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Issued August 31, 1916.
ooo. Oerak MENTE :OF AGRICULTURE,
é¢.%, BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.
A. D. MELVIN, CHIEF OF BUREAU.
oF EGEAL REPORT
ON
Peers (Or CAT I TE.
BY
Drs. ATKINSON, DICKSON, HARBAUGH, HICKMAN, LAW,
LOWE, MOHLER, MURRAY, PEARSON,
RANSOM, and TRUMBOWER.
REVISED EDITION, 1916.
WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
1916.
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
Washington, March 21, 1916.
This volume is a revision of the Special Report on Diseases of
Cattle, prepared in compliance with House Concurrent Resolution
No. 14, passed February 3, 1916, as follows:
Resolwed by the House of Representatives (the Senate concurring), That
there be printed and bound in cloth one hundred thousand copies of the Special
Report on Diseases of Cattle, the same to be first revised and brought to date,
under the supervision of the Secretary of Agriculture, seventy thousand copies
for the use of the House of Representatives and thirty thousand copies for use
of the Senate.
Since its original publication by the Department in 1892, several
editions have been authorized by Congress. It was reprinted in
1896, and revised and reprinted in 1904, 1908, and 1912. In accord-
ance with the above-mentioned resolution it again has been revised
so as to embody the latest practical development of knowledge of
the subject.
D. F. Houston,
Secretary.
De of D.
JAN 19 1917
irdits , Pek AG
17,
/
COM TENTS.
Administration of medicines. By LEONARD PEARSON.....---...-----------
Diseases of the digestive organs. By A. J. MURRAY .......-......-...-.-----
femnenscerm poop. By V.. 1. ATEINSON . 3. <2: .<<-.\ns.-0- onitenienaine ae 8
. Diseases of the heart, blood vessels, and lymphatics. By W. H. Harsaueu..
Noncontagious diseases of the organs of respiration. By Wini1am HERBERT
Sanya eye ae a P Nee ns Stee ore ie IERIE EM SUNN Ae 22 = sicispaersemnvee
Diseases of the nervous system. By W. H. HarpauGu...........-----------
Diseases of the urinary organs. By James Law.....-....---.-.-------------
Diseases of the generative organs. By James Law....-..-.-...........-----
Diseases following parturition. By James Law......................-------
Diseases'o1 young calves! By JAMES LAW eye rcie ni. icine ne ie seen ees
Bones: Diseases and accidents: “By Vs/TPwATKINSON: «2.2.2.0. 0.020se.cenes
Surgical operations. By Winu1am Dickson and Wiu11AM Herserr Lowe....
Gmors'anectne cattle: “By Jonw R: Mouner...-.--..-.----+------.+-----
Pisejues. of. the dking. by A. Rey TRUMBOWER: Juss. . os. ne ae becease. cee
ieeises ob the foot by. M. RK. TRUMBOWERw6.0.- 22-20 seen oe ee ees
Diseases of the eye and its appendages. By M. R. TrRumBoweEr........-..---
Diseases of the ear. By M. R. TRUMBOWER......-...-- a shat eat amt sheen MPa
Infectious diseases of cattle. Revised by Jonn R. MOHLER........-..------
The animal parasites of cattle. By B. H. Ransom. ..........-..-------.+--
Mycotic stomatitis of cattle. By Joun R. Mower .........-----------------
Page.
7
12
51
71
85
99
HL
145
212
245
262
287
301
318
333
338
393
396
510
537
: , . ‘ ww it
ADDITIONAL fomuea” “ans agen
Aas | OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PROCURED FROM 5) bane) fs
Be THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS ees
q ia i - GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE ae,
bs ; WASHINGTON,D.C. y
FATS LN » wd
; $1.00 PER COPY
‘
.
XXVIII.
XXIX.
XXX.
XXXTI.
XXXII.
XXXTIT.
XXXIV.
XXXV.
XXXVI.
XXXVII.
XXXVIITI.
XXXIX.
ILLUSTRATIONS.
PLATES, +
- Position of the first stomach (rumen or paunch)................-
ES UST TESTER CT (ia le ae Se
- Instruments used in treating diseases of digestive organs..........
. Microscopic anatomy of the liver............2.....020--2ccceeeee
eater Tye Re 8 ne Ree = Os Oo ai SEP a Bae eh cg
SUN EDT LS. Sg Sen ee a oe a nee aE ee aay Oey ev ene ence Srey ae
Big Se IURAOE GEN IMIG tee eto Siete wcthtann)s syesiqank vale Ge athe -
. Kidney and male generative and urinary organs..................
. Microscopic anatomy of the kidney................2.2....2..222.
eco of kidney and bladder. no. osgeu Sine PaShiobns a dlnackis
- Fetal calf within its membranes... ........2---0+0-0--seeeceees-
- Abnormal positions of calf in utero; surgical instruments and
BURT R es Pe cae nee oes an ort EERE eat sd tac cults
: eepporis for prolapsed uterus... . .. 6.2. ecbecs---seaked...
SP POriA Tor Prolapyed Wires 5 ae icles ectenars moe eye < oh vislee aunt? .
- Instruments used in diseases following parturition
Pep bere mattnameneayett). 25 Fe: Sab S blip, ce eters a Ie
es
ed
Upper or dorsal surface of the lungs of the ox...
Broncho-pneumonia
es
SS ne ale © a pias aie lel Wisin a isp Sia aie = tia foie ed Gales ole «
~ so sia ple = nie ins ow nhalac0 ee d= oem eee élisie ceca
Ae elm eile ea eo al es ie melee eine a lal ow iala\e a ieia.«
pl te es RC Se a Re ee
Heer es eee se ee ees eee wees eee e econ se
ee 9 eee aie = = disinies a ae =p le) ae =) =| oie es © ole lee «
Tuberculosis of lymph gland and of omentum (caul).............
Fig. 1.—Tuberculosis of sirloin and porterhouse cuts of beet. Fig.
2.—Tuberculosis of pleura of cow, so-called ‘ pearly disease”’. . .
Tuberculosis of cow’s udder
Actinomycosis. .
Stee eal hd aie ie es esi maa'g we ad) am sie mie elelae eo «
oe ee ee Oe a a ae oe SNE a ae ie BS) ole ln elo wal aie be adbueleieteis @
Plate
ILLUSTRATIONS.
Mh. Actinomycosis OF the jaw. <.0cscreecctedceneckateses Dea ian
GT Actinomycosis of the lings. . oc. scien scnn'es ss sotmaenena eee a
XLII. Section of muscle from a blackleg swelling......................-
XE. Necrotic stomatitis (cali diphtheria). . 070 5... 2s nee eee eee eee
XLIV. Normal spleen and spleen affected by Texas fever. .............-
EXOUM: “HExas PEVEr: oo echt Seine Sore ee ees Se ie ata oe serene ee aera eae
XLVI. The cattle tick (Margaropus annulatus), the carrier of Texas fever.
MEVIL) Che cattle-tick.(Mergaronus annulatus).: 2.220522 2 ose eee te sees
XLVIII. Portion of a steer’s hide showing the Texas fever tick ( Margaropus
x
Fia. 1.
OU AALTE) Sea ete REE ee Paes ems tien eG one.
LIX. Fig. 1.—Tick-infested steer. Fig. 2—Duipping cattle to kill ticks.
L. Map of the United States showing region infected with Texas fever
Gi CACUlG. smc: at ceere aioe aie Fe wistse etie mini Gas on ay ner eee
TEXT FIGURES,
Plan for freeing cattle and pastures from ticks by rotation, requiring
four and one-half months:>>2 2552s 2562222425022 see ee eee
. Plan for freeing cattle and pastures from ticks by rotation, requiring
eioht months: - .. 22g lose oe ee ane ce nen cine oes aleeeinpre eee
. Plan for freeing cattle and pastures from ticks by ie tation requiring
four months; with Mew pasture... sss. 0. Sores ese ee dea owes
. Plan for freeing cattle and pastures from ticks by rotation, feed-lot or
sotlime methods 2272.22 96.4 ys ee eee cree Se ere eee eee
> Pail-epraying pump for small herds! elie. cones a ae ee eee
. Hornfly (Heematobia serrata) in resting position. ............-..------
. Hornflies (Haematobiaserrata)on-eow hora) oo. t.22o. 0 ee coe eee
‘Butialownatoc2 2st pees sect See eee cee eee a coe ere oni lee te nee eee
. Screw worm (larva of Chrysomyta macellaria)......--.---------0+-----
_ Serew=worm fly (Chrysomya macetlaria ee 20 2 PSS) SEP eee
OPheGwarpke ily’ (iy poderiia Wieata ) = se Pies ete ee eee ee Seen
. Short-nosed blue louse (Hematopinus eurysternus) of cattle............
. Long-nosed blue louse (Hematopinus vitult) of cattle... ........-----
:~ Bed louse: (Trichodectes:scalarts)or-eattles s+: 22: 25 oles eee eee
. Egg of short-nosed blue louse (Hxmatopinus eurysternus) attached to a
hash ss eee as sss tes sk eee ht 4s eee ee eee ee ee oe eee
. Mite which causes psoroptic scab of sheep........------------,-------
. Portion of the wall of the first stomach with conical flukes (Paramphis-
iomune cero) attached... cn2-2. tse thet ek eee cone eco} teeter
. Twisted stomach worms (Hxemonchus contortus) UA RES Ree SOON eee
. Twisted stomach worms (Hxemonchus contortus).......-.--------------
. Embryo of twisted stomach worm (Hxemonchus contortus) coiled on tip
of grass blade oe. FP. 82 PR ee aS pen ee ele eee oe a ee
. A drenching tube made from an ordinary tin funnel, a piece ‘of rubber
hose; and a piece’of brass pipe::: 427 eee eee
. Piece of lining of fourth stomach showing ia of the encysted stomach
worm (Ostertagia osteriagy) cates re ee eee oe
. A tapeworm ( Moniezia planissima) which infests cattle.............---
. The common liver fluke (Fasciola hepatica). ....-..-..-----++---+++---
. The large American fluke (Fusciola magna)......-.----------+++----
. Portion of grass stalk bearing three encysted cercariz of the common
diver thuke(Pasciote hepatica ee Esty s 3 kee Ae ee «te eisiee = eee
. Hydatids (Echinococcus granulosus) in portion of hog’s liver.........-.-
. Thin-necked bladder worm (Txnia hydatigena) from abdominal cavity
PM COL Scie Seva cma alarents (Soca u. 0h, = met TR lea
. Lung worms (Dictyocaulus viviparus) of cattle.................--.----
SPECIAL REPORT
DISEASES OF CATTLE.
ADMINISTRATION OF MEDICINES.
By LEonarp PrEaArson, B. S., Vv. M. D.
Medicines may be administered to cattle in many ways. The chan-
nel and method of administration depend on whether a general or
local effect is desired, the condition of the animal, and the nature of
the medicine that is to be given. The easiest method, and therefore
the most common, is to give ordinary remedies by the mouth with
the food, with drink, or separately. There are, however, some condi-
tions in which medicines administered in this way will not act
promptly enough, or wherein a desired effect of the medicine on a
distant part of the body is wholly lacking unless it is applied in some
other way.
The various methods of administering medicines to cattle will be
considered below.
By THe moutu.—tThe simplest way to give medicines by the mouth
is to mix them with the food or water. This can be done when the
medicine is in the form of a powder or fluid, if but a small quantity
is to be given, if it does not have a taste that is disagreeable to the
animal and is not so irritant as to injure the lining membranes of the
mouth and throat. ;
The usual method of administering bulky or unpalatable doses is to
mix them with a fluid vehicle, such as water, milk, molasses, or beer,
and give from a bottle. . A dose given in this way is known as a
“drench.” In administering a drench the head of the animal should
be elevated a little by an assistant. This is best accomplished when
standing on the left side of the cow’s head and by grasping the nose
with the thumb and fingers of the right hand inserted in the nostrils;
with the left hand beneath the chin the head is further raised and
supported. If the animal is unruly, it may be tied in a stall or placed
in a stanchion. The medicine can now be poured into the mouth by
inserting the neck of the bottle between the lips on the right side.
Care must be taken to avoid getting the bottle between the back teeth.
vé
8 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
The mouth of the bottle should be inserted as far as the middle of
the tongue and the contents poured slowly. If the cow coughs, the
head must at once be lowered to permit the fluid to escape from the
larynx. If medicine is given during coughing, some of the dose may
pass down the windpipe to the lungs and cause a severe or a fatal
pneumonia. This is especially to be guarded against when the
throat is partly paralyzed or insensitive, as in parturient paresis
(milk fever). In this disease it has often happened that drenches
have been poured into the lungs, thus killing the cow.
The quantity of fluid to be given in a drench depends upon the
effect desired and the nature of the medicine. In impactions of
the stomach very large quantities of fluid may be given—as much as
a gallon or several gallons at a time. Usually, however, it is not
customary or desirable to give more than from 1 to 2 quarts at a dose,
and not more than a pint unless it is necessary on account of the
irritant quality of the drug that has to be shielded with a large
quantity of the vehicle.
Soluble medicines should be completely dissolved before they are
given; insoluble ones should be finely divided by powdering or by
shaking, and should be well agitated and mixed immediately before
they are given. In the latter case a menstruum with considerable
body, such as molasses or flaxseed tea or milk, will help to hold solids
or oils in suspension until swallowed.
Balls are large pills adapted for the larger animals. Powders or
gums are sometimes mixed with an adhesive substance and rolled
into balls for the purpose of convenience of administration. Balls
are not used so much and are not so well adapted to the medication
of cattle as of horses. The process of solution is slower in the paunch
of a cow than in the stomach of a horse; if the cow is so sick as
to have stopped ruminating, a ball may get covered up and lost
in the mass of material in the paunch and so lie for days, producing
no effect whatever.
Capsules are shells or envelopes made of soluble gelatin in which
powders or liquids may be inclosed. Capsules and balls are adminis-
tered by being placed on the tongue well back in the mouth while
the tongue is drawn forward and the mouth is held open by a block
of wood between the back teeth. The ball should be dropped, the
tongue released, and the block removed as nearly simultaneously as
possible, so that the backward carriage of the tongue will throw the
ball into the throat and lead to its being swallowed. In introducing
the ball care must be taken to avoid having the hand cut-or crushed.
After a little experience it is possible to do away with the block of
wocd.
By THe stomacn.—Medicines are introduced directly into the first
stomach by the use of an esophageal tube or through the cannula of a
ADMINISTRATION OF MEDICINES. - 9
trocar passed into the paunch through the side. This method is used
in the treatment of diseases of digestion.
By rue recrum.—Medicines are usually administered by the rec-
tum for the purpose of controlling the bowels and for the treatment
of local diseases. Sometimes, however, medicines that have a gen-
eral effect are given in this way when, for any reason, it is not possi-
ble or convenient to give them through the mouth. Only drugs that
are readily absorbed should be given per rectum for a general effect
and in somewhat larger dose or more frequently than when given by
the mouth. Such stimulants as ether, alcohol, or the aromatic spirits
of ammonia, diluted with from four to six times their bulk of warm
water, may be used in this way.
Rectal injections, or enemata, are used in the treatment of consti-
pation. If it is the purpose of the injection to soften hardened fecal
masses, the water should be comfortably warm and may have a
little clean soap in it. If it is the purpose of the injection to stimu-
late sluggish bowels to contraction, the water may be cold.
In giving rectal injections a rectal syringe may be used, or, better,
a piece of one-half to three-quarter inch rubber hose 5 feet long with
a tin funnel attached to one end. The hose is soaped or oiled and
introduced slowly and gently into the rectum 2 or 3 feet. The fluid
is then slowly poured into the funnel and allowed to gravitate into
the rectum. The same apparatus may be used for feeding by the
rectum.
By Tue vacina.—Medicines are inserted into the vagina, and
through the vagina into the womb, in a manner similar to that of
rectal administration. Most of the medication made use of in this
way is for the local treatment of these organs. Following calving,
during outbreaks of abortion, and in an infectious disease of the
vagina, such injections become necessary.
By THE uppER.—Injections into the udder are now regularly made
in the treatment of parturient paresis (milk fever). For this pur-
pose a 1 percent solution of iodid of potassium is commonly employed,
although some other solutions and oxygen gas are also used. In mak-
ing this injection so many precautions are necessary in relation to
the sterilization of the apparatus and the teats and skin that this
work should be left to a skilled veterinarian. The introduction of
even a minute quantity of infectious dirt may cause the loss of the
udder. For making this injection one may use one of the prepared
sets of apparatus or a milking tube and funnel connected by a piece
of small rubber hose. The apparatus should be boiled and kept
wrapped in a clean towel until needed. The udder and teats and
the hands of the operator must be well disinfected, and the solution
must be freshly made with recently boiled water kept in a sterile
bottle. The udder should be emptied of milk before the injection is
10 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
made. After all these precautions have been observed the milking
tube may be inserted and through it one-half pint of solution intro-
duced by gravity air pressure or by syringe. There is practically
no danger in this mode of treatment if it is properly carried out.
Injections into the udder are sometimes made in the treatment of
garget, but so far with indifferent success.
By THe nostrits.—An animal may be caused to inhale medicine
in the form of gas or vapor or to snuff up a fine powder. Sometimes,
for the purpose of local treatment, fluids are injected into the nose.
A medicine inhaled may have either a local or a general effect.
Medicated steam, carrying the volatile products of compound
cresol solution, carbolic acid, balsam of Peru, compound tincture of
benzoin, tincture of iodin, etc., may be liberated beneath the nostrils
of a cow so that she must inhale these soothing vapors; but such
treatment is not so common for cattle as for horses. In producing
general anesthesia, or insensibility to pain, the vapor of chloroform
or ether is administered by the nostrils. As a preliminary to this it
is necessary to cast and confine the animal. Great care is necessary
to avoid complete stoppage of the heart or breathing.
By THE TRACHEA.—Medicines are injected into the trachea, or wind-
pipe, in the treatment of some forms of diseases of the lungs, and
especially in that form of bronchitis or pneumonia that is caused by
lungworms. For this injection a large hypodermic syringe, fitted
with a very thick, strong needle, is used. The needle is to be inserted
about the middle of the neck and between the cartilaginous rings of
the trachea.
By Tue skin.—Although a number of drugs, notably mercury, are
so readily absorbed by the skin of cattle as to render poisoning easy,
medicines are not given in this way for their general or constitutional
but only for their local effect.
Diseases of the skin and superficial parasites are treated or de-
stroyed by applications in the forms of washes, ointments, dips, and
powders. Liniments and lotions are applied to the skin for the relief
of some near-lying part, such as a muscle, tendon, or joint. Blisters
are applied to the skin for the purpose of obtaining the effect of
counterirritation upon a neighboring region or organ. Cold water
may be applied to the skin to reduce the temperature and to diminish
congestion or inflammation in a superficial area or to reduce the
temperature of the whole body. High fever and heat strokes are
treated in this way.
By THE TISSUE BENEATH THE SKIN.—Hypodermic or subcutaneous
injections are often made for the purpose of introducing a drug,
reagent, or vaccine directly into the connecting tissue beneath. the
skin. Introduced in this way, the substance is quickly absorbed,
ADMINISTRATION OF MEDICINES. ll
none of it is lost, and its whole effect is obtained, often within a few
minutes.
There are numerous precautions necessary in making a subcutane-
ous injection, most of which have to do with cleansing and steriliza-
tion. It is also important to select a proper site for the injection, so
that blood vessels, joints, and superficial nerves, organs, or cavities
may all be avoided. With due regard for the necessary precautions,
there is practically no danger in such an injection, but it should be
attempted only by those who are able to carry it through in a surgi-
cally clean way. Only certain drugs can be given subcutaneously,
and dosage must be accurately graduated.
By THE veIns.—Certain medicines act most promptly and surely
when introduced directly into the blood by injecting them into a vein,
usually the jugular. Some vaccines and antitoxins are administered
in this way. Intravenous injection should be practiced only by
experienced veterinarians. _
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS.
By A. J. Murray, M. R. C. V. S.
[Revised by R. W. HickmMAn, V. M. D.]
CHARACTER OF FEEDS AND FEEDING.
Diseases of the digestive organs are very common among cattle,
and may often be traced to defects in feeding. The first three stom-
achs of the larger ruminants hold the feed for a long time, during
which period it is subjected to macerating, mixing, and straining
processes in preparation for entrance into the fourth or true stomach.
The straining is accomplished through the medium of the manyples
or book, while the paunch, or rumen, with its adjunct, the waterbag,
is concerned in the macerating, kneading, and mixing, as well as in
regurgitation for rumination or the chewing of the cud. The action
of the first three stomachs is merely preparatory to digestion. Thus
it-would seem that as a result of their complex anatomical and func-
tional arrangement the feed of the ox, when of good quality and
wholesome, is in the most favorable condition possible for the diges-
tive process when it reaches the fourth stomach, where true diges-
tion first takes place. The location and arrangement of the stomachs
are shown in Plates I and II.
If the feed is of improper character, or is so given that it can not
be cared for by the animal in a normal way, false fermentations
arise, causing indigestion, and possibly, later, organic disease. In
feeding cattle there are a number of important considerations apart
trom the economy of the ration, and some of these are noted below.
Feeds must not be damaged by exposure to the weather, by frost,
by molds, or by deleterious fermentations.
Damaged feeds retard or prevent digestion, and sometimes they
contain or cause to be generated substances that irritate the digestive
tract, or are distinctly poisonous to the animal. For example, hay
that was rained on severely during curing has not only lost a part of
its nutritive value through a washing-out process, but what remains
is not so readily available as in good hay. Roots that have been
frozen are likely to irritate and injure the digestive tract. Grass
eaten with frost on it may cause severe indigestion. All moldy feeds
are not injurious, for some molds appear to have no influence on
the process of digestion, but those of other species may not only
retard digestion and cause local injury to the digestive organs, but
may cause general poisoning of a severe and fatal type.
12
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. T3
The following molds have been shown (Dammann) to be danger-
ous in respect to the production of the morbid conditions enumer-
ated :
Tilletia caries grows chiefly in wheat and may be found with the
grain, thus appearing in the bran or meal. It causes paralysis of the
throat and spinal cord and irritation of the digestive tract. The
rusts, such as Puccinia graminis, P. straminis, P. Coronata, and P.
arundinacea, cause colic and diarrhea, and in some cases partial
paralysis of the throat. The rusts that occur on clovers, beans, and
peas cause very severe irritation of the lining membrane of the mouth
and throat, resulting sometimes in gangrene of this tissue.
Polydesmus exitans grows on the leaves of rape and turnips, ap-
pearing in early summer. This fungus is very irritating to the
mouths and feet of cattle, causing severe inflammation and the for-
mation of a false membrane. In some instances this condition has
been mistaken for foot-and-mouth disease, but it can be differentiated
by the absence of the blister that is characteristic of that disease
and by the further fact that it is nontransmissible.
Polytrincium trifolii, which grows on clover, causing it to become
black, causes severe irritation of the stomach and intestines of cattle
feeding upon it.
Feeds must not contain too large a proportion of woody fiber or
of indigestible substances. If the dry matter ingested or the bulk
of the feed is very great on account of the small proportion of
digestible matter, it is impossible for the great mass to be moistened
properly with and attacked by the digestive juices. In consequence
of this, abnormal fermentations arise, causing indigestion and irri-
tation of the digestive organs. On the other hand, a ration too con-
centrated, and especially too rich in protein, is not suitable, because,
after a meal, the animal must have a certain feeling of fullness in
order to be comfortable and quiet, and the digestive organs require a
relatively large volume of contents to fill them to the point where
secretion is properly stimulated and their activity is most efficient.
If too much protein is in the ration there is a waste of expensive
feed, and the tendency is for the animal to become thin. It is evi-
dent that a cow can not thrive on concentrated feeds alone, even
though these contain in assimilable form all the nutritive materials
needed for perfect support. It is because bulk is necessary that the
standard of about 25 pounds of dry matter per cow per day has
been reached by experimenters. There is no objection to feeding
grain or meal separately to a cow, provided enough bulky feed is
fed at another time in the day to keep the digestive tract sufficiently
distended. j
In changing the ration, and especially in making radical changes,
as at the beginning and the end of the pasturing season, the change
14 DISEASES OF CATTLE,
should be made gradually, so that the digestive organs may accom-
modate themselves to it. After the digestive organs and juices have
from long practice become adjusted to the digestion of a certain feed,
which is then suddenly withheld and another of quite different char-
acter and properties is substituted, the second feed is not well di-
gested; it may even irritate the digestive canal. It is often observed
that cattle lose from 25 to 100 pounds when turned on pasture from
dry stable feed. This loss can readily be prevented by not shocking
the digestive organs by a sudden change of diet.
Regularity 3 in feeding has much to do with the Uhiaetion of the
ration, and gross irregularity may cause indigestion and serious
Tees
Water for live stock should be as free from contamination and as
nearly pure as that used for household purposes. When practicable
it is well to warm the water in the winter to about 50° F. and allow
cattle to drink often.
DISEASES OF THE MOUTH.
WOUNDS AND CONTUSIONS OF THE LIPS, AND SNAKE BITE.
The lips may become inflamed from contusions, which are some-
times produced by a blow from the horns of another animal, or, in the
case of working oxen, by a blow from the driver. While cattle are
grazing, more especially when they are in woods, they may be bitten
in the lips by insects or serpents.
Symptoms.—As a result of a contusion the lips become thick and
swollen, and if treatment is neglected the swelling may become hard
and indurated, or an abscess may form. This condition renders it
difficult for the animal to get food into its mouth, on account of the
lips having lost their natural flexibility. In such cases an ox will use
his tongue more in the prehension of food to make up for the inca-
pacity of the lips. In cases of snake bite the swelling is soft or puffy
and its limits are not well defined.
Treatment.—When we have to deal with a bruise, the affected part
should be bathed with hot water two or three times daily. In recent
cases no other treatment will be required, but if the swelling is not
recent and has become hard or indurated, then the swollen part
should be treated each day by painting it with tincture of iodin. In
snake bite a straight incision penetrating into the flesh or muscle
should be made across the center of the swelling and in the direction
of the long axis of the face. After this has been done a small wad of
cotton batting should be pressed against the wounds until the bleed-
ing has almost stopped. Afterwards the following lotion may be
‘applied to the wounds several times a day: Permanganate of potas-
sium, half a dram; distilled water, 1 pint. As snake bites are usually
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 15
attended with considerable depression, which may terminate in stu-
por, it is advisable to give occasional doses of whisky. Half a pint
of whisky mixed with a pint of water should be given, and the dose
should be repeated in half an hour if the animal is sinking into a
stupefied and unconscious condition. The repetition of the dose
must depend on the symptoms which the animal shows. It must be
borne in mind that the object of treatment is to ward off the stupor,
which is one of the results of snake bite, and that in administering
whisky the object is to produce a stimulating and not an intoxicating
or stupefying effect. The swelling from an insect bite should be
bathed with ammonia water as soon as noticed and then treated with
frequent applications of hot water.
SALIVATION.
Salivation is a symptom of some general or local disorder. It may
be a symptom of a general disease, such as rabies or foot-and-mouth
disease, or it may be a purely local trouble, as when copious secretion
of the salivary glands is produced by the eating of irritating plants,
such as wild mustard. When saliva is observed to dribble from the
mouth, that -part should be carefully examined by introducing into
the mouth an instrument like a balling iron, or, if one is not at hand,
by grasping the tongue and partially withdrawing it from the mouth,
and by placing a block of wood between the back teeth, while all
parts of the mouth are exposed to a good light, so that the presence
of any foreign substance may be detected. The cause is sometimes
found to be a short piece of wood becoming fixed on the palate, its
two ends resting on the upper molar teeth of each side; or it may be
a needle, thorn, or splinter of wood embedded in the tongue. Some-
times a sharp piece of tin or other metal may become partially em-
bedded in the inner surface of the cheek. Hay occasionally possesses
some quality, usually dependent upon its having heated in the mow
or having become moldy, which produces salivation. Second-crop
clover and some irritant weeds in the pasture or forage may cause
salivation. Cattle rubbed with mercurial ointment may swallow
enough mercury in licking themselves to bring about the same result.
(See “ Mercury poisoning,” p. 57.) Such cases, of course, arise from
the constitutional action of mercury, and, on account of the common
habit which the animals have of licking themselves, indicate the
danger of using such preparation externally. Mercury is also readily
absorbed through the skin, and as cattle are very susceptible to its
action it is thus easy for them to be poisoned by it even without lick-
ing it from the surface. Cases of mercurial poisoning sometimes
follow disinfection of cattle stables with the usual 1 to 1,000 solution
of mercuric chlorid.
P
16 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
Treatment.—If salivation depends on the irritation and inflamma-
tion set up by the ingestion of acrid plants, or forage possessing some
peculiar stimulating property, the feed must be changed, and a lotion
composed of an ounce of powdered alum dissolved in a quart of water
may be syringed into the mouth twice a day, using half a pint of the
solution each time. If, however, the salivation is due to the presence.
of a thorn, splinter of wood, or any other foreign substance em-
bedded in the cheek or tongue, the offending object should be re-
moved and the mouth washed occasionally with a weak solution (2
per cent) of carbolic acid and tepid water. When salivation is pro-
duced by mercurial poisoning or by foot-and-mouth disease, the
treatment appropriate to those general conditions of the system, as
well as the local treatment should be applied. (For information
about foot-and-mouth disease see p. 381.)
IRREGULARITIES OF THE TEETH.
Trregularities of the teeth may be occasioned by the unequal wear-
ing of some of the teeth or by some of the incisors being broken, which
may happen when cattle are pastured on sandy or gravelly soil. The
molar teeth may also show irregular wear from similar causes, or
from a disease or malformation of the jaw. Their edges may become
sharp, or it may happen that a molar tooth has been accidentally
fractured. It may also occur that a supernumerary tooth has devel-
oped in an unusual position, and that it interferes with the natural
and regular mastication of the feed.
Treatment.—The mouth may be examined by grasping the animal’s
tongue with one hand and partially withdrawing it from the mouth,
so as to expose the incisor and molar teeth to inspection. When it
is desired, however, to examine the molar teeth with the fingers, so as
to obtain a better idea of their condition, an instrument like the
balling iron which is used for the horse should be introduced into
the mouth, so as to separate the jaws and keep them apart while the
examination is being made. Any sharp edges of the molars must be
removed by the tooth rasp, such as is used for horses. Any super-
numerary tooth which interferes with mastication or any tooth which
is fractured or loose should be extracted. In performing such opera-
tions it is desirable to throw, or cast, the animal, and to have its
head held securely, so as to enable the operator to do what is neces-
sary without difficulty.
CARIES OR DECAY OF THE TEETH.
The presence of caries may be suspected if the mouth exhales a bad
odor and if the animal during mastication occasionally stops as if it
were in pain. The existence of caries in a molar tooth may be ascer-
tained by examining the mouth in the manner already described. If
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 17
one of the molars is found to be carious, it should be extracted.
When the crown of the tooth has been destroyed and only the stump
or root is left, extraction is impracticable. In case the animal has
special value the root stumps may be removed by a veterinarian by
the operation of trephining; otherwise, it is best to sell the animal to
the butcher.
ACTINOMYCOSIS OF THE JAWBONES (BIG JAW OR LUMPY JAW).
[See Actinomycosis, p. 438.]
INFLAMMATION OF MUCOUS MEMBRANE OF MOUTH (STOMATITIS).
The membrane of the mouth may become inflamed by eating some
irritating substance or plant, or little vesicles may form in the
mouths of calves when they are affected with indigestion, constitu-
ting what is termed aphtha.
Symptoms.—The saliva dribbles from the mouth, and when the
mouth is examined the surface of the tongue and other parts appear
red and inflamed. When young animals are affected with the form
of disease termed aphtha, small red elevations are observed on the
tongue and other parts of the mouth, having little white points on
their centers, which consists of the epithelium of the mucous mem-
brane raised into vesicles. These white patches are succeeded by
ulcerated surfaces, which are caused by the shedding of the white
patches of epithelium.
Treatment.—When there is merely a reddened and inflamed cop~
dition of the mucous membrane of the mouth, it will suffice to syringe
it out several times a day with 4 ounces of the following solution:
Alum, 1 ounce; water, 2 pints. When the edges of the tongue and
other parts of the mouth are studded with ulcers, they should be
painted over once a day with the following solution until the affected
surface is healed: Permanganate of potassium, 20 grains; water, 1
ounce. When indigestion is associated with an ulcerated condition
of the mouth, separate treatment is required.
ULCERATIVE STOMATITIS (OR ULCERS IN THE MOUTHS OF YOUNG CALVES).
[See Necrotic stomatitis, p. 462.]
MYCOTIC STOMATITIS (SORE MOUTH).
[See p. 537.]
INDURATION OF THE TONGUE (ACTINOMYCOSIS).
[See Actinomycosis, p. 438.]
DISEASES OF THE PHARYNX AND GULLET.
PHARYNGITIS (SORE THROAT).
Pharyngitis is an inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the
pharynx. It is frequently associated with inflammatory diseases of
the respiratory tract, such as laryngitis and bronchitis or pleurisy.
33071°—16——2
18 DISEASES OF CATTLE,
Symptoms.—The muzzle is dry and the saliva dribbles from the cor-
ners of the mouth; the animal swallows with difficulty or not at all,
and holds its neck in a stiff, straight position, moving it as little as
possible. The eyelids are half closed, the white of the eye is bloodshot,
and the animai occasionally grinds its teeth. After masticating the
feed the animal drops it out of its mouth as if to avoid the pain of
swallowing, and also evinces pain when pressure is applied externally
on the pharynx and tries to prevent the pressure from being applied.
Causes.—Pharyngitis may be produced by a sudden cooling of the
surface of the body, as when cattle are exposed to a cold wind or a
cold rain; or by swallowing irritant substances.
Treatment.—The throat should be syringed three times -a day with
an ounce of the following solution: Nitrate of silver, 14 drams; dis-
tilled water, 1 pint. Bland and soothing drinks, such as linseed tea
or oatmeal and water should occasionally be offered. Diet should
consist of soft food, such as bran mashes with a little linseed meal
mixed in them. Dry hay and fodder should not be given. Fresh,
green grass or sound ensilage may be fed in small quantities. The
upper part of the throat and the space between the jaws should be
well rubbed once a day with the following liniment: Liquor am-
monia fortior, 4 ounces; oil of turpentine, 4 ounces; olive oil, 4
ounces; mix. When evidence of blistering appears the application
of the liniment should be stopped and the skin anointed with vase-
line. Under the treatment described above the inflammation of the
throat will gradually subside and the animal will be able to swallow
as usual in five or six days. We need hardly say that during its
treatment the sick animal should be kept in a comfortable stable.
PAROTITIS.
Inflammation of the parotid gland may arise from the inflamma-
tion extending to it when an ox is affected with pharyngitis or laryn-
gitis, or the inflammation may commence in the salivary ducts and
may depend on some influence the nature of which is unknown.
Parotitis sometimes arises from a blow or contusion severe enough
to set up inflammation in the structure of the gland. Tuberculosis
and actinomycosis may infrequently be characterized by the lodg-
ment of their parasitic causes in the parotid glands, in which case
parotitis may be a symptom of either of these diseases.
Symptoms.—There is an elongated, painful swelling, beginning at
the base of the ear and passing downward along the posterior margin
of the lower jaw. The swelling is sometimes limited to one side, and
when both are swollen it is generally larger on one side than on the
other. The secretion of saliva is increased, the appetite is poor,
the neck is stiff, so that it is painful to raise the head, and feed is
swallowed with difficulty. In many cases the swelling of the glands,
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 19
when submitted to proper treatment, disappears in a comparatively
short time. In other cases, however, they remain enlarged, even
after the animal recovers its appetite. In tuberculosis, lymphatic
glands beneath the parotid glands are sometimes enlarged, thus
causing the appearance of enlarged parotid glands.
Treatment.—A warm bran poltice, made by mixing bran with a
hot 2 per cent compound cresol solution in water, should be applied
on the swollen gland and kept in place by means of a bandage.
Whenever the poultice has cooled it should be replaced by a new
one. This treatment should be continued until the pain is less and
the swelling is reduced or until there is evidence of pus formation,
which may be ascertained by examining the surface of the gland with
the fingers; and when, on pressing any part of the surface, it is found
to fluctuate or “ give,” then we may conclude that there is a collection
of pus at that place. It is well not to open the abscess until the
fluctuation is well marked, as at this stage the pus or matter is near
the surface and there is less trouble in healing the wound than if the
pus is deep seated. The abscess should be opened with a clean, sharp
knife. The poulticing should then be continued for two or three
days, but the form of the poultice should be changed, by replacing
the bran with absorbent cotton and pouring the compound cresol
solution on the cotton. At all times the wound should be kept clean
and the cavity injected once or twice daily with a solution of 1 dram
of carbolic acid in 8 ounces of water. Under this treatment the pus
may cease and the wound heal without complications. Saliva may
issue from the orifice and result in the formation of a salivary fistula.
This requires operative treatment by a qualified veterinarian. When
poulticing fails to reduce the swelling or produce softening, the in-
flamed area may be rubbed once daily with camphorated oil, com-
pound iodin ointment, or painted twice daily with Lugol’s solution
of iodin. The diet should be as recommended under Pharyngitis
(p. 18).
PHARYNGEAL POLYPI.
Tumors form not infrequently in the pharynx, and may give rise
to a train of symptoms varying according to their size and location.
The tumor may be so situated that by shifting its position a little it
may partially obstruct the posterior nares (nostrils), when, of course,
it will render nasal breathing very noisy and labored. In another
situation its partial displacement may impede the entrance of air
into the larynx. In almost any part of the pharynx, but especially
near the entrance of the gullet, tumors interfere with the act of
swallowing. As they are frequently attached to the wall of the
pharynx by a pedicel or stalk, it will be seen that they may readily
be displaced in different directions so as to produce the symptoms
20 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
before described. Enlarged postpharyngeal lymphatic glands are ~
not rare in tuberculosis, and by pressing upon the wall of the pharynx
and restricting the lumen of this organ they cause difficulty in both
breathing and swallowing. Such enlarged glands may be differ-
entiated from tumors by passing the hand into the cow’s throat after
the jaws are separated by a suitable speculum or gag.
' Treatment.—The method of treatment in such cases is to sepa-
rate the animal’s jaws with an instrument termed a gag, and then,
after drawing the tongue partially forward, to pass the hand into the
pharynx and to twist the tumor gently from its attachment. One
veterinarian who has had considerable practice in treating this form
of disease scrapes through the attachment of the tumor gradually
with his thumb nail. When the attachment is too strong. to be
severed in this way an instrument lke a thimble, but possessing a
sharp edge at the end, may be used to effect the same purpose, or
the base of the tumor may be severed by the use of a crushing instru-
ment known as an écraseur.
CHOKING.
Choking usually happens from attempting to swallow too large
an object, such as a turnip, potato, beet, apple, or pear, though in
rare cases it may occur from bran, chaff, or some other finely divided
feed lodging in and filling up a portion of the gullet. This latter
form of. the accident is most likely to occur in animals that are
greedy feeders.
Symptoms.—The symptoms vary somewhat according to the part
of the gullet or throat in which the obstruction is. In most cases
there is a discharge of saliva from the mouth; the animal coughs fre-
quently, and when it drinks the water is soon ejected. The cow
stops eating and stands back from the trough, the expression is
troubled, breathing is accelerated, and oftentimes there is bloating
as a result of the retention of gas in the paunch. These symptoms,
however, are not always present, for if the obstacle does not com-
pletely close the throat or gullet, gas and water may pass, thus
ameliorating the discomfort. If the obstruction is in the neck per-
tion of the gullet, it may be felt as a lump in the left jugular gutter.
Treatment.—lf the object is in the throat, it 1s advisable to put a
gag in the animal’s mouth, and, while the head is in a horizontal
direction by two assistants, to pass the hand into the pharynx, grasp
the foreign body, and withdraw it gradually and steadily. When the
substance is lodged in the upper part of the gullet, pressure should
be made by an assistant in an upward direction against the object
while the operator passes his hand into the pharynx, and if the assist-
ant can not by pressure dislodge the substance from the gullet, the
operator may by passing his middle finger above and partly behind
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. yop |
the substance gradually slide it into the pharynx and then withdraw
it by the mouth.
The presence of an obstructing substance in the cervical (neck)
portion of the gullet may be ascertained by passing the hand along.
the left side of the neck, when a hard and painless swelling will be
found to indicate the presence of the foreign body. In such cases
we must endeavor by gentle and persevering pressure with the thumb
and next two fingers to slide the obstructing substance gradually up-
ward to the pharynx. To facilitate this it is well to give the animal
a half pint of raw linseed or olive oil before the manipulations de-
scribed are commenced. When the substance has been brought into
or nearly into the pharynx, then the mouth gag should be used, the
tongue drawn partially forward with the left hand, and the right
should be passed backward into the pharynx to withdraw the ob-
struction.
When bran or chaff causes the trouble it is best to give a small
quantity of 011 to lubricate the walls of the gullet, and then by gentle
and persevering pressure, to endeavor to separate and divide the mass
and to work it downward toward the stomach. This will be assisted
by pouring small quantities of oil and water down the animal’s throat.
It is not advisable to use the probang to push down any soft material,
such as oats or chaff, as this generally condenses and renders firmer the
obstructing substance by pressing its particles or elements together,
so that it forms a solid, resisting mass which can not be moved.
In some cases the foreign body, either because it is in the chest
portion of the esophagus, and so beyond reach, or because too firmly
seated, can not be dislodged from the neck by pressing and manipu-
lating that part externally. In such event we must resort to the use
of the probang. (PI. ITI, figs. 2 and 3.) A probang is a flexible
instrument and adapts itself to the natural curvature of the gullet,
and if used cautiously there is not much risk of injury. Before
passing the probang, a gag which has an aperture at each end, from
which straps pass to be buckled at the back of the head below
the horns, is introduced into the mouth. (PI. ITI, fig. 4.) The pro-
bang should then be oiled, and, the head and neck being held in a
straight line by two assistants, the tongue must be partly drawn out
of the mouth, the probang cautiously passed along the roof of the
mouth into the pharynx and thence into the gullet, through which
it is passed down. If resistance is met, gentle and continuous pressure
must be used, under the influence of which the object will generally
in a short time pass into the stomach. One must be careful not to
pass the probang into the larynx and thence into the windpipe, as
an animal may readily be killed in this way. This accident is indi-
cated by efforts to cough and by violently disturbed breathing. If
such symptoms arise the probang must be withdrawn at once. Te
22 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
avoid a wrong passage, the end of the tube should be pressed very
slowly through the throat until its presence in the esophagus is as-
sured. After it is once in the esophagus care is still necessary, be-
cause the walls of this tube may easily be torn.
Some writers have advised that when the obstruction is lodged in
the cervical (neck) portion of the gullet it should be struck with a
mallet, to crush it and thus alter its shape, so that it may easily
slip down into the stomach. If the obstructing substance is hard,
this will be a dangerous operation, but if soft—as in the case of a
ripe pear, for example—this procedure may be safely adopted.
In all cases, if pressure applied on the neck fails to move the
obstruction and the probang also fails to move it, it may be divided
by a subcutaneous operation, or the gullet may be opened and the
obstructing substance removed through the wound. in such cases
the assistance of a veterinarian or a surgeon must be obtained.
WOUNDS AND INJURIES OF THE GULLET.
Sometimes the walls of the gullet may be more or less lacerated or
abraded by the rash and too forcible use of the probang, and the
animal consequently swallows with pain and difficulty. In such
cases dry feed must be withheld for five or six days, so as to allow the
injured parts to heal, and the diet must be limited to linseed tea, hay
tea, and thin oatmeal gruel and molasses. The same kind of diet
must be fed after the operation of cutting into the gullet has been
performed.
Sometimes the gullet is ruptured and lacerated to such an extent
that treatment of any kind is hopeless. This has been known to occur
when the handle of a pitchfork or buggy whip has been pushed down
a cow’s throat to remove an obstruction. When such treatment has
been applied it is best to slaughter the animal without delay, as the
flesh may be utilized so long as there is no fever or general disease,
and remedial treatment would be hopeless. In this connection it
may be mentioned that whatever substitute may be used for a pro-
bang, which sometimes is not at hand, it should be flexible and should
possess a smooth surface. A piece of new rope, with the end closely
wrapped and waxed and then oiled, or a piece of thin garden hose, or
a well-wrapped twisted wire may be used in emergencies.
DISEASES OF THE STOMACHS.
ACUTE TYMPANITES (HOVEN, OR BLOATING).
Tympanites is a distention of the rumen or paunch with gases of
fermentation, and is manifested outwardly by swelling in the region
of the left flank.
Causes.—Tympanites may be caused by any kind of feed which
produces indigestion. When cattle are first turned into young clover
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 35
they eat so greedily of it that tympanites frequently results. Tur-
nips, potatoes, cabbage, or the discarded pulp from sugar-beet fac-
tories may also cause it. Middlings and corn meal also frequently
give rise to it.
Care is necessary in turning animals into fields of clover or stub-
ble fields in which there is a strong growth of volunteer grain. It
is always better to keep them from such pasturage while it is wet
with dew, and they should be taken out when they have eaten a
moderate quantity. When cattle are fed upon pulp from sugar
beets, germinated malt, etc., they should be fed in moderate amounts
until they have become accustomed to it, as any of these feeds may
give rise to severe bloating.
An excessive quantity of any of the before-mentioned feeds may
bring on this disorder, or it may not be caused by excess, but to
eating too hastily. Sometimes the quality of the feed is at fault.
Grass-or clover when wet by dew or rain frequently disorders di-
gestion and brings on tympanites; frozen roots or pastures covered
with hoar frost should also be regarded as dangerous. When feed
has been eaten too hastily, or when it is cold and wet, the digestive
process is imperfectly performed, and the feed contained in the
paunch ferments, during which process large quantities of gas are
formed. The same result may follow when a cow is choked, as the
obstruction in the gullet prevents the eructation or passing up of
gas from the stomach, so that the gas continues to accumulate until
tympanites results.
Symptoms.—The swelling of the left flank is very characteristic,
as in well-marked cases the flank at its upper part rises above the
level of the backbone, and when struck with the tips of the fingers
emits a drum-like sound. The animal has an anxious expression,
moves uneasily, and is evidently distressed. If relief is not obtained
in time, it breathes with difficulty, reels in walking or in standing,
and in a short time falls and dies from suffocation. The distention
of the stomach may become so great as to prevent the animal from.
breathing, and in some instances the case may be complicated by
rupture of the stomach.
Treatment.—lf the case is not extreme, it may be sufficient to
drive the animal at a walk for a quarter or half an hour; or cold
water by the bucketful may be thrown against the cow’s sides. In
some cases the following simple treatment is successful: A rope or
a twisted straw band is coated with pine tar, wagon grease, or other
unsavory substance and is placed in the cow’s mouth as a bit, being
secured by tying behind the horns. The efforts of the animal to dis-
lodge this object result in movements of the tongue, jaws, and throat
that stimulate the secretion of saliva and swallowing, thus opening
24 | DISEASES OF CATTLE.
the esophagus, which permits the exit of gas and at the same time
peristalsis is stimulated reflexly.
In urgent cases the gas must be allowed to escape without delay,
and this is best accomplished by the use of the trocar. The trocar
is a sharp-pointed instrument incased in a cannula or sheath, which
leaves the sharp point of the trocar free. (See Pl. III, figs. 5a and
5b.) In selecting the point for using the trocar a spot on the left
side equally distant from the last rib, the hip bone, and the trans-
verse processes of the lumbar vertebree must be chosen. Here an
incision about three-fourths of an inch long should be made with a
knife through the skin, and then the sharp point of the trocar, being
directed downward, inward, and slightly forward, is thrust into the
paunch. (Pl. I.) The cannula or sheath of the trocar should be
left in the paunch so long as any gas continues to issue from it. If
the cannula is removed while gas is still forming in the paunch and
the left flank becomes considerably swollen, it may. be necessary
to insert it again. It is well, accordingly, to observe the cannula
closely, and if gas is found to be issuing from it it should not be
removed. When gas issues from it in considerable quantities the
sound accompanying its escape renders the exact condition obvious.
Tt is occasionally necessary to keep the cannula in the stomach for
several hours. When this is necessary a piece of stout cord should
be passed round the neck of the cannula immediately below the pro-
jecting rim and then be passed round the animal’s body and tied
in a secure knot, and a careful attendant must remain with the cow
during the entire period that the instrument is in place. The rim
surrounding the mouth of the cannula should be in contact with the
skin. Whenever the person in charge of the cow is convinced that
gas has ceased to issue from the cannula the instrument should be
removed.
The trocar is to be used only in extreme or urgent cases, though
everyone who has had experience in treating indigestion in cattle
realizes that he has saved the lives of many animals by its prompt
application.
When the tympanitic animal is not distressed and the swelling
of the flank is not great, or when the most distressing condition has
been removed by the use of the trocar, it is best to use internal
medicine. Two ounces of aromatic spirits of ammonia should be
given every half hour in a quart of cold water; or half an ounce
of chlorid of lime may be dissolved in a pint of tepid water and
the dose repeated every half hour until the bloating has subsided;
or 1 ounce of creolin in 2 quarts of tepid water may be given at one
dose or carefully injected through the cannula directly into the
paunch to stop fermentation and the consequent formation of gas.
It is generally necessary to give a moderate dose of purgative medi-
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 25
cine after bloating has subsided, as animals frequently show symp-
toms of constipation after attacks of indigestion. For this purpose
1 pound of Glauber’s salt may be used.
The animal should be fed carefully upon easily digested food for
several days after the bloating has subsided, so that all fermenting
matter may pass out of the stomach.
CHRONIC TYMPANITFS.
Cattle, especially those that have been kept in the stable all
winter, are liable to suffer from chronic tympanites. In this form
they bloat up after feeding, but seldom swell so much as to cause
any alarm. The chronic form of indigestion may also follow an
acute attack like that previously described. This is also a symptom
of tuberculosis when the lymphatic glands lying between the lungs
are so enlarged as to press upon and partly occlude the esophagus.
Tt may develop in calves as a result of the formation of hair balls in
the stomach.
Treatment.—Treatment should be preceded by a moderate dose of
purgative medicine: 1 pound of sulphate of magnesia (Epsom salt)
or sulphate of soda (Glauber’s salt), half an ounce of powdered
Barbados aloes, 1 ounce of powdered ginger, 1 pint of molasses. The
salts and aloes should be dissolved by stirring for a few minutes in 2
quarts of lukewarm water, then the molasses should be added, and
» after all the ingredients have been stirred together for about 10
minutes the dose should be administered. After the operation of
the purgative it is generally necessary to give some tonic and antacid
preparation to promote digestion, which is imperfectly performed in
such cases. The following may be used: Powdered gentian, 3 ounces;
powdered bicarbonate of potash, 3 ounces; powdered ginger, 3 ounces;
powdered capsicum, 1 ounce. Mix and divide into 12 powders, one
of which should be given three times a day before feeding, shaken
up with a pint and a half of water. It is also advantageous in such
cases to give two heaped teaspoonsfuls of wood charcoal, mixed with
the animal’s feed three times a day. The animal should also go out
during the day, as want of exercise favors the continuance of this
form of indigestion. If the dung is hard, the constipation should be
overcome by feeding a little flaxseed twice daily or by giving a hand-
ful of Glauber’s salt in the feed once or twice daily, as may be neces-
sary. Roots, silage, and other succulent feeds are useful in this con-
nection. If tuberculosis is suspected as the cause of chronic bloating,
a skilled veterinarian should make a diagnosis, using the tuberculin
test if necessary. Until it is settled that the cow has not tuberculosis,
she should be kept apart from the other members of the herd.
26 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
DISTENTION OF RUMEN OR PAUNCH WITH FEED.
This form of indigestion is caused by the animal gorging itself
with feed, and arises more from the animal’s voracious appetite than
from any defect in the quality of the feed supplied to it. The con-
dition is, however, more severe if the feed consumed is especially con-
centrated or difficult of digestion. In cases of this kind there is
comparatively no great formation of gas, and the gas which is formed
is diffused through the stomach instead of accumulating in a layer
in its upper part. On pressing the flank with the closed fist the
indent of the hand remains for a short time in the flank, as if the
rumen were filled with a soft, doughy mass.
This form of indigestion should be treated by stimulants, such as
aromatic spirits of ammonia.
If the formation of gas is not great and the distention with solid
material is somewhat limited, the animal may be drenched through
a piece of ordinary garden hose, one end inserted in the mouth,
and the other end fitted with a funnel, giving 14 pounds of Epsom
salt or Glauber’s salt dissolved in 2 gallons of water, at a single dose.
Immediately after this treatment the left side of the animal, extend-
ing below the median line of the abdomen, should be powerfully
kneaded with the fist, so that the impacted food mass will be broken,
allowing the water to separate it into small portions which can be
carried downward for the process of digestion. But if the treatment
fails and the impacted or overloaded condition of the rumen con-
tinues, it may become necessary to make an incision with a sharp,
long-bladed knife in the left flank, commencing at the point where
it is usual to puncture the stomach of an ox, and prolong the incision
in a downward direction until it is long se to admit the hand.
When the point of the knife is thrust —o the flank and the blade
cuts downward, the wall of the stomach, the muscle, and the skin
should all be cut through at the same time. Two assistants should
hold the edges of the wound together so as to prevent any food from
slipping between the flank and the wall of the stomach, and then the
operator should remove two-third of the contents of the rumen. This
having been done, the edges of the wound should be sponged with a
little carbolized warm water, and, the lips of the wound in the rumen
_ being turned inward, they should be brought together with catgut
stitches. The wound penetrating the muscle and the skin may then
be brought together by silk stitches, which should pass through the
entire thickness of the muscle and should be about 1 inch apart. The
wound should afterwards be dressed once a day with a lotion and
the animal covered with a tight linen sheet, to protect the wound
from insects and dirt. The lotion to be used in such case is made up
as follows: Sulphate of zinc, 1 dram; carbolic acid, 2 drams; glycerin,
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. Be
2 ounces; water, 14 ounces; mix. It is clear that this operation re-
quires special skill and it should be attempted only by those who are
competent.
IMAGINARY DISEASES (HOLLOW HORN; LOSS OF CUD; WOLF IN THE TAIL).
It would appear quite in place here, in connection with the diseases
of the stomach and bowels of cattle, to consider the three old fallacies
or superstitions known by the above names, since these names, when-
ever and wherever used, seem to be invariably applied to some form
of digestive derangement or disease having its origin in the stomach
and bowels.
Hoxttow Horn.—In the first place it should be noted that the horns
of all animals of the ox tribe are hollow. The horn cores are elonga-
tions of the frontal bones of the skull, and the frontal sinuses, which
are the larger of the air spaces of the head, are prolonged into the
horn cores. When a cow is sick, if the horns are hot it is an evi-
dence of fever; if they are cold it indicates impaired circulation of
the blood; but these manifestations of sickness are to be regarded as
symptoms of some constitutional disorder and do not in themselves
require treatment. The treatment should be applied to the disease
which causes the abnormal temperature of the horns. The usual
treatment for the supposed hollow horn, which consists in boring
the horns with a gimlet and pouring turpentine into the openings
thus made, is not only useless and cruel, but is liable to set up an
acute inflammation and result in an abscess of the sinus.
Loss or cup.—The so-called loss of cud is simply a cessation of
rumination, frequently one of the first indications of some form of
disease, since ruminants stop chewing the cud when they feel sick.
Loss of cud is a symptom of a great many diseases, and when it is
detected it should lead the observer to try to discover other symptoms
upon which to base a correct opinion as to the nature of the disease
from which the animal suffers. No local treatment is required.
Wotrr In THE TaIn.—This term also seems to be vaguely applied to
various disturbances of the digestive function, or to some disease
which is in reality in the stomach or bowels.
VOMITING.
- Vomiting is not to be confounded with rumination, though some
writers have advanced the opinion that it is merely a disordered
and irregular rumination. It is not of common occurrence in cattle.
Symptoms.—Animals which vomit are frequently in poor condition.
After having eaten tranquilly for some time the animal suddenly be-
comes uneasy, arches the back, stretches the neck and head, and
then suddenly ejects 10 to 12 pounds of the contents of the rumen.
98 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
After having done this the uneasiness subsides and in a short time
the animal resumes eating as if nothing had happened.
Cause —The cause of this disordered state of the digestive system
in cattle is usually obscure, but has in some cases been traced to a
partial closure of the opening into the second stomach or to a disten-
tion of the esophagus. It has been found to occur when there was
cancerous disease of the fourth stomach, and experimentally it has
been shown that a suspension of digestion or great derangement of
this stomach produces considerable nervous disorder of’ the rumen
and sometimes vomiting or attempts to vomit.
TreaATMENT.—KEasily digested feed and plenty of water should be
given. Fear and excitement, chasing, or hurrying animals after
they have eaten heartily are liable to bring on this result. In order
to overcome irritation which may produce vomiting the following
draft should be given: Hydrate of chloral, half an ounce; water, 1
pint. The dose must be repeated when the condition of the animal
seems to require it. Asa rule, treatment is not successful.
DEPRAVED APPETITE (PICA).
Cattle suffering from this disease have a capricious and variable
appetite as regards their ordinary feed but evince a strong desire to
lick and eat substances for which healthy cattle show no inclination.
Alkaline and saline-tasting substances are especially attractive to
cattle having a depraved appetite and they frequently lick lime,
earth, coal, gravel, and even the dung of other cattle. Cows in calf
and young cattle are especially lable to develop these symptoms.
Animals affected in this way lose condition, their coat is staring, gait
slow, and small vesicles containing yellow liquid form under the
tongue; the milk given by such cows is thin and watery. Such ani-
mals become restless and uneasy, as is indicated by frequent bellow-
ing. The disease may last for months, the animal ultimately dying
emaciated and exhausted. Depraved appetite frequently precedes
the condition in which the bones of cattle become brittle and fracture
easily, which is known as osteomalacia.
Cause-—From the fact that this disease is largely one of regions,
it is generally believed that some condition of the soil and water and
of the local vegetation is responsible for it. It is more prevalent
some years than others, and is most common in old countries, where
the soil is more or less depleted. Cattle pastured on low, swampy
land become predisposed to it. It occasionally happens, however,
that one individual in a herd suffers though all are fed alike; in such
cases the disease must arise from the affected animal’s imperfect
assimilation of the nutritive elements of the feed which is supphed
to it.
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 29
Treatment.—The aim in such cases must be to improve the process
of digestion and to supply the animal with a sufficiency of sound
and wholesome feed. The following should be given to the cow
three times a day, a heaping tablespoonful constituting a dose:
Carbonate of iron, 4 ounces; finely ground bone or “bone flour,”
1 pound; powdered gentian, 4 ounces; common salt, 8 ounces; pow-
dered fenugreek, 4 ounces; mix. In addition to this, 3 tablespoon-
-fuls of powdered charcoal may be mixed with the feed three times
a day, and a piece of rock salt should be placed where the animal
ean lick it at will. German veterinarians have had brilliant results
from the treatment of this disease with subcutaneous injections of
apomorphin in doses of 1$ to 5 grains for three or four days.
HAIR CONCRETIONS.
Hair concretions, or hair balls, result from the habit which some
cattle have of licking themselves or other animals. As a result the
hairs which are swallowed are carried around by the contractions of
the stomach and gradually assume the form of a small pellet or
ball. This increases in size as fresh quantities of hair, are intro-
duced into the stomach and adhere to the surface of the ball. These
balls are found most frequently in the reticulum or second stomach
(Pl. II, B), though sometimes in the rumen. In calves hair balls
are generally found in the fourth stomach. There are no certain
symptoms by which we can determine the presence of hair balls in
the stomach, and therefore no treatment can be recommended for
such cases. In making post-mortem examinations of cattle we have
sometimes found the walls of the reticulum transfixed with nails
or pieces of wire, and yet the animal had not shown any symptoms
of indigestion, but had died from maladies not involving the second
stomach.
INDIGESTION (DYSPEPSIA, OR GASTROINTESTINAL CATARRBA).
Tympanites, already described, is a form of indigestion in which
the chief symptom and most threatening condition is the collection
of gas in the paunch. This symptom does not always accompany
indigestion, so it is well here to consider other forms under a sepa-
rate head. If indigestion is long continued, the irritant abnormal
products developed cause catarrh of the stomach and intestines—
gastrointestinal catarrh. On the other hand, however, irritant
substances ingested may cause gastrointestinal catarrh, which, in
turn, will cause indigestion; hence, it results that these several con-
ditions are usually found existing together.
Causes.—Irritant feed, damaged feed, overloading of the stomach,
or sudden changes of diet may cause this disease. Want of exer-
30 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
cise predisposes to it, or feed which is coarse and indigestible may
after a time produce it. Feed which possesses astringent prop-
erties and tends to check secretion may also act as an exciting cause.
Feed in excessive quantity may lead to disorder of digestion and
to this disease. It is very likely to appear toward the end of pro-
tracted seasons of drought; therefore a deficiency of water must be
regarded as one of the conditions which favor its development.
Symptoms.—Diminished appetite, rumination irregular, tongue.
coated, mouth slimy, dung passed apparently not well digested and
smelling badly, dullness, and fullness of the flanks. The disease
may in some cases assume a chronic character, and in addition to the
foregoing symptoms slight bloating or tympanites of the left flank
may be observed; the animal breathes with effort and each respira-
tion may be accompanied with a grunt, the ears and horns are alter-
nately hot and cold, rumination ceases, the usual rumbling sound in
the stomach is not audible, the passage of dung is almost entirely
suspended, and the animal passes only a little mucus occasionally.
Sometimes there is alternating constipation and diarrhea. There is
low fever in many Cases.
The diséase continues a few days or a week in the mild cases, while
the severe cases may last several weeks. In the latter form the ema-
ciation and loss of strength may be very great. There is no appe-
tite, no rumination, nor peristalsis. The mouth is hot and sticky, the
eyes have receded in their sockets, and milk secretion has ceased. In
such cases the outlook for recovery is unfavorable. The patient falls
away in flesh and becomes weaker, as is shown by the fact that one
frequently finds it lying down.
On examining animals which have died of this disease it is found
that the lining membrane of the fourth stomach and the intestines,
particularly the small intestine, is red, swollen, streaked with deeper
red or bluish lines, or spotted. The lining of the first three stomachs
is more or less softened, and may easily be peeled off. The third
stomach (psalter) contains dry feed in hard masses closely adherent
to its walls.
In some cases the brain appears to become disordered, probably
from the pain and weakness and from the absorption of toxins gener-
ated in the digestive canal. In such cases there is weakness and an
unsteady gait, the animal does not appear to take notice of and will
consequently run against obstacles; after a time it falls and gives
up to violent and disordered movements. This delirious condi-
tion is succeeded by coma or stupor, and death ensues.
Treatment.—Small quantities of roots, sweet silage, or selected
grass or hay should be offered several times daily. Very little feed
should be allowed. Aromatic and demulcent drafts may be given to
produce a soothing effect on the mucous lining of the stomachs and
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 3l
to promote digestion. Two ounces of camomile flowers should be
boiled for 20 minutes in a quart of water and the infusion on cooling
should be given to the affected animal. This may be repeated three
or four times a day. When constipation is present the following pur-
gative may be administered: One pound of Glauber’s salt dissolved in
a quart of linseed tea and a pint of molasses. After this purgative
has acted, if there is a lack of appetite and the animal does not
ruminate regularly, the powder mentioned in remarks on the treat-
ment of chronic tympanites may be given according to directions.
The diet must be rather laxative and of an easily digestible character
after an attack of this form of indigestion. Feed should be given in
moderate quantities, as excess by overtaxing the digestive functions
may bring on a relapse. Ice-cold water should be avoided.
INDIGESTION FROM DRINKING COLD WATER (COLIC).
This disorder is produced by drinking copiously of cold water,
which arrests digestion and produces cramp of the fourth stomach,
probably of the other stomachs, and also of the bowels.
Causes.—It is not customary for the ox to drink much water at
once. In fact, he usually drinks slowly and as if he were merely tast-
ing the water, letting sonie fall out at the corners of his mouth at
every mouthful. It would therefore seem to be contrary to the habits
of the ox to drink copiously; but we find that during hot weather,
when he has been working and is consequently very thirsty, if he
drinks a large quantity of cold water he may be immediately taken
with a very severe colic. Cows which are fed largely on dry hay
drink copiously, like the working ox, and become affected in precisely
the same manner. In such cases they are seized with a chill or fit of
trembling before the cramps come on.
Symptoms.—There is some distension of the abdomen, but no accu-
mulation of gas. As the distension and pain occur immediately after
the animal has drunk the water, there can be no doubt as to the
exciting cause. :
Treatment.—W alk the animal about for 10 minutes before admin-
istering medicine, and this allows time for a portion of the contents —
of the stomach to pass into the bowel, and renders it safer to give
medicine. In many cases the walking exercise and the diarrhea bring
about a spontaneous cure of this disorder, but as in some instances
the cramps and pains of the stomachs persist, one may give 1 ounce
of sulphuric ether and 1 ounce of tincttire of opium, shaken up with
a pint of warm water, and repeat the dose in half an hour if the ani-
mal is not relieved. In an emergency when the medicine is not to be
had, a tablespoonful of powdered ginger may be administered in a
pint of warm water.
/
ae DISEASES OF CATTLE.
INDIGESTION IN CALVES (GASTROINTESTINAL CATARRH, DIARRHEA, OR SCOUR).
Sucking calves are subject to a form of diarrhea to which the fore-
going designations have been applied.
Causes —Calves that suck their dams are not frequently affected
with this disease, though it may be occasioned by their sucking at
long intervals and thus overloading the stomach and bringing on
indigestion, or from improper feeding of the dam on soft, watery, or
damaged feeds. Suckling the calf at irregular times may also cause
it. Exposure to damp and cold is a potent predisposing cause.
Calves separated from their dams and fed considerable quantities
of cold milk at long intervals are liable to contract this form of
indigestion. Calves fed on artificial feed, used as a substitute for
milk, frequently contract it. Damaged feed, sour or rotten milk,.
milk from dirty cans, skim milk from a dirty creamery skim-milk
vat, skim milk hauled warm, exposed to the sun and fed from un-
clean buckets may all cause this disease.
Symptoms.—The calf is depressed; appetite is poor; sometimes
there is fever; the extremities are cold. The dung becomes gradually
softer and lighter in color until it is cream colored and little thicker
than milk. It has a most offensive odor and may contain clumps of
curd. Later it contains mucus and gas bubbles. It sticks to the
hair of the tail and buttocks, causing the hair to drop off and the skin
to become irritated. There may be pain on passing dung and also
abdominal or colicky pain. The calf stands about with the back
arched and belly contracted. There may be tympanites. Great
weakness ensues in severe cases, and without prompt and successful
treatment death soon follows.
Treatment.—Remove the cause. Give appropriate feed of best
quality in small quantities. Make sure that the cow furnishing the
milk is healthy and is properly fed. Clean all milk vessels. Clean
and disinfect the stalls. For the diarrhea give two raw eggs or a cup
of strong coffee or 2 ounces of blackberry brandy. If the case is
severe, give 1 ounce of castor oil with a teaspoonful of creolin and
20 grains of subnitrate of bismuth. Repeat the bismuth and creolin
with blackberry brandy and flaxseed tea every four hours. Tannopin
‘ may be used in dose of 15 to 30 grains.
Calves artificially fed on whole or skim milk should receive only
such milk as is sweet and has been handled in a sanitary manner.
Milk should always be warmed to the temperature of the body
before feeding. When calves artificially milk-fed develop diarrhea,
the use of the following treatment has given excellent results in many
cases: Immediately after milking, or the separation of the skim milk
from the cream, formalin in the proportion of 1 to 4,000 should be
added to the milk which is used for feeding; this may be closely
approximated by adding four drops of formalin to each quart of
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 33
milk. This medicated milk should be fed to the calf in the usual
quantity. When the diarrhea is not controlled in three or four days
by this treatment, the additional use of some of the agents recom-
mended above may assist in a recovery.
