hat nf pata, if Witte et hey Lal yr 7 vai pity by) aye hd Ty i titatad be ha oe i ati re Wi wen Nia hin ht podria Ajod rages itt ok ahh Burd shad ta bed, seth Wi haae th) rm) ' Metre hia eres) aera IC} vibe hk ne Ca 114s jane 4 Caran et Tt ie ipouhy veils ‘i diysheded aye! shapes Hy mde vf Aa Pi ony ty ; ie baler rs tebe de fad aged! enter ane oe Ate wat atte be veri Haw ved eh pri a bes Petter nares Mig fue i i His aircaen aa ah 0b 8 yore at abe by oF Hiede ive lig: aaah EAT Hivesht eb oo slag snd fate ‘nea be Lae pie nutte ee a 408) etry jasegt inte ata ry we } bean ddr tee eri hut jeded iti oe hehe By He ee Pe te dahed aye | eipane rat ae a Hy seh tin te Pacer eet i ” aban Bay i ian et caer ivaeteletebeta et + ty hh i i) A si } AE eh batted be Et) ise nu 4 day ee i oat 4 i satire httS ‘ame Ha 94) ue een va tata ere a4 Aah a ah ay Beh ie ie} ‘ vas ‘ jieatiine a ieee ar dud itis ELAN er hula ess that ettedt bathtae me ern sap Al itt ete PAR Le Heit hee : Hey saat Shei pan iy sie le 4° eran rere’ ae rity Mh ian Teehede is an rasa tate ‘be y Coane wag vipeMottee dane it f tht aye “4 cy sees a ey k eae eae citaee sie ny ba ' _ Pets nn i i ij ala eg 8 it Lays hg the Manat] sat ¢, et Hy Ae Pa . : 1 ah, f 5 iy sa a Shee in ‘ie? 7 61st CONGRESS | , AC ENT APT UES DocuMENT © gd Seasion ” HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES No. 1507 \ __U, S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, : | BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. A. D, MELVIN, CHIEF OF BUREAU. SPECIAL -REPORYT ON DISEASES OF CATTLE, BY Drs. ATKINSON, DICKSON, HARBAUGH, HICKMAN, LAW, LOWE, . MOHLER, MURRAY, PEARSON, RANSOM, SALMON, SMITH, and TRUMBOWER. REVISED EDITION, 1912 is \ H scot ae a ~ WASHINGTON: BT dete 0 Oaaen GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. : . ; Ne ON eA om yam 61sr CONGRESS 2 2 DocuMENT 2 Session \ HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES No. 1507 Be > DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, \A.S. BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. a) A. D. MELVIN, CHIEF OF BUREAU. SPECI Ar’ REPORT LS ON Pe, Patni (lr «GAT TLE. BY Drs. ATKINSON, DICKSON, HARBAUGH, HICKMAN, LAW, LOWE, MOHLER, MURRAY, PEARSON, RANSOM, SALMON, SMITH, and TRUMBOWER. REVISED EDITION, 1912 WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1912. Copy AN ORGANIZATION OF THE BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. Chief: A. D. MELVIN. Assistant Chief: A. M. FARRINGTON. Chief Clerk: CHARLES C. CARROLL. Animal Husbandry Division: GEORGE M. RomMEL, chief. Biochemie Division: M. Dorset, chief. Dairy Division: B. H. Rawt, chief. Inspection Division: Rice P. Sreppom, chief; Morris Woonden, R. A. RAMSAY, and ALprert E. BEHNKE, associate chiefs. Pathological Division: JoHN R. MOHLER, chief. Quarantine Division: RicHARD W. Hickman, chief. Zoological Division: B. H. RANsom, chief. Experiment Station: E. C. ScHROEDER, Superintendent. Editor: JTamMrus M. PICKENS. 2 AUC & 1919 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. Unitep States DerartMENT or AGRICULTURE, Bureau or ANIMAL INDUsTRY, Washington, D. C., September 27, 1911. Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith a copy of the Special Report on Diseases of Cattle, prepared for reprinting in accordance with the following resolution, approved March 4, 1911: Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That there be printed and bound in cloth one hundred thousand copies of the Special Report on the Diseases of Cattle, the same to be first revised and brought to date, under the supervision of the Secretary of Agriculture, seventy thousand copies for use of the House of Representatives and thirty thousand copies for use of the Senate. The original edition of this work was published in 1892, since which time there has been such a demand for copies that several edi- tions have been printed by order of Congress. It was revised in 1904 and again in 1908. For the new edition authorized by the foregoing resolution it has been found necessary to make only a few slight changes. While the work is of a popular character and is intended primarily for the use of the farmer and the stock owner, it will doubtless also continue to be found useful to the student and the veterinary prac- titioner. Respectfully, A. D. Metvin, Chief of Bureau. Hon. James WILson, Secretary of Agriculture. CONTENTS: Administration of medicines. By LEoNarRD PEARSON..............---------- Diseases of the digestive organs. By A. J. MURRAY......../......-..-.....-- fowous. and powonine.. By V.'T ATKINSON S62! 5: bang -edediid sks Bedok 622 Diseases of the heart, blood vessels, and lymphatics. By LEonarp PEARSON. Noncontagious diseases of the organs of respiration. By Wim11AM HERBERT Diseases of the nervous system. By W. H. HarBauGu..................---- Diseases of the urinary organs. By JamEs Law.....-.......-..--.---2------- Diseases of the generative organs. By Jamies LAw...................------- Diseases following parturition. By James Law.......-...........----------- Piseases of young calves. By Jamus Daw... ...2-c2.0¢ --sce acme en eas soe Bones: Diseases and accidents. By V. T. ATKINSON...............--.------- Surgical operations. By Wri11am Dickson and WrmiiaAM Herpert Lowe... Tumors affecting cattle. By Joun R. MontsEr............ eee ae Diseases of the skin. By M. R. TRUMBOWER:< +3 -\sjoeee cee ccteteesees. lil. Pscases ot the foot.; By M. R.. TRUMBOWER -o25): VOMITING. This is not to be confounded with rumination, though some writers have advanced the opinion that vomiting is merely a disordered and irregular rumination. It is not of common occurrence in cattle, though it sometimes occurs. cmpeeds a =p nt nae So Ne KR as AT 9 Late se 30 - DISEASES OF CATTLE. Symptoms.—Animals which vomit are frequently in poor condition. After having eaten tranquilly for some time the animal suddenly becomes uneasy, arches the back, stretches the neck and head, and then suddenly ejects 10 or 12 pounds of the contents of the rumen. After having done this the uneasiness subsides, and in a short time the animal resumes eating as if nothing had happened. Cause.—The cause of this disordered state of the digestive system in cattle is usually obscure, but has in some cases been traced to a partial closure of the opening into the second stomach or to a disten- tion of the esophagus. It has been found to occur when there was cancerous disease of the fourth stomach, and experimentally it has been shown that a suspension of digestion or great derangement of the fourth stomach produces considerable nervous disorder of the rumen and sometimes vomiting or attempt to vomit. Treatment.—Easily digested food and plenty of water should be given. Fear and excitement, chasing, or hurrying animals after eat- ing heartily are apt to bring on this result. In order to overcome irritation which may produce vomiting, the following draft should be given: Hydrate of chloral, half an ounce; whisky, 8 ounces; water, 1 pint. The dose must be repeated when the condition of the animal seems to require it. Asa rule, treatment is not successful. DEPRAVED APPETITE (PICA). Cattle suffering from this disease have a capricious and variable appetite as regards their ordinary food, but evince a strong desire to lick and eat substances for which healthy cattle show no inclination. Alkaline and saline-tasting substances are especially attractive to cattle having a depraved appetite, and they frequently lick lime, earth, coal, gravel, and even the dung of other cattle. Cows in calf and young cattle are especially liable to develop these symptoms. Animals affected in this way lose condition, their coat is staring, gait slow, and small vesicles containing yellow liquid form under the tongue; the milk given by such cows is thin and watery. Such ani- mals become restless and uneasy, as is indicated by frequent bellow- ing. The disease may last for months, the animal ultimately dying emaciated and exhausted. Depraved appetite frequently precedes the condition in which the bones of cattle become brittle and fracture easily, which is known as osteomalacia. Causes.—It is generally believed, from the fact that this disease is largely one of regions, that some condition of the soil and water and of the local vegetation is responsible for it. It is more prevalent some years than others and is most common in old countries, where the soil is more or less depleted. Cattle pastured on low, swampy land become predisposed to it. It occasionally happens, however, that one individual in a herd suffers though all are fed alike; in such DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. ap | cases the disease must arise from an imperfect assimilation by, the affected animal of the nutritive elements of the food which is supplied to it. Treatment.—The aim in such cases must be to improve the process of digestion and to supply the animal with a sufficiency of sound and wholesome food. The following should be given to the cow three times a day, a heaping tablespoonful constituting a dose: Carbonate of iron, 4 ounces; finely ground bone or “ bone flour,” 1 pound; pow- dered gentian, 4 ounces; common salt, 8 ounces; powdered fenugreek, 4 ounces; mix. In addition to this, 3 tablespoonfuls of powdered charcoal may be mixed with the animal’s food three times a day, and a piece of rock salt should be placed where the animal can lick it at will. German veterinarians have had brilliant results from the treat- ment of this disease with subcutaneous injections of apomorphine in doses of 14 to 5 grains for three or four days. HAIR CONCRETIONS. These concretions, or hair balls, result from the habit which some cattle have of licking themselves or other animals. As a result the hairs which are swallowed are carried round by the contractions of the stomach and gradually assume the form of a small pellet, or ball. This increases in size as fresh quantities of hair are introduced into the stomach, which become adherent to the surface of the hair ball. These hair balls are found most frequently in the reticulum, or second stomach (Pl. II, B), though sometimese in the rumen. In calves hair balls are generally found in the fourth stocach. There are no certain symptoms by which we can determine the presence of hair balls in the stomach, and therefore no treatment can be recommended for such cases. In making post-mortem examinations of cattle, we have sometimes found the walls of the reticulum transfixed with nails or pieces of wire, and yet the animal during life had not shown any symptoms of indigestion, but had died from maladies not involving the second stomach. INDIGESTION (DYSPEPSIA, OR GASTRO-INTESTINAL CATARRH). Tympanites, already described, is a form of indigestion in which the chief symptom and most threatening condition is the collection of gas in the paunch. This symptom does not always accompany indi- gestion, so it is well here to consider other forms under a separate head. If indigestion is long continued the irritant abnormal prod- ucts developed cause catarrh of the stomach and intestines—gastro- intestinal catarrh. Or, on the other hand, irritant substances in- gested may cause gastro-intestinal catarrh, which, in turn, will cause indigestion. Hence it results that these several conditions are usually found existing together. 82 DISEASES OF CATTLE. Causes.—Irritant food, damaged food, overloading of the stomach, and sudden changes of diet may cause this disease. Want of exer- cise predisposes to it, or food which is coarse and indigestible may after a time produce this condition. Food which possesses astringent properties and tends to check secretion may also act as an exciting cause. Food in excessive quantity may lead to disorder of digestion and to this disease. It is very likely to appear toward the end of protracted seasons of drought, therefore a deficiency of water must be regarded as one of the conditions which favor its development. Symptoms.—Diminished appetite, rumination irregular, tongue coated, mouth slimy, dung passed apparently not well digested and smelling badly, dullness, and fullness of the flanks. The disease may in some cases assume a chronic character, and in addition to the foregoing symptoms slight bloating, or tympanites, of the left flank may be observed; the animal breathes with effort and each respira- tion may be accompanied by a grunt, the ears and horns are alter- nately hot and cold, rumination ceases, the usual rumbling sound in the stomach is not audible, the passage of dung is almost entirely suspended, and the animal passes only a little mucus occasionally. Sometimes there is alternating constipation and diarrhea. There is low fever in many cases. The disease continues a few days or a week in the mild cases while the severe cases may last several weeks. In the latter form the ema- ciation and loss of strength may be very great. There is no appe- tite, no rumination, or peristalsis. The mouth is hot and sticky, the eyes have receded in their sockets, and milk secretion has ceased. In such cases the outlook for recovery is unfavorable. The patient falls away in flesh and becomes weaker, as is shown by the fact that one frequently finds it lying down. On examining animals which have died of this disease it is found that the lining membrane of the fourth stomach and the intestines, particularly the small intestine, is red, swollen, streaked with deeper red or bluish lines, or spotted. The lining of the first three stomachs is more or less softened, and may easily be peeled off. The third stomach (psalter) contains dry, hard food masses closely adherent to its walls. In some cases the brain appears to become diserdered, probably from the pain and weakness and from the absorption of toxins gener- ated in the digestive canal. In such cases there is weakness and an unsteady gait, the animal does not appear to take notice of and will consequently run against obstacles; after a time it falls down and gives up to violent and disordered movements. This delirious condi- tion is succeeded by coma or stupor, and death ensues. Treatment.—Small quantities of roots, sweet silage, or selected grass or hay should be offered several times daily. Very little food DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 33 should be allowed. Aromatic and demulcent drafts may be given to produce a soothing effect on the mucous lining of the stomachs and to promote digestion. Two ounces of camomile flowers should be boiled for 20 minutes in a quart of water and the infusion on cooling should be given to the affected animal. This may be repeated about three times a day. When constipation is present the following purga- tive may be administered: One pound of Glauber’s salt dissolved in a quart of linseed tea and a pint of molasses. After this purgative has acted, if there is a lack of appetite and the animal does not ruminate regularly, the powder mentioned in remarks on the treat- ment of chronic tympanites may be given according to directions. The diet must be rather laxative and of a digestible character after an attack of this form of indigestion. Food should be given in mod- erate quantities, as any excess by overtaxing the digestive functions may bring on a relapse. Ice-cold water should be avoided. INDIGESTION FROM DRINKING COLD WATER (COLIC). This disorder is produced by drinking copiously of cold water, which arrests digestion and produces cramp of the fourth stomach, probably of the other stomachs, and also of the bowels. Causes.—It is not customary for the ox to drink much water at once. In fact, he usually drinks slowly and as if he were merely tast- ing the water, letting some fall out at the corners of his mouth at every mouthful. It would therefore seem to be contrary to the habits of the ox to drink largely; but we find that during hot weather, when he has been working and is consequently very thirsty, if he drinks a large quantity of cold water he may be immediately taken with a very severe colic. Cows which are fed largely on dry hay drink copiously, like the working ox, and become affected in precisely the same manner. In such cases they are seized with a chill or fit of trembling before the cramps come on. Symptoms.—There is some distention of the abdomen, but no accu- mulation of gas. As the distention and pain occur immediately after the animal has drunk the water. there can be no doubt as to the exciting cause. -Treatment.—Walk the animal about for 10 minutes before admin- istering medicine, as this allows time for a portion of the contents of the stomach to pass into the bowel, and renders it safer to give medi- cine. In many cases the walking exercise and the diarrhea bring about a spontaneous cure of this disorder, but as in some instances the cramps and pains of the stomachs persist, one may give 1 ounce of sulphuric ether and 1 ounce of tincture of opium, shaken up with a pint of warm water, and repeat the dose in half an hour if the ani- mal is not relieved. In an emergency when medicine is not to be had, 16923°—12——3 34 DISEASES OF CATTLE half a pint of whisky may be substituted for medicine, and should be given mixed with a pint of warm water; or a tablespoonful of pow- dered ginger may be administered in the same way as the remedies already mentioned. INDIGESTION IN CALVES (GASTRO-INTESTINAL CATARRH, DIARRHEA, OR SCOUR). Sucking calves are subject to a form of diarrhea to which the above designations have been applied. Causes.—Calves which suck their dams are not frequently affected with this disease, though it may be occasioned by their sucking at long intervals, and thus overloading the stomach and bringing on indigestion, or from improper feeding of the dam on soft, watery, or damaged foods. Suckling the calf at irregular times may also cause it. Exposure to damp and cold is a potent predisposing cause. Calves which are separated from their dams and which receive con- siderable quantities of cold milk at long intervals are liable to con- tract this form of indigestion. Calves fed on artificial food, used as a substitute for milk, frequently contract it. Damaged food, sour or rotten milk, milk in dirty cans, skim milk from a dirty creamery skim-milk vat, skim milk hauled warm, exposed to the sun, and fed from unclean buckets, may all cause this disease. Symptoms.—The calf is depressed; appetite is poor; sometimes there is fever; the extremities are cold. The dung becomes gradually softer and lighter in color until it is cream colored and little thicker than milk. It has a most offensive odor and may contain clumps of curd. Later it contains mucus and gas bubbles. It sticks to the hair of the tail and buttocks, causing the hair to drop off and the skin to become irritated. There may be pain on passing dung and also abdominal or colicky pain. The calf stands about with the back arched and belly contracted. There may be tympanites. Great weakness ensues in severe cases, and without prompt and successful treatment death soon follows. Treatment.—Remove the cause. Give appropriate food of best quality in small quantities. Make sure that the cow furnishing the milk is healthy and is properly fed. Clean all milk vessels. Clean and disinfect the stalls. For the diarrhea give two raw eggs, or a cup of strong coffee, or 2 ounces of blackberry brandy. If the case is severe, give 1 ounce of castor oil with a teaspoonful of creolin and 20 grains of subnitrate of bismuth. Repeat the bismuth and creolin with blackberry brandy and flaxseed tea every 4 hours. Tannopin may be used in dose of 15 to 30 grains. Calves artificially fed on whole or skim milk should receive only such milk as is sweet and has been handled in a sanitary manner. Milk should always be warmed to the body temperature before feed- DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 35 ing. When calves artificially milk fed develop diarrhea, the use of the following treatment has given excellent results in many cases: Immediately after milking, or the separation of the skim milk from the cream, formalin should be added to the milk which is used for feeding in the proportion of 1 to 4,000, which may be closely approxi- mated by adding 4 drops of the formalin to each quart of milk. This medicated milk should be fed to the calf in the usual quantity. When the diarrhea is not controlled by this treatment in three or four days, the additional use of some of the agents recommended above may assist in a recovery. INFECTIOUS DIARRHEA; WHITE SCODR. [See chapter on Diseases of Young Calves, p. 252.] GASTRO-ENTERITIS. This consists of an inflammation of the walls of the stomachs and of the bowel. Gastro-enteritis, or inflammation of the walls of the stomachs and intestines, follows upon irritations more severe or longer continued than those that produced gastro-intestinal catarrh. Causes.—Severe indigestion may be followed by gastro-enteritis, or it may be caused by swallowing irritant poisons, such as arsenic or corrosive sublimate or irritant plants. Exposure to cold or inclement weather may produce this disease, especially in debilitated animals or animals fed improperly. It is claimed that if cattle feed on vege- tation infested with some kinds of caterpillars this disease may result. Symptoms.—Dullness; drooping of the ears; dryness of the muzzle; dry skin; staring coat; loins morbidly sensitive to pressure; fullness of the left flank, which is owing to the distention of the fourth stomach by gas. The pulse is small, the gait is feeble and staggering; each step the animal makes is accompanied by a grunt, and this symptom is especially marked if the animal happens to walk in a downward direction. There is loss of appetite, and rumination is suspended. The passages at first are few in number, hard, and are sometimes coated with mucus or with blood. Later a severe diarrhea sets in, when the passages contain mucus and blood and have an offensive odor. There is evidence of colicky pain, and the abdomen is sensitive to pressure. Pain may be continuous. There is fever and acceleration of pulse rate and respirations. Mental depression and even insensibility occur before death. The disease is always severe and often fatal. Post-mortem appearances.—The mucous membrane of the fourth stomach has a well-marked red color and sometimes presents ulcera- tions. The wall is thickened and softened, and similar conditions are found in the walls of the intestines. The red discoloration ex- 36 DISEASES OF CATTLE. tends in spots or large areas quite through the wall, showimg: on the- outside. Treatment.—Very small quantities of carefully selected food must. - be given and the appetite must not be forced. Protect the animal well from cold and dampness. Internally, give linseed tea, boiled milk, boiled oatmeal gruel, or rice water. These protectives may carry the medicine. Tannopin in doses of 30 to 60 grains is good. Subnitrate of bismuth in doses of 1 to 2 drams may be given.. Pul- verized opium may be used, if the diarrhea is severe, in 1 to 2 dram doses. If the bowel movements are not free, one may give from a pint to a quart of castor or raw linseed oil. TRAUMATIC INFLAMMATION OF THE STOMACH. This disease results from the presence of a foreign body. This | condition is not rare in cattle, because these animals have the habit of swallowing their food without careful chewing, and so nails, screws, hairpins, ends of wire, and other metal objects may be swallowed unconsciously. Such objects gravitate to the second stomach, where they may become caught in the folds of the lining mucous membrane, and in some instances the wall of this organ is perforated. From this accident, chronic indigestion results. The symptoms, more or less characteristic, are pain when getting up or lying down; grunting and pain upon sudden motion, especially down hill; coughing; pain on pressure over the second stomach, which lies immediately above the cartilaginous prolongation of the sternum. If the presence of such a foreign body is recognized, it may be removed by a difficult surgical operation ; or, as is usually most economical, the animal may be killed for beef, if there is no fever. DISEASES OF THE BOWELS. DIARRHEA AND DYSENTERY,. [See also Gastro-intestinal catarrh, p. 34.] The word “ dysentery,” as it is commonly used in relation to the diseases of animals, signifies a severe form of diarrhea. Causes—Diarrhea is a symptom of irritation of the intestines, resulting in increased secretion or increased muscular contractions, or both. The irritation is sometimes the result of chilling from exposure, improper feeding, irritant foods, indigestion, organic dis- eases of the intestines, or parasites. | Symptoms.—Passages from the bowels are frequent, at first con- sisting of thin dung, but as the disease continues they become watery and offensive-smelling, and may be even streaked with blood. At first the animal shows no constitutional disturbance, but later it becomes weak and may exhibit evidence of abdominal pain by look- | DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 37: ing around to the side, drawing the feet together, lying down, or moving restlessly. Sometimes this malady is accompanied by fever, great depression, loss of strength, rapid loss of flesh, and it may terminate in death. Treatment.—When the disease depends on irritating properties of the food which has been supplied to the animal, it is advisable to give a mild purgative, such as a pint of castor or linseed oil. When the secretions of the bowels are irritating, an ounce of carbonate of mag- nesia and half an ounce of tincture of opium should be shaken up in a quart of linseed tea and given to the animal three times a day until the passages present a natural appearance. When there is debility, want of appetite, no fever, but a continuance of the watery discharges from the bowels, then an astringent may be given. For such cases the following i is serviceable: Tannic acid, 1 ounce; powdered gentian, 2 ounces; mix and divide into 12 ‘powders, one powder to be given three fice a day until the passages present a natural appearance. Each powder may be mixed with a half pint of whisky or blackberry brandy and a pint of water. Tannopin is a new remedy that is most useful in such cases. The dose is from 30 grains to 2 drams. Useful household remedies are raw eggs, strong coffee, parched rye flour, or decoction of oak bark. In all cases the food must be given sparingly, and it should be carefully selected to insure good quality. Complete rest in a box stall is desirable. When diarrhea is a symptom of a _malady characterized by the presence of a blood poison, the treat- ment appropriate to such disease must be applied. SIMPLE ENTERITIS. [See Gastro-enteritis, p. 35.] CROUPOUS ENTERITIS. Under certain conditions, severe irritation of the digestive canal may, in cattle, cause a form of inflammation of the intestines (enter- itis) that is characterized by the formation of a false membrane upon the surface of the lining membrane of the intestines, and particularly the large intestines. Symptoms.—There is fever, depression, loss of appetite, diarrhea, and in the fecal masses shreds of leathery false membrane may be found. These shreds are sometimes mistaken for parasites or for portions of the wall of the intestine. Treatment.—Give a pound of Glauber’s salt, followed by bicar- bonate of soda in doses of 2 ounces four times daily. ENTERITIS (OBSTRUCTION RESULTING FROM INVAGINATION, OR. INTUSSUSCEPTION, TWISTING, AND KNOTTING OF THE BOWELS.) Inflammation may arise from a knot forming on some part of the small intestine from the portion of the bowel becoming twisted on 88 DISEASES OF CATTLE. itself, or from one part of the bowel slipping into another, which is termed invagination. This form of enteritis occurs occasionally in animals of the bovine species. Causes.—The small intestine, which in the ox rests on the right side of the rumen, is, from the position which it occupies, predisposed to this accident. It has been ascertained that animals which have shown symptoms of this malady have trotted, galloped, or made other violent exertions in coming from drinking, or that they have been chased by dogs or by animals of their own species while at pasture. The accident is most likely to occur among cattle on very hilly pas- tures. The danger of jumping or running is greatest when the rumen is distended with food. Sypmtoms.—This form of enteritis or obstruction is manifested by severe colicky pains; the ox scrapes and strikes the ground with his front and hind feet alternately; keeps lying down and getting up again; he keeps his tail constantly raised and turns his nose fre- quently to his right flank; he is frequently bloated, or tympanitic, on that side. He refuses food and does not ruminate, and for some hours suffers severe pains. At first he frequently passes thin dung, and also urinates frequently, but passes only a little urine at a time. On the second day the pains have become less acute; the animal remains lying down; moans occasionally; his pulse is small and quick; he refuses food and does not ruminate. At this stage he does not pass any dung, though sometimes a small quantity of bloody mucus may be passed. The animal passes very little urine. This condition may continue for a considerable time, as cattle so affected may live for 15 or even 20 days. Post-mortem appearance.—At death the bowels are found to be mis- placed or obstructed, as mentioned above, and inflamed, the inflam- mation always originating at the point where the intestine has been invaginated, twisted, or knotted. Sometimes the part is gangrenous, the compression of the blood vessels preventing circulation, and thus causing the death of the tissues. Treatment.—Purgatives, anodynes, and other remedies are of no service in such cases, and bleeding also fails to produce any benefit. Indeed, it is usually true that in such cases treatment is useless. Some cases are recorded in which an incision has been made in the flank, so as to enable the operator to restore the intestine to its normal position or to remove the kink. CONSTIPATION, Constipation is to be regarded rather as a symptom of disease or of faults in feeding than as a disease in itself. It occurs in almost all general fevers unless the bowels are involved in local disease, in obstructions of all kinds, from feeding on dry, bulky food, etc. In DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 39 order to remove the constipation the treatment must be applied to remove the causes which give rise to it. Calves sometimes suffer from constipation immediately after birth when the meconium that accumu- lates in the bowels before birth is not passed. In such cases, give a rectal injection of warm water and an ounce of castor oil shaken up with an ounce of new milk. The mother’s milk is the best food to prevent constipation in the new-born calf, as it contains a large amount of fatty matter which renders it laxative in its effects. It is usually better to treat habitual constipation by a change of diet than by medicine. Flaxseed is a good food laxative. If the consti- pation has lasted long, repeated small doses of purgatives are better than a single large dose. INTESTINAL WORMS, [See chapter on “ The animal parasites of cattle,” p. 518.] RUPTURES (VENTRAL HERNIA). Ventral hernia, or rupture, is an escape of some one of the abdom- inal organs through a rupture in the abdominal muscles, the skin remaining intact. The rumen, the small intestine, or part of the large intestine, and the fourth stomach are the parts which usually form a ventral hernia in bovine animals. Causes.—Hernia is frequently produced by blows of the horns, kicks, and falls. In old cows hernia may sometimes occur without any direct injury. Hernia OF THE RUMEN.—Hernia of the rumen is generally situated on the left side of the abdomen, on account of the situation of the rumen. In exceptional cases it may take place on the right side, and in such cases it also generally happens that some folds of the intes- tine pass into the hernial sac. Hernias have been classified into simple or complicated, recent or old, traumatic (from mechanical injury) or spontaneous. In recent traumatic hernia there is swelling on the left side of the lower part of the abdomen. The swelling is greatest in the cases of hernia which are situated on the lower part of the abdomen. Unless an examination is made immediately after the injury has been in- flicted it is difficult, and sometimes impossible, to ascertain the exact extent of the rupture, owing to the swelling which subsequently takes place. Frequently there is no loss of appetite, fever, or other general symptoms attending the injury. From the twelfth to the fifteenth day the swelling has generally subsided to such an extent that it is possible by an examination to determine the extent of the rupture. Tn old cows what is termed spontaneous hernia may sometimes take place without any direct injury. The occurrence of this form of hernia is explained by the increase in the size of the abdomen, which 40 DISEASES OF CATTLE. takes place in an advanced stage of pregnancy, causing a thinning and stretching of the muscular fibers, which at last may rupture, or give way. Such hernias frequently occur about the end of the period of gestation, and in some instances have contained the right sac of the rumen, the omentum, the small and large intestines, a portion of the liver, and the pregnant uterus. In old hernias the swelling is soft and elastic, and if they have not contracted adhesions to the sides of the laceration, they can be made to disappear by pressure carefully applied. Sometimes this accident is complicated by a rupture of the rumen, constituting a complicated hernia. If a portion of the contents of the rumen escape into the abdomen, the case will be aggravated by the occurrence of peritonitis. HERNIA OF THE BOWEL.