stipules. ANACARDIACEAE.

a. Leaves compound, styles terminal. Rhus. (52).

a. Leaves simple, styles lateral. Cotinus. (53).

Flowers regular or nearly so. 27.

Flowers irregular; shrubs or trees with opposite digitate
leaves; ovulary 3-locular. H1pPpocASTANACEAE.,

a. oNesculuss (58):

Stamens neither just as many nor twice as many as the
petals. 28.
Stamens just as many or twice as many as the petals. 29.
Stamens distinct and fewer than the 4 petals; trees or shrubs
with opposite pinnate or simple leaves. OLEACEAE.
a. Flowers dioecious, from catkin-like scaly buds.
Adelia. (70).
a. Flowers bisporangiate, petals linear. Chionanthus.
(WU:
Stamens more numerous than the petals; leaves palmately
veined, opposite; fruit 2-winged. Some ACERACEAE.

a eeAGeE. VaG57)e

Ovules 1 or 2 in each cavity. 30.

112. =Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science

20.

30.
30.
Qin,

oie

Bue

ee

Bo

3S?

33.
34.

Ovules several or many in each cavity; stipules between the
opposite and pinnately compound leaves, caducous ; shrubs
or small trees. STAPHYLEACEAE.

a. Staphylea. (56).

Leaves palmately veined, or compound. 31.

Leaves pinnately veined, simple, not punctate. 32.

Leaves pinnately compound, alternate; climbing herbaceous
vines with fruit an inflated 3-lobed capsule; or trees with
a globose or lobed berry. SAPINDACEAE.

a. Sapindus. (59).

Leaves palmately veined or pinnately compound; fruit 2-
winged ; trees or shrubs with opposite leaves and no stip-
ules. ACERACEAE.

ala) AVG IS) 4

Leaves 3-foliate, pellucid-punctate, without stipules. Some
RUTACEAE.
a. Ptelea. (50).

Calyx minute, fruit a berry-like drupe; trees or shrubs with
simple mostly alternate leaves. ILICACEAE.

a, likes, | (641).

Calyx not minute; pod colored, dehiscent; seeds inclosed
in a pulpy aril; shrubs or woody climbers with alternate
or opposite leaves and with minute fugaceous stipules.
CELASTRACEAE,

a. Euonymus. (55).

ee

Leaves simple. 34.

Leaves compound. 35.

Perfect stamens 4, styles 2; leaves alternate, palmately
veined and lobed, or if pinnately veined then 2-ranked.
HAMA MELIDACEAE.

See 22 above.

34.

34-

34.

35:

35:

30.

37:

37-

Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 113:

Stamens 5, 10, or many; styles 2-5; leaves alternate with
stipules. ROSACEAE (POMATAE).

See 20 above.

Stamens 4 or 5, style and stigma 1; leaves opposite or al-
ternate; fruit a 1-2-seeded drupe. CORNACEAE.
a. Ovulary 2-locular, flowers bisporangiate.
Cornus. (75).
a. QOvulary t-locular, flowers dioecious or imperfectly
dioecious. Nyssa. (76).

Stamens 4 or 5 on a flat disc which covers the 3-5-locular
ovulary; fruit a somewhat fleshy capsule; shrubs, trees
or woody climbers with opposite leaves and minute fuga-
ceous stipules. CELASTRACEAE.

See 32 above.
Stamens many; leaves odd-pinnate, fruit a berry-like pome.
Some — RosAcEAE (POMATAE).
a. Sorbus. (36).
Stamens 5, styles usually 2-5; fruit a fleshy berry or drupe;
leaves bipinnate. ARALIACEAE.
a. Aralia. (74).
6
Flowers hypogynous (ovulary superior). 37.

Flowers epigynous (ovulary inferior) ; stamens as many as
the lobes of the corolla; leaves opposite, usually without
stipules, not blackening in drying. CAPRIFOLIACEAE.

A, Wilotrsmbiin, (77).

Stamens free from the corolla (or only slightly united at
the base) as many as the petals (flowers tetracyclic) and
alternate with them, or twice as many (pentacyclic) or
more. 38.

Stamens united with the corolla, as many as the petals and
opposite them or twice aS many or more. 39.

114

37:

Oo
CO

Js)
(e,4)

igs)

\

Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science

Stamens united with the corolla or only united at the base,
as many as the petals or fewer and alternate with them.
40.
Ovulary 2-5-locular; shrubs often with evergreen leaves;
fruit a capsule, berry or drupe. ERICACEAE.
a. Fruit a septicidal capsule; leaves remaining green
throughout the year. b.

a. Fruit a loculicidal capsule; leaves deciduous in
autumn. Oxydendrum. (64).

b. Corolla somewhat irregular, seeds flat and winged.
Rhododendron. (62). :

b. Corolla regular, seeds angled or rounded. Kalmia.
(63).

Choripetalous plants in which the petals are sometimes
partly or completely united.

a. QOvulary 1-locular (1 carpel) with 1 parietal placenta.

FABACEAE.
See 24 above.

b. Ovulary 4-8-locular, with a solitary seed in each cavity;
fruit a berry-like drupe. ILICACEAE.

See 33 above.

Stamens as many as the lobes of the small white corolla;
leaves entire, simple and alternate, with thorns. SaAPpo-
TACEAE.

a. Bumelia. (65).

Stamens twice as many as the lobes of the greenish-yellow
corolia or more; styles 2-8; plants mostly monoecious or
dioecious; leaves alternate, simple, and entire. EBENA-
CEAE.

a. Diospyros. (66).

Stamens twice as many as the lobes of the yellow corolla

or more; style 1; stamens in several series; flowers most-
ly bisporangiate; leaves alternate and simple. SyYMPLO-
CACEAE,

oe

39.

4O.

4O.

40.

Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 110

a. Symplocos. (67).

Stamens twice as many as the lobes of the white corolla
or more; style 1; stamens in 1 series, flowers- mostly
bisporangiate, leaves alternate and simple. STYRACACEAE.

a. Mohrodendron. (68).

Flowers regular; seeds 1-4; fruit a samara, drupe, or berry.
OLEACEAE.
Fruit a samara; leaves pinnate. Fraxinus. (69).
a. Fruit a drupe or berry; leaves simple. b.
b. Flowers dioecious. Adelia. (70).
b. Flowers bisporangiate, lobes of the corolla linear.
Chionanthus. (71).

jab}

Flowers irregular, zygomorphic; seeds numerous, capsule
ovoid, acute; stamens 4, didynamous; pith with cavities.
Some — SCROPULARIACEAE.

a. Paulownia. (72).

Flowers irregular, zygomorphic; seeds numerous, capsule
long, terete; fertile stamens usually 2; pith solid. Brc-
NONIACEAE.

a. Catalpa. (73).

116 =Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF THE
SPECIES.

SIRIUS WIE SIP BVM Oma 1va, SIjDsILAIN TS.

Subkingdom, GYMNOSPERMAE. Gymnosperms.
Class, GINKGOEFAE.
Order, GINKGOALES.
Ginkgoaceae. Ginkgo Family.

1. Ginkgo Kaempf. Ginkgo.

Trees with deciduous, fan-shaped, dichotomously veined
jeaves on wart-like dwarf branches.

Ginkgo biloba. L. Maiden-hair-tree. A large, beauti-
ful and hardy tree with dioecious flowers. Seed large, drupe-
like. Autumn leaves orange. Introduced from China and
Japan; should be commonly cultivated for ornament.

Class, CONIFERAE. Conifers.

Order, PINaLes.
Pinaceae. Pine Family.

a, Pra IL.” ime.

Resinous evergreen trees with small dwarf branches bearing
2-5 narrow foliage leaves; dwarf branches and ordinary twigs
covered with scale leaves. Dwarf branches self-pruned after a
number of years. Carpellate cones woody, with numerous car-
pels. Our most important lumber trees.

1. Dwarf branches with 5 foliage leaves; ovuliferous scales little thick-
ened at the tip. P. strobus.

1. Dwarf branches with 2-3 foliage leaves; ovuliferous scales much
thickened at the tip. 2.

2. Dwarf branches with 3 foliage leaves, rarely 2 or 4. 3. °

Dwarf branches mostly with 2 foliage leaves some of them may be

with 3. 4.

Leaves 6-10 in. long; carpellate cone oblong-conic. P. taeda.

Leaves 3-5 in. long; carpellate cones ovoid. P. rigida.

4. Twigs glaucous; resin-ducts parenchymatous; carpellate cones 14-3
in. long; ovuliferous scales tipped with a prickle or small spine. 5.

A. Twigs not glaucous. 6.

to

Go co

Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 11%

5. Leaves slender, 24-5 in. long; buds not very resinous; prickles of the
ovuliferous scales short and small. P. echinata.

5. Leaves stout, 13-24 in. long; buds very resinous; prickles of the
ovuliferous scales long and stout. P. virginiana.
6. Leaves 1-4 in. long, grayish-green or light green; ovuliferous scales

without or with a small prickle, or with a thick point or spine. 7.

6. Leaves 4-6 in. long, dark-green; ovuliferous scale without a spine

or prickle, or sometimes with a very small prickle. 9.

Ovuliferous scale without a spine or prickle when mature but with

a minute central point; leaves 4-14 in. long, curved; resin ducts
parenchymatous. P. divaricata.

Ovuliferous scale with a thick point or spine. 8.

8. Leaves 24-4 in. long, light green; twigs orange or orange brown;
resin ducts parenchymatous; carpellate cones ovoid. 3-5 in. long.
P. pungens.

8. Leaves 14-22 in. long, grayish-green; twigs dull greenish-yellow or
greenish-brown; resin-ducts peripheral; carpellate cones ovate-
conic, 2-3 in. long. P. silvestris.

9. Carpellate cones terminal or subterminal, oval-conic; ovuliferous
scales pointless when mature. P. resinosa.

9. Carpellate cones lateral, ovoid-conic; ovuliferous scale with a small
prickle. P. laricio.

—1

-—l

1. Pinus strobus L. White Pine. A large tree with
nearly smooth bark, except when oid; branches horizontal in
whorls. ©ften forming dense forests. Wood soft and straight-
grained; used in enormous quantities for building purposes. One
of the most valuable timber trees in the world. Has been more
extensively used in America for lumber than any other tree.
Newf. to Man., south along the Allegh. to Ga. and to Ohio, Il.
and Ja.

2. Pinus resindsa Ait. Red Pine. A tall tree with
reddish bark. Wood rather hard but not very durable. Tur-
pentine is obtained to a limited extent from this species. A tree
of rapid growth. Newf. to Man., Mass., Penn., and Minn.

3. Pinus divaricata (Ait.) Gord. Jack Pine. A slender
tree with spreading branches, the bark becoming flaky. Wood
light and rather soft. In sandy soil. N. B. amd N. W. Terr.,
south to Me., N. Y., Ill, and Minn.

4. Pinus virginiana Mill. Scrub Pine. A _ slender,
usually small tree with spreading or drooping branches; the old

118 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science

bark flaky and dark-colored. Wood very resinous, soft and dur-
ANOS Injohe Ou oor GbeIlioy, lin sama, Sol Ib, I Ww S, Cy Ae,
Tenn., Ohio, and Ind.

5. Pinus echinata Mill. Yellow Pine. A large tree with
spreading branches; leaves sometimes in 3’s. Wood rather hard
and very valuable; much used as lumber. Also furnishes some
turpentine. Produces shoots from stumps. In sandy soil. N.
W, tio Je, lulks ieum,. aml Wes.

6. Pinus ptungens Mx. f. Table-mountain Pine. A tree
with spreading branches, the old bark rough and in flakes, leaves
sometimes in 3's. Wood light and soft; much used for charcoal.
Nea to Gastand denn:

7, Pinus taéda L. Loblolly Pine. A tree of very rapid
growth with spreading branches and thick, rugged bark, flaky in
age. Wood rather hard; much used for lumber in the south.
Often growing in old fields. N. J. to Fla., Ark., and Tex.

8. Pinus rigida Mill. Pitch Pine. A tree with spread-
ing branches, the old bark rough and furrowed, flaky in strips.
Sprouts readily from the stump if cut down or burned. Wood
rather hard and brittle and full of resin; used for fuel, charcoal,
and coarse lumber. A source of turpentine to a limited extent.
In dry, sandy or rocky soil. N. B. to Ont., Tenn., Ohio, W. Va.,
and Ga.

* Pinus silvestris L. Scotch Pine. A large and valuable
tree with drooping branches; much cultivated. From it are ob-
tained the red and yellow deal much used as lumber in Europe.

Pinus lan'cto Pow. Austrian Pine) Ay tall) opentapy-
ramidal tree of rapid growth with the thick branches in regular
whorls. Often cultivated.

3. Larix Adans. Larch.

Tall pyramidal trees with horizontal or ascending branches
and with clusters of narrowly linear deciduous leaves on thick
wart-like dwarf branches. Carpellate cones woody, with nu-
merous carpels. 3

1. Carpellate cones small, 3-? in. long, oval or almost globular; ovu-
liferous scales glabrous. L. laricina.

Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 119

1. Carpellate cones rather large, }-1} in. long; ovuliferous scales finely
tomentose on the back. L. decidua.

1. Larix laricina (DuRoi) Koch. Tamarack. A slender
tree with close or at length scaly bark. Wood hard, durable, and
very strong; used in ship-building, for railroad ties, posts, and
telegraph poles. In swamps and about the margins of lakes.
Newt. to N. W. Terr., south to Minn., Ind., Ohio, and N. J.

Larix deci'dua Mill. European Larch. A _ beautiful
tree with horizontal branches and drooping branchlets, conical in
shape when young; much cultivated in some parts of the United
States. The source of Venice turpentine.

As | lence ILinalkes | Sypiriee:

Evergreen trees, conic in outline, with short linear 4-sided

leaves spreading in all directions; the leaf scars on persistent
sterigmata. Carpellate cones pendulous.

1. Carpellate cones 24-6 in. long. P. excelsa.

1. Carpellate cones 7-2 in. long. *2.

2. Twigs and sterigmata of the leaves glabrous, glaucous; carpellate
cones oblong-cylindric. P. canadensis.

2. Twigs pubescent, brown; carpellate cones ovoid or oval. 3.

3. Leaves not glaucous. P. mariana.

3. Leaves glaucous. P. brevifolia.

i Picea canadensis (Mill;) B.S: P. White Spruce. A
slender tree sometimes with a strong skunk-like odor. Leaves
light green, slender, $-? in. long, very acute. An important tim-
ber tree with light and straight-grained wood. Newf. to Alaska,
south to Me., Mich., Black Hills, and Br. Col.

2. Picea mariana (Mill) B.S. P. Black Spruce. A tree
with spreading branches and smooth or only slightly roughened
bark. Leaves not over } in. long, stout, green, closely covering
the twigs. Wood light and straight-grained; used for paper
pulp, for general lumber and for masts and spars of ships.
Newt. to N. W. Terr., south to N. J., N. C., Mich., and Minn.

3. Picea brevifolia Peck. Swamp Spruce. A _ small,
slender tree, or on mountains a shrub. Leaves nearly straight,

120 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science

obtuse, or merely mucronate, 4-4 in. long. In swamps and bogs.

Vito Ont NE Ye andy Mirch:

* Picea excélsa (Lam.) Link. Norway Spruce. A large
tree, conical in shape when young, with numerous stout spreading
and drooping branches. Abundant in cultivation. Source of
Burgundy pitch.

5) sucay Catia ilenlloc

Evergreen trees with slender horizontal or drooping
branches. Leaves flat, narrowly linear, spreading more or less
into 2 ranks. Leaf scars on short sterigmata. Carpellate cones
pendulous.

1. Tsuga canadénsis (L.) Carr. Hemlock. A tall tree
with slender, horizontal or drooping branches, the old bark flaky
in scales. Wood very coarse, light and soft; used for wood pulp.
Bark used for tanning. Source of Canada pitch. Self-prunes
twigs. N. S. to Minn. south to Ohio, and Del., along the Alle-
ghanies to Ala., and to Mich. and Wis.

6. Abies Juss. Fir.

Evergreen trees with flat linear leaves. No sterigmata on
the twigs but with ordinary circular or oval leaf scars. Carpel-
late cones erect.

1. Carpellate bract serrulate, shorter than the ovuliferous scale; leaves
obtuse. A. balsamea.

1. Carpellate bract aristate, longer than the ovuliferous scale; leaves
mostly emarginate. A. frasert.

a. Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. Balsam Fir. A slender
short-lived tree. Wood very light and soft. Canada balsam is
obtained from its resin. Newf. to N. W. Terr., south to Penn.,
along the Alleghanies to Va., and to Mich. and Minn.

2. Abies fraseri (Pursh) Lindl. Fraser Fir. A slender
tree growing on the high Alleghanies. W. Va., N. Car., and
Tenn.

Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 121

Laxvodiaceae. Bald-cypress Family.
7. Taxodium Rich. Bald-cypress.

Tall trees with horizontal or drooping branches, ours with
feather-like, annually self-pruned, dwarf branches. Carpellate
cones, globose.

I. Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich. Bald-cypress. A
large tree, the old bark flaky in thin strips. The roots develop
upright conic “knees.” Wood light, soft and durable. In

swamps and along rivers. Del. to Fla., west to Tex., north to
Mo. and Ind.

Juniperaceae. Juniper Family.
8 Thuja L. Arborvitae.

Evergreen trees or shrubs with flattened fan-like twigs. Car-
pellate cones ovoid or oblong with dry coriaceous scales, not pel-

tate.
1. Thuja occidentalis L. Arborvitae. Usually a small

conical tree with fan-like branches. Self-prunes twigs. Wood
light and durable; used for posts, railroad ties, ete. Usually in
wet soil and along the banks of streams.. N. B. to Man., south to
Ohio and N. J., along the Alleghanies to N. C., and to Ill. and
Minn.

9. Chamaecyparis Spach. White-cedar.

Evergreen trees, similar to the Thujas. Carpellate cones
globose, with thick, peltate scales.

1. Chamaecyparis thyoides (L.) B. S. P. White-cedar.
A tree with soft, light, and durable wood; used for boat-build-
ing, woodenware, shingles, etc. In swamps. N. H. to N. J.,

Fla., and Miss.
10. Juniperus L. Juniper.

Evergreen trees or shrubs with small globose, berry-like
bluish or blackish cones.

1. Leaves all subulate, prickly pointed, verticillate, slender, mostly
straight; cones axillary. J. communis.

1. Leaves of 2 kinds, scale-like and subulate, opposite or verticilate;
cones terminal. J. virgimana.

122 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science

I. Juniperus communis L. Common Juniper. A low
tree with spreading or drooping branches and shreddy bark.
Goats are poisoned from eating the leaves. On dry hills. N.S.
to Br. Col. south to N. J., Ohio, Mich., Neb., and in the Rocky
Mts. to N. Mex. Also in Europe and Asia.

2. Juniperus virginiana L. Red Juniper. A tree, with
spreading often irregular branches when old, but conic in shape
when young. Self-prunes twigs. Wood very valuable, light,
straight-grained, durable, and fragrant; used for posts, cabinet-
work, interior finish, veneers and cooperage, and almost exclu-
sively in the manufacture of lead pencils. Often infested with
the “cedar-apple.” Poisonous to goats. In dry soil; common on
plans. ING 1B, ro, ir, Coll, Mla Mes. eindl Ariz, iso wa WY, Is.
Ohio.

Subkingdom, ANGIOSPERMAE. Angiosperms.

Class, DicoTyLar. Dicotyls. ;
Subclass, APETALAE.
Order, SALICALES.
Salicaceae. Willow Family.
iit Populus le. olan

Trees with scaly resinous buds. Flowers in aments; fruit
a capsule; seeds with long cottony hairs. Leaves mostly with 2
or more glands at or near the base of the blade and with gland-
tipped teeth. Twigs prominently self-pruned by means of cleay-
age planes in basal joints. Pith 5-angled.

1. Leaves and twigs persistently and densely white tomentose below,
usually lobed; self-pruning scars very prominent on the small
twigs. P. alba.

Leaves and twigs glabrous or nearly so when old, not lobed. 2.

Petioles terete or channeled, not much flattened laterally; leaves
crenate. 3.

2. Petioles strongly flattened laterally. 4.

3. Leaves densely tomentose when young; capsule slender-pedicelled.

P. heterophylla.

3. Leaves not tomentose but usually somewhat pubescent; capsule short-

pedicelled. P. balsamifera.

4. Leaves broadly deltoid, abruptly acuminate; terminal winter buds

usually angular. 5.

toe

Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 123

4. Leaves broadly ovate or suborbicular; terminal winter buds rounded
or only slightly angular. 7.

5. Trees of tall, narrow growth with strongly erect branches, giving a
spire-like appearance, young twigs glabrous; leaves usually wider
than long, more or less acute at the base. P. dilatata.

5. Trees with spreading branches. 6.

6. Young leaves pubescent; capsules nearly sessile. P. nigra.

6. Young leaves not pubescent, shining; capsules slender-pedicelled. P.
deltoides.

7. Leaves coarsely sinuate-dentate, densely white-tomentose when young,
elabrous when mature. P. grandidentata.

7. Leaves crenulate-dentate, glabrous except the ciliate margins. P.
tremuloides.

1. Populus alba L. White Poplar. A large tree with
smooth, light, greenish-gray bark often with black diamond-
shaped scars; sprouting freely from the roots and hence not de-
sirable for yards. Young foliage densely white-tomentose, the
leaves becoming glabrate and dark green above, broadly ovate or
nearly orbicular in outline, 3-5 lobed, or irregularly dentate, 2-4
iia, lemme. Neative Ox laimcooe aaa! Asie) Olio,

2. Populus heterophylla l. Swamp Poplar, An ir-
regularly branching tree with rough bark. Leaves long-petioled,
boardly ovate, crenulate-denticulate, 5-6 in. long. In swamps.
Conn. to Ga., west to La. and northward to Ark., Ind. and Ohio.

3. Populus balsamifera L. Balsam Poplar. A large
tree with nearly smooth gray bark. Leaves broadly ovate,
dark green and shining above, pale beneath, rounded or acute
at the base, crenulate, 3-5 in. long. Wood very light and
soft. In moist or dry soil, commonly along streams and
lakes. The subspecies P. balsamifera candicans (Ait.) Gr.
Balm-of-Gilead, has the leaves broadly ovate, truncate or
cordate at the base, and the petioles and nerves usually
puberulent. Mostly escaped from cultivation. Newf. to
Miaska. south to N: Y., Ohio, Neb.) and Nev.

4. Populus nigra L. Black Poplar. A large tree with
terete twigs. Mature leaves firm, broadly deltoid, abruptly ac-
uminate at the apex, broadly cuneate or obtuse at the base, cre-
nate, 2-4 in. long. Naturalized from Europe. N. Y. and south-
ward along the Delaware R.

124 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science

Populus dilatdta Ait. Lombardy Poplar. <A spire-like
tree of rapid growth. Commonly planted for ornament.

5. Populus deltoides Marsh. Cottonwood. A large tree
of very rapid growth, with rough, deeply furrowed, brown bark
when old. Bark of young trees grayish-green and rather smooth.
The giant of the poplars. Petiole much flattened laterally causing
the leaves to rustle in the wind. Leaves glabrous, broadly del-
toid-ovate, abruptly acuminate at the apex, crenulate, truncate
at the base, 4-7 in. long. Wood light and soft and very durable
if kept in the dry; used for building lumber, light boxes, paper
pulp, sugar and flour barrels, cracker boxes, crates and wooden
ware ; also a good fuel wood. A most useful and ornamental tree
of very rapid growth if planted in ravines and low places. In cities
only staminate trees should be planted. In moist soil, especially
on the banks and flood plains of creeks and rivers. Quebec to
Man., south to Fla. and Kan. Ohio.

6. Populus grandidentata Mx. lLargetooth Aspen. A
tree with smooth, greenish-gray bark. Leaves tomentose when
young, glabrous when mature, short-acuminate, obtuse or trun-
cate at the base, 2-4 in. long. Wood soft and white; used for
paper pulp. In rich moist soil. N.S. to Ont. and Minn., south
to N. J. and Ohio, and in the Alleghanies to Tenn.

7. Populus tremuloides Mx. American Aspen. A
slender tree with light green, smooth bark. Leaves usually short-
acuminate at the apex, finely crenulate, truncate, rounded or sub-
cordate at the base, 1-3 in. broad. Petioles very slender, caus-
ing the leaves to quiver and rustle in the slightest breeze. \Wood
white and soft; used for making coarse paper. In moist or dry
soil. Newf. to Alaska, south to N. J., Ohio, Ky., and Neb.; m
the Rocky Mts. to Mexico and to Lower Cal.

tas Selo IL, Willow.

Trees or shrubs with buds having a single outer scale.
Flowers in aments ; fruit a capsule; seeds with long cottony hairs.
Leaves sometimes with glands on the petiole or at the base of the
hlade and with gland tipped teeth. Twigs self-pruned by means

Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 125

of basal brittle zones. The charcoal from the larger species used
for making gunpowder.

1. Twigs decidedly pendulous or “weeping”, green or yellowish-green ;
leaves linear-lanceolate, acuminate, serrulate, smooth, rather pale
beneath, petioles glandular above; capsule glabrous, pedicel very
short, stigma sessile. S. babylonica.

Twigs not pendulous nor weeping, but some may be drooping. 2.

Leaves tapering to the short petioled or nearly sessile base, linear-
lanceolate, remotely denticulate, coarsely silky when young, usu-
ally glabrate in age; shrubs or small trees with a narrow, slender
crown; capsule glabrous or silky; stamens 2. S. fluviatilis.

Do Re

2. Petioles present and rather prominent and slender except in some
individuals. 3.

3. Leaves silky, tomentose, or hairy below when mature; stamens 2. 4.

3. Leaves glabrous below, or nearly so, when mature, sometimes finely
pubescent when young. 5.

4. Leaves long linear-lanceolate, sparingly repand-crenulate, or entire,
white or silvery silky beneath, without glands on the petiole, acu-
minate; twigs terete, green; capsule nearly sessile, silky or to-
mentose, style long. S. vimuinalis.

4. Leaves lanceolate, narrowed at the base, serrulate, silky pubescent
and glaucous beneath, usually with glands on the petiole at the
base of the blade; capsule glabrous, pedicel very short, stigma
sessile. S. alba.

4. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, slender-pointed, firm, pubescent or white-
tomentose beneath, sharply serrate or entire; bracts yellow, linear-
oblong or lanceolate; capsule silky or tomentose, pedicel filiform.
S. bebbiana.

®. Petioles usually without glands, or if with glands then the leaves
of the ovate type and short pointed; stamens 2. &.
5. Petioles usually with glands on the top or at the base of the blade;

stamens 3-12, in one species 2; capsule glabrous. 8.

6. Length of leaf-blade less than 3 times its breadth; mature leaves
thin and dull, elliptic, ovate-oval, or obovate, acute or obtuse at
the apex; stamens 2. S. balsamifera.

6. Length of leaf-blade 3 times its breadth or more. 7.

7. Leaves oblanceolate or spatulate, acute, serrulate, somewhat glaucous
beneath; twigs purplish, flexible; filaments of stamens united;
capsule silky or tomentose, sessile; stigma sessile. S. purpurea.

Leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate, acuminate, finely serrate with mi-
nute gland-tipped teeth, pale and glaucous beneath; twigs of the
season pubescent or puberulent; capsule glabrous. S. missouriensis.

=|

126 = Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science

7. Leaves obovate, oblong or oblanceolate, rather thin, acute at both
ends, irregularly or indistinctly toothed, glaucous and nearly white
‘beneath; bracts fuscous, obovate or cuneate, long-hairy; capsule
silky or tomentose, stalked. SS. discolor.

8. Petioles short; leaves narrowly lanceolate, usually falcate, nar-
rowed at the base, glabrous or slightly pubescent, green on both
sides or slightly paler beneath. S. nigra.

8. Petioles rather prominent and slender except in some individuals;
leaves lanceolate or broader. 9.

9. Leaves dark-green above, glaucous or whitish beneath not coria-
ceous. 10.

9. Leaves yellow-green and glossy on both sides, thick, normally ovate,
very long acuminate with a slender tip; catkins thick and dense,
stamens mostly 3, flower bracts dentate; capsule large, short-
pedicelled; twigs brown, polished. S. lucida.

10. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, broadest below the middle, acuminate, peti-
oles often red; stamens 5-12; capsule narrow-conic, pedicel slen-
der, 3-5 times as long as the gland; bark rough, brown. S. amyg-
daloides.

10. Leaves lanceolate, long-acute; stamens 2, capsules very narrow-
conic, pedicel short, about twice as long as the gland; bark gray.
S. fragilis.

10. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, rounded, subcordate, or nar-
rowed at the base, 3-8 in. long; very white and somewhat pu-
bescent beneath; capsule conic, pedicel slender, 3-5 times as long
as the gland; bark dark reddish-brown with small scales. S.
longipes.

1. Salix nigra Marsh. Black Willow. A medium-sized
tree with rough, flaky, dark brown bark. Leaves narrowed at
the base, serrulate, 2-5 in. long, 4-$ in. wide, or wider; capsule
ovoid, acute, about as long as its pedicel. Along streams and
lakes. The subspecies S. nigra faleate (pursh.) Torr. has nar-
rower more falcate leaves. Hybridizes with S. alba. N. B. to
Ovni, e.. Call, aime eva, Olane.

2. Salix longipes And. Ward Willow. A tree with
spreading or drooping branches and dark reddish-brown bark.
Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, rounded, subcordate, or
narrowed at the base, 2-7 in. long, 4-14 in. wide, somewhat
pubescent beneath; capsule conic. Wood dark brown. Along
streams and lakes. Md. to Mo., south to Fla., and Texas.

a aes te

Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 127

3. Salix amygdaloides And. Peachleaf Willow. A tree
with rough, brown, scaly bark. Leaves pubescent when young,
glabrous when old, dark green above, pale and slightly glaucous
beneath, narrowed at the base, 3-5 in. long, $-} in. wide; capsule
narrowly ovoid, acute, glabrous, finally about as long as the fili-
form pedicel. Along streams, lakes and ponds. Quebec to Br.
Cole NEY (@lito. Mio. and (Ne Mex.

4. Salix lucida Muhl. Shining Wiliow. A tall shrub
or small tree with smooth or slightly scaly bark, the twigs yellow-
ish brown and shining. Leaves lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate, or
ovate, mostly long-acuminate, narrowed or rounded at the base,
sharply serrulate, green and glossy on both sides or with a few
scattered hairs when young, 3-5 in. long, }-24 in. wide; capsule
narrowly ovoid, acute, glabrous, much longer than its pedicel. A
very beautiful willow in swamps and along streams and lakes.
IN@urite t@ IN, We Were, IN J[,, Olas 175, anal INGloy

5. wsalix fragilis L. Crack Willow. A tall slender tree
with roughish, gray bark and green branches. Leaves lanceolate,
long-acuminate, narrowed at the base, sharply serrulate, glabrous
on both sides, rather dark green above, paler beneth, 3-6 in. long,
4-1 in. wide; capsule long-conic. Twigs used for basket work.
Native of Europe. Hybridizes with S. alba. Mass. to N. J. and
Ohio.

6. Salix alba L. White Willow. _A large tree with
rough gray bark. Leaves lanceolate, narrowed at the base, ser-
rulate, silky-pubescent on both sides when young, less so and
pale and glaucous beneath when mature, 2-5 in. long, 4-3 in. wide;
capsule ovoid, acute. In moist soil. Native of Europe. The
subspecies S. alba vitellina (L.) Koch., has the mature leaves
glabrous and the twigs yellowish-green. N. B. and Ont. to Ohio
and Penn.

7. Salix babylonica L. Weeping Willow. A _ large
graceful tree with weeping branches, often planted in yards and
cemeteries. Leaves linear-lanceolate, serrulate, narrowed at the
base, glabrous when mature, green above, paler beneath, 3-6 in.
long, {-4 in. wide; capsule ovoid-conic. Native of Asia.

128 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science

8. Salix balsamifera (Hook.) Barr. Balsam Willow.
Usually a shrub but sometimes arborescent with a slender erect
stem. Leaves elliptic, ovate-oval, or obovate, thin, glabrous,
acute at the apex, rounded or subcordate at the base, glaucous be-
neath, 2-3 in. long, 3-14 in. wide, slightly crenulate-serrulate ; cap-
sule very narrow, acute. In swamps. Lab. to Man. south to
Me., Mich., and Minn.

g. Salix missouriénsis Bebb. Missouri Willow. A tree
with small, appressed scales on the thin bark. Leaves lanceolate,
or oblanceolate, acuminate, finely serrate with minute gland-
tipped teeth, rounded or narrowed at the base, glabrous or nearly
so when mature, pale and glaucous beneath, 23-5 in. long, $-1 in.
wide; capsule ovoid. Wood dark brown. On river banks and
in moist places. The closely related S. cordata is a shrub with
pale bracts and the leaves not whitish beneath. Mo., Kan., Neb.,
and lowa.

10. Salix fluviatilis Nutt. Sandbar Willow. A shrub
or small slender tree usually forming thickets. Flowers can be
found for a long time. Leaves linear-lanceolate, acuminate, re-
motely denticulate with somewhat spreading teeth, short-petioled ;
24-4 in. long; capsule ovoid-conic, finely silky when young,
glabrate in age. Along streams and ponds and in ravines, some-
times on high ground. Quebec to N. W. Terr., south to Va.
and Texas, Ohio.

II. Salix discolor Muhl. Pussy Willow. A shrub or
low tree in swamps or moist hill-sides. Leaves obovate, oblong
or oblanceolate, usually glabrous, glaucous and nearly white be-
neath, irregularly serrulate or nearly entire, slender-petioled,
14-4 in. long; capsule narrowly conic, tapering to a slender beak.
N. S. to Man., Del., Ohio and Mo.

12. Salix bebbiana Sarg. Bebb Willow. A shrub or
sniall tree. Leaves elliptic, oblong, or oblong-lanceolate, spar-
ingly serrate or entire, dull green and puberulent above, pale and
tomentose beneath, nearly glabrous when very old; capsule very
narrowly long-conic, twice as long as the filiform pedicel. In
cry soil along streams. Anticosti to Hudson Bay and Br. Col.,
south to N. J., Ohio, Neb., and Utah.

Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 129)

13. Salix viminalis L. Osier Willow. A small slender
tree or shrub with green twigs. Leaves long linear-lanceolate,
sparingly repand-crenulate or entire, revolute-margined, short-
petioled, glabrous above, silvery-silky beneath, 3-6 in. long; cap-
stle narrowly ovoid-conic, acute. Cultivated for wicker-ware.
Native of Europe and Asia.

14. Salix purptrea L. Purple Willow. A slender shrub
or small tree with smooth and very bitter bark, the branches often
trailing. Leaves oblanceolate or spatulate, acute, serrulate, nar-
rowed at the base, short-petioled, glabrous above, paler and some-
what glaucous beneath, 14-2} in. long; capsule ovoid-conic, ob-

tuse, tomentose. Cultivated for wicker-ware. Native of Europe.

Order, MyRICALEs.
Myricaceae. Bayberry Family.
13. Myrica L. Bayberry.
Shrubs or trees with alternate simple leaves without stipules.
Drupe globose or ovoid, its exocarp waxy. Flowers in catkins.
1. Myrica cerifera L. \Vax-myrtle. A slender dioecious.
tree with gray, nearly smooth bark. In sandy swamps or wet
woods. Pa. and Md. to Fla., and Tex. north to Ark.

Order, JUGLANDALES.
Juglandaceae. \Valnut Family.
14. Juglans L. Walnut.

Trees with spreading branches, superposed buds, diaph-
ragmed pith with cavities, and odd-pinnate leaves; monoecious.
Fruit a nut ina fleshy husk. Staminate flowers in aments. Seed
cf nut edible.

1. Leaflets almost entire; nut rather smooth and thin-shelled; twigs

glabrous. J. regia.

1. Leaflets serrate; nut rough, thick-shelled. 2.

Petioles smoothish or puberulent; axil of leaf without a hairy
cushion below the buds; dark brown or black, rough; fruit glo-
bose, not viscid. J. megra.

2. Pretioles pubescent, sticky or gummy when young; axil of the leaf

with a hairy cushion below the buds; bark gray, the ridges
smooth on the surface; fruit oblong, viscid. J. cinerea.

iS)

130 = Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science

1. Juglans nigra L. Black Walnut. A large tree with
rovgh brownish black bark and a long tap root. Wood heavy,
hard, strong, of coarse texture; heart-wood dark brown, of great
value; used for cabinet-work, interior finish, gun-stocks, turn-
ery, and as veneer. Common on flood plains of streams. Mass.
to Ont. and Minn., south to Kan., Tex. and Fla., Ohio.

2. Juglans cinérea L. Butternut. A large tree with
gray bark the outer surface of the ridges smooth. Heart-wood
lighter colored and softer than in J. nigra; used for ornamental

cabinet-work, interior finish, and cooperage. In rich or rocky
woods. N. B. to N. Dak., Neb., Del; Ga, Ark. and Ohio:

* Juglans. regia _. English Walnut. A round-headed
tree with the leaflets almost entire and nearly glabrous. Husk
of the nut friable. Cultivated for the sweet nuts; from Asia.

15s, Wiconiay Iain) ilielkorye

Trees with odd-pinnate leaves and serrate leaflets; monoe-
‘cious. Axillary buds usually superposed; pith solid, 5-angled.
Staminate flowers in aments. Fruit a nut in a husk.

1. TYerminal bud-scales valvate, 4-6; leaflets 7-15, lanceolate or oblong-
lanceolate, more or less falcate. 2.

1. Terminal bud-scales imbricate, more than 6; leaflets 3-9, not falcate,
the uppermost larger and generally obovate. 4.

2. Nut elongated, almost terete, seed sweet; leaflets 11-15, inequi-
lateral, acuminate. Hl. pecan.
2. Nut somewhat compressed or angled, usually as broad as long; seed

intensely bitter; lateral leaflets falcate. 3.

3. Leaflets 7-9; nut smooth; husk thin, splitting to below the middle.
A. minima.

3. Leaflets 9-13; nut angled, husk thin, splitting to the base
aquatica.

4. Terminal bud large, 3-1 in. long; husk splitting freely to the base,
nut angled, seed sweet; middle lobe of the staminate calyx nar-
row, often at least twice as long as the lateral ones. 5.

4. Terminal bud small, 4-} in. long; husk thin, not splitting freely
to the base, nut slightly or not angled; lobes of the staminate
calyx mostly nearly equal. 8.

5. Bark shaggy, separating in long plates; husk very thick, splitting
to the base; outer bud-scales persisting through the winter. 6.

Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 131

5. Bark close, rough; leaflets 7-9, stellate pubescent; outer bud scales
falling away in autumn; husk- not separating quite to the base;
twigs and petioles tomentose. H. alba.

6. Leaflets 3-5, rarely 7, nut rounded at the base, 3-1 in. long. 7.

6. Leaflets 7-9; nut usually pointed at both ends, 1-14 in. long. H.

laciniosa.

Leaflets oblong-lanceolate to obovate; twigs puberulent. H. ovata.

Leaflets narrowly lanceolate; twigs glaucous. A. carolinae-septen-

=~] J

trionalis.
8. Fruit nearly globular; nut thin-shelled; bark of old trees separating
in strips. 9.

8. Fruit obovoid; nut thick-shelled; bark close. 10.
9. Fruit little flattened; middle lobe of staminate calyx short; leaflets

-

5-1. Hl. microcarpa.

9. Fruit much flattened; middle lobe of staminate calyx long; leaflets
5, occasionally 3. H. borealis.

10. Leaves glabrous or nearly so; leaflets 5-7, rarely 3 or 9. A. glabra.

10. Leaves with silvery peltate glands; leaflets 5-9. A. willosa.

1. Hicoria pecan (Marsh.) Britt. Pecan (Hickory). A
large tree of rapid growth with rough bark and a long tap root.
Leaflets 11-15, oblong-lanceolate, short-stalked, inequilateral,
acuminate; fruit oblong-cylindric; husk thin, 4-valved; nut
smooth, oblong, thin-shelled, pointed, seed delicious and important
commercially ; wood like H. ovata. Along streams and in moist
soil. Ind. to Iowa, south to Ky. and Tex.

2. Hicoria minima (Marsh.) Britt. Bitternut (Hickory).
A slender tree with close rough bark. Leaflets 7-9, sessile, long-
acuminate, the lateral ones falcate; fruit subglobose, narrowly
6-ridged; husk thin tardily and irregularly 4-valved; nut short-
pointed, thin-shelled. Wood heavy, strong, and tough. In moist
woods and swamps. Quebec to Minn., Fla., and Tex. Ohio.

3. Hicoria aquatica (Mx. f.) Britt. Water Hickory. A
tree with close bark, living in swamps. Leaflets 9-13, lanceolate,
or the terminal one oblong, long acuminate at the apex, narrowed
at the base, the lateral ones falcate; fruit oblong, ridged, pointed ;
husk thin, tardily splitting; nut oblong, thin-shelled, angular.
Wood of poorer quality than that of other hickories. Va. to Fla.,
Wil, vAvelk.. elim@l “Tes,

4. Hicoria ovata (Mill.) Britt. Shagbark (Hickory).

132. = Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science

A large tree with shaggy bark in narrow plates. Leaflets 5,
sometimes 7', oblong, oblong-lanceolate, or the upper obovate,
acuminate at the apex, narrowed to the sessile base; fruit sub-
globose; husk thick, soon splitting; nut white, somewhat com-
pressed, pointed, slightly angled, thin-shelled. Seed finely flav-
ored, most “hickory nuts” of the markets being from this species.
Wood very heavy, hard, tough, and elastic; used for agricultural
implements, carriages, wagon stock, axe-handles, cooperage,
sucker rods, wheel spokes, etc. Also a fine fuel wood. Not dur-
able in the ground. In rich soil. Quebec to Minn., Fla., Kan.,
Tex., and Ohio.

5. Hicoria carolinae-septentrionalis Ashe. Southern
Shagbark (Hickory). <A tree with gray bark hanging in loose
strips. Leaflets 3-5, glabrous, ciliate ; fruit subglobose ; husk soon
falling into four pieces; nut white or brownish, much com-
pressed, angled, cordate or subcordate at the top, thin-shelled.
In sandy or rocky soil. Del. to Ga. and Tenn.

6. Hicoria laciniosa (Mx. f.) Sarg. Shellbark (Hickory).
A large tree with the bark separating in long narrow plates and
with a long tap root. Leaflets 7-9, rarely 5, acute or acuminate,
sometimes 8 in. long; fruit oblong; husk thick, soon splitting to
the base; nut oblong, somewhat compressed, thick-shelled, pointed
at both ends, yellowish-white; seed sweet and edible. In rich
soil. N. Y. and Ohio to lowa, Kan., Okla. and Tenn.

7. Hicoria alba (L.) Britt. Mockernut (Hickory). A
large tree with close rough bark. Leaflets 7-9, oblong-lanceolate
or the upper oblanceolate or obovate, long-acuminate; fruit glo-
bose or oblong-globose; husk thick; nut grayish-white, angled,
pointed at the summit, little compressed, thick-shelled; kernel
small but sweet and edible. Wood much like in H. ovata. In
mea Goll IMlASS, to Ohms ING, IMei., Vex sind Olio,

8. Hicoria microcarpa (Nutt.) Britt. Small Pignut
(Hickory). A tree having the older bark separating in narrow
plates. Leaflets 5-7, oblong, or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at
the apex; fruit globose or globose-ob!ong; husk thin, tardily and
incompletely splitting to the base; nut subglobose, slightly com-

Ta ge,

2 ee ee

Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 183

pressed, thin-shelled, pointed; seed sweet. In rich soil. Mass.
to @hio and Mich., Va. and Mo.

g. Hicoria borealis Ashe. Northern Hickory. A small
tree with rough furrowed bark when young, becoming shaggy
in narrow strips when old. Leaflets 5, occasionally 3, lanceolate ;
fruit ovoid, much flattened; husk very thin, rugose, coriaceous,
usually not splitting; shell thin and elastic; seed large, sweet and
edible. In dry uplands. Mich.

10. Hicoria glabra (Mill.) Britt. Pignut (Hickory). A
tree with close rough bark. Leaflets 3-7, rarely 9, oblong, oblong-
lanceolate or the upper obovate, sessile, acuminate at the apex,
usually narrowed at the base; fruit obovoid or obovoid-oblong ;
husk thin, the valves very tardily dehiscent; nut brown, angled,
pointed, very thick-shelled ; seed bitter and astringent, not edible.
nvdiysormmoeist sol. Mec to Ont, Minn, Kan, Vex, Pla. and
Ohio.

11. Hicoria villosa (Sarg.) Ashe. Scurfy Hickory. A
small or medium-sized tree with deeply furrowed, dark gray bark.
Leaflets 5-9, thickly covered beneath with silvery peltate glands,
mixed with resinous globules, generally pubescent; fruit obovoid,
the husk partly splitting; nut brown, thick-shelled, angled; seed
small, sweet. N. J. to Fla. and from Mo. and Ark. to Tex.

Order, FAGALES.
Betulaceae. Birch Family.
16. Carpinus L. Blue-beech.

Monoecous trees or shrubs with smooth gray bark and ridged
stems. Flowers in aments. Leaves with straight and parallel
lateral veins. Nuts small in a large-bracted catkin, bracts leaf-
like. .

t. Carpinus caroliniana Walt. Blue-beech. A _ small
tree with slender terete gray twigs. Wood white, very compact,
strong, and heavy, not durable in the ground; used for turnery,
tool handles, ete. The charcoal is used for making powder. In
moist soil and along streams. N. S. to Minn., Fla., Tex., and

Ohio.

134 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science

17. Ostrya Scop. Hop-hornbeam.

Moncecious trees with the flowers in aments. Leaves with
straight and parallel lateral veins. Nuts small, in a hop-like
catkin. :

1. Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) Waulld. Hop-hornbeam.
A small tree with scaly bark. Wood white, compact, and very
strong, | Ini dry or moist soil) Cape) Breton) iy to Vitae ile
Neb., Kan., Tex., and Ohio.

18. Bétula L. Birch.

Aromatic, monoecious trees or shrubs; bark usually papery
or leathery ; nuts small, samara-like, in a cone-like ament.

1. Leaves acute, obtuse, or truncate at the base, rarely cordate, prom-
inently doubly serrate or serrate-dentate; bark chalky white or
greenish brown; bark of twigs not with the flavor of wintergreen,
usually bitter; fruiting aments peduncled. 2.

1. Leaves usually cordate or rounded at the base, sharply serrate, only
slightly doubly serrate; bark brown or yellowish, close or separat-
ing into layers; bark of twigs with wintergreen flavor; fruiting
aments sessile or nearly so. 5.

2. Bark of trunk and larger branches chalky white, usually peeling off
in thin layers; fruiting aments cylindrical, pendant or spreading. 3.

2. Bark greenish brown, hardly peeling in layers; leaves rhombic,
acute at both ends; young leaves and twigs tomentose; fruiting
aments oblong, erect. B. nigra.

3. Leaves deltoid, very long acuminate at the apex; bark not readily
separable into thin layers; twigs with numerous resinous glands.
B. populifolia.

3. Leaves acute or acuminate, usually ovate, in some cultivated forms
of various shapes; bark peeling off in thin layers. 4.

4. Leaves various, commonly triangular or rhombic-ovate, on slender
petioles; twigs pendulous or weeping; much cultivated, from
Europe and Asia. B. alba.

4. Leaves ovate or suborbicular; twigs pendulous; native, occasionally
cultivated. B. papyrifera.

5. Bark not separating in layers, becoming furrowed; leaves shining
above; fruiting bracts less than 4 in. long, lobed at the apex.
B. lenta.

5. Bark separating in layers or sometimes close, somewhat silvery;
leaves dull above; fruiting bracts more than } in. long, lobed to
about the middle. B. lutea.

Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 185

1. Betula populifolia Marsh. American White Birch.
A slender, short-lived tree with smooth white bark, tardily sep-
arating in thin sheets. Autumn leaves pure yellow. Wood soft,
white, not durable; used for making spools, shoe-pegs, ete.
Leaves tremulous like those of the aspens. In moist or dry soil.
Negsto, One and Del

2. Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch. A large
tree with chalky white bark separating in thin layers. The bark
is very water-proof and 1s used for making canoes by Indians and
trappers. Wood rather heavy, hard, and very close-grained ; de-
cays rapidly when exposed; used for making spools, pegs, shoe-
lasts, woodenshoes, wagon hubs, ox-yokes, wood-carving, wood
pulp, and in wood turnery. Newf. to Alaska, Penn., Mich., Neb.,
and Wash.

3. Betula nigra L. River Birch. A slender tree with
reddish or greenish-brown bark peeling off in very thin layers.
Branches long and slender, arched and heavily drooping. Wood
rather light, hard, strong and close grained; used for furniture
and turnery. “Birch brooms” are made from the twigs. Along
Sineams, Mass, and N: Hy to lowa, Wan, Bia, Tex and Ohio:

A. Betula lénta L. Sweet Birch, A large tree with dark
brown, close, smocth bark, becoming furrcwed and not separating
in layers. Wood hard, fine-grained, of a reddish tint; used for
cabinet-work. Newf. to Ont., Fla., Tenn., and Ohio.

5. Betula lutea Mx. f. Yellow Birch. A large tree with
yellowish or gray bark, separating in thin layers or close. Au-
tumn leaves pure yellow. Wood hard and close-grained; used in
making furniture, wheel-hubs, pill-boxes, etc. Newf. to Man.,
ING Cac Ca len) and) @lito,

Betula dlba LL. European White Birch. A tree with
chalky-white bark, much cultivated for crnament, especially the
“weeping” and cut-leaved varieties.

19. Alnus Gaert. Alder.

Shrubs or trees with the flowers in aments, monoecious.
Pith 3-angled; buds stalked. Nuts small, compressed, in woody
cone-like catkins, which are persistent throughout the year.

136 =Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science

1. Leaves obovate, broadly oval or suborbicular, dull; catkins expand-
ing long before the leaves. 2.
1. Leaves oblong, shining above, catkins expanding in autumn. 4.
maritima,

Leaves finely tomentose or glaucous beneath. A. incana.

Leaves green, glabrous or sparingly pubescent beneath, 3.

Leaves finely serrulate, foliage not glutinous. A. rugosa.

Leaves dentate-serrate; twigs glutinous. <A. glutinosa.

GC) co DD

1. Alnus incana (L.) Willd. Hoary Alder. A shrub
or small tree with the young shoots pubescent. In wet soil.
News. to N> We Rens OND Yo Penne OlieosanceaNebae Allsomain
Europe and Asia.

2. Alnus rugosa (DuRoi) Koch. Smooth Alder. A
shrub or small tree with smooth bark, the young shoots somewhat
pubescent. In wet soil or on hillsides. Me. to Ohio, Minn., Fla.,
and Tex.

3. Alnus glutinosa (.)) Medic European) Wider 2s
tree of rapid growth, developing readily in ordinary dry soil.
Usually in wet places. Native of Europe, N. Y. and N. J.

4. Alnus maritima (Marsh.) Muhl. Seaside Alder. A
small tree, glabrous or nearly so. In wet soil: Del. and Md;
also in Okl.

Fagaceae. Beech Family.
Ay Wests Ik, Ise,

Monoecious trees with smooth, light-gray bark. Leaves 2-
ranked, the lateral veins straight and parallel. Twigs with
prominent medullary rays and very long-pointed winter buds.
Nut 3-angled, and enclosed in a 4-valved burr with soft spines.

1. Fagus americana Sw. American Beech. A large tree,
the lower branches spreading. Autumn leaves pure yellow. Nut
sweet and edible. Wood hard, heavy, light-colored, rather close-
grained, not durable in the ground; used for making chairs, han-
dles, plane-stocks, shoe-lasts, in turnery, and for “acid wood.”
In rich but not necessarily deep soil. N. S. to Ont. and Wis.,
Olio lay sand tex

Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 137

21. Castanea Adans. Chestnut.

Trees or shrubs, the leaves mostly 2-ranked with straight and
parallel lateral veins. Fruit a rounded coriaceous nut, several in
a globose, mostly 4-valved, very spiny involucre.

1. Leaves green on both sides; large trees. C. dentata.

1. Leaves densely white-tomentose beneath; shrubs or small trees. C.
punula.

1. Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh. Chestnut. A
large tree of very rapid growth with rough bark in longitudinal
ridges. Nut sweet and edible. Wood soft, light, and coarse-
grained; used for cabinet-work, railway ties, posts, cooperage,
“acid wood,” and telegraph poles. Sprouts freely from stumps.
In rich or gravelly soil. Me. to Mich, Ga., Ala., and Ohio.

2. Castanea pumila (L.) Mill. Chinquapin. A shrub or
small tree. Nut very sweet. Wood much like in C. dentata. In
tayarcoiles @Nern | tO; nds Male andi iexc

22. Quércus L. Oak.

Trees or shrubs with the flowers in aments, monoecious.
Pith 5-angled; buds clustered at the tip of the twigs. Fruit a
r-seeded corraceous nut (acorn) in an involucrate cup.

1. Leaves with bristle-tips; acorns maturing in the autumn of the
second year. 2.

1. Leaves not bristle-tipped; acorns maturing the first year. 12.

2. Leaves pinnatifid or pinnately lobed. 3.

2. Leaves 3-5 lobed above the middle, or entire, obovate or spatulate
in outline. 10.

2. Leaves entire, oblong, linear-oblong or lanceolate. 11.

3. Leaves green on both sides. 4.

3. Leaves white or gray-tomentose below. 8.

4. Cup of the acorn shallow, saucer-shaped, much broader than deep.
5.

4. Cup of the acorn top-shaped or hemispheric. 6.

5. Leaves dull; cup 4-1 in. broad; acorn ovoid. Q. rubra.

5. Leaves shining; cup 4-4 in. broad; acorn subglobose or short-ovoid.

O. palustris.
5. Leaves shining; cup 4-# in. broad; acorn ovoid. QO. schneckii.

138

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Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science

Inner bark orange; leaves sometimes lobed to beyond the middle;
acorn ovoid, more or less longer than the cup. Q. velutina.

Inner bark gray or reddish; leaves deeply lobed. 7.

Leaves dull and paler beneath; acorn ovoid. Q. borealis.

Leaves shining on both sides, lobed to near the mid-rib; acorn
ovoid; cup 3 in. wide, more or less. Q. ellipsoidalis.

Leaf-lobes lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, long; large trees. 9.

Leaf-lobes triangular-ovate, short; shrubs or low trees. Q. nana.

Leaves rounded or obtuse at the base, 3-5 lobed; lobes linear or
lanceolate, often falcate. QO. digitata.

Leaves cuneate or acute at the base, 5-ll-lobed; lobes triangular.
QO. pagodaefolia.

Leaves obovate-cuneate, brown-floccose beneath; cup deep, acorn
ovoid. QO. marylandica.

Leaves spatulate, glabrous on both sides; cup saucer-shaped, acorn
globose-ovoid. QO. nigra.

Leaves linear-oblong, green and glabrous on both sides. Q. phellos.

Leaves oblong or lanceolate, tomentulose beneath. QO. imbricaria.

Leaves pinnatifid or pinnately lobed. 13.

Leaves crenate or dentate, not lobed. 17.

Mature leaves pale, or glaucous and glabrous below. 14.

Mature leaves pubescent or tomentose below, lyrate-pinnatifid. 15.

Bark separating in thin scales, light gray or light brown; cup shal-
low; bracts thick and warty. Q. alba.

Bark furrowed and ridged, not scaly, dark gray or dark brown;
cup hemispherical, with imbricated, appressed scales; cultivated
in many varieties. QO. robur.

Upper scales of the cup not awned. 16.

Upper scales awned, forming a fringe around the acorn. QO. macro-
carpa.

Leaves yellowish-brown, tomentulose beneath; acorn ovoid. Q.
minor.

Leaves white-tomentulose beneath; acorn depressed-globose. QO
lyrata.

Fruit peduncled; teeth or shallow lobes of the leaves rounded. 18.

Fruit sessile or nearly so; teeth or shallow lobes of the leaves
acute. 20.

Peduncle much longer than the petioles; leaves white-tomentulose
beneath. Q. platanoides.

Peduncle as long or shorter than the petioles; leaves gray-tomen-
tulose beneath. 19.

Bark white, flaky; seed sweet and edible; fruit short peduncled or
sessile. QO. michauxii.

Bark close; seed edible; petioles slender; peduncles equalling or
shorter than the petioles. QO. prinus.

Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 139

20. Shrub or low tree, leaves obovate or oval; seed edible. Q. prinoides.

208 Wall trees. 2h

21. Leaves mostly oblong to lanceolate; cup deep; bark close; seed
edible. Q. acuminata. .

21. Leaves obovate; cup shallow; bark more or less flaky. Q. alex-
andert

I. Quercus rubra L. Red Oak. A large tree with dark
gray bark, somewhat roughened. Leaves oval or somewhat obo-
vate, 4-8 in. long, dull green above, paler beneath, lobes triangu-
lar-lanceolate, tapering from a broad base to an acuminate apex;
cup saucer-shaped, its base flat or slightly convex $-1 in. broad;
acorn ovoid, 2-4 times as long as the cup. Autumn leaves pur-
plish red. Wood very coarse-grained, reddish in color, porous,
and not very durable; used in carpentry, cooperage, and for
clapboards. The most rapid grower of all the oaks. An im-
portant tree for tan-bark. Sprouts readily from stumps. N. S.
ron Ont Viti: Pla Kan eiex and Ohio!

2. Quercus palustris DuRoi. Pin Oak. A medium-
sized tree with brown bark, rough when old, the lower branches
deflexed. Leaves broadly oblong or obovate, deeply pinnatifid,
brighter green and shining above, duller beneath, 23-5 in. long,
the lobes oblong, lanceolate or triangular-lanceolate, divergent ;
cup saucer-shaped, {-$ in. broad, base flat; acorn subglobose or
ovoid, 2-3 times as long as the cup. Wood coarse-grained, reddish,
and not durable. In moist ground. Mass. to Ohio and Wis..
Der and Ark

24 Quercus schnecki Britt. “Schmeck’s “Red Oak > A
medium-sized tree with reddish-brown bark with broad ridges
broken into plates. Leaves mostly obovate, bright green and
shining above, paler beneath, 2-6 in. long, truncate or broadly
wedge-shaped at the base, deeply pinnatifid; lobes oblong or tri-
angular; cup saucer-shaped, $ inch broad more or less, acorn
ovoid, 2-3 times as high as the cup. Ind. to lowa, Mo., Fla., and
(Rex. i

4. Quercus coccinea Wang. Scarlet Oak. A tree with
pale reddish or gray inner bark. Leaves deeply pinnatifid, glab-
rous, bright green above, paler beneath, 4-8 in. long; cup hem-

140 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science

ispheric or top-shaped, acorn ovoid, about twice as long as the
cup. Autumn leaves red. In dry soil. Me. to Minn., Fla., Mo.,
and: Ohio.

5. Quercus ellipsoidalis Hill, Oval-leaf Oak. A tall
tree with gray, close, fissured bark, the innermost layer yellowish ;
lowest branches drooping. Leaves oval to obovate-orbicular,
24-6 in. long, deeply 5-7-lobed, broadly cuneate to truncate at
the base; cup turbinate, short-peduncled, acorn ellipsoid to sub-
globose, $-? in. long, 1-2 times as long as the cup. IIl., Mich., and
Minn.

6. Quercus borealis Mx. f. Gray Oak. A large tree with
leaves like those of Q. rubra and acorns like those of Q. coccinea.
Leaves 7-13-lobed to the middle or somewhat beyond; cup turbi-
nate, peduncled; acorn ovoid, 1-2 times as long as the cup.
Quebec to Ont., N. Y. and Penn.

7. Quercus velutina Lam. Quercitron Oak. A large
tree of rapid growth with very dark brown outer bark, rough in
ridges, and bright orange inner bark. Leaves firm, sometimes
lobed to beyond the middle, brown-pubescent or sometimes stel-
late-pubescent when young, glabrous when mature, the lobes
broad, oblong or triangular-lanceolate; cup hemispheric or top-
shaped, commonly narrowed into a short stalk; acorn ovoid, as
long or longer than the cup. The inner bark (quercitron) yields
a valuable dye; rich also in tannin. Wood hard, heavy, and
strong but not tough. Sparingly self-prunes small twigs by
means of basal joints. Me. to Minn., Fla., Neb., Tex., and Ohio.

8. Quercus digitata (Marsh.) Sudw. Spanish Oak. A
tree growing in dry soil. Leaves glabrous above, gray-tomentu-
lose beneath, deeply pinnatifid into 3-7 linear or lanceolate lobes;
cup saucer-shaped with a turbinate base, about } in. broad; acorn
subglobose or depressed, about twice as high as the cup. Wood
very hard and strong; used for cooperage. An important tan-
barkoake ~Nejito- Fla, Mo, Neb and Mex.

9. Quercus pagodaefolia (Ell.) Ashe. Swamp Spanish
Oak. A tree with spreading branches and dark gray, rough bark.
Leaves oval or oblong, cuneate to truncate at the base, SaiD iM,
long, deeply 5-11-lobed, persistently white-tomentulose beneath,

Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science IA41

lobes narrowly triangular, spreading or somewhat ascending,
usually entire; cup sessile, shallow, acorn globose, about 4 en-
Glesedvinithercup. In wetlon moist soil Val and) N; Car to Ga.
Ind., and Mo.

ro. Quercus nana (Marsh.) Sarg. Bear Oak. A shrub
or small tree, often forming thickets. Leaves mostly obovate, 2-5
in. long, short-petioled, grayish-white tomentulose beneath 3-7-
lobed, lobes triangular-ovate, acute; cup saucer-shaped, 4-$ in.
broad, with a turbinate or rounded base; acorn globose-ovoid,
longer than the cup. In sandy or rocky soil. Me. to Pa., Del.,
and in mountains of N. C. and Ky.

It. Quercus marylandica Muench. Black-Jack (Oak).
Usually a small shrubby tree; bark nearly black with very rough
ridges. Leaves obovate, 3-5 lobed toward the broad usually nearly
truncate apex, cuneate below, the lobes short, stellate-pubescent
above, brown-tomentose beneath when young, mature leaves gla-
brous above; cup deep about $ in. broad; acorn ovoid, 2-3 times
as high as the cup. In dry sterile soil. Hybridizes with Q.
phellos and Q. nana. \. I. to Ohio, Neb., Fla., and Tex.

IZ Ouercus. niera i. Black \Water Oak. ox tree of
rapid growth with gray bark, rough in ridges. Leaves spatulate
or obovate, 1-3-lobed at the apex or some of them entire and
rounded, short-petioled; cup saucer-shaped, rounded at the base,
about $ in. wide; acorn globose-ovoid, 2-3 times as high as the cup.
Wood heavy, hard, and strong; used for fuel. Usually along
streams and swamps. Del. to Ky., Mo., Fla., and Tex.

13. Quercus phéllos L. Willow Oak. A tree with
slightly roughened, reddish brown bark. Leaves narrowly-ob-
long or oblong-lanceolate, entire, very short petioled ; cup saucer-
shaped, nearly flat on the base; acorn subglobose, bitter. Wood
poor. In moist woods. Hybridizes with Q. nana and probably
Q. rubra, producing the form known as Q heterophylla Mx. L.
ito dla Moc cand: tex:

14. Quercus imbricaria Mx. Shingle Oak. A’ large
stout tree, the leaves dying off but remaining on the tree until
about April 1. Teaves oblong or lanceolate, entire, persistently
gray-tomentulose beneath, 3-7 in. long; cup hemispheric or turbi-

142 ~=Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science

nate, about $ in. broad; acorn subglobose, bitter. Wood poor;
used for shingles and clapboards. Self-prunes twigs by means
of basal joints. Q. leana Nutt. is a hybrid of this and Q. velu-
tina. Q. tridentata Engelm. is a hybrid with Q. marylandica.
Also hybridizes with Q. palustris and Q. rubra. Pa. to Mich.,
Neb., Ga., Ark., and Ohio.

15. @uercus alba . White Oak. A laree tree with
light gray bark scaling off in thin plates. Leaves obovate, pin-
natifid, lobes oblong, toothed or entire; cup depressed-hemi-
spheric, its bracts thick and warty, appressed ; acorn ovoid-oblong,
3-4 times as high as the cup, sweet and edible. Autumn leaves
red and russet. Self-prunes extensively. Wood light-colored,
hard and tough; valuable for many purposes; an ideal wood for
railroad ties; used for poles, posts,:and piling, for fuel and “acid
wood,” for cooperage, furniture, interior finishing lumber, farm
implements, wharves, ship building, and car and wagon work.
The most valuable of the American oaks. Hybridizes with Q.
macrocarpa, QO. minor, O. prinus, and QO. acuminata. Me. to
Onee Witine: las Wane. Wes. ands @hito:

* Quercus vobur L. English Oak. A large strong tree
with stout more or less spreading branches forming a broad
round-topped head; self-prunes. Many forms are cultivated for
ornament, including yellow-leaved and cut-leaved varieties, also
forms with varied branches. Native of Europe.

16. Quercus minor (Marsh.) Sarg. Post Oak. A shrub
or usually a small tree with a long tap root and with rough gray.
bark and valuable wood. Leaves broadly obovate, deeply lyrate-
pinnatifid, glabrous above, brown-tomentulose beneath, 4-8 in.
long; cup hemispheric, nearly sessile; acorn ovoid, 2-3 times as
long as the cup, very sweet. In dry soil. Mass. to Ohio and
Mich. Fla. and Mex:

17. Quercus lyrata Walt. Overcup Oak. A large tree
with gray or reddish bark in thin plates. Leaves obovate, lyrate-
pinnatifid or lobed to beyond the middle 6-8 in. long, shining
above, densely white-tomentulose beneath, cup depressed-globose,
peduncled, 1-14 in. broad; acorn depressed-globose, nearly or

Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 143

quite immersed in the cup. Wood like in white oak. In swamps.
Nea to ind: Mon Plas and Mex:

18. Quercus macrocarpa Mx. Bur Oak. A large tree
with flaky gray bark and with a long tap root. Leaves obovate
or oblong-obovate, irregularly lobed, pinnatifid, or coarsely cre-
nate; shining above, grayish-white-tomentulose beneath, 4-8 in.
long; cup short peduncled or sessile, hemispheric or subglobose,
4-1 in. broad, the tips of the bracts forming a fringe around the
acorn; acorn ovoid, 1-2 times as high as the cup. Self-prunes
abundantly. A very valuable tree with hard and tough wood
resembling the White Oak. In rich soil or on river bluffs where
it is sometimes small and shrubby. Hybridizes with Q. acumin-
Gd INs Sito Mane Mass. Ohio* Kan, cand ‘Pex.

19. Quercus platancides (Lam.) Sudw. Swamp White
Oak. <A large tree with flaky gray bark. Leaves obovate, or
oblong-obovate, coarsely toothed or sometimes lobed nearly to
the middle, dull and glabrous above, densely white-tomentulose
beneath ; peduncles of the hemispheric cup 2-5 times as long as the
petioles; acorn oblong-ovoid, seed rather sweet. Self-prunes.
Wood similar in value to that of the White Oak. . In moist or
swampy soil. Quebec to Ohio and Mich., Ga., and Ark.

20. Quercus michauxii Nutt. Cow Oak. A large tree
with flaky white bark. Leaves obovate or broadly oblong, cre-
nately toothed the teeth often mucronulate, 4-8 in. long, cup de-
pressed-hemispheric, short-peduncled, 1-14 in. broad; acorns
ovoid, about 3 times as high as the cup, sweet and edible. Wood
valuable like the White Oak. In moist soil. Del. to Ind., Mo.,
Atk, Fla. and Tex.

2). Quercus prinus, Rock Chestnut Oak. Aq large
tree with brown bark, ridged, close or slightly flaky. Leaves ob-
long, oblong-lanceolate, or obovate, coarsely crenate, glabrous
above, finely gray-tomentulose beneath, petioles slender; cup
hemispheric, $-14 in. broad, peduncles equalling or shorter than
the petioles ; acorn ovoid, 2-3 times as high as the cup, seed edible
but not very sweet. Self-prunes. Wood hard and strong; used
in fencing and for railroad ties. Bark rich in tannin. In dry
Soil Mier to Ont. Alar dienn. and «Olio:

144 = Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science

22. Quercus acuminata (Mx.) Houda. Chestnut Oak.
A tree with ciose gray bark. Leaves oblong, lanceolate, or some-
times obovate, coarsely toothed with acute teeth, shining above,
pale and gray-tomentulose beneath, 4-6 in. long; cup sessile or
very short-peduncled, hemispheric; acorn ovoid about twice as
high as the cup, sweet and edible. Self-prunes abundantly.
Wood strong and durable, much like White Oak. Usually in dry
soil, commonly on lime stone ridges. Ont. to Minn., Ga., Ala.,
Tex., and Ohio.

23. Quercus alexanderi Britt. Alexander's Chestnut
Oak. A tree with gray bark, flaky, especially when old. Leaves
obovate or oblong-obovate, broadest above the middle, coarsely
toothed ; cup short-stalked or sessile, shallow; acorn ovoid, 2-3
times as high as the cup. Self-prunes. Vt. to Mich., and Ind.

24. Quercus prinoides Willd. Scrub Chestnut Oak. A
shrub or small tree with gray bark. Leaves obovate, coarsely
toothed, bright green and shining above, gray-tomentulose be-
neath, narrowed at the base; cup sessile, hemispheric, thin; acorn
ovoid, 2-3 times as long as the cup; seed sweet and edible. Self-
prunes. In dry sandy or rocky soil. Me. to Ohio and Minn.,
Mle. eal Iesx,

Order, URTICALES.
Ulmaceae. Elm Family.
230.) Wilmaus) sels lan

Trees of rapid growth with 2-ranked inequilateral leaves, the
lateral veins straight and parallel. Flowers bisporangiate or 1m-
perfectly bisporangiate in clusters or racemes. Fruit a samara.

1. Leaves very rough above; inner bark very mucilaginous; twigs
not corky-winged and not self-pruned, but large numbers of lateral
buds cut off; samara not ciliate. U. fulva.

1. Leaves smooth or sometimes rather rough above; inner bark not
mucilaginous. 2.

2. None of the branches corky-winged; twigs smooth, self-pruned by
basal joints and by cleavage planes in the nodes of annual growth;
samara faces glabrous. U. americana.

2. None of the branches with corky ridges; twigs glabrous or nearly
so, not self-pruned; samara glabrous or nearly so, deeply notched.
U. campestris.

Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 145

2. Some or all of the branches corky-winged, or twigs puberulent, self-
pruned; samara-faces pubescent. 3.

3. Most of the branches with corky wing-like ricges: twigs glabrous
or nearly so; leaves 1-3 in. long. U. alata.

(Su)

Branches often with corky wing-like ridges; twigs puberulent; leaves
2-5 in. long. U. racemosa.

ft. UWilmus americana L. Wkite Elm. A large tree of
rapid growth, with gray flaky bark, much cultivated in cities and
along roadsides. Samara ovate-oval, its faces glabrous. Wood
heavy, hard, flexible, and very tough; used for wheel-hubs, sad-
ale-trees, rough cooperage and furniture, in boat and ship build-
ing, and in the construction of cars and wagons. Common on
bluffs and on the flood plains of rivers and creeks. Graceful in
form and very suitable for cultivation. Newf. to Man., Fila.,
Des and Ohio;

22 Olimus racemosa, Dhioms Cone im. Ay Varese tree
with puberulent young twigs, the branches or some of them with
corky wings. Samara oval, its margins densely ciliate. Wood
harder, stronger, and more durable than that of the White Elm.
In rich soil. Quebec to Ont., Mich., N. J., Tenn, Neb., and Ohio.

* Ulmus campéstris L. English Elm. A tree, rather py-
ramidal in shape, the twigs ascending, not drooping except in
“weeping forms. Samara not ciliate, nearly or quite glabrous.
A good timber tree. Cultivated, from Europe.

3. Ulmus alata Mx. Winged Elm. A _ small tree,
branches usually with corky wing-like ridges; twigs glabrous or
nearly so. Samara oblong, pubescent on the faces. Wood very
compact; used for wheel hubs. In dry or moist soil. Va. to
tape UileeeA kes and Mex

4. Ulmus failva Mx. Slippery Elm. A medium-sized
tree with rough grayish-brown fragrant bark and rough-pu-
bescent twigs. Samara oval-orbicular, pubescent over the seed.
Inner bark mucilaginous and medicinal. Wood hard and strong
but splitting easily when dry. Along streams, on flood plains and
on Mills Quebec to N. Dak Fla, ex, and @hio:

146 = Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science

24. Planera Gmel. Planertree.

Trees similar to the elms but with a nut-like fruit and the
flowers expanding with the leaves. Bark of the trunk scaling off
in plates.

1. Planera aquatica (Walt.) Gmel. Planertree. A small
tree with nearly glabrous leaves growing in swamps and on wet
banks.) Ind ito Mio kG IN Care, War anna tila.

Zine Celtis ie blackberry

Trees or shrubs with 2-ranked leaves and the pith dia-

phragmed. Fruit an ovoid or globose drupe.
1. Leaves sharply serrate; smooth or scabrous above; twigs glabrous,

especially the fruiting ones, or pubescent. C. occidentalis.
1. Leaves entire or few-toothed, small. C. muississippiensis.

1. Celtis occidentalis L. Common Hackberry. <A
medium-sized tree with rough bark. Commonly much distorted
with “witches brooms.” Drupe sweet and edible. Self-prunes
the fruiting twigs in winter. Wood heavy, hard, strong, quite
tough, greenish-white. In dry soil and on flood plains. Quebec
to Man., La., N. Car., Mo., Kan., and Ohio.

2. Celtis mississippiénsis Bosc. Southern Hackberry.
A medium-sized tree with light gray, rough bark. Usually in
Ghay sow, ING (Cain, iro JUNG, WO, xem, lel. eine) Iesc.

Moraceae. Mulberry Family.
26. Morus L. Mulberry.

Shrubs or trees with 2-ranked leaves and milky sap. Fruit
aggregate, berry-like.

1. Leaves scabrous above, pubescent beneath. MW. rubra.
1. Leaves smooth and glabrous on both sides, or nearly so. M. alba.

1. Morus rubra L. Red Mulberry. A small tree with
reugh gray bark. Fruit dark purple-red, edible, delicious. Wood
rather heavy, hard, strong, and rather tough; very durable in con-
tact with the ground, very valuable for posts; used for farm im-

plements, in cooperage, “‘acid wood,” and ship building. In rich
soily, Vio and Ontoto Ohio and Michie S: Dak: stlas and less

Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 147

2. Morus alba L. White Mulberry. A small rapid-
growing tree with rough light gray bark and spreading branches.
Fruit edible but usually rather insipid. Leaves used for feeding
silk-worms. Wood suitable for posts. Although growing best
in rich moist soil, it does well in quite dry regions and should be
much planted on the dry prairies, especially varieties with the
better grade of berries. Introduced from the Old World. Me.
and Ont., to Fla., Kan., and Ohio.

27. Toxylon Raf. Osage-orange.

A tree with milky sap, sharp thorns, and entire leaves. Fruit
a large spherical, greenish or yellowish syncarp.

tr. Toxylon pomiferum Raf. Osage-orange. A_ small
thorny tree much planted for hedges. Wood very heavy, ex-
ceedingly hard, and strong, but not tough, brownish-yellow ; val-
uable for fence posts and fire wood, also used for wagon making.
The thorns prceduce painful wounds. Horses acquire a strong
liking for the young shoots and eat them in large quantities with-
out apparent ill effects. Mo. and Kan. to Tex. Escaped in Ohio
and other eastern states.

28. Broussonétia L’Her. Paper-mulberry.

Trees with 2-ranked leaves and milky sap. Drupes in a
globular head.

1. Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) Vent. Paper-mulberry.
A small, low-branching, large-headed tree with dark scarlet fruit
which is sweet but insipid. Native of eastern Asia. In Japan
and China the bark is made into paper. Escaped from cultiva-
Honey Ne Ye to (Ga. andeMlo:

Order, PLATANALES.
Hamamelidaceae. Witch-hazel Family.
29. Hamamelis L. Witch-hazel.

Trees or shrubs with alternate simple leaves and bisporan-
giate or imperfectly bisporangiate flowers. Fruit a 2-locular
woody or cartilagincus capsule.

148 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science

i. Hamamelis virginiana L. Witch-hazel. A shrub or
small tree with 2-ranked leaves and stalked buds. Blooms in
late autumn. In low ground and on banks. N. B. and N. S. to
Minne Wor ila exe rand! @lirtos

30. Liquidambar L. Sweet-gum.

Large trees with resinous, aromatic sap. Capsules in a
dense spinose globular head.

tr. Liquidambar styraciflua L. Sweet-gum. A fine
large tree with wide spreading branches, the twigs often covered
with corky ridges. Leaves with a peculiar sweet fragrance when
crushed. Autumn leaves red, yellow, and brown. Wood valu-
able, of medium weight, rather soft, strong, tough, and of fine
texture, difficult to season. Sometimes used as a substitute for
black walnut. Used for furniture, veneer, wooden plates;
plaques, baskets, hat blocks and wagon hubs. In low ground.
Coan, IN, W. ame Olaio, tO Jee, Ill, iNlO., aime IMles.

Platanaceae. Planetree Family.
Sie se latanusse lanemhec:

Large trees, the twigs with complete stipular rings and the
axillary buds covered by the base of the petiole. Fruit in a
spherical head composed of numerous nutlets.

1. Platanus occidentalis L. Sycamore. <A very large
tree, the largest in the northeastern United States, with whitish
or green bark which peels off freely in thin plates; the largest
trunks usually hollow. Autumn leaves brown. Wood rather
hard, compact, coarse-grained, difficult to split, tough, and of a
light-brown color; used for tobacco boxes, cooperage, cabinet-
work, and finishing lumber. Along the banks of streams and in
moist ground but grows well in ordinary mesophytic conditions.
Mes toy Ontavand: Witinm shila kam. eikexcn arid @lroy

Sub-class, CHORIPETALAE.
Order, RANALES.
-Magnohaceae. Magnolia Family.
32. Magnolia L. Magnolia.

Trees or shrubs with bitter aromatic bark, the twigs showing

Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 149

complete stipular rings. Flowers bisporangiate, large, solitary.
Buds covered with conduplicate sheathing stipules. Pith usually
diaphragmed but solid. Fruit aggregate, cone-like.

Leaves auriculate, glabrous. Leaf buds glabrous. WM. frasert.
Leaves rounded or truncate at the base, thin. Leaf buds silky pubes-
cent. M. acwminata.
I; Leaves acute at the base. 2.
2. Leaves light green beneath, 1-2 ft. long. Leaf buds glabrous. MM.
tripetala.
Leaves glaucous beneath, 3-6 in. long. Leaf buds pubescent. IM.
virginiana.

bo

1. Magnolia fraseri Walt. Fraser Magnolia. A tree
with spreading branches and glabrous leaf buds. Leaves elon-
gated-obovate or oblong, auriculate, $-2 ft. long; flowers white.
In mountain woods. Va. and Ky. to Fla. and Miss.

2. Magnolia tripétala L. Umbrella Magnolia. A low
tree with glabrous leaf-buds and irregular branches. leaves
obovate, acute, cuneate at the base, 1-2 ft. long, flowers white,
slightly odorous. Wood soft and light. Penn. to Ga., Ark., and
Miss.

3. Magnolia virginiana L. Laurel Magnolia. A tree
with pubescent leaf buds. Leaves oval or oblong, acute at the
base, 3-6 in. long; flowers white, deliciously fragrant. In
swamps. Mass. to Penn., Fla., and Tex.

4. Magnolia acuminata L. Cucumber Magnolia. <A
large tree with silky pubescent leaf-buds. Leaves oval, acute or
somewhat acuminate, rounded or truncate at the base $-1 ft. long;
flowers greenish-yellow. Wood soft, light, and durable; used
for cabinet-work, pump-logs, and water-troughs. N. Y. to Ohio
amal INL, (Geic, Wl, ebaGl JA\iclK,

aa, Ilvenocleachror IL, Iulyoures,

Trees with alternate truncate leaves, diaphragmed but solid
pith, and complete stipular rings. Fruit aggregate, cone-like.

1. Liriodendron tulipifera L. Tuliptree. A very large,
magnificent, rapid-growing tree with glabrous leaf-buds. Flowers
greenish-yellow, orange-colored within. Buds covered with con-

150 ~=Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science

duplicate sheathing stipules. Autumn leaves pure yellow. Next
to the Sycamore, probably the largest tree in the Northeastern
United States. Wood light, soft, and straight-grained, easily
worked ; heart wood light yellow or brown; sapwood thin, nearly
white. Used for interior finish, shingles, boat-building, panels
of carriages, wooden pumps, wooden ware of various kinds, wood
pulp, furniture, implements, boxes, shelving, drawers, and for ~
carving and toys. One of the best woods for panelling. Should
be extensively cultivated. Vt. and R. I. to Fla., Ohio, Mich., and
Ark.
Anonaceae. Custard-apple Family.

34. Asimina Adans. Papaw.

Small trees or shrubs with naked silky buds. Leaves 2-
ranked ; pith diaphragmed but solid; bark with fetid odor.

1. Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal. Papaw. A small tree
or shrub with smooth dark bark and nodding young twigs.
Flowers axillary, nodding; fruit a large fleshy, oblong, greenish-
yellow, edible berry which, however, does not agree with some
persons. A case of severe poisoning from eating the fruit is re-

corded. In creek and river bottoms and on hillsides. Ont. and
N. ¥. to Mich., Neb., Tex, Fla., and Ohio.

Lauraceae. Laurel Family.
35. Sassafras Nees and Eberm. Sassafras.

A tree with yellow dioecious flowers and spicy aromatic bark.
Fruit a blue drupe.

I. Sassafras sassafras (L.) Karst. Sassafras. <A large
rough-barked tree, the sap of the bark and leaves mucilaginous.
Autumn leaves red, yellow, and green. Wood reddish, light and
rather soft, of coarse texture, durable; used in cooperage, for
small boats, and fencing. The bark of the roots yields a power-
ful, aromatic stimulant. Fruit pungent, poisonous. Excessive
doses of sassafras tea produce narcotic poisoning. In dry or
sandy soil, Me. to Ont., Mich, Fla., Tex., and Ohio.

Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 1051

Order, ROSALES.
Rosaceae. Rose Family.
Pomatae. Apple Subfamily.
36. Sorbus L. Mountain-ash.

Trees or shrubs with odd-pinnate leaves, the leaflets serrate.

Fruit a small red berry-like pome in compound cymes.

il. Leaflets glabrous above. 2.

1. Leaflets pubescent on both sides; calyx and pedicels usually woolly.
S. aucuparia.

2.. Leaflets long-acuminate; fruit less than + in. in diameter. S.
americana,

2. Leaflets obtuse or short-pointed; fruit more than } in. in diameter.
S. sambucifolia.

I. sorbus americana Marsh. American Mountain-ash.
A small tree with smooth bark. Bark and unripe fruit very as-
tringent. In moist ground. Much prized for ornamental plant-
cee Niew tne Viarae, INS Care and Mirch.

2. Sorbus sambucifolia (C. & S.) Roem. Elderleaf
Mountain-ash. A small tree with smooth bark. In moist
ground. Lab. to Alaska, N. Eng., Ohio, Mich., and in Rocky
Mts. to Colo. and Utah.

3. sorbus aucuparia L. European Mountain-ash. A
small tree, native of Europe. Frequently cultivated. Fruit poi-
sonous to man, but eaten by some birds. N.S. to N. H:

Ar, le\fEUS IL, ~ Pear.

Trees or shrubs with simple leaves. Fruit a pome, its flesh
containing grit-cells.

PeePynis: communis (e. PReag, A pyramidal usually,
slender tree, often with thorn-like stunted branches. Bark
smooth. Cultivated for its large fleshy fruit. Native of Europe
and Asia Mie to IN> |: and @hio;

38. Malus Hill. Apple, Crab-apple.

Trees or shrubs with simple leaves. Fruit a fleshy pome
without grit-cells.

152. =Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science

1. Leaves glabrous, at least when mature. 2.

Leaves persistently pubescent or tomentose beneath. 3.

2. Leaves oblong, oval, or lanceolate, narrowed at the base. M. angus-
tifolia.

2. Leaves ovate, rounded or cordate at the base, often somewhat lobed.
M. coronaria.

2. Leaves ovate, acute or acuminate at the apex and acute at the base,
on slender petioles; finely and nearly evenly serrate. M. baccata.

8. Leaves mostly narrowed at the base; pome 1-2 in. in diameter. 4.

3. Leaves rounded or cordate at the base; pome usually large, 2-4 in.
in diameter. M. malus.

4. Pedicel slender, pubescent, 1-2 in. long. M. ioensis.

4.° Pedicel stout, white-tomentose, 4-1 in. long. MM. soulardi.

p—

1. Malus angustifolia (Ait.) Mx. Narrowleaf Crab-apple.
A small tree usually with thorn-like stunted branches or spurs.
Leaves oblong, oblong-lanceolate, or oval, thick, shining above,
sometimes pubescent beneath when young, dentate or often entire.
On low ground. N. jj. to lL, Many Plas) War ands Ohio:

2. Malus coronaria (L.) Mill. Fragrant Crab-apple. A
small tree with hard and sour fruit suitable for preserving.
Leaves ovate, to triangular-ovate, sparingly pubescent beneath
when young, sharply serrate and often somewhat lobed. On low
ground. Ont. to Mich., and S. Car., Ohio.

3. Malus ioénsis (Wood) Britt. Iowa Crab-apple. A
small tree much resembling M. coronaria. Leaves ovate, oval, ot
oblong, dentate, crenate or with a few rounded lobes, white-pu-
bescent beneath at length glabrous above. Minn., Wis., and Ill.
10) ING, G75 IAs, aimal Old,

4. Malus soulardi (Bail.) Britt. Soulard Crab-apple. A
small tree resembling the two preceding. Leaves ovate, elliptic
or obovate, irregularly crenate-dentate or sometimes few-lobed,
rugose and densely tomentose beneath. Minn. to Mo. and Tex.

* Malus baccata (L.) Siberian Crab-apple. A small:
spreading tree with compact crown. Pedicels very slender; fruit
small, not becoming mellow. Cultivated.

s. Malus malus (L.) Britt. Common Apple. A medium-
sized tree with spreading branches. Leaves ovate or oval, glab-
rous or nearly so above, pubescent and often woolly beneath.

Proceedings of the Ohie State Academy of Science 153

Fruit large, various. Introduced from Europe and escaped in
many places. The seeds are poisonous. Me. to N. Y., N. J.,
Chio, and Ga.

39. Cydonia Tourn. Quince.

Shrubs or low, small trees with fleshy pomes.

* Cydonia cydoma (L.) Karst. Quince. A low tree with
crooked stem and rambling branches. Cultivated for the large
sour fleshy fruit.

40. Amelanchier Medic. Juneberry.

Shrubs or small trees with simple mostly 2-ranked leaves and
small berry-like pomes.

1. Leaves acute or acuminate at the apex; top of the ovulary glabrous
or neatly so. 2.
1. Leaves rounded, obtuse or subacute at the apex; top of the ovulary
woolly; petals $-$ in. long. “A. rotundifolia. ;
2. Leaves glabrous when mature, but pubescent or woolly when young,
ovate to ovate-lanceolate; base cordate or rounded. A. canadensis.
Leaves densely white-woolly beneath, at least when young, oblong to

obovate, rarely sub-cordate at the base. <A. botryapium.

bo

1. Amelanchier canadénsis (L.) Med. Common June-
Eerry. A medium-sized tree with a small, red or purple, sweet
and edible, berry-like pome. in dry soil. Newf. to Ont., Fla.,
Lai, aac! Olio,

2. Amelanchier botryapium (L. f.) DC. Swamp June-
berry. A shrub or small tree growing in swamps and moist soil.
IN, 1B, wo. Milam, Je, Iba. eimcl Oleic,

3. Amelanchier rotundifolia (Mx.) Roem. Roundleaf
Juneberry. A tall shrub or small tree growing in woods and
thickets. N. B..to Minn., N. Y., Ohio and Mich.

41. Crataégus L. Hawthorn.

Small trees or shrubs usually with typical, sometimes
branched thorns. Pome drupe-like with bony ripe carpels. Only
‘he common tree-forms are here included.

1. Corymbs many flowered. 2.

1. Corymbs 1-7 flowered; calyx-lobes deeply incised; leaves obovate
or spatulate, obtuse.. C. wniflora.

154

iw)

Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science

Leaves obovate, spatulate, oblanceolate, or flabellate. 3.

Leaves ovate, oval, orbicular-obovate, or nearly orbicular. 5.

Leaves, calyx, and peduncles glabrous; oblanceolate or obovate,
sharply serrate. 4.

Lower surface of leaves, calyx, and peduncles more or less pubes-
cent, at least when young; leaves slender-petioled, obovate, dull,
irregularly serrate; fruit large, red or yellow, globose or oval.
C. punctata.

Thorns long, slender; leaves shining; fruit globose or slightly
pear-shaped, dark red. C. crus-galli.

Thorns short, stout, leaves dull; fruit globose, purple-black. C.
brevis pina.

Leaves, calyx, and peduncles glabrous or nearly so. 6.

Lower surface of leaves or their teeth, calyx, and peduncles pubes-
cent or glandular. 9.

Leaves mainly truncate or cordate at the base. 7.

Leaves narrowed or wedge-shaped at the base. 8.

Leaves lobed; fruit depressed-globose, + in. or less high, bright
red. C. cordata.

Leaves irregularly serrate; fruit glaucous, sub-globose, 4 in. high.
C. eggerti.

Leaves deeply cleft; fruit globose or globose-ovoid, small, coral-
red. C. oxyacantha.

Leaves serrate or somewhate lobed; fruit globose or oval, persistent
into the winter. C. viridis.

Leaves glabrous or nearly so. 10.

Leaves pubescent, especially along the veins beneath. 12.

Leaves or most of them truncate or cordate at the base, sharply
incised and serrate; fruit globose or oval, red. C. coccinea.

Leaves or most of them narrowed at the base. 11.

Fruit about 4 in. in diameter, globose to oval, red; bractlets and
calyx very glandular. C. rotundifolia.

Fruit about + in. in diameter, globose or oval; bractlets and calyx
glandular. C. macrantha.

Leaves mostly truncate or cordate at the base, ovate-orbicular; fruit
bright red, hairy. C. mollis.

Leaves mostly cuneate or narrowed at the base, ovate or oval,
sharply dentate or somewhat lobed; fruit oval or oblong, large,
crimson or orange-red, eatable. C. tomentosa.

1. Crataegus cruis-galli L. Cockspur Hawthorn. A

sinall tree with spreading branches and numerous slender thorns.
Leaves coriaceous, shining above, sharply serrate. Fruit remain-

Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 15d

ing on the branches until late in the winter. The best hawthorn
for hedges. Quebec to Manitoba, N. H., Fla., Tex., and Ohio.

2. Crataegus brevispina (Dougl.) Farw. Black Haw-
thorn. A small tree. Leaves obovate, unequally serrate or
somewhat lobed, cuneate or narrowed at the base. Mlich., to Br.
ColkuColoy and Ore:

3. Crataegus punctata Jacq. Dotted Hawthorn. A
shrub or small tree with horizontal wide-spreading branches.
Leaves obovate, slender-petioled, irregularly serrate or serrulate.
Fruit somewhat edible. Quebec and Ont., to N. H., Ga. and
Iowa. Ohio.

4. Crataegus cordata (Mill.) Ait. Washington Haw-
thorn. A tree with slender thorns. Leaves broadly ovate, gen-
erally sharply 3-7-lobed and serrate. A very desirable species for
Cultivation Va-to Ga. Tl, anil Henn, “Also trom N--]. to @hio.

5. Crataegus éggerti Britt. Eggert Hawthorn. A small
tree growing in dry soil. Leaves ovate-orbicular, dull green
above, pale beneath, sharply and irregularly serrate or somewhat
lobed. lowa to Mo. and Kan.

6. Crataegus oxyacantha L. English Hawthorn. <A
shrub or small tree with numerous stout thorns. Leaves broadly
ovate or slightly obovate, sharply 3-7-lobed. Sparingly escaped
from cultivation. Ohio.

7. Crataegus viridis L. Green Hawthorn. A small tree
often without thorns. Fruit persisting into the winter. Leaves
ovate to lanceolate or somewhat obovate, sharply serrate, and
somewhat lobed. Mo. and Kan. to Tex., S. Car., and Fla.

8. Crataegus coccinea L. Scarlet Hawthorn. A shrub
or small low tree with crooked spreading branches and short stour
thorns. t.eaves broadly ovate or orbicular, sharply incised and
serrate, teeth gland-tipped. Fruit somewhat edible. Of consid-
erable decorative value. Petioles with glands. Newf. to Man.,
Fie. Lex, anal Olio.

9g. Crataegus rotundifolia (Ehrh.) Borck. Glandular
Hawthorn. A shrub or small tree, the petioles with glands.
Leaves oval, ovate, obovate, or nearly orbicular, incised-serrate

156 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science

with gland-tipped teeth, or sometimes lobed. Conn. to Ind., Fla.,
Ala., and Ohio.

10. Crataegus macracantha Lodd. Longspine Hiaw-
thorn. A shrub or small tree with bright brown thorns, the
petioles glandular. Leaves sharply and often doubly serrate with
gland-tipped teeth. Quebec to N. Dak., Va., Mo., and Ohio.

I1. Crataegus mollis (T. & G.) Scheele. Downy Haw-
thorn. A small tree with short stout thorns and with densely
pubescent twigs. Leaves usually broadly ovate, incised and
sharply serrate with gland-tipped teeth. One of the best haw-
thorns. Quebec to Mich., Neb., Kan., Penn., La., Tex., and Ohio.

12. Crataegus tomentosa L. Pear Hawthorn. A _ small
thickly branching tree with stout thorns and tomentose twigs.
Leaves broadly oval or ovate-oval, sharply dentate or somewhat
lobed. Ont. to N. J., Ga., Ohio, Mich., and Mo.

13. Crataegus uniflora Muench. Dwarf Hawthorn. A
shrub or small tree, the branches with numerous slender thorns.
Leaves coriaceous, nearly sessile, crenate at the apex and entire
at the base. In sandy soil. N. Y: to Fla., W. Va., Mo., and La.

Drupatae. Plum Subfamily.
mo, Jxeors Ib, Pleven, Ayorieot, Cleary.

Trees or shrubs, the fruit a drupe, mostly edible. Leaves al-
ternate, simple, with glands on the petioles or at the base of the
blade; some of the leaves often without glands. Terminal bud
scmetimes self-pruned, and in some species also twigs of various
sizes.

1. Flowers in lateral umbellate clusters or somewhat corymbose, ex-
panding with or before the leaves; stone flattened or globular;
terminal bud of twigs absent or present. 2.

1. Flowers in racemes, terminating twigs of the season; stone globular;
terminal bud of twigs present. 9.

1. Flowers corymbose, terminating twigs of the season; leaves ovate,
abruptly acute at the apex, rounded or slightly cordate at the base;
fruit small, stone slightly flattened; terminal bud of twigs present.
P. mahaleb.

Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 157

1. Flowers solitary or in twos, appearing before the leaves; fruit vel-
vety, stone compressed; leaves ovate to round-ovate, abruptly
pointed; terminal bud of twigs absent. P. armemniaca.

2. Leaves mostly convolute in vernation; fruit usually large; stone

more or less flattened; terminal bud of twigs absent. — 3.

Leaves conduplicate in vernation; fruit mostly small; stone mostly

globose; terminal bud of twigs present. 8.

3. Leaves abruptly acuminate; drupe red or yellowish. 4.

Leaves obtuse, acute, or gradually acuminate; drupe red or purple. 6.