INFECTIOUS DIARRHEA; WHITE SCOUR.
[See chapter on Diseases of young calves, p, 245.]
GASTROENTERITIS.
This consists of an inflammation of the walls of the stomachs and
of the bowel.
Gastroenteritis, or inflammation of the walls of the stomachs and
intestines, follows upon irritations more severe or longer continued
than those that produced gastrointestinal catarrh.
Causes.—Severe indigestion may be followed by gastroenteritis, or
it may be caused by swallowing irritant poisons, such as arsenic or
corrosive sublimate or irritant plants. Exposure to cold or inclement
weather may produce the disease, especiaily in debilitated animals
or animals fed improperly. It is asserted that if cattle feed on vege-
tation infested with some kinds of caterpillars this disease may result.
Symptoms.—Dullness; drooping of the ears; dryness of the muz-
zle; dry skin; staring coat; loins morbidly sensitive to pressure; full-
ness of the left flank, which is caused by the distention of the fourth
stomach by gas. The pulse is small, the gait is feeble and staggering;
each step taken is accompanied with a grunt, and this symptom is
especially marked if the animal walks in a downward direction.
There is loss of appetite, and rumination is suspended. The passages
at first are few in number, hard, and are sometimes coated with
mucus or with blood. Later a severe diarrhea sets in, when the pas-
sages contain mucus and blood and have an offensive odor. There is
evidence of colicky pain, and the abdomen is sensitive to pressure.
Pain may be continuous. There is fever and acceleration of pulse
rate and respirations. Mental depression and even insensibility occur
before death. The disease is always severe and often fatal.
Post-mortem appearances.—The mucous membrane of the fourth
stomach has a well-marked red color and sometimes presents ulcera-
tions. The wall is thickened and softened, and similar conditions
are found in the walls of the intestines. The red discoloration ex-
tends in spots or large areas quite through the wall, showing on the
outside.
Treatment.—Very small quantities of carefully selected feed must
be given and the appetite must not be forced. Protect the animal
well from cold and dampness. Internally, give linseed tea, boiled
milk, boiled oatmeal gruel, or rice water. These protectives may
carry the medicine. Tannopin in doses of 30 to 60 grains is good.
33071°—16—_3
34 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
Subnitrate of bismuth in doses of 1 to 2 drams may be given. Pul-
verized opium may be used, if the diarrhea is severe, in 1 to 2 dram
doses. If the bowel movements are not free, one may give from a
pint to a quart of castor or raw linseed oil.
TRAUMATIC INFLAMMATION OF THE STOMACH.
This disease results from the presence of a foreign body. This
condition is not rare in cattle, because these animals have the habit of
_ swallowing their feed without careful chewing, and so nails, screws,
hairpins, ends of wire, and other metal objects may be swallowed
unconsciously. Such objects gravitate to the second stomach, where
they may be caught in the folds of the lining mucous membrane,
and in some instances the wall of this organ is perforated. From this
accident, chronic indigestion results. The symptoms, more or less
characteristic, are pain when getting up or lying down; grunting and
pain upon sudden motion, especially downhill; coughing; pain on
pressure over the second stomach, which lies immediately above the
cartilaginous prolongation of the romana: If the presence of such a
foreign body is recognized, it may be removed by a difficult surgical
operation, or, as is usually most economical, the animal may be killed
for beef, if there is no fever.
DISEASES OF THE BOWELS.
DIARRHEA AND DYSENTERY.
[See also Gastrointestinal catarrh, p. 32.
The word “dysentery,” as it is commonly used in relation to the
diseases of animals, signifies a severe form of diarrhea.
Causes.—Diarrhea is a symptom of irritation of the intestines,
resulting in increased secretion or increased muscular contractions,
or both. The irritation is sometimes the result of chilling from
exposure, improper feeding, irritant feeds, indigestion, organic dis-
eases of the intestines, or parasites.
Symptoms.—Passages from the bowels are frequent, at first con-
sisting of thin dung, but as the disease continues they become watery
and offensive smelling, and may be even streaked with blood. At
first the animal shows no constitutional disturbance, but later it
becomes weak and may exhibit evidence of abdominal pain by look-
ing around to the side, drawing the feet together, lying down, or
moving restlessly. Sometimes this malady is accompanied with
fever, great depression, loss of strength, rapid loss of flesh, and it
week oe a Ceath,
the feed Sich has hes su i to the asl: it 1s ody baie to give
a mild purgative, such as a pint of castor or linseed oil. When the
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 35
secretions of the bowels are irritating, an ounce of carbonate of mag-
nesia and half an ounce of tincture of opium should be shaken up in
a quart of linseed tea and given to the animal three times a day until
the passages present a natural appearance. When there is debility,
want of appetite, no fever, but a continuance of the watery discharges
from the bowels, then an astringent may be given. For such cases
the following is serviceable: Tannic acid, 1 ounce; powdered gentian,
2 ounces; mix and divide into 12 powders, one powder to be given
three times a day until the passages present a natural appearance.
Each powder may be mixed with a pint and a half of water. Tanno-
pin is a new remedy that is most useful in such cases. The dose is
from 30 grains to 2 drams. Useful household remedies are raw
eggs, strong coffee, parched rye flour, or decoction of oak bark. In
all cases the food must be given sparingly, and it should be care-
fully selected to insure good quality. Complete rest in a box stall
is desirable. When diarrhea is a symptom of a malady characterized
by the presence of a blood poison, the treatment appropriate to such
disease must be applied.
SIMPLE ENTERITIS.
[See Gastroenteritis, p. 33.]
CROUPOUS ENTERITIS.
Under certain conditions, severe irritation of the digestive canal
may, in cattle, cause a form of inflammation of the intestines (enter-
itis) that is characterized by the formation of a false membrane upon
the surface of the lining membrane of the intestines, particularly
the large ones.
Symptoms.—There is fever, depression, loss of appetite, diarrhea,
and in the fecal masses shreds of leathery false membrane may be
found. These shreds are sometimes mistaken for parasites or for
portions of the wall of the intestine.
Treatment.—Give a pound of Glauber’s salt, followed by bicar-
bonate of soda in doses of 2 ounces four times daily.
ENTERITIS (OBSTRUCTION RESULTING FROM INVAGINATION, OR INTUSSUSCEP-
TION, TWISTING, AND KNOTTING OF THE BOWELS).
Inflammation may arise from a knot forming on some part of the
small intestine from the portion of the bowel becoming twisted on
itself, or from one part of the bowel slipping into another, which is
termed invagination. This form of enteritis occurs occasionally in
animals of the bovine species.
Causes.—The small intestine, which in the ox rests on the right
side of the rumen, is, from the position which it occupies, predisposed
to this accident. It has been ascertained that animals which have
shown symptoms of this malady have trotted, galloped, or made other
86 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
violent exertions in coming from drinking, or that they have been
chased by dogs or by animals of their own species while at pasture.
The accident is most likely to occur among cattle on very hilly pas-
tures. The danger of jumping or running is greatest when the rumen
is distended with food.
Symptoms.—This form of enteritis or obstruction is manifested by
severe colicky pains; the ox scrapes and strikes the ground with his
front and hind feet alternately; keeps lying down and getting up
again; he keeps his tail constantly raised and turns his nose fre-
quently to his right flank; he is frequently bloated, or tympanitic,
on that side. He refuses feed and does not ruminate, and for some
hours suffers severe pains. At first he frequently passes thin dung,
and also urinates frequently, but passes only a little urine at a time.
On the second day the pains have become less acute; the animal
remains lying down; moans occasionally; his pulse is small and
quick; he still refuses feed and does not ruminate. At this stage he
does not pass any dung, though sometimes a small quantity of bloody
mucus may be passed. The animal passes very little urine. This
condition may continue for a considerable time, as cattle so affected
may live for 15 or even 20 days.
Post-mortem appearance.—At death the bowels are found to be
misplaced or obstructed, as mentioned above, and inflamed, the in-
flammation always originating at the point where the intestine has
been invaginated, twisted, or knotted. Sometimes the part is gan-
grenous, the compression of the blood vessels preventing circulation,
and thus causing the death of the tissues.
Treatment.—Purgatives, anodynes, and other remedies are of no
service in such cases, and bleeding also fails to produce any benefit.
Indeed, it is usually true that in such cases treatment is useless.
Some cases are recorded in which an incision has been made in the
flank, so as to enable the operator to restore the intestine to its normal
position or to remove the kink.
CONSTIPATION.
Constipation is to be regarded rather as a symptom of disease or.of
faults in feeding than as a disease in itself. It occurs in almost all
general fevers unless the bowels are involved in local disease, in
obstructions of all kinds, from feeding on dry, bulky feed, etc. In
order to remove the constipation the treatment must be applied to
remove the causes which give rise to it. Calves sometimes suffer
from constipation immediately after birth when the meconium that
accumulates in the bowels before birth is not passed. In such cases,
give a rectal inpection of warm water and an ounce of castor oil
shaken up with an ounce of new milk. The mother’s milk is the best
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 37
food to prevent constipation in the new-born calf, as it contains a
large amount of fatty matter which renders it laxative in its effects.
It is usually better to treat habitual constipation by a change of
diet than by medicine. Flaxseed is a good feed laxative. If the
constipation has lasted long, repeated small doses of purgatives are
better than a single large dose.
INTESTINAL WORMS.
[See chapter on ‘‘ The animal parasites of cattle,” p. 510.]
RUPTURES (VENTRAL HERNIA).
Ventral hernia, or rupture, is an escape of some one of the abdom-
inal organs through a rupture in the abdominal muscles, the skin
remaining intact. The rumen, the small intestine, or part of the
large intestine, and the fourth stomach are the parts which usually
form a ventral hernia in bovine animals.
Causes.——Hernia is frequently produced by blows of the horns,
kicks, and falls. In old cows hernia may sometimes oceur without
any direct injury.
HeErnIA OF THE RUMEN.—Hernia of the rumen is generally situated
on the left side of the abdomen, on account of the situation of the
rumen. In exceptional cases it may take place on the right side,
and in such cases it also generally happens that some folds of the
intestine pass into the hernial sac. Hernias have been classified into
simple or complicated, recent or old, traumatic (from mechanical
injury) or spontaneous.
In recent traumatic hernia there is swelling on the left side of the
lower part of the abdomen. The swelling is greatest in the cases of
hernia which are situated on the lower part of the abdomen. Unless
an eXamination is made immediately after the injury has been in-
flicted it is difficult, and sometimes impossible, to ascertain the exact
extent of the rupture, owing to the swelling which subsequently takes
place. Frequently there is no loss of appetite, fever, or other general
symptoms attending the injury. From the twelfth to the fifteenth
day the swelling has generally subsided to such an extent that it is
possible by an examination to determine the extent of the rupture.
In old cows what is termed spontaneous hernia may sometimes take
place without any direct injury. The occurrence of this form of
hernia is explained by the increase in the size of the abdomen, which
takes place in an advanced stage of pregnancy, causing a thinning
and stretching of the muscular fibers, which at last may rupture, or
give way. Such hernias frequently occur about the end of the period
of gestation, and in some instances have contained the right sac o*
the rumen, the omentum, the small and large intestines, a portion of
the liver, and the pregnant uterus.
38 DISEASES OF CATTLE,
In old hernias the swelling is soft and elastic, and if they have not
contracted adhesions to the sides of the laceration, they can be made
to disappear by pressure carefully applied. Sometimes this accident
is complicated by a rupture of the rumen, constituting a complicated
hernia. If a portion of the contents of the rumen escape into the
abdomen, the case will be aggravated by the occurrence of peritonitis.
HERNIA OF THE BOWEL.— When the intestines (Pl. III, fig. 6) form
the contents of the hernia, it will be situated at the right side of the
abdomen. In an intestinal hernia the swelling is usually not painful,
of a doughy consistence or elastic, according as the intestine does or
does not contain alimentary matter. This swelling can generally be
made to disappear by pressure, and when it has been reduced one
can easily recognize the direction and extent of the hernial opening.
Hernias of the bowel which are situated at the upper and right side
of the abdomen are usually formed by the small intestine. They are
less easily reduced than a hernia in a lower situation, but when
reduction has been effeeted they are less readily reproduced than
those occurring lower. In hernias of the small intestine, adhesion of
the protruding parts to the walls of the opening, or strangulation,
are complications which sometimes take place. If adhesion has taken
place the hernia can not be reduced by pressure, and when strangu-
lation has occurred the animal shows symptoms of pain—is restless,
turns its nose to the painful part, and shows those symptoms which
are usually collectively designated under the term colic. If relief is
not afforded, the animal will die.
HerNIA OF THE RENNET, OR FOURTH STOMACH.—This disease occa-
sionally occurs in calves and is usually caused by a blow from a cow’s
horn on the right flank of the calf. After such an accident a swell-
ing forms on the right flank near the last rib. This swelling may be
neither hot nor painful, even at first, and is soft to the touch. It can
be made to disappear by careful pressure, when the sides of the aper- .
ture through which it has passed can be felt. The application of
pressure so as to cause the disappearance of the hernia is best made
immediately after the occurrence of the accident, or when the edema
which accompanies the swelling has disappeared.
Treatment.—When a hernia is reducible—that is, can be pushed
back into the abdomen—then, if it is of recent occurrence, it is advis-
able to maintain the natural position of the parts by bandaging and
to allow the walls of the laceration to grow together. The bowels
should be kept reasonably empty by avoiding the use of bulky feed,
and the animal must be kept quiet.
The following method of bandaging is recommended by Bouley:
First prepare a bandage (must be of strong material), about 10 yards long
and between 3 and 4 inches broad, and a flexible and solid piece of pasteboard
adapted in size to the surface of the hernia. The protruding organ must then
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 39
be replaced in the abdomen and maintained in that position during the applica-
tion of the bandage. This being done, a layer of melted pitch and turpentine
is quickly spread on the skin covering the seat of the hernia, so as to extend
somewhat beyond that space. This adhesive layer is then covered with a layer
of fine tow, then a new layer of pitch and turpentine is spread on the tow, and
the piece of pasteboard is applied on the layer of pitch, its outer surface being
covered with the same preparation. Lastly, the bandage, adhering to the piece
of pasteboard, to the skin, and to the different turns which it makes around the
body, is carefully applied so as to form an immovable, rigid, and solid bandage,
which will retain the hernia long enough for the wound in the abdominal walls
to. heal permanently.
If the hernia is old and small it-may be treated by injecting a
strong solution of common salt about the edges of the tear. This
causes swelling and inflammation, which, respectively, forces the pro-
truded organ back and closes the opening. There is some risk
attached to this method of treatment.
In small, old, ventral hernias the method of compressing and
sloughing off the skin has been used successfully. If the hernia is
large a radical operation will be necessary, and this is also true when
the symptoms indicate that a hernia is strangulated. This operation
is performed by cutting down on the hernia, restoring the organ to
the abdominal cavity, and then closing the wound with two sets of
stitches; the inner stitches, in the muscular wall, should be made
with catgut and the outer stitches, in the skin, may be made with silk
or silver wire. The strictest surgical cleanliness must be observed.
Bleeding vessels should be tied. Then a compress composed of ten
cr twelve folds of cloth must be placed smoothly over the seat of
injury and a bandage applied around the body, the two ends being
fastened at the back. In the smaller kinds of hernia, nitric acid may
sometimes be applied with success. This treatment should not be
applied until the swelling and inflammation attending the appearance
of the hernia have subsided; then, the contents of the hernia having
been returned, the surface of skin corresponding to it is sponged over
with a solution composed of 1 part of nitric acid to 2 of water.
This treatment acts by exciting considerable inflammation, which
has the effect of causing swelling, and thus frequently closing the
hernial opening and preventing the contents of the sac from return-
ing. A second applcation should not be made until the inflammation
excited by the first has subsided. In what is termed spontaneous
hernia it is useless to apply any kind of treatment.
Umpinican HERNIA.—The umbilicus, or naval, is the aperture
through which the blood vessels pass from the mouth to the fetus,
and naturally the sides of this aperture ought to adhere or unite after
birth. In very young animals, and sometimes in new-born calves,
this aperture in the abdominal muscles remains open and a part of
the bowel or a portion of the mesentery may slip through the open-
40 DISEASES OF CATTLE, —
ing, constituting what is called umbilical hernia. The wall of the sac
is formed by the skin, which is covered on the inner surface by a
layer of cellular tissue, and within this there is sometimes, but not
always, a layer of peritoneum. The contents of the hernia may be
formed by a part of the bowel, by a portion of the peritoneum, or may
contain portions of both peritoneum and bowel. When the sac con-
tains only the peritoneum it has a doughy feel, but when it is formed.
by a portion of the bowel it is more elastic on pressue.
Causes.—In the new-born animal the opening of the naval is gen-
erally large, and may sometimes give way to the pressure of the
bowel on account of the weak and relaxed condition of the abdominal
muscles. This defective and abnormal condition of the umbilicus is
frequently hereditary. It may be occasioned by roughly pulling
away the umbilical cord; through kicks or blows on the belly;
through any severe straining by which the sides of the navel are
stretched apart. We may mention in this connection that it is best
in new-born calves to tie the umbilical cord tightly about 2 inches
from the navel, and then to leave it alone, when in most cases it will
drop off in a few days, leaving the navel closed.
Treatment.—It is well to bear in mind that many, and especially
the smaller, umbilical hernias heal spontaneously; that is, nature
effects a cure. As the animal gets older the abdominal muscles get
stronger and possess more power of resistance to pressure, the bowels
become larger and do not pass so readily through a small opening, so
that from a combination of causes there 1s a gradual growing to-
gether or adhesion of the sides of the navel. In cases of umbilical
hernia in which there are no indications that a spontaneous cure will
take place, the calf should be laid on its back, immediately on this
being done the hernia will often disappear into the abdomen. If
it does not, its reduction may be brought about by gentle handling,
endeavoring, if need be, to empty the organs forming the hernia
before returning them into the abdomen. After the hernia has been
returned, the hair should be clipped from the skin covering it and a
compress composed of 10 or 12 folds of linen or cotton should be
applied, first smearing the skin with pitch and then a bandage about
3 inches wide should be passed round the body so as to retain the
compress in position. The lower part of the compress should be
smeared with pitch, and also those portions of the bandage which
pass over it, so as to keep it solid and prevent it from shifting. In
some cases it will be found that the contents of the sac can not be
returned into the abdomen, and this generally arises from the fact
that some part of the contents of the sac has grown to or become
adherent to the edges of the umbilical opening. In such a case the
skin must be carefully laid open in the long direction, the adhesions
of the protruding organs carefully separated from the umbilicus, and
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS, 41
after the protruding parts have been returned into the abdomen, the
sides of the umbilicus must be freshened if necessary by paring, and
then the edges of the opening brought together by catgut stitches;
the wound in the skin must then also be brought together by stitches.
The wound must be carefully dressed every day and a bandage passed
round the body so as to cover and protect the part operated on.
In small hernias nitric acid has been used successfully in the same
manner as has been described in the treatment of ventral hernia.
Sulphuric acid has also been used for a similar purpose, diluting it
to the extent of 1 part of acid to 3 or 5 of water. In thin-skinned
animals the weaker preparations ought to be preferred, and caution
must be exercised in using such preparations so as not to destroy
the tissues on which they are applied.
Another method of treatment is, after the contents of the sac have
been returned into the abdomen, to tie a piece of strong waxed cord
round the pendulous portion which formed the cuter covering of the
hernia. The string is apt to slacken after two or three days, when a
new piece of cord should be applied above the first one. The con-
striction of the skin sets up inflammation, which generally extends to
the umbilicus and causes the edges to adhere together, and by the
time the portion of skin below the ligature has lost its vitality and
dropped off, the umbilicus is closed and there is no danger of the
abdominal organs protruding through it. This is what takes place
when this method has a favorable result, though if the umbilicus does
not become adherent and the skin sloughs, the bowels will protrude
through the opening.
GUT-TIE (PERITONEAL HERNIA).—In peritoneal hernia of the ox a
loop or knuckle of intestine enters from the abdomen into a rent in
that part of the peritoneum which is situated at the margin of the
hip bone or it passes under the remains of the spermatic cord, the
end of which may be grown fast to the inner inguinal ring. The
onward pressure of the bowel, as well as the occasional turning of the
latter round the spermatic cord, is the cause of the cord exercising
considerable pressure on the bowel, which occasions irritation, ob-
structs the passage of excrement, and excites inflammation, which
terminates in gangrene and death.
The rent in the peritoneum is situated at the upper and front part
of the pelvis, nearer to the sacrum than the pubis.
Causes— Among the causes of peritoneal hernia considerable im-
portance is attached to a method of castration which is practiced in
certain districts, viz, the tearing or rupturing of the spermatic cord
by main force instead of dividing it at a proper distance above the
testicle in a surgical manner. After this vioient and rough method
of operating, the cord retracts into the abdomen and its stump be-
comes adherent to some part of the peritoneum, or it may wind
42 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
around the bowel and then the stump becomes adherent, so that
strangulation of the bowel results. The rough dragging on the cord
may also cause a tear in the peritoneum, the result of which need not
be described. The severe exertion of ascending hills and mountains,
drawing heavy loads, or the straining which oxen undergo while
fighting each other may also give rise to peritoneal hernia.
Symptoms.—The ox suddenly becomes very restless, stamps with
his feet, moves backward and forward, hurriedly lies down, rises,
moves his tail uneasily, and kicks at his belly with the foot of the
affected side. The pain evinced may diminish but soon returns
again. In the early stage there are frequent passages of dung, but
after the lapse of 18 or 24 hours this ceases, the bowel apparently
being emptied to the point of strangulation, and the passages now
consist only of a little mucus mixed with blood. When injections are
given at this time the water passes out of the bowel without even
being colored. The animal lies down on the side where the hernia
exists and stretches out his hind feet in a backward direction. These
two particular symptoms serve to distinguish this affection from en-
teritis and invagination of the bowel. As time passes the animal
hecomes quieter, but this cessation of pain may indicate that gangrene
of the bowel has set in, and may, therefore, under certain circum-
stances, be considered a precursor of death. Gangrene may take
_ place in from four to six days, when perforation of the bowel may
occur and death result in a short time.
Treatment.—In the first place the ox should be examined by pass-
ing the oiled hand and arm into the rectum; the hand should be
passed along the margin of the pelvis, beginning at the sacrum and
continuing downward toward the inguinal ring, when a soft, painful
swelling will be felt, which may vary from the size of an apple to that
of the two fists. This swelling will be felt to be tightly compressed
by the spermatic cord. It very rarely happens that there is any
similar swelling on the left side, though in such cases it is best to make
a thorough examination. The bowel has sometimes been released
from its position by driving the ox down a hill; by causing him to
jump from a height of 2 feet to the ground; the expedient of trot-
ting him also has been resorted to with the hope that the jolting
movement might bring about a release of the bowel. If the simple ex-
pedients mentioned have been tried and failed, then the hand being
passed into the rectum should be pressed gently on the swelling in an
upward and. forward direction, so as to endeavor to push the im-
prisoned portion of the bowel back into the abdomen. While this is
being done the ox’s hind feet should stand on higher ground than the
front, so as to favor the slipping out of the bowel by its own weight,
and at the same time an assistant should squeeze the animal’s loins,
so as to cause it to bend downward and so relax the band formed by
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 43
the spermatic cord. If the imprisoned portion of gut is freed, which
may be ascertained by the disappearance of the swelling, the usual
sounds produced by the bowels moving in the abdomen will be heard,
and in a few hours the feces and urine willbe passed as usual. If the
means mentioned fail to release the imprisoned portion of the gut,
then an incision about 4 inches long must be made in the right flank
in a downward direction, the hand introduced into the abdomen, the
situation and condition of swelling exactly ascertained, and then a
probe-pointed knife inserted between the imprisoned bowel and band
compressing it, and turned outward against the band, the latter
being then cautiously divided and the imprisoned gut allowed to
escape, or; if necessary, the bowel should be drawn gently from its
position into the abdomen. The wound in the flank must be brought
together in the same way as in the case of the wound made in operat-
ing for impaction of the rumen.
WOUNDS OF THE ABDOMEN.
A wound of the abdomen may merely penetrate the skin; but as
such cases are not attended with much danger, nor their treatment
with much difficulty, we will consider here merely those wounds
which penetrate the entire thickness of the abdominal walls and
expose to a greater or less extent the organs contained in that cavity.
Causes.—Such accidents may be occasioned by falling on fragments
of broken glass or other sharp objects. A blow from the horn of
another animal may penetrate the abdomen. Exposure and _ pro-
trusion of some of the abdominal organs may also be occasioned by
the incautious use of caustics in the treatment of umbilical or ventral
hernia. The parts which generally escape through an abdominal
wound are the small intestine and floating colon.
Symptoms.—When the abdominal wound is small, the bowel ex-
posed presents the appearance of a small round tumor, but in a few
moments a loop of intestine may emerge from the opening. The ani-
mal then shows symptoms of severe pain by pawing with his feet,
which has the effect of accelerating the passage of new loops of in-
testine through the wound, so that the mass which they form may
even touch the ground. The pain becomes so great that the ox now
not only paws but lies down and rolls, thus tearing and crushing his
bowels. In such cases it is best to slaughter the animal at once; but
in the case of a valuable animal in which tearing and crushing of the
bowels has not taken place the bowels should be washed with freshly
boiled water reduced to the temperature of the body and returned
and the wounds in the muscle and skin brought together in a manner
somewhat similar to that described in speaking of ventral hernia.
44 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
DISEASES OF THE LIVER AND SPLEEN.
JAUNDICE (THE YELLOWS, OR CONGESTION OF THE LIVER).
When jaundice exists, there is a yellow appearance of the white of
the eyes and of the mucous membrane of the mouth. 3 101.80 | 27.04 | 1,037 | 7.14 | 0.20] 2.95 1.39 | 1.58 |13.3 0.9
10 wheat straw, 10 clover hay, 11.7
bean meal, 2.8 starch, and 0.5 rape
ieee Sa eee eee eee 119.00 | 23.20 | 1,038 | 7.74 | 0.21 | 4.06 1.91 | 1.69 |15.4 0.8
17.86 bean straw, and 1.6 bean meal.} 54.84 | 12.60 | 1,043 | 7.06 | 0.40 | 2.53 1.21 | 1.15 | 5.3 0. 83
BERS eamstraw: 130). sc P I. 55.76 | 16.34 | 1,036 | 5.45 | 0.11 | 1.41 0.67 | 0.64 | 3.83] 0.3
16.90 meadow hay...........-....-- 36.26 | 15.14 | 1,042 | 7.91 | 1.30 | 1.73 0.91 | 0.92 | 4.37) 3.3
The varying quantity of urea (from 1.6 to 15.4 ounces) is most sug-
gestive as to the action of the more or less nitrogenous feed and the
resulting concentration of the urine and blood. Hippuric acid, on
the other hand, is most abundant when the animal is fed on hay and
straw.
The specific gravity of the urine of cattle varies from 1,030 to 1,060
in health, water being 1,000. It is transparent, with a yellowish tinge,
and has a characteristic, musky smell. The chemical reaction is alka-
line, turning red litmus paper blue. The quantity passed in twenty-
four hours varies greatly, increasing not only with the water drunk,
but with the albuminoids taken in with the feed and the urea pro-
duced. If a solution of urea is injected into the veins the secretion
of urine is greatly augmented. Similarly the excess of salts like car-
bonate of potash in the feed, or of sugar, increases the action of the
kidneys. Only about 20 per cent of the water swallowed escapes in
1Wncyklop. der Thierheilk., Vol. IV, p. 208.
33071°—16——8
114 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
the urine, the remaining 80 per cent passing mostly from the lungs,
and to a slight extent by the bowels. The skin of the ox does not
perspire so readily nor so freely as that of the horse; hence the
kidneys and lungs are called upon for extra work. The influence
of an excess of water in the feed is most remarkable in swill-fed
distillery cattle, which urinate profusely and frequently, yet thrive
and fatten rapidly.
Among the other conditions that increase the flow of urine is over-
filling of (internal pressure in) the blood vessels of the kidneys;
hence the contraction. of the blood vessels of the skin by cold drives
the blood inward, tends to dilate the blood vessels of the kidneys,
and to increase the secretion of urine. Nervous disorders, such as
excitement, fear, congestions, or structural injuries to the back part
of the base of the brain, have a similar result, hence, doubtless, the
action of certain fungi growing in musty hay or oats in producing
profuse flow of urine, whereas other forms of musty fodder cause
stupor, delirium, or paralysis. Bacteria and their products are
mainly expelled by the kidneys, and become sources of local infection,
irritation, and disease.
The quantity of urine passed daily by an ox on dry feeding aver-
ages 7 to 12 pints, but this may be increased enormously on a watery
diet.
The mutual influence of the kidneys and other important organs
tends to explain the way in which disease in one part supervenes on
preexisting disorder in another. The introduction of albuminoids in
excess into the blood means the formation of an excess of urea, and a
more profuse secretion of urine, of a higher specific gravity, and
with a greater tendency to deposit its solid constituents, as gravel, in
the kidneys or bladder. A torpid action of the liver, leaving the
albuminoids in transition forms, less soluble than the urea into which
they should have been changed, favors the onset of rheumatism or of
nervous disorder, the deposit of such albuminoid products in the kad-
neys, the formation of a deep-brown or reddish urine, and congestion
of the kidneys. Any abnormal activity of the liver in the production
of sugar—more than can be burned up in the circulation—over-
stimulates the kidneys and produces increased flow of a heavy urine
with a sweetish taste. This increased production of sugar may be
primarily due to disease of the brain, which, in its turn, determines
the disorder of the liver. Disease of the right side of the heart or of
the lungs, by obstructing the onward flow of blood from the veins,
increases the blood pressure in the kidneys and produces disorder
and excessive secretion. Inactivity of the kidneys determines an
increase in the blood of waste products, which become irritating to
different parts, producing skin eruptions, itching, dropsies, and nerv-
ous disorders. Sprains of the loins produce bleeding from the kid-
DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. eS
neys and disease of the spinal cord, and sometimes determine albumi-
nous or milky looking urine.
The kidney of the ox (PI. IX, fig. 1) is a compound organ made up
of 15 to 25 separate lobules like so many separate kidneys, but all
pouring their secretion into one common pouch (pelvis) situated in
an excavation in the center of the lower surface. While the ox is the
only domesticated quadruped which maintains this divided condition
of the kidney after birth, this condition is common to all while at an
early stage of development in the womb. The cluster of lobules
making up a single kidney forms an ovoid mass flattened from above
downward, and extending from the last rib backward beneath the
loins and to one side of the solid chain of the backbone. The right
is more firmly attached to the loins and extends farther backward
than the left. Deeply covered in a mass of suet, each kidney has a
strong outer, white, fibrous covering, and inside this two successive
layers of kidney substance, of which the outer is that in which the
urine is mainly separated from the blood and poured into the fine,
microscopic urinary ducts. (Pl. X, fig. 1) These latter, together
with blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves, make up the second, or
internal, layer. The outer layer is mainly composed of minute glob-
ular clusters of microscopic, intercommunicating blood vessels (Mal-
pighian bodies), each of whieh is furnished with a fibrous capsule
that is nothing else than the dilated commencement of a urine tube.
These practically microscopic tubes follow at first a winding course
through the outer layer (Ferrein’s tubes), then form a long loop
(doubling on itself) in the inner layer (Henle’s loop), and finally
pass back through the inner layer (Bellini’s tubes) to open through
a conical process into the common pouch (pelvis) on the lower surface
of the organ. (PI. X, figs. 1, 2, 3.)
The tube that conveys the urine from the kidney to the bladder is
like a white, round cord, about the size of a goose quill, prolonged
from the pouch on the lower surface of the kidney backward beneath
the loins, then inward, supported by a.fold of thin membrane, to
open into the bladder just in front of its neck. The canal passes first
through the middle (muscular) coat of the bladder, and then ad-
vances perceptibly between that and the internal (mucous) coat,
through which it finally opens. By this arrangement in overfilling
the bladder this opening is closed like a valve by the pressure of the
urine, and the return of liquid to the kidney is prevented. The blad-
der (P1. IX, fig. 2) is a dilatable, egg-shaped pouch, closed behind by
a strong ring of muscular fibers encircling its neck, and enveloped by
looped, muscular fibers extending on all sides around its body and
closed anterior end. Stimulated by the presence of urine, these last
contract and expel contents through the neck into the urethra.
This last is the tube leading backward along the floor of the pelvic
116 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
bones and downward through the penis. In the bull this canal of the
urethra is remarkable for its small caliber and for the S-shaped bend
which it describes in the space between the thighs and just above
the scrotum. This bend is attributable to the fact that the retractor
muscles are attached to the penis at this point, and in withdrawing
that organ within its sheath they double it upon itself. The small
size of the canal and this S-shaped bend are serious obstacles to the
passing of a catheter to draw the urine, yet by extending the penis
out of its sheath the bend is effaced, and a small, gum-elastic catheter,
not more than one-fourth of an inch in diameter, may with care be
passed into the bladder. In the cow the urethra is very short, open-
ig in the median line on the floor of the vulva about 4 inches in front
of its external orifice. Even in her, however, the passing of a cathe-
ter is a matter of no little difficulty, the opening of the urethra being
very narrow and encircled by the projecting membranous and rigid
margins, and on each side of the opening is a blind pouch (canal of
Gartner) into which the catheter will almost invariably find its way.
In both male and female, therefore, the passing of a catheter is an
operation which demands special skill.
General symptoms of urinary disorders.—These are not so promi-
nent in cattle as in horses, yet they are of a similar kind. There isa
stiff or straddling gait with the hind limbs and some difficulty in
turning or in lying down and rising, the act causing a groan. The
frequent passage of urine in driblets, its continuous escape in dreps,
the sudden arrest of the flow when in full stream, the rhythmic
contraction of the muscles under the anus without any flow resulting,
the swelling of the sheath, the collection of hard, gritty masses on
the hair surrounding the orifice of the sheath, the occurrence of drop-
sies in the limbs under the chest or belly, or in either of these cavi-
ties, and finally the appearance of nervous stupor, may indicate
serious disorder cf the urinary organs. The condition of the urine
passed may likewise lead to suspicion. It may be white, from crystal-
lized carbonate of lime; brown, red, or even black, from the presence
of blood or blocd-coloring matter; yellow, from biliary coloring mat-
ter; frothy, from contained albumin; cloudy, from phosphates;
glairy, from pus; it may also show gritty masses from gravel. In
many cases of urinary disorder in the ox, however, the symptoms are
by no means prominent, and unless special examination is made of
the loins, the bladder, and the urine the true nature of the malady
may be overlooked.
DIURESIS (POLYURIA, DIABETES INSIPIDUS, EXCESSIVE SECRE-
TION OF URINE).
A secretion of urine in excess of the normal amount may be looked
on as disease, even if the result does not lead to immediate loss of
condition. Cattle fed on distillery swill are striking examples of such
DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. We
excess caused by the enormous consumption of a liquid feed, which
nourishes and fattens in spite of the diuresis; the condition is un-
wholesome, and cattle that have passed four or five months in a
swill stable have fatty livers and kidneys, and never again do well on
ordinary feed. Diuresis may further occur from increase of blood
pressure in the kidneys (diseases of the heart or lungs which hinder
the onward passage of the blood, the eating of digitalis, English
broom, the contraction of the blood vessels on the surface of the body
in cold weather, etc.) ; also from acrid or diuretic plants taken with
the feed (dandelion, burdock, colchicum, digitalis, savin, resinous
shoots, etc.) ; from excess of sugar in the feed (beets, turnips, ripe
sorghum) ; also from the use of frozen feed (frosted turnip tops and
other vegetables), and from the growths of certain molds in fodder
(musty hay, mow-burnt hay, moldy oats, moldy bread, etc.). Finally,
alkaline waters and alkaline incrustations on the soil may be active
causes. In some of these cases the result is beneficial rather than in-
jurious, as when cattle affected with gravel in the kidneys are en-
tirely freed from this condition by a run at grass, or by an exclusive
diet of roots or swill. In other cases, however, the health and condi-
tion suffer, and even inflammation of the kidneys may occur.
Treatment.—The treatment is mainly in the change of diet to a
more solid aliment destitute of the special, offensive ingredient.
Boiled flaxseed is often the best diet or addition to the wholesome
dry food, and, by way of medicine, doses of 2 drams each of sulphate
of iron and iodid of potassium may be given twice daily. In obsti-
nate cases 2 drams ergot of rye or of catechu may be added.
BLOODY URINE (RED WATER, MOOR ILL, WOOD ILL, HEMATURIA,
HEMAGLOBINURIA).
This is a common affection among cattle in certain localities, above
all on damp, undrained lands.and under a backward agriculture. It
is simply bloody urine or hematuria when the blood is found in clots,
or when under the microscope the blood globules can be detected as
distinctly rounded, flattened disks. It is smoky urine—hemaglobinu-
ria—when neither such distinct clots nor blood disks can be found, but
merely a general browning, reddening, or blackening of the urine by
the presence of dissolved, blood-coloring matter. The bloody urine is
the more direct result of structural disease of the kidneys or urinary
passages (inflammation, stone, gravel, tumors, hydatids, kidney
worms, sprains of the loins), while the stained urine (hemaglobinu-
ria) is usually the result of some general or more distinct disorder in
which the globules are destroyed in the circulating blood and the
coloring matter dissolved in and diffused through the whole mass of
the blood and of the urine secreted from it. As in the two forms,
blood and the elements of blood escape into the urine, albumin is
118 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
always present, so that there is albuminuria with blood-coloring mat-
ter superadded. If from stone or gravel, gritty particles are usually
passed, and may be detected in the bottom of a dish in which the
liquid is caught. If from fracture or severe sprain of the loins, it
is liable to be associated not only with some loss of control of the
hind limbs and with staggering behind but also with a more or less
perfect paralysis of the tail. The bloodstained urine without red
globules results from specific diseases—Texas fever (Pl. XLVII,
fig. 3), anthrax, spirillosis, and from eating irritant plants (broom,
savin, mercury, hellebore, ranunculus, convolvulus, colchicum, oak
shoots, ash privet, hazel, hornbeam, and other astringent, acrid, or
resinous plants, etc.). The Maybug or Spanish fly taken with the
feed or spread over a great extent of skin as a blister has a similar ~
action. Frosted turnips or other roots will bring on the affection in
some subjects. Among conditions which act by the direct destruc-
tion of the globules in the circulating blood may be named an excess
of water in that fluid; the use of water from soils rich in decom-
posing vegetable matter and containing alkaline salts, particularly
nitrites; and the presence in the water and feed of the ptomaines of
bacteria growth; hence the prevalence of “red water” in marshy
districts and on clayey and other impervious soils, and the occurrence
of bloody urine in the advanced stages of several contagious diseases.
Some mineral poisons—such as iodin, arsenic, and phosphorus taken
to excess—may cause hematuria, and finally the symptoms may be
merely the result of a constitutional predisposition of the individual
or family to bleeding. In some predisposed subjects, exposure of
the body to cold or wet will cause the affection.
The specific symptom of bloody or smoky water is a very patent
one. It may or may not be associated with fever, with the presence
or absence of abdominal tenderness on pressure, with a very frothy
state of the milk or even a reddish tinge, with or without marked
paleness of the mucous membranes, and general weakness. When
direct injury to the kidneys is the immediate cause of the disease the
urine will be passed often, in small quantity at a time, and with much
straining. When there is bloodlessness (a watery blood) from in-
sufficient nourishment, fever is absent and the red water is at first
the only symptom. When the active cause has been irritant plants,
abdominal tenderness, colics, and other signs of bowel inflammation
are marked features.
Treatment.—Treatment varies according as the cause has been a
direct irritant operating on a subject in vigorous health or a micro-
bian poison acting on an animal deficient in blood and vigor. In the
first form of red water a smart purgative (1 pound to 14 pounds
Glauber’s salt) will clear away the irritants fron» the bowels and
allay the coexistent high fever. It will also serve to divert to the
DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 119
bowels much of the irritant products already absorbed into the blood
and will thus protect the kidneys. In many such cases a liberal sup-
ply of wholesome, easily digestible feed will be all the additional
treatment required. In this connection demulcent feed (boiled flax-
seed, wheat bran) is especially good. If much blood has been lost,
bitters (gentian, one-half ounce) and iron (sulphate of iron, 2 drams)
should be given for a week.
For cases in which excess of diuretic plants has been taken, it may
be well to replace the salts by 1 to 2 pints of olive oil, adding 1 ounce
of laudanum and 2 drams of gum camphor; also to apply fomenta-
tions or a fresh sheepskin over the loins. Buttermilk or vinegar, one-
half pint, or sulphuric acid, 60 drops in a pint of water, may also be
used frequently as injections. In cases caused by sprained or frac-
tured loins, inflamed kidneys, stone or gravel, the treatment will be
as for the particular disease in question.
In hematuria from anemia (watery blood), whether from insufli-
cient or badly adjusted rations or from the poisonous products of
fermentations in impervious or marshy soils, tlie treatment must be
essentially tonic and stimulating. Rich, abundant, and easily diges-
tible feed must be furnished. The different grains (oats, barley,
wheat, bran, rye) and seeds (rape, linseed, cotton seed) are especially
called for and may be given either ground or boiled. As a bitter,
sulphate of quinin, one-half dram, and tincture of chlorid of iron, 2
drams, may be given in a pint of water thrice a day. In some cases
1 or 2 teaspoonfuls of oil of turpentine twice daily in milk will act
favorably.
In this anemic variety prevention is the great need. The drainage
and cultivation of the dangerous soils is the main object. Until this
can be accomplished young and newly purchased cattle not yet inured
to the poisons must be kept from the dangerous fields and turned on
only those which are already drained naturally or artificially. Fur-
ther, they should have an abundant ration in which the local product
of grass, hay, etc., is supplemented by grain or other seeds. Another
point to be guarded against is the supply of water that has drained
from marshes or impervious soils, rich in organic matter, as such
water is charged with nitrites, ptomaines, etc., which directly conduce
to the disorder. Fence out from all such waters and supply from
living springs or deep wells only.
ALBUMIN IN THE URINE (ALBUMINURIA).
In bloody urine albumin is always present as an important con-
stituent of the blood, and in congested and inflamed kidneys it is
present as a part of the inflammatory exudate. Apart from these,
albumin in the urine represents in different cases a variety of dis-
eased conditions of the kidneys or of distant organs. Among the
120 DISEASES OF CATTLE,
additional causes of albuminuria may be named: (1) An excess of
albumin in the blood (after easy calving with little loss of blood and
before the secretion of milk has been established, or in cases of sud-
den suppression of the secretion of milk); (2) under increase of
blood pressure (after deep drinking, after doses of digitalis or
broom, after transfusion of blood from one animal to another, or in
disease of the heart or lungs causing obstruction to the flow of blood
from the veins); (3) after cutting (or disease) of the motor nerves
of the vessels going to the kidneys, causing congestion of these
organs; (4) violent exertion, hence long drives; the same happens
with violent, muscular spasms, as from strychnia poisoning, lock-
jaw, epilepsy, and convulsions; (5) in most fevers and extensive in-
flammations of important organs, like the lungs or liver, the escape
of the albumin being variously attributed to the high temperature
of the body and disorder of the nerves, and to resulting congestion
and disorder of the secreting cells of the kidneys; (6) in burns and
some other congested states of the skin; (7) under the action of cer-
tain poisons (strong acids, phosphorous, arsenic, Spanish flies, car-
bolic acid, and those inducing bloody urine); (8) in certain con-
ditions of weakness or congestion of the secreting cells of the kidneys,
so that they allow this element of the blood to escape; (9) when the
feed,is entirely wanting in common salt, albumin may appear in the
urine temporarily after a full meal containing an excess of albumin.
Tt can also be produced experimentally by puncturing the back part
of the base of the brain (the floor of the fourth ventricle close to
the point the injury to which causes sugary urine). In abscess,
tumor, or inflammation of the bladder, ureter, or urethra the urine
is albuminous.
It follows, therefore, that albumin in the urine does not indicate
the existence of anv one specific disease, and except when from weak-
ness or loss of function of the kidney cells, it must be looked on as
an attendant on another disease, the true nature of which we must
try to find out. These affections we must exclude one by one until
we are left to assume the noninflammatory disorder of the secreting
cells of the kidney. It is especially important to exclude inflamma-
tion of the kidney, and to do this may require a microscopic exami-
nation of the sediment of the urine and the demonstration of the
entire absence of casts of the uriniferous tubes. (See “ Nephritis,”
pr i2t:)
To detect albumin in the urine, the suspected and frothy liquid
must be rendered sour by adding a few drops of nitric acid and then
boiled in a test tube. If a solid precipitate forms, then a few more
drops of nitric acid should be added, and if the liquid does not clear
it up it is albumin. A precipitate thrown down by boiling and re-
dissolved by nitric acid is probably phosphate of lime.
. DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. Lay
Treatment.—Treatment is usually directed to the disease on which
it is dependent. In the absence of any other recognizable disease,
mucilaginous drinks of boiled flaxseed, slippery elm, or gum may be
given, tannic acid, one-half dram twice daily, and fomentations or
even mustard poultices over the loins. When the disease is chronic
and there is no attendant fever (elevation of temperature), tonics
(hydrochloric acid, 6 drops in a pint of-water; phosphate of iron, 2
drams, or sulphate of quinin, 2 drams, repeated twice daily) may
be used. In all cases the patient should be kept carefully from cold
and wet, a warm, dry shed, or in warm weather a dry, sunny yard
cr pasture being especially desirable.
SUGAR IN URINE (DIABETES MELLITUS).
This is a frequent condition of the urine in parturition fever, but
as a specific disease, associated with deranged liver or brain, it is
practically unknown in cattle. Asa mere attendant on another dis-
ease it demands no special notice here. ;
INFLAMMATION OF THE KIDNEYS (NEPHRITIS).
This has been divided according as it affects the different parts of
the kidneys, as: (1) Its fibrous covering (perinephritis); (2) the
secreting tissue of its outer portion (parenchymatous) ; (8) the cen-
nective tissue (interstitial); (4) the lining membrane of its ducts
(catarrhal) ; and (5) its pelvis or sac receiving the urine (pyelitis).
It has also been distinguished according to the changes that take
place in the kidney, especially as seen after death, according to the
quantity of albumin in the urine, and according as the affection is
acute or chronic. For the purpose of this work it will be convenient
to consider these as one inflammatory disease, making a distinction
merely between the acute and the chronic or of long standing.
The causes are in the main like those causing bloody urine, such
as irritant and diuretic plants, Spanish flies applied as a blister or
otherwise, exposure to cold and wet, the presence of stone or gravel
in the kidneys, injuries to the back or loins, as by riding one another,
the drinking of alkaline or selenitious water, the use of putrid, stag-
nant water, of that containing bacteria and their products, the con-
sumption of musty fodder, etc. (See “ Hematuria,” p. 117.)
The length of the loins in cattle predisposes these parts to mechani-
eal injury, and in the lean and especially in the thin, working ox the
kidney is very liable to suffer. In the absence of an abundance
of loose, connective tissue and of fat, the kidneys lie in close contact
with the muscles of the loins, and any injury to them may tend to
stretch the kidney and its vessels, or to cause its inflammation by
direct extension of the disease from the injured muscle to the adja-
cent kidney. Thus, under unusually heavy draft, under slips or
122 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
falls on slippery ground, under sudden unexpected drooping or
twisting of the loins from missteps or from the feet sinking into
holes, under the loading and jarring of the loins when animals ride
one another in cases of “ heat,” the kidneys are subject to injury and
inflammation. A hard run, as when chased by a dog, may be the
occasion of such an attack. A fodder rich in nitrogenous or flesh-
forming elements (beans, peas, vetches (Vicia sativa), and other
leguminous plants) has been charged with irritating the kidneys
through the excess of urea, hippuric aeid, and allied products elimi-
nated through these organs and the tendency to the formation of
gravel. It seems, however, that these feeds are most dangerous when
partially ripened and yet not fully matured, a stage of growth at
which they are liable to contain ingredients irritating to the stomach
and poisonous to the brain, as seen in their inducing so-called “ stom-
ach staggers.” Even in the poisoning by the seeds of ripened
but only partially cured rye grass (Loliwm perenne), and darnel
(Lolium temulentum), the kidneys are found violently congested
with black blood; also, in the indigestions that result from the eating
of partially ripened corn or millet some congestion of the kidneys
is an attendant phenomenon.
Cruzel says that the disease as occurring locally is usually not
ulone from the acrid and resinous plants charged with inducing
hematuria, but also from stinking camomile (Anthemis cotula) and
field poppy when used in the fresh, succulent condition ; also from the
great prevalence of dead caterpillars on the pasture, or from dead
Spanish flies in the stagnant pools of water. The fresh plants are
believed to be injurious only by reason of a volatile oil which is dis-
sipated in drying. In the case of the stagnant water it may be ques-
tioned whether the chemical products of the contained ferments
(bacteria) are not more frequently the cause of the evil than the
alleged Spanish flies, though the latter are hurtful enough when
present.
Inflammation of the kidneys may further be a form or an exten-
sion of a specific contagious disease, such as erysipelas, rinderpest,
septicemia, or even of poisoning by the spores of fungi. Rivolta
reports the case of a cow with spots of local congestion and blood
staining in the kidney, the affected parts being loaded with bac-
teria. Unfortunately he neither cultivated the bacteria nor inocu-
lated them, and thus the case stands without positive demonstration
that they were the cause of disease.
In certain cases the symptoms of nephritis are very manifest, and
in others so hidden that the existence of the affection can be certainly
recognized only by a microscopic examination of the urine. In vio-
lent cases there is high fever, increase of the body temperature to
103° F. and upward; hurried breathing, with a catching inspiration;
DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 123
accelerated pulse; dry, hot muzzle; burning of the roots of the horns
and ears; loss of appetite; suspended rumination; and indications of
extreme sensitiveness in the loins. The patient stands with back
arched and hind legs extended backward and outward, and passes
water frequently, in driblets, of a high color and specific gravity, con-
taining albumin and microscopic casts. (Pl. XI, fig.5). When made
to move, the patient does so with hesitation and groaning, espe-
cially if turned in a narrow circle; when pinched on the flank just
beneath the lateral bony processes of the loins, especially on that
side on which the disease predominates, it flinches and groans. If
the examination is made with oiled hand introduced through the
last gut (rectum), the pressure upward on the kidneys gives rise to
great pain and to efforts to escape by moving away and by active
contractions of the rectum for the expulsion of the hand. Some-
times there is a distinct swelling over the loins or quarter on one or
both sides. In uncastrated males the testicle on the affected side is
drawn up, or is alternately raised and dropped. In all there is a
liability to tremors of the thigh on the side affected.
In some severe cases colicky pains are as violent as in the worst
forms of indigestion and spasms of the bowels. The animal fre-
quently shifts from one hind foot to the other, stamps, kicks at the
belly, frequently looks anxiously at its flank, moans plaintively, lies
down and quickly gets up again, grinds its teeth, twists its tail, and
keeps the back habitually arched and rigid and the hind feet ad-
vanced under the belly. The bowels may be costive and the feces
glistening with a coat of mucus, or they may be loose and irritable,
and the paunch or even the bowels may become distended with gas
(bloating) as the result of indigestion and fermentation. In some
animals, male and female alike, the rigid, arched condition of the
back will give way to such undulating movements as are sometimes
seen in the act of coition.
The disease does not always appear in its full severity; for a day,
or even two, however, there may be merely loss of appetite, impaired
rumination, a disposition to remain lying down, yet when the patient
is raised it manifests suffering by anxiously looking at the flanks,
shifting or stamping of the hind feet, shaking of the tail, and at-
tempts to urinate, which are either fruitless or lead to the discharge
of a small quantity of high-colored or perhaps bloody urine.
In some recent slight cases, and in many chronic ones, these symp-
toms may be absent or unobserved, and an examination of the urine
is necessary to reach a safe conclusion. The urine may contain
blood, or it may be cloudy from contained albumin, which coagulates
on heating with nitric acid (see “Albuminuria,” p. 119); it may be
slightly glairy from pus, or gritty particles may be detected in it. In
seeking for casts of the uriniferous tubes, a drop may be taken with a
124 DISEASES OF CATTLE,
fine tube from the bottom of the liquid after standing, and examined
under a power magnifying 50 diameters. If the fine, cylindroid fila-
ments are seen they may then be examined with a power of 200 or
250 diameters. (Pl. XI, fig. 5.) The appearance of the casts gives
some clue to the condition of the kidneys. If made up of large,
rounded or slightly columnar cells, with a single nucleus in each cell
(epithelial), they imply comparatively slight and recent disease of
the kidney tubes, the detachment of the epithelium being like what
is seen in any inflamed mucous surface. If made up largely of the
small, disk-shaped and nonnucleated red-blood globules, they imply
escape of blood, and usually a recent injury or congestion of the
kidney—it may be from sprains, blows, or the ingestion of acrid or
diuretic poisons. If the casts are made of a clear, waxy, homo-
geneous substance (hyaline), without any admixture of opaque par-
ticles, they imply an inflammation of longer standing, in which the
inflamed kidney tubules have been already stripped of their cellular
(epithelial) lining. If the casts are rendered opaque by the presence
of minute, spherical granular cells, like white-blood globules, it be-
tokens active suppuration of the kidney tubes. In other cases the
casts are rendered opaque by entangled earthy granules (carbonate of
lime), or crystals of some other urinary salts. In still other cases
the casts entangle clear, refrangent globules of oil or fat, which may
imply fatty degeneration of the kidneys or injury to the spinal cord.
The presence of free pus giving a glairy, flocculent appearance to the
urine is suggestive of inflammation of the urinary pouch at the com-
mencement of the excretory duct (pelvis of kidney) (Pl. IX, fig. 1),
especially if complicated with gritty particles of earthy salts. This
condition is known as pyelitis. In the chronic cases swelling of the
legs or along the lower surface of chest or abdomen, or within these
respective cavities, is a common symptom. So, also, stupor or coma,
or even convulsions, may supervene from the poisonous action of
urea and other waste or morbid products retained in the blood.
Treatment.—In the treatment of acute nephritis the first consid-
eration is the removal of the cause. Acrid or diuretic plants in the
feed must be removed, and what of this kind is present in the stom-
ach or bowels may be cleared away by a moderate dose of castor or
olive oil; extensive surfaces of inflammation that have been blistered
by Spanish flies must be washed clean with soapsuds; sprains of the
back or loins must be treated by soothing fomentations or poultices
or by a fresh sheepskin with its fleshy side applied on the loins, and
the patient must be kept in a narrow stall in which it can not turn
even its head. The patient must be kept in a warm, dry building,
so that the skin may be kept active rather than the kidneys. Warm
blanketing is equally important, or even mustard poultices over the
loins will be useful. Blisters of Spanish flies, turpentine, or other
DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 125
agent which may be absorbed and irritate the kidneys must be
avoided. The active fever may be checked by 15 drops tincture of
aconite every four hours or by one-third ounce of acetanilid. If pain
is very acute, 1 ounce of laudanum or 2 drams of solid extract of
belladonna will serve to relieve. When the severity of the disease has
passed, a course of tonics (quinin, 2 drams, or gentian powder, 4
drams, daily) may be given. Diuretics, too, may be given cautiously
at this advanced stage to relieve dropsy and give tone to the kidneys
and general system (oil of turpentine, 2 teaspoonfuls; bicarbonate
of soda, 1 teaspoonful, repeated twice a day). Pure water is essen-
tial, and it should not be given chilled; warm drinks are preferable.
In the chronic forms of kidney inflammation the same protection
against cold and similar general treatment are demanded. Tonics,
however, are important to improve the general health (phosphate of
iron, 2 drams; powdered nux vomica, 20 grains; powdered gentian
root, 4 drams, daily). In some instances the mineral acids (nitric
acid, 60 drops, or nitrohydrochloric acid, 60 drops, daily) may be
used with the bitters. Mustard applied to the loins in the form of
a thin pulp made with water and covered for an hour with paper or
other impervious envelope, or water hotter than the hand can bear, or
cupping, may be resorted to as a counterirritant. In cupping, shave
the loins, smear them with lard, then take a narrow-mouthed glass,
expand the air within by smearing its interior with a few drops of
alcohol, setting it on fire and instantly pressing the mouth of the
vessel to the oiled portion of the skin. As the air within the vessel
cools it contracts, tending to form a partial vacuum, and the skin,
charged with blood, is strongly drawn up within it. Several of these
being applied at once, a strong derivation from the affected kidneys
is obtained. In no case of inflamed or irritable kidney should Span-
ish flies or oil of turpentine be used upon the skin.
PARASITES OF THE KIDNEY.
As the kidney is the usual channel by which the bacteria leave the
system, this organ is liable to be implicated when microphytes exist
in the blood, and congestions and blood extravasions are produced.
In anthrax, southern cattle fever (Texas fever), and other such
affections bloody urine is the consequence. Of the larger parasites
attacking the kidney may be specially named the cystic form of the
echinococcus tapeworm of the dog, the cystic form of the unarmed or
beef tapeworm of man, the diving bladderworm—the cystic form of
the marginate tapeworm of the dog, and the giant strongyle—the
largest of the roundworms. These give rise to general symptoms of
kidney disease, but the true source of the trouble is likely to be de-
tected only if the heads or hooklets of the tapeworm or the eggs of
the roundworm are found on microscopical examination of the urine.
126 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
TUMORS OF THE KIDNEY (HYPERTROPHY OR ATROPHY).
The kidney may be the seat of cancerous or simple tumors, and it
may be unnaturally enlarged or reduced in size, but though there may
be signs of urinary disorder the true nature of the disease is seldom
manifest until after death. The passing of blood and of large multi-
nucleated cells in the urine (to be detected under the microscope)
may betray the existence of an ulcerated cancer of the kidney. The
presence of cancerous enlargement of (superficial) lymphatic glands
may further assist and confirm the decision.
RETENTION OF URINE.
Inability to pass urine may come from any one of three condi-
tions—first, spasm of the neck of the bladder; second, paralysis of
the body of the bladder; third, obstruction of the channel of outlet
by a stone (calculus) (see Pl. XI) or other obstacle.
In spasm of the neck of the bladder the male animal may stand
with the tail slightly raised and making rhythmical contractions of
the muscle beneath the anus (accelerator urine) (see Pl. IX, fig. 2),
but without passing a drop of liquid. In the female the hind legs
are extended, widely parted, and the back is arched as if to urinate,
but the effort is vain. If the oiled hand is introduced into the rectum
or vagina in the early stages of the affection, the bladder may be felt
beneath partially filled, but not overdistended with liquid, and its
neck or mouth firm and rigid. In the more advanced stages of the
affection the organ is felt as a great, tense, elastic bag, extending
forward into the abdomen. In this condition the overdistended mus-
cular coat of the bladder has lost its power of contraction, so that
true paralysis has set in, the muscle closing the mouth of the sac
alone retaining its contractile power.
In paralysis of the body of the bladder attention is rarely drawn to
the urinary disorder until the bladder has been distended to full
repletion and is almost ready to give way by rupture and to allow
the escape of the contained liquid into the abdomen. Overdistention
is the most common cause of the paralysis, yet it may occur from in-
flammation of the muscular wall of the bladder, or even from injury
to the terminal part of the spinal marrow. In this last condition,
however, the tail is lable to be powerless, and the neck of the blad-
der may also be paralyzed, so that the urine dribbles away continu-
ously.
Causes—Among the causes of spasm of the neck of the bladder
may be named the lodgment of small stones or gravel, the feeding on
irritant diuretics (see “ Bloody urine,” p. 117, or “ Nephritis,” p. 121),
the enforced retention of urine while at work or during a painful or
difficult parturition. The irritation attendant on inflammation of the
DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 127
mucous membrane of the bladder may be a further cause of spasms of
- the neck, as may also be inflammation of the channel (urethra) back
of the neck. Extensive applications of Spanish flies to the skin, the
abuse of diuretics, and the occurrence of indigestion and spasms of
the bowels are further causes. So long as spasmodic colic is unre-
lieved, retention of water from spasm of the neck of the bladder
usually persists.
Treatment.—Treatment depends largely on the cause. In indi-
gestion the irritant contents of the bowels must be got rid of by
laxatives and injections of warm water; Spanish-fly blisters must be
washed from the surface; a prolonged and too active exertion must
be intermitted. The spasm may be relaxed by injecting one-half
ounce of solid extract of belladonna in water into the rectum or by a
solution of tobacco. Chloroform or ether may be given by inhalation,
or chloral hydrate (1 ounce) may be given in water by the mouth.
Fomentations of warm water may be made over the loins and between
the thighs, and the oiled hand inserted into the rectum may press
moderately on the anterior part of the bladder, which can be felt as
an elastic fluctuating bag of an oval shape just beneath.
All other measures failing, the liquid must be drawn off through a
tube (catheter). This is, however, exceedingly difficult, alike in male
and female, and we can not expect an amateur to succeed in accom-
plishing it. In the cow the opening into the bladder is found in the
median line of the floor of the generative entrance, about 4 inches in
front of the external opening, but it is flanked on either side by a
blind pouch, into which the catheter will pass, in ninety-nine cases
out of a hundred, in the hands of any but the most skilled operator.
In the bull or steer the penis, when retracted into its sheath, is bent
upon itself like the letter S, just above the scrotum and testicles (see
Pl. IX, fig. 2), and unless this bend is effaced by extending the organ
forward out of its sheath it is quite impossible to pass a catheter
beyond this point. When, however, by the presentation of a female,
the animal can be tempted to protrude the penis, so that it can be
seized and extended, or when it can be manipulated forward out of
_ the sheath, it becomes possible to pass a catheter of small caliber
(one-third inch or under) onward into the bladder. Youatt advised
laying open the sheath so as to reach and extend the penis, and others
have advocated opening the uretha in the space between the thighs
or just beneath the anus, but such formidable operations are beyond
the stock owner. The incision of the narrow uretha through the great
thickness of muscular and erectile bleeding tissue just beneath the
anus is especially an operation of extreme delicacy and difficulty.
Drawing the liquid through the tube of an aspirator is another
possible resort for the professional man. The delicate needle of the
aspirator is inserted in such cases through the floor of the vagina and
128 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
upper wall of the bladder in the female, or through the floor of the
rectum (last gut) and roof of the bladder in the male, or finally -
through the lower and back part of the abdominal wall, just in front
of the bones of the pelvis (pubic bones), thence through the lower
and anterior part of the bladder near its blind anterior end. After
relief has been obtained the administration of belladonna in 2-dram
doses daily for several days will tend to prevent a recurrence of the
retention.
When the body of the bladder has become benumbed or paralyzed
by overdistention, we may seek to restore its tone by doses of one-
half a dram of powdered nux vomica repeated daily, and by mus-
tard plaster applied over the loins, on the back part of the belly
inferiorly, or between the thighs. Small doses (2 drams) of balsam
of copaiba are sometimes useful in imparting tone to the partly
paralyzed organ.
INCONTINENCE OF URINE (PALSY OF THE NECK OF THE
BLADDER).
This may occur from disease or injury to the posterior part of the
spinal cord or from broken.back, and in these cases the tail, and per-
haps the hind limbs, are liable to be paralyzed. In this case the urine
dribbles away constantly, and the oiled hand in the vagina or rectum
will feel the half-filled and flaccid bladder beneath and may easily
empty it by pressure.
Treatment.—Treatment is only successful when the cause of the
trouble can be remedied. After these (sprains of the back, etc.) have
recovered, blisters (mustard) on the loins, the lower part of the
abdomen, or between the thighs may be resorted to with success.
Two drams of copaiba or of solid extract of belladonna or 2 grains
Spanish flies daily may serve to restore the lost tone. These failing,
the use of electric currents may still prove successful.
URINARY CALCULI (STONE OR GRAVEL).
Stone or gravel consists of hard bodies mainly made up of the solid
earthy constituents of the urine which have crystallized out of that
liquid at some part of the urinary passage, and have remained as
small particles (gravel), or have concreted into large masses (stone,
calculus). (See Pl. XI, figs. 1, 2, 3.) In cattle it is no uncommon
thing to find them distending the practically microscopic tubes in
the red substance of the kidney, having been deposited from the
urine in the solid form almost as soon as that liquid has been
separated from the blood. These stones appear as white objects
on the red ground formed by cutting sections of the kidney, and
are essentially products of the dry feed of winter, and are most
a
DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 129
common in working oxen, which are called upon to exhale more
water from the lungs and skin than are the slop-fed and inactive
cows. Little water being introduced into the body with the feed
and considerable being expelled with the breath and perspiration
in connection with the active life, the urine becomes small in
amount, but having to carry out all waste material from the tissues
and the tissue-forming feed it becomes so charged with solids that
it is ready to deposit them on the slightest disturbance. If, there-
fore, a little of the water of such concentrated urine is reabsorbed at
any point of the urinary passages the remainder is no longer able
to hold the solids in solution, and they are at once precipitated in
the solid form as gravel or commencing stone. In cattle, on the
other hand, which are kept at pasture in summer, or which are fed
liberally on roots, potatoes, pumpkins, apples, or ensilage in winter,
this concentrated condition of the urine is not induced, and under
such circumstances, therefore, the formation of stone is practically
unknown. Nothing more need be said to show the controlling influ-
ence of dry feeding in producing gravel and of a watery ration in
preventing it. Calculus in cattle is essentially a disease of winter
and of such cattle as are denied succulent feed and are confined to
dry fodder as their exclusive ration. While there are exceptions,
they are so rare that they do not invalidate this general rule. It
is true that stone in the kidney or bladder is often found in the
summer or in animals feeding at the time on a more or less succu-
lent ration, yet such masses usually date back to a former period
when the animals were restricted to a dry ration. ;
In this connection is should be noted that a great drain of water
from the system by any other channel than the kidneys predisposes
to the production of gravel or stone. In case of profuse diarrhea,
for example, or of excessive secretion of milk, there is a correspond-
ing diminution of the water of the blood, and as the whole quan-
tity of the blood is thus decreased and as the urine secreted is
largely influenced by the fullness of the blood vessels and the pres-
sure exerted upon their walls from within, it follows that with this
decrease of the mass of the blood and the lessening of its pressure
outward there will be a corresponding decrease of urine. The waste
. of the tissues, however, goes on as before, and if the waste matter is
passed out through the kidneys it must be in a more concentrated
solution, and the more concentrated the urine the greater the danger
that the solids will be deposited as small crystals or calculi.
Again, the concentrated condition of the urine which predisposes
to such deposits is favored by the quantity of lime salts that may be
present in the water drunk by the animal. Water that contains 20
or 30 grains of carbonate or sulphate of lime to the gallon must con-
33071°—16——9
130 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
tribute a large addition of solids to the blood and urine as compared
with soft waters from which lime is absent. In this connection it is
a remarkable fact that stone and gravel in the domesticated herbivora
are notoriously prevalent on many limestone soils, as on the limestone
formations of central and western New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio,
and Michigan; on the calcareous formations of Norfolk, Suffolk, Der-
byshire, Shropshire, and Gloucestershire, in England; in Landes in
France, and around Munich in Bavaria. It does not follow that the
abundance of lime in the water and fodder is the main cause of the
calculi, as other poisons which are operative in the same districts
in causing goiter in both man and animal probably contribute to the
trouble, yet the excess of earthy salts in the drinking water can
hardly fail to add to the saturation of both blood and urine, and
thereby to favor the preciptation of the urinary solids from their
state of solution.