— When the intestines (PI. II, fig. 6) form the contents of the hernia, it will be situated at the right side of the abdomen. In an intestinal hernia the swelling is usually not painful, of a doughy consistence or elastic, according as the intestine does or does not contain alimentary matter. This swelling can generally be made to disappear by pressure, and when it has been reduced one can easily recognize the direction and extent of the hernial opening. Hernias of the bowel which are situated at the upper and right side of the abdomen are usually formed by the small intestine. They are less easily reduced than a hernia in a lower situation, but when reduction has been effected they are less readily reproduced than those occurring lower. In hernias of the small intestine, adhesion of the protruding parts to the walls of the opening, or strangulation, are complications which sometimes take place. If adhesion has taken place the hernia can not be reduced by pressure, and when strangu- Jation has occurred the animal shows symptoms of pain—is restless, turns its nose to the painful part, and shows those symptoms which are usually collectively designated under the term colic. If relief is not afforded, the animal will die. HERNIA OF THE RENNET, OR FOURTH STOMACH.—This disease occa- sionally occurs in calves and is usually caused by a blow from a cow’s horn on the right flank of the calf. After such an accident a swell- ing forms on the right flank near the last rib. This swelling may be neither hot nor painful, even at first, and is soft to the touch. It can be made to disappear by careful pressure, when the sides of the aper- ture through which it has passed can be felt. The application of pressure so as to cause the disappearance of the hernia is best made immediately after the occurrence of the accident, or when the edema which accompanies the swelling has disappeared. Treatment.—When a hernia is reducible—that is, can be pushed back into the abdomen—then, if it is of recent occurrence, it is advis- able to maintain the natural position of the parts by bandaging and to allow the walls of the laceration to grow together. The bowels DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 41 should be kept reasonably empty by avoiding the use of bulky food, and the animal must be kept quiet. The following method of bandaging is recommended by Bouley: First prepare a bandage (must be of strong material), about 10 yards long and between 3 and 4 inches broad, and a flexible and solid piece of pasteboard adapted in size to the surface of the hernia. The protruding organ must then be replaced in the abdomen and maintained in that position during the applica- tion of the bandage. This being done, a layer of melted pitch and turpentine is quickly spread on the skin covering the seat of the hernia, so as to extend somewhat beyond that space. This adhesive layer is then covered with a layer of fine tow, then a new layer of pitch and turpentine is spread on the tow, and the piece of pasteboard is applied on the layer of pitch, its outer surface being covered with the same preparation. Lastly, the bandage, adhering to the piece of pasteboard, to the skin, and to the different turns which it makes around the body, is carefully applied so as to form an immovable, rigid, and solid bandage, which will retain the hernia long enough for the wound in the abdominal! walls to heal permanently. If the hernia is old and small it may be treated by injecting a strong solution of common salt about the edges of the tear. This causes swelling and inflammation, which, respectively, forces the pro- truded organ back and closes the opening. There is some risk attached to this method of treatment. In small, old ventral hernias the method of compressing and sloughing off the skin has been used successfully. If the hernia is large a radical operation will be necessary, and this is also true when the symptoms indicate that a hernia is strangulated. This operation is performed by cutting down on the hernia, restoring the organ to the abdominal cavity, and then closing the wound with two sets of stitches; the inner stitches, in the muscular wall, should be made with catgut and the outer stitches, in the skin, may be made with silk or silver wire. The strictest surgical cleanliness must be observed. Bleeding vessels should be tied. Then a compress composed of ten or twelve folds of cloth must be placed smoothly over the seat of injury and a bandage applied around the body, the two ends being fastened at the back. In the smaller kinds of hernia, nitric acid may sometimes be applied with success. This treatment should not be applied until the swelling and inflammation attending the appearance of the hernia have subsided; then, the contents of the hernia having been returned, the surface of skin corresponding to it is sponged over with a solution composed of 1 part of nitric acid to 2 parts of water. This treatment acts by exciting considerable inflammation, which has the effect of causing swelling, and thus frequently closing the hernial opening and preventing the contents of the sac from return- ing. A second application should not be made until the inflammation excited by the first has subsided. In what is termed spontaneous hernia it is useless to apply any kind of treatment. | 42 DISEASES OF CATTLE. UmpinicaL HERNIA.—The umbilicus, or navel, is the aperture | through which the blood vessels pass from the mother to the fetus, /and naturally the sides of this aperture ought to adhere or unite after birth. In very young animals, and sometimes in new-born calves, this aperture in the abdominal muscles remains open and a part of the bowel or a portion of the mesentery may slip through the open- ing, constituting what is called umbilical hernia. The wall-of the sac is formed by the skin, which is covered on the inner surface by a layer of cellular tissue, and within this there is sometimes, but not always, a layer of peritoneum. The contents of the hernia may be |formed by a part of the bowel, by a portion of the peritoneum, or may ‘contain portions of both peritoneum and bowel. When the sac con- tains only the peritoneum it has a doughy feel, but when it is formed by a portion of the bowel it will be more elastic on applying pressure. Causes.—In the new-born animal the opening of the navel is gen- erally large, and this opening may sometimes give way to the pressure ‘of the bowel on account of the weak and relaxed condition of the abdominal muscles. This defective and abnormal condition of the umbilicus is frequently hereditary. It may be occasioned by roughly pulling away the umbilical cord; through kicks or blows on the belly ; through any severe straining by which the sides of the navel are stretched apart. We may mention in this connection that it is best in new-born calves to tie the umbilical cord tightly about 2 inches ‘from the navel, and then to leave it alone, when it will drop off in a few days in most cases, leaving the navel in a closed condition. Treatment.—It is well to bear in mind that many, and especially the smaller, umbilical hernias will heal spontaneously; that is, nature effects a cure. As the animal gets older the abdominal muscles get stronger and possess more power of resistance to pressure, the bowels become larger and do not pass so readily through a small opening, so that from a combination of causes there is a gradual growing to- gether or adhesion of the sides of the navel. In cases of umbilical hernia where there are no indications that a spontaneous cure will take place, the calf should be laid on its back, and immediately on this being done the hernia will often disappear into the abdomen. Tf it does not its reduction may be brought about by gentle handling, endeavoring, if need be, to empty the organs forming the hernia before returning them into the abdomen. After the hernia has been returned the hair should be clipped from the skin covering it and a compress composed of 10 or 12 folds of linen or cotton should be applied, first smearing the skin with pitch and then a bandage about 3 inches wide should be passed round the body so as to retain the compress in position. The lower part of the compress should be smeared with pitch, and also those portions of the bandage which DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 43 pass over it, so as to keep it solid and prevent it from shifting. In some cases it will be found that the contents of the sac can not be returned into the abdomen, and this generally -arises from the fact that some part of the contents of the sac has grown to or become adherent to the edges of the umbilical opening. In such a case the skin must be carefully laid open in the long direction, the adhesions of the protruding organs carefully separated from the umbilicus, and after the protruding parts have been returned into the abdomen, the sides of the umbilicus must be freshened if necessary by paring, and then the edges of the opening brought together by catgut stitches; the wound in the skin must then also be brought together by stitches. The wound must be carefully dressed every day and a bandage passed round the body so as to cover and protect the part operated on. In small hernias nitric acid has been used successfully in the same manner as has been described in speaking of the treatment of ventral hernia. Sulphuric acid has also been used for a similar purpose, diluting it to the extent of 1 part of acid to 3 or 5 of water. In thin- skinned animals the weaker preparations ought to be preferred, and caution must be exercised in using such preparations so as not to destroy the tissues on which they are applied. Another method of treatment is, after the contents of the sac have been returned into the abdomen, to tie a piece of strong waxed cord round the pendulous portion which formed the outer covering of the hernia. The string is apt to slacken after two or three days, when a new piece of cord should be applied above the first one. The con- striction of the skin sets up inflammation, which generally extends to the umbilicus and causes the edges to adhere together, and by the time the portion of skin below the ligature has lost its vitality and dropped off, the umbilicus is closed and there is no danger of the abdominal organs protruding through it. This is what takes place when this method has a favorable result, though if the umbilicus does not become adherent and the skin sloughs, the bowels will protrude through the opening. GUT-TIE (PERITONEAL HERNIA).—In peritoneal hernia of the ox a loop or knuckle of intestine enters from the abdomen into a rent in that part of the peritoneum which is situated at the margin of the hip bone or it passes under the remains of the spermatic cord, the end of which may be grown fast to the inner inguinal ring. The onward pressure of the bowel, as well as the occasional turning of the latter round the spermatic cord, is the cause of the cord exercising considerable pressure on the bowel, which occasions irritation, ob- structs the passage of excrement, and excites inflammation, which terminates in gangrene and death. The rent in the peritoneum is situated at the upper and front part of the pelvis, nearer to the sacrum than the pubis. (PI. I.) 44 DISEASES OF CATTLE. Causes —Among the causes of peritoneal hernia considerable impor- ° tance is attached to a method of castration which is practiced in cer- tain districts, viz, the tearing or rupturing of the spermatic cord by main force instead of dividing it at a proper distance above the testicle in a surgical manner. After this violent and rough method of operating, the cord retracts into the abdomen and its stump becomes adherent to some part of the peritoneum, or it may wind around the’ bowel and then the stump becomes adherent, so that strangulation of the bowel results. The rough dragging on the cord may also cause a tear in the peritoneum, the ‘result of which need not be described. The severe exertion of asceriding hills and mountains, drawing heavy loads, or the straining which oxen undergo while fighting each other may also give rise to peritoneal hernia. Symptoms.—The ox suddenly becomes very restless, stamps with his feet, moves backward and forward, hurriedly lies down, rises, moves his tail uneasily, and kicks at his belly with the foot of the affected side. The pain evinced may diminish, but soon returns again. In the early stage there are frequent passages of dung, but after the lapse of 18 or 24 hours this ceases, the bowel apparently being emptied up to the point of strangulation, and the passages now consist only of a little mucus mixed with blood. When injections are given at this time the water passes out of the bowel without even being colored. The animal lies down on the side where the hernia exists and stretches out his hind feet in a backward direction. These two particular symptoms serve to distinguish this affection from en- teritis and invagination of the bowel. As time passes, the animal becomes quieter, but this cessation of pain may indicate that gangrene of the bowel has set in, and may, therefore, under certain circum- stances, be considered a precursor of death. Gangrene may take place in from four to six days, when perforation of the bowel may occur and death result in a short time. Treatment.—The ox should in the first place be examined by oiling the hand and arm and passing it into the rectum; the hand should be. passed along the margin of the pelvis, beginning at the sacrum and continuing downward toward the inguinal ring, when a soft, painful swelling will be felt, which may vary from the size of an apple to that of the two fists. This swelling will be felt to be tightly compressed by the spermatic cord. It very rarely happens that there is any similar swelling on the left side, though it is best in such cases to make a thorough examination. The bowel has sometimes been released from its position by driving the ox down a hill, by causing him to jump from a height of 2 feet to the ground, and the expedient of trotting him has been resorted.to with the hope that the jolting movement might bring about a release of the bowel. If the simple ex- pedients mentioned have been tried and failed, then the hand being DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 45 passed into the rectum should be’pressed gently on the swelling in an upward and forward direction, so as to endeavor to push the im- prisoned portion of the bowel back into the abdomen. While this is being done the ox’s hind feet should stand on higher ground than the front, so as to favor the slipping out of the bowel by its own weight, and at the same time an assistant should squeeze the animal’s loins, so as to cause it to bend downward and so relax the band formed by the spermatic cord. If the imprisoned portion of gut is freed, which may be ascertained by the disappearance of the swelling, the usual sounds produced by the bowels moving in the abdomen will be heard, and in a few hours the feces and urine will be passed as usual. If the means mentioned fail in releasing the imprisoned portion of the gut, then an incision about 4 inches long must be made in the right flank in a downward direction, the hand introduced into the abdomen. the situation and condition of swelling exactly ascertained. and then a probe-pointed knife inserted between the imprisoned bowel and band compressing it, and turned outward against the band, the latter being then cautiously divided and the imprisoned gut allowed to escape, or, if necessary, the bowel should be drawn gently from its position into the abdomen. The wound in the flank must be brought together in the same way as in the case of the wound made in operating for impaction of the rumen. WOUNDS OF THE ABDOMEN. A wound of the abdomen may merely penetrate the skin; but as such cases are not attended with much danger, nor their treatment with much difficulty, we propose to consider here merely those wounds which penetrate the entire thickness of the abdominal walls and expose to a greater or less extent the organs contained in that cavity. Causes —Such accidents may be occasioned by falling on fragments of broken glass or other sharp objects. A blow from the horn of another animal may produce a wound which penetrates the abdomen. Exposure and protrusion of some of the abdominal organs may also be occasioned by the incautious use of caustics in the treatment of umbilical or ventral hernia. The parts which generally escape through an abdominal wound are the small intestine and floating colon. Symptoms.—When the abdominal wound is small, the bowel ex- posed presents the appearance of a small round tumor, but in a few moments a loop of intestine may emerge from the opening. The ani- mal then shows symptoms of severe pain by pawing with his feet, which has the effect of accelerating the passage of new loops of in- testine through the wound, so that the mass which they form may even touch the ground. The pain becomes so great that the ox now not only paws but lies down and rolls, thus tearing and crushing his 46 DISEASES OF CATTLE. bowels. In such cases it is best to slaughter the animal at once; but in the case of a valuable animal in which tearing and crushing of the bowels has not taken place, the bowels should be washed with freshly boiled water, reduced to the temperature of the body, and returned, and the wounds in the muscle and skin brought together in a manner somewhat similar to that which was described in speaking of ventral hernia. DISEASES OF THE LIVER AND SPLEEN. JAUNDICE (THE YELLOWS, OR CONGESTION OF THE LIVER ). [Plate IV.] When jaundice exists, there is a yellow appearance of the white of the eyes and of the mucous membrane of the mouth. A similar aspect of the skin may also be observed in animals which are either partly or altogether covered with white hair. Jaundice is then merely a symptom of disease and ought to direct attention to ascertaining, if possible, the cause or causes which have given rise to it. A swollen condition of the mucous membrane of that part of the bowel called the duodenum may produce jaundice, as that mechanically closes the orifice of the biliary duct. In constipation there is an inactive or tor- pid condition of the bowel, and the bile which passes into the intes- tine may be absorbed and cause the yellow staining of jaundice. Jaundice is one of the symptoms of Texas fever. It may also arise from the presence of parasites or gallstones in the ducts, forming a mechanical obstruction to the onward flow of bile. The conditions under which jaundice most commonly calls for treatment are when cattle have been highly fed and kept in a state of inactivity. At such a time there is an excess of nutritive elements carried into the blood, which is associated with increased fullness of the portal vein and hepatic artery. When continued high feeding has produced this congested state of the liver, the functions of that organ become dis- ordered, so that a considerable portion of the bile, instead of being excreted and passing into the intestine, is absorbed by the hepatic veins. Symptoms.—This disease, although rare, occurs most frequently among stall-fed cattle. Pressure along the margin of the short ribs on the right side produces pain; the appetite is poor and the animal shows hardly any inclination to drink; the mucous membranes of the eye and mouth are yellow, the urine has a yellow or brown appear- ance, the animal lies down much and moves with reluctance, moans occasionally, and has a tottering gait. The ears and horns are alter- nately hot and cold; in cows the secretion of milk is much diminished, and that which is secreted has a bitter taste; sometimes the animal has a dry, painful cough and presents a dull, stupefied appearance. DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. _ 47 Treatment.—In such cases it is advisable to produce a free action of the bowels, so as to remove the usually congested condition of the portal vein and liver. For this purpose we recommend the adminis- tration of the following dose: Sulphate of soda, 16 ounces; molasses, 1 pint; warm water, 1 quart. The sulphate of soda is dissolved by stirring it up in tepid water. Following this the animal should have a heaping tablespoonful of artificial Carlsbad salt in the food three times daily. This treatment may be assisted by giving occasional injections of warm water and soap. The diet should be laxative and moderate in quantity, and may consist of coarse bran mash, pulped roots, grass in the season, and hay in moderate quantity. HEPATITIS (INFLAMMATION OF THE LIVER). Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver, and usually occurs as a complication of some infectious disease. It may also occur as a com- plication of gastro-intestinal catarrh, or in the hot weather from over- heating or damaged (putrid or fermented) foods. Symptoms.—The symptoms are sometimes obscure, and their real significance is frequently overlooked. The most prominent symp- toms are yellowness of the white of the eye and of the membrane lining the mouth; the appetite is poor, the body presents an emaci- ated appearance, the feces are light colored, while the urine is likely to be unusually dark; there is thirst, and pain is caused by pressing over the liver. The gait is weak, and the animal lies down more than usual, and while doing so frequently has its head turned around resting on the side of its chest. Treatment.—Give a purge of Glauber’s salt, and after it has oper- ated give artificial Carlsbad salt in each feed, as advised under “ Jaundice.” Give green food and plenty of water. Oil of turpen- tine should be rubbed in well once a day over the region of the liver. The skin on which it should be applied extends from the false ribs on the right side to 6 inches in front of the last one, and from the backbone to 12 inches on the right side of it. THE FLUKE DISEASE. [See chapter on “ The animal parasites of cattle,” p. 518.] SPLENITIS (INFLAMMATION OF THE SPLEEN ). This disease occurs almost solely as a result of the existence of some infectious disease, and the symptoms caused by it merge with the symptoms of the accompanying causative disease. The spleen is seriously involved, and becomes enlarged and soft in Texas fever, anthrax, and blood poisoning. 48 ; DISEASES OF CATTLE. DISEASES OF THE PERITONEUM. PERITONITIS. Peritonitis consists in an inflammation of the peritoneum, which is the thin, delicate membrane that lines the abdomen and covers the abdominal organs. Causes ——Wounds are the usual cause in cattle. The wound may be of the abdominal wall or of the intestines, stomach, or uterus; or | inflammation may extend from one of the organs of the abdominal cavity to the peritoneum; so this disease may complicate enteritis or inflamed womb. Wi E < [S) re ic ,) wn ont \ cacpipnre™ B BB prsseasstee < Z wi n . ; a Haines, ad. red. . JULIUS BIEN CONY. SHOWING THE POSITION OF THE RUMEN. DISEASES OF CATTLE. = x Haines, dele STOMACH OF RUMINANT. PLATE Il. YULIUS BIEN CO.NY. PLATE Ill. “Ea A y 4 es A 4 ge (44 D'Arboval JULIUS BIEN CO.N.Y. INSTRUMENTS USED IN TREATING Diseases oF DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 7 ie Pt wey ye Ae! wir PLATE IV. DISEASES OF CATTLE. 2b Ne PES i i A JULIUS BIEN CO.NY. Rat 2 e7, ee FOD, Puy i \ \" w — Haines; afew Landois Voll 1 1886; Microscopic ANATOMY OF THE LIVER. ' DISEASES OF CATTLE. PEAKE Veoe a \ fi Yj ON seg iy 4 y; A i Marx from Nature. ERGOT IN Hay. ee DISEASES OF CATTLE PLATE VI Marx,from nature JULIUS BIEN CO.N.Y ERGOTISM. d a 7 o ’ x ; b. . ™~ : * ach 5 : J } « f : e' i o - _— y y @ i] 4 : éc A . a ‘ Le . : id a 7 °— —S, ; : ; iy ny Bet . hats ‘ ’ if n 7 Her) 4 5 a ye | DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 53 Pirate TV—Continued. : there becomes the sublobular vein; v s, sublobular vein. This joins other similar veins and helps to form the hepatic vein, through which the blood leaves the liver; d d, the position of the liver cells between the meshes of the capillaries; A A, branches of the hepatic artery to the interlobular connective tissue and the walls of the large veins and large bile ducts. These branches are seen at r r, and form the vena vascularis; v Vv, vena vascularis; 7 7, branches of the hepatic artery entering the substance of the lobule and connecting with capillaries from the interlobular vein. The use of the hepatic artery is to nourish the liver, while the other vessels carry blood to be modified by the liver cells in certain important directions; g, branches of the bile ducts, earrying bile from the various lobules into the gall bladder and into the intestines; # #, intralobular bile capillaries between the liver cells. These form a network of very minute tubes surrounding each ultimate cell which receives the bile as it is formed by the liver cells and carried outward as described. Fig. 2. Isolated liver cells: ec, blood capillary; a, fine bile capillary channel, PLATE V: Appearance of ergot in hay: 1, blue grass; 2, timothy; 3, wild rye; 4, red top. Ergot is a fungus which may affect any member of the grass family. The spore of the fungus, by some means brought in contact with the unde- veloped seed of the grass, grows, obliterates the seed, and practically takes its place. When hay affected with ergot is fed to animals it is productive of a characteristic and serious affection or poisoning known as ergotism. PLATE VI: Illustrates the effects of ergot. The lower part of the limb of a cow, show- ing the loss of skin and flesh in a narrow ring around the pastern bone, and the exposure of the bone itself. POISONS AND POISONING. By V. T. ATKINSON, V. S. [Revised in 1904 by Leonard Pearson, B.S., V. M. D.] DEFINITION OF A POISON. To clearly define the meaning of the word “ poison” would be some- what difficult. Even in law the word has never been defined, and when a definition is attempted we are apt to include either too much or too little. The following is perhaps as satisfactory a definition as may be given: A poison is a chemical substance having an inher- ent deleterious property rendering it capable in small quantities of producing serious functional disturbances upon gaining access to the system by the usual channels; or it is a substance which, when introduced into the system or applied externally, injures health or destroys life irrespective of mechanical means or thermal changes. The common conception of a poison is any substance which, in small quantity, will destroy life, except such as act by purely mechanical means, as, for example, powdered glass. Some substances that are not usually looked upon as poisons may destroy life if given in large doses, such as common salt. Other sub- stances which are perfectly harmless when taken into the body in the usual way are poisons if injected into the circulation, such as distilled water, milk, or glycerin. Living organisms are not “ chem- ical substances,” and are not considered in this connection. SOURCES OF POISONING. Poisoning may come from many causes, among the chief of which are the following: (1) Errors in medication.—By using the wrong substance or too large dose an animal may be poisoned. (2) The exposure of poisons used for horticultural, technical, or other legitimate purposes.—Poisons used for spraying plants, disin- fecting, poisoning vermin, dipping sheep, painting, smelting, dyeing, or other purposes may be so handled as to come within the reach of animals. 54 POISONS AND POISONING. 55 (3) Damaged food.—F ood that has undergone putrefaction or cer- tain kinds of fermentation or heating, or food that is infested with insects, may have become poisonous, producing forage poisoning, meat poisoning, cheese poisoning, etc. (4) Poisonous plants in the pasture or forage. (5) The bite or sting of a poisonous insect or the bite of an animal. (6) Malicious poisoning. THE ACTION OF POISONS. This may be either local, and exerted directly on the tissues with which they come in contact, or remote, acting through the circula- tion or the nervous system; or both local and remote action may be exerted by the same drug. Poisons which act locally generally either destroy by corrosion the tissues with which they come in contact or by inhalation set up acute inflammation. When any corrosive agent is taken into the stomach in poisonous quantities, a group of symp- toms is developed which is common to all. The tissues with which the agent comes in contact are destroyed, sloughing and acute inflam- mation of the surrounding structures take place; intense pain in the abdomen and death ensue. In a like manner, but with less rapidity, the same result is reached if the agent used be not of a sufficiently corrosive nature to destroy the tissues, but sufficiently irritating to set up acute inflammation of the mucous membrane of the digestive tract. If the poison exerts a remote influence alone, the action is quite differ- ent, little or no local effect being produced upon the digestive organs. To produce an effect on some part of the body distant from the channel of entrance, a poison must have been absorbed and carried in the blood to the central nervous system or other region involved. The poisonous effect of any substance is modified by the quantity used; by its chemical combinations; by the part of the animal struc- ture with which it comes in contact; by the physical condition of the subject; and also by the rapidity with which the poison is excreted. As an illustration, opium may be given with safety in much larger doses to an animal suffering from acute pain than to one free from pain, and to an adult animal with greater safety than to a young one. The rapidity with which the poison is absorbed, owing to the part of the body with which it is brought in contact, is also an important factor. So marked is this quality that some agents which have the power of destroying life with almost absolute certainty when intro- duced beneath the skin, may be taken into the stomach without caus- ing inconvenience, as curara, the arrow poison, or the venomous se- cretion of the snake. Other agents in chemical combination may tend to intensify, lessen, or wholly neutralize the poisonous effect. For example, arsenic in itself has well-marked poisonous properties, 56 DISEASES OF CATTLE. but when brought in contact with dialyzed iron it forms an insoluble compound and becomes innocuous. Idiosyncrasies are not so notice- able in cattle practice as in practice among human beings, but the uncertainty with which some drugs exert their influence would lead us to believe that well-marked differences in susceptibility exist. Even in some cases a tolerance for poison is engendered, so that in a herd of animals equally exposed injurious or fatal effects do not appear with uniformity. For example, among cattle that are com- pelled to drink water holding in solution a salt of lead the effects of the poisoning will be found varying all the way from fatality to imperceptibility. GENERAL SYMPTOMS OF POISONING. It is not always easy to differentiate between poisoning and some disease. Indeed, examination during the life of the animal is some: times wholly inadequate to the formation of an opinion as to whether the case is one of poisoning or, if it is, as to what the poison may be. A chemical and physical examination after the death of the animal may be necessary to clear up the doubt. On the other hand, the symptoms may be of such a nature as to point unmistakably to poi- soning with a certain agent. In general, the following classes of symptoms may be regarded as indicative of poisoning: Sudden onset of the disease without visible cause, a number of animals similarly affected at once, severe gastro-intestinal disorder or derangement of the nervous system, or both. Sudden alteration of heart action in relation to frequency, force, or rhythm. Local irritation, dyspnea, or change in the urine or urination. After death lesions of the greatest variety may be found, and it is necessary for one to be skilled in anatomy and pathology to determine their significance. Oftentimes the stomach and intestines are red, have thick walls, and contain blood. This signifies a severe irritant, such as arsenic or corrosive sublimate. Other alterations sometimes found are inflammation of the kidneys or bladder, points of hemor- rhage in various organs, changes in the blood, congestion of the lungs, and certain microscopic changes. GENERAL TREATMENT. The treatment of animals suffering from poison must vary accord- ing to the nature of the toxic agent. There are a few general plans of action, however, which should be followed so far as possible. In man and in some of the smaller ‘animals it is possible to eliminate unabsorbed poison by the use of the stomach pump or by causing vomiting. These proceedings are impracticable in cattle. It is well, therefore, in many cases to endeavor to expel the unabsorbed POISONS AND POISONING. 