4. Calyx lobes entire, pubescent within; drupe globose; leaves ovate
or obovate. P. americana.

4. Calyx lobes glandular-serrate; drupe subglobose or oval. 5.

5. Calyx lobes glabrous within; leaves oval or obovate. P. migra.

5. Calyx lobes pubescent on both sides; leaves ovate-lanceolate. P.
hortulana.

6. Leaves glabrous when mature, acute or acuminate. 7.

6. Leaves pubescent beneath, not pointed, ovate or obovate. P. do-
mestica.

7. Leaves lanceolate; drupe red, thin-skinned, with little or no bloom.
P. angustifolia.

7. Leaves ovate; drupe dark purple with a bloom. P. alleghaniensis.

8. Leaves glabrous; inflorescence umbellate; drupe with thick flesh,
sour. P. cerasus.

8. Leaves glabrous, shining; inflorescence more or less corymbose;
drupe with thin sour flesh. P. pennsylvanica.

8. Leaves pubescent beneath at least on the veins; inflorescence um-
bellate; fruit sweet. P. avium.

9. Fruit red or purple, astringent; leaves obovate or oval, abruptly
acute or acuminate, thin; glands on the petiole usually rounded or
disc-like; bark gray. P. virginiana.

9. Fruit dark-purple or black, sweet; leaves oval or obovate, acute
or obtusish, thick; otherwise much like the preceding. P. demissa.

9. Fruit dark-purple or black, sweet; leaves oval-lanceolate to ovate,
acuminate or acute; glands on the petiole usually elongated and
tooth-like; bark black. P. serotina. ;

“bo

(ey)

Plums and Apricot.

* Prunus armeniaca L. Apricot. A small round-topped
tree with reddish bark. Drupe nearly smooth, short stalked, yel-
low, edible. Cultivated.

1. Prunus americana Marsh. Wild Plum. A shrub or
small tree with stunted thorn-like branches and thick black bark.

158 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science

Leaves ovate, or obovate sharply and often doubly serrate,
rounded at the base, slender-petioled. Drupe with a tough skin,
globose, red or yellowish, edible. Often used as a stock on which
to graft domestic plums. Wood hard, reddish in color. N. Y.
to Mont. Fila Colon vands@lhio:

2. Prunus nigra Ait. Canada Plum. A tree with thin
bark. Leaves oval, ovate, or obovate, long-acuminate, crenulate-
serrate; drupe oval, orange-red, thick-skinned, with little or no
bloom. Petals pink in age. Newf. to Man., Mass. and Wis.

3. Prunus hortulana Bail. Wild-goose Plum. <A small
tree with spreading branches and thin bark. Leaves ovate-lanceo-
late to ovate, long-acuminate, closely glandular-serrate. Drupe
bright red and thin-skinned, edible. Ill. to Kan., Tenn., and Tex.

4. Prunus angustifolia Marsh. Chickasaw Plum. A
small tree with thorn-like stunted branches. Leaves acute, ser-
rulate, often rounded at the base. Drupe globose, red, and edi-
bles ein airy. soils INE J) to Blas west to Nock, Wits:

*. Prunus doméstica 1. Common Garden Plum. <A small
tree with about 100 cultivated varieties. Drupe of various colors,
covered with a thick glaucous bloom.

5. Prunus alleghaniénsis Port. Alleghany Plum. A low
shrub or small tree, seldom thorny. Leaves acute or acuminate,
finely serrate, rounded at the base. Drupe pleasantly acid, glo-
bose-ovoid, with a conspicuous bloom. Penn.

Cherries.

6. Prunus cérasus L. Sour Cherry. A small tree with
globose, red or reddish-black, sour, edible drupes. Leaves ovate
or ovate-lanceolate, abruptly acute or acuminate, rounded at the
base, very resinous when young. Self-prunes the fruiting branch-
lets; Native of tropes Ne tah andMasce tome ance @ ios

7. Prunus avium L. Sweet Cherry. A medium-sized
tree with globose, black or dark red, sweet, edible drupes. Leaves
ovate, oval, or slightly obovate, abruptly short-acuminate, irregu-
larly serrate. Native of Europe. Ont. to Mass., Ohio and Va.

8. Prunus pennsylvanica L. f. Red Cherry. A small
tree with sour globose, red drupes. Leaves oval or lanceolate,

Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 159

acute or acuminate, mainly rounded at the base, glabrous, serru-
late. Leaves poisonous; kernels probably poisonous. In rocky
woods. Newf. to Ga., west to Rocky Mts. Ohio.

g. Prunus mahaleb L. Mahaleb Cherry. A small tree
with pale smooth bark. Leaves ovate, abruptly acute at the apex, -
rounded or slightly cordate at the base, denticulate, glabrous, fra-
grant. Drupes with thin flesh and slightly flattened stone. From
Europe. Conn. to Ont., N. Y., to Ohio and Kan.

ro. Prunus virginiana L. Choke Cherry. A shrub or
small tree with gray bark. Leaves obovate or broadly oval,
abruptly acute or acuminate at the apex, rounded at the base, ser-
rulate with slender teeth, glabrous or nearly so. Drupe red to
nearly black, sometimes yellow, very astringent, not edible.
Leaves poisonous ; kernels probably poisonous. Self-prunes leafy
fruiting branches. Along river banks and in rocky places.
Newf. to Man., Br. Col., Ga., Neb., Tex., Colo., and Ohio.

11. Prunus demissa (Nutt.) Walp. Western Choke
Cherry. A shrub or small tree; drupe dark purple or black, glo-
bose, sweet or somewhat astringent. Leaves similar to those of
the preceding, thicker, acute or often obtusish at the apex, with
shorter teeth. Probably poisonous like the last. On bluffs, and
diyacuound. Ne Dalkey to Kani N= Miex Br Col and Cal:

IZ ee GunUS Secotina i nich wialack Cherny ms lana iRee
with rough, black, flaky bark; drupe globose, dark-purple or black,
sweet but slightly astringent. Leaves oval, oval-lanceolate, or
ovate, acuminate or acute, serrate with appressed teeth. Leaves
very poisonous to cattle, especially when half-wilted. Kernels
very poisonous. Wood rather heavy, hard, strong, of fine tex-
ture, of a brown or reddish color; much used in cabinet-work and
interior finish, especially in cars and boats, also used in turnery.
Self-prunes twigs by means of cleavage planes in basal joints.
@nesco Ma yNe Dak kan: dex and Ohio;

43. Amygdalus L. Peach.

Trees or shrubs. Drupe in our species velvety with a deeply
pitted stone.
1. Amygdalus pérsica L. Peach. A small tree with

160 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science

beautiful pink or white flowers and a large edible drupe. Leaves
with prominent nectar glands on the petiole or at the base of the
blade. Leaves and kernels bitter, poisonous. Native of Asia;
abundantly escaped. Ohio.

Fabaceae. Pea Family.
Cassiatae. Senna Subfamily.

a4. ‘(Céxcis; 1) Redbud:

Small trees or shrubs with simple, palmately veined, 2-ranked
leaves. Fruit a flat bean.

1. Cercis canadénsis L. Redbud. A small tree with
bright red-purple fiowers before the leaves; fine for ornamental
purposes. Wood hard and heavy, beautifully variegated. In
rich soil. Easily cultivated. Ont. to Minn., Neb, N. J., Fla;
exe, ginal Oiao,

45. Gleditsia L. Honey-locust.

Large usually thorny trees with evenly once or twice pinnate
leaves and superposed buds. Fruit a bean.

1. Pod linear-oblong, many seeded, pulpy within; leaflets short stalked,
oblong-lanceolate or oval, obtuse at both ends, inequilateral at
the base. G. triacanthos.

1. Pod obliquely oval, 1-seeded, not pulpy; leaflets thicker, darker
green, usually larger, ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, the margin
more crenulate. G. aquatica.

1. Gleditsia triacanthos _. Honey-locust. A large tree
of rapid growth, usually with stout branching or simple thorns
and with rough bark. Used as a hedge plant. Autumn leaves
pure yellow. Wood heavy, hard, strong, and tough; used for
fencing, fuel and wagon hubs. Sprouts freely from the roots if
disturbed by plowing. Grows well in dry or sandy soil. Ont.
to Sp Dale. Olmo, Ga. INam,, aig Wese.

2. Gleditsia aquatica Marsh. Water Honey-locust. A
tree growing in swamps. Ind. to Mo., S. Car., Fla., and La.

Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 161

46. Gymnocladus Lam. Coffee-bean.

Trees with large evenly bipinnate leaves, superposed buds
sunken in the epidermis, and large chocolate-colored pith. Fruit
a woody bean.

I. Gymnocladus dioica (L.) Koch. Coffee-bean. A
large, slow-growing tree with rough bark and few branches.
Bean short and thick, the greenish pulp within poisonous. The
bruised leaves are used as a fly poison, and the seeds have been
used as a substitute for coffee. Wood compact, heavy, hard,
strong, tough, reddish in color, of coarse texture, and taking a
good polish; used to some extent in cabinet-work. In rich soil.
Ont to Ohio and Penn., Tenn., S. Dak., and Ok1.

Papilionatae. Pea Subfamily.
47. Cladrastis Raf. Yellow-wood.

Trees with odd pinnate leaves and showy, fragrant, white
flowers. Axillary buds superposed, covered by the base of the
petiole. Fruit a slender bean.

1. Cladrastis lutea (Mx.) Koch. American Yellow-wood.
Trees with smooth bark, close like in the beech. Wood light-
yellow. In rich soil; much planted. Ky., Mo., Tenn., and N.
Car.

48. Robinia L. Locust.

Trees or shrubs with odd-pinnate leaves and usually with
spiny stipules. Fruit a bean.

1. Twigs, petioles and pods glabrous or nearly so; flowers white. P.
pseudacacia.

1. Twigs and petioles glandular; pods hispid; flowers pinkish. P.
VISCOSQ.

1. Robinia pseudacacia L. Common Locust. A large
slender tree with very rough bark, of rapid growth. Wood very
heavy, hard, strong, tough, valuable, and very durable in contact
with the ground; used for posts, railroad ties, wagon hubs, furni-
ture, and in ship building. All parts of the plant very poisonous.

162. =Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science

It is troublesome from sprouting from the roots. Penn. and Ohio
to Ga., lowa, Kan., and Okl.

2. Robinia viscosa Vent. Clammy Locust. A small tree
with rough bark. Underground parts somewhat poisonous. Va.
to Ga. Also escaped in Middle and Eastern States. Ohio.

Order, GERANIALES.
Rutaceae. Rue Family.
49. Xanthoxylum L. Prickly-ash.

Trees or shrubs with punctate, odd-pinnate leaves and usually
with stipular spines. Capsule with 1-2 seeds.

1. Xanthoxylum americanum Mill. Prickly-ash. A
prickly shrub or small tree with small flowers in sessile axillary
cymes; Ouebec to Va. 5, Dale Neb. Kany and! ©hio:

oO, iewllea Ib; lnlopiired.

Shrubs or small trees with bitter bark. Fruit a samara with
a membranous wing.

1. Ptelea trifoliata L. Hoptree. A shrub or small tree
with sunken superposed axillary buds covered by the petiole base.
Bark and flowers with a disagreeable odor. Conn. to Fla., Ont.,
Minn., Kan., Tex.; and Ohio.

Simarubaceae. Ailanthus Family.
51. Ailanthus Desf. Ailanthus.

Large trees with odd-pinnate leaves; branches robust with
large brown pith. Samara linear or oblong, usually twisted.

1. Ailanthus glandulosa Desf. Tree-of-heaven. A large
tree of rapid growth with thick branches and smooth bark.
Leaves ill-scented; leaflets with green glands under the lobes or
teeth. Autumn leaves pure yellow. Wood hard and useful.
Sprouts freely from the roots and is easily propagated from root
cuttings. A pest in pastures in some states; cows will not eat
grass near the young shoots. Water contaminated by the leaves
is poisonous. Naturalized from China. Ont. to Mass., Va.,
Kan., and Ohio.

Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 163

Order, SAPINDALES.
lnacardiaceae. Sumac Family.
5, Isinve Ib. Sumac,

Small trees, shrubs, or climbing vines with acrid resinous or
milky sap. Fruit a small, red or gray drupe, in panicles.
1. Petioles not completely covering the axillary buds; leaflets entire. 2.
1. Petioles covering the axillary buds; leaflets serrate. 3.
2. Rachis of the leaf wing-margined; leaflets 7-31; twigs and the red
drupes pubescent. fk. copallina.
2. Rachis not winged; leaflets 7-13; poisonous to the touch; twigs
and the gray drupes glabrous. R. vernix.
3. Leaves and twigs velvety-pubescent. R. hirta.
3. Leaves and twigs glabrous, somewhat glaucous. R. glabra.

1. Rhus copallina L. Dwarf sumac. A shrub or small
tree with a dense terminal panicle of small globose, crimson
drupes, covered with short acid hairs. Leaves used for tanning
purposes. In dry soil. Me. and Ont. to Fla., Minn., Neb., Tex.,
and Ohio.

2. Rhus hirta (L.) Sudw. Staghorn Sumac. A small
tree or shrub with red, pubescent drupes. Wood very soft and
brittle. In dry or rocky soil. A good lemonade or “sumacade”’
is made by steeping the drupes and sweetening to taste. Leaves
used for tanning. N. S. to Ga., Ont., S. Dak., Mo., Miss., and
Ohio.

3. Rhus glabra L. Smooth Sumac. A shrub or small
tree with dense panicles of small crimson drupes covered with
short acid hairs. Noted for its beautiful, brilliant, red-colored
leaves in autumn. leaves used for tanning. Common on hill-
sides ame! Inhaitis, IN. S, to Iie Coll, Itlle., Miss, Aisi aial Olano,

4. Rhus vérnix L. Poison Sumac. A shrub or small
tree, very poisonous to the touch. Drupes gray, glabrous, in loose
axillary panicles. In swamps and wet places. N. S. to Fla.,
Minn., Neb., Ark., and Ohio.

53. -Cotinus Adans. Smoketree.

Shrubs or small trees with resinous sap, with buds clustered
at the tips of the twigs. Drupes compressed, gibbous.

164 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science

1. Blade of the leaf slightly decurrent on the petiole, thin, glabrous
or slightly pubescent beneath. C. cotinoides.

1. Leaves mostly rounded or obtuse at the base, coriaceous, more pu-
bescent. C. cotinus.

1. Cotinus cotinoides (Nutt.) Britt. American Smoke-
tree. A smali wide-branched tree. Mo. and Okl. to Tenn. and
Ala.

Cotinus cétinus (L.) European Smoketree. A small
tree, native of Europe.

Ilicaceae. Holly Family.
iyi, Jee JL, atoll,

Shrubs or trees with watery sap, and alternate simple leaves.
Drupe berry-like, with 4-8 long nutlet-like stones.

1. Leaves thick, persistent, evergreen, spiny. J. opaca.

1. Leaves thin, deciduous, not spiny. 2.

2. Leaves small, obovate or spatulate, crenate; nutlets of the fruit ribbed.
I. decidua.

2. Leaves large, ovate or lanceolate, sharply. serrate, nutlets ribbed.

TI. monticola.

i lex opaca uit. American slollye2 23 tree omnslony,
growth with thick, glabrous, evergreen leaves and globose red or
rarely yellow-drupes. Twigs with leaves and fruit much used for
Christmas decoration. Wood very white, fine-grained, hard,
strong, tough, light in weight, and easily worked; used for cabi-
net-work and in turnery. Buird-lime is prepared from the mid-
dle bark. In moist soil. Should be much planted for ornament
in suitable places. The leaves should be cut off when trans-
lenmcsc Wes wo Isle, Jeera, IMO,, Mex, ancl Olaito,

2. Ilex decidua Walt. Deciduous Holly. A shrub or
small tree with light-gray, glabrous twigs and red drupes. In
swamps and low ground, DG) to Bla, Kan. and Mex.

3. Ilex monticola Gr. Mountain Holly. A shrub or

slender, erect tree growing in mountain woods. Drupes red. N.
NG wo IN, Catr, aingl Aula,

Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 165

Celastraceae. Stafftree Family.
55. Huonymus L. Wahoo.

Shrubs or small trees with opposite leaves and 3-5-locular

capsules. Seeds enclosed in a red aril.

1. Flowers purple; cymes 6-15-Howered; winter buds long-pointed with
long bud scales. E. atropurpureus.

1. Flowers greenish yellow; cymes 3-7-flowered; winter buds very
short pointed with short bud scales. E&. europaeus.

I. Euonymus atropurpureus Jacq. Wahoo. A _ high
shrub or small tree with green, obtusely 4-angled twigs. Leaves
dark red and fruit very ornamental in autumn. Self-prunes small
twigs by basal joints. Ont. to Fla., Mont., Okl., and Ohio.

2. Euonymus europaeus L. Spindletree. A shrub or
small tree resembling the preceding. Self-prunes twigs. Culti-
vated inom Ioirone, lscaped, IN. Isl, IN2 Wo, andl IN J.

Staphyleaceae. Bladdernut Family.
56. Staphylea L. Bladdernut.
Shrubs sometimes tree-like with opposite compound leaves
and bladdery capsules.
I. Staphylea trifolia L. American Bladdernut. A shrub
or rarely small tree with smooth striped bark. In moist soil.
@uebee to Minn., S. Car., Kan., and Ohio.

Aceraceae. Maple Family.
57. Acer LL Maple.

Trees or shrubs with opposite leaves and with watery often
saccharine, or sometimes milky sap. [Fruit a 2-winged samara.

1. Leaves pinnate or trifoliate; twigs green, glaucous. A. negundo.

1. Leaves simple. 2.

2. Leaves with very large teeth or lobes, the divisions not serrate or
serrate-dentate. 3.

2. Leaves with the large divisions or lobes serrate or serrate-dentate. 5.

3. Leaves with stipules which are often large and foliaceous; leaves

green and pubescent beneath at least on the veins; flowers corym-
bose, unfolding with the leaves; wings of fruit diverging a little
less than a right angle. A. nigrum.

166 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science

Se)

Leaves without stipules. 4.

Leaves with much milky sap in the petiole, glabrous, dark green
above, lighter below, usually with 7 prominent palmate veins;
flowers corymbose, unfolding with the leaves; wings of the fruit
diverging nearly in a straight line; petals present; winter buds
rounded. <A. platanoides.

4. Leaves with watery or frothy sap, pale and nearly glabrous beneath,
usually with 5 prominent palmate veins; flowers corymbose, un-
folding with the leaves; wings of the fruit diverging a little less
than a right angle; petals none; winter buds pointed. A. saccha-
rum.

5. Leaves very sharply and finely serrate, 3-lobed at the outer end,
widest above the middle, the lobes abruptly narrow-acuminate,
brown pubescent below when young; twigs green, striped with
darker lines; flowers racemed, terminal, unfolding after the leaves.
A. pennsylvanicum.

5. Leaves dentate-serrate or lobed, not abruptly narrow-acuminate;
twigs not striped. 6.

6. Leaves broadly 3-5-lobed, the lobes rather regularly and continuously
dentate-serrate or dentate-crenate; flowers racemed, terminal, un-
folding after the leaves. 7.

6. Leaves usually with 3-7 slender, long and pointed lobes, the lobes
irregularly or interruptedly serrate or serrate-dentate; flowers in
dense sessile lateral clusters, appearing before the leaves. 8.

Leaves longer than wide, slightly 3-lobed at the outer end, usually
enly very slightly lobed at the lower end, not glaucous below;
bark of twigs green or grayish: racemes erect; a shrub, rarely
a small tree. A. spicatum.

Leaves as broad or broader than long, prominently 5-lobed, glabrous
and dark green above, pubescent and light glaucous below, on
long reddish petioles; bark of twigs reddish-brown; racemes
drooping; wings of fruit pubescent, moderately spreading; a large
tree. A. pseudo-platanus.

&. Leaves usually deeply 5-lobed, lobes slender, acute, white and glaucous
beneath; notches between the lobes often somewhat rounded;
fruiting pedicel short and stiff, 1-2 in. long; wings divergent;
petals none. A. saccharinum.

8. Leaves sharply 3-5-lobed, whitish glaucous beneath, notches acute;

fruiting pedicel long, slender and drooping, 2-4 in. long; wings
incurved; petals present. A. rubrum.

2 it, keer Serene Ib. Silhyer Maple, A llairee inrec
with flaky bark, the twigs often reddish, self-pruned by basal
joints. Leaves deeply 5-lobed, the lobes rather narrow, acumi-

Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 167

nate, coarsely and irregularly dentate, truncate or slightly cor-
date at the base, green above, silvery white and more or less pu-
bescent beneath. A fine shade tree and much planted. Wood
soft and white; used for furniture. Yields a small amount of
Seite one streams. Ni. Beto Ela, Ont. Ni. Dake Neb, Oke
and Ohio.

2 eNcer rubrum Ib ined Maple AY tree wath’ flalksy. or,

smoothish bark and reddish twigs. Leaves sharply 3-5-lobed,
the lobes irregularly dentate, acute or acuminate, cordate at the
base, green above, whitish beneath. Wood of considerable value
when it shows a “curly grain.” Leaves crimson, scarlet or yel-
low in autumn. Self-pruning like the preceding. In swamps
and low ground, also on moist hillsides. N. B. to Man., Fla.,
Tex., and Ohio.
» 2. Acer saccharum Marsh. Sugar Maple. A large tree
with yellow or sometimes red leaves in autumn. Leaves cordate
or truncate at the base, 3-7-lobed, the lobes acuminate, irregularly
sinuate, dark green above, pale and nearly glabrous beneath. Its
sap is the main source of maple sugar and syrup. An average
tree will yield 2-10 lbs. of sugar a season. A fine shade tree.
The ashes give large quantities of potash. \Wood heavy, hard,
strong and tough; used for fuel, interior finish, furniture, keels
of boats and ships, implements and machinery, sucker rods, shoe
pegs, piano action, school apparatus, large wood type, tool and
broom handles, and wood carving. Newf. to Man., south to Fla.
iiexs and) @Ohio;

4. Acer nigrum Mx. Black Maple. A large fine tree
with rough blackish bark. Leaves cordate or truncate at the
base, 3-7-lobed, the lobes bread and short, green on both sides,
generally more or less pubescent beneath. It is equally valuable
for the making of sugar. Wood much the same as in the Sugar
Maple, and used for the same purposes. Ont. and Vt. to Ga.,
Minn., La., Ark., and Ohio. ;

5. Acer pennsylvanicum L. Strived Maple. A small
tree with smoothish green bark striped with darker lines. Leaves
broadest above the middle, thin, glabrous above slightly pubescent
beneath when young, truncate or somewhat cordate at the base,

168 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science

3-lobed near the apex. Wood white and soft. In rocky soil.
N.S. to Lake Superior, and along the mountains to Ga. and Tenn.

6. Acer spicatum Lam. Mountain Maple. A shrub or
small tree, the bark green but not striped. Leaves 3-5-lobed, the
lobes acute or acuminate, glabrous above, pubescent beneath at
least when young. In damp rocky woods. Newf. to Man., south
wo) IN, (Cae, Wea, Mica, ame Ola,

*“ Acer platanoivdes L. Norway Maple. A medium-sized
tree with a broad rounded crown, with brown twigs and milky
sap. Leaves sharply 5-7-lobed, very dark green above. Much
cultivated.

dlcer pseudo-platanus L. Sycamore Maple. A fine tree
with spreading branches. Leaves deeply 3-5-lobed. Self-prunes.
Much cultivated.

7 iNre inesurnely Ib, iBesceligler, A, Small imee swieln
spreading branches and glabrous, sometimes pubescent, green and
glaucous twigs. Leaves 3-7 foliate, leaflets ovate or oval. The
sap produces a slight amount of sugar. Wood light and of slight
value. Along streams. Planted on the prairies for small groves
and wind breaks. Vt. to Man., Fla., Kan., N. Mex., and Ohio.

Flippocastanaceae. Buckeye Family.
58. Aesculus L. Buckeye, Horse-chestnut.

Trees or shrubs with opposite digitate leaves, and leathery
capsules containing large shining nut-like seeds.

1. Flowers white, mottled with yellow and purple; leaflets abruptly
acuminate; winter buds gummy; capsule spiny; bundle scars ar-
ranged in a curved line. AE. Iuppocastanum.

1. Flowers yellow or purplish; leaflets acuminate, more or less abrupt;
winter buds not gummy; bundle scars arranged in 3 areas. 2.

2. Capsule spiny, stamens exserted. 3.

2. Capsule glabrous; stamens not longer than the petals, corolla yel-
low or purplish. AE. octandra.

3. Leaflets acuminate, finely serrate, 5-7; a tree. AE. glabra.

3. Leaflets long-acuminate, unequally serrate, 7-9; a shrub-like small _

tree. AEF. arguta.

Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 169

1. Aesculus hippocastanum L. Horse-chestnut. A large
tree with very resinous, gummy winter buds. Autumn leaves
orange. The seeds are poisonous and symptoms of poisoning
have been produced from eating the green rind. The twigs con-
tain Aesculin which is fluorescent in aqueous solution. Escaped
from cultivation; native of Asia.

2. Aesculus glabra Willd. Ohio Buckeye. A large tree
with rough and fetid bark. Leaves, young shoots, and seeds poi-
sonous to cattle. Wood light and hard to split; used for making
artificial limbs, wooden-ware, and paper pulp. Penn. to Ala.,
Mich., Neb., Okl., and Ohio.

3. Aesculus argtta Buckl. Western Buckeye. A shrub-
like small tree with smooth bark. On flood plains. Kan. to Tex.

4. Aesculus octandra Marsh. Yellow Buckeye. A large
tree with brown scaly bark. Seeds poisonous. Wood light
and hard to split; used for making artificial limbs, wooden-
ware, and paper pulp. Aesculus octandra hybrida (DC.)
Sarg. has purplish or pink flowers, leaflets pubescent beneath,
and light brown bark. Penn. to Ga., lowa and Tex., Ohio.

Sapindaceae. Soapberry Family.
59. Sapindus L. Soapberry.
Trees or shrubs with alternate, odd-pinnate leaves. Fruit a
berry.
1. Sapindus drammondi H. & A. Drummond Soap-
berry. A tree with white flowers in dense terminal panicles and
very saponaceous, globose berries. Kan. and La. to Ariz.

Order, RHAMNALES.
Rhamnaceae. Buckthorn Family.
60. Rhamnus L. Buckthorn.
Shrubs or small trees, sometimes with thorns, with berry-
like drupes, containing 2-4 nutlet-like stones.

1. Leaves with 3 or 4 pairs of lateral veins, the basal pair prominent;
nutlets of the fruit grooved; flowers dioecious or imperfectly mono-
sporangiate. R. cathartica.

170 =Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science

1. Leaves acute, with 6-10 pairs of lateral veins; nutlets smooth;
umbels peduncled; flowers bisporangiate. FR. carolimana.

1. Rhamnus cathartica L. Common Buckthorn. <A
shrub or small tree with black injurious fruit. Somewhat thorny
and used for hedges. Introduced from Europe. Eastern states.

2. Rhamnus caroliniana Walt. Carolina Buckthorn. A
tall thornless shrub or small tree with a globose sweet drupe. In
wet soil. Va. and Ohio to Kan., Fla., and Tex.

Order, MALVALES.

Tiliaceae. Linden Family.
Gre Abhie JL, Ibaaclen,

Trees with 2-ranked inequilateral, serrate leaves, the dry
drupaceous fruit in cymose clusters, the peduncle subtended by

a broad membranous bract.

1. Petals with scales at the base. 2.

1. Petals without scales at the base; leaves glabrous or nearly so;
cultivated. 7. europaea.

2. Leaves glabrous or nearly so on both sides. 7. americana.

Leaves glabrous above, pubescent beneath. 7. pubescens.

2. Leaves glabrous above, silvery-white beneath. T. heterophylla.

i)

i Dilia Yamenicana I. 9 American sEindens« AM lance
straight-trunked tree with spreading branches. Inner bark very
tough; used for mats and coarse rope. Wood soft and very
white, light and uniform in texture, not liable to crack; called
“basswood ;” used for wooden-ware, cabinet-work, trunks, pan-
elling of carriages, in cooperage, and for toys. The bark and
wood of the other lindens are much the same. In rich soil, on
bluffs, and along river bottoms. N. B. to Ga., Manitoba, Kan.,
Tex., and Ohio.

2. Tilia pubéscens Ait. Downy Linden. A small tree
growing in moist soil, mostly along the coast. L. I. to Fla., west
to) diexe

3. Tilia heterophylla Vent. White Linden. A tree with
larger leaves than either of the preceding species. N. Y. to Fla.,
AM Ill, Issys, Wein, aime lane,

Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 171

Tilia europaea L. European Linden. A large tree much
cultivated in parks. Its name, Lin, was the origin of the family
name of Linnaeus.

Subclass, HETEROMERAE.
Order, ERICALES.
Ericaceae. Heath Family.
62. Rhododéndron L. Rhododendron.

Shrubs or low trees with alternate persistent, coriaceous
leaves; usually with a woody capsule and numerous seeds.

1. Rhododendron maximum |. Great Rhododendron.
A tall shrub or small tree with beautiful flowers and striking ever-
green leaves. Leaves poisonous to stock and the nectar said to
produce poisonous honey. On rocky hillsides and along streams.
Occasionally cultivated. N.S. to Ont., Ohio, and Ga.

635, .Kalmias eal mara:

Erect shrubs or small trees with evergreen coriaceous leaves.
Fruit a capsule.

1. Kalmia latifolia L. Mountain Kalmia. A shrub or
small tree with evergreen leaves. All parts of the plant poisonous
to cattle, sheep, and other animals. The honey from the flowers
is said to be poisonous; also the flesh of game that has fed upon
the leaves or fruit. In woods and on rocky hillsides. Occasion-
ally: jollamied. IN, 1B, wo Ointt., Olano, Iie. enna! ial,

64. Oxydéndrum DC. Sorrel-tree.

A tree with alternate sour leaves and numerous white flowers
in terminal panicled racemes. Fruit a capsule.

1. Oxydendrum arboreum (L.) DC. Sorrel-tree. A small
tree with smooth bark and brilliantly red-colored leaves in au-
tumn. Wood hard and close-grained; used for handles of tools,

bearings of machinery, etc. On hillsides. Ohio and Penn to
Wes Blas and: Miss.

172 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science

Order, EBENALES.
Sapotaceae. Sapodilla Family.
65. Bumelia Sw. Bumelia.

Shrubs or trees with milky sap, usually with thorns, and with

very hard wood. Fruit a fleshy berry with a single seed.
1. Leaves glabrous or nearly so; oblanceolate to oblong-ovate, 2-5 in.
long. B. lycioides.

1. Leaves tomentose or silky, oblong-obovate to cuneate-obovate, usually
obtuse, 1-3 in. long. B. lanuginosa.

1. Bumelia lycioides (L.) Pers. Buckthorn Bumelia.
A shrub or small tree usually with thorns and thorn-like spurs
and with gray bark. Leaves tardily deciduous. In moist soil.
Wer, tO INL, IOs, Ie. emel Wess,

2. Bumelia lanuginosa (Mx.) Pers. Woolly Bumelia.
A shrub or rather large tree with persistent leaves. IIl., to Kan.,
Tex., Ga., and Fla.

Ebenaceae. Ebony Family.
66. Diospyros L. Persimmon.

Trees or shrubs with very hard wood, the fruit a berry.

1. Diospyros virginiana L. Persimmon. A handsome
tree with hard, dark, furrowed bark. Pith often with lenticular
cavities or diaphragmed. Berry large, pulpy, yellow, exceedingly
astringent when green but sweet and edible after frost. Bark
astringent and tonic. Wood very hard, heavy, strong, and tough.
close-grained and dark-colored; used in turnery, for shuttles,
plane stocks, and shoe lasts. R. I. to Ohio and Kan., Fla., and
dliexe

Symplocaceae. Sweetleaf Family.

67. Symplocos L. Sweetleaf.

Trees or shrubs with alternate leaves, the fruit a small, most-
ly nearly dry drupe.

1. Symplocos tinctoria (L.) L’Her. Sweetleaf. A shrub
or small tree, the pith diaphragmed. Flowers bright yellow, fra-
grant. drupe nuthke: Del ‘to: Mla: andy a:

Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 173

Styracaceae. Storax Family.
68. Mohrodéndron Britt. Silverbell.

Small trees or shrubs, more or less stellate-pubescent, with
large, white, bell-shaped flowers and 2-4-winged, dry fruit.
1. Mohrodendron carolinum (L.) Britt. Silverbell. A

smal! tree with diaphragmed pith. In woods and along streams.
Waetonliinn Mlaswand: Alla:

Subclass, SYMPETALAE HyPOGYNAE.
Order, GENTIANALES.
Oleaceae. Olive Family.
69. Fraxinus L. Ash.

Trees with opposite leaves, in our species odd-pinnate. Fruit
a samara.

1. Lateral leaflets sessile, 7-11; samara winged all around; calyx none.
F. mgra.

1. Lateral leaflets more or less stalked; calyx present in the carpellate
flower. 2.

2. Body of the samara terete or nearly so, the wing chiefly terminal;
twigs not 4-sided. 3.

2. Body of the samara flat. the wing extending around it; twigs 4-sided,
often with 4 sharp ridges especially on vigorous shoots; leaflets
7-11. F. quadrangulata.

Wing almost entirely terminal. 4.

3. Wing extending somewhat down the sides of the body of the samara;

leaflets 5-9. 5.

4. Leaves and twigs glabrous or nearly so, pale below, leaflets 5-9. F.
americana,

Leaves and twigs pubescent, leaflets 7-9. F. biltmoreana.

Wine of the samara spatulate. 6.

Wing long linear. F. darlingtonii.

Leaves, twigs, and pedicels glabrous or nearly so; leaves bright green
on both sides. F. lanceolata.

6. Leaves, young twigs and pedicels velvety-pubescent; samara 1-2 in.

long. F. pennsylvanica.

Sy or Or

1. Fraxinus americana L. White Ash. A large tree of
rapid growth, with glabrous twigs. Leaflets 5-9, ovate, ovate-
lanceolate, oblong, or rarely slightly obovate, entire or denticulate,

174 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science

pale and often pubescent beneath, acuminate or acute; body of
the samara terete, not margined, winged only from near the sum-
mit, +-} the length of the wing. Autumn leaves brown, purple,
and salmon. Wood tough and elastic, of very great value;
widely used in the manufacture of agricultural implements, boat
oars, and carriage shafts; in cabinet-work, for harness work,
hoops, baskets, and clothespins. In rich soil. N. S. to Minn.,
Play Kan, exe, and Ohio:

2. Fraxinus biltmoreana Bead. Biltmore Ash. A tree
with the young twigs pubescent. Leaflets 7-9, ovate to lanceo-
late, acuminate, entire or obscurely denticulate, more or less pu-
bescent beneath; body of the samara narrowly elliptic, terete;
wing linear, or somewhat broadened above, 2-3 times the length of
the body. Penn. and Ohio to Ga.

3. Fraxinus lanceolata Borck. Green Ash. A large tree
with glabrous twigs. Leaflets 5-9, entire or denticulate, ovate or
oblong-lanceolate, acuminate or acute, green on both sides; sa-
mara similar to that of the two preceding species, wing usually
spatulate and decurrent on the sides of the body below the mid-
dle. Wood rather inferior in value to that of the white ash. In
moist soil, on flood-plains, and on bluffs. Vt. to N. W. Terr.,
Pla Ariz and Ohio

4. Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. Red Ash. A large
tree with velvety-pubescent twigs. Leaflets 5-9, ovate, ovate-
lanceolate, or oblong, acuminate cr acute, usually denticulate;
body of the samara linear margined above by the linear or spatu-
late decurrent wie “In moist some N.S: to Ss: Dale) Blass
Kan., and Ohio.

5. Fraxinus darlingtonii Britt. Darlington Ash. A tree
similar to Ff’. lanceolata and F. pennsylvanica, the leaves and twigs
pubescent or glabrate. Leaflets similar to the two preceding
species; pubescent or glabrate; wing of the samara longer than
the narrowly linear body and decurrent on it for }-4 of its length.
IN, WC, inal Pemm,

6. Fraxinus quadrangulata Mx. Blue Ash. A large tree
with 4-sided or 4-winged twigs. Leaflets 7-11, ovate, oblong, or
lanceolate, acuminate, green on both sides, sharply serrate or

Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 175

serrulate; samara linear-oblong or cuneate, winged all around,
parallel-nerved, the body extending more than half way to the
apex. The inner bark furnishes a blue dye. Wood heavy, hard
and valuable; used for flooring, carriage-making, etc. Ont.,
Minn. and Mich. to Ala., lowa, Ark., and Ohio.

7. Fraxinus nigra Marsh. Black Ash. A large tree.
Leaflets 7-11 glabrous, green on both sides, sessile, oblong-lanceo-
late, long acuminate, sharply serrate or serrulate; samara oblong
or linear-oblong, parallel-nerved, the body flat, winged all around
and extending to or beyond the middle. Wood used for barrel-
hoops, baskets, cabinet-work, and interior finish. In swamps and
wet soil. Newf. to Manitoba, Va.,; Ark., and Ohio.

70. Adélia Br. Adelia.

Shrubs or small trees with opposite simple leaves. Fruit a
drupe; flowers fascicled or paniculate, from scaly buds.
t. Adelia acuminata Mx. Adelia. A shrub or small

tree usually with somewhat thorny branches. On river banks.
Il, mo Gag Milo, armel exe

71. Chionanthus L. Fringetree.
Shrubs or small trees with opposite simple, entire leaves.
Fruit a drupe.
1. Chionanthus virginica L. Fringetree. A shrub or
small tree with handsome, white, fragrant flowers in drooping
panicles. In moist soil. Del. and Ohio to Fla. and Tex.

Order, POLEMONIALES.
Scrophulariaceae. Figwort Family.
72. Paulownia Sieb. & Zucc. Paulownia.
A large tree with opposite, petioled leaves, the pith with cavi-
ties. Fruit an ovoid, acute capsule.
1. Paulownia tomentosa (Thumb.) Baill. Paulownia.

A large rapid-growing tree with violet flowers in terminal pan-
icles. Native of Japan; escaped from cultivation.

176 ~=©Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science
Bignomaceae. Trumpet-creeper Family.
73. Catalpa Scop. Catalpa.

Trees or shrubs with opposite or verticillate simple leaves
and large white or mottled flowers in terminal panicles or
corymbs. Leaves with large nectar glands in the axils of the
veins on the under side. Capsule long and bean-like.

1. Young twigs glabrous or nearly so, leaf-blades downy below; flow-
ers large, white, with 2 yellow stripes inside and spotted purplish
brown. 2.

1. Young twigs and petioles with long hairs; leaf blades glabrous be-
low or nearly so, commonly 3-lobed or angled, strong-scented ;
flowers small, yellow with orange stripes inside and violet spots;
capsule very slender. C. ovata.

2. Leaves strong-scented, young petioles glabrous or nearly so; wings
of seed usually narrowed at the ends; panicles many-flowered;
lower corolla lobe entire; bark thin, flaky. C. catalpa.

2. Leaves not unpleasantly scented, young petioles usually pubescent,
wings of seed usually broad, the threads parallel; panicles few-
flowered; lower corolla lobe emarginate; bark thick and rough.
Usually blooms a week or more earlier than C. catalpa. C. speci-
Osa.

1. ‘Catalpa catalpa (.) Karst Comimon Catalpa 7%
tree with thin flaky bark and spreading branches. Wood much
less valuable than that of C. speciosa. The flowers are said to
produce irritation of the skin. Gulf States. Escaped in the
northern states as far as Ohio and N. Y.

2. Catalpa speciosa Ward. Hardy Catalpa. A large
rapid-growing tree with thick rough bark. Wood light, soft, not
strong, brittle, of very coarse texture and brown in color, very
durable in the ground; used for railroad ties, posts, furniture and
interior finish; also suitable for paper pulp. Ill to Tenn., Mo.,
Ark., and Ohio.

* Catalpa ovata Don. Japan Catalpa. A small tree, com-
monly with 3-lobed or angled leaves.

Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 177

Subclass, SYMPETALAE EPIGYNAE.
Order, UMBELLALES.
Araliaceae. Ginseng Family.
74. Aralia L. Aralia.

Herbs, shrubs, or small trees with alternate, pinnately or
ternately decompound leaves. Fruit a small berry.

1. Aralia spinosa L. Angelica-tree. A prickly shrub
or smali tree with long-petioled bipinnate leaves. In low ground
and along streams. Sometimes cultivated. Conn. to Fla., Ohio,
Mos and dex.

Cornaceae. Dogwood Family.
75. Cornus L. Dogwood.

Shrubs or small trees with drupes in cymes or heads, the

cymes self-pruned when the fruit is ripe.
1. Leaves opposite. 2.

1. Leaves alternate; twigs green, smooth; flowers in cymose panicles,
drupe blue. C. alternifolia.

2. Leaves oval or ovate, pointed; axillary buds minute, hidden under-
neath the base of the petiole; flowers in heads with 4-6 large
white bracts; drupe red. C, florida.

2. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate; axillary buds larger, not covered;

flowers cymose; drupe globose, white. C. asperifolia.

1. Cornus florida L. Flowering Dogwood. A small
very ornamental tree, with rough reticulate bark. Wood solid
and valuable; used for shuttles. The drupes are reputed to be
poisonous. Me. and Ont. to Fla., Ohio, Mo., and Tex.

2. Cornus asperifoliaa Mx. Rough-leaf Dogwood. A
tall shrub, sometimes tree-like, with reddish brown twigs. In
rich or moist ground. Ont. to Fla., lowa, Kan., Tex., and Ohio.

3. Cornus alternifolia L. f. Blue Dogwood. A shrub
or small tree with smooth, greenish, bitter bark. In rich soil.
Ness ton Gas, Ont Minn «We Vas Alas and: Ohio:

178 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science

76. Nyssa L. Tupelo.

Trees or shrubs with alternate leaves and solid but dia-
phragmed pith. Fruit a drupe.

1. Leaves mostly entire, mostly acute or acuminate; carpellate flowers
2-14 together; stone little flattened. N. sylvatica.

1. Leaves mostly entire, mostly obtuse; carpellate flowers 1-3 together,
stone much flattened. N. biflora.

1. Nyssa sylvatica Marsh. Tupelo. A large tree with
horizontal branches and with rough bark. Leaves bright crimson,
scarlet, or purple in autumn. Wood firm, heavy, strong, tough,
close-grained, and hard to split; used for hubs of wheels, pulleys,
handles, wooden shoes, wooden ware, etc. Not durable if ex-
posed. In rich moist soil. Not easily transplanted. Me. and
Ont. to Milas] Mich Mex. cand @©hio-

2. Nyssa biflora Walt. Water Tupelo. A large tree
similar to the preceding, the base swollen. In swamps and along
ponds. N. J. to Va., Fla., and Ala.

Order, RUBIALES.
Caprifoliaceae. Woneysuckle Family:
77. WVibtrnum L. Viburnum.

Trees or shrubs with opposite leaves and t-seeded drupes.

1. Leaves prominently acuminate; ‘petioles slender, margined. V.
lentago.

1. Leaves obtuse or merely acute. 2.

Petioles slender, rarely margined; leaves glabrous or nearly so.

V. prunifolium.

2. Veins of the lower leaf surfaces and winged petioles tomentose.

V. rufotomentosum.

1. Viburnum lentago L. Sheepberry. A shrub or small
tree with glabrous acuminate winter buds. Drupe reddish-black,
with a bloom, sweet and edible. Wood hard, ill-smelling. In
rich soil. Hudson Bay to Man., Nae Ga an ands @liies

2. Viburnum prunifolium L. Black Haw. A shrub or
small tree with acute winter buds, often reddish-pubescent. Drupe

Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 179

blue-black, glaucous, sweet and edible. In dry soil. Conn. to
Oat Viich Meant exe aid Olio:

3. Viburnum rufotomentosum Small. Southern Black
Haw. <A small tree with eiliptic or obovate, mostly obtuse leaves,
with brown-tomentose, winged petioles. Wood ill-smelling. On
uplands and dry flood plains. Va. to Ill., Mo., Fla., and Tex.

180 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science

: GLOSSARY.

Achene. A one-seeded dry indehiscerit fruit with a tightly fitting peri-
carp around the seed.

Actinomorphic. Radially symmetrical; a flower or organ which can be
cut into similar equal halves by two or more planes.

Acuminate. Tapering gradually to the apex.

Acute. Sharp pointed.

Adnate. An organ adhering to another; an anther attached longitudinally
to the end of the filament.

Adventive. Apparently becoming naturalized.

Alternate. With a single leaf or other organ at each node.

Ament. A slender usually flexible spike of flowers, as in the willows.

Androecium. The whole set of stamens in a flower.

Anther. The spore-bearing part of a stamen; the part which finally
contains the pollen sacs.

Anthesis. The period of flowering.

Apetalous. Without petals.

Appressed. Lying close against another organ.

Aril. <A fleshy organ around the hilum.

Auricled. With ear-like lobes.

Axillary bud. A bud in the axil of a leaf.

Axil. Vhe point of a stem just above the base of the leaf.

Axile. In the axis of an organ.

Baccate. Berry-like.

Berry. A fruit with a fleshy or pulpy pericarp.

Bilocular (2-lecular). Having two cavities.

Bisporangiate. Having both microsporangia and megasporangia; having
both stamens and carpels.

Blade. The expanded part of a leaf.

Bract. A small, rudimentary, or imperfectly developed leaf.

Bud scale. One of the scales in the winter bud.

Bundle scar. A scar in a leaf scar produced by a vascular bundle or
strand of bundles.

Caducous. Falling away very soon after development.

Calyx. The outer set of sterile floral leaves; the whole set of sepals.

Canescent. With grav or hoary fine pubescence.

Capitate. Arranged in a head.

Capsule. A dry fruit of two or more carpels usually dehiscent by valves
Or weeva.

Carpel. The megasporophyll of a seed plant; the modified leaf or stem
bearing the ovules.

Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 181

Carpellate. Having only carpels, or carpellate flowers.

Catkin. Same as ament.

Cauline. Pertaining to the stem.

Chaff. Dry thin scales.

Chlorophyll. The green coloring matter of plants.

Choripetalous. Having the petals separate or free.

Ciliate. Provided with marginal hairs.

Ciliolate. Minutely ciliate.

Conduplicate. Folded lengthwise.

Cone. A primitive flower as the carpellate cone of the pine.

Connate. Similar organs more or less united.

Convolute. Rolled around or rolled up longitudinally.

Cordate. Heart-shaped.

Coriaceous. Leathery. ;

Corolla. Whe immer set of sterile, usually colored, floral leaves: the
whole set of petals.

Cotyledcn. A leat-like- organ cf the embryo in the seed.

Crenate. With rounded teeth.

Crenulate. Minutely crenate.

Cuneate. Wedge-shaped.

Cuspidate. With a sharp stiff point.

Cyme. An inflorescence of the determinate type, the central flower
developing first.

Deciduous. Falling away at the end of the growing period.
Decompound. More than once compound.
Decurrent. Applied to an organ extending along the side of another.

Dehiscence. The opening of an ovulary, sporangium, or pollen sac for
the discharge of the contents.

Deltoid. Broadly triangular.

Dentate. With outwardly projecting teeth.

Diadelphous. Having the stamens united into two sets.

Diaphragm. A septum or transverse plate in the pith or other parts.

Dichotomous. Two-forked.

Didymous. Twin-like.

Digitate. Diverging like the spread fingers.

Dioecious. Having the microsporangiate or staminate flowers and the
megosporangiate or carpellate flowers on separate plants.

Dissected. Divided into many segments.

Divided. Cleft to the base or to the midrib.

Drupe. A simple usually indehiscent fruit with fleshy exocarp and
bony endocarp.

Dwarf branch. A highly specialized and reduced shoot on a twig, as
in the pine and larch.

182 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science

Emarginate. With a notched apex.

Embryo. An incipient plant in the seed.

Embryo sac. The female gametophyte, contained in the ovule of seed
plants.

End bud. The bud at the end of the twig in case the terminal bud
is seli-pruned.

Endocarp. The inner layer of the pericarp.

Endosperm. The nourishing tissue develcped around the embryo in the
female gametophyte of the angiosperms.

Entire. Without teeth, serratiors or lobes.

Ephemeral. Continuing for cnly a day or less.

Epigynous. Having the calyx, corclla, and androecium above the ovulary.

Eyanescent. Disappearing early.

Exocarp. The outer layer of the pericarp.

Exserted. Extending beyond surrounding organs or parts.

Extrorse. Facing outwards.

Falcate. cythe-shaped.

Fertile. Bearing spores or seeds.

Fertilization. The conjugation of the male and female gametes.

Fetid. IJll-smelling.

Filament. The stall of an anther.

Flower. The modified spore-bearing branch of the seed plants.

Foliaceous. Leaf-lke.

Follicle. A simple fruit dehiscent along one suture.

Fruit. The ripe oyulary with the seeds and whatever parts are con-
solidated with it.

Fugaceous. Falling soon after development.

Fugitive. Plants not native, but recurring here and there, without appar-
ently becoming established.

Gamete. A sexual cell.

Gametophyte. The sexual generation of plants.
Geophilous. Earth-loving; growing partly or completely subterranean,
Gibbous. Enlarged or swoilen on one side.
Glabrate. Nearly without hairs.

Glabrous. Without hairs.

Gland. A group of secreting cells.

Glaucous. Covered with a bluish or white bloom.
Globose. Spherical cr nearly so.

Glutinous. Sticky or gummy.

Gynoecium. The whole set of carpels in a flower.

Habit. General aspect.
Habitat. The place where a plant grows.
Hastate. Arrow-shaped with the basal lobes diverging.

Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 188

Head. A dense, round inflorescence of sessile or nearly sessile flowers.

Herbaceous. lLeaf-like in texture and color.

Hirsute. Having rather coarse stiff hairs.

Hispid. With bristly stiff hairs.

Hydrophyte. A water plant.

Hypogynous. Having the calyx, corolla, and androecium below the.
gynoecium.

Imbricated. Overlapping.

Imperfect. Monosporangiate flowers; having only stamens or only
carpels.

Incised. Cut into sharp lobes.

Included. Not projecting beyond surrounding parts.

Indehiscent. Not opening.

Inequilateral. With unequal sides.

Inferior. Situated or arising below other organs.

Inflorescence. The flower cluster of a plant and its mode of arrange-
ment.

Internode. The part of a stem between two successive nodes.

Introrse. Facing inwards.

Involucre. A whorl of bracts subtending a flower or flower cluster.

Involute. Rolled inwardly.

Irregular. A flower with one or more organs of a set unlike the others.

~Isobilateral. A flower or organ which can be cut into equal halves by

two planes, the halves of the one being unlike those of the

other. 5

Lanceolate. Lance-shaped.

Lateral bud. An axillary bud, any bud not the terminal bud of a branch.

Latex. The milky sap of certain plants.

Leaflet. One of the divisions of a compound leaf.

Leaf scar. The scar or cicatrix formed where the petiole of a leaf sepa-
rates from the stem or twig.

Legume. A simple, dry fruit dehiscent along both sutures.

Lenticel. A small usually oval or rounded spot on the bark of a twig

or stem, produced by a special tissue of cells under a stoma

and breaking through the epidermis.

Limb. The expanded part of a petal, sepal, or sympetalous corolla.

Linear. A jong and narrow organ with the sides nearly parallel.

Lobed. Divided to about the middle or less.

Loculicidal. A capsule which splits longitudinally through the middle
of the back of each cavity or component carpel.

Medullary rays. Strips of cells passing radially through the wood from
the pith or annual rings to the bark.

184 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science

Megaspore. The larger of the two kinds of nonsexual spores produced
in the flower. The megaspore develops into the female
gametophyte.

Megasporangium. A sporangium which produces megaspores; the ovule
in seed plants.

Membranous. Thin and rather soft and pliable.

Mesophyte. A land plant adapted to ordinary conditions of moisture.

Microspore. The smaller of the two kinds of nonsexual spores produced
in the flower. The microspore develops into the male game-
tophyte.

Microsporangium. A sporangium which produces the microspores; the
incipient pollen sacs in the seed plants.

Midrib. The central rib of a leaf or other organ.

Monadelphous. Stamens with united filaments.

Monoecious. Having staminate and carpellate flowers on the same plant.

Monosporangiate. Flowers bearing only one kind of spores; a flower
with only stamens or carpels.

Mucronate. With a sharp abrupt point.

Mucronulate. Slightly mucronate.

Naturalized. Plants not indigenous to a region but having become estab-
lished as part of the flora.

Natural pruning. The process by which dead twigs and branches are
separated from the tree by the formation of a collar or callus.

Nectary. A nectar-secreting organ.

Node. The place where two internodes join, normally with a single
leaf or more.

Nut. An indehiscent one-seeded fruit with a hard or bony pericarp.

Nutlet. A very small nut.

Obcordate. Inversely heart-shaped.

Oblanceolate. Inversely lanceolate.

Oblong. Somewhat longer than broad with the sides nearly or quite
parallel.

Oosphere. The unfertilized egg; the female gamete.

Oospore. The fertilized egg.

Ovary. The female organ of reproduction; an egg-producing organ.

Ovate. Shaped like the longitudinal section of a hen’s egg.

Ovulary. The ovule-bearing part of a closed carpel or set of carpels.

Ovule. The megasporangium of a seed plant which later develops into
a seed.

Ovum. The egg or oosphere.

Palmate. Diverging like the fingers of a hand.

Panicle, A compound inflorescence of the racemose type usually of pyra-
midal form..

Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 185

Parasitic. Growing upon other living plants or animals and absorbing
their juices and tissues as food.

Parietal. Borne on the wall of the ovulary, or pertaining to it.

Parted. Deeply cleft.

Pedicel. The stalk of a flowerimeflower cluster.

Peduncle. The stalk of a flower.

Pellucid. Transparent.

Peltate. Shield-shaped, as a leaf with the petiole attached at or near
the centre of the blade.

Pentacyclic. Having five cycles.

Pentamerous. Five-parted.

Perfect. A flower having both stamens and carpels.

Perfoliate. Leaves so clasping the stem as to appear as if pierced by it.

Perianth. The calyx and corolla taken collectively.

Pericarp. The wall of a fruit; the carpel wall.

Perigynium. The sac-like envelope around the gynoecium of a Carex
flower.

Perigynous. Having the sepals, petals and stamens borne on a disc sur-
rounding the gynoecium.

Persistent. Remaining attached after the growing period.

Petal. One of the leaves of the corolla.

Petiole. The stalk of a leaf.

Pilose. With long soft hairs.

Pinna. The primary divisions of a pinnately compound leaf.

Pinnate. Leaves divided into leaflets or segments along a common axis.

Pinnatifid. Pinnately cleft to the middle or beyond.

Pinnule. A division of a pinna in a compound leaf.

Placenta. The ridge or surface bearing the ovules.

Plicate. [Folded like a fan.

Plumose. Resembling a plume or feather.

Plurilocular. Having several or many cavities.

Pollen grain. The male gametophyte of seed plants.

Pome. The fruit of the apple and related plants, with an adnate fleshy
perigynous disc.

Prickle. A stiff sharp-pointed outgrowth from the epidermis.

Puberulent. With very short hairs.

Pubescent. Hairy, especially with fine and soft hairs.

Punctate. With translucent dots or glands.

Raceme. An elongated inflorescence with each flower on a peduncle.
Rachis. The axis of a compound leaf, spike, or raceme.

Receptacle. The end of the flower stalk bearing the floral organs.
Reflexed. Bent backward abruptly.

Regular. Having the parts of each set alike in size and shape.
Reniform. Kidney-shaped.

186 ~=©Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science

Repand: With a more or less wavy margin.
Retuse. With a shallow notch at the end.
Revolute. Rolled backward.

Rotate. With a flat round corolla; wheel-shaped.

Sagittate. Shaped like an arrow head.

Samara. A simple indehiscent winged fruit.

Scabrous. Rough. ;

Scale. A highly modified dry leaf as in the winter bud of most plants;
also a dry, flat, more or less membranous outgrowth from a
leaf or stem.

Scurfy. Covered with scurf, minute membranous scales, as in Cheno-
podium.

Scarious. Thin, dry, and translucent, not green.

Seed. The matured and modified ovule with a dormant embryo.
Self-pruning. The process by which living buds or twigs are naturally
separated trom the plant.

Self-pruning scar. A scar produced where a twig or bud has been self-

pruned.

Sepal. One of the leaves of a calyx.

Septicidal. A capsule which splits longitudinally through its partitions
thus dividing it into its component carpels.

Serrate. With teeth projecting forward.

Sessile. Without a stall.

Sinuate. With strongly wavy margins.

Sinus. The space between two lobes.

Spermary. The male reproductive organ.

Spermatozoid. The male gamete.

Spike. An elongated inflorescence with sessile or nearly sessile flowers.
Spine. A sharp thorn-like organ not representing a stem in origin, as
the spines on the leaves of the Christmas holly.

Spore. A modified reproductive cell.

Sporophyte. The nonsexual generation of plants.

Spur. A short stunted branch not representing a true dwarf branch and
not ending in a thorn-like point; any projecting appendage of
a flower locking like a spur.

Stamen. The organ of a flower which produces microsporangia, which
contain the microspores which later develop into pollen grains.

Staminate. Having only stamens or staminate flowers.

Stellate. Star-like.

Sterigma. A small, short, peg-like projection on which certain leaves,
spores, etc., are borne.

Sterile. Not producing spores or seeds.

Stigma. The upper part of the carpel; a special organ of the Angio-
sperms to catch the pollen grains.

Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science 18%

Stipel. The stipule of a leaflet.

Stipular scar. The mark made on the bark by deciduous stipules.

Stipular spine. A spine representing a stipule or having the position of
a stipule.

Stipules. Bract-like appendages at the base of the petiole of many leaves.

Strigose. With stiff appressed or ascending hairs.

Style. The narrow top of the carpel or united carpels between the ovulary
and stigma.

Subulate. Awl-shaped.

Succulent. Soft and juicy.

Superposed. Placed one above the other.

Sympetalous. With petals more or less united.

Synantherous. Having the stamens united by their anthers.

Syncarp. A fleshy aggregate fruit.

Terete. Circular in cross section.

Terminal bud. The bud at the morphological tip of the twig.

Ternate. Divided into three segments; arranged in threes.

Tetracyclic. A flower with four cycles.

Tetradynamous. With four long stamens and two short ones as in the
Brassicaceae.

Tetramerous. Four-parted.

Thorn. A highly modified sharp-pointed branch.

Thorn-like spur. A short stunted branch ending in a sharp point or thorn.

Tomentose. Covered with dense wool-like hairs.

Triadelphous. Having stamens united by their filaments into three
bundles.

Trilocular (3-locular). With three cavities.

Trimerous. Three-parted.

Truncate. Terminating abruptly by a nearly straight edge or surface.

Two-ranked. Disposed in two vertical rows along the twig; with the
third leaf in line with the first.

Umbel. A determinate inflorescence with all the peduncles or pedicles
arising from the same point.

Undulate. With wavy margins.

Unilocular (1-locular). With one cavity.

Utricle. A one-seeded fruit with a loose pericarp.

Valvate. Meeting by the margins in the bud, not overlapping; dehiscent
by valves.

Vascular bundle. The conducting strands in the plant body composed
of wood and bast in which water and food materials are
conducted through the roots, stems and leaves.

Vein. One of the branches of the vascular portion of leaves or other
organs.

188 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science

Venation. The arrangement of the veins.

Vernation. The arrangement of the leaves in the bud.

- Versatile. An anther attached at or near its middle to the filament.
Verticillate. Whorled.

Villous. With long, soft hairs not matted together.

Whorled. A group of three or more similar organs radiating from a node.
Winged. With a thin expansion.
Xerophyte. A plant adapted to desert conditions.

Zygomorphic. A flower or organ which can be cut into similar halves
by only one plane.

INDEX

ANIDUGE so pees cece cacerete aac ee 120
PNG Clem etter Marcie ee se Oa 165
ANGI@ay eek Ris eesen tae erie see 175
JNCSCUIS Ave coe ae Hepes ee tare 168
PNGIPATNUTS YS .s cc sane eke e eetlene 162
PN Getaare rar rat esc La Abr Se i 135
ANMRNES 25 Bisa wis ihe GR eee ae 135
imelanchietiaenane so ecenaee 153
AN SCABIS 6 vos debe keene eer 159
Nm elica-bree) eh aes eaeeee - WAT
SAO)DI IS scle leet Sanaa ete eee eee 151
AADENOOIE Sc Sena pice os eel te 156
ENT aMaeN et ek tnosy vy cts ies Reta ibrar;
PAN TED Olavilta eu wane nese se ak eB Heal
ANGID tee REE Oe Rae oo oe eee 173
/\ GibaTN Ta} eae eshte Reenter 150
ANSDOM'-Vetetvaae ole tia toate aerate 124
Bald cy presse yan nes es ee Zl
Basswood, see Linden........ 170
DAVIE Telnyae ete. Oceana steel wees 129
Beecham ee sru vse croton eae 136
etl armen ne teen tie tees 134
Bs C hipewr see et asec calin soenaetu ses 134
IB tebeteti ttt Mees See net otra nae ac 8 131
Black Gum, see Tupelo....... 178
TBile elke JEU sentence pers AR ae 178

Black Locust, see Common
NBO CUr Stary is eer ese cre Hole ban Bo 161
Black Oak, see Quercitron.... 140
Biladdernutieraas yee ese seen 165
Biwe beech inti! eel ce is eG 15:
Broxelldeis press nessa ee es 168
ROWISSOMEHA So6cecccocccscune 147
BIKE Vedra Minnake otc n eet: 165
Buckthorn, 2 ncecccasc nates 169
Buckthorn, see Bumelia...... 172
Bntmvelitata aeacetsntacr nel ne meee me 172
(

ig)

Burning-bush, see Wahoo..... 165
Bute RM themeer ety econ rune 130
Buttonwood, see Sycamore... 148
Canoe Birch, see Paper Birch. 185
Garpinus Peta we eee 133
Cama, See IEMC@OIRIA. ochocosc00c 130
Eactamecat sn sare ae ee canis sens 137
Catal pate cret pat cameo ean 176
Cedar, see IfwimipePsscccoocpoce 121
(SrSISIS a pein ereriti mecs or arre aetna 146
(CenciSweke rua re we eee coe 160
Chramadecypalsicueeeee eee ZL
Ghiemingeet sme ee ee uence 156
Cherry Birch, see Sweet Birch 135
Chiestntiteene ras cine aes 137
Ciaim@mapim scsccoscccccsc0cus 137
ChmOMAMBNIS .occcccsccctso00e We
Choke Pear, see Pear......... 151
Gladhras tists yee ee seety eee: 161
Gotkee heamG ene ee 161
Cornell, see IDORAWOOG. coosscos NTT
COI MiUSia tow eeke ee acini ILIA
(OETA fate aes tee rs eae Dern im ener 163
Comomyyoodl: siscessdosouugoo. 124
Grahbzap ple wre. oye oh she 151
Craraeoisum iy cone ee asc eee 153
Gy. doiniace er a Oe ne 153
IDO DATOS Wea meen dnd adic 172
DoowOOdanvasrer scsi er Way
Flin tetieyeacge ects ecaem orto ance anes 144
JE bi ChahyNOhistaly oo areas obec es ado 165
[RTENOHNIG)= Aneta Set ease meh Sg 136
Iie seers bey ee Gane cole meine near 120
IEitgalbxet tat Seabye es eeectee coe cate aleatewaeates 173
Firing e treee ei es se ease sorts ca. 175
GinkoOuenesnne ee eee 116

89)

190
GEG ES Tae os ies an aera canine
Great Laurel, see Rhododen-

dron

Gymnocladus

Hamamelis
Hackberry
Haw
Haw, see Hawthorn -.-......
Hawthorn
Hemlock
Hercule’s Club, see Angelica-
tree
Hickory
Hicoria
Holly
Honey-locust
Hop-hornbeam
Hoptree
Horse-chestnut

Ilex
Tron Oak, see Post Oak......
Ironwood, see Hop-hornbeam.

Judastree, see Redbud........
Juglans
Juneberry
Juniper
Juniperus

Realities crept Wier ea ace ae ester
Kentucky Coffeetree, se e-
Coffee-bean

Larch
Larix
Laurel, see Rhododendron and

Kalmia
Liquidambar
Linden

Maclura, see Toxylon........
Magnolia
Maiden-hair-tree
Malus
Maple

Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science

Mockennut) as nc. aise aes 132
Mohrodendron ............... 173
INGO tis see iar uci rere ee aia 146
IMLOMMUCAIMCASIN 5.552 be000cc0000 151
Mountain Laurel, see Kalmia. 171
Vib eitereys: Saami 146
Wii tr CaS eae Oe ee Chen cout 129
Nannyberry, see Black Haw.. 178
ING V.SISASA GE iene Meet cae rotten 178
Oak Aires vei bios aes BOM oar eg 137
OSBISONEINNE “Gooch sbedoo0000% 147
Ostiya os eee es oa meee 134
Osxayclemoheiiim ooosscascnconnce Ii
Dp aiwa leeesiekse eel tey am aero aes 150
JPAyDeIr-MMUUIDEPY cococscsos000c 147
Panlownlates Secs cee eee 175
CaCl tie peniaeccree ee eee ee ne 159
PG arty ee Sica OU meee ee 151
PE Camas aas, ote aoe aene aan eee 131
Pepperidge; see Tupelo....... 178
Persininomiccs iy seer yee 172
Picea cs eee aps ot eee 119
Rican oar eee ear 132
HERI ISy BN eNO eR Ge Bia Bere A e's 116
DAM NES as comin ney am ann cL ei ck 116
Plane raya hbk aan ares 146
Plamenmctnee nn rack eee eee 146
Plame streets) accicniak eee 148
Plaats sis nh ede once ae 148
IPiltinmal se Sak eae apart cae a 156
Poison Elder, see Poison

Sbhod ieee Spier anu ma naa ne CE 163
Poplars Cee ee sea ee 122
Poplar, Yellow, see Tuliptree. 149
PG pulse eek mee ee ae 1122
Prickhyeasht saasccctks poe oe 162
PAR UITALISERE Sst ero) a eee 156
IRteleat ak soe diy ered engl eke eee 162
Byatt Se) 22 Bitlet tegen ae uae 151
Ouer citron) eu wie ere 140
Owmerculs* Sis ie eae eae 137
Qiinee a sree ee tere eee 153
Redbudets ses tears naan anise 160

| Red Cedar, see Red Juniper.. 122

Red Elm, see Slippery Elm..
Rhamnus

CCC Ce cr ic

CCC er

Rhus .
IROLbrlinit, 7a 5 oincee Boise a one Gal te
Rock Elm, see Cork Elm.....
Rock Maple, see Sugar Maple.
Seallitbagparssticee cette ee ede Ma 2
Sapindus
SASGa AIS is leper easa eae

Serviceberry, see Juneberry...

Shadbush, see Juneberry......
Sheepberry
Silverbell

Snowdrop-tree, see Silverbell..

Soapberry
Soft Maple, see Silver Maple.
Sorbus
Sou Gum, see Dupelo..:..:-.
Sorreltree
Sourwood, see Sorrel-tree....
Spindletree
Spruce
Stafftree
Staplayleas vans waeeo. Mack seeer
Smal pe evs eens (Pan ante eiays
Sweet-gum
Sweetleaf

silelisivatrellcliaiiels/felie)elellelleleliane

See ie

Index

145
169
aval
163
161
145
167
124
169
150
153
153
178
173
163
173
169
166
151
178
171
WAAL
165

non
SVCAMOne ar oe ene, 148
SHMNDIOCOS cosdocoavonvooceosc 172
di ReembovetineVel ex ura oes a tapi esen i tanetRoStinaT 119
Hace Ghitinieesee canis pets Sea ceteae 121
Waomn, see IslasilnOi. conccos 153
ATT Gr cea eet air ee cree wrest Pe eal
Malta ete SON eal i Mo tsb atta 170
MoxylOn tae e tina ee sas eae 147
WiGSSHOUAIMEA VEIN Goccecoocecdes 162
TES US alee lye eel earn tts enone 120
a Whiptrecinen orate cae ee 149
dF SH OXG! lence exeon wlararn tae anna Henrie 178
MUA an BI ease hl hes Set ne Seriae aa yg 144
WildGiriNGM o.cccocooscceuoocses 178
AVAVET OVCX Op eer nares nse e ne ae 165
WAV ey ROWUN cs gree hye te tane ten ee Metta ket aeag 129
Water-beech, see Blue-beech.. 133
Water Elm, see Planertree.... 146
NWiasxeinlyrtetil eee reuse Mm tensions 129
Wahnite-ce datuetannern se oror tts te HEA
White Maple, see Silver Maple 166

Whitewood, see Linden....... 170

NAMM ON tie ccie lanes taeuen nis tev rater esate 124
WWitclishazelgeancpvesea ona ae 147
NeraUMOSGyIM F55600000e5000000 162
Yellow Oak, see Chestnut Oak 144
Yellow Poplar, see Tuliptree.. 149
WelllowawoOod .¢scccccc0ccn00e 161

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'

PROCEEDINGS OF THE OHIO STATE ACADEMY ‘OF SCIENCE,
Volume V, Part 5, Special Paper No. 16.

The Pteridophytes
of Ohio

BY

~~

JOHN H. SCHAFFNER

BOTANICAL DEPARTMENT, OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY:

4

Pe ie :
ee ie

(AAIVS WY
PUBLICATION COMMITTEE. i |
‘capa oe HAMBLETON. Be RICE, BRuCE FINK,

DaTE or PUBLICATION, Jan. 5, 1910.

PUBLISHED BY THE ACADEMY,
CoLumMsBus, OHIO.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE,
Volume V, Part 5, Special Paper No. 16.

The Pteridophytes
of Ohio

BY

JOHN H. SCHAFFNER

BOTANICAL DEPARTMENT, OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY.

PUBLICATION COMMITTEE.

J. C. HAMBLETON. Ee RACE. BRUCE FINK,

DsTE OF PUBLICATION, JAN. 5, 1910.

PUBLISHED BY THE ACADEMY,
COLUMBUS, OHIO.

NOTE.

The expense of publication of this paper is covered by a
grant from the Emerson McMillin Research Fund.
WILLIAM R. LAZENBy,
E. L. Rice,
FRANK CARNEY,
Trustees.

Contribution from the Bontanical Laboratory of Ohio State
University, 52.

INTRODUCTION.

Aside from their esthetic value, our native Pteridophytes
are of little practical use, and this may be said of most of the
species living in the world today. Ecologically considered, how-
ever, they are of considerable importance, and in the past geo-
logical ages also, the ferns and their allies were most important
plants, contributing largely to the formation of coal.

It is hoped that this presentation of the Ohio species will
enable all who so desire to become acquainted with these most
graceful plant forms.

The keys have been made very complete so that one should
be certain of the specimen in hand when the name has been
{raced out, except perhaps in a few of the more difficult genera.
Only brief descriptions have been given in the catalog of species,
and usually the characters enumerated in the keys have not been
repeated.

The list of Ohio Pteridophytes, as it now stands, contains
61 species and a number of varieties, all being represented by
herbarium specimens. Unless otherwise stated the records are
based on specimens in the state herbarium of the Ohio State
University. It is possible that several other species will be found
in the state.

The census of species is as follows:
Ferns — 44 species.
Equisetums — 8 species.
Lycopods —6_ species.
Water-ferns — I species.
Quillworts — No species.
Selaginellas — 2 species.

Among those who have published lists of the Ohio ferns
and fern allies, either separately or in some more extensive

265

266 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

catalog, the following deserve special mention: John L. Riddell,
Wik Sa) Suilliant) MhosiiG:yleaslosephy Clara ye saa New pete
H. ©. Beardslee, A. P. Morgan, Joseph F. jlames, Merbert 1:
Jones, E. L. Moseley, Wm. A. Kellerman, and Lewis S. Hop-
kins. Many other botanists have contributed either directly or
indirectly to the knowledge of Ohio Pteridophytes, and the
names of those who have presented specimens to the collection
now in the State Herbarium would make a very extensive list.

Our forefathers considered ferns to be mysterious and un-
canny things. They could not quite comprehend what seemed
to be real plants without flowers or seeds. Thus many super-
stitions arose, the chief one of which, perhaps, was in regard
to fern seed. It was supposed that the fern seed could be ob-
tained only on the night of St. John’s Eve, the 24th of June.
Those who went to obtain the seed took a white cloth along in
which to catch it. In some parts the fern seed was supposed
to be in the keeping of the devil and could be obtained from him
only at midnight. In some parts of England the general name
for ferns was devil’s bushes. On the night of St. John’s Eve
all the hosts of Elfland were also abroad in their greatest power.
The fern would then produce a small blue flower at dusk and the
wonderful seed would be ripe and fall from the plant at mid-
night. The fern seed was said to insure good luck. It would
confer on one the strength of thirty or forty men. Another
property was that it would enable the possessor to discover hid-
den treasure and to unlock anything that required opening. The
sap of a plant from which fern seed is obtained would confer on
the person taking the draft the blessing of eternal youth.

But the greatest property of all which the magic seed pos-
sessed was that by it one might become invisible. There is,
however, no authentic record of anyone thus becoming invisible
by its aid, so fern seed must have been about as scarce then as
it is at present. This belief in the power of the fern seed to
make men invisible arose in the age when the doctrine of sig-
natures was taught and believed. Nature in giving particular

Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science. 267

shapes to leaves and flowers plainly taught our credulous ances-
tors for what diseases they were especially useful. A heart-
shaped leaf was a cure for diseases of the heart; a leaf resem-
bling the liver was for liver complaints; a bright-eyed flower was
for the eyes; a foot-shaped flower was a certain cure for gout,
etc. It was thus a clear conclusion that a plant with invisible
reproductive organs would 1f properly used confer the property
of invisibility. Shakespeare refers to this belief in the first part
Oi cine taleniaalNER Nctlile Scene tay \VVierhiave the receipt of
fernseed; we walk invisible.’ Ben Johnson alludes to the same
superstition, as follows:

“T had no medicine, Sir, to go invisible,
No fern seed in my pocket.”

Buller, im Intudhioras, Ieee ION Caio 2) ieee WO Ware seen
in a more scientific manner:

“Who would believe what strange bugbears
Mankind creates itself of fears,

‘That spring, like fern, that insect weed,
Equivocally, without seed,

And have no possible foundation

But merely in th’ imagination?”

It was customary in the seventeenth century to set fire to
growing ferns under the belief that the practice would produce
rain. The smoke of ferns was also believed to drive away
snakes and other noxious creatures. In some places it was be-
lieved that by taking a bite from the leaf of the first fern that
appeared in Spring the toothache would depart for a year. In
the Tyrol, Osmunda is placed over the door for good luck. In
some parts of England there was a practice of cutting the
rhizome of a fern slantwise, when a picture of an oak tree could
be made out; and the saying was that the more perfect the repre-
sentation the more lucky the person would be who cut it. A
certain species of spleenwort was supposed to make the spleen
wither away. Thus in the Island of Crete the flocks and herds
were said to be without spleens because they browsed on this

268 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

herb. In some parts of the island where the plant did not grow,
the cattle were said to have the usual spleens.

As stated above, the uses of ferns and ferm allies im the
household and the arts are insignificant. They are, however,
much valued as ornamental plants. The species usually culti-
vated belong to the ordinary ferns and selaginellas. The Male
Fern, Dryopteris filix-mas is officinal. It is an anthelmintic
which is considered especially effective in removing tape-worms.
It is not found in Ohio, but our Dryopteris marginalis is used in
the same way as a taenifuge. Equisetum arvense is supposed
to be injurious to horses, at least when in the form of hay.
Pteridium aquilinum is supposed to be injurious to cattle and
horses. Some of the scouring rushes, like Equisetum hyemale,
are used for scouring utensils and polishing wood. The petioles
of Adiantum pedatum are used by the Indians for basket-work.

The spores of Lycopodium clavatum and other species have
a pharmaceutical use for coating pills and other adhesive sur-
faces. The spores are also used as baby powder to prevent
chafing. The spore powder is highly inflammable and is used
in the manufacture of fireworks and the artificial representation
of lightning on the stage. Some species of Lycopodium, as L.
obscurum, are extensively used for Christmas decorations.

A few of the ferns have a culinary value. The rhizome of
the eagle fern, Pteridium aquilinum, is gathered and boiled by
some savages and used as food. The succulent petioles of the
eagle fern also furnish an article of food. They should be
gathered just before the leaf-blade begins to unroll, and after
cutting off the blade and the lower rather woody part and scrap-
ing off the bitter hairs and scales, they may be cooked much like
asparagus or greens. The taste is not unpleasant and is agree-
able to many persons. The petioles of the royal fern, Osmunda
regalis, are used in the same way. Other ferns are also used as
pot herbs. Among the more important are the cinnamon fern,
Osmunda cinnamomea; Clayton’s fern, Osmunda claytoniana ;
and the ostrich fern, Matteuccia struthiopteris. The leaves are
collected just as they are unrolling and boiled as greens.

—_ Pleridium aguilinurm.

Pinna showing

<> continuous marg/na/l sorus and indus/um
—=> =

Leaf hlade

—

__ -Pettolle N

Son Wiis

SNENE WW )Z,

| es a We
| Yi life (i

Onoclea sensibilis. Pinna showing
areolate or anastornesing venation.

Pinnule Showing SOrus Adiantum pedatum.
Pinnule showing dichotomous

vention and marginal sor’.

with sporangia
and in~usium___-

Filrx bulbi fera.
Cross séction of
is Petiole showrng
Dryopter’s marginals. vascular Lund les,
Cross section of petio/e
Showing vascular bundles

Dryopterss marginalis 2

Drawings of the common parts of fern leaves, by Clara G. Mark.

240 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

CLASSIFICATION OF PTERIDOPHYTES.
ARCHEGONIATA. Archegoniates.

The intermediate plants; normally aerial plants but mois-
ture-loving; always with an alternation of generations, the ga-
metophyte comparatively large and often hermaphrodite in the
lower forms but minute and always unisexual in the highest;
the sporophyte small and without vascular tissue and perma-
nently parasitic in the lower forms but large and with vascular
tissue and becoming independent when mature in the higher;
either homosporous or heterosporous, eusporangiate or leptospo-
rangiate, never seed-producing ; growing point commonly with a
definite, two- or three-sided apical cell; stems sometimes having
secondary thickening by means of a more or less perfect cam-
bium or by division in the cortical cells; oosphere produced in
an ovary of definite character called an archegonium and always
cutting off a ventral canal cell; fertilization asiphonogamic, the
spermatozoids swimming through water.

1. Sporophyte without roots, leaves or fibrovascular tissue......
BSS ale Mea ec Oa aD ner NL Me BryopHytTA. Mosses and Liverworts.
1. Sporophyte independent when mature with true roots, leaves, and

IMDROWASCLIE TISSUES) Joc oaaddbodocedonocoodnodes PTERIDOPHYTA, 2.
2. With one kind of nonsexual spores...... PTERIDOPHYTA HoMOSPORAE.
2. With two kinds of nonsexual spores.... PTERIDOPHYTA HETEROSPORAE.

In this manual the Pteridophytes are still classified in their
subkingdoms representing the lower and higher stages of de-
velopment. They may more properly be classified according to
their natural relationships into three great branches or phyla as
follows:

1. Ptenophyta. About 4,500 known living species. Vas-
cular seedless plants with comparatively large multiciliate sperms
and usuaily with large, commonly compound leaves, the sporo-
phylls not in cones.

Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science. 271

Classes, Filices,
Hydropterides,
Tsoeteae,

2. Calamophyta. 25 known living species. Vascular seed-
less plants with jointed stems and small whorled leaves with
comparatively large multiciliate sperms, ard with the sporophylls
in cones.

Classes, Equiseteae,
Sphenophylleae (Fossil),
Calamarieae (Fossil).

3. Lepidophyta. 660 known living species. Vascular seed-
less plants with simple, usually small leaves covering the stem,
with small biciliate sperms, and with the sporophylls in cones
or sometimes forming zones alternating with the sterile leaves.

Classes, Lycopodieae.
Selaginelleae.

KEY TO THE CLASSES OF HOMOSPOROUS AND
HETEROSPOROUS PTERIDOPHYTES OF OHIO.

With comparatively large. broad, compound or rarely simple, abun-
dantly veined leaves; homosporous, the spores all of one kind;
sporangia borne on the foliage leaves or on special sporangio-
SDIOKONGOMY Svc tA nen era let iG cc eA Ue au RNa Tes i J]. Fririces. Ferns.

—t

1. With 4-foliate, slender-petioled leaves from a horizontal rhizome;
or small, free-floating plants with small 2-ranked foliage leaves;
heterosporous, the spores of two sizes, microspores and megaspores ;
sporangia in sporocarps........1V. Hypropreripes. Water-ferns.

1. Leaves small, short, and scale-like, scattered or in whorls; or long,
erass-like, and in a rosette; plants not floating; homosporous or
heterosporous. 2.

2. With minute scale-like leaves in a whorl, forming sheaths at the
nodes of the jointed stem; homosporous, the spores with append-
Ages, tne polate snomoplorllils tim COMES. 5c05050¢0000gG0ns000%

NON Teles nen gredit eae II. Eoutserear. Horsetails and Scouring Rushes.

272 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

With simple, long, grass-like leaves containing a ligule and forming
a rosette on a short 2- or 3-lobed stem; heterosporous, the sporan-
gia in the bases of the leaves... 5.2.2... - V. IsoErreAr. Quillworts.

With numerous, small, lanceolate, subulate, or scale-like, 1-nerved
leaves covering the stem. 3.

Leaves without a ligule; homosporous, sporangia single in the axils
of the sporophylls which are arranged in cones or in zones alter-
nating with foliage leaves.......... III. Lycopoprear. Clubmosses.

Leaves with a ligule; green cells often with only 1 large chloroplast;
heterosporous, the sporangia single in the axils of the sporophylls
which are arranged in cones....VI. SELAGINELLEAE. Selaginellas.

Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science. 2713

SUBKINGDOM, PTERIDOPHYTA HOMOSPORAE.

Homosporous Pteridophytes ; 4,500 known living species.

Plants in which the herbaceous or tree-like sporophyte, after
the juvenile stage, has an independent existence with true fibro-
vascular tissue, roots, and leaves, and with a terminal growing
point; homosporous and either eusporangiate or leptosporangiate.
Gametophyte usually rather large, normally hermaphrodite al-
though often unisexual; thalloid and green but sometimes tu-
berous and subterranean and without chlorophyll.

Class J. Fimtces. Ferns. About 4,000 living species.

Sporophyte herbaceous or tree-like, usually with a horizontal
rhizome, simple or branched; leaves usually large, alternate and
mostly compound, rarely slender and grass-like; sporangia borne
on the under side of the leaves or on simple or branched sporan-
giophores; eusporangiate or leptosporangiate; sporophylls not
forming cones. Gametophyte comparatively large, tuber-like
without chlorophyll and subterranean, or commonly developed
as a flat, simple or branched thallus, hermaphrodite or unisexual ;
spermatozoids multiciliate.

KEY TO THE GENERA OF OHIO FILICES.

Required for identification — perfect leaves with the entire
petioles, some of the leaves with sporangia which need not, how-
ever, be mature. The vascular bundles should be determined
at or very near the base of the petiole. The number following
the generic name refers to the list number.

1. Leaf blades areolate, the veins anastomosing to form a network. 2.
1. Leaf blades not areolate, the veins not anastomosing, but dicho-
tomous or pinnate, and ending free. 5.

Leaf blades simple, entire, with a distinct sporangiophore with two
rows of sporangia, vascular bundles in petiole 3-6..........

Sie Meisels Oplioglossum (1).

<2)

274 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

bo

Oo

=]

(6)

Wo)

10.

10.

alles

iil

Leaf blades compound or somewhat lobed, the sporangia on the
blade or on distinct leaves. 3.

Leaves rooting freely at the long tapering apex, simple or somewhat
lobed; sori linear or oblong; vascular bundles in base of petiole
Ai nite LG LEM ss eNOLEANI Vibe agtaiyaan i eat tla Aer nal Camptosorus (11).

Leaves not rooting at the tip, pinnatifid or pinnate. 4.

Sterile pinnae sharply serrate; vascular bundles in base of petiole
2 or numerous, sori oblong in chain-like rows.......

Sterile pinnae coarsely toothed or lobed; vascular bundles in base
of petiole 2; sori round, enclosed in the leaflet.....Onoclea (19).

Vascular bundles in base of petiole 3 or more. 6.

Vascular bundles in base of petiole 1 or 2, but additional brown
or black sclerenchyma bundles may be present. 11.

Sporangia on a more or less branched sporangiophore distinct from
the leaf blade; vascular bundles in the base of the common
DYESS O)IKe viata Viiredy nish Vessley naan Te ule Nera Gi uaa Paes a RCO nie Cu Botrychium (2).

Sporangia not on a sporangiophore distinct from the leaf blade. 7.

Leaflets with continuous marginal indusia; leaves large, ternate,
with nectar glands in the axils of the main divisions; vascular
bundles in base of petiole about 12, irregularly arranged...

SEL Oat ar a Un GR cm IDA utc Re URGE Pteridium (6).

Sori with special indusia or naked, not covered by the leaf margin;
vascular bundles in base of petiole 10 or less. 8.

With oblong or linear sori in chains parallel to the midrib; leaf-
lets areolate in the middle; vascular bundles in base of petiole 7-9.
SLA LLU IPRS Aas ES AIA to Ae ERE HN 1 EE Woodwardia (8).

Sori round or roundish, indusia less than twice as long as broad. 9.

Pinnae strongly auricled on the upper side at the base; fertile part
of leaf specialized; indusium orbicular, peltate, without a sinus,
fixed by the centre; vascular bundles in base of petiole 4-5.
SURE Cae MERC MARTINI CoA RUN MANS EI ee OBO AE Polystichum (12).

Pinnae not auricled. 10.

Leaves simply pinnatifid; petioles articulated to the rhizome; sori
naked, circular; vascular bundles in base of petiole 3...

AUR OSE UMC ORY och SE PLR Ee nas be nO Polypodium (4).

Leaves 2- or more- pinnatifid or pinnate; indusium reniform or 1f
OGrimcullar wanda al meiriONy SMS, .dossaeco-cosccese Dryopteris (18).

Sporangia borne on specialized leaves, without foliage leaflets, on
specialized pinnae at the middle or end of the foliage leaf, or
on special sporangiophores distinct from the leaf blade. 12.

Sporangia on leaflets of ordinary foliage leaves, some or ail of
which may be fertile. 14.

Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science. 275

Vascular bundles 2, often uniting, not incurved; sori on specialized
leaves; pinnules pinnately veined, barely dichotomous...........
PN eMC OPENNG TLS eat ste ea sLi A eu AoA UTS (NISL AER ade SOS Matteuccia (18).

Vascular bundles strongly incurved, venation distinctly dichotomous.
13.

Sporangiophore distinct, usually on a stalk beside the leafblade;
spormenia lise, cllolnuilaits, sodccoonscconcusoonsees Botrychiwm (2).

Sporangia on specialized leaflets at the end or sides of the foliage
leaves; or on specialized leaves; vascular bundle in base of
petiole il; leaves’ 2 or more feet lone, bipinnatiid or bi-
sDUSUMERHO SS paca lla Da Pee Raley aU He anna ty ea Osmunda (3).

Sori with marginal indusia formed by the more or less altered and
reflexed edge of the leaflet or its lobes. 15.

Sori with special indusia or naked, not covered by the margin of the
leatletame iG)

Only the tips of the lobes of the leaflets reflexed as indusia.
aS ase TTeay St neste tanc ole tae MEN ter ane Re RC Lam IRC aR Adiantum (8).

Entire margin of the leaflets reflexed to form the indusium, rarely
AROS NGA OUKEATL, Ore eal eye anes PARP ee NS elle Riasenacearal VEN aN Pellaea (7).

Sori linear or oblong, indusia more than twice as long as broad. 17.

Sori round or roundish, indusia less than twice as long as broad. 18

Sori elongated, on the upper sides of the veins..... Asplenium (9).

Sori and indusia somewhat curved, sometimes horseshoe-shaped
many of tnem crossing the veinlet, sometimes with 2 sori placed
back to back; leaves bipinnatifid or bipinnate in our species, usu-

eAllligy?: PFS} AOS MON over hee laiert Si Hana icrg ener creie alae eiaiet eee ae aes Athyrium (10).
Sori naked, circular; petiole with 2 united vascular bundles; leaf
DiAGeS {imlamerllar Or WPMANE, ococlceccccescocgo0r Phegopteris (14).

Sori with indusia, sometimes inferior and obscure; leafblade not
triangular nor ternate. 19.

Indusium superior, cordate or reniform, attached by the sinus.
oh geae UN a SE RTA oe SERS Da eee RLY Ue MR ug Dryopteris (13).

Indusium convex, delicate and partly inferior, attached by a broad
base at the side and enclosing the sorus like a hood; leaves:
SOmMenNEeS ‘EN DROOCHONCS,ccccccbcsceoncostododnnoode Filiz (15).

Indusium wholly inferior. 20.

Indusium roundish or stellate, delicate, cleft into narrow segments;
leaves in our species usually nct over 16 inches long. Woodsia (16).

Indusium cup-shaped, somewhat 2-valved; leaves in ours usually
OVER Ce eC O Moerman ste (aan eee mane date Dennstaedtia (17).

276 Proceedings of the Olio State Academy of Science.

Subclass, EUSPORANGIATAE.
Sporangia arising from the tissues beneath the epidermis.
Order, Ophioglossales.
Ophioglossaceae. Adder-tongue Family.
Sporophyte more or less succulent with fleshy roots; sporan-
gia opening by a transverse slit, spores yellow. Gametophyte sub-
terranean, without chlorophyll.

1. Ophiogl6dssum L. Adder-tongue.

Low plants with simple leaves and sporangia in two rows
on a slender sporangiophore. Veins reticulate.
1. Ophioglossum vulgatum L. Adder-tongue.

A low plant with a short rhizome and simple leaves, the
sporangia borne on a spike-like sporangiophore. In moist mead-
ows and thickets, on the ground. Rather generally distributed
in Ohio, but local and not common.

2. Botry’chium Swz. Grape-iern.

Plants with a short erect rhizome and fleshy roots. Leaves
pinnately or ternately divided or compound; sporangiophore
branched. Veins ending free. |

1. Leaf blade pinnate or ternate, sessile on the common petiole or on
a stalk not more than 1 inch in length. 2.

1. Leaf blade ternate; on a stalk over 2 inches in length. 6.

2. Leaf blade more or less fleshy, pinnate or bipinnate, or if ternate
then small, not much over 2 inches long. 3.

2. Leaf blade membranous, ternately decompound with three main
sessile divisions, large; the sporangiophore stalked, usually 6
inches or more in length. Bud enclosed in a cavity at one side
Oi WAS WAKO Ot WMS: SwHOlSccoccaccondacscoccddvocc000 B. virgimanum.

3. Sporangiophore stalked. leaf blade usually pinnatifid, pinnate or bi-
pinnate, stalked or sometimes nearly sessile. 4.

3. Sporangiophore sessile or nearly so, leaf blade closely sessile on the
common petiole, 3-lobed and 2-pinnatifid............ B. lanceolatum,

4. Leaf blade simply pinnatifid or pinnate: 5.

4. Leaf blade 2-pinnatifid or 2-pinnate, with narrow segments, oc-
Casiomallhy wm & GIRMIEHOMS., ¢occb0c000cb0s0000900000000 B. neglectum.

5. Leaf blade usually short-stalked, pinnatifid or nearly entire; sporan-
giophore nearly simple or little branched.............. B. simplex.

Proceedings of the Olwo State Academy of Science, 277

®. Leaf blade pinnate, nearly sessile, with fan-shaped segments; sporan-

SiOphoreminchaspranchedrmnrene eee erence B. lunaria.
6. Leaf segments obliquely ovate or oblong, large, 4-1 inch
KOTOR er ceetebee a vesiheio, 0 are RS NY Sic cb nen ies IR SR ens a B. obliquum.

6. Leaf segments finely laciniate, narrow, + inch wide or less......
anes SRST tet rate ate emcee at RMIT Secy ea caval tua eae canes eae NEA LIS CCLULIIO.

t. Botrychium lunaria (L.) Sw. Moonwort.

A fleshy low plant with the leaf blade usually sessile at
about the middle of the common petiole. Lobes of the leaf fan-
shaped, 3-8 pairs. Sporangiophore much branched. In open
places and fields. Northern. Lake Co.

2. Botrychium simplex Hitch. Little Grape-fern.

A delicate plant, 4-10 inches high with the leaf blade simply
lobed or pinnatifid and usually short-stalked at about the middle
of the common petiole, the lobes only slightly fan-shaped. In
moist rich woods and meadows. Cedar Point, Erie Co.

3. Botrychium negléctum Wood. Matricary Grape-fern.

A plant 6-12 inches high often very fleshy; leaf blade ovate
or oblong 1-2 pinnatifid or pinnate with obtuse divisions and
narrow toothed segments. Sporangiophore 2-3-pinnate. (B.
matricariaefoliwm A. Br.) In rich grassy woods and swamps.
Portage, Ashtabula, Cuyahoga and Erie Cos.

4. Botrychiwm lanceolatum (Gmel.) Angs. Lanceleaf Grape-
fern.

A somewhat fleshy plant with a closely sessile leaf blade
near the summit of the common petiole. Blade triangular and
ternately twice pinnatifid. Sporangiophore sessile or short-
stalked, 2-3-pinnate. In rich woods, meadows and swamps, on
the ground. Geauga and Portage Counties.

5. Botrychium obliquum Muhl. Oblique Grape-fern.

Plant robust, the leaf blade on a long stalk arising from near
the base of the common petiole, ternate, the segments obliquely

278 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

ovate or oblong. Sporangiophore long-stalked, much branched.
Low woods and open places:’ Root contraction very prominent.
General in Ohio.

6. Botrychium. disséctum Spreng. Cutleaf Grape-fern.

Plant rather robust with a much dissected leaf blade on a
long stalk from near the base of the common petiole, the sporan-
ciophore also long-stalked and much branched. Ultimate seg-
ments laciniate. Roots with prominent contraction. In various
habitats, meadows and open woods. General in the state.

7. Botrychium virguuanum (L.) Sw. Virginia Grape-fern.

A plant from 1-2 feet high with a large, ternate, mem-
branous leaf, sessile on the common petiole; sporangiophore long-
stalked, 2-3-pinnate. In rich woods and moist rocky ravines.
General and common in the state.

Subclass, LEPTOSPORANGIATAE.

Sporangia arising from the epidermal cells commonly

stalked.
Order, Filicdles.

Osmundaceae. Royal Fern Family.

Large ferns with 1-2-pinnate leaves with free veins. Spor-
angia large, globose, without a ring.

3. Osmtnda L.

Tall ferns, growing in moist places, swamps or bogs, in large
rosettes or crowns. Sporangia opening by a longitudinal cleft
into two halves.

1. Leaves truly bipinnate fertile at the apex; veins in the pinnules once
alnGl WHS GHOEMOWOMNOUWIS, ,osog4cccca0cosccacouce 2 Cun O. regalis.

1. Sterile leaves bipinnatifid. 2.

2. Leaves with fertile pinnae in the middle, sterile pinnae without a
tuft of tomentum at the base......:................ O. claytoniana.

Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science, 279

2. Fertile leaves distinct from the foliage leaves; pinnae of the foliage
leaf with a distinct tuft of tomentum at the base; veins in the
pinnules regularly once dichotomous.............. O. cinnamomea.,

1. Osmunda regalis 1. Royal Fern.

A large fern with stout rhizome bearing a cluster of bipin-
nate leaves, 2-6 feet high. Sporophylis with the upper pinnae
developed as a specialized sporangiophore. In swamps and wet
places. General in Ohio.

2. Osmunda claytoniana L. Clayton’s Fern.

A large fern with stout rhizome bearing a rosette of 2-
pinnatifid leaves 2-6 feet high. Sporophylls with specialized
spore-bearing pinnae in the middle. In moist places. General
in the state.