The known results of feeding cattle a generous or forcing ration
in which phosphate of lime is present to excess adds additional force
to the view just advanced. In the writer’s experience, the Second
Duke of Oneida, a magnificent product of his world-famed family,
died as the result of a too liberal allowance of wheat bran, fed with
the view of still further improving the bone and general form of
the Duchess strain of Shorthorns. Lithotomy was performed and
a number of stones removed from the bladder and urethra, but the
patient succumbed to an inflammation of the bowels, induced by the
violent purgatives given before the writer arrived, under the mis-
taken idea that the straining had been caused by intestinal impac-
tion. In this case not only the Second Duke of Oneida, but the other
males of the herd as well, had the tufts of hairs at the outlet of the
sheath encased in hard, cylindroid sheaths of urinary salts, pre-
cipitated from the liquid as it ran over them. The tufts were in
reality resolved into a series of hard, rollerlike bodies, more or less
constricted at intervals, as if beaded.
When it is stated that the ash of the whole grain of wheat is but 3
per cent, while the ash of wheat bran is 7.3 per cent, and that in the
case of the former 46.38 per cent of the ash is phosphoric acid, and in
that of the latter 50 per cent, it can easily be understood how a too
liberal use of wheat bran should prove dangerous if fed dry. The
following table shows the relative proportion of ash and phosphoric
acid in wheat bran and in some common farm seeds:
DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 131
Ash and phosphoric acid in bran and some common farm seeds.
Phosphoric Phosphoric
Kind of grain. acid in ash. er ENE
Per cent. Per cent. Per cent.
\ETIALOTR USO etniania Mellel an aaa apap, Series oe Sea Sek ated Simatic 7.3 50 3.65
Nuttonit prime ee eee ny APES OT Le cer Lr ts 3 46.38 1.3914
CHET Seep er Ree ee a a ee a ee ee 2.50 26.5 . 6625
Tali er Tite a ae a a ee Eee Rema Pe CORRES Se 3.10 39.6 1. 2276
EPPA e MEE asc cie esis aa chasm. c afin sain s wine hoe sie See bates aes es Sod 3.10 31.9 . 9864
Peas, grain...... MU Ra Ai TO oT ROBY a. J 2.75 34.8 .957
einer AREA Hy 0 Seba oe as Berges 2 in Bee’ bby Spaced ba cepted or 3 36.2 1,056
ULE Caf ea Se 5,8 RO Pao) api coats. sul = secee SS
BEIM MEE Iter me tet eee os Sei ca sae ste oie ita Sane aie ees 1.6 39.9 . 6384
Wheat bran, it will be observed, contains three times as much
phosphoric acid as is found in any of the other grains, and four
times as much as oats, beans, peas, or rye; so that if fed in excess it
will readily overcharge the urine with phosphates.
There is another point to be considered, however, in estimating
this danger. Wheat bran contains a far greater quantity of albu-
minoids and other nitrogen-containing constituents than the common
grains (these being made up mainly of starch, which contains no
nitrogen) ; and, all nitrogen-bearing products contained in the blood
and tissues being expelled from the body mainly through the kidneys
in the form of urea and (in cattle) hippuric acid, it follows that the
excess of urea formed when such feed is consumed must load the
urine with solids and bring it constantly nearer to the point of satu-
ration, when such solids (or the least soluble of them) must be
deposited.
‘The following table will show the relative amounts of the nitrogen-
bearing products in wheat bran and some of our common grains:
Nitrogenous matter in wheat bran and some common farm grains.
Albumi- Woody fiber Total nitrog-
Kind of grain. ares Giepee pari
nous). s uents.
Per cent..| Per cent. Per cent.
OTL | CAG 0 So le Sa peers ie MM eh el Ae coma Tern 16.1 8 24.1
Wheat, grain 12.5 1.8 14.3
Barley, grain 12. 4 2.7 15.1
Cre a ee See 2p ae ros ca, at poll se eee serie 11.8 9.5 21.3
LE eas Eab iil seb geile Sea I pete tens ial oe) yt oho de Sah ees. 10.6 iri 12.3
PROPEL 2 Ce ta). SPORES 18 S82) Sa. SSeS ee. 10.1 1.7 11.8
It will be observed that, with the exception of oats, none of the
grains contain more than two-thirds of the nitrogenous material
132 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
present in the wheat bran, while in the case of rye and maize there is
practically but one-half. Even in the case of oats the albuminoids,
which are the more digestible principles, and therefore those that
are the most easily and speedily converted into urea, are present only
to the amount of two-thirds of that which exists in the wheat bran. —
With such an excess of ash, of phosphates, and of nitrogenous (urea-
forming) constituents in wheat bran, its tendency to favor the forma-
tion of calculi is fully explained. It must not, however, be inferred
that wheat bran is not a valuable feedstuff. The inference is only
that it should be fed with an abundance of water, as a sloppy mash,
or in combination with an abundance of roots, potatoes, pumpkins,
or other succulent aliment.
In this connection the presence of magnesia in the feed or water
must be named as favoring calculous formations in the urinary pas-
sages. The explanation is that while the phosphate of magnesia
thrown out in the urine is soluble in water, the compound phosphate
of ammonia and magnesia is insoluble, and, accordingly, if at any
‘time ammonia is introduced into urine containing the phosphate of
magnesia there is instantly formed the ammonio-magnesium phos-
phate, which is as promptly deposited in the solid form. The com-
mon source of ammonia in such cases is from decomposition of the
urea in fermenting urine. In order to produce this a ferment is nec-
essary, however, and therefore, as an additional prerequisite, the
presence of bacteria, or fungi, in the urine is essential. These fer-
ments may make their way from without along the urinary passage
(urethra), and their propagation in the bladder is greatly favored by
the prolonged retention of urine, as in case of spasm of the neck of
the bladder or obstruction by an already existing stone. Another
mode of entrance of the ferment is an unclean catheter used to draw
the urine. Still another is the elimination through the kidneys of
the bacteria of infectious diseases, or of such as, without producing
a general infection, yet determine fermentation in the urine. The
precipitation is favored not only by the production of ammonia, but
also by the formation of viscid (colloid) products of fermentation.
In this sense bacteria are most important factors in causing gritty
deposits in the urine.
Another insoluble salt which enters largely into the composition of
many urinary calculi of the ox is carbonate of lime. This is derived
mainly from the lime in the feed and water and from the carbon
dioxid formed by the oxidation of the organic acids in the fodder.
These organic acids, being composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
(without nitrogen), are resolved by the addition of oxygen into
carbon dioxid (CO,) and water (H,O). The carbon dioxid unites
with the lime in the blood to form carbonate of lime, and in this
state passes into the urine. Now, carbonate of lime is soluble in
DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 135
water containing free or uncombined carbon dioxid, but is precipitated
whenever the latter is withdrawn. It is only necessary, therefore,
to have in the urine sufficient lime or other available base to unite
with all the free carbon dioxid in order to bring about the precipi-
tation of the dissolved carbonate of lime in the solid, crystallized
form; hence it is that, of all sediments in the urine of herbivora,
this is the most frequent and usually the most abundant.
A less common constituent of urinary calculi is the insoluble oxalate
of lime. In this case the lime is derived as before from the feed or
water, or both, while the oxalic acid is a product of the oxidation of
organic acids of the feed, less oxygen having been used than in the
formation of carbon dioxid. The final product of the complete
oxidation of these acids is carbon dioxid, but when less oxygen is
furnished, owing to some disease of the lungs or a disease of the nerve
centers, which lessens the activity of the breathing, then oxalic acid
may be produced. If this oxalic acid comes into contact with lime,
it is instantly precipitated as crystals of oxalate of lime.
Another inorganic substance at times found in urinary calculi is
silica) (SiO,). This contributes largely to giving stiffness to the
stems of growing plants, and in most of our cereals and grasses makes
up a large proportion of the ashes of the burned plant. It is found in
the soluble form in combination as silicate of potash, but at times is
displaced by oxalic or other acid and then appears as gritty, sandy
particles in the stem. This gritty, insoluble silica is especially notice-
able among the horsetails (H'quisetwcew), bamboos, and sedges. The
per cent of silica in the ash of several common fodder plants is given
below:
Silica in ash of various fodder plants.
Ash of— Silica. Ash of— Silica.
Per cent. Per cent.
Wrheatetraw. 260722262 2520 re... 67564) Rye-prass hay 2 SU Le See ee. . est ee, s 64. 57
Oatsand husk. pes s-+ oo). baestelest ss S8.6all Wihéab chatty - deco it atoms d presto eee. 81.2
“DS ig eee ee Ce Geese Beee eee eee Soe All | Oateh Bile ie eos ire pay ne ates 59.9
PETRIE VARMA ogc sige ae os ew tee oe = oe (dod) DAICY aWikoe ao aces = ten eee sa oe ea 70.7
Hiyostlaw toute Le be cas S AAS 64.4
It is only soluble silica that is taken up into the system, and it
is in this form (usually as silicate of potash or soda) that it enters
the urine, but all that is wanted to precipitate it in crystalline form
as a gritty sand is the presence of oxalic or other acid having a
stronger affinity for its base (potash or soda).
Other conditions, however, enter largely into the causation of
stone, or gravel. A high density of urine resulting from a highly
saturated condition is often present for a length of time without
134 DISEASES OF CATTLE,
any precipitation of solid materials. Urea and carbonates may be
present in excess, the feed may be given dry, and drinking water
may be deficient in quantity without any deposition of stone or
gravel. In such cases, the presence of noncrystalline organic matter
in the urine becomes an exciting cause. Rainey and Ord have
shown experimentally that colloid (noncrystallizable) bodies like
mucus, epithelial cells, albumin, pus, blood, hyaline casts of the
kidney tubes, etc., not only determine the precipitation of crystal-
lizable salts from a strong solution, but they determine the precipi-
tation in the form of globular masses, or minute spheres, which, ©
by further similar accessions, become stones, or calculi, of various
sizes. The salts that are deposited by mere chemical reaction with-
out the intervention of colloids appear in the form of sharply defined
angular crystals, and hence the rough, jagged crystals of oxalate of
lime or ammonia-magnesium phosphate. Heat intensifies the action
of the colloids in causing precipitation of the dissolved salts, so that
the temperature of the kidneys and bladder constitute favorable
conditions. Colloids that are undergoing decomposition are also
specially powerful, so that the presence of bacteria or fungi causing
fermentation is an important factor.
In looking, therefore, for the immediate causes of urinary calculi
we must accord a high place to all those conditions which determine
the presence of excess of mucus, albumin, pus, blood, kidney casts,
blood-coloring matter, etc., in the urine. A catarrhal inflammation
of the pelvis of the kidney, of the ureter, or of the bladder, generat-
ing excess of mucus or pus; inflammation of the kidneys, causing
the discharge of blood, albumin, or hyaline casts into the urinary
passages; inflammation of the liver, lungs, or other distant organ,
resulting in the escape of albumin in the urine; disorders of the
liver or of the blood-forming functions, resulting in hematuria or
hemoglobinuria; sprains or other injuries to the back, or disease
of the spinal marrow, which cause the escape of blood with the
urine; the presence in the bladder of a bacterial ferment, which
determines the decomposition of the mucus and urea, the evolution
of ammonia and the consequent destruction of the protecting cel-
lular (epithelia) lining of the bladder, or the irritation caused by
the presence of an already formed calculus, may produce the colloid
or uncrystallizable body that proves so effective in the precipitation
of stone or gravel. It has long been known that calculi almost in-
variably form around any foreign body introduced into the kidney
or bladder, and I have seen a large, calculous mass surrounding a
splinter of an arrow that had penetrated and broken off in the body
of a deer. The explanation is now satisfactory—the foreign body
carries in with it bacteria, which act as ferments upon the urine
DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 135
and mucus in addition to the mechanical injury caused by its pres-
ence. If such a body has been introduced through the solid tissues,
there is, in addition, the presence of the blood and lymph derived
from the wounded structures.
CLASSIFICATION OF URINARY CALCULI.
Urinary calculi are most conveniently divided according to the
locality in which they are found. Thus we find first renal calculi,
formed in the kidney (Pl. XI, fig. 1), and which for cattle must be
again divided into calculi of the uriniferous tubes and calculi of the
pelvis. The second class are named ureteral calculi because they are
found in the duct leading from the kidney to the bladder (ureter).
The third class are the vesical calculi, from the bladder or vesicle in
which they are found. The fourth class are the urethral calculi, and
ure found in the duct leading outward from the bladder through
the penis (urethra). The fifth and last class are the preputial cal-
culi, since they are found within the sheath of the penis (prepuce).
Calculi may also be classed according to their chemical composition
and this has the advantage of suggesting the special cause of each as
found in the feed, water, soil, or general conditions of health. This
classification affords no guide to their location or symptoms, as cal-
culi of the same chemical composition may be formed at any part of
the urinary passages, as those formed in the kidney may pass on
through all the various passages outward, unless it is found at any
' point of their progress that they have grown so large that the passage
will not admit them. The following are among the concretions found
in the various parts:
(1) Coralline caleuli.—These are of a dull-white color and irregu-
lar surface, like coral. They are made up of hard and resistant lay-
ers evenly deposited around a central nucleus. (Pl. XI, fig. 3.)
Their specific gravity is 1,760, water being 1,000, and they contain
74 per cent of carbonate of lime with some carbonate of magnesia,
erganic matter, and a trace of carbonate of iron. Yellowish-white,
smooth, round calculi of the same chemical composition are met with.
(2) Pearly calculi.—These are more frequent than the first-named
variety. They are very hard and smooth on the surface, reflecting a
play of various colors after the fashion of a pearl. This peculiarity
appears to be caused by the thinness and semitransparency of the
supposed layers. They have a specific gravity of 2,109 to 2,351, and
nearly the same chemical composition as the coralline variety. Gold-
ing Bird found a specimen of this kind formed of carbonate of lime
and organic matter only.
(3) Green calculi (metalloid calculi) —These are usually small and
numerous, as they are exceedingly common. They are of a very hard
136 DISEASES OF CATTLE,
consistency, and have a clear-polished, greenish surface of almost
metallic brilliancy. They have a specific gravity of 2.301 and a com-
position almost identical with the second variety.
(4) White calcult—Pure white, smooth, lustrous calculi are rare.
They have a specific gravity of 2.307, and contain as much as 92 per
cent of carbonate of lime with carbonate of magnesia and organic
matter.
(5) Ammonio-magnesium calculi—These are of a grayish color
and a very rough, crystalline surface, which proves very irritating to
the mucous membrane. They have a specific gravity of 1.109 to
1.637, and are composed chiefly of ammonio-magnesium phosphate,
oxalate of lime, and organic matter, with a little carbonate of lime
and magnesia.
(6) Stliceous calculi—These are clear, smooth, and hard, and usu-
ally spherical. They have a specific gravity of 1.265 to 1.376, and
contain 57 per cent of silica with carbonates of iron and magnesia,
organic matter, and traces of iron. In other specimens of siliceous
calculi there was a specific gravity of 3.122, and there was 79 to 85
per cent of carbonate of lime together with carbonate of magnesia,
and iron, silica, and organic matter. Others are almost exclusively
made of silica.
(7) Oxalate of lime calculi (mulberry calculi) (Pl. XI, fig. 2).—
These are characterized by their extremely rough, angular surface,
formed by the octahedral crystals of oxalate of lime. Their specific
gravity may be 3.441, and they contain oxalate of lime to the extent of
81 per cent, together with carbonates of lime and magnesia and
organic matter.
(8) Gravel (pultaceous deposits) —Simple crystals may be met
with at any point from the kidneys to the external opening at the-
end of the prepuce (sheath), and they may appear singly, as crys-
tals, or they may accumulate in masses of fine spherical crystals
almost like dirty powdered chalk suspended in water. In the ox
this is especially common as a collection in the sheath, distending
that into a soft, doughy swelling.
FORMS OF CALCULI IN DIFFERENT SITUATIONS.
Apart from the rough crystalline surfaces of the calculi of oxalate
of lime and ammonio-magnesium phosphate, the general tendency is
to a smooth, round outline. At times, however, they show more or
less flattening with rounded angular edges, caused by the contact
and mutual friction of two calculi. Sometimes two or more stones
lying together become united into one by a new external deposit,
and the resulting mass then shows rounded swellings on opposite
sides. The large calculi occupying the pelvis of the kidneys usually
show a central part having the outline of the main cavity of the
DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 137
pelvis and two or more projections that have been molded into the
corresponding branches or channels which lead to corresponding
lobes of the kidney. In winter and spring small concretions in the
form of plates are often met with in the branches of the pelvis, hav-
ing been formed and molded in the confined space between the pro-
jecting papilla and the surrounding cuplike branch of the pelvis.
Finally, the pulplike deposits in the sheath and elsewhere are made
up of globular masses, individually so small as to be often practically
microscopic.
STONE IN THE KIDNEY (RENAL CALCULI).
[Pl. XI, fig. 1.]
In an animal leading the quiet, uneventful life of the ox, stones of
large size may be present in the kidney without producing any dis-
order appreciable to the people about him. In cattle fattened on dry
feed in winter, on the magnesian limestone of New York, it is excep-
tional to find the substance of the kidney free from calculi about the
size of a grain of wheat or less, and standing out as white objects in
the general red of the cut surface of the organ. Similarly around
the papille in the cuplike arms of the pelvis we find minute, flat-
tened or more or less rounded, yellowish-white concretions. Even
the large concretions may prove apparently harmless. I have a
calculus several ounces in weight which filled the entire pelvis of the
kidney, that was found by accident in a fat carcass while being
dressed. In work oxen, however, such concretions may give rise to
symptoms of kidney disease, such as stiffness of the loins, shown
especially in the acts of rising or turning, weakness of the hind parts
when set to pull a heavy load, an irritability of the kidneys, shown
by the frequent passage of urine in small quantity, tenderness of the
loins, shown when they are pinched or lightly struck, and it may be
the passage of blood or minute gritty masses with the urine. If the
attack is severe, what is called “renal colic” (kidney colic) may be
shown by frequent uneasy shifting of the hind limbs, shaking or
twisting of the tail, looking around at the flanks, and lying down and
rising again at short intervals without apparent cause. The fre-
quent passage of urine, the blood or gritty masses contained in it,
and perhaps the hard, stony cylinders around the tufts of hair of the
sheath, show that the source of the suffering is the urinary organs.
In bad cases active inflammation of the kidneys may set in. (See
* Nephritis,” p. 121.)
URETERAL CALCULI.
These are small stones which have passed from the pelvis of the
kidney into the canal (ureter) leading from the kidney to the blad-
der, but, being too large to pass on easily, have blocked that canal and
138 ' DISEASES OF CATTLE,
forced the urine back upon the kidney. The result is the production’
of symptoms more violent than in renal calculi, though not varying,
save in intensity, from those of renal colic. In case of complete and
unrelieved obstruction, the secretion of the kidney on that side is
entirely abolished, and it becomes the seat of passive congestion, and
it may even be absorbed in greater part or as a whole, leaving only a
fibrous sac containing fluid with a urinous odor. In small cattle, in
which the oiled hand introduced into the last gut may reach the
affected part, the distended ureter may be felt as a tense, elastic cord,
extending forward from the point of obstruction on the lateral wall
of the pelvis and beneath the loins toward the kidney. If relief is
obtained by the onward passage of the stone a free flow of urine
usually follows, in the midst of which may often be found gritty
masses. If the outlets from both kidneys are similarly blocked the
animal becomes poisoned by the retention in the blood of the elements
of the urine, and by their reabsorption after secretion.
Treatment of renal and ureteral calculi—Treatment is not very
successful, as only the smallest calculi can pass through the ureter
and enter the bladder, and even if they should do so they are liable to
a progressive increase there, so that later they may cause the symp-
toms of stone in the bladder. Fortunately, ordinary dairy, growing,
or fattening cattle rarely show evident symptoms of illness, and even
though they do so they can usually be fattened and slaughtered before
the health is seriously impaired. In work oxen the case is different,
and acute symptoms may develop, but even then the animal may often
be fitted for the butcher. When treatment is demanded it is pri-
marily soothing and antispasmodic. Fomentations with warm water
over the loins should be persisted in without intermission until relief
has been secured. The soothing effect on the kidney will often relieve
inflammation and irritation, should the stone be in that situation,
while if in the ureter the warm fomentations will at once soothe irri-
tation, relax spasm of the muscular coat-of the canal, and favor an
abundant secretion from the kidney, which, pressing on the obstruct-
ing stone, may slowly push it on into the bladder. Large doses of
Jaudanum (2 ounces) or of solid extract of belladonna (2 drams) will
not only soothe the pain but relax the spasm and favor the onward
passage of the calculus. The animal should be encouraged to drink
large quantities of cool water to favor the free secretion of a very
watery urine, which will not only serve to obviate irritation and con-
tinued deposit caused by a highly concentrated urine, but will press
the stone onward toward the bladder, and even in certain cases will
tend to disintegrate it by solution of some of its elements, and thus
to favor its crumbling and expulsion. This is a principle which must
never be lost sight of in the treatment of calculi. The immersion of
the stone in a liquid of a lower specific gravity than that in which it
DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 139
has formed and grown tends to dissolve out the more soluble of its
component parts, and thus to destroy its density and cohesion at all
points, and thereby to favor its complete disintegration and expul-
sion. This explains why cattle taken from a herd on magnesian
limestone in spring, after the long, dry feeding of winter, usually
have renal calculi, while cattle from the same herd in the fall, after
a summer’s run on a succulent pasture, are almost always free from
concretions. The abundance of liquid taken in the green feed and ex-
pelled through the kidneys and the low density or watery nature of
the urine have so opened the texture and destroyed the density of
the smaller stones and gravel that they have all been disintegrated
and removed. This, too, is the main reason why benefit is derived
from a prolonged stay at mineral springs by the human victims of
gravel. If they had swallowed the same number of quarts of pure
water at home and distributed it at suitable times each day, they
would have benefited largely without a visit to the springs.
It follows from what has been just said that a succulent diet, in-
cluding a large quantity of water (gruels, sloppy mashes, turnips,
beets, potatoes, apples, pumpkins, ensilage, succulent grasses), is an
important factor in the relief of the milder forms of stone and gravel.
Prevention.—Prevention of calculus especially demands this sup-
ply of water and watery rations on all soils and in all conditions in
which there is a predisposition to the disease. It must also be sought
by attempts to obviate all those conditions mentioned above as causa-
tive of the malady. Sometimes good rain water can be furnished in
limestone districts, but putrid or bad-smelling rain water is to be
avoided as probably more injurious than that from the limestone.
Unsuccessful attempts have been made to dissolve calculi by alkaline
salts and mineral acids, respectively, but their failure as a remedy
does not necessarily condemn them as preventives. One dram of
caustic potash or of hydrochloric acid may be given daily in the
drinking water. In diametrically opposite ways these attack and
decompose the less soluble salts and form new ones which are more
soluble and therefore little disposed to precipitate in the solid form.
Both are beneficial as increasing the secretion of urine. In cases in
which the diet has been too highly charged with phosphates (wheat
bran, etc.), these aliments must be restricted and water allowed ad
libitum. If the crystals passed with the urine are the sharp an-
gular (octahedral) ones of oxalate of lime, then the breathing
should be made more active by exercise, and any disease of the lungs
subjected to appropriate treatment. If the crystals are triangular
prisms of ammonia-magnesium phosphate or starlike forms with
feathery rays, the indications are to withhold the feed or water that
abounds in magnesia and check the fermentation in the urine by
attempts to destroy its bacteria. In the latter direction plenty of
140 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
pure-water diuretics, and a daily dose of oil of turpentine in milk, or
a dose thrice a day of a solution containing one-tenth grain each of
biniodid of mercury and iodid of potassium would be indicated.
In considering the subject of prevention, it must never be forgotten
that any disease of a distant organ which determines the passage
from the blood into the urine of albumin or any other colloid (un-
crystallizable) body is strongly provocative of calculus, and should,
if possible, be corrected. Apart from cases from geological forma-
tion, faulty feeding, and other causes, the grand preventive of cal-
culus is a long, summer’s pasturage of succulent grasses, or in winter
a diet of ensilage or other succulent feed.
The calculi formed in part of silica demand special notice. This
agent is secreted in the urine in the form of silicate of potash and is
thrown down as insoluble silica when a stronger acid displaces it by
combining with the potash to its exclusion. In cases of siliceous
calculi, accordingly, the appropriate chemical prevention is caustic
potash, which being present in the free state would attract to itself
any free acid and leave the silica in its soluble condition as silicate of
potash.
STONE IN THE BLADDER (VESICAL CALCULUS, OR URETHRAL CALCULUS). —
Stone in the bladder may be of any size, but in the ox does not
usually exceed half an inch in diameter. There may, however, be a
number of small calculi; indeed, they are sometimes so small and
numerous as to form a small, pulpy magma by which the bladder is
considerably distended.
Symptoms.—The symptoms of stone in the bladder may be absent
until one of the masses escapes into the urethra, but when this occurs
the escape of urine is prevented, or it is allowed to pass in drops or
driblets only, and the effect of such obstruction becomes manifest.
The point of obstruction is not always the same, but it is most fre-
quently at the S-shaped curve of the penis, just above the testicles or
scrotum. In cows and heifers the urethra is so short and becomes so
widely dilated during the urination that the calculi easily escape in
the flow of liquid and dangerous symptoms practically never appear.
Even in the male the signs of illness are at first very slight. A
close observer may notice the cylinders of hard, earthy materials
encircling the tufts of hair at the opening of the prepuce. It may
further be observed that the stall remains dry and that the animal
has not been seen to pass water when out of doors. The tail may at
times be gently raised and contractions of the muscle (accelerator
urine) beneath the anus (PI. IX, fig. 2) may take place in a rhyth-
mical or pulsating manner. As a rule, however, no symptom is no-
ticed for two days, only the animal is lacking in his usual spirits. By
this time the constantly accumulating urine has distended the blad-
DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 141
der beyond its power of resistance and a rupture occurs, allowing the
urine to escape into the cavity of the abdomen. Then dullness in-
creases; the animal lies down most of his time; he becomes stupid and
sometimes drowsy, with reddish-brown congestion of the lining mem-
brane of the eyelids; pressure on the abdomen causes pain, flinching,
and perhaps groaning, and the lowest part of the belly fluctuates more
and more as the escaping urine accumulates in greater and greater
amount. If at this stage the oiled hand is introduced into the rectum
(last gut), the animal flinches when pressure is made downward on
the floor of the pelvis, and no round, distended bladder is felt. If
the same examination is made prior to the rupture, the rounded,
tense, elastic bladder is felt extending forward into the abdomen,
containing one or two gallons of liquid. There may be uneasy shift-
_ing of the hind limbs and twisting of the tail, also frequent lying
down and rising, but these symptoms are exceptional.
When the obstruction is low down between the thighs (at the S-
shaped flexure), the line of the pulsating urethra from the anus
downward may be felt distended with liquid, and though, by the
hard swelling of the urethra, it is seldom easy to distinguish the exact
seat of the stone, yet there is usually tenderness at the point of ob-
‘struction, and from this it may be accurately located.
Treatment.—The treatment of stone in the bladder or urethra con-
sists in the removal of the stone by incision and the use of forceps.
(Pl. XI, fig. 4.) When the stone has been arrested at the S-shaped
flexure just above the scrotum, the patient being lean, the thickened
tender part of the penis may be seized between the fingers and thumb
ef the left hand, while the calculus is exposed by a free incision with
the knife held in the right. If there is no other obstruction between
this point and the bladder, and if the latter has not yet ruptured, a
flow of urine should take place from the opening. If there is no
escape of liquid, a catheter or sound, one-fourth of an inch in diame-
ter, must be passed up through the canal (urethra) until it is arrested
by the next stone, on which a similar incision should then be made
to effect its extraction. In case the stone has been arrested in the por-
tion of the urethra which is in front of the arch of the hip bone and
inside the pelvis, it can be reached only by making an opening into
the urethra beneath the anus and over the arch of the hip bone, and
from this orifice exploring the urethra with fine forceps to the neck
of the bladder or until the stone has been reached and extracted.
Owing to the small size of the canal (urethra) to be opened and the
great thickness of erectile tissue to be cut through, the operation re-
quires a very accurate knowledge of the parts, while the free flow of
blood is blinding to the operator. A staff should always be passed up
through the urethra from the lower wound, if such has been made, or,
in case of its absence, through the whole length of the penis, that
142 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
organ having been drawn out of its sheath until the S-shaped curve
has been effaced and the course of the canal rendered straight. Upon
the end of this staff the incision can be made with far more confi-
dence and certainty. The operation can be undertaken only by a
skilled veterinary anatomist, but the hints given above may be valu-
able in showing the stock owner when he is being properly served in
such a case.
In outlying districts, where no skilled operator can be had, a trans-
verse incision may be made with a clean, sharp knife through the root
of the penis, just over the arch of the hip bone, when the urine will
flow out in a full stream. The attendant bleeding may be ignored, or
if profuse it may be checked by packing the wound firmly with cotton
wool for several hours. The urine will continue to escape by the
wound, and the ox should be fattened for the butcher.
The immediate relief is not to be looked upon as a permanent cure,
as the calculi in the affected ox are usually numerous, and later attacks
are therefore to be looked for. Hence it is desirable to fatten and
kill such cases after a successful operation. If a breeding animal is
too valuable to be killed, he should be subjected to preventive meas-
ares, as laid down under “ Stone in the kidney,” page 137.
Tt should be added that when the bladder is filled with a soft’
magma a catheter may be introduced through the whole length of the
urethra to be used in pumping water into the bladder. This water
is extracted through the same channel when it has been charged with
tlie suspended solids by manipulations of the bladder with the oiled
hand introduced through the rectum.
CALCULI, OR GRAVEL, IN THE PREPUCE, OR SHEATH.
This is usually a collection of gravel, or a soft, puttylike material
which causes distinct swelling of the sheath and gives it a soft,
doughy feeling when handled. It may be removed in part by the
oiled fingers introduced into the cavity, assisted by manipulation
from without, or a tube may be inserted until the end extends behind
the collection and water pumped in until the whole mass has been
evacuated. Should even this fail of success, the sheath may be slit
open from its orifice back in the median line below until the offending
matter can be reached and removed. In all such cases the interior
of the sheath should be finally lubricated with sweet oil or vaseline.
It is unnecessary to stitch up the wound made in the sheath. (See
“Inflammation of the sheath,” p. 153.)
PLATE |X.
DIsEASES OF CATTLE.
KIDNEY AND MALE GENERATIVE AND URINARY ORGANS.
DisEASES OF CATTLE.
23 <: Pg es
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omy pes
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i
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re
yulva, is sometimes met with. In this case the protruding bladder
contains urine; this can never be the case in a real eversion, in
which the inner surface of the bladder and the openings of the
ureters are both exposed outside the vulva. The presence of a bag
containing water, which is connected with the floor of the vagina,
will serve to identify this condition. If the position of the bladder
in the vulva renders it impracticable to pass a catheter to draw off
the urine, pierce the organ with the nozzle of a hypodermic syringe,
or even a very small trocar and cannula, and draw off the water,
when it will be found an easy matter to return the bladder to its
place. The rent in the vagina can be stitched up, but as there would
be risk in any subsequent calving it is best to prepare the cow for the
butcher.
RUPTURE OF THE BLADDER.
This has been known to occur in protracted parturition when the
fetus finally passed while the bladder was full. The symptoms are
DISEASES FOLLOWING PARTURITION. 277
those of complete suppression of urine and, tenderness of the abdo-
men, with a steady accumulation of liquid, and fluctuation on han-
dling its lower part. If the hand is introduced into the vagina it
is felt to be hot and tender, and perhaps slightly swollen along its
floor. As a final test, if the lower, fluctuating part of the abdomen
is punctured with a hypodermic needle, a straw-colored liquid of a
urinous odor flows out. The condition has been considered as past
hope. The only chance for recovery would be in opening the abdo-
men, evacuating the liquid, and stitching up the rent in the bladder,
but at such a season, and with inflammation already started, there
would be little to hope for.
RUPTURE OF THE WOMB.
When the womb has been rendered friable by disease rupture may
occur in the course of the labor, but much more frequently it occurs
from violence sustained in attempting assistance in difficult parturi-
tion. It is also liable to occur during eversion of the organ through
efforts to replace it..
If it happens while the calf is still in the womb, it will usually
bleed freely and continuously until the fetus has been extracted, so
that the womb can contract on itself and expel its excess of blood.
Another danger is that in case of a large rent the calf may escape
into the cavity of the abdomen and parturition become impossible.
Still another danger is that of the introduction of septic germs and
the setting up of a fatal inflammation of the lining membrane of the
belly (peritoneum). Still another is the escape of the small intes-
tine through the rent and on through the vagina and vulva, so as to
protrude externally and receive perhaps fatal injuries. In case of
rupture before calving, that act should be completed as rapidly and
carefully as possible, the fetal membranes removed, and the contrac-
tion of the womb sought by dashing cold water on the loins, the right
flank, or the vulva. If the calf has escaped into the abdomen and can
not be brought through the natural channels, it may be permissible
to fix the animal and extract it through the side, as in the Cesarian
section. If the laceration has happened during eversion of the womb
it is usually less redoubtable, because the womb contracts more
readily under the stimulus of the cold air so recently applied. In
case the abdomen has been laid open it is well to stitch up the rent,
but if not, it should be left to nature, and will often heal satisfac-
torily, the cow even breeding successfully in after years.
Rupture of the floor of the vagina has been already referred to as
allowing the protrusion of the bladder. Laceration of the roof of
this passage is also met with as the result of deviations of the hind
limbs and feet upward when the calf lies on its back. In some such
cases the opening passes clear into the rectum, or the foot may even
218 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
pass out through the anus, so that that opening and the vulva are
laid open into one.
Simple, superficial lacerations of the vaginal walls are not usually
serious, and heal readily unless septic inflammation sets in, in which
case the cow is liable to perish. They may be treated with soothing
and antiseptic injections, such as carbolic acid, 1 dram; water, 1
quart.
The more serious injuries depend on the complications. Rupture
of the anterior part of the canal, close to the mouth of the womb, may
lead to the introduction of infecting germs into the cavity of the ab-
domen, or protrusion of the bowel through the rent and externally,
either of which may prove fatal. If both these conditions are es-
caped the wound may heal spontaneously. Rupture into the bladder
may lead to nothing worse than a constant dribbling of the urine
from the vulva. The cow should be fattened if she survives. Rup-
ture into the rectum will entail a constant escape of feces through
the vulva, and, of course, the same condition exists when the anus
as well has been torn open. I have successfully sewed up an opening
of this kind in the mare, but in the case of the cow it is probably
better to prepare her for the butcher.
CLOTS OF BLOOD IN THE WALLS OF THE VAGINA.
During calving the vagina may be bruised so as to cause escape of
blood beneath the mucous membrance and its coagulation into large
bulging clots. The vulva may appear swollen, and on separating its
lips the mucous membrane of the vagina is seen to be raised into
irregular rounded swellings of a dark-blue or black color, and which
pit on pressure of the finger. If the accumulation of blood is not
extensive it may be reabsorbed, but if abundant it may lead to irri-
tation and dangerous inflammation, and should be incised with a
lancet and the clots cleared out. The wounds may then be sponged
twice a day with a lotion made with 1 dram sulphate of zine, 1 dram
carbolic acid, and 1 quart water.
RETAINED AFTERBIRTH.
The cow, of all our domestic animals, is especially subject to this
accident. This may be partly accounted for by the firm connections
established through the fifty to one hundred cotyledons (Pl. XIII,
fig. 2) in which the fetal membranes dovetail with the follicles of the
womb. It is also most liable to occur after abortion, in which prepa-
ration has not been made by fatty degeneration for the severence of
these close connections. In the occurrence of inflamation, causing
the formation of new tissue between the membranes and the womb,
we find the occasion of unnaturally firm adhesions which prevent the
spontaneous detachment of the membranes. Again, in low conditions
DISEASES FOLLOWING PARTURITION. 219
of health and an imperfect power of contraction we find a potent
cause of retention, the general debility showing particularly in the
indisposition of the womb to contract, after calving, with sufficient
energy to expel the afterbirth. Hence we find the condition common
with insufficient or innutrious feed, and in years or localities in
which the fodder has suffered from weather. Ergoted, smutty, or
musty fodder (Pl. V), by causing abortion, is a frequent cause of
retention. Old cows are more subject than young ones, probably
because of diminishing vigor. A temporary retention is sometimes
owing to a too rapid closure of the neck of the womb after calving,
causing strangulation and imprisonment of the membranes. Con-
ditions favoring this are the drinking of cold (iced) water, the eat-
ing of cold feed (frosted roots), and (through sympathy between
udder and womb) a too prompt sucking by the calf or milking by
the attendant.
Symptoms.—The symptoms of retention of the afterbirth are. usu-
ally only too evident, as the membranes hang from the vulva and rot
away gradually, causing the most offensive odor throughout the
building. When retained within the womb by closure of its mouth
and similarly in cases in which the protruded part has rotted off, the
decomposition continues and the fetid products escaping by the vulva
appear in offensively smelling pools on the floor and mat together the
hairs near the root of the tail. The septic materials retained in the
womb cause inflammation of its lining membrane, and this, together
with the absorption into the blood of the products of putrefaction,
leads to ill health, emaciation, and drying up of the milk.
Treatment.—Treatment varies according to the conditions. When
the cow is in low condition, or when retention is connected with
drinking iced water or eating frozen feed, hot drinks and hot mashes
of wheat bran or other aliment may be sufficient. If along with
the above conditions, the bowels are somewhat confined, an ounce
of ground ginger, or half an ounce of black pepper, given with
a quart of sweet oil, or 14 pounds of Glauber’s salt in at least 4
quarts of warm water, will often prove effectual. A bottle or
two of flaxseed tea, made by prolonged boiling, should also be
given at frequent intervals. Other stimulants, like rue, savin, laurel,
and carminatives like anise, cumin, and coriander, are preferred by
some, but with very questionable reason, the more so that the first
three are not without danger. Ergot of rye, 1 ounce, or its extract,
1 dram, may be resorted to to induce contraction of the womb. The
mechanical extraction of the membranes is, however, often called
for; of this there are several methods. The simplest is to hang a
weight of 1 or 2 pounds to the hanging portion, and allow this, by
its constant dragging and by its jerking effect when the cow moves,
to pull the membranes from their attachments and to stimulate the
220 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
womb to expulsive contractions. In the neglected cases, however,
when the dependent mass is already badly decomposed, it is liable
to tear across under the added weight, leaving a portion of the
offensive material imprisoned in the womb. Again, this uncontrolled
dragging upon a relaxed womb will (in exceptional cases only, it is
true) cause it to become everted and to protrude in this condition
from the vulva.
A second resort is to seize the dependent part of the afterbirth
between two sticks, and roll it up on them until they lie against the
vulva; then, by careful traction, accompanied with slight jerking
movements from side to side, the womb is stimulated to expulsive
contractions and the afterbirth is wound up more and more on the
sticks until finally its last connections with the womb are severed and
the remainder is expelled suddenly en masse. It is quite evident that
neglected cases with putrid membranes are poor subjects for this
method, as the afterbirth is liable to tear across, leaving a mass in
the womb. During the progress of the work any indication of tear-
ing is the signal to stop and proceed with greater caution or alto-
gether abandon the attempt in this way.
The third method (that with the skilled hand) is the most
promptly and certainly successful. For this the operator had better
dress as for a parturition case. Again, the operation should be under-
taken within twenty-four hours after calving, since later the mouth
of the womb may be so closed that it becomes difficult to introduce
the hand. The operator should smear his arms with carbolized lard
or vaseline to protect them against infection, and particularly in
delayed cases with putrid membranes. An assistant holds the tail to
one side, the operator seizes the hanging afterbirth with the left
hand, while he introduces the other along the right side of the vagina
and womb, letting the membranes slide through his palm until he
reaches the first cotyledon to which they remain adherent. In case
no such connection is within reach, with the left hand gentle traction
is made on the membranes until the deeper parts of the womb are
brought within reach and the attachments to the cotyledons can be
reached. Then the soft projection of the membrane, which is attached
to the firm fungus-shaped cotyledon on the inner surface of the womb,
is seized by the little finger, and the other fingers and thumb are
closed on it so as to tear it out from its connections. To explain this,
it is necessary only to say that the projection from the membrane is
covered by soft, conical processes, which are received into cavities
of a corresponding size on the summit of the firm, mushroom-shaped
cotyledon growing from the inner surface of the womb. To draw
upon the former, therefore, is to extract its soft, villous processes
from within the follicles or cavities of the other. (Pl. XIII, fig. 2.)
DISEASES FOLLOWING PARTURITION. 921
Tf at times it is difficult to start this extraction it may be necessary
to get the finger nail inserted between the two, and once started the
finger may be pushed on, lifting all the villi, in turn, out of their
cavities. This process of separating the cotyledons must be carefully
conducted, one after another, until the last has been detached and the
afterbirth comes freely out of the passages. I have never found any
evil result from the removal of the whole mass at one operation, but
Shaack mentions the eversion of the womb as the possible result of
the necessary traction, and in cases in which those in the most distant
part of the horn of the womb can not be easily reached, he advises
to attach a cord to the membranes inside the vulva, letting it hang
out behind, and to cut off the membranes below the cord. Then, after
two or three days’ delay, he extracts the remainder, now softened and
easily detached. If carefully conducted, so as not to tear the cotyle- -
dons of the womb, the operation is eminently successful; the cow -
suffers little, and the straining roused by the manipulations soon sub-
sides. Keeping in a quiet, dark place, or driving a short distance at
a walking pace, will serve to quiet these. When the membranes
have been withdrawn, the hand, half closed, may be used to draw
out of the womb the offensive liquid that has collected. If the case
is a neglected one, and the discharge is very offensive, the womb must
be injected as for leucorrhea.
INFLAMMATION OF THE VAGINA (VAGINITIS).
This may occur independently of inflammation of the womb, and
usually as the result of bruises, lacerations, or other injuries sustained.
during calving. It will be shown by swelling of the lips of the vulva,
which, together with their lining membrane, become of a dark-red or
leaden hue, and the mucous discharge increases and becomes whitish
or purulent, and it may be fetid. Slight cases recover spontaneously,
or under warm fomentations or mild astringent injections (a tea-
spoonful of carbolic acid in a quart of water), but severe cases may go
on to the formation of large sores (ulcers), or considerable portions
of the mucous membrane may die and slough off. Baumeister re-
cords two cases of diphtheritic vaginitis, the second case in a cow four
weeks calved, contracted from the first in a newly calved cow. Both
proved fatal, with formation of false membranes as far as the interior
of the womb. In all severe cases the antiseptic injections must be
applied most assiduously. The carbolic acid may be increased to
one-half ounce to a quart, or chlorin water, or peroxid of hydrogen
solution may be injected at least three times a day. Hyposulphite of
soda, 1 ounce to a quart of water, is an excellent application, and the
same amount may be given by the mouth.
923 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
LEUCORRHEA (MUCOPURULENT DISCHARGE FROM THE
PASSAGES).
This is from a continued or chronic inflammation of the womb, or -
the vagina, or both. It usually results from injuries sustained in
calving or from irritation by putrid matters in connection with re-
tained afterbirth, or from the use of some object in the vagina
(pessary) to prevent eversion of the womb. Exposure to cold or
other cause of disturbance of the health may affect an organ so sus-
ceptible as this at the time of parturition so as to cause inflammation.
Symptoms.—The main symptom is the glairy, white discharge
flowing constantly or intermittently (when the cow les down),
soiling the tail and matting its hairs and those of the vulva. When
the lips of the vulva are drawn apart the mucous membrane is seen
to be red, with minute elevations, or pale and smooth. The health
may not suffer at first, but if the discharge continues and is putrid
the health fails, the milk shrinks, and flesh is lost. If the womb is
involved the hand introduced into the vagina may detect the mouth
of the womb slightly open and the liquid collected within its cavity.
Examination with the oiled hand in the rectum may detect the out-
line of the womb beneath, somewhat enlarged, and fluctuating under
the touch from contained fluid. In some cases heat is more frequent
or intense than natural, but the animal rarely conceives when served,
and, if she does, is liable to abort.
Treatment.—Treatment with the injections advised for vaginitis is
successful in mild or recent cases. In obstinate ones stronger solu-
tions may be used after the womb has been washed out by a stream
of tepid water until it comes clear. A rubber tube is inserted into
the womb, a funnel placed in its raised end, and the water, and after-
wards the solution, poured slowly through it. If the neck of the
womb is so close that the liquid can not escape, a second tube may
be inserted to drain it off. As injections may be used chlorid of
zinc, one-half dram to the quart of water, or sulphate of iron, 1 dram
to the quart. Three drams of sulphate of iron and one-half ounce
ground ginger may also be given in the feed daily.
INFLAMMATION OF THE WOMB (METRITIS, INFLAMMATION OF
WOMB AND ABDOMEN, OR METROPERITONITIS).
Inflammation of the womb may be slight or violent, simple or asso-
ciated with putrefaction of its liquid contents and general poisoning,
or it may extend so that the inflammation affects the ining membrane
of the whole abdominal cavity. In the last two cases the malady is a
very grave one.
Causes.—The causes are largely the same as those causing inflam-
mation of the vagina. Greater importance must, however, be at-
tached to exposure to cold and wet and to septic infection.
Ee
DISEASES FOLLOWING PARTURITION, oF
Symptoms.—The symptoms appear two or three days after calving,
when the cow may be seen to shiver, or the hair stands erect, espe-
cially along the spine, and the horns, ears, and limbs are cold. The
temperature in the rectum is elevated by one or two degrees, the pulse
is small, hard, and rapid (70 to 100), appetite is lost, rumination
ceases, and the milk shrinks in quantity or is entirely arrested, and
the breathing is hurried. The hind limbs may shift uneasily, the tail
be twisted, the head and eyes turn to the right flank, and the teeth
are ground. With the flush of heat to the horns and other extremi-
ties, there is redness of the eyes, nose, and mouth, and usually a dark
redness about the vulva. Pressure on the right flank gives manifest
pain, causing moaning or grunting, and the hind limbs are moved
stiffly, extremely so if the general lining of the abdomen is involved.
In severe cases the cow lies down and can not be made to rise. There
is usually marked thirst, the bowels are costive, and dung is passed
with pain and effort. The hand inserted into the vagina perceives
the increased heat, and when the neck of the womb is touched the
cow winces. Examination through the rectum detects enlargement
and tenderness of the womb. The discharge from the vulva is at
first watery, but becomes thick, yellow, and finally red or brown, with
a heavy or fetid odor. Some cases recover speedily and may be al-
most well in two days; a large proportion perish within two days of
the attack, and some merge into the chronic form, terminating in
leucorrhea. In the worst cases there is local septic infection and
ulceration, or even gangrene of the parts, or there is general septi-
cemia, or the inflammation involving the veins of the womb causes
coagulation of the blood contained in them, and the washing out of
the clots to the right heart and lung leads to the blocking of the ves-
sels in the latter and complicating pneumonia. Inflammation of the
womb and passages after calving are always liable to these complica-
tions, and consequently to a fatal issue. Franck records three in-
stances of rapidly fatal metritis in cows, all of which had been
poisoned from an adjacent cow with retained and putrid afterbirth.
Others have had similar cases.
Treatment.—Treatment in the slight cases of simple inflammation
does not differ much from that adopted for vaginitis, only care must
be taken that the astringent and antiseptic injections are made to
penetrate into the womb. After having washed out the womb a solu-
tion of chlorid of lime or permanganate of potassium (one-half ounce
to 1 quart of water), with an ounce each of glycerin and laudanum to
render it more soothing, will often answer every purpose. It is
usually desirable to open the bowels with 14 pounds of Glauber’s salt
and 1 ounce of ginger in 4 quarts of warm water, and to apply
fomentation of warm water or even mustard poultices or turpentine
to the right flank.
224 DISEASES OF CATTLE,
In the violent attacks with high temperature and much prostration,
besides the salts agents must be given to lower the temperature and
counteract septic poisoning. Salicylate of soda one-half ounce, or
quinia 2 drams every four hours will help in both ways, or ounce
doses of hyposulphite of soda or dram doses of carbolic acid may
be given as often until six doses have been taken. Tincture of
aconite has often been used in 20-drop doses every six hours. If
the temperature rises to 106° or 107° F., it must be met by the
direct application of cold or iced water to the surface. The animal
may be covered with wet sheets and cold water poured on them
frequently until the temperature in the rectum is lowered to 102° F.
In summer the cow may be allowed to dry spontaneously, while
in winter it should be rubbed dry and blanketed. Even in the
absence of high temperature much good may be obtained from the
soothing influence of a wet sheet covering the loins and flanks and
well covered at all points by a dry one. This may be followed next
day by a free application of mustard and oil of turpentine. When
the animal shows extreme prostration, alcohol (1 pint) or carbonate
of ammonia (1 ounce) may be given to tide over the danger, but
such cases usually perish.
In this disease, even more than in difficult and protracted parturi-
tion or retained placenta, the attendants must carefully guard against
the infection of their hands and arms from the diseased parts. The
hand and arm before entering the passages should always be well
smeared with lard impregnated with carbolic acid.
MILK FEVER (PARTURITION FEVER, PARTURIENT APOPLEXY, OR
PARTURIENT COLLAPSE).
This disease is not only peculiar to the cow, but it may be said to
be virtually confined to the improved and plethoric cow. It further
occurs only at or near the time of calving. Indeed, these two factors,
calving and plethora, may be set apart as preeminently the causes of
this disease. It is the disease of cows that have been improved in
the direction of early maturity, power of rapid fattening, oer a heavy
yield of milk, and hence it is characteristic of those having great
appetites and extraordinary power of digestion. The heavy milking
breeds are especially its victims, as in them the demand for the daily
yield of 50 to 100 pounds of milk means even more than a daily in-
crease of 2 to 3 pounds of body weight, mainly fat. The victims are
not always fat when attacked, but they are cows having enormous
powers of digestion, and which have been fed heavily at the time.
Hence the stall-fed, city-dairy cow, and the farm cow on a rich clover
pasture in June or July are especially subject. The condition of the
blood glebules in the suffering cow attests the extreme richness and
density of the blood, yet this peculiarity appears to have entirely
DISEASES FOLLOWING PARTURITION. 225
escaped the notice of veterinary writers. I have never examined the
blood of a victim of this disease without finding the red-blood
globules reduced to little more than one-half their usual size. Now,
these globules expand or contract according to the density of the
liquid in which they float. If we dilute the blood with water they
will expand until they burst, whereas if solids, such as salt or albu-
min, are added they shrink to a large extent. Their small size, there-
fore, in parturition fever indicates the extreme richness of the blood,
or, in other words, plethora.
Confinement in the stall is an accessory cause, partly because sta-
bled cattle are highly fed, partly because the air is hotter and fouler,
and partly because there is no expenditure by exercise of the rich
products of digestion.
High temperature is conducive to the malady, though the extreme
colds of winter are no protection against it. Heat, however, con-
duces to fever, and fever means lessened secretion, which means a
plethoric state of the circulation. The heats of summer are, how-
ever, often only a coincidence of the real cause, the mature rich
pastures, and especially the clover ones, being the greater.
Electrical disturbances have an influence of a similar kind, dis-
turbing the functions of the body and favoring sudden variations in
the circulation. A succession of cases of the malady often accom-
pany or precede a change of weather from dry to wet, from a low
to a high barometric pressure.
Costiveness, which is the usual concomitant of fever, may in a case
of this kind become an accessory cause, the retention in the blood of
what should have passed off by the bowels tending to increase the
fullness of the blood vessels and the density of the blood.
Mature age is a very strong accessory cause. The disease never
occurs with the first parturition, and rarely with the second. It
appears with the third, fourth, fifth, or sixth—after the growth of
the cow has ceased and when all her powers are devoted to the pro-
duction of milk.
Calving is an essential condition, as the disturbance of the circula-
tion consequent on the contraction of the womb and the expulsion
into the general circulation of the enormous mass of blood hitherto
circulating in the walls of the womb fills to repletion the vessels of
the rest of the body and very greatly intensifies the already existing
plethora. If this is not speedily counterbalanced by a free secretion
from the udder, kidneys, bowels, and other excretory organs, the
most dire results may ensue. “Calving may thus be held to be an
exciting cause, and yet the labor and fatigue of the act are not
active factors. It is after the easy calving, when there has been
little expenditure of muscular or nervous energy and no loss of
blood, that the malady is seen. Difficult parturitions may be fol-
33071°—16——15
226 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
lowed by metritis, but they are rarely connected with parturition
fever. .
All these factors coincide in intensifying the one condition of
plethora and point to that as a most essential cause of the affection.
It is needless to enter here into the much-debated question as to the
mode in which the plethora brings about the characteristic symptoms
and results. As the results show disorder or suspension of the
nervous functions mainly, it may suffice to say that this condition of
the blood and blood vessels is incompatible with the normal fune-
tional activity of the nerve centers. How much is due to congestion
of the brain and how much to bloodlessness may well be debated,
yet in a closed box like the cranium, in which the absolute contents
can not be appreciably increased or diminished, it is evident that,
apart from dropsical effusion or inflammatory exudation, there can
be only a given amount of blood; therefore, if one portion of the
brain is congested, another must be proportionately bloodless; and
as congestion of the eyes and head generally and great heat of the
head are most prominent features of the disease, congestion of the
brain must be accepted. This, of course, implies a lack of blood in
certain other parts or blood vessels.
The latest developments of treatment indicate very clearly that the
main cause is the production of poisonous, metabolic products
(leucomains and toxins) by secreting cells of the follicles of the
udder, acting on the susceptible nerve centers of the plethoric,
calving cow. Less fatal examples of udder poisons are found in the
first milk (colostrum), which is distinctly irritant and purgative,
and in the toxic qualities of the first milk drawn from an animal
which has been subjected to violent overexertion or excitement.
Still more conclusive as to the production of such poisons is the
fact that the full distention of the milk ducts and follicles, and the
consequent driving of the blood out of the udder. and arrest of
the formation of depraved products, determines a speedy and com-
plete recovery from the disease. This does not exclude the other
causes above named, nor the influence of a reflex nervous derange-
ment proceeding from the udder to the brain.
Symptoms.—lt may be said that there are two extreme types of
this disease, with intervening grades. In both forms there is the’
characteristic plethora and more or less sudden loss of voluntary
movement and sensation, indicating a sudden collapse of nervous
power; in one, however, there is such prominent evidence of conges-
tion of head and brain that it may be called the congestive form
par excellence, without thereby intimating that the torpid form is
independent of congestion.
In the congestive form there is sudden dullness, languor, hanging
back in the stall, or drooping the head, uneasy movements of the hind
DISEASES FOLLOWING PARTURITION. 227
limbs or tail; if the cow is moved, she steps unsteadily, or even stag-
gers; she no longer notices her calf or her feed; the eyes appear red
and their pupils dilated; the weakness increases and the cow lies
down or falls and after that is unable to rise. At this time the
pulse is usually full, bounding, and the temperature raised, though
not invariably so, the head, horns, and ears being especially hot and
the veins of the head full, while the visible mucous membranes of
nose and eyes are deeply congested.
The cow may lie on her breastbone with her feet beneath the body
and her head turned sleepily round, with the nose resting on the right
flank; or, if worse, she may be stretched full on her side, with even
the head extended, though at times it is suddenly raised and again
dashed back on the ground. At such times the legs, fore and hind,
struggle convulsively, evidently through unconscious nervous spasm.
By this time the unconsciousness is usually complete; the eyes are
glazed, their pupils widely dilated, and their lids are not moved when
the ball of the eye is touched with the finger. Pricking the skin with
a pin also fails to bring any wincing or other response. The pulse,
at first from 50 to 70 a minute, becomes weaker and more accelerated
as the disease advances. The breathing is quickened, becoming
more and more so with the violence of the symptoms, and at first
associated with moaning (in exceptional cases, bellowing), it may,
before death, become slow, deep, sighing, or rattling (stertorous).
The temperature, at first usually raised, tends to become lower as
stupor and utter insensibility and coma supervene. The bowels,
which may have moved at the onset of the attack, become torpid or
completely paralyzed, and, unless in case of improvement, they are
not likely to operate again. Yet this is the result of paralysis and
not of induration of the feces, as often shown by the semiliquid,
pultaceous condition of the contents after death. The bladder, too,
is paralyzed and fails to expel its contents. ... 2
Se elie WO Laer CUI ye sme ke OE do=2- 2
SSRN TiS es ae ee Ba epee SED — an ee aN Se ounces__ 13
Clip the hair off and apply over the inner and fore part of the joint,
covering the surface an inch and a half in every direction from the
enlargement, or over an area 3 to 4 inches across. Fasten the ani-
mal’s head so that it can not reach the part to lick it; after the third
day grease with lard every other day until the scabs come off. This
blister may be repeated three or four times at intervals of three
weeks. The lameness will generally begin to disappear about the
third or fourth month if the above-described treatment proves bene-
ficial. Should lameness persist, firing in points by a qualified veteri-
narian may effect the desired result and should be tried as a last
resort.
In a case of spavin the cure is not effected by restoring the diseased
parts to their natural condition, but by uniting the bones and obliter-
ating the joints. If this union extends over the whole articular sur-
face of the joints affected and is sufficiently strong to prevent any
motion of the bones, the animal will again go sound. The joints
284 DISEASES OF CATTLE,
that are obliterated, not being those of motion, are not important, so
that the animal suffers no inconvenience in their loss.
RHEUMATISM.
Rheumatism is a constitutional disease from a specific condition
of the blood and characterized by inflammation of the fibrous struc-
tures of the body. It is usually accompanied with stiffness, lameness,
and fever. The parts affected are usually swollen, but swelling may
be lacking. The inflammation may be transitory; that is, it changes
from place to place. The parts usually affected are the fibrous struc-
tures: of the joints, tendons, ligaments, and muscles. The serous
membranes and heart may also be affected. According to its loca-
tion, rheumatism is specified as articular or muscular. According
to its course, it is designated as acute or chronic.
Cause.—Among the factors which are actively causative of rheuma-
tism may be mentioned exposure to dampness and cold, especially
while the animal is perspiring or fatigued after severe physical exer-
tion. Among other causes often mentioned are acidity of the blood,
nervous derangement, microbes, and injuries. It occasionally follows
another disease, such as pleurisy. The influence of age and heredity
may be considered as secondary or predisposing causes. Sometimes
the disease appears without any apparent cause. On the whole, it
may be said that any of the above-mentioned factors may have more
or less influence on the production of rheumatism, but the specific
cause 1s as yet unknown.
Symptoms of articular rheumatism.—The symptoms appear sud-
denly and with varying degrees of severity. The animal presents a
downcast appearance, with staring coat, horns and ears cold, and the
mouth and muzzle hot and dry. Appetite and rumination may be
impaired and followed later or be accompanied at the same time by
constipation. Constipation may be followed by impaction of the
stomach or bowels. Thirst is increased, but the amount of urine
voided is scanty. Respiration and pulse are accelerated, and there is
usually a fever, rising sometimes as high as 108° F. The animal pre-
fers to lie down, and when forced to rise stands with its back arched.
The movements are stiff and lame and cause great pain. The disease
may attack one or more joints at the same time; in fact, it is often
symmetrical. One joint may improve while another becomes af-
fected, thus showing the shifting tendency of the inflammation. The
affected joints, including their tendons, ligaments, and synovial mem-
branes, may be swollen, hot, and distended with liquid. They are
very tender, and, if treated carelessly or injured, may become in-
fected, thus leading to suppuration. While rheumatism attacks per-
haps more frequently the knees and fetlocks, it has no special affinity
BONES: DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS. 2985
for any joint and may attack the stifle, hip, shoulder, or elbow joint.
In mild cases of articular rheumatism, the animal may fully recover
in a few days.
In chronic articular rheumatism there is less tendency of the dis-
ease to shift about, but there is a greater lability of structural change
in the affected joints. This change may consist of induration, exos-
tosis, or even anchylosis. These structural changes about the joints
may lead to permanent deformity, such as the bending of the neck.
Fever is not so constant in the chronic form as in the acute, and the
latter may lapse into the former.
Symptoms of muscular rheumatism.—This form of rheumatism
may appear under the same general conditions as the articular form.
The general appearance of the animal is the same in both forms. The
cow usually assumes a recumbent position, and all the movements
made are stiff and lame. The method of rising or of locomotion indi-
cates pain in certain muscles or groups of muscles, as of the croup,
shoulder, or neck. As in the case of articular rheumatism, the
tendons, ligaments, and synovial membranes may become involved.
The constitutional symptoms in both articular and muscular rheu-
matism are similar, so that it is often perplexing to differentiate be-
tween the two forms.
Prevention.—It is somewhat difficult to procure preventive treat-
ment for cattle, especially when there are large numbers with little
or no shelter. In general, it is advisable to protect the animals so far
as possible from inclement weather conditions, such as cold rains,
heavy dews, and frosts. This is more particularly necessary for ani-
mals in poor condition, or those which are perspiring or fatigued
after long physical exertion. Careful feeding is also essential.
Treatment.—In attempting to treat cattle for rheumatism the first
step is to procure proper shelter and environment. The animal
should be quartered in a large, clean, dry stall, with plenty of hight
and fresh air, but protected from strong drafts. There should be an
abundance of clean, dry bedding. The feed should be soft, easily
digestible, and slightly laxative, and the animal should have access to
clean, pure, cool water.
For general or constitutional treatment of acute rheumatism,
sodium salicylate is indicated. In order to gain the best results from
this drug, it should be administered with the idea of rapidly saturat-
ing the system. To cattle it may be given in doses of one-half ounce
every two hours for ten hours or until immediate relief is obtained.
This drug should not be continued indefinitely, but may be given
once a day after immediate relief has been obtained, and this single
dose continued daily until permanent relief ensues, when it should
be stopped. The use of sodium salicylate in chronic rheumatism is
not advisable on account of the danger of depressing the heart, whose
286 DISEASES OF CATTLE,
action is already somewhat impaired by the lesions which have at-
tacked it. In this case one-half ounce doses of potassium nitrate or
bicarbonate may be given three times a day. Besides the constitu-
tional treatment, it-may be necessary to give special attention to the
bowels in order to relieve constipation. Cattle may be given saline
laxatives at the outset, such as 1 pound of Epsom salt for an ordi-
nary-sized cow, and the bowels kept regular by an occasional smaller
dose.
In chronic rheumatism the best course of treatment is to give tonics
and local treatment. Local treatment may also be advisable in acute
rheumatism in addition to the constitutional treatment already pre-
scribed.
External treatment depends solely on the local conditions and
should be applied judiciously. Among the various remedies may be
mentioned hot or cold moist packs, hot air and vapor baths, friction,
etc. Anodynes are often applied locally with good results. Blisters
are occasionally indicated. As anodynes may be mentioned liniments
and ointments containing salicylic acid or sodium salicylate in com-
bination with laudanum, aconite, or chloral hydrate. Camphorated
spirit, soap liniment, and essential oils also afford some relief when
applied locally. Of blisters, those containing cantharides are most
effective.
SURGICAL OPERATIONS.
By Wici1aAm Dickson and WILLIAM HERBERT Lowe, D. V. 8S.
[Revised by B. T. Woodward, V. M. D.]
Surgery is both a science and an art. The success of surgical
operations depends on the judgment, skill, and dexterity, as well
as upon the knowledge of the operator. The same fundamental
principles underlie and govern animal and human surgery, although
their applications have a wide range and are very different in many’
essential particulars. We must not lose sight of the fact that hygiene
and sanitation are essential to the best results in veterinary as well
as in human surgery.
Asepsis is an ideal condition which, although not always possible
in animal surgery, is highly important in connection with the me-
chanical details of all surgical operations in proportion to the nature
and seriousness of the same.
Aseptic surgery is considered to be the performance of operations
with sterile instruments with the hands of the operator and the site
of operation being rendered as nearly sterile as possible, and the
wound treated during operation with sterile solutions and protected
following the operation with sterile bandage material. In other
words, it is the preservation of the highest degree of cleanliness in
connection with operations.
Local or general anesthesia should be resorted to in painful and
serious surgical operations, as operations upon all living creatures
should be humanely performed and all unnecessary pain and suffer-
ing avoided. Anesthesia is necessary where absolute immobility of
the patient is essential and where entire muscular relaxation is
indispensable. The anesthetic condition is also favorable for the
adjustment of displaced organs.
Large animals have to be cast and secured before an anesthetic is
administered. For complete anesthesia inhalations of chloroform
are generally employed; sometimes of both ether and chloroform.
The quantity of chloroform required to produce insensibility to ex-
ternal impressions varies much in different cases and must be reg-
ulated, as well as the admixture of air, by a competent assistant.
If the probability of the success of an operation is remote and the
animal is in healthy physical condition, so that its flesh is good for
human food, it is more advisable to butcher the animal than to
287
288 DISEASES OF CATTLE,
attempt a surgical operation that offers little encouragement to the
owner. The best judgment has to be exercised in determining a
matter of this kind, for no animal suffering from inflammation or
that is in a feverish condition is fit for human food.
All cases of major operative surgery require the skill and dexterity
of the experienced veterinary surgeon, and no one else should attempt
such an operation, for unnecessary suffering must be prevented.
Nevertheless, the more knowledge and understanding an owner of
animals has of the principles of surgical operations and manipula-
tions, the better for all concerned. In the first place, such an owner
will appreciate more fully the skill of the qualified veterinarian, and,
in the second place, he will be the better prepared and equipped to
render assistance to his suffering dumb dependents where no prac-
titioner is accessible and in cases of emergency. There are, moreover,
some minor operations upon cattle, some of which can hardly be
classed as surgical, that the stockman and farmer should be able to
perform himself.
In the performance of any operation upon an animal of the size
und strength of the bull or cow, the first consideration is to secure
the animal in such a manner as to preclude the possibility of its
injuring either itself or those taking any part in the operation. The
nature and time likely to be occupied by an operation must, of course,
largely determine the method to be adopted.
The majority of operations with which the present chapter is con-
cerned are usually performed on the animal in a standing position.
A bull should always be held by a staff attached to the ring in his
nose. To secure the cow in a standing position, grasp the nose, the
finger and thumb being introduced into the nostrils, and press against
the cartilage which makes a division between them. If she has horns,
grasp one of them with the disengaged hand. If this is insufficient
the animal should be secured to a post, along the side of a fence, or
put into a stanchion. An excellent method of restraint is to tie a long
rope in a slip noose over the horns, pass it around the chest just
behind the forelegs, taking a half hitch on itself, taking another half
hitch in front of the hind limbs, passing the free end under the tail,
bringing it forward and making it fast either to the head or one of
the hitches. The head should be raised to the level of the back before
the final knot is tied, so as to render it too serious and painful a
matter for her to repeat the first attempt she makes to lower it.
Should the nature or extent of the operation be likely to take up
considerable tinie, it is invariably the best plan to throw the animal.
In the case of the ox this is very easily done, either by use of horse
hobbles, should they be at hand, or by the application of a simple
rope. If the horse hobbles are used, they should be fastened on the
SURGICAL OPERATIONS. 289
leg just above the fetlocks (ankle joints), as in that position they are
less liable to come off than if placed around the pastern.
Of the many ways of applying the rope for this purpose we will
describe only two, which we consider the best and simplest:
First. Take a long, strong rope (one which has been used a few
times is more flexible), double it, and at 2 or 3 feet from the doubled
end, according to the size of the animal, make a knot and pass the
collar thus formed over the animal’s head, allowing it to rest on what
would be the collar place in a horse. Now, pass the ends of the rope
between the forelegs, carry one around each hind leg just above the
fetlock joint, from outside in, under itself once, and bring the free
ends forward, passing each through the collar loop on its own side
and bringing the slack back toward and beyond the hind quarters.
(Pl. XXVI, fig. 2.) Two or three men should then take hold’ of
each rope and at a given signal pull. The animal’s hind legs being
drawn forward, the balance is lost, and if the animal does not fall
or lie down he can be readily pushed over on his side and secured
in the desired position.