57 poison by emptying the digestive tract, so far as may be, with a non- irritating purge. Castor oil in doses of 1 pint to 2 quarts is best adapted to this purpose. If the poison is known to be nonirritant— as a narcotic plant—from 10 to 20 drops of croton oil may be given with a quart of castor oil. To protect the mucous membrane from the action of strong irritants one may give flaxseed tea, barley water, the whites of eggs, milk, butter, olive oil, or fresh lard. Chemical antidotes may sometimes be used for special poisons, as advised below. In general, if an acid has been taken it may be neutralized with an alkali, such as chalk, magnesia, bicarbonate of soda (baking soda), ammonia (diluted), or soap. If the poison is an alkali, such as caustic soda or potash (lye), or ammonia, an acid, such as diluted (1 per cent) sulphuric acid or vinegar, may be administered. Special treatments and antidotes are considered below. A poisonous agent may be so gradually introduced into the system as to slowly develop the power of resistance against its own action. In other cases, where the poison is introduced slowly, the poisonous action becomes cumulative, and although there is no increase in the quantity taken, violent symptoms are suddenly developed, as if the whole amount, the consumption of which may have extended over a considerable period, had been given in one dose. Other agents, poisonous in their nature, tend to deteriorate some of the important organs and, interfering with their natural functions, are productive of conditions of ill health which, although not necessarily fatal, are important. Such a class might properly be called chronic poisons. Poisons of themselves dangerous when administered in large doses are used medicinally for curative purposes, and a very large percent- age of the pharmaceutical preparations used in the practice of medi- cine if given in excessive quantities might produce serious results. In the administration of medicines, therefore, care should be exer- cised not only that the animal is not poisoned by the administration of an excessive dose, but that injury is not done by continued treat- ment with medicines the administration of which is not called for. MINERAL POISONS. ARSENIC POISONING, Of the common irritant and corrosive poisons, arsenic, especially one of its compounds (Paris green, Scheel’s green, or cobalt), is likely to be the most dangerous to our class of patients. The common prac- tice of using Paris green as an insecticide for the destruction of potato beetle and other insect enemies of the farmer and fruit grower has had the effect of introducing it into almost all farming establish- ments. White arsenic is also a principal ingredient in many of the popular sheep-dipping preparations, and poisoning from this source 58 DISEASES OF CATTLE. occasionally takes place when, after dipping, the flock are allowed to run in a yard in which there is loose fodder. The drippings from the wool of the sheep falling on the fodder render it poisonous, and dangerous to animal life if eaten. Familiarity with its use has in many instances tended to breed contempt for its potency as a poison. Rat poisons often contain arsenic. The excessive use of arsenic as a tonic, or of “ condition powders” containing arsenic, has been the means of poisoning many animals. This is the common poison used by malicious persons with criminal intent. The poison may also be absorbed through wounds or through the skin if used as a dip or bath. If a large dose is given, at once acute poisoning is produced; if repeated small doses are given, chronic poisoning may result. The poisonous dose for an ox is from 3 drams to 1 ounce. Symptoms.—The symptoms of acute poisoning first appear as those of colic; the animal is restless, stamping with the feet, lying down and getting up. There is tenderness on pressure over the abdomen. The acute symptoms increase; in a few hours violent diarrhea is developed; in many cases blood and shreds of detached mucous mem- brane are mixed with the evacuations. There is irregular and feeble pulse and respiration, and death is likely to supervene between the eighteenth hour and the third day. If the latter period is passed, there is a reasonable hope of recovery. In chronic poisoning the symptoms are similar to those of chronic gastro-intestinal catarrh, with indigestion, diarrhea, and general weakness and loss of condition. Treatment.—The antidote for arsenic is a solution of hydrated oxid of iron in water. It should be prepared fresh by mixing a solu- tion of sulphate of iron, made by dissolving 4 ounces of sulphate of iron in one-half pint water with a suspension of 1 ounce of magnesia in one-half pint water. This quantity is sufficient for one dose for a cow and may be repeated in an hour, if much arsenic was taken. A solution of calcined magnesia or powdered iron or iron filings or iron scale from a blacksmith’s forge may be given in the absence of other remedies. Powdered sulphur is of some value as an antidote. One must also administer protectives, such as linseed tea, barley water, whites of eggs, ete. LEAD POISONING, Lead poisoning of cattle usually comes from their having licked freshly painted surfaces, and thus swallowing compounds containing white lead. In several instances cattle have been poisoned by silage from a silo painted inside with lead paint shortly before filling. Sugar of lead has been administered by mistake for Glauber’s salt. Lead poisoning may be acute or chronic. The fatal dose of sugar of lead is from 1 to 4 ounces. Water drawn from lead pipes ar held in a lead-lined tank may cause poisoning. POISONS AND POISONING. 59 Symptoms.—Symptoms are generally dullness, lying down with the head turned toward the flank, colic, rumbling in the abdomen, loss of control of the limbs when walking, twitching, champing of the jaws, moving in a circle, convulsions, delirium, violent bellowing, fol- lowed by stupor and death. The symptoms generally extend over considerable time, but may end in death after 24 hours. Treatment.—The treatment should first be directed toward remov- ing the cause. A large dose of purgative medicine should be given, and the brain symptoms be relieved by giving bromid of potassium in half-ounce doses every 4 or 5 hours and the application of cold water to the head. Dilute sulphuric acid in half-ounce doses should be given with the purgative medicine. In this case sulphate of mag- nesia (Epsom salt) is the best purgative, and it may be given in doses of from 1 to 2 pounds dissolved in warm water. After the acute symptoms have abated, iodid of potassium may be given, in doses of 2 drams each, three times a day for a week. Chronic lead poisoning occasionally occurs in districts where lead mining is the principal industry. The waste products of the mine thrown into streams contaminate the water supply, so that the min- eral is taken into the system gradually, and a very small per cent of any of the salts taken into the system in this way is pernicious. Water which contains any salt of lead to the extent of more than one-tenth of a grain to the gallon is unfit to drink. Such water when used continually is likely to produce colic from the resulting intesti- nal irritation, and in aggravated cases paralysis more or less severe is likely to be developed. A blue line on the margin of the gums, the last symptom, is regarded as diagnostic and its presence as con- clusive evidence of the nature of the disorder. The free use of pur- gatives is indicated with iodid of potassium. Treatment.—No treatment is likely to be of avail until the cause is removed. COPPER POISONING. The soluble salts of copper, though used as a tonic in the medicinal treatment of cattle, are poisonous when taken in large quantities. Like lead and arsenic, they have an irritant effect upon the mucous membrane with which they come in contact in a concentrated form. Cattle are not very likely to be poisoned from this cause unless through carelessness. The salts of copper—the most common of which is the sulphate of copper, commonly called blue vitriol—is occasionally used for disinfecting and cleansing stables, where it might inadvertently be mixed with the food. It is also used largely for making the Bordeaux mixture used in spraying fruit trees. The general symptoms produced are those of intestinal irritation, short breathing, stamping, and tender abdomen. 60 DISEASES OF CATTLE. Treatment.—Give powdered iron, or iron reduced by hydrogen, or calcined magnesia. Sulphur may be used. This should be followed by a liberal supply of demulcents, linseed infusion, boiled starch, whites of eggs, ete. ZINC POISONING. Several of the soluble salts of zine are irritant poisons. The chlorid and sulphate are those in most common use. In animals which have power to vomit they are emetic in their action. In others, when retained in the stomach, they set up more or less irri- tation of the mucous membrane and abdominal pain, producing symptoms already described in the action of other poisons which produce the same result. Treatment.—The treatment should be the same as for copper poi- soning. PHOSPHORUS POISONING. Only one of the forms of phosphorus in common use—the ordinary yellow—is poisonous. Phosphorus in this form is used for the destruction of rats and mice and other vermin, and is largely used in the manufacture of matches. Symptoms.—The symptoms are loss of appetite, colic, diarrhea, irritation of the mouth and throat, and paralysis of the throat. There is also weakness, difficult breathing, and rapid pulse. The course of the poisoning is usually rapid, terminating in either re- covery or death within three days. The toxic dose for cattle is from 5 to 30 grains. If taken in large quantities the excreta are occa- sionally noticed to be luminous when examined in the dark. Treatment.—Turpentine given in an emulsion with flaxseed tea in a single dose of from 2 to 8 ounces. Permanganate of potash may be given in a one-fourth of 1 per cent solution. Stimulants, such as alcohol and ether, should be administered. Oils and milk must not be given. MERCURY POISONING. Mercury poisoning is not rare in cattle from the fact that these animals have a special susceptibility to the action of this substance. Antiseptic washes or injections containing the bichlorid of mercury (corrosive sublimate) must be used on cattle with great care. Mer- curial disinfecting solutions or salves must be used cautiously. Calomel can not be given freely to cattle. Symptoms.—The symptoms are salivation, sore mouth, indiges- tion, diarrhea, skin eruption, paralysis of local groups of muscles, and nephritis. © Treatment.—The treatment consists in administering sulphur in large doses (2 to 4 ounces) or iron powder. Both make insoluble compounds with mercury. Follow with the whites of eggs mixed POISONS AND: POISONING. 61 with water and with linseed tea. If the case does not terminate promptly, give iodid of potash in 1-dram doses twice daily. POISONING BY ACIDS. Minera actps.—The mineral acids—nitric, sulphuric, hydrochlo- ric, etc.—when used in a concentrated form destroy the animal tissues with which they come in contact, and in this respect differ from most of the poisons previously described. When taken into the stomach the mucous membrane of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, and stomach is apt to be more or less completely destroyed. If taken in large quantities death is likely to result so speedily that nothing can be done to relieve the patient, and even if time is allowed and the action of the acid can be arrested it can not be done until consider- able and, perhaps, irreparable damage has been done. The mucous membrane with which the acid has come in contact in the esophagus may be destroyed by its corrosive action and carried away, leaving the muscular tissues exposed. The raw surface heals irregularly, the cicatrice contracting causes stricture, and an animal so injured is likely to die of starvation. In the stomach even greater damage is likely to be done. The peristaltic action of the esophagus carries the irritant along quickly, but here it remains quiet in contact with one surface, destroying it. It is likely to perforate the organ and, coming in contact with the abdominal lining or other organ of di- gestion, soon sets up a condition that is beyond repair. In a less concentrated form, when this is not sufficiently strong to be corrosive, it exerts an irritant effect. In this form it may not do much harm unless taken in considerable quantity. When thus the mucous membrane of the stomach and intestines becomes inflamed, pain and diarrhea are likely to result. Treatment.—Any of the alkalies may be used as an antidote. Most convenient of these are chalk, baking soda, marble dust, mag- nesia, lime, soap, or plaster from a wall. Mucilaginous drinks should be given in large quantities. VEGETABLE AcIDS.—Oxalic acid in particular is corrosive in its action when taken in concentrated solution, losing its corrosive effect and becoming irritant when more dilute. It also exerts a specific effect on the heart, frequently causing death from syncope. Taken in the form either of the crystals or solution it is likely to cause death in a very short time. Failure of heart action and the attendant small pulse, weakness, staggering, and convulsions are the more noticeable symptoms. Treatment.—Limewater or lime or plaster should be given promptly. Acetic acid is irritant to the gastro-intestinal tract, and may cause sudden paralysis of the heart. It should be counteracted by the use of alkalies, as advised above, by protectives to the diges- tive tract, and by stimulants. 62 DISEASES OF CATTLE. POISONING BY ALKALIES. The carbonates of potash and soda and the alkalies themselves in concentrated form cause symptoms of intestinal irritation similar to those produced by mineral acids. Ammonia, caustic soda, and caus- tic potash (lye) are those to which animals are most exposed. The degree of their caustic irritant effects depends on their degree of concentration. When they reach the stomach the symptoms are nearly as well marked as in the case of the acids. The irritation is even more noticeable, and purgation is likely to be a more prominent symptom. If death is not caused soon, the irritation of the gastro- intestinal tract and malnutrition will last for a long time. Treatment consists in neutralizing the alkali by an acid, such as dilute sulphuric acid (1 per cent) or strong vinegar. The administration of such an antidote and its action must be carefully watched during adminis- tration. In the chemical change which takes place when the acid and alkali are combined, carbonic-acid gas is liberated, which may be to an extent sufficient to cause considerable distention of the abdo- men, even to asphyxia from pressure forward on the diaphragm. Should this danger present itself, it may be averted by opening the left flank, permitting the gas to escape. (See “Acute tympanites, or Bloating,” p. 24.) Treatment.—F laxseed or slippery-elm decoction must be given to soothe the inflamed mucous surface. Opium may be used to allay pain. COAL-OIL POISONING. Coal oil is sometimes administered empirically as a treatment for intestinal parasites. If given in large doses it produces poisonous effects, which are likely to be manifest some time after the adminis- tration. It acts as an irritant to the digestive tract, causing drib- bling of ropy saliva from the mouth, diarrhea, tenesmus, and loss of appetite, with increased temperature and cold extremities. Visible mucous membranes are injected, pupils of the eyes contracted, watery discharge from the eyes and nostrils. Remotely it exerts a depress- ing influence on the functions of the brain and slight coma, and occa- sionally convulsions, from which the animal is easily aroused. The kidneys also suffer. The urine is dark colored and has the charac- teristic odor of coal oil. Death may result from gastro-enteritis or convulsions. Treatment.—The patient’s strength should be fostered by the fre- quent administration of mild stimulants, of which aromatic spirits of ammonia is perhaps the best. The animal should be encouraged to eat soft food and given mucilaginous drinks. POISONS AND POISONING. 63 Crude coal oil is sometimes applied to the skin to kill parasites. If too much is used, especially in hot weather, great weakness and depression may be caused and in some cases death may result. CARBOLIC-ACID POISONING. Although one of the most valuable antiseptic remedies, carbolic acid in a concentrated form, when taken internally or used over a large surface externally, is likely to produce poisonous effects. It causes whitening, shrinking, and numbness of the structures with which it comes in contact, and, besides its irritant effect, exerts a powerful influence on the nervous system. Being readily absorbed, it produces its effect whether swallowed, injected into the rectum, inhaled, or applied to wounds, or even to a large tract of unbroken skin. Used extensively as a dressing, it may produce nausea, dizzi- ness, and smoky or blackish colored urine. The last symptom is nearly always noticeable where the poisonous effect is produced. In more concentrated form, or used in larger quantities, convulsions, followed by fatal coma, are likely to take place. Even in smaller quantities, dullness, trembling, and disinclination for food often continues for several days. In a tolerably concentrated solution it coagulates albumen and acts as an astringent. Treatment.—As an antidote internally, a solution of sulphate of soda or sulphate of magnesia (Glauber’s or Epsom salts) may be given. The white of egg is also useful. Stimulants may be given if needed. When the poisoning occurs through too extensive applications to wounds or the skin, as in treatment of mange, cold water should be freely applied so as to wash off any of the acid that may still remain unabsorbed. As a surgical dressing a 3 per cent solution is strong enough for ordinary purposes. Water will not hold more than 5 per cent in permanent solution. No preparation stronger than the satu- rated solution should be used medicinally under any circumstances. SALTPETER POISONING. Both nitrate of soda and nitrate of potash are poisonous to cattle. These substances are used for manure and for preserving meats. They may be administered in a drench by error in place of Glauber’s salt, or they may be exposed within reach of cattle and thus be eaten. The toxic dose depends upon the condition of fullness of the stomach. Tf in solution and given on an empty stomach, as little as 3 ounces of saltpeter (nitrate of potash) may be fatal to a cow. More of the Chile saltpeter (nitrate of soda) is required to cause serious trouble. Symptoms.—Severe gastro-enteritis, colic, tympanites, diarrhea, excessive urination, weakness, trembling, convulsions, collapse. Treatment.—Same as for poisoning by common salt. 64 DISEASES OF CATTLE. POISONING BY COMMON SALT. A few pounds (3 to 5) of common salt will produce well-marked signs of poisoning in cattle. So much salt as this will not be taken by cattle except under unusual conditions. If the food is poor in salt, and if none has been given for a long time, an intense “ salt hun- ger” may occur that may lead an animal to eat a poisonous quantity if it is not restricted; or an overdose of salt may be given by error as a drench. Herring and mackerel brine and pork pickle are also poisonous, and are especially dangerous for hogs. In these substances there are, in addition to salt, certain products extracted from the fish or meat which undergo change and add to the toxicity of the solution. Some- times saltpeter is present in such brines. Symptoms.—The symptoms are great thirst, abdominal pain, diar- rhea, poor appetite, redness and dryness of the mouth, increased uri- nation, paralysis of the hind legs, weak pulse, general paralysis, coma, and death in frem six to eight hours. Treatment.—Allow as much warm water as the animal will drink. give protectives, such as linseed tea, etc. Linseed or olive oil may be given. To keep up the heart action give ether, alcohol, camphor, digitalis, or coffee. To allay pain, give opium. VEGETABLE POISONS. These may be divided into two classes—those that are likely to be administered to the animal as medicine or such as may be taken in the food, either in the shape of poisonous plants, or as plants or foods of vegetable origin that have been damaged by fungi or by bacterial action, producing fermentation or putrefaction. VEGETABLE POISONS USED AS MEDICINE, CPIUM POISONING. Opium and its alkaloid, morphia, are so commonly used in the practice of medicine that the poisonous result of an overdose is not uncommon. The common preparations are gum opium, the inspis- sated juice of the poppy; powdered opium, made from the gum; tincture of opium, commonly called laudanum; and the alkaloid or active principle, morphia. Laudanum has about one-eighth the strength of the gum or powder. Morphia is present in good opium to the extent of about 10 per cent. In medicine it is a most useful agent in allaying pain. It has an effect of first producing a stimulat- ing action, which is followed by drowsiness, a disposition to sleep or complete anesthesia, depending on the quantity of the drug used. In poisonous doses a state of exhilaration is well marked at first. This is particularly noticeable in cattle and in horses. The animal becomes much excited, and this stage does not pass into insensibility POISONS AND POISONING. 65 unless an enormous dose has been given. If the dose is large enough, a second stage sometimes supervenes, in which the symptoms are those of congestion of the brain. The-visible membranes have a blu- ish tint (cyanotic) from interference with the air supply. The breathing is slow, labored, and later stertorous; the pupils of the eyes are very much contracted; the skin dry and warm. Gas accumulates in the stomach, so that tympanites is a prominent symptom. The patient may be aroused by great noise or the infliction of sharp pain, when the breathing becomes more natural. A relapse into the coma- tose condition takes place when the excitement ceases. Later, there is perfect coma and the patient can no longer be aroused from the insensible condition. The contraction of the pupil becomes more marked, the breathing intermittent and slower, there is perspiration, the pulse more feeble and rapid, till death takes place. Poisoning of cattle with opium or its products rarely goes beyond the stage of excitement, because the quantity of the drug required for the later effects is so great. Seventy-five grains of morphia administered sub- cutaneously has sufficed merely to excite for 12 hours. Treatment.—Give strong coffee, 1 to 4 quarts, aromatic spirits of ammonia or carbonate of ammonia. Atropia is the physiological antidote. STRYCHNIN POISONING. Strychnin is a very concentrated poison and produces its effect very quickly, usually only a few minutes being necessary if given in sufficient dose and in such a way that it will be at once absorbed. The first noticeable symptom is evidence of unrest or mental excite- ment; at the same time the muscles over the shoulder and croup may be seen to quiver or twitch, and later there occurs a more or less well- marked convulsion; the head is jerked back, the back arched and leg extended, the eyes drawn. The spasm continues for only a few minutes, when it relaxes and another occurs in a short time. The return is hastened by excitement and in a short time again disap- pears, continuing to disappear and reappear until death results. As the poisonous effect advances the intervals between the spasms be- come shorter and less marked and the spasms more severe until the animal dies in violent struggles. Treatment.—The best method is to put the patient under the influ- ence of chloral, chloroform, or ether, and keep it there continuously until the effect of the poison has passed off. Alcohol may be given in large doses. ACONITE POISONING, In recent years tincture of aconite has for some unknown reason become a popular stable remedy. In the hands of some breeders it seems to be used as a panacea for all the ills flesh is heir to. If an 16923°—12——5 66 DISEASES OF CATTLE. animal is ailing, aconite is given whether indicated or not. Fortu- nately the dose used is generally small, and for this reason the dam- age done is much less than it would otherwise be. Aconite is one of the most deadly poisons known. It produces paralysis of motion and sensation, depresses the heart’s action, and causes death by paralysis of respiration. In large doses it causes profuse salivation, champing of the jaws, and attempts at swallowing. If not sufficient to cause death, there is impaired appetite with more or less nausea for some time after. In poisonous doses it causes the animal to tremble vio- lently, to lose power to support itself, and it brings on slight con- vulsions, with perspiration. The pulse is depressed, irregular, and afterwards intermittent. Treatment.—The chemical antidote is tannic acid, which forms an insoluble compound with the aconitin. The depressing effect on the heart should be counteracted by the use of ammonia, digitalis, alcohol, camphor, or other diffusible stimulants, which have a physiological effect opposite to aconite. TURPENTINE POISONING. Many conifers, but especially some species of pines, contain tur- pentine. In winter and early spring the ends of the branches of such trees may be eaten by cattle. If a sufficient quantity is con- sumed, poisoning may result. Symptoms.—The symptoms signify more or less severe irritation of the digestive and urinary tracts. There is poor appetite, abdominal pain, emaciation, dark urine, which may contain blood, difficulty in passing urine, constrained attitude, and sensitiveness to pressure over the loins. Later there may be excitation followed by depression of the nervous system. Treatment.—Change food. Give linseed tea, barley gruel, or slip- pery-elm bark infusion. For the excitement give chloral hydrate or bromid of potash. DIETETIC POISONS. A small but important group of poisons may be classed under this head. In some cases it is poison naturally belonging to the plant; in other eases the poisonous principle is developed in what would other- wise be harmless plants as a plant disease, or as a fermentation or putrefaction due to bacterial growth and observed in forage, grain, or meal that has heated, become damaged, or “ spoilt.” Loco WEED poisontnc.—The “loco weed ” is a term applied to legu minous plants of several genera, all of which are supposed to have certain similar effects on horses and cattle. It is found on the Plains and in the natural pastures of some of our Western States. The _— . —_- POISONS AND POISONING. 67 plant grows on high, gravelly, or sandy soil. It has a rather attractive appearance, and retains its soft, pale green color all winter. Of one of the most common species (Astragalus mollissimus) it may be said that a mass of leaves 4 to 10 inches high grow from the very short stem. The leaves are pinnate, similar in form to those of a locust tree, with ten pairs of leaflets and an odd terminal one. The flower scape grows from the center of the plant. The flowers, shaped like pea blossoms, appear in June or July, and are yellow tinted with violet. The seeds are contained in a pod about half an inch long. It is said that a stalk-boring larva has attacked the plant and seems to be doing much toward eradicating it. Horses and cattle seem to acquire a taste for loco weeds, although it is not a plant that would be considered as a food or that would be eaten with a relish the first time. In the early spring, when herbage is scarce, its green appearance may attract the animal, and the habit of eating it be thus acquired. Its effect is not noticeable till a con- siderable quantity has been eaten. It seems to exert its influence on the nervous system. The gait is slow and measured, the step high, the eyes glassy and staring, the vision defective. Sudden excitement will frequently produce convulsions, which, if the disease is well advanced, have a temporarily prostrating effect upon the animal. Although loco poisoning is a nervous affection, emaciation is one of the most noticeable symptoms. The taste for the weed becomes stronger, the victim preferring it to other food. When it is taken in large quantities delirium is produced and the animal becomes vicious. If the cause be removed before too much injury is done, recovery is likely to take place. Treatment.—Medicinal treatment seems to be of little avail. Com- fortable stabling, quiet, and a liberal supply of wholesome food tend to counteract the poisonous effect of the plant and build up the depleted forces. LAUREL POISONING.—The mountain laurel, the rhododendron, and the bay tree are poisonous for cattle. The foliage of these plants is most likely to be eaten in the late winter or spring, when there is little forage available. The effect is to cause great mental excite- ment, salivation, retching, colic, diarrhea, nerve exhaustion, and paralysis. Treatment.—The treatment consists in administering protectives to soothe the gastro-intestinal mucous membrane, and stimulants to keep up the action of the heart and general strength. For this purpose one may use coffee, whisky, or ammonia. OTHER POISONOUS PLANTS.—Other poisonous plants are the box, water hemlock, equisetum, lupine (under special conditions), tobacco, green acorns (when eaten in excessive quantities by horses or cattle), 68 DISEASES OF CATTLE. green sorghum and Kafir corn forage (when stunted or frosted), lily of the valley, aconite, oleander, jimson weed, green potatoes and po- tato sprouts, and poison rye grass (Lolium temulentum). Ercotism.—The poisonous effects of ergot (Pls. V, VI) appear chiefly in the winter and spring of the year and among cattle. It is developed among grasses grown on rich soil in hot, damp seasons. _ Rye seems more liable to ergot than any of our other crops. Of the grasses which enter into the composition of hay, bluegrass is the most likely to become affected. Ergot may also affect redtop, oats, grasses, and grains. On the plant the fungus manifests itself on the seeds, where it is easily recognized when the hay is examined in the mow. The ergotized seeds are several times larger than the natural seeds—hard, black, and generally curved in shape. The effect of the protracted use of ergot in the food is pretty well understood to be that of producing a degeneration and obstruction of the smaller arterial branches. The result is to shut off the blood sup- ply to the distal parts of the body, where the circulation is weakest, and thus to produce a mummification or dry gangrene of the extrem- ities, as the ears, tail, feet, ete. Cattle seem to be more susceptible than other animals to the influence of ergot, possibly on account of the slowness of the heart’s action. When the effect of the poison has become sufficient to entirely arrest the circulation in any part, the structures soon die. The disorder manifests itself as lameness in one or more limbs; swelling about the ankle which may result in only a small slough or the loss of a toe, but it may circumscribe the limb at any point below the knee or hock by an indented ring, below which the tissues become dead. The indentation soon changes to a crack, . which, like it, extends completely round the limb, forming the line of separation between the dead and living structures. The crack deepens till the parts below drop off without loss of blood, and fre- quently with very little pus. Ergot may cause serious irritation of the digestive tract, or by acting upon the nervous system it may cause lethargy or paralysis. It also operates to cause contraction of the uterus, and may thus cause abortion. Treatment.—Regarding the treatment, change of food and local antiseptics are, of course, indicated. The former may be useful as a preventive, but when the symptoms have appeared the animal is nec- essarily so completely saturated that recovery is likely to be tedious. Tannin may be given internally in doses of one-half dram twice daily for a few days to neutralize the unabsorbed alkaloids of the ergot. At the same time give castor oil. To dilate the blood vessels give chloral hydrate. Bathe the affected parts with hot water. If slough- ing has gone far, amputation must be resorted to. POISONS AND POISONING. 69 OTHER POISONOUS FUNGI. Many other fungi poison herbivora. In some instances, however, where fungi are blamed for causing disease their presence on the foodstuff or herbage is but coincidental with some other and more potent disease-producing factor. For example, if the conditions are favorable to the growth of fungi they are also favorable to the growth of bacteria, and bacteria may produce poisons in foods. In general it may be said that any food that is moldy, must y, or putrid is possibly dangerous. Silage, properly cured, does not belong to this class, because the curing of silage is not a bacterial process. But spoiled silage and silage matted with mold is dangerous and should not be fed. POISONING BY ANIMAL PRODUCTS. SNAKE BITES, The poison contained in the tooth glands of certain venomous rep- tiles, particularly some of the snakes, which is injected into or under the skin of an animal bitten by the reptile, is a very powerful agent. It is likely to produce a serious local irritation, and in the case of the more poisonous snakes serious constitutional disturbances, even to causing death, which it may do in either of two ways: First,- when very strong, by exerting a narcotic influence similar to that of some of the powerful poisons, checking heart action. Second, by diffused inflammation of the areolar tissue, gangrene, and extensive sloughing. Symptoms.