3. Osmunda cinnamomea L. Cinnamon Fern.

A large fern with a very large, widely creeping rhizome
bearing a rosette of large sterile leaves with brown colored sporo-
phylls within. Petioles with abundant tomentum when young.
Veins in the pinnules regularly once dichotomous. In swamps
and wet places. General.

Polypodiaccac. Polypody Family.

Ferns of various habits, the rhizome horizontal or erect.
Sporangia opening transversely and provided with a vertical
ring.

4. Polypodium L. Polypody.

Ferns with creeping rhizomes articulated petioles and pin-
nate or simple leaves. Sori hemispherical without indusia. Veins
ieee
i, ILeaves glalbrotiss pllame Greem, oocsccetcccsosdconedoscoon. P. vulgare.

1. Lower surface of the leaf densely scaly; plant grayish........
a Ares Rapa LOL AR RIN tel saeco Weeds a gem RCAC eA a P. polypodioides.

280 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

1. Polypodium vulgare L. Common Polypody.

Rhizome widely creeping, densely covered with brown
scales. Leaves evergreen, glabrous, with light-colored petioles.
On rock's and rocky banks. General in the eastern half of the
state.

1. Polypodium polypodioides (L.) Hitch. Gray Polypody.

Rhizome widely creeping covered with small brown scales.
leaves coriaceous evergreen, glabrous or nearly so above,
densely covered with gray peltate scales below. On trees or oc-
casionally on rocks. Adams and Hamilton counties.

Coe eAdian tuna le

Graceful ferns with much-divided leaves, with polished and
shining petioles and dichotomous venation. Sori marginal under
the reflexed tips of the pinnules.

1. Adiantum pedatum L. -Maidenhair Fern.

A fern with dichotomously forked leaves with pinnate
branches, and with dark-brown or purplish petioles. On the
ground in woods and on rocky hillsides. General and common.

6. Pteri’dium Scop.

Large and usually coarse ferns with marginal, continuous
sori and indusia and free veins. (Pteris).

1. Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn. Eagle-fern.

Rhizome horizontal and very extensive, the leaves ternate
and large with nectar glands in the axils of the main divisions.
The nectar is eaten by ants. In sunny places, especially on hill-
sides ; sometimes also in the shade. Often called Bracken. Gen-
eral in Ohio.

Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science. 281

7. Pellaea Link. Cliff-brake.

Rather small ferns growing on rocks, with marginal sori
and indusia. Leaves pinnate or pinnatifid with dark-colored
petioles. Veins free.

1. Pellaea atropurpurea (L.) Link. Purple Cliff-brake.

Rhizome short and densely covered with hair-like scales.
Leaves coriaceous, evergreen, simply pinnate or 2-pinnate below.
Usually on limestone rocks. Ottawa, Stark, Franklin, Clark,
Greene, Highland, and Adams counties.

8. Woodwardia Sw. Chain-fern.

Large ferns with pinnate or nearly 2-pinnate leaves and
oblong linear sori arranged in chain-like rows parallel to the
margins of the pinnae. Venation, partly areolate.

1. Woodwardia virginica (L.) Sw. Virginia Chain-fern.

Rhizome long, stout and chaffy. Sterile and fertile leaves
similar in outline, pinnate, the pinnae linear-lanceolate. In
swamps and wet ground. Ashtabula, Defiance, Geauga, Sum-
mit, Wayne, and Williams counties.

g. Asplénium L. Spleenwort.

Large or small ferns with leaves of various types, the sori
linear or oblong oblique to the midribs or rachises. Veins free.

1. Leaves pinnatifid, or pinnate only near the base, tapering to a
long point. 2.
1. Leaves once pinnate, with numerous pinnae. 3.
1. Leaves 2-3-pinnate or pinnatifid. 6.
2. Lobes of the leaf rounded or the lowest acuminate...4d. pinnatifidum.
2. Lobes acute or acuminate, the tip of the leaf frequently root-
ing ....d. platyneuron X Camptosorus rhizophyllus. (A. ebenoides.)
Petioles pale, green or straw-colored; pinnae linear-lanceolate with
a long point; leaves usually 2-3 feet long......... A. angustifolium.

ice)

282 Proceedings of the Oho State Academy of Science.

Petioles black or dark purple; pinnae mostly rather short and
blunt. 4.
4, Pinnae auricled at the upper side of the base. 5.
4. Pinnae not auricled; alternate or opposite on the rachis, oval or
roundish oblong, inequilateral..................... A. trichomanes.
Pinnae opposite, oblong; plants small; rachis dark brown or black.
rs Uae ORE FSI as aso NL le eg ae a ae cc A. parvulum.
5. Pinnae partly alternate usually lanceolate; plants usually much
larger; rachis chestnut brown or reddish.......... A. platyneuron.
6. Petioles usually green, pinnules fan-shaped, usually incised....
PRR Re TR AN AICO oa UU May eC Ce AD cen a EASE A. ruta-muraria.
6. Petioles dark at the base, pinnules ovate-oblong, the lowest pinnately
cleft into oblong or ovate cut-toothed lobes.......... A, montanum.

(ae)

or

1. Asplenium pinnat’fdum Nutt. Pinnatifid Spleenwort.

A fern with a short, chaffy, creeping rhizome and pinnatifid
or sometimes somewhat pinnate leaves with long tapering points.
Evergreen. On rocks. Licking, Fairfield, Hocking, and Law-
rence counties.

2. Asplenimm platyneuron (L.) Oakes. Ebony Spleenwert.

Rhizome short; leaves linear, 6-18 inches long, tufted, with
purplsh-brown shining petioles, and 20-40 pairs of lanceolate
or subfalcate pinnae auricled on the upper side at the base.
Evergreen on rocks and banks, especially in limestone soil. Gen-
eral except in the northeastern fourth of the state.

Hybridizes with Camptosorus rhizophylius. The form
known as Aspleniwm ebenoides Scott is probably this hybrid.
It is found in Hocking county.

3. Asplenium parvulum Mart. & Gal. Small Spleenwort.

A small fern with short, chaffy rhizome and tufted, rather
firm, linear-oblong or linear-oblanceolate leaves. Petioles black-
ish and shining; pinnae mostly opposite, oblong, obtuse, some-
what auricled on the upper side and nearly sessile. On lime-
stone. Southern. In Adams county.

Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science. 283

4. <Asplemum trichomanes L. Maidenhair Spleenwort.

A small evergreen fern with short, nearly erect, chaffy
rhizome and tufted linear leaves. Petioles purplish-brown and
shining, with one vascular bundle in the base; pinnae oval or
roundish-oblong, inequilateral, cuneate at the base, partly alter-
nate and partly opposite. Usually on limestone and other rocks.
General except in the northwestern fourth of the state.

5. <splenum angustifolium Mx. Narrow-leaf Spleenwort.
Rhizome stout and creeping, rooting throughout. Leaves
in a rosette, lanceolate, about 2 feet long, with brownish or green

petioles. Pinnae 20-30 pairs, linear-lanceolate. In moist woods.
General in Ohio.

6. Asplenium rita-muraria L. Rue Spleenwort.

A delicate fern with short, ascending rhizome and tufted
ovate or deltoid-ovate, glabrous, evergreen leaves, Petioles green,
naked; pinnae and pinnules stalked. On limestone. Greene
county.

7. <Asplenium montanum Willd. Mountain Spleenwort.

Rhizome short and chaffy at the summit. Leaves tufted,
evergreen, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, 1-2-pinnate,
delicate ; petioles slender, naked, blackish at the base. On rocks.
Hocking, Fairfield, and Summit counties. (Tuscarawas county,
Hopkins. )

to. Ath'yrium Roth. |

Sori more or less curved, sometimes horseshoe-shaped, often
crossing to the outer or lower side of the fruiting veinlet; veins
free. Our species large; leaves usually two feet or more in
length. (Asplenium.)

1. Leaves 2-pinnatifid; segments blunt, scarcely crenate; vascular
IDainalles OH jORHIOle Booccocovccccocccebsovsse Hever 4. thelypteroides.
1. Leaves 2-pinnate, pinnules acute, toothed or pinnatifid, vascular
Jonetan GI ers: sO, Ae i eas te anit ra aes Rs eae Re Rt aa ls AOR e eR 4. filix-foemina.

284 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

1. Athyrium thelypterdides (Mx.) Desv. Silvery Spleenwort.

A large fern with sinuous, creeping, rhizome. Leaves
lanceolate in outline; petiole straw-colored, somewhat chaffy
below. Segments of the pinnae blunt, scarcely crenate. (4s-

plenium acrostichoides Sw.). In rich moist woods. General
in Ohio.

2. Athyrium filix-foemina (L.) Roth. Common Lady-fern.

A large graceful fern with a rather slender creeping rhizome.
Leaves broadly oblong-ovate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate at
the apex; pinnules oblong-lanceolate, incised or serrate. On
the ground in rich moist woods and more open places. General
im the state.

11. Camptosorus Link. Walking-fern.

Slender evergreen ferns with tapering simple leaves rooting
freely at the tips. Venation reticulate; sori linear or oblong.

1. Camptosorus rluzophy’llus (L.) Link. Walking-fern.

Rhizome chaffy, short, usually creeping ; petioles light green ;
leaves auricled, the auricles sometimes rooting. On rocks, es-
pecially limestone. General in Ohio.

12. Poly’stichum Roth.

Coarse pinnate or bipinnate ferns with an erect or creeping
rhizome and round sori. Indusium orbicular, superior, peltate;
petiole not jointed; veins free.

1. Polystichum acrostichowdes (Mx.) Schott. Christmas Fern.
An evergreen fern with a stout, creeping rhizome. Leaves
once pinnate, petioles densely chaffy, pinnae half-halberd-shaped.
Fertile leaves contracted at the summit. - In woods and rocky
places. General in Ohio.
The form, P. acrostichoides schweimitzu (Beck.) Small, has
toothed or pinnatifid pinnae and has been found in Wayne county.

Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science. 285
13. Drydpteris. Adans. Shield-fern.

Ferns with 2-3-pinnate or pinnatifid leaves and round sori
with cordate-reniform indusia. Veins free; petioles not jointed.

(Aspidium).

1. Vascular bundles of petiole 2, free or united; veins simple or once
forked; leaves thin-membranous. 2.
1. Vascular bundles 5 or more; veins forking freely; texture of the leaf

firmer. 3.
2. Lower pinnae very much reduced; vascular bundles usually
[Bre iGlereralg ier metas semi avaponcrec sare tame peat ances ce est ete D. noveboracensis.
2. Lower pinnae little smaller than the middle ones; veins once forked;
vascular bumallles 2, GhiSttinGE. 6scocccocnueococo0c0e000c D. thelypteris.

3. Leaves 2-pinuatifid or 2-pinnate, the segments not spinnulose 4.
3. Leaves 2-pinnate or 3-pinnatifid, the segments spinulose-toothed. 6.
4. Sori marginal; petiole densely scaly below; indusia con-
SV CONE WMI SHY es RAT AN te cPal eae MCB MUA ce ne Eats CON al le sat D. marginalis.
4. Sori not marginal: petiole with few scales; indusia flat and
thinnish. 5,
Vascular bundles in petiole 5; pinnae widest at the base.
GAA ect TCHS essen Ny RT RN ger eg Che ce ere D. cristata,
5. Vascular bundles in petiole 7; pinnae widest at the middle.
URES URR TAGS peiGnnee eiinls tata An auayS face ide deal oa ee ae es Dscoldveana:
6. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, usually not narrowed below....D. spinulosa.
6. Leaves elongated-lanceolate, usually narrowed at the base..D. boottii.

Or

1. Dryopteris noveboracensis (L.) Gr. New York Shield-fern.

Rhizome slender and creeping; leaves lanceolate, tapering
both ways from the middle, 1-2 feet long or more, petioles more
or less chaffy. On the ground in moist woods. General.

2. Dryopteris thely’pterris (L.) Gr. Marsh Shield-fern.
hizome slender and creeping; leaves lanceolate or oblong-

tanceolate, scarcely narrower at the base than at the middle,

usually two to four feet long. In swamps and marshes. General.

2, Dirnopiems cris (L.)) Gr, (Crested! Siecle.
Rhizome stout and densely chaffy; leaves evergreen, linear-
oblong or lanceolate, acuminate, gradually and slightly narrowed

286 Proceedings of the Olio State Academy of Science.

at the base, rather firm, one to three feet long; pinnae lanceolate
or triangular ovate, acuminate; petiole with large scales. In
moist woods and swamps. General.

The form D. cristata clintomana (FEat.) Und. has oblong-
lanceolate pinnae which are broadest at the base. Wayne county.
(Geauga county, Hopkins.)

4. Drvyopteris goldieana (Hook.) Gr. Goldie’s Shield-fern.

Rhizome stout and chaffy; leaves broadly ovate, rather firm,
two to four feet long; petioles chaffy at least below. In rich
woods. Rather general, but no specimens from the southern
third nor from the northeastern counties.

5. Drvyopteris marginals (L.) Gr. Marginal Shield-fern.
Rhizome ascending, stout with brown shining scales; leaves
evergreen, ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, subcoriaceous, two
to three feet long; petiole chaffy; sori near the margin of the
segments. In woods or on rocks. General in Ohio and common.

6. Dryopteris spinulosa (Retz.) Ktz. Spinulose Shield-fern.

Rhizome chaffy; leaves evergreen, ovate-lanceolate, the pin-
nae oblique to the rachis; pinnae elongated-triangular ; petiole
with a few deciduous scales; indusium glabrous. In rich woods.
General in Ohio.

The form, D. spinulosa intermedia (Muhl.) Und., has ob-
long-lanceolate spreading pinnae and the indusium beset with
stalked glands. Rather general in Ohio.

The form, D. spmulosa dilatata (WHotim.) Und, wath
broadly ovate or triangular-ovate, commonly three-pinnate
leaves and glabrous indusia has been found by Hopkins in Tus-
carawas county.

7. Dryopteris boottu (Tuck.) Und. Boott’s Shield-fern.
Rhizome ascending; leaves elongated-oblong or lanceolate,
thin, acuminate at the apex, slightly narrowed at the base; petiole

Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science, 287

scaly at least below; pinnae lanceolate, long-acuminate, broadest
at the base; pinnules very obtuse, the lower pinnatifid; industum
minutely glandular. In woods. Geauga county. (Wayne county,
Hopkins ).

14. Phegopteris Fee. Beech-fern.

Medium-sized ferns with 2-3-pinnatifid or ternate leaves
and small round sori without indusia. Veins free.

1. Leaves 2-pinnatifid, triangular pinnae sessile; rachis winged. 2.
1. Leaves ternate with the three nearly equal divisions petioled; rachis

VAIO ES SpvemtuNe rus ey er suena erste cies Stu age ny ey cl SeayertaVec aout P. dryopteris.
2. Leaves longer than broad, usually dark-green; upper part of the
petiole usually pubescent.......... Wiens celts cota P. phegopterts.
2. Leaves as broad as long or broader, usually light-green; petiole
LAT OS Hy geSTITOO Lids aeyareeapsryete Moyahedscaicty sect reliapareasac\aieua Mies P. hexagonoptera.

1. Phegopteris phegopteris (L.) Und. Long Beech-fern.

A fern with a slender, creeping, somewhat chaffy rhizome.

Leaves triangular, mostly longer than broad, acuminate and pu-
bescent. Pinnae broadest above the base, pinnately parted very
neatly to the rachis into oblong obtuse, entire segments, the
lower pair deflexed. (P. polypodioides Fee). In moist woods.
Rather general but apparently local.

2. Phegopteris hexagonoptera (Mx.) Fee. Broad Beech-fern.

A fern with a creeping, chaffy, somewhat fleshy rhizome.
Leaves triangular, as broad as long or broader, slightly pubes-
cent, acuminate at the apex; the lowest pair of pinnae broadest
near the middle, pinnately parted into linear-oblong, obtuse seg-
ments. In dry rich woods. General in the state.

3. Phegopteris dryopteris (L.) Fee. Oak-fern.

A fern with a creeping rhizome and thin, broadly triangular
iernate leaves. Petioles slender, chaffy near the base; the three
main divisions of the leaf stalked. In most woods and swamps.
Geauga, Lake, Ashtabula, and Wayne counties.

288 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

15. Fi’lix Adans. Bladder-fern.

Delicate ferns with 2-4-pinnate leaves and slender petioles.
Sori roundish on the backs of the free veins; indusitm hood-like
and attached by a broad base partly beneath the sorus. (Cys-
topteris).

1. Leaves broadest at the base, elongated into a tapering point. bearing
brood-buds beneath; vascular bundles of the petiole oval or

LE A ae taken cain eM ORs Eire a Naan Ru thie cere est A: Bea F. bulbifera.
i. Leaves scarcely broader at the base, short-pointed, without brood-
buds; vascular bundles of the petiole rondish.......... F. fragilis.

tT. filha bulbi’fera (L.) Und. Bulbiferous Bladder-fern.

Ferns with a short rhizome and elongated leaves lanceolate
with a broad base, 2-3-pinnatifid or pinnate, the pinnules crowded.
Rachis wingless bearing fleshy brood-buds. On moist rocks,
especially limestone. General in the state but no specimens from
the northwest.

a, Jeunes frogs (bL,) Une, racile Biladderrern,

Ferns with a short rhizome and thin oblong-lanceolate, 2-
3-pinnatifid or pinnate leaves slightly tapering below; pin-
nae lanceolate-ovate, irregularly pinnatiid. Rachis margined or
winged, without brood-buds. On rocks and in moist grassy
woods and ravines. General. The variety, F. fragil:s magnasora
(Clute), is reported from Wayne county by Hopkins.

16. Woddsia R. Br.

Small or medium-sized ferns with 1-2-pinnate or pinnatifid
leaves and round sori, with inferior often evanescent indusia, on
the backs of the free veins.

1. Woodsia obtusa (Spreng.) Torr. Obtuse Woodsia.
A graceful evergreen fern with a short rhizome and broadly
lanceolate, minutely glandular-pubescent leaves without joints in

Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science. 289

the peticle. Leaves 6-12 inches long. Indusium distinct split-
ting into jagged lobes. On rocks. Apparently common in the
southern half of the state.

17. Dennstaédtia Bernh.

Large beautiful ferns with 2-3-pinnatifid leaves and small,
globular, marginal or submarginal sori with membranous, cup-
shaped, inferior indusia, which open at the top. Veins free.
(Dicksonia. )

1. Dennstaedtia punctilobula (Mx.) Moore. Boulder Fern.

Rhizome creeping, not chaffy;. leaves usually two feet long
or more, thin and delicate, minutely glandular and pubescent;
petiole pale green, stout, chaffless, and sweet-hay-scented, usually
producing “leaf shoots” at its base. Growing under various
conditions, especially on open hillsides. In the southern and
eastern parts of the state. (Erie Co. Moseley Herb.)

18. Mattetccia Todaro.

Large ferns with erect rhizomes and large leaves in a crown.
Sporophylls unlike the foliage leaves. Veins free. (Onoclea. )

1. Matteuccia struthiopteris (L.) Vodaro. Ostrich Fern.

Rhizome stout and ascending, bearing a circle of sterile
leaves with one or more sporophylls within. Leaves 2-6 feet
high, bipinnatifid; sporophylls simply pinnate, the pinnae lobed.
In moist thickets, especially along streams. Cuyahoga county.
(Erie Co. Moseley Herb.)

19. Onocleéa L.

Coarse ferns with slender creeping rhizomes with leaves
growing separately. Sporophylls unlike the foliage leaves.
Veins forming small areolae.

290 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

1. Onoclea sensi'bilis L. Sensitive Fern.

Rhizome slender and rooting; leaves 1-4 feet high, broad,
deeply pinnatifid; easily injured by frost; sporophylls bipinnate,
persisting over winter, the pinnules unrolling at maturity. Young
petioles red. In moist soil. General in Ohio.

Class II. EouisrerEaAr. MHorsetails and Scouring-rushes.

25 species.

Sporophyte perennial, herbaceous, with a rhizome, and with
jointed, mostly hollow, simple or branched aerial stems which
are either annual or perennial; vascular bundles in a circle;
leaves reduced to sheaths around the joints, the sheaths toothed ;
sporangia borne on small peltate sporophylls arranged in whorls
on a terminal cone; eusporangiate; spores with four narrow,
strap-like, hygroscopic appendages. Gametophyte a small green
thallus, usually unisexual; spermatozoids multiciliate.

Order, Equisetales.
Equisetaccae, Horsetail Family.

20. Equisétum L. Horsetail. Scouring-rush.

1. Aerial stems annual, mostly with numerous branches except in some
of the fertile stems; cones rounded not with a point; stomata
scattered in the grooves. 2.

1. Aerial stems annual or evergreen, mostly unbranched, not tuberculate;
cones with or without a point; stomata in a single regular row
on each side of the groove, ridges with broad transverse or
diagonal wart-like protuberances; sheaths funnel-shaped, constricted
DUG GS NAS CHOU AIG i oad Za asa nn eM CGO ne An cal E. laevigatum.

1. Aerial stems evergreen, sheaths nearly cylindric or appressed; cones
with a rigid point, stomata in regular rows; simple or sparingly
branched. 5.

2. Aerial stems of two kinds, the succulent pale and brownish fertile
ones sometimes appearing before the green sterile ones. 3.
2. Aerial stems, all alike with whorls of simple, usually short,

branches; sheaths nearly cylindric; central cavity four-fifths the
GIVEDTTA SE STP Sy RIA TR IAAI AH MLR BU RTE DEN Se E. fluviaiile.

Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science. 291

3. Fertile stems soon withering, silex of the sterile stems in dots;
branches of the sterile stems simple or compound...... E. arvense.

3. Fertile stems branched and becoming green when old, only the
apex withering. 4.

4. Branches of the sterile and fertile stems simple; silex of broad

Soumulles OM We TIEBESS oocacsoccoadesokeorscodcouMeso os E. pratense.
4. Branches compound; silex of the fertile stems in 2 rows of promi-
GLE Tilt ROPIIMUN CSB reNd ews tN eneniMbe ety rar Uae couny cysereues)avanels alate E. sylvaticum.

5. Stems low and slender, tufted, usually 5-10 grooved, central cavity
one-third the diameter of the stem; sheaths 5-10-toothed..
Hpac nett ON bi ae ce a Day eile SAL NO a oa Fa Se Ucn E. variegatum,
5. Stems tall and rigid, rough and tuberculate, usually many-grooved ;
central cavity large, sheaths appressed. 6.
6. Ridges of the stem with 2 indistinct lines of tubercles; ridges of
the sheath obscurely 4-carinate; stems less robust than in the

TROWIONSHUBISES & pcsaldici bs cl acacia bam Seen oe Nmbeca eae Eaten us ears ch ARN es E. hyemale.
6. Ridges with 1 line of tubercles; ridges of the sheath tricarinate;
SEMIS VAAS LOM piece mictent Aveda cenranrn oltre ere drarsnans bse steer E, robustum.

1. Egquisetum arvénse L. Field Horsetail.

Stems annual, 6 inches to 2 feet high, with scattered stomata,
the fertile appearing in early spring before the sterile. Fertile
stems not branched, soon withering; sterile stems green, much
branched, rather slender. Stomata of the branches in two rows
in the furrows. Quite a variable species. In moist soil and
on hillsides and railroad embankments. General and abundant
in the state.

2. Equsetum pratense Ehrh. Thicket Horsetail

Stems annual, 6-18 inches high, with scattered stomata, the
fertile appearing in spring before the sterile. Fertile stems
branched when old, only the apex withering. In sandy soil.
Apparently general in Ohio.

3. Equisetum sylvaticum L. Wood Horsetail.

Stems annual with scattered stomata, 1-2 feet high; the
fertile appearing in early spring before the sterile, developing
whorls of compound branches when old. Silex of the fertile
stems in two rows of prominent spinules. In moist, sandy
woods. Auglaize and Cuyahoga counties.

292 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

4. Equisetum fluviatile L. Swamp Horsetail.

Stems all alike, annual, 1-4 feet high, branched, the branches
hollow and slender. Rhizome hollow. In swamps and wet
places. Not common but to be found in most parts of the state
in suitable habitats.

5. LEquisetum laevigatum A. Br. Smooth Scouring-rush.

Stems annual or perennial, 1-5 feet high, simple or little
branched, pale green; sheaths funnel shaped. Stomata in regu-
lar rows; ridges with broad transverse or diagonal, wart-like
protuberances. Cones pointed or without a point and merely
acute. In sandy soil and on clay banks. General but apparently
not common in Ohio.

6. Equisetum variegdtum Schleich. Variegated Scouring-rush.

Stems evergreen, slender, usually simple, 6-18 inches high.
Central cavity small, stems 5-10 furrowed, with stomata in regu-
lar rows. In sandy places. Lake county. (Erie Co., Moseley
herbarium. )

7. Equisetum hyemale L. Common Scouring-rush.

Stems slender and stiff, evergreen, 1-4 feet high, sometimes
branched, often with water or ice in the central cavity in winter ;
ridges with two indistinct lines of tubercles, ridges of the sheath
obscurely 4-carinate. Cones pointed. In wet places and on
banks, especially along streams. General in Ohio.

8. Equisetum robu'stum A. Br. Great Scouring-rush.

Stems very stout, sometimes branched, evergreen, 2-8 feet
high, 20-48-furrowed, the ridges with a single series of siliceous
tubercles. Ridges of the sheath 3-carinate. Cones pointed. In
wet places and on banks. Apparently general in Ohio.

Class III. Lycopoprear. Lycopods. 155 species.
Sporophyte perennial, herbaceous, with or without rhi-
zome, the aerial stems upright or trailing; branching monopodial

Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science. 293

or dichotomous; leaves small, without a ligule, scattered on the
stem, in two or many ranks; sporangia solitary on the upper sur-
face of the leaves or in their axils, eusporangiate ; sporophylls in
bands alternating with the sterile leaves or arranged in spirals
in terminal cones; spores small, not appendaged. Gametophyte
small, sometimes subterranean, with or without chlorophyll,
hermaphrodite; spermatozoids biciliate.
Order, Lycopodiales.
Lycopodiaceac, Club-moss Family.

21. Lycopodium L. Club-moss.

1. Sporangia borne on leaves similar to the foliage leaves, not in ter-
minal cones. 2.
1. Sporangia or specialized, scale-like sporophylls which are arranged in
terminal cones. 3.
Stems dichotomously branched only at the base. the branches long;
leaves nearly linear and entire, rather short and rigid, but not uni-
LOMA? “BiISCSMOltale es 6 koocule obs Mico oe andl Uiciat on oan mee L. porophilum.
Stems branched successively; leaves larger, widely spreading or re-
flexed, minutely toothed, and usually widest above the middle.
AE GM nT Sie eau: Se MOT Gh en Ree aaa et a, L. lucidulum.
3. Leaves many-ranked on the cylindrical stem, not spreading into two
ranks. 4.

3. Smaller branches flattened, or the leaves spreading into two ranks;
stems with erect or ascending tree-like branches. 5.

4. Cones usually single, sporophylls much like the foliage leaves.

bo

Lo

sot aie epeyeNrer co tay ties rene aah on StH A UR crag na VI Pate apn WWD Cent aa E PUGH OM GETHIN
4. Cones usually in twos or long peduncles, sporophylls very unlike the
SHON MU Wete MICERIA ESS, cet, acne teeter Grappa Rtn aby ne esos, cet 2 tun al od MEE L. clavatum.
59. Sterile stems with linear-lanceolate spreading leaves; cones erect,
ClOSClyISeSSILEM epee aha «me oye te OT ed a aera EON L. obscurum.

5. Sterile stems flattened, with fan-like ascending clusters of branches,
leaves of two forms; cones clustered on long peduncles.....
Sra a ORNL Cea OSE LS Sion ce Ee CRUE eR gt pina anh GL OP Lae as L. complanatum.

1. Lycopodium porophilum Lloyd & Und. Rock Club-moss.

Stem dichotomously branched only near the base, the pros-
trate portion rooting freely; sporophylls in zones alternating
with the sterile leaves; sterile leaves broadest at the base but

294 Proceedings of the Olio State Academy of Science.

very gradually tapering, entire or minutely denticulate; sporo-
phylls minutely denticulate above the middle or entire, acuminate,
only very slightly broadened above the middle. Plants ever-
ereen, commonly with brood-buds. On sandstone rocks, Lick-
ing, Fairfield, Hocking, and Portage counties.

2. Lycopodium luci'dulum Mx. Shining Club-moss.

Stems lax and successively, dichotomously branched, ascend-
ing or spreading, the plants evergreen, about six to twelve inches
long; leaves dark’ green, shining, widest above the middle ; sporo-
phylls alternating with zones of sterile leaves. Plants commonly
bearing brood-buds. On sandstone rocks and in cool, damp
woods. General in the eastern half of the state.

3. Lycopodium inundatum L. Bog Club-moss.

Stems long, creeping, flaccid, forking, and brittle, closely ap-
pressed to the earth; fertile stems erect, solitary, slender, ter-
minating in short cones; leaves lanceolate or lanceolate-subulate,
with hyaline margins. In sandy bogs. Portage county. (Hop-
kins).

4. Lycopodium obscurum L. Tree Club-moss.

Stems erect, bushy, with fan-like branches, six to twelve
inches high, from a slender subterranean, horizontal rhizome;
leaves lanceolate-linear, entire, eight-ranked on the main stem;
cones, one to ten on each plant, sessile. Plants evergreen. In
moist woods. Ashtabula, Lake, Medina, Licking, Fairfield, and
Defiance counties.

5. Lycopodim clavatum L. Common Club-moss.

Stems creeping with similar short irregular ascending or
decumbent densely leafy branches; leaves evergreen, linear-subu-
late, incurved, bristle-tipped ; cones one to four on long peduncles.
in rich woods. Geauga county. (Stark county, Hopkins).

Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science. 295

6. Lycopodium complanatum L. Trailing Club-moss.

Stems creeping extensively, with erect or ascending, fan-
shaped, evergreen branches; leaves minute, appressed, four-
ranked, the lateral rows with somewhat spreading tips; peduncle
slender, dichotomous, with two to four cones. In woods. Cuya-
hoga, Carroll, Geauga, Licking, Fairfield, Hocking, and Lake
counties. (Erie county, Moseley Herb; Wayne county, Hopkins.)

SUBKINGDOM, PTERIDOPHYTA HETEROSPORAE.

Heterosporous Pteridophytes. 700 living species.

Plants in which the sporophyte in the living species is her-
baceous and after a brief embryonic stage has an independent
existence with true fibro-vascular tissue, roots, and leaves; hete-
rosporous, with microspores and megaspores which give rise to
greatly reduced male and female gametophytes respectively ;
eusporangiate or leptosporangiate. Gametophytes always uni-
sexual, with little or no chlorophyll, living on food stored in the
spore and developing entirely inside of the spore wall or pro-
truding only slightly through the side, the nonsexual spores often
germinating before being discharged.

Class IV. Hyproprertpes. Water-ferns. About 75 _ living
species.

Sporophyte with a horizontal rhizome or floating on the
surface of the water; leaves alternate or whorled; microspor-
angia and megasporangia borne together enclosed in sporocarps,
leptosporangiate. Gametophytes developing entirely within the
spore walls or protruding only slightly, very short lived; sper-
matozoids large, spirally coiled, multiciliate.

1. Floating plants with minute leaves spreading into two ranks
and with rootlets on the under side. Azolla (SALVINIALES, )
1. Leaves four-foliate with slender petioles..................
SU Ai ANAS ce SUT aE Marsilea (MaRSILEALES. )

296 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

Order, Salvinidles.

Small floating plants with small leaves with globose sporo-
carps containing the megasporangia and microsporangia.

Salviniaceae. Salvinia Family.

Besides the native species below Salvima natans (L.) Hoffm.
is often kept in green houses and conservatories.

22. Azdlla Lam.

1. Azolla carolimana Willd. Carolina Azolla.

Small greenish or reddish plants, deltoid or triangular-ovate
in outline, pinnately branching, and free-floating, with minute
two-lobed, imbricated leaves and delicate rootlets. Sporocarps
of two kinds, the smaller ovoid containing a single megaspore,
the larger globose, producing many stalked miucrosporangia,
which contain several peculiar spore-containing masses beset
with arrow-like processes. Sometimes covering large surfaces
of water. Hamilton, Lucas, and Lake counties.

Order, Marsileales.

Herbaceous perennials with slender creeping rhizomes and
four-foliate or filiform leaves. Sporocarps borne on the petioles,
containing both megasporangia and microsporangia.

Marsileaceae. Marsilea Family.

Water-ferns with four-foliate leaves on slender petioles;
leaflets turning with the light.

23. Marsi’lea L.

1. Marsilea quadrifolia L. European Marsilea.
Occasionally cultivated and found as a waif in Franklin
county.

Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science. 297

Class V. ISOETEAE. Quillworts. 60 species.

Sporophyte with a short tuberous stem with a peculiar type
of secondary thickening and with long, erect, grass-like leaves
which have a ligule; roots dichotomous; microsporangia and
megasporangia large, borne singly, sunken in the expanded bases
of the leaves, eusporangiate. Gametophytes very much reduced ;

spermatozoids spirally coiled, multiciliate.
Order, /soetales.

Tsoetaceae. Quillwort Family.

24. Isoetes L.

Aquatic or marsh plants rooting in the mud, with a short
2-lobed or 3-lobed stem. One species of Quillwort might pos-
sibly be found in Ohio.

Class VI. SELAGINELLEAE. Selaginellas. 500 species.

Sporophyte dorsiventral or erect, with monopodial or ap-
parently dichotomous branching and dichotomous roots; leaves
small, opposite or spirally arranged, ligulate; cells often with
a single chloroplast; sporophylls in bisporangiate cones, the
eusporangiate microscorangia and megasporangia single in the
axils of the sporophylls. Gametophytes small and short-lived;
spermatozoids very minute, biciliate.

Order, Selaginellales.

Selaginellaceae. Selaginella Family

25. Selaginella Beauv.

Terrestrial annual or perennial plants with branching stems
and scale-like leaves, either 4-ranked or many-ranked.

1. Leaves all alike and uniformly imbricated and many-ranked, the
Stemi much brancheds im close tulitsaee ease eres seeder S. rupestris.
1. Leaves 4-ranked, shorter above and below, stipule-like, the lateral
ones spreading into two planes; plants small and delicate...S. apus.

298 Proceedings of the Oho State Academy of Science.

1. Selaginella rupéstris (L) Spring. Rock Selaginella.

Low, evergreen, iufted plants with occasional sterile runners
and subpinnate branches, commonly curved when dry. Leaves
rigid, appressed-imbricated, linear or linear-lanceolate, convex
on the back, tipped with a distinct transparent point; cones ses-
sile at the ends of the branches, strongly quadrangular. On
dry rocks and sandy ground. Licking, Fairfield, and Hocking
counties.

2. Selaginella apus (L.) Spring. Creeping Selaginella.

Annual, light green, delicate plants with creeping, much-
branched flaccid stems, angled on the face. Leaves minute,
4-ranked, membranous, of two kinds, spreading into two planes;
cones obscurely quadrangular. In moist, shady places. Lake
and Trumbull counties.

Proceedings of tiie Ohio State Academy of Science, 299

GLOSSARY.

Acuminate — Tapering gradually to the apex.

Acute — Sharp-pointed.

Anastomosing — Connecting so as to form a network.

Annual — Living but one year; yearly.

Annulus — The ring of cells partly or completely surrounding
the sporangium.

Antheridium — The male organ of reproduction; a spermary.

Asiphonogamic — Not with a pollentube but having the sper-
matozoids discharged from the antheridium.

Archegonium —A female organ of reproduction; a special kind
of ovary.

Areola — A space enclosed by anastomosing veinlets.

Areolate — Mapped off into small areas, or areolae.

Ascending — Growing obliquely upward.

Auricled — With ear-like lobes or appendages.

Bipinnate — Twice pinnate.

Bipinnatifid — Twice pinnatifid.

Bisporangiate — Having both microsporangia and megaspo-
rangia

Cambium — The cylinder of growing cells in some stems.
Carinate — With a keel or longitudinal ridge.
Caudate — Tailed; pointed like a tail.

Cell — The unit of plant and animal structure; usually consist-
ing of a small mass of protoplasm containing a nucleus and
with a cell wall.

Chlorophyll — The green coloring matter of plants.

Chloroplasts —The minute green, chlorophyll-bearing color
bodies in the cell of a plant.

Ciliate — Provided with marginal hairs; having cilia.

Circinate — Rolled inward from the apex.

Clavate — Club-shaped.

300 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science,

Compound — Composed of several parts or divisions.

Cone — A primitive flower; a specialized branch of sporophylls
whose apical growth has ceased.

Cordate — Heart-shaped.

Coriaceous — Leathery.

Crenate — With rounded teeth.

Crenulate — Minutely crenate.

Cuneate — Wedge-shaped.

Decompound — More than once compound.

Decurrent — Applied to an organ extending along the sides of
another.

Deltoid — Broadly triangular.

Dentate — With outwardly projecting teeth.

Denticulate — Finely toothed.

Dichotomous — Two-forked.

Divided — Cleft to the base or to the midrib.

Emarginate — With a notched apex.

Entire — Without teeth, or serrations.

Epidermis — The external layer of cells of a plant.

Eusporangiate — Having the sporangia developed from sub-
epidermal cells.

Falcate — Scythe-shaped.

Fertile — Bearing spores, gametes, or seeds.
Fibro-vascular — Containing fibers, vessels, and tubular cells.
Filiform — Thread-like. |
Flaccid — Soft and weak.

Frond — Sometimes wrongly applied to the leaves of ferns.
Fruiting — Bearing spores, seed or fruit.

Gamete — A sexual cell.

Gametophyte — The sexual generation of plants.
Glabrous — Without hairs.

Gland — A secreting hair, or group of secreting cells.
Glaucous — Covered with a bluish or white bloom.

Proccedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science. 301

Habit — General aspect.

Habitat — The place where a plant grows.

Halberd-shaped — Same as hastate.

Hastate—Arrow-shaped with the basal lobes diverging.

Herbaceous — Having the texture of common leaves.

Hermaphrodite — An individual having both male and female
sexual organs.

Heterosporous — Having microspores and megaspores.

Homosporous — Having only one kind of spores on the sporo-
phyte.

Hyaline — Clear and translucent.

Hygroscopic — Readily absorbing and giving off water, by
which means movements are produced.

Imbricate — Overlapping.

Incised — Cut into sharp lobes.

Indusium— The membranous covering of the sori in many
species of ferns.

Inequilateral — With unequal sides.

Inferior — Situated or arising below other organs.

Laciniate — Cut into narrow segments or lobes.

Lamina — The blade of a leaf.

Lanceolate — Lance-shaped.

Leaflet — One of the divisions of a compound leaf.
Ligulate — Provided with or resembling a ligule.

Ligule — A strap-shaped organ, sometimes minute.

Linear — A long and narrow organ with the sides nearly parallel.
Lobed — Divided to about the middle or less.

Lunate — Crescent-shaped.

Megaspore — The larger of the two kinds of nonsexual spores:
produced by heterosporous plants.

Megasporangium — A sporangium which produces megaspores.

Membranous — Thin and rather soft and pliable.

302 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

Microspore — The smaller of the two kinds of nonsexual spores
produced by heterosporous plants.

Microsporangium — A sporangium which produces microspores.

Midrib — The central rib of a leaf or other organ.

Mucronate — With a sharp, abrupt point.

Nectary — A nectar-secreting organ.
Node — The place where two internodes join, normally with
one or more leaves.

‘Oblong — Somewhat longer than broad, with the sides nearly
parallel.

“Obovate — Inversely ovate.

Oosphere — The unfertilized egg; the female gamete.

‘Oospore — The fertilized egg.

“Orbicular — Nearly circular in outline.

‘Ovary — The female organ of reproduction.

‘Ovate — Shaped like the longitudinal section of a hen’s egg.

Palmate — Diverging like the fingers of a hand.

Panicle — An open cluster, consisting of more or less branching
stems bearing fruit.

Peltate — Shield-shaped.

Perennial — Growing for many years. |

Petiole — The stalk of a leaf.

Pilose — With long, soft hairs.

Pinna — The primary division of a pinnately compound leaf.

Pinnate — Leaves divided into leaflets or segments along a com-
mon axis.

Pinnatifid — Pinnately cleft to the middle and beyond.

Pinnule — A division of a pinna in a compound leaf.

Prothallium — Sometimes applied to the thalloid gametophytes
of the Pteridophytes.

Pubescent — Hairy, especially with fine, soft hairs.

Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science. 303:

Rachis — The axis of a compound leaf, spike or raceme.

Receptacle — The part to which the sporangia are attached.

Reniform — Kidney-shaped.

Reticulate — Arranged as a network.

Revolute — Rolled backward.

Rhizoid — The filamentous, root-like outgrowths from the
thallus of the gametophyte.

Rhizome — An underground stem.

Rootstock — Same as rhizome.

Sagittate — Shaped like an arrow-head.

Sclerenchyma — Bundles of thick walled fibers, in ferns usually
brown or black.

Segment — One of the divisions of a pinnatifid or compound leaf.

Serrate — With teeth projecting forward.

Sessile — Without a stalk.

Silex — The silicious coating in the Equisetums.

Sinuate — With strongly wavy margins.

Sinus — The split or space between two lobes.

Sorus — A cluster of sporangia in the ferns.

Spatulate — Widened at the top like a spatula.

Spermatozoid — The male gamete.

Spinulose — With small, sharp spines.

Sporangiophore — A leaf or other organ bearing sporangia.

Sporangium — A spore-producing organ.

Spore — A modified reproductive cell.

Sporocarp — A carpel-like spore-bearing organ.

Sporophyll — A spore-bearing leaf.

Sporophyte — The nonsexual generation of plants.

Stellate — Star-shaped.

Sterile — Not producing spores or seeds.

Stipe — Sometimes used for the petiole of a fern leaf.

Stoma — The transpiring pores in the epidermis of the higher
plants. (Plural, Stomata.)

Subcoriaceous — Somewhat coriaceous.

Subulate — Awl-shaped.

304 Proceedings of the Oho State Academy of Science.

Succulent — Soft and juicy.
Superior — Above.

‘Ternate — Divided into three segments; arranged in threes.

Thalloid — Having the form of a typical thallus.

Thallus — The plant body of a thallophyte, or of the gameto-
phyte of the Archegoniates.

Tomentose — Covered with dense wool-like hairs.

Truncate — Terminating abruptly by a nearly straight edge or
surface.

Undulate — With wavy margins.
Unisexual — Having only ovaries or spermaries on one in-

dividual.

Vascular bundle — The conducting strands in the plant body
composed of wood and bast.

Venation — The arrangement of the veins.

Vernation — The arrangement of the leaves in the bud.

Villous — With long, soft hairs not matted together.

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oe: PROCEEDINGS OF THE OHIO. STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.
: : Volume V, Part RB ey Paper No, 17, ‘

THE FAUNA OF THE ae
/MAXVILLE | LIMESTONE |

oe e es Ee

WILLIAM CLIFFORD MORSE

Spe ere “Onto State Usiversiry : S :

ae See ee Portion BY THE Acapemy- “
= : _CoLumpus, Onto yeas
Seas tot eA,

PROCEEDINGS OF THE OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.
Volume V, Part 7, Special Paper No. 17.

THE FAUNA OF THE
MAXVILLE LIMESTONE

BY

WILLIAM CLIFFORD MORSE

Outo STATE UNIVERSITY

PUBLISHED BY THE ACADEMY
COLUMBUS, OHIO
1911

5 .

The expense of the publication of this paper is covered by a
grant from the Emerson McMillin Research Fund.

Wititram R. LAZzENBy,
13, 1, INNES,
FRANK CARNEY,
Trustees.

Publication Committee:
J. C. HAMBLETON, 18, IL, IRUCEs, Bruce FINK.

Date of publication, June 15, 191.
353

CONTENTS.

Introduction

Description

Exinwyaintanen @Celemteraltaleens

Class

Phylum Echinodermata

Class Blastoidea ..

Class

Phylum

Class Bryozoa ....

Class Brachiopoda
Phylum Mollusca
Class
Class
Class Gastropoda

Pelecypoda

Scaphopoda

Class Cephalopoda

Oli SDECIESSsooccccac

Anthozoa ..

Crinoidea ..

Molluscoidea ..

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Figures 1-56

359-416

TEE

FAUNA OF THE MAXVILLE LIMESTONE.

WILLIAM CLIFFORD Morse,
Olio State University.

INTRODUCTION.

The present paper represents the final results of a study of
the Maxville limestone begun in 1906, the historic, stratigraphic,
and economic portions of which are soon to appear as Bulletin
13 of the Geological Survey of Ohio. In that publication it
was shown that the region of outcrop of the limestone is nat-
urally divisible into three parts, a Northern Area, a Central
Area, and a Southern Area, and that in the stratum itself, in
many places, may be recognized three divisions, a lower zone, a
middle (shale-nodular) zone, and an upper zone. The North-
ern Area extends from a point near Zanesville on the north
to one near Logan on the south, and contains the best exposures
of the limestone. The Southern Area reaches from Hamden
on the north to the Kentucky side of the Ohio River on the
south, and has but a few widely separated exposures. The
Central Area lies between the other two and so far as known
contains no exposures. The limestone of the lower zone is
an impure one, nearly destitute of regular bedding planes, poor
in fossils, and about twenty-five feet in thickness. The middle
zone is about three feet thick, and consists of alternating nodular-
like layers of limestone and thin intervals of shale, both of
which are fossiliferous. In the upper zone, the maximum thick-
ness of which is twenty-two feet, the fossils are common, the
limestone purer, and the medium layers are separated by shaly
partings in such a manner that the stratification 1s the conspicu-
ous feature.

358 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

Twenty-four species of fossils from the Maxville lime-
stone have been described and illustrated by Whitfield. The
present study has resulted in the discovery of twelve additional
species which are new to the stratum. Pursuant to the original
idea of making the report as complete as possible, these thirty-
six species are described and illustrated in the following pages,
and with the exception of those after Whitfield the illustrations
are either camera lucida drawings or actual photographs by the
author.

The bibliography of each species has been made as complete
as possible simply for convenience, and in questions of synonomy
the arrangement in Weller’s Bibliographic Index of North Amer-
ican Carboniferous Invertebrates has been followed. The hori-
zon and locality from which the described specimens came have
also been added to the bibliography so that a glance would suf-
fice to show both their geologic range and geographic distri-
bution.

Although sections have been made at practically all of the
places mentioned in the following “Table of Distribution” and
each one carefully located in Bulletin 13, it will probably be
more convenient for some readers 1f the location of each be
again briefly described. With the exception of the Harper
Shaft, which is near Olive Furnace in the Southern Area, all
of the localities are in) the Northern Area, “OF thosemalons;
Jonathan Creek, the Bridge Gully, Cuts No. 2 to No. 6, and the
Mouth of Hough Hollow are between Mt. Perry and Fulton-
ham, the Mouth of Buckeye Fork and the North Bank are just
below Fultonham, and Gladstone Mill is at White Cottage.
The Kroft Residence, the Kroft Bridge, and the Thompson
Residence are located along the lower portion of Kents Run
within a mile of White Cottage. West Jockey Hollow crosses
the “State Road” at a point about three and a half miles east
of Rushville and the. Folk Quarry is located on the Zanesville
and Maysville Pike a like distance east of the same village.
The Stimmel Residence is about a mile north of Maxville and
Smith Chapel about two miles south-east of Logan.

YT en

Te3F

% y
a mat eae?
hook Ga = + 4
oe &
eS hit
eh { oe
ee 8: i J
eta i
ee bh eet
See aly
bar j
a
bral
wi
ant

ered

i?
By

viv eh aeaEl > ad teres
LeamBol> widhypet
falliviecwer serosa,
RINE 11930 #1 oahags

: PAT 1 HI RLISe Hip atesss
Lene TEL OB toqucaral:
Sh cat ake HARE Me
iaitatrstig 24904
SB siTIeS> 2H four x
DET HCO Pita

‘ LOOM. tat “en
wbray sev
Sap hapd we olsen
OG in EEE RE HT ER
ite ih elites

iP

ve RE

Se

&

8 ‘aye

AIT > ane
3 Loternes: ;
“peg homtltt: ty uthed)
fi eld brinis est

mae BERS HO} 00S wea
vio ABD Geed sat URANO GF
(le tia tna are
AV eK abatngtoadud Baty, i
Dee emer |e Sash: bata ;
bays SRD homies a0 Horse
ts. -0'¢ tis vp, aR EAs hg ecoenon!
Cole ahh eR LE AOR PA TIO mit oy sT Se
wy upeaesties aut reteoryor
cba ee ain cuitote
wax duane eelil arose avilatobn
p Poe Seis CTC Bune A
i sett seetawdatonaen aevaouts

ato wate: saya seal

alison ed cd

ee Ee

= oh

as ee

Upper Zone.

Jonathan Creek. me
vu
©
B lod 2
Species. oO = 5 a ng :
o| hel cia! & Gi
‘al & at 5, Be a = S
Als|e)2) |2ig! [e/8| 2 3
. Sele ele p oH All || . “3 :
e PAR WSleGR|El ole| 2 | aus
5 Hfols/Slelels/2/giejeis| ¢)e] o S |ieleis|-
ofo|s|o|dl6 RUS SS | Seal g © 3] 5/6
u Sel ||teI = ll i I co (9) fs
wWZIAI4I4/4/4(Sle Si 2lele lee} of. 5 si onl Z| |
eelelelelsslelesiciclelc| @1c| 3 | ameelel=
BlOlOlololOlOl/SlE/zZ \OlMpidiala| B |e LD 6 |slololo
|
1. Zaphrentis cliffordana........... | KK). |X
2. Eentremites elegans..... este cea oPsCll calla
3. Cyathocrinus maxyillensis..... = pxallie
4. Septopora rectistyla....... ooh. altaolte Malte
5. Fenestella serratula..... each colfocfocilco rollcallos|a 6 peed lis
(G, LInOpuTll OKO oYoNe, GUMOVENE os coodaado0s eallo| er oc\loalax||solfor joolloolfaalls slot
Jo WEAN! GrASGoossodsuasasce sour Hate asic AZo Ble lool PRE
8. Productus pileiformis........... Peal Dio oll scl Ps
OW PEROGuUctUS! CestrenSisSmes tien is aoc soletia Joel [Ps
PeeMarstiniay Conbractarncrrerrtitetcir hee Bessie oss 2 |X |X
Syopbebier IeO RM coco bSaoedooKe ah foie |aSl soll oe BX lho
Dielasma turgida..... ......... oalle -| APS le olf = |Pss [PX
Seminula subquadrata....... ..|.. aojfe's | aX Mos oal Elec
Jebel Se MEL TENE Wacogoccapdosc0DS eal Roce ted
Cleiothyris hirsuta......... ..... aloe
Schizodus chesterensis.......... Seal
Pinna maxvillensis.............. Pls
Allorisma andrewsi........ deenOS x CaCI.
Allorisma maxvillensis.......... seals
Cypricardella oblonga........... clo
Dentalium illinoiense. ......... allele alas
Straparollus similis............. o|Ps<lle ?
Holopea newtonensis............ illooll'e elias
Bulimorphia melanoides........ ? (|X
Bulimorphia canaliculata.... gollaall oo a seaallion
Spherodoma subcorpulenta....|..|..|..|..]..].. Fo silos
Naticopsis ziczac...... doots osc. xX
Bellerophon alternodosus. ..... AIMS eoeslhegs
Bellerophon sublevis....... .... X].. |||
Orthonychia acutirostre......... alleeslls
Strophostylus carleyana..... ...
Murchisonia vermicula.........
Endolobus spectabilis........... a
INEBUNES [RVI TS segs ca aouadoge p
Orthoceras randolphense.......
Orthoceras okawense?. .........

Distribution.

‘yeys rodiey

*‘samoz 1e[n

2284S pae I9MO’T (JO XTPPI) 9°ON 109

Sal atta

Lower Zone

ou-
ty)
vu
u!
S

H

Mile
Run.

‘jedeyD yas

Little

Day
Creek.

‘IOHoIpIssy [IUIWITS

Rush | Mon-
Creek.

“A1IENO R04

‘MOTJOH, Aoyool ysomy

aoUSpIsey uosdmoyy mojog

7% ON

eu)

‘AlN s8prug

28 ‘0UepIsoy Gosdmoyy | oo: st aoe goa me ae Pas

04 ‘OSPlig O01 re i Ou : ote

‘QOUSPISIy WOIM ees ee ae g oe

“> LT 300}Spely hg igi s rs DB aes 5 Ge

“yueg YION ee ee gre sae Sa6g Roce

4 “YIOY 2Avyong jo YINoW Gecarse ots - Senne : 18

v ‘MOT[OH YSsnoy jo yynoyw BRE Sees ers Be Bein op

o IPPII °9 “ON JNO [Sot See are ee
a ‘pus taddyQ 9 “on uD Suites eee oe oa eu. -One. Bele gne.
s ¢ “ON 7D a cai 9. ald en ise
5 PON 30D 1: 1 PAPA A KS eileoes “TATA AA iPA
(=) ‘¢ ‘ON 3D nw: aneoapea AA (eee: ines csen ae

4 ap4

Shale-Nodular Zotie.

Three
Mile

Run.

‘yjedeyD yyrag

Kents
Run

n Creek.

ee
Bees ‘QOUSpIsoy [OUIMI1}S phd speed Ral ch ceiecha ated aes
Ha SO

a4 *AtIENG ALOW

iy)

45 “MOTIOH AoyOoL iso

soapisay wosdmoyy mMoleg

‘sOUSplisoy Bosdumoyy, <=Sane: ee de paste
‘aSpliq Woim bd 4 +p ee
“20UapIsey Oly Rare ape peat: Peeeeae
“STITT SUO IS pRID : coe Sons ‘ :
“sued ylion sas as peas
WloW sAsyong fo yynoW heteao 30 recess
“MOTIOH Ysnoy jo ynoy | Bald ae td peal
_21PPHAL “9 ‘ON IND. eta ae Sateen
a ~ A ae br , ‘calryalmarsin}i

|
}
.
i
4
4
.
|
|
}

Table of Distribution.

SS == ——
a eee

Shale-Nodular Zoe. : Lower Zone
See eae
ale, : it
Kents | Rush | Mon- vnree Kents | Rush Nes Three Little |
Mile Tenathare Gren Kents | Rush | Mon- | Phree

onathan Creek. Run. | Creek.| day Jonatha ek. Teyoems |) (CREEK) 10)
J Run. mere yt Ee eee es fe eka Run. | Creek.| Day | Mile
Creek,| Run.

7 ae Upper Zoue.

f) Lower and Shale-nod-

y v

: e Z Y

ale) vu Oa U ‘ 3)

Species ol l=\o gle gl lols le | (Bix g

J v Sg g j fs u Ou]. 3)
teal | > lias gle| = a 2 (olale O] 4 = 3) L |e] Blo oe & 3 |
VID} |olG} |alo}| S gu v/s js}o “lgi \Slel o q OlSolca| & | |e a 3 3
ere Mia| ele] /2lz| 3 Bie |i4) leis) [ea = 3 Bolle] (2/8) |e/9) & 5 Cah.
f eA a ep ~ = = : ae ETS) mia] .ju : ; = wl = vlo| HH fecal }
Slalols Ululyle| » | wv a U 55) s ate 5 Fi | = ssiheihoilh lineal 8 ~ ls )
a Bae le S/E) 2 | & |e Pigalle |E| |e] 2 | B Ie PRIS BSISelel pla| @ | & ee
H Silito) ‘ = - my | een | even | an | wet t = eral
BH SISie le] s ele ye| sia g a 5 lis | isles lela] SelB /e/ 8s “1g m4 Ss Boiled aiid le [5 fue (S| (S| B]S Ore ¥ a Bola
Clea) ill oy) ee | 21 = izes | est] eat | we nit = int . ars wor wv] — a
vlolelsiels|Sialalelficlclale| 2/ Cl & vlSleisiolelebelal-|Si“FAlai.| S|Ql 8 S |lslslelclelclo(Cl@isiziaigiel ial w | 6 les

gleizlele\alzlSSisicielelel2) s)2| 2 | & SAAslaleslszlelejelel o)u) 8 | S | MAIR SiSlelclele ele) o |G ze oS ly
elelseisigieleleieesisisizig)/£ie| & | & Wels lelelslelelglelsleisiejeic| 2/4) 2 | & lehlelelelele/elegieisislsls| gi#| & | @ lGsie
OIOlO Y MIM |e | 60 i D D y alk a al eal Ps pe) ClSslSslslslelsiClSiolSielelcia] wis : etre he
fa 0|0|0|0|0/0 | [2/4 /O/H D TRIOS (8090/4 |=] [Oo |M Me |= Be | D G |islOlOSlO\G/OSlsizlomMigiclal Ble| ¢F & \é"a

rv
Be

va
Sips

Zaphrentis cliffordana.......+.+.|--fe-}eje}efefe fe
Pentremites elegans..... ..66 es fefe| pecfefopecy:
Cyathocrinus maxvillensis.....}--)-:)-:)--)--je-)--)-° 5 aller lleral | Geet heen eae lees 2 = ES Ra es ee he ila
Septopora rectistyla.i.u. --reefeledeefefefepefetesfofeds pope pet sept Be — delfonl| caller |. lfc a(t coed feel ete tases Rep fee liere
Fenestella serratula........ «+. |.: valtcollee dtreltoe||ccol Sell eel hea le] (eel [sto toe mec facia oe rs 6 1|| Oral] o-alf eal «.< 2 4] orl pest cae) Fee ace ee [Pl ore Vee] ee arene = = be este ; “x
x
z
x

tall

Rhombopora armata...
Derbya crassa........+- alee ee
Productus pileiformis..........-|..[--/--}--]--)-
Productus cestriensis...........)--|+-|- |-- :
Martinia contracta...... ....s00.{e-| |ee}ee]--[esfe]e=
Chepbabiow te ctollWiadhan sanoenosore [fast aelfina||aell. [feller | foto et fox
Dielasma turgida..... ......... Jes[--|.:]--|- |e |--]--|--}
Seminula subquadrata....... ../.-J--je:} |e-je-j--]--]-<]- 2
rey Fhtot hells chs Un nee yoeisnee + |feell5)| oe! fee |e! (oll ele fee] ors] ee fo foe foo] [ec eo a ae selleelieatloc|lo|| pera ero peed eae :
CSVevoniuti alti ce ita tren cr cea cette elie ocaleleatinltallleet ertlantten tec] asthe eine aa Feo NFS saoalheotl ont ualfece el eed et es fgg A Vee et Pec ee sje fein is a aa La Fa ese | ia a a
Schizodus chesterensis.......... sfeefeofeefectafeefe S clbal eel eal eh eel eeeey ae <3 alec. [ioc||> tlh 21 RS ae Rigel el i Di a a as ele ines
ilbayaya), siece a SUDUSACF ey paaBanbonocded ll selferd/Balfsolliedlnmljae! feel Boller lela es es pees es el MER <|/.lcal nl] 1X | oclieaheaccten: e
Allorisma andrewsi.. ~ffecile<cl| elle ll hicelene fee fea Pe fee P< lee eM es tp oe Pee eee sales lo tocl ole alt so oleae :
Allorisma maxvillensis..........]-.Jeej-:Je-[e-feclesfecdeej [eefoeteje- aie = a seal ie ~ =| el elie elle {alleles rig Ballacino (Oe llobydalinal| “ ocloatac|lo stan ioc
Gynnicangellaroblowenhssusienil’ alee leaiioleleeieeiine |eelee|ac|e-|e-) = || >- : cae Melesdlee|closkeche al ieee Sear eae ae See ae a a a oO minor
Dentalium illinoiense 5 oe OIL Ol o-olFotelta offiaa rae | eis ane) ohn oa fie Feiss | iattal | Puech] O2Nen Nateot tackeed hata iestat |taxat | ewe edhe pecd bao
Straparollus similis
Holopea newtonensis.
“4. Bulimorphia melanoides.... s.clfes oll cral lero eis thee lle her fetal Rey fo Ha Ree
Thy weXvubbervorgsoyebky ceeprEvelOplMElyan 1a lool onleolfoo| oolfacitec|anll otlealeoteelontie
. beorpulenta....|.. ; ;

Me

VA:

bd DA
A
iy)
ps
te
“
Age T Rae Wee
ans
4
ia
A
*
lca
*
wn
Pr

4
’
YA
pe
Pape
Mw:
PATA

DMs:
AMM Do

at
:
; = i
ee
Set ;
e4
#1
pa
a * r

HiH-SlaTC

SPs Oe a ee ea

1860.

1890.

1909.

The Fauna of the Maxvuille Limestone. 399

DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES.
PSI SAILIUIME (COeIEISIN INR VE IRAN,
CLASS ANTHOZOA.

ZAPHRENTIS CLIFFORDANA—Miine-Edwards and Haime.

Zaphrentis cliffordana, Milne-Edwards and Haime, Monog. des
Polyp. Foss., p. 329, pl. 3, fig. 5.

Carboniferous: Buttonmould Knobs, Mammoth Cave, and Gray-
son County, Kentucky.

Zaphrentis cliffordana. Milne-Edwards, Hist. Nat. Corr., Vol. III,
Da Sole

Carboniferous: Kentucky.

Zaphrentis cliffordana. Worthen, Geol. Surv. Ill., Vol. VIII, p.
75, pl. 10, figs. 1, la, 1b.

Kinderhook group: Monroe County, Illinois.

Zaphrentis cliffordana. Whitheld, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., Vol.
V, p. 546, pl. 18, figs. 1-3.

Maxville limestone: Maxville and Newtonville, Ohio.

Zaphrentis cliffordana. Whitfield, Geol. Surv. Ohio, Vol. VII, p.
465, pl. 9, figs. 1-3.

Maxville limestone: Maxville and Newtonville, Ohio

Zaphrentis cliffordana, Grabau and Shimer, N. A. Index Foss.,
p. 58.

Lower Carbonic.

Fic. 1.— Zaphrentis cliffordana.

Al.
b.— Lateral view of another specimen showing the curvature of

View of a specimen showing the interior of the calyx.

the cone.

e.— Transverse section of a specimen just beneath the calyx, en-

larged. (After Whitfield.)

360 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

Description.— Corallum a small, curved, tapering cone with
a deep calyx. Epitheca thin, and generally shows the edges of
the septa. Primary septa thirty to thirty-six in number, and of
nearly equal strength. Secondary septa rudimentary, equal in
number to the primary. JF ossula on the side of least curvature.
Disseppiments not so distinctly developed as the primary septa.

Bengch 7 to 33) mime Greatest chiamereisases seman

This coral is characterized by its small size, curved cone,
thin epitheca, which exposes the septa, and in cross section by
the equal development of the primary septa.

Horizon and locality. —Maxville limestone.
Upper zone: Mouth of Buckeye Fork, Fultonham; Gladstone

Mills, White Cottage.
Lower zone: Bridge Gully, Cut No. 3, Mt. Perry-Fultonhanr.

JHEESIEIUIME JE CISULIN OIDJEISOMUA TOA

CLASS BLASTOIDEA.
PENTREMITES ELEGANS—Lyon.
1858. Pentremites elegans. Lyon, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., Vol. 1,
p. 632, pl. 20, figs. 4a-c.
Millstone grit: Near Grayson Springs and Litchfield, Kentucky.
1891. Pentrenites elegans. Whitfield, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., Vol. V,
p. 577, pl. 13, fig: 4.
Maxville limestone: Newtonville, Ohio.
1895. Pentremites .elegans. Whitfield, Geol. Surv. Ohio, Vol. VII, p.
466, pl. 9, fig. 4.
Maxville limestone: Newtonville, Ohio.
1909. Pentrenutes elegans. Wood, U. S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 64, p. 14, pl. 2,
figs. 10-12.

Description. — “Body small, broadly subpyriform, the
length equal to about once and a half the height, but somewhat
variable with age; the greatest width being at the base of the
ambulacral areas, or considerable below the middle of the height,
the outline of the lower portion being nearly straight lines, or a
little concave between the base of the ambulacral areas and the
lower extremities of the basal plates, while above the form is

The Fauna of the Maxwville Limestone. 361

generally rounding or convex. In a basal view the form is pen-
tangular, and viewed from above somewhat pentalobate; the
ambulacral areas being slightly sulcated. Basal plates small,
extending to rather less than half the height of the body below
the base of the areas, and in their lower half are somewhat more
attenuate than above, the cicatrix for the attachment of the
column being very small. Forked plates elongated, and the sinus
very broad and deep; the length of the plates being equal to more
than once and a half their greatest width, and their summits
slightly truncated for the reception of the small pointed inter-

Fic. 2.— Pentremites elegans. Lateral view. (After Whitfield.)

ambulacral plates, which are in length about equal to one-fourth
of the entire length of the areas. Ambulacral areas propor-
tionally wide, distinctly depressed along their middle and com-
posed, in the specimen figured, of about twenty-six pairs of
transverse poral-plates, from ten to eleven of which occupy
the space of an eighth of an inch in length, in the lower and mid-
dle portions, but become shorter above. Summit openings rather
large, surface smooth [Whitfield, 1893].”
Horizon and locality. — Maxville limestone.
Upper zone: Mouth of Buckeye Fork, Fultonham.

CLASS CRINOIDEA.
CYATHOCRINUS MAXVILLENSIS— Whitfield.
1882. Cyathocrinus inequidactylus. Whitfield, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci.,
Vol. II, p. 219, (Not C. inequidactylus McCoy, 1844).
Maxville limestone: Newtonville, Ohio.
1891. Cyathocrinus maxvillensis. Whitfield, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., Vol.
V, p. o%, ply 13) figs. 5-8:
Maxville limestone: Newtonville, Ohio.

362 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

1895. Cyathocrinus Maxvillensis. Whitheld, Geol. Surv. Ohio, Vol. VII,
p. 465, pl. 9, figs. 5-8.
Maxville limestone: Newtonville, Ohio.

Description. —““Body of rather small size. Calyx deep
cyathiform, being nearly hemispherical in one example, and
somewhat broad abconical in another, and composed of smooth
plates, which have only the general convexity of the body, or
very slightly tuberose. Basal plates minute to moderate size,
higher than wide. Subradials large; height and width nearly
equal; two of them heptagonal and the others hexagonal, the
lower sides barely diverging from a straight line. First radials
wider than high, and about two-thirds as high as the subradials.

Fic. 3.— Cyathocrinus maxvillensis.
a.— View of the anal side of a specimen showing the long second
radials, enlarged to two diameters.
b and c.— Anterior and posterior views of another specimen show-
ing the large outer arm.
d.— Anterior view of a third specimen. (After Whitfeld.)

Anals visible, three in number; the first elongate pentagonal,
nearly twice as high as wide, and situated a little obliquely on
the right side of the area; the other two are small and pentagonal.
Second radials, or first arm plates, smaller than the first radials
and narrowing upward, wedge-formed above, and each support-
ing two arms. On the posterio-lateral rays they are long and
cylindrical, with the arms slender. On the anterior ray, it is
short and supports two slender arms; while on the anterio-lateral
rays they support a slender arm similar to those of the other

The Fauna of the Maxville Limestone. 363

rays on the anterior side, and on the outer side an arm several
times larger and stronger than the others, and composed of
larger and stronger plates. y

“Plates of the arms short and unequal-sided, and giving
origin to jointed tentacule from the longer side of each plate,
which is upon the alternate sides of the arm, or on the same
Sideminommevernye second plate. Slrtace OF the plates smoot
Length of the arms and subsequent bifurcation not known.
Column small, round, and composed of unequal-sized plates
alternating with each other.

“The slender arms are preserved on two individuals to the

length of about one inch, and the strong anterio-lateral arm
on one, to more than an inch; but no evidence of bifurcation
appears.
“The inequality of the anterio-lateral arms will be the dis-
tinctive feature of the species, as the form of the calyx is simi-
lar to many other species of the group | Whitfield, 1895].”

Horizon and locality. — Maxville limestone.

Upper zone: Mouth of Buckeye Fork, Fultonham.

PHYLUM MOLLUSCOIDEA.
CLASS BIRWOZOA.

SEPTOPORA RECTIST YLA—Whitfield.

1882. Synocladia rectistyla. Whitheld, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., Vol. II,
Dp. 220.
Maxville limestone: Newtonville, Ohio.
1891. Synocladia rectistyla. Whitheld, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci, Vol. V
D. a2), pil, 13, ines, 9, 10,
Maxville limestone: Newtonville, Ohio.
1895. Synocladia rectistyla. Whitfield, Geol. Surv. Ohio, Vol. VII,
Dp. 260, pol. 9 mes, 9), 10).
Maxville limestone: Newtonville, Ohio.

3

Description. — Zoarium a spreading, funnel-shaped frond
with a rooted base. Branches slender, straight, from 0.35 mm.
to 0.40 mm. in diameter, and with bifurcations at frequent
intervals. About 10 branches to each cm. Branches more or

364 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

less carinate, with distant, stout, laterally compressed spines,
and with a row of large apertures on either side of the carina.
Dissepiments nearly as large as the branches, in some cases
bent upward in the center, in others directed obliquely upward
from both sides of a branch, and in still others directed trans-
versely, and bear one to three apertures. Ienestrules more or

e)

ex
IS

OF ee

oo ©

Y)

Se

bey
ay Me ziay. ‘=

MOS a

Fic. 4.— Septopora rectistyla.
.a.— Inside of a frond, natural size.
lb. —Enlarged portion showing the. apertures. (After Whitfield.)

less variable and bordered, laterally, by apertures which, as a
rule, are three in number. ‘The latter are less than their own
diameter apart and have a prominent peristome.

Reverse side not known.

Horizon and locality. — Maxville limestone.
‘Shale-nodular zone: Kroft Bridge, White Cottage.
Undetermined zone: Harper Shaft, Olive Furnace.

FENESTELLA SERRATULA— Ulrich.

1890. Fenestella serratula. Ulrich, Geol. Surv., Ill, Vol. VIII, p. 544,
pl. 50, figs. 5-5c.
Keokuk group: Nauvoo, Illinois.
‘Warsaw beds: Monroe County and Warsaw, Illinois.
‘St. Louis limestone: Caldwell, Lyon, and Crittendon Counties,
Kentucky.
1894. Fenestella serratula. Keyes, Mo. Geol. Surv., Vol. V, p. 23.
Keokuk limestone: Keokuk, Iowa.

The Fauna of the Maxwville Limestone. 365

1906. Fenestella serratula. Cumings, Ind. Dept. Geol. Nat. Res., 30th
Ann. Rept., p. 1280, pl. 30, figs. 2-2c, 3-3a.
Salem limestone: Bedford, Indiana.

Description. —“Zoarium a foliar expansion, from 3 to 5,
cms. in diameter. Branches rigid, small, 0.25 mm. wide, twenty--
five or twenty-six in I cm., with a comparatively strong mesial
carina, carrying small nodes, which give it on a side view the
serrated appearance that has suggested the name. Nodes and
zoecia twenty-four to twenty-six in 5 mm., and three to each:
fenestrule. Apertures very small, 0.07 mm. in diameter with a
prominent peristome when perfect. Dissepiments thin, not more
than half as wide as the branches, depressed and carinate on the
obverse side. Fenestrules narrow elliptical, seventeen to nine-

Fic. 5.—Fenestella serratula. A branch enlarged twenty diameters to
show the apertures and the nodes on the mesial carina.

teen in one cm. Reverse of branches granulo-striate or nearly
smooth (?) with an occasional long, barbed, spine-like append-
age [ Ulrich, 1890].”

The Maxville forms are like the Chester specimens in that
they lack the granules on the longitudinal strie of the obverse
side. More strictly speaking, the obverse side instead of having
strie 1s marked with very fine longitudinal plications, which
bifurcate and diverge toward the top.

Horizon and locality. — Maxville limestone.

Shale-nodular zone: Kroft Bridge, White Cottage.
Undetermined zone: Harper Shaft, Olive Furnace.

366 = Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

RHOMBOPORA ARMATA—Ulrich.
1884. Rhombopora armata. Ulrich, Jour, Cinn. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol.
Will, p. dil, pl. I, nes, & ba,
Kaskaskia group: Tateville, Kentucky.

Description. —Zoarium slender, ramose, solid. Zoecia
with deep, narrow, rhombic vestibules, arranged regularly in a
quincuncial manner, thus forming vertically, transversely, and
obliquely intersecting series. The oblique series slightiy more
evident. Apertures subcircular and comparatively large. The
peripheries of the vesttbules form rounded ridge-like thickenings,

Fic. 6.— Rhombopora armata. Zoarium magnified twenty times to show
the apertures and spines.

and at the intersections of the oblique ones of these are located
one or two prominent spines.
Zoarium I mm. in diameter; and with eleven to thirteen
zoecia to one circumference.
This species can be readily recognized by its slender cylin-
drical zoarium with rhombic vestibules and prominent spines.
Horizon and locality. — Maxville limestone.
Undetermined zone: Harper Shaft, Olive Furnace.

CLASS BRACHIOPODA.
DERBYA CRASSA—Meck and Hayden.

1853. Orthis wmbraculum? Hall, Stansbury Explo. and Survey Gt. Salt
ible, jo, 4512, ol, 3 ines O.
Carboniferous: Missouri River.

1859.

1860.

1860.

1860.

1861.

1864.

1865.

The Fauna of the Maxzville Limestone. 367

Orthis wmbraculwm? Owen, Geol. Rept. Wis., Iowa, and Minn.,
tab. 5, fig. 11.

Carboniferous: Missouri River.

Orthis arachnoidea. Roemer, Kreid. von Texas, p. 89, tab. 1, figs.
9 a, b:

Carboniferous: San Saba Valley, Texas.

Orthisina crassa. Meek and Hayden, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil.,
Dp: Zot.

Coal Measures: Leavenworth, Kansas.

Orthis crenistria. Marcou, Geol. North America, p. 49.

Mountain limestone: Pecos Village, New Mexico.

Orthisina crassa. Meek and Hayden, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil.
Dp. 26.

Coal Measures: Leavenworth, Kansas.

Orthisina umbraculum? Meek and Hayden, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phil., p. 26.

Upper Coal Measures: Fort Riley and Cottonwood Creek, Kansas

Orthis lasallensis. McChesney, Desc. New Pal. Foss., p. 32.

Upper Coal Measures: Lasalle, Illinois.

Orthis richmonda. McChesney, Desc. New Pal. Foss., p. 32.

Coal Measures: N. W. Richmond, Missouri.

Orthis prattent. McChesney, Desc. New Pal. Foss., p. 33.

Coal Measures: Charbonier, Missouri.

Streptorhynchus wumbraculum. Newberry, Ives’ Colo. Expl.
Exped., p. 125.

Upper Carboniferous (Cherty limestone): Various.

Hemipronites crassus. Meek and Hayden, Smithsonian Cont.
Knowledge, Vol. XIV, No. 172, p. 26, pl. 1, figs. 7a-d.

Coal Measures: Leavenworth City, Kansas.

Orthis lasallensis. McChesney, Ill. New Spec. Foss., p. 1, figs.
5a-c.

Orthis lasallensis. McChesney, Ill. New Spec. Foss., pl. 1, figs.
6a, b.

Hemipronites lasallensis. McChesney, Trans, Chicago Acad. Sci.,
Vol. I, p. 28, pl. 1, figs. 5a-c.

Coal Measures: N. W. Richmond, Missouri.

Hemipronites lasallensis. McChesney, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci.,
Wool I, p. 2s, pl. Wy mes, Gay Ip.

Upper Coal Measures: Lasalle, Illinois.

Hemipromites crassws. Meek, U. S. Geol. Surv. Nebr., p. 174, pl.
®, mes, leases wil, 8 ime Il.

Coal Measures: Nebraska, Kansas, Iowa, Missouri, Illinois.

Chester limestone: West Virginia.

2

1883.

1884.

1887.

1892.

1897.

1900.

Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

Hemipronites crassus. Meek and Worthen, Geol. Sury. Ill., Vol.
V, p. 570, pl. 25, fig. 12.

Upper Coal Measures: Lasalle, Illinois.

Hemipronites crenistria. White, Powell’s Rep. Geol. Unita Mts.,.
pp. 90, 91.

Lower and Upper Aubrey group: Utah.

Hemipronites crenistria. White, U. S. Geog. Surv. W. 100 Merid.,.
Vol. IV, p. 124, pl. 10, fig. 9a.

Carboniferous: Utah, Nevada.

Streptorhynchus Richmondi. Hall, Rep. N. Y. State Geol. for
1882, pl. (10) 40, figs. 10, 11.

Coal Measures: Iowa.

Hemipronites crassus. White, Ind. Geol. Nat. Hist., 13th Rep. pt.
II, p. 129, pl. 26, figs. 4-11.

Coal Measures: Indiana.

Hemipronites crassus. Herrick, Bull. Sci.. Lab. Denison Univ...
Vol. Il, p. 50, pl. 2, fig. 19.

Coal Measures: Flint Ridge, Ohio.

Streptorhynchus crenistria. Keyes, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p.
229.

Lower Coal Measures: Des Moines, Iowa.

Streptorhynchus crassum. Whitfield, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. Vol.
VW, @ O80, ml 18, mes, il, 12.

Maxville limestone: Ohio.

Derbya crassa. Hall and Clarke, Int. to Study of Brach., pt. I,
pl. 17, figs. 1-4, 9.

Upper Coal Measures: Missouri, Iowa.

Derbya crassa. Hall and Clarke, Pal) N- Y., Vol, VIII pt: 1, pk
10s ioss 10 ie pla IA nes 28-33). ple lB tess on 24s ep leer
figs. 12, 138.

Upper Coal Measures: Missouri, Iowa.

Streptorhynchus crenistria. Keyes, Mo. Geol. Surv., Vol. V, p. 67,
pl. 38, figs. &a-h.

Coal Measures: Missouri.

Streptorhynchus crassum. Whitfield, Geol. Surv. Ohio, Vol. VII,.
p. 468; pl. 9; figs: Ul, 12:

Maxville Limestone: Ohio.

Derbya crassa. Smith, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., Vol. XXXV, p. 28.

Coal Measures: Indian Territory, Arkansas.

Derbya crassa. Beede, Univ. Geol. Surv. Kansas, Vol. VI, p. 62..
Ole @, mers. IL, Iho,

Upper and Lower Coal Measures: Fort Scott, Kansas City, Law-
rence, Topeka, Kansas. .

The Fauna of the Maxville Limestone. 369

1903. Derbya crassa. Girty, U. S. Geol. Surv., Prof. Paper 16, p. 347.
Hermosa formation: San Juan region, Ouray, Colorado.
Weber limestone and Maroon formation: Crested Butte district,

Colorado.
Weber formation: Leadville district, Colorado.
S04. “Derbya crassa, (Girty, U.S. Geol. Surv, Prof. Paper 21, p. 52,
pl. 11, fis. 3.
Naco limestone: Bisbee quadrangle, Arizona.
1909. Orthothetes (Derbya) crassus. Grabau and Shimer, N. A. Index
Foss., p. 231, fig. 282 a-d.
Upper Carbonic: North America.

Description. — “Shell very variable in size and form, but
usually more or less plano-convex as seen in profile, somewhat
semi-oval in outline, but usually a little too long from beak to
base to be strictly so considered. Ventral valve more or less
flattened, a little prominent on the umbo, but usually becoming
slightly concave toward the front of the shell; cardinal area of

Fic. 7.— Derbya crassa.

a and b.— Impression of a ventral and dorsal valve. (After Whit-
field.) Shell decidedly variable, but the ventral valve of
many specimens is very flat except for the beak which rises
abruptly and which is commonly distorted.

moderate height with a covered deltidium; beak more or less
distorted. Dorsal valve convex, often quite rotund, but usually
depressed convex, with a slightly prominent umbo. Surface of
the shell marked byradiating striz of considerable strength, which
are sometimes sharply elevated and uniform, but on other speci-
mens may be distinctly alternating in strength or arranged in

370

Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

fascicles; these are crossed by fine concentric striz which give
a finely crenulated surface when viewed through a lens. Coarser
concentric undulations of growth also mark the shell at irregular
distances [| Whitfield, 1895].”

Length 30-35 mm.; width 35-40 mm.
As pointed out by Whitfield this shell is decidedly var- e
iable.

However, the ventral valves of most specimens may be

characterized by their flattened appearance and the somewhat

sudden prominence and distortion of the beak. At the extreme é

margin, the valve is bent upwards.

_ florizon and locality. — Maxville limestone.

Upper zone: Mouth of Buckeye Fork, Fultonham; Gladstone ~
Mills?, Thompson Residence ?, Below Thompson Residence,
White Cottage.

Lower zone: Bridge Gully, Mt. Perry-Fultonham.

Undetermined zone: Harper Shaft, Olive Furnace.

PRODUCT US PILEIFORMIS—McChesney.
1859. Productus pileiformis. McChesney, Desc. New Paleozoic Foss.,
p. 40.
Kaskaskia limestone: Chester, Illinois.
1891.= Productus pileiformus. Whitheld, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sei, Vol V,
p. 582, pl. 13, figs. 138, 14.
Maxville limestone: Ohio.
1895. Productus pileiformis. Whitheld, Geol. Surv. Ohio, Vol. VII,
Dp, 00), pl O, imes, Ie Wey
Maxville limestone: Ohio.
1909. Productus pileifornis. Girty, U. S. Geol. Surv., Bull. 377, p. 26,
pl, 2 ime, 7.
Caney shale: McAlester quadrangle, Oklahoma.
1911. Productus pileiformis. Girty, U. S. Geol. Surv., Bull. 489, p. 44,
pl, 44, mes, I, 2
Moorefield shale: Batesville quadrangle, Marshall quadrangle,
Arkansas. ~
Description. — Shell larger than medium, fragile, decidedly

concavo-convex with a reflected margin.

Pedicle valve strongly curved in the posterior region and

decidedly recurved at the anterior margin. Valve pointed at

The Fauna of the Mavrville Limestone. S(t

the beak and gradualty increases in size to near the margin where
it rapidly expands into a trumpet-shaped opening. Hinge line
straight, of medium length, with medium sized auricular extrem-
ities. Surface marked by fine radiating plications, which in-
crease in number by bifurcation or insertion, and many of which
decrease in number by coalescence at a point just posterior to

the expansion of the anterior margin. Auricular margins

a Cc
Fic. 8.— Productus pileiformus.
a.— A view of a pedicle valve, the anterior margin of which is
more or less broken.
b. — A view of the internal portion of the umbonal half of a brachial

valve and the external portion of the anterior half of the
pedicle valve.

.— Profile view of a specimen (with a broken beak) showing the
trumpet-like expansion of the anterior margin of the shell.

Q

marked by prominent concentric wrinkles which disappear at
the side of the shell so that the umbonal region is free from
them or so that the latter region 1s marked by only faint repre-
sentations of them.

Brachial valve slightly concave in the umbonal region, sud-
denly reflected at the anterior margin to conform to the pedicle
valve, into which it is deeply withdrawn. Interior (?) surface

372 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

marked by fine radiating plications which are crossed by promi-

nent concentric wrinkles in both the auricular and umbonal

regions.

Length 43 mm.; width 30 mm.; hinge line 16-20 mm.

The shell is characterized by its fragile nature, fine pli-
cations, and trumpet-shaped aperture. The umbonal half of the
pedicle valve is, in most specimens, broken away, leaving the
interior surface of the umbonal half of the brachial valve and
the outer surface of the anterior half of the pedicle valve ex-
posed, seemingly as one valve (Fig. 8b).

The specimen that Whitfield figured was undoubtedly an
imperfect one. The shell must have been so broken that the
ventral view showed the umbonal half of the brachial valve and
the anterior half of the pedicle valve. And, furthermore, the
expanded, anterior margin was evidently broken away. As a
result of this imperfection, the pedicle valves of the Maxville
specimens resemble Hall’s figures of P. tenwicostus (Geol. Surv.
Iowa, Vol. I, pl. 24, fig. 2 a-c), whereas the brachial valves agree
with Whitfeld’s figures. The shell differs, though, from P.
tenuicostus in that the beak of the pedicle valve is more pointed,
in that the transverse section is rounded instead of subquadrate,
and in that the umbonal half of the brachial valve is slightly
concave rather than flat. The hinge line of P. pileiformis, also,
varies from 16 to 20 mm. whereas the one of the only specimen
used by Hall is 23 mm.

Horizon and locality. — Maxville limestone.

Upper zone: Mouth of Buckeye Fork, Fultonham; Gladstone
Mills, Thompson Residence (aa), below Thompson Resi-
dence, White Cottage.

Lower zone: Cut No. 4, Mt. Perry-Fultonham; Folk Quarry,
Rushville.

PRODUCTUS CESTRIENSIS—Worthen.
1855. Productus elegans. Norwood and Pratten, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci.
owt, (), Wolk IU p & wb i, ite Wee, CNoe J; elegans
McCoy).

Mountain limestone: Chester and Kaskaskia, Illinois; near Hat
Island, Missouri.

The Fauna of the Maxville Limestone. 373:

1860. Productus cestriensis. Worthen, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci.
Vol. I, p. 570.
Chester limestone: Chester, Illinois.
1877. Productus elegans. Hall and Whitfield, U. S. Geol. Expl. 40 Par..,
Vol. 1V, p. 268, pl. 5, figs. 3, 4.
Lower Carboniferous limestone: Utah.
1891. Productus elegans. Whithield, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., Vol. V, p.
Hell, Wl, WS, immer, Ms, I.
Maxville limestone: Ohio.
1894. Productus cestriensis. Keyes. Mo. Geol. Surv., Vol. V, p. 44.
Kaskaskia limestone: Ste. Mary, Missouri.
1895. Productus elegans. Whitfield, Geol. Surv. Ohio, Vol. VII, p. 469,
pl. 9, figs. 15, 16.
Maxville limestone: Ohio.
1897. Productus cestriensis. Weller, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci., Vol. XVI,
p. 256, pl. 19, figs. 7-9.
Batesville sandstone: Batesville, Arkansas.
1911. Diaphragmus elegans. Girty, U. S. Geol. Surv., Bull. 4389, p. 51,
pl. 4, figs. 4, 5.
‘Moorefield shale: Batesville quadrangle, Arkansas

Description. — Shell of medium size, highly curved. Hinge
line straight and short.

Pedicle valve strongly curved, gradually increases in breadth
from the beak toward the anterior end where it is slightly ex-
panded in the older forms. Auricular depressions at the extrem-
ities of the hinge line very small. In many specimens a shallow,
ill-defined sinus extends from near the beak to the anterior end.
Surface marked with numerous, medium-sized, radiating plica-
tions which bear a number of spine bases. Plications crossed by
concentric wrinkles in the posterior region.

Brachial valve with central portion nearly flat or concave
and with anterior half bending abruptly forward and fitting in
the opposite valve so as to greatly restrict the viseral cavity.
Surface ornamented with medium-sized, radiating plications
which are less distinct on the flattened portion and which, in this
area, are crossed by concentric wrinkles.

Length 16 mm.; width 16 mm.

This species is characterized by the highly curved pedicle

374 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

valve and by the withdrawal of the brachial valve far within the
pedicle valve, as shown in Fig. 9 ¢ and e.
This contact causes a plane of weakness along which the

e

Fic. 9. — Productus cestriensis.

a.— A view of a pedicle valve, a portion of the margin of which
has been broken away.
b.— An internal view of a brachial valve, showing the abrupt, for-
ward bend of this valve.

c.—A dorsal view, showing the concave structure of the brachial

valve. :
d.— A view of a pedicle valve showing the beak and concentric
wrinkles.
e.—A dorsal view showing especially the concavity of the brachial
valve.
‘f and g.— Portions of the same specimen, which have separated
along the plane of weakness caused by the abrupt forward ‘

bend of the anterior half from the flat posterior half of
the brachial valve.

shells of many specimens break (Fig. 9 f and g). Its smaller
size and coarser plications readily separate it from P. pilei-
formis, the other Maxville species.

The Fauna of the Maxville Limestone. 379

This shell is one of the four abundant forms found in the
Maxville limestone. It occurs in association with Semuiniula
subquadrata and like it in great numbers in the shale nodular
zone and very commonly in the shaly partings of the upper
zone.

Horizon and locality. — Maxville limestone.
Upper zone: Gladstone Mills, Thompson Residence, below

Thompson Residence, White Cottage; Smith Chapel, Logan.

Shale-nodular zone: Cut No. 5, Upper end of Cut No. 6, Mid-
die or Cat INO; ©, Nilcmun ox Islougin Iniolllony, Wht, lecery-
Fultonham; Kroft Residence, Kroft Bridge, White Cot-
tage; Stimmel Residence, Maxville; Smith Chapel, Logan.

Lower gomez Brice Guilllhy, Cut INO. 3, Cute INO, 4, Cut INO, §.
Mt. Perry-Fultonham; West Jockey Hollow, Rushville.

lWindetermiued zone.) Middlevot Gut Non 6) Mia Rem —miton=
ham; Harper Shaft, Olive Furnace.

MARTINI « CONTRACT A—Meck and Worthen.

1861. Spirifera glabra var. contracta. Meek and Worthen, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sei. Phil., p. 143.
Chester limestone: Pope County and Chester, Illinois.
1866. Spirifer glaber var. contracta. Meek and Worthen, Geol. Surv.
Tll., Vol. II, p. 298, pl. 23, figs. 5a, b.
Chester group: Pope County and Chester, Illinois.
1874. Spirifer (Martinia) glaber var. contracta. White, Prelim. Rept.
Inv. Foss., p. 20.
Carboniferous (Coal Measures): Camp Cottonwood, Nevada.
1877. Spirifer (Martinia) glaber var. cantracta. White, U. S. Geol.
Surv. W. 100 Merid., Vol. 1V, p. 136, pl. 10, figs. 2a-c.
Carboniferous: Camp Cottonwood, Nevada.
1888. Spirifer glaber. Herrick, Bull. Denison Univ., Vol. IV, pl. 11,
fig. 15.
Chester limestone: Ohio. ;
1891. Spirifera (Martinia) contractus. Whitheld, Ann. N. Y. Acad.
Sci., Vol. V, p. 583, pl. 12, figs. 17-19.
Maxville limestone: Ohio.
1894. Spirifera contracta. Keyes, Mo. Geol. Surv., Vol. V, p. 83.
Kaskaskia limestone: Chester, Illinois.

376 =Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

1895. Spirifera (Martinia) contracta. Whitfield, Geol. Surv. Ohio, Vol.
VII, p. 471, pl. 9, figs. 117-19.
Maxville limestone: Ohio.
1909. Martinia glabra var. contracta. Grabau and Shimer, N. A. Index
Foss., p. 341.
Chester: Illinois, Ohio and Nevada.

Description. — Shell of medium and of larger than medium
size, fairly robust, broadly ovate in general outline.

Ventral valve robust, with incurved beak. Hinge line short,
equal to half the width of the shell. Area small, divided by a
rather large triangular pedicle opening. Median sinus shallow,
narrow, and indistinct on the beak, but gradually increasing in
width toward the anterior end where it is somewhat extended
into the fold of the opposite valve.

Fic. 10.— Martinia contracta. .
a.— Dorsal view of the type specimen from the Chester limestone

of Illinois.
b and c.— Dorsal and profile views of a Maxville specimen. (After

Whitfield. )

Brachial valve less convex and nearly circular in outline,
with minute beak. Median fold developed only in the anterior
half toward which margin it increases in size.

Surface marked by very minute radiating plications, which
alternate in size and which are crossed by still finer concentric
lines.

Length 14-35 mm.; width 14-40 mm.

The shell is characterized by its robust form and by the
minute radiating plications and the finer concentric lines. [rag-

The Fauna of the Maxville Limestone. Bde

ments of the smaller shells may be readily separated from
Seminula subquadrata and Dielasma turgida by the absence of
the round foramen and from the latter also by the absence of the
punctate surface.
Horizon and locality. — Maxville limestone.
Upper zone: Mouth of Buckeye Fork, Fultonham; Gladstone
Mills, Thompson Residence, Below Thompson Residence,
White Cottage.

SPIRIFER KEOKUK—Hall.

1852. Spirifer attenwatus. Owen, Geol. Rep. Wis., Iowa, and Minn.,
(Al, Dy ks, D, TAD, B AK, ime, WS.
Lower Carboniferous limestone: Skunk River, Iowa.
Carboniferous limestone: Keokuk Rapids of the Mississippi.
1858. Spirifer keokuk. Hall, Geol. Iowa, Vol. I, pt. Il, p. 642, pl. 20,
figs. 3 a-d, 2d.
Keokuk limestone: Keokuk, Iowa; Nauvoo and Warsaw, Illinois.
1858. Spirifer keokwk var. Hall, Geol. Iowa, Vol. I, pt. II, p. 676, pl. 24,
figs. 4 a-d.
St. Louis limestone: Mouth of Lizard Creek, lowa.
1876. Spirifer keokuk (?) Meek, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv.
Derr, Vol. Wl, p, 855, pl, il, ames, &, Be.
- Carboniferous: Kootenay Range of Rocky Mountain.
1883. Sbirifera keokuk. Hall, Rep. N. Y. State Geol. for 1882, pl. (80)
55, figs. 21-24.
Keokuk and St. Louis limestone: Keokuk, Lizard Creek, and
Marion County, lowa.
1888. Spirifer keokuk. WHerrick, Bull, Denison Univ., Vol. IV, p. 114.
Waverly group: Rushville and Loudonville, Ohio.
1888. Spirifer increbescens. Herrick, Bull. Denison Univ., Vol. IV, pl.
11, figs. 14, 23.
Chester limestone: Ohio.
Limestone fragments in Coal Measures: Licking County, Ohio.
1891. Spirifer Rockymontana? Whitfield, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., Vol.
W, fo. Seb jo 1g}, ime, ZO,
Maxville limestone: Newtonville, Ohio.
1894. Spirifer keokuk. Hall and Clarke, Int. Study of Brach., pt. 2,
pl, 27, mes, 145 15,
Keokuk group: Keokuk, Jowa.
1894. Spirifera keokuk. Keyes, Mo. Geol. Surv., Vol. V, p. 81, pl. 40,
ine, Qe

Keokuk limestone: Wayland, Missouri; Keokuk, Iowa.

378 =Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

1895. Spirifera Rockymontana? Whitfield, Geol. Surv. Ohio, Vol. VII,
p. 471, pl. 9, fig. 20.
Maxville limestone: Newtonville, Ohio.
1895, Sipe Keokuk, lall and Clarke aly Ne Yo Vol VA pte 2
pl. 30, figs. 21-24.
Keokuk group: Keokuk, Lizard Creek and Marion County, Iowa.
1895. Spirifer keokwk var. ? Hall and Clarke, Pal. N:. Y., Vol. VIII,
De UL pl Ba, ames, ISHS.
St Louis group: Southern Indiana?
1897. Spirifer keokuk. Weller, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci., Vol. XVI, p.
257, pl. 19, figs. 10-12.
Batesville sandstone: Batesville, Arkansas.
1909. Spirifer keokwk. Grabau and Shimer, N. A. Index Foss., p. 333,
fig. 425 a, b:
Keokuk: Ohio, Illinois, Towa, Utah.

“Spirifera Rockymontana?
Plate IG tig. 20:
~Spirifera Rockymontana Marcou, Geol. N. Amer., p. 50, pl. 7,
ne, A, JOD; MSS.
~S Poriyer@ eon: Jalal, (Geoll Ineo, lowe, WOl, I Dis A, pp. O42,

pl. 20) tig3) Sept. 1858.

“Spuifera Reokuk Var. Hall Ibidi, p. 672, pl. 24, tig. 4.
“Spirijera opmmne Ialaill, Worl, (d. 7itl, Pl AS, 11s 1.

“Several specimens of a Spirifera, of the form referred to
S. keokuk var. Prof. Hall, have been obtained from Newton-
ville, Ohio, which are so entirely similar to those from the St.
Louis and Chester limestones of Iowa, as to be absolutely indis-
tinguishable; the form of the shell, the form and number of the
plications, and the minute surface structure being exactly as in
those.