Second. The three half hitches. Take a rope 30 or more feet long,
make a slip noose at the end and pass it over the animal’s horns,
leaving the knot in the loop between the horns; then pass the rope
backward along the neck to the withers, just in front of which take a
half hitch on it, passing it along the back, take one half hitch just
behind the forelegs and a second in front of the hind limbs round the
flank. (Pl. X XVI, fig. 1.) The free end of the rope is taken hold
of by one or two assistants while another holds the animal’s head.
By pulling firmly on the rope, or inducing the animal to make a step
or two forward while steady traction is made on the rope, the beast
will lie down, when his feet can be secured in the way most con-
venient for the operator.
There are numerous other methods, involving more or less com-
plete restraint, which may be equally efficacious, but one or other of
the ways indicated will doubtless be found to meet fully all ordinary
cases.
RINGING THE BULL.
This is usually and ought always to be done before the calf has
attained sufficient weight or strength to make his restraint a matter
of serious difficulty. An ordinary halter is usually all that-is re-
quired, the strap being secured to a tree or post. A jointed steel or
copper ring is ordinarily used. Those made of the latter metal are
preferable.
The common method of punching a round piece out of the nasal
septum for the introduction of the ring is, I think, open to objection,
as portions of the fine nervous Aiki nk are destroyed. The sensi-
33071°—16——19
290 DISEASES OF CATTLE,
bility of the parts is thus lessened and the object of ringing to some
extent defeated. The insertion of the ring by means of a trocar and
cannula is preferable, as the method is not open to this objection.
For some years we have used a little instrument, which can be
made by any worker in metal, consisting of a steel point riveted into
a short cannula made to fit on one end of the ring while open.
(Pl. XXVII, fig. 11.) When attached to the ring it is easily and
quickly passed through the septum, the half of the ring following
as a matter of course. It can then be removed and the ends of the
ring brought together and fastened by means of the screw for that
purpose.
DEHORNING.
In the wild state the utility of the horns of cattle as weapons of
offense and defense is apparent, but with domestication of cattle
and their confinement the presence of horns constitutes a menace
to the safety of their companions. Horned cattle frequently inflict
with their horns painful and serious injuries to others. Deaths as a
result of such injuries are not unusual. The operation of dehorning
would therefore be indicated as a matter of general safety.
On farms where breeding is conducted, the most desirable method
is to prevent the horns from growing on the young calves. This
action results in a more symmetrical appearance of the poll and elim-
inates the dangers which would result from the presence of horns on
the young cattle prior to their operative removal at a later age. A
calf should be treated not later than one week after it is born—pref-
erably when it is from 3 to 5 days old. The agent to be used may be
either caustic soda or potash in the form of sticks about the thickness
of an ordinary lead pencil. ‘These caustics must be handled with care,
as they dissolve the cuticle and may make the hands or fingers sore.
The preparation of the calf first consists in clipping the hair from
the parts, washing clean with soap or warm water, and thoroughly
drying with a cloth or towel. The stick of caustic should be wrapped
in a piece of paper to protect the hands and fingers, leaving one
end of the stick uncovered. Moisten the uncovered end slightly and
rub it on the horn buttons or little points which may be felt on the
calf’s head—first on one, then on the other—two or three times,
allowing the caustic to dry after each application. Be careful to
apply the caustic to the horn button only, for if it is brought in con-
tact with the surrounding skin it will cause pain. Too much mois-
ture on the stick of caustic will allow the application to spread to
the surrounding skin. After treatment keep the calf protected from
rain, as water on the head after application of the caustic will cause
it to run down over the face.
SURGICAL OPERATIONS. 291
Dehorning of adult animals is usually performed after the age of
2 years, as after that age there is less probability of the horns again
growing. The horns should be severed from the head from a quar-
ter to a half-inch below where the skin joins the base of the horn,
cutting from the back toward the front if a saw is used. If the
horn is not cut close enough to the head, an irregular, gnarly
growth of horn is liable to follow.
Before attempting to dehorn the animal, it should be securely
controlled by ropes in a stanchion or by casting. Upon the range
the cattle are usually controlled by casting or by placing them in a
““squeezer” connected with a corral. A clean, sharp meat saw or a
miter saw with a rigid back may be used. Various types of dehorn-
ing shears or clippers are in general use. One type of dehorner
has a stationary knife edge with its cutting edge shaped like a very
wide V, and opposing this, another knife of similar shape moving
in a slide, so that the cutting edges act upon the horn from all four
sides at once, all the edges passing the center at the same time.
drainage outlet for the escape of wound secretions or pus if it should
form. The edges of wounds and the muscles involved in the wound
should be kept as quiet as possible during the process of healing.
Every wound should be protected by a sterile or antiseptic dressing
whenever it is possible to retain a dressing in place. Dressings
should be changed when it is apparent that they have become
drenched with wound secretions or pus, or have become disarranged
or too loose, permitting dirt to enter between them and the skin. If
swelling appears beyond the edges of a bandage, it is an indication
that it is too tight and it should then be removed and again applied.
SURGICAL OPERATIONS. 29'7
The hands of the operator and all instruments and dressings com-
ing in contact with a wound at any time should be made as clean as
possible by the use of antiseptics.
BarBepd-wirE cuts.—We have specified these simply because in
some sections of the country there is a fixed idea that there is a
specific poison in barbed wire, causing injuries which require treat-
ment differing from that which is applicable to ordinary wounds.
Barbed-wire cuts differ from: ordinary wounds only in the parts
being often lacerated and torn, and the treatment already indicated
for wounds of that description is applicable to them.
CASTRATION.
Castration consists in the removal of the essential organs of gener-
ation, and is performed upon both the male and the female. In the
male the organs removed are the testicles and in the female the
ovaries.
CASTRATION OF THE MALE.
Castration in the male is performed for several different purposes.
It may be necessary, as is the case in certain diseased conditions of
the testicles and in strangulated hernia, but the usual object of the
operation is to enhance the general value of the animal. For ex-
ample, if the animal is intended for burden, the operation will better
fit him for his work by so modifying his temperament and physical
condition that he may easily be controlled by his master. Again, if
he is merely to be used for beef purposes, the operation will improve
the quality of the flesh and cause an added development of the most
valuable portions of the dressed carcass.
The operation upon the female may be performed on account of
diseased conditions, but we may say that the chief object of the
operation is to make the animal one of more profit to its owner by
lessening the lacteal secretion and also improving the physical con-
dition from the point of view of beef production. When the cow is
spayed, it does away with all trouble attending estrum, or heat, ges-
tation, and parturition with its accidents and ailments. The flesh
of the spayed cow is more tender and juicy than that of the natural
animal.
The operation upon the male may be either the uncovered or the
covered. In the former the incision is made down to the testicle
proper, and in the latter the cut is made through the scrotum or the
outside covering and through the dartos, or the next coat, care being
taken to cut no deeper tissues or coats. The age at which the opera-
tion is performed varies, but usually it is performed between the
second and third month. If done in early life, there is less danger of
complications, the organs being in, a latent condition and not fully
developed. There are many different methods of operating, the prin-
cipal ones of which we shall mention. In the uncovered operation a
298 DISEASES OF CATTLE,
good free incision should be made, exposing the testicle completely.
Now it may be removed by simply cutting it off. The only danger
of doing this is that hemorrhage is lable to follow. To obviate this,
before the division of the spermatic cord it should be twisted several
times in the following manner: Take hold of the cord with the left
hand, having it between the thumb and the index finger. Now twist
the free portion several times with the right hand, all the time being
careful to push with the left hand toward the body of the animal.
In this way the danger of injury to the cord during the animal’s
struggles will be overcome. There will be no hemorrhage, or very
little, if it has been done properly. This is the most simple manner
of torsion. There are forceps and other instruments made to per-
form the operation in this manner. The actual cautery is an old
method, but we shall not describe it, as we consider that we have bet-
ter methods now. The next method with the clamps, although ex-
tensively used upon the horse, is not practiced to so great an extent
upon the bovine at the present time. It is a very old method, and is
considered very safe. Clamps are used in the covered and uncovered
operations.
More modern methods are by the use of special instruments known
as the emasculator and the écraseur.
The operation of “ mulling” or crushing the spermatic cord is an
unscientific and barbarous procedure, causing unnecessary pain and
suffering.
The methods described above apply only to the animal in a normal
condition. Before operating everything should be examined to see
that it is as it should be. If otherwise, a special operative procedure
will be necessary. Whichever mode of operation is adopted from a
practical standpoint, the principal precautions to be taken in order
to attain success are as follows: First, thorough cleanliness under
strict aseptic and antiseptic precautions; second, a free and boldly
made incision; third, the avoidance of undue pulling or tension upon
the spermatic cord; fourth, free drainage, which can be maintained,
provided the original incision has been properly made.
The operation of castration of the male is by no means a serious
one, and when properly performed there is little danger from com-
plications. Although the danger is trifling, the complications which
may arise are sometimes of a serious nature. Hemorrhage, either
primary or secondary, tetanus (or lockjaw), abscesses, hernia (or
rupture), gangrene, and peritonitis are the most serious complications
that follow castration. Whichever complication arises will require
its own special treatment, which we will not go into here, as it will
be fully dealt with under another heading. We would add, however,
that, generally speaking, the animal, after being castrated, should
either be regularly exercised or be allowed freedom so that it can
SURGICAL OPERATIONS. 299
exercise itself. Sudden changes of the temperature are dangerous.
The animal should be fed moderately, but of a diet easily digestible.
CASTRATION OF THE FEMALE.
The operation of ovariotomy (spaying) should be performed when
the heifer is in her prime and in moderate condition not too plethoric
and not in heat or pregnant. This operation may be performed in
one of two ways—namely, by the flank or by the vagina—each oper-
ation having its special advantages. In the flank operation the
animal may be operated upon either while standing or while in the
recumbent position. If standing, she should be placed against a
wall or a partition and her head held by a strong assistant. The legs
also must be secured to prevent the animal from kicking. A ver-
tical incision should be made in the left flank, about the middle of
the upper portion, care being taken not to make the opening too
far down, in order to avoid the division of the circumflex artery
which traverses that region. The operator should now make an
opening through the peritoneum, which is best done with the fingers.
Next the hand and arm should be introduced into the abdominal
cavity and the hand directed backward toward the pelvis, searching
for the horns of the uterus; if followed up the ovaries will easily be
found. They should then be drawn outward and may be removed
either by the écraseur or by torsion. Closing and suturing the wound
will complete the operation. An adhesive plaster bandage can be
beneficially applied.
The operation by the vagina is more complicated and requires
special and expensive instruments. The mode of procedure in brief
is as follows: A speculum is introduced into the vagina, and an
incision is made into the superior wall of that passage about 2 inches
from the neck of the uterus, cutting from. below upward and from
before backward. An incision which should not exceed 34 inches
in length should be made. The next step is to get possession of the
ovaries. They are situated in a fold of the broad ligament and
should be drawn carefully through the incision into the vagina.
Now take the long-handled scissors, specially made for this purpose,
with which the thick border of the broad ligament is divided. The
torsion forceps are introduced and applied to the broad ligament
above the ovary. The left hand is then introduced, and the thumb
and the index finger grasp hold of the broad ligament above the
forceps. With the right hand torsion is applied and the ovary re-
moved. The other ovary may be removed in the same manner.
What has been said with regard to complications and aftertreat-
ment in the case of the male also applies to the female.
OTHER SURGICAL OPERATIONS.
Descriptions of other surgical operations not given in this chapter
may be found in other parts of this work by reference to the index.
SURGICAL OPERATIONS.
DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.
PLATE XXVI. Devices for casting cattle: (From Fleming.)
Fig. 1. Reuff’s method of throwing or casting the ox.
Fig. 2. Miles’s method of throwing or casting the ox.
Puate XXVIII. Surgical instruments and sutures. (After Reynders and
Fleming. ) 4
Figs. 1 and 2. Seton needles. These may be either long or short, straight
or curved, according to the locality in which a seton is to be inserted.
Fig. 3. Various forms of surgical needles.
Trig. 4. Suture forceps or needle holder, for passing needles through thick
and dense tissues.
Fig. 5. Knot properly tied.
Figs. 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. Various forms of sutures. Fig. 6, interrupted suture;
7, quilled suture; 8, uninterrupted suture; 9, twisted suture, made by
passing suture pins through the parts to be held together and wind-
ing the thread about them so as to represent the figure 8; 10, single-
pin suture.
Fig. 11. Appliance for ringing the bull, one-fourth natural size.
Fig. 12. Nose clamp, with spring and keeper.
PLATE XXVI.
DIsEASES OF CATTLE.
Devices FOR CASTING CATTLE.
PLATE XXVII.
DIsEASES OF CATTLE.
LAER Seer WEEE:
IG
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SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS AND SUTURES.
TUMORS AFFECTING CATTLE.
By JoHN R. MouteERr, V. M. D.,
Assistant Chief, Bureau of Animal Industry.
[Synonyms: New growth, neoplasm, neoformation, pseudoplasm, swelling, and
hyperplasia. ]
Definition Tumors? are abnormal masses of tissue, noninflamma-
tory and independent in character, arising, without obvious cause,
from cells of preexistent tissue, possessing no physiologic function,
and characteristically unrestrained in growth and structure.
Tumors are abnormal masses of tissue. The application of the
term “tumor” is directly connected with the fact that they produce
local enlargement.
They are noninflammatory; that is, the process of inflammation is
not directly the cause or accompaniment of them. An inflammatory
new growth tends to disappear upon the subsidence of the inflamma-
tory process, while spontaneous disappearance of a tumor is compar-
atively rare.
Tumors are independent. For instance, their nutrition bears no
relation to the nutrition of the body. A lipoma, or fatty tumor, in
the subcutaneous tissue, may go on increasing to huge bulk while the
body is steadily emaciating. Again, the tissues of the aged gradually
undergo atrophy, yet cancers arise at this time and grow rapidly.
Tumors are unrestrained in growth and structure. In the develop-
ment of an animal we know at what period of its existence the mass
of tissue called liver will develop—what its site, structure, and size
will be. We know that it will remain only in that locality, and not,
as it were, colonize throughout the system. With tumors it is differ-
ent; there are no laws by which we can forecast the time, place,
nature, or size of development of them. There is no cartilage in the
kidney or parotid gland, yet a chondroma, or cartilage tumor, may
develop in either. Even when a new growth of tissue 1s started by
1The term ‘“‘ tumor ”’ literally means a swelling, and thus has been applied to the promi-
nence caused by an overdistended bladder, to the enlargement of pregnancy, to the swell-
ing produced by an abscess, to the overgrowth of tissue (hyperplasia) associated with
injury and consequent inflammation, and to numerous other phases of tissue enlargement
directly connected with recognized disease processes. For this reason it is becoming more
common for scientists to apply the word “neoplasm” to the new growths described in
this chapter. Because of the still popular use of the word “ tumor,” it is retained in this
chapter for the designation of those new growths to which the sevenfold characterization
of our descriptive definition applies.
301
302 DISEASES OF CATTLE,
an injury and consequent inflammation—as, for instance, proud
flesh—there is a limitation of its size, but the controlling influences
which govern the size of an organ or normal mass of tissue and limit
the extent of an inflammatory overgrowth are all absent in the case
of tumors. They are unrestrained, lawless.
Metastasis expresses the Litlaieg: of tumors as datas being
limited to the original site of development. Small particles of tu-
mors enter the blood vessels or lymph streams and are carried to
distant parts of the body, where they lodge and start new tumor
formations. Expansion by colonization in this manner is a rule with
many tumors, and, since they exercise no function of use to the organ-
ism, this dissemination of actively growing particles becomes a
menace to the system by numerically increasing the body’s burden,
opening new channels of drain upon the system and adding new
centers for the absorption of putrefactive materials when the sec-
ondary tumors shall have degenerated. It is this which makes me-
tastasis such an important element in the malignancy of tumors.
Tumors possess no physiological function. They are absolutely
useless. Fibrous tumors bind no parts of the organism together;
bony tumors add nothing to the supporting framework of the body ;
the tissue of fatty tumors never serves as a storehouse of feed and
energy; the cells of an adenoma, or gland tumor, furnish no secre-
tion; a tumor composed of muscle tissue produces no increase to the
are not contractile. —
Tumors arise from cells of preexistent tissue. Tumor tissue is not
a new variety. Whatever the structure of a tumor, its counter-
part is found among the tissues of the body, the lawlessness of
the tumor, however, showing itself in more or less departure from
the normal type. This departure is usually a reversion to a more
elementary or embryonic stage, so that the tumor tissues may be said
to be structurally immature.
Tumors arise without obvious cause. Concerning the ultimate
cause of tumor formation .we are absolutely ignorant. Various
theories have been advanced from time to time, but none of them
have been applicable to more than a limited number of cases. The
most important theories may be briefly mentioned.
(1) The theory of tumor diathesis—Bilroth taught that tumors
are caused by a peculiar predisposition consisting of a diseased state
of the fluids of the body. ‘This constitutional taint might be acquired,
but, having been acquired, is also hereditary. This theory is known
also as the heredity hypothesis, but, while it is true that heredity
appears to play some role in the causation of certain neoplasms, its
application is too limited to make it of value.
(2) The mechanical or irritant theory—Virchow assumed that
tumors arise as the result of previous irritation of the part. This
TUMORS AFFECTING CATTLE. 3803
has been noticed particularly in the case of certain cancers. They
frequently develop on the edges of old ulcers, thus being dependent
apparently on chronic irritation. Cancer of the lip in pipe smokers
is a case in point. Cancerous tumors of the skin often develop on
the arms of workers in paraffin, tar, or soot, the chemical irritation
of these substances being the cause. On the contrary, the proportion
of those thus affected among the exposed is very small and forces
the conclusion that if the real cause were in the irritation vastly more
cases would occur.
(3) The theory of nervous influence—That is based upon (a) the
observed fact that tumors occur more frequently in man and the
higher animals than in those lower in the scale, among which the
nervous system is less highly developed; (4) that certain formations
seem to be directly connected with nerve distribution, while others
have been associated with alternations in neighboring nerve trunks.
(4) The embryonal theory.—This is known also as Cohnheim’s
hypothesis. In early fetal life there occurs a production of cells in
excess of those required for the construction of the various parts of
the body, so that a certain number of them are left over in the fully
developed tissue or become misplaced during the sorting of cells for
future development of tissues and organs. These cells lie dormant
until favorable conditions arise or until some sufficient stimulus is
applied, when, released from their inactivity, they begin to repro-
duce and grow. Not being normally related to their site, they lack
the controlling and limiting influences of the part, and, their embry-
onic character enduing them with a most potent proliferating
power, they develop in a lawless and unrestrained manner. There
are tumors whose existence can be explained only on these grounds.
Still, this theory falls far short of answering the question as to the
origin of tumors.
(5) The parasitic theory.—This is not only one of the latest, oN
merely as a hypothesis, it is the most attractive and plausible of all.
The serious objections to it, however, are the almost uniform failure
that has met the attempts to transplant these tumors from one animal
to another and the absence of any constant variety of organism in
them. Several forms of parasites have been found in certain tumors,
but nothing definite has been shown with reference to the relation
they bear to the causation of the neoplasm.
CLASSIFICATION OF TUMORS.
In Senn’s work on tumors occurs the following: “A uniform sys-
tem of classification of tumors is one of the great wants of modern
pathology, and all attempts in this direction have proved failures.”
It would be folly, therefore, to burden the pages of a work of this
kind with one or several of the proposed systems which have,
304 DISEASES OF CATTLE,
admittedly, at some important point, failed of their purpose. Since
the value of this chapter depends chiefly upon its practical character,
which in turn is measured by its aid in diagnosis, prognosis, and
treatment, the old but important clinical division is here adopted.
Tumors are either malignant or benign. The essential difference
between the two classes is that while benign tumors depend for
their ill effects entirely upon their situation, malignant neoplasms
wherever located inevitably destroy life. The clinical features of
each group are in many cases sufficiently marked to distinguish
them.
MALIGNANT TUMORS.
(1) These are invariably pernicious, and from the beginning tend
to destroy life.
(2) The cellular element predominates; therefore they grow
rapidly.
(3) Possessing no capsule, they infiltrate surrounding tissues.
(4) They infect adjacent lymph glands.
(5) They recur even after complete removal.
(6) They give metastasis; that is, they become disseminated in
different organs.
(7) Their presence develops a progressive emaciation.
BENIGN TUMORS.
(1) These in and of themselves do not tend to produce death.
(2) As the cellular element is not liable to predominate, they grow
slowly.
(3) They are encapsulated, and when diffuse do not infiltrate sur-
rounding tissues.
(4) They do not infect adjacent lymph glands.
(5) They do not recur after complete removal.
(6) They do not manifest metastasis.
Benign tumors, though harmless, may, by the accident of their
location, indirectly produce death. Mere pressure on the brain
substance of an otherwise innocent tumor, compression of the blood
supply for vital organs, growth in such manner as to cause obstruc-
tion in the alimentary tract or pressure upon nerves, may cause
death, or, prior to death, so combine the effects of anemia (deficiency
of blood), starvation, and pain, with its consequent restlessness, as
to produce a veritable cachexia (condition of general ill health).
On the other hand, a malignant tumor in its primary growth may
so implicate a vital organ as to destroy life before metastasis can
occur or even before cachexia can develop. Thus, to the untrained
observer, environment may so operate as to cause these two classes
of new growths to simulate each other. The boundary lines may
TUMORS AFFECTING CATTLE. 3805
seem to overlap. It is here that the’ microscope, as the court of last
appeal, adjudicates positively in the diagnosis between these two
clearly marked divisions.
It may almost be asserted that a true classification of tumors can
not be made until we know more: about the cause of them. The
arrangement here presented is offered to meet the practical needs of
the veterinarian, student, and farmer rather than of the pathologist.
We may roughly divide the tissues of the body into structural and
lining tissues. The structural tissues are composed of the tissues of
special function and simple connective tissues. The lining or cover-
ing tissues, both internal and external, are known as epithelium.
Section A of the table below contains the true tumors or proper
neoplasms.
Section B includes the cysts, some of which are true tumors, while
others are false ones, but the latter are added because of their gross
resemblance to the true and the consequent necessity of considering
them at the same time.
TUMORS AND CYSTS.
A.—TUMORS.
BENIGN.
I.—Tumors composed of tissues resembling those of special function.
ME ORO! BHTISGLS ASSES a ee Se ee ee ee Myoma.
PRP neLOl Nerve EISSUC. 222 PRUE an ORES Ee Bee hake ee Neuroma.
EOF CVASCIIA IY TLSSUGS 2) fi ets bois to a panied fe ee ee Angioma.
Tee mer Glee land nGlSSUC 222.22 es ore ka ea es LO Sn Adenoma.
II.—Tumors composed of fully developed connective tissue.
Peer Dero lOouUsenlaSUe™ —eeee fe bo OSE ST eet te Fibroma. -
Se CMGI ROTO SOnrOl neitce TASS UGS 2 Soe i he oy i Bee BE Lipoma.
ee VOR la Comte APTI SSC Se 8 Chondroma.
SAL Ne LOIMOSSEOUS LOT DONEC, tISSUG. 2. * H.-A Be Osteoma.
Lye OLemMeuLoeiia. Or merve, Sheath ee Glioma.
Sac hypelOrMimncoia, Oblideous; TISSUGL oe eee ee Myxoma.
MALIGNANT.
TIlI.— Tumors composed of embryonic or immature connective tissues.
ie wene or minature connective: tissue == ee er Sarcoma,
eeelype: OL endothelial tissvel sw we meer eee ee et Endothelioma.
IV.—Tumors in which epithelial elements predominate.
1. Type of various epithelial cells and associated tissues___________ Carcinoma,
33071°—16——20
306 DISEASES OF CATTLE,
B.—CyYstTs.
I.—Cysts which develop in preexisting cavities.
a a ee Sh ae es ea a ee ee Retention cysts.
Des scl 2 ee ee epee rc ee aes See Proliferation cysts.
II.—Cysts which are of congenital origin and are true tumors.
Gite Sy. oho ara? elu Aa Oe eth oI years Dermoid cysts.
Ill.— Cysts which originate independently as the result of pathological changes
and are nontumorous,
1. Cysts formed by the softening and disintegration of lesions-—Softening cysts.
2. Cysts formed) around: patTaSices == see ae ee Parasitic cysts.
8. Cysts formed by an outpouring of blood and lymph into the tissue spaces with
subsequent encapsulation of the fluid-_____-___________ Hxtravasation cysts.
Trerminotocy.—The principle of naming tumors is quite simple.
The Greek word “oma” (plural “ omata”) means tumor. This word
“oma” is added to the stem of the word ordinarily used to designate
the kind of tissue of which the tumor is composed. Thus a tumor
formed after the type of fibrous tissue is a fibroma. The only excep-
tion to this is in the naming of the two large classes of malignant
neoplasms. There the names were formed from the fleshlike appear-
ance of the one and the crablike proliferations of the other—namely,
Sarcoma (sarks = flesh), carcinoma (karkinos = crab).
Diaenosis.—In the diagnosis of tumors note is taken of (1) clinical
history and (2) examination of the tumor.
(1) Clinical history.—Circumstances connected with the origin of
the tumor and its rapidity of growth may point to an inflammatory.
swelling rather than a tumor. The location of the tumor at its com-
mencement is important, as, for instance, in diagnosing between
. lipoma and carcinoma, the former being more or less movable under
the skin, while a carcinoma develops in the skin. While tenderness
on pressure may be caused by compression of a sensitive nerve by a
tumor or by tumors of the nerve or nerve sheaths, as a rule this
symptom is indicative of inflammatory swelling rather than of the
existence of a tumor.
(2) Direct examination of the tumor—tin the application of this
diagnosis the trained observer will note color, size, shape, and surface
structure, transmission of light, movableness, consistence, resistance,
pulsation, and crepitation. Percussion, auscultation, and exploration
are also available methods. Finally, microscopic examination of the
growing portions of the tumor by a pathologist will be found most
satisfactory.
TUMORS AFFECTING CATTLE. 307
GENERAL TREATMENT OF TUMORS.
For benign tumors treatment is required only when it damages the
animal’s value or when merely for sake of appearance. When it is
possible, the removal of the tumor by an operation is indicated. If
the tumor has a small, constricted base, remove by torsion, ligation, or
with an écraseur. Ligation following the incision of the skin with a
knife avoids the pain of pressing on the sensitive nerves of the skin
and is suitable for tumors of broad base and small bodies. A firing
iron, such as is used in line or feather firing, may also be used in
removing tumors with small attachments. This not only stops the
bleeding but forms a firm scab, under which healing may occur rap-
idly. Those tumors that can not be removed by the above methods
may be treated with caustics or acids, such as sulphuric acid, hydro-
chloric acid, caustic potash, arsenic, silver nitrate, or chromic acid,
but it is difficult to limit the action of these drugs. The injection,
into the tumor, of such chemicals as anilin dyes, alcohol, acetic
acid, citric acid, or ergotin, is of doubtful value, as is also the in-
jection of the germs of erysipelas—thought by some to be a specific.
Certain specific tumors, such as actinomycosis and botryomycosis,
may be successfully treated by the-internal administration of potas-
sium iodid, together with the injection into the tumor or the painting
of its surface with either Lugol’s solution or the tincture of iodin.
The most reliable means of treating tumors is by extirpation with
cutting instruments. Dissect the tumor from the surrounding tissue,
ligating all the larger blood vessels, and tearing the tissues with the
fingers rather than cutting with a knife. The bleeding may be
stopped with a hot iron. The after treatment is the same as for any
ordinary wound of similar size.
DESCRIPTION OF INDIVIDUAL TUMORS.
Although a full list of the tumors that may be found in bovines has
been given above, there are a number that warrant a detailed descrip-
tion, and the following mention will be made of the most important
of them:
MYOMA.
These tumors are after the type of muscle. They are sharply cir-
cumscribed and, as a rule, are very hard, a condition owing usually to
combination with fibroma and are then known as fibromyoma. In
fact, the clinical differentiation between myoma and fibroma is almost
impossible. Myomas are found in the uterus, vagina, stomach, intes-
tines, gullet, and bladder of a bovine animal. They grow very large,
but, as a rule, are benign. Treatment should consist of their removal.
308 DISEASES OF CATTLE,
NEUROFIBROMA.
A true neuroma built up of nerve fibers and nerve cells is infre-
quent, if it ever occurs, in cattle. False neuromas, or neurofibromas,
are knotty, spreading tumors of the size of a large potato, which are
developed within the nerve sheaths and composed of nerve fibers and
connective tissue bands interlaced. The commingling of these varied
fibers is often so intricate that separation is practically impossible.
This tumor is most frequently found upon the shoulder of cattle.
Treatment is surgical.
ANGIOMA.
The angiomas are tumors composed mainly of blood vessels or
blood spaces and are observed on the skin of man, where they are
called “birthmarks” or “mother marks.” Cavernous angiomas are
seen in cattle, affecting the liver and the mucous membrane of the
nasal septum. In the liver they appear as smooth, flat, nonprojecting
tumors of a dark-red or purple color and of about the size of a silver
10-cent piece. They are somewhat softer in consistency than the
adjoining liver substance into which they are gradually fused.
These tumors are frequently observed by meat inspectors in livers
of slaughtered cattle. Treatment of angioma is unnecessary.
ADENOMA.
The structure of this tumor is after the type of gland tissue. It is
rarely seen in cattle except in combination with cancer or sarcoma.
A growth which occurs more frequently in bovines, especially caives,
and which in some instances bears a striking resemblance to an
adenoma is the so-called goiter.
GOITER (STRUMA).
This is a noninflammatory enlargement or a hyperplasia of the thy-
roid gland. While it can not be definitely classed among tumors,
yet, owing to its resemblance to the latter, it will be discussed at this
‘time. The cause of goiter has never been definitely ascertained.
Among the most probable causes may be mentioned heredity, insuffi-
cient and improper diet, close confinement, unhygienic surroundings,
and an unknown toxic substance which is supposed to obtain in those
localities rich in magnesium and lime salts. Certain organisms found
in goiter have been suspected of producing this trouble, but their
relation to the disease has not been satisfactorily proved. A goiter
may consist of (1) simple enlargement of the follicles which are filled
with albuminous matter (follicular goiter); (2) an increase of con-
nective tissues between the follicles, causing the swelling to be dense
and resistant (fibrous goiter); (3) a great increase in size of one or
more follicles, forming a cyst (cystic goiter) ; (4) great dilatation of
TUMORS AFFECTING CATTLE. . 309
the blood vessels in the gland accompanied with pulsation with each
heart beat (vascular goiter).
Symptoms.—Goiter may be observed at the side of the throat,
reaching the size of a fist or even larger, or it may hang down below
the windpipe. In cattle the two thyroid glands are close together,
and when the disease affects both there may be but one uniform swell-
ing placed in front of the windpipe below the angle of the jaw. This
swelling may be hard, soft, or doughy in consistence, and with each
beat of the heart it may pulsate like an artery. It may cause labored
breathing by pressure on the windpipe, and death may result from
pressure on this structure, on the gullet, or on the adjoining large
vessels.
Treatment—In young animals the treatment is usually satisfac-
tory, and consists in giving the animal a complete change of feed and
plenty of exercise in the open air. If the condition appears enzootic
in the district, remove the animal to another location when possible.
Todin, either in the form of ointment or the tincture, should be ap-
plied to the swelling. Injections of iodin solution, 5 grains of iodin
in 1 dram of 25 per cent alcohol, may also be made into the substance
of the gland. When the swelling which follows this injection has
subsided it may be repeated. Potassium iodid should be given
internally in 14-dram doses twice daily for a cow, or in 20-grain doses
twice a day for a calf. Extirpation of all but a small section of the
swelling may be successfully accomplished by a qualified veterinarian,
but if it should be entirely removed, myxedema and death follow.
FIBROMA.
Fibromas are tumors made up chiefly of connective tissue and are
usually confined to the skin and subcutaneous tissue. Indurative
fibromas of the skin appear as tumors of gelatinous connective tissue
cr as firm, white vascular connective tissue growths, which are more
or less sharply outlined, move readily over the underlying tissues in
company with the skin, and owe their origin to mechanical injuries,
perforating wounds, repeated abrasions, or the invasion of pus cocci
or botryomyces into the tissues.
These tumors in cattle are frequently found upon the dewlap as
solid lumps, hard as stone to the touch, lying loosely between the
layers of skin, and gradually losing themselves in the softer tissues of
_ the neck above, or as smooth, hard tumors of glistening white sub-
stance with interlacing lines of softer tissue. They may also be found
in the region of the knee or at the elbow. The skin over the growths.
In accordance with the originating cause, will be found chafed, cov-
ered with scabs, or even ulcerated and accompanied with collateral
edema.
310 : DISEASES OF CATTLE,
These connective tissue tumors grow slowly but reach enormous
size. They sometimes follow injuries to the region of the throat and
form there as hard, firm growth, even reaching the size of a child’s
head.
A fibroma upon the larynx is not an infrequent occurrence in the
ox. These tumors are always sharply outlined and have a roughened
surface. They may be differentiated from actinomycotic tumors (see
chapter on “ Infectious diseases of cattle,” p. 356) in the same location
by their firm, fibrous structure and by the absence of pus from the
interior.
A tumor is sometimes seen upon the muzzle of cattle, which assumes
a diameter equaling the width of the muzzle. It is a voluminous con-
nective tissue formation known by the name of “ fibroma diffusum.”
Another form is sometimes observed upon the tongue. It grows
upon a broad, spreading base, becoming very hard. It is almost
lacking in blood vessels, although the few that are present are plainly
in view, and in consequence is poorly supplied with fluids. It is of
a smooth contour, white or whitish yellow in color, is sharply limited
from the normal substance of the tongue, may be covered with mucous
membrane, on which prominent papille are located, or only by a thin,
delicate layer of epithelium, and is usually found in the middle part
of the tongue, where it may reach the size of two fists.
Pedunculate or stemmed fibrous tumors are frequently noticed
growing upon or near the extremity of the tails of cows. They are
apparently of traumatic origin, such as tying the tail fast while milk-
ing or shaving it too closely while trimming for show purposes, and
usually contain bloody or gelatinous material within, or, again, they
may be strongly edematous throughout.
Treatment.—The treatment of large fibromas is surgical and con-
sists of the operative removal of the tumor, followed by suturing of
the wound. Small external tumors may be painted with zine chlorid,
chromic acid, or a concentrated solution of bichlorid of mercury.
PAPILLOMA (WART).
When fibromas develop from the lining or covering tissues they
frequently form papillary growths, more or less thickly covered
with epithelium, and are then called papillomas, or warts.
Papillomas consist of villouslike projections, resulting from a
proliferation of the outer layer (epithelium) of the skin or mucous
membrane. These growths are also called “angle berries,” and
may assume a variety of forms. Sometimes there is a preponderance
of epidermis in the formation, and the tumor then appears as a hard,
dense, insensitive, clublike growth, or wart. Again the swelling is
chiefly in the derm, or true skin, and we have what is known as a
flesh wart (verucca carnea). In other cases the growth of papillar
TUMORS AFFECTING CATTLE. Oued.
bodies projects in great cauliflowerlike tumors with deeply furrowed
and lobulated surface, over which a covering of epidermis may or
may not be present. These are usually much softer and are well
supplied with blood vessels. It is not uncommon for them to be
pedunculate or stemmed, and in this case considerable rotary motion
or twisting is possible. Their color is cloudy gray or grayish red,
with white bands of connective tissue radiating from the center.
Their consistence varies. Upon their surfaces and within their clefts
and fissures they undergo retrogressive changes, softening, bleeding,
or ulcerations.
A favorite location for the papilloma in cattle is the udder and
teats, where they may develop in such numbers as to cover the entire
surface and make the animal troublesome to milk. The sides of the
head, neck, and shoulders also afford satisfactory conditions for
their growth, and are frequently seen to be affected by them.
Treatment.—Warts may be removed with the scissors, twisted off
with the fingers, or ligatured by means of a rubber band or horse-
hair. The roots should then be cauterized with tincture of iron,
glacial acetic acid, or lunar caustic. Acids should never be used in
removing warts about the eyes or in the mouth. Papillomas of the
eyelids sometimes change to cancers and should be removed by taking
out a wedge-shaped section of the eyelid. Young cattle should be
given arsenic internally in the form of Fowler’s solution, 1 table-
spoonful twice a day for a 6-months-old calf.
POLYPS.
Polyps are usually fibromas or myxomas, occurring on the mucous
membrane of the nasal passages or genital tract. They grow upon
a narrow stem, bleed readily when injured, and often contain a
center of thin, limpid fluid. A bloody discharge is sometimes seen
coming from the affected nostril, but this is not always easy of
detection in cattle, owing to the pliancy of their tongues and to their
habit of licking an irritated nostril. Usually these tumors grow
downward and may project from the nostril, causing snoring sounds
and uneasy breathing. They may occasionally force themselves back-
ward into the throat, where they interfere seriously with respiration,
the patient being obliged to breathe with an effort, and even forced
to cough in order to dislodge temporarily the obstruction from the
larynx. Such tumors, when near the nostril, may easily be remoyed
by the use of forceps or a loop made of bailing wire. Serious bleed-
ing is not liable to follow their removal, but an astringent wash, such
as a solution of the perchlorid of iron, if applied to the cut surface,
will be found very beneficial. In case the tumor is not within easy
reach, the services of a qualified veterinarian should be obtained to
perform the necessary operation.
312 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
LIPOMA.
This is a tumor consisting chiefly of fat cells. The growth is
irregularly rounded and distinctly lobulated, very soft, and almost
fluctuating. It is insensitive, grows slowly, and is always inclosed
in a distinct fibrous capsule, from which it can be easily shelled out.
It may become very large and often hangs pendulous from a long,
elastic pedicle. In cattle this tumor may be found in the subcu-
taneous tissues, especially of the back and shoulders, uterus, and
intestines, and in the latter position it may cause strangulation, or
“ out tie,” by winding around a loop of the intestine.
Treatment—When found on the skin the tumor may be readily
removed with a knife or by a ligature. Caustics and the cautery
_ produce wounds that heal slowly and can not be recommended in the
treatment of this tumor.
CHONDROMA.
This tumor formation is composed of cartilage cells. It is a
rounded and very often unevenly nodular and sharply described
tumor. It is very hard, dense, elastic, and painless and develops
principally where we find normal cartilage cells. It is rare in cattle,
but has been found in the subcutaneous tissues and nasal cavities.
Treatment.—Extirpation.
OSTEOMA (BONY TUMOR).
Bones may occasionally grow in such a profuse and irregular
manner that the product, or osteophyte, assumes the character of a
tumor. The bone tissue may possess either spongy or compact prop-
erties and grow either from the periphery of the bone or within its
interior. These tumors most frequently appear about the head of
the animal, either upon the jawbones, within the nasal passages, or
in connection with the horns. They are usually of bony hardness,
painless, benign, and sharply outlined.
Treatment.—The treatment consists in either removing them with
a saw, chisel, or trephine, or preventing their further development
by counterirritation with blisters or firing iron.
MYXOMA.
Characteristic myxomas are mucoid tumors which chiefly originate
from the mucous membrane and are especially to be found within
the nasal passages and uterus of cattle. They can reach a size of
three fists, are smooth or velvetlike, or may be lobulated, broad at the
base, and consist of a glassy-looking mass of connective tissue, which
usually shows a distinctive yellowish color. Being homogeneous and
elastic, the moist, jellylike tissue composing the tumor may be easily
TUMORS AFFECTING CATTLE. ole
destroyed or crushed. When cut through, these tumors soon collapse
from the loss of their fluids. They sometimes inclose elliptical cavi-
ties filled with slimy, gelatinous masses.
Treatment.—Extirpation.
SARCOMA.
This is a malignant tumor after the type of embryonal tissue, and
consists of several varieties, such as the round cell, spindle cell,
giant cell, alveolar, and melanosarcoma. They grow by preference
in connective tissue and are quite vascular. Sarcomas appear either
as single or multiple nodules, varying in size from a hempseed to a
hazelnut, or else as a moderate number of tumors of the size of hen
eggs. Their surface, at first smooth, later becomes lumpy and tuber-
ous from internal degeneration. Secondary nodules may appear
near the primary tumor. The outer skin is not involved so soon as
in cancer, nor does ulceration follow so rapidly. Sarcoma is about
the most frequent and dangerous tumor that is found in cattle. It
occurs in young animals, and is found on the serous membranes, in
the glandular organs, and on the outer skin, especially of the neck
and shoulders—in fact, in nearly every tissue and in almost every
part of the body. This tumor is often found in places exposed to
traumatisms and at seats of scars, or of irritations from pressure and
inflammation. .
Treatment.—Treatment should consist in early and complete re-
moval by the knife, including one-half or three-quarters of an inch
of the sound tissue adjoining the tumor. If there is a possibility
that sarcomatous tissue still remains, either cauterize the wound with
a hot iron or powder the walls of the cavity with arsenious acid.
CANCER (CARCINOMA).
Cancers are tumors of epithelial tissues and are malignant. There
are several varieties of cancers, such as hard, soft, and colloid, but
only those growing on the surface will be mentioned here. These
malignant tumors of the superficial organs develop primarily from
the epidermis or from the glands of the skin. They appear second-
arily as spreading infections from milk glands, thryoids, anal glands,
or as embolisms. In such cases their sole character depends wholly
upon the kind of cancer from which they have sprung. The infil-
trating cancer begins as an elevation of the skin, which progresses
until it becomes rough and nodular. The surface later becomes
attacked, and an ulcer results whose edges are outlined by a hard,
firm zone.
The ulcerations may remain limited by cicatricial tissue, but it is
more likely that the infiltration and destruction of tissue will spread
out wider and deeper until a rodent ulcer (so called) is formed.
One of the most frequent sites of cancer in cattle is in the eye, where
314 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
they are called fungus hematodes, but they also occur on the skin,
on the genitals, in the stomach, and within the organs.
Fungus hematodes—This starts at the inner corner of the eye as
a papillary elevation or as small nodules which become fused. They
grow larger and become papillomatous, with superficial ulcerations
“and a tendency toward hemorrhage. In some cases the eye is dis-
placed by the growing tumor or is attacked by the cancer cells and
entirely destroyed.
Cancerous growths upon the external genitals and the anus usually
present a rough, irregular surface from which there is a constant
sloughing of decomposed tissue accompanied with a penetrating dis-
agreeable odor.
The diagnosis of cancer may be made clinically by noting the
simultaneous infection of the lymph glands which surround the pri-
mary lesion. Deeply burrowing and infiltrating forms which ap-
pear as lumps and ulcerations cause marked disfiguration of the
affected part. The surface becomes a soft, greasy mass; later it
cracks open and from the fissures blood-colored pus exudes, being
continually formed by the moist degeneration of the tissues beneath.
At first the general health of the animal does not appear affected,
but later the cancer nodules spread to important organs and give
rise to marasmus and progressive emaciation. Cancer is not a fre-
quent tumor of cows. Froéhner states that of 75 cases of tumors in
cattle which came under his observation 2, or 2.6 per cent, were
found to be cancers, while 20, or 26.6 per cent, were sarcomas.
Treatment.—Treatment consists in the early and complete removal
of the tumor, taking care to include a wide border of healthy tissue.
This has been most successful in such superficial cancers as those of
the eye, penis, anus, testicle, vulva, and sheath. If the disease has
advanced too far, this treatment may not prove efficacious, owing to
the great malignancy of the cancer and its tendency to recur. In
such cases the animal may be slaughtered, but the flesh should be
used for food only after inspection by a competent veterinarian.
CYSTS.
Cysts may be true or false tumors and consist of a capsule contain-
ing a fluid or semisolid content. Among the most important cysts,
which have been briefly referred to in a previous table, the following
are probably the most noteworthy, owing to the frequency with which
they are found in bovines:
SOFTENING CYSTS.
Softening cysts, which result from the degenerative liquefaction of
normal or diseased tissues, especially of tumors of different kinds,
followed by the encapsulation of the fluid.
TUMORS AFFECTING CATTLE. o15
PARASITIC CYSTS.
Parasitic or foreign-body cysts, from the inflammatory reaction
induced by such parasites as the echinococcus (hydatid cyst) or by
the presence of various kinds of foreign bodies.
EXTRAVASATION CYSTS.
Extravasation cysts, caused by injuries which rupture blood ves-
sels, followed by an increase of fibrous tissue which forms a capsule
about the fluid. The hygromata in front of the knee in cattle, so-
called tumor of the knee, and serous cysts belong to this variety.
HycroMaTa, OR TUMORS OF THE KNEE.—These consist in the
simplest form of a collection of serous fluid mixed with fibrin within
a distended bursa. The walls surrounding the fluid become firm,
smooth, and dense.
Outwardly the tumor appears fluctuating, though tense, while the
skin which covers it may be normal, denuded of hair, or covered
with hard epidermal scales, possibly half an inch in thickness, form-
ing a hard, horny plate. The cavity which contains the fluid may
have the dimensions of a hen’s egg, an apple, or a child’s head. Its
walls are formed by the diseased secreting membrane of the bursal
sac, and are readily detachable from the subcutis of the skin. Their
internal surfaces are often uneven or supplied with projections or
tufted growths which support a fibrous network within the tumor.
Tumors of the knee may also assume a granular type, as the result
of chronic inflammation or following operative or spontaneous evac-
uation of pus from the part. They are either firmly connected with
the skin or are detachable from it, and when laid open disclose a
whitish-red, porklike tissue surrounding a central nucleus of pus, or
a fistulous tract leading to the outer surface. They are caused by the
chronic inflammation which follows the bruises received by cattle in
iying down and in rising, or they may be due to falls on uneven, hard
ground.
Treatment for hygromata.—When the swelling first appears cold
water should be applied, followed later by bandaging with cloths
wrung out of warm water. If the swelling is soft, it should be punc-
tured at the lowest point, and afterwards the cavity should be
syringed with Lugol’s solution. If the tumor is hard and nonfluctu-
ating, a mercurial blister may cause absorption and at the same time
prevent further injury to the part by making it more painful, thus
sparing it.
Serous cysts.—These swellings are another variety of extravasa-
tion cysts, and are caused by such injuries as butting, running
against hard objects, and shipping bruises, which are followed by an
outpouring of blood and lymph into the tissue spaces. These cysts
316 DISEASES OF CATTLE,
develop rapidly and may reach the size of a man’s head or even
larger. They are soft, edematous, and hot at first and contain a
serous or blood-tinged fluid. Later, partially organized clots and
shreds of a fibrinous nature and of a gelatinous consistence are
formed within, and the temperature of the swelling is reduced.
They appear on the surface of the body, especially on the belly and
flank of cattle.
Treatment of serous cysts —Treatment consists in opening the cyst
at the most dependent point with a sharp knife. The cavity should
be washed out twice daily with a 5 per cent solution of carbolic acid,
and drainage encouraged by keeping the incision open.
DERMOID CYSTS.
These cysts have a wall which is almost an exact duplicate of the
structure of the skin, and frequently contain epidermal structures,
such as hair and teeth, which, in the development of the embryo, have
been misplaced. Thus we may find in an ovary or testicle a dermoid
cyst, containing a tooth or a ball of hair. Dental cysts are included
in the class above.
DenTAL cysts.—It happens occasionally that the teeth of cattle, in-
stead of developing normally within strong supporting alveole, re-
main inclosed within a cystic membrane, which assumes a tumorlike
character. One tooth may be included alone in the cyst or a number
may be inclosed together. However this may be, the malformation
progresses, especially if confined to the incisor teeth, until the remain-
ing teeth that began to develop normally are crowded out of posi-
tion and rendered useless. The tumor may reach the size of a man’s
fist. It appears to be fleshy and dents upon pressure, but it may also
appear on closer examination as though it contained irregular sec-
tions of thin bone. The outer surface is always smooth, and no
indication of purulence, softening, or scab formation is ever ex-
hibited. Upon being laid open with the knife the tumor is seen to be
surrounded by a firm, smooth membrane which limits it completely
from the adjoining tissues. It is filled with material which possesses
partly edematous, partly fleshy, and partly bony properties. It is
supposed that this mass is composed of rudiments of the jawbone or
of the alveolar walls which, becoming spongy, lose themselves in the
soft, fleshy mass contained within the capsule of the tumor. It oc-
casionally happens that the tumor is hollow and that the cavity ex-
tends back into the body of the lower jaw for a considerable distance.
Tumors of this kind, being of congential origin, are very naturally
observed most frequently in young cattle, but they may continue to
expand for a period of several months after the birth of the calf,
even until they become troublesome and unsightly.
- ‘TUMORS AFFECTING CATTLE. 317
Treatment for dental cysts ——Treatment consists in the complete
extirpation of the cyst and the destruction of the lining pouch by
curetting.
RETENTION CYSTS.
Retention cysts arise from the retention of normal secretions,
owing to obstruction of a duct leading from a gland. The mucous
cysts found in the mouth, udder, and vestibule of cows are samples
of this form.
Mucovts cysts.—Saclike dependent tumors, caused by retention of
the secretions from the mucous glands, sometimes develop in the
mouth, nose, pharynx, and vulva of cattle. They are called “ mucous
cysts.” ‘These are of sizes varying from peas to pigeon eggs, are
roundish and translucent, and surrounded by a delicate, vascular mem-
brane. They contain a siruplike substance more or less thick and
transparent and whitish yellow in color.
Treatment consists in the puncturing of the swelling, if accessible,
and the destruction of the cyst walls by the injection of Lugol’s
solution.
PROLIFERATION CYSTS.
These are found especially in the ovaries of cows, called “ cystic
ovaries,” and may produce nymphomania (chronic bulling).
The treatment indicated in this case is the removal of the diseased
ovaries,
DISEASES OF THE SKIN.
By M. R. TrumMBoweEkr, D. V. S.
[Revised by John R. Mohler, V. M. D.]
GENERAL DISCUSSION.
The skin consists of two parts—a superficial layer, the epidermis,
or cuticle, and the deep, or true, skin, the dermis, cutis vera, or
corium.
The epidermis, cuticle, or scarf skin, is an epithelial structure,
forming a protective covering to the corium. It varies in thickness,
is quite insensible and nonvascular, and consists of a sheet of cells.
The epidermis is divided into a firm and transparent superficial
and a deep, soft layer. The latter is the rete mucosum, whose cells
contain the pigment which gives color to the skin. The deep sur-
face of the epidermis is accurately molded on the papillary layer of
the true skin, and, when removed by maceration, presents depres-
sions which correspond to the elevations on the dermis. From the
cuticle tubular prolongations pass into the sebaceous and sudorific
glands; thus the entire surface of the body is inclosed by the cuticle.
The dermis, or true skin, is vascular and highly sensitive, contain-
ing the tactile ends of the nerves of touch. It is covered by epi-
dermis and attached to the underlying parts by a layer of areolar
tissue, which usually contains fat. The cutis consists of a fibro-
areolar tissue and vessels of supply. It is divided into two layers,
the deep, or true, corium and the upper, or papillary. The corium
consists of strong interlacing fibrous bands, chiefly white; its meshes
are larger and more open toward the attached surface, giving lodg-
ment to the sweat glands and fat. The papillary, or superficial,
layer is formed of a series of small conical eminences or papille,
which are highly sensitive, and consists of a homogenous, transparent
tissue. The blood vessels form dense capillary plexuses in the
corium, terminating by loops in the papille. The papillary nerves
run in a waving manner, usually terminating in loops.
Hair is an appendage of the skin and forms its external covering.
It is a special modification of epidermis, having the same essential
structure, and consists of a root, shaft, and point. The root has a
bulbous extremity, is lighter and softer than the stem, and is lodged
in a recess or hair follicle, which may either be in the corium or sub-
cutaneous areole. The follicle is dilated at the bottom to correspond
318
DISEASES OF THE SKIN. 319
to the root bulb, and the ducts of one or more sebaceous glands open
into it. At the bottom of each follicle is a concial, vascular papilla,
similar in every respect to those on the surface of the dermis; this
papilla fits into a corresponding depression in the root of the hair.
The shaft consists of a center, or medulla, a surrounding fibrous
portion, and an external coating, or cortex. The medulla consists
of cells containing pigment or fat, is opaque, and deeply colored.
All kinds of hair do not have this medulla. The fibrous portion
occupies the bulk of the stem, and the cortex is merely a single
layer of thin, flat, imbricated (shinglelike) scales.
The sebaceous glands, lodged in the corium, are most abundant in
parts exposed to friction. They generally open into the hair follicles,
occasionally on the surface of the body. Each gland consists of a
small duct which terminates in a lobulated recess. These lobules
vary, and are, as is the duct, lined with epithelium. They are filled
with sebaceous matter which, as it is secreted, is detached into the
sacs. They are very plentiful between the claws of cattle.
The sudorific glands, or sweat glands, are situated in the subcuta-
neous areolar tissue, surrounded by a quantity of fat. They are
small, round, reddish bodies, each of which consists of one or more
fine tubes coiled into a ball, the free end of the tube being continued
up through the true skin and cuticle, and opening on the surface.
Each sweat gland is supplied with a cluster of capillary blood ves-
sels which vary in size, being very large when perspiration is exces-
sive. The contents of the smaller ones are fluid, and of the larger,
semifiuid.
The skin may be regarded as an organ supplementary in its action
to the lungs and kidneys, since by its secretion it is capable of remov-
ing a considerable quantity of water from the blood; it also removes
small quantities of carbon dioxid of salts, and in certain instances
during suppression of the renal secretions a small quantity of urea.
The skin is also the chief organ for the regulation of animal heat,
by or through conduction, radiation, and evaporation of water, per-
mitting of loss of heat, while it also, through other mechanisms, is
able to regulate the heat lost. The hair furnishes protection against
extreme and sudden variations of temperature by reason of the fact
that hairs are poor conductors of heat, and inclose between them a
still layer of air, itself a nonconductor. The hairs are also furnished
with an apparatus by which the loss of heat may be regulated; thus,
in cold weather, through the contraction of unstriped muscular fibers
of the skin, the hairs become erect and the external coat becomes
thicker. Cold, too, acts as a stimulus to the growth of hair, and we
find, in consequence, a thicker coat in winter than in summer. The
hairs also furnish protection against wet, as they are always more
or less oily from the secretion of sebaceous glands, and thus shed
320 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
water. Through their elasticity they furnish mechanical protection,
and through the thickness of the coat, to a certain degree, resist the
attacks of insects. Finally, the hairs assist the sense of touch.
The sweat glands are constantly discharging a watery secretion in
the form of insensible perspiration, and by their influence act as
regulators of the temperature of the body; hence, in warm weather,
the secretion of the skin is increased, which tends to prevent over-
heating. Sweating, in addition to regulating heat, is also an active
agent in removing effete material from the blood; therefore this
secretion can not be checked without danger. If the skin is covered
with an impermeable coating of grease or tar, death results from
blood: poisoning, owing to the retention of materials destined to be
excreted by the skin.
All secretion poured out by the skin is not only modified by the
condition of the atmosphere but also by the character and quantity
of the food, by the amount of exercise, and especially by the quantity
of fluid taken.
The sebaceous secretion is intended to lubricate the skin and hairs.
It consists of soft, fatty material suspended in water, and is charac-
terized by an.odor peculiar to the animal by which it is secreted.
I will not attempt to classify the various diseases of the skin, for
in a work of this kind it would serve only to confuse the reader.
We shall first consider a class of diseases which are of an inflamma- .
tory type; next, those caused by faulty secretion and abnormal
growth; then, diseases of parasitic origin; lastly, local injuries of
the skin.
PRURITIS CITCHING).
We shall consider pruritis first as a distinct subject. It is not a
disease, only a sensation, and therefore a symptom. It is one of the
symptoms accompanying the majority of the diseases which we will
consider in this chapter. It is, then, a functional affection produced
by slight irritation from without or by an internal cause acting
upon the sensory nerves of the skin. Nothing characteristic is seen
except the secondary lesions, produced mechanically by scratching or
rubbing.
There are various forms of itching, the result of specific skin dis-
eases, where the pruritis is a secondary symptom. In such cases it
should not be regarded as an independent affection.
Causes.—Many causes may induce the condition which we recog-
nize here as pruritis. The most common one is dirt on the skin,
resulting from insufficient care. If the ceiling of the stable is open,
so that dust and straw may fall, the skin is irritated and pruritis
results. It also occurs in some forms of indigestion.
The parts of the body most exposed to this condition are the croup,
the back, the top of the neck, and the root of the tail.
DISEASES OF THE SKIN. 320
Another cause is found in affections of the liver and of the kidneys,
when an increase of effete material has to be thrown off by the skin.
Morbid materials circulating in the blood may produce a tickling or
smarting sensation of the skin in their passage from the blood to the
free surface of the skin. Certain irritating substances when eaten
may be excreted by the skin, and coming thus in direct contact with
the sensory nerves produce itching, or may go further and cause dis-
tinct inflammation of the skin. In another class of cases the pruritis
may be ascribable to an atrophy, contraction, or hardening of the
skin, when the nerves become irritated by the pressure. These con-
ditions may be so slightly marked in a thick skin like that of the ox
that they can not be recognized. It is frequently noticed that cattle
rub themselves as soon as they pass from the stable into the open
air—changing from a warm to a cold atmosphere. Again, we may
find one that does all its rubbing in the stall. We may look for lice,
but fail to find them. These conditions are generally attributable to
high feeding and to too close confinement. They may be associated
with inflammatory irritation or not; certainly we fail to discover any
morbid changes in the skin. ‘There is to some extent a delightful
sensation produced by rubbing, and it may partly become a habit
of pleasure.
Treatment——We must place our chief reliance upon a change of
food, plenty of exercise, and in most cases the administration of an
active cathartic—1 to 14 pounds of Epsom salt, a handful of com-
mon salt, a tablespoonful of ginger or pepper, mixed with 2 quarts
of water, all of which is to be given at one dose. Afterwards half
an ounce of hyposulphite of soda mixed with the feed may be given
twice a day for a week. For an external application, when the skin
is abraded or thickened from rubbing, a solution of borax, 4 ounces
to the quart of water, may be used. Carbolic acid, 4 ounce to a
quart of water, will give relief in some cases.
INFLAMMATORY DISEASES OF THE SKIN
ERYTHEMA.
This is the simplest form of inflammation of the skin. It consists
of an increased redness, which may occur in patches or involve con-
siderable surface. The red coloration disappears when pressed by
the finger, but soon returns after the pressure is removed. There is
seldom much swelling of the affected part, though often there is a
glutinous discharge which dries and mats the hair or forms a thin
scale upon the skin. In simple erythema the epidermis alone is
affected; when it becomes chronic, fissures form and extend into the
_corium, or true skin.
Causes——Simple erythema, consisting of an inflammatory irrita-
tion, is seen in very young calves, in which the navels leak. The dis-
33071°—16——21
322 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
charge being urine, it causes an irritation of the surrounding skin.
Chafing, which is another form of erythema, is occasionally seen
on the udder of cows from rubbing by the legs; chafing between
the legs is not uncommon among fat steers. Chronic erythema is
found in the form of chapped teats of cows and chapped lips in
sucking calves. It frequently occurs in cows when they are turned
out in winter directly after milking, and in others from chafing by
the sucking calf. Some cows are peculiarly subject to sore teats.
The fissures when neglected in the early stage of formation become
deep, very painful, often bleeding at the slightest touch, and when
milked in that condition cause the animal to become a kicker. Occa-
sionally the lower portions of the legs become irritated and chapped
when cattle are fed in a muddy or wet yard in winter, or if they are
compelled to wade through water in frosty weather. Another form
of erythema occurs in young cattle highly fed and closely stabled for
a long winter. The erythema appears in patches, and as it is most
common near the end of the winter it is known as the “ spring erup-
tion” or “spring itch.”
Treatment.—tIn ordinary cases of erythema the removal of the
cause and the application of benzoated oxid of zine ointment, car-
bolized cosmoline, or ichthyol ointment applied a few times, will
restore the skin to a healthy condition.
When there are fissures the zinc ointment is the best. If at the
teats, a milk siphon (Pl. XXIV, fig. 4) should be used instead of
milking by hand, and the calf, if one is suckled, should be taken away.
The calf should be fed by hand if its mouth is affected. When the
legs are irritated or chapped, dry stabling for a few days and the
application of tar ointment will soon heal them.
URTICARIA (NETTLE RASH, OR SURFEIT).
This is a mild, inflammatory affection of the skin, characterized by
sudden development of patches of various sizes, from that of a nickel
to one as large as the hand. The patches of raised skin are marked
by an abrupt border and are irregular in form. All the swelling may
disappear in a few hours, or it may go away in one place and reap-
pear on another part of the body. It is always accompanied with
a great desire to rub the affected part. In its simplest type, as just
described, it is never followed by any serous exudation or eruptions,
unless the surface of the skin becomes abraded from scratching or
rubbing.
Causes.—Digestive derangements caused by overloading the stom-
ach when the animal is turned out to graze in the spring, certain
feed constituents, high feeding of fattening stock, functional de-
rangement of the kidneys, spinal and other nervous affections, are
the most common sources of nettle rash.
DISEASES OF THE SKIN. 323
The disease consists in paralysis of the nerve ends that control the
volume of the capillary vessels in certain areas of skin, thus permit-
ting the vessels to expand, their contents in part to exude, and thus
produce a soft, circumscribed swelling.
Treatment.—Administer a full dose of Epsom salt. Give soft,
easily digested feed, and wash the affected parts with a solution of
bicarbonate of soda (common baking soda), 8 ounces to the gallon of
water twice a day, or diluted glycerin may be applied to the skin.
If it assumes a persistent tendency, give a tablespoonful of the
following powder in the feed three times a day: Cream of tartar,
sulphur, and nitrate of potassium, equal parts by weight; mix.
ECZEMA.
Eczema is a noncontagious inflammation of the skin, characterized
by any or all of the results of inflammation at once or in succession,
such as erythema, vesicles, or pustules, accompanied with more or
less infiltration and itching, terminating in a watery discharge, with
the formation of crusts or in scaling off. The disease may run an
acute course and then disappear, or it may become chronic; therefore
two varieties are recognized, vesicular (or pustular) and chronic
eczema.
Causes.—Eezema is not so common among cattle as in horses and
in dogs, in which it is the most common of all skin diseases. Among
cattle it is occasionally observed under systems of bad hygiene, filthi-
ness, lousiness, overcrowding, overfeeding, excessively damp or too
warm stables. It is found to develop now and then in cattle that are
fed upon sour substances, distillery swill, house or garden garbage,
etc. Localized eczema may be caused by irritant substances applied
to the skin—turpentine, ammonia, the essential oils, mustard, Span-
ish-fly ointment, etc. Occasionally an eruption with vesiculation of
the skin has been induced by the excessive use of mercurial prepara-
tions for the destruction of lice. It is evident that eczema may arise
from local irritation to the skin or from an autointoxication. Cattle,
fed on the refuse from potato-starch factories develop a most obsti-
nate and widespread eczema, beginning on the legs.
Symptoms.—tiIn accordance with the variety of symptoms during
the progress of the disease we may divide it into different stages or
periods: (1) Swelling and increased heat of the skin; the formation
of vesicles, which are circumscribed, rounded elevations of the epider-
mis, varying in size from a pinhead to a split pea, containing a clear,
watery fluid; (2) exudation of a watery, glutinous fluid, formation
of crusts, and sometimes suppuration, or the formation of vesicles
containing pus (pustules); (3) scaling off (desquamation), with
redness, and thickening of the skin. From the very beginning of
324 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
the disease the animal commences to rub the affected parts; hence
the various stages may not always be easily recognized, as the rub-
bing produces more or less abrasion, thus leaving the skin raw—
sometimes bleeding. Neither do these symptoms always occur in
regular succession, for in some cases the exudation is most prominent,
being very profuse, and serve to spread the disorder over a large
surface. In other cases the formation of incrustations, or rawness
of the skin, is the most striking feature. The disease may be limited
to certain small areas, or it may be diffused over the greater part of
the body; the vesicles, or pustules, may be scattered in small clusters,
or a large number run together. The chronic form is really only a
prolongation of the disease, successive crops of pustules appearing
on various portions of the body, frequently invading fresh sections
of the skin, while the older surfaces form scabs, or crusts, upon the
raw, indurated skin.
In old, standing cases the skin breaks, forming fissures, espe-
cially on portions of the body that bend—the neck and limbs. Thus
the disease may be prolonged indefinitely. When eczema reaches its
latest period, either acute or chronic, desquamation of the affected
parts is the most prominent feature. The formation and shedding of
these successive crops of scales constitute the character of the disease
frequently denominated psoriasis.
Treatment.—The treatment of eczema is often anything but a pleas-
ant task. There is no one method of treatment which always proves
successful, no matter how early it is begun or how small an area is
involved. We must endeavor to remove the cause by giving atten-
tion to the general health of the animal and to its environment.
Feeding should be moderate in quantity and not too stimulating in
character—green feed, bran mashes, ground oats, clean hay, plenty
of salt. If the animal has been fed too high, give an active purga-
tive—Epsom salt preferred—once a week, if necessary, and half an
ounce of acetate or nitrate of potassium may be given in the feed twice
aday. Ifthe animal is in poor condition and debilitated, give a table-
spoonful of the following mixture in feed twice a day: Powdered
copperas, gentian, sulphur, and sassafras bark, equal parts by weight.
If the animal is lousy, the parasite must be destroyed before the
eczema can be cured. The external treatment must vary with the
character of the lesions; no irritating application is to be made while
the disease is in its acute vesicular, or pustular, stage, and, in the
chronic stage, active stimulants must be used. Much washing is
harmful, yet crusts and scales must be removed in order to obtain
satisfactory results from the external applications. Both objects,
however, can be attained by judiciously combining the curative
agents with such substances as will at the same time cleanse the
parts.
DISEASES OF THE SKIN. 325
Tn the vesicular stage, when the skin is feverish and the epidermis
peeling off, thus exposing the exuding dermis, an application of
boric-acid solution, 2 drams of the acid to 8 ounces of water, often
relieves the smarting or itching, and also served to check the exuda-
tion and dry the surface. If this fails to have the desired effect
compound cresol, 1 ounce to 2 quarts of water, should be used as a
wash. Either of these washes may be used several times a day until
incrustation is well established. Then compound cresol, 1 ounce to
2 quarts of sweet oil, or the benzoated oxid of zine ointment, giving
the affected surfaces a thorough application once a day, will be efli-
cacious. When the eczema is not the result of an external irritant,
it takes usually from one to two weeks to heal.
In chronic eczema, when there is a succession of scabs, or scales,
indolent sores or fissures, the white precipitate ointment, nitrate of
mercury ointment, or blue ointment, mixed with equal parts of cos-
moline or fresh lard, may be applied every second day, taking care to
protect the parts so that the animal can not lick it off.
In some cases the use of the following mixture will do well: Oil of
tar one-half ounce, glycerin 1 ounce, alcohol 1 pint. This is to be
rubbed in after cleansing the parts with warm water and soap. The
internal administration of arsenic often yields excellent results in
chronic eczema. Dissolve 1 dram of arsenic and 1 dram of carbonate
of potassium in 1 pint of boiling water, and give 1 ounce of this twice
a day in water, after feeding. An alkali internally may be of service.
As such, one may give 2 ounces of bicarbonate of soda twice daily.
Sublimed sulphur may also be tried in ounce doses twice daily.
PUSTULES (IMPETIGO).