—The symptoms of snake bite are a local swelling caused by an intense local inflammation, pricks showing where the fangs penetrated, depression, weakness, feeble pulse, difficult breathing, bluish discoloration of the visible mucous membranes, stupor, or con- vulsions. If the poison is not powerful or plentiful enough to pro- duce death, it is, at any rate, likely to cause severe local abscesses or sloughs. Treatment.—The treatment may be divided into local and general. Locally every effort should be made to prevent absorption of the poison. If discovered at once the bitten part had better be excised. Tf that is impracticable and a ligature can be applied, as in the case of a bite to one of the limbs, no time should be lost in applying it above the injury. It should be made sufficiently tight to so far as possible arrest circulation in the bitten part. The wound should be freely incised, so that it will bleed freely, and the poison should be extracted by cupping or pressed out by squeezing with the fingers. Permanganate of potash in 5 per cent solution should be applied to and injected into the wound. The depressing effect of the poison on the general system should be counteracted by liberal drenching with stimulants, such as alcohol, coffee, digitalis, or the aromatic spirits or 70 DISEASES OF CATTLE. carbonate of ammonia. In animal practice the alcoholic stimulants and local treatment above described are likely to meet with best suc- cess. A special antitoxin for use in treating snake bite is now pre- pared and may be had from the leading druggists. It is quite effective if used promptly. WASP AND BEE STINGS. Wasps and bees secrete a poisonous substance which they are able to insert through the skin of an animal by the aid of their sharp stings. This poison is a severe local irritant, and may even cause local gangrene. It also has a depressing effect upon the central nervous system, and destroys the red-blood corpuscles. To produce these general effects it must be introduced in very large quantities, as when an animal is stung by a swarm of bees or wasps. Treatment.—The treatment is to wash the parts with diluted am- monia or permanganate of potash solution and to give stimulants internally. If there is so much swelling about the head and nostrils as to interfere with breathing, tracheotomy may be necessary. POISONING BY INSECTS ON THE FORAGE. Cattle grazing on forage heavily infested with caterpillars have been known to develop acute indigestion, colic, and, in a few cases, to die as a result of this poisoning. Plant lice cause irritation of the mouth and throat if eaten in large numbers. Some insects secrete a chemical poison which, taken in this way, causes serious digestive disturbance. POISONING WITH SPANISH FLY. Spanish fly, in the form of powdered cantharides, may be given in an overdose, or when applied as a blister to too large a surface of skin enough may be absorbed to poison. If given by the mouth it causes severe irritation of the gastro-intestinal tract, shown by saliva- tion, sore throat, colic, bloody diarrhea, etc. It also produces, whether given by the mouth or absorbed through the skin, irritation of the urinary tract, as shown by frequent and painful urination. If death results it is due to respiratory paralysis. Treatment.—Give protectives and the white of egg, with opium. Do not give oils or alcohol. DISEASES OF THE HEART, BLOOD VESSELS, AND LYMPHATICS. By W. H. Harsavueu, V. S. [Revised in 1904 by Leonard Pearson, B. S., V. M. D.] The heart, blood vessels, and lymphatics may be described as the circulatory apparatus. The heart is located in the thoracic cavity (chest). It is conical in form, with the base or large part uppermost, while the apex, or point, rests just above the sternum (breastbone). It is situated between the right and left lungs, the apex inclining to the left, and owing to this circumstance the heart beats are best felt on the left side of the chest, behind the elbow. The heart may be considered as a hollow muscle, containing four compartments, two on each side. The upper compartments are called auricles and the lower ones are called ven- tricles. The right auricle and ventricle are completely separated from the left auricle and ventricle by a thick septum or wall, so that there is no communication between the right and left sides of the heart. At the bottom of each auricle is the auriculo-ventricular opening, each provided with a valve to close it when the heart contracts to force the blood into the arteries. In the interval between the con- tractions these valves hang down into the ventricles. The muscular tissue of the heart belongs to that class known as involuntary, because its action is not controlled by the will. The cavities of the heart are lined by serous membrane, called the endocardium. The endocardium may be considered as continued into the veins and the arteries, forming their internal lining. The walls of the ventricles are thicker than those of the auricles, and the walls of the left ventricle are much thicker than those of the right. The heart is enveloped by a fibrous sac (or bag), called the pericar- dium, which assumes much of the general shape of the outer surface of the heart. ; The action of the heart is similar to that of a pump and its function is to keep the blood in circulation. The auricles may be considered as the reservoirs or receivers of the blood and the ventricles as the pump chambers. During the interval between contractions, the heart being in momentary repose, the blood pours into the auricles from the veins; the auriculo-ventricular orifices being widely open, the ven- tricles also receive blood; the auricles contract and the ventricles are 71 (es DISEASES OF CATTLE. filled; contraction of the ventricles follows; the auriculo-ventricular valves are forced up by the pressure of the blood and close the auric- ulo-ventricular openings and prevent the return of blood into the auricles; the contraction of the ventricles forces the blood from the right ventricle into the lungs through the pulmonary artery and its branches, and from the left ventricle into the aorta and all parts of the body through the arteries. After the contraction of the ven- tricles the heart is again in momentary repose and being filled with blood, while the valves in the aorta and pulmonary artery close to prevent the return of blood into the ventricles. (See Pl. VII.) The average weight of the heart of an ox is said to be from 34 to 5 pounds; but, of course, the weight must be very variable in different animals, owing to the many breeds and sizes of cattle. The vessels that convey the blood from the heart to all parts of the body are called arteries; the vessels which return the blood to the heart are called veins. Between the ultimate ramifications of the arteries and the beginning of the veins there is an intermediate sys- item of very minute vessels called capillaries, which connect the arterial with the venous system of the circulation. The walls of the arteries are possessed of a certain amount of rigidity, sufficient to keep the tubes open when they are empty. The blood leaves the left ventricle through a single vessel, the com- mon aorta, which divides into the anterior and posterior aortas, which in turn give off the large arteries. The arteries divide and subdivide (like the branches of a tree), become smaller and smaller, and ultimately ramify into every part of the body, terminating in a network of very small tubes called capil- laries, which can only be recognized by the aid of a microscope. The capillaries terminate in veins. The veins take the blood from the capillaries in all parts of the body. They begin in very small tubes, which unite to become larger in size and less in number as they approach the heart. In its course an artery is usually accompanied by a vein and in many situations by a nerve. The more important arteries are placed deep within the body; but in those cases where they are superficial they are generally found where least exposed to injury, as, for exam- ple, on the inner side of the legs. Arteries are less numerous than veins, and the total capacity of the arteries is much less than that of the veins. A great number of veins are in the tissue immediately beneath the skin, and these are not generally accompanied by arteries. The blood throughout its course, in the heart, arteries, capillaries, and veins, is inclosed within these vessels. There is no opening into the course of the blood, except where the large lymphatics empty into the venous blood. DISEASES OF HEART, BLOOD VESSELS, AND LYMPHATICS. 73 All the arteries, except the pulmonary artery and its branches, carry bright-red blood, and all the veins, except the pulmonary veins, carry dark-red blocd. The impure dark-red blood is collected from the capillary vessels and carried to the right auricle by the veins; it passes down into the right ventricle and thence into the pulmonary artery, and through its branches to the capillaries of the lungs, where the carbonic-acid gas and.other impurities are given up to the air in the air cells of the lungs (through the thin walls between the capilla- ries and the air cells), and where it also absorbs from the air the oxygen gas necessary to sustain life, which changes it to the bright- red, pure blood. It passes from the capillaries to the branches of the pulmonary veins, which convey it to the left auricle of the heart; it then passes through the auriculo-ventricular opening into the left ventricle, the contraction of which forces it through the common aorta into the posterior and anterior aortas, and through all the arteries of the body into the capillaries, where it parts with its oxygen and nutritive elements and where it absorbs carbonic-acid gas and becomes dark colored. (See theoretical diagram of the circulation, Pl. VII.) The branches of certain arteries in different parts unite again after subdividing. This reuniting is called anastomosing, and assures a quota of blood to a part if one of the anastomosing arteries should be tied in case of hemorrhage, or should be destroyed by accident or operation. BLOOD. The various kinds of food, after being digested in the alimentary canal, are absorbed and carried into the blood by the lymphatics, and by the blood to the places where nutrition is required. The blood takes from all parts of the body all that is useless and no longer required, and carries it to the different organs where it is eliminated from the body. It contains within itself all the elements which nourish the body. The blood may be considered a fluid holding in solution certain inorganic elements and having certain bodies suspended in it. To facilitate description, the blood may be considered as being made up of the corpuscles and the liquor sanguinis. The corpuscles are of two kinds, the red and the white, the red being the most numerous. The color of the blood is due to the coloring matter in the red cor- puscles. The red corpuscles are the oxygen carriers. Both kinds are very minute bodies, which require the aid of the microscope to recognize them. The lquor sanguinis is composed of water contain- ing in solution salts, albumen, and the elements of fibrin. The lymphatics, or absorbents, are the vessels which carry the lymph and chyle in the blood. They begin as capillaries in all parts 4 74 DISEASES OF CATTLE. of the body, gradually uniting to form larger trunks. Placed along the course of the lymphatic vessels are glands, and in some situations these glands are collected into groups; for example, in the groin, etc. These glands are often involved in inflammation arising from the absorption of deleterious matter. Absorption is the function of the lymphatics. The liquor san- guinis passes from the blood capillaries to supply nutrition to the tissues. All excess of the liquor sanguinis that is not required is absorbed by the lymphatic vessels and conveyed back to the blood by the lymphatic ducts. The lymphatics which proceed from the intes- tines convey the chyle into the blood during digestion. As a rule, the lymphatic vessels follow the course of the veins. All of the ab- sorbent vessels convey their contents to the thoracic duct and right great lymphatic vein, which empty into the anterior vena cava, where the lymph and chyle mix with the venous blood, and thus maintain the supply of nutritive elements in the blood. PULSE. As fully explained, the heart pumps the blood throughout the arte- rial system. The arteries are always full and each contraction of the ventricle pumps more blood into them, which distends their elastic walls and sends a wave along them which gradually becomes less per- ceptible as it nears the very small arteries, and is lost before the capillaries are reached. This wave constitutes the pulse. The sen- sation or impression given to the finger when placed upon the artery shows the force exerted by the heart and some important facts con- cerning the condition of the circulation. In cattle the average num- ber of pulsations in a minute (in adults) is from 50 to 60. The pulse is faster than normal after exercise, excitement, on hot days, from pain, and as a result of fullness of the stomach. In old animals it is slower than in the young and in males slightly slower than in females. In fevers and inflammations and in local diseases of the heart the pulse rate is increased. If the rate is greater than 100 or 110 to the minute the outlook for recovery is not good. Other variations of the pulse are known as infrequent pulse, which means that the number of pulsations in a given time is less than nor- mal. The irregular or the intermittent pulse is when the pulsations do not follow in regular order. The large pulse and the small pulse refer to the volume of the pulse, which may be larger or smaller than usual. The strong pulse and the feeble pulse refer to the strength or weakness of the pulsation. The pulse is said to be hard when the vessel feels hard and incompressible. The soft pulse is the reverse of the hard one. By dicrotic pulse is meant that kind of pulsation which makes each beat seem double, and therefore it is generally called the double pulse. DISEASES OF HEART, BLOOD VESSELS, AND LYMPHATICS. 75 The venous or “jugular pulse” is the pulsation so frequently observed in the jugular vein of cattle. It is particularly noticeable while they are ruminating—“ chewing the cud.” It is not always associated with disease, but may be a symptom of some disease of the heart; in such cases the jugular pulse is continuous. The location selected for feeling the pulse in cattle is where the submaxillary artery winds around the lower jaw bones, just at the lower edge of the flat muscle on the side of the cheek; or, if the cow is lying down, the metacarpal artery on the back part of the fore fetlock is very convenient for the purpose. THE EXAMINATION OF THE HEART. Corresponding with the beats of the heart two sounds are emitted, which are of a definite type in healthy animals. The first is pro- duced by the contraction of the heart and the flow of blood out of it; the second is caused by the rebound of blood in, the aorta and the closure of the valves that prevent it from flowing backward into the heart, whence it came. The first sound is the longer and louder of the two, though of low pitch. The second sound is sharper and shorter, and it not always easy to hear in cattle. There is a brief interval between them. To appreciate these sounds, the ear is placed against the left side of the chest, a little-above the point where the elbow rests when the animal is standing in a natural position and about opposite the sixth rib. The heart sounds are both reduced in intensity when the animal is weak or when the heart is forced away from the chest wall by col- lections of fluid or by tubercular or other growths. Nonrhythmical heart sound is often caused by pericarditis or by disease of the valves. It may also be due to overfilling of the heart upon the right side, as occurs in severe congestion of the lungs and in some febrile diseases. In pericarditis scraping, rubbing, or splashing sounds may be heard, entirely apart from the two normal sounds above described. The impulse of the heart, as felt-by placing the hand against the chest, is of some consequence in arriving at a conclusion in respect to disease of the heart; but it must be remembered that the impulse may be very much increased by diseases other than those of the heart, as, for example, inflammation of various organs, severe pains, etc. The impulse may also be increased (when disease does not exist) by work, exercise, fright, or any cause of excitement, or, in general, by anything that causes acceleration of the pulse. The impulse of the heart may be felt and the sounds may be heard fairly well in lean cattle, but in fat ones it is difficult and often impossible to detect either impulse or sound with any degree of satis- faction. 76 DISEASES OF CATTLE. PALPITATION, When the impulse of the heart is excessive—that is, when it beats more or less tumultuously—the familiar expression “palpitation of the heart ” is applied; and by many it is called “thumps.” The hand or ear placed against the chest easily detects the unnatural beating. In some cases it is so violent that the motion may be seen at a distance. Palpitation is but a symptom, and in many instances not connected with disease of the structure of the heart or its membranes. An animal badly frightened may have palpitation. When it comes on suddenly and soon passes away, it depends on some cause other than disease of the heart ; but when it is gradually manifested, and becomes constant, although more pronounced at one time than another, heart clisease may be suspected, especially if other symptoms of heart dis- ease are present. INJURY TO THE HEART BY FOREIGN BODIES. Cattle are addicted to the habit of chewing and swallowing many objects not intended as articles of food. Every veterinarian of expe- rience has met with instances to remind him of this, and it is well known to butchers. Among the great variety of things that have thus found their way into the stomachs of cattle the following have been noticed: Finger rings, knitting needles, old shoes, table knives, wood, pieces of leather, pieces of wire, buttons, hairpins, brushes, nails, coins, ete. The more sharply pointed objects sometimes pene- trate the wall of the stomach, during which they may or may not cause enough irritation of the stomach to produce indigestion, gradu- ally work their way through the diaphragm toward the heart, pierce the pericardium (bag inclosing the heart), wound the heart, and prove fatal to the animal. Cases are recorded in which the foreign body has actually worked its way into one of the cavities of the heart. However, instances are known in which the object took a different course, and finally worked its way toward the surface and was extracted from the wall of the chest. While it is possible that the object may pierce the wall at different parts of the alimentary canal, as it frequently does that of the rumen (paunch), it is thought that in the great majority of cases it passes through the wall of the reticu- lum (smaller honeycombed compartment, or second stomach) and is drawn toward the heart by the suction-like action of the chest. Post- mortem examinations have demonstrated the course it pursued, as adhesions and other results of the inflammation it caused were plainly to be seen. All manner of symptoms may precede those showing involvement of the heart, depending upon the location of the -foreign body and the extent of inflammation caused by it. Severe indigestion may occur; stiffness and difficulty in moving about, due to the prods DISEASES OF HEART, BLOOD VESSELS, AND LYMPHATICS. riz of the sharp body following muscular contraction; pain on pressure over the front, lower, and right sides of the abdomen; coughing and difficult, quick breathing. In most cases the foreign body does not penetrate to the heart, nor even to the pericardium. Symptoms.—The symptoms are as follows: The animal is disin- clined to move actively, the step is restricted and cautious, sudden motion causes grunting, the attitude is constrained, the feet are drawn somewhat together, the back is arched, the face has an anxious expression. If the disease is of some days’ standing, there is likely to be soft swelling (edema) beneath the neck, in the dewlap, and under the chest, between the fore legs. Breathing is short and difficult; it may clearly be painful. The pulse is rapid, 80 to 120 per minute. The muscles quiver as though the animal were cold. Rumination and appetite are depressed or checked. The dung is hard, and to void it appears to cause pain. These symptoms usually develop gradually, and, of course, they vary considerably in different animals, depending upon the size and location of the foreign body and the irritation caused by it. As a matter of course, treatment in such cases is useless, but when it is possible to diagnose the case correctly the animal could be turned over to the butcher before the flesh becomes unfit for use; that is, before there is more than a little suppuration and before there is fever. Knowing that cattle are prone to swallow such objects, ordi- nary care may be exercised in keeping their surroundings as free of them as possible. PERICARDITIS. Inflammation of the pericardium (heart bag) is often associated with pneumonia and pleurisy, rheumatism, and other constitutional diseases, or with an injury. It also occurs as an independent affec- tion, due to causes similar to those of other chest affections, as expos- ure to cold or dampness and changes of the weather. Symptoms.—tIt may be ushered in with a chill, followed by fever, of more or less severity; the animal stands still and dull, with head hanging low, and anxiety expressed in its countenance. The pulse may be large, perhaps hard; there is also a venous pulse. The hand against the chest will feel the beating of the heart, which is often irregular, sometimes violent, and in other instances weak, depending in part upon the amount of fluid that has transuded into the peri- cardial sac. Legs are cold, the breathing quickened and usually abdominal; if the left side of the chest be pressed on or struck, the animal evinces pain. There may be spasms of the muscles in the region of the breast, neck, or hind legs. After a time, which varies in length, the legs may become swollen, and swelling may also appear under the chest and brisket. 78 DISEASES OF CATTLE. In those animals in which the heart sounds may be heard somewhat distinctly, the ear applied against the chest will detect a to-and-fro friction sound, corresponding to the beats of the heart. This sound is produced by the rubbing of the internal surface of the heart bag against the external surface of the heart. During the first stages of the inflammation these surfaces are dry, and the rubbing of one against the other during the contraction and relaxation of the heart produces this sound. The dry stage is followed by the exudation of fluid into the heart sac, and the friction is not heard until the fluid is absorbed sufficiently to allow the surfaces to come in contact again. But during the time the friction sound is lost a sound which has been called a “ churning noise ” may take its place. The friction sound of pericarditis can not be mistaken for the fric- tion sound of pleurisy if the examination is a careful one, because in the heart affection the sound is made in connection with the heart beats, while in the pleuritic affection the sound is synchronous with each respiration or breath of air taken in and expelled from the lungs. Treatment.—When pericarditis is complicated with rheumatism or other diseases the latter must be treated as directed in the description of them. The animal must be kept in a quiet, comfortable place, where it will be free from excitement. Warm clothing should be applied to the body and the legs should be hand-rubbed until the cir- culation in them is reestablished, and then snugly bandaged. The food should be nutritive and in moderate quantity. Bleeding should not be performed unless the case is in the hands of ‘an expert. At the beginning give as a purgative Epsom salt—1 pound to an averaged-size cow—dissolved in about a quart of warm water and administered as a drench. When there is much pain 2 ounces of laudanum may be given, diluted with a pint of water, every three hours until relief is given. Do not give the laudanum unless de- manded by the severity of the pain, as it tends to constipation. Give one-half ounce of nitrate of potassium (saltpeter), dissolved in drink- ing water, four or five times a day. After the attack has abated mustard mixed with water may be rubbed well over the left side of the chest to stimulate the absorption of the fluid contained within the pericardium. The other medicines may be discontinued and the following administered: Sulphate of iron, 2 ounces; powdered gen- tian, 6 ounces; mix and make 8 powders. Give one powder every day at noon, mixed with food, if the animal will eat it, or shaken up with water in a bottle as a drench. Also the following: Iodid of potassium, 2 ounces; nitrate of potassium, 8 ounces; mix and make 16 powders. Give one in drinking water or in drench every morning and evening. The last two prescriptions may be contiued for several weeks if necessary. DISEASES OF HEART, BLOOD VESSELS, AND LYMPHATICS. 79 Tf at any time during the attack much weakness is manifested, give the following drench every three hours: Spirits of nitrous ether, 3 ounces; rectified spirits, 4 ounces; water, 1 pint; mix and give as a drench. In extreme cases tapping the pericardium with a trocar and cannula to draw off the fluid is resorted to, but the operation requires exact anatomical knowledge. After death from pericarditis there is always more or less fluid found in the pericardium; the surfaces are rough and covered with a yellow-colored exudate. There are also in many cases adhesions to a greater or less extent between the heart and pericardium. MYOCARDITIS. Inflammation of the muscular structure of the heart occcurs in limited, circumscribed areas, as evidenced by post-mortem examina- tion, and it is probably always somewhat involved in connection with pericarditis and endocarditis. It may readily be inferred that if the whole organ were inflamed death would ensue immediately. Usually myocarditis results from the preexistence of blood poisoning or some infectious febrile disease. Symptoms.—The chief symptoms are those of heart weakness. The heart beat is fast, weak, and often irregular. Respiration is difficult and rapid. There is great general weakness and depression. Death comes on suddenly. Treatment.—Treatment consists in supporting the animal by the use of stimulants, such as alcohol, ammonia, coffee, digitalis, cam- phor, etc. Complete quiet must be provided, and the general care should be as in pericarditis. ENDOCARDITIS. When the membrane which lines the cavities of the heart—the endocardium—suffers inflammation, the disease is called endocarditis. The cause is another disease, during which there is produced and admitted into the circulation substances that irritate the lining of the heart. These substances are usually living organisms, or it is pos- sible that in some cases they are chemical irritants. Endocarditis occurs as a complication or sequel to pneumonia, blood poisoning, inflammation of the womb, rheumatism, or severe wounds or ab- scesses. ‘The symptoms are much the same as those of pericarditis, and it is difficult to discriminate between the two affections. There is a jugular pulse, the legs may become dropsical, and there is a tendency to faint if the head is elevated suddenly. The bellows-like sound is more distinct than it is in pericarditis. It is the most fatal of heart diseases, because of the liability of the formation of clots, which may adhere to the valves, change in the structure of the valves, 80 DISEASES OF CATTLE, and often a complication with an abnormal condition of the blood. Clots may be formed in the heart, and, being carried to other parts, prove fatal by interrupting the circulation in some vital organ. Similar treatment to that advised for myocarditis may be followed in this disease. VALVES OF THE HEART. The valves are subject to abnormal growths and structural changes in chronic endocarditis or as a result of acute endocarditis. Some- times valves are torn by sudden extreme muscular effort, or an abnor- mality may be congenital. Cases are also reported in which they have been found ruptured. Symptoms.—The general symptoms are those of heart weakness, accompanied by congestion of the lungs and edema. Treatment.—Relief is sometimes afforded, but usually temporarily, by the use of stimulants, especially digitalis. RUPTURE OF THE HEART. Sudden effort, blows, or disease may lead to rupture of the heart of the ox. The first cause does not operate so often in cattle as in horses. Tuberculosis or ulceration from other causes, such as a foreign body, is the most common source of this accident. Rupture is shown by sudden fainting, followed very shortly by death. HYPERTROPHY AND DILATATION OF THE HEART. This is an enlargement of the heart, and may consist of the thicken- ing of the walls alone, or at the same time the cavities may be either enlarged or diminished in size. Dilatation of the cavities has been noticed as existing independently of thickened walls. In hypertrophy the sounds of the heart are loud and pronounced, and may be heard on both sides of the chest distinctly, and palpitation occurs to a ereater or less extent. Luckily both conditions are very rare in cattle. ATROPHY. Atrophy is the technical term for wasting of the muscular tissue. Atrophy of the heart is very rare among cattle, and is usually a result of other diseases. FATTY DEGENERATION OF THE HEART. This condition of the heart is met with in some cattle that are very fat, but it must be understood that the acéumulation of fat around the heart is not referred to by this designation. In fatty degenera- tion the elements of the muscular tissue are replaced by fatty or oily granules. The muscle becomes weak, the heart contractions are insufficient, and heart weakness is shown by general weakness, short- ness of breath, and weak, rapid pulse. DISEASES OF HEART, BLOOD VESSELS, AND LYMPHATICS. 