“The form of the shell will vary from longer than wide to
much wider than long, dependent on the extension of the hinge
line. In profile the shell 1s extremely ventricose, with a strongly
enrolled beak; a moderate cardinal area, vertically striated; a
well-marked mesial fold and sinus; from seven to ten simple,
rounded, or sub-angular plications on each side, and from four
to six bifurcating or dividing plications on the fold and sinus.

The Fauna of the Maxville Limestone. 379

The plications and intervening spaces, when the surface is well
preserved, are marked by fine longitudinal lines, showing even
on partially exfoliated specimens, and are also crossed by still
finer transverse strie which undulate in crossing the plications,
and on perfectly preserved surfaces appear to be minutely setose
on their edges.

“The species is extremely variable in its general outline, as
exhibited among the collections from all of the many localities
from which I have examined specimens, especially in the ex-
tension of the hinge-line, and the proportional width of the shell
below, and also in the prominence of the mesial fold; but the
form of the plications and the character of those marking the
fold and sinus are usually the same in all; while the most con-
stant and persistent character, and one I have been able to

Fic. 11.—Spirifer keokuwk. Pedicle valve. (After Whitheld.) The form
of this species varies greatly in the Maxville limestone.

detect on specimens from almost every locality noticed, consists
of the minute structure of the surface. I have lately examined
a large number of examples from the limestones and sandstones
of the Coal Measures of New Mexico, which correspond ex-
actly with those figured by Prof. Marcou under the name S.
Rockymontana, and find them showing all the variations in form
noticed among the Keokuk, St. Louis, Chester and Coal Measure
limestones of Ohio and the West, and am thoroughly convinced
they cannot be separated, even as local varieties, with any degree
of safety or satisfaction [Whitfield, 1895].”

In the above bibhography Weller’s arrangement has been
followed, except for the listing of Herricks S. mercbescens,
which is undoubtedly the same as the other Maxville Spirifers.
Flad the writer been bolder and followed his own inclinations,

380 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

he would have adopted Whitfield’s and added S. increbescens
to the latter’s list.

Hall’s inability to separate S. keokwk var. (St. Louis lime-
stone, 1858) from S$. keokuk (Keokuk limestone, 1858) seems
especially significant. S. keokuk appears to represent one ex-
treme, the short hinge line, and S. increbescens (Kaskaskia lime-
stone, 1858) the other extreme, the long hinge line, of an other-
wise very similar series of specimens. Between the two is
S. keokwk var. with specimens exhibiting both long and short
hinge lines. The ones with the long hinge lines might as well
have been selected as the type in this case and the name S.
imcrebescens var. applied rather than S. keokwk var. Wo be
sure, it 1s not difficult to identify specimens of one extreme as
S. keokuk and those of the other as S. imcrebescens, but what
is to be done with the intermediate forms which fall as readily
under one species as the other?

Just why Spirifer opimus (Coal Measures of Ohio, Mary-
land and lowa, 1858) should have been originaly referred to
S. rockymontam (Moutain limestone of New Mexico, 1858)
rather than to S. keokuk, which it more closely resembles, is not
clear. S. opimus is undoubtedly an offspring of one of the
Mississippian forms, and more probably one from the adjacent
Mississippian series rather than one from the western Mis-
Sissippian.

If any specific division is to be made in the above forms
it would seem to fall between S. rocky-montam (1858) on the
one hand and S. keokwk (1858), S. keokwk var. (1858), S.
imcrebescens (1858), and S. opimus (1858) on the other. This,
of course, would give specific rank to the first and second and
make all of the rest synonyms of the second. Should no divi-
sion be deemed advisable then all of Hall’s species become syn-
onyms of Spirifer rockymontanus Marcou (1858).

In the lower half of the Maxville limestone are found speci-
mens of Spirifer which resemble very closely the figures of S.

rockymontanus Marcou (especially 4 c-e) in two respects:
first, the plications are small and sharply angular; and second,

The Fauna of the Maxville Limestone. 381

the plications, in their growth toward the anterior end, bend
decidedly toward the lateral margins. However, the mesial fold
is sometimes much more abrupt with a suppression of all of its
plications except two and in this respect the specimens resemble
S. keokuk. In the upper half another small form is found which
resembles S. keokwk somewhat more closely than it does S.
rockymontanus. In this same division and especially in the Olive
Furnace Shaft occur still other forms which are larger and
coarser and which can with equal propriety be referred to
either S. keokuk or S. increbescens.

In the Maxville limestone, therefore, the separation of S.
keokuk and S. increbescens is attended with a great deal of
difficulty if not impracticable. The same trouble is experienced
in the attempt to refer some specimens to S. rockymontanus
(1858) on the one hand and to S. keokuk (1858) on the other.
That this should be the case is not at all surprising when the
principles of evolution are taken into consideration; and when
this is done one species will probably be the result.

Horizon and locality. — Maxville limestone.

Upper zone: Mouth of Buckeye Fork, Fultonham; Gladstone

Mills, Thompson Residence, White Cottage.

Lower zone: Cut No. 4, Mt. Perry-Fultonham.
Undetermined zone: Harper Shaft, Olive Furnace.

DIFLASMA TURGIDA—Hall.

1856. Terebratula turgida. Hall, Trans. Albany Inst., Vol. IV, p. 6.
St. Louis limestone: Alton, Illinois; Bloomington and Spergen
Hill, Indiana.
1882. Terebratula turgida. Whitfield, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol.
I, p. 54, pl. 6, figs. 53-58.
St. Louis group: Indiana, Iowa, Illinois and Missouri.
1883. Terebratula turgida. Hall, Ind. Dept. Geol. Nat. Hist., 12th Rept.,
DeESSOM DIMI tiesHeos =e:
St. Louis group: Alton, Illinois; Bloomington, Lanesville and
Spergen Hill, Indiana.
1891. Terebratula turgida. Whitfield, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., Vol. V,
Dp. HAG, poll, U3, ames, Vil, LL.
Maxville limestone: Maxville and Newtonville, Ohio.

382 Procee tings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

1894. Dielasma turgida. Hall and Clarke, Int. to Study of Brach., pt
2, pl. 53, figs. 10-12.
Chester limestone: Spencer County, Indiana.
St. Louis group: Washington County, Indiana.
1895. Dielasma iurgida. Wall and Clarke, Pal. N. Y., Vol. VIM, pt. 25
pl. &1, figs. 1-8.
Chester limestone: Spencer County, IJndiana.
St. Louis group: Washington County, Indiana.
1895. Terebratula turgida. Whitfield, Geol. Surv. Ohio, Vol. VII, p.
473, pl. 9, figs. 21, 22.
Maxville limestone: Maxville and Newtonville, Ohio.
1906. Dielasma turgidum. Beede, Ind. Dept. Geol. Nat. Res., 30th Ann.
Rep: p. 13809) pl, 22. hes. 53-08) pl) 19) mes! 5-ba-
Salem limestone: Indiana, Illinois and Missouri.
1909. Dielasma turgidium. Grabau and Shimer, N. A. Index Foss., p.
302, fig. 376 d-f.
Warsaw and St. Louis: Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana, Illinois, Mis-
sourt, Lowa.

Description. — Shell small, egg-shape in general outline,
elongate, nearly as thick as broad with anterior end truncated
and slightly emarginated.

Fic. 12.—Dielasma turgida.
a and b.— Dorsal and profile views of the same specimen. (After
Whitfield. )

Pedicle valve convex, with a rather deep median sinus in
the anterior half. Beak incurved, obliquely truncate, with a
round foramen.

Brachial valve convex with two small grooves in the anterior
portion of the valve of some specimens.

Shell structure finely punctate, and surface ornamented
with faint lines of growth.

Length 7-11 mm.; width 5-10 mm.

The Fauna of the Maxville Limestone. 383

This species is characterized by its punctate structure, thick
shell, and obliquely truncated beak.
Horizon and locality. — Maxville limestone.

Upper zone: Gladstone Mills, Thompson Residence, Below
Thompson Residence, White Cottage.

Shale-nodular zone: Cut No. 5, Mouth of Hough Hollow, Mt.
Perry-Fultonham; Kroft Bridge, White Cottage; Stimmel
Residence, Maxville; Smith Chapel, Logan.

Lower zomes Cite IN@s 2, (Cue IN©@, 3, Cate INO, “1g, (Cate INO, 5, Wile
Perry-Fultonham.

Undetermined zone: Middle of Cut No. 6, Mt. Perry-Fulton-
ham.
SEMINULA SUBQUADRATA-Hall.

1858. <Athyris subquadrata. Hall, Geol. Surv. Iowa, Vol. I, pt. Il, p. 703,
pl. 27, figs. 2 a-d; p. 708, fig. 118.
Kaskaskia limestone: Chester, Illinois; Crittenden County, Ken-
tucky.
1877. Athyris subquadrata ? Hall and Whitfield, U. S. Geol Expl. 40
Pair, Wo, IW, o. 27il, pil. &, ines, 19) 20,
Wasatch limestone: Utah.
1886. Athyris subquadrata. Heilprin, 2d Geol. Surv. Penn., Ann. Rep.
for 1885, p. 453, p. 440, fig. 2.
Mill Creek limestone, Upper Coal Measures: Wilkesbarre, Penn-
sylvania.
1886. Athyris subquadrata. Heilprin, Proc. and Coll. Wyo. Hist. and
Geol. Soc., Vol Il, pt. Il, p. 269, fig. 2.
Mill Creek limestone, Upper Coal Measures: Waulkesbarre, Penn-
sylvania.
1891. Athyris subquadrata. Whitheld, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., Vol. V,
p. 585, pl. 14, figs. 1-3:
Maxville limestone: Newtonville and Maxville, Ohio.
1894. Seminula subquadrata. Hall and Clarke, Int. to Study of Brach.,
jo: II, joll, BH, Imes, Us}, Io,
Chester limestone; Crittenden County, Kentucky.
St. Louis limestone: Pella, Iowa.
1894. Athyris subquadrata. Keyes, Mo. Geol. Surv., Vol. V, p. 92.
Kaskaskia limestone: Ste. Mary, Missouri.
a

384 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

1895. Seminula subquadrata. Hall and Clarke, Pal. N. Y., Vol. VIII,
pt. Il, pl. 47, figs. 7-9, 15, 16; pl. 84, figs. 30, 31.
Kaskaskia limestone: Chester, Illinois; Crittenden County, Ken-
tucky.
St. Louis limestone: Pella, Iowa; Spergen Hill, Indiana.
1895. Athyris subquadrata. Whitfield, Geol. Surv. Ohio, Vol. VII, p.
472, pl. 10, figs. 1-8.
Maxville limestone: Newtonville and Maxville, Ohio.
1897. Athyris subquadrata. Weller, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci., Vol. XVI,
p. 258, pl. 19, fig. 16.
Batesville sandstone: Batesville, Arkansas.
1903. Seminula subquadrata. Girty, U. S. Geol. Surv., Prof. Paper 16,
p. 296, pl. 1, fig. 5.
Leadville limestone: Leadville district, Colorado.
Millsap limestone: Castle Rock quadrangle, Colorado.
1909. Seminula subquadrata. Grabau and Shimer, N. A. Index Foss.,
Wolk Mh jo, se
Kaskaskia: Ohio, Kentucky, Illinois, Utah.

Description. — Shell of medium size or smaller, subquadrate
in outline, wider than long in most specimens; the widest portion
being anterior of the middle. The bunching of the concentric

a b C

Fie, 13.— Seminula subquadrata.
a and b.— Dorsal and anterior views of the same specimen.
c. — Dorsal view of another individual. (After Whitfield.)

lines of growth at the anterior end often gives a thickened ap-
pearance to the shell.

Pedicle valve ventricose at the posterior end, with extended
and incurved beak, the extremity of which is truncated thus
forming a round foramen. Mesial sinus increasing in depth and
breadth toward the anterior end, and culminating in a lingual
extension, limited on either side by a lateral fold.

The Fauna of the Maxville Limestone. 389

Brachial valve most rotund on the umbo, with beak in-
curved beneath the one on the other valve. Mesial fold promi-
nent, rapidly increases in size toward the anterior end, due to
the sudden development, on either side, of a sinus which cor-
responds to the two lateral folds of the opposite valve. A lateral
fold on both sides of the valve and beyond each lateral sinus.
The median fold with this lateral fold on either side gives a
strong trilobate effect to this valve.

Surface marked by concentric lines of growth which are,
in most specimens, crowded toward the anterior end.

Length 16 mm.; width 18 mm.

The shell is characterized by the rounded foramen; the
trilobate, brachial valve; and the crowding of the concentric,
growth lines toward the anterior margin, thus producing a thick-
ened shell.

This species 1s one of the four most abundant forms in the
Maxville limestone. It occurs in great numbers in the shale-
nodular zone and rather abundantly in the shaly partings of the
upper half of the stratum. It separates quite readily from the
shales, and its greater abundance in these is due to the greater
destruction of life during these intervals caused, perhaps, by the
clay impurities.

Florizon and locality. — Maxville limestone.
Upper zone: Gladstone Mills, Thompson Residence, White
Cottage.

Shralesaocwar gome: Cut INO, §, Upper cic or Cut No. 6,
Middle of Cut No. 6, Mouth of Hough Hollow, Mt. Perry-
Fultonham; Kroft Residence, Kroft Bridge, White Cottage ;
Stimmel Residence, Maxville; Smith Chapel, Logan.

Lower zomes Bierce Gulllky, Cutt IN©, 2, Cutt IN@, 4, IM, IPemay=
Fultonham.

Undetermined zone: Middle of Cut No. 6, Mt. Perry-Fulton-
nam? Islaroer Slaaire (2), Olinvs Iuuraace,

386

1854.

1856.

1858.

1883.

1é84.

1894.

1894.

1894.

1894.

1894.

Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

EUMETRIA MARCYI—Shumard.

Terebratula serpentaria ? Owen, Geol. Rep. Wis., Iowa and Minn.,
tab. 3 A, fig. 13, (Not deKoninck).

Carboniferous: Skunk River, lowa.

Terebratula marcyi. Shumard, Marcy's Rep. U. S. Expl. Red
River of Louisiana, p. 177, pl. 1, figs. 4a, b.

Carboniferous: Washington end Crawford counties, Arkansas.

Retsia Verneuliana. Hall, Trans. Albany Inst., Vol. IV, p. 9.

St. Louis limestone: Bloomington and Spergen Hill, Indiana.

Retsia verneuliana. Hall, Geol. Iowa, Vol. I, pt. Il, p. 657, pl. 23,
figs. 1 a-d.

Warsaw limestone: Spergen Hill and Bloomington, Indiana.

Retsia vera. Hall, Geol. lowa, Vol. I, pt. Il, p. 704, pl. 27, fig. 3a.

Kaskaskia limestone: Chester, IJ]linois.

Retsia vera var. costata. Hall, Geol. Iowa, Vol. I, pt. Il, p. 704,
Dl, Bi, mee, By, Cc.

Kaskaskia limestone: Chester, Illinois.
Eumetria Verneuilana. Whitfield, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. Vol.
I, p. 50, pl. 6, figs. 28-30. :
St. Louis group: Spergen Hill, Paynter’s Hill and Bloomington,
Indiana: Alton, Illinois.

Eumetria verneuiliana. Hall, Ind. Dept. Geol. Nat. Hist., 12th
Rep., p. 335, pl. 29, figs. 28-30.

St. Louis group: Spergen Hill, Lanesville and Bloomington, In-
diana.

Retsia Vernewmliana. Walcott, U. S. Geol. Surv., Mon. VIII, p.
2), ol. 7, mes, 5, 52.

Lower Carboniferous: Little Belt Mountains, Montana.

Eumetria Verneuilana. Hall and Clarke, Int. to Study of Brach.,
pits JUL, pl ay, mes, 4b 6, 10,

St. Louis group: Spergen Hill, Indiana.

Retsia verneuliana. Keyes, Mo. Geol. Surv., Vol. V, p. 95.

St. Louis limestone: St. Louis, Missouri.

Eumetria vera var. costata. Hall and Clarke, Int. to Study of
BirACI., De, JUL, pl; S7, mee; H, il,

Chester limestone: Chester, Illinois; Crittenden County, Kentucky.

Eumetria vera. Hall and Clarke, Int. to Study of Brach., pt. IJ,
pl, B7, mes, &, 12,

Chester limestone: Crittenden County, Kentucky.

Retsia vera. Keyes, Mo, Geol. Surv., Vol. V, p. 95.

Kaskaskia limestone: St. Mary, Missouri.

The Fauna of the Maxville Limestone. 387

1895. Ewmetria vera var. costata. Hall and Clarke, Pal. N. Y.,-Vol. VIII,
pt. Il, pl ol, figs. 27-33.

Chester limestone: Crittenden County, Kentucky; Chester, Illinois.

ISIoeenmerna wena, Ela and Clarke Pal N.Y, Vols Ville pt Uk
Ol, Hil, mes, Ho, s7

Chester group: Crittenden County, Kentucky.

1895. Ewmetria Vernewlhana. Hall and Clarke, Pal. N. Y., Vol. VIII,
pir JUL, jo, Wy, mes, IE 0, joll Sil; ines. WRG, B45 Bs, poll, SR,
figs. 26, 27. :

St. Louis group: Spergen Hill, Indiana; Green County, Missouri. —

1897. Eumetria,vernemlana. Weller, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci., Vol. XVI,
OS Coe anon e a mes

Batesville sandstone: Batesville, Arkansas.
1899. Eumetria vernewliana. Girty, U.S. Geol. Surv., Mon. 32, pt. IT,
p. 560, pl. 68, figs. 12a-12b.
Madison limestone: Yellowstone National Park.
1903. Eumetria marcyi? Girty, U. S. Geol. Sutv., Prof. Paper 16, p. 303
Ouray limestone: San Juan region, Colorado.

1904. Eumetria marcy. Girty, U. S. Geol. Surv., Prof. Paper 21, p. 49,
pl. 10, figs. 15-17.

Mississippian (Escabrosa limestone): Bisbee quadrangle, Arizona.

1906. Eumetria marcyi. Beede, Ind. Dept. Geol. Nat. Res., 30th Ann.
Rep., p. 1319, pl. 22, figs. 28-30.

Salem limestone: Spergen Hill, etc., Indiana.

1909. Eumetria marcyi. Grabau and Shimer, N. A. Index Foss., p. 346,
fig. 444 d, e.

St. Louis and Kaskaskia; Tennessee, Missouri, Arkansas, In-
diana, lowa, Illinois.

1911. Eumetria marcy. Gitty, U. S. Geol. Surv., Bull. 439, p. 77, pl. 8,
fie. 10.
Moorefield shale: Batesville quadrangle, Arizona.
Description. — Shell very variable, ranging from smaller

than medium to medium size, longitudinally ovate, almost equally
biconvex.

Pedicle valve most convex in the umbonal region. Beak
large, elevated, incurved, truncated by a nearly vertical plane,
which produces a large rounded foramen.

Brachial valve more circular in outline with a small incurved

beak.

388

Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

Surface marked by numerous rounded, radiating plications

which vary in size with the size of the shell.

Length 9-19 mm.; width 7-17 mm.

Fic. 14.— Eumetria marcy. A dorsal view of a completely compressed

and flattened specimen, which was drawn by the aid of a camera
lucida and which is, therefore, much broader than a normal speci-
met).

This shell is readily distinguished by its ovate outline, bi-

convexity, and rounded, radiating plications.

Horizon and locality. — Maxville limestone.

Undetermimed zones “Harper Shait, Olive Hunmace

1883.

CLEIOTHYRIS HIRSUTA—Hall.

Spirigera hirsuta. Hall, Trans. Albany Inst., Vol. IV, p. 8.

St. Louis limestone: Spergen Hill and Bloomington, Indiana;
Alton, Illinois.

Athyris hirsuta. Whitfield, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. I
p. 49, pl. 6, figs. 18-21.

St. Louis group: Spergen Hill, Paynter’s Hill and Bloomington,
Indiana; Alton, Illinois.

Athyris hirsuta. Hall, Ind. Geol. Nat. Hist., 12th Rep., p. 328,
pl. 29, figs. 18-21.

St. Louis group: Alton, Illinois; Spergen Hull, Lanesville and
Bloomington, Indiana.

Athyris hirsuta. Walcott, Pal. Eureka Dist., p. 222, pl. 18, fig. 5.

Lower Carboniferous: Nevada.

Chothyris hirsuta. Hall and Clarke, Pal. N. Y., Vol. VIII, pt. ID,
pl. 46, figs. 25-28.

St. Louis limestone: Bloomington, Indiana.

Cleiothyris hirsuta. Beede, Ind. Dept. Geol. Nat. Res., 30th Ann.
Rep., p. 1320, pl. 22, figs. 18-21, pl. 19, figs. 1-1 a.

Spergen Hill, etc, Indiana.

5

The Fauna of the Maxville Limestone. 389

1909. Chothyris hirsuta. Grabau and Shimer, N. A. Index Foss., p.
354, fig. 464.
St. Louis and Kaskaskia: Kentucky, Indiana, Illinois, Montana.

Description. — Shell small, biconvex, sub-circular to obovate
in general outline.

Pedicle valve most convex in the umbonal region. Beak
small, incurved over the one of the opposite valve, and obliquely
truncated. Foramen small. Sinus absent, generally not repre-
sented even by a slight depression at the anterior end.

Brachial valve uniformly convex except at the posterio-
lateral angles where it is slightly flattened. Fold absent. Beak
small, inconspicuous.

Surface marked by concentric, imbricating lamelle which
give rise to successive rows of minute, flat spines.

Fic. 15.— Cleiothyris lirsuta. A dorsal view showing some of the flat
spines which have escaped removal, enlarged three diameters.

Length and width of average-sized individuals 10 mm.; a
larger crushed specimen reached 14 mm. in length and width.

In the Maxville specimens the posterior margin is more
nearly straight than it is in the ones figured by Whitfield, so
that the greatest width of the shell is nearer the posterior end.
The spines are more or less removed leaving commonly only
the concentric lines.

The species is readily recognized by the concentric rows
of flat spines.

Horizon and locality. — Maxville limestone.
Undetermined zone: Harper Shaft, Olive Furnace.

390 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

IPIEMILIUIME MIQILILIUSCA.
CLASS IRIDLIECWIPOIDA.

SCHIZODUS CHESTERENSIS—Meck «nd Worthen.
1860. Schizodus Chesterensis. Meek and Worthen, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci., Phil., p. 457.
Upper Chester limestone: Chester, Illinois.
1866. Schizodus chesterensis. Meek and Worthen, Geol. Sury. Ill, Vol.
II, p. 301, pl. 23, figs. 6a, b.
Chester group: Chester, Illinois.
1891. Schizodus Chesterensis. Whitheld, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., Vol.
V, p. 587, pl. 14, fig. 4.
Maxville limestone: Maxville, Ohio.
1895. Schizodus Chesterensis. Whitfield, Geol. Surv. Ohio, Vol. VII,
p. 474, pl. 10, fig. 4.
Maxville limestone: Maxville, Ohio.

Description. —“Shell of medium size, transversely sub-
ovate, with moderately convex valves and large, strong, in-
curved, and projecting beaks. Anterior end forming one-third
the length of the shell, inflated, and rapidly sloping from the
beaks to the longest point, which is near the middle of the
height, and rounding backward below; posterior end elongated

Fic. 16.—Schizodus chesterensis. A view of the left valve. (After
Whitfield. )

and narrowed, obtusely pointed at the extremity; basal margin
irregularly convex, most strongly arcuate opposite the beaks ;
posterio-cardinal margin sloping somewhat rapidly from the
beaks backward, and the cardinal slope rather abrupt. Surface
of the shell smooth, except for the fine lines of growth | Whit-
field, 1895].”

a

The Fauna of the Maxville Limestone. 391

A few broken internal molds have been referred to this
species.

Horizon and locality. — Maxville limestone.
Upper zone: Below Thompson Residence (?), White Cottage.

PINNA MAXVILLENS:S—Whitfield.
1882. Pinna. Masxvillensis. Whitfield, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., Vol. II,
Daeeile
Maxville limestone: Maxville, Ohio.
1891. Pinna Maxvillensis. Whitfield, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., Vol. V,
DD, Od, poll, Wo ime, &,
Maxville limestone: Maxville, Ohio.
1895. Pinna Maxvillensis. Whitfield, Geol. Surv. Ohio, Vol. VII, p. 474,
ll, WO, ime, &,
Maxville limestone: Maxville, Ohio.

Description.—‘Shell of about medium size, very acutely tri-
angular in outline, with highly convex valves; the length along
the hinge equal to nearly three times the greatest width. Hinge
line straight, not quite as long as the shell below; anterior end
acute; basal margin very slightly arcuate, and the posterior
extremity rather broadly rounded; the point of greatest length

Fic. 17.— Pinna maxvillensis. A view of a left valve. (After Whitfield.)

being at about one-third of the width below the hinge-line.
Surface of shell, except for a short distance within the basal
margin, marked by moderately strong, simple radiating plica-
tions, about eighteen in number, as counted at the posterior end
of the specimen figured, but increasing in number with icreased
growth; the additions being near the hinge. There are also
numerous strong concentric lines of growth parallel to the mar-

392. =Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.
gin, often forming undulations of the surface [Whitfield, 1895].”
Length 70 mm.
This species is readily distinguished by its triangular out-
line and radiating plications.
Horizon and locality. — Maxville limestone.
Upper zone: Thompson Residence, White Cottage.
Shale-nodular zone: Kroft Bridge, White Cottage.

ALLORISMA ANDREWSI— Whitfield.
1882. Allorisma Andrewsi. Whitheld, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., Vol. II,
Dp. 222)
Maxville limestone: Newtonville, Ohio.
1888. <Ailorisma Andrewsi. Herrick, Bull. Denison Univ., Vol. IV,
oll, ail, mez, 2,
Chester limestone: Ohio.
1891. Atlorisma Andrewsi. Whitfield, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., Vol. V,
p. 588, pl. 14, fig. 6.
Maxville limestone: Newtonville, Ohio.
1895. Aillorisma Andrewsi. Whitheld, Geol. Surv. Ohio, Vol. VII, p.
AG, oll, IO, me,
Maxville limestone: Newtonville, Ohio.

Description. — Shell of medium size or larger, transverse
outline obovate, longitudinal outline subrectangular. Valves
ventricose, most so along a line extending diagonally from the

Fic. 18.— Allorisma andrewsi. A view of the right valve. (After Whit-
field.)

beak to the posterio-ventral angle, and with a slightly concave
line parallel with and dorsal to the former. Ventral margir
convexly curved and parallel with the dorsal margin. Posterior
margin broadly rounded. Anterior margin more abruptly

The Fauna of the Maxville Limestone. 393

rounded so that the greatest length of the shell is a little nearer
to the ventral than it is to the dorsal margin. Beaks medium,
projecting above the hinge line, incurved, and directed anteriorly.
Surface covered with rather broad concentric ridges, which near
the dorsal margin appear to be in pairs, due to interpolation.

Length 38-50 mm.; height 15-22 mm.; width 12-14 mm.

The species is characterized by its medium or larger size and
by the broad, concentric ridges.

Horizon and locality. — Maxville limestone.
Upper zone: Gladstone Mills, Thompson Residence, White
Cottage.

Shale-nodular zone: Stimmel Residence, Maxville.
Undetermined zone: Middle of Cut No. 6, Mt. Perry-Fulton-
ham.

ALLORISMA MAXVILLENSIS— Whitfield.
1882. Allorisma Maxvillensis, Whitfield, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., Vol.
IL, ja, B22,
Maxville limestone: Newtonville, Ohio.

1891. Allorisma Masxvillensis, Whitfield, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., Vol.
We > G8, wl WZ, see, 7,
Maxville limestone: Newtonville, Ohio.

1895. Allorisma Masxvillensis. Whitfield, Geol. Surv. Ohio, Vol. VII,
DD, 478, joll, IMO, ines, 7,
Maxville limestone: Newtonville, Ohio.

Description. — “Shell small, the specimen used being a little
less than one inch in length and the height less than half the
length. Form of the shell transversely elongate, and cylindrically
oval, the cardinal and basal margins parallel and very slightly
curved, and the extremities very nearly equally rounded; beaks
small, inrolled, barely projecting above the cardinal line, and
situated at about one-fourth of the entire length from the anterior
end. Body of shell very evenly and highly rounded from the
cardinal to the basal margins, and almost as convex posteriorly
as in front. Umbonal redge scarcely perceptible, and the
umbonal slope convex; escutcheon and lunule not defined;
anterior slope abruptly rounded. Surface of the shell marked

394 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

by faint concentric undulations of unequal strength, but most -
strongly marked on the posterior end and on the umbonal slope
[ Whitheld, 1895].”

Lenin Ag sav, 3 Inewelat ti ini,

The shell is readily distinguished from the other species of
Allorisma by its smaller size and more transversely cylindrical
outline.

Fic. 19.— Allorisma maxrvillensis.
a.— A view of the right valve of a specimen.
b.— A view of both valves of an individual. (After Whitfield.)

Florizon and locality. — Maxville limestone.

Upper zone: Below Thompson Residence, White Cottage.

shale-nodular zone; Cut Nov 5) Upper end) Gut Nos oy Win
Perry-Fultonham; Stimmel Residence, Maxville.

Lower zone: Cut No. 4, Mt. Perry-Fultonham.

Undetermined zone: Middle of Cut No. 6, Mt. Perry-Fulton-
ham; Harper Shaft (?), Olive Furnace.

CYPRICARDELLA OBLONGA~—Hall.

1856. Cypricardella oblonga. Hall, Trans. Albany Inst., Vol. IV, p. 18.
St. Louis limestone: Spergen Hill and Bloomington, Indiana.
1882. Microdon (Cypricardella) oblonga. Whitfield, Bull. Am. Mus.
Neve, Jehicc,, Woll, Il, p. Ga, pl. GW, ies, SOB4e,
St. Louis group: Spergen Hill and Bloomington, Indiana.
1883. Cypricardella oblonga. Hall, Ind. Geol. and Nat. Hist., 12th Rep.,
p. 340, pl. 30, figs. 30-34.
St. Louis group: Spergen Hill, Lanesville, and Bloomington, In-
diana.
1906. Microdon oblonga. Beede, Ind. Dept. Geol. Nat. Res., 30th Rep.,
p. 1330, pl. 23, figs. 30-36.
Salem limestone: Spergen Hill and Bloomington, Indiana.

The Fauna of the Maxville Limestone. 395

1909. Cypricardella oblonga. Grabau and Shimer, N. A. Index Foss.,
p. 030, fig. 728.
St. Louis: Indiana.
Ste. Genevieve: Kentucky.

Description. —“Shell oblong, sub-quadrangular anterior
end, narrow, rounded; posterior end broader, flattened, and
almost vertically truncate; cardinal margin nearly straight and
horizontal behind, declining in front; base nearly parallel to
the hinge-line ; beaks small, somewhat prominent, gibbous below;
posterior umbonal slope gibbous or sub-angular, and extending

Fic. 20.— Cypricardella oblonga. A view of a right valve, enlarged four
times.

obliquely downward and backward to the base of the truncation ;
lunule small, ovate, deep in the center; escutcheon linear distinct.
“Lemean, .00) (© .20% wiclila, .©5 tt .20 Or ain ihc | elalll.
1883].” ,
Florizon and locality. — Maxville limestone.
Lower zone: Cut No. 4, Mt. Perry-Fultonham.

CLASS SCA TEOIROIDA.
DENTALIUM ILLINOIE’SE—Worthen.

1883. Dentaliwm Illinoiense. Worthen, Geol. Surv. Ill., Vol. VII, p. 325.
Chester limestone: Chester, Illinois.
1890. Dentalium illinoiense. Worthen, Geol. Surv. Ill, Vol. VIII, p.
145, oll, 23, ime. i,
Chester limestone: Chester, Illinois.
Description. —“Shell above a medium size, long, straight,
cylindrical, slightly tapering, scarcely inflated at the aperture.
Surface apparently smooth originally, but slightly roughened by

weathering in the specimen under examination.

396 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

“Length, 5 7/8 inches; width near the aperture, 7/16 inch
JWorthern, 1890].”

Fie. 21.-— Dentalium illinoiense. An imperfect specimen.

Horizon and locality. — Maxville limestone.
4Lower zone: Cut No. 4, Mt. Perry-Fultonham.

CLASS GASTROPODA.
STRAPAROLLUS SIMILIS—Meck and Worthen.

1861. Straparollus similis. Meek and Worthen, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Pini, DW. Was,
St. Louis Jimestone: Waterloo, Illinois.
1866. Straparollus similis. Meek and Worthen, Geol. Surv. Ill., Vol.
II, p. 285, pl. 19, figs. 4a, b.
St. Louis group: Waterloo, Illinois.
-1891. Straparollus similis. Whitfield, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., Vol. V,
-p. 589, pl. 14, figs. 9-11.
Maxville limestone: Newtonville and near Maxville, Ohio.
1895. Straparollus similis. Whitfield, Geol. Surv. Ohio, Vol. VII, p.
476, pl. 10, figs. 9-11.
Maxville limestone: Newtonville and near Maxville, Ohio.
1897. Straparollus similis (?) Weller, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci., Vol.
XVI, p. 270.
Batesville sandstone: Batesville, Arkansas.

The Fauna of the Maxville Limestone. ooh

1909. Euomphalus similis. Grabau and Shimer, N. A. Index Foss., pp.
659, 660, fig. 909.
St. Louis: Illinois; Maxville, Ohio; Batesville, Arkansas.

Description. —- Shell varies from smaller than medium to
medium size, subdiscoidal or with a slightly elevated spire, and’
with a broad umbilicus. Whorls about four in number and:
gradually increasing in size. Whorls flattened on the upper sur-.
face with a sharp keel on the peripheral angle, abruptly descend-
ing from the keel to the median periphery and then gently
rounded to the median basal line, and rounded from the latter-
line to the suture. A sharp angular keel occurs on the median.
basal line of at least the body whorl. Surface of the shell cov~
ered with closely crowded transverse striz.

Fic. 22. — Straparollus similis.
a, b, and c.—Lateral, apical, and basal views of an individual.
(After Whitfield. )

Diameter 14 to 25 mm.

The shell is readily distinguished by its subdiscoidal outline,
large umbilicus, flattened upper surface of the whorls, the keels
of the upper and lower surfaces, and the crowded transverse
strie.

Most of the specimens have a horizontal lateral extension,
which is given off from the median peripheral line of the last or
body whorl. This extension always adheres more or less to
the matrix and seems to be due to vertical crushing.

It is one of the four most abundant forms of the Maxville

398 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

limestone, and is found in great numbers in the shale-nodular

zone.

Horizon and locality. — Maxville limestone. :

Upper zone: Mouth of Buckeye Fork, Fultonham; Gladstone
Mills, Below Thompson Residence?, White Cottage; Smith
Chapel, Logan.

Shale-nodular zone: Cut No. 5, Mouth of Hough Hollow, Mt.
Perry-Fultonham; Kroft Residence, Kroft Bridge, White
Cottage; Stimmel Residence, Maxville; Smith Chapel,
Logan.

Undetermined zone: Middle of Cut No. 6, Mt. Perry-Fulton-
ham.

HOLOPEA NEW TONENSIS—Whitfield.
1882. Holopea Newtonensis. Whitfield, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., Vol. II,
p. 224.
Maxville limestone: Newtonville, Ohio.
1891. Holopea Newtonensis, Whitfield, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., Vol. V,
D. Ogi, iol Ie ine, 2,
Maxville limestone: Newtonville, Ohio.
1895. Holopea Newtonensis. Whitheld, Geol. Surv. Ohio, Vol. VII, p.
A Oils IO, ames, I.
Maxville limestone: Newtonville, Ohio.

Description. — “Shell of medium size, ovate in outline and
ventricose, with a moderately elevated spire and extremely ven-

Fic. 23.— Holopea newtonensis. Lateral view. (After Whitfield.)

tricose volutions, which increase very rapidly in bulk from the
apex. Volutions three and half to four in number, with strongly
rounded surfaces and moderate sutures. Apical angle about

The Fauna of the Maxville Limestone. SS)

seventy degrees. Aperture broad ovate, modified on the inner
side by the preceding volution, pointed at the upper end and
broadly rounded at the base. Surface of the shell smooth and
substance very thin [| Whitfield, 1895].”

Length 30 mm.; diameter 20 mm.

The shell is characterized by its medium size and ventri-
cose volutions.

Horizon and locality. — Maxville limestone.
Shale-nodular zone: Kroft Bridge, White Cottage.

BULIMORPHA MELANOIDES— Whitfteld.
1882. Polyphemopsis melanoides. Whitfield, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci.
Wo, Il, p, 225.
Maxville limestone: Newtonville, Ohio.
1891. Polyphemopsis melanoides. Whitfield, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci.,
Wolk, VW, @. S92, joll, 14h ime, 28},
Maxville limestone: Newtonville, Ohio.
1895. Polyphemopsis melanoides. Whitfield, Geol. Surv. Ohio, Vol. VII,
p. 478, pl. 10, fig. 13.
Maxville limestone: Newtonville, Ohio.

Description. — Shell below medium size, elongate, similar
to a slender cone in outline. Spire elevated and pointed at the
apex. Whorls gradually increase in size, about five and half

Fic. 24.— Bulimorpha melanoides. Lateral view. (After Whitfield.)

in number, moderately and evenly convex, with distinct sutures.
Aperture ovate, rounded below, acute above. Columella in-
distinct.

4

400 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

Surface seems to be smooth in most specimens. One in-
dividual shows transverse growth lines parallel with the margin
of the outer lip.

Length 26 mm.; width 12 mm.

The shell is hard to characterize except the agreement of
the general outline with that of the figure.

Horizon and locality. — Maxville limestone.

Upper zone: Gladstone Mills (?), Below Thompson Residence,

White Cottage.

Shale-nodular zone: Cut No. 5, Mt. Perry-Fultonham; Kroft

Bridge, White Cottage; Stimmel Residence, Maxville.
Undetermined zone: Middle of Cut No. 6, Mt. Perry-Ful-
tonham.

BULIMORPHA CANALICULATA~—Hall.
1856. Bulimella canaliculata. Hall, Trans. Albany Inst., Vol. IV, p. 29

St. Louis limestone: Spergen Hill, Indiana.
1882. Bulimorpha canaliculata. Whitfield, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.,
Wo, iy jo. 744, iol, Sime, Zl
St. Louis group: Spergen Hill, Indiana.
1883. Bulimorpha canaliculata. Hall, Ind. Geol. and Nat. Hist., 12th
Rep., p. 367, pl. 31, fig. 41.
St. Louis group: Spergen Hill and Lanesville, Indiana.
1889. Bulimorpha canaticulata. Keyes, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p.
300.
1906. Bulimorpha canaliculata. Cumings, Ind. Dept. Geol. Nat. Res.,
30th Ann. Rept., p. 1343, pl. 25, fig. 41.
Salem limestone: Spergen Hill, Indiana.

Description. —“‘Shell sub-fusiform, somewhat elongate;
spire short, scarcely equaling the length of the last volution;

Fic. 25.—Bulimorpha canaliculata. A view of an imperfect specimen
referred to this species, enlarged four times.

volutions about five, upper ones scarcely convex, rapidly dimin-
ishing to the apex; last volution longer than the spire above,

The Fauna of the Maxville Limestone. AQ]

slightly ventricose; suture canaliculate, the groove margined by
a slight sharp carination at the upper edge of the volution; aper-
ture sub-ovate; surface smooth, or marked with fine lines of
growth, which are abruptly bent backward at the carination on
the upper edge of the volution, which marks the notch in the
upper angle of the aperture.

ILemgila, 1S Ox ain iwaeln [JElaull, mssalec

Florizon and locality. — Maxyille limestone.
Lower zone: Cut No. 4, Mt. Perry-Fultonham.

SPHAERODOMA SUBCORPULENT A—Whitfield

1882. Macrocheilus subcorpulentus. Whitfield, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci.,
Voll, Wl, p, BHey
Maxville limestone: Newtonville, Ohio.
1889. Spherodoma subcorpulenta. Keyes, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil.,
p. 306.
1891. Macrocheilus subcorpulentus. Whitfield, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci.,
Woll. Wa D. Gil, joll, We ames, ze
Maxville limestone: Newtonville, Ohio.
1895. Macrocheilus subcorpulentus. Whitfield, Geol. Surv. Ohio, Vol.
Vit, p. 478, pl. 10, fig. 14.
Maxville limestone: Newtonville, Ohio.

Description. — Shell smail, cone-shaped, with rounded base.
Whorls three or three and a half in number, convex, and rapidly
increase in size so that the body whorl is much larger than the

Fic. 26.— Spherodoma subcorpulenta. A view of a specimen showing the
aperture.- (After Whitfield.)

rest of the shell. Sutures distinct, but not deeply grooved.

Aperture ovate, acute above and rounded below. Columella not

prominently developed. Surface of the shell seemingly smooth.
Length r1-14 mm.; width 5-8 mm.

A402. Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

The shell is characterized by its small size and rapidly
enlarging whorls.
Horizon and locality. — Maxville limestone.
Upper zone: Below Thompson Residence, White Cottage.
Undetermined zone: Middle of Cut No. 6, Mt. Perry-Fulton-
ham.
NATICOPSIS ZICZAC—Whitfield.

1882. Naticopsis ziczgac. Whitfield, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., Vol. Il, p. 223.
Maxville limestone: Newtonville, Ohio.
1891. Naticopsis sicsac, Whitheld, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sca., Vol. V, p.
590, pl. 14, figs. 15, 16.
Maxville limestone: Newtonville, Ohio.
1895. Naticopsis sicsac. Whitfield, Geol. Surv. Ohio, Vol. VII, p. 477,
pl. 10, figs. 15, 16.
Maxville limestone: Maxville, Ohio.
1909. Naticopsis siczac. Grabau and Shimer, N. A. Index Foss., p. 673,
Hee Jas:

Maxville: Ohio.

Description. — Shell less than medium size with depressed
spire. Whorls ventricose, about two and a half in number,
rapidly increase in size. Aperture large, equal to about half the
size of the whole shell, rounded. Suture prominent, subquadrate

Fic. 27.— Naticopsis ziczac.
a and b.— Natural size and enlarged views of an individual. (After
Whitfield.)

in cross section. Surface of the whorls of the spire crossed
by transverse striz, which are bent backward. Surface of the
body whorl also ornamented with transverse striz which bend
backward in the sutural third of the whorl, then by acute bends

The Fauna of the Maxville Limestone. AQ3:

zigzag across the median peripheral third, and on the basal third
bend abruptly forward.

Length 15 mm.; diameter 20 mm.

The shell is readily icdentihed by its depressed spire, large
aperture, and the zigzag striae of the median portion of the body
whorl.

Horizon and locality. — Maxville limestone.

Upper zone: Below Thompson Residence, White Cottage.
Sinallesnochillar zone: Cur INO. 5, Upper Gaal Coie INO, ©, Whe
Perry-Fultonham; Kroft Bridge, White Cottage.

Lower zone: Bridge Gully, Mt. Perry-Fultonham.
Undetermined zone: . Middle of Cut No. 6, Mt. Perry-Ful-
tonham.

BELLEROPHON ALTERNODOSUS— Whitfield.

1882. Bellerophon alternodosus. Whitfield, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., Vol.
IL, (p, 225.
Maxville limestone: Newtonville, Ohio.
1891. Bellerophon alternodosus. Whitheld, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., Vol.
VW, p. 598, pil. 4, ines, Ii),
Maxville limestone: Newtonville, Ohio.
1895. Bellerophon alternodosus. Whitheld, Geol. Surv. Ohio, Vol. VII,
p. 479, pl. 10, figs. 17-19.
Maxville limestone: Newtonville, Ohio.

Description. —“Shell of about a medium size, and some-
what subglobose in general form, with an appearance of being

Fic. 28.— Bellerophon alternodosus.
a, b, and c.— Apertural, dorsal, and profile views of the same speci-
men. (After Whitfield.)

slightly flattened on the dorsum in immature specimens; while
on the adult forms, the dorsum is marked on the outer half of

404 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

the body-volution by a double series of rounded nodes, those on
one side of the center alternating with those of the other side,
and the inner margins of the two series interlocking with each
other. Aperture broadly elliptical, strongly modified by the
projection of the preceding” volution,) ony the inner mearein
Auriculations largely developed and slightly reflected. Axis
very distinctly perforate. Inner lip somewhat callous on the
protruding inner volution. Surface of the shell, so far as can
be ascertained, marked only by lines of growth, beyond the
nodes mentioned [Whitfield, 1895].”
Horizon and locality. — Maxville limestone.
Unknown zone: White Cottage (Type specimen).

BELLEROPHON SUBLAEVIS—Hall.

1856. Bellerophon sublevis. Hall, Trans. Albany Inst., Vol. IV, -p. 382.
St. Louis limestone: Spergen Hill and Bloomington, Indiana;
Alton, Illinois.
1858. Bellerophon sublevis. Hall, Geol. Surv. Iowa, Vol. 1, pt. II, p.
666, pl. 23, figs. 15a-c.
Warsaw limestone: Above Alton, Illinois; Spergen Hill and
Bloomington, Indiana.
1882. Bellerophon sublevis. White, Ind. Geol. Nat. Hist., 11th Ann.
Rep., p. 359, pl. 40, figs. 5-7.
St. Louis group: Elletsville, Indiana.
1882. Bellerophon sublevis. Whitfield, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol.
I, p. 89, pl. 8, figs. 6, 7.
St. Louis group: Spergen Hill, Bloomington, Paynter’s Hill and
Elletsville, Indiana; Alton, Illinois.
1883. Bellerophon sublevis. Hall, Ind. Geol. Nat. Hist., 12th Rep., p.
371, pl. 3, figs. 6-7.
St. Louis group: Alton, Illinois; Spergen Hill, Lanesville and
Bloomington, Indiana.
1886. Bellerophon sublevis. Claypole, Proc. and Coll. Wyo. Hist. and
Geol. Soc., Vol. II, pt. Il, p. 246.
Lower Coal Measures: Wilkesbarre, Pennsylvania.
1891. Bellerophon sublevis ? Whitfield, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., Vol. V,
p. 592, pl. 14, figs. 20, 21.
Maxville limestone: Newtonville and Maxville, Ohio.
1894. Bellerophon sublevis. Keyes, Mo. Geol. Surv., Vol. V, p. 148.
St. Louis limestone: St. Louis, Missouri.

The Fauna of the Maxville Limestone. 40S

1895. Bellerophon sublevis ? Whitfield, Geol. Surv. Ohio, Vol. VII, p.
479, pl. 10, figs. 20, 21.
Maxville limestone: Newtonville and Maxville, Ohio.
1897. Bellerophon sublevis. Weller, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci., Vol. XVI,
p. 269, pl. 21, fig. 10.
Batesville sandstone: Batesville, Arkansas.
1906. Bellerophon sublevis. Cumings, Ind. Dept. Geol. Nat. Res., 30th
Ann. Rep., p. 1360, pl. 25, figs. 6, 7.
Salem. limestone: Spergen Hill, Bloomington, Indiana; Alton,
Tlinois.
1909. Bellerophon sublevis. Grabau and Shimer, N. A. Index Foss., p.
620, fig. 832.
St. Louis and Chester group: Indiana, Illinois, Ohio, Missouri,
Arkansas.
Lower Coal Measures: Pennsylvania.

Description. — Shell subglobose with three whorls of which
the last or body whorl is moderately expanded. The inner
whorl projects into and strongly modifies the aperture which is.
transversely kidney-shaped. Outer lip both thick and somewhat
reflected at the junction with the body of the shell. Umbilicus
not developed. Antericr portion of body whorl keeled in the
best preserved specimens.

b

Fic. 29.— Bellerophon sublevis.
a and b.— Back and profile views of the same specimen from which
the shell is mostly removed. (After Whitfield.)

Surface of nearly all of the Maxville specimens not pre-
served. However, one or two show the surface to be crossed by
fine transverse striz, which bend abruptly backward over the
keel as described by Hall (1858).
| Greatest diameter 15-26 mm.

The shell is characterized by its subglobese outline and

406 = Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

its manner of preservation. Practically all of the specimens

are granular, calcite casts and when broken from the limestone

matrix the internal molds are sprinkled with a thin ceat of these
crystals. ‘These molds as a rule do not show the keel.

This is one of the four most common species of the Max-
ville limestone. It has a rather great vertical range and at cer-
tain horizons is found in large numbers.

Horizon and locality. — Maxville limestone.

Upper zone: North Bank of Jonathan Creek, Fultonham ; Glad-
stone Mills, Kroft Bridge, Thompson Residence, Below
Thompson Residence, White Cottage; Smith Chapel, Logan.

Shale-nodular zone: Cut No. 5, Upper end of Cut No. 6, Mouth
of Hough Hollow, Mt. Perry-Fultonham; Kroft Residence,
Kroft Bridge, White Cottage; Stimmel Residence, Max-
ville; Smith Chapel, Logan.

Lower zone: Cut No. 4, Cut No. 5, Mt. Perry-Fultonham.

Undetermined zone: Middle of Cut No. 6, Mt. Perry-Ful-
tonham.

ORTHONYCHIA ACUTIROSTRE—Hall.

1856. Capulus acutirostris. Hall, Trans. Albany Inst., Vol. IV, p. 31.

_ St. Louis Jimestones: Spergen Hill and Bloomington, Indiana.
1858. Capulus acutirostris. Hall, Geol. Iowa, Vol. I, pt. I], p. 665, pl.

23, figs. 14a, b.

Warsaw limestone: Warsaw, Illinois; Spergen Hill and Bloom-
ington, Indiana.

1866. . Platyceras uncum. Meek and Worthen, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.

Phil., p. 264.

Keokuk limestone: Nauvoo, Illinois.

1873. Platyceras uncum. Meek and Worthen, Geol. Surv. Ill., Vol. V,

p. 516, pl. 17, fig. la, b.

Keokuk limestone: Nauvoo, Illinois.

1882. Platyceras acutirostris. Whitfield, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol.

I, p. 67, pl. 8, figs. 13-15.

St. Louis group: Spergen Hill, Paynter’s Hill, Elletsville, Bloom-
ington and Crawfordsville, Indiana; Warsaw, Illinois; Tus-
cumbia, Alabama.

1883. Platyceras acutirostris. Wall, Ind. Geol. Nat. Hist., 12th Rep., p.

870, pl. 31, figs. 19-15.

St Louis group: Spergen Hill, Lanesville and Bloomington, In-

diana.

v

1886.

1890.
1890.

1892.
1894.

1909.

The Fauna of the Maxville Limestone. AQT

Capulus acutirostris. Claypole, Proc. and Coll. Wyo. Hist. and
Geol. Soc., Vol. II, pt. I], p. 246.

Lower Coal Measures: Wilkesbarre, Pennsylvania.

Capulus acutirostris, Keyes, Am. Geol., Vol. VI, p. 9.

Capulus acutirostris. Keyes, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 170.

Keokuk group: Warsaw and Nauvoo, Illinois.

St. Louis limestone: Spergen Hill and Bloomington, Indiana;
Tuscumbia, Alabama.

Orthonychia acutirostre. Keyes, Am. Geol., Vol. X, p. 276.

Orthonychia acutirostre. Keyes, Mo. Geol. Surv., Vol. V, p. 190,
pl. 54, figs. 2a-c.

Keokuk limestone and shale: Warsaw and Nauvoo, Illinois.

St. Louis limestone: Spergen Hill and Bloomington, Indiana; Tus-
cumbia, Alabama.

Capulus acutirostris. Weller, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci., Vol. XVI,
p. 268.

Batesville sandstone: Batesville, Arkansas.

Orthonychia acutirostre. Cumings, Ind. Dept. Geol. Nat. Res.,
30th Ann. Rep., p. 1335, pl. 28, figs. 14, pl. 25, figs. 5, 13-15.

Salem limestone: Spergen Hil!, Bloomington, Indiana; Illinois;
Alabama.

Orthonychia acutirostris, Grabau and Shimer, N. A. Index. Foss.,
p. 688, figs. 976, 977.

Keokuk and Warsaw: Illinois, Indiana, Alabama.

St. Louis: Indiana, Illinois.

Chester: Arkansas.

Coal measures: Pennsylvania.

Description. —“Shell below medium size, rather slender,

strongly arcuate, forming from one to one and one-half volu-

Fic. 30.—Orthonychia acutirostre. A slightly restored drawing of an

individual, showing the promiment ridge on the dorsal side. En-
larged two diameters.

‘tions; posterior side for some distance from apertural margin
nearly straight. Spire laterally more or less compressed ; some-

A08 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

times small and short, sometimes long, attenuate, simply incurved
or enrolled. Aperture oval, or sub-circular; margin sharp, sinu-
ous. Surface marked by somewhat imbricated lines of growth
and several obscurely defined longitudinal plications, the anterior
one being usually larger than the others, and often forming a

prominent subangular ridge [Keyes, 1894].”

Length 12 mm.; diameter 7 mm.

The species is readily distinguished by its open coil, its sud-
denly expanded cone, and by its anterior ridge.

Horizon and locality. — Maxville limestone.

Lower zone: Cut No. 4, Mt. Perry-Fultonham.

STROPHOSTYLUS CARLEYANA—Hall.

1856. Natica Carlyana. Hall, Trans. Albany Inst., Vol. IV, p. 31.
St. Louis limestone: Spergen Hill and Bloomington, Indiana; Al-
ton, Illinois.
1882. Naticopsis Carleyana. Whitfield, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol.
I joy Hh ok GS! ines, 2G, V7.
St. Louis group: Spergen Hill and Bloomington, Indiana; Alton,
Illinois.
1883. Naticopsis Carleyana. Hall, Ind. Geol. and Nat. Hist., 12th Rep.,
p. 369, pl. 31, figs. 26, 27.
St. Louis group: Alton, Illinois; Spergen Hill and Bloomington,
Indiana.
1894. Strophostylus ? carleyana~ \Weyes, Mo. Geol. Surv., Vol. V, p. 196.
St. Louis limestone: Alton, Illinois.
1906. Sitrophostylus carleyana. Cumings, Ind. Dept. Geol. Nat. Res.,
30th Ann. Rept., p. 1340, pl. 25, figs. 26, 27.
Salem limestone: Spergen Hill and Bloomington, Indiana; Alton,
Tlinois.
1909. Strophostwlus carleyanus. Grabau and Shimer, N. A. Index. Foss.,
p. 678, fig. 949.
St. Louis limestone: Illinois and Indiana.
1911. Strophostylus aff. carleyanus. Girty, U. S. Geol. Surv., Bull. 439,
Ds O45 ol 7, me Ge
Moorefield shale: Batesville quadrangle, Arkansas.

Description. —‘Shell sub-globose; spire short, consisting of
about three volutions, which increase very rapidly, the last
one extremely ventricose; suture not distinctly defined; aperture

The Fauna of the Maxville Limestone. 409

ovate, straight on the columella side; outer lip sharp; inner lip
thickened; columella with distinct groove near the base of the
lip for the reception of the operculum; surface marked by
fine, elevated strize corresponding to the lines of growth.

Fic. 31.— Strophostylus carleyana. A view of a partially exfoliated or
worn specimen, referred to this species. Enlarged four times.

“leigigint, »i© t .30% Ghermerer, OS HO s24 Of ain ier
[Hall, 1883].”

Horizon and locality. — Maxville limestone.
Lower zone: Cut No. 4, Mt. Perry-Fultonham.

MURCHISONIA VERMICULA—Hall.

1856. Murchisonia vermicula. Hall, Trans. Albany Inst., Vol. IV, p. 27.
St. Louis limestone: Spergen Hill and Bloomington, Indiana.
1882. Murchisonia vermicula, Whitfield, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol.
I, Do SU, oll, @, ime, Il. :
St. Louis group: Spergen Hill and Bloomington, Indiana.
1883. Murchisonia vermicula. Hall, Ind. Geol. and Nat. Hist., 12th Rep.,
D; Bol, iol, B2, imes il,
St. Louis group: Spergen Hill, Lanesville and Bloomington, In-
diana.
1906. Solenospira vermicula. Cummings, Ind. Dept. Geol. Nat. Res., 30th
Mam, INGOs, . UsdT, le ZAG, we, JUL
Salem limestone: Spergen Hill, etc., Indiana.

Description. —“Shell cylindrical, abruptly tapering at the
apex; volutions from six to ten, moderately convex in the mid-
dle, and scarcely diminishing for the first four or five turns
‘above the base, but becoming more abruptly contracted above;
the surface of each volution marked by two very prominent

410. =Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

revolving striz, having a space between them on the periphery
and a single finer line below, and one above near the suture;
the last volution not ventricose, and marked by a fifth revolving
striation, which is a continuation of the suture line; aperture

a b
Fic. 32.— Murchisonia vermicula.
a.— An outline drawing of an individual which has undergone much
erosion, enlarged four diameters.

b.— Two whorls of another specimen, enlarged to eight diameters
in order to show the characteristic markings.

broadly oval, rounded below; columella imperforate. Shell
minute.

“Eensth) 414 of-an incl lal 1ss2iee
Horizon and locality. — Maxville limestone.
Lower zone: Cut No. 4, Mt. Perry-Fultonham.

CILASS) (CiZIPSLAILOIPOIDA.
ENDOLOBUS SP&CTABILIS—Me.k and Worthen.

1860. Nautilus spectabilis. Meek and Worthen, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phil., p. 469.
Chester limestone: Gravel Creek, Illinois.
1865. Nautilus (Endolobus) peramplus. Meek and Worthen, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 259.
Chester group: Randolph County, Illinois.
1866. Nautilus (Endolobus) spectabilis. Meek and Worthen, Geol. Surv.
Wik, Wol, Il, Dp B08, pl, 25, ings, la, Ip,
Chester group: Randolph County, Illinois.
1891. Nautilus (Temnocheilus) spectabilis. Whitheld, Ann. N. Y. Acad.
SGis Wol, W, Dp, O94, pl, 14, ine, 22.
Maxville limestohe: Near Rushville, Ohio.
1894. Nautilus spectabilis. Keyes, Mo. Geol. Surv., Vol. V, p. 222.
Kaskaskia limestone: St. Louis County, Missouri.

The Fauna of the Maszlle Limestone. All

1895. Nautilus (Temnocheilus) spectabilis. Whitheld, Geol. Surv. Ohio,
Wo, WI, pm. 40, pl, IO, ime, 22,
Maxville limestone: Near Rushville, Ohio.

Description. —“‘Shell of medium to large size, composed
of several volutions, which increase rapidly in size, and are
(transversely) elliptical in a transverse section; the diameter
from side to side being about one-third greater than the dorso-
ventral diameter at the same point; the lateral edges being
obtusely angular, and the dorsal [ventral] portion of the sec-

Fic. 33.— Endolobus spectabilis, Lateral view. (After Whitfield.)

tion larger and more convex than the inner part, strongly con-
vex and subangular on the back. Inner surface of the volution
strongly impressed by the one preceding, which it embraces to
near the point of greatest diameter. Umbilicus very broad and
deep, exposing each of the inner volutions to just beyond the
point of greatest transverse diameter, the umbilical surface of
the volutions being moderately convex but quite abrupt. The

412 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

sides of the volutions are marked by a series of nodes of con-
siderable strength and size, arranged at regularly increasing dis-
tances, and occurring, as nearly as can be determined from the
example on hand, at about every second septum. The nodes are
situated on the crest of the side, and are obtusely rounded and
prominent. Septa moderately distant and but slightly bent down-
ward on the dorsum [venter?]. On a specimen measuring about
three inches in its greatest diameter, the whole of which is
septate, they are arranged at about one-third of an inch apart;
near the outer extremity of the last volution. Siphuncle not
observed, and the depth of the septa not ascertained. The sur-
face of a portion of the specimen bears marks of a series of
strong varices of growth, which have crossed the dorsum
[venter?] and show a strong retral sinus or notch in the margin
Of the lipeaty this” point Mies varices aresseen im mine mune
portion of the last volution and appear to have been arranged
at distances nearly corresponding to the septa at the same
place. No other markings of the surface are retained [Whit-
field, 1895].”

As Whitfield points out, this species closely resembles the
illustrations and description of the one originally named Nautilus
forbesianus by McChesney. Apparently the only difference is
the location of the line of lateral nodes. In the species specta-
bilis the line is so located that the greater portion of the volution
lies on the peripheral side while in forbesianus the larger part
occurs on the inner side. Why two species so nearly alike that
they can scarcely be separated specifically, should subsequently
be referred to two distinct genera (Endolobus spectabilis and
Temnocheilus forbesianus) is rather hard to understand.

Horizon and locality. — Maxville limestone.

Unknown zone: Rushville (Andrew’s collection).

The Fauna of the Maxwille Limestone. 413

NAUTILUS PAUPER— Whitfield.
1882. Nautilus pauper. Whitfield, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., Vol. II, p. 226.
Maxville limestone: Near Rushville, Ohio.
1891. Nautilus pauper. Whitheld, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., Vol. V, p. 595,
ll, 14 ines, 2a
Maxville limestone: Near Rushville, Ohio.

1895. Nautilus pauper. Whitfield, Geol. Surv. Ohio, Vol. VII, p. 481,
pl. 10, fig. 23.
Maxville limestone: Near Rushville, Ohio.

Description. —“Shell somewhat below the medium size,
and consisting of about two and a half volutions, which increase
rather rapidly in size, and are so coiled as to expose almost the
entire diameter of the inner coils in the umbilical cavity; the
outer one embracing only the dorsal [ventral] surface of the
inner volution. Volutions quadrangular in form , with lateral
diameter only about two-thirds as great as the dorso-ventral

Fic. 34.— Nautilus pauper. A view of the outer chamber and the im-
pression of the inner coils. (After Whitfield.)

diameter, while the dorsal and ventral surfaces are nearly ver-
tical [perpendicular] to the plane of the sides, so far as can
be determined from the specimen on hand; or possibly the dorsal
[ventral?] surface may be slightly rounded. The sides of the
shell are marked by a faint, narrow, revolving sulcus bor-
dering the margin of the umbilicus, and by a correspondingly
faint ridge close to the dorsal margin; while a much stronger
rounded ridge occurs on the surface at about one-third of the

414 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

width of the volution from the dorsal [ventral?] border. In-
ternal features of the shell not known.

“A single individual only of the species has been observed,
and is altogether too imperfect to reveal all the features. It
consists of the non-septate portion of the shell, in the condition
of an internal cast, with the impression of one side of the entire
shell; but gives no indications of the septa themselves. The
only features indicating its cephalopodous nature, upon which
one can rely, are its symmetrical form and the evidence of a
similar ornamentation on the opposite sides; otherwise it might
have been supposed to represent a form of Euomphalus | Whit-
field, 1895].”

Horizon and locality. — Maxville limestone.

Upper zone: Mouth of Buckeye Fork (7), FPultonham; Be-
low Thompson Residence (?), White Cottage.
Lower zone: Cut No. 4, Mt. Perry-Fultonham.

ORTHOCERAS RANDOLPHENSE-— Worthen.
1861. Orthoceras annulo-costatum. Meek and Worthen, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 147, (Not ©. annulato-costatwm Boll, 1857).
Chester limestone: Chester, Illinois.
1866. Orthoceras annulato-costatum. Meek and Worthen, Geol. Surv.
Til, Vol. II, p. 304, pl. 24, figs. 3a, b.
Chester group: Chester, Illinois.
1882. Orthoceras Randolphensis. Worthen, Ul. State Mus. Nat. Hist.,
Bull. No. 1, p. 38.
Chester group.
1884. Orthoceras Randolphensis ? Walcott, U. S. Geol. Surv., Mon. VIII,
p. 265, pl. 18, fig. 17.
Lower Carboniferous: Eureka District, Nevada.

Description. —“‘Shell attaining a medium size, and having
the form of an elongated, moderately compressed cone, the sides
of which converge towards the apex at an angle of about 14°.
Section elliptical, the greater transverse diameter being to the
smaller as 100 to 80. Surface ornamented with slightly oblique,
annular costa, which are less than the depressions between, and
rather sharply elevated on the smaller half of the shell, but

The Fauna of the Maxville Limestone. Ald

become gradually obsolete towards the aperture, where they
are not more widely separated than near the smaller end. Traces
of fine transverse striz are also seen on well preserved speci-
mens; both between and upon the coste. (Septa and siphuncle
unknown). The largest specimen we have seen is about five
inches in length (both extremities being incomplete) and 1.83
inches in its greatest diameter at the larger end, while its
greater diameter at the smaller end is near 0.70 inch.”

cle ais ae Prof. Swallow has described, from the same
horizon as this, a similar species under the name O. chester-

Fic. 35.— Orthoceras randolphense. A view of an imperfect specimen.

ensis (Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., Vol. Il, p. 98, 1862), but our
shell differs in having fewer and more distant coste, there being
generally about four of them in a space equalling the transverse
diameter, while O. chesterensis has eight in the same space.
| Meek and Worthen, 1866].”

Horizon and locality. — Maxville limestone.
Shale-nodular zone: Kroft Bridge, White Cottage.

*5

Al6 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

ORTHOCERAS OKAWENSE ?—Worthen.
1883. Orthoceras Okawensis. Worthen, Geol. Surv. Ill, Wol. VII,
p. 324.
Chester limestone: Okaw Bluffs near Red Bud, Randolph County,
Illinois.

1890. Orthoceras okawense. Worthen, Geol. Surv. Ifl., Vol. VIII, p. 149,
pl. 26, fig. 3.
Chester limestone: Near Red Bud, Randolph County, [linois.

Description. — “Shell elongate, slender, very gradually tap-
ering to the apex; septa concave, about four of them in-the
space of one diameter. Siphuncle sub-central; surface markings
unknown.

“This shell has a general resemblance to O. rushense, Mc-

Fic. 36.— Orthoceras okawense? A view of a fragment of a shell re-
ferred to this species.

Chesney of the upper Coal Measures, but differs from it in the
position of the siphuncle which in our species is decidedly sub-
central [Worthen, 189o0].”

Horizon and locality. — Maxville limestone.
Shale-nodular zone: Kroft Bridge, White Cottage.

INDEX.

Names in italic are synonyms.

PAGE

PAN MOrsISTINee aT GREW SIy varstre) ovthe sie ele Sinise ole Seen caisio uae Ss oasia eseravs aah O ened 392-393
IIMEDXeVAMlll TASS eae gencncvere ses ReNacic ha covers Rte aR casi 393-394

PNG OZ © claearer ein eran lire nieve t, <sMtst ies abipance aithaeeaae ate PURI Ae tcl 309-360
AMOS. LAGS Dotan Cee RG ETS COE Ie Oe OR RTC Se eS 388
SHOGMOCOTO po ada nolne boc OS SAD CO CROAT CON OOES aac 383, 384
RalleronlongealtennodOsuSmyancea asc eG netic seen ae 403-404
Siu byleewastenereenvs aerate nen Aine Oke eae mentinear 404-406

BSI NS THONGS. eral cole esc ashe icteric eens ata bk i Sar ne eg a En er 360-361
IESE CIMNVODYOGIEN ores nie -arayeies cater o ecerel ea tects IOI! cat ose ere nen nee) UR de EU 366-389
[BPYAOVAO RAY Arosa es oh mta AIR Heats a SINS ONR eres ete nau ltrs autre 363-366
QM IANE COPUNGOUCTE Ns dane haebudoacnos saa cecum eeseo teen e fe 400
Bulmmorphiatscanalicuilatay irsrs ives s tei seagaer: oa eon ote: Be, 400-401
TTC ARNO UGE SPM ipay eR sees ne alc eal, Danio rece le to . 3899-400

COMES COUUMFOS IS Sean cate Hoehne o SO ag | EO aCe Ore aoe Toes 406, 407
(G Cialterecllley Nie ee rans mes mcs nana ue Mpa ivr atten ans ate Sse let eA cs ehats atesn Secu 397
(Ge pial Op Olan yet pee laws suey sien meee aac cutie ee cc NTU alle tran Raed 410-416
GlerotlayarstaldinSutbannis Aisi chee a mueutatet oe Wena at AN UN a tat digi B8e -389
(Callers ea can regia ta See ae hate stat anne sae Brn UU NIE REAM DSU ia 359-260
Gren O lea ee dere ens mens alee laU al reka angi ant wiv vee on Ne es coh Wait a aed LM 361-503
CyawnOCriNwS MMAGHIOMCEMMS .ssccccoocnsccoccecocces ela sae ena 364
MDS AIST AS un esnat ase estes aecleaea ants (ee 1 egy treed iam a 361-363
(Cyypinieaunaleliey “olplioratcre tas yale 2 Uemienel en yen tian meee erase ne mista aur 394-395
DD) Srataliwnanie elit Ove mS Crue tey yarn espe ncaa oe rcasre atte aa kayo eee 395-396
JDYSreLD aE CTI Lene Seeaesene os eittig: alah str bet aM cer eee AD He Ses voRONN AST aL) Pk cea 366-370
LDCS OL MAGI GILES XLS CS Pe ed Con Cea ee EE RG Fae oa SAS 373
DWiclasiaaely etd AMM ca rae ee shan ons sence ncaa cea 377, 381-383
UO AGU! OI tase to pore a Et eee oa ete ante er bade Nase eT 382
IDistnprlantiitom, MPA Oe gh nds an bees oe tae ec Soule cah eees 358
CIO erin bay rau tee eenety cee or ah ear SEN Ob aca Weer theese ee Maat age 360-363
End olohiusmspectallyibisy mrseyory eve cates een ect yr ees Ser ns ee epee 410-412
AES CH TaMe faty real Mat cli Gyslgerr Aco Nee es. ated cee Mo), ale cod taeda ee erage dg eenera chy on 386-388
CHAO) rate ete Cs ban ta Crea Stein PT RTE Dracteal tk EI es Wt Sako are a 386, 387

TCG ONAN ONG OSI CL Dimes Sioee fell PUR eect ioee POO ORM H etide eet ta, 386, 387
CACHAUCRUDULCHIUOS Wert aos tiv ages alah te RNa ee MRR Ny 7 th 386, 387

418 =Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

PAGE:
EWOU PNOLUS SSUNDUIS: MSs cwtas, Soh eee ee oO ee 397
Renestellaesenratuilacnsc css ie. Se secure o ence erence ne ac oe ee 364-365
Gastn@ PO dae era sale oe uae sensu ce ae eves Cn ee cen ee Oe ee AER 396-410:
ED CIMAPT OMTLES MENOSSUS chase oa Oe TMS ue AS Oe 367
GU EMUS LIVE si cs pee IAG ea SE ee 368

KOSCHNWCRSIS oo5d000000006 Sse an eI See 367

LelollGynXsey SON CATOMMSTNS origoe cdlgionded ogcoatien oobi aoe naan bole.aweru 398-399
TO Callitbte se essai Meee Mel ea Recta fern a coisa gnc 9 greet ot a Ie ose a 358
DB ONVETE EZ OTN ei Rule en ine Coc ues netaiats yg ae ie ae a 357
MWGETOCICHOS SUOCOTPUNCTUD Ss 560a0060s065000nsdoueoebndesscocte 401
SUD COM DUNT CALLUS Vea ak serie uae Mice ha st ny Ge ae eee 401

INA afte tetra alte: Ce tb rset Gta We sey ge oa yn ee aloe ah ara Se ee 275-377
GUOOGO EN AIM GONULH CU GLO SORE et ee en nee 376

MC CrOD OM ODLOMG OG Ved niece en oneal Ee RRO Re De pei a B94
IRON Cis Cae a ratte Eee rece bl cine ena RARE A UN Te a hoe on 390-416
Mio Wats eoraleanrten sense Ai evar oo aL EUS tet Lape a oR CCM ta 103-389
Morse, WW. C. romme discovered IDiooosccc5cesoccanccccccsooose 358
IM Konrel micormiey WeremMIGUIE, soodocooboeonsdoedodacnsdoenuecuodoouccs 409-410:
INGUCAR COIN GION GAN A opeR PO Cathar ae Meee oat Ty RC MEET ee EER 408
IN EVE OPSTS AGG VEN ING Mpieett caer ergy este eae cea 408°
DING ZAC oe Ns ante eA oS] AC MSH ree an cers OD pn os SRE RO 402-403

Niatitil US stoOrbesiaimulSy sci e ence ener alae maaan StU Ran ean ee 412
PAUUUD Sra ie ey ecient n aera 413-414

s DATRON ITH HLL Stabe seers ere vt PH aC tS Orlane AMER ELC AeS carrey H Mh mre Bone 410:

Sr C1GL CIDILLDS, oars tia pre ces Pag Pk teNs 2 eg SeaihCA J ik eee on oon 410, 411

Niort erm WAGE Cae eR secs Sete caieeie oe eon a saeco erp a DE a B57
(O) AIST MONON! BVO ONAOR ANNE Cre alent tam Mya RE era her ONE EAR aera iy. 8 BOT
EMRE MUSE HUG pigs cto nee EEN GENO I aR ay ese enh, Seo eT NIE aN LEO RL 367
NaBSOHANGATISOS Hineane ese Nearest Hine Sees a mat He Mile SAVE hat Sie Sea 3607

PE UEU CHUUIN cok oa SPUR alee tebe ley gap are LU Na oe eerie a 367
EUGIIBOMUE GL, en Pe HENNE SR og AML SLED Cea oP ee ON DE LR ee 367
WHUOMOCULUENIUC. hey tits cS heap ote eRe eae a cine he nee ee Gee 366, 367
OPUS GECKO SS Oeics nays HER SC gee A ae EO i er 307
WINVOU GAOT oe Le bar aa ey ae trad ore) MEST a a TE ER ee 367
Oriroceras CMU GIO=COSUBMIME osccdoaccancscoeccacaceacndscacses 414
DUNUL OR CO SIEGE IU Ai crop do oe eee ee 414
chesterensis Le Sees 415,

OR AN CMS Cite toe Satter neta eee SRR BOs a re rene EI Dn pa 416

ONL CAUSUS eyes ae ee te aro a Ea arr Lait cust 416
randolphemSes nrrwetac er nrceecycey a ee en ee ee aera pear via 414-415,
randolphensis NA AT cca near i . Bes hse 414

The Fauna of the Maxville Limestone. 419

Oto myCiniagaCubimnOStnen \ sere cusiee, stores als are aos favs ore siei acl one aa pooner 406-408
CEU OS TES Te ic le WA SEERA es RN a ere 407

OPURONBOOS CRESS SOC ee A TOE Ret EI ee aE 369
IPCMSCH DOG ci tcrase Mere eta Geet onehusna lekon cee Sen oreeMinT Tee echo AUeiCa cg po au 390-395
ZemMbneniike SMe eM clud SRW rayne ree unsere te eicrston on tek oc eo lean nae - 360-361
eirardageriraxevitllll en SiSwuspeaen eet siereats see cantata eros Ee ace enews eta aan es 391-392
LEQUENGCRUES HELL OSHAS SOEs oe OBOE ne See AAO Sean euee 406
TIGL C OT TIN D Sees on oats ERC ONS EOF CSCI EEC ENCLOSE eee OnE 406

LAO PWEMLOD SUSE MUCLOMOULES Uk occsrelenee a eiaeioe asin oe nels a oenes 399
FARO CUIGLUS MCESPIUCMISISE ei Sele Sy Avuom atone « esamteentbinistelews ted aiauee ew oe sta 372-375.
COGIORIS» ies Bickel Gc aS te AWN Catia a Meth Oa ale tak ee ey ea mee a 372, 373

ULE IO RM Sec areaee ep teNe en a pests Dye ite baa 370-372, 374

ECMINUI COS NDISN. stro e er elas His earn Seu Eee Cia RE Aen ccm es oaes 372

UNCLE CER CIC ate asnsa a sree n a Vari! ory ewes Pinte ATS 2 Maen pti Mt Let PE ase 386
DOT GE COSCO sas ohn dn eo Ore Gear eukc eb ote 386

OCT RU INTONIU ON at et SOR PINs hear neni vale rae as cna a eg Aid 386
INMomll oO pOmarvarinatar ccetc seem as ephetevel is 5 oo ev tara Sues Spore 366
SXCEIDINO DOIN, Ux sd aestaks Ain BIND Raney ASIN, Sar Daa oh eae MEy ya AS LARNER cms OS} 01)
Semumulla, Suibg tigre .occcccesscoccuduccccvoucseccuccs 375, 377, 383-385
Sclnzodusmeltestenensis im acne Merv aeine, wee nee ee ls 390-391
Se LO Ome Cel Sty Alam mine cmr nena Mime au A HSe 8 Sis et alah oe ey 363-364
Slike eee OC lary ZOMeM cer. Ws hye oN okies aoe MR in ieeluns snkien ne een. 357
SONGROS PYLE AG AUC TH ICI Relea etn ee HN Gi as Sehr ok eee he 409
SUE NSIT VAMRCRE AS Birt penta ene aitas PAR RUNG Cadel RINE aa eget el 307
Spiicsnodomamcsub conpulentaweee -ammecr acres 1 eee 401-402
S DIRE CIP OHARA TONIC AO oo ne EIR OLA A EE a letanl Aa 377
GLIGRON OT Ae eka ss Pe sae ORR AU Ee PMR NL Nyc eo td RE eRe ES RE ae 3715

GUM Yair: COMUPOCIOs oobcs sons boceoookenobe ee beob cobs 375
NMCEEDESCEIISaEA amie ieta ny Sais ene nineeerenyy rete tues lee oA Wns 380, 381
WET OS TOSS fer 5 A RE ARs OU ee eo RE MUM Pa ALND 307, 319

Ie @ Ketter tree natin aela a Reta bomen icin aaa Cana t nba a 377-381

LEGO eke EN VENIE Ws pes eee Nee Sey CAPR RI tte See Pre eI MO rae 377, 378, 380

OPVIMTATUS Me gesee ee oer ee Ry tc aoe be ree lcs Re 380
ROCIANIVOPUL CUMS ExeaePa EPR NE Cus clove ee CEE 317

TO CKayAN OL LATA IA Mpa st= ve SPST Aesescoa te aut eye nee Nivtel aera Ree ate 380

TOC KavAMOTULATELIS UP .aee seve vey atti.) Gyn ndcue paauol Weave Scie oe nae eaten 380, 381
S/PUP If CAB NC OTUA ATG RON Ie ae ae OO ey AIR APOE IRN a ROU a LTE ah eo Dh 315, 316
GOWU OCLIL Stas manta choca mucp ee cho oe UN Cee GR SRS RUA 375

GLAD EDEN AIS AGOIVENOGION ac fel hae eee ee eke 375

[BG OUP OAS a te ena Data op Ns ADEN trae an eek ena ee A haa yea ay eR Bil, GUS

[COO FEI NPN NGM caeae Oh eur clipe erases inte eal Aan ha yin een al Raul eae 378

OD UTC pera Pi Meee ea NRA yc an SUR aR ee AVE ean Tete 378

NO GACN IL ORUE OHCs aiid rhe Ph polar eaa see SNe an epee neal ae 378, 379

420 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science:.

PAGE?
SPUAG EVA WV SULA ANS lore Oe RCO B88 .
StrapanolluswsimilS yp ejeg le See icasare ee ee eee EE ee eos: .. 396-398.
Sinepror Nyt Ghus, Crassus ae waco eee Men eee we 368°
CH OMUSER UD) Te adie ude pee EAT ae al 368:
TUCIVVONMAG ics .5 ye en Se oe ee Ce 363°
UNVOKOGUIUINN ie Anes ee ee HELIN Cie lesa 367-
StrroplMosavlas Carlevana Goocooccocsscvccodcmobsensomoe yo Sareea AQ8-409
GOTO NOLPUUS MUNN erase LE gn ola Oe SMe ONAL AUC tn eae nt AQ8 :
SMMOCKIOWD PFECHISUMID csccsrcconssonsoasonosocs SSE LA ane aM 363
Walle OR GHAAIDUROM. oo5ccconcdoocodocvsocoocede Pea ten TAN aie 308 |
Memnocheilusy forbestanus pec. os cae se cice wee eee eels 42°
Pere oratula Gree | Ui kis mur cuenet sealers Seeie recht ey Rete PR 386
SOP PO TIE CITUG 14 rel Wet aay eters eye Se eR oak ateay Var ae eae 386.

LUnGLOG VeVi CR es oka er ae: Wane Teg eC ea att ee 381, 382:
MD MTS Kee’ SS ie essence lg stey ere etek We eos yt re Ui para sea WLAN Si tipe ue ea 397 ~
Wp p Ot Z OI Chee eee ce ears 9s eee VT oe Oa oar ease BOO
Weller’s Bibliography, use of.............. Jaa as GRO au seat hy rege 358"
Whitfield, R. P., fossils described by............ doen pect ces 308%
DAC EMNS CLUPORGEIA 6a ccwaccanacaanammoncceccoomossorcs Hooweccnooo MO=ail:

- Proceedings |

of the |;

Ohio State
Academy of Science

The Agaricaceae of Ohio >

BY
WILMER GARFIELD STOVER, A. M.

VOLUME V, PART

Cyaonlan Inox
oo aay
APR 90 1912 “1 |
\AZAISIG

a a My att #
Se hie Pin Bs Pet ay XBRL A Yet
EIR, Ie Aas %) Net
_— oil

Special Paper No. 18

PROCEEDINGS OF THE OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE
Volume V, Part [X. Special Paper No. 18.

The
Agaricaceae ot Ohio

A Preliminary Report, with Keys
to the Genera and Species.

Contributions from the Botanical Laboratory
of Miami University, VIII.

By
WILMER GARFIELD STOVER, A. M.

PUBLICATION COMMITTEE

J. C. HAMBLETON
IS, Ig INCI
C. G. SHATZER

COLUMBUS, OHIO:
The F. J. Heer Printing Co.
1912

Published by a grant from the
Emerson McMillin Research Fund.
Date of publication
March, 1912.

INTRODUCTION.

The Agaricaceae constitute a rather large family of the
Basidiomycetae and are commonly known as the “gill fungi.”
The family is characterized by having the spores borne on club-
shaped basidia arranged in a definite layer known as the
hymenium, which covers a number of radiating plates, the
lamellae or “gills”, suspended from the lower surface of the
pileus, or cap. A stipe, or stem, is usually present, but may be
wanting.

Many of the species are edible, and some are considered
a great delicacy. Others are poisonous, and may cause serious
illness or even death. A few are parasitic upon certain higher
plants, notably upon the roots or trunks of trees, when they
may cause extensive injury to the timber. Many are beauti‘ully
colored, red, yellow, purple, brown, white, etc., or quite large,
or otherwise striking in appearance. For these reasons and
others these plants are interesting objects of study.

The present paper is essentially a preliminary report on
the Agaricaceae of Ohio and consists of keys to the genera and
species reported as occurring within the state. A glossary of
descriptive terms and a bibliography of the literature pertaining
to the Ohio species and other works, which will be found help-
ful to the student, are included.

The list of species has been made up from the works (see
bibliography) of Lea, Morgan, Hard, Lloyd, Peck, Berkeley,
Kellerman and Montagne. Besides the species thus published,
the list has been augmented by reference to specimens in the
herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden, the herbarium
of the state botanist of New York, the herbarium of the Ohio
State University and by the collections of the writer.

Thomas G. Lea collected in southwestern Ohio, 1834-1844,
and sent his specimens to Rev. M. J. Berkeley, in England, who
described a number of new species from them. Others were
referred to existing species. Morgan, a number of years later

462

The Agaricaceae of Ohio. x 463

(1878-1907), collected in the same region. He greatly extended
Lea’s list (although he did not recognize all the species pre-
viously reported by Lea) and described a number of new species.
W. S. Sullivant, an eminent bryologist of Columbus, sent a num-
ber of collections to Montagne in Paris during the early fifties,
some of them with drawings by Mr. Sullivant or by Mr. Robin-
son who worked with him. Montagne described fifty-five new
species from these specimens. It seems remarkable that none
of these species have been certainly recognized since. Most of
them are probably to be referred to other species, or at least
are now recognized by other names.

Peck has described species based on specimens sent to him
by Ohio collectors, Morgan, Lloyd, Kellerman and others. Some
of Peck’s New York species have also been found in Ohio, His
types are all, or nearly all, preserved in the state herbarium at
Albany. Hard collected in several parts of the state and pub-
lished his results in a well illustrated book. Professor Atkin-
son, of Cornell University, also described several species from
material sent to him by Kellerman and Hard.

The list at present includes approximately five hundred and
forty (540) species. Some of these are of doubtful determina-
tion. In many cases the collections were not preserved, and it
is impossible at this date to confirm or correct the determination.
The type specimens of Montagne have not been available to the
writer for study, and, except for a few species of Marasmius,
Morgan’s types were not preserved. Whether these will all
prove to be valid species must be left for future study. to deter-
mine.

Moreover, the list is not claimed to be complete. There are
Coubtless many species occurring in the state which have not
yet been reported, for some sections have scarcely been worked
over at all. Before it is possible to have a fairly complete and
reasonably accurate state list, there must be a large number of
specimens from different parts of the state assembled in acces-
sible herbaria, preferably, the state herbarium. If notes on the
fresh plants accompany each specimen, the collection will have
much greater value.

464 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

In preparing the keys, the most apparent characters possible
have been employed. The aim has been to produce accurate and
usable keys, rather than to exhibit relationships of species. Some
of the keys have been tested by use by mycology students at
Miami University for several years and at the Ohio State Uni-
versity during the present year. Most of them have been re-
vised several times as suggested by use.

The work is based largely on published descriptions, and
in some cases altogether. These are sometimes so brief or so
lacking in precise detail that it has been difficult to find reliable
and well-marked characters upon which to separate species.
This is especially true of species founded wholly upon dried
specimens.

Notwithstanding such errors, misconceptions and incorrect
conclusions as doubtless occur, it is believed that the paper will
prove helpful to students, amateur mycologists and others in
the determination of Ohio Agarics. It is offered as a summary
of our present knowledge of the Ohio plants, and is to be re-
garded as only a preliminary study.

It is not within the scope of this paper to discuss the species
in detail, so that many points of interest and of some impor-
tance must necessarily be omitted. With each species included,
however, a list of references to the most available and useful
works is given. One or more of these should always be con-
sulted before reaching a decision as to the determination of
any plant.

The matter of the classification and nomenclature of the
Agaricaceae is still in an unsettled condition. It has seemed best
in most instances to follow the arrangement given by Saccardo
in his Sylloge Fungorum for two reasons: It is not the pur-
pose to present a critical study of the nomenclature of the family,
and most of the available works on this group will be found to
follow a similar system.

The writer wishes here to acknowledge his many obligations
to Dr. Bruce Fink under whose direction the work was under-
taken. He is also indebted to Dr. W. A. Murrill for the privilege
of examining specimens in the herbarium of the New York

The Agaricaceae of Oho. 4€%

Botanical Garden; to C. H. Peck for the determination of a
number of species, and for the privilege of studying type speci-
mens in the herbarium of the state botanist at Albany; to Mr.
S. H. Burnham, his assistant; to Miss Gertrude S. Burlingham,
of Brooklyn, for aid in the determination of species of Russula
and Lactaria; to Mr. C. G. Lloyd for library privileges in the
Lloyd Library at Cincinnati; to Mr. William Holden, librarian,
for many courtesies while consulting literature; to Professor
T. H. Macbride for the loan of the specimens of Marasmius in
the Morgan collection, now at Jowa City, Iowa; to Mrs. Laura
Vaile Morgan for the loan of Mr. Morgan’s manuscript; and
to others in various ways.

Columbus, Ohio, July, 1ort.

466 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

ATKINSON, G. F. Mushrooms, edible, poisonous, etc. I-VII.
1-322) fy 1-226.) New, Yorke Henry ebHolt «so: 1902
The Agaricaceae are treated on pages 1 to 170. |

Two new species belonging to Naucoria and Stropharia.
Jour. Myc. 12: 193-4. pl. 91. 1906.

BEARDSLEE, H. C. The rosy-spored Agarics, or Rhodosporae.
Jour. Myc. 11: 109-10. pl. 76, 77. 1905.

BERKELEY, M. J. Outlines of British Fungology. I-XVII.
1-442. pl. 1-24. London. Lovell Reeve. 1860. The
Agaricaceae are treated on pages &9 to 220.

Decades of fungi. VIII-X, Australian and North
American fungi; XII-XIV, Ohio fungi. Lond. Jour. Bot.
A2208-3055) ply li-12)) 1SA5/-O 212-320) 8A,

BURLINGHAM, GERTRUDE SIMMONS. Lactarieae. N. Am. Flora
9°: 172-200. New York. The New York Botanical Gar-
den. i910. The genus Lactaria only.

Burt, Epwarp A. Key to the genera of Basidiomycetes of
Vermont. Contributions to the Botany of Vermont, VI.
1-18. Middlebury, Vt. Middlebury College. 1899.

CLEMENTS, FREDERICK EDwarD. The genera of fungi. 1-227.
Minneapolis. The H. W. Wilson Company. 1909. The
Agaricaceae are treated on pages I10 to ITS.

——— Minnesota mushrooms. Minn. Plant Studies IV.
1-169. pl. 1-2. f. 1-124. Minneapolis, Minn. University
of Minnesota. 1910.

Cooke, M. C. Handbook of British fungi. 1-398. London.
1883.

Prizes, ELtiaAs. Hymenomycetes Europaei. 1-775. Upsala. Ed.
Berling. 1874. The Agaricaceae are treated on pages I
to 495.

TorSTER, Epwarp J]. Agarics of the United States — Genus
Panus. Jour. Myc. 4: 21-26. 1888.

The Agaricaceae of Ohio. 467

Harp, M. FE. The mushroom, edible and otherwise. -1I-XII.
1-609. f. 1-504. Columbus. The Ohio Library Co. 1908.
The Agaricaceae are treated on pages I to 349.

HENNINGS, P. Hymenomycetineae. Engler, A., and Prantl, K.,
Die Naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien I. 1 **: 105-276. {f. 66-
125. Leipzig. Wilhelm Engelmann. i900. The Agari-
caceae are treated on pages 198 to 276.

Herest, WILLIAM. Fungal flora of the Lehigh Valley. 1-229.
25 plates (not numbered). Allentown, Pa. Berkenmeyer,
Keck & Co. 18099. The Agaricaceae are treated on pages
19 to II5.

KAurrMan, ©. H. The genus Cortinarius. Bull. Torr. Bot.
Clubye2-2Ol-32 7am stele TOOS:

——— The genus Cortinarius with key to the species. Jour.
Mice 13)382-30.) plO2-100. 1907.

Michigan species of Russula. Eleventh Rept. Mich.
Cad. Sci, 5Si-Ole sity 1-2. TOOO!

KELLERMAN, W. A. and WERNER, W. C. Catalogue of Ohio
plants ivept, Geolke Stim. on Olio. 97) 4 parte2. 956-400!
1893. The Agaricaceae are treated on pages 300 to 317.
Bibliography on pages 56 to 70.

Lea, THomas G. Catalogue of plants, native and naturalized,
collected in the vicinity of Cincinnati, Ohio, during the
years 1834-1844. 1-77. Philadelphia. 7. K. & P. G.
Collins. 1849. The Agaricaceae are treated on pages 48
tO 57, Inept mm Jour, Crm, Soe, Nate, Ishist, 53 iey-217.
1882.

Luoyp, C. G. A compilation of the Volvae of the United States.
ie 1- On Cincinnatias dhe Mloyd: library. 1868)

—— Ihe large lLepiotas, iNiire, Nous 2443, 1808.

———= Une scailll Volvarnias, Whe, Noes 120-10, moo)

———} ‘Ine gents IPlotiens, Whe Nows ne2-15, i100),

== Ine genus lPoallhota, Miye, Notes me Aaseao, . 1800).

——— Collybias of Cincinnati. Myc. Notes 1:33-44. f. 3-18.
19OO.

MacapaM, Rosrrt K. North American Agarics — The genus
Russula. Jour. Myc. 5: 58-64, 135-141. 1880.

468 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

See McIlvaine, Charles, and Macadam, Robert K.

MarsHatt, Nina L. The mushroom book. J-XXVI._ 1-167.
pl. 1-48. #. 1-170. New York. Doubleday, Page & Co.
t9o1. Plates and figures not numbered. The Agaricaceae-
are treated on pages 46 to 93.

McILVAINE, CHARLES, and MAcapAM, Ropert K. One thousand
American fungi. I-XXXVII. 1-727. f. 1-181-+1-6. In-
dianapolis. The Bowen-Merrill Co. 1902. The Agari—
caceae are treated on pages I to 395.

Monracne, J. F. C. Sylloge generum specierumque crypto~—
gamarum. Parisiis, sumptibus J. B. Bailliere; I-XXIV.
1-498. -1856.

Morean, A. P. The mycologic flora of the Miami Valley. Jour.
Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist. 6: 54-81, 97-115, 173-199. pl. 2-5, 8-9.
1883. This series was continued until 1888 but the other
papers do not treat the Agaricaceae.

——_- North American Agarics. The subgenus Amanita.
Jour. Myc. 3-25-33. 1887.

———— New North American fungi. Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist.
18: 36-45. pl. 1-3. 1896.

North American species of Marasmius. Jour. Myc.

It 3201202) 223-207. 1005, 121-0, 02-05.) O00:

North American species of Lepiota. Jour. Myc. 12:
TSAO, MOS-20 3) 242-215. 1OOON 13 7e OO

——— North American species of Agaricaceae. Jour. Myc.
13 953-02, WAR-15 3) 2A0-20. | O07, 4: 27-22 OAL TGs
1908. Psathyrella, Panaeolus, Deconica, Psathyra, Psilo-
cybe, Pilosace, Hypholoma and Stropharia are treated.

Murritt, Wittiam A. Agaricaceae. N. Am. Flora 9%: 163—
172. New York. The New York Botanical Garden.
1910. Chanterelleae only are treated.

Peck, CHartes Horton. Reports of the State Botanist 1870-
1910. Published in the Annual Reports of the New York
State Museum of Natural History, 1873-1911. Contain de-
scriptions of many Agarics which have also been reportel
for Ohio; also many valuable plates illustrating a large

The Agaricaceae of Olio. 469:

number of species. The reports also include monographs of
several genera which are especially cited below.

—=— Agaric. IN. %, Stare Cal. INepu. 233 0-127. pl, m0.
1873.

———— New York species of Amanita. N. Y. State Mus. Rept.
33: 38-49. 1880. This paper includes the genus Amani-
topsis.

———__—New York species of Psalliota. N.Y. State Mus. Rept.
36: 41-49. 1883.

New York species of Lepiota. N. Y. State Mus. Rept.
35:150-164. 1884.

= New Work species oF Lactanins, IN, %, Stee lMlue,
INGO, Qs WU As, SSS.

=——— New York species of Pluteus. N. Y. State Mus. Rept.
38: 133-138. 1885.

—— New York species of Pleurotus, Claudopus, Crepido-
fice NE eastate Viticn Weptagole5o-745 loco:

New York species of Paxillus. N. Y. State Mus. Bull.

17: 29-33. 1887.

New York species of Cantharellus. N. Y. State Mus.

Boll, 122 aaeaa, Sey,

New York species of Clitopilus. N. Y. State Mus.

Rept. 42: 39-46. 1880.

New York species of Armillaria. N. Y. State Mus.
Rept. 43: 40-45. 1800.

——— New York species of Tricholoma. N. Y. State Mus.
Rept. 44: 38-64. 1801.

New York species of Omphalia. N. Y. State Mus.

Rept. 45: 32-42. 1893.

New York species of Pluteolus. N. Y. State Mus.

Rept. 46: 58-61. 1893.

New York species of Galera. N. Y. State Mus. Rept.

46: 61-69. 18093.

Edible and poisonous fungi of New York. N.Y. State

Mus. Rept. 48: 203-316. pl. 6-32. 1895.

New York species of Collybia. N.Y. State Mus. Rept.

49: 32-55. 1806.

A70 Proceedings of the Olio State Academy of Science.

————__ New York species of Flammulae IN. Y. State Mius:
Rept. 50: 133-142. 1808.