Impetigo is an inflammatory disease of the skin, characterized by
the formation of distinct pustules, about the size of a pea or a bean,
without itching. The pustules develop from the papular layer of
the skin, and contain a yellowish-white pus. Afer reaching maturity
they remain stationary for a few days, then they disappear by
absorption and dry up into crusts, which later drop off, leaving
upon the skin a red spot that soon disappears. Occasionally the
crusts remain firmly adherent for a long time, or they may be raised
and loosened by the formation of matter underneath. The dry
crusts usually have a brown or black appearance. ;
Causes.—Impetigo affects sucking calves, in which the disease
appears upon the lips, nostrils, and face. It is attributed to some
irritant substance contained in the mother’s milk. Impetigo is also
witnessed among grazing animals, regardless of age, and it especially
attacks animals with white hair and skin. The mouth, face, and
limbs become covered with pustules, which may rupture in a few
hours, followed by rapid and successive incrustations; the scabs fre-
326 _ DISEASES OF CATTLE.
quently coalesce, covering a large surface; pus may form under them,
and thus the whole thickness of the skin become involved in the
morbid process. This form of the disease is attributed to the local
irritant properties of such plants in the pasture as St. John’s wort
(Hypericum perforatum), smartweed (Polygonum hydropiper),
vetches, honeydew, etc. Buckwheat, at the time the seeds become
ripe, is said to have caused it; also bedding with buckwheat straw.
Treatment.—Sucking calves should be removed from the mother,
and a purgative given to the latter to divert the poisonous substance
secreted with the milk. When the more formidable disease among
grazing cattle appears, the pasturage should be changed and the
affected parts of the animal thoroughly anointed once a day with
sweet oil containing 2 drams of carbolic acid to the pint. This should
be continued until the crusts soften and begin to drop off, then the
parts may be cleansed thoroughly with warm water and soap. Sub-
sequently the white precipitate ointment or carbolized cosmoline
should be apphed daily until the parts are healed.
PEMPHIGUS (WATER BLISTERS).
This is an inflammatory disease of the skin, characterized by suc-
cessive formations of rounded, irregularly shaped water blisters,
varying in size from a pea to a hen’s egg.
Causes.—Obscure.
Symptoms.—The formation of a blister is preceded by a conges-
tion or swelling of the skin. Yellowish-colored water collects be-
neath the cuticle, which raises the latter from its bed in the form of
a blister. The blisters appear in a succession of crops; as soon as
one crop disappears another forms. They usually occur in clusters,
each one being distinct, or they may coalesce. Each crop usually
runs its course in a week. The disease is attended with itching or
burning sensations which cause the animal to rub, thereby fre-
quently producing excoriations and formation of crust on the
affected region.
Treatment.—Give a tablespoonful of the following-described mix-
ture in feed twice a day: Saltpeter, cream of tartar, and sulphur,
equal parts by weight. The blisters should be opened as soon as
formed, to allow the escape of the serum, followed by a wash com-
posed of chlorid of zinc, 1 dram to 15 ounces of water. When there
is any formation of crusts, carbolized cosmoline should be applied.
FURUNCULUS (BOILS).
- This is an acute affection of the skin, usually involving its whole
thickness, characterized by the formation of one or more abscesses,
originating generally in a sebaceous gland, sweat gland, or hair
DISEASES OF THE SKIN. 827
follicle. They usually terminate by absorption, or by the formation
of a central core, which sloughs out, leaving a deep, round cavity
that soon heals.
Causes.—Impoverished state of blood, the result of kidney dis-
eases or of local friction or contusions.
Symptoms.—Boils in cattle usually appear singly, not in clusters;
they may attain the size of a hen’s egg. The abscess begins as a
small round nodule, painful on pressure, gradually increases in size
until death of the central portion takes place, then the surface of the
skin gives way to internal pressure and the core is released and ex-
pelled. Constitutional symptoms are generally absent, unless the
boils occur in considerable numbers, or by their size involve a great
deal of tissue.
Treatment.—Poulticing to ripen the abscess. If this can not be
done, apply camphorated oil two or three times a day until the core
is formed. As soon as the central or most prominent part becomes
soft, the abscess should be opened to release the core. Then use car-
bolized cosmoline once a day until the healing is completed. If the
animal is in poor condition, give tonics—copperas, gentian, ginger,
and sulphur, equal parts by weight, 1 tablespoonful twice a day. If
the animal manifests a feverish condition of the system, give half an
ounce of saltpeter twice a day, continuing it several days or a week.
FAULTY SECRETIONS AND ABNORMAL GROWTHS OF THE SKIN.
PITYRIASIS (SEBORRHEA, DANDRUFF, OR SCURF).
This is a condition characterized by an excessive secretion of seba-
ceouh matter, forming upon the skin in small crusts or scales.
Causes.—It is ascribable to a functional derangement of the seba-
ceous glands, usually accompanied with dryness and loss of pliancy
of the skin. The animal is hidebound, as is commonly termed, thin
in flesh, inclined to rub, and very frequently lousy. The condition is
observed most often toward the spring of the year. Animals that
are continually housed, and the skins of which receive no cleaning,
generally present a coat filled with fine scales, composed of epi-
thelium from the epidermis and dried sebaceous matter. This, how-
ever, is a physiological condition and compatible with perfect health.
Symptoms.—Pityriasis may affect the greater portion of the body,
though usually only certain parts are affected—the ears, neck, rump,
etc. The skin becomes scurfy, the hairy coat filled with branlike
gray or whitish scales.
Treatment.—Nutritious feed, such as oil-cake meal, bran, ground
oats, and clean hay. In the spring the disease generally disappears
after the animal is turned out to pasture. When lice are present they
should be destroyed.
328 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
ELEPHANTIASIS (SCLERODERMA).
This condition consists in a chronic thickening of the skin, which
may effect one or more limbs or involve the whole integument. It is
characterized by recurrent attacks of swelling of the skin and sub-
cutaneous areolar tissue. After each attack the affected parts remain
infiltrated to a larger extent than before, until finally the skin may
attain a thickness of an inch, becoming wrinkled and fissured. In
cattle this disease is confined to hot climates. The predisposing
cause is unknown.
EDEMA (ANASARCA OF THE SKIN).
This is a dropsical condition of the skin and subcutaneous areolar
tissue, characterized by pitting under pressure, the fingers leaving a
dent which remains a short time. [
Causes.—Edema generally results from a weakened state of the sys-
tem arising from previous disease. It may also be dependent upon
a functional derangement of the kidneys, upon weak circulation, or
obstruction to the flow of blood through the lungs. In debilitated
animals and in some animals highly infested with parasites there is
swelling of the dewlap or of the fold of the skin between the jaws.
Symptoms.—Painless swelling of a limb, udder, lower surface of
abdomen, or lower jaw becomes apparent. This may increase in
dimensions for several days or may attain its maximum in less than
24 hours. Unless complicated with some acute disease of a specific
character, there is not much, if any, constitutional disturbance. The
deep layer of the skin is infiltrated with serum, which gives it the
characteristic condition of pitting under pressure.
Treatment.—When the cause can be ascertained and removed we
may expect to see the edema disappear. When no direct specific
cause can be discovered and the animal is debilitated, give general
tonic. If, on the contrary, it is in good flesh, give a purgative, fol-
lowed by half an ounce of acetate of potassium twice a day. Ex-
ternal applications are useless.
Edema may be distinguished from erysipelas or anthrax by the
absence of pain and fever.
DERMOID AND SEBACEOUS CYSTS (WENS).
A dermoid cyst is formed by an involution of the skin with a
growth of hair on the inner wall of the sac. It may become embedded
deeply in the subcutaneous tissues or may just penetrate the thickness
of the skin, where it is movable-and painless. They are generally
found within the ear or at its base, although they may form on any
part of the body. Usually they have a small opening, from which a
thick, cheesy matter can be squeezed out. The rational treatment is
to dissect them out.
DISEASES OF THE SKIN. 329
Sebaceous cysts appear not unlike the former. They are tormed
by a dilatation of the hair follicle and sebaceous duct within the
skin, and contain a gray or yellowish sebaceous mass. The tumor
may attain the size of a cherry stone or a walnut. Generally they
are round, movable, and painless, soft or doughy in consistency, and
covered with skin and hair. They develop slowly. The best treat-
ment is to dissect out the sac with contents entire.
VERRUCA (WARTS).
Cattle are affected with two varieties of warts. One, the verruca
vulgaris, is composed of a cluster of enlarged papille, covered with
a thickened epidermis, the number of papille determining the breadth
and their length its height. They are generally circular in figure,
slightly roughened on the surface, and spring from the skin by a
broad base. Occasionally large numbers of very thin, long, peduncu-
lated warts grow from the skin of the ear, lips, about the eyes, and
vulva. Another variety, the verruca acuminata, sometimes errone-
ously denominated epithelial cancers, are irregularly shaped eleva-
tions, tufted or club shaped, occasionally existing as thick, short,
fleshy excrescences, giving the growth the appearance of granulation
tissue. Their color is red or purplish, and oftentimes by friction
they become raw and bleeding, emitting then a very offensive odor.
They usually grow in clusters and their development is rapid.
Causes—An abnormal] nutrition of the skin, determined by in-
creased energy of growth operating upon a healthy skin; at other
times, upon a weak or impoverished skin.
Treatment.—When they are small and pedunculated, they may be
snipped off with shears and the stump touched with nitrate of silver.
When they are broad and flattened, they may be dissected out and the
wound cauterized if necessary. If they are large and very vascular,
they may be ligated, one by one, by taking a strong cord and tying it
as firmly around the base as possible. They will then shrivel, die,
and drop off. If there is a tendency to grow again, apply a red-hot
iron or nitric acid with a glass rod. Very often warts quickly dis-
appear if they are kept soft by daily applications of sweet or
olive oil.
KELIS.
Kelis is an irregularly shaped flat tumor of the skin, resulting
from hypertrophy—increased growth of the fibrous tissue of the
corium, producing absorption of the papillary layer.
Causes—It may arise spontaneously or follow a scar after an
injury.
Symptoms.—Kelis generally appears below the knee or hock, and
may occur singly or in numbers. There are no constitutional symp-
330 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
toms. Its growth is very slow and seldom causes any inconvenience.
It appears as a flattened, irregular, or spreading growth within the
substance of the skin, is hard to the touch, and is especially charac-
terized by divergent branches or roots, resembling the claws of a
crab; hence the name. Occasionally some part of it may soften and
result in an abscess. It may grow several inches in length and en-
circle the whole limb.
Treatment.—So long as it causes the animal no inconvenience it is
best not to meddle with it; when it does the animal ought to be fat-
tened for beef, the meat being perfectly harmless to the consumer.
PARASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN.
RINGWORM (TINEA TONSURANS AND TINEA FAVOSA).
Ringworm is an affection of the skin, caused by a vegetable para-
site.
The form known as tinea tonsurans is produced by the presence
of a minute or microscopic fungus—the TZ richophyton tonsurans,
which affects the hair and the epidermic layer of the skin, and is
highly contagious, being readily transmitted from one animal to
another. This fungus consists of spores and filaments. The spores,
being the most numerous, are round, nucleated, and seldom vary
much in size. They are very abundant in the hair follicle. The fila-
ments are articulated, waving, and contain granules. This disease is
productive of changes in the root and shaft of the hair, rendering it
brittle and easily broken off.
This disease becomes manifest by the formation of circular patches
on the skin, which soon becomes denuded of hair. The cuticular layer
of the skin in slightly inflamed, and vesication with exudation
occurs, followed by the formation of scaly, brittle crusts. The
patches appear silvery gray when incrusted, and are mostly confined
to the head and neck. It is a common disease among young cattle
in the winter and spring. Very early in the development of the
patches the hairs split, twist, and break off close to the skin. This
disease is attended with more or less itching. It is communicable
to man.
Tinea favosa comes from another fungus, the A chorion schénleinit.
This enters the hair follicle and involves the cuticle surrounding it,
small crusts form which increase in diameter and thickness and then
become elevated at their margin, forming a cup-shaped scab, the
favus cup, which gives the disease its distinctive character. The
number of these cups varies from a few to many hundreds. The
hairs involved become brittle and broken, fall off with the crusts,
leaving small bald patches. The crusts are of a pale or sulphur-
yellow color at first; as they grow older they turn darker, or to a
DISEASES OF THE SKIN. 331
brown color. This form of ringworm has a peculiar odor, resembling
that of mice or musty straw. It is occasionally communicated to
cattle by man, mice, cats, etc., all being subject to it.
Treatment.—Remove all crusts by washing with soap and water,
then apply acetic acid, sulphur ointment, tincture of iodin or nitrate
of mercury ointment once a day. Cleanse the stable and whitewash
it to destroy the spores scattered by the crusts.
OTHER PARASITES AND PARASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN.
For discussion of mange, itch, scab, lousiness, warbles (grub in
the skin), buffalo gnats, hornfly (Zematobia serrata), ticks, flies,
etc., see the chapter on “The animal parasites of cattle,” page 510.
WOUNDS OF THE SKIN.
SNAKE BITES AND VENOMOUS STINGS.
[See discussion of these subjects in chapter on ‘‘ Poisons and poisoning.’’]
BURNS AND SCALDS.
This is a rare accident among cattle, yet in cases of fire it may
occur. The application of heat, whether dry or moist, unless suffi-
cient instantly to destroy the life of a part, is always followed by
the development of vesicles or blisters, which contain a thin, watery
fluid. The blisters may be isolated and not very large, or one blister
may cover a very large surface. When the burn is very severe the
skin may be wholly devitalized, or the injury may extend into the
deeper structures of the skin. Then sloughs will occur, followed
by a contraction of the parts in healing; if on a limb, this may render
the animal stiff. When the burn or scald has been a severe one, the
resulting pain is great and the constitutional disturbance very
marked.
Treatment.—F or a superficial burn use a mixture of equal parts of
limewater and linseed oil, or common white paint—white lead ground
in oil—to exclude the atmosphere and protect the inflamed skin.
If it is not convenient to get anything else, chimney soot, flour, or
starch may be spread on the wound (dry), and covered with cotton
batting and light bandage. The blisters should be opened to let the
contained fluid escape, but do not pull off the thin cuticle which has
been raised by the blister. When the burn is extensive and deep
sloughing occurs, the parts should be treated, like other deep wounds,
by poulticing, astringent washes, etc. When the system has sus-
tained much shock, the animal may require internal stimulants,
such as 4 ounces of whisky or 2 drams of carbonate of ammonia
every hour until it rallies. When the pain is very great, hypo-
dermic injections of 6 grains of morphia may be administered every
six hours.
332 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
Frostbite on any portion of the body may be treated as recom-
mended in the article on diseases of the ears.
EMPHYSEMA (AIR OR GAS UNDER THE SKIN).
Emphysema of the skin is not a true disease of the skin, but it is
mentioned as a pathological condition. It is characterized by a
distention of the skin with air or gas contained in the subcutaneous
areolar tissue. It may depend upon a septic condition of the blood,
as in anthrax or blackleg, or air may be forced under the skin about
the head, neck, and shoulders, as a result of rupture of the windpine.
Tt occurs in the region of the chest and shoulders from penetrating
wounds of the chest and lung, and occasionally follows puncture of
the rumen when the escaping gas is retained under the skin.
Symptoms.—The skin is enormously distended over a greater or
less portion of the body; thus any region of the body may lose its
natural contour and appear like a monstrosity. There is a peculiar
crackling beneath the skin when the hand is passed over it, and on
tapping it with the fingers a resonant, drumlike sound is elicited.
Treatment.—Puncture the distended skin with a clean, broad-
bladed knife and press the air out. Further treatment must be
directed with a view to the removal of the cause.
DISEASES OF THE FOOT.
By M. R. TruMBowER, D. V. S.
[Revised by Leonard Pearson, B. 8., V. M. D.]
LAMINITIS (FOUNDER).
Laminitis denotes an active inflammation of the sensitive struc-
tures within the wall of the hoof, which in severe cases may result
in suppuration and the loss of one or more claws. Owing to the sim-
plicity of the structure of the foot of an ox compared with that of
the horse, this disease is rarely seen in an acute form, but a mild
form, commonly called “ foot soreness,” is not of infrequent occur-
rence.
Causes.—Laminitis in cattle may be caused by overfeeding, over-
heating, continued standing without exercise on a stone or cement
floor without sufficient bedding, or by driving long distances over
rough or stony soil.
Symptoms.—An unwillingness to maintain the standing position;
the animal persists in lying down. The feet will be found unnatu-
rally hot, and frequently some swelling may be noticed above the
hoof. Pressure upon the hoof with blacksmith’s hoof pincers causes
pain and flinching. The general body temperature is increased and
the breathing accelerated. Ordinarily the animal eats and drinks
as usual. When it is made to move excessive tenderness of the feet
becomes manifest, as is shown by reluctance to walk and by the very
short, hesitating step. Founder affects the hind as well as the fore
feet, although the front feet are more often exposed.
Treatment.—Cold packs to the feet, or if the animal can be made
to stand in a stream of water, having a soft bottom, the inflammation
is often relieved without the necessity of any additional treatment.
It may be well, however, to give a full dose of Epsom salt, 1 to 14
pounds, followed by half-ounce doses of saltpeter two or three times
a day.
SORENESS (FOOT SORENESS).
Cattle that have been stabled or pastured on soft ground and are
driven over stony roads soon wear down the soles of their feet and
become lame from foot soreness. Draft oxen, for this reason, require
to be shod. When the soreness is excessive it may develop into an
active inflammation of all the sensitive structures of the foot—
laminitis, or into a local bruise commonly called a “ corn.”
333
334 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
Treatment.—Rest, poulticing the feet with moistened clay, fol-
lowed by astringent washes—strong white-oak bark or alum water.
If the pain and heat last several days, it is probable that pus has
formed beneath the wall of the hoof. In this case it is necessary
to cut through the wall, usually at the most prominent part of the
sole, to allow the accumulation to drain out. The animal should
then stand for several hours daily in a tub containing creolin
solution (8 per cent). When not in the creolin solution the foot
should be dressed with pine tar and cotton and bandaged with
bagging.
LOSS OF HOOF.
Cattle sometimes become fastened between planks or otherwise
and pull off the wall of one or both claws in the effort to extricate
themselves. The claws of one or more feet may be shed as the result
of acute laminitis.
Treatment.—Wash the bleeding surface with an antiseptic and
then with an astringent, such as a weak solution of alum, then apply a
thick coating of pine tar; cover this with a layer of oakum or ab-
sorbent cotton; apply another coat of tar over this, and then bandage
closely and firmly. This may remain without disturbance until the
bew growing wall becomes sufficiently strong to sustain the pressure
and weight of the animal. If, however, at any time oozing or bad -
smell indicate that pus is forming under this dressing, the bandage
should be removed and the suppurating surface freshly cleaned and
dressed. This may have to be repeated every few days and should
be continued so long as there is any pus formation. If the loss
of hoof is owing to suppurative laminitis, the parts denuded of the
horny covering must be thoroughly cleansed and disinfected with
carbolic acid, lysol, or other antiseptic. Then apply a moderately
thick layer of absorbent cotton and over this apply the tar and
bandage. After this the antiseptic solution may be poured in daily
at the top of the dressing. It will thus soak in and saturate the |
dressing and inflamed tissue. It may become necessary to remove
all the dressing at daily or longer intervals to give the parts a fresh
cleaning, and then to reapply it.
FOUL IN FOOT (FOOT ROT).
A variety of causes may produce inflammation of the foot between
the claws or toes. It may be on account of overgrowth of the claws
and inward pressure, as in ingrowing nail of man, or it may be
caused by the irritation of stable filth by impaction and hardening of
soil between the claws, or by other foreign substances becoming
wedged in, causing inflammation and softening or ulceration of the
skin in the interdigital space. Under some conditions several cattle
DISEASES OF THE FOOT. 335
in the same herd become affected, which has led some to think that
the disease may be contagious. Occurrences have been reported in
which foot rot of cattle has appeared within a short time among
a large proportion of the cattle in a farming district. This disease
is most frequently seen in the hind feet, though all four feet may
become affected. © ,
Symptoms.—The animal is observed to limp. On examination of
the foot we discover heat and, swelling above the hoof and of the
soft parts between the claws which frequently spreads the claws apart
to a considerable extent, or the inflammation may have advanced to
softening and sloughing of the interdigital membrane. If the disease
is neglected at this stage, deep abscesses may form and the pus bur-
row under the horny wall, or the joint within the hoof may become
inflamed and the articular attachments destroyed, in which case the
treatment will be difficult and recovery will be very tedious.
Treatment.—In the earlier stages of the disease, before pus burrows _
beneath the horn, a thorough cleansing and an application of a car-
bolic-acid solution—1 ounce to a pint of water—clean stabling, and
laxative food will usually remedy the evil. Cresol compound is an
excellent remedy at this stage. It should be applied, in its pure or
undiluted state, to the suppurating and putrefying tissue between
the claws. It is best applied by means of: a cotton swab on a thin
stick. Care must be taken to keep it from contact with the skin
about the coronary band or heels. If deep sloughing has taken place
the carbolic solution should be used, and a wad of oakum or cot-
ton smeared with pine tar should be secured firmly in the cleft. This
can be done by taking a strip of strong cloth, 2 inches wide, passing
the middle between the claws, then tying the ends after winding them
in opposite directions above the hoof. Sometimes warm poulticing
with flaxseed meal or bran is necessary to relieve excessive fever and
‘pain. If the pus burrows under the horn, its channel must be fol-
lowed by paring away the horn until the bottom is reached. The
aftertreatment is the same as that already recommended. If the
joint becomes diseased an amputation of that toe is the quickest and
surest method to relieve the suffering of the animal, and offers the
best chance for an early recovery.
ULCERATION OF THE HEEL.
Occasionally we find ulcers at the junction of the hair with the
hoof at the heel, which present an elevated, raw, or ragged surface,
and cause considerable lameness. This is generally caused by a bruise
of the fibrous cushion of the back part of the foot. Subsequent
sloughing or necrosis may occur, or pus may form deep within the
wall and gain an exit at the margin of the heel. Sometimes, from
no visible cause, large pieces of skin slough from the heel and pastern.
336 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
This condition is caused by an infection with certain microorganisms
(streptococci, necrosis bacilli) and may be contagious.
Treatment.—If there is a deep opening, inject carbolic solution once
a day until it closes. If the ulcer is only superficial, wash with car-
bolic solution and apply a mixture of equal parts of blue vitriol and
alum in dry powder.
FISSURE OF THE WALL (SPLIT HOOF).
This is rarely seen among cattle. It may occur in weak walls, in
heavily-bodied cattle, caused by stepping on an uneven surface, espe-
cially when the point of the toe is grown out long. One may find the
point of the toe broken and the wall split almost up to the hair.
Treatment.—The divided sections may be brought into approxima-
tion and held in place by drilling a small hole from one side into and
through the other, commencing half an inch back of the fissure on
each side; then drive a light horseshoe nail through the hole and
clinch it. Pare the injured claw as short as it will bear.
INTERDIGITAL FIBROMA.
Hard, nodular, fibrous tumors sometimes grow in the cleft of the
foot, and cause inconvenience, lameness, absorption, or ulceration of
the contiguous parts.
Treatment.—They should be dissected out and the wound dressed
with carbolic-acid lotion and pine tar once a day until healing is
completed.
DEFORMITIES.
Deformities in the feet of cattle usually consist in overgrowth of
horn, generally from want of wear in animals which are stabled.
The hoof may turn inward, outward, or upward, and may give rise to
lameness, inability to walk, foul foot, ete. Bulls which are continu-
ally stabled and dairy cows very frequently have misshapen feet from
want of an occasional trimming, and this deformity may eventually
lead to permanent injury.
Treatment.—Cut the superabundant growth of horn down with
saw, knife, or rasp, until the foot assumes its natural form.
PRICKS AND WOUNDS.
Tf an animal suffers with a penetrating wound from prick of fork
or nail, the orifice of the wound should be enlarged to permit a free
discharge of pus; then the foot should be soaked in a cresol compound
solution (3 per cent) in a tub, or a flaxseed poultice applied, changing
it three times a day until the fever has abated. The foot should be
kept bandaged and dressed with pine tar and oakum; the animal
DISEASES OF THE FOOT. Jel
must also be kept on a clean floor until the wound is closed and all or
nearly all lameness has disappeared.
If an animal is cut in the foot with barbed wire, piece of glass, or
any other substance, the wound, after proper cleansing, should be
dressed with carbolic-acid solution, 1 ounce of the acid to 20 of
water. If any uneven edges of horn, skin, or lacerated flesh project,
trim them off, and in all cases when it can be done a tarred bandage
should be applied. This will serve to sustain the cut surfaces in
their place, exclude dirt, and protect against flies, maggots, etc.
When the wound has extended into a joint, surgical treatment,
which will require the services of an educated veterinarian, may
be necessary.
Occasionally an animal gets caught by the foot in a crevice and
sustains severe bruising, wrenching, or fracture of some part of the
foot. In such cases cold-water packs to the injured member are of
service until the fever and swelling disappear. Afterwards the
animal should rest until the usefulness of the foot is restored. Some-
times such an accident, causing fracture, renders necessary plaster
bandages or amputation.
33071°—16——22
DISEASES OF THE EYE AND ITS APPENDAGES.
By M. R. TrumBower, D. V. S.
[Revised by Leonard Pearson, B. 8., V. M. D.]
DESCRIPTION.
For the sake of gaining a clear comprehension of the diseases of
the eye it becomes necessary to review the anatomy of this important
organ. The essential organ of vision, or globe of the eye, will be first
described, then its receptacle or orbital cavity, the muscles that move
it, the protective membranes, or eyelids, the membrana nictitans, or .
accessory eyelids, and, lastly, the lachrymal apparatus.
The globe or ball of the eye is almost spherical in form. On
closer inspection, however, it appears to be made up of two com-
bined portions from spheres of different sizes. The posterior portion,
forming about five-sixths of the ball, is a sphere of comparatively
large size with a small segment cut off it in front, and at this point
there is apphed to it the anterior portion, which, being a segment of
a smaller sphere, projects at the front of the ball with a greater con-
vexity than the posterior portion.
The eyeball consists of concentrically arranged coats and of re-
fracting media inclosed in them. The coats are three in number,
namely, (1) an external protective tunic made up of the sclerotic
and cornea; (2) a middle vascular and pigmentary tunic, the choroid;
(3) an internal nervous layer, the retina. The sclerotic is the white,
opaque part of the outer tunic, of which it forms about the posterior
five-sixths, being coextensive with the larger sphere already men-
tioned. The cornea forms the remaining one-sixth of the outer tunic,
being coextensive with the segment of the smaller sphere. It is dis-
tinguished from the sclerotic by béing colorless and transparent. The
choroid coat will be recognized as the black layer lying subjacent
to the sclerotic. It does not line the cornea, but terminates behind
the line of junction of that coat with the sclerotic by a thickened
edge—the ciliary processes. At the line of junction of the sclerotic
and cornea the iris passes across the interior of the eye. This (which
may be viewed as a dependency of the choroid) is a muscular curtain
perforated by an apeture termed the pupil. The retina will be
recognized as a delicate, glassy layer, lining the greater part of the
choroid. i
338
DISEASES OF THE EYE. ; 339
The refracting media of the eye are three in number, namely (1)
the aqueous humor, a watery fluid inclosed in a chamber behind the
cornea; (2) the crystalline lens and its capsule, a transparent, soft
solid of a biconvex form, and placed behind the iris; (3) the vitreous
humor, a transparent material with a consistence like thin jelly, and
occupying as much of the-interior of the eye as is subjacent to the
choroid.
The sclerotic is a strong, opaque, fibrous membrane, which, in a
great measure, maintains the form of the eyeball and protects the
more delicate structures within it. Its interior portion, which is
covered by the ocular conjunctiva, is commonly known as the “ white
of the eye.” In form it is bell-shaped,-and the optic nerve pierces it
behind like a handle, the perforation being a little to its inner side.
In front, the rim of the bell becomes continuous with the cornea.
The outer surface of the membrane receives the insertion of the mus-
cles of the eyeball. The coat is thickest over the posterior part of
the eyeball, and is thinnest a little behind its junction with the
cornea.
The cornea is the anterior transparent portion of the outer coat of
the eyeball. It may be viewed as a part of the sclerotic specially
modified to permit the passage of light into the interior of the eye.
Its outline is elliptical, nearly circular, and its greatest diameter is
transverse. At its periphery it joins the sclerotic by continuity of
tissue, and as the edge of the cornea is slightly beveled and has the
fibrous sclerotic carried for a little distance forward on its outward
surface, the cornea is generally said to be fitted into the sclerotic like
a watch glass into its rim. The venous canal of Schlemm runs cir-
cularly around the eyeball at the line of junction of the sclerotic and
cornea. The anterior surface of the cornea is exquisitely smooth,
and is kept moist by the lacrimal secretions. Its posterior surface
forms the anterior boundary of the chamber in which the aqueous
humor is contained. The cornea is of uniform thickness and is of
a dense, almost horny, consistence. Save a few capillary loops of
blood vessels at its margin the cornea is without vessels. Its struct-
ure is comprised of five distinct layers.
The aqueous humor occupies a chamber which is bounded in front
by the posterior surface of the cornea and behind by the capsule and
suspensory ligament of the lens and by the ends of the ciliary proc-
esses. It is across this chamber that the iris extends. The aqueous
humor is composed of water, with a small proportion of common salt
in solution.
The iris is a muscular, pigmented curtain extending across the inte-
rior of the eye and having about its center an aperture termed the
pupil. By variations in the size of this aperture the amount of light
transmitted to the retina is regulated. It varies somewhat in color,
340 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
but is most frequently of a yellowish-brown tint. Its anterior face is
bathed by the aqueous humor. The greater part of the posterior sur-
face is in contact with the capsule of the lens and glides on it during
the movements of the curtain. The circumferential border is at-
tached within the junction of the sclerotic cornea. The inner border
circumscribes the pupil, which varies in outline according to its size.
When much contracted the pupil is a very elongated ellipse, the long
axis of which is in the line joining the nasal and temporal angles of
the eyelids. It contains muscular tissue, which, by contracting or
relaxing, lessens or dilates the pupillary opening.
The choroid coat is a bell-shaped, dark membrane which lines the
sclerotic. Its outer surface has a shaggy appearance, caused by the
tunica fusca, which unites the two coats. Between the two the ciliary
vessels and nerves pass forward. Behind it is pierced by the optic
nerve; in front it is continued as the ciliary processes, which form,
as it were, the rim of the bell. The ciliary processes form a fringe
around the slightly inverted rim of the choroid.
The retina is the most delicate of the coats of the eyeball. It is
formed by the expansion of the optic nerve on the inner surface of
the choroid, and, like that coat, it is bell-shaped. Its inner surface
is molded on the vitreous humor. The nervous structures of the
retina terminate at a wavy line, the ora serrata, behind the ciliary
processes. ‘Ten distinct layers are described as composing the thick-
ness of the retina.
The lens is situated behind the pupil and is contained within a
capsule of its own.
The capsule is a close-fitting, firm, transparent membrane. The
anterior surface forms the posterior boundary of the cavity contain-
ing the aqueous humor, and the iris in its movement glides on it.
The posterior surface is in contact with the vitreous humor.
The vitreous humor occupies four-fifths of the interior of the eye-
ball. It is globular in form, with a depression in front for the lodg-
ment of the lens. It is colorless, transparent, and of a consistency
like thin jelly. It is enveloped by a delicate capsule—the hyaloid
membrane—which is connected in front with the suspensory ligament
of the lens, and ends by joining the capsule behind the lens.
The orbital cavity, at the side of the head, is circumscribed by a
bony margin; posteriorly, however, there are no bony walls, and the
cavity is often confounded with the depression above and behind the
orbit—the temporal fossa. 41
Tuberculosis of lungs) alone@e+ =.) tk ee Ee ee ee 33
Tuberculosis of serous membranes alone (pearly disease) ______ ali
‘Tuberculosis :or ‘other Organs. 92> oe ee 8
Baden:
Tuberculosis o£ lungs taloneti 2032 [oh es ee, Oi eee eee ab
Tuberculosis of serous membranes alone_________________________ 28
Roth: combined = ass 2. 2 oa ee eee SSIES, 39
Generalized tuberculosis___________ pa
Tuberculosis of the sexual organs Qlon@s) 229. eee 3}
Symptoms.—The beginning of the disease usually passes unnoticed,
inasmuch as it is very slow and insidious and rarely accompanied with
fever. When the lungs are involved a dull, short cough is noticed,
which may later on become prolonged, convulsive, and very trouble-
some to the animal. The cough is more frequent in the morning
after movement and drinking. The breathing varies. Only when
much of the lung tissue is diseased is it labored and accompanied
with active movements of the chest and nostrils. Discharge from the
nose is rare or absent. At times, however, when the tubercles have
broken down and cavities containing cheesy masses have formed in
the lung tissue, or when the air tubes have become filled with cheesy
and mucous masses, coughing will dislodge them and cause their dis-
charge. In advanced stages the breath may have a disagreeable odor.
Pressure on the chest wall may give rise to pain.
The general effect on the body is at first slight. In fact, animals
may remain in good flesh for a considerable time. Invariably as the
disease progresses loss of flesh and appetite and paleness of the
mucous membranes become manifest. These symptoms are accom-
panied with a gradual diminution of the milk secretion. The de-
bilitated condition of the animal is also manifested by a staring coat
and a tough, dry, harsh skin (hidebound). Digestive disturbances
are indicated by tympanites, or distention of the rumen by gas, colic,
TUBERCULOSIS. oy ak
and diarrhea, alternating with constipation. The animal generally
dies from exhaustion after a period of sickness which may last
months or even years.
Tuberculosis in the abdominal organs is often signalized by abor-
tion and by abnormal sexual manifestations. When the brain is in-
volved, the disease may cause convulsions, unconsciousness, paralysis,
as well as peculiar movements in a circle, oblique position of the head,
etc. Lydtin quotes the following description of the disease as taken
from a Swiss sanitary order:
_ A dry, short, interrupted, hoarse cough, which the sick animals manifest,
especially in the morning at feeding time, still more after somewhat violent
exertion. At first these animals may be full blooded and lay on a considerable
amount of fat when well fed. As the disease progresses they grow thin and
show more and more those appearances which indicate diseased nutrition, such
as a staring, lusterless, disheveled coat; dirty, tense skin, which appears very
pale in those regions free from hair. The temperature of the skin is below
normal. The loss of fat causes sinking of the eyes in their sockets. They
appear swimming in water, and their expression is weak. The cough is more
frequent, but never or very rarely accompanied with discharge. The body con-
tinues to emaciate, even with plenty of food and a good appetite, so that the
quantity of milk is small. At times in the early stages of the disease, still
more in the later stages, the diseased animals manifest considerable tenderness
when pressure is applied to the front or the sides of the chest by coughing,
moaning, ete. Often symptoms are wanting in spite of the existence of the
disease.
Lydtin also quotes at length a description of the abnormal sexual
desire occasionally observed among cows when affected with this
disease.
Diagnosis.—A disease so varied in its attack upon the different
organs of the body and in the extent of the disease process must nec-
essarily lead to mistakes when diagnosis is attempted by ordinary
means of examination. It has been confounded with the later stages
of pleuropneumonia, with parasitic diseases of the brain, the lungs,
the intestines, and with actinomycosis. Spit
A.HOEN & CO. BALTIMORE,
TUBERCULOSIS OF THE LUNGS OF CATTLE.
are ree
aka
Diseases of Cattle—U. S. Dept of Agr. PLATE XXXV.
Haines del.
A.HOEN &CO BALTIMORE,
TUBERCULOSIS OF THE LIVER,
PLATE XXXVI.
Diseases of Cattle—-U. S. Dept. of Agr.
Fig. 1
Fig.
A.HOEN & CO. BALTIMORE,
Haines del.
TUBERCULOSIS OF LYMPH GLAND AND OF OMENTUM (CAUL).
PLATE XXXVII.
DIsEASES OF CATTLE.
1.—TUBERCULOSIS OF SIRLOIN AND PORTERHOUSE CUTS OF
Fic.
Fic. 2.—TUBERCULOSIS OF PLEURA OF A Cow, SO-CALLED ‘‘ PEARLY
DISEASE.”
7 ‘
.
“
/
/
.
‘
Diseases of Cattle—U. S. Dept of Agr. PLATE XXXVIil.
Haines del, A.HOEN & CO. BALTIMORE,
TUBERCULOSIS OF Cow’s UDDER.
TUBERCULOSIS. 417
of these bacilli, but not the bacilli themselves, consequently, when
this substance is injected under the skin of an animal it is absolutely
unable to produce the disease, cause abortion, or otherwise injure the
animal. In case the injected animal is normal there is no more effect
upon the system than would be expected from the injection of sterile
water; however, if the animal is tuberculous, a decided rise of tem-
perature will follow the use of tuberculin. This substance, discov-
ered by Koch, has the effect, when injected into the tissues of a
tuberculous animal, of causing a decided rise of temperature, while it
has no such effect upon animals free from the disease. The value of
tuberculin for this purpose was tested during the years 1890 and 1891
by Guttman, Roeckl and Schiitz, Bang and Salomonsen, Lydtin,
Jéhne and Siedamgrotzky, Nocard, and many others. It was at onee
recognized as a most remarkable and accurate method of detecting
tuberculosis even in the early stages and when the disease had yet
made but little progress.
The tuberculin test came into existence through the most careful
and thorough scientific experimentation. In practice it is applied by
first taking the temperature of the animal to be tested, at intervals
of about two hours, a sufficient number of times to establish the nor-
mal temperature of the body under the ordinary conditions of life.
The proper dose of tuberculin is then injected under the skin with a
hypodermic syringe between 8 and 10 p. m. on the day of taking the
preliminary temperatures. On the following day the temperatures
are taken every two hours, beginning at 6 a. m. and continuing until
20 hours following the injection, if the fullest information is desired.*
- From average temperatures, calculated by De Schweinitz in 1896,
of about 1,600 tests of tuberculous cows, it appears that in general
the rise of temperature begins from five and one-half to six hours
after the tuberculin is injected, reaches its greatest height from the
sixteenth to the twentieth hours, and then gradually declines, reach-
ing the normal again by the twenty-eighth hour.
As a result of this method an accurate diagnosis may be estab-
lished in more than 97 per cent of the cases tested. The relatively
few failures in diagnoses are included among two classes of cattle.
The first class contains those that are tuberculous, but which do
not react either because of the slight effect of an ordinary-sized
dose of tuberculin on an advanced case of the disease with so much
natural tuberculin already in the system, or on account of a recent
previous test with tuberculin which produces a tolerance to this
material, lasting for about six weeks. The second class includes
1The ophthalmic-tuberculin test and the intradermal-tuberculin test, as their names
imply, consist in the application of the tuberculin to the eye and to the deep layer of the
skin of the animal to be tested. These methods will not be discussed at present, as they
are still in the experimental stage.
33071°—16 27
418 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
those that are not tuberculous, but which show an elevation of tem-
perature as a result of (a) advanced pregnancy, (b) the excite-
ment of cstrum, (¢) concurrent diseases, as inflammation of the
lungs, intestines, uterus, udder, or other parts, abortion, retention
of afterbirth, indigestion, etc., (d@) inclosure in a hot, stuffy stable,
especially in summer, or exposure to cold drafts or rains, (e) any
change in the method of feeding, watering, or stabling of the animal
during the test. Notwithstanding all these possibilities of error,
the results of thousands of tests show that in less than 3 per cent
of the cases tested do these failures actually occur. In the first class
the chances of error are decidedly reduced by the skilled veterinarian
by making careful physical examination and diagnosing clinically
these advanced cases, and by the injection of double or triple doses
into all recently tested cattle, with the taking of the after temper-
ature, beginning two hours following the injection and continuing
hourly for 20 hours.
It is therefore apparent that tuberculin should be applied only
by or under the direction of a competent veterinarian, capable not
only of injecting the tuberculin but also of interpreting the results,
and particularly of picking out all clinical cases by physical exami-
nation. The latter observation is extremely important and should
always be made on every animal tested.
In the second class errors are avoided by eliminating from the
test those cases that are nearing parturition or are in heat or show
evidence of the previously mentioned diseases or exhibit tempera-
tures sufficiently high to make them unreliable for use as normal.
Then, in reading after temperatures it is advisable not to recognize
as a reaction an elevation of temperature less than 2° F. and which
at the same time must go above 103.8° F., and the temperature reac-
tion must likewise have the characteristic rainbow curve. (Those
cases which approximate but do not reach this standard should be
considered as suspicious and held for a retest six weéks later.) In
addition, a satisfactory tuberculin must be used; also an accurate
thermometer and a reliable syringe, in order that a sufficient dose of
tuberculin may be given. Finally, the number of apparent errors of
the tuberculin test will be greatly diminished if a careful post-
mortem examination is made, giving especial attention to the lymph
glands. This low percentage of failures being the case, cattle owners
should welcome the tuberculin test, not only for their own interest
but for the welfare of the public as well. Where this method of
diagnosing the disease has beeen adopted tuberculosis is gradually
being eradicated, while it is spreading rapidly and becoming widely
disseminated in those districts in which the tuberculin test has not
been used. Without its use the disease can not be controlled and
the owner is confronted with serious and continuous losses; with
TUBERCULOSIS. 419
its use the disease can be eradicated from the herd, a clean herd
established in a few years without very serious loss or hardship, and
the danger of its spread to man removed. Tuberculin may therefore
be considered a most beneficial discovery for the stock raiser.
Strange to say, many of these men have been incredulous, antago-
nistic, or prejudiced against the tuberculin test by misinterpreting
published statements, by incorrect, unsubstantiated, or exaggerated
reports, and by alleged injurious effects to healthy cattle. _
Law has clearly stated the question when he says—
Many stock owners still entertain an ignorant and unwarranted dread of the
tuberculin test. It is true that when recklessly used by ignorant and careless
people it may be made a root of evil, yet as employed by the intelligent and
careful expert it is not only perfectly safe, but it is the only known means of
ascertaining approximately the actual number affected in a given herd. In
most infected herds living under what are in other respects good hygienic condi-
tions two-thirds or three-fourths are not to be detected without its aid, so that in
clearing a herd from tuberculosis and placing both herd and products above
suspicion the test becomes essential. * * * In skilled hands the tuberculin
test will show at least nine-tenths of all cases of tuberculosis when other
methods of diagnosis will not detect one-tenth.
Objection to its use among those who are not acquainted with its
method of preparation or its properties is perfectly natural, but it
is difficult to explain the antagonism of farmers who are familiar
with the facts connected with the manufacture and use of tuberculin.
Probably the most popular objection to tuberculin is that it is too
searching, since it discovers cases in which the lesions are small and
obscure. While this fact is admitted, it should also be remembered
that such a small lesion to-day may break down and become widely
disseminated in a relatively short period. Therefore any cow
affected with tuberculosis, even to a slight degree, must be considered
as dangerous not only to the other animals in the herd but also to
the consumer of her products.
In 1898, Bang, of Copenhagen, one of the highest European
authorities, in his paper presented to the Congress for the Study
of Human and Animal Tuberculosis, at Paris, said:
Numerous tests made in almost every civilized country have demonstrated
that in the majority of cases tuberculin is an excellent means for diagnosing
the existence or nonexistence of the disease, but giving us no positive infor-
mation as to the extent to which the disease has progressed. When tuberculin
produces a typical reaction we may be almost sure that there exists in the body
of the animal a tubercular process. The cases in which a careful examiner has
not succeeded in finding it are very rare, and I am led to believe that when,
notwithstanding all the pains taken, it has escaped discovery, the reason is
that it is located in a portion of the body that is particularly inaccessible.
Nevertheless, it is not to be denied that a fever, entirely accidental and of
short duration, may in some rare cases have simulated a reaction. However
this may be, the error committed in wrongly condemning an occasional animal
for tuberculosis is of no practical consequence.
49.0 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
A worse aspect of the case is that there are some diseased animals in which
tuberculin fails to discover the existence of tuberculosis. In most of these, no
doubt, the deposits are old, insignificant, and generally calcified, or they are
eases where the disease is arrested and perhaps in process of recovery, and
which are possibly incapable of disseminating the contagion. But it is known
that there are cases, not altogether rare, where tuberculin fails to cause a
reaction in a highly tuberculous animal, and consequently one in which the
disease exists in an extremely contagious form. For this reason a clinical
examination should always be made of an animal which does not give a reae-
tion but which shows symptoms indicating that, notwithstanding the test, it
may suffer from tuberculosis.
Nocard, of Paris, wrote also in 1898 as follows:
The degree of certainty of the indications furnished may be stated in precise
terms. The observation of a clear reaction to tuberculin is unequivocal; the
animal is tuberculous. The pretended errors imputed to the method are ex-
plained by the extreme sensitiveness of the reagent, which is capable of detect-
ing the smallest lesion. It often requires prolonged and minute Yresearches in
the depths of all the tissues to discover the few miliary centers, the presence
of which has been revealed. The reaction is-absolutely specific. In those cases
where it is observed with animals which show lesions of another disease (acti-
“nomycosis, hydatid disease, verminous bronchitis, distomatosis), it may be
affirmed that there exists, in addition to these conspicuous changes, a tubercu-
lous center which alone has provoked the reaction.
The failure to react does not necessarily imply absence of tuberculosis. Such
failures of tuberculin are very exceptional. They are seen most frequently with
animals affected with tuberculosis in a very advanced stage and made evident
by plain external signs. Sometimes, also, there are found at the post-mortem
examination of animals which have not reacted small fibrous or calcified lesions
in such a condition that one is tempted to believe them cured. Whether sterile
or not, these legions have no tendency to increase, and they are not very danger-
ous from the point of view of contagion.
These opinions of two eminent authorities, living in different
countries, after long experience of their own and after studying the
results of the many tests made in different parts of the world, should
have great weight. They are essentially the same throughout.
In 1897 Voges compiled statistics of tuberculin tests, the accuracy
of which had been determined by post-mortem examination. Of
7,327 animals tested, it appeared that errors had been made with 204,
or 2.78 per cent. In the work of the Pennsylvania Live Stock Sani-
tary Board post-mortem examinations were made on about 4,400
reacting cattle and the disease was found in all but 8 of those which
had given characteristic reactions.
The results of a much larger number of tests might be compiled
at this time, but they would not materially change the average of
those already mentioned. It is plain that tuberculin is a remarkably
accurate test of tuberculosis, that the animals which react may be
safely considered as tuberculous, and that when a careful clinical
examination is practiced in addition to the test there are few animals
in a dangerous condition which escape detection.
TUBERCULOSIS. 4921
The first questions asked by those who oppose the adoption of the
tuberculin tests are: Is this test infallible? and, if it is not infallible,
why should it be forced upon the cattle owners of the country?
In answer to these questions it may be said that tuberculin is not
absolutely infallible, and yet it is by far the best method of diagnos-
ing tuberculosis that has been discovered. It is much better than any
test known for pleuropneumonia when that disease was eradicated.
Practically all the animals that react are affected with tuberculosis
and should be separated from the herd, not only in the interest of
the public, but in the interest of the owner of the herd. The best
authorities admit, after studying many thousands of tests, that there
are few, if any, mistakes made in condemning cattle which show a
typical tuberculin reaction. The errors are principally in the other
direction—that is, some tuberculous animals are not discovered by
the tuberculin test, but as the most dangerous of these may be
picked out by ordinary clinical examination this fault of tuberculin
is not so serious as it at first sight appears. This being the case, it
should not be necessary to force the tuberculin test upon owners.
They should be anxious to adopt it in their own interests and for
the protection of their patrons. There is to-day no greater danger
- to the cattle and hog industries than that which confronts them in
the form of tuberculosis, a disease already widespread and rapidly
extending. Furthermore, in view of the results revealed by numer-
ous tests covering vast numbers of animals, tuberculin must be con-
sidered as harmless for healthy animals. It has also been clearly
demonstrated that tuberculin interferes in no way with the milking
function in healthy cattle; neither in the quantity of milk nor in
butter-fat value has any variation been detected. The conclusions
of some of the best authorities on the subject of its harmlessness to
healthy animals are given below.
Nocard and Leclainche state:
Direct experiments and observations collected by thousands show that the
tuberculin injections have no unfavorable effect. With healthy animals the
system is Indifferent to the inoculation; with tuberculous animals it causes
slight changes which are not at all serious.
Bang has written as follows on this question:
We will now consider the following question, a very important one, in the
application of tuberculin, viz: Can the reaction produce a worse condition in
tuberculous animals than before existed? Hess emphatically states that it can,
and on this account he earnestly warns against its application. My attention
has been directed to this question from the beginning. In my first publication
on tuberculin injection I reported two cases in which acute miliary tuberculosis
was proved in two high-grade tuberculous cows several weeks after the tuber-
culin injection. I then stated my suspicion that perhaps the tuberculin injec-
tion had some connection with this, just as is often supposed to be the case
in human practice With my present very large amount of material for obser-
492 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
vation at hand I may express the following opinion: Such an acute develop-
ment of tuberculosis as a result of tuberculin injection is to be feared only
exceptionally, and then in cases of advanced tuberculosis. Jt must not be for-
gotten that acute miliary tuberculosis by no means rarely accompanies an
advanced tuberculosis of long standing. It is therefore impossible to offer
strict proof of the causal connection with the injection, and only oft-repeated
observation could make this probable. In support of my view I offer the
following: In the course of the last three years I have made careful post-
mortem examinations of 83 tuberculous animals, which have been removed
from my experiment farm, Thurebylille. Among these were 18 (or, strictly
speaking, 23) high-grade tuberculous animals. I have been able to prove
mniliary tuberculosis in only 4 of these. Among the others, which showed less
developed tuberculosis, I have never found miliary tuberculosis, and with
very many I have never found any sign of a more rapid development of the
process. On the contrary, it has been proved that the disease was restricted
locally, often for years, in spite of yearly repeated injections. Dissections were
made at very different periods after the injections—in 17 cases from 4 to 12
days after the last test. In all of these cases earlier tests had been made
months or years before. In 28 cases the injection took place from 19 days
to 2 months before the butchering; in 38 of these cases earlier injections had
been made. In 88 cases from two and one-half months to one year intervened
between the last injection and the dissection. Dissection gives the best expla-
nation of this question, but a clinical observation, continued for years, of a herd
tested with tuberculin can render very essential aid. If Hess’s opinion is cor-
rect, it is to be assumed that tuberculosis must take an unusually vicious
eourse in such herds, but this I have been unable to prove. At Thurebylille
there has existed for three years a reacting division, consisting originally of
131 head and now 69. Although these animals are yearly tested, and although
most of them react every year, the division certainly appears to be made
up of healthy animals, and the farm inspector has expressed the decided opin-
jon that the tuberculosis in this division is no more developed than at the
beginning of the experiment. The testimony of many owners of large herds
of cattle which have long ago been injected is to the same effect. I will ad-
duce statements from several. A farm tenant whose cattle were injected 20
months previously, when 82 per cent of the grown animals reacted, wrote me
recently as follows: “ Only 2 cows from the division of 100 head had been
sold as decidedly tuberculous. The majority appeared afterwards, just as
before, entirely healthy. The fat animals which had been slaughtered had
been pronounced healthy by the butchers.” Another farm tenant with a herd
injected in 1894 had not been obliged to remove a single animal from the tuber-
culosis division, numbering 70 head. A large farm owner in Jutland stated
in September that he had traced no undesirable result from the injection. His
herd of 350 had been injected in February and about 75 per cent reacted.
Similar answers have been given by other owners and veterinarians.
A veterinarian who had injected 600 animals, among them a herd of a large
farm, 18 months previously, expressed the belief that the injection had pro-
duced in no single case an unusually rapid or vicious course of tuberculosis.
In spite of a demand made months ago, I have received thus far no report from
any veterinarian of an undesirable result.
On a large farm, on which before the injection tuberculosis had appeared
in a vicious form, the owner had the impression that the severe cases had after-
wards become more numerous. He had, however, not suffered severe losses,
and 8 months later the large reacting division by no means made a bad
impression. Finally, it is to be noticed that tuberculin has been employed on
TUBERCULOSIS. 493
a large scale in Denmark for years, and still the demand from farmers con-
stantly increases. This could certainly not be the case if the injections were
generally followed by bad results.
Paige said, after the tests of the herd of the Massachusetts Agri-
cultural College, that “its use is not followed by any ill effects of a
serious or permanent nature.”
Lamson, of the New Hampshire College Agricultural Experiment
Station, said: “There is abundant testimony that its use is not in
any way injurious to a healthy animal.”
Conn, who made a special study of the present attitude of Kuro-
pean science toward tuberculosis in cattle, reached the following
conclusions:
It has been, from the first, thought by some that the use of tuberculin pro-
duces a direct injury upon the inoculated animals. This, however, is un-
doubtedly a mistake, and there is no longer any belief anywhere on the part
of scientists that the injury thus produced is worthy of note. In the first place,
the idea that it may produce the disease in a perfectly healthy animal by the
inoculation is absolutely fallacious. The tuberculin does not contain the
tubercle bacillus, and it is absolutely certain that it is impossible to produce a
ease of tuberculosis in an animal unless the tubercle bacilli are present. The
use of tuberculin, therefore, certainly can never produce the disease in the
inoculated animal.
It has been more widely believed, however, that the inoculation of an animal
with this material has a tendency to stimulate an incipient case of tuberculosis.
It has been thought that an animal with a very slight case of the disease may,
after inoculation, show a very rapid extension of this disease and be speedily
brought to a condition where it is beyond any use. The reasons given for this
have been the apparent activity of the tuberculosis infection in animals that
have been slaughtered shortly after inoculation. This has been claimed, not
only by agriculturists who have not understood the subject well, but also by
yeterinarians and bacteriologists. But here, too, we must recognize that the
claim has been disproved, and that there is now a practical unanimity of
opinion on the part of all who are best calculated to judge that such an in-
jurious effect does not occur. Even those who have been most pronounced in
the claim that there is injury thus resulting from tuberculin have, little by
little, modified their claim, until at the present time they say either that the
injury which they formerly claimed does not occur or that the stimulus of the
disease is so slight that it should be absolutely neglected in view of the great
value which may arise from the use of tuberculin. Apart from two or three
who hold this very moderate opinion, all bacteriologists and veterinarians unite
in agreeing that there is no evidence for believing that any injury results. In
Denmark, especially, many hundreds of thousands of animals have been inocu-
lated, and the veterinarians say there is absolutely no season in all their
experience for believing that the tuberculin inoculation is followed by any
injurious results.
In 1898 tuberculosis was found in the large Shorthorn herd belong-
ing to W. C. Edwards, of Canada, who with commendable prompt-
ness and public spirit had his animals tested, and at once proceeded
to separate the diseased from the healthy animals. They were all
finely bred animals, and of the very class which we have been told
4294 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
are most susceptible to the injurious effects of tuberculin. After
using this test regularly for two years, Mr. Edwards wrote as fol-
lows:
I have seen nothing to lead me to believe that the tubereulin test had any
injurious influence on the course of the disease. It is by no means our opinion
that the disease has been stimulated or aggravated by the application of the
tuberculin test. All animals that we have tested two or three times continue
as hale and hearty as they were previously, and not one animal in our herds
‘has broken down or failed in any way since we began testing.
Mr. Edwards, in December, 1901, verbally stated that his views
as to the harmlessness of tuberculin remained unchanged, and that
he had not seen the least ill effect in any of his cattle from its use.
Those who have had most experience with tuberculin have failed
to observe any injurious effects following its use upon healthy cattle.
With tuberculous cattle it produces a fever of short duration, and in
the great majority of cases all derangement of the system which it
causes disappears within 48 hours after the tuberculin is adminis-
tered. There appear to have been a very few cases in which the dis-
ease was aggravated, and a greater number in which it was benefited
by the injection of tuberculin. The cases of abortion following the
tuberculin test have not been numerous, even when cows were tested
within a few weeks of the normal time of calving. The few cases of
this kind which have occurred may be explained by the fact that
abortion in cattle is a very common occurrence, and that it would
inevitably happen sometimes after the tuberculin test as a mere coin-
cidence and without any relation between the test and the loss of
the calf. The cases of abortion which have been cited appear to be
no more numerous than might be expected to have occurred among
the same number of cattle within the same period if the test had
not been applied.
Most of the objections to tuberculin would probably be removed
if some method of compensation for the reacting animals could be
devised. Thus, in Pennsylvania, where tuberculosis is being eradi-
cated with more success than in any other State, and where there are
usually three times as many voluntary requests on file for the appli-
cation of the test as can be made, all reacting animals are paid for
by the State. As the suppression of tuberculosis is a public-health
measure it would appear perfectly logical for the State governments
to reimburse cattle owners for animals condemned and slaughtered.
Provision could be made to pay 70 per cent of the appraised value
of the condemned animals, not to exceed $50 per head for common
stock or $150 for registered stock. Such legislation should also in-
clude a requirement for the testing of all cattle coming into the State.
All tuberculous animals should be slaughtered in ahattoirs having
Federal inspection, and the money obtained from carcasses which are
—
TUBERCULOSIS. 425
inspected and passed for food, and from the hide and offal of those
carcasses condemned as unfit for food, should be applied as part pay-
ment on the indemnity for their respective owners. The payment of
indemnity for tuberculous animals is a good business policy and
would do more toward making the tuberculin test popular with cattle
owners than any other possible action; also, as a corollary of the
latter, more testing would be performed and more tuberculous cattle
would be discovered at the start, but the gradual suppression of the
disease would soon be manifest, as has been noted in Pennsylvania
and Denmark. Furthermore, as Stiles has mentioned, if tuberculosis
can be eradicated from dairy herds with but slight loss to the owner,
the increase in the price of milk would naturally be inhibited, and,
consequently, the children of poor families would be in less danger
of a decrease in this very important article of their diet.
From the investigations and observations that have been men-
tioned, it may be safely concluded—
1. That the tuberculin test is a wonderfully accurate method of
determining whether an anima] is affected with tuberculosis.
2. That by its use the animals diseased with tuberculosis may be
detected and removed from the herd, thereby eradicating the disease.
3. That it has no injurious effect upon healthy cattle.
4. That the comparatively small number of cattle which have
aborted, suffered in health, or fallen off in condition after the test
were either diseased before it was made or were affected by some
cause other than the tuberculin.
SUMMARY OF DIRECTIONS FOR MAKING THE TUBERCULIN TEST.
1. Stable cattle under usual conditions and among usual surround-
ings, feed and water in the customary manner.
2. Make a physical examination of each animal, and give to each
one some designation by which the animal will be known throughout
the test.
3. Take each animal’s temperature at least three times at two or
three hour intervals on the day of injection; for instance, at 2, 5,
and 8 p. m.
4. At 8 or 10 p. m. inject a dose of tuberculin under the skin in the
region of the shoulder, using a sterile hypodermic syringe after dis-
infecting the skin at the seat of injection with a 5 per cent solution
of carbolic acid or a similar antiseptic solution.
5. Tuberculin is not always concentrated to the same degree and
therefore the dose, which should always appear on the label, varies
considerably. The dose of imported tuberculin is 0.25 cubic centi-
meter for an adult cow, and before injection is diluted with sterile
water to 2 cubic centimeters. The tuberculin made by the Bureau
426 DISEASES OF CATTLE,
of Animal Industry is prepared so that it will not be necessary to
dilute it, and the dose is 2 cubic centimeters for an adult animal.
Yearlings and 2-year-olds, according to size, should receive from
1 to 14 cubic centimeters, while bulls and very large animals may
receive 3 cubic centimeters.
6. The next day, at 6 a. m., commence taking temperatures, and
continue every two or three hours until the twentieth hour after
injection, at which time, if there is no tendency for the temperature
to rise, the test may cease.
7. A rise of two or more degrees Fahrenheit above the maximum
temperature observed on the previous day, provided the temperature
exceeds 103.8° F., should be regarded as an indication of tuberculosis.
Those cases which approximate but do not reach this standard should
be considered as suspicious and held for a retest six weeks later, giv-
ing double the original dose.
TREATMENT OF TUBERCULOSIS.
Treatment of the disease is not seriously considered by any author-
ities at the present time.
The measures to be adopted to prevent the ariiewdliag of the disease
must take into consideration not only the tubercle bacillus, but like-
wise all those circumstances that make cattle more susceptible to the
disease, and which have already been dwelt upon. It would be useless
to repeat here all that has been said above on the transmission of
tubercle bacilli from one animal to another, and on the dangers of
certain debilitating influences. A careful study of these influences
will show how tuberculosis may, at least in some cases, be prevented.
Great care should be bestowed upon the breeding, the surroundings,
and the feed of the animal, so that the latter may be put into a condi-
tion to resist infection even when exposed to it. A tuberculin test
should be applied to all strange cattle before they are introduced into
the herd, and those which show a reaction should be refused.
A rigid exclusion of tuberculous animals is all that is necessary to
prevent the appearance of the disease, provided cattle are not infected
by consumptive persons and animals, though it is probably unusual,
because the bacilli from man are, in most cases, attenuated and harm-
less to cattle.
Tuberculosis in cattle must also be considered as bearing upon
tuberculosis of other domesticated animals, particularly hogs. In
Kurope and the United States this disease is not uncommon among
hogs, and appears to be on the increase. The reason for its existence
may be looked for in the feeding of pigs with skim milk, buttermilk,
and whey from creameries, with the offal of the abattoirs, with the
household refuse generally, and behind tuberculous cattle. If tuber-
TUBERCULOSIS. 427
culosis is common among cattle, it is likely to be transmitted to hogs
kept in this way.
The carcasses of animals which have died of tuberculosis should be
buried deeply so that they can not be eaten by other animals. This
is likewise true of all organs or tissues of slaughtered animals con-
taining tubercles. These should never be fed to other animals, such
as hogs, dogs, and cats, and should either be destroyed by fire or
deeply buried.
When any of the animals in a herd of Mattie show evident symp-
toms of tuberculosis, or when the tuberculin test proves that they
are affected with this disease, the best method of procedure in most
cases is to have the affected animals slaughtered and the stables dis-
infected. A large proportion of the animals which are slightly
affected yield carcasses which are perfectly wholesome and fit for
human food, but in all such cases there should be an inspection by an
expert at the time of slaughter to determine which carcasses may be
used and which should be destroyed.
The disinfection of stables may be accomplished by thoroughly
cleaning them, scrubbing the floors with hot water, brushing down
all loose dust from the walls, and tearing off all woodwork which is
partly decayed. Then the whole interior of the stable should be
covered with a good coat of limewash containing 1 part of formalin
(which is a 40 per cent watery solution of formaldehyde) to 30 parts
of the lime wash, or 4 ounces of formalin to each gallon of lime wash.
Similar precautions should be observed in removing the manure of
the infected herd from the barnyard and other places accessible to
cattle, since it is known that tuberculous cattle frequently eliminate
large numbers of tubercle bacilli through the feces. The ground
under the manure pile should then be disinfected, either by the
above-mentioned formalin solution or by unslaked lime thickly
sprinkled over the soil.
If all the animals which react are destroyed and the stables dis-
infected in this manner, the herd should remain free from the disease
unless other affected animals are added to it. The introduction of
the disease in this manner may be avoided by requiring a tuberculin
test of all new animals admitted on the premises.
Unfortunately it is a fact that tuberculous animals which have
been tested several times may become so accustomed to tuberculin
that they will no longer react; consequently it is always advisable
to purchase cattle from some one who is known to be reliable, as
otherwise animals of this kind may be treated with tuberculin for
the purpose of hiding the disease.
In the case of very valuable thoroughbred animals, it may be more
advantageous to retain the reacting animals which are in good con-
dition in order to breed from them and in that manner avoid the
428 DISEASES OF CATTLE,
excessive loss which would follow from their immediate slaughter.
This may be done safely if proper precautions are adopted. The
healthy animals should be separated from the diseased ones, and the
stable in which the diseased animals have been should be frequently
disinfected. When calves are dropped by the tuberculous cows they
should be immediately removed, or at least not allowed to drink the
mother’s milk more than once or twice, and after that fed upon the
milk of healthy cows. The milk from the animals which have
reacted should not be used until after it has been boiled and the
tubercle bacilli thus destroyed. The younger animals which are
raised from tuberculous dams should be tested when they are about
6 months old, and all those which react should be immediately
slaughtered. It has been found that by following the plan sug-
‘gested above not more than 1 or 2 per cent of the calves develop
tuberculosis. It is, of course, some trouble to follow this method,
but it enables the owner of a pure-bred herd to retain the strains
of blood which he has been breeding and gradually to eliminate the
disease. At the end of six or eight years he should have a herd of
cattle free from tuberculosis and be prepared to destroy all those
which have reacted.
BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS AND THE PUBLIC HEALTH.
The increasing amount of evidence pointing to the identity of
human and animal tuberculosis, combined with the extraordinary
mortality of human beings from this disease, often amounting to 10
to 14 per cent, has raised the question in all civilized countries as
to how far animal, and especially bovine, tuberculosis is to blame
for this high mortality. The medical and veterinary professions
have approached this problem with equal zeal, and much has come to
light within recent years which enables us to come to some conclu-
sion. If this disease is transmitted from animals to man, how does
the transmission take place? As comparatively few people come in
direct contact with tuberculous cattle, it must be either through the
meat, the milk, the butter, the cheese, or through all these products
that the virus enters the human body. The question has thus nar-
rowed itself down to the food products furnished by cattle.
It has become a very urgent question, especially in the poorer coun-
tries of Europe, whether all flesh from tuberculous animals is unfit
for human food. It is argued there that if it can be shown that in
the majority of cases of tuberculosis the bones and the muscular
system are free from infection, there is no reason why the meat
should not be put on sale under certain restrictions. The question
may be resolved into two divisions: (1) How frequently does the
disease invade those parts of the body which are used as food?
(2) When the disease process is manifestly restricted to the internal
TUBERCULOSIS. 429
organs, do tubercle bacilli circulate in the blood and lymph and can
they be detected in the muscular tissue ?
(1) Disease of the bones is not unknown, although very rare.
According to Walley, it appears chiefly in the spongy bones of the
head and backbone and in the long bones of the limbs. Occasionally
the ends of the bones, where they are covered by the synovial mem-
brane of the joints, are dotted with tubercles. The muscular system
itself is very rarely the seat of tuberculous deposits, although the
lymphatic glands lying near and among the muscles may be not
infrequently diseased.
(2) Whether tubercle bacilli are found in muscle juice independent
of any tuberculous deposits is a question which must be approached
experimentally. There is on record a great variety of opinions on
this matter, some authorities considering all flesh from tuberculous
animals unfit for food, while others hold a contrary view. Experi-
ments have shown that in rare cases the flesh of tuberculous cattle
contains a small number of tubercle bacilli. In Germany the flesh
‘of animals in which the disease is just beginning, or in which it is
restricted to one or more related organs, is not rejected. When,
however, the disease has affected the muscles or bones, or lymphatic
glands situated on or between them, the flesh is condemned as unfit
and dangerous. Animals are also rejected in which it is evident,
from the general distribution of tubercles throughout the various
organs, that the bacilli have been distributed by. the blood and may
have been carried into the muscular system (generalized tuberculosis).
Concerning the infectious nature of milk secreted by tuberculous
cows, authorities have universally agreed that when the udder itself
is in the slightest degree involved the milk possesses infectious prop-
erties, and is therefore dangerous. Tubercle bacilli in large numbers
have been found in the milk and the udder under such circumstances.
Unlike other affections of the udder, tuberculosis of this organ does
not at once change the appearance and the quality of the milk
secreted. Bang states that for at least a month after the disease has
appeared the milk is normal in appearance and may be consumed
and sold without arousing the suspicion of the owner. Considerable
danger is, therefore, involved in this disease, and the necessity for
the careful inspection of dairy cows seems more urgent than ever.