81 CYANOSIS. Owing to the most prominent symptom, this condition is also called “blue disease.” It is seen occasionally in new-born calves. It is recognized by the blue color of the mucous membrane (easily seen by, looking within the mouth and nostrils), the coldness of the surface of the body, and rapid, labored breathing. It is due to nonclosure of the foramen ovale, connecting the right with the left side of the heart, and the consequent mixing of the venous with the arterial blood. Calves so affected live but a short time. MISPLACEMENT OF THE HEART. Cases are recorded in which the heart has been found out of its natural position, sometimes located outside of the chest. This is a congenital condition, for which there is no remedy. A heifer calf with the heart entirely outside of the thoracic cavity and contained beneath the skin in the lower part of the neck was kept at the veteri- nary hospital of the University of Pennsylvania for two years, during which time it matured into a well-developed cow. WOUNDS OF ARTERIES AND VEINS. When a blood vessel is opened it may be told at a glance whether it is an artery or a vein by simply bearing in mind that bright-red blood comes from arteries and dark-red from veins. When a vein or a very small artery is severed the blood flows from the vessel in a con- tinuous and even stream, but when one of the larger arteries is severed the blood comes from it in intermitting jets, or spurts, corresponding to the beats of the heart. It is well to call attention to the fact that the dark-red blood which flows or oozes from a wound soon becomes bright-red, because it gives up its carbonic-acid gas to the air, and absorbs oxygen gas from the air, which is exactly the change it under- goes in the capillaries of the lungs. The general treatment of wounds will be found in another section ; here it is only necessary to refer briefly to some of the most practical methods used to arrest hemorrhages, as instances occur where an animal may lose much strength from the loss of blood, or even bleed to death unless action is prompt. BLEEDING (HEMORRHAGE). The severity of a hemorrhage depends upon the size of the vessel from which the blood escapes, though it may be stated that it is more serious when arteries are severed. If the wound in an artery is in the direction of its length, the blood escapes more freely than if the vessel is completely severed, because in the latter instance the severed ends retract, curl in, and may aid very much in arresting the flow. When 16923°—12——_6 82 DISEASES OF CATTLE. the blood merely oozes from the wound, and even in cases where it flows in a small stream, the forming of the clot arrests the hemorrhage in a comparatively short time. Slight hemorrhages may be checked by the continuous application to the wound of cold water, ice, or snow, as cold causes contraction of the small vessels. The water may be thrown on a wound from a hose, or dashed on it from the hand or a cup, or folds of cotton cloths may be held on the wound and kept wet. Ice or snow may be held against the wound, or they may be put in a bag and conveniently secured in position. Hot water of an average temperature of 115° to 120° F. injected into the vagina or womb is often efficient in arresting hemorrhages from those organs. Tow, raw cotton, lint, or sponges may be forced into a wound and held or bound there with bandages. This is an excellent method for checking the flow of blood until the arrival of an expert. If the flow persists, these articles may be saturated with tincture of iron, but it is not advisable to use the tincture of iron if it can be avoided, as it is a caustic, and retards healing by causing a slough. The articles may be saturated with vinegar in cases of neces- sity, or tannic acid or alum dissolved in water may be used instead. The article (whichever is used) should be left in the wound suffi- ciently long to make sure that its removal will not be followed by a renewal of the hemorrhage. It must remain there one or two days in some instances. An iron heated until it is white and then pressed on the bleeding vessel for three or four seconds is occasionally used. It should be at white heat and applied for a moment only, or else the charred tissue will come away with the iron and thus defeat the purpose of its application. . Compression may be applied in different ways, but only the most convenient will be mentioned. To many wounds bandages may easily be applied. The bandages may be made of linen, muslin, etc., suffi- cently wide and long, according to the nature of the wound and the region to be bandaged. Bed sheets torn in strips the full length make excellent bandages for this purpose. Cotton batting, tow, or a piece of sponge may be placed on the wound and firmly bound there with the bandages. In many instances ligating the vessel is necessary. A ligature is a piece of thread or string tied around the vessel. Ligating is almost entirely confined to arteries. Veins are not ligated unless very large (and even then only when other means are not available) on account of the danger of phlebitis, or inflammation of a vein. The ligature is tied around the end of the artery, but in some instances this is difficult, and it is necessary to include some of the adjacent tissue, although care should be taken that a nerve is not included. - To apply a liga- DISEASES OF HEART, BLOOD VESSELS, AND LYMPHATICS. 83 ture, it is necessary to have artery forceps (tweezers or small pincers may suffice) by which to draw out the artery in order to tie the string around it. To grasp the vessel it may be necessary to sponge the blood from the wound so that the end will be exposed. In case the end of the bleeding artery has retracted, a sharp-pointed hook, called a tenaculum, is used to draw it out far enough to tie. The ligature should be drawn tightly, so that the middle and internal coats will be cut through. Another method of checking hemorrhage is called torsion. It con- sists in catching the end of the bleeding vessel, drawing it out a little, and then twisting it around a few times with the forceps, which lacer- ates the internal coats so that a check is effected. This is very effect- ual in small vessels, and is to be preferred to ligatures, because it leaves no foreign body in the wound. A needle or pin may be stuck through the edges of a wound, and a string passed around between the free ends and the skin (Pl. X XVIII, fig. 10), or it may be passed around in the form of a figure 8, as is often done in the operation of bleeding from the jugular vein. ANEURISM. A circumscribed dilation of an artery, constituting a tumor which pulsates synchronously with the beats of the heart, is called aneurism. It is due to disease and rupture of one or two of the arterial coats. The true aneurism communicates with the interior of the artery and contains coagulated blood. They are so deeply seated in cattle that treatment is out of the question. These abnormalities are due to severe exertion, to old age, to fatty or calcareous degeneration, or to parasites in the blood vessels. Death is sudden when due to the rup- ture of an aneurism of a large artery, owing to internal hemorrhage. Sometimes spontaneous recovery occurs. Asa rule no symptoms are caused in cattle by the presence of deep-seated aneurisms, and their presence is not suspected until after death. A false aneurism results from blood escaping from a wounded artery into the adjacent tissue, where it clots, and the wound, remain- ing open in the artery, causes pulsation in the tumor. THROMBOSIS (OBSTRUCTION) OF THE ARTERIES. Arteries become obstructed as a result of wounds and other injuries to them, as those resulting from the formation of an abscess or the extension of inflammation from surrounding structures to the coats of an artery. Arteries are also obstructed by the breaking off of particles of a plug or clot, partly obstructing the aorta or other large artery. These small pieces (emboli) are floated to an artery that is too small to permit them to pass and are there securely held, pro- 84 DISEASES OF CATTLE. ducing obstruction. Such obstructions are shown by loss of power in the muscles supplied by the obstructed artery and by excitation of the heart and respiration after exercise. The loss of power may not come into evidence until after exercise. Symptoms.—While standing still or when walking slowly the ani- mal may appear to be normal, but after more active exercise a group of muscles, a leg, or both hind legs, may be handled with difficulty, causing lameness, and later there is practically a local paralysis. These symptoms disappear with rest. In some cases the collateral circulation develops in time, so that the parts receive sufficient blood and the symptoms disappear. INFLAMMATION OF VEINS (PHLEBITIS). When bleeding is performed without proper care or with unclean fleam or lancet, inflammation of the vein may result, or it may be caused by the animal rubbing the wound against some object. When inflammation follows the operation, the coats of the vein become enlarged; so much so that the vessel may be felt hard and knotted beneath the skin, and when pressed on pain is evinced. A thin, watery discharge, tinged with blood, issues from the wound. When the pin is taken out it is found that the wound has not healed. The blood. becomes coagulated in the vessel. In inflammation of the jugular the coagulation extends from the wound upward to the first large branch. Abscesses may form along the course of the vein. The inflammation is followed by obliteration of that part in which coagulation exists. This is of small import, as cattle have an acces- sory jugular vein which gradually enlarges and accommodates itself to the increased quantity of blood it must carry. Treatment.—The treatment for inflammation of the vein is to clip the hair from along the course of the affected vessel and apply a blister, the cerate of cantharides. Abscesses should be opened as soon as they form, because there is a possibility of the pus getting into the circulation. In the operation of bleeding the instruments should be clean and free from rust. If the skin is not sufficiently opened, or when closing the wound the skin is drawn out too much, blood may accumulate in the tissue, and if it does it should be removed by pressing absorbent cotton or a sponge on the part. Care should also be used in opening the vein, so that the instrument does not pass entirely through both sides of the vein and open the artery beneath it. (See “ Bleeding, or Blood-letting,” p. 300.) PLATE VII. “f° Arteries. Distribution of \ Portal Vein in Liver. ve Left fs Auricle. : Hepatic Vein into \@\ the Posterior Vena Cava Sy Je Ven Voukcte DISEASES OF CATTLE. Haines del. modified from Muller: ae Pee, See DIAGRAM OF THE CIRCULATION. — JULIUS BIEN CO NY DISEASES OF THE HEART, BLOOD VESSELS, AND LYMPHATICS. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE. Prats VIT: Diagram illustrating the circulation of the blood. The arrows indicate the direction in which the blood flows. The valves of the heart, situ- ated between the right auricle and ventricle, and left auricle and ventricle, and between the ventricles and large arteries, are represented by curved lines. These valves are intended to prevent the flow of blood in a direction contrary to that indicated by the arrows. 85 NONCONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF THE ORGANS OF RESPIRATION. By WILLIAM HeEgpert LOwE, D. V. S. [Revised in 1904 by the author.] In the determination of disease in the human being the physician is aided by both subjective and objective symptoms in making his diag- nosis; but the veterinary physician, in a very large majority of cases, is obliged to rely almost solely upon objective symptoms, and perhaps in no class of diseases is this more true than in the exploration of those under consideration. This condition of affairs has a strong tendency to develop observation and discernment in the veterinarian, and not infrequently do we find that the successful veterinary prac- titioner is a very accurate diagnostician. But in order to make a differential diagnosis it is not only necessary to have a knowledge of the structure and functions of the organs in health, but to adopt a rigid system of details of examination, without which successful re- sults can not be reached. History.—The history of a case should always be ascertained so far as possible. The information obtained is sometimes unsatisfactory and not to be depended upon, but even when such is the case it is advisable to weigh the evidence from every point of view. In connection with the history of every case it is always of primary importance to ascertain the cause of illness. A knowledge of the origin and development of a disease is important, both in making a diagnosis and in formulating the treatment. Exposure to cold and dampness is frequently the exciting cause of affections of the organs of respiration. The experienced practitioner is always sure to ascertain whether the particular animal he is called on to attend is the only one in the stable or on the premises that is similarly affected. If several ani- mals are similarly affected, the disease may have a common cause, which may or may not be of an infectious nature. Another thing that the experienced practitioner ascertains is what previous treatment, if any, the animal has had. Medicine given in excessive doses sometimes produces symptoms resembling those of disease. 86 NONCONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF RESPIRATION ORGANS. 87 The hygienic and sanitary conditions have always to be considered in connection with the cause as well as the treatment of disease. Much of the disease which occurs in large dairies, as well as else- where, could be prevented if owners and those in charge of animals had proper regard for the fundamental laws of animal hygiene and modern sanitation. Disregard for these laws is the cause of most of the diseases under consideration in this chapter. Attitude and general condition—The feeling of pain in animals suffering from serious affections of the organs of respiration is expressed to the close observer in no uncertain language—by their flinching when the painful part is touched; by the care with which they move or lie down; by walking or standing to “ favor ” the part; by the general attitude and expression of the eye; by the distress and suffering apparent in the face of the sick animal; and by other evidences. The general physical condition and attitude of the sick animal tell much to the careful observer that aids him in making a diagnosis and prognosis. Cows suffering from affections of the organs of respira- tion usually assume a position or attitude that is characteristic, well known to experienced stockmen as well as to veterinarians. When an animal has a fever or is suffering from an inflammation, the skin is one of the first parts of the body to undergo a change that is apparent to the average observer. The skin soon loses its elasticity and tone, and the hair becomes dry and staring. From the general condition or state of nutrition one is able to judge the effect that the disease has already had upon the animal and to estimate the amount of strength remaining available for its restora- tion to health; from the amount of emaciation one can approximate as to the length of time the animal has been ill. The age and breed of the animal, as well as its constitution and temperament, are among the things that have to be taken into account in making a diagnosis and in overcoming the disease. The mucous membrane.—The mucous membrane should in all cases be examined. It can be readily seen by everting the eyelids or by an inspection of the lining membrane of the nostrils. Paleness of the mucous membrane indicates weak circulation or poor blood. It may result from inappropriate food, from disease, or from hemorrhage. In healthy animals increased redness of the mucous membrane occurs from pain, excitement, severe exertion, and in such instances is always transitory. In certain pathological conditions, such as fevers and inflammation, this condition of the mucous membrane will also be found. The increased redness of the mucous membrane lasts during the duration of the fever or inflammation. 88 DISEASES OF CATTLE. A bluish or blue mucous membrane indicates that the blood is imperfectly oxidized and contains an excess of carbon dioxid, and is seen in serious diseases of the respiratory tract, such as pneumonia and in heart failure. The secretions—The secretions may be either diminished, in- creased, or perverted. In the early stage of an inflammation of a secretory organ its secretion is diminished. In the early stage of pleurisy the serous membrane is dry, and as the disease advances the membrane becomes unnaturally moist. The products of secretion are sometimes greatly changed in character from the secretion in health, becoming excessively irritant and yielding evidence of chemi- cal and other alterations in the character of the secretion. Cough.—Cough depends upon a reflex nervous action, and may be primary when the irritation exists in the lungs or air passages, or secondary when due to irritation of the stomach, intestines, or other parts having nervous communications with the respiratory apparatus. A cough is said to be dry, moist, harsh, hollow, difficult, paroxysmal, suppressed, sympathetic, etc., according to its character. Cough is a very important symptom, often being diagnostic in diseases of the respiratory organs; but this is a subject which can be more satisfac- torily treated in connection with the special diseases of the organs in question. Respiration—In making an examination of an animal observe the depth, frequency, quickness, facility, and the nature of the respira- tory movements. They may be quick or slow, frequent or infrequent, deep or imperfect, labored, unequal, irregular, etc., each of which has its significance to the educated and experienced veterinarian. Sleep, rumination, pregnancy in cows, etc., modify the respiratory movements even in health. Respiration consists of two acts—inspira- tion and expiration. The function of respiration is to take in oxygen from the atmospheric air, which is essential for the mainte- nance of life, and to exhale the deleterious gas known as “ carbon dioxid.” The frequency of the respiratory movements is determined by observing the motions of the nostrils or of the flanks. The normal rate of respiration for a healthy animal of the bovine species is from 15 to 18 times per minute. The extent of the respiratory sys- tem renders it liable to become affected by contiguity to many parts, and its nervous connections are very important. Rapid, irregular, or difficult breathing is known as dyspnea, and the animal in all such cases has difficulty in obtaining the amount of oxygen that it requires. Among the conditions that give rise to dyspnea may be mentioned restricted area of active lung tissue, due to filling of portions of the lungs with inflammatory exudate, as in pneumonia; painful movements of the chest, as in rheumatism or NONCONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF RESPIRATION ORGANS. 89 - pleurisy; fluid in the chest cavity, as in hydrothorax; adhesions be- tween the lungs and chest walls; compression of the lungs or loss of elasticity; excess of carbon dioxid in the blood; weakness of the respiratory passages; tumors of the nose and paralysis of the throat; swellings of the throat; foreign bodies and constriction of the air passages leading to the lungs; fevers, ete. As already alluded to it is only the careful and constant examina- tion of animals in health that will enable one properly to appreciate abnormal conditions. One must become familiar with the frequency and character of the pulse and of the respirations, must know the temperature of the animal in health, before changes in abnormal con- ditions can be properly appreciated. Temperature.—The temperature should be taken in all cases of sickness. Experienced practitioners can approximate the patient’s temperature with remarkable accuracy, but I would strongly recom- mend the use of the self-registering clinical thermometer, which is a most valuable instrument in diagnosing diseases. (See Pl. ILI, fig. 1.) It is advisable that a tested instrument be procured, as some thermometers in the market are inaccurate and misleading. The proper place to insert the thermometer is in the rectum. The instru- ment should be rested against the walls of the cavity for about three minutes. The normal temperature of the bovine is 101° to 102° F., which is higher than that of the horse. A cow breathes faster, her heart beats faster, and her internal temperature is higher than that of the horse. Ordinary physiological influences—such as exercise, digestion, etc.—give rise to slight variations of internal temperature ; but if the temperature rises two or three degrees above the standard some diseased condition is indicated. Pulse—The pulse in a grown animal of the bovine species in a state of good health beats from 45 to 55 times per minute. Exercise, fright, fear, excitement, overfeeding, pregnancy, and other phys- iological conditions, as well as disease, may affect the frequency and character of the pulse. It assumes various characters according to its rapidity of beat, frequency of occurrence, resistance to pressure, regularity, and perceptibility. Thus we have the quick and slow, frequent and infrequent, hard and soft, full and imperceptible, large and small pulses, the characters of which may be determined from their names; also that form known as the intermittent, either regular or irregular. We may have a dicrotic, or double pulse; a thready pulse, which is extremely small and scarcely perceptible; the venous, or jugular, pulse; the “running down” pulse,andso on. (See p. 74.) In cattle the pulse is conveniently felt over the submaxillary artery where it winds around the lower jawbone, just at the lower edge of the flat muscle on the side of the cheek. If the cow is lying down the pulse may be taken from the metacarpal artery on the back part of 90 DISEASES OF CATTLE. the fore fetlock. The pulsations can be felt from any superficial artery, but in order to ascertain the peculiarities it is necessary to select an artery that may be pressed against a bone. There is a marked difference in the normal or physiological pulse of the horse and that of the cow, that of the horse being full and rather tense, while in the cow it is soft and rolling. The pulse is faster in young and in old cattle than it is in those of middle age. Auscultation—Auscultation and percussion are the chief methods employed to determine the various pathological changes that occur in the respiratory organs. Auscultation is the act of listening, and may be either mediate or immediate. Mediate auscultation is accom- plished by aid of an instrument known as the stethoscope, one ex- tremity of which is applied to the ear and the other to the chest of the animal. In immediate auscultation the ear is applied directly to the part. Immediate auscultation will answer in a large majority of cases. Auscultation is resorted to in cardiac and certain abdominal diseases, but it is mainly employed for determining the condition of the lungs and air passages. Animals can not give the various phases of respiration on demand, as can the patients of the human practi- tioner. The organs themselves are less accessible than in man, owing to the greater bulk of tissue surrounding them and the pectoral posi- tion of the fore extremities, all of which render it more difficult in determining pathological conditions. (See Pl. VIII.) The air going in and out of the lungs makes a certain soft, rustling sound, known as the vesicular murmur, which can be heard distinctly in a healthy state of the animal, especially upon inspiration. Exer- cise accelerates the rate of respiration and intensifies this sound. The vesicular murmur is heard only where the lung contains air and its function is active. The vesicular murmur is weakened as inflam- matory infiltration takes place and when the lungs are compressed by fluids in the thoracic cavity, and disappears when the lung becomes solidified in pneumonia or the chest cavity filled with fluid as in hydrothorax. The bronchial murmur is a harsh, blowing sound, heard in normal conditions by applying the ear over the lower part of the trachea, and may be heard to a limited extent in the anterior portions of the lungs after severe exercise. The bronchial murmur when heard over other portions of the lungs generally signifies that the lung tissue has become more or less solidified or that fluid has collected in the chest cavity. Other sounds, known as mucous rales, are heard in the lungs in pneumonia after the solidified parts begin to break down at the end of the disease and in bronchitis where there is an excess of secretion, as well as in other conditions. Mucous rales are of a gurgling or bubbling nature. They are caused by air rushing through tubes con- taining secretions or pus. They are said to be large or small as they PLATE VIII. Ww E < ) = (eo) o rs} a < w a a JULIUS BIEN CO.NY. Haines, del ad. nati | a "4 - . os . > NONCONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF RESPIRATION ORGANS. 91 are distinct or indistinct, depending upon the quantity of fluid that is present and the size of the tubes in which the sound is produced. According to their character they are divided into dry and moist. The friction sound is produced by the rubbing together of roughened surfaces and is characteristic of pleurisy. : Percussion.—Percussion is that mode of examination by which we elicit sounds by striking or tapping over the part. It may be direct or indirect. If the middle finger of the left hand is placed firmly on the chest and smartly tapped or struck with the ends of the first three fingers of the right hand, the sound will be noticed to be more reso- nant and clear than when the same procedure is practiced on a solid part of the body. This is because the lungs are not solid, but are always, in health, well expanded with air. But in certain pulmonary diseases, as in pneumonia, they fill up and become solid, when the sound given out by percussing them is dull, like that on any other solid part of the animal. When fluid has collected in the lower part of the chest cavity the sound will also be dull on percussion. Where there is an excess of air in the chest cavity, as in emphysema or in pneumothorax, the percussion sound becomes abnormally loud and clear. By practice on healthy animals the character and boundaries of the sounds can be so well determined that any variations from them will be readily detected, and will sometimes disclose the pres- ence of a diseased condition when nothing else will. Percussion is sometimes practiced with the aid of a special percus- sion hammer and an object to strike upon known as a pleximeter. A percussion hammer is made of rubber or has a rubber tip, so that when the pleximeter, which is placed against the side of the animal, is struck the impact will not be accompanied by a noise. A percus- sion hammer and pleximeter can be purchased from any veterinary instrument maker. CATARRH (COLD IN THE HEAD). Nasal catarrh is an inflammation of the mucous membranes of the nostrils and upper air passages. Simple catarrh is not a serious disease in itself, but if neglected is liable to be complicated with laryngitis, bronchitis, pneumonia, pleurisy, and other diseases of the respiratory organs, which are of a serious nature and sometimes fatal. Catarrh is a common disease among cattle. It is often due to sudden exposure to wet and cold after they have been accustomed to shelter. It may arise from inhalation of irritating gases. It is sometimes due to certain specific atmospheric conditions, and may assume an enzootic form. It is very debilitating, and requires prompt and judicious treatment. Symptoms.—Redness of the mucous membranes of the nose, redness and watering of the eyes. The mucous membrane first becomes dry ; 92 DISEASES OF CATTLE. afterwards a watery discharge appears, and later on in severe cases the discharge becomes mucopurulent. In mild cases there is little or no fever, but in severe cases the fever may run high. The animal becomes dull, languid, and is not inclined to move about, and the ap- petite may become impaired; there is variable temperature of the horns and ears. If in a cow giving milk, the secretion diminishes; the mucus from the eyes and nose becomes thicker and yellower. Afterwards, as the symptoms increase in severity, the discharge be- comes mucopurulent. Treatment—The animal should be housed in a well-ventilated place, with good hygenic surroundings. In cold and damp weather it should be kept warm with blanketing. Give hot, medicated inha- lations in severe cases. If the fever is high this may be reduced by giving nitrate of potassium, from 1 to 2 ounces, in the drinking water, three times daily. Diffusible stimulants are beneficial in most cases. Too much importance can not be attached to good nursing. There is no necessity to resort to the old system of bleeding, purging, or the use of powerful sedatives. EPISTAXIS (BLEEDING FROM THE NOSE). Bleeding from the nostrils is rather rare in cattle. It may arise from any one of a variety of causes, but usually results from disease or injury to the mucous membranes, or to violent exertions in cough- ing and sneezing. It is seldom serious. The bleeding generally oc- curs in drops from one nostril only, accompanied by sneezing, and without frothing. Bleeding from the lungs comes from both nostrils, is bright red, frothy, and accompanied by a cough. Treatment.—In many cases the bleeding will cease spontaneously and all that is necessary is to keep the animal quiet and bathe the head and nostrils with cold water. Ascertain the cause of the bleed- ing and be governed accordingly in the treatment. In severe and exceptional cases, where the hemorrhage is persistent and long con- tinued, tie the animal’s head to a high rack or beam and apply cold water, ice, or have recourse to styptic injections. If the hemorrhage is profuse and persistent, give either a drench composed of 14 drams of acetate of lead dissolved in a pint of water or 14 drams of gallic acid dissolved in a pint of water. LARYNGITIS (SORE THROAT). Laryngitis consists of an inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the larynx. It may be either a primary or a secondary disease, complicated or uncomplicated. In the majority of cases it is due to some form of exposure, a sudden change from warm to cold surround- NONCONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF RESPIRATION ORGANS. 93 ings, or exposure to cold storms. It may also arise from inhaling irritating gases. It may be the result of external violence. In an acute attack of laryngitis there is an elevation of temperature, pain on pressure over the region of the larynx, violent paroxysms of cough- ing, difficult and noisy respiration. The nostrils are dilated, the nose extended, and the animal has a frightened expression. There is marked difficulty in swallowing. Treatment.—This consists of fomentations and hot applications over the throat. Stimulating liniments, mustard mixed with cold water and well rubbed in with a stiff brush, or other forms of counter- irritation may be applied in severe cases. Hot inhalations should be frequently resorted to, and often afford much relief to the suffering animal. In this disease medicines should be given so far as possible in the form of electuaries (soft solid) on account of the difficulty of deglutition. Large drafts of medicines have a tendency to produce violent spells of coughing, and in this way retard recovery. The subjoined formula for an electuary will be found to answer the pur- pose in ordinary cases: Chlorate of potassium, pulverized, 8 ounces; fluid extract of belladonna, 2 ounces; powdered opium, 1 ounce; pow- dered licorice root, 8 ounces; sirup, sufficient quantity; mix. At frequent intervals place a small tablespoonful of the mixture on the tongue or back teeth. Or the following may be used instead: Aloes, powdered opium, and gum camphor in equal parts; mix. Rub an ounce on the molar teeth ‘every four or five hours. The bowels should be kept open and the diet should be such as the patient can easily swallow. Warm, sloppy mashes, boiled oatmeal gruel, linseed tea, and the like are the most suitable substances. If suffocation be threatened during the course of the disease tracheotomy should be performed without delay. The details of the operation are fully described under the head of “ Surgical operations.” (See. p. 302.) When the disease assumes a chronic form strong counterirritation is indicated. A cantharides blister may be applied, or the following ointment may be used: Biniodid of mercury 1 part, lard 6 parts; mix. In some cases it will be found necessary to repeat the above application. BRONCHITIS, Bronchitis is an inflammation of the mucous membrane of the bronchial tubes. When a primary disease it is generally the result of what is commonly known as “ catching cold.” It may be sec- ondary to or complicated with many of the diseases of the respiratory system. It may also be caused by breathing irritating gases; or by the introduction of foreign bodies into the bronchial tubes, which sometimes results from injudicious and careless drenching when the 94 DISEASES OF CATTLE. larynx is in a temporarily relaxed state. It may be acute or chronic, and is divided, according to the seat of the inflammation, into bron- chitis proper where the large tubes are affected, or capillary bron- chitis where the smaller tubes are affected. Symptoms.—Loss of appetite, elevation of temperature, generally 104° or 105° F. The inspiration is incomplete, short, and painful, and the expiration is prolonged. The pulse is increased in fre- quency and is hard.: A characteristic and painful cough is present, but it is paroxysmal and incomplete. Auscultation and percussion greatly aid us in a diagnosis. A normal sound is observed on per- cussion. On auscultation, in the early stages, rhonchus rales are detected if the larger tubes are affected, and sibilant rales if the smaller tubes are affected. Later on mucous rales are noted, and sometimes all sounds in certain parts are absent, which is due to the plugging up of the tubes. This plugging of the tubes, if extensive enough, is sometimes the cause of death, or death may result from ee of the disease to the lungs or pleura. Treatment.—The animal should be placed in a light well-venti- lated box, and the bowels kept in a soft condition by enemas, ete. Avoid violent purgatives. The body should be kept warm by blank- eting. In the early stages give three times daily a draft composed as follows: Extract of belladonna, 2 drams; solution of acetate of ammonium, 4 fluid ounces; water, one-half pint. In the later stage of the disease substitute the following formtla, which may be given twice daily: Carbonate of ammonium, 3 drams; liquor hydrochlorate of strychnin, 2 fluid drams; spirits of nitrous ether, 1 fluid ounce; water, one-half pint. In some cases the following is preferable to either of the above, and may be given in a pint of linseed tea every four hours: Spirits of nitrous ether, 14 ounces; aromatic spirits of ammonia, 2 ounces; powdered camphor, 2 drams. The food should be light and nutri- tious. Bronchitis is liable to assume a chronic form if not properly treated in the earliest stage. Remedial treatment is of little value when the disease becomes chronic. PLEURISY. Pleurisy is an inflammation of the serous membrane lining the chest cavity and enveloping the lungs. It is somewhat rare as an independent disease, but it often complicates pneumonia; indeed, it is often due to the same germ that causes pneumonia—pneumococcus. It may arise from exposure to cold or wet or from external violence, and is usually present in some degree in cases where the ribs have been fractured with or without a penetrated wound. NONCONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF RESPIRATION ORGANS. 