——_New species of fungi Bull’ Vorr. Bot, Club 26: 63-71.
1899. The following new species from Ohio are described:
Lepiota~ coerulescens, Volvaria umbonata, Galera capilla-
ripes, Crepidotus latifolius, Coprinus laceratus, Psathyra
microsperma.

Report of the state botanist on the edible fungi of New
York. N. Y. State Mus. Memoir 4:133-234. pl. 44-68.
1QCO.

A new species of Galera. Jour. Myc. 12:148. pl. 80.
1906.

New York species of Hygrophorus. N. Y. State Mus.
Bullen Os 07 iOo7.

oS New Work species or Russula: Nw) State Muss Bull
116: 67-98. 1007.

os New York species) on Pholiota, N.Y State Muss Bull
122:141-158. - 1908.

= New Yor<| species of Wentinus, N. Yo State Muss Bulle

LOM SA2 Ae O CO!

== New York species ot Entoloma, N.Y. State’ Mius:

Bull. 131: 47-58. 1900.

——— List of species and varieties of fungi described by C.
Hi Peck, IN) Yo eState Mus. Bull ran 459-190), 1909) mx
valuable compilation of all the fungi described by C. H.
Peck to 1908, with citations of the original and subsequent
publications.

New York species of Inocybe. N. Y. State Mus. Bull.

139: 48-67. 1910.

New York species of Hebeloma. N. Y. State Mus.
eels 7-77, IOIUO,

——— List of edible, poisonous and unwholesome mushrooms
hitherto figured and described by ©. H. Peck. N. Y. State
Mus. Bull. 139: 78-86. 1910.

New York species of Hypholoma. N. Y. State Mus.

Bw, woe Vasa, WOU,

The Agaricaceae of Ohio. 471

New Work soecies of Isami. 9 IN, WS Suis WLS
Bull. 150: 84-86. 1911.

Perry, Erma Brooxs. Preliminary list of the edible fungi of
Ohio. University [Ohio State] Bull. 4. 30: 1-8. Igoo.
SaccArpo, P. A. Sylloge fungorum. 5:1-1146. Typis Semi-
narii. Patavia. 1887. Occasional references are also made

to supplemental lists in later volumes.

SMITH, WoRTHINGTON G. Synopsis of the British Basi--
diomnycetese 1-53 pl. 1-5.) fy r-1454 Condon. British
Museum. 1908. The Agaricaceae are treated on pages II
©). 2,

SHSVENSONG: JONG British Huner Wolly mV 1-372) t
1-39. Vol. 2. 1-336. f. 1-52. Edinburg and London. Wil-
liam Blackford and Sons. 1886. The Agaricaceae are
treated on pages 1 to 372 of Vol. 1, and pages 1 to 165 of
Wolk 2:

STOVER, WiLMER G. Notes on new Ohio Agarics. Ohio Nat.
Ie: 177-178. IQI0.

Notesson Ohio: Agarics Mi Ohio Nat. 247, 1010:

Notes on new Ohio Agarics III. Ohio Nat. 11: 349-350..
IQIT.

SWANTON, E. W. Fungi and how to know them. I-XI. 1-210.
pl uals, ILomelen — IMicdamiein «2 (CO, meee, — Wine Asai
icaceae are treated on pages 107 to 181.

Unperwoop, L. M. Moulds, mildews and mushrooms. JI-V.
i220) ple 1-0, New York — Meni, tlolt & Co, 13800;
The Agaricaceae are treated on pages 109 to 132.

WERNER, Wm. C. See Kellerman, W. A. and Werner, W. C.

WHitTE, Epwarp Apert. A _ preliminary report on the
Hymeniales of Connecticut. Conn. State Geol. and Nat.
isi ounye Bully ssi oie ple 1-40) 19054 | hes Avan
icaceae are treated on pages 13 to 53.

Second report on the Hymeniales of Connecticut. State

Geol. and Nat. Hist. Surv. Bull. 15: 1-70. pl. 1-28 1910.

A72 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

ABBREVIATIONS.
(See bibliography for full titles.)
AA.—Atkinson: Mushrooms.
B. T.—Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club.
H1.—Hard: The mushroom edibte and otherwise.
J. M.—Journal of Mycology.
4KK-—Kauffman: Russulas of Michigan.
M.—Morgan: Mycologic flora of the Miami Valley.
M. B—New York State Museum Bulletin. (See bibliography:
leeks C7 kl)
Mc.—Mellvaine: One thousand American fungi.
M. S. M—Memoir of the New York State Museum. (See
bibliography: Peck, C. H.)
N. A. F.—North American Flora, Vol. 9, Part 3.
‘Oh. Nat—Ohio Naturalist.
P. R.—Peck: Reports of the state botanist of New York.
S:

S.—Saccardo: Sylloge Fungorum (volume 5, unless otherwise
stated. )

St.—Stevenson: British fungi (volume 1, unless otherwise
stated. )

OY

The Agaricaceae of Ohio. 47

KEY TO THE GENERA.

Spores white (sometimes yellow or ochraceous, lilac or pale
pink; cimnabar-red in one species and green in another)
Leucosporae (473)
Spores rosy, salmon-colored or rosy-rust-colored
Rhodosporae (475)
Spores ochraceous, yellowish-brown or brown-rust-colored
Ochrosporae (476)

Spores purple, purple-brown or black...Melanosporae (478)

LED UCOSE ORE:

A.’ Plants corky, tough, leathery or fleshy-leathery; persistent
or reviving when moistened.
B.* Plants corky; hymenium often porose at first, becoming
lamellate; lamellae often branched and anastomosing.
Lenzites (543)
Bb. Plants not corky, lamellae never porose.
C.' Edge of lamellae split into two laminae.
Schizophyllum (543)
C.? Lamellae not as above.
D.' Pileus differing from stipe in texture, or easily
separable from it.
E.1 Pileus gelatinous-leathery.
Heliomyces (532)
ee edleus tlesiy. ands tought /or = thin 7 and
Neantilnctinve ete ee ee Marasmius (533)
D2 Stipe, if present, continuous with pileus, but
may Le absent.
I.* lamellae obtuse and fold-like.
Trogia (543)
E.? Edge of lamellae acute.
F.1 Edge of lamellae serrate or notched.
Lentinus (539)

fh? Bdge normally entires..Panus (541)

474 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy, of Science.

A. Plants fleshy or somewhat so; soon putrescent, not reviving:
when moistened.
B.1 Stipe eccentric, lateral or wanting....Pleurotus (513):
B.2 Stipe central or subcentral.
C.1 Edge of lamellae obtuse; lamellae thick or vein—
like.
D.* Lamellae decurrent, usually dichotomous.
Cantharellus (531)

D.? Lamellae not decurrent; plants parasitic on

other Hymenomycetes..... Nyctalis (532)
C.2 Edge of lamellae acute.

Dt Universal veil membranous, usually leaving a
volva at base of stipe, or more rarely break-
ing up into patches or scales which are evident.
on surface of pileus. ;

FE. Annulus present as a ring about the stipe.
Amanita (480)
E” Annulus wanting..... Amanitopsis (482)
D? Volva wanting.

E.* Annulus present.
F.* Pileus confluent with stipe; lamellae at-
tachedis Sco Armillaria (401)
F? Pileus distinct and easily separating

from stipe; lamellae usually free.

Lepiota (482)

E.2 Annulus wanting.
F.t Trama floccose (of interwoven fibers).
G.1 Lamellae waxy, not easily splitting

into two layers.
Hygrophorus (516)
G.? Lamellae fleshy, readily splitting into
two layers.
H.’ Stipe fleshy or fibrous elastic,
confluent with pileus and of
Saine texture.
I. Lamellae sinuate.

Tricholoma (492)

The Agaricaceae of Ohio. 475

I.? Lamellae usually decurrent,
sometimes adnate at least
when young.

Clitocybe (497)
11° Stipe cartilaginous, confluent
with pileus but of different

texture.
I.1 Lamellae decurrent; pileus
umbilicate.

Omphalia (511)

I.? Lamellae not truly decurrent ;

pileus not umbilicate or
rarely so.

J.’ Pileus typically campanu-
late; margin straight
from the first; la-
mellae adnate or un-
cinate.

Mycena_ (508)

J. Pileus not campanulate,
usually convexo-plane ;
margin at first in-
rolled; lamellae free
or obtusely attached.

Collybia (502)
Sian swesicnlose (hyphae often en.
larged, in sections giving the appear-
ance of rounded cells).

G.’ Plants with a milky or colored juice.
Lactaria (519)

G.? Plants with watery juice.
Russula (525)

RHODOSPORAE.

A.’ Stipe eccentric or wanting.
B.' Pileus lar-e. usually glabrous; lamellae white or whitish.
Pleurotus (513)

476 Proceedings of the Oluo State Academy of Science.

B.2 Pileus medium, downy to hairy; lamellae orange-yellow.
Claudopus (548)
A?*. Stipe central or subcentral.
B. Edge of lamellae obtuse; thick and veinlike.
Cantharellus (531)
B.° Edge of lamellae acute.
C.* Universal veil leaving a volva at base of stipe.
Volvaria (543)
C.2 Volva wanting.
D.1 Lamellae free; pileus easily separating from
SUID pe eee Seri Re an Pluteus (544)
D.° Lamellae normally attached (in some becoming
nearly free); pileus confluent with stipe.
E.1 Lamellae decurrent.
F.' Stipe fleshy-fibrous...Clitopilus (546)
I? Stipe cartilaginous; pileus umbilicate.
Eccilia (547)
FE. Lamellae not decurrent.
Ft Lamellae sinuate; stipe fleshy-fibrous.
Entoloma (545)

F.? Lamellae not sinuate; stipe cartilaginous.
G. Pileus campanulate; margin straight
from the first...Nolanea (547)

G.° Pileus convexo-plane ; margin at first
HMOMISC Soo oooe Leptonia (547)

OCHROSPORAE:

A.’ Lamellae dissolving at maturity into a gelatinous or powdery
CONGUE IE: Oa a aa arn nore serena mee Bolbitius (561)
A Lamellae not dissolving.
D.1 Lamellae readily separating from substance of pileus:
MASA Ort OMIGUS HAKONE, oop 0066 Paxillus (560)
b.° Lamellae not readily separating from pileus.
C.' Edge of lamellae obtuse; thick and vein-like.
Cantharellus (531)

The Agaricaceae of Ohio. 477

C.* Edge of lamellae acute.
D.* Arachnoid (cobwebby) veil present: often dis-
appearing with age..... Cortinarius (557)
D.” Arachnoid veil absent.
." Stipe lateral, eccentric or wanting.
Crepidotus (556)
I.* Stipe central or subcentral.
F.* Partial veil normally leaving an annulus.
Pholiota (548)
FY Annulus wanting.
G.*" Trama_ vesiculose; pileus usually
bright-colored, yellow, red or pur-
PIC R Renee Russula (525)
G. Trama floccose; pileus variously
colored.
H.' Lamellae free.
Pluteolus (554)

FI.* Lamellae normally attached,
sometimes becoming nearly
free with age.

I? Stipe fleshy or fleshy-fibrous.
J.’ Lamellae adnate or decur-
AONE
Flammula (553)
J? Lamellae sinuate or
mostly so.
K.* Pileus glabrous, often
viscid.
Hebeloma (552)
K.* Pileus fibrillose, silky
or scaly, dry.
Inocybe (550)
I.* Stipe cartilaginous.
J> Lamellae adnate or ad:
nexed.

478 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

K.? Pileus conical or cam-
panulate, margin
straight from the
first.

Galera (555)

K.? Pileus convexo-plane,
margin at first in-
rolled,

Naucoria (554)
J Lamellae decurrent.
Tubaria (556)

MOS IEAINOSIAORUMS;,

A.' Spores purple or purple-brown.
B. Partial veil present.
C.t Veil forming an annulus.
D.1 Lamellae free; pileus easily separating from
Stipe ce so ol ose eeeoese Agaricus (562)

D.? Lamellae attached; pileus continuous with stipe.
Stropharia (564)
C. Veil mostly appendiculate to margin of pileus, slignt
annulus rarely formed...... Hypholoma (565)

B.? Partial veil absent, or soon evanescent.
(Co Lamnelllae wree wrOU SDE>s scaco00s Pilosace (5066)

C.* Lamellae attached.
IDS Larinellae GSewireent sooscca86e0000 Deconica*
D.° Lamellae not decurrent.

E.t Pileus conic to campanulate, margin straight

from the first; stipe fragile.
Psathyra (567)
E. Pileus usually becoming convex or expanded,
margin at first inrolled; stipe more or less
OUP S ANG Rare ama. daha eos latter ca Psilocybe (566)

A? Spores black or blackish-brown,

B.t Lamellae deliquescent at maturity into an inky fluid or
NNO SHUMS THMSS. poe pce coeds 0eoe08 Coprinus (567)

The Agaricaceae of Olio. 479

B- Lamellae not deliquescent.
C.t Spores globose to elliptic; lamellae not decurrent.
D. Annulus present; variegated lamellae exceeding
IS TERE RoION aig Howe Bera ace Anellaria (570)
D2 Annulus wanting.
E Pileus striate, membranous; lamellae uni-
iO Wl COlOPs ox6ec Psathyrella (571)
B.? Pileus not striate, fleshy; lamellae variegated
in color, extending beyond margin of

DUS arrears bran Panaeolus (570)
C2 Spores fusiform; lamellae decurrent; plants glutinous
Ole VAS Cid A eM otouennekege es ie as ....Gomphidius*

* No Ohio species reported.

480 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.
JXMDAINIOIDA JEIBIRCS).

A.’ Volva persistent as a loose cup about base of stipe; pileus
not scaly from remnants of volva.
B.A Pileus orange-red or yellow; lamellae yellow. S. 8;
“TEL, 408 Wk S73 Mic, tae Ay 7O3 IP. IX, 233 Al.
. A. caesarea Scop
B.2 Pileus white, rarely yellow or brownish, never orange-
red; lamellae white.
C.1 Stipe bulbous; margin of pileus even.
D.1 Stipe rooting; spores elliptical. S. 14:64; H.
Zee Ive, 1Os 12, Ik. SO? OO:
A. magnivelaris Peck
D2 Stipe not rooting; spores globose or subglobose.
E.! Pileus dry; lamellae adnexed; volva circu-
slevaby golite, “S, tOs Isl, S55 Wie, moZ St, 4.
| 2 nvoppa ee
E Pileus viscid or slightly so when moist ; lamei-
lae free; volva bursting at top, not circu-
larly split.
F.t Lamellae broad; stipe nearly smooth.
Sp Op tal, og Mle, 73 AL 553 St, 43
RRS 383 842 one e eee A. phaliowdes Er
I? Lamellae linear-lanceolate; surface of
stipe torn into scales; pileus often
lolned, » So @? Jal, 233 Wie, © A. Gris
Sie Shs eagerness Al, CHOSE IE.
C2 Stipe not bulbous; margin of pileus narrowly striate.
S, 122 Jel, a3 Wie, 115 1h, IN, 292425 JA, ©O,
A. spreta Peck
A. Volva forming a closely fitting or adnate sheath, or concen-
tric rings about base of stipe, or wholly friable; pileus
usually with warty scales.

The Agaricaceae of Ohio. 481

B.! Flesh becoming reddish when wounded; pileus dingy
reddish to tan; volva wholly friable. S. 16; M. 58;
Mic, airs Ia, 38, 203 A. Wil $ Sits Gs IP, IN, BR e441,
A. rubescens Fr.
B Flesh not so changing.
C.' Stipe stuffed or hollow.
D.* Pileus orange or yellow, rarely white.
E.1 Margin of pileus widely tuberculate-striate ;
pileus yellow or straw-yellow. S. 13; P.
IR, BBS AB? IMIG, MSs 6 6 of 4. russuloides Peck
Margin narrowly striate or striatulate.
Fe eleussmore than 6 ems broad = spores
almncal, S; 13s lal, aes IMI, BSs Iie.
RLS HN, GBS sles 1s 1S oz.
A, muscaria Linn.
if eileus less than G2 cme. broads Svorcs
BOwWeSe, Ss we Jal, Boe Wes WO? As
EAS Ie IN, BQ3 As ool, FrOSIUOHG IPSC
D.? Pileus white to brownish, or rarely with tinze
of yello-y.

7

.* Margin of pileus even; stipe rooting. S.
nave OAs Ie BSe Mie, wos IP. IR, 59°05.
A. magnivelaris Peck
EF. Margin striate or striatulate; stipe not root-
ing.
F Pileus white; stipe bulbous; spores glcb-
@se, As @63 Jnl, a7
A. cothurnata Atk.
F Pileus olive-brown to livid; stipe nearly
equal, spores elliptical. S. 14; M. 58:
WiC SES Ont gee? A. pantherina De.
C? Stipe solid.
D.1 Stipe deeply rooting.
iE." ILamn@liaie iee, SS, Ws 2s Jal, ai, aac 1B. TT,
BUS (SOO=MO> 3 oc onccscss on (HONE IPECk
lg ILanicllae acknexxeadl, S, 153 We, 162 IAl, 28:
AEN ot ar tna on th eI 4. solitaria Fr.

482 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

D.? Stipe not rooting; bulb massive. S. 15; H. 32,
BGs, BOR Sis 78 IE, Oe IPL IN, 32s MO:
A. strobiliformis Vitt.
DOUBTFUL SPECIES.

A, flavo-rubens B, & M., described from specimens collected
at Columbus by Sullivant, has not been since reported. As sug-
gested by Lloyd, it is doubtless a form of A. muscaria. S. 17.

A. daucipes B. & M., also described from Sullivant’s ma-
terial, is placed in Amanitopsis by Saccardo, and in Lepiota by
Morgan. It is probably a variety of A. solitaria. Not reported
since Sullivant’s time. S. 26.

A. polypyramis B. & C. is placed in Lepiota by Morgan who
reports it from Preston, O. As stated by Morgan and sug-
gested by Atkinson, it is probably a form of A. solitaria. S. 18.

Morgan regards A. radicata as a form of A. solitaria but
Dikces ie im Leno, If, WL 13 21,

A. verna is regarded by most writers as a variety of A.
phalloides. A. virosa is also so regarded by some.

MIMLAINTINONS SIS, IROZ,

Volva persistent; pileus not mealy, more than 4 cm. broad.
Pileus sulcate on margin, glabrous; spores globose or sub-
lOWbOSe, S. 2s lal wags MI, soe Ile, 28s IP. Ik, aae ays JA,

VM) coats El ea OL eee HOR a SU Nes Ace 4. vaginata ( Bull.) Roz.
Pileus striate only, floccose-scaly ; spores elliptical. S. 23; M.
Bre) SIMICa Bins IE DIRS Re RAG ie oa oo a 4. volvata (Peck) Sacc.

Volva breaking up into floccose scales; pileus mealy, less than
a, Cin, loxoeval, IIE, Bie A, FOS IP, IX, e322 AO.
A farinosa (Schw.)

IJEIPIOWA IIR,

A. Pileus viscid or glutinous.
B.* Pileus 3-4 cm. broad; stipe solid; lamellae broad. J. M.
FCA 2 ae Re attr ale tench ah Sam Uc BN E. glschra More
B.? Pileus 1-3 cm. broad; stipe fistulous; lamellae narrow.
fe Ose ania Garda As olts L. candida Morg.

The Agaricaceae of Oho. 483

A.? Pileus dry; not viscid.
B.t Plants changing color when bruised, or markedly so in
drying.

C1 Plants becoming bluish; pileus usually less than 3
em. proack Ss i633 J, WW waeaaos 13. IW, Aor.
L. coerulescens Peck
C.2 Plants not becoming bluish; pileus more than 3 cm.

broad.

D.* Pileus 3-5 cm. broad; flesh becoming reddish
when bruised, whole plant reddish when
handled and finally blackish when dried; stipe
not bulbous or clavate. J. M. 12:246.

L. rufescens Morg.

D2 Pileus 5-10 cm. or more broad; plants not be-
coming blackish; stipe bulbous or clavate.

E.t Flesh only becoming reddish when broken;
pileus not umbonate; margin even. S. 20:

IMI Org J. WL wae Si, ws Wie, as.
E. rhacodes Viutt.
E. Whole plant becoming reddish or reddish-
brown; pileus broadly umbonate; margin
MmOre Or less sme, S, age Jel, AO, 505
Mie, Ae IML @@° As S03 IP. IRs SSsus@s J.
IML ARE ORO HRN ieee atl L. americana Peck

B.2 Plants not changing color as above.
C. Pileus with erect, pointed scales; annulus somewhat
cobwebby.

D2 Pleas lrowm, S. 343 Jal, 656 MW. O2¢ |. Ml uae
BOO, 2Ore A, St, S22 Mic, AO? IP, IX. Bs <1 5,4,

L. acutesquamosa Weinm. L. asperula Atk.

D2 iletisswinte | Mast 220252. geanniata, None.

C2 Pileus and annulus not as above.
D.* Pileus usually more than 8 cm. broad.
iE.” lLamicllac ancl spores @ircem, SS, 2s Ini, 50,
sie Wile, 373 A. Sos NM. Ore IP IM. 1338,
L. morgani Peck

481 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

Iy.* Lamellae usually white or yellow, spores
white; never green.
FP." Lamellae narrow, adnate; pileus granu-
lose, Se ASe las 62, 52s IML G8, pls Bs
Jo IME, BETO Os 2. L. granosa Morg.
Ff? Lamellae broad, free; surface of pileus
breaking up into large scales; annulus —
movable.
G.* Pileus umbonate ; stipe furfuraceous-
Scab, So 278 lal, #08 NI, Co: St.
1339 AL. 7Os Wile, Bes |, Ml, wAe7e Ie.
Ree giG rl Ge ns a L. procera Scop.
G.? Pileus not umbonate ; stipe smooth or
iNeenehy SOs S. 4o)2 Wl. Ore Si. wale
Mie, B52 I. ML, wes eS:
L. rhacodes Vitt.
D? Pileus less than 8 cm. broad.
E.* Pilei mostly more than 2 cm., and less than
8 cm. broad.
I Pileus glabrous:
G.' Flesh thick; lamellae white, soon
dingy or smoky-brown; annulus
MOVIE, ~S, Ags Il, AS, Ae IN.
ORS Sie Bis Ay 772 Iie. AA; Ags
INE, 1038 2©s Je, IN; ABs TOO,
L. naucina Fr.
L. naucinoides Peck
G.? Flesh thin; lamellae white.
H.* Pileus bright brownish red. M.
O22 i, Ile wae AEs IP. Ik Bes
WE Siaeee aan L. rubrotincta Peck
H.? Pileus not as above.
IL Sisqo iaeelhy, S, SOs Si, 25 2
JJo IM, WAS UB,
L. seminuda asch

The Agaricaceae of Ohio. 485.

I.* Stipe more or less fibrillose.
J.2 Pillai pier Or ener s
margin even; lamellae
lpronG, Jj, Wil 12s Bas.
L. neophana Morg.
J Pileus white or rufous in
ue mCCIILe Ip mada outa
striatulate; lamellae
rather narrow. S. 49;
Jo WML, 128 ney.
L. noscitata Britz.
I’? Pileus granulose, furfuraceous or more
or less sealy .
G." Pileus deeply striate, suleate or pli-
cate.
H.? Flesh thick; lamellae adnate. S.
ASS Isl, 62. 532 I, IMI, L22TOO?
MI, ©3, pl, 2:
L. granosa Morg.
H.’ Flesh thin; lamellae free or ad-
nexed only.
I." Pileus granulose; lamellae
agmexed, S, aye lal, 523
JJ, ML, Tae WEOs Si. 2R8 Ile.
AG)? IP, Ik, B58 OI,
L. granulosa Batsch
lee Wwilens scaly; lamellae tmee:
J.. Lamellae subdistant; veil
yellow. Jc IML. 138 5.
L. flavescens Morg.
J Lamellae very close.
K.? Annulus movable. S.
eo Site HOF “NIC.
7) ore em SER OS
Al, Oi,
L. mastoidea ir.

486 Proceedings of the Olio State Academy of Science.

Kk? Annulus fixed (not
movable ).

L.1 Stipe enlarged

ADOWES tine

DSS, S.A:

1S 2 Jal, Syl,
L. cepaestipes
Sow.
L.? Stipe not so en-
largeds S; 38 3

Jc Ml, 12 si@8 3
SE 10); vic
Age Ie, IN. 35:
17.

L.metulis-
pora B. & Br.
G.? Pileus even or only striatulate.

H.* Flesh thick; lamellae white, soon
dingy-brown; -annulus mov-
aD Sp 488 Ink AS; sos St.
PES |e Wily wey Os Ax, Fes Nile.
Bias JP; IN, QS) 3 USO:

L. naucina F.
L. naucinoides Peck
lel. Iellesin wan.

I.' Pileus mealy or granulose;
lamlellaessand in es< crcl ong
reaching stipe.

J.’ Pileus reddish-brown or

reddish yellow. S. 47;

Isl, Jae St, 282 J]. IML.

US WOO? IP IN, 25 2 TOL.

L. granulosa Batsch

ZV Rileus svywhettsheormesilesia
color,

The Agaricaceae of Ohio. 487

K.? Stipe squamulose. S.
AG? ‘Siig 222 Wil, ORs
Jo MO 12s ro,
L. carcharias Pers.
IK Sipe measly, S. SOs
Si, 252 Jo: Mle 12:
SZ
L. semimuda
Lasch
I.2 Pileus minutely or appressed
scaly ; lamellae free.
J.1 Stipe glabrous or slightly
fibrillose.
K.t Pileus white or whit-
isin, Se AOs IML, 8,
oll, Qe J. MW 1as
242.
L. miamensis
Morg.
K? Pileus with reddish
or reddish-brown
scales.

Ie JESUS [oy Pi ee In te
brownish-red,
scales persis-

tent on margin ;
annulus persis-
tem, Outre w
reddish on the
janereeum, IP, IX,
S53 5553 ML

O43 J. N12
2A5.
EL. 4ubro=

tincta Peck
Lo lilens paler,
scales soon

488 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

dis appearing
from margin;
annulus usu-
ally evanes-
Canis Sy, 20)
Sis 202 IP. IR.
Ase uso. Mle.
42.
L. cristata
JX, (82S).
J.? Stipe more or less scaly.
Kev Eileuse pales tanto
ehamlxer, I), Wl, 12¢
198.
L. spamsta Morg.
K.? Pileus tawny-brown
or blackish-brown.
L.t Plants growing
on wood; pi-
leus with
tawny - brown
scales. S. 16:

ee je il 123
AOI I, IN. Bi 2
283.

L. acerina
Peck
L.* Plants growing on
the secormd::
pileus with
blackish-brown
Scalesi= 1 Si 3y7r
IME O28 Jj, IML
iAswoo? — Wie.
Asie he lia. 25 3
156.
L. felina Pers.

The Agaricaceae of Olo. 489

[°.2 Plants very small; pilei mostly less than 2
em. broad.
I." Pileus floccose, granulose or minutely
scaly.
G.! Pileus widely striate or plicate-sul-
cate.

Ht Lamellae rather broad, sub-
distant; plant whitish to rose
color; annulus pale yellow. J.
IME, 10396,

L. rhodopepla Morg.

11.2 Lamellae narrow, close; plants
not rose color; annulus not
yellow. .

I.1 Stipe silky; spores elliptical ;
pileus rugulose. S. 16:15;
Mies ire If, IL, wees Jey 0.
27 ES.

L. rugulosa Peck

1.2 Stipe not silky; spores sub-
TUSMOreM, SG, Boe St, LO)s
Mie, 233 Jo Ml masioss Je.
R. 35:157.

L. metulispora B. & Br.
Ge Pillews even,

H.* Stipe clavate, solid; pileus with
minute blackish scales. J. M.
12:248..L. phaeosticta Morg.

H.2 Stipe nearly equal, stuffed or
hollow.

I. Plants growing on wood;
pileus with tawny-brown
gealles, S; 10338 J. AML,
na aoe IP, IRS Bit ease.

L. acerina Peck

IZePlantc ys crowing On. ative
ground.

490 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

J. Stipe gyrainullase = maeely 3
lamellae broad. S. 48;
Jo IML, ugengiss IP, IR.
35 :162.
L. pusillomyces Peck
Ea Stipe snbrillosemors scales
lamellae narrow. J.
MES ZEIoo:
L. wmbrosa Morg.
FF. Pileus glabrous or silky, not as above.
G. Pikes rugosesolicate, S, 16snes I.
Mle 133232 Mike, Sms 1B, 1, a7 sits.
L. rugulosa Peck
G.? Pileus even’ or nearly so.
H.' Pileus and stipe glabrous. S. 51;
Jc ML Taeicos St, 2s,
L. mesomorpha Bull.
L. rufipes Morg.
H.’ Pileus silky; stipe fibrillose. S.
Ags ji, Il; w2erS7.
L. parvannulata Lasch

NOTES.

L. porrigens Viv., listed by Morgan (Jour. Myc. 13:6) is
probably to be considered a white form of L. procera.

Ie lutea Bolt listeds by sMorcan™ (loti Vices ))pasis
usually regarded as a yellow form of L. cepaestipes.

L. rufipes Morg. Jour. Myc. 12:156, is probably not specifi-
cally distinct from LL. mesomorpha Bull.

The occurrence of L. farinosa Peck in Ohio is doubtful.
Peck separated it from L. cepaestipes on account of the even
margin and the larger spores (Report 43, p. 35), Morgan (Jour.
Mye. 13:1, 3) in reporting the former, says that the chief dif-
ference is in the color of the pileus. He gives the same spore
measurements for both species.

Several writers state that L. americana is L. badhami B. &
Dior tiene:

The Agaricaceae of Olio. 4y1

The occurrence of L. pelidna B. & M., described from
Sullivant’s material, is doubtful. It is said to have a greenish-
livid, rugose pileus, a solid, bulbous stipe and to grow on fallen
logs. S.- 67.

Fries (Hym. Eur. 31) regarded L. acutesquamosa as a
variety of L. Friesii Lasch, from which it differs in having the
scales of the pileus erect and the lamellae simple. In this country
the plants are usually known as L. acutesquamosa. Morgan lists
the species as L. aspera Pers. His plants referred to L. hemisclera
B. & C. and to L. asperula Atk. were probably only forms of L.
acutesquamosa.

L. glischra Morg. Jour. Myc. 12:203 is based on plants
referred to L. oblita Peck in the Mycologic Flora (p. 64).

The plants referred by Morgan to L. felinoides Peck should
probably be referred to L. rubrotincta .

L coerulescens Peck = L. virescens (Speg.) Morg.

L. rufescens Morg. Jour. Myc. 12:246, is based on plants
which he had previously reported as L. fuscosquamea Peck
(Miycologic Flora, p. 62).

L. naucinoides Peck is said by its author to differ from
L. naucina Fr. principally in having the spores subelliptic, while
those of the latter were said to be globose. The two species are
probably not distinct, for the spores of the American plant, at
least, are variable in shape.

ARMILLARIA FR.

A. Lamellae adnate or subdecurrent; pileus with pointed tufts

of blackish or brownish hairs, margin striate. S. 80;

IME Cube le SO IOs Gi OTA Roa 6 a5 ee 56855 A. mellea Vahl

A? Lamellae sinuate or adnexed; pileus without hairy scales;
margin not striate.

B.' Stipe not bulbous; whitish pileus variegated with brown

spor, S; S68 lal, Soe Wie, B75 JP. Ik, ARs Ait,
A. nardosnua* Ellis

* The lamellae of A. nardosmia are described as emarginate (sin-
uate) but Peck says he finds the plants with lamellae adnate or sub-
decurrent. He regards this name as a synonym for A. rhagadiosa Fr.,
a European species. P. R. 43: 42.

492 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

B2 Stipe bulbous; pileus not brown-spotted.
C1 Pileus white or whitish; stipe solid; bulb not mar-
Siee, Ss We Os lal O03 Wie, Sas 13. W, 22 TAO.
A. appendiculata Peck
C2 Pileus yellow-brown or pale brick-color; stipe stuffed
Or Ino lull meron, S, 738 St. Ad? lal, so.
A. bulbigera Alb. & Schw.

TRICHOLOMA FR.

A.* Pileus viscid when moist.
B.* Pileus white, shining when dry.

C1 Stipe solid, somewhat bulbous, lamellae close. 5.

@O° lak Coos; Su, 372 MWe, O35 JF I, auls AZ.
T. resplendens Fr.
C2 Stipe stuffed or hollow, not bulbous ; lamellae subdis-
(ght Sy OOr WIL OAS St, Bs... i. Sperimancoin It.

B2 Pileus not white.
C.1 Lamellae not becoming reddish or reddish-spotted.
D.1 Lamellae sulphur-yellow. S. 87; H. 61; Mc. 61;
URGE AL AO ak. cele ees tisente a iere LE egpesre Wx
D.? Lamellae not yellow.
E. Pileus umbonate, with blackish fibrils;
lamellae subdistant. S. 88; H. 82; Me.
Oa Si ARR ee I, Zla8 Ain.
T. sejunctum Sow.
E.2 Pileus not as above; lamellae close.
F.1 Pileus pale tan, not rivulose or spotted;
lanncllae wiitie, S, ©20gs In 7Zas
IMIG, O48 IR IRE Wal gait

T. terriferum Peck
F.? Pileus reddish-brown, becoming rivulose
anl spotted in drying; lamellae cin-
Greens, S,O8 woe? lal, Os IP. Ik. Als ali
T. maculatescens Peck

The Agaricaceae of Olio. 493

C.° Lamellae becoming reddish or reddish-spotted.
DS levis incammate-reds) 'S, 94 Ele 70. Mics 65):
IRS ane a eGR pee eA! T. russula Schaeff.
D.? Pileus not as above. .
E* Stipe bulbous. S: 95.
T. muciferum B. & Mont.
EK Stipe not bulbous.
F’.* Pileus becoming rivulose and spotted;
stipe solid; lamellae cinereous. S.
@2 wos lal, GOs Ie, INS Ads Ar,
T. maculatescens Peck
I’ Pileus not as above; stipe stuffed or hol-
low; lamellae at first whitish or yel-
lonisin, SOs 1El, Gre IPs IR, Ane ze.
T. transmutans Peck
i Pilets not viscid:
B.* Lamellae sulphur-yellow. S. 112; H. 65; Mc. 74; St.
PRU Se ier eres ea eran LTS ates ks T. sulphureum Bull.
B2 Lamellae not yellow.
C.t Flesh becoming reddish when broken; plants with
CUOr Or SOR, (S, 1OGs lak 772 Wie yas Sie Ag.
T. saponaceum Fr.
C.° Flesh and odor not as above.
D.* Pileus scaly, fibrillose or silky or becoming so.
Ft Pileus some shade of brown or blackish.
F.* Lamellae not changing color or becoming
spotted; pileus blackish-punctate;
stipe stuffed or hollow. S. 107; H.
TS)? Sit, AlSoe oo 5 0c T. cartilagineum Fr.
I’ Lamellae changing color or becoming
spotted.
G.' Lamellae whitish becoming cinereous,
_sub-distant; stipe white or whit-
isi Sy Os Isl, He WL Gee Mike.
WAL 12, IS All SO),
T. terreum Schaeft.

494 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

G2 Lamellae becoming reddish or red-
dish-spotted, close ; stipe not white.

H.1 Stipe stuffed or hollow, subbulb-
ous; pileus umbonate. © S.
1O22n3 lal, Fe.

T. squarrulosum Bres.

H. Stipe solid, not bulbous, pileus
NOL UmMbonate.) oS) Ol snZe
IMGs Wee Sig ASS IP; Ik, AA AC).

T. imbricatum Fr.
E.? Pileus white to pale tan.

F.1 Lamellae becoming smoky-blue or black-
ia wien etised, —S, wi@s Wie, 7a:
lel, GSS IP, IN. AALS i.

T. fumescens Peclx

F.2 Lamellae not so changing.

G.1 Pileus silky, soon glabrous, 3-5 cm.
broad; stipe rather slender, root-
hake, (oMSSMEOSS aye lose, S, LUZ?
lel, FOS Se, 832 Ie, IN. Ads 3.

T. lascioum Fr-

G.? Pileus squamulose or fibrillose, usu-
ally more than 5 cm. broad; stipe
stout, not tomentose.

H. Pileus usually less than to cm.
broad, fibrillose or slightly
squamulose; without farina-
ceous taste; spores 6-8 mic.
S, Goe lak C32 Se Ads Wie, GS:
IP, I, al a

T. columbetta Fr.

H.? Pileus usually more than 10 cm.
broad, squamulose; taste far-
inaceous; spores larger. S.
aoe Jal us Mike ss le, Ix,
MAG, A> I. Granie JPCOR

The Agaricaceae of Ohio. 495

D.? Pileus glabrous or soon becoming so, or pruinate
only.

E.* Lamellae violaceous or lilac; pileus of same

color or with brownish tinge.

f. Stipe solid; bulbous. S. 10; EL 84> A

S778 INE, FO? IML OSs Sie, Ore IPL IN,

WAAL OOM one ass T. personatum Fr.

I’? Stipe stuffed or hollow, equal or nearly so,

G.t Pileus hygrophanous, brownish or
brownish-violaceous ; flesh whitish.
S. 1905 Isl, G22 Sie Gos IML 18, xeire
14; P. R. 44:61..T: sordidum Fr.

G.? Pileus not hygrophanous, violaceous
when young; flesh violaceous. S.
nan? lal, Sos Su, G28 Wile, Soe IML, 1B,
TID SAO)c 85.6 6.6 T. nudum Bull.

.* Lamellae not violaceous or lilac.
F’* Margin of pileus striate or rugose-sulcate.

G.' Pileus umbonate, pale lilac, margin
striate only; stipe becoming hol-
OW, Ss WAO.

T. consobrinum B. & Mont.
G.* Pileus not umbonate, margin rugose
or sulcate; stipe solid.
H.* Taste mild; stipe white; pileus
primmae. S, mors IML Oss JEL.

O73 IP IR, AASES,
T. laterarium Peck
H.? Taste bitter; stipe yellowish;
pileus glabrous. S. 129; St.
60; H. 7o.. T. acerbum Bull.

F.? Margin of pileus even.

G." Pileus sooty-black or becoming paler ;
Siipe istitted sons hollows aS) 13)
lal, Os IMI, Gos Su, GA,

T. melaleucum Pers.

496 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

G.* Pileus not as above; stipe solid.
H.1 Lamellae gray to sordid-rufe-
scent; pileus grayish, pruinate,
Crem Soom, S. 1345 St, 05
le MOV ero eas S T. panaeolum Fr.
H.? Lamellae white or whitish, un-
changing; pileus glabrous, un-
spotted.
I.1 Plants cespitose, stipes rising
from common fleshy mass,

IML, 1B. TOS 2a62 Int, 8.

T. umfactum Peck
I.2 Plants not as above.

JE Stipes tomentose. aude
ISS, rooms, S, Lu2s
lake Oe 1S Io 1A ¢
Sis 58.

T. lascivum Fr.

J2 Stipe glabrous, not root-
ing.

K.* Pileus sub-umbonate
usually smoky-
brown, 2-5 cm.
broad; taste mild.
Se ASS Jel, ae IP.
Ik, Ade 8 IMIG, 7S.
T. fumuidellum Peck

K.? Pileus depressed, usu-
ally white, 5-10 cm,
broad; taste acrid
Oe law, S, 12772
el 72 eee
575 Nile, 79:

T. album Schaeff.
NOTES.
Morgan (Myc. Flora, p. 66) reported T. cerinum Pers. for
the Miami Valley, but later referred the plants to Collybia ama-
bilipes Peck.

The Agaricaceae of Olio. 497

CLITOCWIBIE, IIR.

A. Pileus viscid when moist.
B.t Pileus umbonate, white tinged with red; lamellae 3 mm.

broads Se PSOne wate ne a C. erubescens Mont.
B Pileus not umbonate, reddish-brown; lamellae .5 mm.
broad (7). S. 106.......C. angustilamellata Mont.

A.° Pileus moist, hygrophanous or dry; not viscid.
B.t Whole plant deep yellow or reddish-yellow ; cespitose ;
DIES G-2O Can, loroed, S, wo2s lal, Ow? Wl, Cos A, OO;
VIC SO Mn ye an ntact cette in a ag eg C. ialudens Schw.
B.* Plant not colored as above.
C.t Lamellae purplish, lilac or flesh-colored.
ID," Iileratis eespiwose, S, woas Isl, moze IM, oe:
IVC SO tas ote acn aunties C. monadelpha Morg.
See SRO un eee ities C. caespitosa ( Berk.)
D. Plants not cespitose.
E.t Stipe usually 1-2 em. thick; lamellae purplish.
S, USS lal, @7s INL, 6772 Ile, nes,
C. ochropurpurea Berk.
EK.’ Stipe slender, usually less than 5 mm. thick;
lamellae flesh-colored to violaceous. S.
1)73 Jal, 705° IM 7s AAs Sos Mle, u07,
C. laccata Scop.
C2 Lamellae white, yellowish or cinereous.
D+ Pileus convexo-plane or depressed only.
ld Jens pres or Sordid green, S, w5es Jal.
OOP IMIG, COS Site WAeos oats on C. odora Bull.
B.? Pileus not green.
Ft Pileus white or whitish to pale tan.
GH IMilicus mors tam uO can, Dsoad, S.
TOOrwa anes ey C. leiphaemia Mont.
G.? Pileus usually less than to cm. broad.
H.* Plants growing on wood as
iluinkcmOlaEeesss SenTOAr ae
68; Me. 94.
C. trunkicola Peck

498 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

H.° Plants not growing on wood.

I.* Pileus mostly 3 cm. or more
broad; stipe 4 cm. or
more high.

Ji Pileus — subumbonate,
white, or margin
tinged with blue. S.
LOZ ME O7e Mics O7e

C. connera Peck

J? Pies mor Wanloomalre,
whitish when young
but soon brownish or
grayish-brown. S. 9:
Ags JN. Ot? lal, O28.

C. multiceps Peck

I> Piler mostly less than 3 emt
across ; stipe 2-3 cm. high.

J. Pileus usually regular, at
first silky; stipe sub-
fistulous, waxy; lam-
ellae soon decurrent;
plants growing among
eenyes, = S, wks Jal.
iGO" Whe O22 ML 68s
Sis 77.

C..candicans Pers.

J? Pileus usually revolute,
often wavy, glabrous;
stipe stuffed; lamellae
adnate; plants grow-
ing in grassy grounds.
Se Ge Mile, @Re Jal.
tO IM, Ss Si, 7S,

C. dealbata Sowerb.
I? Pileus cinereous or yellow to brown or
brownish.
G.1 Lamellae white or whitish.

The Agaricaceae of Ohio. 499

H.1 Plants cespitose.

IL Sipe slemaleir, lyroyvin Cir
brownish; pileus becom-
nae Sealy, S» wOAs Jal.
102% IML Gee Wie. soe S.
587, 352.

C. monadelpha Morg.
C. caespitosa (Berk.)

I.? Stipe rather thick, whitish ;
pileus glabrous or slightly
sillay, Sp Osage Jal, ©8¢
H. Oi? Mec, OF,

C. multiceps Peck
H.* Plants not cespitose.

I.* Lamellae close, rather nar-
PON Ss 142s Mic, Sse WL.
O73 Sits 7Os

C. nebularis Batsch

I.? Lamellae subdistant, rather

broad,
J... Stipe tapering upward. S.
WARS lel, OLS Iie, SS.
C. clawipes Rers.
J Swipe meachy equal S.
Or20e Isl, Se Wie. Ss.
C. media Peck
G.?. Lamellae yellow to ochraceous cr
cinereous.
In Lamellae 2 @linates pleas mor
hygrophanous.

I Plants cespitose; lamellae
yellow; stipe hollow. S.
142.

C. columbana Mont.

I. Plants not cespitose; lamel-

lae pallid ochraceous; stipe
solid, S., W708 Isl, rons
MC nor... gia IPers..

500 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

H.? lamellae decurrent; pileus hy-
grophanous.
I+ Stipe pruinate-pulverulent
above; plants with fari-
naceous odor. S. 185;
lal, OG IMIG mWOe)S Sis Cu.
C. metachroa Fr.
1.2 Stipe glabrous, plants with-
out odor.
J2 Margin of pileus even.
S. Woe IMle, woos JEL.
OO... C, Wuopodsa Ik.
J? Margin striate when
anos, “So O220e lal.
OO)3 IP, IN, ABs.
C. subditopoda Peck
D.? Pileus umbilicate to infundibuliform.
E.* Pileus white or whitish.
F Plants growing on wood; stipe often
eccentric; pileus lobed and irregular.
S, wow 1B. I, aseears Olm, Nat.
T@eHl/ Oy oes ra ee C. eccentrica Peck
fF? Plants growing among leaves or grass.
G.t Lamellae adnate; pileus less than
2 Ci, loreal, -S. u5/7/3 lel. wos Se.
78; Mc. 93...C. dealbata Sowerb.
G.2 Lamellae soon decurrent; pileus
usually 4 cm. or more broad.
H. Lamellae narrow. S. 180; P. Re
Sout; lel, Ob:
C. adirondackensis Peck
H.? Lamellae rather broad.
T.1 Lamellae close, always white;
plants growing on pine
Ieenyes; SS. 858 Jnl, os)
Mle, O14? St, 77.
C. pithyophila Fr.

The Agaricaceae of Ohio. 501

I? Lamellae subdistant, becom-
ing yellowish; plants
growing on deciduous
leaves, So WS 5 Jal, wO4e
IML (38 Ike; Ong Sie yO.

C. phyllophila Fr.
E.? Pileus not white when fresh; sometimes fad-
ing to whitish when old.
Ft Pileus hygrophanous.
G.t Lamellae rather distant.

H.* Plants usually growing on
wood, as old logs; pileus dark
watery-brown when moist;
lamellae sordid; stipe fibrillose.
So UO lel, TOs IML FOS Mic
TOA St. SS,

C. cyathiformis Fr.

H.? Plants growing on the ground;
pileus blackish-brown when
moist; lamellae brown-cinere-
MSs Sloe Glhlnxows, S. 177s
lal, OLS St, CO:

C. obbata Fr.
_G? Lamellae close.

H.? Pileus pruinate with a leaden
bloom; margin even; lamellae
MMO, Se W753 St CO: IML.
TON Si eas C. pruinosa Lasch

H.? Pileus glabrous; margin striate
when moist; lamellae broad. S.
O2Aos lal, GOs IP, IX, AQIS,

C. subditopoda Peck

BY leilens imost or Gy, mer teulhy inye
grophanous.

G.1 Pileus innate-silky, umbonate when

voung, umbo often persisting ; red-

502 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

dish-tan to paler. S. 165; St. 82;
Jal; OOS IM, Coys Wilke, iO),
C. infundibuliform Schaeft-
G.? Pileus glabrous, not umbonate, yel-
lowish-brown. S. 172; St. 86; H.
101; Me. 103.
C. flaccida Sowerb.

NOTES.

Cohiensiss Mont. SyllM Crypt 100; S155 sce probaly @s
nebularis Batsch. although the description does not quite agree in
some respects.

© eticeps Mont, Syl Crypt) 10m] Ss150, 1s probably ce:
laccata Scop.

Saccardo publishes C. subditopoda Peck as “umbonate.”
Peck described it as umbilicate and says he separated it from C.
ditopoda Fr. on account of the paler lamellae, striate margin and
longer spores. C. ditopoda, however, is not umbilicate.

C. pruinosa Lasch was first reported by Lea, but does not
seem to have been found since. None of Montagne’s species
have been identified since their publication.

According to Bresadola C. monadelpha is the same as C.
tabescens (Scop.) Bres. of Europe (Lloyd Myc. Notes 1:54).

Lentinus caespitosus Berk. and Pleurotus caespitosus B. &
C. are names of the same plant. The description fits the plant
now known as C. monadelpha Morg.

COLE BIA Re

A.* Pileus usually more than 1 cm. broad.
B. Stipe glabrous or nearly so, except at base.
C.* Lamellae usually more than 4 mm. broad, distant, al-
ways white.
D.* Pileus glabrous, viscid when moist; stipe usually
lomenoonns, S, ACOs Isl, 107-83 Sk Os A.
925 IMIG, mies IP; Ik, AOsas. IMI GO.
C. radicata Relh.

The Agaricaceae of Olio. 503

D2 Pileus more or less streaked with dark-colored
fibrils, not viscid; stipe not long rooting. S.
AOR NEL, ICOs Wie wis St OSs AW (Og5 1B. IN,
MG)3 BSS Ilo Gleeson ecco ees C, platyphylla Fr.

“2 Lamellae narrow and close or crowded.

D.t Whole plant purplish- or brownish-lilac. S. 236;
H. 115; P. R. 49: 50..C. myniadophylla Peck
ID? iPlarmt mor as alone.
E.1 Plants usually cespitose.
F. Lamellae brownish or tawny. 5S. 203;
ML; 78 IP, IR, AQ)AOs S. Biz,
C. lachnophylla Berk.
C. pilularia Mont.
F.2 Lamellae whitish or yellow.
G.1 Stipe prominently bulbous at base.
S240 C. physcopodia Mont.
G.2 Stipe equal or only slightly thickened
at base.
H.1 Lamellae long decurrent. S. 9:
DO Bcc si C. tagetes B. & Mont.
H.? Lamellae not decurrent.

I.1 Stipe reddish, red-brown, or
brown, usually long and
slender, Sy 2305 Jal, 17s
Si, Troe Iie, tas JP, IX,
AQrASt EO. CEChUG ments

1.2 Stipe whitish, yellowish, ot
aeMeSCSM, So ABS Sit
mre Jel, wiOs Mle, 1203
IML, Gres IP IK, Ako) eal.

C. dryophila Bull
E2 Plants commonly solitary or gregarious, oc-
casionally somewhat cespitose.
F2 Pileus white, yellow, light brown or red-
brown.

504 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

G.' Stipe white.
H.? Pileus fleshy, white, often with
reddish spots; stipe striate.

Ss 207% St, 1008 Jel, wiae Wile.

nMOs 1, IX, JO 227

C. maculata Alb. & Schw.
H.* Pileus thin, white or yellow, not
spotted; stipe usually not

Smee, S, CsgOslP, IRs AGO) ra.

C. strictipes Peck

G.? Stipe some shade of yellow or brown
or occasionally pallid.

H.1 Stipe striate, usually consider-

ably tapering upward, pileus

SOE Ho) Was Ow, So ACOs lal.

1WO)S Si, wOUs Wl, Fare Wie, niny <

IP, IN, aIG)23°7/.

C. butyracea Bull.
H.? Stipe not striate, nearly equal or
slightly thickened below.

I+ Lamellae yellowish or red-
dish-yellow, becoming
brownish-red in drying. S.
Axo? IML, 72s 12, IN, AQ) 250.

C. colorea Peck
le Ikeroglkas mor DeCOmins
brownish-red.

J. Pileus usually reddish-
brown to tan, some-
times pallid or yellow-
We Ss 2348 Jal, 1IO@s
Sis ire Wie, 109° IM.

71...C. dryopmig Bult

J.2 Pileus yellow (see notes).

K.1 Lamellae pallid; stipe
not rooting; pileus
at first conic-cam-

The Agaricaceae of Ohio. 505:

Dannilaten gn sa) 230"
IML ite
C. estensis Morg.
K.? Lamellae flesh color;
stipe rooting. S.
DEP,
C. xanthopila Mont.
I'2 Pileus blackish, blackish-brown or smoky-
brown,
G.' Pileus 3-6 cm. broad, lamellae ad-
Nexe dy Closew S4O):27,) a) R408 0;
C. fuliginella Peck
G.2 Pileus 2.5 cm. or less; lamellae ad-
nate, subdistant.
lel? IPemts crommime On Sir © Ulm Gls
lamellae not venose-connected.
S. 2403 Jal, tis Sit, 116,
C. atrata Fr.
H2 Plants growing on wood; la-
mellae venose-connected. H.
TiG@? Py IX, AO25 >
C. atratoides Peck
B2 Stipe velvety, fibrillose, downy, furfuraceous or pulverul-
ent.
C.! Stipe densely velvety. ©
D.1 Pileus fleshy, viscid when moist, margin even. S..
2722 il, 108s St. rO2s A, OBs Wie, wise Ie, IK:
PAO LEP Re aces mA eter are ay ae NAR C. velutipes Curt.
DZ Pillets tim, mor wiseial, imensin more or less.
Stinzie, Ss 20a, 21a Nhe, IN@IES 1 eZ,
C. amabilipes Peck
C. temupes Schw.
C2 Stipe not velvety.
D.1 Lamellae broad, distant; plants large.
E.1 Pileus glabrous, viscid when moist; stipe
usually long-rooting. S. 200; H. 107-8;
Sie O73 Mle, 11g8 IP. IN, AO-B53 WM ZO.
C. radicata Relh.

506 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

EK.’ Pileus more or less streaked with blackish
fibers, not viscid; stipe not rooting. S.
ZAP} 6 ll, wOG)9 Wile, wins Sie Css JP, IN, AOseS 2
MW aaa ce gine ee C. platyphylla Fr.
D.? Lamellae narrow, close.
Et Pileus glabrous or not hairy or fibrillose.
Ft Plants commonly cespitose.
G.1 Lamellae brownish or ‘tawny. 5S.
AOR? INL, 73° Iho IN, AG) 2A1O),
C. lachnophylia Berk.
G2 Lamellae not as above.
H.1 Lamellae free, soon remote from
stipe; pileus reddish to red-
brown, paler when dry. S.
PP Sb WO"LS Jal Wiidhe MLC, i) ¢
12, IN; AG)SA7,
C. confluens Pers.
Hi? Lamellae adnexed on tree) but
reaching stipe; pileus whitish
to pale reddish-brown. S. 221;
Si UORS IML FES IE Ik. AG. 242.
C. hariolorum DC.
F.2 Plants solitary or gregarious, occasion-
ally subcespitose.
G.1 Pileus sooty-brown; stipe more or
less ialbrillose, —"S, ©8275 IP. IX.
AQ 3 Oren scre ns ctehe C. fuligimella Peck
G.*? Pileus white to red-brown; stipe
white-downy or tomentose. S.
DR (Sit, WORS 12, IN, AG) A.
C. hariolorum DC.
E.? Pileus hairy or tomentose.
F.1 Lamellae adnexed or becoming free, sub-
distant; plants not cespitose. S. 216;
Sie, HORS WL, 722 IP, IR, AO) sAz.
C. stipitaria Fr.

The Agaricaceae of Ohio. 507

F’.? Lamellae free, close; plants mostly cespi-
{OSes Sy Bios aL uiee Mie Zee 3e, Ik
ORAZ Bra eV or ce tees C. zonata’ Peck
A” Rilens i Cam Or less lnimoeal,
B.‘ Pileus and stipe fibrillose or tomentose. S. 216; St. 103;
Voto SRSA Ow oun coca C. stipitaria Fr.
B. Pileus and stipe not as above.
CH Sipe amine incon @ sclerouond Ghloer, S, 202 Si.
1@Os I, IN, woes Wh, Ges Ola Nets ne Az.
C. tuberosa Bull.
C.° Stipe with long, fibrillose, rooting base ; no tuber pres-
Sie, S, Bade Si, wORS Ie, IN, Zio) gare,
C. cirrata Schum.
NOTES.

C. pilularia, C. xanthopila, C. physcopodia and C. tagetes
were described from specimens sent to Montagne by Sullivant
and have not been recognized since.

Morgan’s description of C. estensis is rather meager. It is
probably a form of C. dryophila or perhaps is identical with C.
strictipes.

iihiem plaints rererned: by = hlard==(pa 10S)! to Cuminanata
Schum. should probably be considered a form of C. confluens.
According to Berkeley (Outlines of British Fungology, p. 117),
the principal difference between the two species is that in the
former the lamellae more nearly approach the stipe.

Some writers believe that C. tenuipes and C. amabilipes are
identical. Schweinitz described the former as having a stipe
15-30 cm. long, pileus depressed and subumbonate, plants grow-
ing among decaying leaves. The Ohio plants grow on decayed
wood, the pileus is convex-expanded, and the stipe is variable in
length, but seldom more than 8-10 cm. long. Peck’s description
of C. amabilipes fits our plants more closely, and unless we as-
sume that Schweinitz had very exceptional specimens, they
should be known by Peck’s name. Lloyd says the pileus is
slightly viscid, but we have never found it so. (Myce. Notes

2 TOO), )

508 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

IWNACIB INE Jel,

A. Whole plant, especially stipe, with dark red juice. 5S. 291;
Sin Udi eg lal, Tae A Ose IMC, neOs WL, 75.
M. haematopoda Pers.
A.? Plants without red juice.
B.t Whole plant bright orange red, or fading to yellow;
ples wiscic, SS, ©s Bos Jal, was MI. Za.
M. leaiana Berk.
B? Plant not orange-red or bright yellow.
2 Stipe imserteds S) 3025 (St, 110-Mla 125,
M. corticola Schum.
C.? Stipe not inserted.
D.’ Lamellae violaceous, edge blackish denticulate ;
pileus livid-purple to paler; stipe concolorous.
S: 28i$ St, wig Berk, Out, mer.
M. pelhianthina Fr.
D.? Edge of lamellae not darker than the rest of
their surface, not denticulate.
FE. Base of stipe with blue fibrils; pileus often
ibe Or DEMS, —S, Ws Zoos Ie, IN, Bie Adds
Oh. Nat. 11: 350...M. cyaneobasis Peck
E.? Pileus and stipe not as above.
F.t Neither stipe nor pileus viscid.
G.' Pilei mostly 2.5 cm. or more broad.
H.' Plants pinkish-purple or lilac, or
becoming paler; with odor of
radishess 5, 250); St. st2ihralee
128); AL O55 MEZA
M. pura Pers.
H.* Pileus usually some shade of
gray, yellow or brown; some-
times whitish.
I. Stipe firm, rigid, pileus not
hygrophanous.
J. Lamellae adnate-uncinate,
flesh-colored or whit-
ish; pileus striate, usu-

The Agaricaceae of Ohi. 509

ally some shade of
gray or brown; stipe
not striate. S. 268; H.
1AOsS St, 1303 A, OAg
Wiles 0277S: IML 7c.

M. galericulata Scop.

J.2 Lamellae adnexed, white
or whitish; pileus stri-
atulate only, paler than
the above; stipe striat-
Wate, S. Adv: Sit, se
Jal, 1202 IMC, 126,

M. prolifera Fr.
ll Sipe more or lless icasiles
pileus hygrophanous.

J.1 Pileus cinereous or some
shade of brown, broad-
ly umbonate; lamellae
ACh, SS), A778 SN
Wale iol, t22.

M. alcalina Fr.
J Pileus gray when moist
to tin-colored when
dry, not. umbonate;
lamellae adnate-uncin-
aie; S. ZIOs Si, 12772
lal, 24.
M. stannea Fr.
G.? Pilei mostly less than 2.5 cm. broad.
H.? Stipe filiform, with rooting hairy
base; pileus grayish to brown-
id, Sp A338 Sie 148% lal, wade
MESS iit aie: M. filipes Bull.

H. Stipe not filiform.

I.1 Lamellae broad.

J.1 Lamellae adnate-uncinate,
flesh-colored or whit-
iS? PileUS Sirians

510 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

stipe not striate. S.
BOSS Inl,, WAOs AV, OA°
Sti, 1205 Ile, 1273 IML.
74.
M. galericulata Scop.
J.° Lamellae adnexed, white
or whitish; pileus stri-
atulate only ; stipe stri-
eee S, Aes Sil.
1333 lal. 1a@2 Mie, 126.
M. prolifera Fr.
ll? Ibexanelllae linear Or ralner
“narrow,
J. Lamellae adnate, pileus
livid, or bluish-gray,
not umbonate. S. 280;
Si 137/78 lal, 126..
M. vitrea Fr.
Po Eanellaem not jmardananmer
pileus umbonate or
subumbonate.

K.? Pileus white to gray;
stipe fusiform,
fibrillose and root-
nate, Sy BIS.

M. cymbalifera Mont.

Ke Pie's! purplisheto
yellow, stipe neith-
er fusiform, fibril-
lose nor rooting.
Ss 2XS.

M. conferrumimata Berk. & Mont.
F2 Pileus or stipe or both viscid.

G.1 Stipe yellowish or paler ; lamellae ad-
nate-incinate. S. 204; St. 144;
lal, 7203 A. ©6,

M. epipterygia Scop.

The Agaricaceae of Olio. d11

G.” Stipe cinereous; lamellae somewhat
deenmerant, S, 245s Sis wage sal.
WAI) S Jes OY aso M. vulgaris Pers.

NOTES.

M. lilacina Mont., described from Sullivant’s material (S.
257), 1s a doubtful Mycena. The pileus is said to be lilac-col-
ored and umbilicate; the lamellae remote (when dry) and rosy-
ochraceous. The plants may possibly have been M. pura, the
abnormal character appearing in drying.

Neither the above nor M. cymbalifera nor M. conferrumti-
nata have been recognized since described.

M. vitrea and M. vulgaris have not been definitely reported
from Ohio but probably occur here and so are included.

(OUMUPTSUAILIUA, JEIR.,

A.* Lamellae yellow or yellowish.
B.* Pilei mostly 2.5 cm. or more broad; stipe yellow.
C.* Pileus flocculose or squamulose; lamellae and stipe
lorwaiaye syelllony, Sp 22? JPL IN; ABS A538 Sin he
Tea Catan cca enne att ee ania O. chrysophylla Fr.
C.? Pileus glabrous ; lamellae and stipe paler, at first whit-
Sin; Ss 37/8 lal; 1259 INS GO,
O. alboflava Morg.
B? Pilei less than 2.5 cm. broad; stipe not yellow.
C. Stipe tawny-strigose at base, brown; plants on de-
cayed wood, S, 32472 Isl, 1303 IML, 77/3 AN. Ons Mic,
Wale Sit, WOO Jes IR, “lS 3 Ae,
O. campanella Batsch.
C.2 Stipe not strigose at base, pallid or rufescent; plants
Om Growing; SG, RUBS lal, WARS Sie, WES IP. IN. Awe AO.
O. pyxidata Bull.
A? Lamellae white, whitish, gray or cinereous.
B.t Pileus depressed only, not umbilicate or infundibuliform,
C.1 Lamellae broad, subtriangular; plants on ground. S.
gare St, whee Mie, 133 lal, 193@° INE 7Oe 1. IR.
piMSy BIO) Nees ey See Mates a ne ROT O. umbellifera Linn.

512 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

C.° Lamellae narrow; plants on wood, white. S. 337;
leg OWES Ges alg a's 8 4 aia O. integrella Pers.
B. Pileus umbilicate or infundibuliform.
C= Pileus suleate, yellowish or tading, (S@3nsSters0.
Ua lpeenl AC psa eam ier MOU ero me O. cacspitosa Bolt.
C.° Pileus even or striatulate only.
D." Pileus sooty-gray or reddish-brown, usually silky
or flocculose or becoming so.
IX. Pilei usually less than 1 cm. broad; plants on
wrt, SS. BOs Siz 18O3 ML 7G,
O) rustica Er
I.’ Pilei usually more than 1 cm. broad; plants
OM weCcl, So we lal, wae WL, Woe A, WOT
Nepal ALS Berane, reps na ree O. epichysium Fr.
D.° Pileus not as above.
E.* Pileus yellow to orange or paler, 4-10 mm.
broad ; stipe 2-5 cm.long. S. 331; St 162:
leg iy ale AON Il, aeaks MM, 77,
O. fibula Bull.
EB.’ Pileus reddish-brown or grayish-red, 8-25
mm. broad.
I? Lamellae pallid; stipe reddish-brown, 6-
i mn, None, “5, S203 Se, wsse NL
Oa atte Get ais tae O. muralis Sow.
l’.” Lamellae flesh color, grayish-red, or paie
yellow; stipe pallid to rufescent, usu-
aly lomueir, S, uae Sie, weve Isl, raze
IRN WAG eR ae deere O. pyxidata Bull.

NOTES.

O. alboflava is closely related to O. chrysophylla and is prob-
ably a variety of the latter. The plants figured by Hard (p. 135,
f. 100) as O. alboflava agree more closely with the description of
QO. chrysophylla.

O. chrysea Peck, reported by Morgan (p. 75), is now re-
garded by its author as a variety of O. chrysophylla.

O. rhyssospora Mont. and O. strombodes B. & Mont., de-

The Agaricaceae of Olio. 513

scribed from Sullivant’s material, do not seem to agree with
the characters of the genus. The former is described as having
the lamellae adnexed and decurrent by a tooth; the latter, as hav-
ing the edge of the lamellae obtuse. In Omphalia the lamellae are
truly decurrent and the edge acute. (See S. 318 and S. 333.)

PILISIWINOIW US: 1K

A.* Partial veil present, usually appendiculate about margin of
pileus, pileus usually 5-15 cm. broad, lamellae broad. S.
230-340) Mie79 7) Mie. 127) St. 160754) 105-1072

P. dryinus Pers.
IF, COPMEGMNS Jit
A Veil wanting.
B.1 Stipe present; sometimes short or even suppressed but
pileus never resupinate.
C.* Lamellae long decurrent.
D.* Pileus white, silky-villous. S. 360; St. 173.
P. acerinus Fr..
D.* Pileus some shade of yellow or brown.
E.* Pileus thin; lamellae close, linear; stipe lat-
Gal, S, Rowe 1s Ik, S08 1s Jal wey > AS
OS WIC; WADE Sit, W7/Aoo 5 ole PHMMORDAS 1c.
E2 Pileus thick; lamellae broad, subdistant.
lf Spores lilac im imeass, S, ease IP, IR,
AOS Gus inl, WEOS IML Bos Wy TWOAS IMC,
TARPS cite icone ses ea P. sapidus Kalchb.
> Spores waite,
G.1 Lamellae entire, anastomosing at
base; pileus glabrous. S. 355; P
IR, 308028 Jel wees A LOA: Mile
TAD nics Wea, ae P. ostreatus Jacq.
G.? Lamellae eroded, distinct at base;
pileus substrigose. S. 359; H.
HES WE 73 WIC. WARE Sis 19798 IE
Ie 20)3 OF so o5c P. salignus Schrad.

514 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

C.° Lamellae not long decurrent; (sometimes uncinate or

subdecurrent ).
D.* Pileus viscid when moist; stipe with minute
blackish tomentum. S. 363; M. 80; Mc. 145;
A. 1603 Sit, 1753 Ie. IR, 203 62
P. serotinus Schrad.
D-’ Pileus and stipe not as above.
Ei." Lamellae broad, sinuate; pileus glabrous;
Sijoe wonck<, soli, S, 4in3g IP, IN, 203 GOs
Jaks 157 5 IW, WSs IMIG, WASs A. WOAs Sit, 167.
P. ulmarws Bull.
E. Lamellae rather narrow, adnate to subdecur-
rent.
FF’ Pileus grayish to brownish, glabrous;
Sijoe Sold, (Ss Bee IML Wee Sits 100).
P. craspedius Fr.
F.? Pileus white, pruinate or floccose; stipe
stuffed or hollow.

G.' Lamellae adnate to emarginate; stipe
subvillous ; pileus somewhat irreg-
tieye SS, aie Sie, woe IML wes Je,
INS 2X06 (OOS Miles: Alo),

P. lignatilis Fr.

G.? Lamellae adnate to subdecurrent;
stipe glabrous, pileus orbicular. S.
ald? Vala OR 2 Ile, WAGs ‘Sit, 07.

P, circinatus Fr.
B2 Stipe wanting; pileus definitely sessile or resupinate.

C.1 Pileus less than 8 mm. broad, cup-shaped when
young, gray, bluish-gray or nearly black. S. 379;
lak, WON SIA, MOO)E SH, WSO o6 ec P. applicatus Batsch

C Pileus usually 2 cm. or more broad.

D.* Pileus glabrous or nearly so.
E.t Lamellae very narrow; pileus somewhat
spatulate, not viscid when moist. S. 361:
IPO IR, O86 IL 157° Mle, tai? St, 174,
INSTI Tes eee tee eee P. petaloides Fr.

The Agaricaceae of Olio. 515

KK.’ Lamellae rather broad; pileus at first resu-
pinate, becoming somewhat reniform, vis-
cous when moist. S. 378; St. 180; M. 8o.
P. algidus Fr.
D.? Pileus silky, villous or with somewhat pointed
scales when fresh; not glabrous.

E.* Pileus white or whitish, silky. S. 374; M.
SOne eae ce eters en tae P. pinsitus Fr.

HE.” Pileus darker in color when fresh.
I’. Pileus mouse-gray, usually with tufted
Scales, Sa S708 Wl SOs Mile, uals ‘Sie
W/O sce Sel oe ies P. mastrucatus Fr.
F.? Pileus blackish-blue or brownish-gray,
Willows, mee Scaliy, S, 2773 1. Ik Boe
OS ESO AO ae P. atrocoerulius Fr.

NOTEs.

P. nidulans Pers. is now usually placed in the genus Claud-
Opus On account of its salmon-colored or pink spores. P. sapidus,
which has pale lilac spores, is usually regarded as a Pleurotus
because of its obvious relations with some species of that genus.

Plants formerly referred to P. serotinoides Peck and P.
abscondens Peck, and so listed by Hard, are now regarded by
Peck as varieties of P. serotinus and P. lignatilis respectively.

Kellerman and Werner (p. 305) include P. acerinus in the
list of Ohio plants. This seems to be the only reference to this
species in Ohio literature.

Plants referred by Morgan to P. niger Schw. were probably
P. applicatus, which is a rather common species in southwestern
Ohio.

The plants referred to P. circinatus by Hard were probably
P. lignatilis. He says it may be known by the white gills. The
lamellae of P. lignatilis are white.

The occurrence of P. pinsitus in Ohio is rather doubtful.

P. caespitosus B. & C. was first published as a Lentinus,
then as a Pleurotus. It is probably the plant now known as
Clitocybe monadelpha Morg.

516 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

P. corticatus is very close to P. dryinus Pers. It should
probably be regarded as a variety of the latter as Atkinson does.

IE iGIROVEIBIONNIIS) IBIS,

A. Plants becoming black when bruised or dried; pileus conic;
red, orange or yellow or with these colors blended. S.
Ae Sis Aasoe We, W6Os Jal, Zoos Wl wes WL, 18, nioO tox.

H, comicus (Scop.) Fr.

A Plants not becoming black.

B.1 Stipe solid.
C.! Pileus and stipe glutinous.
D.' Stipe punctate or scabrous at top with small
scales.
E. Pileus pale brownish or reddish brown to
whitish, center usually darker. S. 388;
MIE IB. mmOectss ISL, Anas Iie, Fidos Wl, neo,
H. lauwrae Morg.
E.2 Whole plant white; (the stipe usually
stuffed or becoming hollow). S. 388; M.
By Oey St, Aes lal 2005 Ile, alo):
Xe Tete S IMLS Ins,
H., eburneus (Bull.) Fr.
D2 Stipe not punctate or scabrous.
E.1 Pileus white, yellow or reddish-yellow in the
Comer Se BOs Isl Am©s Ike, mes ul 5),
IO 5 Once eereiaa kinins HZ, flavodiscus Frost
E.? Pileus grayish-brown or smoky-brown, often
Gkvdker in wae Center, S, X0o3 Jal, 212%
IMIG. TESS A. WAS IM, 18; im@ssZ,
FH. fuliginosus Frost
C.? Pileus and stipe not glutinous; pileus may be viscid
or moist only.
D.1 Lamellae distant or subdistant; pileus convexo-
plane or somewhat depressed.

The Agaricaceae of Ohio. 517

E.! Pileus white or whitish.
F.* Pileus somewhat viscid; lamellae rather
close or subdistant, mostly adnate. S.
WG eace lel; 2z03 1,01, 253322.
H. sordidus Peck
F.2 Pileus not viscid; lamellae distant, de-
Current, —S, A023 Sit, 22703 Ile, 153°
inl, Anos WL 18), Oss).
H. virgineus (Bull.) Fr.
E.2 Pileus not white.
F.1 Pileus variable in color, not viscid,
usually more than 2.5 cm. broad;
plants growing on ground. S. 401;
Bl, AOS, 2002 St, 22 Woe Wie, mgpasue\.
mie Wl, IBs ides;
H. pratensis (Pers.) Fr.
F2 Pileus yellow becoming purplish, viscid,
2.5 cm. or less in breadth; plants
growing on wood. S. 422.
F1.-oluensis Mont.
D.2 Lamellae crowded, narrow, pileus soon in-
fundibuliform., S. 403.
H. stenophyllus Mont.
B2 Stipe stuffed or soon hollow.

C. Stipe scabrous or punctate at apex with small
scales; whole plant white, viscid. S. 388; M. B.
IMO sayis Si, Beis lal, ZOOs Wie, walo)s vay, aii 3 I.
Iigel Ope bss Secs ane a cekO Mat ah H. eburneus (Bull.) Fr.

C.2 Stipe glabrous.

D. Plants covered with greenish slime, at least
when rather young. S. 420; A. 114; M. B.
TO? Oy Sits Be Ooh
A, psittacinus (Schaeff.) Fr.
D2 Plants without greenish slime.
E.! Plants bright red, orange or yellow; pileus.
thin and fragile.

518 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

Ft Pileus viscid when moist.
Gt Plants yellow; without red or with
only slight tinge of red at center.

H. Stipe viscid; lamellae emargi-
mate-adnexeds=| 4S: A lOre ots
AOoys Whe; woos Isl, Boss IM.
1B, TWO: IML, ws,

FH. chlorophanus Fr.

H.? Stipe not viscid; lamellae adnate
On subdectinents = Si Al2s.ore
Ag Sh2 IML, 1B, urO©e Gre Jel, 2us ;
Me. 155; M. 181.

HT. ceraceus (Wulf.) Fr.
G7 Puleus wea.

H.1 Lamellae adnexed or emargin-
ate; stipe whitish at the base,
mauler Sroun SS, Amos St
Axes INL, 1B. Wik 149 Ile, wo) s-
IMIS Sei Sos esp H. pumceus Fr.

H.? Lamellae adnate or subdecur-
rent; stipe yellow at the base,
madace sheacer 9S, arms Si.
Pesos Ike, whos lel aoe? IN.
Ho S IMLS 1B, WIG 2.

HA. coccineus Schaeff.

F.? Pileus not viscid.
G iLennellac Guin ceetiarent, S, Ala:
IME IB, 1K) SEC)S Jal, Boss Wie, So,
HI. cantharellus Schw.
G.? Lamellae normally adnate or sinu-
ate; sometimes becoming some-
what decurrent by the expansion
Ol ine jolts, S, 43s St, 2287s
IMI, 1B, nmoroue Isl, Anke Wie, 156:
dN UI Tatiana ea toec A, miniatus Fr.
E.? Plants not bright red, etc., as above; more
or less firm and fleshy; pileus not viscid.

The Agaricaceae of Ohio. 519

F Whole plant white or whitish; stipe
usually less than 5 cm. long. S. 402;
Si 2e7Os Whe, ESS IMI, 18, iimOg5'52 el.
PANG eres asa H. virgineus (Bull.) Fr.
F.? Pileus tawny, buff, cinereous; occasion-
ally varying to whitish or with tinge
of red; stipe usually more than 5 cm.
ome, -S, AOS Isl AOS ACS Sik 2708
Mie, E28 ZA, Tas IMI, IB. wil sE(O.
H. pratensis (Pers.) Fr.

ILANCIGAIRITA. IPIBIR'S),

A.* Latex colored from the first.
1B.” latex arndl solemnte wacheo-ine, S. agse IN, A. JB, mey/e Int.
G73 MIG, 7A SAN, TAGS Ie IR; Boe Wis.
L. indigo (Schw.) Fr.
B.2 Latex and plant saffron-red or orange. S. 438; N. A. F.
WSOg Jak, W7O)s We, W702 As Wass IMI, Weis IPS IN, Btovs NiO,
le delicrosus (ley) kin:
A.’ Latex white or whitish at first.
IB.” ILate<wemy aciricl
C.t Pileus dry or only moist; not viscid.
D.* Latex becoming golden-yellow ; pileus zonate. S.
ABA S Vel insite IPS IR, 29 icity e INS AS 18, iets 3
Ns MID OSE ee IO espn ol lly oy L. chrysorhea Fr.

D2 Latex unchanging; pileus azonate except in L.

rusticana.
E.1 Pileus white, whitish or yellowish.

F.+ Pileus tomentose; lamellae broad, distant.

Sp A672 Ne AG lis 307/78 Tale hie MIC,

1CO)S WL, mews Sie 2s O22 12, IN, ASe wad

L. vellerea Fr.

F? Pileus glabrous; lamellae close, narrow.

G.t Flesh thick; lamellae usuaily decur-

rent, not straw colored, 2 mm.

broads stipe solide asa 426) Nee

520 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

18, 1762 Je wos F Wie, ness A. TAO?
Whee ere: Si aa cs (PIN, Ae 12s,
L. piperata (Scop.) Fr.
G.* Flesh thin; lamellae adnate, becoming
straw-colored, 1 mm. broad; stipe
stuffed; latex often drying sulfur-
yclllomy Ss 403 Isl, Woe IN, A. JF.
17Os Wie, Wes Wl, 18a St. 22 wo,
L. pergamena (Sw.) Fr.
Dr naletsndarkacolonede

I Pileus olivaceous; azonate, scabrous-
hairy; lamellae close, narrow, staining
BirSeMs Sn O28 GOs Isl. 17/5 e IN, AS lk,
1783 12; Ik, 2°23, 10, crowns Peck
I’ Pileus grayish to brown, or with lurid
tints, somewhat zoned, glabrous; lam-
ellae subdistant, rather broad, not
Sime wren, Sy Ae2° Sit, 22 1OO?

INe Ay 85 W7Se IPL IN, 288 128.
L. pyrogala Fr.
L. rusticana (Scop.) Burl.

Co? Pillens ascid.

D. Plants becoming blackish in age or with injury;
Sipe yisciGl winea wnoise, —S, Az60% Sik, 2eoas
IN, Ae 1, WSR5 Po IRs 2S3 120,

L. turpis (Wemm.) Fr

D.° Plants not becoming blackish.

E.* Margin of pileus woolly or tomentose, at least
in young plants. |

F.' Stipe scrobiculate-pitted ; latex becoming
yellow; margin often naked at matur-
lie Se Zane Jal, W6O=T7O° IM, wee: Sit

DOA? IN, Ais le 17)e IP, IRs BS? LG,
L. scrobiculata (Scop.) Fr.

F° Stipe not pitted; latex unchanging.

G.' Center of pileus glabrous, usually
HOME, (Se MAAe IN IN, I, 17832 IAL.

The Agaricaceae of Ohio. 521

TOS IMKE, WORS St, BsOes les Ik.
As) 8 UAO)
L. torminosa (Schaeff.) Pers.
G.? Whole pileus tomentose, azonate.
So ARC Mls sae Si a2 Os
IN, Ay 1, U7OS IES IN BSe Wie,
L. cilicioides Fr.
EK.’ Pileus glabrous; margin naked or only
pruinose.
It Latex becoming yellow; pileus zonate,
white to yellowish. S. 433; H. 181;
i\, TAB? IN, AN IPS WeaSe Sit, Bs WO e IP. 1k,
RSW Lys vata nee L. chrysorhea Fr.
I’- Latex unchanging (or drying greenish in
L. trivialis).
G.* Pileus some shade of yellow or
orange.
H.1 Pileus zonate; lamellae about 2
mm. broad.

I.t Spores white; stipe usually
longer than 5 cm., solid or
spongy within, unspotted;
pileus usually depressed
only. S. 428; M. 183; St
22 OO,

je, Sorrorug (sexi, )) Wye

I.2 Spores yellow; stipe usually
less nam § cam, lleime,
stuffed or hollow, some-
times spotted; pileus usu-
ally infundibuliform. S.
Mp Se Ns BX I, SOS “at
W7is Ie, Ik; Ass 1222 Ile.
1652 Sit 2EOO.

I ansulsay Fix.

522 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

Ee ileus) azonate lamellac 4210
mm. broad. S. 428; M. 1845
ING ey 18, UGOR Ie, Ik. BSe 127.

L. affinis Peck
G.* Pileus lurid to ash-gray or snuff-
brown.

H.' Pileus usually more than 8 cm.
broad; viscidity slimy, persist-
ent; lamellae rather broad;
stipe cream-yellow. S. 430;
IME Hoe lel UG@e IP, IN, 2s)
Was IN, AL Is, Sr: Si, 230s.

L. trivialis Fr-

H.? Pileus usually less than 8 cm.
broad; viscidity thin, disap-
pearing; lamellae rather nar-
row ; stipe cinereous. S. 428;
IME Move JPL IR, B83 wae. IN). A.
l2, WOO? lal, 27%,

L. cmerea Peck
B.” Latex mild or only slightly acrid.
C.' Pileus ash-gray, somewhat viscid... .L. cinerea Peck
C.* Pileus some shade of yellow or brown, dry.
D.' Lamellae distant; pileus yellow to fulvous. S.
AAS IN, AX IES WOO IPL IN, Boe uA )e Jal, wats INC,
HSA & ICS TSOo co ove L. hygrophoroides B. & C.
D.? Lamellae close.
E.1 Pileus zonate; fulvous to brownish. S. 449;
INGUIN Ji, 70S Sit, BE WO. o jb, velporaua jer.
Bee Elles azonare
F.? Pileus glabrous.
G.' Flesk thick, becoming brownish on
exposure to air; stipe stout. S.
Nag)? lal, WHS? JO, IR, Be 1308 IN, Ac
1, UO) S Mie. TOR AA, wits Wl, meal
St, 2? 1@6:.
L. volema Fr.
iL, Voce (L,)) ieee.

The Agaricaceae of Ohio. 523

G. Flesh thin, not becoming brownish ;
stipe slender.

H.* Margin striatulate when moist;
(pileus slightly viscid but this
character may not be appa-
rent); plants growing among
Sphagnum, other mosses and
Ole! leaves, Ss a5r3 IN, AG 1.
TSO) 2 IP, IN, BSS WH.

L. paludinella Peck

H.2 Margin even; pileus not viscid.

It Pileus rimose-areolate, red-
dish-brown, with faint
aromatic odor; lamellae
4-6 mm. broad; latex
somewhat watery. N. A.
iy eos) Ohm Nato:
WAS? INL; 18, TOS) 2 B7/-

L. rvmosella Peck

].2 Pileus smooth, fulvous to
reddish-fulvous, odorless ;
lamellae 3 mm. broad;
latex white, not watery.
S. AGO? JEL, W7Oe IN. A IB.
MSs Wile, meas Il, iKsyL¢
IP, IR, B83 1B.

L. subdulcis (Bull.) Fr.
F2 Pileus velvety or pruinose-velvety.

G.1 Pileus sooty or smoky-brown, usually
umbonate; latex becoming salmon-
oul, GS, Anse IR, ase ras lal,
173° Whe, wes IN, As 1B. HOAs Ad
TUG esr a ee eR ae L. ligmota Fr.

G.? Pileus yellow to reddish-brown, plane
or depressed; latex not becoming

pink.

524 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

H.* Flesh and lamellae staining
brown where injured.
I." Pileus reddish-brown; usu-
ally much corrugated. S.
Ava) IN|, JG les O75 lel.
Wess IMIG, WSS AN.
WUOS Is Is, Bore 230),
L. corrugis Peck
I.? Pileus yellowish-buff, even or
slightly rugose. S. 14:
OvEs INS A 18, os INLE,
W7oe 18)y Ib, 2Qe AWA,
L. luteola Peck
H.? Flesh and lamellae not staining
brown; pileus golden-fulvous.
ING Als IBS WOZAS IML, 1B, 75S 0S

L. subvelutina Peck

NOTES.

The nomenclature in the above key is that employed by Miss
Burlingham in her monograph of the genus in the North Anjier-
ican Flora. The genus is commonly known as Lactarius, which
Miss Burlingham regards as merely a variation in spelling. L.
lactiflua 1s commonly known as L. volema, and L. rusticana is
usually published as L. pyrogala. In these cases both names are
given.

L. distans Peck, reported by Morgan and Hard, is now re-
garded by Peck as a synonym for L. hygrophoroides. L. sordida
Peck is a synonym for L. turpis.

ee vieta) Hr, le. calceolay Berk. and Ieaszonanial | @Sulls)macite
were reported by Lea and included in Morgan’s list. The first
has not been otherwise reported from North America. L. cal-
ceola was probably an abnormal form of L. hygrophoroides. Of
the three only L. zonaria is included in the key and its occur-
rence in Ohio is doubtful.

L. torminosa has not been reported for Ohio but its range
is such as to indicate that it will likely be found here.

The Agaricaceae of Ohio. 525

IRUISSUILA IPIBIR'S,

A.* Lamellae conspicuously unequal, short and long alternat-
ing; pileus firm, margin even, flesh thick.
B.’ Pileus changing color in age or in drying.
C.t Pileus becoming smoky-brown or blackish.

D.* Lamellae distant or subdistant, broad, thick;
pileus somewhat viscid; flesh turning reddish
wasn Wlacsisin, S, ABRS INE: IB mi@e OSs IK,
O59 Ic, uel? Jnl, Wels Sin Bs wil,

R. nigricans (Bull.) Fr.

D.? Lamellae close, rather narrow, thin.

E.1 Pileus viscid when moist. M. B. 116: 60;
Oh. Nat. 10: 177-8...R. subsordida Peck
E.? Pileus not viscid.
Ft Flesh of pileus not changing color when
woundedin Sr454: Vins be lO 70k
GOs Mic, WES lal, 1828 St, 2s Lia,
R. adusta (Pers.) Fr.
FF? Flesh changing color when wounded.
G Flesh becoming reddish then black-
ish when wounded. S. 454; M.
1B), 1s Hore IX, O73 lal, LOY.
R. densifolia Secr.
G.? Flesh becoming blackish without as-
suming reddish tint. S. 459; M.
1B, WUOe Coys UR Cas Mle, u@Os IML.

TOORS Scns here R. sordida Peck
C.? Pileus becoming tawny or ochraceous. S. 9: 50;
Vie BW hOrrg7, Wen ay sree cee ae R. compacta Frost

B.° Pileus not changing color in age or in drying.
C.1 Pileus white, glabrous; lamellae white. S. 455; M.
1B, uO? 723 IS Cuts Isl, SAS Ile, nO)? Sk Be wT.
R. delica Fr.
C Pileus sordid to brown, flocculose; lamellae becom-
ing somewhat flesh-color. S. 468; M. 187.
R. morgam Sacc.

526 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

A.? Lamellae equal or with a few shorter ones.
B.t Stipe yellow, at least at base.

C. Pileus red, becoming yellowish at center or entirely
so; stipe orange-yellow at base; lamellae pale
Ocamecons, S, iis els 1B, We aire 17@8 Olm, iNet.
IRORSWMME Ayer ie nes eer op mee loka: ate R. luteobasis Peck

C2 Pileus wholly yellow, sometimes mealy; stipe wholly
yellow; lamellae white. M. B. 116: 78; K. 72;
NI CEIOF SO OOm a earn escent R. flavida Frost

B.2 Stipe white or whitish, red or reddish.
C1 Lamellae forking much throughout.
D1 Lamellae close; pileus purplish, umber or green
or with these colors mingled. M. B. 105: 41;
IAAT 25 Sile|LO OK acter horse eKs R. variata Bann.
D.2 Lamellae subdistant; pileus yellowish-green or
limber-ereen, S. 450); ME eB, mil 74 Keer

Mie; Ome Isl, OAs St, 4 16,
Ik, (OreGKO (CPerS,) Ie,

C.*Lamellae not often forking or only near stipe.

D. Lamellae or spores, usually both, white or whit-
ish to cream color.
E.! Pileus some shade of red or purple.
Po Taste acca,

G1 Pileus dry, margin even. S. 462; M.
1B, NOS Fos Se 23 mao? IX, O75
Whe, UOOs Jal WG. 5.0, Fubra Jerr,
G.2 Pileus viscid or subviscid; margin

striate or sulcate, tuberculate.

H.! Pileus 2-5 cm. broad; lamellae
closes (S,A725 St. 2:20) ee
1B, WHE’ Se MIE, Boess lal, 192°
Si, 23 126,

I, yiogles (eexes.)) IF.

H.? Pileus usually 5-10 cm. broad;
lamellae subdistant. S. 469;
WME 1B. mmOe Sys IK) WSe hile,
AOS ll. WOR? Sty Bs 12s,

R. emetica Fr.

The Agaricaceac of Ohio. 527

I? Taste mild.

G.t Stipe becoming blackish when
bruised or dried; pileus glabrous,
bright red, margin striate. B. T.
33: 214...R. mgrescentipes Peck

G.? Stipe not becoming blackish.

H.* Pileus tuberculose-striate on
7 mange, less (ein 2.5 Cua,
roa, S. A7Os IX, Sse IM 1B.
116: 95; Mc. 208.
R. puellaris Fr.
H. Pileus even on margin, more
than 3.5 cm. (except some-
times R. purpurina. )

I.* Pileus dry, subvelvety or with
velvety appearance, rim-
ose-areolate, sometimes
becoming yellowish; stipe
usually red or tinged with
red. S, Hors St, 23 119s
Ii, GSo IM, IBS wis GO)
Mle, TOS § lal, wey,

R. lepida Fr.

I? Pileus glabrous, viscid, not
rimose; stipe white (ex-
cept in R. purpurina).

j.* Pileus rugose-wrinkled ;
cuticle not reaching
margin; stipe solid.
S. JOS 8 Si, 22 ieee IK,
Fle WWI, 18, - wus Sas
Mie, OSs TEL, 180.

R. vesca Fr.
J. Pileus not rugose; stipe
stuffed or spongy
within, sometimes hol-

low when old.

528 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

K.* Pileus deep red; lam-
ellae rather nar-
row, floccose-cren-
ulate on edge. S.
AG. Wil, 1B, ios
Son) Micy TSS ks
See tal, MOG,

R. purpurina Q. & S.
K? Pileus variable in
color, purplish,
bluish, yellowish,
ee? lanneiliae
broad. S. 465; M.
Be EWOe Bes Si, 2s
12250) KS 7A eee
188; Mc. 108.
R. cyanoxantha (Schaeff.) Fr.
E.? Pileus without red or purple.

Ft Pileus white to yellow or brownish.

G.1 Margin of pileus even or nearly so;
lamellae distant.

isl Jenene syeiny wiseiGl, S, 172 225
IMI, 18, nnOs eae Olm, Naw 10s
D7. 7has ees Sea R. earler Peck
H.? Pileus not viscid, white. S. 459;
Sie AR UKs Miles wes IM, mSo,
R. lactea (Pers.) Fr-
G.? Margin of pileus deeply striate and
tuberculate; lamellae rather close.
H+ Pileus glutinous at least when
young, usually more than 6
cm. broad; plants with amyg-
daline odor S. 4675 MESB:
UMOR SHS Si, Bsmwane IK. Fe

A\Y/ Koran Koo ea) ws mn eo) SIV au a7
ike poeten ss (Rersy) its

The Agaricaceae of Ohio. 529

H.? Pileus viscid but not glutinous,
usually less than 6 cm. broad;
odor not marked. S. 470; Mc.
Aon? Sit, Be iz,

R. pectinata (Bull.) Fr.
F.2 Pileus some shade of green, sometimes
fading to ochraceous-green or umber.
G.1 Pileus areolate except center; margin
striate; sometimes subviscid. M.
Bs WHOS TGS IK 72s Om, INigte, Os
77S Sy O2 Ort,
R. crustosa Peck
G2 Pileus with flocculent patches or
warts, dry; margin even. S. 460;
KG Be MI IBS TOs OS Nuke, eye
Jal, UCOS Sie Be UiUo),
R. virescens (Schaeff.) Fr.
D.* Lamellae and spores yellow or ochraceous.
E.1 Pileus viscid, at least slightly, more or less
polished, glabrous, margin usually striate.
F1 Pileus less than 5 cm. broad; stipe rosy-
raoeeuby, S547. 2 IME 18}. UO? OOs WK, COs
Mic 2005 ries 1Omn,
R. roseipes (Secr.) Bres.
F.? Pileus broader than 5 cm.; stipe not rosy-
mealy.
G.1 Pileus orange-red, becoming paler ;
flesh becoming cinereous with age
Orawlen brokenness Sworn Wines
TUOZO45 IK, Ss Wie. 2oss Si, Bs
TED Sa ene att ae R. decolorans Fr.
G.? Pileus red, purplish-red, or brownish
red, or with green shades, not
orange-red; flesh not becoming
cinereous.

H. Lamellae close, rather narrow,

pulverulent; spores yellow;

5380

Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Scicnee.

pileus bay-brown-purplish. S.
Ags Wl, mss St, Be 120),
Ik, Tauioeia, (Ieeres.)) Iie.
H.? Lamellae distant or sub-distant,
broad. .

I. Spores ochraceous; lamellae
not pulverulent; stipe usu-
ally variegated reddish.
Se 2U70)8 IML, 1B, Wie OSs
IK COe Mle, 2o7s Isl, TOs
St, Be U70);

R. alutacea Fr.

I.* Spores yellow; lamellae pul-
verulent; stipe white. S.
Agee Jal, Tous IW, 1B, TiO
OAs IS Sie Wile, gore Sk
De 1B.

ieeuntegnas (le \eltire
E.? Pileus dry, unpolished or pruinose; margin
usually even.

Ft Pileus with whitish pruinose bloom;
spores pale yellow. S. 464; M. B.
Oe Gite IK AOS INE, ACO),

R. mariae Peck

F.? Pileus without whitish bloom.

G.t Pileus subvelvety, often rimose;
spores yellowish; lamellae not
powdery, 9S) 401; Me Bs 116270.
IXs Ge Ile, ORS JEL, ws,

R. lepida Fr.

G.? Pileus unpolished merely, not rimose;
spores ochraceous, dusting the
loners, Sy WAg@Ss WL 1B. rn6e
Os IX; Css Ile, WORs JEL, msn

R. ochrophylla Peck

The Agaricaceae of Ohio. 5381

NOTES.

R. cyanoxantha, R. integra, R. roseipes, R. adusta, R. pur-
purina, R. fragilis and R. nigricans have not been definitely re-
ported from Ohio as yet. Their range, however, makes it likely
that they occur here and they are included in the key for con-
venience in determination.

Morgan reports R. lutea Fr. but from his notes it is evident
that his plants should be referred to R. flavida which is rather
frequent in southwestern Ohio during some seasons. R. lutea
has not been otherwise reported and is omitted.

Most American plants formerly referred to R. furcata are
now more properly referred to R. variata. It is uncertain at
present whether the true R. furcata occurs in Ohio.

GAIN TEU MRICS AIDVAIN S,

A.* Whole plant bright cinnabar-red when fresh. S. 414; M.
1B, 19920)5 IN, vA, IBs 17s WLS USos Jel; Zor.
C. cinnabarinus Schw.
A? Plants not as above.
B.* Pileus deeply infundibuliform.
G- Lamellacy close piletisy more than! 5 "em" broads S:
Ao § Wil, 183, 837/78 Jal, Zoos IN, WA, IP, TESs Mle.
ZO Keyes tehy ne AD A ste Lage C. floccosus Schw.
C.° Lamellae distant; pileus less than 5 cm. broad. S.
AGO? IN A I, W683 IML 1B> wees Jel, 2oR.
C. infundibuliformis (Scop.) Fr.
B.’ Pileus plane or depressed, not infundibuliform.
C.* Pileus cinereous or grayish brown. S. 485; N. A.
ID, 87O8 IMIG, Ares INL, 18, 1A eA6,
C. umbonatus Fr.
C? Pileus yellow or orange, rarely ochraceous.
D.* Lamellae close; plants orange. S. 483; N. A.
I, Gop IMO, 185 meahe IBl Boos Ile; anos A.
HAO) SINS UOO memantine C. aurantiacus Fr.

5382 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

D.? Lamellae distant; plants usually yellow.

E.1 Pileus thick, 3 cm. or more broad when
MoRNOENCS, Sy Ate IN, AN, JN, GOs II, 1B,

uegos Jal, uOsg Mie, areo us wase IML.