Authorities are, however, not fully agreed as to whether the milk
from tuberculous cows in which the udder is apparently not invaded
by the disease should be considered dangerous or not. Some incline
to the belief that the milk secreted by healthy udders is never infec-
tious, even when the lungs or other organs are affected; that, in other
words, the tubercle bacilli are rarely, if ever, separated. from the
lesions which they produce, and that the udder itself must be diseased
before tubercle bacilli can appear in the milk. Experiments made
4380 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
with the milk of tuberculous cows in which there were no indications
of udder disease do not bear out this theory, since tubercle bacilli
have been found in their milk. Some authorities still believe that
the udder is diseased when the milk is infected, but that the disease
escapes observation. However this may be, the fact that the udder
may be diseased and the disease not recognizable simply casts sus-
picion upon all milk from tuberculous animals. We know that the
milk of tuberculous cattle may or may not contain tubercle bacilli
when the udder is apparently free from disease, but we have no rapid
method of determining whether in any given case the milk contains
tubercle bacilli or not. Moreover, the bacilli may be absent at one
time and present at another in milk from the same cow. When we
consider, therefore, the extent of tuberculosis and the hidden charac-
ter of the disease, a certain degree of suspicion rests upon all milk.
Fortunately, tubercle bacilli are readily destroyed by the tempera-
ture of boiling water, and hence both meat and milk are made entirely
safe, the former by the various processes of cooking, the latter by
boiling for a few moments. Until better means of diagnosis are at
hand it is incumbent upon all communities to have dairy cows exam-
ined or inspected, at least to the extent of finding out whether the
udder shows any signs of disease. If this is detected, the affected
animal should be killed at once or else all opportunity for the sale of
such milk removed by appropriate measures. The dangers from
infected milk may by these means be very materially lessened.
Recently there has been much discussion of the question as to
whether human and animal tuberculosis are identical diseases and
as to the possibility of the tuberculosis of animals being transmitted
to man or that of man being transmitted to animals.
The fact that tuberculous material from human subjects often
failed to produce serious disease in cattle was observed by a number -
of the earlier investigators who experimented with such virus. It
was the experiments and comparative studies of Theobald Smith,
however, which attracted special attention to the difference in viru-
lence shown by tubercle bacilli from human and bovine sources when
inoculated upon cattle. Smith mentioned also certain morphological
and cultural differences in bacilli from these two sources, and in the
location and histology of the lesions in cattle produced by such
bacilli. He did not conclude, however, that bovine bacilli could not
produce disease in the human subject, but said:
It seems to me that, accepting the clinical evidence on hand, bovine tubercu-
losis may be transmitted to children when the body is overpowered by large
numbers of bacilli, as in udder tuberculosis, or when certain unknown favorable
conditions exist.
Koch, however, in his address at the British Congress on Tubercu-
losis, went far beyond this and maintained that “human tubercu-
TUBERCULOSIS. 431
losis differs from bovine and can not be transmitted to cattle.” As
to the susceptibility of man to bovine tuberculosis, he said it was not
yet absolutely decided, but one was “nevertheless already at liberty
to say that, if such a susceptibility really exists, the infection of
human beings is but a very rare occurrence.” He emphasizes this
view in the following language:
I should estimate the extent of infection by the milk and flesh of tubercular
cattle and the butter made of their milk as hardly greater than that of heredi-
tary transmission, and I therefore do not deem it advisable to take any
measures against it.
This conclusion was so radically different from the views of most
experimenters and so out of harmony with facts which had ap-
parently been demonstrated by others that it at once aroused opposi-
tion in the congress, followed by the adoption of dissenting resolu-
tions, and led to numerous investigations in various countries.
Kock’s conclusions were based upon his failure to produce tubercu-
losis in cattle and other animals by inoculating them with tuberculous
material of human origin and his success in causing progressive and
fatal tuberculosis in the same kinds of animals when inoculated with
tuberculous material of bovine origin. With such positiveness did
he hold to the constant and specific difference between the human and
bovine bacillus that he promulgated an experimental method of dis-
criminating between them. Speaking of the etiology of intestinal
tuberculosis in man, he-said:
Hitherto nobody could decide with certainty in such a case whether the
tuberculosis of the intestine was of human or of animal origin. Now we can
diagnose them. All that is necessary is to cultivate in pure culture the
tubercle bacilli found in the tubercular material, and to ascertain whether they
belong to bovine tuberculosis by inoculating cattle with them. For this pur-
pose I recommend subcutaneous injection, which yields quite specially charac-
teristic and convincing results.
These important and comprehensive conclusions followed from a
comparatively few experiments upon animals, and apparently no
effort had been made to learn to what extent human tubercle bacilli
may differ in their virulence for cattle or what grades of virulence
there might be among bacilli of bovine origin. Vagedes had already
shown that bacilli were sometimes present in human lesions which
were as virulent as bovine bacilli, but his work was wholly ignored
by Koch.
A considerable number of investigators, including Chauveau,
Vagedes, Ravenel, De Schweinitz, Mohler, De Jong, Delépine, Orth,
Stenstrém, Fibiger and Jensen, Max Wolff, Nocard, Arloing, Behr-
ing, Dean and Todd, Hamilton and Young, the German Tuberculosis
Commission, and Theobald Smith, have found tubercle bacilli in the
bodies of human beings who died of tuberculosis which proved to
432 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
have about the same virulence for cattle as had the bacilli from
bovine animals affected by the disease.
Kossel, in a preliminary report, stated that the German commission
had tested 7 cultures of tuberculosis from cattle and hogs—4 from
cattle and 3 from hogs. Two proved acutely fatal in cattle after
eight to nine weeks; 4 likewise produced a generalized tuberculosis,
but which certainly had a more chronic course, while 1 of the cul-
tures caused only an infiltration at the point of inoculation, with
some caseous foci in the adjoining prescapular gland and in one of
the mediastinal glands, and there was lacking the spreading of the
tuberculosis over the entire body which they were accustomed to see
after the injection of cultures of bovine tuberculosis. “ Hence,” says
Kossel, “ among bovine tuberculosis bacilli there can also occur differ-
ences with regard to the virulence.”
The German commission also tested 39 different freshly made cul-
tures from tuberculous disease in man. Nineteen did not produce the
slightest symptoms in cattle; with 9 others the cattle exhibited after
four months very minute foci in the prescapular glands, which were
mostly encapsuled and showed no inclination to progress; with 7
other cases there was somewhat more marked disease of the prescap-
ular glands, but it did not go so far as a material spreading of the
process to the adjoining glands. There were 4 cultures, however,
which were more virulent and caused cnr ete ss tuberculosis in the
cattle inoculated with them.
It would appear, therefore, that hereafter everyone must admit
that it is impossible always to tell the source of a culture of the
tubercle bacillus by its effect when it is inoculated upon cattle. One
of the bovine cultures failed to produce generalized tuberculosis in
cattle, and some of the human cultures did produce it in such ani-
mals. Moreover, while some of the human cultures caused no disease
at all, others led to the development of minute foci in the prescapular
glands, and still others to somewhat more marked disease of the
glands. There were, consequently, four degrees of virulence noted
in these 39 cultures of bacilli from human sources and three degrees
of virulence in the 7 cultures from animal.
Now, if we accept the views of Koch as to the specific difference
between human and bovine tubercle bacilli, and that the human bacilli
produce only localized lesions in cattle, while bovine bacilli produce
generalized lesions in them, must we not conclude that the one non-
virulent bovine culture was in reality of human origin, and that
the animal from which it was obtained had been infected from
man? This is a logical deduction, but reverses the dictum laid down
at London that human tuberculosis is not transmissible to cattle.
Again, how are we to explain the human cultures of medium viru-
lence? Are they human bacilli which, for some unknown reason, are
TUBERCULOSIS. 433
increasing in virulence and approaching the activity of the bovine
bacillus, or are they really bovine bacilli which have multiplied in
the human body until their virulence has become attenuated? In
whatever manner these questions are decided it would seem that the
findings of the German commission, instead of supporting Koch’s
views that we can decide with certainty by the inoculation of cattle
as to the source of any given bacillus, really show that this method
of diagnosis is extremely uncertain in the present condition of our
knowledge.
It is definitely admitted that 4 of the human cultures caused gen-
eralized tuberculosis in cattle; Kossel suggest, however, that it may be
possible that the bacilli in cases of human tuberculosis under certain
circumstances can likewise attain a very high pathogenic activity
for cattle without being for that reason bovine bacilli. Undoubtedly
the German commission is confronting the two horns of a dilemma,
either one of which is fatal to the views of Koch as stated with such
positiveness at London. If we accept this suggestion thrown out by
Kossel, we must conclude that Koch was wrong in his claim that
human tuberculosis can not be transmitted to cattle, and thus with
one blow we destroy the entire experimental support which he had
for his argument before the British Congress on Tuberculosis. If,
on the other hand, we accept the conclusion which follows from
the principle laid down by Koch for the discrimination between
human and bovine bacilli, and which appears to be favored by Kossel,
we must admit that bovine tuberculosis is an extremely important
factor in the etiology of human tuberculosis. Of the 39 cases of
human tuberculosis tested, 4, or more than 10 per cent, were virulent
for cattle and would be classified as of bovine origin; however, these
4 cases, were all found among the 16 cases of tuberculosis in children
which the commission investigated; hence it is plain that 25 per cent
of the cases tested of tuberculosis in children would by Koch’s method
be classified as of bovine origin.
In the Bureau of Animal Industry two distinct lines of experi-
ments have been carried on, in order that one might serve as a
check against the other. There has been, however, no discrepancy
in the results. De Schweinitz, in the Biochemic Division, Bureau
of Animal Industry, isolated 9 cultures from human tuberculosis.
Two were derived from human sputum, 3 from cases of generalized
tuberculosis in adults, and 4 from cases of generalized tuberculosis
in children. By comparing these cultures with a newly isolated
virulent culture of bovine tuberculosis, there were found among
them 2 cultures from children which were identical in their cul-
tural and morphological characters with the bovine bacillus. These
cultures also killed rabbits and guinea pigs in as short a time as
did the bovine bacillus. Hogs which were inoculated subcutane-
33071°—16——28
434 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
ously with these 2 cultures from children died of generalized tuber-
culosis. Two calves weighing more than 300 pounds each were
inoculated subcutaneously with these virulent human cultures, and
as a result developed generalized tuberculosis. A yearling heifer
inoculated: with 1 of the cultures showed generalized tuberculosis
when killed three months after moculation. Both the cattle and
the hogs had been tested with tuberculin and found to be free from
tuberculosis before the inoculations were made. It is important
to observe in this connection that 2 out of 4, or 50 per cent, of the
cultures obtained from cases of generalized tuberculosis in children
proved virulent for cattle.
Mohler, working in the Pathological Division, Bureau of Animal
Industry, has obtained 3 very virulent cultures of tubercle bacilli
from the human subject. A goat inoculated subcutaneously with
1 of these cultures died in 37 days with miliary tuberculosis of the
lungs involving the axillary and prescapular glands. This bacillus
was obtained from the mesenteric gland of a boy. Of still greater
interest is a bacillus isolated by Mohler from human sputum. A
goat inoculated subcutaneously with a culture of this germ died in
95 days of pulmonary tuberculosis. A cat inoculated in the same
manner died in 23 days of generalized tuberculosis. A rabbit simi-
larly inoculated died in 59 days of pulmonary tuberculosis. An-
other rabbit inoculated with a bovine culture for comparison lived
10 days longer than the one inoculated with this sputum germ.
Mohler also inoculated subcutaneously a 1-year-old heifer with a
culture derived from the tuberculosis mesenteric gland of a boy 4
years of age. This culture was always refractory in its growth under
artificial conditions, and the bacilli were short, stubby rods, corre-
sponding in appearance with the bovine type. At the autopsy, held
127 days after the inoculation, the general condition was seen to be
poor and unthrifty, and large, hard tumors were found at the points
of inoculation. On the right side the swelling measured 34 by 5
inches, and the corresponding lympth gland was 22 inches long by
12 inches in diameter. This gland contained numerous calcareous
toci; one at the apex was an inch in diameter. The lesions on the
left shoulder of the animal were very similar to those found on the
right side, but the dimensions of the tumor were slightly less. The
lungs presented an irregular mass of tuberculous nodules, and 7
or 8 grapelike nodules were seen on the parietal pleura. Bronchial
and mediastinal lymph glands contained numerous tuberculous foci,
and the pericardium, peritoneum, spleen, and liver also were affected.
In order to throw some light, if possible, upon the morphological
constancy of the different types of tubercle bacilli, Mohler has made
comparative studies of bacilli from various sources, and which had
been passed through various species of animals, by making the cul-
TUBERCULOSIS. 435
tures upon dog serum after the method described by Theobald Smith.
Some important results have been obtained. One culture of human
bacilli which had morphological and cultural peculiarities similar to
those of the bovine bacillus, and which produced only local lesions in
cattle, was passed through a series of five cats. It was then found to
be completely changed in its morphological charactres, the rods being
elongated, slender, more or less beaded, and entirely of the human
type. Far from decreasing in virulence, however, as might be ex-
pected from its morphological appearance, this bacillus had so in-
creased in its pathogenic activity that it produced generalized tuber-
culosis in a cow. This cow was inoculated subcutaneously in front
of each shoulder with 2 cubic centimeters of a salt-solution emulsion
of the tuberculous omentum of the last cat of the series. The cow
rapidly lost flesh, had a temperature of 104° F., with the point of in-
oculation and adjacent glands greatly swollen. The autopsy re-
vealed generalized tuberculosis, involving the lungs, mediastinal
glands, spleen, liver, and kidneys. Tubercle bacilli of the bovine
type obtained from the mesenteric glands of a sheep, hog, and cow
were similarly transformed in their morphological appearance after
being passed through a series of cats and recovered on dog serum.
These bacilli also increased in virulence, as the last cat in the series
invariably succumbed in a shorter time than the first of the series.
These experiments and observations indicate that the types of
tubercle bacilli are very inconstant, and that under suitable condi-
tions they readily change both in morphology and in virulence. A
similar conclusion was reached by other investigators in working
with the avian and piscine types of tubercle bacilli several years ago,
and was reasonably to have been expected with the human and bovine
types.
It must be plain to all, from these recent developments, that too
much has been made of the slight differences in cultural character-
istics, in morphology, and in virulence which have been observed in
some cases in comparing the human and the bovine bacilli. The
observations were interesting, and it was important that they be
followed up until their significance was made entirely clear, but it
was an almost unpardonable error, from a sanitary point of view,
to promulgate sweeping generalizations calculated to arrest and
abolish important measures for preventing human tuberculosis before
the soundness of these generalizations had been established by a
thorough course of experimentation.
When Koch said in the British Congress on Tuberculosis that he
should estimate the extent of infection by the milk and flesh of tuber-
culous cattle and the butter made of their milk as hardly greater than
that of hereditary transmission, and that he therefore did not deem
it advisable to take any measures against it, he went far beyond what
436 DISEASES OF CATTLE,
was justified by any experiments or observations which he reported,
and he did a great deal of harm, which will be manifested for years
to come, to those who endeavor to guard the human race from the
dangers of animal tuberculosis. The researches which have been
alluded to make these dangers more definite and certain than they
have appeared before, and sanitarians should therefore most ear-
nestly endeavor to counteract the erroneous and harmful impression
which was made by Koch’s address at London and his subsequent
address at the International Conference on Tuberculosis at Berlin.
VARIOLA.
Variola of cattle, commonly known as “ cowpox,” is a contagious
disease of cattle which manifests its presence through an elevation of
temperature, a shrinkage in milk production, and by the appearance
of characteristic, pustular eruptions, especially upon the teats and
udders of dairy cows. Although this is a contagious disease, strictly
speaking, it is so universally harmless and benign in its course that
it is robbed of the terrors which usually accompany all spreading
diseases, and is allowed to enter a herd of cattle, run its course, and
disappear without exciting any particular notice.
The contagion of cowpox does not travel through the air from
animal to animal, but is transfused only by actual contact of the
contagious principle with the skin of some susceptible animal. It
may be carried in this manner, not alone from cattle to cattle, but
horses, sheep, goats, and man may readily contract the disease when-
ever suitable conditions attend their inoculation.
An identical disease frequently appears upon horses, attacking
their heels, and thence extending upward along the leg, producing, as
it progresses, inflammation and swelling of the skin, followed later
by pustules, which soon rupture, discharging a sticky, disagreeable
secretion. Other parts of the body are frequently affected in like
manner, especially in the region of the head, where the eruptions may
appear upon lips and nostrils, or upon the mucous surfaces of the
nasal cavities, mouth, or eyes.
Variola of the horse is readily transmitted to cattle, if both are
cared for by the same attendant, and, conversely, variola of cattle
may be carried from the cow to the horse on the hands of a person
who has been milking a cow affected with the disease.
The method of vaccination with material derived from the erup-
tions of cowpox as a safeguard against the ravages of smallpox in
members of the human family is well known. The immunity which°
such vaccination confers upon the human subject has led many
writers to assert that cowpox is simply a modified form of smallpox,
whose harmless attack upon the human system is owing to a certain
attenuation derived during its passages through the system of the
VARIOLA. 437
cow or horse. The results of numerous experiments which have been
carried out for the purpose of determining the relationship existing
between variola of the human and bovine families seem to show,
however, that although possessing many similar characteristics, they
are nevertheless distinct, and that in spite of repeated inoculations
from cattle to man, and vice versa, no transformation in the real
character of the disease ever takes place.
Symptoms.—The disease appears in four to seven days after
natural infection, or may evince itself in two or three days as the
result of artificial inoculation. Young milch cows are most sus-
ceptible to an attack, but older cows, bulls, or young cattle are by no
means immune. ‘The attack causes a slight rise in temperature, which
is soon followed by the appearance of reddened, inflamed areas, prin-
cipally upon the teats and udder, and at times on the abdominal skin
or the skin of the inner surface of the thighs. In a few cases the
skin of the throat and jaws has been found similarly involved. If
the affected parts are examined on the second day after the establish-
ment of the inflammation numerous pale-red nodules will be found,
which gradually expand until, within a few days, they reach a diam-
eter of one-half inch or even larger. At this period the tops of the
nodules become transformed into vesicles which are depressed in the
center and contain a pale, serous fluid. They usually reach their
maturity by the tenth day of the course of the disease and are then
the size of a bean. From this time the contents of the vesicles become
purulent, which requires about three days, when the typical pox
pustule is present, consisting of a swelling with broad, reddened base,
within which is an elevated, conical abscess varying from the size of
a pea to that of a hazlenut.
The course of the disease after the full maturity of the pustule is
rapid if outside interference has not caused a premature rupture of
the small abscess at the apex of the swelling. The pustules gradu-
ally become darker colored and drier until nothing remains but a
thick scab, which at last falls off, leaving only a slight, whitish scar
behind. The total duration of the disease covers some 20 days in
each animal, and owing to the slow spread of the infection from
animal to animal, many weeks may elapse before a stable can be fully
freed from it. The fallen scabs and crusts may retain their conta-
gious properties for several days when mixed with litter and bedding |
upon the floor of the stable, and at any time during this period they
are capable of producing new outbreaks should fresh cattle be brought
into the stalls and thus come into actual contact with them. Again,
the pustules may appear, one after another, on a single animal, in
which case the duration of the disease is materially lengthened.
Treatment.—In herds of cattle that regularly receive careful han-
dling, no special treatment will be found necessary beyond the appli-
438 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
cation of softening and disinfecting agents to such vesicles upon the
teats as may have become ruptured by the hands of the milker. Car-
bolized vaseline or iodoform ointment will be found well suited to
this work. In more persistent cases it may be found desirable to use
a milking tube in order to prevent the repeated opening of the pus-
tules during the operation of milking. Washing the sores twice
daily with a weak solution of zine chlorid (24 per cent solution) has
been found to assist in checking the inflammation and to cleanse and
heal the parts by its germicidal action. When the udder is hard,
swollen, and painful, support it by a bandage and foment frequently
with hot water. If calves are allowed to suckle the cows the pustules
become confluent, and the ulcerations may extend up into the teat,
causing garget and ruining the whole quarter of the udder.
As young cows are most susceptible to variola, the milker must
exercise constant patience with these affected animals so long as their
teats or udders are sore and tender, else the patient. may contract
vicious habits while resisting painful handling. The flow of milk is
usually lessened as soon as the fever becomes established, but is again
normal with the return of perfect health.
The practice of thorough cleanliness in handling or milking»
affected cattle may, in many instances, prevent the dissemination
of the trouble among the healthy portion of the herd, but even the
greatest care may prove insufficient to check the spread until it has
attacked each animal of the herd in turn.
ACTINOMYCOSIS (LUMPY JAW).
[Pls. XXXIX-XLL.]
Actinomycosis, also known as lumpy jaw, big jaw, wooden tongue,
etc., is a chronic infectious disease characterized by the formation
of peculiar tumors in various regions of the body, more particularly
the head, and is due to the specific action of a certain fungus (acti-
nomyces). This fungus is an organism which occurs in the tissues
in the form of rosettes, and it has therefore been termed the “ray
fungus.” The disease is not directly transmitted from one animal
to another, but it seems apparent that the fungus is conveyed into
the tissues by various feedstuffs through slight wounds of the
mucous membrane of the mouth, decayed teeth, or during the shed-
' ding of milk teeth. The ray fungus is found in nature vegetated on
grasses, on the awns of barley, the spears of oats, and on other
grains. Quantities of the fungi have been found between the vege-
table fibers of barley which had penetrated the gums of cattle and on
the awns of grain embedded in the tongues of cows.
Although actinomycotic tumors on cattle had been the object of
study for many years, it was not until 1877 that the constant presence
of actinomyces was pointed out by Bollinger, of Munich, and since
ACTINOMYCOSIS. 439
that time considered the cause. This fungus was observed in these
tumors as early as 1860 by Rivolta, and by others subsequently, with-
out having been suspected as causing them.
Since Bollinger’s publication much work has been done, many
observations made, and many hitherto obscure disease processes
brought into relation with this fungus. Furthermore, a similar dis-
ease in man was first definitely shown to be associated with the same
fungus in 1878 by Israel, and in the following year Ponfick pointed
out that the disease described by Bollinger in animals and that
found by Israel in man were due to the same cause; that is, that the
fungi described by these observers were one and the same.
The tumors and abscesses wherever they may be are all found to
be the same in origin by the presence of the actinomyces fungus.
When they are incised, a very close scrutiny with the naked eye, or,
at most, a hand lens, will reveal the presence of minute grains which
vary from a pale-yellow to a sulphur-yellow color. They may be
very abundant or so few as to be overlooked. They are embedded
in the soft tissue composing the tumor or in the pus of the abscess.
With a needle they are easily lifted out from the tissue, and then they
appear as roundish masses about one-half millimeter (2; inch) in
diameter. To anyone familiar with the use of a microscope the
recognition of these grains or particles without any previous prepa-
ration is a comparatively easy task.
When examined in the fresh condition under a microscope magni-
fying up to 250 diameters the general structure is made out without
much difficulty. These grains consist of collections of minute, round-
ish masses. Their outer surface is made up of club-shaped bodies all
radiating from the center of the mass (see Pl. XX XIX, fig. 2), some-
what like a rosette. If the fungus is crushed, the interior is found
made up of bundles of very fine filaments, which are probably con-
tinuous into the club-shaped bodies. The addition of a dilute solution
of caustic soda or potash greatly aids the examination, as it re-
moves the layer of cells adhering to the fungus, which obscures the
structure. Now and then these grains are found to be in a calcified
condition. The exterior is incrusted in lime salts, which are dis-
solved by adding some weak dilute acid, like acetic acid. Only by
this procedure can the fungus be definitely recognized when in a
mummified condition.
‘These are the bodies whose presence causes sufficient irritation in
the tissues into which they find their way to set up inflammatory
growths. These growths increase as the fungus continues to multiply
until they reach enormous dimensions, if the affected animal is per-
mitted to live long enough. The true nature of this parasite is not
yet definitely settled, although many excellent observers have occu-
pied themselves with it. According to earlier observers, it is a true
440 DISEASES OF CATTLE,
fungus. Later ones are inclined to place it among the higher bac-
teria. Further investigations will be necessary to clear up this
subject.
Whatever the situation of the disease caused by actinomyces may
be, its nature is fundamentally the same and peculiar to the fungus.
The pathological details which make this statement clear can not be
entered upon in this place, nor would they be of any practical value
to the farmer. We will simply dwell upon a few obvious characters.
The consistency of the tumor varies in different situations accord-
ing to the quantity of fibrous or connective tissue present. When
very little of this is present the tumor is of a very soft consistency.
As the quantity of connective tissue is increased the tumor is firmer
and of a more honeycombed appearance. The individual actino-
myces colonies are lodged in the spaces or interstices formed by the
meshwork of the connective tissue. There they are surrounded by
a mantle of cellular elements which fill up the spaces. By scraping
the cut surface of such a tumor these cell masses inclosing the fungi
come away, and the latter may be seen as pale-yellow or sulphur-
yellow specks, as described above.
Location of the disease——In cattle the disease process may be
located both externally, where it is readily detected, and in internal
organs. Its preferred seat is on the bones of the lower and upper
jaw, in the parotid salivary gland in the angle of the jaw, and in the
region of the throat. It may also appear under the skin in different
parts of the body. Internally it may attack the tongue and appear
in the form of a tumor in the mouth, pharynx, or larynx. It may
cause extensive disease of the lungs, more rarely of the digestive tract.
It appears, furthermore, that in certain districts or countries the
disease seems by preference to attack certain parts. Thus in Eng-
land actinomycosis of the tongue is most prevalent. In Denmark
the soft parts of the head are most prone to disease, while in Russia
the lips are the usual seat. In certain parts of Germany actinomy-
cotic tumors of the throat (pharynx), in other diseases of the jaw-
bones, are most frequently encountered.
A description of actinomycosis of the jaw (lumpy jaw) and of the
tongue has already been given in a previous chapter, and hence they
will be dealt with here only very briefly. When the disease attacks
the soft parts of the head a rather firm swelling appears, in which
are formed one or more smaller projecting tumors, varying from
the size of a nut to that of an egg. These push their way outward
and finally break through the skin as small, reddish, funguslike
bodies covered with thin sloughs. Or the original swelling, in place
of enlarging in the manner described, may become transformed into
an abscess which finally bursts to discharge creamy pus. The abscess
ACTINOMYCOSIS. 441
cavity, however, does not disappear, but is soon filled with fungus-
like growths, which force their way outward through the opening.
When the tumors are situated within the cavity of the pharynx
they have broken through from some gland, perhaps beneath the
mucous membrane, where the disease first appeared, and hang or
project into the cavity of the pharynx, either as pendulous masses
with slender stems or as tumors with broad bases. Their position
may be such as to interfere with swallowing and with breathing.
In either case serious symptoms will soon appear.
The invasion of the bones of the jaws by actinomycosis must be
regarded as one of the most serious forms of the disease. (Pls.
XXXIX, XL.) It may start in the marrow of the bone and by a
slow extension gradually undermine the entire thickness of the bone
itself. The growth may continue outward, and after working its
way through muscle and skin finally break through and appear ex-
ternally as stinking fungoid growths. The growth may at the same
time work its way inward and appear in the mouth. The disease
may also begin in the periosteum, or covering of the bone, and de-
stroy the bone from without inward.
Actinomycosis of the lungs is occasionally observed, and it is not
improbable that at times it has been mistaken for tuberculosis. The
actinomyces grains are, however, easily observed if the diseased tissue
is carefully examined. The changes in the lungs as they appear to
the naked eye vary considerably from case to case. Thus in one
animal the lungs were affected as in ordinary bronchopneumonia as
to the location, extent, and appearance of the disease process. The
affected lobes had a dark-red flesh appearance, with yellowish areas
sprinkled in here and there. (See Pl. XLI, figs. 1,2.) These latter
areas were the seat of multiplication of the actinomyces fungus. In
another case, of which only a small portion of the lungs was sent
to the laboratory, they were completely transformed into a uni-
formly grayish mass, very soft and pulpy to the touch, and appear-
ing like very soft and moist dough. (PI. XLI, fig. 3.) The ac-
tinomyces grains were exceedingly abundant in this tissue, and
appeared when the tissue was incised as minute sulphur-yellow grains,
densely sprinkled through the tissue, which readily came away and
adhered to the knife blade. In still another case a portion of the
lung tissue was converted into large, soft masses from 1 to 3 inches
in diameter, each partly inclosed in very dense connective tissue.
These soft, grayish-yellow masses likewise resembled moist dough in
their consistency, and the actinomyces grains, though neither very
distinct nor at all abundant, were easily fished out and indentified as
such. A portion of this growth, which was as large as a child’s head,
was converted into an abscess filled with creamy semiliquid pus.
442 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
This case differed from the preceding in that all appearance of
lung tissue had disappeared from the diseased mass. Only on the
exterior the lung tissue could be recognized, although even there it
had been largely converted into very dense, whitish connective tissue
inclosing the fungoid growth. In the other case the external form
of the lung and the shape and outline of the lobules were preserved,
but the lung tissue itself was not recognizable as such. In the case
first mentioned the changes were still less marked, and actinomycosis
would not have been suspected by a simple inspection. These few
illustrations suffice to show that antinomycosis of the lungs may
appear under quite different forms, and that the nature of the disease
can be accurately determined only by finding the fungus itself.
Rarely actinomycosis attacks the body externally in places other
than the head and neck. Crookshank describes the case of a bull
in which the flank was attacked and subsequently the scrotum became
diseased. A large portion of the skin of the flank was destroyed
and covered with a leathery crust. When this was pulled away the
pus beneath it showed the actinomyces grains to the naked eye.
Actinomycosis may also involve the udder, the spermatic cord of
castrated animals, the vagina, and, when it becomes generalized, the
brain, liver, spleen, and muscular tissue.
Actinomycosis may in some cases be confounded with tuberculosis.
The diagnosis does not offer any difficulties, since the presence of the
actinomyces fungus at once removes any existing doubts. As has
already been intimated, these. grains, simulating sulphur balls, are
visible to the naked eye, and their nature is readily. determined with
the aid of a microscope.
The course of the disease is quite slow. As the tumors grow they
may interfere with the natural functions of the body. According to
their situation, mastication, rumination, or breathing may be inter-
fered with, and in this way the animal may become emaciated. . Acti-
nomycosis of the jawbones leads to destruction of the teeth and
impedes the movements necessary to chewing the feed. Similarly,
when the disease attacks the soft parts of the head obstructions may
arise in the mouth by an inward growth of the tumor. If tumors
exist in the pharynx they may partially obstruct the movements
necessary to breathing, or close the air passages and cause partial
suffocation. Actinomycosis of the tongue, in interfering with the
many and varied movements of this important organ, is also a serious
matter. There is no reason to suppose that the localized disease
interferes with the general health in any other way than indirectly
until internal organs, such as the lungs, become involved.
A very small proportion of the cases may recover spontaneously,
the tumors being encysted or undergoing calcification. In most cases
ACTINOMYCOSIS. 443
the disease yields readily to proper treatment, and about 75 per cent
of the affected animals may be cured.
Prevention.—The question as to how and where animals take this
disease is one concerning which we are still in the stage of conjecture,
because so far we possess very little information concerning the life
history of the actinomyces itself. The quite unanimous view of all
observers is that animals become infected from the feed. The fungus
is lodged upon the plants and in some way enters the tissues of the
head, the lungs, and the digestive tract, where it sets up its peculiar
activity. It is likewise generally believed that the fungus is, as it
were, inoculated into the affected part. This inoculation is per-
formed by the sharp and pointed parts of plants which penetrate
the mucous membrane and carry the fungus with them. The disease
is therefore inoculable rather than contagious. The mere presence
of the diseased animal will not give rise to disease in healthy animals
unless the actinomyces grains pass directly from the diseased into
some wound or abrasion of the healthy or else drop upon the feed
which is consumed by the healthy. Not only are these views deduci-
ble from clinical observation, but they have been proved by the posi-
tive inoculation of calves and smaller animals with actinomyces.
The danger therefore of the presence of actinomyces for healthy
animals is a limited one. Nevertheless an animal affected with this
disease should not be allowed to go at large or run with other ani-
mals. If the fungus is being scattered by discharging growths we
certainly can not state at this stage of our knowledge that other
animals may not be infected by such distribution, and we must
assume, until more positive information is at hand, that this actually
occurs.
It is, however, the opinion of the majority of authorities that when
actinomycosis appears among a large number of animals they all
contract it in the same way from the feed. Much speculation has
therefore arisen whether any particular plant or group of plants is
the source of the infection and whether any special condition of the
soil favors it. Very little positive information is at hand on these
questions. It would be very desirable for those who live in localities
where this disease is prevalent to make statistical and other observa-
tions on the occurrence of the disease with reference to the season of
the year, the kind of feed, the nature of the soil (whether swampy or
dry, recently reclaimed, or cultivated for a long time) upon which the
animals are pastured or upon which the feed is grown.
Tt is highly probable that such investigations will lead to an under-
standing of the source of the fungus and the means for checking
the spread of the disease itself. Veterinarian Jensen, of Denmark,
made some observations upon an extensive outbreak of actinomycosis
444 DISEASES OF CATTLE,
a number of years ago which led him to infer that the animals were
inoculated by eating barley straw harvested from pieces of ground
just reclaimed from the sea. While the animals remained unaffected
so long as they pastured on this ground or ate the hay obtained from
it, they became diseased after eating the straw of cereals from the
same territory. Others have found that cattle grazing upon low
pastures along the banks of streams and subject to inundations are
more prone to the disease. It has also been observed that feed
gathered from such grounds, even after prolonged drying, may give
rise to the disease. Actinomycosis is not infrequent in cattle in the
southwest and is generally supposed to be the result of eating the
prickly fruit of the cactus plant, causing wounds of the mucous
membrane and subsequent infection with the parasite. Much addi-
tional information of a similar kind must be forthcoming before the
source and manner of infection in this disease and its dependence
upon external conditions will be known. It is not at all improbable
that they may vary considerably from place to place.
Treatment.—Until recently this has been almost entirely surgical.
When the tumors are external and attached to soft parts only, an
early removal may lead to recovery. This, of course, can be under-
taken only by a trained veterinarian, especially as the various parts
of the head and neck contain important vessels, nerves, and ducts
which should be injured as little as possible in any operation. Unless
the tumor is completely removed it will reappear. Disease of the
jawbones is at best a very serious matter and treatment is liable to
be of no avail.
In March, 1892, an important contribution to our knoweldge of
this subject was made by Nocard, of the Alfort Veterinary School,
in a communication to the French Central Society of Veterinary
Medicine. He showed clearly that the actinomycosis of the tongue,
a disease which appears to be quite common in Germany, and is there
known as “ wooden tongue,” could be quickly and permanently cured
by the administration of iodid of potassium. Nocard calls attention
to the success of Thomassen, of Utrecht, who recommended this treat-
ment so long ago as 1885, and who has since treated more than 80
cases, all of which have been cured. A French veterinarian, God-
bille, has used the same remedy in a number of cases of actinomy-
cosis in the tongue, all of which have been cured. Nocard also gives
details of a case which was cured by himself.
All the cases referred to were of actinomycosis of the tongue, and
no one appears to have attempted the cure of actinomycosis of the
jaw until it was undertaken by Nérgaard, of the Bureau of Animal
Industry. In April, 1892, he selected a young steer in fair condition
which had a tumor on the jaw measuring 154 inches in circumference
and from which a discharge had already been established. This
ee
- ACTINOMYCOSIS. 445
animal was treated with iodid of potassium, and the result was a
complete cure.
The iodid of potassium is given in doses of 14 and 24 drams once
a day, dissolved in water, and administered as a drench. The dose
should vary somewhat with the size of the animal and with the
effects that are produced. If the dose is sufficiently large signs of
iodism appear in the course of a week or 10 days. The skin becomes
scurfy, there is weeping from the eyes, catarrh of the nose, and loss
of appetite. When these symptoms appear the medicine may be
suspended for a few days and afterward resumed in the same dose.
The cure requires from three to six weeks’ treatment. Some animals,
generally the ones which show no signs of iodism, do not improve
under treatment with iodid of potassium.
If there is no sign of improvement after the animals have been
treated four or five weeks, and the medicine has been given in as
large doses as appear desirable, it is an indication that the particular
animal is not susceptible to the curative effects of the drug, and the
treatment may therefore be abandoned.
It is not, however, advisable to administer iodid of potassium to
milch cows, as it will considerably reduce the milk secretion or stop
it altogether. Furthermore, a great part of the drug is excreted
through the milk, making the milk unfit for use. It should not be
given to animals in advanced pregnancy, as there is danger of pro-
ducing abortion.
The best results are obtained by pushing the drug until its effect
is seen. The many tests to which this treatment has been subjected
have proved, with few exceptions, its specific curative value. In
addition to this the tumor should be painted externally with either
the tincture of iodin or Lugol’s solution, or the drug should be
injected subcutaneously into the tumor.
Godbille has given as much as 4 drams of potassium iodid in one
day to a steer, decreasing the dose one-fourth dram each day until
the dose was 14 drams, which was maintained until the twelfth day
of treatment, when the animal appeared to be entirely cured.
Nocard gave the first day 14 drams in one dose to a cow; the sec-
ond and succeeding days a dose of 1 dram in the morning and
evening, in each case before feeding. This treatment was continued
for 10 days, when the animal was cured.
Actinomycosis and the public health—The interest which is shown
concerning this cattle disease is largely due to the fact that the same
disease attacks human beings. Its slow progress, its tendency to
remain restricted to certain localities, and the absence of any directly
contagious properties have thus far not aroused any anxiety in other
countries as to its influence on the cattle industry, not even to the
point of placing it among the infectious diseases of which statistics
446 DISEASES OF CATTLE,
are annually published. Its possible bearing on public health has,
however, given the disease a place in the public mind which it hardly
deserves.
It has already been stated that the actinomyces fungus found in
human disease is considered by authorities the same as that occurring
in bovine affections. It is therefore of interest to conclude this
article with a brief discussion of the disease in man and its relation
to actinomycosis in cattle.
In man the location of the disease process corresponds fairly well
to that in cattle. The majority of cases which have been reported
in different parts of the world—and they are now rather numerous—
indicate disease of the face. The skin, tongue, or the jawbones may
become affected, and by a very slow process it may extend downward
upon the neck and even into the cavity of the chest. In many cases
the teeth have been found in a state of more or less advanced decay
and ulceration. In a few cases disease of the lungs was observed
without coexisting disease of the bones or soft parts of the head. In
such cases the fungus must have been inhaled. The disease of the
lungs after a time extends upon the chest wall, where it may corrode
the ribs and work its way through the muscles and the skin. An
abscess is thus formed discharging pus containing actinomyces grains.
Disease of the digestive organs caused by this fungus has also been
cbserved in a few instances.
Granting the identity of the disease in man and cattle, the question
has been raised whether cattle are responsible for its occurrence in
man. Any transmission of the infectious agent may be conceived of
as taking place during the life of the animal and from the meat after
slaughter. That human beings have contracted actinomycosis by
coming in contact with diseased cattle is not shown by the cases that
have been reported, for the occupations of most of the patients did
not bring them into any relation whatever with cattle. While the
possibility of such direct transmission is not denied, nevertheless it
must be considered as extremely rare. Practically the same position
is maintained at present by most authorities as regards the trans-
mission of the disease to man by eating meat. Israel, who has studied
this question carefully, found the disease in Jews who never ate pork,
and who likewise were protected from bovine actinomycosis by the
rigorous meat inspection practiced by that race. Furthermore, it
must be borne in mind that actinomycosis is a local disease, causing
great destruction of tissue where the fungus multiplies, but which
very rarely becomes generally disseminated over the body from the
original disease focus. The fungus is found only in places where the
disease process is manifest to the eye or becomes so in a very short
time after the lodgment of the fungus. Only the greatest negligence
1 Hogs are subject to actinomycosis.
ANTHRAX. 447
would allow the actually diseased parts to be sold and consumed.
Finally, this parasite, like all others, would be destroyed in the proc-
ess of cooking. Most authorities thus do not believe that actinomy-
cosis in man is directly traceable to the disease in animals, but are of
the opinion that both man and animals are infected from a third
source, which has already been discussed above. How fai these views
may be modified by further and more telling investigations of the
_ parasite fungus itself no one can predict. There are still wide gaps .
in our knowledge, and the presentation above simply summarizes the
prevailing views, from which there are dissenters, of course. An
attempt to give the views of both sides on this question would neces-
sitate the summarizing and impartial discussion of all the experi-
ments thus far made—a task entirely beyond the scope of the present
work.
Whether an animal affected with actinomycosis should be used for
human food after all diseased organs and tissues have been thoroughly
removed is a question the answer to which depends on a variety of
circumstances. Among these may be mentioned the thoroughness of
the meat inspection itself, the extent of the disease, and the general
condition of the animal affected.
The Federal meat-inspection regulations require that carcasses of
animals showing generalized actinomycosis shall be condemned.
If carcasses are in a well-nourished condition, showing uncompli-
cated localized lesions of actinomycosis, they may be passed after
the infected organs or parts have been removed and condemned.
When the disease of the jaw is slight, strictly localized, and without
pus formation, fistulous tracts, or lymph-gland involvement, the
tongue, if free from disease, may be passed. The heads affected
with actinomycosis (lumpy jaw), including the tongue, shall be
condemned, except that when the lesions in the jaw are strictly local-
ized and slight in extent, the tongue may be passed, if free from
disease.
ANTHRAX.
Anthrax or charbon may be defined as an infectious disease which
is caused by specific bacteria, known as anthrax bacilli, and which is
more or less restricted by conditions of soil and moisture to definite
geographical localities. While it is chiefly limited to cattle and sheep,
it may be transmitted to goats, horses, cats, and certain kinds of
game. Smaller animals, such as mice, rabbits, and guinea pigs,
speedily succumb to inoculation. Dogs and hogs are slightly sus-
ceptible, while fowls are practically immune. The variety of domes-
ticated animals which it may attack renders it one-of the most
dreaded scourges of animal life. It may even attack man. Of this -
more will be stated further on.
ACTINOMYCOSIS (LUMPY JAW).
DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.
PLATE XXXIX. Actinomycosis. (From Jéhne’s Enecyklopidie d. gesammt.
Thierheilkunde. )
Fig.
Fig.
1. Actinomycosis of the jaw. The lower jawbone has been extensively
eaten away by the disease.
2. Actinomyces fungus from a tumor of the jawbone in cattle, magni-
fied 550 times.
PuaTtE XL. Actinomycosis of the jaw. (Reduced one-half. From Jéhne’s
Encyklopadie d. gesammt. Thierheilkunde.) The lower jaw is sawn
through transversely, i. e., from right to left, and shows the disease
within the jawbone itself; a@, within the mouth, showing the papillez on
the mucous membrane of the cheek; b, front view of a molar tooth;
c, the skin covering the lower surface of the jawbone; d, the jawbone
hollowed out and enlarged by the formation of cavities within it, which
are filled with the soft growth of the actinomycotie tumor. The section
makes it appear as if the bone were broken into fragments and these
forced apart; e, a portion of the tumor which has broken through the
bone and the skin and appears as a tumor on the cheek. The little
roundish masses represent the granulomata (minute tumors) in which
the fungus vegetates.
PLaTE XLI. Actinomycosis of the lungs.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
1. Transverse section of the ventral lobe of the right lung, from a case
studied in the laboratory. The yellowish dots represent the places
where the actinomyces fungus is lodged. The larger yellowish patches
are produced by the confluence of a number of isolated centers. The
entire lobe is of a dark flesh-red color, due to collapse and broncho-
pneumonia.
2. The cut surface of a portion of the principal lobe of the same lung,
showing the recent invasion of antinomycosis from the other lobe: a,
large air tube; b, artery; c, a pneumatic lobule; d, lobule. containing
minute yellowish dots. In these the actinomyces fungus is lodged.
3. Cut surface of a small portion of another lung, showing a few
lobules, a. The fungus is sprinkled throughout the lung tissue in the
form of yellowish grains, as shown in the illustration. The pleural
covering of the lung tissue is shown in profile above.
448
PLATE XXXIX.
DISEASES OF CATTLE.
"SISOOAWONILOW
PLATE XL.
DISEASES OF CATTLE.
ACTINOMYCOSIS OF THE JAW,
PLATE XLI,
Diseases of Cattle—U. S. Dept. of Agr.
Fig. 1
ACTINOMYCOSIS OF THE LUNGS.
A.HOEN &CO. BALTIMORE,
Haines del,
ANTHRAX: 449
Cause.—The cause of anthrax is a microscopic organism known as
the anthrax bacillus. (See Pl. XXVIII, fig. 7.) In form it is
cylindrical or rodlike, measuring sg55 to zs inch in length and
zseo0 inch in diameter. Like all bacteria, these rodlike bodies
have the power of indefinite multiplication, and in the bodies of
infected animals they produce death by rapidly increasing in num-
bers and producing substances which poison the body. In the blood
they multiply in number by becoming elongated and then dividing
into two, each new organism continuing the same process indefinitely.
Outside the body, however, they multiply in a different way when
under conditions unfavorable to growth. Oval bodies, Svhich are
called spores, appear within the rods, and remain alive and capable
of germination after years of drying. They also resist heat to a
remarkable degree, so that boiling water is necessary to destroy them.
The bacilli themselves, on the other hand, show only very little re-
sistance to heat and drying. It has long been known that the anthrax
virus thrives best under certain conditions of the soil and on terri-
tories subject to floods and inundations. The particular kinds of
soil upon which the disease is observed are black, loose, warm, humous
soils; also those containing lime, marl, and clay, finally peaty, swampy
soils resting upon strata which hold the water, or, in other words, are
impervious. Hence fields containing stagnant pools may be the source
of infection. The infection may be limited to certain farms, or even
to restricted areas on such farms. Even in the Alps, more than 3,000
feet above sea level, where such conditions prevail in secluded valleys,
anthrax persists among herds.
Aside from these limitations to specific conditions of the soil,
anthrax is a disease of world-wide distribution. It exists in most
countries of Europe, in Asia, Africa, Australia, and in our own
country in the lower Mississippi Valley, the Gulf States, and in some
of the Eastern and Western States. It seems to be gradually spread-
ing in this country and every year occurs in new districts.
Meteorological conditions also have an important share in deter-
mining the severity of the disease. On those tracts subject to inun-
dations in spring a very hot, dry summer is liable to cause a severe
outbreak. The relation which the bacillus bears to these conditions
is not positively known. It may be that during and immediately
after inundations or in stagnant water the bacilli find nourishment
enough in the water here and there to multiply and produce an
abundant crop of spores, which are subsequently carried, in a dry
condition, by the winds during the period of drought and dissemi-
nated over the vegetation. Animals feeding upon this vegetation
may contract the disease if the spores germinate in the body.
Another source of the virus, and one regarded by many authorities
as perhaps the most important, is the body of an animal which has
33071°—16——29
450 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
died of anthrax. It will be remembered that in such bodies the
anthrax bacilli are present in great numbers, and wherever blood
or other body fluids are exposed to the air on the surface of the carcass
there the formation of spores will go on with great rapidity in the
warm season of the year. It will thus be readily understood how this
disease may become stationary in a given locality and appear year
after year and even grow in severity if the carcasses of animals which
have succumbed to it are not properly disposed of. These carcasses
should be buried deeply, so that spore formation may be prevented
and no animal have access to them. By exercising this precaution
the disease will not be disseminated by flies and other insect pests.
We have thus two agents at work in maintaining the disease in any
locality—the soil and meteorological conditions, and the carcasses of
animals that have died of the disease. Besides these dangers, which
are of immediate consequence to cattle on pastures, the virus may be
carried from place to place in hides, hair, wool, hoofs, and horns,
and it may be stored in the hay or other fodder from the infected
fields and cause an outbreak among stabled animals feeding upon it
in winter. In this manner the affection has been introduced into
far-distant localities.
How cattle are infected.—We have seen above that the spores of
the anthrax bacilli, which in their functions correspond to the seeds
of higher plants and which are the elements that longest resist the
unfavorable conditions in the soil, air, and water, are the chief agents
of infection. They may be taken into the body with the feed and
produce disease which begins in the intestinal tract, or they may
come in contact with scratches, bites, or other wounds of the skin,
mouth, and tongue, and produce in these situations swellings or
carbuncles. From such swellings the bacilli penetrate into the blood
and produce a general disease.
Tt has likewise been asserted that the disease may be transmitted by
various kinds of insects which carry the bacilli from the sick and
inoculate the healthy as they pierce the skin. When infection of the
blood takes place from the intestines the carbuncles may be absent.
It has already been stated that since anthrax spores live for sev-
eral years, the disease may be contracted in winter from feed gathered
on permanently infected fields.
The disease may appear sporadically, i. e., only one or several
animals may be infected while the rest of the herd remain well, or it
may appear as an epizootic attacking a large number at about the
same time.
Symptoms.—The symptoms in cattle vary considerably, according
as the disease begins in the skin, in the lungs, or in the intestines.
They depend also on the severity of the attack. Thus we may have
what is called anthrax peracutus or apoplectiform, when the animal
ANTHRAX. 451
dies very suddenly as if from apoplexy. Such cases usually occur in
the beginning of an outbreak. The animal, without having shown
uny signs of disease, suddenly drops in the pasture and dies in
convulsions, or one apparently well at night is found dead in the
morning.
The second type (anthrax acutis), without any external swellings,
is the one most commonly observed in cattle. The disease begins
with a high fever. The temperature may reach 106° to 107° F. The
pulse beats from 80 to 100 a minute. Feeding and rumination are
suspended. Chills and muscular tremors may appear and the skin
show uneven temperature. The ears and base of the horns are cold,
the coat staring. The animals are dull and stupid and manifest
great weakness.
To these symptoms others are added in the course of the disease.
The dullness may give way to great uneasiness, champing of the
jaws, spasms of the limbs, kicking and pawing the ground. The
breathing may become labored. The nostrils then dilate, the mouth
is open, the head raised, and all muscles of the chest are strained
during breathing, while the visible mucous membranes (nose, mouth,
rectum, and vagina) become bluish. If the disease has started in
the bowels, there is much pain, as shown by the moaning of the
animal; the discharges, at first firm, become softer and covered with
serum, mucus, and blood.
As the disease approaches the fatal termination the weakness of
the animal increases. It leans against supports or lies down. Blood
vessels may rupture and give rise to spots of blood on the various
mucous membranes and bloody discharges from nose, mouth, rectum,
and vagina. The urine not infrequently contains blood (red water),
and death ensues within one or two days.
A third type of the disease (anthrax subacutas), which is rarely
observed, includes those cases in which the disease is more prolonged.
It may last from three to seven days and terminate fatally or end in
recovery. In this type, the symptoms are practically as described in
the acute form, only less marked.
In connection with these types of intestinal anthrax, swellings may
appear in different parts of the body under the skin, or the disease
may start from such a swelling, caused by the inoculation of anthrax
spores in one of the several different ways already described. If the
disease begins in the skin, it agrees in general with the subacute form
in prolonged duration, and it may occasionally terminate in recovery
if the swellings are thoroughly incised and treated.
Lesions.—These swellings appear as edemas and carbuncles. The
former are doughy tumors of a more or less flattish form passing
gradually into the surrounding healthy tissue. As a rule, they are
situated beneath the skin in the fatty layer, and the skin itself is at
452 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
first of healthy appearance, so that they are often overlooked, espe-
cially when covered with a good coat of hair. When they are cut
open they are found to consist of a peculiar, jellylike mass of a yel-
lowish color and more or less stained with blood. The carbuncles are
firm, hot, tender swellings, which later become cool and painless and
undergo mortification. The edemas and carbuncles may also appear
in the mouth, pharynx, larynx, in the tongue, and in the rectum.
The bodies of cattle which have died of anthrax soon lose their
rigidity and become bloated, because decomposition sets in very
rapidly. From the mouth, nose, and anus blood-strained fluid flows
in smal] quantities. When such carcasses are opened and examined
it is found that nearly all organs are sprinkled with spots of blood
or extravasations of various sizes. The spleen is enlarged from two
to five times, the pulp blackish and soft and occasionally disinte-
grated. The blood is of tarry consistency, not firmly coagulated, and
blackish in color. In the abdomen, the thoracic cavity, and in the
pericardium, or bag surrounding the heart, more or less blood-stained
fluid is present. In addition to these characteristic signs, the car-
buncles and swellings under the skin, already described, will aid in
determining the true nature of the disease. The most reliable method
of diagnosis is the examination of the blood and tissues for anthrax
bacilli, which requires a trained bacteriologist. The cases of fatal
anthrax number from 70 to 90 per cent, and are usually more numer-
ous at the first outbreak of the disease.
Differential diagnosis ——The diagnosis from blackleg may be made
by noting the subcutaneous swellings which appear upon the patient.
Those of blackleg are found to crackle under pressure with the finger,
owing to the presence of gas within the tissues, while the tumors of
anthrax, being caused by the pressure of serum, are entirely free from
this quality and have a somewhat doughy consistence. The tumors
of blackleg are usually on the shoulder or thigh and are not found
so frequently about the neck and side of the body as are the swellings
of anthrax. ‘The blood of animals dead of blackleg is normal, and
the spleen does not appear swollen or darkened, as in those affected
with anthrax. The chief differences between anthrax and Texas
fever are that the course of the former is more acute and the blood of
the animal is dark and of a tarlike consistence, while in the latter
it is thinner than normal. The presence of Texas-fever ticks on the
cattle would also lead one to suspect that disease in regions where
cattle are not immune from it.
Treatment.—In cases which originate from external wounds, the
swellings should be opened freely by long incisions with a sharp knife
and washed several times daily with carbolic-acid solution (1 ounce to
a quart of water). Care should be taken to disinfect thoroughly any
fiuid discharge that may follow the incision. When suppuration
ANTHRAX. 453
has set in the treatment recommended in the chapter on wounds
should be carried out.
In the treatment of animals showing symptoms of anthrax, the
serum recommended under the next heading of ‘“ Prevention” should
be administered in large doses. Animals showing only a high tem-
perature with no other symptoms of the disease should be given
from 30 to 50 cubic centimeters of the serum, but if the gravity of
the disease is pronounced 100 cubic centimeters should be adminis-
tered. In most instances a drop in temperature may be observed and
a diminishing of the severity of the symptoms. At times, however,
a relapse occurs about the second or third day following the serum
injection, when it becomes necessary to administer another dose of
serum. It has been proved that animals affected with anthrax may
recover after injections of potent serum.
Prevention—In this disease prevention is the most important
subject demanding consideration. The various means to be sug-
gested may be brought under two heads: (1) The surroundings of
the animal, and (2) preventive inoculation.
(1) Surroundings.—What has already been stated of those con-
ditions of the pastures which are favorable to anthrax, after a little
thought, will suggest to most minds some of the preventive measures
which may be of service in reducing losses in anthrax localities. All
that conduces to a better state of the soil should be attempted. The
State or Nation, by appropriate engineering, should do its share in
preventing frequent inundations. If pools of stagnant water exist
in the pastures, or if any particular portions are known by experience
to give rise to anthrax, they should be fenced off. Efforts should
likewise be made toward the proper draining of swamp lands fre-
quented by cattle. Sometimes it has been found desirable to abandon
for a season any infected or dangerous pastures. This remedy
can not be carried out by most farmers, and it is liable to ex-
tend the infected territory. In some. instances withdrawal of cattle
from pastures entirely and feeding them in stables is said to have
reduced the losses.
It is of the utmost importance that carcasses of animals which have
died of anthrax be properly disposed of, as every portion of such
animal contains the bacilli, ready to form spores when exposed to the
air. Perhaps the simplest means is to bury the carcasses deep,
where they can not be exposed by dogs or wild animals. It may be
necessary to bury them on the pasture, but it is better to remove
them to places not frequented by susceptible animals and to a point
where drainage from the graves can not infect any water supply.
Tf they are moved some distance it must be borne in mind that the
ground and all objects which have come in contact with the carcass
should be disinfected. This is best accomplished with chlorid of
454 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
lime. For washing utensils, etc., a 5 per cent solution may be pre-
pared by adding 3 ounces to 2 quarts of water. This should be
prepared fresh from the powder, and it is but little trouble to have a
small tin measure of known capacity to dip out the powder, to be
added to the water whenever necessary. The carcass and the ground
should be sprinkled with powdered chlorid, or, if this is not at hand,
an abundance of ordinary, unslaked lime should be used in its place.
The removal of carcasses to rendering establishments is always
fraught with danger, unless those who handle them are thoroughly
aware of the danger of scattering the virus by careless handling in
wagons that are not tight. Asa rule, the persons in charge of such
transfer have no training for this important work, so that deep burial
is to be preferred. Burning large carcasses is not always feasible;
it is, however, the most certain means of destroying infectious mate-
rial of any kind, and should be resorted to whenever practicable and
economical. All carcasses, whether buried, rendered, or burned,
should be disposed of unopened. When stables have become in-
fected they should be thoroughly cleaned out, and the solution of
chlorid of lime freely applied on floors and woodwork. The feed
should be carefully protected from contamination with the manure
or other discharges from the sick.
(2) Preventive inoculation.—One of the most important discoy-
eries in connection with the disease was made by Louis Pasteur
in 1881, and consisted in the new principle of producing immunity
by the inoculation of weakened cultures of the bacillus causing the
disease. This method has been quite extensively adopted in France,
and to some extent in other European countries, and in the United
States. The fluid used for inoculation consists of bouillon in which
modified anthrax bacilli have multiplied and are present in large
numbers. The bacilli have been modified by heat so that to a certain
degree they have lost their original virulence. Two vaccines are
prepared. The first or weaker, for the first inoculation, is obtained
by subjecting the bacilli to the attenuating effects of heat for a longer
period of time than in the case of the second, or stronger vaccine, for
a second inoculation some 12 days later.
There are several difficulties inherent in the practical application
of Pasteur’s vaccine. Among them may be mentioned the variable
degree of attenuation of different tubes of the vaccine and the vary-
ing susceptibility of the animals to be inoculated. The use of this
vaccine is increasing, nevertheless, and has reduced the mortality in
the affected districts from an average of 10 per cent in the case of
sheep, to less than 1 per cent, and from 5 per cent with cattle, to less
than one-half of 1 per cent.
It is very important to call attention to the possibility of dis-
tributing anthrax by this method of protective inoculation, as the
ANTHRAX, 455
bacilli themselves are present in the culture liquid. It is true that
they have been modified and weakened by the process adopted by
Pasteur, but it is not impossible for such modified virus to regain
its original virulence after it has been scattered broadcast by the
inoculation of large herds. It is obviously unsafe to have such
vaccine injected by a layman; instead, it should be handled only by
a competent veterinarian.
‘There are other disadvantages in this method of vaccination, and
they all must be given due consideration. The unstable keeping
quality of the Pasteur vaccine is a very important factor to be consid-
ered. Experience in this line has proved that Pasteur vaccine may
deteriorate within a very short time after its preparation, and in re-
peated instances it has proved inert within three months of its
preparation. When exposed to warm temperature and light, it
deteriorates very rapidly; and when it is considered that the products
of manufacturers may be stored under unfavorable conditions in
branch houses and on the shelves of rural drug stores, the loss of
potency can be readily explained. These deficiencies have been rec-
ognized by many investigators, and because of the superior keeping
qualities particular attention has been directed toward the prepara-
tion of a spore vaccine by Zenkowsky of Russia, Detre of Hungary,
and Nitta of Japan. For the purpose of producing a spore vaccine
it is desirable to use a peptone-free agar medium, and after inocula-
tion with an attenuated culture of the anthrax bacillus, it is allowed
to grow at a temperature of 37° C. for 4 to 7 days. By this time an
abundance of spores will have formed. The growth is then collected
in sterile flasks and heated to a temperature of 60° C. for one-half
hour to destroy the vegetative forms of the organism. If it is desired
to use for vaccination one million spores, it is advisable to dilute the
vaccine to a quantity of which 1 cubic centimeter would contain this
number. Of such a vaccine 1 cubic centimeter would constitute the
dose for cattle and horses. In all forms of vaccination against an-
thrax in sheep the greatest care must be exercised, as these animals
are very susceptible to the disease, and at times vaccines which have
no ill effects on cattle will prove fatal to sheep. Therefore the dose
of the spore vaccine for sheep should not be more than one-fourth
of that given to cattle.
Sclavo, Sobernheim, and others have established that injections
of increasing quantities of virulent cultures into immune animals
produced a serum which has great protective value against anthrax.
Such protective serum may be produced in the various susceptible
animals.
For immunization purposes it is advisable to use the simultaneous
method; that is, both the spore vaccine and the anthrax serum should
be injected. It is desirable to divide the herd to be treated into
456 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
groups of ten or twelve and inject, first, each animal of the group
with the serum, following this with the injection of the spore vaccine.
The serum should be injected on one side, either on the neck or back
of the shoulder, and the spore vaccine on the other side, injections
being made subcutaneously. In herds in which the disease has
already made its appearance it is necessary to take the temperatures
of all the animals and to subject to the simultaneous vaccination only
those that show no rise in temperature. All others should be given
the serum-alone treatment in doses varying in accordance with the
severity of the symptoms manifested by the individual animals. If
the examination reveals a considerable number of infections, it is
advisable to use the serum alone for all the animals, and in three or
four weeks to revaccinate by the simultaneous method. The dosage
should depend on the potency of the serum, serum of a high potency
naturally being most desirable. Thus serum in 10 cubic centimeter
doses for large animals, and 3 to 5 cubic centimeter doses for smaller
ones, has been found to be effective in producing a temporary
immunity.
As anthrax is entirely different from blackleg, vaccine for the latter
does not act as a preventive against the former.
ANTHRAX IN MAN (MALIGNANT PUSTULE, OR CARBUNCLE).
Anthrax may be transmitted to man in handling the carcasses and
hides of animals which have succumbed to the disease. The infec-
tion usually takes place through some abrasion or slight wound of
the skin into which the anthrax spores, or bacilli, find their way.
The point of inoculation appears at first as a dark point or patch,
compared by some writers to the sting of a flea. After a few hours
this is changed into a reddened pimple, which bears on its summit,
usually around a hair, a yellowish blister, or vesicle, which later on
becomes red or bluish in color. The burning sensation in this stage
is very great. Later this pimple enlarges, its center becomes dry,
gangrenous, and is surrounded by an elevated, discolored swelling.
The center becomes drier and more leatherlike, and sinks in as the
whole increases in size. The skin around this swelling or carbuncle
is stained yellow or bluish, and is not infrequently swollen and
doughy to the touch. The carbuncle itself rarely grows larger than
a pea or a small nut, and is but slightly painful.
Anthrax swellings or edemas, already described as occurring in
cattle, may also be found in man, and they are at times so extensive
as to produce distortion in the appearance of the part of the body
on which they are found. The color of the skin over these swellings
varies according to the situation and thickness of the skin and the
stage of the disease, and may be white, red, bluish, or blackish.
BLACKLEG. 457
As sooner or later these carbuncles and swellings may lead to an
infection of the entire body, and thus be fatal, surgical assistance
should at once be called if there is well-grounded suspicion that any
swellings resembling those described above have been caused by in-
oculation with anthrax virus! Inasmuch as physicians differ as to
medicinal treatment of such accidents in man, it would be out of
place to make any suggestions in this connection.
Extensive data are available, however, on the effectiveness of an-
thrax serum for the treatment of the disease in man. It is recom-
mended that from 30 to 40 cubic centimeters of serum be injected in
three or four different places. Should no improvement follow in
24 hours additional injections of 20 to 30 cubic centimeters should be
administered.
In most instances the results are favorable, and this treatment is
acknowledged to be superior to any other mode of treatment known
for the disease.
To show that the transmission of anthrax to man is not so very
uncommon, we take the following figures from the 1890 report of
the German Government: The attention of the authorities was
brought to 111 cases, of which 11 terminated fatally. The largest
number of inoculations were caused by the slaughtering, opening,
and skinning of animals affected with anthrax; hence, the butchers
suffered most extensively. Of the 111 thus affected, 36 belonged to
this craft.
In addition to anthrax of the skin (known as malignant pustule),
human beings are subject, though very rarely, to the disease of the
lungs and the digestive organs. In the former case the spores are
inhaled by workmen in establishments in which wool, hides, and rags
are worked over, and it is therefore known as woolsorter’s disease. —
In the latter case the disease is contracted by eating the flesh of dis-
eased animals which has not been thoroughly cooked. These forms
of the disease are more fatal than those in which the disease starts
from the skin.
BLACKLEG.*
[Pl. XLII.]
Blackleg, black quarter, quarter ill, symptomatic anthrax, charbon
—symptomatique of the French, Rauschbrand of the Germans, is a
rapidly fatal, infectious disease of young cattle, associated with ex-
ternal swellings which emit a crackling sound when handled. This
disease was formerly regarded identical with anthrax, but investiga-
tions by various scientists in recent times have definitely proved the
entire dissimilarity of the two affections, both from a clinical and a
1¥For detailed information regarding blackleg and the free distribution of blackleg
vaccine, write to the Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry, Washington. D. C.
458 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
causal standpoint. The disease is produced by a specific bacillus,
readily distinguishable from that causing anthrax. (Pl. XXVIII,
fig. 4.) Cattle between 6 months and 2 years of age are the most
susceptible. Sucking calves under 6 months are rarely attacked, nor
are they so susceptible to inoculation as older animals. Cattle more
than 2 years of age may become affected, but such cases are infre-
quent. Sheep and goats may also contract the disease, but man,
horses, hogs, dogs, cats, and fowls appear to be immune.
Like anthrax, blackleg is more or less restricted to definite local-
ities. There are certain pastures upon which the disease regularly
appears in the summer and fall of the year. As to any peculiarities
of the soil nothing is definitely known. Some authors are inclined
to regard moist, undrained, and swampy pastures favorable to this
disease, but these theories will hardly hold, as it is found in all kinds
of soil, in all altitudes, at all seasons of the year, and under various
climatic conditions. It occurs in this country from the Atlantic to
the Pacific and from Mexico to Canada, but it is more prevalent in
the Western and Southwestern States. In Europe it exists in France,
various parts of Germany, in Belgium, Norway, Denmark, Italy,
and in the Alps of Switzerland. In Africa it occurs in Algeria
and to some extent in Natal and bordering countries. In South
America it prevails quite extensively throughout Argentina. Cattle
in Cuba and Australia also suffer.
Cause.—The cause of the disease is a bacillus resembling in some
minor respects the anthrax bacillus and differing but little from it
in size. It also possesses the power of forming within itself a spore.
In Plate XXVIII, figure 4, this is represented as an uncolored spot
located in one end of the rod, which is enlarged so that the rod
itself appears more or less club-shaped. What has already been
stated concerning the significance of the spore of the anthrax bacillus
applies equally well to these bodies. They resist destructive agents
for a considerable time, and may still produce disease when inocu-
lated after several years of drying. This fact may account for the
occasional appearance of blackleg in stables. In order to meet the
requirements for the development of the spores, which takes place
only in the absence of the atmosphere, it is necessary that the wound
be very small and deep enough to penetrate the subcutaneous tissue.
Several observers have found this organism in the mud of swamps.
By placing a little of the mud under the skin, the disease has been
produced.
Since the disease may be produced by placing under the skin
material containing the specific bacilli and spores, it has been
assumed that cattle contract the disease through wounds, principally
of the skin, or very rarely of the mouth, tongue, and throat. Slight
wounds into which the virus may find access may be caused by
BLACKLEG. 459
barbed wire, stubbles, thorns, briers, grass burs, and sharp or pointed
parts of feed.
Symptoms and lesions—The symptoms of blackleg may be either
of a general or of a local nature, though more frequently of the
latter. The general symptoms are very much like those belonging
to other acute infectious or bacterial diseases. They begin, from one
to three days after the infection has taken place, with loss of appe-
tite and of rumination, with dullness and debility, and a high fever.
The temperature may rise to 107° F. To these may be added lame-
ness or stiffness of one or more limbs, due to the tumor or swelling
quite invariably accompanying the disease. After a period of dis-
ease lasting from one to three days the affected animal almost always
succumbs. Death is preceded by increasing weakness, difficult
breathing, and occasional attacks of violent convulsions.