95 Symptoms.—In the first stage there is great pain aggravated by movement, and the animal is usually stiff as though foundered, the pulse is quick and hard, the breathing abdominal, the chest being fixed so far as possible, the inspiration short and jerky, the expiration longer. The pain is due to the friction of the dry inflamed pleural surfaces of the lung and chest on each other. At this stage the ear detects a dry friction murmur, resembling somewhat the sound made by rubbing two pieces of sole leather together. Pressure between the ribs gives pain and usually causes the animal to flinch and grunt. The muzzle is hot and dry, the mouth slimy, and the secretions scanty. After a day or two the severity of the symptoms is much lessened, the temperature, which during the first days may have been as high as 106° F., falls to 103° or 104°, the pain decreases, the stiffness disappears, and the patient eats a little. The pulse softens, but remains quicker than normal. Now, day by day the patient loses a little strength, the friction sound disappears as the exudation mois- tens the pleural surfaces; percussion now shows a horizontal line of dullness, which day by day rises higher in the chest, the respiration grows more frequent and labored, the countenance is anxious and haggard, the eyes sink somewhat in their sockets, and in unfavorable cases death occurs during the second or third week, either from asphyxia or heart failure. In pleurisy, as in pneumonia, the elbows are usually turned out- ward. Care must be taken to differentiate pleurisy from traumatic pericarditis (which see). In the latter condition the area of dullness of the heart is much increased, and usually a splashing sound is heard at each beat of the heart. Another diagnostic symptom of value is that in traumatic pericarditis respiration is painful, not difficult, and the respiratory rate is very much increased on movement. In both conditions a considerable swelling of the dewlap may be noticed in the later stages. Treatment.—Give the same general care as recommended in bron- chitis or pneumonia. In the early stages give a febrifuge to reduce the fever, as directed for pneumonia. For relief of the cough give electuary formula, which will be found in the treatment of laryngitis. The bowels must be kept relaxed and the kidneys secreting freely. In the stage of effusion give the following three times daily: Digi- talis tincture, 1 ounce; iodid of potassium, 30 to 60 grains; mix. Apply strong counterirritant to chest and put seton in dewlap. (See “Setoning,” p. 301.) If collapse of the lung is threatened, a surgical operation is sometimes performed, termed paracentesis thoracis, which consists in puncturing the chest cavity and drawing off a part of the fluid. The instruments used are a small trocar and cannula, which are introduced between the eighth and ninth ribs. 96 DISEASES OF CATTLE. Draw the skin forward so that the external wound may not corre- spond with the puncture of the chest, to prevent the entrance of air. Only a portion of the fluid should be removed. The animal gets immediate relief, but it is generally only temporary, as there is a tendency for the fluid to accumulate again. PNEUMONIA. This is an inflammation of the lung substance. It is divided into three different forms, viz: First, croupous pneumonia; second, catarrhal pneumonia; and third, interstitial pneumonia. But these various forms can only be differentiated by the expert, and I there- fore deem it necessary for the purposes of the present work to treat the subject under the general head of pneumonia. The causes of pneumonia in general are the same as those of the various other inflammatory diseases of the respiratory tract. The germ is called the pneumococcus. It mostly follows congestion of the lungs, but may in rare cases have a parasitic origin. Symptoms.—tIn the first stage, that of congestion, the disease is usually ushered in by a chill, although this may not always be observed by the attendant. This is followed by an elevation of tem- perature, usually 105° to 106° F., or it may be even higher. The respirations are quick and shallow; the nostrils are dilated; the pulse is full and hard. Cough may or may not appear in this stage. The nose is hot and dry; the tongue sometimes protrudes and is slimy; the coat is staring, and the skin dry and harsh. The urine is usually diminished in quantity, high colored, and the bowels constipated. The animal stands with the forelegs wide apart to facilitate respira- tion. On auscultation crepitation will be observed over the portion of the lung affected. The sounds elicited on percussion are practi- cally normal in this stage. In the second stage the temperature generally drops one or two degrees, and respiration is performed with much difficulty. The cough is frequent and painful. The animal still stands with the fore- legs wide apart and the elbows turned outward. If it assumes the recumbent position it rests on the sternum. AI] secretions are more or less suspended, particularly the milk in cows. The animal has a haggard appearance, and the pulse becomes small and wiry at this period. The extremities are hot and cold alternately; the crepitation which was present in the first stage is now absent, and no sound on auscultation will be heard, except it be a slight wheezing or whistling noise. On percussion dullness over the diseased lung is manifested, indicating consolidation. The lung has now assumed a characteristic liver-like appearance. . NONCONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF RESPIRATION ORGANS. 97 In the third stage, if the disease is going to terminate favorably, the cough becomes loose, the animal improves, the appetite returns, and the symptoms above detailed rapidly subside; but if, on the other hand, resolution is not progressing, the lung substance is broken down, is heavy, and will sink in water. In fatal cases the breath has a peculiar fetid, cadaverous odor, and is taken in short gasps; the horns, ears, and extremities become cold and clammy, and the pulse is imperceptible. On auscultation, when suppuration is taking place and the lung structure is breaking down, a bubbling or gurgling crepitation, caused by the passage of air through pus, will be heard. Treatment.—Good hygienic surroundings and good nursing are essential in connection with the medical treatment. The probability of recovery depends largely on the extent of the lung tissue involved, as well as on the intensity of the inflammatory process. In the early stage, when the fever is high, give febrifuges. If the pulse be strong and full, aconite (Fleming’s tincture, 1 to 2 drams, every four or five hours) may be given for a short time, but: should be discontinued as soon as the fever begins to abate. Aconite is a valuable drug in the hands of the intelligent practitioner, but my experience leads me to believe that not infrequently animals are lost by its injudicious use, for in many febrile conditions it is positively contraindicated, owing to its action upon the heart. In a plethoric animal, with a strong, bounding pulse, bleeding may be resorted to instead of administering aconite. If the bowels are constipated, give calomel, 1 to 3 drams, which acts as a cathartic and a febrifuge. In the second stage diffus- ible stimulants are required, viz: Spirits of nitrous ether, 2 ounces; aromatic spirits of ammonia, 1 ounce; mix, and give in gruel three times daily. If the above is not at hand, give an alcoholic stimulant. Half a pint of brandy or whisky may be given in a quart of gruel three times daily. In some cases carbonate of ammonia, 2 to 5 drams, has been found beneficial. Most practitioners apply counterirritants externally, such as mustard plasters, turpentine, and ammonia lini- ment, or cantharides. EMPHYSEMA (HEAVES). Emphysema consists of a rupture of the minute air vesicles of the lung substance, and may be either interlobular or vesicular. There is an extreme interference with respiration, inspiration being short and expiration prolonged. It is a nonfebrile condition, in which the appetite is not decreased and the milk secretion is kept up. It may be caused by an attack of asthma or may result from chronic bron- chitis. The disease can be diagnosed by the marked interference with respiration. The animal, as a rule, is emaciated, has a staring coat, and is hidebound. If percussion is resorted to, the animal’s 16923°—12——7 98 DISEASES OF CATTLE. chest will give a tympanic, drum-like sound. The normal resonant sound is exaggerated. Treatment.—The disease is incurable, and only a palliative form of treatment can be carried out. The destruction of the animal is often advisable, from a humane as well as from a financial point of view. PULMONARY CONGESTION. Cattle that are overdriven or overworked are lable to pulmonary congestion in an acuate form, and sometimes pulmonary apoplexy. Tn such cases the animal should be allowed to rest; and if the weather be hot, put in a shady place. Give stimulants internally, unload the venous side of the heart by bleeding, and apply stimulating applica- tions to the legs, and bandage. HEMOPTYSIS. This is a term used to signify bleeding from the lungs. The trouble may result from a previous congestion of the lungs or from a break- ing down of the lung substance, or from specific disorders. Bleeding from the lungs comes from both nostrils and from the mouth. The blood is bright red, frothy, and accompanied by a cough, the flow being somewhat profuse and intermingled with mucus. It may cease of its own accord. Internally hemostatics are indicated, and locally over the sides cold applications have a tendency to check the hemorrhage. Give the animal a drench composed of 13 drams of gallic acid dissolved in a pint of water. ABSCESS OF THE LUNG. Abscesses of the lung sometimes form during the course of or sub- sequent to tuberculosis or other diseases. An animal affected with abscess of the lung usually has a protracted, feeble cough and a gen- eral appearance of emaciation and anemia. The pulse is feeble and the breath foul. An offensive discharge from the lungs frequently occurs. Percussion and auscultation will aid in making a diagnosis in this condition. The appetite is poor. Such animals go from bad to worse, and their prompt destruction would, as a rule, be to the interest of the owner. HYDROTHORAX, Hydrothorax, or dropsy of the chest, is not a disease in itself, but is simply a condition where an effusion takes place in the chest cavity, and is the result or effect of some disease, mostly pleurisy. This con- dition can be easily diagnosed by physical signs. A loss of the res- piratory murmur will be noticed on auscultation, and on percussion dullness or flatness on a line as high as the effusion has taken place. NONCONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF RESPIRATION ORGANS, 99 When there is a large amount of effusion present, tapping with the trocar and cannula is generally resorted to. The proper method of per- forming this operation will be found under the head of “ Pleurisy.” PNEUMOTHORAX. An accumulation of gas in the pleural sac is known as pneumo- thorax. The presence of air may either result from an injury of the lung or a wound communicating from the exterior. The indications for treatment are to remove any foreign body that may have pene- trated, to exclude the further entrance of the air into the cavity by the closure of the external opening, and to employ antiseptics and adhesive dressings. The air already in the cavity will in most cases be absorbed. VERMINOUS BRONCHITIS. This is a disease that sometimes attacks young cattle when pas- tured in low-lying meadows near rivers subject to flood. It is caused by a small worm, Strongylus micrurus, which lodges in large num- bers in the trachea and bronchial tubes, giving rise to considerable irritation of the air passages and inflammation. Sometimes the strongyles lodge in large numbers in the windpipe, forming them- selves into a ball, and thus choke the animal to death. Symptoms.—it is liable to attack a number of animals at once, and the weakest are the first to give way. The animal has a remarkably forcible cough, distressing, and of a special hacking and paroxysmal character. A stringy mucus is sometimes expelled during the spells of coughing. This mucus contains the Strongylus micrurus, which can be detected, or their ova observed, under a low power of the microscope. The attack has a subacute character and proves very exhausting. The parasites, by becoming entwined in balls, seriously impede respiration, which is always remarkably labored in this dis- ease. Treatment.—The affected calves should be placed in a dry stable, protected from dampness, and subjected to fumigations of sulphurous anhydrid or chlorin gas. The liberation of chlorin gas is brought about by the action of sulphuric acid, either on a mixture of chlorid of sodium and black oxid of manganese or on bleaching powder. Sulphurous anhydrid may be procured by burning sulphur. Some practitioners prescribe small doses of spirits of turpentine in linseed oil. The system requires good support, and the diet should therefore be liberal and nutritious. Equal parts of sulphate of iron, gentian, and ginger make an excellent tonic. Prevention.—Avoid pastures notorious for generating verminous bronchitis. 100 DISEASES OF CATTLE. PLEURODYNIA. This is a term applied to rheumatism of the intercostal muscles. The apparent symptoms are quite similar to those of pleurisy. The animal is stiff and not inclined to turn around, and the ribs are kept in a fixed state as much as possible. Pleurodynia may be distin- guished from pleurisy by the coexistence of rheumatism in other parts and by the comparative absence of fever, cough, the friction sound, and the effusion into the chest. The treatment for this affec- tion is the same as that for rheumatism affecting other parts. DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. By W. H. Harpaue, V. S. [Revised in 1904 by Leonard Pearson, B. S., V. M. D.] The nervous system is the distinguishing feature of animal life. Without it there can be no intelligence, no instinct, no sensibility, no perception; in fact, existence would be nothing more than vegetable life. The senses—touch, taste, sight, hearing, smell—all depend on the nervous system. Motion depends on it. A muscle can not contract without receiving the stimulus from the nervous system. For ex- ample, if a nerve passing from a nerve center to a muscle is severed, the particular muscle that is supplied by the cut nerve is paralyzed. The nervous system is often studied in two divisions—the cerebro- spinal division and the sympathetic division. The cerebrospinal division consists of the brain and spinal cord, nerves, and ganglia. The nerves of this division convey the impulses of motion and sensation and supply all parts which are under the control of the will. For example, the voluntary muscular tissue includes all the muscles which act as the will directs. Another ex- ample: If anything comes in contact with any part of the skin, the impression is immediately perceived. All the special senses belong to this division. The sympathetic division consists of nerves and ganglia. The muscular tissue, which acts independently of the will—as, for exam- ple, the stomach, intestines, womb, blood vessels, ducts, ete.—is called ‘involuntary muscular tissue, and receives nervous stimulus from the sympathetic division. The brain, spinal cord, and the ganglia are the central organs of the nervous system. The nerves conduct the nervous influence. The nerves terminate differently according to their function. The termi- nations are called end organs. The terminal end organs in the skin and other parts endowed with sensation receive the impressions, which are conveyed to the brain, where they are appreciated. They are so sensitive that the most gentle zephyr is perceived. They are so abundant that the point of the finest needle can not pierce the skin without coming in contact with them, and the sensation of pain is 101 102 DISEASES OF CATTLE. instantly conveyed to the brain. The terminal end organs of the nerves that supply the muscles are different, as they give the impulse which is conveyed by the motor nerves to the elements which consti- tute the muscle, and this impulse is the excitation which causes the muscle to contract. The terminal. end organs of the special senses of taste, smell, etc., receive their special impressions, and their respec- tive nerves carry the impressions to the brain. There are two divisions of nerves, the afferent and efferent. The afferent nerves are those which convey the impression to the nerve centers. All the sensory nerves belong to this division. The efferent nerves are those which convey the nervous impulse outward from the nerve centers, and they are further classified ac- cording to the function of their respective centers. For example: Motor fibers carry the impulse from the nerve center to a muscle to cause contraction. Vasomotor fibers carry the impulse to the muscu- lar tissue in the blood vessels, which regulates their caliber. The secretory fibers convey the impulse to the cells of the glands and excite the activity of the gland, and its particular product is secreted or evolved, as, for instance, milk in the mammary gland. Inhibitory fibers control or inhibit the action of the organ to which they are distributed, as, for instance, the heart. Nerve centers may be considered as a-collection or group of nerve cells. Both the cerebrospinal and the sympathetic divisions have nerve centers. The centers derive their special names from their functions. The brain is the great center of the nervous system, as it is the center of intelligence and perception. The centers of all the special senses, as well as the centers of various functions, are located in different parts of the brain. Nerve centers also exist in be spinal cord and in connection with the sympathetic system. A nerve is a cord consisting of a certain number of fibers of nerve tissue, inclosed in a sheath of connective tissue. Nerves divide and subdivide, sending off branches, which ramify in all parts of the body, and, as they near their terminations, they contain but one or two fibers. The drain and spinal cord are contained within a bony canal, which forms a protective covering for them. The spinal cord, or Se marrow, lodged within the spinal canal, or hollow of the backbone, is continuous with the brain anterionie and terminates in a point in the sacrum (that part of the spinal column which immediately preceds the tail). The spinal cord gives off branches at each of the spaces between the segments of the back- bone. These branches form nerve trunks which carry both sensory and motor impressions and impulses. The spinal cord is a grand nerve trunk to carry messages to or from the brain and to and from the reflex centers contained within itself. DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 103 The brain is contained within the cavity of the skull and is con- tinuous with the spinal cord; there is nothing to mark the place where one leaves off and the other begins. The brain is the seat of reason and intelligence. Voluntary effort originates from the brain. Coordination, or harmony of movement, is controlled by the rear portion of the brain, known as the cerebellum. The meninges are the membranes, three in number, which envelop the brain and spinal cord, and separate them from the bones which form the walls of the cranial cavity and spinal canal. The sympathetic, also called the ganglionic, division of the nervous system consists of two chains of ganglia, reaching from the head to the tail, situated beneath the spinal column, one on either side. The presence of the ganglia or enlargements on the cords give them their chainlike appearance. The sympathetic nerves are closely connected with the cerebro- spinal nerves, but are not under the control of the will. INFLAMMATION OF THE BRAIN AND ITS MEMBRANES (STAGGERS). Inflammation of the brain is technically termed encephalitis and of its membranes cerebral-meningitis, but as both conditions usually occur together, and since it is practically impossible to distinguish one from the other by the symptoms shown by the diseased animal, they may as well be considered together here as varieties of the same disease. Staggers, coma, frenzy, etc., are terms that are sometimes applied to this disease in its different forms or stages. C auses.—Severe blows on the head with a hard object, or the head coming violently in contact with the ground or other hard substance in a fall, may be followed by encephalitis. Irritation caused by tumors in the brain may produce inflammation. Food containing deleterious matters—for example, ergot (see Pl. V) and other fungi which contain a narcotic principle—is the most frequent cause of this affection, and hence it is often called “ grass staggers ” and “stomach staggers.” Highly nitrogenous foods are blamed for causing this dis- ease. Parasites, mineral and narcotic poisons, hot weather, and severe exertion or excessive excitement may cause this condition. Inflammation of the brain may occur as a complication of some infec- tious disease or may follow some forms of indigestion. In many localities certain plants have the reputation of causing staggers. Symptoms.—The symptoms vary much, but a careful observer will detect a trouble connected with the nervous system without much uncertainty. The first signs may be those of frenzy, but generally at the start the animal is dull and sleepy, with little or no inclination to move about; the head may be pressed against the wall or fence and the legs kept moving, as if the animal were endeavoring to walk 104 DISEASES OF CATTLE. through the obstruction; the body, especially the hind part, may be leaned against the side of the stall or stable, as if for support. The bowels are constipated; the urine, when passed, is small in quantity and darker in color than natural. There may be trembling and even spasms of muscles in different parts. In the dull stage the animal may breathe less frequently than is natural, and each breath may be accompanied with a snoring-like sound. The pulse may be large and less frequent than normal. If suddenly aroused from the drowsy state, the animal appears startled and stares wildly. When moving about it may stagger, the hind quarters swaying from side to side. If delirium ensues, the cow is commonly said to be mad. She may bellow, stamp her feet, run about wildly, grate the teeth, froth at the mouth. If she is confined in the stable, she rears and plunges; the convulsions are so violent in many instances that it is really danger- ous for one to attempt to render aid. The body may be covered with perspiration. She may fall; the muscles twitch and jerk; often the head is raised and then dashed against the ground until blood issues from the nose and mouth; the eyes may be bloodshot and sightless; the limbs stiff and outstretched, or they may be kicked about reck- lessly ; the head may be drawn back and the tail drawn up; the urine may be squirted out in spurts; often the “ washer ” (membrane nicti- tans) is forced over the eye. When the convulsions cease they may be followed by a period of quiet unconsciousness (coma) which is more or less prolonged, when the animal may gradually regain con- sciousness, get up on its feet, and perhaps quietly partake of food, if there be any within reach, while at other times it arises with much difficulty and staggers blindly about the stall or field. It must be remembered that all the foregoing symptoms are not always seen in the same case. In those cases usually designated “ sleepy staggers ” the general symptoms of drowsiness are presented, while in other cases the symptoms of frenzy cause the affection to be called “ mad staggers.” In other cases there are symptoms of paraly- sis, swaying of the hind quarters, inability to rise, etc., and sometimes these symptoms of paralysis are the most striking manifestations and continue until death. Acute cases are accompanied by fever. It is well to remark that when the disease follows injuries to the head the symptoms may not be manifested until two or three days (or longer) after the accident. Treatment.—Recoveries are rare in spite of careful attention. To be of any service whatever the treatment must be prompt and begin with the disease. In the early stage, when the pulse is large, most cases will admit of bleeding. Eight or 9 quarts of blood should be taken from the jugular vein. This should be followed immediately by a purgative, the following for a cow of average size: Epsom salt, 24 ounces; pulverized gamboge, one-half ounce; croton oil, 20 drops; DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 105 warm water, 3 quarts; mix all together and give at once as a drench. About 2 quarts of warm water or warm soapsuds should be injected with a syringe into the rectum every three or four hours. It is best to keep the animal in a quiet, sheltered place, where it will be free from noise or other cause of excitement. All the cold water the ani- mal will drink should be allowed, but food must be withheld, except bran slops occasionally in small quantities, or grass, if in season, which may be cut and carried fresh to the patient. The skull must be examined, and if sign of injury is found, appro- priate surgical treatment should be given. During the convulsions all possible efforts should be made to pre- vent the animal injuring itself. The head should be held down on the ground and straw kept under it. Cold water may be continu- ously poured on the head, or bags filled with ice broken in small pieces may be applied to the head. Different authors recommend different remedies to allay the convulsions, but for two reasons it will be found extremely difficult to administer medicines during the cor- vulsions: (1) While the animal is unconscious the power to swallow is lost, and therefore the medicine is more lable to go down the wind- pipe to the lungs than it is to go to the paunch; (2) the convulsions are often so violent that it would be utterly useless to attempt to drench the animal; and furthermore it must be borne in mind that during this stage the functions of digestion and absorption are sus- pended, and as a consequence the medicine (provided it finds its way to the paunch) is likely to remain there unabsorbed and therefore useless. A blistering compound, composed of mustard, 1 ounce; pulverized cantharides, one-half ounce; hot water, 4 ounces, well mixed together, “may be rubbed in over the loins, along the spine, and back of the head on each side of the neck. This is occasionally attended with beneficial effect, and especially so in those cases when paralysis is present. If the purgative acts and the animal shows signs of improvement in the course of two or three days, 2 drams of iodid of potassium may be given every night and morning, dissolved in a half bucketful of drinking water, if the animal will drink it, or it may be dissolved in a half pint of water and given as a drench. Great care must be ob- served in regard to the food, which should be nutritive, but not coarse, and at first in small quantities, gradually increased as the patient improves. After some progress is made toward recovery 14 drams of pulverized nux vomica may be given twice a day, added to the iodid of potassium drench. This should be administered so long as a stag- gering gait continues. In those rare cases when recovery takes place it is only partial as a rule, as there is generally a sequel which remains, such as partial 106 DISEASES OF CATTLE. paralysis. However, this is but a slight drawback in cattle, because when it is seen to persist the medicine should be stopped and the ani- mal fattened for butchering. Post-mortem examinations discover congestion of the brain and its membranes. In those cases which have exhibited much paralysis of the hind legs before death the cord may be congested in the lumbar region (loins). When the disease has been caused by injury to the head, the congestion and extravasated blood may be found inside of the cavity in the location corresponding to the place where the injury was inflicted externally. In some cases pus is also discovered. It remains to be said that in all animals that have died from this affec- tion the lungs are found very much congested. This may lead the superficial observer to suppose that the disease was a lung affection, but in fact it is only a natural consequence when death ensues from brain disease. APOPLEXY. That form of congestion of the brain known as parturient apo- plexy, or parturient paresis, which is so frequently associated with the period of calving, is described in another part of this work. (See “ Milk fever,” p. 228.) Cerebral apoplexy, not connected with parturition, is a rare disease among cattle. However, it may be due to degeneration and conse- quent rupture of a blood vessel in the brain. The attack is sudden, the animal in most cases falling as if it had received a blow on the head. It may stagger and reel some time before going down. After falling, there are convulsive movements of the legs or the animal sinks into insensibility. There may be re- missions in the severity of the symptoms, but the pressure from the continued escape of blood soon causes death. Rest, quiet, friction to the legs and surface, frequent turning of the animal and cold to the head are to be practiced, if treatment is attempted. CONGESTION OF THE BRAIN. There is a form of congestive apoplexy affecting cattle which are in a plethoric condition. The congestion, or overfilling with blood, causes pressure on the brain substance and disorganizes its function. It occurs mostly in hot weather. In this disease the symptoms are somewhat similar to those exhibited when the animal has encephalitis, but the onset is more sudden, the duration is shorter, and there is less fever. There may be frenzy or coma, or alternations one with the other. The intelligence is diminished, staring eyes, bracing with the legs, pressing against the stall partition or manger, red mucous mem- branes. This condition usually terminates in recovery. DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 107 In such cases bleeding should be resorted to immediately, and when the power of swallowing is not lost purgatives should be admin- istered. Cold applications to the head, and the general treatment recommended for encephalitis are indicated. CONCUSSION OF THE BRAIN. Severe blows on the head, striking the head against some hard ob- ject while running, or falling on the head, may cause concussion of the brain. The injury may fracture bones of the cranium and _ pro- duce compression of the brain. Symptoms and treatment.—The symptoms and the treatment that is indicated differ very little from what has been said under conges- tion of the brain and under encephalitis. In some cases it may be necessary to operate to remove a piece of bone that is pressing on the brain or to remove a clot of blood under the area which received the blow. EPILEPSY. This affection is characterized by the occurrence of sudden convul- sions. The animal may appear to be in a fair state of health usually, but at any time, in the stable or in the field, it may have a convulsion in which it will fall and lose consciousness. Epilepsy must not be confounded with vertigo—the fainting which is an effect of heart troubles. The exact cause of epilepsy in the majority of cases is unknown. Post-mortem examinations in many instances have failed to discover any lesion in connection with the brain or nervous system; while in other instances disease of the brain has been found in the form of thickening of the membranes, abscesses, and tumors, and in some cases the affection has been manifested in connection with a diseased condition of the blood. The cause has also been traced to reflex irri- tation, due to teething, worms, and chronic indigestion. Treatment.—When the affection is due to the last-named causes treatment may be successful if the cause is removed. If there are symptoms of worms or of indigestion, follow the general treatment advised for those troubles under their proper heads. If due to irrita- tion caused by teething, the inflamed gums must be lanced. Exami- nation of the mouth often develops the fact that one of the temporary teeth causes much irritation by remaining unshed, and thereby inter- fering with the growth of a permanent tooth. The offending tooth should be extracted. When the cause of epilepsy can not be dis- covered, it must be confessed that there is no prospect of a cure. However, some benefit may be expected from the occasional admin- istration of a purgative dose of medicine. A pound of Epsom salt 108 DISEASES OF CATTLE. dissolved in a quart of warm water, for a cow of average size, may be given as a drench once or twice a month. In addition to the purga- tive, 4 drams of bromid of potassium, dissolved in the drinking water, three times a day, has proved very beneficial in some cases. SUNSTROKE (PROSTRATION FROM HEAT). Owing to the fact that cattle are seldom put to work at which they would have to undergo severe exertion, especially in collars, they are not frequently prostrated by the extreme heat of the summer months. When at pasture they select the coolest places in the shade of trees, in water, etc., when the heat becomes oppressive, and thereby avoid, as much as possible, the effects of it. It does happen, however, that cattle that have been kept up for the purpose of fattening, when driven some distance in very hot weather, are sometimes prostrated, but it must be remembered that it is not really necessary for the animal to be exposed to the rays of the sun, as those confined in hot, close places may suffer. This often happens in shipping, when they are crowded together in cars. Symptoms.