TOS couse dec tg cd te eeteetr anor C. cibarius Fr.

2 Pilews: tiny 1-2) 5 ciebroadaasn ost N ene

Is 1tOO)e IMIS 1, ieoO)s Ie, Bros IML, mee

C. minor Peck

NOTES.

Murrill regards the name Cantharellus as a variant in
spelling of Chanterel and discusses the genus under the latter
name (N. Am. Flora 9°:167). He describes C. umbonatus, C.
aurantiacus and C. cibarius respectively as Chanterel muscoides
(Wulf.) Murrill, Chanterel alectorolophoides (Schaeff.) Mur-
rill, and Chanterel Chanterellus (L.) Murrill.

Plants referred by Hard to C. brevipes Peck were prob-
ably young specimens of C. floccosus.

Fries, followed by Saccardo, placed C. cinnabarinus in
the genus Hygrophorus. American writers regard this species
as a good Cantharellus.

INNO CIDANIE IS) JBI,

Pileus white to brownish, usually powdered with brownish,
stellate conidia; lamellae distant; plants on decaying
INGAAS, Sy GOUS IN, A, JB, OP eos Jal ZoLS St, Bsraer

N. asterophora Fr.
This species is published in the North American Flora as
Asterophora clavus (Schaeff) Murrill.

BHELIOMYCES LEV:

Marasmius nigripes (Sch.) Fr. is placed in this genus by
Morgan (Jour. Myc. 12:93). It will be easily recognized by
the thin, white pileus and the black stipe which has a white
pruinose covering. In dried specimens the stipe becomes pale
brownish) sS.05340) NiesTo2 Ik 152:

The Agaricaceae of Ohio. 533

MARASMIUS FR.

A. Stipe glabrous (except perhaps at base), horny, polished.
B.! Pileus radiate-sulcate or deeply striate.
C. Lamellae joined behind in a collar encircling the
stipe and free from it.
D2 Pileus umbonate. S. 542; H. 146; St. 2:150;
Ase 2 aes eae M. graminum (Lib.) Berk.
D.2 Pileus umbilicate, but often with a small umbo
within the depression.
E.t Stipe capillary, scarcely thicker than a hair;
pileus pale tan; lamellae subdistant. S.
Sais IML, sieves |, IML, ii 3AV7,
M. capillaris Morg.
E.? Stipe somewhat thicker; lamellae distant ;
pileus white or whitish. S. 541; P. R.
Me sae? Isl, Ae Si, Asa) |e INL, 1 ea47
M. rotula (Scop.) Fr.
C.2 Lamellae not joined in a collar.
D.1 Pileus ochraceous or ochraceous-red ; stipe with-
out purple tints, blackish-brown below, paler
ANNO, Se SES INL 1033 Js ul means Je
Rec 23 eT 26 ace ae ines M. campanulatus Peck
D.2 Pileus purplish to purplish-brown; stipe purplish
when young, becoming brown. S. 535; H.
WAG Tats If, IMS Wil 87). 5660 M. siccus Schw.

PRE eile 2O7e cree eet aa! VM. bellipes Morg.
B2 Pileus not sulcate.

C2 Plants with odor of garlic.

D. Pileus grayish-brown, reddish-brown or paler;
stipe entirely glabrous. S. 525; H. 144; Mc.

DAS? Sito Asia? jj, Wil, wiigaey,
M. scorodonius Fr.
D.? Pileus white or whitish; stipe subtomentose at
[aise SS. SIGS ELL WARS IML TOee Jf, WW. i e200.
M. prasiosmus Fr.

584 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

C2 Plants without alliaceous odor.
D.1 Pileus white or whitish.
E.* Stipe arising from a more or less abundant
mycelium, not inserted.
Ft Lamellae rather distant, sinuate; stipe
Smelly sialorcws, lel usne J. IML
TO ACG eae ase M. delectans Morg.
I’ Lamellae rather close, nearly free; stipe
subpruinate when dry, strigose at
base, Sy S205 Sie Asians J, IML.
1 PA07 oo oll, arilmopms (lers,)) Ie.
E.* Stipe inserted, mycelium within substratum
aval immynciole, S, 5255 Isl, iiss Ile, 2a65
Ml, 123 Sts 2si7Os ). Il, wT aac.
M. calopus (Pers.) Fr.
D.’ Pileus some shade of brown, yellow, reddish or
purplish.
FE.’ Pileus umbonate; plants growing in a tuft
with stipes more or less united. S. 522;
Jie RUS ARRAS cots M. cucurbitula Mont.
E.? Pileus not umbonate; stipes not united.
F.* Lamellae united behind but free from
stipe; pileus reddish-gray. S. 511;
Isl, TAGS IME, moe jo IML i eaeiss JE. IX,
DUD STON Gait cere coun M. anomalus Peck
F.’ Lamellae not united behind, attached to
stipe. .
G.* Lamellae whitish, close; pileus about
I cm. broad, striatulate; stipe
Wine BE WO, S, 5413S lal, Wass IP.
IN, Ge uZzos |, ML meas.
M. androsaceus (L.) Fr.
G.~ Lamellae purplish-gray, subdistant ;
pileus 4-6 mm. broad, not striate;
stipe not white at top. S.14:104;

The Agaricaceae of Ohio. 535.

Jo Ml, ni 2 Bas 2 Joule, Cin, SOG. INE:
ELISE, 093 20, (pl, Lu. 2).
M. melanopus Morg.
A.’ Stipe pruinate, pubescent, velvety-tomentose, etc., not gla-
brous.
B.* Stipe solid or stuffed, not hollow at least when young,
not horny.
C.t Taste mild; stipe not strigose or downy at the base.
D.* Lamellae broad, whitish or yellowish. S. 510;
MIC. Bane A, meme lal, W808 Sit, 23 wes |. IML,
Hit 2 AOE SIM. eos Ih, IX, 238 12.
M. oreades Fr.
D.? Lamellae narrow, brown or brownish. S. 511;
INT, TOO Jo IM. Wie BOG s Ie, IN, BBs WAG.
M. plancus Fr.
C.° Taste acrid or bitter; base of stipe strigose or con-
spicuously downy.
D.* Margin of pileus not striate; lamellae free, dis-
tant. S. 504; St. 2: 140; H. 138; Mc. 223; M.
TSO}, ie alWikpcli lt 2O2 ma uct ow M. urens Fr.
D.° Margin striate; lamellae attached or seceding,
close or subdistant.
E.* Lamellae rather broad, close; stipe yellow
Or murescamt, S, GOLs |, IW. wie aos St.
22 tai jal, WAS, WAG)s Wil, woo)? Mle, 22%.
M. peronatus Fr.
EK. Lamellae narrow, subdistant; stipe reddish-
brown above, to blackish-brown at base.
S. 1WO2 578 JP, IN, S13 Aeye |, IML. Wie AO”,
M. subnudus (Ellis) Peck
B.? Stipe hollow.
C.' Pileus white, whitish or pallid.
D.* Lamellae decurrent.
.1 Pileus usually less than 6 mm. broad. J. M.
125 OF INL TOR. 05-00 ou! M. clavaeformis Berk.
8,” Jeilens O-15 mam, loroacl, S, Sons J. WL 122 5.
M. leucocephalus Mont.

536 Proccedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

D Lamellae not decurrent.
E." Lamellae close.

F* Plants with odor of garlic; margin not
SIE, Sy 553 IM toee Jf, IML mie
206; H. 145..... M. prasiosmus Fr.

I’ Plants without alliaceous odor; margin
SMEWS, S572 I, Ws te AOS,

M. semisquarrosus B. & C.
EK.’ Lamellae distant or subdistant.

I.’ Margin of pileus more or less striate or
plicate-suleate; stipe brownish or
blackish beneath the covering,

Gy] Eamellacy adnexeds) «S) 533. blaam2r
J. My tis Bie,

M. candidus ( Bolt.) Fr.

G.° Lamellae adnate.

Fi ileus sabeout Srcme ore mone
broad; lamellae rather broad
and numerous; stipe dilated at
IASC, So Gevle IMI, WOR 2 lal, wee
lfc Al, 122 OR.

M. migripes (Schw.) Fr.

H.? Pileus usually much less than
I cm. broad; lamellae narrow,
veinlike, few, very distant;
stipe inserted. S. 559;

J. M. 12:3. M. epiphyllus Br.
J. M. 12:2.,M. felix Morg.

F.? Pileus not striate or sulcate; stipe whitish
or rufescent.

G.' Lamellae adnate; stipe usually less
than 2 cm. long, rufescent toward
was pase, S, Sane Si 22 uase |.
IME, ike Aus EL, WA),

M. ramealis (Bull.) Fr.

G.? Lamellae adnexed; stipe usually

The Agaricaceae of Ohio. 537

longer, entirely white. S. 532; J.
IML, ie Zags IML, ioe:
MENOpacus, Bye cai:
C.* Pileus yellowish, brownish, reddish-brown, etc.
De Lamellae vines or seceding:
E.* Lamellae brown or brownish; stipe not stri-
POSS ge pase. Ss Sie I, IN; Gee wags Jf.
IME Wire BOGS IML, WOOss aces M. plancus Fr.
E.? Lamellae whitish; stipe strigose at base. S
538; J. M. 11: 208...M. sullivantu Mont.
D2 Lamellae adnate or adnexed.
E.1 Stipe distinctly velvety, tomentose or hairy.
T.! Laimellae distant or subdistant.
G.' Plants growing on old wood; stipe
lone roomie, S, Ba7s i. IML iit
22O cies sans M. macrorrhizus Mont.
G. Plants growing on ground among
leaves, etc.; stipe not definitely
rooting.
lal? Pilews jplicawesstogse, WL, Tou:
Jf, Ml, nite 220),
M. pyrrocephalus Berk.
H.? Pileus not plicate-striate.
I. Stipe glabrous toward the
top, not thickened at the
SE, So 578 IP, IR, AE:
FORSO§ Jo IML, Bits 2OOs Jal
TAS.
M, semilirtipes Peck
I? Stipe thickened at the base,
not glabrous at the top.
Se 538 J, WL tre Zoe.
M. spongiosus B. & C.
F.? Lamellae close.
G. Pileus striate when moist.
H.' Pileus not more than 12 mm.
broad; stipe rooting, usually

538 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

more tem 5 em, lone, S-
Gite leo Ik, AOs O03 lal, tals. J).
M. 11; 240.
M. elongatipes Peck
H.? Pileus more than 12 mm. broad =
stipe usually less than 5 cm.
lone, Mor Moonie, S, sane |.
MI, 8 BOR.
M. rigidus Mont.
G.? Pileus not striate.
lal iLenclies redacr lomoacls sie
thickened belowe a SHmseraae
ME ile 202%
M. spongiosus B. & C.
H.? Lamellae rather narrow; stipe
not thickened at basey s)152e
lal, TOS IP, ING age waa |, MI
II: 2090..M. velutipes B. & C.
I¢.? Stipe pruinate or minutely pubescent, not
tomentose or velvety.

I’? Lamellae narrow; pileus becoming um-
bilicate, not more than 12 mm. broad.
Shas ress iss Wl, age ares |. IML ai ¢
NEY ON aon se MANS es 0 M. gregarius Peck

F.* Lamellae rather broad; pileus not um-
bilicate, usually more than 1.5 cm.
broad.

G.’ Lamellae distant; margin of pileus
slightly or not at all rugose-sul-
Came; S> GO5s J, IW ume 208,
M. viticola B. & C.
G.2 Lamellae rather close; margin ru-
gose-sulcate. S. 524; H. 148; M.
WOBS |, IML, Its Ao,
M. fagineus Morg-

The Agaricaceae of Ohio. 539

NOTES.

Remarkably cespitose plants referred to this genus by the
student should usually be looked for in the genus Collybia. Ohio
plants usually known as Collybia lachnophylla are called Maras-
mius cohaerens (Fr.) Bres. by some writers.

Montagne’s species have not been recognized by collectors
since their publication.

The plants reported by Morgan in the Mycologic Flora as
M. fusco-purpureus Pers. were later referred to M. semihirtipes.

M. elongatipes was first published as M. longipes. The
latter name was preoccupied.

M. siccus, M. bellipes, M. campanulatus and several other
species not reported from Ohio are very closely related. The
pileus of M. siccus is described as “roseo-pallido”; that of M.
campanulatus as ochraceous-red. A plant with the pileus bright
ochraceous is frequent in Ohio. Another with the pileus pinkish
to purplish also occurs. In very young plants the stipe is of
the same color, but becomes blackish-brown as it matures, be-
ginning at the base, the apex remaining purplish for some time.
Morgan has described this plant as M. bellipes. Even in dried
specimens (at least if not too old) the plants can be readily
distinguished. In this paper the plants with ochraceous pileus
are regarded as MM. campanulatus, while those with pinkish or
purplish pileus are regarded as M. siccus with M. bellipes as
a synonym.

EBNGINUS FR:

A." Plants with distinct stipe.
BY Pileus scaly or squamulose.

C1 Pileus umbilicate to infundibuliform, with blackish,
hatte scales) 2) 580-,9t. 25154; Mc. 220 MB:
lige Meyer fae aN 6 Vlineaterrree ta ati oe meee L. tigrinus Fr.

C.* Pileus convex to plane.

De Marsin of pilens sulcate —S. 5845 Mo B. 12m:
ZATAR WANA TsO ota OSell iee ee mn ns cease L. sulcatus Berk.

540 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

D.? Margin even.
FB." Lamellae sinuate-decurrent, broad. S. 581;
IME 1B), Si 8 As Jel, ABSe Sit, Be WHE s A. RAS 8
MCL 22 One ee ae eee L. lepideus Fr.
E22 Lamellae decurrent, not sinuate, rather nar-
TOW VIE eit iia peeee L. spretus Peck
B.* Pileus glabrous, depressed to infundibuliform.
C.* Stipe sulcate, glabrous; lamellae broad. S. 594; M.
18), WAEe AS St, AS UEOe WL, WO 2 JEL, axe MMe, Bans
L. cochleatus Fr.
C2 Stipe not sulcate, fibrillose; lamellae narrow. S. 595;
Oo Ca net ah hc ae L. curtis Sace. & Cub.
A.’ Plants sessile, without distinct stipe.

B.' Pileus costate-corrugate.
C.’ Pileus reddish-brown, tomentose at maturity. S.
GOSs IML 1B. wars AGS IML, UOOs> cocoa. L. ursinus Fr.
C2 Pileus tan or alutaceous, surface broken up into
scales or fibrous teeth at maturity. S. 609; M.
WOR Sis Ae 1578 ISL PAG 5 00550000 L. vulpinus Fr.

iB) Pileusseven, not costate:
C.1 Pileus densely strigose, brown-tawny. S. 611; M.

NOG AGE Societe. Merete eterna L. pelliculosus Schw.

C.° Pileus tomentose only, reddish-brown. S. 608; M. B.

TT tA G NET OO mie mitre eee or L. ursinus Fr.
NOTES.

Morgan lists L. lecomtei Fr. and L. strigosus Fr. He later
decided that the plants so referred were species of Panus (P.
rudis Fr.).

L. caespitosus Berk., reported by Lea and Morgan is not a
Lentinus. Pleurotus caespitosus B. & C. is another name for the
same plants. Lloyd believes it is the plant now known as Clito-
cybe monadelpha Morg. and the description bears out the opinion,

Peck separated L. spretus from L. lepideus because the
lamellae are not sinuate and the spores are smaller. A collection
was made at Oxford in 1910.

The Agaricaceae of Ohio. 541

L. sullivantii Mont. is probably the same as Clitocybe illu-
dens Schw. L. robinsonii Mont. is certainly not a Lentinus.
The pileus is said to be tubular at first, then cubshaped, the
lamellae are close, linear, long-decurrent. Probably a Canthar-
ellus.
L. curtisii is L. omphalodes B. & C., not L. omphalodes Fr.

L. ursinus and L. vulpinus have doubtless been confused in
America. Peck describes the former as being sometimes costate-
corrugate. This character is, in Europe, ascribed to L. vulpinus
only.

With the meager description of L. pelliculosus it is difficult
to separate it from L. ursinus. It may be only a more hairy
form of that species — at least the Ohio plants referred to it.

~Lentodium squamulosum Morg. is often regarded as an
abnormal form of L. tigrinus. It may be recognized by the
mycelium or compact tomentum which grows over the hyme-
nium sometimes obliterating the lamellae. Peck says that both
forms are sometimes found growing on the same stump (M. B.
WAir 2 J),
PANS PES

A. Pileus scaly, pubescent, strigose or furfuraceous.
B.t Lamellae broad, distant, pileus white.
C1 Pileus 5-8 cm. broad, with a matted covering of
aA COhcae Innes, S, ©4053 lal, azo: Wie, ag,
IP, eons 1B. ee ©,
C.2 Pileus 10-20 cm. broad, with a coarse strigose pub-
esoenee, S, C203 Jnl, 2aq3 Ile, Bec,
12, SHAGOSUS 1B: we C.
B.? Lamellae narrow, close.
C.t Stipe lateral; pileus 2-4 cm. broad.
D.1 Pileus and lamellae cinnamon; pileus furfur-
aceous-scaly; lamellae determinate. S. 622;
IMI) O72 TEL, Bas IAN, eR s IMIe, AO,
P. stipticus (Bull.) Fr.
D.2 Pileus and lamellae white to yellowish; pileus
pubescent; lamellae decurrent. M. 197.
P. angustatus Berk.

542 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

C2 Stipe eccentric; pileus 3 cm. or more broad.
D1 Pileus strigose, depressed to infundibuliform,
rufescent-tan, purplish when young; stipe
Imirsete, S, OMn@s Jal, 2ale A. WAR.
IP, UGS Wie
D. Pileus becoming scaly, conchate, cinnamon or
paler.) stipe: pubescent abeuiew bases Samos
lls 2A 8 IMU MOO? INE; ae.
P. conchatus Fr.
A.? Pileus glabrous.
B.t Lamellae decurrent or sub-decurrent.
C.t Stipe lateral; pileus striate on the margin, less than
2 Cm, WiroaGl, IML, WOo oo e606 P. dealbatus Berk.
C2 Stipe eccentric ; pileus usually more than 5 cm. broad,
margin not striate.
D.* Stipe solid, pubescent or tomentose.
E.* Pileus cinnamon to paler; stipe pubescent at
ne peise, (S, Oss lel, aaa Mio aeOe Mie.
DB Dit, Wom ae axe a one Rea P. conchatus Fr.
E.° Pileus flesh-colored to violaceous; stipe with
gray or violaceous down. S. 615; H. 225;
: Micra 22 2 eae ewer le P. torulosus Fr.
D-’ Stipe spongy-stuffed, glabrous. S. 617.
P. robinsonu B. & Mont.
1B? ILaraeilns iree, SS: O205 ¢500 6500000 P. sullivantit Mont.

NOTES.

Berkeley’s description of P. angustatus agrees well with the
plant we know as Pleurotus petaloides Fr. Berkeley says: “Lea
describes it as tough when fresh, and it is therefore placed in the
genus Panus.”

The plants now known as P. rudis have been reported also
as Lentinus strigosus Fr., and Lentinus lecomtei Fr.

Neither P. robinsonii nor P. sullivanti1 have been identified
since Sullivant’s time.

Lhe Agaricaceae of Ohio. 543

TUROIGIUA, WIR,

Lamellae white; pileus sessile, margin sterile. S. 636; N. A. F.
Oy 3 WANs “Sit, Be W628 INL Wels S Jal, Als VAL 1x77.
de crispom ers» yeikiG
This species is described in the North American Flora as
Plicatura faginea (Schrad.) P. Karst.

SClaUIZO IPS LIL TOUME Te.

Pileus white or whitish; lamellae gray to pale brownish. S. 655;
Sik Qswoas IM ness Isl BR! s VA eo)
S. commune Fr.
This species is sometimes published as S. alneum (L.)
Schroet.

IIB INVZIMI SS) IEE,

Context and hymenium, white or whitish. S. 638; St. 2:163;
IN Asli sO? ay als ane IME, AO y/a ea om ooo 8 LL. betulina (e.)) Fr.

Context and hymenium brown or brownish.
Lamellae thick, distant (about 1 mm.). S. 639; N. A. F.
OP 51305 lal, Beas IML WOW/S Sts Ze, oc olin SGpromG (WW ullt)) aie;
Lamellae thin, rather close (about 0.5 mm.). S. 638,640;

IN, AS 18, OF 8120) 3 Jel, aaa IS ios IP, IR. BORO.
| L. trabea (Pers.) Fr.
NOTE.

On account of the woody texture and the fact that the
hymenium is often porose when young, Murrill places this genus
in the Polyporaceae.. He places the last two species in the genus
Gloeophyllum under the names G. hirsutum (Schaeff.) Murrill
and G. trabeum (Pers.) Murrill. The latter was reported from
Ohio as L. vialis Peck.

VOIVIAR TAR:
A. Plants growing on wood; pileus 7-12 cm. broad, silky, white.
S, OFOF Si, WSs A IOs Wie: anO8 Ini, ase ML, Cy,
V. bombycina (Pers.) Fr.

544 Proceedings of the Olio State Academy of Science.

A. Plants not growing on wood.
B.* Pileus usually more than 5 cm. broad.
C1 Pileus not distinctly viscid, streaked with blackish
Melis; Ss OFH73 Sus ikse)9 lal, Aes IME, 2:10;
V. volvacea Bull.
C2 Pileus viscid, glabrous.
D.1 Margin even; pileus whitish or grayish. S. 661;

SPCTSE Mic! 2272 ea arene aal ee V. speciosa Fr.
D.? Margin striate; pileus smoky-brown. S. 662;
Sy MSG MIG, BAZ ssocoaon V. gloiocephala Fr.

Be) Pileus less than Ay em, broad:

C.1 Stipe pubescent with spreading hairs; pileus with

aon lneshay Scales, S. OSSs IP, IN, 2o)32¢0.
V. pubescentipes Peck

_ C2? Stipe without erect, spreading hairs; pileus silky.
D.1 Margin of pileus striate; stipe solid. S. 16:70;
lel amie iB, (ls AOe Oss. als wibononm IPecs
D.?, Margin even.

E.1 Pileus umbonate; stipe stuffed. S. 663; St.

SON Crap itak eee mee V. parvula Weinm.
E.? Pileus not umbonate; stipe solid. Berk. Out.
TAOe Sle 2A tareniaamne eeaee V. pusilla Pers.

Note.

V. parvula and V. pusilla are regarded as synonyms by
some mycologists.

IALIUMNEIUS NR,
A. Pileus glabrous.
B.* Pileus fleshy, more than 5 cm. broad, whitish to brown
or brownish; margin even. S. 665; St. 187; P. R.
Be) aeviie Jel, aes IMIG, Ales JN. Tass IML C8,
P. cervinus Schaeff.
B.2 Pileus thin, usually less than 5 cm. broad; margin
striate.
C.1 Pileus cinnamon-brown. S. 676; Mc. 249; St. 100;
MER OS a ian ain ei aeeee P. chrysophacus Schaeff.

The Agaricaceae of Ohio. : 545

C2 Pileus yellow or reddish-yellow.
D. Pileus rugose-reticulate; stipe hollow. S. 679;
IP, IR, Ase 137s NIC, AAS, JP, GolmraoNnS IPE
SO7Sinicncse a ? P. chrysophlebius B. & Rav.
IDF IPIlews mor aS aloes Sujns Soc S, O7gs le, Ik

Asia e Sip, woos Il, Crs,
P. leoninus Schaefé.
A. Pileus not glabrous.
B.1 Pileus pruinate or granular and rugose-wrinkled.

C.1 Stipe granular or velvety-pubescent, brown or yel-
lowish=browns) Swi672) bb) Rees8-135 solic 247.

E22 SG ME OS arr gees at P. granularis Peck

C.? Stipe glabrous, whitish or pale yellowish. S. 672;

St aiSO te eRs 260136 sian wore e: P, nanus Pers.

B.? Pileus fibrillose, hairy or squamulose, not rugose-
wrinkled.

C.1 Pileus thin, prominently striate, not over 4 cm.
IDroaG, S, O7Os IP, IN, Assay,
P. longistriatus Peck
C.? Pileus fleshy, not striate, usually more than 5 cm.
broad. (See references above.)
P. cervinus Schaeff.
NOTES.

P. granularis is given in Saccardo as P. regularis, probably
through error.

P. chrysophlebius has not been reported for Ohio. It is
here included in order to call attention to its close relationship
to P. admirabilis.

ENTOLOMA FR.

A. Pileus minute-scaly, dry, 1-2 cm. broad, dark brown. S.
GOS RPMI ABE ales C3 scar aie E. scabrinellum Peck
A.? Pileus glabrous or somewhat fibrillose, not dry, usually more
than 2 cm. broad.
B.* Pileus hygrophanous, becoming paler in drying.
C.1 Pileus white or yellowish; stipe solid. S. 698; M.
Be iat: 56; Hl 244; A. 144... E. grayanuim Peck

546 Proceedings of the Olio State Academy of Science.

C.* Pileus some shade of brown, or gray; stipe stuffed
or hollow.
D.* Pileus not umbonate; stipe pruinate. S. 694;
Wyle Ty, Wigite Os WE COs Sie, wes lel Ada hile.
[Gah sae Mate ies arty woe ee eo E. rhodopolum Fr.
D.? Pileus umbonate; stipe fibrillose or glabrous.
E.1 Stipe brown or brownish, 2-4 mm. thick.
So C098 AG tage IML IB. iene B75 IN Oo),
E. strictius Peck
E.? Stipe white or grayish, 4-8 mm. thick. S.
Gove Sic, moses Wie. gea> JEL aAze Il, 1.
We BOAR ML Oi\s os a6 6 E. clypeatum Linn.
B.? Pileus moist or subviscid, not hygrophanous.
C1 Stipe brown or brownish; pileus of same color,
streaked with darker lines. H. 245-6; J. M. 12:
DBO Gas Berns sek Meee eee eae E. subcostatum Atk.
C.2 Stipe white to rufescent.
D. Stipe solid; pileus subumbonate; plants not
growing on wood. S. 682.
E. demetriacum B. & Mont.
D.? Stipe hollow; pileus plane or depressed; plants
growing on decaying wood. S. 683.
E, robinson B. & Mont.

CIEIMOIPINLIUS) IR,

A. Stipe stuffed or hollow; pileus hygrophanous, brown to
grayish-brown, usually umbilicate, striatulate when moist.
S: ©2 Soe Isl, agirs IP, IN, 422 433 Ie, AGO,
C. subvilis Peck
A.” Stipe solid; pileus not hygrophanous, not umbilicate, not
striatulate.
Bea Pileusy thins mimiese-areolatesstastempitvetn a S972 il laaeine
AD WAG isl 2inoe AIC 2 O Ares aan C. noveboracensis Peck
B.2 Pileus rather thick, not rimose; taste mild.
C.1 Pileus pruinate or mealy; lamellae subdistant; stipe
glabrous or villous at the base. S. 699; St. 202;
Mice Bess IP IR: Aas “irs Jal, 20Os A, TAs.
C. prunulus Scop.

The Agaricaceae of Ohio. 547
C2 Pileus glabrous or slightly silky ; lamellae close; stipe
flocculose.
D.* Pileus slightly viscid when moist, whitish or yel-
losin s SHS Siaore, S, OGG" Si, 2OZs Isl, AAO §
IP IRS AQ? Al SIMIC BEOs Ss ogo bb's C. orcella Bull.
D.* Pileus dry, grayish to grayish-brown. S. 701;

le, IRs AAs AAS Jal, BAS > Mle 27/2 INL. OO),
C. abortivus B. & C.

EAA @ INGEA ERE

Edetismot striate; edge ot lamellae serrate, blackish, —S; 710; Hi:
BIS AT Sit AO sane avers SOUR eens een L. serrulata Pers.
Pileus striate; lamellae unicolorous, edge entire.
Pileus and stipe brownish-green ; lamellae greenish-white then
IESIM-COMOE, Se 73s Stes ZiOs labs Ake oss ou L. incana Fr.
Pileus at length scaly in the center, fuliginous or paler; stipe
usually livid but variable in color; lamellae grayish-white.
Se UAB Se Ait BAG AG) 8 INI OO) ois a6 G6 coe L. asprella Fr.
Morgan reported L. asprella from the Miami valley. Hard
lists the other two species but without a statement as to their
collection.
: NOLANEA FR.

_ Pileus cinnamon-brown; lamellae bright flesh-color; stipe even.

SBS Sue ARIS (Closed lpeacin a ences Gea ee N. comca Peck
Pileus smoky-brown; lamellae grayish; stipe striate. S. 716;
Seer linn Siar eats enst Dirstar al Sel nape Saino N. pascua Pers.

Hard describes these species but does not state that they
were collected in Ohio.

TEKC{CIUEIUA > IIR.

amellae distamt: S: 720; St. 218). Ey 252- Me-205-
E. carneo-grisea B. & Br.
Laimigiiins Close; Ss 7202 1g 25R SI WAS. 5654504 EB. polita Pers.

Both species are listed by Hard but no statement is made as
to the occurrence of E. polita in Ohio.

548 Proceedings of the Oo State Academy of Science.

CLAUDOPUS W. SMITH.

Plant yellow or buff; lamellae close, orange-yellow. S. 375; A.
WO)? Jal, ASOS Wie, ozs IML, WOSss IP, IR, os G7.
C. nidulans Pers.
Plant white; lamellae distant, white then flesh-color. S. 733; H.
ZEON ESUe 220 seals SOMOS nae rer ae C. variabilis Pers.
C. nidulans is sometimes known as Pleurotus nidulans and
is sometimes known in America as Panus dorsalis Bosc.
Hard includes C. variabilis in his book but without a state-
ment as to its collection in Ohio.

PIO MONA. IER,
A.* Plants growing on the ground.
B.* Stipe solid; lamellae serrulate; pileus wrinkled. S. 736;
lal, ACOs St, 2282 IMIG, 27Oe WL, 1B. W248 WAS,
P. caperata Pers.
B Stipe stuffed or hollow; edge of lamellae entire; pileus
not wrinkled.
C.t Lamellae very broad; pileus dry, finally cracked;
stipe stout, about 1 cm. in diameter. S. 738; St.
BEES We; Ai 2 lal, Agios Ml, TOL. 6 P. dura Bolt.
C2 Lamellae narrow; pileus moist, not cracking; stipe
slender, not more than 5 mm. in diameter. S. 738;
Sih 2A63 We, A7yz.s lal, AG 8 A Xo INL, 18, maas
TAS ON WO Soa einer ae evens gece: PB praeco., Pers:
A.’ Plants growing on wood, rarely on the ground and then near
decaying logs, etc.
B.* Pileus viscid.
C.1 Lamellae narrow; pileus lemon-yellow. S. 753; M.
IBAA Oe IML, OA Googe bo 55 P. limonella Peck
C.2 Lamellae broad.
D.* Stipe very stout, 1-2.5 cm. in diameter, solid, not
scaly; pileus scarcely viscid. S. 747; St. 229;
Fy 26305 ose se ee eee ana P. heterochta Fr.
D.? Stipe usually less than 1 cm. in diameter, prom-
inently scaly.

The Agaricaceae of Ohio. 549:

> Pileus white except for the tawny, erect,
pointed scales; lamellae sinuate, at first
wien, —S, 7sOs IML 1B, waas iGoe VA, wee
Mle, azyale Isl, age: IML; 162,

P. squarrosoides Peck

E.” Pileus' yellow or yellowish-brown.
F.* Lamellae at first yellow, close; stipe yel-
low to tawny-brown. S. 752; St. 232;
INL, IB, W22sTs50)s IMIG, ay6s A ws ic3 IML.
INO Dieu wie a eh eater aos We P. adiposa Fr.
PF.’ Lamellae at first whitish or gray, subdis-
tant, edge white-crenulate; stipe pallid
or brownish. S. 760; M. B. 122: 149;
MRSTO2 ecw P. albocrenulata Peck

B.? Pileus not viscid.

C.' Pileus and stipe with prominent scales; lamellae
rather narrow; stipe 6-12 mm, in diameter. S.
Fag. NL 1, w2peng2° IN, 1525 St, 2AO? Wile, A73e

IERAIO Sean ae nese Ma mtnae wth ee mate P. squarrosa Mull.
C.’ Pileus and stipe with small or appressed scales or not
scaly.

D.* Pileus more than 5 cm. broad; stipe more than
I cm. in diameter.
EK." Lamellae very broad, sinuate-adnexed ; pileus
white or slightly yellow; stipe white. S.
TA 5 Sik, B20)9 IE, AORo ool. WGroclng Ire.
E.? Lamellae narrow, adnate or slightly decur-
rent; pileus tawny or orange-yellow ; stipe
yellow; “So 7Sis Sik 2303 IML, 1B. maes ies
isl 265 -o ME nO 2 eae = P. spectabilis Fr.
D.’ Pileus less than 5 cm. broad; stipe slender.
FE." Pileus dry, not hygrophanous.
F.' Stipe bulbous or tuberculate, lamellae
sinMate-adnexed. «S) 754- St. 233 Me
103.
P. tuberculosa (Schaeff) Fr.
P. hormophora Mont.

550

JNo*

Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

F.? Stipe not as above; lamellae adnate. S.

FBS Sie 220% lal, AOAS IML, By 1222 WHA.
J, CUNPONVOS (UA, Se S.)) IEE,
EK Pileus hygrophanous, glabrous.

F.* Pileus less than 2 cm. broad; lamellae
very broad for size of pileus; stipe
subgilabrots. 5: 750; St) 2355 El 202.
ME OAR ete eee P. unicolor Vahl.

FP? Pileus usually more than 2 cm. broad;
stipe fibrillose or somewhat scaly.

G. Margin of pileus even; lamellae
rather broad; stipe blackish-brown
elon, Sk W5os Sis 2355 Me, 278%
jal, Boas IML, WOR,
P. mutabilis (Schaett) Fr
‘G.? Margin striate; lamellae narrow;
Stipes concolorous io, palermo:
Hess Sits 225 2 ME, nos Isl. 2s s Mile.
270). oi eee LONGUNCG se auseln

ENO GYR WH Ike

Pileus and stipe squarrose- or tomentose-scaly, some shade
of brown; stipe concolorous or nearly so.

B.* Pileus hemispherical to expanded, obtuse, floccose-scaly,

scales of disk pointed; spores nodulose or angular. S.
AOS? IW. TOs INL. 1B, Taos re Sit, Qaxo.
I. lanuginosa Bull.

B.* Piles convex to expanded, spores even or slightly i=

regular.
C.1 Pileus umbonate; stipe soon hollow. S. 763; H. 271;

MIS TORS Sis FAOe a6 a0 0 6 I, dulcamara Alb. & Schw.
@2Rileussnot umbonates stipe solidi. Ss) 704) else aie
AS ge ae alte ah aer ee Och ARK ea eet I. cincinnata Fr.

A? Pileus and stipe not squarrose-scaly, usually fibrillose; stipe

paler than pileus or pileus at first whitish or pallid.

B.A Whole plant becoming red or reddish; flesh white. S.

77 Orme OOr Stag 2 A Oluer eee are I. destricta Fr.

The Agaricaceae of Ohio. 551

B.* Plant not becoming red.
C. Flesh of pileus and stipe reddish; with odor of pears.
Ss WOOS Tal, Ava es IN WO S= Sic, Ba
I. pirtodora Pers.
C2 Flesh and odor not as above.
D+ Pileus not umbonate; stipe somewhat bulbous.
S. 7753 ML mOs? Isl 2723 Sit. @aSe IM, 13, wao)2
Olgas retire a ANGE pea ee SRG I. rvmosa Bull.
D Pileus umbonate; stipe not bulbous.
E+ Cuticle of pileus torn or cracked; lamellae
adnate, whitish-crenulate on edge. S. 776;
IMLS 162 Siz 2a IL IB, 120)8 SO.
I, eutheles B. & Br.
E.? Pileus fibrillose, cuticle not torn or cracked;
lamellae adnexed or sinuate-adnexed, edge
not whitish-crenulate.
F21 Pileus white or whitish or rarely vio-
ACSC Supe Sobletecl; S, Yeas Jal
IO > WL, WOO? St, Asa MI. 1B. 1S@)s Ors.
I, geophylla Sowerb.
F.? Pileus ochraceous-yellow, stipe solid. S
WOOS lal, 27Os IML, 1B, WAGs OA,
I, subochracea (Peck) Mass.

NOTES.

I. auricoma Batsch, listed by Lea, is regarded by Fries as
a variety of |. descissa. Morgan, who worked in the same region
as Lea, did not collect it. It is possible that Lea’s plants were
incorrectly determined. The species is omitted from the list.

It is worthy of note here that Peck enumerates 39 species
for the state of New York. Of the 9 species reported from Ohio:
only 5 occur in Peck’s list. It is remarkable that such a dis-
parity should occur in states no more widely separated. It is
probable, however, that further study of Ohio plants will add
a number of species to the Ohio list.

552 Proceedings of the Olio State Academy of Science.

HEBELOMA FR.

A.1 Pileus glutinous, with whitish superficial squamules, yellow-
IAMS So WOR3 Si, 2733 IML) 13, was 68s Jal, 2735 Mile,

DOG POY oni nie ed ein nice Rese entg es H. glutinosum (Lind.) Fr.
A.’ Pileus moist or more or less viscid but not glutinous, not
squamulose.

B.* Lamellae very narrow; pileus whitish-tan or brick-color.
Se JOOs Sit, Aoos IW IRs mea@s7es Mle, astos jal, 273 3
AVES SiS ns verse tes ome FT, crustiliniforme (Bull.) Fr.

B.? Lamellae broad.

Cae Stipe solid:
D1 Pileus yellow or tan; lamellae subdistant. S.
TOA? IML, Bs ERO}8 Os Me, Zisvie Jal. 272.8 Sit. 255 °
IIE OAR er Sec inicsen eanta o's SG tito A. fastibile Fr.
D2 Pileus brownish-clay; lamellae close. S. 16:92,
07267? IML 1B, WgO8 GES Jel. 274.
H. pascuense Peck.
C.? Stipe stuffed or hollow.
D.* Pileus and stipe brown; plants growing on wood,
Se SOOS MW wos lls 1B, weRe)s WO,
HZ, iallicitum Peck
D.? Pileus pallid or clay-colored; stipe white; plants
with odor of radishes. S. 799; St. 250.
HI. sinapizans Fr. HAH. repandum Schum.

NOTES.

Plants collected by W. A. Kellerman were determined by
A. P. Morgan as H. repandum which is given by Fries and Sac-
-cardo as a variety of H. sinapizans. Kellerman’s photograph
(Mycological Bulletin 5: 364) shows the stipe to be stuffed and
hollow. In the European plant the stipe is said to be somewhat
solid.

H. glutinosum and H. crustiliniforme have not been definitely
reported for Ohio but probably occur here. They are included
an the key for convenience.

The Agaricaceae of Ohio. 558

H. latericolor Mont. (S. 803), described from Sullivant’s
material, is probably Hypholoma sublateritium. The color of
the pileus, habitat, season and other characters point to this con-
clusion. H. erysibodes Mont. (S. 795) and H. pyrrholepidum
Mont. (S. 798) are doubtless species of Inocybe.

FLAMMULA BR.

A.’ Stipe spindle-shaped, rooting; pileus reddish-brown. S. 818;
Sig2 OO il e2. 8 Ont taco: su tvaee tasks miei ope oe F, fusus Batsch.

A.” Stipe not spindle-shaped.

IB” Piles \wisexcl.
C.1 Pileus with purple and bluish-green, often with other
shades, So Sade A, weg IML, Woy,
F, polychroa Berk.
C2 Pileus yellow, buff or tawny.

D.1 Flesh yellow; pileus smooth; plants growing on
burnt ground cr charcoal. S. 817; St. 268;
lal, ASE SIPS IR, BOS WEne 00006 F. carbonaria Fr.

D2 Flesh whitish; pileus appressed scaly, floccose or
fibrillose; plants with different habitat.
i” Sipe solid, S. Suse St, ACOs JP IR; SOs uss.
F. lubrica Fr.
E.? Stipe stuffed or hollow. B. T. 34: 100.
F. betulina Peck
B.? Pileus not viscid.
GFStiper solidi pileus more thanksrcnis broads ss S.A.
120s IPs IR, Oe Mes IMIG, BOA. 5. Hs gm Ieee
C.2 Stipe stuffed or hollow; pileus less than 8 cm. broad.
ID iPilens clabrons, ikslnc \yelllowy, S, S203 St. 2703
lal, 288 IPs IRS) GOS WA? INE, Zor.
F, flavida Pers.
D.?2 Pileus floccose-squamulose, golden-tawny; lam-
ellae broad; stipe often sulcate. S. 824; St.
DUB? IP IR, FOR UA? INL, 1Ov,
F, sapinea Fr.

554 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

NOTES.

F. anepsia Mont. (S. 812), was described from Sullivant’s
material. The pileus is said to be reddish-cinnamon; lamellae
distant, adnate-decurrent, and stipe fistulous.

I. flavida has not been reported for Ohio but probably occurs.

I’, fusus was collected by Hard at Chillicothe; IF. betulina
at Wooster by Van Hook; F. magna at Cleveland by Beardslee,
and F. lubrica at Wooster by Selby. The first three are in the
herbarium of the state botanist at Albany, and the last at the
N. Y. Bot. Garden in New York City.

NAUCORIA FR.
A.t Pileus viscid or somewhat so when moist; lamellae adnate,
adnate-decurrent or emarginate-adnate.
B.t Pileus usually appressed-scaly; plants growing on or
Ayanoine manOSSes, Jal, Asze |), IMI, mas MOR,
N. paludosella Atk.
B Pileus glabrous; plants growing among grass.
C.. Pileus yellow or yellowish; stipe usually more than
Armin. thick, ands less than 5 ‘cme longs) 3S) cae.
IME, 1OS33 SE AS00064 Pe ice ata is N. vervacti Fr.
C.2 Pileus tawny-brown or ochraceous; stipe less than
4 mm. thick and usually more than 5 cm. long.
Sy, Giiaie IML TOSS Si Asis AL eae IME, 2oV7,
N. semiorbicularis Bull.
i Piles diavs leciias aaiesx<edl, S; S442 lal, 2on§ Mie, 2oo2
SE 284 en cate ie ee epee N. pediades Fr.

PLO ROILUS IBIK,
Plants growing on dung, often cespitose; pileus pinkish-gray 5S.
TT: On MP eRe SAOes5O se aan eon P. coprophilus Peck
Plants growing on wood, not cespitose.
Pileus livid-gray, rugose-reticulate. S. 859; P. R. 46: 60;
IMIG; ASA S Sts Aso)S Jal, B/G.oac5 08 ox P. reticulatus Pers.

The Agaricaceae of Ohio. 550.

Pileus smoky-brown, not rugose.
Stipe brownish-fibrillose; pileus more or less lobed,
5-7 cm. S. 867; M. 108....P. mucidolens Berk.

Stipe pallid, fibrillose; pileus not lobed, 3-4 cm. S.
Tales OO Berean ae cereus P. leatanus B. & C.

NOTES.

P, mucidolens and P. leaianus were both collected by Lea

near Cincinnati. They may represent one species.

Lloyd regards P. coprophilus the same plant as Bolbitius

radians.

GALERA FR.

A.* Plants growing on or among Sphagnum. S. 869; P. R. 46:

OO ercceie et. enema meme G. sphagnorum Pers.

A.? Plants not growing among mosses.

B.* Lamellae much crisped; margin of pileus finally up-
formed, S, 162 10s Bon, Gaz, 282 2723 Isl, 278,
G. crispa Longyear
B.? Lamellae straight and regular, not crisped in fresh
plants.
C.1 Pileus mealy or granular, finally expanded, margin
persisiemily Sukie. Isl, a77/e I, IML 122 Was.
G. kellermam Peck
C.? Pileus not distinctly mealy, seldom fully expanded.
D.* Stipe usually straight or nearly so; lamellae
broad or pileus more than 1 cm. across.

KE." Pileus even or very faintly striatulate, usu-
ally 2 cm. or more across, ovate- campan-
ulate; lamellae very broad; stipe usually
more damn © Can, tall, S, Sens 12. IR AGe
CASS a2 O2e leo O mmo. G. ovalis Fr.

E.* Pileus striate, usually less than 2 cm. broad; -
stipe usually less than 7 cm. tall.

F.' Stipe glabrous; pileus broadly conic-
campanulate; lamellae rather broad.

556 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

Sh SCOo SIs Zoe 1a 2709 IPS IR. “Os
Ogs Wi moo? Wie, Soo.
G. tenera Schaeft.
F.? Stipe not glabrous.
G.1 Stipe pruinate; lamellae very nar-
row; pileus narrowly conical. S.
S60n0R ReAG 62) flO. St
Aoi S IMC, “AOW)s do6 0 G. lateritia Fr.
G.? Stipe and usually pileus with minute,
erect pubescence when moist.
G. tenera pilosella Pers.
D.? Stipe flexuous; lamellae narrow or pileus less
than 1 cm. broad,
E. Pileus grayish or ferruginous, less than 1
cm. broad.
F Pileus striatulate when moist; lamellae
subdistant; stipe pale brownish. S.
118 WOES 1B, I, Ao? OO,
G, capillaripes Peck
F.? Pileus even; lamellae close; stipe pallid.
Se C622 IML Wis 006 5 « G. siliginea Fr.
E.? Pileus yellowish, about 4 cm, broad, margin
deeply striate. S. 867..G. tortipes Mont.

WUIBAURILA, WA, SIMIC aL,

Pileus somewhat viscid, margin striate when moist, glabrous;
Stipen dark Drowiie 955.6704 leOOr Stns O0:
T. inquilina Fr.
Pileus hygrophanous, margin furfuraceous from seceding veil;
Sie joalltiad, S, Gee WM wes Ste 207
T. furfuracea Pers.

CHUB UIDOWUS Isix.

A. Pileus bright cinnabar-red; edge of lamellae red. B. T.
Ayes soe Olney INGE, WOS W780 so5000005 C. cinnabarinus Peck

The Agaricaceae of Ohio. 557

A? Pileus not bright red; edge of lamellae not reddish.
B.1 Pileus glabrous; or villous at base only.
€* Eamellae broads counded™ behindyy |S. 883> (Pa ike

AOS Al ea ris Ae RE eT REM Sore C. malachius B. & C.
C2 Wamellacdinear subdecticrent S187) Me iO); ert.
Fae? SOL Sits Oller a Atco ean me rehante C. mollis Schaeff.

B.? Pileus pubescent, tomentose or somewhat scaly.
C.t Pileus white.

D1 Pileus 3-6 mm. broad, slightly pubescent,
striatulate when moist; lamellae very broad,
extending beyond margin of pileus; spores
wlolnose, 18. Is Boe O0s5s6- C. latifolius Peck

D2 Pileus 8-20 mm. broad, villous, not striatulate;
lamellae rather broad, not extending beyond
margin of pileus; spores subelliptic. S. 888;
IPs IRS 20/8723 IMI, mi@: Jnl, B7oe Ay Woo,

C. versutus Peck
C.? Pileus not white.

D.1 Pileus appressed-scaly, ochraceous-brown; lam-
ellae bright buff or orange then ochraceous.
S; SSO IME, TOs scueeeo C. crocophyllus Berk.

D- Pileus fibrillose-tomentose, reddish-yellow ; lam-
ellae yellowish then brownish-ochraceous. S.
S98, Ie, IN. B02 7/33 IML. WiO> 0. oC. Worcs I2eck

CORMEN AROS pris

A.’ Pileus viscid or glutinous.
B.t Stipe solid.
C1 Stipe equal or nearly so, not bulbous.
D.* Stipe viscid or glutinous; pileus orange-tawny ;
lamellae at first bluish-gray. S. 916; H. 293;
Sih Bes A, wows Mic, 21,

C. collinitus (Pers.) Fr.
D2 Stipe dry; pileus yellow or tan; lamellae at first

Misia, “Sy soe lal; Aone Wile, oye Si, ee.
C. turmalis Fr.

558 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

C.2 Stipe bulbous.

D.1 Flesh violaceous, blue or bluish.

E.t Flesh and lamellae becoming purplish when
bruised; pileus usually 10 cm. or more
iow, S. Goes Jay Zorg MWe, arise St.
Del O ie Seer ae enone C. purpurascens Fr.

E.2 Flesh and lamellae not changing color when
bruised; pileus less than 10 cm. broad.

F Pileus at first blue, becoming in part
yellowish or tan; spores less than 12
nocroms lone, Gvea, SG. ©0239 inl, 202%
INL, 7S Mie. Sits Si 2s

C. coerulescens Fr.

F2 Pileus yellow to tawny; spores more
than 12 microns long, tuberculate. H.
ROZ ers sei C. atkinsonianus Kauft.

D.2 Flesh white or whitish.

E. Bulb of stipe marginate, depressed; lam-
ellae serrate; stipe white. S. 902; M.
Tye Sie AKO) 666, culocliroms (letes.)) Ii,

E.2 Bulb not marginate; lamellae entire; stipe
yellowish. S. 892; H. 292; M. 178; Mc.
ROO? Si, Gul 5,36, wows (Sees) lr,

B2 Stipe stuffed or hollow; pileus yellow or olivaceous,
flesh paler; lamellae whitish to pale cinnamon. H.
DOW ger aees areas ater C. olivaceo-stramineus Kauff.
A. Pileus dry or moist only; not viscid or glutinous.
B.t Margin of pileus even.
C1 Stipe solid.

D.1 Plants (pileus or lamellae, or both,) some shade
of violaceous, purple or lilac, at least when
young.

E.1 Lamellae distant or subdistant. |

F Stipe always distinctly bulbous; whole
plant dark violet; pileus with per-
sistent hairy scales. S. 924; H. 206;
IME, WASo IN, OWS Wile, Bis St, 228.

C. violaceus (Linn.) Fr.

The Agaricaceae of Ohio. 559

F.? Stipe becoming clavate or attenuate, not
distinctly bulbous; pileus silky or
squamulose.

G.1 Lamellae rather narrow; stipe not
sheathed; pileus whitish, tinged
with lilac. S. 925; H. 295; M.

iss Wie, BOs Se, Bw,
C. albo-violaceus (Pers.) Fr.
G2 Lamellae broad; stipe sheathed with
universal veil; pileus brick-color
or purplish-brown to paler. S.
OSOR Sts BUG, 25500 Ge toroustie

E- eamellae: close:

l= Wille jolleme hike, “S, Cas Isl, Zoos Mle
ang JP, IN; AOWr,

C. lilacinus Peck

F? Pileus ferruginous or tawny; stipe
whitish; pileus slightly viscid. S.
(SOR Si, Zane Isl, aows Ile aooe IML.
WIS ©. varius (Schaeff.) Fr.

D.? Plants without purple, lilac or violet shades.
E.* Stipe not bulbous; pileus yellowish to
whitish; lamellae clay-colored. S. 935;
lal, Zoos A. wOAs Si, 2S20)
C. ochroleucus (Schaeff.) Fr.
E.? Stipe bulbous.

F.+ Pileus brick-colored; stipe reddish with
one to four zones from universal veil ;
plants with odor of radish. S. 952;
lel, Que IME, gmere Sit, Bee.

C. armillatus (Alb. & Schw.) Fr.

F.? Plant some shade of yellow; stipe not
zoned ; inodorous.

G.1 Pileus saffron-yellow, with erect
brown squamules; stipe sheathed

by universal veil. H. 304.
15. C. croceocolor Kauff.

560 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

G.? Pileus rusty-yellow, fibrillose only;
Sijoe mor sineanecl, S, 723 JEL
AGL? IME, BiO)? Je, IX, BB 2iO@O),
C. autwmnalis Peck
C.2 Stipe stuffed or hollow.
De wamellaerclose:
K.t Whole plant blood-red; with odor of rad-
iS, So O102 Mic; gars Si, 22a,
C. sangumeus (Wuli.) Fr.
ld.” Inlevats mor as aloowe,
Ft Stipe yellow, slender; pileus umbonate
Or Oomse, S, O43 Isl; Zo7s A, W622
IMIG, BARs Sit, 2 eae.

C. cmmamomeus (Linn.) Fr.
FP? Stipe lilac-tinged at apex, white below,
rather stout; pileus convexo-plane. S.

O73 Jel, 2O5+03 Mie, 2262 St. 2285,
C. castaneus (Bull.) Fr.
D.* Lamellae distant; pileus reddish-yellow. S. 974.
C. rubidus Mont.
B.? Margin of pileus sulcate. S.957....C. robinson Mont.

IPAOIULILIOS, IRI.

Stipe very short or wanting; pileus and lamellae yellow or yel-
lonyisla, 4S, OOS Si, 42 Oo)> Wl, 1B, ws aee WA. w7Oe2 IL, w7O).
P. panuoides Fr.

Stipe present; pileus brown or reddish-brown.
Stipe with brown or blackish tomentum; lamellae adnate
On slightly decurienta «55 9So4 Micw3220 sVinbeiaesciiE.

Sis A2OSe i, wO0s lal, Ao

P. atrotomentosus (Batsch) Fr.

Stipe not tomentose; lamellae decurrent.
Pileus somewhat viscid, margin at first with grayish
down, otherwise glabrous; lamellae close. S. 987;
Sis 22 GS8 Wily JB 7g a0), Ink, Ze7s JA. WOO? IMic, 228.
P, mvolutus (Batsch) Fr.

The Agaricaceae of Ohio. 561

Pileus dry, minutely tomentose; lamellae subdistant. S.
imaos A. wey7s Jal, 2soys Ile. soul.
P, rhodoxanthus (Schw.) Atk.

NOTES.

P. porosus Berk. (S. 991; M. 179) is usually known as Bole-
tinus porosus (Berk.) Peck. It is also known as Boletinellus
merulioides (Schw.) Murrill. N. Am. Flora 9°: 158.

P. rhodoxanthus is difficult to place satisfactorily. It is
sometimes known as Gomphidius rhodoxanthus, but Gomphidius
has a glutinous universal veil, while this species is never glutin-
ous. Flammula, Phylloporus, and Boletinus have each been pro-
posed as the proper genus for it. P. flavidus Berk. (S. 987; M.
179) is probably the same plant.

BOL BMS ik:

A.! Pileus viscid when moist.
B.t Pileus striate or sulcate; lametlae not decurrent.
C1 Young pileus pure white, sordid with age. Myc.
INGtes ail Ouy eye a rae B. sordidus Lloyd
C.2 Pileus not white.
D+ Pileus sulcate, brown or brownish, 4-6 cm.;
lamellaetrnee. SS. 14- 156 oun Cin, soc Nat=
JES OS OR ae aes 6 iain > oe B. radians Morg.
D.’ Pileus striate only, yellow, usually less than 4
cm; lamellae adnexed: S; 10743, 1. 346: St:
BO2eemteer eeemcnare B. fragilis (L.) Fr.
B.? Pileus not striate or sulcate; lamellae decurrent. S. 1077.
B. macrorruzus B. & Mont,
A.? Pileus not viscid.
B.* Pileus yellow, not striate; lamellae adnexed. S. 1075;
WE EG GARES trol Gah eee RUE Atma A B. titubans (Bull.) Fr.
Be Pilews, cimereous, striate; lamellae sree, S) 1113; Mi.
17 One een AOA Ste. B. pulchrifolius (Peck) Mass.

562 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

NOTE,

Lloyd thinks Bolbitius radians the same plant at Pluteolus
coprophilus.

AGARICUS LINN.
(Psalliota Fr.)

A.1 Pileus distinctly brown or tawny.
B.t Whole surface of pileus tawny-brown, fibrillose-scaly.
Sh ICOO3 Sis 407 > Mile, Bets IM, AS IP, IRs BOs AVS.
A. silvaticus Schaeff.
B.2 Pileus white or whitish with numerous minute brown
scales, disk usually brown and smooth. S. 1003; P.
IRs BOe aioe We; evs? Jel, Qieys vA, Ze.
A. placomyces Peck
A. Pileus (except for scales 1f present) white or whitish or
somewhat yellowish; rarely brownish, never tawny.
B.1 Mature pileus usually more than 4 cm. broad.
G = Stipe solid] -S: 004) BP. Re Osis: El soo Micia3or
AN 20 ots BO ane esc ere i Gree A, rodmam Peck
C.2 Stipe stuffed or hollow.
D.1 Plants occurring in grassy or open fields, etc.
E.1 Veil large, double; lamellae long whitish or
BUINGL, SpcOGVs Sits G08 Iho IRS Aes Aloe Jel.
BOs IMI, Saies A, aire WLS Tete,
A. arvensis Schaef,
E2 Veil scant, usually lacerate; lamellae soon
DING So COy/S St; A005 125 IN. BOs Aas Mic.
game lal, A07S MA, ISS IM, WA.
A. campester Linn.
D.? Plants growing in woods or groves.
E.1 Pileus with small brown scales, disk smooth,
DOOM Sp WOOGS Wie, Bags IP. IK, 2103 ASS
Jel at 9 IA AR 6 055 66 A. placomyces Peck
E.2 Pileus glabrous or slightly silky, whitisti, or
yellowish in center.

The Agaricaceae of Ohio. 563

If,” Jeuilly ox sie oval, S, ©O83 Me, aes

Siis BOs leo Ik, BOs aye Jal; R00)5 Ay 22.

A. silvicola Vitt.

le,” Isiuily Or Sipe wktiemnecl, INI, S, IML, 1Oas

eR ON Tenet tn wea A. abruptibulbus Peck

B.? Pileus usually less than 4 cm. broad, very thin, pale yel-
lis So uCGOs Wile, Bevis Sis, KOSs lal, ees A Als Wire.

INIG LEST R2 Sess Er ae nance cae ees ete A. comtulus Fr.

NOTES.

A. arvensis and A. silvicola are sometimes regarded as varie-
ties of A. campester.

A brown variety of A. campester occurs but is not common.
This species is reported as usually occurring from August to
October while A. rodmani is said to occur in May and June.

A. xylogenus Mont. (S. 1010), described from Sullivant’s
material is not an Agaricus in the present limitation of the term.
It is probably a yellow form of Lepiota cepaestipes. A.
foederatus B. & M. (S. 1003), also described from Sullivant’s
material, is said to have the lamellae affixed and the spores brown.
It is, therefore, either a Pholiota or a Stropharia. Morgan refers
it to the latter genus.

A. fabaceus Berk. (S. 994; M. 111), described from Lea’s
material, is reported common by Morgan, while Lloyd says it has
not been recognized in the last fifty years. The pileus was de-
scribed as being viscid.

A. abruptibulbus is described as white, becoming yellowish in
drying. Plants collected at Oxford and referred by the writer
to this species (Ohio Nat. 10: 178) were tawny even when young
but had the bulbous stipe of the above species. Plants collected
at Columbus in September, 1910, are similar in every respect
except that the stipe is not distinctly bulbous. These have been
referred to A. silvaticus which European writers describe as
brown or tawny. The Oxford plants are for the present re-
garded as a bulbous form of A. silvaticus.

564 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

SMOROIPIBUARILA. 1BI8.,

A. Pileus viscid or glutinous.
B.* Plants growing on dung or richly manured ground.
C.1 Pileus at first conical then expanded and umbonate.
Sy WOet es IES IR, BOs es 5 IME, eye,
S. umbonatescens Peck
C.2 Pileus at first hemispherical, not umbonate; stipe
viscid.
D.1 Pileus soon expanded; stipe stuffed with a pith.
Se UWOZs IN, eae lal, Bae Si ehile Ile,’ 25s
RE ang VAC IME eT, Sak ean S. stercoraria Fr.
D.? Pileus never fully expanded; stipe fistulous. S.
1OAZS Si, BIAS We, ase IMG wits A, Bins Jf. IML.
Nis Poy Ge Tica ye Bale gucci S. semiglobata Batsch
B.2 Plants growing on wood or on the ground, not on dung.
C1 Stipe hollow, viscid; pileus with bluish-green gluten,
at least when young. S. 1013; St. 309; Mc. 349;
IME, Wu2s EN. Bee |, IMLS Was 74.5 Jal, aA,
S. aeruginosa Curt.
C? Stipe solid; pileus viscid, ochraceous. J, Ma r4ez2e
S. drymonmia Morg.
A? Pileus neither viscid nor glutinous.
Be Pilews elabrows, even) ochraceous. El =22)¢1) jemiemne
LOA ey EEA OO: erence siege see cetear S. hardu Atk.
B.1 Pileus with minute white scales, fulvous; margin striate.
Ss WOORs IMC, Beto2 If, IML, iWALe FO.
S. foederata B. & Mont.
NOTES.

S. micropoda Morgan Jour. Myc. 14: 73, does not seem dis-
tinct from Flammula polychroa which has a veil in young
plants. Remnants of the veil usually mark its position on the
stipe. ‘

Morgan reports S. submerdaria Britz. from Preston, O.
Britzelmayr’s description is not available except the very short
one in Saccardo (11:71). S. aeruginosa is given by Morgan as
S. viridula Schaeff.

The Agaricaceae of Ohio. 565-

la WIP EIOIZOIMUAN TRIS

A.t Pileus glabrous except that sometimes cobwebby remnants
of the veil occur on the margin.
B.* Pileus hygrophanous.
C.t Lamellae dark violaceous in very young plants, ad-
mexecl, S, WOgS3 Sis 223 A, Ass Wile, goss I. IML
TAGE ZO VAIL eel Ah pce aits dee kee 6S Hi candolleanum Fr.
C2 Lamellae long remaining white or whitish, adnate or
mostly so,
D1 Pileus brown or tawny when fresh. S. 1039;
St, 9232 Iie, 3638 A. 272 Jo IML mAs 275 Isl,
BD Gre NDA a ostey oon: FL, appendiculatum Bull.
D2 eilens) wlittishi or yellowisie oe tO42). Dai 520).
AOS |, WL, was as lel) Gag2 IMIG, 262.
HT, mcertum Peck
B2 Pileus not hygrophanous.
C2 Pileus yellow or tinged tawny; lamellae sulfur-yel-
low dnc @reen, —S, 10207 Su. Biss Jj. Wwe ils gue
MCR aS esei Mb oI sleAy cous ec eect lone FT. fasciculare Huds.
C.2 Pileus red or brownish-red.
D.1 Taste bitter; mature lamellae sooty-olive. S.
HOSS Sty B2R3 Ile. BOs AN. AOS |, IML, Tizle Bir
H. 326; M. 114....H. sublateritium Schaeft.
D2 Taste not bitter; mature lamellae purple-brown.
S. 10283 Isl, e273 JP, Ik. 402 Or,
FA. perplexum Peck
A.? Pileus innately fibrillose or scaly.
B. Pileus hygrophanous; at first velvety or tomentose, be-
coming glabrous; lamellae black-spotted. S. 1034;
St, 323 J, IMs wae COF Wile, Aeos IML, wm,
FA. velutinum Pers.
B2 Pileus not hygrophanous; lamellae not black-spotted.
C2 Flesh and veil white; pileus whitish to brown. S.
1CQR?2 Sits G205 Mle, Bons A, 283 ial, eaes IME wi.
FI, lacrymabundum Fr.

566 Proceedings of the Olio State Academy of Science.

C.’ Flesh and veil tawny; pileus tawny-red. S. 1034; St.
BAGS Wi, ii4te jj, IML rae C6,
H. pyrotrichum Holmsk.
NOTEs,

H. perplexum is regarded by a number of writers as not
specifically distinct from H. sublateritium. HH. incertum is some-
times regarded as a variety of H. candolleanum.

Morgan lists H. candolleanum as H. mutabile Fl. D. and
FH. sublateritium as H. lateritium Schaeff.

H. comaropsis Mont. (S. 1036), described from Sullivant’s
material has not since been recognized.

JPIULOSNGS, UR,

A single species, P. exwmia Peck, is reported. The pileus
is dark brown and smooth; lamellae free, dull red to brown. The
JOOS Aids SAG WO lS smeaienigin, ~S, wows Ie, Ix, 2s FOZ IML, 13.
753 ABS tal, Bie)s [5 IML, 1Be Bey,

IPSIGOCMIBIS, IER.

ALD Plants erowine im sandiastipel clavate S) 1050: Stu 27amnle
Me SA Sei leeg Oa cee tc P. ammopluila Dur. & Lev.
A.’ Plants not growing in sand; stipe not clavate.

B.t Pileus campanulate or somewhat convex at maturity;
plants growing in grassy places. S. 1055; St. 331;
lal, BASS A, ASS Io IML, 188 AAS. 5556 P. foentsecti Pers.

B Pileus convex to plane; plants on wood or on ground
among leaves.

C1 Pileus brown when moist; lamellae adnexed,
Geowycksck — S, WO54S Sth, 340)8 Isl, 2205 Ile, 265s

Ae 3 27 ae tetas ercee P. spadicea Schaeff.

C2 Pileus livad lamellae adnates 3S 105305 St 4c0cmle

AN ieee ere 0) ere ean, et er ore P. cernua Vahl.
NOTES.

P. spadicea has not been definitely reported from Ohio al-
though it doubtless occurs here.

The Agaricaceae of Ohio. 567

P, rhodophaea Mont. (S. 1050; J. M. 13: 249), P. pulicosa
Miont-(S. 10567). M. 13: 249), and P. sullivanti Mont, (S:
1047; J. M. 14: 69) have not been recognized since 1856.

leS ANIM Naguae JER.

A.* Plant not violaceous.
15." IPIGHS Unalgomae, S: roca? jf, Wl mee: ws.
P. subnuda Karst.
B.? Pileus not umbonate. ;
C.1 Pileus striate; stipe arising from mycelial bulb;
growing in sand. J. M. 13: 152.
P. miamensis Morg.
C.2 Pileus even; stipe nearly equal; not growing in
samdl, oS, WO maos |, WG mes meas 18.010, Aes Ces,
P. microsperma Peck
ee nole plant violaceous. 9 S= 1003), Me 12); 151
P. pholidota Mont.
CORRINUS ER:

A.’ Lamellae crowded; substance of pileus rather thick and
fleshy ; pileus often striate but not plicate.
B.* Pileus scaly or floccose-villous or nearly glabrous, not
atomate or mealy.
C.t Scales of pileus small or medium, formed by break-
ing up of surface of pileus.

D.’ Pileus at first cylindrical; white, shaggy; stipe
aime, Sy, WOO)? Sit, BUSs We, B7Os tal. 3a 5
iN Remo Mle Gets ices bo ogc 0 C. comatus Fr.

D’? Pileus at first ovoid.

E.1 Pileus cinerous, scales reddish-brown; stipe
with similar scales, annulate. S. 1081; M.
IW ABe eI Me Oh gen seen. Lone stere C. squamosus Morg.
E. Scales of pileus not reddish-brown; stipe not
scaly.
F1 Plants growing on fallen trunks or
stumps; pileus grayish-brown. S.
10882 IML, 17a Sit, HOS Mic; 27a,
C. fuscescens (Schaeff.) Fr.

568 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

fF. Plants not growing on trunks.
G.' Spores smooth; plants in rich soil
and grassy places; pileus grayish-
brown to lead-colored. S. 1081;
Sl GeOs Isls Bae ee 4105 ile, B73 3
ViEeA8
C. atramentarius ( Bull.) Fr.
G.? Spores rough; plants growing about
stumps in woods; pileus grayish-
DAO, Sp WOsee IP, IX, AosGoex IM.
17 Sai meer te nn ieee C. msigmis Peck
C.” Scales of pileus large, superficial; formed by break-
ing apart of the universal veil; or pileus densely
villous or mealy-floccose.
D.* Stipe annulate, at least when young; plants on
stumps, soil or old leaves.
2 Seales of pilensiochtraceouss Sy lOS2 inane

Bee TOR MTA. cape. C. variegatus Peck
Bea Scales ot pilewsuwinites Sai ans onslelhacor
Bey 22 AQ ae vee C. ebulbosus Peck

D.’ Stipe not annulate; plants usually on dung.
Ee iilens cylindricalito come, Ss osy-eneser
TAS 2S MICy 2705 fein ae C. fimetarnis Ir.
Ef? Pileus ovate to caimpanulate.
F.* Pileus and stipe downy-villous, at least
when young, white; lamellae adnexed.
So LOSS? Sits B529 Ile, 8755 INI. 175.
C. mveus, (Rets:) Fi.
F.? Pileus buff to darker, with large scales;
stipe nearly glabrous; lamellae free.
S. Hos 1902 1B, I, 2603 68.
C. laceratus Peck
B. Pileus with sparkling atoms or with mealy particles, at
least when young.
C.1 Lower part of stipe floccose-downy, plants on dung
Or Bron, SS, wiCos Wile, esas IP, IX, Aae wire IM,
Ly) Siren ie he te. aang mene cope C. semilanatus Peck

to

The Agaricaceae of Ohio. 569

C.* Stipe not floccose-downy ; plants not on dung.
D.* Pileus with sparkling atoms, yellowish-brown ;
usually on ground about stumps; common. S.
ICGOs Sits Ages Wie, 7S 3 Isl, a5 .5 ML. 175,
C. nucaceus (Bull.) Fr.
D-? Pileus floccose-mealy; usually on trunks or
stumps of trees.
Id,” ILevanelieve lrroacl, “Ss u@ises Sit, BFO3 Wile, a74.s
MAREN ae C. fuscescens (Schaeff.) Fr.
BK.’ Lamellae narrow; plants usually growing
from patch of brown mycelium (Ozo-
anneal), S, WOOL! Si, ASS,
C. radians (Desm.) Fr.
A.? Lamellae distant or subdistant; pileus very thin, plicate-sul-
cate; usually growing on dung or richly manured ground.
Baalensessihan) mich, broad.
C.* ILamellae mee, S, nuors St Sk? IW 17,
C. radiatus (Bolt.) Fr.
C Lavmellas attaclnecl , S, 7i@Os St. 2503 Mie, asa lal.
CTL Grek ge Panna te ae Ohl ria SA C. ephemerus Fr.
B. Pileus usually more than I cm. broad.
C.1 Lower part of stipe floccose-downy. S. 1106; P. R.
Bis Gate INL, W758 IMC: BSA 'o 60 « C. senulanatus Peck
C.° Stipe glabrous or nearly so.
ID." ILamelllae ieee, S, ies St, ese ML. 276,
C. nycthemerus Fr.
D.? Lamellae attached.
1s,” Spores amciled or aimngullam S, unuge IP, IR
POO Onis Caen se le ate ats C. angulatus Peck
E.? Spores elliptical.
F.* Disk of pileus raised; lamellae attached
CO. SHIIS, So WUOGHS Sit. FeOs Wie aces
PURO 77 shen tee mrmyee a ete C. ephemerus Fr,
F.2 Disk at length depressed; pileus bluish-
gray, disk brownish or rufescent;
lamellae united to a collar at apex of
SHE, Se LUCGSS St, SEOs Mic, aac IML
IMA Oisar wont) osc C, plicatilis (Curt.) Fr.

570 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

NOTES.

C. fimetarius and C. ephemerus have not been definitely re-
ported from Ohio.

C. insignis is said to resemble C. atramentarius and to differ
from it in the roughened spores (P. R. 26:60). It may be only
a variety.

C. radians in Europe is said to occur on moist plaster walls.
The only reference to it in Ohio gives it as occurring on trunks
of trees (Myc. Notes 1:145). It is probably the same plant re-
terred by Lea and Morgan to C. fuscescens.

A specimen labeled C. angulatus and collected by Lloyd at
Cincinnati is in the state herbarium at Albany.

C. berkleyi and C. stenophyllus, described from Sullivant’s
material by Montagne, are omitted (S. 1094, S. 1095).

JUNI SICINRIUN KOARGS TD,

The species of this genus were separated from Panaeolus
on account of the zone or annulus about the stipe. Only one
species, 4. fimiputris (Bull.) Karst., has been reported from
ONMO, S, isos Sit, eos Jo We wee 2s ML, ri,

PAIN EISOULIOS IDIR,
A.’ Pileus viscid.
B.* Stipe annulate or zoned; pileus at first conical, lead-
colored, S: 1iZoe St, 4303 Ml, wie J, INL 1a x2.
P. fimiputris Bull.
B Stipe not annulate; pileus at first campanulate, pale tan.
S-Tl1O St. 3305 4y Ma We 620— Sea phalaewarunae lhe
WX? IPNIGTS WO WiseIdl,
Bt Pileus white, whitish or grayish when fresh, sometimes
yellowish in age.
©) Piletssusually.5=8 cm: broadeastipe solida as Sasi 22r-
Mie Boe? lel, Bias IW 16s J. WL ta Woes IP. IN, 2,
P. solidipes Peck

The Agaricaceae of Ohio. 671

C2 Pileus usually less than 3 cm. broad; stipe hollow.
S, 11223 Si, Bars Mle, actos Isl, eyvis j. Wile 1)8 (se),
P. papilionaceus Fr.
B.* Pileus tan to smoky-black, ete., not white.
C1 Pileus with brown or blackish zone about the

margin.
D= Pileus conical, acutely umbonate. S. 11245 St:
BAD ale MOL eS Oasis ue meen P. acuminatus Fr.

D.? Pileus campanulate, not umbonate. S. 1124; St.
242° IC, 2332 Jo WL we eKOs WML, Wis inl, BA,
P. fumicola Fr.
C.? Pileus not zoned about the margin.
D.1 Pileus moist or hygrophanous.
F+ Pileus sooty-black when moist, not reticulate.
S, WiZrs Sie 2402 |, Wl, 1asoo:
P. sphinctrinus Fr.
E2 Pileus tan or brown, usually pink-tinged,
HEUICHIAUEIAMUOSE, SG, UUAOS Si, BOs A,
Ase Tal, 2e10)? IMIG, Asie jy IML 14 40m,
P. returugis Fr.
D. Pileus dry, not hygrophanous.
E.1 Pileus hemispherical; lamellae very broad.
Sy 1122s Sie, Qa s IMIG, B8Ge Tal, Baas I]. IML.
DQEaGO een easy P. papilonaceus Fr.
18.” Jeos Camapambllenc, SS, wire St, adios Mic.
AdOe |, We wes6os Isl, aaas IM, iw,
P. campanulatus Linn.
Notes.

P. fimiputris is often placed in the genus Anellaria.
P. phalaenarum has not been definitely reported from
Ohio.

IPOAMIMSDOREIEIGA 188

A.* Pileus sulcate or plicate-sulcate.
B.1 Pileus less than 15 mm. broad, whitish to cinereous;
Comimem. S, wives Sie BOs Wie; aos Io WE weeks IEL.
BUMPS TN ANG) SINE Ifa We hg nie bop oe P. disseminata Pers.

572 Proceedings of the Olio State Academy of Science.

B.* Pileus usually more than 15 mm. broad, yellow or rufes-
Cais nein RISING Sie BAe |. IE, 123367.
P. crenata Lasch
A.” Pileus striate or striatulate, not sulcate.
B.* Pileus with tufts of hair at least when young, brown or
ceddish-brownl =; 04 -VO3rs dele s4s i aN sraienice
DERE SOO Zou nce Ga ee IP 1onrues IEC
B.* Pileus not hairy-tufted.
© Vamellae™ close; plants: odorous aS. 1130 ake
ZUR 7 Onsise | AIS ol 22 SARIS a tents cbiceraara P. odorata Peck
C.? Lamellae rather distant.
D.* Pileus campanulate, sprinkled with shining par-
ticless GSP 1132) St: 3463 sNIC es 200K saa \ie
De Pts re NU Eee ca orders ener ach P. atomata Fr.
D.? Pileus conical, not atomate, stipe naked. S.
LUA S Sits ves 5 NILE, StKO)2 lo IML: eeeros ML, un’.
P. gracilis Pers.
NOTE.
P. falcifolia and P. rupincola, described from Sullivant’s
material by Montagne, are omitted. (See S (1120, 11e4, and
Jo WL, 12 cise)

The Agaricaceae of Ohio. 573

GLOSSARY.

Acrid, bitter, peppery.

Adnate, attached squarely to stipe (of lamellae).

Adne.xed, slightly attached to stipe, or by upper corner only (of
lamellae).

Alliaceous, of onions or garlic.

Annulus, the ring on the stipe of some Agarics, formed by the
separation of the partial veil from margin of pileus.

Appendiculate, hanging in small fragments from margin of
pileus (of veil).

Appressed, applied closely to the surface.

Arachnoid, like a cobweb.

Areolate, divided into little areas.

Azonate, without zones.

Bay, dark reddish-chestnut color.
Buff, light, dull brownish-yellow.

Campanulate, bell-shaped.

Capillary, hair-like.

Cespitose, growing in tufts or clumps, stipes usually more or less
united at base.

Cinereous, ash-gray or light bluish-gray.

Clavate, club-shaped.

Conchate, shell-shaped.

Concolorous, used of the stipe when it is of the same color as the
pileus.

Conidium, a non-sexual spore cut off from the end of a hypha
or hyphal branch.

Context, substance of pileus (or stipe); flesh.

Costate, ridged or ribbed.

Crenulate, with fine rounded notches along the edge.

Decurrent, extending down the stipe.
Delhiquescent, becoming liquid.
Denticulate, with small teeth or projections along the edge.

574 Proceedings of the Olio State Academy of Science.

Depressed, slightly sunken (of center of pileus).
Dichotomous, regularly forked into two.
Disk, central portion of pileus.

Eccentric, not attached at center of pileus (of stipe).

Echinulate, minutely roughened (of spores).

Emarginate, with a deep notch at point of attachment to stipe
(of lamellae) ; sinuate.

Even, not wrinkled, sulcate, striate or pitted, etc.

Explanate, becoming expanded, flattened.

Farinaceous, mealy, somewhat powdery (of surfaces) ; resembling
flour or meal (of odors).

Ferruginous, of the color of iron-rust, rust-red.

Fibrillose, with fibrils.

Filiform, thread-like.

Fistulous, tubular, hollow.

Flesh, inner substance of pileus or stipe; context.

Floccose, downy, woolly ; with woolly locks.

Floccose Trama, see Trama.

Flocculose, minutely floccose.

Free, not attached to stipe (of lamellae).

Fuliginous, dark smoke-color, smoky-brown.

Fulvous, yellowish-brown, tawny, or yellow-gray-brown.

Furfuraceous, with small scurfy scales.

Fuscous, brown or grayish-black.

Fusiform, spindle-shaped.

Gills, see Lamella,

Glabrous, without scales, hairs or pubescence; smooth.
Glutincis, covered with a thick sticky or slimy coat.
Granular, Granulose, covered with granules.

ITirsute, covered with stiff hairs.

Hygrophanous, having a watery appearance when moist and be-
coming paler and opaque in drying.

Hymenium, spore-bearing surface, covering the lamellae in
Agarics.

The Agaricaceae of Ohio. 575

-Hypha, one of the elongated cells or filaments of which a fungus.
is composed.

Infundibuliform, funnel-shaped.

Innate, originating with, or blending with the substance of a.
part.

Inserted, growing from the substratum without a basal disk and’
not woolly or tomentose at the base; mycelium within the
substratum and invisible.

Insititious, inserted.

Involute, rolled inward.

Lamella, one of the leaf-like plates on the under side of the
pileus of an Agaric; a gill.

Lateral, attached to one side of the pileus (of stipe).

Latex, the milky or colored juice of certain plants.

Linear, very narrow and straight (of lamellae).

Marginate, having a well-defined margin.

Micaceous, covered with glistening scales.

Micron, one one-thousandth of a millimeter.

Mushroom, any fleshy fungus of reasonable size.

Mycelium, the whole mass of hyphae or fungal threads forming
the vegetative portion of a fungus; among the Agarics this
gives rise to the sporophore or fruiting structure known as
a mushroom or toadstool.

Ochraceous, brownish-yellow.
Ovate, Ovoid, egg-shaped.

Pallid, pale, of an undecided color.

Partial veil, see Veil.

Pileus, the cap-like portion of an Agaric, with or without a
stipe and bearing the lamellae on the lower side.

Plicate, folded like a fan.

Pruinate, covered with a bloom or powder.

Pubescent, covered with soft, short hairs.

576 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

Pulverulent, powdery or covered with a powder or dust.
Punctate, dotted with points.
Putrescent, soon decaying.

Reniform, kidney-shaped.

Resupinate, attached to the substratum by the back or upper
part-of the pileus which in this case 1s not provided with a
stipe.

Rimose, marked with small cracks.

Rufescent, tending to a dull red or reddish color.

Rugose, wrinkled.

Rugulose, minutely wrinkled.

Scabrous, with a rough surface.

Sclerotium, a hard, compact, tuber-like body containing stored
food.

Scrobiculate, marked with small pits or depressions.

Serrate, margin with saw-like teeth.

Serrulate, minutely serrate.

Sessile, without a stipe; pileus attached directly to substratum.

Sinuate, with a.deep notch at point of attachment to stipe;
emarginate (of lamellae).

Solid, substance uniform and continuous within, not hollow or
stuffed (of stipe).

Spathulate, shaped like a spathula or spoon.

Squamose, with scales,

Squamulose, with small scales.

Squarrose, with erect pointed scales.

Stipe, stem.

Striate, marked with parallel or radiating lines.

Strigose, with stiff erect hairs.

Stuffed (of stipe), interior filled with a material different from
the outer part, usually softer.

Substratum, the substance upon or within which a fungus grows.

Sulcate, marked with grooves or furrows.

Toadstool, a fleshy fungus shaped Jike an umbrella.
Tomentose, more or less densely matted, hairy.

& “a

The Agaricaceae of Olio. 577

Tvama, the inner portion of the lamellae or pileus; when made
up of interwoven fibers of a uniform diameter, it is said to
be foccose; when the hyphae are frequently enlarged so as to
give, in section, the appearance of rounded cells, it is said to
be vesiculose.

Tuberculate, with raised tubercles or nodules.

Umber, olive-brown or dark-brown.

Umbilicate, with a central depression or umbilicus, but not fun-
nel-shaped.

Umbonate, with a central elevation or umbo.

Uncinate, extending down the stipes as a short tooth or hook,
but not decurrent.

Universal Veil, see Veil.

Vew, a membrane enclosing the entire mushroom when young
(universal veil), or extending from stipe to margin of pileus
and enclosing the lamellae (partial veil).

V enose, with swollen lines or wrinkles.

Ventricose, swollen in the middle.

Vesiculose Trama, see Trama.

I7iscid, covered with a sticky liquid or merely sticky.

Volva, the remnant of the universal veil at the base of the stipe
as a cup or sheath, or broken into fragments.

Zonate, marked with zones or concentric bands.

- Proceedings

of the ~

Ohio State

| Academy of Science

An Ecological Study of
“Buckeye Lake

f BY
FREDERICA DETMERS

VOLUME V, PART 10

Special Paper No. 19)

PROCEEDINGS OF THE OHIO ACADEMY OF SCIENCE
Volume V, Part X. Special Paper No. 19.

An Ecological Study of
Buckeye Lake

A Contribution to the Phyto
Geography of Ohio

By

FREDERICA DETMERS
Botanical Department, Ohio State University

PUBLICATION COMMITTEE

J. C. HAMBvLETON
E. L. RICE
Cy GASH AWARE R

COLUMBUS, OHIO:
The F. J. Heer Printing Co.
1912

Published by a grant from the
Emerson McMillin Research Fund.
Date of publication
May, 1912.

Contribution from the
Botanical Laboratory of the Ohio
State University.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Hrattets@ GIG tet Oren rersesy ements Foleo ee oe een yes Clalit Spe eysniac nella Ae
Boca onwoteBtlckeyemlballne Same wan er en eeu eel
Physiographic features of the lake and immediate vicinity
FOIE Sinyey OF HOS SiMORESccoscooe0cccc0ccccdcocced000
Classiincaiiom OF dhe isllamdSs.5.5000cebccooccdn0eogeduoouS
Survey of Cramberiny lIsleimcl..ccabccagoucsscccdcaccocunbnr
Survey on Oimelmaieal UslkinGlescoosacocskonedooddusvcuos our
Stitavieva One leielygs mills iiantaditve eo Semen eke och etter ate tua Pan once eh
Survey of a recently exposed peat-mass..................
Surrey Of Wynd tUsSeOCkSsccoccocpcosobcde soon ovobocuooD
Islands formed from fragments of other islands..........
pihiepiloravomathe® lalkcerb eden ates sacri cae ea os esate cuore ets
DevelopimentrotethenloOnac eye oer ce
PAMIMOtAvedadlist: Of plantswoteBuckeyemlWalxenaeer iri
IBRD INCKeA END ON reac ue Lis scinroinG mel cinien maar G een are aie

Brees 92-— 94

faerie 97-100
yeas 101-132
woes 132-138

At tec ea Na
i ion y

al
Yew!

Nein
aN
ye

AN ECOLOGICAL STUDY OF BUCKEYE LAKE.

INTRODUCTION.

The problem of an ecological survey of Buckeye Lake was
taken up on account of the many interesting and instructive
features which the region offers. It is an artificial lake main-
tained under artificial conditions and used for the past eighteen
years as a pleasure resort. Because the basin is very shallow,
aquatic plants if left undisturbed, would soon gain possession of
the entire area and render navigation impossible. To prevent
this, the vegetation in the main channels and where landing
places were desired, has been frequently and perhaps perma-
nently destroyed.

This lake then offers a field for the study of a natural
ecological succession in an uninterrupted development since the
beginning of the present lake, eighty years ago, and also de-
nuded areas with a more or less successful invasion and sec-
ondary succession. It is moreover, the habitat of a Cranberry-
Sphagnum bog, which without doubt antedates the lake and the
former swamp.

In the following paper I shall attempt to present a general
view of the flora of the entire region, obtained by a detailed
suivey of areas typical of the different phases presented in the
region and shall try to trace the development of the flora.

The beginning of a systematic study of ecological phyto-
geography is of very recent date, Humboldt (1805) is credited
by Warming®® as being “the first to lay stress upon the signif-
icance of plant-physiognomy in relation to the landscape,” and
consequently the subject is experiencing many developmental
stages in the methods of study and in the terminology. In the
latter especially there is diversity of opinion among the most
eminent ecologists, not so much as to the relations existing be-

)

6 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

tween the concepts of formation, association, and society; but
as to the value of the respective terms. Griesebach*® was the
first to employ the term formation in connection with phyto-
geography. To him a “phytogeographical formation” is a group
of plants which has a fixed physiognomy, such as a meadow or
forest. Warming®? writes:—‘‘A formation may then be defined
as a community of species, all belonging to definite growth
forms, which have become associated together by definite ex-
ternal (climatic or edaphic) characters of the habitat to which
they are adapted. Consequently, so long as the external condi-
tions remain the same, or nearly so, a formation appears with a
certain determined uniformity and physiognomy, even in dif-
ferent parts of the world, and even when the constituent species
are very different and possibly belong to different genera or
families.”

Hence Warming’s concept agrees with that of Griesebach in
making physiognomy the controlling factor in a formation and
uses this as the basis of classification. Clements? also sees the
formation as an organic unit conditioned by the habitat and it
must therefore be co-extensive with the latter. Consequently
his classification of formations is based on habitat. Adams*
says:—“A formation or climax society is composed of a rela-
tively limited number of species which are dominant in a given
environment of geographic extent. Such dominance implies ex-
tensive range, relative abundance and ability to indefinitely suc-
ceed or perpetuate itseli under given conditions.’ And
Schimper?” recognizes two ecological groups of formations,
climatic or district, composed of three chief types, woodland,
grassland and desert; and edaphic or local formations, which
are conditioned by the soil; as swamp, rock, sand dune, etc.
Graebner®? advocates making the percentage and nature of in-
organic salts dissolved in the soil water, the controlling factor
in the character of vegetation. He therefore recognizes the
groups of formations; 1, where the water contains a high per
cent of mineral salts; 2, where the per cent of mineral salts
(supposedly available to plants) is low; and 3, saline water.

An Ecological Study of Buckeye Lake. if

Other authors extend the term formation to cover a much larger
concept, whose limitation is based on the water available to
plants and therefore recognize Xerophytic, Mesophytic and Hy-
drophytic formations. a tome

The term association is also variously interpreted; but be—
ing employed in a more restricted sense than formation there is.
greater unanimity of opinion.

In this paper an association stands for a unit of vegetation
exhibiting a definite growth form, which is characteristic of a
certain habitat. For example:—the upland meadows in the
vicinity of Buckeye Lake are occupied by grass associations,
the bog-meadow of Cranberry Island is occupied by a Cranberry-
Sphagnum association. The dominant species in each case giving
character to the association.

The various associations include ecologically related com-
munities of species having definite floristic composition. These
are grouped in societies to which the principal ones give name
and character. In certain areas in the bog-meadow Dulichium
arundinaceum occurs with the Oxycoccus and Sphagnum in
such abundance as to give a definite character to those areas
and forming an Oxycoccus-Sphagnum-Dulichium society. Again
altho Sphagnum cymbifolium is the most abundant and widely
distributed species of Sphagnum in the bog, there are areas in
which Sphagnum acutifolium var versicolor occurs to the almost
complete exclusion of S. cymbifolium. As these two species
differ greatly in appearance the contrast between the two
Sphagnum societies is striking.

A marsh offers another illustration of well defined associa-
tions, distinguished by plants of most characteristic growth-
form e. g.:—erect plants with slender culm-like stems and long
relatively narrow leaves, with the roots, rhizomes and lower
portion of the erect stem only, submerged in relatively quiet,
shallow water along the margins of lakes, bays and gulfs and
sluggish streams. The dominant plant may be a Typha, a grass
or a sedge. The particular marsh is then a Typha, grass or a
sedge association according to the plant which lends it character.

8 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

Associated with the dominant species are others of minor
importance, which however may be abundant and conspicuous
enough in various parts of the association to lend character to
the vegetation of that part. Thus, in one part, Scirpus fluviatilis
may be a dominating species of nearly equal rank with the Typha;
we have then a Typha-Scirpus society in the Typha association. A
society may also consist of a single species only, as an isolated
tussock of Scirpus lacustris in a Typha association. ‘The society
should always be clearly defined; altho there is generally a
transition from one to the other at the margins. The societies
are designated by their principal species. With these are gen-
erally associated others of secondary importance, secondary
species, which may belong to the same or to another succeeding
or preceding association. In the latter case they show a relation-
ship to the society in which they occur. As for example, in a
Typha-Sphagnum society Potamogeton lonchites belonging to
an association of fixed aquatics, is frequently present, persisting
and growing well, even where the water has entirely receded
leavings a moist but not wet mud ilar.) hey shoots ormune
Potamogeton are shorter than those in the water but are green
and thrifty. That the plant does not suffer from the diminution
of water in the substratum seems to be due to the increased
humidity of the atmosphere at the level of the shoots.°® Thus
the Potamogeton is benefited by the presence of the taller plants,
for if these were absent the Potamogeton would soon succumb.

The societies and associations may develop a zonal or an
alternate arrangement. The former term is used in this paper
to designate a more or less well defined crescentric arrangement
which results typically from a radial growth from a common
center. Alternation is used to designate scattered masses, ex-
hibiting no definite relationship in space to one another. The
location of each such mass is determined either by local condi-
tions or thru accidents of dissemination.

Transects have been charted in a few areas to develop the
succession from one society or association to another. These

PEN

oo Ay.

ey Gat]

k

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aa
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TOKING (CO ls aise!
FAIRFIELD CO pom

_ Fic. 1—Topographic map of Buckeye Lake and vicinity; U. S. Geo-
logical Survey, 1907; contour interval 20 feet (6 m.); scale, 1 inch=1 mile
(2.5 cm.=1.6 km.).

{

{

XVII XVI

yyany
wy ee pa a4
Seppe yar.
Bee PERNA VY TE
PEAS NA VAT WAY
DAA VAS ay Va
BEA NAN STS ae
EOMOU PAGAL ATUL YY a4
acl AT mare OT at Cc
yy )
inet
=
ae
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\ pene’ aS
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° Ma
2 stytt
“de yaa dk
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4444
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x LVN a
oid Tee ey Av
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Ny Ww =e Oni aCaaaee
se set
voy
jplsy
AA
BAGH
—— i

Fig. 2.—tiap of the “Big Swamp” of the Survey of 1201. A number of smaller swamps of
which the largest is the Bloody Run Swamp are shown at the left.

Plate I.

An Ecological Study of Buckeye Lake. 9

are included in the description of that region in which they
were charted.

Before proceeding with the paper I wish to make acknowl-
edgment to the following persons for the courtesies and as-
sistance I have received. To Dr. Alfred Dachnowski under
whose supervision the work was done; Dr. C. A. Davis of the
U. S. Bureau of Mines, and Professor J. A. Schaffner for as-
sistance in the identification of plants; Mr. H. H. Bartlett for the
identification of the Musci and Hepaticeae, Mr, Wilmer Stover
for the identification of fungi; Professor C. E. Sherman and
J. R. Chamberlain of the Ohio State University; Messrs. Bootin
and Sawyer of the Canal Commission, and to Captain Chittenden
for charts, maps and information concerning the reservoir and
lake; Miss Clara Mark and Mr. Lionel King for photographs
of local features.

LOCATION OF LAKE.

Buckeye Lake, (Fig. 1) is situated in Licking, Fairfield and
Perry counties in Ranges 17 and 18, Townships 17, 18 and 19.
It is a long irregular body of water with its longest diameter
TRO EASE LO wWieSe CrqSaching iron G29 Ae 27” WO o2° Bie 12K
west longitude, approximately 74 miles long from east to west,
and varying in width from one-fourth mile in the eastern portion
to a mile and one-half at the extreme western end, and covering
an original estimated area of 4,200 acres. Originally used as a
reservoir for the Ohio canal,** on May 2ist, 1894, the General
Assembly of Ohio passed an act reserving this reservoir for a
public park and summer resort to be known as Buckeye Lake.

The site of the lake was a more or less completely tree-
covered impassable swamp known to the Indians and early set-
tlers as the “Big Swamp,° Tlwo Lakes” or “Big and Wittle
Lake.”*? It lay diagonally across the southeast corner of Twp.
17 ,and almost half across the southern border of Twp. 19. In
the center of this area was a long narrow lake (Fig. 2) fed by
several small streams, of which the largest were Buckeye and
Honey creeks. The lake drained into the South Fork of the
Licking River.

10 Frocecdings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

The region surrounding Buckeye Lake includes the southern
townships of Etna, Union, Harrison in Licking County, and the
northern townships of Violet, Liberty and Walnut in Fairfield
County, and Thorn Township in Perry County, and is covered
by both the [linoian and Wisconsin drift sheets to a depth vary-
ing from a few feet to 453 feet, as shown by the records of gas
wells in the area.

PHYSIOGRAPHIC FEATURES.

The region to the southwest and west of Buckeye Lake is a
till plain devoid of large boulders and characterized by clay con-
taining many small sharp irregular rock fragments; the sur-
face is rolling, broken by low gently sloping hills and the shallow
open valleys of young streams, many of the smaller of which are
wet weather streams only. The drainage belongs to two systems,
the Licking-Muskingum and the Scioto River systems. The
water shed is a low table land, 3-5 miles wide, surmounted by
low hills, obliquely crossing the boundary between Licking and
Fairfield counties and sloping gradually to the plain on which lies
Buckeye Lake.

The margin of the table land is dissected by numerous
small streams. Those flowing towards the north, northeast and
east are tributaries of the South Fork of the Licking River,
while those flowing towards the southwest, south and southeast
joi Sycamore and” Witle Walnut creeks) om thes Sciotomniver
system. The surface of the region is marked by many swamps,
of which the largest are the Bloody Run or Pigeon Roost swamp,
two miles southeast of Kirkersville where the South Fork of the
Licking changes its course from almost due east to south, and
the “Big Swamp” the present site of Buckeye Lake. All of these
swamps except Buckeye Lake, have been drained, the smallest
are now mere depressions in meadows or cultivated fields and
the largest, Bloody Run swamp, is almost wholly under cultiva-
tou. lt Covers alm anea OF A0Omactes Ol wiles 250) 1S mimes
land. To the east of the road Mr. Brown raises celery and other
vegetables, and to the west the Livingston Seed Company have

An Ecological Study of Buckeye Lake. Tl

their onion farm. Thirteen years ago this was a bog forest of
Soft Maple and Swamp Ash with an undergrowth of Willow
and Poison Sumac. The drove well at Mr. Brown’s barn shows
seventeen feet of peat, three feet of yellow clay, then hard pan
covering the gravel from which comes the supply of running
water. Impatiens stems were found in the muck at a depth of
three feet.