The most important characteristic of this disease is the appear-
ance of a tumor or swelling under the skin a few hours after the
setting in of the constitutional symptoms described above. In some
cases it may appear first. This tumor may be on the thighs (hence
“blackleg,” “black quarter”), the neck, the shoulder, the breast,
the flanks, or the rump; never below the carpal (or knee) and the
hock joint. It more rarely appears in the throat and at the base
of the tongue. The tumor, at first small and painful, spreads very
rapidly both in depth and extent. When it is stroked or handled
a peculiar crackling sound is heard under the skin.; this is due to
a collection of gas formed by the bacilli as they multiply. At this
stage the skin becomes dry, parchment-like, and cool to the touch
in the center of the tumor. If the swelling is cut into, a frothy,
dark-red, rather disagreeably smelling fluid is discharged. The ani-
mal manifests little or no pain during the operation.
As it is frequently desirable to know whether the disease is anthrax
or blackleg, a few of the most obvious post-mortem changes may
here be cited. The characteristic tumor with its crackling sound
when stroked has already been described. If after the death of the
animal it is more thoroughly examined, it will be noted that the
tissues under the skin are infiltrated with blood and yellowish, jelly-
like material and gas bubbles. The muscular tissue beneath the
swelling may be brownish or black, shading into dark red. (PI.
XLII.) It is soft, easily torn and broken up. The muscle tissue
is distended with numerous smaller or larger gas-filled cavities,
often to such extent as to produce a resemblance to lung tissue.
Upon incision it does not collapse perceptibly, as the gas cavities are
not connected with one another.
In the abdomen and the thorax bloodstained fluid is not infre-
quently found, together with bloodstaining of the lining membrane
of these cavities. Blood spots (or ecchymoses) are also found on
460 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
the heart and lungs. The liver is congested, but the spleen is always
normal.
Differential diagnosis —Among the features of this disease which
distinguish it from anthrax may be mentioned the unchanged spleen
and the ready clotting of the blood. It will be remembered that in
anthrax the spleen (milt) is very much enlarged, the blood tarry,
coagulating feebly. The anthrax carbuncles and swellings differ
from the blackleg swellings in not containing gas, in being hard and
solid, and in causing death less rapidly.
Tt is difficult to distinguish between the swellings of blackleg and
maligant edema, as they resemble each other very closely and both
are distended with gas. Malignant edema, however, generally starts
from a wound of considerable size; it usually follows surgical] opera-
tions, and does not result from the small abrasions and pricks to
which animals are subjected in pastures. Inoculation experiments
on guinea pigs, rabbits, and chickens will also disclose the differences
between the three diseases above, as all these species are killed by
the germ of malignant edema, only the first two species by the
anthrax bacillus, while the guniea pigs alone will succumb to the
blackleg infection. Hemorrhagic septicemia may be differentiated
from blackleg by its affecting cattle of all ages, by the location of the
swelling usually about the region of the throat, neck, and dewlap,
by the soft, doughy character of the swellings without the presence
of gas bubbles, and finally by the characteristic hemorrhages widely
distributed throughout the body. Other means of diagnosis, which
have reference to the specific bacilli, to the inoculable character of
the virus upon small animals, and which are of decisive and final
importance, can be utilized only by the trained bacteriologist and
veterinarian.
Treatment.—In this disease remedies have thus far proved unavail-
ing. Some writers recommend the use of certain drugs, which seem
to have been beneficial in a few cases, but a thorough trial has
shown them to be valueless. Others advise that the swelling be
opened by deep and long incisions and a strong disinfectant, such
as a 5 per cent solution of carbolic acid, applied to the exposed parts,
but this procedure can not be too strongly condemned. As nearly
all those attacked die, in spite of every kind of treatment, and in
view of the fact that when these tumors are opened the germs of the
disease are scattered over the stables or pastures, thus becoming a
source of danger to other cattle, it is obvious that such measures do
more harm than good and should be put aside as dangerous. Bleed-
ing, nerving, roweling, or setoning have likewise some adherents,
but the evidence indicates that they have neither curative nor pre-
ventive value and therefore should be discarded for the method of
BLACKLEG. 461
vaccination which has been thoroughly tried and proved to be
efficacious.
Prevention—The various means suggested under “Anthrax” to
prevent the spread or recurrence of this disease are equally applicable
to blackleg, and hence do not need to be repeated here in full. They
consist in the removal of the animals from the infected pasture to a
noninfected field, the draining of the swampy ground, the burial or
burning of the carcasses to prevent the dissemination of the germs
over vast areas through the agency of dogs, wolves, buzzards, or
crows, the disinfection of the stables and the ground where the ani-
mals lay at the time of death, and, if possible, the destruction of the
germs on the infected pastures. One of the most effective methods
for freeing an infected pasture from blackleg is to allow the grass
to grow high, and when sufficiently dry to burn it off. One burn-
ing off is not sufficient to redeem an infected pasture, but the process
should be repeated several years in succession. This method, how-
ever, iS In many instances impracticable, as few cattle owners can
afford to do it, and the only means left for the protection of the
animals is vaccination.
Immunization by vaccination.—Three French veterinarians, Arlo-
ing, Cornevin, and Thomas, were the first to discover that cattle may
be protected against blackleg by inoculation with virulent material
obtained from animals which have died of this disease. Later they
devised a method of inoculation with the attenuated or weakened
blackleg spores which produced immunity from natural or artificial
inoculation of virulent blackleg germs. Their method has undergone
various modifications both in regard to the manufacture of the vac-
cine and in the mode of its application. Kitt, a German scientist,
modified the method so that but one inoculation of the vaccine was
required instead of two, as was the case with that made by the French
investigators. The vaccine prepared and distributed by the Bureau
of Animal Industry combines the principle of Arloing, Cornevin, and
Thomas, and the modification of Kitt.
By vaccination we understand the injection of a minute amount of
attenuated—that is, artificially weakened—blackleg virus into the
system. This virus is obtained from animals which have died from
blackleg, by securing the affected muscles, cutting them into strips,
and drying them in the air. When they are perfectly dry they
are pulverized and mixed with water to form a paste, smeared in a
thin layer on flat dishes, placed in an oven, and heated for six hours
at a temperature close to that of boiling water. The paste is then
transformed into a hard crust, which is pulverized and sifted and
distributed in packages containing either 10 or 25 doses. This con-
stitutes the vaccine, the strength of which is thoroughly tested on
experiment animals before it is distributed among the cattle owners.
462 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
This vaccine, which is in the form of a brownish, dry powder, is
mixed with definite quantities of sterile water, filtered, and by means
of a hypodermic syringe the filtrate injected under the skin in front
of the shoulder of the animal. The inoculation is usually followed by
insignificant symptoms. In a few cases there is a slight rise of tem-
perature, and by close observation a minute swelling may be noted at
the point of inoculation. The immunity conferred in this way may
last for 18 months, but animals vaccinated before they are 6 months
old and those in badly infected districts should be revaccinated before
the following blackleg season. .
The effect of the vaccine prepared by this bureau in preventing
outbreaks of the disease and in immediately abating outbreaks
already in progress has been highly satisfactory, and it is not to
be doubted that thousands of young cattle have been saved to the
stock owners during the eighteen and a half years in which the
vaccine has been distributed. More than 25,000,000 doses have been
sent out during this period, and from reports received it is safe to
conclude that more than 20,000,000 have actually been injected,
whereby the percentage of loss from blackleg has been reduced from
10 per cent, which annually occurred before using, to less than one-
half of 1 per cent per annum. With these figures before us it is
plain that the general introduction of preventive vaccination must be
of material benefit to the cattle raisers in the infected districts.
Moreover, there is every reason to believe that with the continued
use of blackleg vaccine in all districts where the disease is known to
occur, and an earnest effort on the part of the stock owners to prevent
the reinfection of their pastures by following the directions given,
blackleg may be kept in check and gradually eradicated.
NECROTIC STOMATITIS (CALF DIPHTHERIA).
[Pl. XLIII.]
Necrotic stomatitis is an acute, specific, highly contagious inflam-
mation of the mouth occurring in young cattle, and characterized
locally by the formation of ulcers and caseo-necrotic patches and by
constitutional symptoms, chiefly toxic.
This disease has also been termed calf diphtheria, gangrenous
stomatitis, ulcerative stomatitis, malignant stomatitis, tubercular
stomatitis, and diphtheritic patches of the oral mucous membrane.
History.—During the last few years farmers and cattlemen in this
country, especially in Colorado, Texas, and South Dakota, have
increasingly noted the occurrence of enzootics of “sore mouth”
among the young animals of their herds. Instead of healing, like the
usual forms, of themselves, these cases, if untreated, die. Careful
study of some of them has resulted in their identification with cases
NECROTIC STOMATITIS. 463
reported in 1877 by Dammann, from the shore of the Baltic; in 1878
by Blazekowic, in Slavonia; in 1879 by Vollers, in Holstein; in
1880 by Lenglen, in France; in 1881 by Macgillivray, in England;
and in 1884 by Léffler, who isolated and described the microorgan-
ism which produces the disease. Bang obtained this organism from
the diphtheritic lesions of calves in 1890, and Kitt likewise recov-
ered the bacillus from similar lesions of the larynx and pharynx of
calves and pigs in 1893.
Etiology—The cause of necrotic stomatitis, as demonstrated by
Léfiler and since confirmed by other investigators, is Bacillus necroph-
orus, often spoken of as the bacillus of necrosis. This organism varies
in form from a coccoid rod to long, wavy filaments, which may reach
a length of 100 y; the width varies from 0.75 » to 1 yp. Hence it is
described as polymorphic. It does not stain by Gram, but takes the
ordinary anilin dyes, often presenting, especially the longer forms, a
beaded appearance. A characteristic of the organism, of great mo-
ment when we come to treatment, is that it grows only in the absence
of oxygen, from which fact it is described as an obligate anaerobe.
Very few organisms exhibit a wider range of pathogenesis. Ac-
cording to clinical observation to the present time, Bacillus necroph-
orus is pathogenic for cattle, horses, hogs, sheep, reindeer, kanga-
roos, antelope, and rabbits. Experimentally it has been proved patho-
genic for rabbits and white mice. The dog, cat, guinea pig, pigeon,
and chicken appear to be absolutely immune. It is not pathogenic
for man.
The importance of this bacillus is far beyond even its relation to
necrotic stomatitis. Besides this disease it has been demonstrated as
the causative factor in foot rot, multiple liver abscesses, disseminated
liver necrosis, embolic necrosis of the lungs, necrosis of the heart, in
cattle; gangrenous pox of the teats, diphtheria of the uterus and
vagina, in cows; diphtheritic inflammation of the small intestine of
calves. Among horses it is the agent in the production of necrotic
malanders, quittor, and diphtheritic inflammation of the large intes-
tine. In hogs it has caused necrotic or diphtheritic processes in the
mucous membrane of the mouth, necrosis of the anterior wall of the
nasal septum, and pulmonary and intestinal necrosis, accompanying
hog cholera. Abscesses of the liver, gangrenous processes of the lips
and nose, and gangrenous affections of the hoof have all been caused
in sheep by this organism.
Pathology.—The principal lesions in necrotic stomatitis occur in
the mucous membrane of the mouth and pharynx. The alterations
may extend to the nasal cavities, the larynx, the trachea, the lung, the
esophagus, the intestines, and to the hoof. The oral surfaces affected
are, in the order of frequency, tongue, cheeks, hard palate, gums,
464 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
lips, and pharynx. In the majority of cases the primary infection
seems to occur in the tongue. (Pl. XLIII.)
Infection takes place by inoculation. Some abrasion or break in
the continuity of the mucous membrane of the mouth occurs. Very
likely the origin may be connected with the eruption of the first teeth
after birth, or, in animals somewhat older, the entrance of a sharp-
pointed particle of feed. Gaining an entrance at this point, the
bacilli begin to multiply. During their development they elaborate
a toxin, or poisonous substance, which causes the death, or necrosis,
of the epithelial, or superficial, layer of the mucous membrane and
also of the white blocd cells which have sallied forth through the
vessel walls to the defense of the tissues against the bacillary attack.
This destruction of the surface epithelium seems to be the essential
‘factor in the production of the caseous patch, often called the false
membrane. From the connective-tissue framework below is poured
forth an inflammatory exudate highly albuminous or rich in fibrin-
forming elements. When this exudate and the necrosed cellular
elements come in contact, the latter furnish a fibrin ferment which
transforms the exduate into a fibrinous mass. This process is known
as coagulation necrosis, and the resulting fibroid mass, containing in
its meshes the necrosed and degenerated epithelium and leucocytes,
constitutes the diphtheritic or false membrane. Did the process cease
at this point it would be properly called a diphtheritic inflammation,
but it does not. A caseating ferment is supplied by the bacilli, and
this, acting upon the fibroid patch, transforms it into a dry, finely
granular, yellowish mass of tissue detritus resembling cheese.
Frequently this caseous inflammation results in the formation of
one or more ulcers with thickened, slightly reddened borders, sur-
mounted by several layers of this necrosed tissue. The floor of the
ulcer is formed by a grayish-yellow, corroded surface, under which
the tissue is transformed into a dry, friable, or firm cheesy mass. In
the tongue this may progress to two fingers’ thickness into the mus-
cular portion; in the cheek it may form an external opening, per-
mitting fluids to escape from the mouth; upon the palate it fre-
quently reaches and includes the bone in its destructive course; upon
the gums it has produced necrosis of the tooth sockets, causing loss
of the teeth. In the advanced forms, caseous foci may be seen in the
lung and in the liver and necrotic patches observed on the mucous
membrane of the gastrointestinal tract.
Symptoms.—Necrotic stomatitis is both a local and a systemic
affection. Primarily it is local. The local lesion is the caseo-necrotic
patch or ulcer developed as a result of the multiplication of the
bacilli at the point of inoculation. The general affection is an intoxi-
cation, or poisoning, of the whole system produced by a soluble toxin
elaborated by the bacilli.
Diseases of Cattle—U. S. Dept. of Agr PLATE XLII.
b
Haines del A HOEN &CO BALTIMORE
SECTION OF MUSCLE FROM A BLACKLEG SWELLING.
a, GAS BUBBLES.
b, CAVITIES DUE TO GAS FORMATION.
Diseases of Cattle—U. S, Dept of Agr. PLATE XLII.
Haines del,
_ A-HOEN ®CO BALTIMORE,
Necrotic Stomatitis (CALF DIPHTHERIA).
NECROTIC: STOMATITIS. 465
The stage of incubation is from three to five days. The first symp-
toms noted are a disinclination to take nourishment, some drooling
from the mouth, and an examination of the mouth will show on some
portion of its mucous membrane a circumscribed area of infiltration
and redness, possibly an erosion. The latter gradually extends in
size and depth, forming a sharply circumscribed area of necrotic
inflammation. It may measure anywhere from the size of a 5-cent
piece to that of a silver dollar or even larger. It has the appearance
of a corroded surface, under which the mucous membrane or muscular
tissue seems transformed into a dry, friable, or firm cheesy mass. It
is grayish yellow in color and is bordered by a zone of thickened
tissue slightly reddened and somewhat granulated. The necrotic
tissue is very adherent and can be only partially peeled off. It is
homogeneous, cheesy, and may extend two fingers’ depth into the
tissues beneath. The general symptoms are languor, weakness, and
slight fever. In spite of plenty of good feed the calf is seen to be
failing. It stops sucking, or, if older, altogether refuses to eat. The
temperature at this time may be from 104° to 107° F. The slobber
becomes profuse, swallowing very difficult, opening of the mouth
quite painful, and a most offensive odor is exhaled. The tongue is
swollen and its motion greatly impaired. Sometimes the mouth is
kept open, permitting the tumefied tongue to protrude. One or more
of the above symptoms direct the attention to the mouth as the seat
of disease; or, having noticed the debility and disinclination to eat,
an examination of the animal may show a lump under the neck or
swelling of the throat or head. The following extract from a letter
is characteristic:
I noticed my calves beginning to fail about the first week in December, but
could not account for it, as they were getting plently of grain and hay. My
attention was first attracted by a swelling under the neck of one of the calves.
I cast the animal and found that it was feed that had collected and the animal
couldn’t swallow it. I removed it, and in so doing noticed a large ulcer on the
tongue and a very offensive odor. This was the first knowledge I had of
anything being wrong with the calves’ mouths. They may have been sick for
some time before this.
Out of a herd of 100 belonging to this man, 70 were affected, and
the letter emphasizes the insidious character of the onset.
The general affection at this time manifests itself by dejectedness,
extreme weakness, and emaciation, constant lying down, with stiffness
and marked difficulty in standing.
The disease frequently extends to the nasal cavities, producing a
thin, yellowish, or greenish-yellow, sticky discharge which adheres
closely to the borders of the nostrils. Their edges also show caseous
patches similar to those in the mouth. Sometimes the nasal passage
is obstructed by great masses of the necrosed exudate, thus causing
extreme difficulty in breathing. When the caseous process involves
33071°—16——230
466 DISEASES OF CATTLE,
the larynx and trachea there result cough, wheezing, and dyspnea,
together with a yellowish mucopurulent expectoration.
When life is prolonged three or four weeks, caseous foci may be
established in the lung, giving rise to all the signs of a bronchopneu-
monia. Many of these cases are associated with a fibrinous pleurisy.
The invasion of the gastrointestinal tract is announced by diarrheal
symptoms. ‘This disease principally attacks sucklings not more than
6 weeks of age, but calves 8 and 10 months old are frequently affected,
and several cases in adult cattle have been reported to this office.
In its very acute form many of the cases run their course in from
five to eight days. In these the local lesions are not strongly marked,
and death seems due to acute intoxication. In other enzootics
the majority of the affected animals live from three to five weeks.
These are cases that occasionally present the pulmonary and intes-
tinal symptoms, and sometimes develop also caseo-necrotic lesions in
the liver.
Ordinarily cases show no tendency to spontaneous cure. Left to
themselves they die. On the contrary, if taken in hand early, the
disease is readily amenable to treatment. In the latter event the
prospects of recovery are excellent.
Differential diagnosis.—Necrotic stomatitis may be differentiated
from foot-and-mouth disease by the fact that in the latter there is
a rapid infection of the entire herd, including the adult cattle, as
well as the infection of hogs and sheep. The characteristic lesion
of foot-and-mouth disease is the appearance of vesicles containing a
serous fluid upon the mucous membrane of the mouth and upon the
udder, teats, and feet of the affected animals. In necrotic stomatitis
vesicles are never formed, necrosis occurring from the beginning and
followed by the formation of yellowish, cheesy patches, principally
found in the mouth. Mycotic stomatitis occurs in only a few animals
of the herd, chiefly the adult cattle, and the lesions produced consist
of an inflammation of the mouth and lips and of the skin between
the toes, followed in a few days by small irregular ulcers in the
mouth. This disease appears sporadically, usually in the early fall
after a dry summer, does not run a regular course, and can not be
inoculated.
Prevention.—Prophylaxis should be carried out along three lines:
(1) Separation of the sick from the healthy animals.
(2) Close scrutiny and thorough disinfection once or twice daily
for five days of the mouths and nasal passages of those animals that
have been exposed.
(3) Complete disinfection of all stalls and sheds.
The disease appears to break out in winter and hold over to-spring.
It is conceivable that exposure to cold might so disturb the normal
circulation of the oral tissues as to make the mucous membrane an
MALIGNANT CATARRH. 467
excellent location for the causative factor of the disease. There is
another possibility, however, which bears on the third line of prophy-
laxis. The so-called diphtheritic inflammations of the vagina and
uterus in cows are caused by the same organism that induces necrotic
stomatitis. A European writer has recently pointed out the almost
constant relation of such attacks to previous occurrences of foul foot
or foot rot in the same or other cattle on the place.
In-all likelihood, in such cases, the stalls and sheds are the harbor-
ers of this germ. It is possible that many of these outbreaks have
some relation to preceding cases of the above-mentioned diseases and
the greater use in winter of the stalls and sheds, thus harboring the
Bacillus necrophorus.
Treatment.—The treatment consists almost solely in careful and
extensive cleansing and disinfection of the mouth and other affected
surfaces. The mucous membrane of the mouth should be copiously
irrigated with a 4 per cent solution of boracic acid in warm water at
least twice daily. As exposure to oxygen kills the bacilli, one need
have no fear about disturbing or tearing off the caseous patches or
necrotic tissue during irrigation. The irrigation of the sores should
then be followed by the application with a brush or rag on a stick
of a paste made with 1 part of salicylic acid and 10 parts of water,
or the affected areas’‘may be painted with Lugol’s solution of iodin
(iodin, 1; potassium iodid, 5; water, 200). Frequent injections of
1 per cent carbolic-acid solution into the mouth make an excellent
treatment. The internal administration of 2 grams of salicylic acid
and 8 grams of chlorate of potassium three times a day has also
proved to be very beneficial when accompanied with local antiseptic
treatment.
MALIGNANT CATARRH.
Malignant catarrh, or infectious catarrhal fever, is an acute infec-
tious disease of cattle preeminently involving the respiratory and
digestive tracts, although the sinuses of the head, the eyes,.and the
urinary and sexual organs are very frequently affected. It is rela-
tively rare in this country, being more common on the continent of
Europe. Outbreaks have occurred, however, in Minnesota, New
York, and New Jersey. So far the causal agent of the disease has
never been isolated, and inoculation experiments with the view of
artificially reproducing the. disease have proved negative in every
case. In spite of the foregoing statements the consensus of opinion
of eminent investigators points to malignant catarrh as being of
specific origin; that is, due to some form of microorganism the con-
tagious character of which is poorly developed. This accounts for
the slow transmissibility of the disease from one animal to another.
Tn fact, malignant catarrh is a type of that class of affections scien-
468 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
tifically known as miasmatic diseases; that is, they remain stationary
in stables with damp floors, low ceilings, poor ventilation, and bad
sanitary conditions in general. Such places furnish a favorable seat
of propagation for the infective material, and it will remain active
for a long time, causing the loss of a few animals each year. One
European veterinarian reports an instance in which the disease re-
mained for 25 years on the same farm, attacking in all 225 permaprenki
with a mortality of about 98 per cent.
The disease is most common in late winter and early spring, at all
altitudes, and has a special preference for young, well-nourished
cattle, although older animals are not immune. The time between
the entrance of the infective principle into the body of the animal
and the appearance of the first symptoms is relatively very long,
averaging, according to German investigators, from 20 to 30 days.
Fortunately, it is not a disease which spreads to any great extent
or which causes severe losses, and hence legislative enactments do
not seem to be necessary for its restriction.
Symptoms.—These are extremely variable according to the point
of localization of the lesions. It is usually ushered in with a chill,
followed by a marked rise of temperature (104° to 107° F.). The
head droops, the skin is hot and dry, and the coat staring. Quiv-
ering of the muscles in various parts of the body is frequently
observed. Marked dullness of the animal, passing, according to
some observers, into an almost stupefied condition later on, is quite
common. The secretion of milk stops in the beginning of the dis-
ease, and loss of flesh, invariably associated with the disease, is
extremely marked and rapid. The lesions of the eyes may best be
likened to moon blindness (periodic ophthalmia) in horses.
There is first an abundant secretion of tears, which run down the
face.. The lids are swollen and inflamed, and indeed this may be so
marked as to cause involuntary eversion, exposing the reddened
conjunctiva to view. Sunlight is painful, as is shown by the fact
that the animal keeps the eyes continuously closed. This inflamma-
tion may extend to the cornea, causing it to assume a slightly
clouded appearance in mild cases or a chalky whiteness in more
severe affection. Cases of ulceration of the cornea followed by
perforation and subsequent escape of the aqueous humor, leading to
shrinking of the eyeball and permanent loss of sight, have been re-
corded, but these are relatively rare, although slight inflammation of
the deeper structures of the eye (iris) are more frequent. In mild
cases this inflammation may undergo complete resolution, but more
frequently permanent cloudliness of the cornea, either diffuse or in
spots (leucoma), is the result. The mucous membrane of the mouth,
nose, sinuses of the head, throat, and lower respiratory passages are
MALIGNANT CATARRH. 469
also involved. It is first catarrhal in character, but soon a false or
diphtheritic membrane is formed, with the production of shallow
ulcers. There is dribbling of saliva from the mouth and discharge
from the nose, at first watery, becoming thicker and mixed with blood
and small masses of cast-off croupous membrane, causing a very fetid
odor. These croupous areas when they form in the throat, larynx, or
windpipe, may lead to narrowing of the passages, with consequent
difficult breathing and even suffocation. Various respiratory mur-
murs may also be heard, caused by the to-and-fro movement of mucus
and inflammatory deposits along the air passages. There is also
inflammation of the horn core with consequent loosening of the horn
shell, and the horns are thus readily knocked off hy the uneasy, blind
sufferer. The animal may refuse all feed from the time of the initial
rise of temperature, or in less severe cases, and especially when the
lesions of the digestive tract are not so marked, the appetite may
remain until the disease is well advanced. Constipation is quite
common at the commencement of the attack, followed by diarrhea
and severe straining, the evacuations becoming very soft, fetid, and
streaked with blood. Cases of the evacuation of desquamated patches
of diphtheritic membrane from the intestinal mucosa 6 to 9 feet in
length have been reported. The kidneys and bladder are usually
inflamed, the urine being voided with difficulty and the animal
evincing signs of pain. Inflammatory elements, as albumen, casts,
etc., may be seen on examination of the urine. In cows the mucous
membrane of the vestibule is congested, swollen, and may contain
ulcers and an excessive quantity of mucus. Abortion during ad-
vanced pregnancy is not infrequent, following a severe attack. In
connection with these various symptoms there may be much uneasi-
ness on the part of the animal, leading in some cases to madness and
furious delirium, in others to spasms and convulsions or paralysis.
A vesicular eruption of the skin may occur, seen principally between
the toes and on the inside of the flank and in the armpits, with sub-
sequent loss of hair and epidermis.
Like other infectious diseases, malignant catarrh pursues a longer
or shorter course in accordance with the severity of the attack. In
acute cases death is said to take place three to seven days after the
appearance of symptoms. Recovery, if it occurs, may take three or
four weeks. According to statistics, from 50 to 90 per cent of the
affected animals die.
If animals which have died of this disease are examined, in addi-
tion to the changes of the mucous membrane of mouth and nasal cavi-
ties referred to above, shallow ulcers in these situations will be found
occasionally. These necrotic processes may pass beneath the mucous
membrane and even involve the underlying bony structure. In severe
470 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
cases membranous (croupous) deposits are found in the throat.
Similar deposits have been found upon the mucous membrane of the
fourth stomach and intestine, which is always inflamed. There is
more or less inflammation of the membranes of the brain, kidneys,
and liver, and some fatty degeneration of the voluntary muscles. In
countries where rinderpest occasionally appears it may be difficult
to distinguish between it and malignant catarrh, owing to a general
similarity of the symptoms. The principal points to be observed in
differentiating between the two are the very slight transmissibility
of the latter as compared with the intense contagiousness of the
former, and the tendency of malignant catarrh to rua a more chronic
course than rinderpest, which usually results fatally in a very few
days. Only a trained veterinarian who takes into consideration all
the different symptoms and lesions of both diseases should decide
in such cases.
Treatment.—There is no specific treatment for this affection.
Copious blood letting in the earliest stages has been highly recom-
mended, however, as this has a tendency to deplete the system and
lessen the exudation of inflammatory products. Antiseptic washes,
as creoline, 2 to 4 per cent solution, or lysol, 5 per cent solution, ap-
plied to the nose, eyes, and mouth with ice poultices over the crest.
of the head and frontal region, have also proved efficacious. Calomel
should also be given in 1-dram doses twice a day for three days, and
in severe cases, involving the respiratory tract, a powder containing
ferrous sulphate, quinin, and subnitrate of bismuth, given twice a
day, will be found beneficial. At the same time it must be remem-
bered that much greater success is to be looked for in the preventive
treatment. This consists in the removal of the healthy from the
infected animals (not vice versa) and thorough cleaning and disin-
fecting of the contaminated stables. If the floors are low and damp,
they should be raised and made dry. If this can not be done, place
a layer of cement under the stable floor to prevent water from enter-
ing from below. The stable should be well ventilated and the soil in
the pastures thoroughly drained. If this is carefully carried out, the
contagion should be destroyed and the danger of the reappearance of
the disease in a great measure lessened.
MALIGNANT EDEMA.
Malignant edema, also termed gangrenous septicemia, is an acute,
inflammatory disease of domestic and wild animals, resulting from
the introduction of a specific organism into the deep connective tissues
of a susceptible animal and proving fatal in many instances within
24 to 48 hours. The disease may be inoculated from one animal to
another, but only by inserting the virus deeply below the skin. It
MALIGNANT EDEMA. 471
is infrequently met with in cattle, but may follow operating wounds,
as roweling, castration, and phlebotomy, which have become infected
with septic matter, soil, or unclean instruments. In the patho-
logical laboratory of the Bureau of Animal Industry the organ-
ism has also been obtained from the infected muscles of a calf
that was supposed to have died of blackleg, and, as a result, all
blackleg virus is thoroughly tested before it is made into blackleg
vaccine in order to exclude the malignant-edema organism. The
essential cause of malignant edema is a long, slender, motile, spore-
bearing bacillus, resembling the bacillus of blackleg, ae which can
develop only in the absence of the atmosphere. Unlike the bacilli of
anthrax and blackleg, which are confined to certain districts, this
organism is widely distributed and found in ordinary garden soil,
foul water, and in the normal intestinal tract of the herbivora. It
may be brought to the surface of the soil by growing plants, rains,
winds, or burrowing insects and rodents. In animals that have suc-
cumbed to the disease the germ is confined to the seat of infection, but
a few hours after death it may migrate through the blood channels
to other parts of the body. The bacillus may attack man, horses,
asses, goats, sheep, pigs, cats, dogs, and poultry. Adult cattle, al-
though refractory to experimental inoculation, suffer from natural
infection, while calves are susceptible to both these methods of ex-
posure. (Kitt.) The introduction of the bacillus into abrasions of
the skin and superficial sores rarely does any harm, because the germ
is quickly destroyed by contact with air. If, however, the organ-
isms are inserted deeply into the subcutaneous tissues of susceptible
animals, they quickly develop, producing a soluble poison, which is
the fatal agent.
In lamb-shearing season, or after docking or castration, the mor-
tality is higher among these animals because of wounds inflicted at
such times. The application of antiseptics to wounds thus made will
reduce the percentage of deaths to a minimum.
Symptoms.—Usually the first symptoms are overlooked. In the
early stages the animal appears listless, disinclined to move about,
and lies down in shady and quiet places. If forced to move about,
the hind legs are drawn forward with a peculiar, stiff, dragging
movement, and there may be slight muscular trembling over all the
body, which becomes more intense as the disease progresses. When
driven, the animal shows signs of fatigue, ultimately dropping to
the gr oan completely exhausted. Breathing becomes fast and
painful, with frequent spasmodic jerks.
The pulse is quick and weak and the temperature is 106° to 107° F.
An edematous, doughy, and painful swelling appears at the point of
infection. This tumefaction spreads more and more, and crackles
on pressure. In case of an open wound, a fetid liquid and frothy
472 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
discharge is observed. The center of the swelling may appear soft
and jellylike, while the margin is tense, hot, and painful. The symp-
toms increase rapidly, resulting in coma and death.
Lesions.—After death the fat and subcutaneous tissues surround-
ing the infected area are infiltrated with a yellow gelatinous material
containing an orange-colored foam, due to the presence of gas
bubbles.
The muscles at this point are friable, spongy, and of a uniform
brownish tint, dissociated by gas and with a blood-tinged exudate.
This gangrenous tissue, when present before death, can be removed
without pain to the animal. The intestines are generally normal,
but, together with the peritoneum, they may be inflamed, and the
lungs are usually the seat of an edema. The spleen, liver, and kid-
neys retain their normal appearance, in marked contrast with anthrax.
Differential diagnosis —Unlike blackleg, this disease never appears
as an epizootic but in isolated cases. It may also be differentiated
from the former by the history of a recent parturition or surgical
operation, by. the presence of an external injury at the site of the
swelling accompanied with a fetid liquid discharge, and the gan-
erenous appearance of the tumefaction. Man is susceptible to malig-
nant edema, but not to blackleg. Malignant edema may also be easily
differentiated from anthrax in that the blood and spleen are normal in
appearance, while in the latter disease the blood is dark and of a
tarlike consistency, and the spleen appears swollen, injected, and
softened. The local tumor in malignant edema contains gas bubbles,
which are absent in anthrax swellings. Inoculation experiments of
guinea pigs, rabbits, and chickens will also disclose the differences
among the above-mentioned three diseases, since all these species are
killed by the germ of malignant edema, only the first two species
by the anthrax bacillus, while the guinea pig alone will succumb to
the blackleg infection.
Treatment.—Treatment is chiefly surgical and consists in laying
the infected areas wide open by free incision, followed by a liberal
application of a 30 per cent solution of hydrogen dioxid and subse-
quently a 5 per cent solution of carbolic acid. Usually the disease
when observed has advanced to such an extent that medicinal inter-
ference is without avail. Preventive treatment is by far the most
desirable, and consists, essentially, in a thorough disinfection of all
accidental and surgical wounds, the cleansing of the skin, and the
exclusion of soil, filth, and bacteria during surgical operations of any
nature. Sheds, barns, and stables should receive a thorough applica-
tion of quicklime or crude carbolie acid wash after all rubbish has
been removed and burned. All dead animals should be burned or
deeply buried and covered well with quicklime.
TEXAS FEVER. . 473
SOUTHERN CATTLE FEVER (TEXAS FEVER, TICK FEVER).
[Pls. XLIV—XLIX.]
This disease, which is more commonly known as Texas fever, and
sometimes as splenetic fever, is a specific fever communicated by cattle
which have recently been moved northward from the infected dis-
trict; it is also contracted by cattle taken into the infected district
from other parts of the world. It is characterized by the peculiarity
among animal diseases that the animals which disseminate the in-
fection are apparently in good health, while those which sicken and
die from it do net, as a rule, infect others.
It is accompanied with high fever, greatly enlarged spleen, destruc-
tion of the red blood corpuscles, escape of the coloring matter of the
blood through the kidneys, giving the urine a deep-red color, with a
yellowness of the mucous membranes and fat, which is seen more
especially in fat cattle, by a rapid less of strength, and with fatal
results in a large proportion of cases.
This disease has various names in different sections of the country
where it frequently appears. It is often called Spanish fever, accli-
mation fever, red water, black water, distemper, murrain, dry mur-
rain, yellow murrain, bloody murrain, Australian tick fever, and
tristeza of South America.
The earliest accounts we have of this disease date back to 1814,
when it is was stated by Dr. James Mease, before the Philadelphia
Scciety for Promoting Agriculture, that the cattle from a certain
district in South Carolina so certainly disease all others with which
they mix in their progress to the North that they are prohibited by
the people of Virginia from passing through the State; that these
cattle infect others while they themselves are in perfect health, and
that cattle from Europe or the interior taken to the vicinity of the
sea are attacked by a disease that generally proves fatal. Similar
observations have been made in regard to a district in the southern
part of the United States indicated by the shaded area on the map,
Plate L. The northern limits of this area are changed yearly as a
result of the dissemination or eradication of the cattle tick along
the border, but the infected area has gradually decreased, owing to
the successful endeavors pushed forward to eliminate the ticks.
It was the frequent and severe losses following the driving of cattle
from the infected district in Texas into and across the Western States
and Territories which led to the disease being denominated Texas
fever. It is now known, however, that the infection is not peculiar
to Texas or even to the United States, but that it also exists in
southern Europe, Central and South America, Australia, South
Africa, and the West Indies.
474 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
When cattle from other sections of the country are taken into the
infected district they contract this disease usually during the first
summer, and if they are adult animals, particularly milch cows or fat
cattle, nearly all die. Calves are much more likely to survive. The
disease is one from which immunity is acquired, and therefore calves
which recover are not again attacked, as a rule, even after they. be-
come adult.
When the infection is disseminated beyond the permanently in-
fected district, the roads, pastures, pens, and other inclosures are
dangerous for susceptible animals until freezing weather. The infec-
tion then disappears, and cattle may be driven over the grounds or
kept in the inclosures the succeeding summer and the disease will not
reappear. There are some exceptions to this rule in the section just
north of the boundary line of the infected district. In this locality
the infection sometimes resists the winters, especially if they are
mild.
In regard to the manner in which the disease is communicated,
experience shows that this does not occur by animals coming near or
in contact with one another. It is an indirect infection. The cattle
from the infected district first infect the pastures, roads, pens, cars,
etc., whence the susceptible cattle obtain the virus secondhand.
Usually animals do not contract the disease when separated from in-
fected pastures by a fence. If, however, there is any drainage or
washing by rains across the line of fence this rule does not hold good.
The investigations made by the Bureau of Animal Industry demon-
strate that the ticks which adhere to cattle from the infected district
ure the only known means of conveying the infection to susceptible
cattle. The infection is not spread by the saliva, the urine, or the
manure of cattle from the infected district. In studying the causa-
tion and prevention of this disease, attention must therefore be
largely given to the tick, and it now seems apparent that if cattle
could be freed from this parasite when leaving the infected district
they would not be able to spread the malady. The discovery of the
connection of the ticks with the production of the disease has played
a very important part in determining the methods that should be
adopted in preventing its spread. It established an essential point
and indicated many lines of investigation which have yielded and are
still likely to yield very important results.
Nature of the disease-—Texas fever is caused by an organism which
lives within the red blood corpuscles and breaks them up. It is there-
fore simply a blood disease. The organism does not belong to the
bacteria but to the protozoa. It is not, in other words, a microscopic
plant, but it belongs to the lowest forms of the animal kingdom.
This very minute organism multiplies very rapidly in the body of the
infected animal, and in acute cases causes an enormous destruction
TEXAS FEVER. 475
of red corpuscles in a few days. How it gets into the red corpuscle
it is not possible to state, but it appears that it enters as an exceed-
ingly minute body, probably endowed with motion, and only after it
has succeeded in entering the corpuscle does it begin to enlarge.
Piate XLV, figure 4, illustrates an early stage of this blood para-
site. The red corpuscle contains a very minute, roundish body which
is stained blue to bring it into view. The body is, as a rule, situated
- near the edge of the corpuscle. Figure 5 illustrates an older stage in
the growth of the parasite, in fact the largest which has thus far been
detected. It will be noticed that there are usually two bodies in a
corpuscle. These bodies are in general pear-shaped. ‘The narrow
ends are always toward each other when two are present in the same
corpuscle. If we bear in mind that the average diameter of the red
blood corpuscles of cattle is from z)55 to sgb5 inch, the size of the
contained parasite may be at once appreciated by a glance at the
figures referred to.
The various disease processes which go on in Texas fever, and
which we may observe by examining the organs after death, all result
from the destruction of the red corpuscles; this destruction may be
extremely rapid or slow. When it is rapid we have the acute, usually
fatal, type of Texas fever, which is always witnessed in the height
of the Texas-fever season; that is, during the latter weeks of August
and the early weeks of September. When the destruction of corpus-
cles is slower, a mild, usually nonfatal, type of the disease is called
forth, which is only witnessed late in autumn or more rarely in July
and the early part of August. Cases of the mild type occurring thus
early usually become acute later and terminate fatally.
The acute disease is fatal in most cases, and the fatality is due not
so much to the loss of blood corpuscles as to the difficulty which the
organs have in getting rid of the waste products arising from this
wholesale destruction. How great this may be a simple calculation
will serve to illustrate. In a steer weighing 1,000 pounds, the blood
in its body weighs about 50 pounds, if we assume that the blood
represents one-twentieth of the weight of the body, which is a rather
low estimate. According to experimental determination at the
bureau station, which consists in counting the number of blood
corpuscles in a given quantity of blood from day to day in such an
animal, the corpuscles contained in from 5 to 10 pounds of blood
may be destroyed within 24 hours. The remains of these corpuscles
and the coloring matter in them must be either converted into bile
or excreted unchanged. The result of this effort on the part of the
liver causes extensive disease of this organ. The bile secreted by the
liver cells contains so much solid material that it stagnates in the
finest bile candis and chokes these up completely. This in turn inter-
feres with the nutrition of the liver cells and they undergo fatty de-
476 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
generation and perish. The functions of the liver are thereby com-
pletely -suspended and death is the result. This enormous destruc-
tion of corpuscles takes place to a large extent in the kidneys, where
a great number of corpuscles containing the parasites are always
found in acute cases. This accounts largely for the blood-colored
urine, or red water, which is such a characteristic feature of Texas
fever. The corpuscles themselves are not found in the urine; it is
the red coloring matter, or hemoglobin, which leaves them when they
break up and pass into the urine.
Symptoms.—After a period of exposure to infected soil, which
may vary from 13 to 90 days, and which will be more fully discussed
under the subject of cattle ticks as bearers of the Texas-fever para-
site, the disease first shows itself in dullness, loss of appetite, and a
tendency to leave the herd and stand or lie down alone. A few days
before these symptoms appear the presence of a high fever may be
detected by the clinical thermometer. The temperature rises from
a normal of 101° to 103° F. to 106° and 107° F. There seems to be
little or no change in temperature until recovery or death ensues.
The period of high temperature or fever varies considerably. As it
indicates the intensity of the disease process going on within, the
higher it is the more rapid the fatal end. When it does not rise
above 104° F. the disease is milder and more prolonged.
The bowels are mostly constipated during the fever; toward the
end the feces may become softer and rather deeply tinged with bile.
The urine shows nothing abnormal during the course of the disease
until near the fatal termination, when it may be deeply stained with
the coloring matter cf the blood. (Hemoglobinuria; see Pl. XLV,
fig. 3.) Although this symptom is occasionally observed in animals
which recover, yet it may generally be regarded as an indication of
approaching death. The pulse and respiration are usually much
more rapid than during health.
Other symptoms in addition to those mentioned have been de-
scribed by observers, but they do not seem to be constant, and only
those described above are nearly always present. As the end ap-
proaches emaciation becomes very marked, the blood is very thin
and watery, and the closing of any wound of the skin by clots is re-
tarded. ' The animal manifests increasing stupor and may lie down
much of the time. Signs of delirium have been observed in some
cases. Death occurs most frequently in the night.
The duration of the disease is very variable. Death may ensue
in from three days to several weeks after the beginning of the fever.
Those that recover ultimately do so very slowly, owing to the
great poverty of the blood in red corpuscles. The flesh is regained
but very gradually, and the animal may be subjected to a second,
TEXAS FEVER. ATT
though mild, attack later on in the autumn, which pushes the full
recovery onward to the beginning of winter.
In the mild type of the disease, which occurs in October and No-
vember, symptoms of disease are well-nigh absent. There is little
if any fever, and if it were not for loss of flesh and more or less dull-
ness the disease may pass unnoticed, as it undoubtedly does in a
majority of cases. If, however, the blood corpuscles are counted from
time to time a gradually diminishing number will be found, and
after several weeks only about one-fifth or one-sixth of the normal
number are present. It is indeed surprising how little impression
upon the animal this very impoverished condition of the blood ap-
pears to make. It is probable, however, that if two animals kept
under the same conditions, one healthy and the other at the end of
one of these mild attacks, are weighed, the difference would be plainly
shown.
Pathological changes observable after death—tIn the preceding
pages some of these have already been referred to in describing the
nature of the disease. It is very important at times to determine
whether a certain disease is Texas fever or some other disease, like
anthrax, for example. This fact can, as a rule, be determined at
once by a thorough microscopic examination of the blood. The
necessary apparatus and the requisite qualifications for this task
leave this method entirely in the hands of experts. There are, how-
ever, a considerable number of changes caused by this disease which
may be detected by the naked eye when the body has been opened.
Put together they make a mistake quite impossible. The presence of
small ticks on the skin of the escutcheon, the thighs, and the udder
is a very important sign in herds north of the Texas-fever line, as it
indicates that they have been brought in some manner from the South
and have carried the disease with them, as will be explained later.
Another very important sign is the thin, watery condition of the
blood, either just before death or when the fever has been present for
four or five days. A little incision into the skin will enable any one
to determine this point. Frequently the skin is so poor in blood that
it may require several incisions to draw a drop or more.
The changes in the internal organs, as found on post-mortem ex-
aminations, are briefly as follows: The spleen, or milt, is much larger
than in healthy animals. It may weigh three or four times as much.
When it is incised the contents or pulp is blackish (see Pl. XLIV,
fig. 1), and may even well out as a disintegrated mass. The mark-
ings of the healthy spleen (fig. 2) are all effaced by the enormous
number of blood corpuscles which have collected in it, and to
which the enlargement is attributable. Next to the spleen the liver
will arouse our attention. (See Pl. XLV, fig. 2.) It is larger than
478 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
in the healthy state, has lost its natural brownish color (fig. 1), and
now has on the surface a paler, yellowish hue. When it is incised
this yellowish tinge, or mahogany color, as it has been called by
some, is still more prominent. This is owing to the large quantity of
bile in the finest bile capillaries, and as these are not uniformly filled
with it the cut surface has a more or less mottled appearance. This
bile injection causes in many cases a fatty degeneration of the liver
cells, which makes the organ appear still lighter in color.
In all cases the gall bladder should be examined. This is dis-
tended with bile, which holds in suspension a large number of
yellow flakes, so that when it is poured into a tall bottle to settie
fully one-half or more of the column of fluid will be occupied by a
layer of flakes. If mucus is present at the same time, the bile may
become so viscid that when it is poured from one glass to another it
forms long bands. The bile in health is a limpid fluid, containing
no solid particles.
If the animal during life has not been abbocaatl to pass urine
colored with blood or red water, the bladder should be opened. This
quite invariably, in acute cases, contains urine which varies in color
from a deep port wine to a light claret. In many cases the color is
so dense that light will not pass through even a thin layer. (PL.
XLV, fig. 3.) The kidneys are always found congested in the acute
attack. The disease exerts but little effect on the stomach and
intestines beyond more or less reddening of the mucous membrane;
hence an examination of them may be safely omitted. The lungs
are, as a rule, not diseased. The heart usually shows patches of
blood extravasation on the inside (left ventricle) and less markedly
on the outer surface.
We have observed jaundice of the various tissues but very rarely.
Tt has been observed by some quite regularly, however.
During the hot season about 90 per cent of the susceptible mature
animals from a noninfected district die, but later, in the cool weather,
the disease assumes a milder type, with a consequent decrease in the
number of deaths.
The cattle tick, Margaropus annulatus, as the carrier of Texas
fever. (Pls. XLVI, XLVII, and XLVIII.)—The cattle tick is, as
its name indicates, a parasite of cattle in the southern part of the
United States. It belongs to the group of Arthropoda and to the
genus Margaropus (or Boophilus), which is included in the order
Acarina. Its life history is quite simple and easily traced from one
generation to another. It is essentially a parasite, attaching itself to
the skin (Pl. XLVIIT) and drawing the blood of its host. It is
unable to come to maturity and reproduce its kind unless it becomes
attached to the skin of cattle, whence it may obtain its food.
TEXAS FEVER. A779
The eggs laid on the ground after the female has dropped from
the host begin to develop at once. When the embryo is fully formed
within the shell it ruptures this and gains its freedom. The time
required from the laying of thé eggs to their hatching varies consid-
erably, according to the temperature. In the laboratory in the heat
of midsummer this was accomplished in about 13 days. In the late
fall, under the same conditions, it required from four to six weeks.
The larva after emerging from the egg is very minute, six-legged,
and is just visible to the naked eye. (Pl. XLVI, fig. 3.) If these
larve are kept on a layer of moist sand or earth in a covered dish,
they may remain alive for months, but there is no appreciable in-
crease in size. So soon, however, as they are placed upon cattle
growth begins.
On pastures these little creatures soon find their way on to cattle.
They attach themselves by preference to the tender skin on the
escutcheon, the inside of the thighs, and on the base of the udder.
Yet when they are very numerous they may be found in small num-
bers on various parts of the body, such as the neck, the chest, and
the ears. (Pl. XLVIII and Pl. XLIX, fig. 1.)
The changes which they undergo during their parasitic existence
were first studied by Dr. Cooper Curtice, of the Bureau of Animal
Industry, in 1889. The young tick molts within a week, and the sec-
ond or nymphal stage of the parasite’s life is thus ushered in. After
this change it has four pairs of legs. Within another week another
molt takes place by which the tick passes from the nymphal to the
sexual, or adult, stage. Impregnation now takes place, and, with the
development of the ova in the body, the tick takes an increased quan-
tity of blood, so that in a few days it becomes very much larger.
That the rapid growth is due to the blood taken in may be easily
proved by crushing one. The intestine is distended with a thick,
tarry mass composed of partly digested blood. When the female has
reached a certain stage of maturity she drops to the ground and
begins to lay a large number of eggs, which hatch in the time given
above.
The life of the cattle tick is thus spent largely on cattle, and
although the young, or larve, may live for a long time on the
ground in the summer season, they can not mature except as para-
sites on cattle and horses. We have purposely omitted various details
of the life history, including that of the male, as they are not neces-
sary to an understanding of our present subject—Texas fever. How
this is transmitted we will proceed to consider. Before the enforce-
ment of the Federal quarantine southern cattle sent north during the
spring and summer months carried on their bodies large numbers of
the cattle ticks, which, when matured, would drop off or lay their
480 DISEASES OF CATTLE,
eggs in the northern pastures. After hatching, the young ticks would
soon get upon any northern cattle which happened to be on the pas-
ture. So soon as they attached themselves to the skin they inocu-
lated the cattle, and Texas fever would break out a week or more
thereafter. For many years there had been a growing suspicion that
the cattle tick was in some way concerned in the spread of Texas ©
fever, and the facts which supported this supposition finally became
so numerous and convincing that a series of experiments was inaugu-
rated by the Bureau of Animal Industry which served to show that
the tick is abundantly able to carry the disease to a herd of healthy
cattle, and, in fact, is probably the only agent concerned in the trans-
mission of the disease from southern cattle to susceptible northern
snimals.
Injurious effects of cattle ticks —Unfortunately many cattle owners
who have always been accustomed to see both ticks and ticky cattle
on their farms are not inclined to attach much importance to these
parasites, and, as a rule, through lack of appreciation of their dam-
aging effects, placidly consider them as of little consequence. That
ticks may be detrimental to their hosts in several ways has probably
not suggested itself to these stockmen, who are most vitally affected,
and it therefore seems necessary to emphasize the fact that, in ad-
dition to their relation to Texas fever, they may also be injurious
to cattle as external parasites. While the power of transmitting
Texas fever is undoubtedly the most dangerous property possessed
by the cattle tick and is the principal cause for adopting stringent
measures looking to its complete eradication, nevertheless there still
remain other good reasons for the accomplishment of this achieve-
ment. These secondary objections to the presence of ticks on cattle
consists in the physical harm they do to the host aside from the pro-
duction of the specific disease of Texas fever. True, a few parasites
may remain on cattle indefinitely without causing any noticeable
effect, but it is not uncommon to notice bovine animals on pastures
with their hides heavily infested with these pests. In such cases it
can readily be seen that the continuous sucking of blood causes more
or less impoverishment of the circulation. The animal must there-
fore be fed more in order to meet the demands of the parasites in
addition to the ordinary needs of the host. If the ticks are removed
from the body, the bites inflicted are often distinguished by small,
inflamed or reddened areas somewhat swollen, with perforations of
the skin which may allow the entrance of various kinds of disease
germs, and showing that more or less irritation of the hide is pro-
duced by these parasites. This condition, together with the loss of
blood, frequently induces an irritable state and evidence of uneasiness
commonly known as “ tick worry,” which results in the loss of energy
and other derangements of the animal’s health. It may in some cases,
TEXAS FEVER. 481
especially in hot weather, become so pronounced that the animal will
lose flesh in spite of good pasturing, thereby reducing the vitality
and rendering it more susceptible to the inroads of disease. More-
over, if the infestation of ticks is not controlled, the cattle may be so
reduced in condition that growth is retarded, and, in the case of
young animals, they may never become fully developed, but remain
thin, weak, and stunted—a condition that has been termed “ tick pov-
erty ”—and easily succumb to other diseases as a result of lowered
vitality. In milch cows this debilitating influence of the numerous
ticks is shown in a greatly reduced milk supply. This should not
appear strange when it is considered that some animals harbor several
thousand of the bloodsucking parasites. If these parasites are
crushed, it will be found that their intestines are completely filled
with a dark, thick mass of blood abstracted from the animal host
and containing nutriment that should go to the formation of milk,
flesh, and the laying on of fat. In some rare cases the large number
of bites on a limited area of skin may be followed by infection with
pus-producing organisms, giving rise to small abscesses which may
terminate in ulcers. The discharge from these sores, or in some cases
the mere oozing of blood serum through the incision made by the
mouth parts of the ticks, keeps the hair moist and matted together,
and the laying and hatching of fly eggs in these areas give rise to
infestation with destructive maggots, causing ulcers and other com-
plications that require medical treatment. These statements regard-
ing the secondary injurious effects of cattle ticks also apply to those
ticks which have been previously spoken of as harmless so far as
Texas fever is concerned, and, in fact, to all external parasites. There-
fore, it is just as important to eradicate the cattle ticks for reasons
other than those associated with Texas fever as it is to exterminate
lice, fleas, and other vermin. Furthermore, cattle ticks, aside from
the losses sustained by their purely parasitic effects, are the greatest
menace to the profitable raising and feeding of cattle in the South,
because they are an obstacle to cattle traffic between the infected and
noninfected districts.
Loss occasioned by cattle ticks——The economic aspect of the tick
problem is unquestionably of the greatest practical interest, since
the fundamental importance of all the other questions which sur-
round it depends upon the actual money value involved. It would
therefore seem advisable to furnish a few statistics showing the
financial loss sustained by the country as a result of the presence of
this parasite. It is well known that those animals coming from an
infected district and sold in the “ southern pens” of northern stock-
yards bring about one-half a cent less per pound than the quoted
market price. The handicap that is placed on the southern cattle
raiser as a result of this decrease in value of his stock will average
33071°—16——31
482 DISEASES OF CATTLE,
at this figure $3 per head, allowing an individual weight of 600
pounds for all classes of animals, so that the loss on approximately
2,000,000 southern cattle from the quarantined area, including stock,
beef, and dairy animals, marketed yearly under these conditions
will sum up a loss of $6,000,000 per annum. Carrying this estimate
still further, it will be found that this decreased value reacts and
fixes the valuation of all cattle which remain in the infected territory,
thereby reducing the assets of the cattle industry of that section by this
ratio per head for the 11,000,000 cattle which are at this time (Janu-
ary, 1916) estimated to be below the quarantine line; or, altogether,
the enormous shrinkage in value of $33,000,000 directly chargeable
to the cattle tick. This last sum, however, should not be considered in
determining the yearly devastation caused by the cattle tick, but
rather as an unnecessary reduction in the assets of the infected
country. This loss does not include the decrease in flesh and lack of
development of southern cattle occasioned by the parasitic life of
the ticks from without and by the blood-destroying and enervating
properties of.the protozoan parasites from within, an additional loss
which is so very great that a conservative estimate would place it
at not less than $20,000,000 for the cattle annually marketed.
The presence of the tick among the cattle of the South not only
lessens the value of the cattle on the hoof but causes the gradings of
hides that have been infested with ticks as No. 4 quality. The same
hide, if free from tick marks, would grade No, 2. The difference
in price between these two grades of hides is 3 cents a pound. As
the hide of a southern steer weighs about 42 pounds, the presence of
the tick in the hide causes a loss in the hide alone of more than $1.26
a hide. It has been shown that the cost of tick eradication is only
about 50 cents a head, so that if the counties make a systematic cam-
paign to eradicate the tick, the increase in value of the hide alone
would pay for the cost of tick eradication and leave the farmer a
net profit of about 76 cents a hide.
The shrinkage in the milk production of cattle harboring many
ticks will average 1 quart a day, and the loss occasioned thereby at
3 cents a quart for the 875,000 ticky dairy cattle out of more than
3,000,000 dairy cattle below the quarantine line would amount to
$26,250 a day, or, counting 300 milking days for each cow to the
year, $7,875,000 per annum. The damage resulting to the southern
purchaser of northern pure-bred or high-grade cattle is another item
of no small moment. About 10 per cent of all such cattle taken into
the South die of Texas fever, even after they are immunized by
blood inoculations, and about 60 per cent of them succumb to Texas
fever when not so treated. As they are usually very expensive ani-
mals and of a highly valued strain of blood, the loss in certain
cases 1s excessive and in others almost irreparable, owing to the
TEXAS FEVER. 483
possible extinction of some particular type especially selected for
the improvement of the herd.
Another instance in which it is difficult to figure the injury done
by the ticks is in the case of death of nonimmune cattle in the tick-
free pastures of the South. Such animals are as susceptible to Texas
fever as nonimmune northern cattle, and inasmuch as there is in
many States only one out of every four farms infested with ticks, the
cattle on the remaining farms will in many cases contract Texas
fever when exposed to the fever tick. These losses can scarcely be
computed, as the death rate depends so much on the season of the
year when exposure occurs and on the age of the animal affected.
However, the deaths among such cattle are considerable, although
this fact is little appreciated or understood by many outside the in-
fected area. Thus, if we consider one-tenth of the cattle below the
line as nonimmunes which contract the disease on exposure to ticks,
and if we figure on the death rate of 25 per cent of these animals—
a conservative estimate—the loss would amount to 275,000 animals,
which, at an estimated value of $20 a head, would amount to a loss
of $5,500,000 per annum. This sum, excessive as it may seem, rep-
resents a smaller percentage of loss on the total valuation of neat
cattle than has been determined by several of the infected States.
On rare occasions a small outbreak of Texas fever occurs north
of the quarantine line as a result of improperly disinfected cars, of
unscrupulous dealers breaking the quarantine regulations, or of
some accidental condition. Such damage, however, is slight, but
should be considered in summing up the loss occasioned by the fever
tick.
The advertisement which a breeder obtains and the sales which are
made by having his stock in the show ring are usually lost to the
southern cattle raiser who aspires to display his animals in the
North, as they are barred from most of these exhibitions. On the
other hand, the southern farmer is not given an opportunity to see
and be stimulated by the fine specimens of northern cattle which
might be shown at southern stock exhibits, for the reason that the
danger of contracting Texas fever is too patent to warrant such
exposure. The expense incurred by the Government and the States
in enforcing the regulations that apply to the quarantine line reaches
about $65,000 per annum.
Another loss which is indirectly sustained by the southern cattle
industry through increased freight rates is the cost, to the railroad
companies, of cleaning and disinfecting the cars that carry cattle
and in providing separate pens for them at various places. This
sum may be calculated at not less than $29,000 per annum.
If all the above-mentioned losses are added it will be found that the
Texas-fever tick is responsible for about $40,000,000 of loss annually
484 DISEASES OF GATTLE.
to the people of the infected country, and that it also lowers the
assets of the South by an additional $33,000,000. These figures
are not given as accurate in any particular, but they are sufficiently
close to indicate that the loss to the quarantined section from the
cattle tick is something enormous. Such a series of encumbrances as
those recorded could be carried by the cattle industry of no other
section of the country than the South, whose excellent pastures,
rich soil, and salubrious climate are the only reasons for its ability
to overcome such obstacles in meeting the competition of the West;
and it is the inherent capacity of the South for greatly increasing its
herds and enlarging its pasture lands that makes the actual loss
even secondary to the potential loss from restrictions necessitated by
the presence of the cattle tick. This potential loss may be described
as the difference between the value of the cattle industry of the South
to-day and the extent to which this industry would be increased if
farmers and ranchmen were assured that their lands and cattle would
not become infested with fever ticks. Could this assurance be given,
the beneficial effects would extend over the entire country, because
the market of the northern breeder would thereby become greatly
extended.
These appalling losses and annual sacrifices of the cattle raisers of
the infected district can be entirely effaced, and this at a small pro-
portionate cost; for, with enthusiastic stockmen, satisfactory State
legislation, sufficient money, and a corps of trained inspectors, the
cattle tick may be exterminated, and every dollar expended in this
- work will be returned many fold during each succeeding year.
The so-called period of incubation—After the young ticks have
attached themselves to cattle the fever appears about 10 days there-
after, in midsummer. When the weather is cool, as in autumn, this
period may be a little longer. The actual period of incubation may
be shorter, for if blood from a case of Texas fever is injected into
the blood vessels of healthy cattle the fever may appear within five
days. When cattle graze upon pastures over which southern cattle
have passed, the time when the disease appears varies within wide
limits. When the animals have been put upon pastures immediately
after southern cattle have infected them with ticks, it may take from
30 to 60 days, or even longer, before the disease appears. This will
be readily understood when we recall] the life history of ticks. The
southern cattle leave only matured ticks which have dropped from
them. These must lay their eggs and the latter must be hatched
before any ticks can get upon native. cattle. The shortest period is
thus not less than 30 days if we include 10 days for the period of
incubation after the young ticks have attached themselves to native
cattle. When the infection of pastures with ticks has taken place
TEXAS FEVER. 485
early in the season, or when it is cold, the period is much longer,
because it takes longer for the eggs to hatch.
If native cattle are placed upon pastures which have been infected
with ticks some time before, the disease will appear so much sooner,
because the young ticks may be already hatched and attack the cattle
at once. It will be evident, therefore, that the length of time between
the exposure of native cattle on infected fields and the appearance
of the disease depends on the date of original infection, and on the
weather, whether cold or hot. When native cattle are placed upon
fields on which young ticks are already present, they will show the
fever in 13 to 15 days if the season is hot.
The fever appears before the ticks have matured. In fact; they are
still small enough to be overlooked. In any case very ata search
should be made for them in those places which they prefer—the
thighs, escutcheon, and udder. After the acute stage of the fever has
passed the ticks begin to swell up and show very plainly. (Pl. XLVI,
figs. 6 and 7.)
Prevention.—It is generally accepted that if southern cattle are
entirely free from that species of tick known as Margaropus annu-
latus they can be allowed to mingle with the most susceptible animals
without danger. Furthermore, it has been learned from the study
of the life history of the cattle tick and from that fact that this tick
infests pastures only transiently, never permanently, and will not
mature except upon cattle or equines, that its extermination is
possible, and that the disease it causes may be prevented. Therefore
the various methods with these results in view should be directed
toward the destruction of ticks on cattle as well as their eradication
from the pastures.
The details of these methods of eradication will not be discussed
here, as this subject is fully treated in Farmers’ Bulletin 498,
“ Methods of Exterminating the Texas-fever Tick,” which may be
obtained free upon application to the Department of Agriculture,
Washington, D. C.
METHODS OF ERADICATING THE TICKS.
In undertaking measures for eradicating the tick it is evident that
the pest may be attacked in two locations, namely, on the pasture
and on the cattle.
In freeing pastures the method followed may be either a direct or
an indirect one. The former consists in excluding all cattle, horses,
and mules from pastures until all the ticks have died from starvation.
The latter consists in permitting the cattle and other animals to cor-
tinue on the infested pasture and treating them at regular intervals
with agents destructive to ticks and thus preventing engorged females
from dropping and reinfesting the pasture. The larve on the pas-
486 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
ture, or those which hatch from eggs laid by females already there,
will all eventually meet death. Such of these as get upon the cattle
from time to time will be destroyed by the treatment, while those
which fail to find a host will starve in the pasture.
Animals may be freed of ticks in two ways. They may be treated
with an agent that will destroy all the ticks present, or they may be
rotated at proper intervals on tick-free fields until all the ticks have
dropped. -
PASTURE ROTATION, ETC.
Time required to kill ticks by starvation.—The time required for
the ticks to die out after all animals have been removed from infested
fields and pastures varies considerably, depending principally on
climatic and weather conditions. The dates when pastures will be
free of ticks, beginning during each month of the year, are given in
the following table:
Time required to free pastures from ticks by starvation.
=
Date of removal of all animals pe Ee De Date of removal of all animals pete ROE
from pasture. omnis: from pasture. from ticks.
Jy Se eS TOSS. eS. ees Mar. 1. Dec. 15 to Mar. 15, inclusive... ..-.- Sept. 1.
Ae. ore. Bett ee ct terre eres May 1. Aiprevds ictce ert. Jet were . Serge ola Septs ike
{S12} 01 ll ER Oe OO OERS SSeS nee atte July 1. AL UBS ssn oe ee ecco te eee Oct. 15.
Oct. 1 to Nov. 1, inclusive.......... Aug. 1. May 1 to June 15, inclusive. -......-. Nov. 1.
Dec tle Ris Feocc PPLE a Aug. 15.
The table above is based on investigations by Hunter and Hooker t
at Dallas, Tex., and by Graybill? at Auburn, Ala. All the periods
obtained by Newell and Dougherty (1906)* in work carried on at
Baton Rouge, La., which is much farther south, are shorter. The
periods above should be found ample for all localities lying no far-
ther north than Dallas, Tex., or Auburn, Ala. For many localities
in the southern part of the infested region the periods necessary to
starve out. an infestation are no doubt somewhat shorter than those
given above. In general, moisture and cold prolong and dryness and
heat shorten the duration of an infestation. If various portions of
the same pasture differ with regard to temperature and moisture, as is
frequently the case, some parts become free of ticks before others do.
Other things being equal, high, dry, unshaded land becomes tick
tree sooner than low, damp, shady land. :
The simplest and safest plan in most cases, however, is to follow
the foregoing table in the region indicated for it. It is probable that -
1 Bulletin 72, Bureau of Entomology, U. 8S. Department of Agriculture.
2 Bulletin 130, Bureau of Animal Industry, U. 8S. Department of Agriculture.
* Circular 10, State Crop Pest Commission of Louisiana.
TEXAS FEVER. 487
the periods given in the table should be lengthened a little for the
northern part of the infested region. The experiments conducted
thus far in various places indicate this, and it will place the eradica-
tion work in that region on the safe side. For example, E. C.
Cotton’ obtained at Knoxville, Tenn., records for September and
April somewhat longer than those given above. They are as follows:
Cattle removed April 15; pasture free of ticks November 13.
Cattle removed September 15; pasture free of ticks July 18.
In localities with temperature and other conditions similar to those
at Knoxville, Tenn., these periods should be followed.
Time required to render cattle free of ticks when placed on unin-
fested fields —Before discussing plans for rendering farms tick free,
involving the use of the information given in the foregoing table, it
will be necessary to indicate how animals may be entirely freed from
ticks by placing them on uninfested fields. This is based on the fact
that the female tick must drop from the host to the ground before
eggs can be laid and before young ticks will develop.
The shortest time in which seed ticks will appear after engorged
females have been dropped is 20 days. Consequently cattle placed
on a tick-free field during the warmer part of the year are not in
danger of becoming infested again with young ticks until 20 days
have elapsed. The time required for all the ticks to drop after cattle
have been placed on uninfested land varies with the temperature,
being much longer during the winter than during the summer. The
time required, beginning at various times of the year, is given in the
following table:
Time required for all ticks to drop from cattle placed on tick-free land.
F All ticks will - ~ All ti i
We Rea dang | Havedronped || Whey dehy pte replaced on | ave dropped
PASUISGS. 2: STIL) . £8. Bee or) i} Six weeks. March - Maisie 9. 9.205 lea nee. Seven weeks.
SE CG) ee ae oer: Do. April: fo. fas SPECS IS Hick tees Six weeks.
Oetohen at 23220825. FAS 5 Mightrweeks,: Ay Mags: J. best eek ke Pal Do.
INBVOIIDED ete meee sta. Stee Se Nine weeks. June. .2...2 ps AO Pe Mite i Do.
akmaryeys 2550090 SS feeb ih es | Ten weeks. ules 2 SP CEE eee Tee Erk eee Five weeks.
BDI a oe Pee ce cen at | Seven weeks.
Freeing cattle of ticks by rotation on tick-free land—The plan of
freeing cattle of ticks by rotating them from one lot or field to an-
other is as follows: Beginning at any time from February to Sep-
tember, inclusive, the cattle are removed from the tick-infested pas-
ture to a tick-free lot or field and kept there for not more than 20
days. During this time a considerable number of ticks will drop.