—The premonitory signs are those of exhaustion—dull- ness, panting, frothing at the mouth, tongue hanging out, irregular gait, uneasiness, palpitation—when, if the circumstances which tend to the prostration are not mitigated, the animal staggers or sways from side to side, falls, struggles for a while, and then gradually becomes quiet, or the struggles may continue, with repeated but inef- fectual efforts to regain a standing position. In serious cases the attack may be very sudden, unconsciousness occurring without con- tinued or distressing premonitory symptoms. Treatment.—At first, when not very serious, removal to a quiet, sheltered place, with a few days on a reduced diet, is all that need be done. When the animal has fallen, apply cold water or ice to the head; rub the body and limbs with cloths or wisps of straw, and con- tinue the rubbing for a considerable time. If the power of swallow- ing is not lost (which may be ascertained by pouring a little cold water into the mouth), give 3 drams of stronger liquor ammonia, diluted with a quart of cold water. Be very careful in drenching the animal when lying down. Repeat the drench in a half hour and an hour after the first one has been given. Instead of the ammonia, a drench composed of 3 ounces of spirits of nitrous ether in a pint of water may be given, if more convenient, but the ammonia drench is preferable. If unconsciousness continues, so that a drench can not be administered, the same quantity of ammonia and water may be injected with a syringe into the rectum. The popular aqua ammonia, commonly called “ hartshorn,” will do as well as the stronger liquor ammonia, but as it is weaker than the latter the dose for a cow is DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 109 about 14 ounces, which should be diluted with a quart of water before it is given to the animal, either as a drench or an enema. When am- monia can not be obtained, a pint of whisky in a quart of water or an ounce of tincture of digitalis may be given. As soon as the animal is able to rise it should be assisted and moved to the nearest shelter. All the cold water it will drink should be allowed. The ammonia or spirits of nitrous ether drench should be administered every three hours so long as there is much failure of strength. The diet should be limited for several days—bran slops and a little grass. When signs of returning strength are presented, 12 ounces of Epsom salt dissolved in a quart of warm water may be given in those cases which have been down and unconscious, but do not give it while much weakness remains, which may be for several days after the attack. The flesh of an animal that is suffering from heat stroke should not be prepared for use as food. On account of the fever with which the animal suffers, the flesh contains toxins that may render it poisonous to the consumer. INJURIES TO THE SPINAL CORD. The spinal cord is liable to concussion from blows and falls, and paralysis, to a greater or less extent, may be the result. Fracture, with displacement of the bones (vertebre) which form the spinal column, by compressing the spinal cord, produces paralysis, which varies in its effect according to the part of the cord that is compressed. Tf the fracture is above the middle of the neck, death soon follows, as communication between the brain and diaphragm (the essential muscle of inspiration) is stopped. When the fracture is farther down in the neck, posterior to the origin of the phrenic nerve, the breath- ing continues, but there is paralysis in all parts posterior to the fracture, including the fore and hind legs. When the fracture is in the region of the loins the hind legs are paralyzed, but the fore legs are not. If the fracture is in the sacrum (the division of the spinal column between the loins and the tail), the tail alone is paralyzed. As a matter of course, when the back is broken there is no remedy ; the animal should be killed at once. PARALYSIS. Paralysis, or loss of motion in a part, may be due to a lesion of the brain, of the spinal cord, or of a nerve. It may also be caused by reflex irritation. When the paralysis affects both sides of the body, posterior to a point, it is further designated by the name paraplegia. When one side of the body (a lateral half) is paralyzed, the term hemiplegia is applied to the affection. When paralysis is caused by a lesion of a nerve, the paralysis is confined to the particular part supplied by the affected nerve. 110 DISEASES OF CATTLE. As already pointed out, paralysis may be due to concussion of the spine, fracture of a bone of the spinal column with consequent com- pression of the spinal cord, concussion of the brain, or compression of the brain. An injury to one side of the brain may produce paralysis of the same side of the head, and of the opposite side of the body hemiplegia. Paralysis may occur in connection with parturient apoplexy, lead poisoning, ergotism, etc. — CONGESTION OF THE SPINAL CORD. Paraplegia, or paralysis of the rear part of the body, is the domi- nant symptom in congestion or inflammation of the spinal cord. The cause is not known, but the disease is probably due to chilling. It is thought by some that some toxic influence (poison) may be responsi- ble for its development. Symptoms.—The symptoms usually appear suddenly, and consist in inability to stand. Sometimes this is preceded by a period of excitement. The animal usually les quietly, but sometimes it groans and tosses its head about in a way that indicates pain. Cows heavy with calf are sometimes affected with a form of paraplegia, which usually attacks them from about a month to a few days before calving. Apparently they are in good health in every respect except the inability to stand up on account of the paralysis of the hind quarters. This form is generally attributed to feeding on foods con- taining insufficient protein and ash. It is most likely to occur in cows that are weak and thin. With good care and food recovery usually occurs. Treatment.—The animal must be given a soft, dry bed under shel- ter and in a quiet, airy place. It is well to apply mustard along the spine. The action of the mustard may be intensified by rubbing the skin with ammonia or turpentine. Internally give a purge of Glauber’s salt. Nux vomica or strychnia (1 to 2 grain doses) may be given. Turn the cow two to four times daily and rub the legs well each time. There are instances when cows will persist in lying down (in spite of all efforts that are made to compel them to stand up), when it can not really be said that they are paralyzed. They have sensation in all parts; they can move all their feet; they can change their position ; and in fact every function seems to be normally performed, but they obstinately refuse to rise, or even make an effort to do so. Cases of this kind have been killed, as it was an utter impossibility to get the animal on its feet. However, there are instances when a cow, after refusing to rise when all other means had been tried, quickly jumped to her feet and showed fright upon the appearance of a dog or other terrifying object. DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 111 RABIES (HYDROPHOBIA). {See discussion of this disease in chapter on “ Infectious diseases,” p. 410.] LIGHTNING STROKE ( ASPHYXIA ELECTRICA ). When an animal is struck by lightning the shock is instantaneously expended on the nervous system, and as a rule death occurs immedi- ately, but when the shock is not fatal animation is suspended to a greater or less extent, as evidenced by prostration, unconsciousness, and paralysis. Symptoms.—When not fatal, the symptoms vary much, according to the severity of the shock. The animal usually falls, as from an apoplectic attack, and, as a matter of course, the symptoms are such as are generally manifested in connection with concussion of the brain. The muscular system may be completely relaxed; the legs limber; the muscles flabby and soft to the touch; or there may be con- vulsions, spasms, and twitching of the muscles. The breathing is generally labored, irregular, or interrupted, and slower than normal. In most instances the electrical fluid leaves its mark by singeing the hair, or by inflicting wounds, burns, or blisters. “Sir B. Brodie tells a curious story of two bullocks, pied white and red, which were struck in different storms. In both cases the white hairs were con- sumed, while the red ones escaped.” Treatment.—So long as the beating of the heart is perceptible the endeavor to resuscitate the animal should be continued. Dash cold water over the head and body; rub the body and legs; smartly whip the body with wet towels or switches. Mustard, mixed with water, should be well rubbed over the legs and back of the head on each side of the neck. Inject into the rectum 4 drams of stronger liquor ammonia, or 13 ounces of hartshorn diluted with a quart of warm water. Cautiously hold an uncorked bottle of hartshorn to the nos- trils, so that some of it is inhaled, but care should be taken that too much is not suddenly inhaled. In desperate cases artificial respiration should te tried, as follows: With both hands spread out to cover a large surface, press on the abdomen (behind the ribs) and then on the chest (behind the shoul- ders), and continue in this manner, first on the abdomen and then on the chest in regular order, so that the chest and abdomen are each pressed on alternately about 20 times a minute. The pressure should be slow and steady, so that the movement given by it to the walls of the chest and abdomen will resemble their motion in breathing. A hand bellows may be used as an aid to the foregoing method, as fol- lows: Each time after the chest is pressed on, the nozzle is inserted in the nostril and air slowly and gently forced in by the bellows. 112 DISEASES OF CATTLE. When the animal revives sufficiently to be able to swallow, 4 drams of the stronger liquor ammonia, diluted with a quart of cold water, should be given as a drench, and the dose should be repeated in an hour. One and one-half ounces of ordinary hartshorn may be used instead of the stronger liquor ammonia, but, like the latter, it should be diluted with a quart or more of water, and even then care should be exercised in drenching. In cases where the shock has not caused complete insensibility recovery may be hastened by the ammonia and water drench, or 4 ounces of brandy diluted with a quart of water, or 8 ounces of whisky diluted with a quart of water. These doses may be given every three or four hours if necessary. After recovery from the more serious symptoms 2 drams of sulphate of quinine should be given twice a day until health is restored. If any paralysis remains 13 drams of pulverized nux vomica should be given twice a day with the quinine. The foregoing treatment is also applicable when the electrical shock is given by telephone, electric car, or electric-light wires, ete. The wounds, burns, or blisters should be treated according to the antiseptic method of treating wounds. TUMORS IN THE BRAIN, ETC. Tumors of different kinds have been found within the cranial cav- ity, and in many cases there have been no well-marked symptoms exhibited during the life of the animal to lead one to suspect their existence. Cases are recorded where bony tumors have been found in the brain of cattle that died suddenly, but during life no signs of disease were manifested. Post-mortem examinations have discovered tubercles in the membranes of the brain. (See “Tuberculosis,” p. 414.) Abscesses, usually the result of inflammation of the brain, have been found post-mortem. For the description of hydrocephalus, or dropsy of the brain, of calves, the reader is referred to the section on parturition. (See “ Water in the head,” p. 181.) Chorea, constant twitching and irregular spasmodic movements of the muscles, has been noticed in connection with, or as a sequel to other affections, as, for example, parturient apoplexy. Various diseases, the description of which will be found in other sections of this work, affect the nervous system to a greater or less extent—for example, ergotism, lead poisoning, uremia, parturient apoplexy, colic, and other affections associated with cramps, or spasms, etc. Disease of the ovaries or of the spinal cord, by reflex irritation, may cause estromania (see “ Excess of venereal desire,” p. 148), constant desire for the bull. DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 3y JAMES Law, EF. R. C. V. S., Professor of Veterinary Science, etc., in Cornell University. Of the materials that have served their purpose in building up the animal body or in sustaining the bodily temperature, and that are now to be thrown out as waste, the greater part are expelled from the system through the lungs and the kidneys, but the agents that pass out by either of these two channels differ in the main from those passing by the other. Thus from the lungs in the form of dioxid of carbon—the same gas that comes from burning of coal or oil— there escapes most of the waste material resulting from the destruc- tion in the system of fats, sugars, starch, and such other foods as are wanting in the element nitrogen, and do not form fibrous tissues, but go.mainly to support animal heat or maintain functional activity. From the kidneys, on the other hand, are thrown out the waste prod- ucts resulting from the destruction of the foods and tissues contain- ing nitrogen—of, for instance, albumin, fibrin, gluten, casein, gela- tin, woody tissue, ete. While much of the waste material containing nitrogen leaves the body by the bowels, this is virtually such only of the albuminoid food as has failed to be fully digested and absorbed, and this has never formed a true constituent part of the body itself or of the blood, but is so much waste food, like that which has come to the table and been carried away again unused. Where the albu- minoid food element has entered the blood, whether or not it has been built up into a constituent part of the structure of the body, its waste products, which contain nitrogen, are in the main expelled through the kidneys, so that these organs become the principal channels for the expulsion of all nitrogen-containing waste. It would be an error, however, to infer that all nitrogenous food, when once digested and absorbed into the blood, must necessarily leave the system in the urine. On the contrary, in the young and growing animal all increase of the fibrous structures of the body is gained through the building up of those flesh-forming constituents into their substance; in the pregnant animal the growth of the off- spring and its envelopes has a similar origin, and in the dairy cow the casein or curd of the milk is a means of constant elimination of these nitrogen-containing agents. Thus, in the breeding cow and, above all, in the milking cow, the womb or udder carries on a work in one sense equivalent to that otherwise performed by the kidneys. 16923°—12——8 113 114 DISEASES OF CATTLE. Not only are these organs alike channels for the excretion of albu- minous products, but they are also related to each other structurally and by nervous sympathy, so that suffering in the one is liable to induce some measure of disorder in the other. This nitrogenous waste matter is mainly present in the urine of . cattle, as of other mammals, in the form of urea, but also, to some extent, as hippuric acid, a derivative of vegetable food which, in the herbivora, replaces the uric acid found in the urine of man and car- nivora. Uric acid is, however, found in the urine of sucking calves which have practically an animal diet, and it may also appear in the adult in case of absolute and prolonged starvation, and in diseases attended by complete loss of appetite and rapid wasting of the body. In such cases the animal lives on its own substance, and the product is that of the wasting flesh. The other. products containing nitrogen are only present in small amount, and need not be specially referred to. The urine of cattle contains much less of carbonates than does that of the horse, and effervesces less on the addition of an acid. As the carbonates form a large proportion of the solid deposits (gravel, stone) from the horse’s urine, the ox may thus be held less liable; yet even in the ox the carbonates become abundant or scanty, according to the nature of the food, and therefore gravel, formed by carbonate of lime, is not infrequent in cattle. When fed on beets, clover hay, or bean straw, carbonates are present in large amount, these aliments being rich in organic acids and alkaline carbonates; whereas upon oat straw, barley straw, and, above all, wheat straw, they are in small amount. In calves fed on milk alone no carbonates are found in the urine. Phosphates, usually in combination with lime, are, as a rule, pres- ent only in traces in the urine of cattle; yet on a dietary of wheat, bran, or other aliment rich in phosphates, these may be present in large amount, so that they render the liquid cloudy or are deposited in solid crystals. The liquid is rendered transparent by nitric acid. The cow’s urine, on a diet of hay and potatoes, contained : Parts. Urea 2 pie Be eae Be ee Ee ee ee ee 18.5 Potassic. Dippurate 2=5=e 8s ee ee ee A eee 16; 5 Alkaline acta tes’ 28—- -= os eae ee ee Ahi (evr Potassium. Dicarbonate_cu thet tke. 2) ee eeu) te ee 16.1 Magnesium carbonates: t-15 2) tas rye “xp eee Sy e set ee oe 4.7 juime carbonates. 24. 552-3 Bae eee Oe UE ne eee 0.6 Potassium: sulphates £28. 420 e8) ies Le Se eee ee 3.6 Common: salt222 ee ee eee ee ee 15 Si hk Cf; ae Age flv aelnh aah pe iy ek. ¢ NE a tai oe ig Sat et 2 TE he ee Trace Phosphates 4 aU. 282 4h wea ee ee eae ae ee 0.0 Water and undetermined substances____-_________________ 921.3 ROCA oes ee ils 000. 0 DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 115 The following table after Tereg’ gives the different conditions of the urine, and especially the amount of urea and hippuric acid under different rations. The subjects were two oxen, weighing, respectively, 1,260 pounds and 1.060 pounds: eS : as ; = Lo g = As 3 ae y ee qs | |3| 3 are = o Food per day (pounds). S es gq 3 as = w | SE Seite | =i Neils incite a eileraecl) ables a 3 £ d = a S |B Be $s 3 A, Ps i r) = i=] = ° Al — eS P = D q P |4 E P |e Lbs. | Lbs. P.ct.|'P.ct.| P.ct.| P. P.ct.| Ozs. | Ozs 16.90 wheat straw, and 1.30 bean TLCS ert tee cata (aid = ain) a sien aay ieee 46.46 | 7.40 | 1,036 | 8.41 | 2.66 | 1.33 0. 83 14.70 oat straw, and 2.30 bean meal. .| 61.10 | 15.26 | 1,089 | 6.93 | 2.09 | 0.84 0.55 10.4 wheat straw, 10.4 clover hay, 0.6 bean meal, and 2.6 starch ....| 71.76 | 12.36 | 1,043 | 8.05 |0.95 | 1.85 0.93 10.4 wheat straw, 10.4 clover hay, 2.7 bean meal, 1.4 starch, and 0.8 0.94 | 3.83 | 1.96 SUPRISE SO sen eth a SS 80.54 | 12.46 | 1,044 | 8.29 } 8.07 | 2.41 PALS) AAA ees 2.1 10.4 wheat straw, 10.4 clover hay, 5 bean meal, and 0.8 sugar ........| 78.96 | 17.62 | 1,043 | 8.41 | 0.74 | 3.12 1.45 | 1.24] 9.17] 2.17 10 wheat straw, 10 clover hay, 6.4 bean meal, 1.7 starch, 4 sugar, andi0.4rapeioily coc a5, 3 Suisse 410.12 | 25.86 | 1,038 | 7.00 | 0.31 | 2.49 1.19 10 wheat straw, 10 clover hay, 9.4 bean meal, 3.1 sugar, and 0.4 rape oles sacnas.ceaess 2 saeioskeeges 101.80 | 27.04 | 1,037 | 7.14 | 0.20 | 2.95 1.39 | 1.58 13.3 0.9 10 wheat straw, 10 clover hay, 11.7 bean meal, 2.8 starch, and 0.6 1.25 |10.9 1.33 FAPO OURS tS. tecateceecetee tase ose 119.00 | 23.20 | 1,038 | 7.74 | 0.21 | 4.06 1.91 | 1.69 |15.4 0.8 17.86 bean straw, and 1.6 bean meal.| 54.84 | 12.60 | 1,043 | 7.06 | 0.40 | 2.53 1.21 | 1.15 | 5.3 0. 83 14.88 bean Stlaw .......ssecesecee es 55.76 | 16.34 | 1,036 | 5.45 | 0.11 | 1.41 0.67 | 0.64 | 3.83 | 0.3 16.90 meadow hay..............-.- 36.26 | 15.14 | 1,042 | 7.91 | 1.30 | 1.73 0.91 | 0.92 | 4.37] 3.3 The varying amount of urea (from 1.6 to 15.4 ounces) is most sug- gestive as to the action of the more or less nitrogenous food and the resulting concentration of the urine and blood. Hippuric acid, on the other hand, is most abundant when the animal is fed on hay and straw. The specific gravity of the urine of cattle varies from 1,030 to 1,060 in health, water being 1,000. It is transparent, with a yellowish tinge, and has a characteristic musky smell. The chemical reaction is alka- line, turning red litmus paper blue. The quantity passed in twenty- four hours varies greatly, increasing not only with the amount of water drunk, but with the amount of albuminoids taken in with the food and the amount of urea produced. If a solution of urea is injected into the veins the secretion of urine is greatly augmented. Similarly the excess of salts like carbonate of potash in the food, or of sugar, increases the action of the kidneys. Only about 20 per cent of the water swallowed escapes in the urine, the remaining 80 per cent 1Enecyklop. der Thierheilk., Vol. IV, p. 208. 116 DISEASES OF CATTLE. passing mostly from the lungs, and to a slight extent by the bowels. The skin of the ox does not perspire so readily nor so freely as that of the horse; hence the kidneys and lungs are called upon for extra work. The influence of an excess of water in the food is most re- markable in swill-fed distillery cattle, which urinate profusely at frequent intervals and yet thrive and fatten rapidly. Among the other conditions that increase the flow of urine is over- filling of (internal pressure in) the blood vessels of the kidneys. Hence the contraction of the blood vessels of the skin by cold drives the blood inward, tends to dilate the blood vessels of the kidneys, and to increase the secretion of urine. Nervous disorders, such as excitement, fear, congestions, or structural injuries to the back part of the base of the brain have a similar result. Hence, doubtless, the action of certain fungi growing in musty hay or oats in producing profuse flow of urine, whereas other forms of musty fodder cause stupor, delirium, or paralysis. Bacteria and their products are mainly expelled by the kidneys, and become sources of local infection, irritation, and disease. The amount of urine passed daily by an ox on dry feeding averages 7 to 12 pints, but this may be increased enormously on a watery diet. The mutual influence of the kidneys and other important organs tends to explain the way in which disease in one part supervenes on preexisting disorder in another. The introduction of albuminoids in excess into the blood means the formation of an excess of urea, and a more profuse secretion of urine, of a higher specific gravity, and with a greater tendency to deposit its solid constituents, as gravel, in the kidneys or bladder. worms in the stomach. The first symptoms are... 54 The com. generally overlooked, the disease not attracting at- = mon liver fluke tention until the appetite is diminished; rumination — {"" ie ea becomes irregular, the animals become hidebound, and the coat dull and staring. The staring coat is due to the con- traction of the muscles of the hair follicles. The visible mucous mem- branes become pale, eyes become dull, there is running at the eyes, and the animal gradually becomes emaciated. As the disease ad- vances the milk supply is lessened, fever appears, there is generally great thirst, but the appetite almost ceases; edematous swellings appear on the belly, breast, etc.; diarrhea at first alternates with constipation, but finally becomes continuous. The disease lasts from two to five months, when the most extreme cases succumb. “Most of the German cattle are said to be in- fested with liver flukes, but even when a large number are present the nourishment of the cattle is not disturbed. Thicken- ing of the gall ducts, so that a so-called ‘ Medusa’s head ’ forms on the surface of the liver toward the stomach, appears in even well-nourished animals; even in cases of a cirrhosis of the liver it is seldom that any effect upon the cattle’s health can be noticed, and so long as a portion of the liver tissue about twice the size of the fist remains intact, the nourishment of the animal may be comparatively good. It is rare that one sees a generalized edema in slaughtered cattle as a result of fluke invasion, and even in the heaviest infections of young cattle only emaciation is noticed. Fic, 25.—The ena American fluke (Fasciola magna). 538 DISEASES OF CATTLE. “Treatment.—Medicinal treatment is unsatisfactory. The disease may be prevented to a considerable extent by giving animals plenty of salt, and by introducing carp, frogs, and toads into infected dis- tricts; these animals destroy the young stages of the parasite and feed upon the snails which serve as intermediate hosts.” TAPEWORM CYSTS OF LIVER AND OTHER VISCERA,. Three kinds of tapeworm cysts are found in the viscera of cattle. One of these (Multiceps multiceps, or Cernurus cerebralis) will be further referred to in the discussion of gid (p. 539). All of these are the intermediate stages of tapeworms which live when mature in the intestines of dogs, wolves, and other canines. The eggs of the tape- worms are scattered over the fields in the droppings of infested dogs or wolves, and these when swallowed in food or water by cattle hatch out and the embryos migrate to the liver, mesen- tery, lungs, brain, or other organ, where they develop into cysts, variously known as _ hydatids, bladder worms, water balls, ete. When organs of cattle thus infested are eaten by dogs or wolves the cystic worms are also likely to be swallowed and then develop into mature tapeworms. To prevent cattle from infection with these parasites stray dogs, wolves, and coyotes should be killed wherever found, and dogs too valuable to kill should be kept free from tapeworms. As a precaution against infection with tapeworms, the viscera of cattle, sheep, or hogs should not be fed to dogs unless cooked. Hydatids (Echinococcus granulosus) form tumors (fig. 27) of vary- ing size (sometimes as large as 6 inches in diameter) in the liver, lungs, and other organs. Their contents are liquid, resembling water. The presence of these parasites can not be detected in the living ani- mal and there is no medicinal treatment for them. Organs contain- ing hydatids should be destroyed by burning in order to prevent their being eaten by dogs. This is especially important, as dogs infested with the tapeworm stage of this parasite are a menace to Fic. 26.—Portion of grass stalk bearing three encysted cercariz of the common liver fluke (Fasciola hepatica). THE ANIMAL PARASITES OF CATTLE. 539 human beings on account of the danger of infecting them with hyda- tids, which develop in man if the eggs of the hydatid tapeworm are swallowed. Thin-necked bladder worms (Tenia hydatigena, fig. 28) are most commonly found attached to the mesentery and omentum. There is no medicinal treatment. Fic. 27.—Hydatids (Hehinococcus granulosus) in portion of hog’s liver. TAPEWORM CYSTS IN THE MUSCLES, BEEF MEASLES. Small tapeworm cysts (7wnia saginata), about the size of a pea, found in the muscles of cattle (fig. 29) are the larve of the common tapeworm of man. Cattle become infected from feed or water which has been contaminated by the feces of persons harboring the adult tapeworms, and human beings in turn become infected by eating raw or rare beef infested with the larval stage (measly beef). To prevent cattle from becoming infested with this parasite care should be taken that human feces are not placed where they will contaminate the feed or drinking water. GID. Bladder worms (Multiceps multiceps, or Canu- rus cerebralis) which are ocasionally found in the Fic. 28.—Thin - necked bladder worm (Tenia hydatigena) from ab- dominal cavity of a steer. brain of cattle, and cause gid, “turnsick,” or “ staggers,” deserve mention, as they are rather common among sheep in the Northwest. As already alluded to, these worms are the intermediate stage of a tapeworm found in dogs, and their life history and the means of pre- venting infection have been briefly discussed above (see p. 538). 540 DISEASES OF CATTLE. Cattle harboring this parasite show symptoms indicating an af- fection of the brain, walking or turning in circles, dizziness, uneven gait, impaired vision, ete. Treatment consists in trephining the skull and removing the para- site, an operation which requires a skillful operator and is frequently unsuccessful. Unless the parasite is removed affected cattle almost invariably die. THREAD WORMS IN THE ABDOMINAL CAVITY. Thread worms (Filaria labiato-papillosa) 2 to 4 inches long are fre- quently found in the abdominal cavity. They seem to cause little or no trouble. The embryos produced by these worms enter the blood vessels. Stable flies (see p. 519) while sucking blood take up these embryos, which undergo a certain amount of development in the body of the flies. These flies, again biting cattle, introduce the par- tially developed worms with which they are infested into the circulation, whence the werms migrate to the abdominal cavity and there develop to maturity. The roundworms found o0c- casionally in the anterior cham- ber of the eye (see p. 541) are perhaps immature forms of this species which have reached this location during their migration. LUNG WORMS. Fic. 29.—Section of a pork tongue heavily infested with pork measles. Beef tongues i y infested with beef measles present a viviparus, fig. 30) in eattle are Lung worms (Dictyocaulus pre ea threadlike worms 2 to 4 inches long, found in the bronchial tubes, and producing a condition known as verminous bronchitis. (See Pl. LII, which represents a portion of lung with the bronchial tubes filled with lung worms, drawn about twice natural size.) The life history of the parasite is not known, but infection is apparently derived through the medium of pastures where infested cattle have grazed. In the later stages of the dis- ease the cattle cough, especially at night. Young cattle are more seriously affected than old animals. Treatment for lung worms.—Various treatments have been advo- cated for lung worms, including fumigating with different substances and injections of remedies into the trachea by means of a large hypo- dermic syringe, but none has been very successful from a practical PLATE Li DISEASES OF CATTLE ae JULIUS BIEN CO.N.Y Haines del after Marx, VERMINOUS BRONCHITIS. THE ANIMAL PARASITES OF CATTLE. 541 standpoint. About all that can be done is to feed affected animals well and protect them from exposure. PARASITES OF THE BLOOD. A species of fluke (Schistosoma bovis) which lives in the blood ves- sels (the large veins) of cattle in tropical and subtropical countries causes bloody urine, and a condition of the rectum somewhat resem- bling piles. The embryos of Filaria labiato-papillosa (p. 540) which occur in the blood may be found by microscopical examination. They appar- ently cause no trouble. The organism which causes Texas fever is a protozoan parasite (Piroplasma bigeminum) of microscopic size, which lives in the blood and attacks the red blood corpuscles. For a discussion of this parasite and the disease which it produces see page 480 of this volume, or for pene id 5 more complete information con- sult Farmers’ Bulletins 258 and 378, which can be obtained free on application to the Secretary of ee Agriculture, Washington, De; Fie. 30.