The till plain bordering Buckeye Lake on the west has an
elevation of 890 feet close to the lake, while the lake surface
is 892 feet above sea level.

The eastern portion of Buckeye Lake is surrounded by
moraines in which large boulders are quite frequent. The land
has a distinctly hill and valley topography, however, the highest
elevation within 5 miles of the lake is 1,100 feet, no higher than
the crest of the water shed to the west; but the surface is more
deeply dissected and the drift cover is thinner, hence the greater
“prominence and ruggedness of the hills.

Just east of the southeastern extremity of the lake, the rim
of hills is dissected by a valley a mile and one-half wide. Just
east of Thornville Station a morainal loop crosses the valley
and completely blocks it except for a narrow cut, which is now
occupied by the parallel tracks of the Shawnee branch of the
Zanesville and Western railroad from the south, and the Balti-
more and Ohio from the north. The cut whose present surface
is goo feet above sea level, 1s partially filled with overflow clays
and gravel.

Jonathan Creek has its source in the hills immediately south
of the cut and here the present valley of Jonathan Creek is two
miles wide. The cut above mentioned is very evidently an over-
flow channel for the lake. The latter from its shape, position
with reference to the valley of Jonathan Creek and the morainal
loop must be regarded as a finger lake, formed in the upper por-
tion of the old valley of Jonathan Creek by the morainal loop
at Thornville Station.’ The waters of the lake cut thru the
moraine at Thornville Station,® then later found a lower out-
let to the north into the South Fork of the Licking River. The

12. ~=Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

water level of the old lake after the opening of the outlet to the
north could not have been much higher than it is now.

The South Fork of the Licking River rises in Jersey Town-
ship near the western border of Licking County, follows a gen-
erally southeasterly course, passes into Fairfield County until a
short distance northwest of Buckeye Lake where it describes a
narrow loop and flows northeast to Newark. The old lake in the
Big Swamp drained into the river at this loop.

Surrounding the old lake was a wooded swamp,*? bearing
“White and Black Oak, Black Jack, Elm, Red Maple, Sugar
Maple, Beech, White Ash, Hickory, Ironwood, Wild Cherry, Box
Elder, Gum, Black Walnut and Dogwood, and many of them
were large trees.” Stumps four feet in diameter have been taken
from the reservoir. Besides these larger forests trees, there was
an abundance of “Wild Plum, Hawthorn, Alder and Sumac.” It
is also reported that cranberries grew plentifully in the swamp.

In the history of Perry County,** the statement is made that
wild plums, wild cranberries and the red thorn berries were in
early times, very plentiful in the northern part of the swamp.
The Indians are said to have resorted to the lake in considerable
numbers for the purpose of fishing and to the swamp for the
various berries.

This swamp was chosen for the site of the reservoir for the
Ohio Canal.** The “old reservoir” was begun in 1825 and com-
pleted in 1828. Then because the water level in the canal was
not high enough to permit the carrying of even half a load dur-
ing the drier summer months, an additional 500 acres, known as
the new reservoir was added in 1832 to the west end of the
old one.

The size and shape of the present reservoir conforms in gen-
eral, to that of the “Big Swamp” as shown in the surveys of
1799 and 1801. There are striking disparities in the size and
outline of the swamp areas in these two early surveys. That
of 1799 conforms more closely to the size and outline of the
present reservoir.

In Fig. 3, Plate I] the map of the survey of 1799 has-been

Plate |

Fic, 3—Map of the “Big Swamp” of the Survey of 1799 superposed on
Ohio State

—-ser2re2r7 ZF ome

~-20e-- eer = ©

that of the Survey of 1909 by the Civil Engineering Department of the
University.

An Ecological Study of Buckeye Lake. 133

superposed on a composite of the survey made recently by the
Canal Commission and one made during the summer of ‘09 by the
Civil Engineering Department of the Ohio State University. The
map of the recent surveys is drawn with unbroken and that of
1799 with broken lines. As the water at the standard level is
about nine feet higher than that of the original swamp, the reser-
voir naturally extended farther than the old swamp in those
directions where the spreading waters were not checked by a
levee or by natural banks; as for example, toward the southwest,
south and southeast, where low lands bordered the swamp; and
toward the north a long irregular arm of the reservoir extends
up a low valley. On the north side a part of the old swamp was
cut off by the embankment. A comparison of the superposed
areas will show this better than it can be stated in words.

The old lake is represented as a long, narrow ditch with
very regular banks. This regular outline seems impossible when
one considers the nature of the surrounding land. In the report
of the surveys, the swamp is frequently written of as impassable,
so the map of the lake is therefore very likely not from an
actual survey. Moreover the Indians and early settlers called
the waters ““Two Lakes” or “Big and Little Lake” indicating the
presence of two bodies of water in place of one.

Altho the present lake and its predecessor the “Big Swamp,”
are distinctly post-glacial and occupy a long shallow kettle in
the surface of the upper drift sheet, the basin was a part of the
pre-glacial Newark River valley. A probable branch.of the
Newark River flowed in the valley now occupied by Jonathan
Creek,27 was continuous with the Buckeye Lake basin, and joined
the Newark River % mile southwest of the present site of the
waste weir. There is no evidence that Buckeye Lake was a part
of a large post-glacial lake of long duration. The melting of so
vast an area of ice caused of course a great sheet of water which,
however, could not have endured for a great length of time as
there is no evidence of lake sands, clays or beaches and as there
seems to be-conclusive evidence that there was one and probably
two drainage channels, Licking River** and Jonathan Creek, open

14 + Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

to the east at that time. There were, however, numerous large
and small shallow depressions formed by the unequal deposition
of the drift in the till plain which were at first shallow lakes and
later became swamps.

SURVEY OF THE SHORES.

With the exception of the portion occupied by the levee,
the shores of the present lake are generally low and are bordered
by a more or less extensive swamp vegetation.

The levee extends along the north shore from the park
westward and completely around the western end of the lake. It
is interrupted only at the waste weir. The face of the embank-
ment is of rock with clay above and much of this has been re-
cently cemented. The summit is from 4-6 feet wide and clay
covered. The steep slope and the firmly packed clay offer xero-
phytic conditions to plants whose root systems are not deep, and
distinctly mesophytic conditions to those whose roots strike deep
enough to reach the water level of the lake. The center of the
levee is used as the pathway to the cottages bordering the north
shore. Along both edges is a more or less interrupted line of
trees, consisting of Salix nigra, S. alba, Ulmus americana, Acer
rubrum, A. saccharinum, Prunus serotina, Quercus imbricaria,
QO. rubra, Q. palustris, QO. bicolor, Populus deltoides, Platanus
occidentalis, Celtis occidentalis, besides the few apple and peach
trees which have been planted near cottages. The trees were
formerly much more dense than they now are; but many have
been cut down to make way for cottages. There are scarcely
any shrubs, an occasional Sambucus canadensis and Vitis aesti-
valis along the outer margin is all that is left of the shrub zone.
The herbs are but few, only those which can endure strong light
exposure and dry soil as Luctuca scariola, Ambrosia trifida and
A. artemisitfolia, Oxalis stricta, Erigeron annuus, Anthemis
cotula, Achillea millefolium, Polygonum persicaria and P. penn-
sylvanica.

The outer slope of the embankment is also generally steep.
It is in some places grass covered and in others bears trees.

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An Ecological Study of Buckeye Lake. 15

Back of the levee is a low belt 40-50 feet wide. From the park
to the waste weir this low land has been drained and small areas
have been cultivated. Part of it is overgrown with grasses,
@arices, Erigeron annuus, Onagara biennis, Aster sp. An oc-
casional cottage occupies the low land, which is bordered on the
north by meadows or cultivated fields.

From the waste weir to a quarter of a mile west, the land
slopes from the top of the levee to the fields, there being no in-
tervening ditch. Three-quarters of a mile west of this, the ditch
appears again and is only partially drained. It is the bed of a
small stream, a tributary to Licking River, which had its head-
waters in the large swamp but which has been cut off from the
lake by the levee. This creek valley was formerly a wooded
swainp with water deep enough to admit of rowing, but is now
much disturbed, paths cut thru and partially drained. The trees
are the same as those on the embankment, Ulmus americana,
Salix nigra and Platanus occidentalis being the most numerous.
There are still small areas of Nymphaea advena, Peltandra vir-
ginica, an occasional Sparganium eurycarpum and Typha lati-
folia. The open pools are covered with Lemna trisulca and L.
minor and Spirodela polyrhiza.

All the available space on the north slope of the levee has
been leased by the State for building sites, most of which are
now occupied. This has had a marked effect on the swamp
north of the levee. Draining the ground and the building of
paths has largely destroyed the former vegetation. The levee
extends entirely around the west end of the lake to the canal
at Millersport, near which it has been cut thru to admit of the
southwest feeder to the lake. The vegetation is much the same
as along the north bank except that the smaller number of cot-
tages and less frequent traffic have served to preserve it. The
summit of the embankment is generally grass and weed covered
except a narrow path along the center; the west slope is quite
steep and tree covered for the entire distance. At its foot from
Lakeside to the spur track of the Toledo and Ohio Central rail-
road, is open water with a Scirpus lacustris, Nymphaea advena

16 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

society. South of the spur track a drainage ditch has con-
verted the swamp into a mesophytic wooded zone with a dense
field stratum of grasses and common weeds. At the curve of
the levee towards the southwest there is a border of shrubs,
Sambucus canadensis and Salix nigra along the ditch. Farther
south where the railroad track diverges from the shore the de-
pression between the two is occupied by Typha latifolia and
Nymphaea advena in alternating masses, with Homalocenchrus
oryzoides, Juncus tenuis and Scirpus fluviatilis and other sedges
along the margin and a border of Sambucus and Salix at the
foot of the embankment.

Along the water’s edge the levee has not been kept in as
good repair as that of the north shore. Originally banked with
rock at the base, this has in one place broken down, the earth
has been washed into the shallow water, building a mud flat
about ten feet wide. On this and extending into the water are
Sagittaria latifolia, Scirpus fluviatilis and Homalocenchrus ory-
zoides, Scirpus lacustris, Potamogeton lonchites and Nymphaea
advena in the order named.

But few launches enter the western arm of the lake; this
and the small number of small docks and the entire absence of
large ones, have permitted an abundant growth of fixed aquatics.

Near Lakeside are two Castalia tuberosa beds. Just south
of these and near the spur track is an extensive Typha latifolia
tussock surrounded by alternating Nymphaea advena, Pota-
mogeton lonchites, Polygonum emersum and Nelumbo lutea
societies. About fifty yards farther south an extensive field of
Nelumbo lutea begins, it spreads over 300 yards out into the
lake and extends to Lieb’s Island. The marginal zone of fixed
aquatics extends from this point to the mouth of the canal.

The Southwest feeder taps the south branch of the Licking
River at Kirkersville; it has a general southwesterly direction
and enters Buckeye Lake one-eighth of a mile north of the canal
at Millersport. Near its mouth it is a very sluggish stream not
more than twenty feet wide, confined between steep banks which
are densely wooded on the outer slopes. Immediately at the

An Ecological Study of Buckeye Lake. U7

mouth the banks are low, flat and. wet and are covered with a
dense growth of Hibiscus moscheutos and with a few Sambucus
canadensis and Salix nigra shrubs; this is followed lakeward
by a mixed Hibiscus-Scirpus zone which passes into a dense
growth of Typha latifolia. In the more open water Nelumbo
lutea becomes dominant. Altho the feeder has so little current,
enough sediment has been deposited during the eighty years of
its existence to form a broad low delta.

Fic. 5.—Zones of vegetation at mouth of S. W. feeder. Clump of willows
at the center are on the delta.

The levee which was the eastern embankment of the canal
and the western of the old reservoir, is intact only from the
southern end to Onion Island. The remainder consists of de-
tached portions with broad open water channels between them.
These broken portions bear a few trees, willows and elms.
Some places are so broken down that the trees are standing in
water. From the margin of the lake to Lieb’s Island the levee
is clothed with large trees on the south side and a shrub zone,
Sambucus and Salix nigra on the north. The shrub zone is in-
teresting as it has had undisturbed possession only since the
abandoning of the use of canal boats.

18 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

Summerland Beach on the southwest is a rather high,
grass-grown point with a thin fringe of trees at the margin, and
no marsh zone forming. The cove immediately to the south-
east is low and flat and furnishes an interesting example of the
succession Of marsh and aquatics by ruderal herb societies.
There is a marginal zone of Polygonum emersum then Nelumbo
lutea and Potamogeton lonchites, followed by a Polygonum-
Scirpus fluviatilis zone associated with Roripa palustre, Galium
asprellum and Hibiscus moscheutos. In this zone the surface
has so recently been under water that it is wet and bears many

ED po STM N Hie
Sp neks Wace ce

aN

Fig, 6.—Lakeward side of Cove southeast of Summerland Beach. At
outer margin is a society of Polygonum emersum, this is followed by a
Nelumbo lutea zone which is succeeded by sedges.

stranded Potamogeton lonchites whose leaves are broader than
when in water, and the tips of whose shoots are erect. This
zone is followed by a broad mixed belt; towards the outer mar-
gin of which Hibiscus and Scirpus are dominant. ‘There are
numerous scattered clumps of Sambucus canadensis, Hibiscus
and two Salix nigra, while Polygonum emersum and P. sagit-
tatum are abundant. A narrow line of elms crosses it diagonally
as though marking a former shore line. This zone is largely in-
vaded by ruderal herbs of which Ambrosia trifida, Verbena
hastata, Lactuca scariola, L. canadensis, Urtica gracilis, Dip-

An Ecological Study of Buckeye Lake. 19

sacus sylvestris and Oxalis cymosa are the most abundant. To-
wards the inner margin of the cove the ruderal societies are
dominant. To the south is a clover field so filled with Aster
sp., Lactuca canadensis, Ambrosia trifida, Erigeron sp., Geum
canadense, Stachys aspera, Achillea millefolium, Anthemis
cotula and Dipsacus sylvestris that the clover is visible only on
close scrutiny.

No levee was built along the south shore of the lake, which
is low, marshy and bordered by a tree zone except in the ex-

Fic. 7.—Head of cove southeast of Summerland Beach. Ruderals
have taken almost entire possession of the mud flat.

treme southwest portion near Shell Beach and southeast where
cultivated fields extend to the lake. From Summerland Beach
to Shell Beach, within recent years, short stretches of embank-
ment of planks stone or concrete have been built in front of
cottages and hotels. These together with the docks and boat
landings have greatly interfered with the vegetation. From
Castle Island to Shell Beach the shallow waters within 50-100
yards from the shore have a more or less dense growth of fixed
aquatics and swamp plants. In the quiet waters surrounding

20 +#£Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

Journal and Orchard Islands and extending to the shore, the
swamp shows well defined zonation. The outer zone is an al-
most pure growth of Nelumbo lutea in water from 4-5 feet
deep. Next is a mixed zone of Nelumbo lutea and Polygonum
emersum. The latter becomes dominant nearer the shore. This
is bordered by a dense growth of Typha latifolia with which
Sparganium eurycarpum, Polygonum emersum and sedges are
associated. The Typha zone begins in water two and one-half
feet deep and extends up above the water level on the mud flat.
This is followed by an Hibiscus zone, and this in turn by a thin
fringe of shrubs, Sambucus canadensis and Cornus stolonifera.
The trees, remnants of the older vegetation, are mostly Salix
nigra. There is here and there an Ulmus americana and Hicoria
ovata.

The outline of the south shore is very irregular. The hills
to the south form a front of irregular lobes 900 feet above sea
level extending to near the water’s edge. Between these lobes
are the valleys of brooks, many of which are now mere depres-
sions in the cultivated fields, a few are still occupied by small
streams. The lake has ascended these valleys forming troughs
between the lobes of higher land. As the water in these coves
is extremely shallow they are all filled with a dense growth of
fixed aquatics and shore marsh plants. The mouth of the valley
of Buckeye Creek is an almost impenetrable marsh, three-
fourths of a mile wide from Custer’s Point to its eastern mar-
gin back of Buckeye Point. This is the most extensive con-
tinuous association of fixed aquatics in the lake. The marsh
extends out into the lake as far to the west as Custer’s Point
and Elm Island and nearly half way across the lake to the
north. It completely surrounds Charleston and Lewis Islands,
and an island just west of Buckeye Point and also forms a broad
zone around the latter. The greatest depth of water is five and
one-half feet. At this depth, at the lakeward margin of the as-
sociation, occur pure societies of Nelumbo lutea, Potamogeton
lonchites, mixed societies of several species of Potamogeton
lonchites, pectinatus and natans, and often with Castalia tube-

An Ecological Study of Buckeye Lake. 21

rosa. Nelumbo lutea is also often associated with Castalia
tuberosa. There are several large tussocks of Typha angusti-
folia at a depth of two and one-half to three and one-half feet.
These are always pure societies except that at the margin of the
tussocks are generally a few Castalia, Nelumbo, Potamogeton
or even Nymphaea advena leaves. In the center of the tussock
are no other plants. Not as numerous but alternating with the
Typha angustifolia are tussocks of Typha latifolia. This latter
species grows in somewhat shallower water, water at a depth of
one and one-half to two and one-half feet. It never seems to
occur as a pure society, but it always associated with Spar-
ganium eurycarpum, Polygonum emersum and often with
Hibiscus moscheutos and Scirpus fluviatilis. Bidens species are
often growing on the uprooted masses or even on the sediment
covered bases of the living stalks.

The two associations here represented, that of fixed aquatics
with floating or submerged leaves and that of a reed marsh, do
not exhibit a well defined zonal arrangement, except where they
border an island, Buckeye Point or the shore of the cove. Then
either a pure Nelumbo society or a Nelumbo-Polygonum emer-
sum society forms the outer zone in water varying in depth
from 5 to 24 feet. This is followed by a Polygonum zone or a
Polygonum-Potamogeton or by a Typha zone. The Typha zone
in some cases, extends to the exposed shore line; in others there
is a Typha-Scirpus, or Typha-Hibiscus followed by a shrub
zone. ‘The shrub zone is generally but poorly represented. In
the open water the associations exhibit an alternation. Depth of
water and wind exposure have some influence on the position of
the societies. Typha angustifolia grows in deeper water than
T. latifolia; Nelumbo lutea and Castalia tuberosa grow in deeper
water than Nymphaea advena. Potamogeton lonchites and P.
pectinatus grow in deeper water and where wind exposure is
greater than P. zosterifolius and P. pusillus. All the Potamoge-
ton grow more luxuriantly to the lee of an island and of Typha
masses than on the windward side. Polygonum emersum is
gregarious. It grows in water 54 feet deep and also in the mud

22 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

above the water level. It covers large areas as a pure society
but is often associated with Potamogeton, Nelumbo, Castalia,
Typha and even Hibiscus. Thus in making one’s way through
the cove at the mouth of Buckeye Creek, one encounters Typha
tussocks, a large patch of Nelumbo, Castalia, smaller dense
masses of Pontederia cordata, Scirpus lacustris with Utricularia
vulgaris or Potamogeton associated. In the center of the cove,
sheltered by the point and with water 24 or less feet deep, is an
extremely dense, almost impenetrable mass of Potamogeton
zosterifolus with Ceratophyllum demersum under the surface.

According to the topographic map, Buckeye Creek flows
through the center of this marsh. There is no evidence of flow-
ing water or an open channel and the zone of Typha latifolia
lining the shore 1s unbroken.

A mile and one-eighth farther east, Honey Creek enters the
lake. Its ‘channel has been kept open thru the marsh, Whe
lower portion looks more like a canal than a creek, with its uni-
form shores and earth banks. The channel at the mouth is
about fifteen feet; fifty yards up-stream it is not more than eight
feet wide with a uniform depth of 314 inches. The fall in the
creek is so little that the current is barely noticeable. (Fig. 9.)
An extensive vegetation with well marked zonation spreads out
into the lake on either side of the creek. (Fig. 8.) These zones
are composed of:

I. An association of semi-aquatics comprising three so-
cieties which show alternation rather than zonation.

1. Nelumbo-Potamogeton society.
Principal species
Nelumbo lutea
Potamogeton lonchites
Secondary species
Potamogeton pectinatus
P. natans

This society covers an area 100 feet broad on the west and
somewhat less on the east side of the creek. There are also

Plate IV.

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Fic. 8—Mar or THE MoutH or Honry CREEK.
LEGEND OF THE PLANT SOCIETIES.

Nelumbo-Potamogeton society. 5. Ruderal herb society.

I.

2. Nymphaea advena society. 6. Salix society.

3. Typha-Sparganium society. 7. Ulmus-Fraxinus society.
4. Homalocenchrus-Scirpus fluvi- 8. Cultivated fields.

atilis society.

Societies 1 and 2 belong to the association of semi aquatics, 3 to
the Typha, 4 to the Sedge, 5 to the Ruderal herb, 6 and 7 to the Meso-

phytic forest association.

ae

An Ecological Study of Buckeye Lake. — 23

smaller areas occupied by this society farther in shore where it
alternates with the Second society of the semi-aquatics and also
with the sedge society of the shore plants.

2. Nymphaea advena society: Nymphaea advena is pres-
ent in clumps between the Lotus bed and the shore, alternating
with areas of the Nelumbo and Scirpus societies.

3. Castalia tuberosa-Potamogeton lonchites society: This
society forms a fringe bordering the open water of the creek.

I

Fig. 9.—Plant associations bordering the mouth of Honey Creek,
showing Society 1 of Association I, Societies 1 and 2 of Association II,
and Societies 1 and 2 of Association V of the map of Honey Creek.

The seasonal aspect is marked in this association. In June
the Nymphaea and Scirpus with their erect leaves from 1-3 feet
above the water level, were the most conspicuous plants. In the
latter part of July and during August, the Lotus is in full bloom,
‘the flower stalks and large leaves standing 2-3 above the water
almost conceal the Nymphaea.

Succeeding Association I is an association of shore plants
extending from water 1-2 feet deep to well up on the mud flat
wholly above the water.

24 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

This is II]. Typha association, comprising 5 societies as fol-
lows:

t. Scirpus fluviatilis society: This society alternates with
those of Association I and also forms quite a dense border at
the margin of the

2. Typha-Sparganium society: The dominant species of
which are Typha latifolia and Sparganium eurycarpum. These
in deeper water are associated with Scirpus fluviatilis, Potamoge-
ton natans, P. lonchites, P. pectinatus with Lemna minor on
the surface of the water. The Typha-Sparganium zone extends
150 feet up-stream and to the west completely across the cove.
Along the inner portion of the zone the Potamogeton and Cas-
talia have disappeared and the society becomes a

3. Lypha-Homalocenchrus-Sparganium society: Homalo-
cenchrus oryzoides becoming one of the dominant members.
The ground is distinctly wet but is not completely covered with
water. The associated plants are Hibiscus moscheutos, Sagit-
taria latifolia, Rumex brittanica, Scirpus fluviatilis and Boeh-
meria cylindrica. This is bordered by a narrow (10-foot wide at
the widest) crescentric zone of a

III Sedge Association consisting of :

1. Homalocenchrus oryzoides society, with the associated
species of Sparganium eurycarpum, Sagittaria latifolia, Carex
sparganioides, C. franku, Hibiscus moscheutos, Peltandra vir-
ginica, Rumex crispus, Solanum dulcamara, Sium cicutaefolium,
Cicuta bulbifera, Boehmeria cylindrica, Sciprus atrovirens, Con-
volvulus sepium, Oxalis cymosa, Panicularia nervata, Eupa-
torium perfoliatum, Mentha spicata abundant near the margin
of the creek. This zone lies along the creek between the Wil-
low and Typha zone. Near the head of the cove it merges into
a mixed one of a

2. Homalocenchrus-Scirpus fluviatilis society which les
between the broad Typha covered belt and the ruderals.

Between the grass and sedge grass zones, 1 and 2, and the
marginal border of trees is a zone which is occupied by a ruderal
herb association composed of a variety of plants, several of which

An Ecological Study of Buckeye Lake. 25

are generally found in cultivated fields or in much drier situa-
tions as along railway tracks, but which here grow on a mud
flat closely associated with river bank and marsh plants. These
are Equisetum arvense, Dipsacus sylvestris, Pastinaca sativa
and several species of Labiatae.

IV Ruderal Herb Association.

1. Ruderal herb society. Viola papilionacea, Erigeron an-
nuus, Dipsacus sylvestris, Oxalis stricta, O. cymosa, Solanum
nigrum, S. duleamara, Equisetum arvense, Homalocenchrus ory-
zoides a straggler from the outer zone, Eleocharis obtusa, Juncus
tenuis, Eupatorium purpureum, E. perfoliatum, Verbena hastata,
Phleum pratense, Poa pratensis, Achillea millefolium, Angelica
atropurpurea, Mentha piperita, M. spicata, Geum canadensis,
Verbesina squarrosa, Teucrium canadense and Lysimachia
numularia at the margin of the tree zone.

This society shows greater seasonal changes than the others.
Early in the spring, Viola papilionacea is one of the dominant
species, in the latter part of June it is difficult to determine which
are the dominant species, for the larger, coarser and therefore
more conspicuous plants as the Teasel, Verbena and Eupatorium
are about half grown and not dominantly prominent. A month
later they overshadow all the others.

VY. Mesophytic-forest association: This association in-
cludes two very distinct societies. A Salix society which oc-
cupies the filled ground bordering the creek and at the head of
the marsh and an Ulmus-Fraximus society bordering the lake and
of the same type as the original swamp forest.

I. Salix society. A zone of willows borders the banks
of the creek from the Typha zone to and into the cultivated
fields south of the lake. At the edge of the Typha zone it is
a narrow fringe of willows on the immediate banks of the
stream, toward the head of the cove it broadens into a belt 50
feet wide on either side of the stream and finally merges into
the tree border of the lake. Where it broadens it is open with
scattered clumps of willows, shrubs and a luxuriant ground

26 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

cover of herbs. The ground is low and muddy but not dis-
tinctly wet.
Principal species

Salix nigra S. alba

Secondary species

Ines 3
Young Fraxinus americana Ulmus americana
Juglans nigra
Shrubs:
Rosa carolina
Cornus stolonifera Rubus nigrobaccus

Herbs, 7-8 feet tall:

Angelica atropurpurea

llr, 23 weet walls

Teucrium canadense Asclepias syriaca
Carex lurida Juncus tenuis

C. lupulina Homalocenchrus oryzoides
C. tribuloides Scirpus atrovirens
Agrimonia parviflora Lysimachia numularia
Geum canadense Equisetum arvense
Apios apios Achillea millefolium
Roripa palustre Dipsacus sylvestris
Impatiens biflora Verbena hastata
Rumex crispus Festuca elatior

Iris versicolor Phleum pratense

These herbs lack the correlation of distinct societies but
Mentha spicata and M. piperita show well defined social unity
and may be regarded as herb societies ranking as subordinate
members in the forest zone.

The original margin of the lake is outlined by a zone of
forest trees, 20 to 30 feet wide and which terminates abruptly

An Ecological Study of Buckeye Lake. iin

at the margin of the cultivated field on the south. This zone.
is represented by an

2. Ulmus-Fraxinus society

Principal species

Ulmus americana Fraxinus americana

Secondary species

dnees':
Fraxinus nigra HH. minima
Gleditsia triacanthos Salix nigra
Cornus florida S. alba

Hicoria ovata

Shrubs: Cornus stolonifera is quite abundant especially on.
tine side towards tae iielcl jour inairelly ios a Genane
shrub zone; there: are also Sambucus canadensis, Rubus
nigrobaccus and R. occidentalis with Rhus toxicodendron on
many of the trees. Herbs much the same as in the Willow zone.
Glechoma hederacea and Poa pratensis form the ground cover
at the western margin.

The east bank of the creek is a duplication of the west ex-
cept that there is a pure society of Scirpus lacustris bordering
the open channel.

This section is rather unique and only partially typical of
the vegetation of the coves. Compared with the marsh farther-
west and the marsh borders of the larger islands, it lacks that
unbroken zonation and graduated layering which is usual. Be-.
ginning with the outer margin and passing through the Typha
zone the succession is normal, layering graded from the semi-
aquatics with floating leaves not raised above the water sur-
face, to Nymphaea standing from one to two and one-half feet
above the surface, then the Scirpus and Nelumbo lutea with
plants quite uniformily three feet tall, and finally the Typha
zone which rises five to six feet above the water level. The:

98 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

Hibiscus and Shrub zones of the southwestern border and
islands are wanting but in their places are the Scirpus and
grass zones of lesser height, these are followed by the weed belt
in which because of the lack of definite organization among the
plants, well defined layering is wanting. The weed zone is very
likely due to to the close proximity of the cultivated fields and
to the fact that these mud flats are pastured.

Honey Creek is one of the principal feeders of the lake,
but the water is generally so sluggish that but little current is
perceptible and the channel is so narrow that the lake receives
but little water from this source.

The other important tributary to the lake is the southwest
feeder near Millersport, but this is in a condition similar to that
of Honey Creek. The principal source of water supply seems
to be that derived directly from rainfall. Engineer Bootin
complains that it is difficult to keep the water level uniform. It
falls very rapidly during the summer; as much as 4-5 inches in
a week, altho but little water is permitted to run out.

The long narrow southeastern lobe of the lake from the
mouth of Honey Creek to Thornville Station at the southeastern
extremity is rapidly being filled with vegetation and presents the
aspect of a marsh with but few clear areas. Thru its center
from northwest to southeast is a boat channel but 3-5 feet wide
and not more than 3 feet deep. The marsh includes several
small low islands, a few of the larger with trees. Thornville
Station is built on a little promontory between two lobes of the
marsh. The western one extends to the Zanesville and Western
tracks, where it ends in a wheat field. The eastern one is
shorter, extending east to the Shawnee Branch of the Zanes-
ville and Western railroad, and south to the southern limits of
the town. The vegetation of the western lobe is mostly Pota-
mogeton sp., Ceratophyllum demersum, Batrachium tricophyllum,
Lemna trisulca and Spirodela polyrhiza with Typha latifolia along
the shore. The eastern lobe bears a dense mass of Nymphaea
advena, with Scirpus lacustris and Potamogeton sp. The lobe
is fringed by willows.

An Ecological Study of Buckeye Lake. 29

The highway passing thru the northern edge of the town
crosses the marsh on an embankment with a culvert to permit
the passage of the boats.

On the east and northeast in the vicinity of Avondale the
shore is bordered by rock hills deeply drift covered. These
hills descend abruptly to the lake and are separated by large
wooded ravines, the valleys of wet weather streams.

Many of these ravines are broad, open and low at the foot

Fic. 10—Marsh at foot of ravine near Avondale, east side of lake.
Typha and Sagittaria in the foreground. Hibiscus dominant in the center,
with Phragmites and Zizania in the distance.

where they join the lake. The low, open stretches contain shal-
low water in which a dense marsh growth has formed, as shown
in (Fig. 10) where Hibiscus moscheutos, Phragmites phragmites,
Zizania aquatica (Wild Rice) and Typha latifolia are the most
conspicuous plants. The shore between the ravines is bordered
frequently by forest trees, willows at the water’s edge, where,
undisturbed by the presence of docks and boat landings there
has developed a luxuriant growth of fixed acquatics. These are

30 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

chiefly pure societies of Nelumbo lutea. Fig. 11 is a view of the
shore near Avondale. The sudden transition from a broad zone
of Nelumbo lutea to the willows, which is due to deeper water
along shore is strikingly shown.

The tracks of the Baltimore and Ohio railroad parallel the
‘shore from Thornville Station to Avondale, the roadbed lying
near the base of the hills. The wagon road runs for half a
‘mile upon the summit of this ridge of hills, the deep drift cover

Fig. 11—View near Avondale. The sudden transition from a Nelumbo
zone to the Willows is due to the absence of very shallow water and a
mud flat at the shore line.

of which contains many granite boulders. This ridge broaden-
ing greatly toward the northeast was the watershed between
the old Newark River to the north and Jonathan Creek to the
east. The shallow water along the shore bears a rather irregu-
lar belt of marsh vegetation which is broadest and most luxuri-
ant at the mouths of the ravines. From Avondale northward,
groups of small, generally wooded, islands skirt the shore.

The lake extends into a long irregular arm to the north,
the broad, open valley of a former stream. This northern

An Ecological Study of Buckeye Lake. 31

area is very marshy especially along the low, flat west and north
shores. The southeast shore is higher, and is part of a land
area rising to 920 feet and almost encircled by the marsh. ‘The
western half is wooded, the eastern is a cultivated field.

The north shore of the lake from the northern lobe to
Cranberry Island is low and marshy and bordered by fields. The
bank along the field just north of Cranberry Island is from
6-8 feet high with a steep gradient; at the water’s edge is a
scanty growth of Nelumbo lutea with Castalia tuberosa and
Ceratophyllum demersum. On the slope is a mixed association
of Polygonum emersum, Scirpus fluviatilis and Typha latifolia
at the base and Hibiscus higher up. Beyond the Hibiscus is a
mixed growth of Lactuca canadensis, Erechtites hieracifolia,
Verbena hastata, Echinochloa walteri, Afzelia macrophylla, Im-
patiens biflora, Mentha canadensis, Bidens cernua and Solidago
canadensis. A fragmentary shrub zone is in the process of for-
mation. It is represented by a few Sambucus canadensis, Cornus
stolonifera, Cephalanthus occidentalis and Rosa carolina shrubs.
Beyond the shrubs is a well-trodden path at the edge of the
field. A Fraxinus americana and Ulmus americana stand at
the water’s edge, a Quercus rubra stands on the bank.

West of this field is a wood, 10-12 acres in area, of large
Fagus americana, Ulmus americana, Prunus serotina, Acer
saccharum, Hicoria ovata and Fraxinus americana. The center
of the woodlot is about 8 feet above the lake. The shore slopes
very gradually under the water. In late summer a mud flat
several feet wide is exposed which is sparsely clothed with a
characteristic flora of Heteranthera dubia, Eleocharis acicularis,
Bidens cernua, B. comosa and B. discoidea.

The channel between Cranberry Island and the north shore
is narrow, shallow and contains stumps and logs and several
small islands. The cove to the west is almost filled with a
Lotus bed bordered along the shore by a narrow Sedge-Hibiscus
zone.

To the west is a rather bold promontory called the “Point.”
It is grass-covered except a few elms, wild cherry and willows

32 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

at the water’s edge. The shore of this point is exposed to west
winds and to the washing of the waves. As a result a small
beach began to form around the southwest corner. The drift
bank was undercut by the waves, the clay was carried away and
the gravel deposited at the foot of the bank. In the winter of
1910 and “Ir a cement wall was built around the point to pro-
tect it from being washed away. This cement wall extends to
the bridge which spans the entrance to Crane’s pond, thus pro-
tecting Crane Island, a low, wooded tongue of land, from wave
erosion. Crane Island is no longer surrounded by water. It is
only partially separated from the Point by a narrow, swampy
cove. Crane pond now deepened and used as a bathing pool
and encircled to the north and south by boat houses, is merely
an arm of the lake and was until recently, a swamp in which
Typha latifolia and Nymphaea were the dominant plants. To
the north of the pond is a low, wet wood. A small stream
formerly made its sluggish way from the wood thru the meadow
into the lake. The wood and meadow are being drained and
rapidly occupied by cottages. All of the shore along the “Park”
is occupied by public and private docks which precludes the
presence of vegetation. The Park itself, formerly a low, wet
wood, has been drained, many of the trees sacrificed, and the
area now contains many buildings. It is the lake terminal of
the Columbus, Newark and Zanesville electric road.

At several points along the eastern and northern shores,
small beaches not more than a few feet wide and from 3 to 30
feet long, are in the process of forming. These beaches front ex-
posed points of somewhat elevated areas, with a steep gradient
to the water. Due to the action of waves, wind and rain, they
are becoming denuded clay banks. Where the land is pastured
the trampling of the cattle going to water greatly accelerates the
agerading. In every case the soil falls into the water, the clay
is carried out and the sand and gravel are deposited at the foot
of the bank. The absence of a marginal zone of aquatics is
characteristic of these beaches.

An Ecological Study of Buckeye Lake. 33

THE ISEANDS IN BUCKEYE LAKE.

The islands of Buckeye Lake number fully fifty and vary
in size from a mass of peat a few feet square to Cranberry Is-
land with an area of approximately 45 acres. According to
the manner of formation they may be placed in five classes.

i-Cranberry Wsland stands in a class by itself. It is a
Sphagnum peat bog, which by the character of its flora and
from the study of. soundings shows that it antedates the lake
and perhaps the Big Swamp.

Il. There are about 20 islands, all tree covered ranging
from Circle Island with an area of one-fifth of an acre; (there
may be smaller ones) to Lieb’s Island, 33.59 of an acre in area.
Many of them are used as dwelling places. These were eleva-
tions in or were beyond the original swamp, and have never
been submerged. They all bear large trees which are more than
eighty years old, the age of the present reservoir.

III. Islands built on a foundation of exposed peat masses.
During the latter part of every summer when the water has be-
come thoroughly warmed and when the level is always low,
masses of peat rise to the surface. The warming of the gases
generated in the peat cause it to rise and at low water it soon
becomes exposed. The surface is speedily covered with vegeta-
tion. Some of these peat masses remain permanently exposed;
then shrubs and even trees gain a foothold in a few seasons and
the peat mass becomes an island. Other peat masses are from
time to time added to it and drifted logs lodged against it also help
to build it up. Such islands are in their youth characterized by
an aggregate of small masses with open pools between.

IV. Islands which have been built up in shallow water
from the bottom of the lake.

VY. Islands formed from the fragments of other Islands.
During storm winds of fall and spring, a part of an island may
be torn loose, drift with the wind until it is caught against a
stump or logs or becomes anchored in shallow water. In the

34 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

northeastern and southern parts of the lake are several islands
evidently formed in this way.

There is evidence here and there of a sixth kind of island.
Duck hunters build screens for their boats by driving willow
stakes into the bed of the lake. These stakes sprout and if left
undisturbed, will develop into a clump of willows around whose
bases debris will collect and give rise to a composite vegetation.
There is one such clump of sprouting willows just off the shore
of the point, Evidently placed there to make a harbor for the
boats.

I have made a detailed study of each one of these five
classes of islands and shall give them here in order.

I, Cranberry Island.

The island locally known as the Cranberry Marsh, the
Marsh, Cranberry Island or Cranberry Bog, lies in the eastern
part of the lake close to and parallel with the north shore. Fig.
(12). It is a long, irregularly shaped island, 3,250 feet long by
750 feet wide in its broadest part, and has an approximate area of
45 acres, according to the survey made in the winter of 1910 by
Professor Chamberlin of the Civil Engineering Department of
the Ohio State University. This is the only careful survey ever
made of the island. The outline is very irregular due to many
indentations and small fringing islands. This irregularity has
been caused more by submergence and death of the trees, shrubs
and other marginal plants, because of the frequent abrupt and
extreme changes in water level, than to the growth and expansion
of the island. Within recent years the island has been decreasing
in size. The storms of winter every year detach fragments often
of large size and sweep them away.

This island is a Sphagnum-Cranberry bog, and is of pecu-
liar interest because, 1, its dominant vegetation composed of
boreal species, is a relict of early post-glacial times left stranded
in the swamp; 2, because Cranberry bogs are characteristic of
regions of higher latitudes and this one is near the southeastern
margin of the drift sheet; 3, because the bog, which must be

Jsom OY} WOIZ PuL]s] ArtoqueIy JO MaIA—Z] ‘DIg ~

- TK : pe <
Z DOR

OO

— _

LZ

es
bi SUNG

Al HM al

An Ecological Study of Buckeye Lake. 35

considered a relict of a former boreal vegetation is surrounded
by a swamp of later formation and which belongs to the normal
hydrophytic vegetation of the present climatic conditions ;”? and
4, because in the northern habitat, bog societies are usually
related to conifer forests as a climax tree vegetation and the
succession is unbroken thru the following zones: the pond or
lake with 1, floating; 2, fixed aquatics; 3, the littoral marsh;
A, shore; 5, bog meadow; 6, low shrub or heath zone; 7, high
shrub zone; 8, conifer forest which in some bogs is succeeded
by 9, hardwood forest. In the cranberry bog the eighth or
conifer zone is wanting and never seems to have been developed.

So far as I know, no conifer logs or other evidences of
conifers have been found in the island, in the peat forming the
bed of the lake or in the immediate vicinity of the lake, that 1s,
within less than ten miles.

Altho the present Ohio forests are dominantly of the hard-
wood type, there are noteworthy remnants of former perhaps
much more extensive conifer forests in the northwestern, north-
ern and northeastern counties, especially those thru which the
divide between the lake and Ohio River basins passes. Here
were and still are, extensive Tamarack swamps. In the southern
half of the State there are now no extensive conifer tracts, nor
with one exception are the conifers dominant when associated
with deciduous species but form always a scattering growth.
Pinus virginiana occurs in the gorge of the Licking River in
Licking County, on the sandstone hills in the valley of the
Hocking in Fairfield and Hocking counties, and then follows
the divide between the Scioto and Hocking rivers to the Ohio.
River ; it also occurs in Scioto and Adams counties farther west.
Pinus rigida 1s associated with P. virginiana on the sandstone
hills of Fairfield and Hocking counties and occurs also in Jack-
son and Scioto counties. The Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis)
has a scattering representation over the State, occurring quite as
frequently in the southern as in the northern part. It is quite
abundant on the hills of Fairfield and Hocking counties, where,

36 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.
g Bs

however, it is but a small tree. It is also found in Greene, Mor-
gan and Scioto counties.

The Arbor vitae (Thuja occidentalis) has been collected in
the southern half of the State. In an interesting swamp near
Springfield, Clark County, known locally as Cedar Swamp, this
tree is the dominant one'’. With it is associated Betula pumila.
This is the southernmost range in the State of this northern
shrub. In the gorge of the Little Miami near Yellow Springs,
Greene County, the Arbor vitae is a fine, large tree. The Red
cedar (Juniperus virginiana) is also more abundant in the south-
ern than in the northern half of the State. It is generally dis-
tributed thru the southwestern counties and along the Ohio
River as far east as Gallia County. The Larch or Tamarack
(Larix laricina) seems to be entirely absent from the central
and southern parts of the State. While Oxycoccus macrocarpus,
the only Ohio species of cranberry, finds in this cranberry bog
its southernmost range. Scheuchzeria palustris is another typical
bog plant which seems to be rare in Ohio. In the history of
Licking County,** the statement is made that the large peat
bogs of the county were formerly cedar swamps. ~The great
peat bog along the north fork feeder in the outlots of Newark,
was a cedar swamp and the bogs lie beneath and upon its sur-
face.’ From personal inspection of the region here mentioned,
and from conversation with various residents of Newark, I have
not been able to verify this statement. Cedar Hill cemetery in
Newark lies on a morainal ridge on which are a large number
of cedars, both Thuja occidentalis and Juniperus virginiana.
The ridge was forested but the cedars were planted since the
beginning of the cemetery sixty years ago. Each person buy-
ing a lot, planted cedars, the Arbor vitae in a hedge around the
lot. Later the hedges were abolished and the trees at the corners
only preserved, which accounts for the present mathematical
arrangement of these trees.

5. Because the bog in point of development is still in a
state of fluctuation and has not reached a relative stability, a
climax society. The bog forest towards which the island is

OS’
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Fic. 13—MaAr
LEGEND OF PLANT é

I, Floating aquatics association.

II. Semi and fixed aquatics association.
III. Marsh association.
IV. Bog-meadow.

1. Sphagnum-Oxycoccus society.

2. Sphagnum-Oxycoccus-Dulichium society.

3. Sphagnum-Oxycoccus-Rynchospora society.

4. Sphagnum-Oxycoccus-Carex filiformis society.
5. Sphagnum-Oxycoccus-Carex interior society.
6. Sphagnum-Carex limosa society.

7. Dryopteris thelypteris.

Sounding : ee

CRANBERRY ISLAND.

CIATIONS AND SOCIETIES.
8. Sagittaria latifolia.
9. Menyanthes trifoliata.

V. Gaylussacia-heath association.
VI. Bog-thicket association.

VII. Most mature areas of forest-shrub mixed association.

10. Typha latifolia.

11. Exposed peat with covering of Bidens sp. and other herbs.

12. Masses of dead timber.

13. Clumps of Decodon verticillatus.
P. Peltandra virginica in bog-meadow.
N. Nymphaea advena in bog-meadow.

Seale 100

* @3//
' = sual, il
ot TONGS oi (fae

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(urd pers
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Bagg,

I OUT CHP abate a EL a
lp ort tld ese Permenion man uy elon on: got
Whee ell Me yD 2, Pep?
LO i ) I 0, Go 1 0 2% Hf He aa

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ogo

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46

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Fic. 13—Map oF CRANberry IsLANp.

LEGEND OF PLANT ASSOCIATIONS AND SOCIETIES.
il, Floating aquatics association. 8. Sagittaria latifolia.
: II. Semi and fixed aquatics association. 9. Menyanthes trifoliata. .
ne Marsh association, V. Gaylussacia-heath association,
cy V. Bog-meadow, VI. Bog-thicket association. Po:
7 be 1. Sphagnum-Oxycoccus societ VII. Most mature areas of forest-shrub mixed association.
f ad ~- ~ s Oy ah F 2 ats ‘ ae ee ‘ eros

10. Typha latifolia.
11. Exposed peat with covering of Bidens sp. <

~Sph 1-Oxycoccus D ulicl

V

An Ecological Study of Buckeye Lake. oi

tending is being invaded by oaks changing the bog to a meso-
phytic forest.**

The general character of the vegetation of the island is
that of a bog meadow surrounded by a border of trees, shrubs
and taller herbs, and this by a more or less complete marginal
marsh zone. (Fig. 13) The surface of the meadow is inter-
rupted by the presence of thickets of trees and shrubs, by Typha
clumps and by open pools. The shrub border is also much in-
terrupted by enclosed pools, marginal lagoons and coves.

A critical study of the flora disclosed the presence of the
following associations.

I. Floating aquatics association.
II. Fixed aquatics with submerged leaves.

Ill. Semi-aquatic plants growing characteristically in
shallow water from 5% feet to emergence on mud
flats at low water.

IV. Marsh association.

V. Bog-meadow association.

VI. Heath or low shrub association,

VII. Bog-thicket or high shrub association.
VIII. Bog-forest association.

I. Free floating macroscopic plants.

Spermatophyta wholly on the surface as the Lemnaceae,
floating forms as Utricularia minor, Pteriodphyta as the Salvin-
iaceae; Bryophyta as Riccia and Ricciacarpus together with Al-
gae, the filamentous forms as Cladophora sp. and Spirogyra com-
prise the formation.

The association occupies the shallow water at the margin
of the island and comprises the principal, often the entire vegeta-
tion of the pools both marginal and enclosed, whether these pools
are in the shrub zone or in the bog-meadow.

These plants are associated in various societies whose dif-
ferences expressed by the dominant species seem to be due to
differences in the depth of the water and the light exposure.

38 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

The aquatic vegetation of rather small, more or less com-
pletely separated and isolated ponds do not form as clearly de-
fined societies as aerial plants or aquatic plants in larger bodies
of water where there are currents“? They must largely depend
on the accidents of dissemination. However, the intensity of
the light exposure is a strongly contending factor and in some
cases the depth of water and nature of substratum determines
the society.

This is well shown by Wollfiella floridana which forms an
almost pure society in one of the small pools in the margin of
the open Sphagnum zone, and while it dees not occur at all in
other small pools with exactly the same factors of environment,
it does grow in a large shaded marginal pool wholly separated
from the small pool and quite a distance from it. The plant is
an invader from the south. Up to its discovery in Buckeye
Lake it was not reported farther north than southern Missouri
and finding its most congenial habitat in the bayous, lakes and
ponds of the Gulf states. Buckeye Lake is visited every spring
by large numbers of ducks who stop here to rest and feed in
their northward flight. The small fronds of Wollfella must
have been clinging to the feet of some of these ducks and were
washed off in the small pools in which they were discovered.
Later they were carried in the same way to the larger pond.
However, after accidental dissemination has taken place, the
plant will grow or not grow according to whether or not the
habitat be a congenial one, and will form societies with others
to which the same environment is congenial, that is, those to
which the conditions are suited will survive and flourish and
those to which conditions are unfavorable will remain of secon-
dary importance or succumb entirely.

Association I is composed of the following societies:

1. Lemna-Spirodela society
2. Utricularia minor society
3. Wollfiella floridana society

; Aw Ecological Study of Buckeye Lake. 39

4. Nostoc society
5. Riccia fluitans society

t. Lemna-Spirodela society
Principal species
Lemna trisulca
L. minor
Spirodela polyrhiza

Secondary species

Cladophora sp.
Wollfia columbiana
W. punctata

This society covers the largest areas and occurs most fre-
quently. The surface of the larger pools and marginal lagoons
is characteristically covered wholly or in large part with a mat
of Lemna trisulea, L. minor and Spirodela polyrhiza; below this
surface mat is a thick substratum, an almost pure growth of
Ceratophyllum demersum which is in these pools the dominant
and often only species of the II association. It is almost im-
possible to wield the oars in the thick tangle of Ceratophyllum.
Wollfia columbiana is not widely distributed but occurs in sey-
eral marginal pools in the east side. The fronds are so minute
that it is seen with difficulty.

2. Utricularia minor society
Principal species
Utricularia minor
Secondary species
Riccia fluitans
Lemna trisulca
L. minor
Spirodela polyrhiza.
Spirogyra sp.
Nostoe sp.

40 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

This society is not found in exposed situations, it occupies
small, shallow pools in the open margin of the shrub zone. In
several very shallow, open basins in a Typha latifolia tussock,
excepting a scanty growth of Algae, the dominant and only
clearly visible plant was Utricularia minor.

3. Wollfiella floridana society.

This plant is indigenous to sub-tropic regions and is found
in swamps and pools of stagnant water often associated with
Ricciocarpus natans. It was reported from Florida as eatly as
1877, later in 1896 it was found in a swamp in southeastern Mis-
souri and up to the time (1906) of its discovery by Dr. W. A.
Kellerman in the pool in Cranberry Island, the Missouri station
was its farthest north. It forms an almost pure society in a small
basin about 12-18 inches deep in the Bog meadow near the thicket
border. Here it forms so copius a growth that the surface is
filled with clusters of the small filamentous fronds. During the
winter the plants sink to the bottom to rise again in the warm
days of April.

f

4. Nostoc sp. society. |

Several small, narrow pools, mere depressions in the
Sphagnum cover, situated at the margin of the wooded belt and
shaded by a border of Typha latifolia and lined with Sphagnum
and Oxycoccus macrocarpus stems, contain a copious growth of
Nostoc glomeratum and N. pruniforme. These pools were almost
without standing water, September 23, 1910, and the Nostoc had
collected thickly over the Sphagnum and the Oxycoccus leaves
and stems on the sides and bottom of the pool. They had evi-
dently been in this condition for several days as the exposed
Nostoc nodules were soft and decaying; only those still sub-
merged were firm to the touch and dark green.

5. Riccia fluitans society.

Many of the small, shallow depressions in the bog meadow
at the edge of the thicket have during some years, as 1911, an
almost pure growth of Riccia fluitans,

An Ecological Study of Buckeye Lake. Al

The vegetation of the pools shows a marked seasonal varia-
tion. The plants sink to the bottom during the cold season and
rise to the surface and are most abundant during the warmer
months of late summer and early fall. In July, 1910, a small
depression, 1 by 21% feet in diameter and 6 inches deep, on the
north side of a clump of Alnus in the open zone contained an
abundance of Spirogyra and scarcely anything else.

II. Fixed submerged aquatics.

This association is but poorly represented at the island’s
margin. Close to the shore and often among roots of trees and
under dead trunks there is a sparce growth of Ceratophyllum
with Potamogeton pusillus and P. pectinatus.

In the sheltered land-locked coves of the south and east
side and in the larger pools within the bog, Ceratophyllum
demersum forms a dense substratum. It is always underneath a
cover of floating aquatics, Lemna trisulea, L. minor, Spirodela
polyrhiza, and Wollfia columbiana. In some of the smaller
pools in the bog meadow, Batrachium trichophyllum is associated
with Ceratophyllum. In two other small, very shallow pools
fully exposed to the light, Utricularia vulgaris is dominant.

III. Association of Semi-aquatics.

Semi-aquatics are plants rooted in the substratum and gen-
erally with leaves and flower stalks above the water. They
may also have floating leaves as Castalia and Nelumbo. The
latter, later in the season and especially in shallow water, lifts
its leaves and blossoms several feet above the water surface.
(Fig. 14) Nymphaea, Peltandra and Pontederia always bear
their leaves well above the surface. This association grows in
water 5% feet deep in Buckeye Lake and from this depth to
emergence on the shore.

There is but a scanty and fragmentary representation of
this association as a marginal one in the immediate vicinity of
Cranberry Island. Formerly Castalia tuberosa was quite abun
dant in the larger lagoons at the east side of the island, but for the
past four or five years the water level in the lake has always been

A2 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

low during the winter and the Castalia has almost been eradicated,
possibly thru freezing, or it may be thru the tearing up of the
rhizomes. Other portions of the lake, especially the southeast-
ern lobe, still show extensive lily pads. In a protected indenta-

Fic. 14—A habit picture of Nelumbo lutea.

tion of the shore of the main land northwest of the marsh, there
is a large patch of an almost pure growth of Nelumbo lutea
which extends eastward to the small group of islands fringing
the north shore of the bog. At the outer margin of the Nelumbo

An Ecological Study"of Buckeye Lake. 43

area are some Castalia plants. There are also some in sheltered
coves on the east side of the island.

Associated with the Castalia and always present in appreci-
able numbers are several. species of Potamogeton. In fact the
semi-aquatic plants which have gained a foothold are mostly Pota-
mogeton lonchites, P. natans, P. pectinatus, P. pusillus and P.
HOMOSUIS, Or tnese — le, Ikesm chi tes is the most abundant. The best
development of the association is on the northwest and north
sides where the water is shallow and where the irregularity of
the shore line affords many sheltered coves. The association is
spreading from the north shore of the lake toward the island
and if not too much disturbed by the fluctuations in the water
level, will no doubt soon fill this narrow and shallow water
area. The south and southeast sides of the island extend ab-
ruptly into deeper water, and are also exposed to the full sweep
of the wind. Here the fixed aquatic association is almost want-
ing along the margin. A few Potamogeton plants and Algae
are in evidence close against the bank sheltered by the ex-
posed Alder roots and Hibiscus stems.

Where are small scattered’ Reltandra virgimica societies in
small, shallow depressions in the shore at the water’s edge, all
thru the thicket border and also in such depressions in the open
bog. They are also a prominent part of the vegetation of the
small islands skirting the shore of the bog. One such, north of
the bog, is merely a rather dense growth of Peltandra virginica
and Pontederia cordata growing on a slightly elevated mass of
peat.

Nymphaea advena, another fixed aquatic tho quite abundant
in other parts of the lake, 1s wanting near the margin of the
bog; this makes the presence of the plant in a single small pool
well towards the center of the bog-meadow all the more striking.
(Fig: 25.)

The shallow coves on the northern, northeastern and east-
ern margins and all the larger lagoons on the east side have an
abundance of dead timber chiefly Rhus, Alnus and Acer trunks.

44 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

(Fig. 15.) This indicates submergence due to settling of the
peat. At low water the exposed peat bench quickly becomes
covered with land plants. The extreme fluctuation in water
level, 5-8 feet at times, 6.85 feet below the normal water level
during the winter of 1909, has destroyed or at least greatly dis-
turbed the fixed aquatics.

Fig. 15—Masses of dead Rhus, Acer and Alnus at low water in a large
lagoon on the east side of Cranberry Island.

Ill. Vegetation of the shore.

A typical reed association, frequently the bordering zone of
bogs, marshes and swamps, and well developed in other portions
of the lake, is here but imperfectly formed. Typha latifolia is
present in considerable numbers. The relative position of these
species in the association, especially with reference to the depth
of water, is also subject to variation; so it seems to me, that
here, rather than a zonation of swamp societies is an

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An Ecological Study of Buckeye Lake. 45

alternation or even mixture of several societies of the shore and
semi-aquatic associations. Sometimes Peltandra virginica grows
in the water at the outer border and again it occupies the center
or even the inner margin of the zone. Thus it is with the other
species present.

In the more sheltered waters along the north shore, and
everywhere at the head of small coves, Typha holds a con-
spicuous place at the water's edge, while the more exposed
apices of points of land extending into the water are covered
by clumps of Decodon verticillatus, whose long, pendulous
branches extend in all directions. (Fig. 16.) When they touch
the water or mud, the nodes at the point of contact develop
roots and anchor the shoot; the free tip elongates and the re-
sult is a Decodon shrub established sometimes 3-4 feet distant
from the parent plant. Decodon is best adapted to reaching out
and extending the margin of vegetation several feet in advance.
The large, thick root stalks and fibrous roots of Typha serve well
to gain a foothold and thus prevent the soil from washing away
and by the accumulation of the large stalks and leaves build up
the surface level.

Often the marsh zone is invaded and crossed by the thicket.
Then Rhus and Alnus shrubs or even maple trees grow at the
extreme edge of the island, their roots exposed or under water.

Ac Oulaere joowats Wie neil SxvemGls Wail wae Waller s Ose it
the latter be wanting, into the bog-meadow in tongues or
isolated patches. The larger pools in the bog are bordered by
a fringe of Typha latifolia, Decodon verticillatus and Hibiscus
moscheutos. (Fig. 17.) Sometimes small depressions hold one
or a few Peltandra virginica or Nymphaea advena plants. Sagit-
taria latifolia 1s becoming very abundant in the southwestern
portion of the bog-meadow.

The characteristic species of the marsh zone are Typha
latifolia, Decodon verticillatus, Peltandra virginica, Hibiscus
moscheutos, Dianthera americana and Rosa carolina. In early
summer the clumps of Rosa make a rose garden of the swamp;

46 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

later this is changed to a rose mallow garden by the large rose-
colored bells of Hibiscus moscheutos.

Associated with these dominant species is a large number of
plants, additions to which are made from year to year by the
successful ecesis of invaders from nearby regions. The second-
ary species of the marsh zone are in large part also the asso-
ciated species of at least the outer portion of the thicket associa-
tion, due to the invasion of the marsh by the shrub zone. Altho
in general the water level is not as high as in the marsh, the
surface is broken by innumerable small pools and depressions
between the clumps of ferns and roots of shrubs, and there the
marsh plants find sufficient water.

The most marked difference between the two associations 1s
in the light exposure. In the deeper shade of the thicket many
of the marsh plants as Impatiens biflora and Triadenum virgin-
icum, tho numerous, are small and weak and do not blossom.

The secondary species of the marsh association given in
general in the order of their abundance are as follows:

Impatiens biflora is generally distributed thruout the forma-
tion. When growing in full light exposure at or very near the
water's edge, it is tall and vigorous and generally covered with
Cuscuta gronovil which also grows luxuriantly on Decodon.
Solanum dulcamara grows in detached masses over shrubs and
herbs or roots at the outer margin of the zone, the long branches
hanging down to the water. It is a very conspicuous plant in
the late summer and autumn with its numerous clusters of
bright-red berries.

Three species of Bidens, Bidens cernua, B. discoidea and
B. frondosa grow at low water on the shelf of exposed peat.
3idens cernua and B. discoidea grow even in shallow water.
In a remarkably short time after masses of peat have risen
above the surface, they are taken possession of by one or several
of these species of Bidens and the unsightly peat mass shortly
becomes a varitable carpet. Echinochloa walteri is frequently
associated with the Bidens. They take possession of every rot-
ting stump and log as soon as it comes above the surface.

Plate VIII.

Ig. 17.—Pool south side of Cranberry Island, with a dense border of Typha latifolia,
Decodon, Dryopteris, Peltandra virginica and other marsh herbs. The surface of the

water is covered with Lemna trisuleca and Spirodela over a dense mat of Ceratophyllum

demersum, :

An Ecological Study of Buckcye Lake. A7

Bidens trichosperma shows its brilliant yellow flowers at
the margin of several of the smaller islands and with B. comosa
is quite adundant on the long south lobe of the island. Roripa
palustris is another plant which grows on exposed points or
old root masses in the shallow water. Roripa americana and
Cardamine bulbosa are frequent in the wetter portions of the
more shaded border. Galium trifidum, G. asprellum, Scutellaria
lateriflora and Campanula aparinoides are closely associated,
especially on the long southern lobe. The tall panicled inflores-
cence and large leaves of Rumex brittanica are conspicuous
features of the border where the water level is high.

Another plant growing in the water or at the margin of
the island among Hibiscus and Typha is Polygonum emersum,
an extremely abundant amphibian in the lake. Eleocharis acicu-
laris forms a thick mat over small areas of exposed peat, on
old root masses and often on the mud at the entrance to paths.

The following species are present in small numbers in
often but one locality or they may be found scattered sparingly
thru the swamp zone, sometimes they are even fairly abundant
but not strikingly so. Sagittaria latifolia, Rumex verticillatus,
Boehmeria cylindrica, Polygonum acre, P. cicutaefolium, Gerar-
dia paupercula, Comarum palustre, Viola blanda, Carex decom-
posiia, C. joscucloseynerus, C, comosa, C, sijpeia, C. alaia, C,.
vulpinoidea, Scirpus fluviatilis, Cyperus erythrorhizos, C.
strigosus, Echinochloa walter1, Homalocenchrus oryzoides, Muhl-
enbergia racemosa, Calamagrostis canadensis, Panicularia ner-
vata, Eragrostis hypnoides.

Typha angustifolia which normally grows in deeper water
than at the very margin of the peat shelf, occurs in two situa-
tions at the margin of small islands forming the eastern portion
of the bog.

Scirpus lacustris is wanting at the margin but there is a
thin growth in small, shallow depressions in the bog-meadow.

Of the seventeen species of grasses and sedges which oc-
cur in the marsh zone, none are present in sufficient abundance
to lend character to the zone. The majority are found as isolated

48 | Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

plants or caespitose in only one or two situations and then gen-
erally at the extreme margin of the island or bordering a pool.
Carex decomposita is new to the state list. It occurs here in
two places, both on the east side of the island. The one is at
the extreme water’s edge at the base of a dead alder on a small
island bordering the larger one, and the second is at the edge
of a lagoon surrounded by the bog-forest.

During the fall of 1909 the long southern lobe of the island
was cleared of trees and shrubs. During the following spring
and summer the area was covered with an exceedingly dense
growth of Alnus, Rhus, Salix and Acer shoots from the old
stumps together with a very large number of herbs, which with
the stronger light exposure had a much better chance to grow.
A large number of sedges and grasses grow in this cleared area,
and since it is open to invasion, certain plants were found grow-
ing here that could not be discovered anywhere else on the
island, Dianthera americana grows in such masses on the west-
ern border of the lobe as to dominate the zone over a small
area. Last August two plants of Onagra biennis were found
among the branches of a fallen maple: This lobe was formerly
wooded to the water’s edge at the south end with but a narrow
swamp border on the west and east sides. The water is quite
deep just to the south, and if the maps of the survey of 1801
and 1799 are correct, the bog was nearest the margin of the old
lake at this point. Aquatic plants are almost wanting.

VY. Bog-meadow association.

The greater portion of the island 1s a Sphagnum Oxycoccus
bog, of which everywhere the dominant plants are several species
of Sphagnum and Oxpcoccus macrocarpus. (Fig. 18.) These
two are nearly always associated with other plants in such num-
bers as to form characteristic societies with them.

The bog-meadow corresponds to the High moor or Heide-
moore of Biurope. as descuibed” by Warning, ° "Schimper.
Grabner, *? and Fruh and Schroter.** It is a formation accord-
ing to these authors, characteristic of high temserate latitudes
where the low temperature, abundant moisture with the exclusion

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An Ecological Study of Buckeye Lake. AQ

of oxygen, and the acidity of the bog substratum permit a large
accumulation of peat. The water of the Heidemoore is character-
istically poor in mineral salts expecially lime, and rich in organic
matter to which the dark color and the accumulation of gases as
methane and hydrogen sulphide is due.

It is said to be a formation poor also in available nitrogen
compounds, for the nitrogen tho present in abundance in the
organic matter, is in the form of insoluble proteins “‘Humificirte
Eiweisskoerper’; and unless decomposed by mycorhiza and bac-
teria cannot be used by the higher plants. Neither the low soil
temperature of high latitudes, the acidity of the bog water, the
low per cent nor the character of the inorganic salts present,
play, however, as important a role in determining the character
of a bog flora as has been until recently claimed.”

In the Cranberry bog the temperature of the peat sub-
stratum during the spring and summer is not lower than that of
other soils, and is more uniform than that of the air. The living
portions of stems and roots extend but a few inches below the
surface of the soil which is saturated with or covered with
water and consequently has a less variable temperature than that
of the overlying air. And altho Sphagnum bogs find their
optimum development in high temperate latitudes, being rare in
arctic regions and rare as far south as 40° north latitude they
are not unknown in lower temperate latitudes and even in the
subtropics. Harper*® reports Sphagnum bogs in Florida; and in
discussing the formation of peat in Florida swamps and
bogs, says: “High temperature alone would hardly prevent the
formation of peat where the humidity and topography were fay-
orable. The scarcity of peat in the humid tropics where vegeta-
tion is so luxuriant can probably be explained: on topographic
grounds.”

The notion prevalent until two or three years ago that the
formation of peat is inhibited in the humid tropics by the high
temperature is due to the lack of discovering peat in the tropics
and not to its absence. Potonie*® reports the discovery of typical

50 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

peat in a bog forest in the island of Nusa Kambangan in the
province of Banjumas, Java.

The statement is frequently and positively made that
Sphagnum will not grow in the presence of lime (calcium car-
bonate) and that the presence of Sphagnum is an indication of a
low per cent or the absence of lime. Sendtner states positively
that when Sphagnum is brot in contact with water containing
lime it dies. Garbner*® finds the contrary. He watered Sphag-
num cultures with lime-water and when the experiment was
continued under normal conditions, the plants did not die; but
on the contrary grew well. They even after a winter’s duration
grew well in the following spring. Weber grew various species
of Sphagnum in pure lime. These experiments demonstrate that
altho Sphagnum normally grows in lime-free soil or with but
a low per cent of lime, the presence of lime is not fatal. In
the upper peninsula of Michigan about 6 miles west of St.
Ignace is a Sphagnum bog in which Chara, an alga which fre-
quents water containing lime, and Sphagnum grow side by side.
Calluna vulgaris, an Ericad characteristic of High moor forma-
tions in Europe, grows in lime-free soil but also occurs in lime
soil in great enough abundance not to be accidental.*®

That a bog is an ecological vegetation unit under conditions
of physiological drouth to which is due the xerophilous character
of the flora, is now generally accepted; but not until recently has
it been discovered and demonstrated that the unavailability of
the water is due to the decomposition products of microorgan-
isms in the soil.17 These products are toxic to the plants, check
root absorption and are instrumental in the development of
structures characteristic of xerophilous plants.

Sphagnum is the dominant plant in the bog-meadow; and
in this locality the recognized peat builder of the present upper
stratum. Its habit of growth and structure adapt it well to the
continued development of the shoots above the accumulation of
dead Sphagnum. According to Reichart a Sphagnum frond con-
tinuing to grow at the apex while it is dying beneath may attain

An Ecological Study of Buckeye Lake. ol

to the age of our oldest trees. No roots nor internal conducting
systems develop but the elongated hyaline cortical cells of the
stem and branches, and the hyaline cells of the stem and branch
leaves offer a system of capillaries thru which water is readily
conducted. At every fourth stem-leaf a fascicle of branches
from 2-3 inches long, tapering and very slender hang down,
close appressed to the stem, around which they form an absorb-
ing and water-conducting mantle. The leaves of both stem and
branches are but one layer of cells in thickness. They are con-
vex, imbricated and closely invest the axis, forming thus nar-
row spaces thru which water passes by capillarity. The hyaline
cells of stem and leaves act as water reservoirs; they are large,
elongated cells whose walls are strengthened by spiral thicken-
ings. The close massing of the fronds contributes largely to the
sponginess of the Sphagnum turf. .

The capacity of Sphagnum for absorbing water is enormous.
Lesquereux found that air-dry Sphagnum in contact with water
absorbed seventeen times its own weight. Dueggeli obtained re-
sults of 18.5 to 22.96 times the weight of Sphagnum. Because
the external cells so readily absorb and conduct water, the plant
is independent of a water supply from the soil and the shoots
continue to live and grow. The result is a characteristic eleva-
tion of the surface of the bog from the margin to the center,
giving rise to the term High moor of the German writers.
Schimper’? states that the center may lie four meters higher than
the border. Ganong®® ®° made a similar observation on peat
bogs in New Brunswick which were from 14-15 feet higher in
the center than at the margin and still rising.

In Cranberry Island the meadow is so interrupted by masses
of shrubs that this uniform elevation does not occur; but it is
noticeable in smaller areas. The Sphagnum has built up hum-
mocks or little mounds from 3 to 6 or 7 decimeters (12-24 or 32
inches) high around the base of isolated shrubs, clumps of
ferns, the border of a thicket and the margin of small pools, and
in some areas as in the northeastern portion of the meadow,
these hummocks are very frequent where there are no shrubs.

52 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

The Societies of the Meadow.

Certain small areas contain an almost pure Sphagnum-
Oxycoccus society (indicated on Fig. 13 by 1) and forming a
banked up narrow border surrounding the large masses of
thicket. All other areas are dominated by one or two other
plants, in most cases a sedge, taller and more conspicuous than
the cranberry or sphagnum. ‘These societies altho quite clearly
differentiated the one from the other, at their centers where the
dominance prevails, blend at their margins so that the secondary
species of all the Sedge-Oxycoccus-Sphagnum societies are the
same and will be listed together. The societies are:

1. Oxycoccus-Sphagnum:—A pure society of the two domi-
nant species, Oxycoccus macrocarpus and Sphagnum cymbifol-
ium is rather rare, and covers but a small area of the entire
bog-meadow. In the broad, open stretch of meadow towards
the northern border there are areas from ten to fifteen feet
square which have but a scanty intermixture of other plants.
The water level is not high and the Oxycoccus is at its optimum.
The plants are not unusually large but they flower and fruit
freely. The borders of thickets have an almost pure growth
of this society, showing the characteristic banking. In the shade
of the shrubs the Oxycoccus quite hides the Sphagnum thru its
luxuriant growth but it is uniformly sterile. Towards the west-
ern end of this open meadow, Sphagnum cymbifolium is being
largely replaced by the small, closely set, reddish fronds of
Sphagnum acutifolium versicolor. The plant is conspicuous in
the late summer and fall when the fronds are most highly col-
ored.

The Oxycoccus-Sphagnum society is most strikingly a
seasonal one. During the spring months of April, May and early
June, the sedges have not attained their full development and are
consequently not as prominent as later. This is well illustrated
by Eriophorum virginicum, The Eriophorum is very conspicuous
in the late summer and fall.

An Ecological Study of Buckeye Lake. 53

2. Oxycoccus-Sphagnum-Dulichium arundinaceum society:
(Fig. 19). Dulichium arundinaceum is an extremely widely dis-
seminated sedge, it is not only very abundant in the meadow
but also frequent in the thicket and bog-forest. It is clearly a
dominant species over noticeable areas of the meadow. The pro-

Fic, 19.—Oxycoccus-Sphagnum-Dulichium arundinaceum society. In
the distance to the right Eryophorum virginicum, in the center and to the
left Osmunda cinnamomea with the strict habit typical of this plant in
the open bog.

minently three-angled stem thickly set with divergent leaves are
characters which clearly distinguish it from the other sedges.

3. Oxycoccus-Sphagnum-Rynchospora alba society :—Ryn-
chospora alba favors parts of the meadow with high water level.
It is frequent in the wet paths and other shallow depressions of
the meadow.

4. Oxycoccus-Sphagnum-Carex filiformis society :—To-

54 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

wards the east side of the meadow adjacent to the thicket associa-
tion in hummocky Sphagnum is quite an area of Carex filiformis
associated with Oxycoccus macrocarpus and Sphagnum cymbi-:
folium. Its characteristic tall slender culms and filiform involute
leaves are in sharp contrast to the sedges of adjacent societies.
There is a similar area on the southwest portion of the island.

5. Oxycoccus-Sphagnum-Carex interior society :—Carex
interior, a slender narrow-leaved low plant with strongly marked
caespitose habit, is the dominant sedge in areas near the shrub
border.

6. Sphagnum-Carex limosa society:—In a small shallow
pool not more than 40 square feet in area,-on the north side of
the meadow is an almost pure growth of Carex limosa, The
bottom and sides of the pool are lined with Sphagnum acutt-
folium. Carex limosa has here the prostrate creeping rooting-at-
the-nodes habit of C. chordorrhiza. Carex limosa occurs in
abundance in also another portion of the meadow under quite
different conditions. The Sphagnum is very hummocky, there »
are numerous shrubs, other sedges as Dulichium, Rynchospora
and Eryophorum, also Menyanthes trifoliata and Pogonia ophio-
glossoides. The Carex flowers and early matures its seeds; the
brown pendulous spikes are quite unlike those of any other
sedges associated with it. Later, after the seeds have fallen, the
spikes disappear and then the presence of Carex limosa can
scarcely be detected among the other plants.

Eryophorum virginicum (cotton grass) tall and particularly
striking in late summer when the inflorescence is a white
plumose mass, is also very abundant especially in the Dulichium
and Rynchospora societies.

In the southwestern portion of the island, where marginal
coves are large, inland pools numerous, and the water level is
generally high, Dryopteris thelypteris associated with Oxycoccus
and Sphagnum cymbifolium and S. acutifolium covers quite a
large area of the open bog.

In the same portion of the island, but closer to the pools,
Sagittaria latifolia has become very abundant.

An Ecological Study of Buckeye Lake. 50

Secondary species occurring in the above six societies of the
bog-meadow are:

Aster paniculatus Triadenum virginicum
Dryopteris thelypteris Dulichium arundinaceum

cristata Rynchospora alba
Osmunda cinnamomea Eryophorum virginicum

regalis Drosera rotundifolia
Sagittaria latifolia Menyanthes trifoliata
Eleocharis obtusa Scheuchzeria palustris
Scirpus cyperinus Carex interior
Peltandra virginica filiformis
Juncus brachycephalus limosa

effusus Selepidlea

canadensis stricta
Cephalanthus occidentalis Pogonia ophioglossoides
Viola blanda Calopogon pulchellus
Habenaria leucophaea Arethusa bulbosa
Seedling Rhus vernix Decodon verticillatus
Seedling Acer rubrum Scutellaria lateriflora
Seedling Alnus rugosa Solidago uliginosa

Many of these are of general distribution, others are more
local, some are more characteristic of the thicket border and have
strayed out into the meadow; they are found, therefore, near the
edge of the thicket. Drosera rotundifolia is a typical bog plant
and is quite generally distributed but it is most abundant towards
the southern end of the meadow. Menyanthes trifoliata and
Scheuchzeria palustris also are of general distribution and grow
best where water covers the surface. They are most often found,
therefore, in shallow depressions, in pools and where the trampled
paths are under water. The three orchids, Pogonia ophioglos-
soides, Limodorum pulchellus and Arethusa bulbosa when in
blossom, are the most attractive plants in the meadow. All three
are more common near the shrubs in the margin of the meadow
close to the thicket border. One specimen of Habenaria leuco-

56 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

phaea was found in the summer of 1910 in the extreme south-
western portion of the meadow close to the shrubs.

In the southwestern part of the meadow are numerous
shrubs scattered singly or in groups; among these Dryopteris
thelypteris is very abundant. It is an invader from the shrub
zone. It occurs in other portions also where there has been a
general invasion from the shrub zone. Osmunda cinnamomea and

Fie, 20—Osmunda cinnamomea in the open bog-meadow. The strict habit
and stunted leaves are typical.

O. regalis are also invaders from the shrub zone. Of the two
the former is the more abundant and more generally distributed.
The greater number of the Rhus and Alnus shrubs in the
meadow are surrounded at the base by this fern. The presence
of these three ferns in the open bog is clearly a case of endurance
and not of congenial habitat and is a striking illustration of the
difference in the intensity of illumination and the greater satura-

Fic. 21—Osmunda cinnamomea in the margin of the shrub zone. The large spreading fronds are
in strong contrast to the strict habit shown in Fig. 20,

An Ecological Study of Buckeye Lake. 7

tion deficiency of the air of the open bog as compared with the
thicket. Out in the open the fronds are small and stunted and held
rigidly erect with pinnules folded and pinnae pressed against the
rachis. (Fig. 20). In the margins of the shrub zone, the tall
spreading fronds attain their maximum growth with pinnae and
pinnules expanded to their fullest extent. (Fig. 21). All the
plants of the bog-meadow show adaptation or adjustment to the
more xerophytic habitat; but the ferns offer the most striking
example. Peltandra virginica, a marsh plant, occupies small pools
in the central bog. These pools at normal water level are nearly
full of water, the walls are closely covered with Sphagnum which
grows down to or even below the water. On such moist banks as
these Viola blanda is enabled to invade the bog. In the fall
when the water is low, the pools are almost free from standing
water and contain the dead decaying Peltandra leaves and the
large fruit clusters. In one such depression on the west side of
the meadow are thrifty Nymphaea advena plants. (Fig. 25).

V. The Gaylussacia heath or low shrub association.

The heath association is of the low shrub character of
vegetation. In a typical bog the characteristic plants of this as-
sociation are low shrubs of the Ericaceae and Vacciniaceae fam-
ilies as Gaylussacia resinosa, Andromeda polifolia, Chamaeda-
phne calyculata, Ledum groenlandicum and Potentilla fruticosa,
of the Rosaceae associated with Sphagnum sp. and often with
Rubus hispidus as a ground cover. These form a dense, compact,
almost impassable stratum. This association 1s almost wanting in
Cranberry Island. There are a few small clumps of Gaylussacia
resinosa, which are with two exceptions just at the inner mar-
gin of the shrub zone or entirely within this zone. (Fig. 22.)
The two exceptions are two small groups of Gaylussacia in the
open meadow (Fig. 13 V). The shrubs are stunted and did not
blossom in 1910. They have blossomed freely during the spring
of r911. The heath is spreading quite rapidly but is still mostly
confined to the shrub zone. The association is composed of but
one society, the Gaylussacia society, in which are no other species
of the heath association; but Sphagnum cymbifolium, S. acuti-

58 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

folium var. versicolor, and Oxycoccus macrocarpus, species of
the bog-meadow and Alnus rugosa and Aronia arbutifolia of the

bog-thicket occur.
VI. Bog-thicket association.

The bog-thicket zone is the most conspicuous feature of the

island. The bog-meadow is surrounded on all sides by the thicket

Fic. 22.—Gaylussacia resinosa society at margin of and extending into the
thicket. The belt transect Fig. 26 was taken through this society.

and trees. From all approaches the island presents the appear-
ance of being densely wooded. It is the most gregarious and
complex association, being composed of characteristic bog plants
as Rhus vernix, Aronia, Ilex, bog ferns and mosses, together
with a large addition of swamp species as Rosa carolina, Pel-
tandra virginica, Triadenum virginicum, Impatiens biflora and
others; besides these, Alnus rugosa is very abundant. There are

An Ecological Study of Buckeye Lake. 09

many invaders from without, some of these remain and so from
year to year the association receives additions to its flora. This
is partially due to the position being a marginal one. In this it
resembles the marsh but the greater shade afforded seedlings by
the shrubs seems to protect them from. excessive transpiration.
Winds carry seeds from surrounding areas, the marginal thicket
serves as a wind break and many of the seeds do not reach the
central zone. Other seeds are transported by water currents
and become lodged on the peat shelf among the exposed roots
at the margin or may be washed farther in. The trees and
shrubs offer a resting place for the birds; and the fruits and
seeds they carry are dropped among them. The seedlings of
Quercus palustris, QO. imbricaria and Fagus americana can only
be accounted for in this way.

The position of the thicket is unique in that it lies between
the marsh and meadow. In many bogs the meadow is wanting;
where it is present, it is generally a sedge-grass meadow and in-
tervenes between the shore vegetation and shrub zone. The
normal order of succession seems to be:

Floating aquatics.

Fixed aquatics, submerged or with floating leaves.
Marsh.

Meadow.

Low shrub or heath.

Thicket.

Forest.

IE ONG as) IS

This succession has not developed uniformly on Cranberry
bog, for the thicket has invaded the marsh zone on the one side
and the bog-meadow on the other; so that not only is the inner
margin of the thicket quite irregular, but detached individuals
and masses of shrubs have pushed into the meadow and are
scattered all thru it. (Fig. 23.)

It is also difficult to draw a line of demarcation between the
bog-thicket composed of shrubs and the bog-forest or even to
distinguish a transition zone between them.

60 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

The dominant tree and the only one present in appreciable
numbers and of mature age and size is Acer rubrum. Where-
ever the shrub zone is well developed this tree is also present.
It has likewise invaded the meadow. All thru the latter, stunted
straggling maples appear.

The bog-forest is just becoming established. In certain por-

Fic. 23.—View of bog-meadow, Cranberry Island, with shrubs scat-
tered singly and in masses. Decodon verticillatus is here the most con-
spicuous but there are many half dead Rhus and Alnus and one Acer to
the left.

tions of the wooded belt, Acer rubrum is present in such num-
bers and has attained such a size that it dominates the vegetation.
Almost in the center of the island is one such area, another is in
the wooded belt skirting the north shore, another and this is the
most pronounced forest, is on the northeastern border of the
island (Fig. 13 VII). Besides Acer rubrum a few other forest

pe SAREE
) es oe ee

An Ecological Study of Buckeye Lake. 61

trees are becoming established. In the wood on the northeast is
a young Quercus palustris about 25 feet tall. There are also a
number of QO. palustris seedlings, and two, two-year old Q. im-
bricaria. Close to the water’s edge is a young Prunus serotina.
Quercus palustris seedlings were also found in the other forest
areas. Associated with Acer rubrum and equally characteristic
are Alnus rugosa and Rhus vernix. Both of these are small
trees rather than shrubs where the environment is most fa-
vorable.

From readings taken from stumps, it is estimated that the
largest maples are about 35 years old, they are about 50 feet tall
and from 15 to 18 inches in diameter.

As the entire wooded zone is a blending of the two associa-
tions, forest and thicket, I shall treat of them as one. The domi-
nant species of the entire wooded belt are Acer rubrum, Alnus
rugosa and Rhus vernix. Other tall shrubs and small trees form
with them a dense growth. Aronia arbutifolia and A. nigra
are everywhere present. Ilex verticillatus is frequent at the more
open margins. On the north, east and south sides, Cornus
stolonifera forms conspicuous clumps at the water’s edge. Also
near the water but sometimes in the open bog is an occasional
Cephalanthus occidentalis; Sambucus canadensis is not infre-
quent in the more open or central portion of the bog-forest.
Scattered all thru the thicket border are the strong thorny canes
of Rubus nigrobaccus. Rosa carolina and Decodon verticillatus,
members of the marsh zone, occur also in the western portion of
the shrub thicket. Salix discolor, the most abundant willow in
the bog, occurs at the margin associated quite frequently with
S. petiolaris. A low shrub layer is wanting but at a height of
from 2.5-3 feet, the tall broad fronds of Osmunda cinnamomea
form a dense stratum. In the more open regions of the shrub
and forest zone these ferns have found optimum conditions for
growth. The large branching rhizomes and strong leaf bases
form hummocks which with the exposed roots of trees and
shrubs form in many places the only dry spots in the zone.
Where Osmunda is abundant the shade of the fronds permits

62 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

no growth of vegetation underneath. The ferns form a
green border just within the outer edge of nearly the en-
tire wooded zone.

Other areas, generally where the taller trees are most numer-
ous, bear a field or low herb stratum of sedges such as Carex in-
terior, C. retroflexa, Eleocharis palustris, Dulichium arun-
dinaceum and other low herbs such as Triadenum virginicum,
which in the shade is low and sterile, Boehmeria cylindrica,
Adicia pumila, Impatiens biflora, Cardamine bulbosa, Roripa
americana, Comarum palustre, Dryopteris thelypteris, D. cristata,
Habenaria lacera and H. clavellata.

Sphagnum sp. forms a ground layer which extends often to
the marsh zone. In this are many Rhus, Acer and Aronia
seedlings. Immediately beneath the larger shrubs and trees the
ground often seems bare but scrutiny reveals a dense closely
packed mat of a pure growth of Cephalozia and Pallavicinia
lyellit or of Pallavicinia alone. These small Hepaticeae lie so
firmly pressed against the ground and are often so dark in color
that they have not the appearance of living plants. Scattered
singly, in twos or in threes everywhere thruout the central por-
tion of the zone is a small slender herb with pale green thread-
like, angled, erect and rigid stems, 3-5 inches tall, with small
scale-like leaves and slender spikes of small flowers, a most in-
significant little plant, one of the Gentianaceae family, Bartonia
virginica, which next to the dominant shrubs and trees, is the
most characteristic and abundant plant in the association.

There are several large pools in the wooded zone; these are
surrounded by marsh plants and bear the same pond vegetation
already discussed.

Between the exposed roots of trees and shrubs and between
clumps of ferns are small depressions filled with water. Bryo-
phyta as Sphagnum sp. Polytrichum commune or P. ohioense, the
water moss Brachythecium plumosum and Pallavicinia lyellii line
the sides and bottom of these pools. Spirogyra and other algae
float on the water or cover submerged leaves and stems. Viola
blanda and Cardamine bulbosa grow in the water or on the mar-

An Ecological Study of Buckeye Lake. 63

gin. Some times such a pool is almost filled with long rhizomes
of Rumex verticillatus or with Menyanthes trifoliata.
The following is a complete list of the plants of the bog-
thicket and forest:
Dominant species.

Acer rubrum
Alnus rugosa

Rhus vernix

Secondary species:

Shrubs and small trees.

Aronia arbutifolia
atropurpurea
nigra
Ilex verticillatus
Cornus stolonifera
Salix discolor
petiolaris
sericea
Herbs:

Osmunda cinnamomea
regalis
Dryopteris thelypteris
cristata
spinnulosa
Carex filiformis
interior
retroflexa
leptalea
Aster paniculatus
puniceus
puniceus lucidulus
Solidago uliginosa
Comarum palustre
Apios apios

Cephalanthus occiden-
talis

Sambucus canadensis

Rubus nigrobaccus

Decodon verticillatus

Oxycoccus macro-
carpus

Bidens trichosperma
comosa
Eryophorum
icum
Triadenum virginicum
Impatiens biflora
Menyanthes trifoliata
Roripa americana
Cardamine bulbosa
Habenaria lacera
clavellata
Gyrostachys cernua
Boehmeria cylindrica
Adicea pumila
Polygonum punctatum
arifolium

virgin-

64

society of deciduous trees.

Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

Homalocenchrus
zoides
Agrimonia parviflora
Geum canadense
virginicum
Cicuta bulbifera
Sium cicutaefolium
Erigeron canadensis

ory-

Erechtites hieracifolia
Scutellaria lateriflora
Lycopus virginicus
Mentha arvensis cana-
densis
Gerardia paupercula
Viola blanda
Echinochloa walteri

Ground cover.

Bartonia virginica
Sphagnum cymbifolium
parvifolium
acutifolium
Pallavicinia lyellii
Eleocharis acicularis
Amblystegium varium
kochit
riparium in
small pools
Aulocomnium palustre
on ground and in
pools
Thuidium virginianum

On “ASS OF weEE
trunks

recognitum on
ground

delicatulum

padulosum

Pylaisia intricata on
base of tree trunk.
Cephalozia connivena
lunulaefolia
These two small Hepa-
ticae thickly cover small
patches of ground in the
iiee |) ZONeN ein tie a mom
eastern part of the island.
They are generally asso-
ciated with Pallavicinia
lyellii.
Brachythecium plumosum.
Spirogyra sp.
Naucoria paludosella

Badhamia papaveracea on leaf of Osmunda regalis and on
a twig in a pool.

The entire island is in a condition of transition tending
toward maturity as expressed in a mesophytic forest climax

This is shown in the forest zone by

An Ecological Study of Buckeye Lake. 65

the invasion and successful ecesis of its most mature area, where
the surface is driest and trees largest in the extreme eastern
portion, by oaks, Quercus palustris and Q. imbricaria. In
another portion of the forest zone two beech seedlings were found
in the summer of 1910 but they have not survived.

There are also well marked invasions of one zone by another.
The most advanced is that of the shrub-forest association into
that of the bog-meadow. A survey shows that the meadow is
dotted with numerous single maples, alders and Rhus; with small
groups of a single species or two or three. associated. Shrub
copses and extensive tongues of the tree-shrub-border have
invaded the meadow.

In the spring of 1910 there was an unusually heavy crop of
maple seeds on the bog as elsewhere. These were disseminated
everywhere. A very large number which fell in the meadow,
sprouted and grew; so that during the summer of 1910 there
were thousands of maple seedlings. The seedlings were counted
in an area of 176.7 square feet in two distinct places; which
showed a fair average. The one was to the north of a lobe of
the thicket which encircled the area on the west, south, and east,
leaving a northern exposure. The seedlings were thus shaded
from the direct rays of the sun. In this area were 55 thrifty
seedlings. The second area was out in the open, exposed all
day to the sun and had been trampled over by cranberry pickers.
There were no shrubs except two nearly dead Rhus. In this
space were 110 seedlings. These seedlings have a poorer chance
of survival than those in the more sheltered situation. Each
year there are also many Rhus seedlings in the open bog. That
these pioneers are not wholly successful is evidenced by the half-
dead condition of the majority of the maples and shrubs; how-
ever, if but 1-2 per cent. of the seedlings reach maturity the bog-
meadow will soon be a forest.

Besides the maples and shrubs there are numerous areas
varying in size occupied by Typha (Fig 24), Peltandra, Sagit-
taria and Decodon stragglers from the marsh zone. These are
laggards of the inhabitants of former larger marsh or pond areas.

66 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

Many of the smaller pools show the characteristic manner of
invasion by the meadow. The depression may have but a plant or
two of Peltandra or Nymphaea advena. (Fig. 25). The margin
is banked up by the Sphagnum which grows over the edge and

—

Fic, 24.—Typha latifolia in the bog-meadow. A lag-
gard from the marsh,

into the pool, often under the water, thus filling the depression
from the margin to the water, raising the surface level so that
the marsh plant can no longer survive.

In the northwestern part of the meadow the Sphagnum is

An Ecological Study of Buckeye Lake. 67

dying in many places. The diseased portions vary in extent from
a few inches to more than a foot in diameter and in degree from
Sphagnum beginning to look wet, grayish and decayed to wholly
dead and dried plants. I have not yet been able to satisfy myself
as to the cause of the disease. It may be of fungoid origin or
due to the mechanical breaking and crushing of the plants. This
portion of the bog is frequented by hunters and cranberry pickers

Fic, 25.—Nymphaea advena a semi aquatic completely surrounded by the
encroaching bog-meadow.

and is crossed by many paths. Much of the diseased Sphagnum
lies in and along these paths. Many of the affected areas are on
top of the hummocks at the bases of Rhus and Alnus shrubs.

The first evidence of a diseased condition is the wet, greenish-
gray appearance of the Sphagnum. Microscopic examination
revealed that the fronds are covered with Algae imbedded in
gelatin. A Gleocapsa is very abundant both on the surface and
in the large hyaline cells of the scales. Nostoc and several other

68 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

Cyanophyceae are present. Frequently fungal threads lie on the
leaf and seem to be in the cells. In later stages the branches
and finally the entire top of the frond becomes black. They are
covered with small masses of Algae surrounded by fungal
threads resembling the soredia of Lichens. The apothecia of two
Discomycetes were found on the fronds. These have been identi-
fied by Professor Bruce Fink as the apothecia of the Lichens,
Gyalecta lutea and Lecidia uliginosa. Examination of living
fronds discovered fungal threads in the hyaline cells of the Sphag-
num scales. Finally the Sphagnum dies and dries completely.
The result of this dying of the Sphagnum is of ecological interest.
Even before death occurs, Pallavicinia lyellit comes in frequently
in the wetter areas. Aulocomnium palustre and Polytrichium
commune or ohioense invade the drier areas of dead Sphagnum.

Study of a belt transect.

In order to present in detail the sequence of the associations
of the island, the components of each and also the succession of
one by another, a belt transect, 10 feet wide from a-a’ and b-b’
on the map, was studied and platted, (Fig. 13).

Beginning with the little cove at the shore the belt transect
surveyed passes thru, I, a very narrow zone of aquatic plants; II,
a mixed zone of marsh plants and bog shrubs; III, the high
shrub; IV. the heath and V includes fifteen feet of the bog
meadow. The transect was platted in a part of the island
which would include the heath zone, for here the normal
high lattitude bog succession is developing except that the
order of zones III], IV and WV are reversed with reference
to zone I, with a clearly outlined marsh wanting. Normally,
the meadow when present, immediately follows the marsh,
then the heath and the last in order is the high shrub and
forest. The transect also revealed the rapid development of the
heath zone, Fig. 26is a diagram of this transect showing the
relative breadth of zone and the position of the principal species.

The cove, thru the center of which the transect was taken,
is almost closed, affording only a narrow passage from the

LAMOWGKO 2A,

LEGEND OF PLANT ZONES AND ASSOCIATIONS.

I. Zone of floating and fixed aquatics.
II. Zones of marsh and bo@=thicket association.
III. Bog-thicket association.
IV. Transition zone.
V. Gaylussacia-heath association.
VI. Transition zone.
VII. Bog-meadow.

1. Rhus vernix
2. Acer rubrum

3. Gaylussacia

4. Alnus rugosa

5. Pogonia ophioglossoides
6. Aronia arbutifolia

7. Osmunda cinnamomea

8. ©. regalis

9. Typha latifolia

10. Dryopteris thelypteris
11. Carex interior

12. Cephalanthus occidentalis
13. Solanum dulcamara

14. Decodon verticillatus

15. Rosa carolina

16. Rumex brittanica

17, Peltandra virginica

18. Hibiscus moscheutos

19. Potomageton sp.
20. Pools
21. Menyanthes trifoliata

x Diseased Sphagnum
—Sphagnum sp. and Oxycoccus macro-
carpus,

\
th
Be

ew w
we

c

E re Se
® us SAe
eu Pa g

a So
Veet)

Fig. 26—Belt transect from a—a’ to b—b’ Fig. 13, map of Cranberry
Island.

if
a

n
a

ee
e
ae

An Ecological Study of Buckeye Lake. 69

lake. At each margin stands a large dead maple. Water at the
entrance is two feet deep and clear of vegetation, June, I9It.

The associations included in the transect are:

I. A zone with an association of floating and one of fixed
aquatics: A narrow fringing border, two feet wide, of Potamo-
geton lonchites associated with P. pectinatus, P. pusillus, P. zos-
terifolium and the floating aquatics Spirodela polyrhiza, Lemna
trisulca and Spirogyra sp. This zone is but poorly developed
and lies close to the shore.

II. Mixed zone of high shrubs and marsh plants: This zone
covers a belt 30 feet broad and is very typical of the margin of
the island. An Alnus-Rhus society is the dominant one in the
shrub and a Typha latifolia in the marsh association. The soil
in the border, which is covered by the marsh and shrub associa-
tion, is of an entirely different consistency from that of the
Sphagnum mat. It is compact, has become compressed by the
weight of shrubs and trees and no longer responds to the alter-
ations in water level of the lake. Consequently when the water
rises in the lake it rises over the border of the island, and the
trees and shrubs at the margin stand in water; if this condition
continues long enough they are killed, hence the prevalence of
dead wood at the margin of many parts of the lake. On the
other hand, when the water sinks in the lake, the island margin
does not respond and a peat shelf is exposed. Depressions have
arisen in the shrub border by the permanent sinking due to
settling of the soil; these are filled with water when the general
water level is high and become dry during periods of low water.

The water in the depressions of zone II is from 6 inches to
1 foot deep, and the surface is covered with a dense growth of
Lemna trisulca and Spirodela polyrhiza. At the bases of several
shrubs are small hummocks on which is a thin growth of Sphag-
num. At the extreme margin of the lake is a more distinctly Typha
border, interrupted, however, by a Rosa carolina at the eastern
margin of the transect, several dead and one living Alnus
tugosa, two Rhus vernix and a clump of Peltandra at the
western margin, four small Cephalanthus occidentalis, the

70 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

tallest of which’ is) 30 inches, “and a Vclimp) jot “Decodom
verticillatus at the water's edge. Back from the margin,
the shrubs Alnus and Rhus, become more frequent, the
Typha being confined to the more open water of the
pools. There is a scattering growth of marsh herbs as Comarum
palustre, Triadenum virginicum; Bidens tricosperma and B.
discoidea at the base of the shrubs and on the stalks of the Typha,
Impatiens biflora, Viola blanda often in the shallow water, Cicuta
bulbifera and Dryopteris thelypteris. There is an entire absence
of a sedge zone, the sedges being confined to one small clump of
Carex interior.

A well defined stratification or layering is represented by the
following species:

1. Rhus vernix-Alnus rugosa rising to a height of 12-15
feet. Many of these are in a half dead condition and there is
also much dead timber.

2. Typha latifolia, thrifty plants in fruit and 6-7 feet tall.

3. Rosa carolina, a few shrubs at a height of 4-5 feet.
Rumex brittanica, Hibiscus moscheutos, all at maturity as tall
as the Rosa.

4. Low shrubs from 2-4 feet tall, Cephalanthus occidentalis,
Decodon verticillatus, Solanum dulcamara.

5. Herbs. The height which these herbs attain varies of
course with the season, at maturity they are from 1-2 feet tall.
Comarum palustre, Bidens tricosperma, B. discoidea, Impatiens.
biflora, Carex interior, Triadenum virginicum, Cicuta bulbifera,
Peltandra virginica and Roripa americana.

6. Ground cover. Viola blanda, Aulocomnium palustre, .
Sphagnum acutifolium, S. cymbifolium and seedling Acer and
Rhus which are abundant near the outer portion of the zone.

III. Bog-thicket association: This covers a belt 18 feet
wide on the western and 20 feet on the eastern border. The
water level is high, the surface a succession of hummocks sepa-
rated by a labyrinth of small irregular waterways with an average
depth of 3 inches. The zone is characterized by a Rhus-Alnus
society, with Rhus vernix and Alnus rugosa the dominant species.

An Ecological Study of Buckeye Lake. al

The Rhus is taller and more abundant than the Alnus, and is
fruiting freely.
Secondary Species.

Tree etage 15-20 feet Acer rubrum

Shrub etage 10-12 feet Aronia arbutifolia

Tall herb 2-5 feet Osmunda cinnamomea, large
spreading fronds

Low herb 8 in.-2 feet. Impatiens biflora, abundant near

inner border
Triadenum virginicum
Dryopteris thelypteris
Ground cover Sphagnum acutifolium
cymbifolum
Aulocomnium palustre

A society of floating aquatics, Spirodela polyrhiza with
Lemna trisulea underneath covers the surface of the waterways.

The shrub society is much interrupted by stools of Typha
latifolia growing in the water. The plants are not quite as tall
as in the marsh zone and not flowering as freely.

IV. Transition zone composed of a mixed vegetation of the
Heath and High shrub associations: This is a zone 28 feet
broad, characterized by tall thrifty Gaylussacia resinosa together
with several Rhus, Alnus and Acer rubrum. The ground is dry,
with surface entirely above the water, wanting in vegetation and
covered with dry leaves and twigs.

There are three small pools, one at the western and two near
the eastern margin of the transect, with Aulocomnium palustre
and Naucoria on its borders. The pools themselves contain no
macrophytes. The zone is a dense shrub growth with no herbs
except a few Osmunda cinnamomea and Dryopteris thelypteris
at the outer, northern margin, where the growth of Gaylussacia
ends abruptly and the High-shrub zone begins. There are well
defined etagen or layers, the tallest maple rises to 25 feet, the
smaller one and the tallest Rhus about 15 feet; the Alnus and
smaller Rhus 9-12 feet and then the dense growth of Gaylussacia

72 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

4-44 feet tall, thrifty but sterile. In the outer margin of the
zone is a thin ground cover of Sphagnum.

V. Gaylussacia association: The association covers a zone
18 feet wide and consists of a dense growth of Gaylussacia res-
inosa with but few associated species which are: small Aronia
arbutifolia, Alnus rugosa, Osmunda cinnamomea and a thin
ground cover of Sphagnum cymbifolium, S. acutifolium var.
versicolor, Aulocomnium palustre and Oxycoccus macrocarpus.
The zone consists of two small mounds separated by a narrow
ditch and seems to have been formed by two clumps of Gaylus-
sacia meeting at and finally overgrowing the ditch. At the base
of the first mound the Gaylussacia are no taller than the Oxy-
coccus but increase in height to 30 inches in the center of the
mound. The mound bordering the shrub zone shows a more
luxuriant growth and the plants bordering zone IV attain 3 feet.

This is the first year | have found these plants blossoming
and forming fruit. The few Alnus are weak, stunted plants,
with the main branch dead. One Alnus at the eastern margin
of the zone, is a tall shrub. Whe Aronias are but a few inches
taller than the Gaylussacia and but one bears a few fruits. The
Osmunda has the strict habit and short leaves characteristic of
this fern in the open bog. The ground underneath is dry and the
Sphagnum which grows well at the margin of the zone and the
western edge of the ditch is almost wanting in the center. This
ditch was evidently a path and is now filled with dry leaves.
On the southern slope of the first mound are a few small Po-
gonia ophioglossoides and Triadenum virginicum not in blos-
som. .

VI. A narrow, 4 foot wide, transitional zone, where the
Sphagnum of the bog-meadow is beginning to form the mound
of the Heath zone: The zone is occupied by a Sphagnum-Oxy-
coccus society. The Oxycoceus shows luxuriant growth and
there is a scattering of two-year old Gaylussacia resinosa, 3-10
inches taller than the Sphagnum and which are not seedlings but
shoots from underground stems that have spread out from the
Gaylussacia plants.

An Ecological Study of Buckeye Lake. 73

VII. Bog-meadow association: The transect includes 15
feet of the bog-meadow with a Sphagnum-Oxycoccus society.

Dominant species:

Sphagnum cymbifolium Oxycoccus macrocarpus

Secondary species:

Drosera rotundifolia, Scheuzeria palustre, Dulich-
ium arundinaceum, and Rynchospora alba are uniformly
distributed and here named in the order of their abund-
ance. Five feet from zone VI and in the eastern half of the
transect, are 49 Menyanthes trifoliata; three feet from zone VI
are 13 Pogonia ophioglossoides not blooming. On the western
margin of the transect are two almost dead Rhus. The larger
is within two feet of zone VII, and has two shoots, of which
the taller is 18 inches long and six years old. The smaller has
2, 3, and 4 year old shoots from 6-10 inches tall. Near the
center is another Rhus with 2 two-year old shoots from 3-6 inches
long. In each case the terminal bud of the main stem is dead.
In the case of the largest Rhus the bud was killed at the end of
the fourth year, and the present shoots have developed from
lateral buds. This seems to be a prevalent condition of the Rhus
in the open bog. There are also three seedling maples as shown
on the diagram. In this zone the Oxycoccus is fruiting freely
and has done so in past years; and the fruit has been gathered
by the cranberry pickers. The outer portion of the zone shows
a number of patches of diseased Sphagnum. By actual count
thirty-four small areas were found varying from 4 to 120 square
inches of diseased Sphagnum, from that which is just commenc-
ing to look wet and gray to completely blackened fronds.

The most striking feature of this transect is the prominence
of the heath zone. It is here better developed than at any other
place on the island and extends farther into the meadow. At
other points the heath is confined to the shrub zone. During the
past year (1911) the plants were much more thrifty than in
former years and the society has made a striking advance into
the meadow.

74. + Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

Where the heaths have once gained entrance they are better
able than the taller shrubs as Rhus and Alnus, to supplant the
vegetation of the meadow. The growth is dense, the lower
strata become so dry and shaded that the Sphagnum and Oxy-
coccus cannot long survive. Again the pioneer Gaylussacias do
not come in as seedlings but as the advancing margin of shoots
from the parent zone. This zone if left undisturbed, will sup-
plant the meadow faster and more effectively than will the shrub-
tree zone.

II, Forest-clad islands which were elevations on the swamp
floor or were parts of the forest not included in the original
swamp. Orchard Island is an example of the first and Lieb’s
Island of the second type of this class of islands,

ORCHARD ISLAND.

(Giese 27>)

Orchard Island is one of a group of four wooded islands
situated in the southwest portion of the old reservoir and close
to the south shore. These islands were elevations in the Big
Swamp of which Buckeye Lake is the successor, and were high
enough to escape inundation when the swamp was converted
into the reservoir in 1832, and later when the addition of the
new reservoir in 1836 occasioned the raising of the water level an
additional four feet. The highest portions of these islands re-
main above water at the standard or high water level, which is
twenty-three inches above the normal. They bear large forest
trees, some of which are twenty-eight inches in diameter.

Orchard Island is the largest of these. It has an area of
2.95 acres and is irregular in shape with the longest diameter
from the southeast to the northwest. It lies about 200 feet
from the south shore of the lake and is connected on the west
by a marsh with State Journal Island. The entire surface has
been apportioned into lots with an undivided area of common
ground at the foot of the public dock, a narrow marginal area,

Plate XII.

I

UT NG

‘

\State Jo

Fic. 27.—Marp or OrcHarp IsLanp.

LEGEND OF PLANT SOCIETIES.

1. Nelumbo society, 7. Eorest society,

2. Polygonum-Nelumbo society, 8. Hibiscus society,

3. Polygonum-Nelumbo-Typha society, 9. Polygonum-Scirpus society,
4. Polygonum-Typha-Bidens society, 10. Sedge society,

5. Hibiscus-Typha society, 11. Beach without vezetation,
6. Shrub society,

nie

1

*

An Ecological Study of Buckeye Lake. 75:

and one in the center of the island. There were, October, 1910,.
eight cottages and five docks.

Sixteen years ago, Mr. Wells leased the entire island,
cleared the center and planted peach trees. His orchard must
not have prospered as not one living peach tree remains today.
This area is now covered with young forest trees; Ulmus ameri-
cana, Hicoria minima, H. ovata, Fraxinus nigra, F. americana,
Tilia americana and others.

There is a sparse growth of shrubs, Rubus nigrobaccus,
Rhus glabra, R. toxicodendron, Vitis vulpina, etc. The herbage.
is also poorly developed; it consists of a thin growth of grass
and common weeds which have been frequently mowed and in
some places burned. A narrow border of larger trees, remnants
of the original forest, surround this central area. On the south
and west this forest border is twenty to thirty feet wide; but
to the north and east there is sometimes but a single tree, the
lawns extending to the water’s edge.

An interrupted zonation of marsh plants occupies the shal-
low water and the now exposed mud plain surrounding the
island. The marsh is well developed on the west, south and
southeast, but has been more or less completely cleared away
in the vicinity of the docks on the north, northeast and east
sides.

The island exhibits a striking example of the invasion of
plants into new areas, successful ecesis, the resultant succession,
the consequent filling of the lake and the upbuilding of new land
areas along the margin; and in the center a secondary succession
in a partially denuded area. A detailed floristic study was made-
of a belt sixty feet broad and extending directly across the island
from the southeast to the northwest, from a-a’ to b-b’ on the
map. This belt covers a representative area of the island, in-
cluding a section of the well developed marsh on the southeast,
and on the northwest the marsh disturbed and reforming; a sec-
tion of the oldest forest zone and of the rejuvenated central’
area.

76 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

There are four distinct groups of vegetation units or as-

sociations based on habitat and growth forms:
I. The pond association

II. The shore association

III. The swamp-shrub association

IV. The mesophytic-forest association

The first, second and fourth are well developed, the first
exhibits a striking lateral and vertical zonation, the third is
fragmentary, but it is of interest as an illustration of the in-
trusion and development of a zone between two previously ex-
isting ones.

I. The pond association on the southeast: This consists
of an association of semi-aquatics with

1. Nelumbo lutea society

Principal species :
Nelumbo lutea
Secondary species:
Potamogeton pectinatus
lonchites
natans
Ceratophyllum demersum
Cladophora sp.
Spirogyra sp.

The society forms a zone 20-40 feet broad. At the outer
margin the water is 4-4.5 feet deep, at the inner about 8 inches.
In the deeper water is a pure Nelumbo lutea family; in the
shallower, the other plants, especially Potamogeton pectinatus
and lonchites, are quite abundant. There is some evidence of
vertical zonation or layering; in the deeper water the Nelumbo
leaves float on the surface; and in the shallower rise 12 inches
above the surface.

2. Nelumbo-Polygonum society

Principal species:
Nelumbo lutea
Polygonum emersum

An Ecological Study of Buckeye Lake. MG

Secondary species:

Ceratophyllum demersum Brachythecium plumosum
Spirogyra sp. Riccia fluitans
Wemnayenisulea sy Ilysanthes gratioloides
Cladaphora sp. Sium cicutaefolium

Spirodela polyrhyza

This society forms a dense zone 60 feet broad, and extends
from water 8 inches deep to wholly emersed surface. Thirty-
five feet of the zone covers a mud flat which is submerged at
the normal water level. The Polygonum has advanced into the
Nelumbo. Towards the inner margin the Nelumbo is 2 feet tall
and fruiting freely.

A short distance west of the belt studied, the Polygonum
has entirely outdistanced the Nelumbo, replacing society 1 with
a Polygonum zone external to a mixed Polygonum-Nelumbo
zone.

Of the secondary species, Brachythecium plumosum is the
most abundant, especially on the exposed mud surface, quite
large patches of which are covered by a pure growth of the
moss. The Riccia is also a conspicuous member of the ground
cover. The herbs are very sparse.

Towards the west of the median line of the belt is,

3. A Polygonum-Nelumbo-Typha society. A zone com-
posed of societies from the I and II associations.

Principal species:
Polygonum emersum
Nelumbo lutea
Typha latifolia

Secondary species:
Spirodela polyrhyza
Lemna trisulca
Cladophora sp.
Ceratophyllum demersum

The secondary species, which are normally floating plants,
are stranded on the mud and form but_a thin covering. The

78 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

society covers a narrow lens-shaped area not more than 3 feet
in its broadest portion. At the normal water level the surface is
submerged, but now it is wholly exposed. The Polygonum is
tall and vigorous with branches from 3-4 feet tall; the Nelumbo
has large erect leaves and the plants are fruiting freely; the
Typha is stunted in growth and sterile, the largest leaves are not
more than 4 feet tall.

This zone is followed by the shore association which covers
the low very gently sloping mud flat between the pond associa-
tion and the forest. Typha latifolia is the dominant species on
the outer and Hibiscus moscheutos on the inner margin. The
following two societies are very evident.

4. Typha-Polygonum-Bidens society
Principal species :

Typha latifoha Bidens cernua
Polygonum emersum

Secondary species:

Cyperus strigosus Cicuta bulbifera

Eleocharis acicularis Bidens frondosa

Riccia fluitans Roripa palustre seedlings
Spirodela polyrhyza Hibiscus moscheutos seedlings
Brachythecium plumosum Polygonum emersum seedlings

Society 4 occupies a narrow zone less than 3 feet in width.
The Typha is larger and more vigorous than in 3, but not fruit-
ing; Polygonum emersum is still conspicuous but not nearly so
much as in the preceding zone, while the Nelumbo lutea has
entirely disappeared and Bidens cernua, represented by a few
large plants, has come in. There are but a few of the taller herbs
of the secondary species, but an abundant ground-cover of the
Cyperus, Riccia and Eleocharis. This zone merges into:

5. Hibiscus-Typha society

Principal species:
Hibiscus moscheutos Typha latifolia

An Ecological Study of Buckeye Lake. G9

Secondary species:

Taller herbs:

Polygonum acre Erechtites hieracifolia
Triadenum virginicum Impatiens biflora
Scutellaria lateriflora Galium trifidum
Cicuta bulbifera Epilobium strictum
Solanum dulcamara Boehmeria cylindrica
Echinochloa walteri Agrimonia sp.
Homalocenchrus oryzoides Acnida tamariscina

Aster paniculatus

Seedling trees:

Acer rubrum Quercus palustris
Gleditsia triacanthos

Ground-cover:

Cyperus strigosus, small mat plants Spirodela polyrhyza
Riccia fluitans Brachythecium plumosum
Phialea scutula on dead Hibiscus stems Cladophora sp.

This zone is 40 feet wide and the ground surface is entirely
above water, but so recently exposed that the stranded Spirodela
and Algae are still green. The Hibiscus roots form small hillocks
on which the Spirodela and Algae become stranded and on which
the Riccia is very abundant. ‘The taller herbs form a sparse
weak growth due to the density of the Hibiscus which forms a
7-foot wall difficult to penetrate. The Typha is confined to the
outer portion of the zone and has here obtained optimum condi-
tions of growth, the plants are not copious, but are tall, vigorous
and fruiting freely.

II. Swamp-shrub association
6. Cornus society

Principal species:
Cornus stolonifera

80 Proceedings of the Oho State Academy of Science.

Secondary species:

Rosa carolina Hibiscus moscheutos
Sambucus canadensis Solanum dulcamara
Micrampeles lobata Homalocenchrus oryzoides
Polygonum acre Galium trifidum
Erechtites hieracifolia Carex lupulina

Scutellaria lateriflora Convolvulus sepium
Mentha canadensis Ulmus americana

This society consists of nine Cornus stolonifera in the sec-
tion studied, and occupies an area 20 feet broad. About 10 feet
to the west is another Cornus stolonifera far down into the
Hibiscus-Typha zone; and about 4o feet still farther west, is a
group of 15-18 feet tall Cephalanthus occidentalis which extends
through the Hibiscus zone to the water’s edge. Just east of the
eastern margin of the transect is another group of Cornus with
Sambucus canadensis.

The swamp-shrub association does not exhibit lateral zona-
tion, but alternations as it consists of isolated shrub societies of
which Cornus stolonifera is the principal species in one and
Cephalanthus occidentalis in another. The associated species are
grouped closely around the Cornus, most of the herbs form a
sparse growth in the shade of the shrubs and Micrampeles and
Solanum climb over them.

The two bordering associations the marsh-herb on the one
side and the forest on the other, merge in the areas between the
shrub societies. The presence of seedling Ulmus, Quercus and
Gleditsia in the Hibiscus-Typha society shows clearly that the
forest is invading the marsh, and if the higher portion of the mud
flat is not again submerged, the shrub zone may never become
more complete than it is now; it may be formed farther down on
the shore or it may be entirely replaced by the forest. The
incompleteness of the shrub zone is due to the existence of
the forest prior to the development of the marsh.

An Ecological Study of Buckeye Lake.

III. Mesophytic-forest association

7. Ulmus-Fraxinus society

Principal species:

Ulmus americana

Fraxinus americana

Secondary species:

Fraxinus nigra
Hicoria ovata
minima
Ulmus fulva
Quercus palustris

Wranase

Rhus toxicodendron
Vitis vulpina

Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Shrubs:

Cornus stolonifera
Rubus nigrobaccus
occidentalis

Muhlenbergia diffusa
Agrostis perennans
Syntherisma sanguinalis
linearis
Chaetochloa glauca
Carex tribuloides
vulpinoidea
franku
Rynchospora alba
Solidago canadensis
Aster paniculatus
sagittatum

Celtis occidentalis
Tilia americana
Gelditsia triacanthos
Morus rubra

Salix nigra

Smilax hispida
Solanum dulcamara
Dioscorea villosa

Resa carolina

Cephalanthus occidentalis

Nepeta cataria
Teucrium canadense
Carduus lanceolatus
Arctium minus
Helianthus decapetalus
Urtica gracilis
Erigeron canadensis
Hedeoma puligioides
Mentha canadensis
Lycopus americanus
Oxalis stricta
Onagra biennis

81

82 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

Solanum nigrum Meibomia viridiflora
Epilobium strictum Eupatorium ageratoides
Verbena urticifolia purpureum
Rumex obtusifolius Bidens bipinnata

Geum canadense

Fungi:
Agaricus campestris Lycoperdon wrightii

The forest association extends across the island from margin
to margin, and presents two distinct zones: 1. A border zone
20-30 feet wide, consisting in part of large trees, the remnant of
the original forest. It is a very open border, not more than three
trees deep, the tallest of these trees having attained a height of
60-65 feet. The shrub stratum is very poorly developed. It is
represented on the south side by a few Cornus, Rosa and Ceph-
alanthus, at the outer margin of the zone; these are wanting on
the north side. The field stratum is composed almost wholly of
grasses of which Muhlenbergia diffusa, Agrostis perennans and
Syntherisma sanguinalis and linearis are the principal species.
Associated with these is a scanty growth of herbs; and on the
south side an abundant growth of Rhus toxicodendron, Parthen-
ocissus quinquefolia and Vitis vulpina trailing over the ground.
The Rhus has also climbed two Ulmus americana. The grass and
weeds have been mowed, so that the shrubs too are kept in a
stunted condition.

Surrounded by the older forest zone lies a rejuvenated area
clothed with young forest trees, among which Ulmus americana
predominates; fully nine-tenths of the trees are of this species.
This is a part of the area which was cleared sixteen years ago;
but the forest has again invaded it and become established. The
ground slopes gently downward toward the southeast and more
abruptly toward the northwest. The elevation of the highest
portion is not more than 4 or 5 feet above the standard water
level. The gentle slope and the thin shade of the young trees,
together with the loose, light soil, provide a dry, sunny habitat
on which Carduus, Aster, Arctium, Hedeoma, Nepeta, Erigeron

An Ecological Study of Buckeye Lake. 83

and other sun-loving plants find a congenial environment. The
remains of large Burdocks and large Rubus nigrobaccus canes
are frequent. There are scarcely any grasses in this central
area, and as it has been mowed and burned, all the herbage is
scanty.

On the northwest margin of the transect, the forest associa-
tion is followed immediately by the marsh or shore association.
The swamp shrub association is wanting. The marsh associa-
tion is represented by three societies:

8. Hibiscus moscheutos society

g. Polygonum-Scirpus society and

10. Scirpus lacustris society. None of which show the
development of the marsh zones on the south side.

8. Hibiscus society

Principal species:

Hibiscus moscheutos

Secondary species:

Hypericum mutilum Bidens cernua
Impatiens biflora Xanthium canadense
Hedeoma pulegioides Rosa carolina

Echinochloa walteri

The society forms a narrow, interrupted border not more
than four feet wide, of mature fruiting but not tall Hibiscus
moscheutos. Of the secondary species the Hypericum is quite
abundant at the outer margin of the eastern portion of the zone.
The other species are very sparse, of the Xanthium and Rosa
there is but a single plant.

9g. Polygonum-Scirpus society

Principal species:

Polygonum emersum Scirpus fluviatilis

84 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

Secondary species:

Cyperus strigosus Typha latifolia
Ilysanthes gratioloides Alisma plantago
Hypericum pennsylvanicum Amaranthus hybridus
Polygonum acre Arctium minus
Agrostis perennans Acer rubrum seedling
Gratiola virginiana Ulmus americana seedling
Erechtites hieracifolia Hibiscus moscheutos seedlings
Echinochloa walteri Scirpus lacustris
Eupatorium purpureum Cladophora sp.
Roripa palustris

americana

This society is 40 feet wide with the entire surface exposed
at the present low water level. Hence the extremely heterogenous
collection of plants among the secondary species. Dead Typha
latifolia stalks are so abundant in the wstern portion of the
zone as to warrant considering it a dominant plant; but the
Typha is not at all abundant in the eastern portion of the zone.
Articum minus and Alisma plantago growing close together illus-
trate strikingly the submerged and emersed stages of the society
and the rapidity with which a new habitat is adopted by plants.
That the ground has been recently exposed is evidenced by the
fresh masses of Cladophora.

10. Scirpus lacustris society. This is a fringing zone 40
feet wide and extending only about half way across the belt, the
surface is partly emersed. There is a 20-foot wide sandy beach
scantily clothed with the Scirpus.

Secondary species:
Potamogeton natans
pectinatus
lonchites
Nelumbo lutea

The pond association along the north shore is represented
only by a Nelumbo lutea society. A small bed of Nelumbo
lutea borders the Scirpus lacustris society to the north-north-
east. The leaves are but few and widely scattered.

An Ecological Study of Buckeye Lake. 85

Fifteen feet east of the belt is a public dock, four feet wide
and extending 78 feet out into the water, and 54 feet up onto the
shore. The marsh zones are not formed immediately on either
side of the dock. On the upper portion of the beach close to
the dock, the Hibiscus zone is coming in. Twenty feet east of
the western margin of the belt, the marsh zones are interrupted

Fie. 28.—View of the vegetation from the S. E. side of the island in
belt transect a-a’, showing associations I, Il and III; and societies 1, 2,
8, 4 5, & ancl 7 of map,

by a boathouse on the beach with a runway for boats extending
into deeper water. The development of the marsh association on
the north side has thus been interfered with and the margin is
also more exposed to storm winds and waves. A sandy beach
60 feet wide is building; it is occupied in part by the Polygonum-
Scirpus and in part by the Scirpus lacustris zone.

At the south end of the section studied, both lateral zona-

86 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

tion and layering (etagen) are strikingly shown. There is a
marked increase in elevation from one lateral zone to another,
from the floating Nelumbo leaves to the tall Ulmus americana
and Quercus palustris. This is well shown in the photograph.
(Fig. 28.) There is a poor development of etagen in the indi-

Fic. 29.—View farther west than Fig. 28. Polygonum emersum forms
the outermost zone, then follow zones or societies 2, 8, 4, 5, 6 and 7 of
map.

vidual associations. In some there are the dominant plants and
then the ground cover, in others a weak, irregular growth of
taller herbs, while in the forest, the shrubs have either been cut
or are young plants, and the vines generally trail over the ground.

An Ecological Study of Buckeye Lake. 87

Liep’s ISLAND.

With the exception of the Cranberry Bog, this island is the
largest in the lake, having an area of 33.59 acres. It lies in the
southwestern portion of the new reservoir and is now connected
with the old levee by a wagon bridge over the canal. The bridge
permits of communication by land with Millersport.

Probably one-half of the island is under cultivation. There
is a house surrounded by a lawn and orchard near the western
border, and a cornfield occupies the rest of the cultivated area.
The soil is a sandy loam with gravel subsoil, the general slope
is from west to east.

Approaching the island from the north, the water 200 yards
from the shore is very shallow, from 4-5 feet deep and is occu-
pied by a pure Nelumbo lutea society. Between this and the
shore is a narrow Potamogeton lonchites-natans-Polygonum
emersum zone. This is followed by a more or less interrupted
zone of Typha latifolia and Sparganium eurycarpum. This zone
is interrupted by belts of Scirpus fluviatilis which extend to appre-
ciable distances inland. On the margin of the island above water
is a narrow zone of large forest trees of Salix nigra, Acer
rubrum, Ulmus americana, Fraxinus nigra and F. americana.
Beyond the trees is a rather fragmentary shrub! zone with Cornus
stolonifera, Rosa carolina, Sambucus canadensis, Rubus nigro-
baccus and R. occidentalis as the principal species. Following
the shrub zone and blending with it, is a narrow border which
had not been cultivated; the ground is quite wet, and bears a
mesophytic herb society. Impatiens biflora, Rynchospora alba,
Carex vulpinoidea, Triadenum virginicum, Echinochloa walteri,
Viola papilionacea, Rumex brittanica and Ambrosia trifida are
the principal species. From this zone to the cultivated field is
an irregular border from a few to about twenty feet wide which
had been cultivated and sown to corn the previous year but this
had been abandoned to a society of ruderales among which were
also the mesophytic herbs of the preceding zone.

The following species were noticed: Arctium minus, Soli-

88 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

dago canadensis, Oxalis stricta, Geum canadense, G. vernum,
Sambucus canadensis, Onagra biennis, Lycopus americanus,
Ambrosia artemisiifolia, A. trifida, Polygonum hartwrightii, P.
persicaria, Convolvulus sepium, Plantago rugelii, Veronica peri-
grina, Triadenum virginicum, Asclepias incarnata, A. seriaca,
Apocynum cannabinum, Echinochloa walteri, Valerianella chen-
opodifolia, Nepeta cataria, Viola papilionacea, Galium aparine,
Carex davisii, Verbascum blattaria, Rubus occidentalis and Tar-
axacum taraxacum. This area extends for about fifty yards
from a dense growth of Scirpus fluviatilis, a remnant of the
swamp, on the east to a roadway and barnyard on the west.

The Scirpus fluviatilis society on low, wet land extends from
the marginal marsh zone, thru the tree and shrub border well up
into the cultivated field. It is a dense growth of the Scirpus
overrun with Convolvulus sepium and with numerous Solidago
canadensis which toward the higher and drier portion of the
area becomes dominant.

Farther east the island is now connected with the embank-
ment of the canal by a dense Typha latifolia society, with a zone
of fixed aquatics, Nelumbo lutea and Potamogeton sp. towards
the open water and a sedge zone, with Scirpus fluviatilis domi-
nant, toward the land.

South of this the island touches the canal embankment, the
former open water between them is a low, wet hollow over-
grown with vegetation. The canal embankment bears a meso-
phytic tree and shrub society with Ulmus americana, Fraxinus
nigra, F. americana and Salix nigra the dominant trees, and
Rhus glabra the dominant shrub. At the foot of the embank-
ment the ground is low and wet and covered with a jungle of
Salix nigra, Ulmus americana, Fraxinus nigra and americana,
Gladitsia triacanthos and Platanus occidentalis, with Cornus
stolonifera, Rhus glabra the dominant shrubs and Rhus toxico-
dendron, Celastrus scandens, Vitis aestivalis climbing over trees
and shrubs. The paths are under water in places. The drier
portions are covered with sedges, Rynchospora alba, Carex

An Ecological Study of Buckeye Lake. 89

vulpinoidea and sparganoides associated with Impatiens biflora,
Geum canadense, Viola sp.

The lowest portion of the depression between the island and
the canal bears a Typha latifolia society. The land surface is a
few inches under water. Surrounding this are the following
zones in the order given:

t. Polygonum emersum, ground still under water.

2. Eleocharis obtusa, Polygonum emersum and Hibiscus
moscheutos zone.

3. Hibiscus moscheutos

A, Slavs,

&,. “Iirees:

On the west side of this low area, that is, on the side toward
the field, the tree belt is thin and chiefly of Ulmus americana.
This is bordered on the west by a wet sedge zone, chiefly Carex
tribuloides, shortiana, lurida, lupulina, vulpinoidea and spargani-
oides and Rynchospora alba. The outer or western margin has
become a belt of brambles, Rubus nigrobaccus. Numerous Solli-
dago canadensis border the cornfield.

On the western end of the island is the farm house and
barn. A grass lawn surrounds the house and close to it are
planted several apple, peach and cherry trees, one large Tsuga
canadensis, a Pinus strobus, Acer saccharum, Thuja occidentalis,
a large spruce and near the gate at the southeast a large Castanea
dentata. The lane leading from the gate to the bridge over the
canal is bordered on either side by alternating apple and chestnut
trees to the belt of low ground. From this to the bridge are
willows, principally Salix nigra and alba. This is the only
region on the island or on the shore of the lake where I have
found chestnuts and conifers. The healthy condition of the trees
indicates that the soil of Lieb’s Island is suited to them. South-
-west of the lane of chestnuts is another small cornfield which
is bordered by a fringe of willows at the margin of the island
beyond which is a Typha zone in shallow water. A repetition of
the marsh and fixed aquatic zones borders the island on the

90 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

southwest and west, the latter zone extends across the lake and
unites with that of the west shore at the mouth of the southwest
feeder.

Another interesting feature of this region is the rapidity with
which the lake between the island and canal is being filled in.
Part of it is already above the water level and supporting a meso-
phytic vegetation.

III. Islands built on a foundation of exposed peat.

Near the north shore of the lake, between Cranberry Island
and the woodlot, a small mass of exposed peat was studied as an
example of the third class of islands. The islet, Sept. 23, 1910,
Was @ Soil mess Ou wee 14 tece lOme amc & tieee wile al ac
broadest portion, with a very irregular shore line, and had been
so recently exposed during the season that the surface was wet
and stranded Spirodela, Ceratophyllum and Cladophora were still
fresh and green.

The surface slopes very gently from the water level at the
margin to the highest point just north of the center which is 8
inches above the water. On this highest portion are 4 Bidens
cernua, 3 Bidens frondosa, 5 Salix nigra from 2-3 years old and
6 Polygonum acre. These are the tallest plants, 1.5-2 feet tall.
In their shade are 2 seedling maples, 4 seedling Hibiscus and
numerous Eleocharis acicularis. In the center is a Lotus leaf.

The dominant species on the lower portion are Eragrostis
hypnoides, Cyperus strigosus and C. erythrorhizos. The Era-
grostis lies prostrate with roots at each node. Cyperus strigosus
is erect and varies in height from 1-6 inches, while C. ery-
throrhizos is about 2 inches tall. Associated with these are 20
Bidens cernua seedlings, 7 Hibiscus moscheutos seedlings, 2
Amaranthus hybridus in bloom, 3 small Typha latifolia near the
margin, 14 Impatiens biflora seedlings, 1 Decodon verticillata on
the east side near the edge, 4 small Peltandra virginica on the
west, with a number of stranded Potamogeton lonchites. Two
areas of about one square foot each covered with the closely set
capillary culms of Eleocharis acicularis, 1 Ilysanthes gratioloides,
3 seedling Erigeron sp., 1 seedling Solidago sp., 1 Homalo-

An Ecological Study of Buckeye Lake. 91

cenchrus oryzoides. In small depressions where the peat is still
distinctly wet it is covered with Heteranthera dubia, Spirodela
polyrhiza, Ceratophyllum demersum, Potamogeton foliosus and
Cladophora sp. One large decayed Lotus leaf covers an area of
1% feet. In the margin of the islet are 2 small pools, 4 inches
and 1 foot in diameter and the surface of each bears a Spirodela
mat.

The peat shelf slopes gradually to water a foot deep within

Fic. 30.—Small peat mass which has been alternately exposed and
submerged during several years. In a very short time after emergence
it bears a varied and abundant vegetation.

five feet of the islet, which lies in the eastern margin of an
extensive Nelumbo lutea society. The condition of the surface
of the peat indicated recent exposure, the presence of 3 year old
willows, that it had been in existence at least 3 years, and the
two together that it had undergone alternate emergence and
submergence.

This islet was again examined Aug. 1911. The vegetation had
changed somewhat and the area was larger, the greatest length
was 15 and greatest width 12 feet. On the northern end were 15.

92 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

Typha latifolia, 7 Peltandra virginca were scattered over the
southern half. The willows in the center were not more than 2
feet tall, stunted and much branched. The sediment clinging to
the tips of the branches showed that they had been entirely sub-
merged. The ground cover was almost wholly composed of
Elocharis acicularis, no other sedges or grasses could be found and
but a few Bidens, Hibiscus and Impatiens seedlings. The peat
shelf surrounding the island and with its surface just under water
bore everywhere a copious growth of Heteranthera dubia, which
had also invaded the mud flat. Fig. 30 is a photograph of the
islet taken Aug. 4, I9QIT.

IV. Islands originating in shallow water thru the gradual
upbuilding of the surface by the accumulation of vegetal remains,
as illustrated in a Typha tussock.

In the eastern part of the lake from Custer’s Point to the
southeastern extremity are many Typha tussocks of both Typha
angustifolia and T. latifolia, which differ strikingly in the struc-
ture of the flora, but which gradually pass from the one type to
the other.

One of each type of tussock was studied. The Typha
angustifolia tussock formed a pure society about 24 feet in
diameter and grew in water 3 feet deep at the margin and 2%
feet in the center. The culms were fully ten feet tall and bloom-
ing freely. Only at the margin on the leeward side were there
any other plants. Here, June 24, 1911, were a few Potamogeton
lonchites and small Castalia tuberosa leaves with Lemna trisulca
on the surface of the water.

The Typha latifolia tussock was 50 feet south of the T.
angustifolia. Surrounding it in water from 3.5-3 feet deep was a
zone of Nelumbo lutea, Potamogeton pectinatus, P. lonchites, P.
natans and Polygonum emersum, the last nearest the Typha,
which occupied a zone about 18 feet broad, In the outer margin
of this zone were Nelumbo leaves. Associated with the Typha
throughout the zone was Sparganium eurycarpum, Polygonum
emersum and Roripa americana. The water decreased in depth
towards the center where it was 9 inches. Here was a clump of
Hibiscus moscheutos with Lemna trisulca floating on the water.

An Ecological Study of Buckeye Lake. 93

One of the causes of the difference in structure of a Typha
angustifolia society and that of T. latifolia is the difference in
depth of water at which they generally grow. The former grows
in deeper water than the latter, however, the angustifolia some-
times grows at the very margin of a shore in water but a few
incehs in depth.

Another cause seems to be the habit of growth. The culms
of T. angustifolia are massed forming a dense growth, while
those of T. latifolia are farther apart permitting better light
ESpoOsmnenaudmtreermcincilationmor salnat lower levelsa en dle
latifolia society always shows stratification, as in the one just
described, the Typha forms the upper stratum at a height 5-6 feet
above the water, the Sparganium the second at 4-5 feet, the Poly-
gonum the third at 2.5-3 feet and the Roripa americana the fourth
at one foot to 15 inches. This species occurs near the margin of
the zone. At the extreme outer edge are the Nelumbo and
Potamogeton leaves floating on the surface. The two species of
Typha form characteristically distinct tussocks separated by open
water. However, on the east shore of Buckeye Point a Typha
angustifolia and T. latifolia society are adjacent and in the more
open swamp there is a T. angustifolia society surrounded by a T.
latifolia zone.

The thick root stalks and tough roots of Typha are firmly
imbedded in the muck and are not easily uprooted, the thick
tough culms and large leaves add materially each year to the
surface level, so that it soon becomes high enough to support an
amphibious and later a dry land flora. In general the bed of
the lake is being built up in this way. Similar but less striking
examples can be found in the beds of Polvgonum emersum, some
of which are quite extensive, as near Castle Island and another
in water at a depth of 2 feet, 4 inches just west of Beech Island.
Polygonum emersum does not form as dense a growth as the
Typhas but the long creeping stems rooting freely at the nodes,
and the numerous branches are the cause of the rapid extension
of the mat, the tangle of branches catch and hold debris so that
the surface soon becomes high enough to permit other plants as

94 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

Nymphaea, Peltandra and Pontederia to join the society. Poly-
gonum emersum grows at a depth of 5% feet, not much of the
lake basin is therefore forbidden ground to this pioneer upbuilder
of the land surface.

V. Islands formed from fragments of other islands.

This is rather a means of dissemination and multiplication of
islands than the forming of new ones.

Swamp and bog plants have but shallow root systems, the
roots extend to a much greater distance laterally than vertically.
The roots of even the largest trees on the Cranberry marsh
reach a depth of not more than 10-12 inches below the surface.
Such plants are but insecurely anchored and when in exposed
situations as the margin of the island, are readily torn away in
masses by the storm winds, swept before the wind to finally
find lodgment in shallower water or against logs and stumps.
There are a number of such fragments near the northeastern
shore. ‘They are characteristically small areas with relatively
large trees and shrubs and with an entire absence of a marginal
society of fixed aquatics. One such small island about 50 feet
square, near the east shore of the lake so closely resembles the
shrub-forest association of Cranberry Island that it seems a
fragment of it bodily transported to its present position. I have
designated this island Sphagnum bog Island No. 2. With the
exception of the absence of Oxycoccus and the presence of
another northern bog plant, Rubus hispidus, the flora is identical.
The dominant species are Acer rubrum, Rhus vernix and Alnus
rugosa. The living maples of which there are 12 fair-sized trees,
are none of them more than 6 inches in diameter, one dead
maple measures 8 inches in diameter 12 inches from the ground,
and one maple stump is 14 inches in diameter. There are also
two seedling Quercus palustris. The surface is high enough to
be scarcely wet to the foot. Near the eastern end is quite an
abundant growth of Rubus hispidus, a characteristic plant of the
Tamarack bogs in the northern counties. In the Pymatuming
bog on the border between the northeastern part of Ohio and

An Ecological Study of Buckeye Lake. 95

western Pennsylvania, it is a conspicuous member of the ground
cover in the Heath zone.

Immediately north west of Sphagnum bog Island No. 2 is
a somewhat smaller island which is a replica of the bog-meadow
of Cranberry Island No. 1. In the center is a sphagnum-cranberry
meadow and this is surrounded by a fringe of bog shrubs and
trees. To this I have given the name Cranberry Island No. 2.
This island and Sphagnum bog No. 2 are shown as Bog Islands
Onna ielate ll iiios 40

During the winter of 1911-12 a portion of the long southern
lobe of Cranberry Island was dislodged and carried to the south
side of the lake, where it now lies in several fragments near
Custer’s Point. This is the portion which was cleared of trees
and shrubs two winters ago.

Of the many islands in the lake, but few besides the Cran-
berry bog Islands 1 and 2 bear Sphagnum. Until recently there
was a small island mass with sphagnum in the shallow water just
north of the Cranberry-bog. This has been dismembered. A
fragment which is merely a mass of peat covered with Peltandra
and Pontederia still occupies the original location, another frag-
ment containing Decodon, Hibiscus, Polygonum and one Salix lies
farther east near the shore, the remainder has entirely disappeared.

THE FLORA OF THE LAKE BED.

Attention has been called in the preceding pages to the
shallowness of the lake basin. By this, of course, is understood
the present lake and not its predecessor. The bed of the old
swamp at the time of the beginning of the deposition of plant
remains, must have been at the bottom of the deposit of peaty
soil. This the cores, taken in the soundings at various stations
of the lake, have shown. No well defined beach or shore lines
remain; so that it is impossible to determine the original depth
and extent of the lake; but after it reached its final outlet into
the Licking River, the water cannot have stood at a much higher
level than it does now. When the ancient lake stood at or above

96 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

the 900 foot level it must have spread over the plain which ex-
tends from the present lake to Newark. This broad sheet of water
must, however, have been a temporary one, more in the nature
of a broad river than a lake as there are no beaches or other
evidences of a lake. The water must soon have fallen to a lower
level than the plain and was confined to the long narrow basin
occupied by the “Big Swamp.” The lowest place in the rim was
about 1% mile south west of the Waste weir, and served as the
outlet into the Licking River. This was considerably lower than
the present lake. The field just north of the levee at this point is
about 880 feet above sea level, whereas the surface of Buckeye
Lake at the normal water level is 892 feet.

Were the vegetation permitted to grow without interference
almost the entire lake would in a few years become a continuous
growth of fixed aquatics and littoral marsh plants. As it is,
large areas are now so covered, notably the western end of the
lake which is scarcely more than 4.5 feet deep, the coves of the
south shore, the extension of the lake to the north and the whole
southeastern lobe. The various societies except in the coves
where the growth is dense and competition more active exhibit
alternation and not zonation. Accidents of dissemination have
been the chief factors in the distribution of the societies. Depth
of water and wind exposure have influence on the development,
structure and succession of the societies. Soundings were taken
to determine the greatest depth in which many of the fixed
aquatics will grow. Nelumbo lutea frequently forms pure societies
at a depth of 5-5.5 feet. In many places it is associated with
Castalia tuberosa at a depth of 5 feet. Potamogeton lonchites
was found at a depth of 5 feet; Polygonum emersum is gregar-
ious. It was found at a depth of 5.5 feet and from that in all
depths to the exposed mud flats. It has prostrate stems and
floating leaves, the apex of the shoot ascending when growing
in water, with an erect habit in very shallow water or in
the mud. It forms pure societies and is also found associated
with fixed aquatics as Nelumbo, Potamogeton sp. and swamp
plants Typha and Hibiscus. Typha angustifolia grows at a

An Ecological Study of Buckeye Lake. 7

depth of 3.5 feet, T. latifolia 2.5 feet. Nymphaea advena was
found at a depth of 2 feet and 10 inches.

Potamogeton zosterifolius was never found in as deep water
as the other species of Potamogeton, and generally in sheltered
situations as a well surrounded cove. In such situations it forms
a dense mat, the stems and leaves floating on a substratum of
Ceratophyllum. All the fixed aquatics form denser growths on
the leeward side of shores, islands and tussocks. The disseminules
drift and collect in sheltered places and the anchored plants are
not torn loose by wind and waves.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE FLORA.

It is now well established that there is a broad pre-glacial
river valley from Dresden westward past Newark to the Licking
Reservoir (Buckeye Lake) and thence continues southwest to the
Scioto River. There is also good evidence that a large valley
from the southeast, now occupied in part by Jonathan Creek,
joined Newark River Valley near the western end of Buckeye
Lake. These two streams were diverted from their westerly
course at a very early period, possibly by the first ice invasion.

Buckeye Lake lies in and was a part of this south east branch
of the old Newark valley. Towards the eastern end the old valley
was not much wider than the present one; but at the western ex-
tremity the lake basin is not over one-fourth the width and lies on
the southern slope and not in the deepest portion of the old valley.
The present basin is entirely post-glacial, as shown by the thickness
of the drift, 100-390 feet, in wells immediately adjacent to the
lake. Its longer axis is transverse to the direction of advance of
the Wisconsin ice sheet and it extends from the till plain of the
ground moraine in which the western part lies, to the terminal
moraine which surrounds the eastern end.

Ecologically the present flora of Buckeye Lake is an example
on a large scale of secondary invasion. Until recently a swamp
forest, then denuded by submergence, there was provided a rich
peat substratum for the present lake vegetation. With the

98 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

exception of Cranberry and two smaller islands near the east
shore, the flora belongs to the present climatic conditions of the
region. That invasion and migration are rapid and where not
disturbed by man, successful, is shown almost everywhere in the
lake. After ecesis the normal succession of fixed aquatics by
marsh societies and these by shrub or, if adjacent to cultivated
field or pastures, by ruderal societies follows rapidly and surely.
The climax stage, the mesophytic forest, a remnant of the “Big

Fic, 31. Exposed mat of peat at margin of Cranberry Island.

Swamp” forest, forms almost everywhere a marginal fringe;
and readily extends into the new territory as soon as a suitable
habitat is provided. More than half, possibly three-fourths of the
lake is not too deep for the pioneers, Nelumbo lutea, Polygonum
emersum, Castalia tuberosa and Potamogeton lonchites, pectinatus
and natans to become established. Floating macroscopic plants
seem to have but little part in building up the flora. They are
present only in limited and local areas in sheltered situations and
shallow water where they have been preceded by fixed aquatics.

An Ecological Study of Buckeye Lake. 99

The plankton or floating microscopic organisms have not yet
been studied.

During periods of low water large areas of peat are exposed.
Such a mat is shown in Fig. 31, close to the margin of Cranberry
Island. The tree stumps indicate that it once was a part of the
forest zone of the island. The weight of living trees destroyed
the buoyancy of the mat and caused it to sink. The death and
removal of the timber released the load holding it down, then the
lowering of the water and the warming of the mat caused the gases
contained in the peat to expand and the peat to rise above the
water surface. Every summer during the past five years the
water has been lowered from a few to 6.85 feet. As it is late
summer when this has been done the peat in the shallower por-
tions of the lake, becomes warmed and rises to the surface. Very
soon after exposure the surface is covered with Bidens cernua,
B. discoidea and B. frondosa, with these are often associated
Cyperus strigosus and Echinochloa walteri. Such peat mats
bordering Cranberry Island are often veritable carpets of gold.
When the water level is restored the peat is submerged and the
vegetation disappears.

Cranberry Island has a longer record. The bog-meadow is a
relic of the flora of the climatic conditions which prevailed at the
close of each ice invasion, or perhaps more correctly at the
beginning of each interglacial period. The vegetation may be
very old or it may be post-Wisconsin; the position of the lake
basin on the Wisconsin drift sheet would indicate the latter.

The meadow was undoubtedly much larger than it now is;
but the former extent of the Sphagnum-Oxycoccus mat cannot
now be determined. Soundings in the bog show that Sphagnum
peat extends to a depth of 14 feet, forming a coarse fibered,
loosely aggregated peat, with many water pockets. At 14 feet
the core contained fragments of Potamogeton and Scirpus
lacustris imbedded in a dark brown plastic peat. The stratum of
dark brown peat with sedge remains is approximately 8 feet
thick and is underlain by a more or less sandy marl containing
small shells; beneath this varying from the 28-foot depth to the

100 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

4o-foot level is a fine-grained blue clay. The peat deposit is
thicker towards the south than towards the north side of the
island **. The vertical section indicates by the marly deposits at
the bottom of the series the presence of Characeae and Cyano-
phyceae ; °° °* above this a long interval of a sedge bog and finally
a Sphagnum-Cranberry bog. The bog developed as a marginal
formation in the old lake and at the time of the beginning of the
reservoir was more or less surrounded by the forest. Whether
there was but the one or several Cranberry fields in the swamp
I cannot determine. The report of cranberries growing in the
northern part of Thorn Township, 1f correct, would mean either
the extension of the present bog over a larger area to the south
and east, or several small bogs. When in 1828 the old reservoir
was completed and the waters rose and covered the swamp, the
bog too was submerged. Near the shore, however, the lake as
now must have been shallow and the light spongy sphagnum mat
was soon enabled to rise to the surface. The current belief that
it was at first a floating island appearing now here now there in
the lake, seems unfounded. Mr. Gabriel Gritten, a man now 85
years old and hence five years older than the reservoir, lived in
Millersport at the time and remembers having been on the island
when he was a boy of eight. He says it was always where it now
is and was like the present island except that there were no trees.

At the present time, in this restricted area, plants from a
southeastern center of dispersal and which have been in the Ohio
valley so long as to be recognized as endemic, have overtaken a
small company of stragglers of the last great northward retreat,
and the inevitable struggle for existence and supremacy results.
Surrounded by a mesophytic forest, with meadows and fields
close at hand the disseminules of many species find their way
into the bog. That many invaders have entered the field before
the soil was prepared for them is attested by dead or partially
dead maples, alders and Rhus scattered thru the meadow; but
that in the main the invasion is successful is demonstrated by the
numerous copses of the same and allied trees and shrubs, which
finally become confluent and in time will usurp the whole area.

An Ecological Study of Buckeye Lake. 101

ANNOTATED LIST OF PLANTS FROM BUCKEYE
LAKE.

The following list is based on the plants collected at Buckeye
Lake by myself and others. It is as yet incomplete as but few
of the Thallophyta have been listed. This is due to the lesser
prominence phytogeographically of this group and also to the
want of adequate means of identifying them. It is hoped in the
near future to greatly extend the list especially among the
Thallophyta. Gill fungi are quite abundant in the forest zone
of the shore and larger islands but few have as yet been identi-
fied. ‘The plants are given in order beginning with the most
primitive, the name of the series, class and family as well as
the technical name of each plant is given. —

THALLOPHTA
Myxomycetae
Physareae.

Badhamia papaveracea Beck and Ray. On leaf of Osmunda
regalis and on a twig. Both leaf and twig were lying at the
edge of a small pool in the forest zone of Cranberry Island.

ALGAE
Cyanophyceae
Nostocaceae
Nostoc cuticulare (Brebisson) Bornet and Flahault. Generally
distributed on the leaves of Potamogeton and other aquatics.
N. pruniforme (Linn.) Agardh. Occurs in abundance in small
shallow pools in the bog meadow of Cranberry Island.
N. coeruleum Lyngb. Small pools in the bog meadow of Cran-
berry Island.

102. Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

N. sp. In shallow pools, clinging in clusters to the sphagnum and
cranberry stems lining the basin. Bog meadow, Cranberry
Island.

N. sp. Frequently found in the large hyaline cells of sphagnum.

Anabaena sp. Forms a fine green powdery layer over the surface
of the ponds and lagoons at the margin of Cranberry Island.

Conjugatae

Mougeotiaceae.

Mougeotia sp. In the ponds of the bog meadow, Cranberry
Island.
Spirogyraceae.

Spirogyra sp. Various species of Spirogyra are quite abundant
and of general distribution in shallow water.

Protococceae

Protococcaceae.

Chlorochytrium lemnae Cohn. Endophytic in the leaves of
Lemna trisulca.
Siphoneae.

Cladophoraceae.
Cladophora sp. Of general distribution in shallow water.

FUNGI.
Pyrenomycetae.

Erisibaceae.

Erisiphe cichoracearum DC. On leaves of Aster puniceus, shrub
zone, Cranberry Island.

Discomycetae.

Helotiaceae.

Phialea scutula (Pers.) Gill. (Helotinm scutula (Pers.) Karst.)
On dead Hibiscus stems Orchard Island.

An Ecological Study of Buckeye Lake. 103

Basidiomycetae.
Agaricaceae.

Agaricus campestris L. On ground, forest zone Orchard Is. and
often very abundant on the grassy slopes of the levee on the
north shore and in the fields bordering the south shore of
the lake.

Hygrophorus miniatus sphagnophilus Pk. Abundantly associated
with Sphagnum on Cranberry and other bog Islands.

Naucoria paludosella Atkinson. Abundant on the ground in the
shrub and tree zones, Cranberry Island.

Polyporaceae.

Stereum sericeum Schw. On Alnus branches, shrub zone, Cran-
berry Is.

Irpex tulipifera Fr. On dead Rhus twigs, shrub zone, Cranberry
Island.

Coriolus versicolor (L.) Murrill. On fallen tree trunk, shrub
zone, Cranberry Island.

Polyporus ferruginosus Schrad. On fallen twigs, shrub zone,
Cranberry Island. |

Clavaria vermicularis Scop. Growing among diseased sphagnum
in the southern extremity of the bog-meadow, Cranberry
Island.

Gastromycetae.

Lycoperdaceae.

Lycoperdon wrightii Bk. and Curt. On ground in forest zone,
Orchard Island.

Sphaerioideae.

Sphaeriopsidaceae.
Phyllosticta acericola C. and E. On the leaves of Acer rubrum,
Especially abundant on seeding maples. The small leaves are
almost covered with the discolored spots caused by the
fungus.

104 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

Hyphomycetae.
Dermatiaceae.

Cercospora sp. On the leaves of Decodon verticillatus. Bog
plants are rather conspicuously free from parasitic fungi
infesting their stems and leaves; but Acer rubrum and
Decodon on Cranberry Is. are both badly infested and
injured by fungi.

Lichenes.
Gyalectaceae.

Gyalecta lutea (Dick) Tuck. On diseased sphagnum, Bog

meadow, Cranberry Island.

Lecideaceae.

Lecidia uliginosa. On diseased sphagnum, bog-meadow, Cran-
berry Island.

Parmeliaceae.

Parmelia cylisphora (Ach.) (P. caperata (L.) Ach..) On dead
Alnus, forest zone, Cranberry Island.

P. tiliacea (Hoffm.) Ach. On branch of Alnus, forest zone,
Cranberry Island.

BRYOPHYTA,
Hepaticae
dg _Ricciaceae.

Riccia fluitans (L.) Occurs in abundance in small pools near the
southern end of the bog-meadow on Cranberry Island; and
also in the shallow waters or stranded on the mud at the
margin of many of the other islands and the lake shore.

Metzgeriaceae.

Pallavicinia lyellii (Hook.) S. F. Gray. Thickly covering the
ground over small areas of the drier portions of the forest
association, also at the margins of small pools in the thicket
and forest zones; and in areas of diseased sphagnum in the
bog-meadow of Cranberry Island. It occurs also on the two
smaller bog islands.

An Ecological Study of Buckeye Lake. 105

Jungermanniaceae.

Cephalozia connivena (Dicks.) Lindb. Occurs on the ground
over small areas in the drier parts of the forest association,
Cranberry Island.

C. lunulaefolia Dumort. This species grows in dense masses
over small areas in the drier portions of the forest associa-
tion, Cranberry Island.

Sphagneae
Sphagnaceae.
Sphagnum Cym)ifolium Ehrh. The most abundant species of
Sphagnum of the bog-meadow, thicket and forest on Cran-

berry Island. Also the two smaller islands towards the
northeast on which sphagnum occurs.

S. parvifolium (Sendt.) Warnst. Thicket where water level is
high, east side of Cranberry Island.

S. acutifolium var. versicolor. Covers quite large areas in the
western portion of the bog-meadow and is invading the
heath zone, Cranberry Island.

S. recurvum Beauv. Bog-meadow, northern portion, Cranberry
Island.

S. recurvum var. amblyphyllum. Thicket southeast side of Cran-
berry Island.

Muscat
Dicranaceae.

Dicranum flagellare Hedw. Bog-meadow in patches of diseased
sphagnum, Cranberry Island.

Pottiaceae.

Pottia truncatulata (L.) Lindb. On the ground in ruderale zone
north side of Lieb’s Island; on base of tree, Rabbit Island.

106 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

Aulocomniaceae.

Aulocomnium palustre (L.) Schwaeger. Very common in the
thicket and forest zones and also occurring in the bog-
meadow in patches denuded by the death of the sphagnum.
Cranberry Island and the two smaller bog islands.

Polytrichaceae.

Polytrichum commune L. Quite widely distributed in the woods.
In the bog-meadow it forms dense masses at the summits
of hummocks surrounded by shrubs and is also replacing the
dead sphagnum in the bog-meadow of Cranberry Island.

Climaciaceae.

Climacium americanum Brid. Forest association, Cranberry
Island.

C. americanum var. kinderbergi R. and C. Forest zone, Sphag-
num bog Island No. 2.

Entodotaceae.

Pylaisia intricata (Hedw.) Cardot. On tree trunk, wooded belt,
northeast border of Cranberry Island.

Leskeaceae.

Thuidium virginianum (Brid.) Lindb. On tree trunks, wooded
border, Cranberry Island.

T. delicatulum (L.) Mist. On the ground, forest zone east side
of Cranberry Island; forest zone, Sphagnum bog Island No.
Be

T. recognitum or delicatulum, On the ground underneath the
trees and in small pools, wooded zone, Cranberry Island.

T. paludosum Sulliv. Rau and Hervey. On ground, wooded
border of Cranberry Island.

An Ecological Study of Buckeye Lake. 107

Hypnaceae.
Amblystegium varium (L.) Hedw. On ground, wooded zone,
Cranberry Island.
A. riparium (Hedw.) B. S. Margin of small pools in wooded
border of Cranberry Island.
A. kochii B. S. On ground, forest zone, northeast side of Cran-
berry Island.

Brachytheciaceae.

Brachythecium plumosum (Sw.) On the ground, wooded zone
Cranberry Island; and Nelumbo-Polygonum society, Orchard
Island.

PTERIDOPHYTA
Filices
Osmundaceae.

Osmunda regalis L. Generally distributed throughout the thicket
and forest zones, also quite frequent in the bog-meadow,.
Cranberry Island. Occurs also on two smaller islands
towards the northeast.

O. cinnamomea L. Generally distributed throughout Cranberry

and the two small similar islands. The largest and most.
abundant fern.

Polypodiaceae.

Adiantum pedatum L. Forest, Rabbit Island. Not abundant.

Dryopteris thelypteris (L.) A. Gr. Generally distributed through-.
out the thicket and forest zones and frequent in the bog-
meadow, covering appreciable areas in the southwestern
portion. Cranberry Island and also other islands.

D. cristata (L.) A. Gr. Quite generally distributed throughout
the thicket and forest zones, Cranberry and other islands.

D. spinulosa (Retz.) Kuntze. In well shaded situations of the.
forest zone, Cranberry Island.

108 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

FEquiseteae
Equisitaceae.

Equisetum arvense L. Edge of marsh at foot of Baltimore and
Ohio rail road embankment, east shore of Lake; ruderale
society, Honey Creek.

ANGIOSPERMAE
Monocotylae

Typhaceae.

Typha latifolia L. Of general distribution in the shallow waters
of the lake, at land margins and in the interior of many
islands.

T. angustifolia L. Of general distribution in the lake, but less
frequent than the former on shores and does not occur on
the islands. Generally requires deeper water than the former
species.

Sparganiaceae.

Sparganium eurycarpum Englm. Associated with Typha latifolia
whenever the latter occurs abundantly.

Najadaceae.

Potamogeton natans L. Of general distribution in water 514 and
less feet deep.

P. lonchites Tuckm. Most abundant species and most widely
distributed from water 5%4 feet deep to stranded on the
shore.

P. lucens L. Two plants east of and near Beech Island.

P. zosterifolius Schumacher. Generally distributed forming
dense mats in shallow water in sheltered situations.

P. pusillus L. Not very abundant but generally distributed.

P. foliosus Raf. Marsh east of Custer’s Point and near small
islands north of Cranberry Island.

P. pectinatus L. Abundant and widely distributed in water from
5% feet deep to stranded on low shores.

An Ecological Study of Buckeye Lake. 109

Juncaginaceae.

Scheuchzeria palustris L. Frequent and quite widely distributed
in the bog-meadow, Cranberry Island.

Alismaceae.
Sagittaria latifolia Willd. Generally distributed in the marshes,
and in southern portion of the bog-meadow.
Alisma plantago-aquatica L. Lewis Island; Polygonum-Scirpus
society, Orchard Island.

Hydrocharitaceae.

Philotria canadensis (Mx.) Britt. In the shallow waters of the
lake and ditches back of the levee.

Gramineae.

Panicum capillare L. Cranberry Island, eastern margin of bog-
meadow, rare.

Echinochloa walteri (Pursh.) Nash. Abundant and widely dis-
tributed on low muddy shores.

Chaetochloa glauca L. Ulmus-Fraxinus society, Orchard Island;
Cultivated ground, Lieb’s Island; and along the lake shore.

Zizania palustris L. Marsh bordering east shore of lake.

Homalocenchrus oryzoides (L.) Poll. On the margin of Cran-
berry Island, very abundant on the mud flat at the mouth of
Honey Creek and in the cove east of Summerland beach.

Syntherisma linearis (Krock.) Forest association of the majority
of the islands.

S. sanguinalis (L.) Same distribution as the preceding.

Muhlenbergia diffusa Schreb. Of general distribution in open
situations and also in the Hibiscus moscheutos societies,
Orchard Island.

M. racemosa (Mx.) B.S. P. In the mud at the margin of the
east side of Cranberry Island, and on the small island
immediately north of Cranberry Island.

Phleum pratense L. Margin of wood bordering the lake.

110 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

‘Cinna arundinacea L. Swampy wooded margin of Lieb’s Island.

Agrostis alba L. Quite common in fields and open borders.

A. perennans (Walt.) Tuckm. Ulmus-Fraxinus society, Or-
chard Island.

‘Calamagrostis canadensis (Mx.) Beauv. Northwest portion of
wooded border and at the extreme margin of the southeast
lobe of Cranberry Island.

Phragmites phragmites (L.) Karst. In the marsh at the foot
of the Baltimore and Ohio railroad embankment on the
east shore of the lake and south of Avondale. This is up
to the present the southernmost station for this grass in
Ohio.

Eragrostis hypnoides (Lam.) B. S. P. In the mud in the open
spaces of a small island immediately to the north of Cran-
berry Island. Occurs also on recently exposed peat masses.

Poa pratensis L. Common on grassy shores and islands, as Lieh’s
and Lewis Islands.

Pamcularia nervata (Willd.) Kuntze. At the water's edge of the
extreme south lobe of Cranberry Island, and on the mud
flat at the mouth of Honey Creek.

P. fluitans (L.) Kuntze. Abundant in the marsh bordering the
north shore of the eastern portion of the lake and east of
Custer’s Point south shore.

Festuca elatior L. Mud flat at mouth of Honey Creek.

Cyperaceae.

Cyperus erythrorhizos Muhl. At water’s edge of wooded zone in

northeast part of Cranberry Island. On masses of peat in
lake.

C. strigosus L. Widely distributed on low shores, masses of peat
and Cranberry Island, often occurring as mat plants on mud
flats,

Dulichium arundinaceum (L.) Britt. Abundant and generally
distributed in the bog-meadow; less abundant in the thicket
and forest zones of Cranberry Island.

An Ecological Study of Buckeye Lake. 111

Eleocharis obtusa (Willd.) Schultes. Generally distributed in low
wet ground. .

E. palustris (L.) R. & S. Occurs sparingly in forest zone, Cran-
berry Island.

FE. palustris var. glaucescens (Willd.) Gray. Close to a small
pool in southwest portion of bog-meadow, Cranberry Island.

E. acicularis (L.) R. & S. Copious and widely distributed on
low muddy shores.

E. tenuis (Willd) Schultes. In the southeast portion of the bog-
meadow, Cranberry Island.

Scirpus lacustris L. Quite generally distributed in shallow water
and occurs on Cranberry Island at the margin of several
pools.

S. fluviatilis (Torr.) Gray. Widely distributed and abundant in
the marshes and bog.

S. atrovirens Muhl. Sedge zone, shore of Honey Creek.

S. cyperinus (L.) Bog-meadow, Cranberry Island.

Eriophorum polystachyon L. Cranberry Island, bog-meadow.

E. virginicum L. Generally but scatteringly distributed through
the bog-meadow, Cranberry Island.

Rhynchospora alba (L.) Vahl. Abundant and generally dis-
tributed where the water level is high in the bog-meadow,
Cranberry Island. At the margin of the forest, Orchard
Island, and other wooded islands.

Carex asa-grayi Bailey. Swampy woods along the south shore
of the lake.

‘C. lupulina Muhl. Generally distributed in the marshy borders
of the lake.

‘C. tuckermanni Dewey. Swamp woods along the south shore of
the lake.

C. lurida Wahl. Very common in the ditches and swampy wooded
borders of the lake.

C. pseudo-cyperus L. In the swampy wooded borders of the
lake, wooded islands and also at the margin of Cranberry
Island.

112 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

C,

ce

(G
C,
GC,

G;

comosa Boott. In the swampy borders of the lake, islands
and Cranberry bog.

. frankit Kunth. A very common sedge of the ditches and
swampy borders of the lake.

squarrosa L. Low swampy woods at margin of lake.

typhinoides Schw. Low swampy woods at margin of like.
filiformis L. Bog-meadow, Cranberry Island where water
level is high, but not near margin of island.

stricta Lam. Bog-meadow, at margin of thicket in southeastern
portion of Cranberry Island.

. aquatilis Wahl. Bog-meadow near pools in southern portion

of Cranberry Island.

.limosa L. Abundant in small pool in northern portion of bog-

meadow and among the Sphagnum and Oxycoccus in the
northeastern portion of the bog-meadow, Cranberry Island.

. laxiflora blanda (Dewey) Boott. Charleston Island, drier

portion.

. leptalea Wahl. Bog-meadow near margin of a pool, eastern

portion of Cranberry Island.

. conjuncta Boott. Lewis and other wooded islands in eastern

portion of lake.

. stipata Muhl. A few plants at the western edge of the south-

ern lobe of Cranberry Island.

. decomposita Muhl. In two situations, at the base of a dead

Alder at the water’s edge of a small island bordering Cran-
berry Island on the east; and in the forest at the edge of a
marginal pond on the east side of Cranberry Island. Reported
for the state but no specimens in the State Herbarium up to
the finding of the plant on Cranberry bog.

. diandra Schranck. Near a small pool, eastern portion of bog-

meadow, Cranberry Island.

. diandra var. ramosa (Boott.) Same situation as the preceding.
. vulpinoides Michx. At the water’s edge of the long southern

lobe of Cranberry Island and in wet woods at margin of lake
and on wooded islands.

An Ecological Study of Buckeye Lake. 113

C. retroflexa Muhl. Thicket, Cranberry Island; and woods at
margin of lake.

C. sparganioides Muhl. Woods at margin of lake.

C. interior Bailey. Abundant and widely distributed in the shrub
and forest zones and at margin of bog-meadow, Cranberry
Island, and other wooded islands.

C. tribuloides Wahl. A very common species in wet situations on
the borders of the lake and islands.

C. alata Torr. Two situations on Cranberry Island, at the water’s
edge on the extreme southern lobe and at the edge of a pool
in the thicket on the east side.

Araceae.

Peltandra virginica (L.) Kunth. In the marsh zone associated
with Typha and Decodon of the shore and various islands
and also alone or associated with Pontederia cordata or
Bidens sp. in shallow water and on masses of peat.

Lemnaceae.

Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleid. Widely distributed in the
shallow waters of the lake and in ponds in the islands.

Lemna trisulca L. The most abundant and widely distributed
floating macrophyte, often completely filling shallow depres-
sions in Cranberry Island.

L. minor L. Associated with Lemna trisulca in the ponds of
Cranberry Island and other shallow water.

Wollfia columbiana Karst. In several ponds in the thicket, Cran-
berry Island.

W. punctata Griseb. Associated with W. columbiana, Cranberry
Island.

Wolffiella floridana (J. D. Sm.) Thomp. First discovered in 1906
in a small pool southeast side of bog-meadow at inner mar-
gin of thicket. Later in a larger marginal pool.

114. Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

Pontederiaceae.

Pontederia cordata L. In shallow water north of Cranberry
Island and in southern portion of lake.

Heteranthera dubia (Jacq.) MacM. In shallow water and on
mud flats at margin of Orchard and State Journal Islands
and north of Cranberry Island.

Juncaceae.

Juncus effusus L. Bog-meadow, occupying areas of high water
level as in paths, Cranberry Island. Central portion of Lewis
Island.

J. tenuis Willd. Common in grassy places on islands and the
shore.

J. brachycephalus(Engelm.) Buch. In a wet depression in the
southwestern portion of the Bog-meadow, Cranberry Island.

J. canadensis J. Gay. Associated with Carex limosa in a small
pool of the bog-meadow, Cranberry Island.

Liliaceae.

Allium tricoccum Ait. Woods, Lewis and Rabbit Islands.

A. canadense L. Abundant at the edge of the wooded zone on
north side of Lieb’s Island along south shore of lake.

Erythronium americanum Ker. Very abundant in the rich woods
north shore of Crane’s pond.

EK. albidum Nutt. Associated with but less abundant than E.
americanum

Vagnera racemosa (L.) Morong. Common in woods at margin
of lake, and on islands.

Salomonia biflora (Walt.) Britt. Wooded margins of the lake.

S. commutata (R. & S.) Britt. Shrub zone along eastern margin
of lake.

Smilax rotundifolia L. Woods, Rabbit Island.

S. hispida Muhl. Woods, Rabbit Island and east shore of lake.

An Ecological Study of Buckeye Lake. 115

Dioscoraceae.
Dioscorea villosa L. In woods eastern margin of lake at Avon-
dale.
Iridaceae
Iris versicolor L. Margin of forest zone at mouth of Honey
creek and in swampy wood north of Lakeside.

Orchidaceae.

Habenaria clavellata (Mx.) Spreng. Common in forest of Cran-
berry Island and in the Sphagnum bog Island No. 2.

H. lacera (Michx.) R. Br. Frequent in wooded border Cranberry
Island. In the center of Lewis Island the orchid was grow-
ing among Solidago.

H. leucophaea ( Nutt.) Gray. Two plants found in thicket south-
east side Cranberry Island.

Pogonia ophioglossoides (L.) Ker. Quite generally distributed
in the thicket and in the Bog-meadow near margin of thicket,
Cranberry Island.

Calopogon pulchellus (Sw.) R. Br. Abundant near the margin
of the Bog-meadow, Cranberry Island.

Arethusa bulbosa L. Near the margin of the Bog-meadow, Cran-
berry Island.

Gyrostachys cernua (L.) Kuntze. Thicket southeast portion of
Cranberry Island.

Dicotylae.

Salicaceae.

Populus deltoides Marsh. Buckeye Park, margin of Crane’s
pond and levee north and west shores of lake.

Salix nigra Marsh. The most widely distributed species at the
margins of the islands and lake, along the canal and on the
levee.

S. alba L. Next to S. nigra the most common and widely dis-
tributed Salix.

S. sericea Marsh. Margin of thicket, Cranberry Island.

S. petiolaris J. E. Smith. Margin of thicket, Cranberry Island,
and other smaller islands more abundant than the preceding.

116 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

S. discolor Muhl. Most abundant and widely distributed shrub
Salix. Shores and margins of islands.

Juglandaceae.

Juglans nigra L. An occasional tree on the levee, north shore
of lake.

Hicoria minima (Marsh.) Britt. Forest zone, Orchard Island.

H. ovata (Mill.) Britt. Quite generally distributed along the
borders of the lake and on the forested islands.

Betulaceae.

Carpinus carolinianus Walt. One tree on Rabbit Island.

Alnus rugosa (DuRoi) Spreng. One of the dominant shrubs of
the forest and thicket of Cranberry and other swampy islands
in the eastern portion of the lake. Occurring also as isolated,
often half dead shrubs in the bog-meadow of Cranberry
Island.

Fagaceae.

Fagus americana Sweet. A dominant tree of the forest north of
Cranberry Island and of Rabbit Island and Buckeye Point.

Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh. A lane of trees (planted) on
Lieb’s Island.

Quercus bicolor Willd. Sparingly on the levee, north side of
lake.

Q. rubra L. Sparingly on the levee, north side of lake, and wood
north of Cranberry Island.

Q. palustris Moench. The most abundant and widely distributed
oak. Besides occurring everywhere along the shore and
wooded islands it has also invaded the bog. One young tree
and many seedlings are growing on Cranberry Island and also
seedlings on the Sphagnum bog Island No. 2.

Q. imbricaria Mx. Not as abundant but quite as generally dis-
tributed as Q. palustris.

An Ecological Study of Buckeye Lake. Le

Ulmaceae.

Ulmus americana L. Abundant and widely distributed, the domi-
nant tree in the forest zone of the lake shores and islands.
Has not yet invaded the bog.

U. fulva Mx. Sparingly on the levee, Orchard and other wooded
islands.

Celtis occidentalis L. A few trees on the levee along north
shore of lake, in woods near Avondale, and one tree on
Rabbit Island.

Moraceae.

Morus rubra L. Orchard Island.
Humulus lupulus L. One vine east shore of lake south of
Avondale.
Urticaceae.

Urtica dioica L. A very common herb in the forest zone of the
shore, Lewis and Charleston Islands.

Urtica gracilis Ait. Forest zone, islands and shore.

Adicea pumila (L.) Raf. Common in thicket at margins of
pools Cranberry Island, swampy woods along the shore and
on other islands.

Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Willd. Common and very generally
distributed in swampy woods and in the bog thicket of Cran-
berry Island.

Polygonaceae.

Rumex brittanica L. Common in marsh zone Cranberry Island.

R. crispus L. Rather common along the margin of the lake.

R, verticillatus L. At water’s edge, Cranberry Island.

R. obtusifolius L. Orchard Island, forest zone. Lieb’s Island,
ruderale zone.

Polygonum hartwrightii A. Gray. Zone of ruderals north side of
Lieb’s Island.

P. emersum (Mx.) Britt. Abundant and widely distributed,
grows in the lake at a depth of 514 feet, fotms large mats in
shallower water, forms well defined zones along shores and
grows also on exposed mud flats.

118 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

P. persicaria L. Zone of ruderals, Lieb’s Island.

iz, pobeacraoren Ill, (Ue, were lal, Is, 1.) Ika Shirtlo zone ancl av
margins of pools Cranberry Island; on mud flats of other
islands and the shore of lake.

P. hydropiperoides Michx. Thicket, Cranberry Island.

P. sagittatum L. Mud flat of cove east of Summerland beach.

P. arifolium L. In mud at water’s edge of shrub zone and margin
of pools in the south side of Cranberry Island.

Amaranthaceae.
Amaranthus ‘hybridus L. Small island north of Cranberry
Island, Polygonum-Scirpus society, Orchard Island.
Acnida tamariscina (Nutt.) Wood. On mud of small island
north of Cranberry Island.

Portulacaceae.
Claytonia virginica L. Abundant in woods north of lake.
Portulaca oleracea L. Cultivated fields bordering the lake.

Nymphaeaceae.

Nymphaea advena Soland. Quite generally distributed in shallow
sequestered portions of the lake, most abundant in the
extreme northern and southern lobes; two small clumps
stranded in Cranberry bog.

Castalia tuberosa (Paine) Greene. Abundant and widely dis-
tributed, often associated with Nelumbo lutea growing at a
deptlt Oi 5 neck:

Nelumbo lutea (Willd.) Pers. The most conspicuous in point
of numbers, size and attractiveness of plant, fixed aquatic
in the lake. Covering large areas in water down to 5% feet
deep in all portions of the lake except the extreme northern
lobe.

Ceratophyllaceae.

Ceratophyllum demersum L. Forms dense and extensive sub-
merged mats in ponds in the bog, in more or less protected
coves of the lake, and less copious along the shores of lake
and islands.

An Ecological Study of Buckeye Lake. sate)

Anonaceae.
Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal. Woods, Rabbit Island.

Ranunculaceae.

Caltha palustris L. Swamp woods south shore of lake.

Syndesmon thalictroides. (L.) Hoffmg. Woods, north border of
lake.

Batrachium trichophyllum (Chaix.) Bossch. In a small pool
southeast side of Cranberry Island, quite abundant south of
the bridge in the extreme southeast lobe of lake west of
Thornville station.

B. divaricatum (Schrank.) Wimm. (Ranunculus circinatus.) In
shallow water in southern lobe of lake.

Berberidaceae.

Caulophyllum thalictroides (L.) Michx. Quite abundant in the
woods on Rabbit Island and Buckeye Point.

Lauraceae.
Benzoin benzoin (L.) Coult. Rabbit Island.

Papaveraceae.

Bicuculla cucullaria (L.) Millsp. Woods bordering north shore
of lake.
Cruciferae.

Lepidium campestre (L.) R. Br. Common in fields along shore
of lake.

Roripa palustris (L.) Bess. Quite common near the water’s
edge of the shrub zone, Cranberry Island.

R. americana (A. Gr.) Britt. Shrub zone Cranberry Island.

Cardamine pennsylvanica Muhl. Marsh back of levee, Seller’s
Point.

C. bulbosa (Schreb.) B. S. P. Abundant in wet situations in the
shrub zone, Cranberry Island.

Dentaria laciniata Muhl. Rich wet woods north of Crane pond.

120 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

Droseraceae.
Drosera rotundifolia L. Common and widely distributed in the
bog-meadow, associated with Sphagnum, Cranberry Island
and Cranberry Island No. 2.

Penthoraceae.

Penthorum sedoides L. Hibiscus zone, cove east of Summerland
beach and also wooded islands and low shores.

Platanaceae.

Platanus occidentalis L. Occurs on the levee and on low shores.
Rwatreqtlentatiee.

Rosaceae.

Rubus occidentalis L. Shrub zone Lieb’s Island.

R. nigrobaccus Bailey. Common and very generally distributed
along the lake shore and islands.

R. hispidus L. East end of small Sphagnum-bog island.

Comarum palustre L. Common in the shrub and forest zones of
Cranberry Island.

Potentilla monspeliensis L. Ruderal zone, cove east of Sum-
merland beach.

Geum canadense Jacq. Widely distributed on low ground of
margin of lake and islands.

Rosa carolina L. Very abundant in the marsh zone of the cran-
berry bog, Orchard and other islands.

Malus malus (L.) An occasional tree planted on the levee
and forming a lane of alternating Apple and Chestnut trees
on Lieb’s Island.

Aronia arbutifolia (L.) Medic. Generally distributed thru the
thicket and forest zones of Cranberry Islands 1 and 2,

A. atropurpurea Britt. In thicket Cranberry Island, but less
common than A. arbutifolia.

A. nigra (Willd.) Britt. Quite generally distributed in the shrub
and forest zones of Cranberry Island.

An Ecological Study of Buckeye Lake. 121

Crataegus sp. One tree in wood north of Cranberry Island.

Prunus americana Marsh. East embankment of Southwest Feeder
where it is abundant over a small area.

P. serotina Ehrh. Formerly one of the large and quite abundant
forest trees in the vicinity of the lake. A fair number still
remains. It has also invaded the Cranberry bog, on which in
the forest of the east side is one young tree.

Amygdalus persica L. An occasional tree planted near cottages.

Leguminosae.
Gleditsia triacanthos L. Common along the levee and shores of
the lake and the larger islands.
Meibomia viridiflora (L.) Kuntze. Forest, Orchard Island.
Lathyrus palustris var. linearifolius Ser. Sparingly at margins of
pools in eastern and southeastern portions of Cranberry
Islands.
Apios apios (L.) MacM. Quite abundant in the thicket, Cran-
berry Island.
Oxalidaceae.
Oxalis cymosa Small. Common in woods of shores and islands.
O. stricta L. Quite as common and generally distributed as O.
cymosa, more common in drier situations.

Euphorbiaceae.

Euphorbia corollata L. Dry ground at edge of marsh west of the
Baltimore and Ohio rail road tracks, south of Avondale.

Anacardiaceae.

Rhus glabra L. On Orchard, State Journal, Lewis and Lieb’s
islands and along the embankment of southwest feeder of
the canal.

R. vernix L. The most abundant and widely distributed shrub
on Cranberry and several smaller islands to the east. It
finds optimum conditions in the wooded zone but numerous
stunted, half dead shrubs are scattered thru the bog- meadow
of Cranberry Island.

122 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

R. radicans L. The most common liane on the forested shores
and islands.

Ilicaceae.

Ilex verticillata Ait. Quite abundant near the water’s edge of the
forest zone of Cranberry Island.

Celastraceae.

Celastrus scandens L. Copse east side of Lieb’s Island and woods
south shore of lake.

Aceraceae.

Acer saccharinum L. An occasional tree along the levee and in
the park.

A. rubrum L. Of general distribution along the shores and on the
islands, the only tree occurring abundantly on the bog
island.

A. saccharum Marsh. Wood, shore of lake north of Cranberry
Island.

A. negundo L. Woods north of Crane pond.

Balsaminaceae.

Impatiens biflora Walt. Very common and abundant in the
marsh along shores of lake and islands.

Rhamnaceae.

Rhamnus lanceolata Pursh. East embankment of Southwest
Feeder.

Vitaceae.

Vitis labrusca L. Quite common in forest along shores and on
islands.

V. aestivalis Mx. Same situations as V. labrusca.

Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. Forest, Orchard
Island.

An Ecological Study of Buckeye Lake. 123:

Malvaceae.

Malva rotundilfolia L. Along the levee, door yards of cottages
and in fields.

Hibiscus moscheutos L. A common and conspicuous plant in the
marsh.

Hypericaceae.

Hypericum perforatum L. Transition zone between marsh and
ruderales cove east of Summerland beach.

H. multilum L. North shore of Orchard Island in the Poly-
gonum-Scirpus society.

Triadenum virginicum (L.) Raf. An abundant plant in the
marsh and thicket of Cranberry Island and the Sphagnum-
bog Island No. 2.

Violaceae.

Viola papilionacea Pursh. Woods along the shore.

VY. blanda Willd. In the thicket generally at margins of pools,.
sparingly at margins of pools in open zone, Cranberry Island
and Sphagnum-bog Island No. 2.

Lythraceae.

Decodon verticillatus (L.) Ell. A common and widespread’
marsh shrub.

Onagraceae.

Epilobium strictum Muhl. Scatteringly at margins of the island’
and of pools, south and east sides of Cranberry Island. In
Hibiscus-Typha society on south side of Orchard Island.

Onagra biennis (L.) Scop. A common ruderal of lake shores and’
the drier open portions of some islands as Crawford’s. In
1910 two plants were found in the bog beside a fallen maple
on the cleared southern lobe of Cranberry Island.

Haloragidaceae.
Proserpinaca palustris L. Two plants were found in 1gro in the-
shallow water at western margin of southern lobe of Cran--
berry Island.

124 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

Myriophyllum spicatum L. In shallow water near the north,
west and extreme southern portions of the lake.

Umbelliferae.

Sanicula canadensis L. Lewis Island.

Cicuta bulbifera L. Marsh of Cranberry and Orchard Islands.

Sium cicutaefolium Gmel. Thicket, southern lobe of Cranberry
Island, and small swampy islands to the southeast.

Angelica atropurpurea L. Abundant in willow zone, mouth of
Honey creek.

Cornaceae.

Cornus florida L. Rattlesnake Island and wooded hills, east shore
of lake.

C. stolonifera Michx. A common shrub! at the water’s edge of
Cranberry Island; forming the beginning of a shrub zone
on other islands and along the shores of lake and bank of

canal.
Nyssa sylvatica Marsh. One tree found on wooded hill, east

shore of lake.
Vacciniaceae.
Gaylussacia resinosa (Ait.) T. & G. A few small areas on north
side of Cranberry Island forming a low shrub or heath zone.
Oxycoccus macrocarpus (Ait.) Pers. A dominant plant of the
bog-meadow, Cranberry Islands I and II.

Primulaceae.
Samolus floribundus H. B. K. Marsh, Lewis Island.
Lysimachia nummularia L. Margin of wood, east shore of lake,
south of Avondale.
Naumbergia thyrsiflora (L.) Duby. Quite abundant in the forest
zone of Cranberry Island.

Oleaceae.
Fraxinus americana L, Of general distribution on wooded shores
and larger islands.

An Ecological Study of Buckeye Lake. 125

F,. nigra Marsh. In situations similar to that in which F. Ameri-
cana occurs but not so abundant.

Gentianaceae.

Bartonia virginica (L.) B.S. P. Very abundant in and character-
istic of the bog thicket and forest of Cranberry and Sphag-
num-bog Islands.

Menyanthaceae.

Menyanthes trifoliata L. Abundantly distributed thru the thicket
and places of high water level in bog-meadow of Cranberry
and Sphagnum-bog Islands.

Apocynaceae.
Apocynum cannabinum L. Marsh border of forest zone, Lewis
Island.
Asclepiadaceae.
Asclepias incarnata L. General in swamp woods of the shores,

forested and bog islands.
A. syriaca L. Ruderal zone Lieb’s Island.

Convolvulaceae.

Convolvulus sepium L. Common and generally distributed,
abundant in open margin of Cranberry Island.

Cuscutaceae.
Cuscuta gronovit Willd. Abundant and widely distributed on
Impatiens biflora, Decodon verticillatus and other hosts at
the margin of many of the swamp islands.

Polemoniaceae.
Phlox paniculata L. Roadside, Shell beach.
P. divaricata L. General in woods of shores and several of the
islands.

126 = Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

Verbenaceae.

Verbena urticifolia L. Forest, Orchard Island; ruderal society
cove east of Summerland beach.

V.hastata L. Ruderal society ; Charleston Island.

Lippia lanceolata Michx. Common on dry shores and drier por-
tions of islands.

Labiatae.

‘Teucrium canadense L. Generally distributed in copses and
thickets of the shore and islands.

Scutellaria lateriflora L. Very common in open margins of
thickets adjacent to pools, Cranberry Island; and at edge of
marsh, east shore of lake south of Avondale.

S. incana Muhl. Roadside, Shell Beach.

Nepeta cataria L. Edges of fields and roadsides.

‘Glechoma hederacea L. Abundant as ground cover in the forest
zone, south shore of lake.

Stachys aspera Michx. Low ground south shore of lake.

Hedeoma pulegioides (L.) Pers. Forest zone, Orchard Island
and other open woods.

Lycopus virginicus L. In thicket at edge of pools southeast side
of Cranberry Island.

Lycopus americanus Muhl. Common on low shores and islands.

Mentha spicata L. Abundant in the willow zone, shore of Honey
creek,

M. piperita L. Associated with M. spicata, shore of Honey

creek,

M. canadensis L. (M. arvensis var canadensis) Quite abund-
ant in the thicket of the southern part of Cranberry Island.

Solanaceae.

Solanum nigrum L. Lewis Island and in the fields along the
shore of the lake.

S. duleamara L. Very abundant climbing on the shrubs at the
outer margin of most of the islands and also quite common
along shore.

An Ecological Study of Buckeye Lake. Wd

Datura stramonium L. Among the weeds, center of Charleston
Island.

Scrophulariaceae.

Verbascum blattaria L. Ruderal zone, edge of cultivated field,
Lieb’s Island.
Chelone glabra L. Two plants were found (1910) at the margin
of the Cranberry bog. Shore north of Cranberry Island.
Gratiola virginiana L. Marsh north of Seller’s Point.
Ilysanthes gratioloides Benth. (J. dubia (L.) Barnhart) Ne-
lumbo-Polygonum society south shore Orchard Island.
Veronica peregrina L. Ruderal-zone north side of Lieb’s Island.
Afzelia macrophylla (Nutt.) Kuntze. Quite common along the
embankments of the east and northeast shores of the lake.
Gerardia paupercula (A. Gr.) Britt. Quite frequent in margins
of thickets bordering pools on the south and southeast sides
of Cranberry Island.

Lentibulariaceae.

Utricularia vulgaris L. Forms dense mats in small, shallow
pools of the bog-meadow. Occurs also in the marsh of the
southern lobe of the lake at Thornville Station.

U. minor L. Occurs frequently associated with Spirodela and
Lemna in several small, shallow pools in the souther portion
of the bog-meadow, Cranberry Island.

Orobanchaceae.

Leptamnium virginianum (L.) Raf. On Beech roots, Rabbit
Island.

Acanthaceae.

Dianthera americana L. Forms a rather dense growth over a
small area at the western margin of the southern lobe of
Cranberry Island, also quite abundant on Elm and smaller
islands to the southeast of Cranberry Island.

128 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

Plantaginaceae.

Plantago rugeli1 Dec. Ruderal-zone north side of Lieb’s Island.
Common on the lawns of Summerland Beach, the Park, and
other places.

Rubiaceae.

Cephalanthus occidentalis L. A common swamp shrub, very gen-
erally distributed.

Galium circaezans Michx. Center of Lewis Island.

G. trifidum L. Generally distributed on low, wet shores and in
the Cranberry bog in the southern part where there are many
pools.

G. concinnum T. & G. Lewis Island.

G. asprellum Michx. Thicket among the pools southern portion
of Cranberry Island.

Caprifoliaceae.

Sambucus canadensis L. In the forest and shrub zones of Cran-
berry Island and other islands and lake shore, common and
widely distributed.

Valerianaceae.

Valerianella chenopodifolia (Pursh.) DC. Ruderal-zone north
side of Lieb’s Island.

Dipsacaceae.

Dipsacus sylvestris Huds. A common and conspicuous member
of the ruderal societies on Lieb’s Island, cove east of Sum-
merland beach, shore of Honey creek and also where the
woods of the shores border on the fields.

Cucurbitaceae.

Micrampeles lobata (Michx.) Greene. Shrub zone, Orchard
Island.

An Ecological Study of Buckeye Lake. 129

Campanulaceae.

Campanula aparinoides Pursh. Associated with Galium trifidum
in the more open thickets at the edges of pools in the southern
part of Cranberry Island.

Specularia perfoliata (L.) A. DC. Edge of forest border south
of Avondale on margin of lake.

Cichoriaceae.

Taraxacum taraxacum (L.) Karst. Door yards of cottages and
in meadows.

Lactuca scariola L. Margin in levee north and west shores of
lake.

Canadensis L. Baltimore and Ohio railroad embankment at
edge of marsh east side of lake.

Ambrosiaceae.

Ambrosia trifida L. Very abundant at inner margin of forest
zone where it abuts on the cultivated field, Lieb’s Island. A
common weed in other ruderal societies.

A. artemisiaefolia L. Very common and generally distributed in
drier situations as railroad embankments, the levee, and
door yards.

Xanthium spinosum L. Western portion of Charleston Island.

Compositae.

Vernonia noveboracensis (L.) Willd. Ruderal-zone western por-
tion of Charleston Island.

Eupatorium perfoliatum L. Common on low, wet, open ground.
Not a bog plant but was found in 1910 on the extreme
southern lobe of the bog.

E. ageratoides Lf. Quite common in the forest zone of the
shores and islands and has also invaded the southeastern
portion of Cranberry-bog.

130 Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science.

Solidago uliginosa Nutt. Of frequent occurrence in the shrub
and forest zones of Cranberry Island and the other bog
islands.

S. patula Muhl. Sphagnum bog Island No. 2.

S. canadensis L. In the Scirpus zone of Lieb’s Island; abundant
on Lewis and other islands and also on low, wet ground
along shore.

Aster puniceus L. Of frequent occurrence in the inner margin
of the wooded belt of Cranberry Island; also on the Sphag-
num bog Island No. 2.

A. puniceus var. lucidulus Gray. One specimen collected by
Walter Fischer on Cranberry Island.

A. paniculatus Lam. Quite generally distributed in the thicket
and in the open bog on the south and southeast sides of
Cranberry Island.

A. ericoides L. Ruderal zone west side of Charleston Island.

Erigeron canadensis L. Common at edges of fields and drier
situations in forest zones. It has also invaded the eastern
border of the southern portion of the bog.

Polymnia canadensis L. Quite abundant in forest of Rabbit
Island.

Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk. Growing in the mud of a small mar-
ginal island north of the Cranberry bog.

Helianthus tuberosa L. Edge of marsh, east shore of lake south
of Avondale.

Verbesina alternifolia (L.) Britt. Ruderal zone west side of
Charleston Island.
Bidens cernua L. Abundant and widely distributed in the marsh
areas, wherever masses of exposed peat are carpeted with
vegetation. Occurs also on floating rotten logs and exposed

root masses.

B. comosa (A. Gr.) Wiegand. Western margin of southern lobe
of Cranberry Island.

B. discoidea (T. & G.) Britt. Very abundant on exposed peat
shelves at the margin of Cranberry Island; on floating logs
and also on the stalks and exposed masses of Typha and

An Ecological Study of Buckeye Lake. 131

Hibiscus; also on masses of exposed peat in the lake. This
species with B. cernua and B. frondosa forms a veritable
golden carpet over masses of peat which come to the sur-
face in the lake. The Bidens is successful even before the
surface of the peat is wholly exposed They are generally as-
sociated with Echinochloa waltert.

B. frondosa L. Near outer margin of marsh of the southern
lobe of Cranberry Island and on exposed masses of peat
in the lake.

B. trichosperma (Mx.) Britt. Common in the shrub zone of the
southeastern border of Cranberry Island.

B, trichosperma tenuiloba (A. Gr.) Britt. Local. At the margin
of a pool in the southeastern side of Cranberry Island.

Achillea millefolium L. Generally distributed in edge of forest
zones and fields and on the levee.

Erechtites hieracifolia (L.) Raf. Two plants found in the
thicket north side of Cranberry Island. Quite common along
the shore north of the island; also on Orchard Island.

Arctium minus Schk. A common and widely distributed ruderal.

Carduus lanceolatus L. Occurs sparingly in the forest zone Or-
chard Island.

The following is a list of plants which I have not found, nor
are there specimens of them in the State herbarium, but they have
been reported for Buckeye Lake by Herbert L. Jones in his cat-
alogue of Phanerogams and Ferns of Licking County.

Aquilegia canadensis L. Rare. Reservoir and on the islands.

Rosa setigera Michx. Borders of swamp. Reservoir.

Cornus amonum Mill. (C. sericea.) Along the banks of the
Reservoir.

Viburnum lentago L. Common in the swamps.

Helenium autumnale. Not common.

Gerardia tenuifolia Vahl. Cranberry Marsh.

Alnus incana (L.) Willd. Cranberry Marsh.

Valisneria spiralis L. Abundant in Licking Reservoir.

132 Proceedings of the Oluo State Academy of Science.

Juncus nodosus var. megacephalus M. A. Curtis. Licking Reser-
voir.

Cyperus inflexus Muhl, (C. aristatus Boeckl.) Licking Reser-
voir,

Rhynchospora glomerata (L.) Vahl. Licking Reservoir,

Poa flava L. (P. serotina Ehrh.) Abundant at Licking Reser-
voir.

Ilo

IO.

Il.

An Ecological Study of Buckeye Lake. 133

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