—Lung worm (Dictyocaulus vivi- Other parasites which live in parus) of cattle. the blood cause serious diseases known as surra and nagana (p. 515), but as yet neither of these diseases has gained a foothold in the United States. PARASITES OF THE EYE. Small roundworms, one-third to four-fifths of an inch in length, may occur in the ducts of the lacrimal glands. Several species all belonging to the same genus (7helazia) are known. These worms are inaccurately referred to by various writers as Félaria lacrimalis. They sometimes escape from their usual location and may be found on the surface of the eyeball beneath the lids, or even in the eyeball. It has been supposed by some writers that the worms seen in the in- terior of the eyeball (“snakes in the eye”) are immature stages of Filaria labiato-papillosa (see p. 540) which have gone astray from the normal course of their migration, but the correctness of this sup- position is uncertain. Worms in the eyes and lacrimal ducts may cause inflammation, in which case the eyes may be syringed with an antiseptic, such as a weak solution of coal-tar stock dip, and iodoform ointment applied if the condition is severe. When worms are present in the eyeball itself, their removal depends upon surgical treatment, usually not advisable, as the worms in that location either cause but little trouble or disappear without treat- ment. MYCOTIC STOMATITIS OF CATTLE. By JoHn R. Mouter, V. M. D. Chief of Pathological Division, Bureau of Animal Industry. INTRODUCTION. Numerous letters have been received by this bureau in recent years relative to the existence of a disease affecting the mouths and feet of cattle in certain Eastern and Central Western States. Later reports indicate that the malady has made its appearance in the Southwest, where it has caused much alarm among the stockmen owing to its similarity to the foot-and-mouth disease of Europe. The disease, which is to be discussed under the name of mycotic stomatitis, has been carefully investigated by this department on various occasions, and it is with the view of giving the results of these clinical investi- gations as well as to assert its noninfectiousness and to differentiate it from the virulent foot-and-mouth disease, which it so closely simulates, that this article is prepared. NAME AND SYNONYMS. The name stomatitis signifies that there is present in the affected animals an inflammation of the mucous membrane of the mouth. This inflammation, which quickly develops into ulcers, is one of the principal and most frequently observed lesions. Mycotic stomatitis refers to that form of stomatitis which results from eating food con- taining irritant fungi. Thus the name not only suggests the cause of the disease, but also indicates the location of the earliest and most prominent symptoms. Other names which have been applied to this disease by different writers are sporadic aphthe; aphthous stoma- titis; sore mouth of cattle; sore tongue; benign, simple, or noninfec- tious foot-and-mouth disease; mycotic aphthous stomatitis; and sporadic stomatitis aphthosa. CHARACTER OF THE DISEASE. Mycotic stomatitis is a sporadic, or noninfectious, disease which affects cattle of all ages that are on pasture, but more especially milch cows. It is characterized by inflammation and ulceration of the 542 MYCOTIC STOMATITIS OF CATTLE. 543 mucous membrane of the mouth, producing salivation and inappe- tence, and secondarily affecting the feet, which become sore and swollen. Superficial erosions of the skin, particularly of the muzzle and of the teats and udders of cows, may also be present, with some elevation of temperature and emaciation. CAUSE. This disease, as its name indicates, results from the eating of forage containing fungi or molds. It is probable that more than one fungus is involved in the production of this disease, but no particular species has been definitely proved to be the causative factor. Several at- tempts have been made by the writer to determine the exact cause and also to transmit the disease to other animals by direct inocula- tion, but with negative results. Suspicion, however, has been directed by various observers to the Uromyces and the red and black rusts that occur on clovers. These fungi cause very severe irritation of the lining membrane of the mouth, producing sometimes a catarrhal, at other times an aphthous, and occasionally an ulcerous stomatitis. The fungus of rape, etc. (Polydesmus excitiosus), is very irritating to the mouths and feet of cattle, causing severe inflammation and in some instances producing symptoms that have been mistaken for foot-and-mouth disease. The fungi (Penicillium and Puccinia) found on grasses have also been credited with the production of stomatitis. The fact that this disease disappears from a locality at a certain time and reappears at irregular intervals would suggest the probability that certain climatic conditions were essential for the propagation of the causative fungi, since it is well known that the malady becomes prevalent after a hot, dry period has been followed by rain, thus furnishing the requirements necessary for the luxuriant development of molds and fungi. Owing to this fact the disease is observed in one locality during one season and in an entirely dif- ferent section another year, but reappears in the former center when favorable conditions prevail. In this way the affection has occurred at irregular intervals in certain sections of both the United States and Canada. SYMPTOMS AND LESIONS. Among the first symptoms observed in mycotic stomatitis are ina- bility to eat, suspension of rumination, frequent movements of the lips with the formation of froth on their margins, and in some cases a dribbling of saliva from the mouth. There is a desire to eat, and frequent attempts to take food are made, but prehension is very difficult. If, however, food is placed on the back of the tongue it is readily masticated and swallowed. If the mouth is examined at this 544 DISEASES OF CATTLE. time it will be found red and hot, and exceptionally small blisters will be seen, which, however, quickly become eroded and develop into active ulcers varying in size from one-eighth to 1 inch in diameter. Where several ulcers have coalesced:a large and irregu- larly indented patch is formed. These erosions are most frequently found on the gums around the incisor teeth, on the dental pad, inside the lips, and on the tip of the tongue, but they also occur on the cheeks, interdenta] space, and dorsum of the tongue. The ulcers have a hemorrhagic border, a depressed suppurating surface, and contain a brownish or yellowish colored débris, which is soon replaced by granulation tissue. As a result of this sloughing of the tissues and the retention of food in the mouth, a very offensive odor is exhaled. The muzzle becomes dry and parched in appearance, which condition is shortly followed by erosions and exfoliations of the superficial layer of the skin. Adherent brownish crusts and scabs form over the parts, and similar lesions are seen around the nostrils and ex- ternal surface of the lips. In some cases there are associated with these alterations a slight swelling and painfulness in the region of the pasterns, at times affect- ing the fore feet, at other times the hind feet, and occasionally all four feet. In a few cases the swelling may extend above the fetlock, but it has never been observed above the knee or hock. The skin around the coronet may occasionally become fissured and the thin skin in the cleft of the foot eroded and suppurated, but without the formation of vesicles. As a result of these feet lesions, the affected animal may assume a position with its back arched and the limbs propped under the body as in a case of founder, and will manifest much pain and lameness in walking. If it lies down, the animal shows reluctance in getting up, and although manifesting no incli- nation to move about, when forced to do so there is more or less stiffness and a tendency to kick or shake the foot as if to dislodge a foreign body from between the claws. In some outbreaks the milch cows have slight superficial erosions on the teats which at times extend to the udder. The cracks in the skin are filled with serum and form brownish colored scabs. The teats become tender and the milk secretion diminishes; in some cases it disappears. A similar tendency toward the formation of fissures and scabs on the skin of the neck and shoulder has manifested itself in a recent outbreak in Texas, and this feature was likewise notice- able in the disease when it occurred in Maryland and Virginia in 1889. In mild cases only the mouth lesions may be observed, or these alterations may be associated with one or more of the other above- described symptoms, but in severe cases, where there is a generalized mycotic intoxication, one animal may show all these alterations. MYCOTIC STOMATITIS OF CATTLE. 545 When the disease is well developed the general appearance of the animal is one of great lassitude, and it either stands off by itself with hind feet drawn under the body and its fore feet extended, or it assumes a recumbent position. Owing to the inability to eat and to the general systemic disturbance present, the animal loses flesh very rapidly and becomes greatly emaciated in the latter stages of the dis- ease. The temperature and pulse are somewhat increased, the former 2 or 3 degrees, the latter to from 75 to 90 beats per minute. The fever is not lasting, and these symptoms are soon modified. The animal has an anxious look, and in a few cases there is gastro-intes- tinal irritation, the feces being thin, of a dark color, and of an offensive odor. PROGNOSIS AND MORTALITY. Mycotie stomatitis is not a serious disease, and in uncomplicated cases recoveries soon follow the removal of the cause and the appli- cation of the indicated remedies. In such cases complete restoration may take place within one week. In mild outbreaks a large percent- age of the animals will recover without treatment, but that the dis- ease is fatal is shown by the fact that animals which develop an aggravated form of the affection succumb if not treated. In such animals death occurs in 6 or 8 days, but the mortality in the serious outbreaks thus far investigated has been less than 0.5 per cent. The course of this disease is irregular and runs from 7 to 15 days, the average case covering a period of about 10 days. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS. FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE. In examining a case of mycotic stomatitis it is important not to mistake it for foot-and-mouth disease, which has appeared in this country on five occasions only, always near a seaport, and which does not exist in the United States at the present time. This may be easily accomplished by taking into consideration the fact that in the contagious foot-and-mouth disease there is a rapid infection of the entire herd, as well as of any hogs and sheep that may be on the premises. It is also readily transmitted to neighboring herds by the spread of the infection from diseased animals, but it never occurs spontaneously. The characteristic lesion of foot-and-mouth disease is the appearance of vesicles containing serous fluid in the mouth and upon the udder, teats, heels, and coronary bands of the affected ani. mals. Drooling is profuse, and there is a peculiar smacking sound made by sucking the affected lips. Mycotic stomatitis occurs sporadically on widely separated farms, affecting only a few animals in each herd, and the lesions produced 16923°—12 35 546 DISEASES OF CATTLE. consist of erosions without the typical vesicular formations of foot- and-mouth disease. The failure of the vesicles, if any appear, to spread extensively in the mouth, the absence of these blisters on other portions of the body—notably the teats and udder, and charac- teristically the feet—together with the absence of infection in the herd, and the inability to transmit the disease to calves by inocula- tion distinguish between this affection and foot-and-mouth disease. Scab formation on the muzzle and nostrils is not present in foot-and- mouth disease. The erosions of the mouth are not so extensive and they heal more rapidly in mycotic stomatitis. The swelling of the feet and stiffness of the animal are also more marked in mycotic stomatitis. ERGOTISM. The lesions resulting from ergotism may be differentiated from those of mycotic stomatitis by the lack of ulcerative eruptions in the mouth and by the location of the lesions at the tips of the ears, end of the tail, or upon the lower part of the legs, usually below the knees or hocks. The lesions of ergotism do not take the form of ulcers or festers, but the end of the limb affected is diseased “ in toto” and the eruption extends entirely around the limbs, followed soon afterwards by a distinct line of demarcation between the healthy skin above and the diseased below. The absence of suppurating sores between the claws and on the mucous membrane of the mouth, the knowledge that the lesion upon the limb in question extends uninterruptedly around — it, and the presence of ergotized seeds in the hay or grain fed the animals should point conclusively to a diagnosis of ergotism. FOUL FOOT. In foul foot, or ground itch, of cattle, the inflammation of the skin and toes usually affects but one foot. It begins as a superficial inflammation followed by sloughing, ulceration, and the formation of fistulous tracts which may involve the tendons, bones, and joints. The mouth remains unaffected, and the presence of the disease may be traced to filth and poor drainage. NECROTIC STOMATITIS. In necrotic stomatitis (calf diphtheria) there is a formation of yel- lowish cheesy patches in the mouth without any lesions of the feet or udder. It affects sucking calves chiefly, and is caused by the Bacillus necrophorus. TREATMENT. The treatment of mycotic stomatitis should consist in first remov- ing the herd of cattle from the pasture in which they have been running. The affected animals should, if it is possible, be brought to MYCOTIC STOMATITIS OF CATTLE. 547 the barn or corral and fed on soft, nutritious food, such as bran mashes, ground feed, and gruels. A bucket of clear, cool water should be kept constantly in the manger, so that the animal may drink or rinse the mouth at its pleasure, and it will be found bene- ficial to dissolve 2 heaping tablespoonfuls of borax or 1 tablespoonful of potassium chlorate in each of the first two buckets of water taken during the day. If the animals are gentle enough to be handled, the mouth should be swabbed out daily with antiseptic washes, such as a 2 per cent solution of carbolic acid or of creolin, or a 1 per cent solu- tion of lysol or of permanganate of potash, or 1 part of hydrogen peroxid to 2 parts of water. This should be followed by astringents, such as one-half tablespoonful of alum, borax, or chlorate of potash placed on the tongue. Probably a more satisfactory method of ad- ministering the antiseptic treatment to a large number of animals would be to mix thoroughly 2 teaspoonfuls of pure carbolic acid every morning in a quart of bran mash and give to each affected animal for a period of five days. Range cattle may be more readily treated by the use of medicated salt placed in troughs accessible to the animals. This salt may be prepared by pouring 4 ounces of erude carbolic acid upon 12 quarts of ordinary barrel salt, after which they are thoroughly mixed. The lesions of the feet should be treated with a 2 per cent solution of carbolic acid or of creolin. while the fissures and other lesions of the skin will be benefited by the application of carbolized vaseline or zinc ointment. If the animals are treated in this manner and carefully fed the disease will rapidly disappear. ae : ; ad Che 3 TZ ae ee —~ Ei eeiae INDEX. Abdomen— Page. and womb, inflammation, causes, symptoms, and treatment...........--- 226 dropsy affecting, causes, symptoms, and treatment...............------- 49 of cali; dropsy, description and treatment: 0202/0502 20 182 Wounds Gallces; Symptoms, and treatment. ft eee 45 pbdommalcayvity, kKindsof parasites affecting. .......5.......-.-........c:e-: 540 Abortion— comapious aeseripiuon- ane eausEs: oo. ers ee OT Sa 169 CONEMIGUA, PECVEN MOD. ANG. WeALIMONG. 0.2.2 keth eee eee eno sot see eee eee 173 RPT RStaEE LARTER. ESOS 0. eae Ae A Cae terre. ne tans er ere ee Stee ene 165 noncomiacious, treatment. seer 2s lee |! 220 Te oe SEO ee oe nee 172 Abscess— RiP UCEME CAUSING SS ote 5 oat cn, ENR Sates Be ole An ate xonnie en ered 242 Oikeat treatm enys sees see ee Se ee ee sees ee ee So uMU eres sou OOE Cline AGOsehl PON twee eek Ue Os eet. fee tee nn a ae eee 98 Rare el CANse ANG. (WEatMOMb. = = .ocissw osiee Aue on.- wade seme ace ee 254 orbital and periorbital, symptoms and treatment. .............-.-------- 364 SeESREE? TreaieHenit = 327A tek tke Se ee oe eee ee cee eee one 304 Peeroer te enor idan fom meee ee nn ean Cita ent. cetera oe oe eee eae 73 REM ST UGH LGIOCEOU CO: 28 5 fae w ocheae sala Are ais Ga cares aa eae eae Tee ee 344 Achorion schénleinti, fungus causing Tinea favosa...........----------------- 344 Acids— mineral, poisoning, description and treatment.............--------------- 61 ponnme description and treatment--.-25+---2 22-4... 222-2 tee eke 60 vegetable, poisonous, description and treatment..........-..----.------- 61 Aconite poisoning, description and treatment. ............---.-------------- 65 Actinomycosis— Pes apnoea “By MPO wine ~ 5 a0 ihr Se nk koe we ewes Sele ow on 2 = 447-457 Eetrhton to public Leathe = esss-Ccat SUL URE GS eee See cee fe oe oe 454 of jawbones, description and treatment....-...-------------------------- 450 SN a CE fel el nesters < area eae n ae a etn een inl 450 eemear TOE GORENG berate Se eet MAR eae sala innit eo 452-457 ERE Cel SP AON es te aera a eres nla al eee ae ee eee 322 Administration of medicines, chapter by Leonard Pearson.........-.-..------- 9-13 Afterbirth, retained, causes, symptoms, and treatment.......-...-..---------- 222 Air— c or gas under the skin, description, symptoms, and treatment..-....-....- 346 tubes of lungs, parasites affecting, description and treatment..--...------- 540 Albumin in urine, description and treatment...............---.-------------- 121 Albuminuria, description and treatment...--.--.-. 0252252 - 22222-2222. 22228: 121 Alkalies, poisoning, description and treatment. ..--..--.-------------------- 62 Amaurosis, causes, symptoms, and treatment...........--------------------- 360 Anaphrodisia, cause, prevention, and treatment.......--.--.---------------- 149 Anasarca of the skin, causes, symptoms, and treatment. -....----.------------ 342 WReALHeRIA.1senin- OperatiOud.< 222/071 t tts See ene eee eC e~ se a 295 550 INDEX. Page Aneuriam, description... 26:02 <5 45.0ecicieteree annie oe oe ee 83 Angioma tumor; description: « ../:5.- - 25.25.50 -coee a= as ele ee eee 322 Animal— parasites of cattle, chapter by B. H. Ransom..............-....2-----: 518-541 products, poisonous, description and treatment...........-..--..-------.- 69 Anthrax— Gallse, Symptoms: (eA LMM ty CLC saree ee eater ete ele ete eee 457-464 TM AIAN; QOSCTED WOM a>, 521 « soa caios brat ear ee eee e ee easier Breen ee 464 symptomatic, description, cause, treatment, etc.....-....-..----------- 465-470 Aphtha— in young calves, description and treatment... ..<2 eee eee 106 parturient, description, symptoms, and treatment..............-.----.--- 228 Appetite, depraved, description, causes, and treatment..............--------- 30 Aqueous humor of eye, description... ....: 525-225. 525.52 222. - Spee 353 Arsenic poisoning, description, symptoms, and treatment..........-..-..-.--- 57 Arsenical dip for destroying cattle ticks:........-. 22.2 >=---oss5eeeees eee 504 Arteries— and veins, wounds, description and treatment.................---------- 81 obstruction, description and treatment. -...:.... 2------..--ee eee eee 83 Ascaris vitulorum, intestinal roundworm, description and treatment........-.-- 535 Ascites— causes, symptoms: aiid treatments... 2. a.00'S saber es aes leo 49 description-and. treatment. 2: 2... 205. ccecce sone ades ce eee ee ee eee 182 Asepsis in. surgical operations: .- 2. a.ccseene! fete cds ated > ea eer CEE 295 Aseptic periostitis, description and treatment... ...5 j.<---h)--e0e-b- sss -ees 271 Asphyxia electrica, symptoms and. treatment... so foscissmade -s an seme | eee 111 Atkinson, V. T.— chapter on “ Bones: Diseases and accidents” ........::.-.---..-.5935ee8 269-294 chapter on “ Poisons and poisoning” ......--....-nieaseseus-b a4 5 eee 54-70 Agrophy, deseription 2-5...) disci ns once bowed olen se eae ee eee 80, 128 Auscultation definition. > ..22.0i0 5 -ss6ree ae ee 414 Back, sprain, causes and ‘treatment :5. 505.65 acd qoduruhy pei Seat ee eee 276 Bacteria— CHUSEN PE ADSCEES. 225.5 - ape 15 ois cle icheinleis cima cence APE ORCS eo aici 5 = 242 definition =. << S26 aerend 183 INDEX, 5538 Calves— rhe congenital imperfections; kinds... eee! STEEL ek eo 268 indigestion affecting, causes, symptoms, and treatment. .......2.........-- 34 newhorn, acute scouring, description, prevention,-and treatment........-. 266 pyemic and septicemic inflammation, symptoms and treatment........... 256 young, aphtha, or thrush, affecting, description and treatment...........- 268 young, constipation affecting, cause and treatment....................-- _ young, diseases affecting, chapter by James Law. ...................-. 252 -268 young, rickets affecting, description and treatment...............-----.- 268 young, ulcers in mouth, causes, symptoms, and treatment................ 470 Calving— dropping and palsy following, description and treatment...............-- 237 Retarded: bimaervoushesss:.s2.8 denser SOP De PL ee 180 EVIMIPLOMSEE sams tetra tefetaetels Stone SORA SE epi cele wien ee oe a 174 Wancer, description-and:tredtment.20. 80.2 22h. .et ice! in emi viel: 327 Capcilemi even deseripiionyc:i.-0-a+<3 doce eS Dik Ue enh et 354 Capsules as method of administering medicines..........-....-.-----+-------- 10 Carbolic-acid poisoning, description and treatment. ...........---.-.--.----- 63 Cacnuncle;.deseriptions..2.22224525 «29.25 TOR SOR 464 Carcinoma, idescriptionand treatment. 27222 2as3s . 2. 2%. - 3 's-2 + eee! 327 Cariesiot thei teeth descriptions sacct.< 225) Eee ee OPE ie 18 Carpus, fracture, description and treatment.........-...-------------+------ 287 Cariidep gene Decrosisialiectine fey. <<. ok 4 ponetalengiealf, Catise and trCatmMeN- cag eee eS e nee enn once tet = ope eae 182 of abdomen, causes, symptoms, and treatment...................-....--- 49 of abdomen of calf, description and treatment................----------- 182 oitchest.|desckiption| and jtreatment.. 2.225 ea. sie ae cca oe oie os sass re 98 of hind limbs and between thighs, during pregnancy, cause...........-- 162 of membranes of fetus, description and treatment.........-----..-------- 162 pimavel, @eachiption and treatment: -- = 22s -cend «6 om oe on ea wen see we 258 of Wwonib, deseription, sd: treatment ... 5 +> -.0s2 22+ cok co eae ee eee 287 of spinal column, description and eat Rpapenies, peti Meare sees tier le iol 284 of vertebra, description end: treatment.’ ...2-<. .0- 3-. ses 25se cee eee 284 specialadescriptionnand treatment: <2: 65.202 ee ee eee 282 Frostbites— of ears, symptoms and: treatmientad..... 3... Iso. ee oe ee eee 369 GreavMentese te ohics Bees os ec ee ee ce cee tat eee oma oe Sena etaterieeeteets 346 Fungi; poisonous; description of poisoning. 2... 2.222220: -4-= te eee ee 69 Fungoid growth of the ear, cause and treatment............-..--------..---- 368 Fungus hematodes— cause and treatment.< si 3225 22 Sore ee cee cee eon eee et 365 déseripiions sae ese te Bae ee ee oe ree ee Seen ee eee eee 328 Furunculus, causes, symptoms, and treatment................-- coe siete cies areas 340 Ganglionie divisioniof-the riervous' system... ......54-<2------.52 een es eee eee 103 Gangrenous septicemia, symptoms and treatment............--..------------ 478 Garget, description and: treatment: o:.25 33 c5Lee Pee a eee ee ee eee 238 INDEX. 559 Gas— Page. Mm Calt «cause. of swelling, treatment... .tis2vsootess See Le aleeele 182 or air under the skin, symptoms and treatment.....................-..... 346 Gastro-enteritis, causes, symptoms, and treatment....................-...-.-.- 35 Gastro-intestinal catarrh, causes, symptoms, and treatment.................-. 31, 34 Generative organs— diseases,.chapter, by. dames, Law....5.....-3.J0sgpecamtk forks aqselualce 4 147-215 SR NON rot et oan opis etait er emia ols ciate ae eee See Spl dco seas oe. ee 147 Genital organs, vesicular eruption affecting, description, symptoms, and treat- INEM ee Swine rinlota ois sin) Sralaiainie// Sas ee aS, AO PSE ee eee 408 Gestation, extra-uterine, description and treatment......................2..-- 163 Iaith parasite: Of sheep and catile.....crvietueet pun.idee dasce~ olin de eee 539 Sluucs.or ibe skin jocaiion.and ise... .....5,--%,- Pens tewth eee Gates. sses 333 ime of the.eve, descriphon 2992 Jr ct carislapisi ast. Jaecidas we Ghia Hess. Leones 352 (Gugia, butialo, deseription.and remedy 2: soa b.a% .weise’s - coe stent. lead eles 521 Goiter, cause, description, symptoms, and treatment........................ 322 Gonorrhea, descriptionjand treatments... 5.2.3: ¢ eto ne ss cee eon ee tae ne 156 Gravel— Beseripiion aNd CAUSC See eset Fe Fae per sree 76 PUpTURE, CEHCEIPION 3.102 SUSE SOE. oneioeth l-criceeistepe 156 mavariia causes and treatments: [sn jeseteeeent -goteeccebeioe peeeee * 225 faves, description and, treatment.2 2232.10) 5¢.)-;2<\ -tiwieeeen oss bee 84 of womb, causes, symptoms, and treatment. ............--...0-...-.-5-. 226 pyemic and septicemic, of joints of calves, symptoms and treatment.....- 256 traumatic, of the stomach, cause, symptoms, and treatment..........-.-- 36 Inflammatory diseases of the skin, description, symptoms, and treatment...... 332-346 Insects on forage, description of poisonous. .....-....- Becpfichertecieje seen tesla 70 Intercostal muscles, rheumatism affecting, description and treatment......... 100 Interdigital fibroma, description and treatment. ...............------------- 350 Intestinal parasites, description and treatment.........-...-----------+---- 534 Intestines, roundworms affecting, kind and treatment............------------ 535 Intussusception, causes, symptoms, post-mortem appearance, and treatment. . 37 Invagination, cause of obstruction of bowels, symptoms, and treatment. ....-.. 37 Inversion— Sim velnien, IER LOM bos fase a2 2 cx me incl SERIO « oo oo rin eee eee 362 Geveud, Gesctipucn and treatments oo. o wae aden es - = == - 550 jo 5 oe eg 362 PEC ETS GION swe lew ace sis Oe icles Cue een seep mera a -s o ow oo 8 Solemn ame 353 Itch, scab, mites, and mange, description and treatment.............-------- 526 chine canse and teatime mies is deems ee mide ee a <= win s\s.- = = = ah sinensis a oleae 334 Jaundice, description, symptoms, and treatment. ..........----------..--.-- 46 16923°—12——36 562 INDEX. Jaw— Page. big, lump, or lumpy. (See Actinomycosis.) lower; fracture; ‘cause and-treatment------- sss ae -o> eee Se eee eee eee 284 poverty, caused by twisted wireworms!*. 22)))s 222 29202122 So ee 530 Jawbones, actinomycosis affecting, description and treatment...........--- 447-457 Joint-ill, description, symptoms, and treatment...............------2------- 256 Kelis, causes, symptoms, and treatment... .. ...1. S207 ee 343 Keratitis, causes, symptoms, and treatment........- "nos See lee eee ey] Kidney— of ox, description. 2t 220.227 ee et 2 eee eee 117 parasites affecting, discussion’ )>' /24 220 09. SSS ea 127 stone in, description and treatment. 2's ose ts RS 139 Kidneys— inflammation, description, causes, symptoms, and treatment......-...-. 123 tumors-affecting; description...) 2-6 /-.- =. IE. 2 128 Knee— fracture below, description and treatment.............-.--+-22----+ 2204. 287 fracture, description and treatment 2....< 2. .=-.;- eek Ce 287 tumors, description and treatment.-.. 02... 2 .<2 -- =. 2. 329 Knotting and twisting of bowels, causes, symptoms, and treatment. ........-.- 37 Labor pains before relaxation of passages. ........--.-.2.22---2-2.20e eee e eee ile Lacerated wounds, description and treatment.........-.-...-.-..-.----.---- 308 Laceration of the eyelid, cause and treatment..........-........02.-.2220-205 363 Lacerations— and ruptures of the vagina, description and treatment.............------ 222 of thexear; Cause’and? treatments ..2... oain is -fe nya em - 83 of bowels, resulting from invagination, causes, symptoms, etc........--.-- 37 foparturition by tullbladder or rectum... 4.225.020 5 2. 2 - o0 edie snd See 180 torpartunition (by masses on fat cause (Io A iso mptioehs bam aes fe sae gers 180 (Esophagostoma radiatum, parasite causing nodular disease, treatment. .....-.. 536 Oidium albicans, parasite causing aphtha, or thrush..................--..---- 268 Operations— ssepsis. iiportance obs. AIGIGUNeh 2o.dseaaliacet nce adedeecews Koei se 295 gurpical: chapter by: William’: DicksOWieeis..222 2. 8b soe Senate eS .. 295-314 surgical, manner of securing the animals.............---..2220.00.-200005 295 usesjohjanestihesiattas 2s teeta dee scan eeticie cee tenisaee 2 eer 295 Ophthalmia— simple, causes, symptoms, and treatment... <.);......... 2-20 0255256 weil 356 specific, symptoms, treatment, and prevention................----------- 357 Opium and morphia poisoning, description and treatment..........-..------- 64 Orbit— bony, necrosis affecting, cause and treatment.................----------- 365 fracture; causeandi trea tim emibaays 8 oye peo ys ter tte eee & 364 iumors cause and! treatmentys4: Ss... see As: Scleekieds- Feesaee, fh 365 Orbital— and periorbital abscess, symptoms and treatment.............+.---.-.--- 364 cavaby omphe.eye, Gescription: j2c.jazsseines thyectife bs eccene suieaed.seet 354 Orchitis,.deseription, and treatment... , 2.592. 2.tieseblaete -heeianse ges se- asin 152 Ornithedoraxaneqnini, ear tick ot cattle. 2:2. 2.52... 6s sc sgh pees ee esse sens ent 529 Osteitis; deseripiion jand. treatmentiosc.se aed eetsicci as aottintentaties!- of testis 4 270 Onteomasndescription-and treatment = 2's... 5 oust sete ie ose. Bogie we 326 Osteomalacia, description, symptoms, and treatment..............----------- 273 Osteontyelitis, description and treatment ...... ....j2e.33ee2) fuse Secices BEL 272 Ostertagia ostertagi, encysted stomach worm of cattle...............----------- 534 Otitis nyvmptems and: treatment... .5. >... sc JAes oth Que teksts lah 367 Ovariotomy,\ description of theoperationwss..42)225.2., che dy oieis Jacana 312 Ovum, inclosed, description and treatment. ......-.....----.-----------25-- 183 Ox warblesiand cribs: treatinenten: .seesuitiae. esas. eee dsboock ike 524 Pains, labor, before relaxation of passages). 25.202 9). 20S ek Oe ts DL SS Wie Palpitation omheart, description.....2=. JJ 99M sk Sa I ED AE 76 Palsy— following calving, description and treatment......- LUIS De ae 237 of neckof bladders.cause:and treatments 2228 Yee Ee 130 Papillary growths and warts on the penis, treatment.................--.----- 156 Papilioma; description -andstreatment 20.) 2225... 2 92. SP 324 Paralysis— GeRChip ian Aare ee ae tee Mati a ee Rae saad u's Sota aoe 109 ot bladder; causés and treatment: ; : .<. 22.22: -ee SEI Ae 130 566 INDEX. Page Paralysis—Continued. of hind parts during pregnancy, cause and treatment. ........-...--..--- 163 of rear parte:0f Dod y Cause cect ee eee oa Oe ae eee 109 Paramphistomum cervi, parasite affecting cattle... ...- ara SO er ee 530 Paraplegia, symptoms and treatment. 2-- soo a. = =e ee ee 110 Parasites— animal, of cattle, chapter by B. H."Ransom. 7-2-2. -2 eee ee eee 518-541 of bronchial tubes, description and treatment............----.----------- 540 Of blood Kim Boo emis aye as oe we ne ee eine oe 541 of ear, kinds and treatment. << os fo a2c ows -ee se = :--scmutaes Tas ae se ee definition and history.........- POSU-MOTLEDN AP PCATAM COL em semi e slo ~/aeininl= tater aye ata felelelaietaia 2 eats toe ee ae prevention and treatment...... Ce Pneumonia, description, symptoms, and treatment.......................--. Pneumothorax, description and treatment................-2....22000202 2 eee ee Poisoned Stim iilONe ease mares cists. ae Poisoning— sconite, Gesctiption and treatment é 5202. ob... Ue ea and: poisons, chapter by V. ‘Tl; Atkinson Js... 2. occ w eves deerrns eee by acids, description and: treatment... .5..% ..).c..-.0 SU by alkalies, description and. treatment..2...<. 5... 4-0UURl. Ok ee by animal products, description and treatment.......................... by arsenic, description, symptoms, and treatment ........-..--.-22....... by carbolic acid, description and treatment...............22-.--22---00.. by coal oil), description and. treatment. i224... 2. asec ees ccicsans asec by copper, description and treatment ...... 2-2-2. een eect PI by msects on forage, description... <22325..22.2 etek eet es La by laurel, description and treatment... ./.223222222. 2002 202 22 by lead, description, symptoms by loco weed, description and t ANG ireabEents, Lee Tek aee) gal Sia ae NEG UMENG. Wc ccmssaciee S/o oe ise 6S SaaS See by mercury, description, symptoms, and treatment....................--- by phosphorus, symptoms and treatment..............-.--------2----0.- Dy pomeweus tunel, description ’.....t- 2s. .benees-osese cee ee ce cee oe by potsmunac plants, descripuon. 1-2. fecsctesss sc ete ence eee tee ote ae by salt and saltpeter, description, symptoms, and treatment............... by strychnin, description and t FEAUECN Geet eee ee Oe ere te eee CeneTal Symptoms and trenumMent..2...f00l nettles sesh aeees tees © sa eoeeee BOUNCES ae ae tena SOAs te 5 Poisonous— GUnet< CEROTINUON 228 onoon ea eet oes fe ce ce sees net oe a ae Motos ona aces Plants, Cesc PHON oii e.dacb Nos cores Sesck soca nl socn me ceee bots chemae ne Poisons— and poisoning, chapter by V. T description of action........--.. dietetic, description............ mineral, descriptions.........-. vegetable, uses as medicine.... Polydesmus excitans, effect on cattle Polypi— description and treatment ..... CA CINSOM 7 fae Steers stra ene ot eee eee of the vagina or uterus, description and treatment.........-....-.....----- pharyngeal, description and tre Polytrincium trifolii, effect on cattle PV ALOOY S) 0 Pe os Sie ce creer Eo eR ae ee ee ee 568 INDEX. Page Polyuria,.causes and treatment... 2001941 2 aaa. ee ee 118 Pork and. beef measles, note.....<.2:::+:++ 2 10291 Uae BES Soe gree 540 Poverty jaw and scours, caused by twisted wireworm, treatment.......-....... 530 Pregnancy— cramps.oi hind limbs during, cause. ./ 22229. 02. Se ee eee 162 GUTAtiON.....- = (i < 205 5 je oo eosin ge ahaa As