In order to prevent the cattle from becoming reinfested (by seed
1 Bulletin 81, Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of Tennessee,
488 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
ticks resulting from eggs laid by females that have dropped), the
herd is then changed to a second tick-free inclosure for 20 days
longer, and if they are not free of ticks by that time they are placed
in a third tick-free inclosure for 20 days more. Should the two
changes after intervals of 20 days have been made, 60 days will have
elapsed, which is ample time for all ticks to have dropped during
the portion of the year indicated, and the animals are then ready
to be placed on a tick-free pasture or field without danger of be-
coming reinfested. The periods to free cattle (given in the above
table) are believed to be ample. It will, however, be a wise precau-
tion to make a careful examination of the cattle for ticks before
placing them in the noninfested field they are to occupy.
During the part of the year from October to February, inclusive,
the time required for seed ticks to appear after females have dropped
is much longer than the time necessary for all the ticks to drop from
cattle; consequently, if it is desired, the herd may be continued on
the same field for the required length of time without danger of
becoming reinfested.
Freeing both cattle and pastures of ticks by the rotation method.—
The particular scheme of rotation to be followed on a farm depends
mich on the conditions which have to be met. In figures 1 to 4 four
plans of rotation are represented. In these diagrams no attempt,
except in a very rough way, has been made to indicate the relative
size of the fields, as this depends on the number of cattle and on
various conditions of a more or less local nature. It rests with the
farmer to select his fields with regard to location and size so as to
carry out properly and successfully the plan which he adopts.
The matter of the dissemination of ticks deserves particular atten-
tion in considering rotation methods. The engorged females which
drop on a pasture will crawl at most only a few feet. The same may
be said of the larvee or seed ticks. It is possible, however, for seed
ticks to be passively carried considerable distances at times. Dogs,
cats, and other animals which ordinarily pass unhindered over farms
may become covered with seed ticks while going through one field,
and later some of them may be brushed off the animal while passing
through the herbage of an adjoining field. Even though the danger
of ticks being spread in this manner is not great, it will be well, when
practicable, to take precautions against it.
Again, engorged females, eggs, and seed ticks may be carried by
running water from a pasture without injury in any way. The dan-
ger from this source is probably greatest where there are many small
streams subject to frequent floods of short duration and on hillsides
where the water runs off with great force during heavy rains. This
will, no doubt, in some localities present a rather serious problem in:
tick eradication.
TEXAS FEVER. 489
Ticks may crawl from the edge of one pasture into an adjoining
pasture, or engorged females may drop from the heads of animals
reaching through a dividing fence. These difficulties are best over-
come by constructing a double fence with an intervening space of
FIELD NO.2B.
OCT. 12. MOVE THE HERD
TO FIELD NO.3.
_OATS FOLLOWED BY FIELD NO.3. FIELD NO. 4-
CORN. COTTON.
FORAGE. COWPEAS. RYE OR CRIMSON
; CLOVE R.
FIELD NO.2A.
SEPT.22.MOVE THE
HERD TO FIELD
NO 2 B.
NOV.1. MOVE THE HERD TO
FIELD NO.IA.
|
PASTURE: BERMUDA, VET,CH,AND BUR CLOVER.
|
FIELD NO:1A.
JUNE 15. MOVE THE HERD TO FIELD
NO.1B. KEEP QUT ALL ANIMALS
|
FIELD NO.I B. !
|
FROM THIS DATE UNTIL NOV. I, WHEN
|
!
|
|
SEPT. 2. MOVE THE HERD TO FIELD
NO.2A. KEEP OUT ALL ANIMALS
UNTIL JULY t, WHEN THIS FIELD
WILL BE FREE OF TICKS AND THE
TEMPORARY DOUBLE FENCE MAY BE
REMOVED.
THIS FIELD WILL BE FREE OF TICKS.
me ee we we we ow
Fic. 1.—Plan for freeing cattle and pastures from ticks by rotation, requiring four and
one-half months.
15 feet. Such a fence, if the land does not slope greatly, also greatly
reduces the danger of ticks being washed by rain from one pasture to
the other.
Plan requiring four and one-half months —The plan of rotation
represented in figure 1 requires four and a half months for its com-
490 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
pletion. Some time during the spring the pasture is divided in the
middle by two lines of temporary fence 15 feet apart. The herd is
first confined in field No. 1A. On June 15 it is moved from this por-
tion of the pasture to the other portion, designated field No. 1B, and
on September 2 is moved to field No. 2A. The cattle are permitted
to remain 20 days on each of the fields designated 2A, 2B, and 3.
At the end of this time (Nov. 1) all the ticks on the cattle have
dropped, and the herd is returned to field No. 1A, which in the
meantime has become free of ticks. Later, if it is desired, the cattle
may be placed in field No. 4. They should not, however, be returned
to any of the other fields or driven across them, as these are infested
with ticks. Field No. 1B will be free from ticks July 1 of the fol-
lowing year, at which time the temporary double fence may be re-
moved and the cattle allowed to graze over the entire pasture. The
rest of the farm will be free of ticks by August 1. If found desirable,
the herd may be continued longer in field No. 3, even as late as Feb-
ruary 15, the only objection to this being that it will break the crop
rotation by preventing the sowing of oats in the fall.
Tt is well, when practicable, to have double fences with an inter-
vening space of 15 feet between the different fields in order to pre-
vent the ticks from getting from one field to another. If this is not
possible on account of the expense and time required to build the
extra line of fence, the next best thing is to plow several furrows on
each side of the dividing fences.
When there are streams running through the farm or the slope of
the land is considerable, so that ticks may be washed from one field
to the other during rains, the fields should be so arranged or selected
that the drainage is from field No. 1A to No. 1B, and from field No.
3 toward fields Nos. 2A and 2B.
Plan requiring eight months.—The plan indicated in figure 2 1s
begun fifteen days later than the preceding one and requires eight
months for its completion. The pasture is divided as before. The
herd is moved July 1 from field No. 1A to No. 1B, and on October
15 is moved from there to field No. 2. The herd may be continued
on fields Nos. 2 and 3 until February 15 in any way found most
convenient, as there is no danger of young ticks hatching during
that time. The herd is moved not later than February 15 to field
No. 4. All the ticks on the cattle will have dropped by December
20, consequently the herd may be moved to field No. 4 as early as
that date, if found desirable.
By March 1 the original pasture is free and the cattle are returned
there. Field No. 1B will be free of ticks by August 1, at which time
the double fence separating the two parts of the pasture may be
removed. The rest of the farm will not be certainly free of ticks
until September f
TEXAS FEVER.
491
The drainage in general should be from field No.
1A toward No. 1B, and from field No. 4 toward field No. 2.
Plan requiring four months, with a new pasture—tThe plan of
rotation represented in figure 3 involves changing the location of the
FIELD NO.2.
OATS.
COWPEAS AND
BURCLOVER,.
MOVE HEROTO FIELD
NO. 3.
FIELD NO.( B.
OCT.1S. MOVE THE HERD TO FIELD
NO.2.
PERMANENT
FIELD NO.3.
CORN.
COWPEAS:
CATTLE WILL BE FREE
OF TICKS BY DEC. 20.
BETWEEN THIS DATE
AND. FEBR.15 MOVE-THE
HERO TO FIELD NO.+
'
l
!
)
(
t
PASTURE.
FIELO NO. 4:
COTTON.
RYE AND
WINTER LEGUMES.
MAR.I.MOVE THE HERD
TO FIELOQ NO. IA.
FIELD .NO.1 A.
jUULY |. MOVEHERD TO PASTURE NO.! 8B.
I KEEP ALL ANIMALS OUT OF THIS
\FIELD UNTIL MAR.I, WHEN IT. WILLBE
\FREE OF TICKS.
Fic. 2.—Plan for freeing cattle and pastures from ticks by rotation, requiring eight
pasture.
vested is reserved for this purpose.
Bermuda grass, and bur clover.
from the original pasture, field No. 1, to field No.
months.
.
The oat field (field No. 4) after the grain has been har-
It should be sown in cowpeas,
The herd is moved October 15
2, where it may be
499 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
kept for a month or two, or until the feed becomes short, then moved
to field No. 3, where it is kept until February 15, when it is moved
to the new pasture, field No. 4. The old pasture may be planted in
oats. The drainage should be from field No. 4 toward field No. 2.
FIELD NO.2. FIELD NO.3. FIELD NO.4-
CORN. COTTON FOLLOWED OATS,
COWPEAS. BY CRIMSON CLOVER, VETCH, COW/PEAS,
BUR CLOVER OR RYE. BERMUDA,
8BVR CLOVER.
MOVE THE HERD FROM FEBR. 15, MOVE THE HERD BECOMES THE NEW
THIS series TO FIELD TO FIELD NO. FASTURE.
3.
FIELD NOI.
PASTURE.
OCT. 15. MOVE HERD TO FIELD NO.2.
PLANT IN OATS ANO FOLLOW WITH COWPEAS.
Fic. 3.—Plan for freeing cattle and pastures from ticks by rotation, requiring four
months, with new pasture.
The feed-lot or soiling method, requiring four and one-half
months.—In the plan given in figure 4 the feed-lot or soiling method
is made use of to free the cattle of ticks. In the spring field No. 3B,
located near the farmyard, is sown in corn for a soiling crop. The
area devoted to corn should be sufficient to supply feed for the herd
TEXAS FEVER. 493
for five or six weeks. Field No. 3A, after the oats are harvested,
should be sown in sorghum and cowpeas or millet and cowpeas, and
should be large enough to furnish feed for the herd until November
1. These fields should not have had cattle on them for at least 10
months.
FIELD NO.4-
CORN.
COWPEAS.
et NO3A. FIELD NO.3B.
DRILLED CORN FOR SOMING CROP
OAT:
SoRGH UM AND COWPEAS.
MILLET AND COWPEAS.
| he is ee JULY ASHE JUL MOVE
NOU, RETURN HERD TO PASTURE. Thre waite oT \eaae To te
FIELD NO3A NO.3. NO. 2.
FIELD NO.2.
OTTON.
COWPEAS.
FIELD NO.1.
appeltie
JUNE 15. MOVE HERD Te
KEEP ALL. ANIMALS OUT OF THIS FIELD OINTIL Nou. 1, WHEN IT WILL.
BE FREE OF TICKS.
Fic. 4.—Plan for freeing cattle and pastures from ticks by rotation; feed-lot or soiling
method.
Prior to June 15 three lots, each large enough to accommodate
the herd, are fenced off in field No. 3B. These lots should not be
on a stream, and the drainage should be from field No. 3A toward
field No. 3B. There should be a space of 15 feet or more between
the lots. On June 15 the herd is moved to lot No. 1, and afterwards
494 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
to lots Nos. 2 and 3 at intervals of 20 days. After the cattle have
spent the required time in lots Nos. 1 and 2, if it is found after a
careful examination made by some one familiar with such work that
the cattle are free of ticks, they may be turned directly into field
No. 3A. If they are not free they should be placed in lot No. 3
until they are free, or, if this can not be determined with certainty,
until 15 or 20 days more have elapsed, which will be much longer
than necessary for all ticks to drop during July and August.
If desirable, the corn in each lot may be cut and removed before
the cattle are placed in it. As soon as possible after the cattle are
removed from a lot the female ticks and eggs present on the ground
should be plowed under and the ground along the fence sprayed
with crude petroleum or some other disinfectant to prevent any seed
ticks which may hatch from getting beyond the area of the lot.
Another valuable precaution will be to use for feed, so far as pos-
sible, the corn opposite or in advance of the lot in which the cattle
are located, as this is less liable to harbor seed ticks.
The pasture will be free of ticks by November 1, and the cattle
may then be returned there if desired. The herd may, however, be
kept on field No. 3A as long after that date as the forage lasts, or,
in case of a shortage of feed before November 1, it may be moved
to either field No. 2 or 4, provided one of them is ready for pastur-
age. These fields may be used for fall and winter pasturage in any
way that may be found desirable.
DIPPING, SPRAYING, AND HAND DRESSING.
Ticks upon cattle may be destroyed by using various “ tickicides,”
such as oils, arsenic, etc. These may be applied in three ways,
namely, by hand, by the use of spray pumps, and by means of the
dipping vat.
Hand application is practicable only when a few animals are to be
treated. The substances of value in this method are a mixture of
lard and kerosene, cotonseed oil, or a half-and-half mixture of
cottonseed oil and kerosene, and finally, crude petroleum. Any of
these may be applied with a mop or a good-sized paint brush, but
unless great pains are taken this method of treatment is not thor-
ough, and even at the best some portions of the body where ticks
may be located will be missed. If crude petroleum is used, care must
be observed in its application, as cattle are liable to be injured by it,
particularly in hot weather.
Spraying is advisable only in cases in which there are but a few
animals to be treated, and when impossible to obtain facilities for
dipping them. The arsenical mixture or the crude petroleum or
TEXAS FEVER. 495
emulsions of the same may be applied by means of an ordinary pail
spraying pump. (Fig. 5.)
Dipping in a vat is on the whole the best and cheapest method of
treating cattle for the destruction of ticks.
Dipping in a vat.—Farms and pastures may be freed of ticks by
treating all cattle regularly every two to three weeks with an effective
)
4 \ =<
SJ (PN eas) ‘
, ) \ \ a
——— rm , e) e ye
Ars ¥ ¥)) = OF, % &)
Ry vy) ;
\s ) NF VEY
oe
ie 7 — fe) \ > ‘)
S ey) SL | , j fy
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Fig. 4 a x oa og eo)
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a Fig. 5
A.HOEN &CO BALTIMORE
TEXAS FEVER.
PLATE XLVI.
Diseases of Cattle—U. S. Dept. of Agr.
A.HOEN &CO BALTIMORE,
Haines del.
Fig. 7
THe CATTLE TICK (MARGAROPUS ANNULATUS), THE CARRIER OF TEXAS FEVER.
Diseases of Cattle—U. S. Dept. of Agr. PLATE XLVII.
Haines del. A HOEN &CO BALTIMORE
THE CATTLE TICK (MARGAROPUS ANNULATUS).
Figs. land2 DORSAL AND VENTRAL VIEWS OF MALE.
Figs.3 and4 DORSAL AND VENTRAL VIEWS OF REPLETE FEMALE.
(GREATLY ENLARGED.)
PLATE XLVIII.
DISEASES OF CATTLE.
-FEVER TICK (MARGAROPUS ANNULATUS)
PORTION OF A STEER’S HIDE, SHOWING THE TEXAS
ORIGINAL.
NATURAL SIZE.
OF THE UNITED STATES.
PLATE XLIX.
DIisEASES OF CATTLE.
Fic. 1.—TICK-INFESTED STEER.
Fia. 2.—DiPPING CATTLE TO KILL TICKS.
PeATE ie
DISEASES of CATTLE.
‘om11] AuB 4B aSuUBYyD 0 qoafqns st wore peuluvienb ogy ‘(9T6T ‘T dy) ounue
-Ivnb Japun pur Pe4soyUrL Yor ureuror svar Pepeyqs ‘sunuvienb WOIF Pesvafal pus syor WOdIF Peery Used sey Yormya 10311104 AOYS OUI, aq}
MOTO SBOIVOITTAA “906T Uf UONBOIpeIe yoy JO FLOM 9] Jo SUTUUTSeq 2) 98 worn P9}sdJUr-Yor} ayy Jo Arepunog oy}
3JTLLVD 4o YSA354 SVX31 HLIM G3LO34N] NOIS3y SNIMOHS SALVLS G3L1INM) SHL 4o dV
ngs GI
Y
So .
eooeeeree
_
a eae
Ss
TEXAS FEVER. 505
In consequence of the enforcement of these quarantine regulations,
Texas fever has been practically prevented in the noninfected dis-
tricts for several years, and little or no hardship has been caused to
stockmen handling cattle from the infected areas. Prior to the
adoption of these regulations the tick-infested district was rapidly
extending northward, but since the quarantine line was established
and rational regulations enforced it has gradually been moved farther
south. This problem of still further reducing the infested area is of
the greatest importance to the cattlemen of the South—in fact, to
those on both sides of the line—and one which is receiving special
consideration by this department as well as by many of the interested
States.
TICK ERADICATION.
Systematic cooperative work by the Federal Government and the
affected States for the eradication of the cattle ticks which transmit
Texas fever was begun in the summer of 1906 under authority given
by Congress in the appropriation act for the Department of Agricul-
ture. The first Federal appropriation for the fiscal year ended June
30, 1907, was $82,500, and for the fiscal year 1908 an appropriation
of $150,000 was made, then for several years $250,000, and this has
been increased to $388,800 for 1916. Funds have also been provided
by States and counties.
The original infected area amounted to 728,543 square miles. Of
this territory there has been released from quarantine as a result of
the work above mentioned 284,521 square miles (up to April 1, 1916).
In other words, 38 per cent of the area has been freed from ticks
in a little over nine years.
Great improvement has already resulted from this work in the
released territory. More cattle are being raised, and a better grade
of breeding stock is being introduced; calves grow faster, and cattle
put on flesh more rapidly during the grazing season and go into the
winter in better condition because of the absence of the ticks; they
can be marketed without quarantine restrictions, and higher prices
are being obtained; dairy cows give a larger yield of milk; and
values of farm lands are enhanced.
The difference between the prices realized for cattle from the tick-
infested region and the prices of cattle of similar grades from above
the quarantine line ranges from $2.25 to $5 a head at the principal
northern live-stock markets, without taking into account the im-
provement in quality and weight of cattle because of the eradication
of the ticks. As from 800,000 to 1,000,000 cattle from the quarantined
area are annually sold in these markets, it can easily be seen that the
extermination of the ticks means an annual increase of at least
$3,000,000 in the prices obtained for southern cattle sold in northern
506 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
markets. In addition to this, the increase in prices of cattle sold
locally in the South would represent a large sum. This local increase
has already been found to amount to from $3 to $15 a head in the
territory recently freed from ticks. An agricultural official of one
of the Southern States reports that calves in the tick-free area bring
just double the prices that can be obtained for similar calves in the
tick-infested region.
Heretofore it has been impracticable to improve the quality of
southern cattle by introducing fine breeding animals from other sec-
tions, because such animals were liable to contract Texas fever and
die unless protected by inoculation. Furthermore, it is impossible
for animals to attain good growth and to thrive when they are
heavily infested with ticks. With the eradication of the ticks, how-
ever, the southern farmers are enabled to introduce good breeding
animals and to improve the grade of their stock.
There is no longer any doubt that it is entirely practicable to
exterminate the ticks throughout the entire region, and the accom-
plishment of this result will be of tremendous economic advantage
not only to the South but to the whole country. The rate of progress
depends mainly on two factors—the amounts appropriated by the
Federal and State Governments, and the cooperation of the people.
CHRONIC BACTERIAL DYSENTERY.
Chronic bacterial dysentery is a chronic infectious disease of
bovines caused by an acid-fast bacillus simulating the tubercle
bacillus and characterized by marked diarrhea, anemia, and emacia-
tion, terminating in death.
Recently this disease has been observed in the United States for
the first time by Pearson in Pennsylvania cattle, and later by Mohler
in Virginia cattle, and in an imported heifer from the island of
Jersey at the Athenia quarantine station of the Bureau of Animal
Industry.
The former has proposed the name chronic bacterial dysentery for
this affection, and it has also been termed Johne’s disease, chronic
bacterial enteritis, chronic hypertrophic enteritis, and chronic bovine
pseudotuberculosis enteritis by various European investigators. The
disease was first studied in 1895 by Johne and Frothingham in Dres-
den, but they were inclined to attribute to the avian tubercle bacillus
the cause of the peculiar lesions of enteritis which they observed. In
1904 Markus reported this disease in Holland, and subsequently it
was observed in Belgium, Switzerland, Denmark, and Great Britain.
Cause—The bacillus, which has been invariably demonstrated in
the intestinal lesions and mesenteric lymph glands in this disease, is
a rod about 2 to 3 microns long and 0.5 micron wide. It stains more
or less irregularly, like the tubercle bacillus, and moreover the simi-
CHRONIC BACTERIAL DYSENTERY. 507
| larity goes further, in that the organism is also strongly acid-fast,
which facts led Johne and Frothingham to surmise that the disease
was caused by avian tubercle bacilli. However, it has now been
plainly demonstrated that the bacillus of chronic bacterial dysentery
is readily distinguished from the latter organisms, for while it resem-
bles the tubercle bacillus in form and staining qualities, no one has
succeeded in growing it in culture media or in reproducing the dis-
ease by injecting experiment animals.
Symptoms.—Probably the first symptom noticed is that the animal
is losing condition despite the fact that its appetite is good and the
food nourishing. This is soon followed by a diarrhea which, while
moderate at first, soon becomes excessive and may be either irregular
or persistent, the feces being of the consistency of molasses and passed
frequently. In the meantime the hair becomes dry and harsh and
the animal falls off considerably in weight. The temperature, how-
ever, remains about normal. The appetite does not seem to be greatly
impaired until the last few weeks of life, but nevertheless emaciation
continues, the animal becomes more and more anemic, great mus-
cular weakness and exhaustion are manifested, and death follows,
apparently as the result of the persistent diarrhea and great emacia-
tion. The disease may continue for four or five weeks or may last
for a year, or even longer, before death intervenes.
Lesions.—The lesions observed on post-mortem are remarkably
slight and are out of all proportion to the severity of the symptoms
manifested. The disease appears to start in the small intestines, es-
pecially in the lower portion, where the lesions are usually the most
marked, but it also involves the large intestines, including the rectum.
The mucous membrane may alone be affected, although usually in the
long-standing cases the submucosa is also invaded and the entire
intestinal wall is then much thicker than normal and the tissue
infiltrated with an inflammatory exudate. The mucous membrane
or inside lining membrane is markedly wrinkled or corrugated,
showing large, coarse folds with more or less reddening or hemor-
rhagic patches or spots on the summits of the ridges, especially
noticeable in the large intestines. The mesenteric lymph glands are
usually somewhat enlarged and appear watery on section. The other
organs do not appear to be affected except from the anemia present
in the later stages of the disease.
Differential diagnosis.—The principal disease with which bacterial
dysentery may be confused is tuberculosis, but the application of the
tuberculin test will readily diagnose the latter disease, while no reac-
tion will be noted in case the injected animal is suffering with the
former affection. The disease may also be mistaken for the parasitic
affections resulting from stomach worms (verminous gastritis) and
intestinal parasites, especially uncinariasis, but a microscopic exami-
508 DISEASES OF CATTLE,
nation of the feces is necessary in order to establish definitely the
diagnosis.
Treatment.—As with all other forms of infectious disease, it is
advisable to separate immediately the diseased and suspected cattle
from the healthy animals. The feces passed by the former animals
should be placed on cultivated soil where healthy cattle will not
be exposed to them, as the bacilli producing the disease are readily
found in such manure. The stalls, stables, and barnyards should
also be thoroughly disinfected, as has been described under “ Tuber-
culosis,” in this chapter, special attention being given to those places
which have been soiled by feces. The administration of medicines
has thus far been quite unsatisfactory, although treatment should be
directed toward disinfecting the intestines with intestinal antisep-
tics, such as creolin in 2 teaspoonful doses twice daily or tannopin in
1 dram doses twice daily, and strengthening the animal by the use
of stimulants such as strychnin in half-grain doses given twice daily
hypodermically. Salol, turpentine, or subnitrate of bismuth in a
starch or wheat-flour gruel may also give temporary relief, but the
diarrhea is likely to reappear and cause the death of the animal. In
all cases the feed must be carefully selected to assure good quality,
and should consist preferably of nutritious dry feed.
NAGANA.
Nagana, also called tsetse-fly disease, is an infectious fever occur-
ring chiefly in horses and cattle, characterized by alternating par-
oxysims and intermissions and produced by a specific flagellate proto-
zoan (Trypanosoma brucet) in the blood. It is probably transmitted
from animal to animal solely by the bites of the tsetse fly. This
insect is something like a large house fly, and when it settles on a
diseased animal, sucks the blood and infects its proboscis, it is enabled
on biting a second animal to infect the latter by direct inoculation.
This disease is found throughout a large portion of central and
southern Africa, along the low-lying and swampy valleys. It has
never occurred in the United States, nor is it known to be present in
the Philippines, but its relation to surra and the possibility of its
appearance in one of our island dependencies are the reasons for
including a few remarks at this time.
Symptoms.—tThe chief symptoms in addition to the fever, which is
usually about 104° to 105° F., are the muscular wasting, progressive
anemia, and loss of power, together with the edema most marked
about the head, legs, abdomen, and genital organs. -The urine is
yellow and tubid, and occasionally contains albumin and _ blood.
There is paralysis of one or both of the hind legs, difficult urination
and defecation, labored breathing, discharge from the eyes and nose,
extreme thirst, and gradual extension of paralysis to other parts of
NAGANA—CATTLE FARCY. 509
the body. The disease runs a chronic course, lasting from three to
six weeks in horses, and from one to six months in cattle. Besides
these animals, the mule, ass, buffalo, antelope, hyena, camel, and.
dog contract the disease naturally, and sheep, goats, cats, and small
laboratory animals succumb to artificial inoculation.
Lesions—The spleen and lymphatic glands are enlarged. There
are sero-fibrinous exudates in the body cavities, the liver is enlarged
and engorged, heart flabby, and a catarrhal condition is present in
the respiratory passages. Pathological changes occur in the spinal
cord. The finding of the trypanosoma by microscopic examination
of the blood will be conclusive evidence for diagnosis.
Treatment.—Treatment has not proved satisfactory. Quinin,
arsenic, methylene blue, and other drugs have been used, but with-
out success. Endeavors thus far made to produce immunity from
this disease have likewise been unavailing.
CATTLE FARCY.
This is a chronic disease of cattle occurring in France and the
island of Guadeloupe, West Indies. It is characterized by caseating
nodular swellings, first of the skin and afterwards of the superficial
lymphatic vessels and glands, finally proving fatal within a year by
extension to the viscera. The swellings rupture and discharge a
purulent yellowish fluid, which contains the causative organism.
This affection, called farcin du boeuf by the French, resembles cuta-
neous glanders or farcy of horses, but is caused by an entirely
different organism, the streptothrix of Nocard. Moreover, cattle are
immune from glanders, and for this reason the name, unfortunately
applied to this disease, should not lead to any confusion with the
cutaneous glanders or farcy of horses. Although the disease has been
described as occurring only in Guadeloupe and France, the pos-
sibility of its occurrence in American possessions warrants its men-
tion in this chapter.
Treatment.—Treatment consists in making incisions into the swell-
ings and syringing them out with 2 per cent compound cresol solution.
The cavities may then be packed with cotton, soaked in 5 per cent
zine chlorid solution. The swollen lymphatics may also be bathed or
covered with cloths wrung out in this solution.
OTHER INFECTIOUS DISEASES.
The following are also infectious diseases of cattle, a discussion of
which will be found in previous chapters:
Page.
Contagious abortion_____________ pelea We es > fn, Ue a eiroaiersinrs 165
White’ Seour Of) CHlivesit fees ei! orgies fh eal fron oh pepe eet pe ets 259
Infectious ophthalmias (pink eye). 8. ag ee 343
THE ANIMAL PARASITES OF CATTLE.
By B. H. Ransom, Ph. D.,
Chief of Zoological Division, Bureau of Animal Industry.
The animal parasites of cattle comprise more than a hundred
different species, belonging to various groups of the animal king-
dom. Fortunately not all these parasites occur in this country—
many are uncommon, and many are comparatively harmless. Some
forms, however, occur frequently, and some are of distinct impor-
tance to the American stockman on account of the damage for which
they are responsible. It is these parasites particularly which will
be referred to in the present article, and although some forms are
discussed which are rare or apparently of little economic importance,
most of the minor and unusual parasites and species not found in
this country have been omitted from consideration.
FLIES.*
Of the various species of flies which infest cattle some are inju-
rious on account of the annoyance, pain, and loss of blood due to
their bites, and sometimes also on account of diseases or parasites
which are thus transmitted from the blood of diseased animals to
that of healthy cattle, while others, which in the winged adult state
do not bite, are injurious because they live parasitic on cattle during
their larval stages.
Remedies for flies.2—Most remedies used for protecting cattle
from the attacks of flies have to be applied frequently, and few, if
any, will keep flies away for more than a day or two following their
application. The numerous proprietary fly repellents to be found
on the market are usually more expensive, and often less efficacious
than homemade mixtures.
At the Minnesota experiment station rancid lard 1 pound and
kerosene one-half pint, mixed thoroughly until a creamy mass forms,
was found to give excellent results as a fly repellent, lasting for two
or three days, when rubbed not too thickly with a cloth or with the
bare hand over the backs of cows. Mixtures of cottonseed oil and
1further information may be found in a very full report on ‘Insects Affecting
Domestic Animals,’ issued as Bulletin 5, new series, of the Bureau of Entomology of this
department.
2Purther information on fly repellents may be found in Bulletin 131 of the Department
of Agriculture.
510
ANIMAL PARASITES OF CATTLE. 5k
pine tar containing from 10 to 50 per cent of the latter substance
were found by investigations in the Bureau of Animal Industry to
have a marked repellent action against flies when applied lightly
every day. A too free application of tar mixtures and other prepara-
tions containing phenols is liable to cause poisoning; hence care
should be observed in this regard.
Jensen (1909) recommends the following formula, which is said
to protect cows for a week:
Common Marmdry sonpe st VA SE ab shoe ee Ue os 1 pound.
Wai tere pees eee ee ee TOT) La se pers yd Tce 5 4 gallons.
Crude npereol erie «levee Ate A bh pie opm aw ied i at 1 gallon.
I @ yc erecta sa py lathe ee a gt 4 ounces.
Cut the soap into thin shavings and dissolve in water by the aid of
heat; dissolve the naphthalin in the crude oil, mix the two solutions,
put them into an old dasher churn, and mix thoroughly for 15
minutes. The mixture should be applied once or twice a week with
a brush. It must be stirred well before being used.
THE STABLE FLY (STOMOXYS CALCITRANS).1
This fly very closely resembles the house fly, but, unlike the latter,
it is a biting fly. It is common about stables and often enters
dwellings, especially in cloudy weather. According to Noé, it is the
agent of transmission of a parasitic roundworm of cattle (Setaria
labiato-papillosa, see yp. 534). This fly has been shown capable
of transmitting anthrax from diseased to healthy animals, and under
some conditions it may transmit surra, a disease caused by a blood
parasite which affects horses, cattle, and other live stock.
The annoyance suffered by cattle and horses from stable flies is
much lessened if the stables are darkened.
The screening of doors and windows, however, is preferable, as
ventilation is not interfered with as it is in darkening stables. For
milch cows coverings made from burlap (double thickness), includ-
ing trouserlike coverings for the legs, may be used when the flies are
very numerous and troublesome. One of the fly repellents men-
tioned above may be applied to cattle to protect them from stable
flies. The Hodge flytrap fitted to the windows of dairy barns is a
useful means of destroying stable flies.
The stable fly breeds in moist accumulations of straw, chaff, cow
or horse manure, and various fermenting vegetable substances. The
débris collecting in and under outdoor feed troughs, and the remains
of straw stacks are favorable breeding places for the stable fly.
Under the most favorable conditions about three weeks are required
for development from the egg to the adult stage.
1 For further information consult Farmers’ Bulletin 540.
519 DISEASES OF CATTLE,
THE HORNFLY (LYPEROSIA IRRITANS).*
This fly, now found nearly everywhere in the United States, was
introduced into this country from Europe about the year 1885.
Hornflies have the habit of clustering about the base of the horn
(fig. 7), whence the name by which they are popularly known. They
do not damage the horn, and congregate there only to rest.
In view of the general practice of dehorning cattle, the name horn-
fly is less distinctive than it once was. Moreover, hornflies rest on
other parts of the body as well as the horns.
When resting, their wings are held down close to the body (fig. 6) ;
when feeding, their wings are held out nearly at right angles, ready
for flight. They puncture the skin and suck blood, usually attacking
the upper parts of the body,
particularly those which
are out of reach of the ani-
mal’s head or tail. Unlike
most flies, they remain on
the animal more or less con-
stantly, day andnight. Ow-
ing probably to the irrita-
tion and annoyance caused
by these flies, cattle often
do not thrive as they should
during seasons when the
flies are numerous. The
hornfly has also been
charged with transmitting
diseases, such as anthrax.
The fly lays its eggs in
freshly dropped cow ma-
Fic. 6—Hornfly (Lyperosia irritans) in resting posi- nure. They hatch in about
tion. Enlarged. (From Bureau of Entomology.)
24 hours, and the larve or
maggots in four or five days develop to the pupal stage, which lasts
a week or 10 days. From the pupal stage the mature fly emerges.
The entire process of development from the deposition of the egg to
the appearance of the mature fly therefore may be completed in two
weeks, cr even in a shorter time. To protect cattle from attacks
of the hornfly they may be treated with one of the remedies men-
tioned above (p. 510). Dipping cattle in a vat provided with splash-
boards set at the proper angle destroys most of the hornflies present
on the animals. Unless the splashboards are used all but a few of the
flies succeed in escaping as the cattle plunge into the bath and later
1 For further information consult Circular 115 of the Bureau of Entomology.
ANIMAL PARASITES OF CATTLE. 5138
return to them. Scattering the droppings of cattle with a shovel, or
with brush dragged over pastures, in order to insure the rapid drying
‘
Fic. 7.—Hornflies (Lyperosia irritans) on cow horn. (From Bureau of Entomology.)
of the manure and consequent destruction of the larve, is, when
practicable, an efficient means of reducing the number of these flies.
BUFFALO GNATS.
These small flies, also known as black flies, are about one-eighth of
an inch long and have a characteristic “humped” back (fig. 8).
They breed in running water and
appear in swarms during spring and
summer, otten in enormous numbers,
causing great annoyance to stock and
human beings, on account of their
bites and their entrance into the eyes,
nose, mouth, and other openings of
the body. Their bites appear to be
poisonous and in seasons especially
favorable to the gnats heavy losses of
horses and cattle often occur.
Buffalo gnats are more trouble-
some in bright, sunny weather than
when it is cloudy, and animals which
have not shed their winter coats suf-
fer more from their attacks than
those with smooth coats. Cattle kept
in darkened stables are not molested.
The application of one of the fly re- Fic.8.—Buffalognat. Enlarged. (Krom
= Bureau of Entomology.)
pellents already mentioned (p. 510)
will help to protect animals from buffalo gnats. The burning of
smudges is also a useful means of protecting stock from the attacks of
these flies.
33071°—16——_33
514 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
SCREW WORMS.
Screw worms (fig. 9) are the maggots of a fly (Chrysomyia macel-
laria), so called from their fancied resemblance toa screw. The adult
fly (fig. 10) is about one-third of an inch long, with a bluish-green
body, red eyes, and with three dark longitudinal stripes on the
back (thorax). Attracted by odors of decay it deposits its eggs,
300 to 400 at a time, in cuts, sores,
castration wounds, etc. The crush-
ing of a tick on the skin commonly
results in screw-worm infection at
that point. The eggs hatch in a
———
Fic. 9.—Screw worm (larva of Chry-
somyia macellaria). Enlarged. few hours and the larve or mag-
(Bepm pare sat BOR ney gots, or so-called screw worms, be-
gin to burrow into the flesh and continue burrowing and feeding
from three to six days, after which they leave the wound and crawl
into the earth, there transforming into the quiescent pupal stage.
After this stage has lasted for one to two weeks, the mature fly
appears. From two to three weeks are therefore required for the
entire life cycle, although under certain conditions it is possible
for the fly to undergo its full de-
velopment in as short a time as
nine days.
Besides cattle, the screw-worm
fly attacks sheep, horses, dogs, and
man. In the case of hogs it is gen-
erally the ears which are affected.
The fly also breeds in dead ani-
mals, and all carcasses should
therefore be buried deeply or
burned.
Treatment for screw worms.—
For proper treatment an animal
suffering from screw worms should
be caught and thrown. Chloro- Fic. 10.—Screw-worm fly (Chrysomyia
form should be poured into the ee Se ae ea
wound, taking care that it pene-
trates thoroughly into all the burrows of the screw worm, if necessary
using a slender stick or a small bunch of twisted hay asa probe. The
animal should be held for several minutes in order to insure the con-
tinued action of the chloroform. Instead of chloroform, gasoline may
be used. Finally the wound should be dressed with a carbolic or
cresylic ointment to promote healing and thus prevent further infec-
tion, or the wound may be painted with pine tar. Dipping in the
arsenical dips used for destroying cattle ticks is a convenient method
of treatment if many animals are involved.
ANIMAL PARASITES OF CATTLE. 515
GRUBS, WARBLES, BOTS.
The common parasites known as grubs, warbles, bots, etc. (fig 11),
found under the skin of the backs of cattle, where they form more or
less conspicuous lumps during the latter part of winter and spring,
are the larve of a fly known as the heel fly or warble fly. This fly
(Hypoderma lineatum) is about one-half inch long, very hairy, and
somewhat resembles a small black bee. The flies appear early in the
cee ema cemeetnabenatmentene ne meet
-
Fic. 11.—The warble fly (Hypoderma lineatum) : a, adult female; b, eggs attached to a
hair, X 25; ce, larva as seen in egg; d, larva from esophagus of an ox; e, next stage of
larva from beneath the skin of the back; f, larva at the stage when it leaves the back
of cattle and falls to the ground—all enlarged (after Riley).
summer and are more or less prevalent until the beginning of cold
weather. They deposit their eggs on the skin of cattle, fastening
them to the hairs. The eggs are often deposited on the heels above
the hoofs, hence the name “ heel fly.” .
Although the flies are unable to bite, cattle seem to be much afraid
of them, and often at their approach make violent efforts to escape,
sometimes falling over precipices or becoming mired in water holes
in the course of their headlong flight.
516 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
As a result of recent studies by various investigators it appears
that the tiny grubs, newly hatched from the eggs, may gain entrance
to the body by penetrating directly through the skin. Many ob-
servers, however, have held that the eggs or newly-hatched larve
are taken into the mouth by the cattle licking themselves. It is
possible, as in the case of several other parasites, that both modes of
infection may occur and that the larve may gain entrance to the
body either by penetrating the skin or by being swallowed. From
the evidence at present available it seems likely that the usual mode
of entrance is through the skin. Irrespective of the mode of infec-
tion, the larvae evidently wander extensively through the tissues of
the body, developmental stages being found in considerable numbers
in the wall of the esophagus during the fall of the year. They have
also been found in the spinal canal and in various other locations.
Finally, about January they appear beneath the skin of the back,
forming the well-known swellings. The posterior end of the grub is
near the small opening in the hide, through which the grub breathes
and discharges its excrement, and through which, when its develop-
ment is complete, it finally escapes. The anterior end of the grub is
at the bottom of the tumor, where the mucus collects upon which it
feeds. By spring or early summer the grub is full grown and forces
its way out of the skin, falling to the ground, into which it burrows
for a short distance and transforms into the pupal stage. In about a
month the mature fly emerges.
Tt has lately been discovered that a second species of warble fly
(Hypoderma bovis) common in Europe is of not uncommon occur-
rence in Canada and the northern part of the United States, whereas
it was formerly supposed that the ox warbles of this country were
all of the one kind. The general appearance, life history, and effects
of the European species are much the same as those of the American
form.
Grubs weaken cattle, cause them to fall off in flesh and milk, and
decrease the value of the hide. The beef in the immediate vicinity
of a grub becomes slimy and of a greenish color, and is known to the
butchers as “ licked beef.”
The total loss to this country on account of the warble fly is esti-
mated at $35,000,000 to $50,000,000 a year, at the least, and may
amount to considerably more.
Treatment for warbles—During the winter and spring examine
the cattle for the presence of warbles. By passing the hand over the
backs of the animals the swellings marking the location of the grubs
may be readily found. Pressure properly applied to the swellings
will cause the grubs to “ pop out” if they have reached a late stage
of development. They may be more easily removed by means of
ANIMAL PARASITES OF CATTLE. 517
slender forceps inserted into the opening of the warbles, and a still
more certain method of removing them, particularly if the lumps are
still very small, is to cut into the swellings with a sharp knife or
bistoury, after which they may be pressed out. Care should be taken
to crush all grubs removed, so as to prevent the possibility of their
further development and transformation into flies. In order that
none may escape it is advisable to examine the cattle every two
weeks during the late winter and spring, at each examination remoy-
ing the grubs which have developed sufficiently to cause perceptible
swellings.
Another method of treatment is to force grease or oil into the open-
ings of the warbles, which kills the grubs. This method is less cer- ©
tain than that of removing the grubs, and has the further objection
that the dead grubs remain beneath the skin.
Cattle may be treated during the summer with fly repellents (p.
510) to keep off warble flies. The efficacy of repellents against these
flies is probably, however, not very great.
In localities where the character of the cattle industry is such as
to render practicable the systematic examination of cattle and the
removal of the grubs—that is, where the herds are comparatively
small and subject to the close supervision of the owners—it is pos-
sible, by the exercise of a little care and with very little effort on the
part of the cattle owners, provided they work together, each doing
his share by seeing to the removal of grubs from his own cattle, so
that as few as possible survive to transform into flies, to reduce the
number of grubs within one or two seasons almost, if not entirely, to
the point of extinction.
Investigations not yet completed indicate that grub eradication
may be accomplished by the use of arsenical dips, which are exten-
sively used at the present time for destroying cattle ticks. (See
page 473.) It is not unlikely that the destructive action of arsenical
dips upon warbles is more or less dependent upon the fact that
arsenic is stored up in small quantities in and upon the skin of cattle
that are repeatedly dipped in arsenical dips. The arsenical dip ap-
pears to act, not upon the well-developed grub beneath the skin, but
upon the eggs or the newly-hatched larve, probably the latter. Ac-
cordingly the dipping of cattle to destroy grubs should be carried
out during the fly season and repeated treatments should be given
every two or three weeks, as in dipping cattle to eradicate ticks.
LICE.*
Cattle are affected by three species of lice, two of them sucking
lice (Haematopinus eurysternus, the short-nosed cattle louse. and
Linognathus vituli, the long-nosed cattle louse), commonly known
1¥or further information see Bulletin 5, new series, Bureau of Entomology.
518 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
as blue lice, and one biting louse (77richodectes scalaris), commonly
known as the red louse.
The blue lice (figs. 12 and 13) suck the blood of cattle and are more
injurious than the red lice (fig. 14). Unless very abundant the latter
cause little injury. If numerous they irritate
and worry their host probably more by their
sharp claws than by their bites, as their food
seems to consist entirely of particles of hair and
dead skin. :
Cattle lice reproduce by means of eggs or nits
(fig. 15) which they fasten to the hair. The blue
lice infest chiefly the neck and shoulders; red lice,
when present, may be found almost anywhere on
the body, but are usually most numerous on neck,
shoulders, and at the root of the tail.
On account of the itching caused by the lice,
Fic. 12—Short-nosea infested cattle rub against posts, trees, etc., and
asia (Hema Jick themselves, the hair sometimes coming out
opinus eurysternus ) F : i
of cattle, Enlarged, and the skin becoming thickened so that mange
(From Bureau of may be suspected.
Entomology.) sd %
Treatment for lice-—Cattle infested with lice
should be dipped in the spring and again in the fall, using a cresol or
nicotin dip (see p. 521), or.Beaumont oil emulsion (see p. 522). The
arsenical dip (see p. 473) is also another remedy which may be effect-
ively used against lice. When possible a
second dipping should be given after the
lapse of 10 to 14 days, and in some cases
several treatments may be necessary before
the lice are brought under control. The
dips mentioned are, as a rule, more effica-
cious against lice than lime-sulphur dip.
Though lime-sulphur is an excellent mange
remedy, it is less satisfactory for lice, espe-
sially blue lice. If only a few cattle are to
be treated the dip may be applied with a |
brush or cloth, or with a small spray pump, ric. 13.—Long-nosed blue
or a mixture of kerosene one-half pint and — use (Linognathus vituli)
of cattle. Enlarged. (From
jard 1 pound may be smeared on the body. Buréau of Busomolosy.)
MANGE, ITCH, SCAB.’
Cattle are subject to four kinds of mange, of which common mange
or psoroptic mange is the most important.
1Ffor a fuller discussion see Farmers’ Bulletin 152, issued by the United States De-
partment of Agriculture.
|
ANIMAL PARASITES OF CATTLE. 519
PSOROPTIC MANGE.
Psoroptic mange of cattle is caused by small mites (fig. 16) which
multiply rapidly and are spread from diseased to healthy cattle
by bodily contact, or by pens, stables, railroad cars, etc., recently
occupied by mangy cattle. The mites attack
the skin and cause it to become thickened and
covered with crusts and scabs, with a conse-
quent loss of hair. Intense itching accom-
panies the disease, and affected cattle are
more or less constantly rubbing and licking
themselves. Psoroptic mange commences at
the root of the tail, or on the neck, or withers,
and gradually extends over the back up to
the head, over the sides, and may finally af-
fect nearly the entire body except the legs.
In serious cases the skin may become ulcer-
ated; the animals are greatly weakened and
emaciated, and finally die. By taking scrap-
ings from the edges of scabby patches and
placing them on a piece of black paper in a
warm place the mites may be seen as tiny
white objects crawling over the paper, more Fig. 14.—Red louse (Tricho-
distinctly if a magnifying glass is used. Hees sosturts) “of cattle.
sae : . Enlarged. (From Bureau
Mange may be confused with lousiness, ring- quimiafomolozy.)
worm, or with any condition in which there
is itching or loss of hair, but if mites are found there is no question
of the diagnosis. The disease is worse during cold, wet weather.
Mangy cattle, when on good pasture during the summer often seem
to recover, but in the fall the disease again
appears in a severe form.
Treatment.—The most generally used and
most satisfactory method of treating cattle
mange consists in dipping the animals in a
vat filled with a liquid of such nature that
it will kill the parasites without injuring
the cattle. Vats for dipping cattle are built
,. of wood, stone, or concrete, and vary in
Fic. 15.—Hgg of short. length from 30 to 100 feet or more. They
Siich ge Golan vary in width from 3 to 7 feet at the top,
tached toa hair, Enlargea, 2040 13 to 3 feet at the bottom, and the depth
(From Bureau of Ento- may be from 7 to 10 feet. A narrow chute
on through which the cattle are driven leads
to one end of the vat, where a steep slide pitches the cattle into the
dipping fluid, through which they swim, and climb out of the vat at
the other end, which is built sloping and provided with cross cleats to
520 DISEASES OF CATTLE,
give the animals a foothold. A draining pen with floor sloping back
toward the vat is generally provided. The dip should be used warm,
100° to 105° F., and the cattle should be held in the vat for two
minutes to insure thorough action of the dip. The head of each
animal should be ducked at least once. Care should be taken that
the vat contains a sufficient depth of fluid to swim the animals to
be dipped. The dip-
ping fluid may be
heated from a steam
boiler by pipes or
hose, or water heated
in large iron caul-
drons or tanks may
be used for charging
the vat, and _ hot
water with a proper
quantity of dip
added from time to
time as the dipping
fluid becomes cool.
The vat for use in
tick eradication (de-
scribed in Bureau of
Animal Industry
Circular 207) if sup-
plied with heating
facilities may be used
in treating cattle for
mange, but should
be of greater length
a if many cattle are to
Fic. 16.—Mite which causes psoroptic scab of sheep— be treated.
enlarged about 100 times. The mite of psoroptice cattle .
mange is almost identical in appearance. Gi Beaumont oil
emulsion is used, one
treatment will be sufficient and the dip may be used cold. Beaumont
oil and similar crude petroleums, however, are difficult to obtain and
are rarely used. With other dips two treatments are required, the
second treatment being given 10 days after the first. The second
treatment is necessary to kill the few parasites which sometimes escape
at the first treatment, either in the egg stage or as fecundated females.
LIME-SULPHUR DIP.
The lime-sulphur dip is made in the proportion of 12 pounds of
unslaked lime (or 16 pounds of commercial hydrated lime—not air-
a et ME el —
ANIMAL PARASITES OF CATTLE. 53T
slaked lime), 24 pounds of flowers of sulphur, and 100 gallons of
water.
Directions for preparing 100 gallons of dip—Weigh out the lime,
12 pounds (or hydrated lime, 16 pounds), and sulphur, 24 pounds.
Place the unslaked lime in a shallow, water-tight box similar to a
mortar box, or some other suitable vessel, and add water enough to
slake the lime and form a lime paste or lime putty. Sift into this
paste the flowers of sulphur and stir well; then place the lime-sulphur
paste in a kettle, boiler, or tank containing 30 gallons of water, the
water being first heated nearly to the boiling point. Boil the mixture
for two hours at least, stirring frequently; add water occasionally
-to maintain the original quantity. Allow the mixture to settle in the
tank or draw the entire contents of the kettle or boiling tank into a
large tub or barrel placed near the dipping vat and provided with a
bunghole about 4 inches from the bottom, and then allow ample time
to settle—from two to three hours or more if necessary. .When fully
settled, draw off the clear liquid into the dipping vat, taking care
not to allow any of the sediment to accompany it, as the sediment is
liable to render the dip unnecessarily caustic. The clear liquid thus
obtained only requires the addition of.sufficient clear warm water to
bring the total up to 100 gallons. Flowers of sulphur must be used.
and the lime must be of good quality.
The dipping bath should be used at a temperature of 100° to 105°
F., and for official dippings must be maintained at all times at a
strength of not less than 2 per cent of “sulphid sulphur” as indi-
cated by the Bureau of Animal Industry field test for lime-sulphur
baths.
NICOTIN DIP.
The nicotin dip is made with sufficient extract of tobacco, or
nicotin solution, to give a mixture containing not less than five
one-hundredths of 1 per cent nicotin and 2 per cent flowers of sul-
phur. Sufficient nicotin would therefore be furnished for 96 gallons
(about 800 pounds) of dip by 1 pound of a 40 per cent solution of
nicotin. The formula for this dip would be: Nicotin, four-tenths of
a pound; flowers of sulphur, 16 pounds; water, 96 gallons.
To calculate how much nicotin solution or extract of tobacco
should be used for 96 gallons of water, divide the quantity of nicotin
required in the dip by the proportion of nicotin in the extract. For
example, suppose the nicotin solution contains 25 per cent nicotin,
we have 0.40—0.25=1.6. Therefore in this case it would require 1.6
pounds of nicotin solution for the 96 gallons of dip. Or, if a tobacco
extract is used, having for example 2.4 per cent of nicotin, the for-
mula would be as follows: 0.40—0.024=16.66, and therefore 16.66
pounds would be required for 96 gallons of dip. Do not use any
529 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
preparation the strength of which is not given on the outside of the
package.
In preparing these dips the nicotin solution and sulphur should
be mixed together with water before adding them to the water in the
dipping vat. On no account should the dip be heated above 110° F.
after the nicotin solution is added, as heat is liable to evaporate the
nicotin and weaken the dip.
For official dippings the dipping bath should be used at a tem-
perature of 100° to 105° F. and at all times must be maintained at
a strength of not less than five one-hundredths of 1 per cent nicotin
as indicated by a field test approved by the Bureau of Animal In-
dustry.
A homemade nicotin dip may be prepared as follows:
For each 100 gallons of dip desired, take 21 pounds of good, pre-
pared tobacco leaves; soak the leaves in cold or lukewarm water
for 24 hours in a covered pot or kettle; then bring the water to near
the boiling point for a moment, and, if in the morning, allow the
infusion to draw for an hour; if in the evening, allow it to draw
overnight; the liquid is next strained (pressure being used to extract
as much nicotin as possible from the wet leaves) and diluted to 100
gallons per 21 pounds of tobacco. This dip should be used as fresh
as possible, as it contains a large amount of organic material which
will soon decompose.
BEAUMONT OIL EMULSION.
Directions for making 100 gallons—Dissolve with the aid of heat
5 pounds of hard soap (ordinary laundry soaps are satisfactory) in
5 gallons of soft water; to this solution add 20 gallons of Beaumont
crude petroleum or a similar oil, mixing with a spray pump, or
otherwise, in a thorough manner. When properly prepared the con-
centrated emulsion will stand indefinitely without any tendency
toward a separation of the oil and water, and can be diluted in any
proportion with cold soft water. To make a 20 per cent emulsion
add to the concentrated emulsion sufficient soft water to bring the
total up to 100 gallons, keeping the whole mass thoroughly agitated.
Oil emulsions are no longer permitted for official dippings of
cattle. In view of the difficulty in obtaining suitable oils, and the
occasionally severe effects upon cattle, particularly in very cold or
very warm weather, their use is not advisable except under excep-
tional circumstances.
CHORIOPTIC MANGE.
Chorioptic mange, due to a species of mite different from that caus-
ing common cattle mange, is confined almost entirely to the region at
ANIMAL PARASITES OF CATTLE. 528
the root of the tail and if not treated may persist for years. The
treatment is the same as for psoroptic mange.
SARCOPTIC MANGE.
Sarcoptic mange is caused by a mite very similar to that which
causes itch in human beings. It commonly affects the head and neck,
but may also occur on various other parts of the body. Bulls are
particularly liable to be affected with this form of mange. Cattle
may become infected not only from other cattle, but also from per ses,
goats, dogs, sheep, and. hogs.
The treatment is the same as for psoroptic mange.
DEMODECTIC MANGE.
Demodectic mange, which is caused by a small parasite that lives
in the hair follicles, causing pustules, especially on the neck and
shoulders, occurs occasionally among cattle in this country and is of
importance on account of the injury to the hide. When tanned, hides
infested by this parasite are pitted, the pits, in some cases, being
so deep that they form holes. No practicable treatment is known
for this disease.
TICKS.’
About 10 species of ticks have been reported as parasites of cattle
in the United States. The most common and most important is
the species known as Margaropus. annulatus, which transmits Texas
fever. Information concerning this tick and Texas fever has been
given elsewhere in this volume (p. 478).
The spinose ear tick (Otobius megnini or Ornithodoros megnint)
is frequently found in the ears of cattle in the western part of the
United States, and is of common occurrence also in the ears of horses,
dogs, cats, etc.
When its parasitic stage of development is completed the ear tick
leaves its host. Mating between the sexes occurs after the ticks have
cast their skins following the abandonment of their host. They
usually crawl up some distance from the ground and secrete them-
selves in cracks and crevices in trees, walls of buildings, etc., where
the females deposit their eggs.
After the eggs hatch, the larval ticks, which emerge from them,
when they succeed in finding a host, enter the ears and gradually
develop to the stage at which they are ready to leave the host animal.
The females may live several months, or even years, if they do not
find mates. After mating they may deposit their eggs intermit-
1For a more complete discussion consult Farmers’ Bulletins 569 and 498, Bulletins
130 and 152 of the Bureau of Animal Industry, and Bulletins 15, technical ‘series, 72
and 106 of the Bureau of Entomology, all issued by the United States Department of
Agriculture.
524 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
tently. Hatching of the eggs may occur as early as 10 days after
deposition. The larve may live for 80 days without a host. The
parasitic period has been observed to vary from about two to about
seven months.
Treatment.—On account of their protected location, ear ticks are
not likely to be affected by dipping or spraying. Ear ticks are very
difficult to kill, and remedies efficacious against them are liable to
injure the cattle. The parasites may sometimes be expelled by pour-
ing into the ear noninjurious substances, such as cottonseed oil, lin-
seed oil, 20 per cent emulsion of crude petroleum, or almost any
stock dip diluted as for use in dipping, but usually the results of
treatment are unsatisfactory. Some stock owners report favorable
results from arsenical dip (p. 496) poured into the ears.
BLOODSUCKERS OR LEECHES.
These worms are sometimes taken up by cattle when drinking from
ponds. They may attach themselves’ to the inner surface of the
mouth or nose, and sometimes reach the upper part of the windpipe
-or of the gullet. Bleeding at the mouth or nose may be noticed, the
membranes where the leech is attached are liable to be swollen and
congested, and as a result of the loss of blood a condition of anemia
may result.
Treatment.—\f the worm can be reached it may be destroyed by
cutting it in two with a pair of scissors, or it may be removed with
forceps or with the fingers after wrapping a towel around the hand
so that the worm can be held without slipping. Fumigation with
tobacco or tar may cause the worm to release its hold if it can not be
removed by other means. Ponds may be rid of infestation with
bloodsuckers by the introduction of eels.
PARASITES OF THE STOMACH.
The stomach of cattle consists of four compartments, of which the
first and fourth are most likely to be the seat of parasitic infestation.
The first stomach, or paunch, contains large numbers of minute para-
sites known as protozoa, which are too small to be seen with the
naked eye. These small organisms aparently are in no way injuri-
ous. A species of fluke (Paramphistomum cervi or a closely related
species) is occasionally found in North American cattle, especially
erass-fed cattle, attached to the inner surface of the first stomach
(fig. 17). This worm is about one-half inch long, and somewhat
conical in shape; hence the name, conical fluke, by which it is some-
times known. Although this parasite has been accused of producing
serious effects, it is generally considered harmless.
ANIMAL PARASITES OF CATTLE. 525
Several species of roundworms may occur in the fourth stomach.
Two of these are of special importance.
THE TWISTED STOMACH WORM (HAZMONCHUS CONTORTUS).
The twisted stomach worm (Hemonchus contortus, figs. 18, 19,
20) is sometimes found in enormous numbers in the fourth stomach
of cattle. Sheep, goats, and other ruminants may also be infested
with it. Among the symptoms caused by
this parasite may be mentioned anemia, loss
' of flesh, general weakness, dullness, capri-
cious appetite, excessive thirst, and diar-
rhea. The anemic condition is seen in the
paleness of the skin and mucous membranes
of the mouth and eye, and in the watery
swellings which often develop under the
lower jaw .(“ poverty jaw”). If the fourth . :
stomach of a dead animal is cut open and yy. 17.—Portion of the wall
the contents carefully examined, the para- of the first stomach. with
: E : : : conical flukes attached.
sites, which are from 4 inch to 14 inches in
length and about as thick as an ordinary pin, may be seen, if present
in any considerable number, actively wriggling about like little
snakes,
Cattle become infected with these parasites by grazing on pastures
on which infested cattle, sheep, or goats have grazed and scattered
their droppings. The worms in the stomach produce a multitude of
eggs (fig. 19¢) of microscopic size, which pass out of the body in
the feces. In warm weather these eggs hatch in a few hours. If
the temperature is below 40° F., they remain
4 ea. dormant, and if below freezing, they soon die.
The eggs are also killed by dryness; moisture,
et on the other hand, favoring their development.
Fic. 18.—Twisted stom- The larve which hatch from the eggs are mi-
aoe nena Hemenchus croscopic in size, and, like the eggs, are, at first
contortus). Outlines
showing natural size and until they have developed to a certain
female (above) and stage, very susceptible to freezing and drying.
In very warm weather the larve complete their
development, so far as they are able to develop outside the body, in
two or three days. In cooler weather the time required for this devel-
opment is longer, and at temperatures below 70° F. 10 days to several
weeks may be necessary. The larve are then ready to be taken into
the body. The eggs and early stages of the larve apparently do not
develop if swallowed, and only the completed larval stage seems to
be infectious. In this stage the larve migrate up grass stalks (fig.
20) or other objects, showing activity whenever the air is saturated
526 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
with moisture; that is, during rains, fogs, and dews. When the air
becomes dry and the moisture evaporates from the grass the young
worms cease their activity, resuming their migrations when the air
again becomes overladen with
moisture. Larvez which have
developed to the infectious
stage, unlike the eggs and
early larval stages, are able
to survive long periods of
freezing and dryness. In two
weeks to a month after the
embryos are swallowed they
reach maturity and begin
producing eggs.
Preventive treatment.—
Preventive measures are im-
portant. As moisture favors
the development of the em-
bryos, high sloping ground is
preferable for pastures. If
low ground is used, it should
be properly drained. The
pasture should not be over-
stocked. Burning over the
pasture will destroy most of
the young worms on the grass
and on the ground, and this
means of disinfection under
certain circumstances may be
very advantageously used.
The herd should be changed
to fresh pasture as often as
possible. Cattle should be
supplied with water from
wells, springs, or flowing
streams, preferably in tanks
Fie. 19.—Twisted stomach worms (Hemonchus Or troughs raised above the
ae ean Miele (8), female, (0), amd cee (0). sreund, - To, a claheaanmes
salt serves to protect cattle
against infection with internal parasites, and plenty of it should
therefore be kept accessible.
Affected animals should be isolated from the rest of the herd in
hospital pens or pastures. A plentiful supply of nourishing feed is
an important factor in enabling cattle to withstand the attacks of
stomach worms and other intestinal parasites. The stabling of cattle,
ANIMAL PARASITES OF CATTLE. 527
with the maintenance of clean and sanitary surroundings and lib-
eral feeding, will often stop losses from internal parasites, even
though no medicinal treatment is given.
Medicinal treatment.—In dosing animals
for stomach worms it is advisable to treat
not only the animals which are seriously
affected, but the rest of the herd as well,
since the parasites with which they are in-
fested will remain as a source of reinfection
to the others. The cattle should be removed
to fresh pasture after treatment, if possible.
The animals to be treated should be de-
prived of feed for 12 to 16, or even 24, hours
before they are dosed, and if the bluestone
treatment is used should receive no water on
the day they are dosed until several hours
after dosing. In drenching, a long-necked
bottle or a drenching tube may be used. In
case the former is used the dose to be given
may be first measured off, poured into the
bottle, and the point marked on the outside
with a file, so that subsequent doses may be
measured in the bottle itself. A simple form
of drenching tube (fig. 21) consists of a piece |. 39 tarva of twisted
of rubber tubing about 3 feet long and one- stomach worm (Hemon-
half inch in diameter, with an ordinary tin ee ae
‘funnel inserted in one _iarged.
end and a piece of
brass or iron tubing 4 to 6 inches long, of suit-
able diameter, inserted in the other end. In
use the metal tube is placed in the animal’s
mouth between the back teeth, and the dose-is
poured into the funnel, which is either held by
an assistant or fastened to a post. The flow
of liquid through the tube is controlled by
pinching the rubber tubing near the point of
union with the metal tube. It is important
not to raise the animal’s head too high on ac-
Olmn.
Fic. 21.—A drenching tube made from an ordinary tin funnel, a piece of rubber
hose, and a piece of brass pipe.
count of the danger of the dose entering the lungs. The nose should
not be raised higher than the level of the eyes. The animal may be
dosed either standing on all fours or lying on the side.
528 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
The position on all fours is preferred by some authorities, who be-
lieve that more of the remedy is likely to reach the fourth stomach
when the animal is dosed standing than when dosed in other posi-
tions,
Great care should be used in dosing to prevent the entrance of the
liquid into the lungs, and in the preparation and administration of the
remedy to avoid getting the solution too strong or the dose too large.
Bluestone, or copper sulphate, has been extensively used in South
Africa in the treatment of sheep and cattle for stomach worms and
is recommended by the colonial veterinary surgeon of the Cape Col-
ony as the best and safest remedy. To prepare the solution take 1
pound (avoirdupois) of pure bluestcne, powder it fine and dissolve
in 94 gallons of warm water. It is better first to dissolve the blue-
stone in 2 or 3 quarts of boiling water, then add the remaining quan-
tity of cold water, and mix thoroughly. This solution may be given
to cattle in the following-sized doses:
OiihnGsper assis. . Sees Sere see ee eee 34 to 4 ounces.
DAT eS: Ss eee ee! See eee ere a 6 ounces.
Twye=\Vear-Olds ind Overs. 2 == =2 = Se 12 to 16 ounces.
The doses for sheep are as follows:
lGamanseaa sNenunS Ol 32> Se eee eee $ ounce.
[aMPSsGnMmoOunicmOl O22 eee oe ee ee 14 ounces.
Sheep.12° mouthspold "+ 12) See eae ee 2% ounces.
SheepstS-months. old 2st: este Eee 3 ounces.
Sheep; 24 months oldses=5=. == 2-4) jy oie ee 384 ounces.
In making up the solution only clear blue crystals of bluestone
should be used. Bluestone with white patches or crusts should be
rejected. It is especially important
that the bluestone and water be accu-
rately weighed and measured, and
that the size of the dose be graduated
according to the age of the animal.
The special value of medicated salts
advertised under various trade names
as preventives against worms is prob-
lematical. Commonly they contain
little else than ordinary salt, the other
Fic. 22.—Piece of lining of fourth substances being in such small quan-
stomach, showing cysts of the en- : , :
cysted stomach worm (Ostertagia tity that their therapeutic effect is
eee) practically negligible. Definite evi-
dence that they are more efficacious than plain salt is not yet avail-
able and their use is not recommended.
THE ENCYSTED STOMACH WORM (OSTERTAGIA OSTERTAGI).
This parasite is as thick as a fine hair and less than half an inch in
length. It lives in small cysts ine the wall of the fourth stomach —
(fig. 22) and is also found free in the cavity of the stomach. When
ANIMAL PARASITES OF CATTLE. 529
numerous, these parasites cause a thickening of the stomach wall and
disturb its digestive functions. The symptoms caused by this para-
site are very similar to those produced by the twisted stomach worm.
The life history of the encysted stomach worm is not known in detail,
measures as recommended
above for preventing in-
fection with the twisted
stomach worm should be
used. Medicinal _ treat-
ment would seem to be of
little use, owing to the
protected position in
which the parasite occurs.
INTESTINAL PARASITES.
TAPEWORMS.
Two species of tape-
worms (fig. 23) are known
to occur in the small in-
testine of American cattle.
They sometimes grow to a
length of several yards
and to a breadth of three-
fourths of an inch. Small
portions of tapeworms,
consisting of one or more
segments, are occasionally
seen in the droppings of
infested cattle. The life
history is not known, but
the infectious stage is un- 4
doubtedly taken in with re. 23a tapeworm (Moniezia planissima) which
the feed or water, infec- ee
tion being spread by the eggs of the parasite contained in the feces
of infested animals. The eggs are perhaps swallowed by some small
creature (an insect, worm, or snail) which acts as an intermediate
host, and which when accidentally swallowed by a cow while grazing
or drinking carries with it into her stomach the infectious stage of
the tapeworm.
Adult cattle do not seem to suffer much from infestation with
tapeworms, but in calves these parasites may cause scouring and
emaciation.
33071 °—16——34
530 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
Treatment.—Medicinal] treatment for tapeworms in cattle is usually
unsatisfactory, but the bluestone treatment used for stomach worms
and mentioned above (p. 528) may be tried. Arsenic in doses of 14 to
3 grains has been claimed to give good results in the treatment of
calves for tapeworms.
ROUNDWORMS.
A large roundworm (Ascaris vitulorum) measuring 6 to 12 inches
in length, sometimes found in the intestines of cattle, especially
calves, may cause inflammation and occasionally rupture of the
intestine. Infection occurs through the swallowing of the eggs of the
parasite in feed or water which has been contaminated with the feces
of infested cattle.
A number of species of small roundworms, varying in size from an
eighth of an inch to an inch or more in length, occur in the intestines.
Of these may be mentioned the hookworm (Bunostomum phleboto-
mum) and the nodular worm (@sophagostomum radiatum). The
former is about an inch long and is found in the small intestine. The
latter are somewhat smaller and are found in the cecum and large
intestine. Hookworms, when numerous, may cause anemia and
other symptoms similar to those caused by stomach worms (see p.
525). The injury to the mucous lining of the intestine from the bites
of hookworms may cause severe inflammation, and affords an avenue
of infection with the germs of various diseases. The adult nodular
worms apparently do not attack the wall of the intestine, but derive
their nourishment from the intestinal contents. Several species of
small, very slender roundworms (7 richostrongylus), less than a
quarter of an inch in length, sometimes occur in the small intestine
and fourth stomach, and a severe gastroenteritis, or inflammation of
the stomach and intestines, has been attributed to them.
Nodular disease of the intestine, due to young nodular worms
which burrow in the intestinal wall during a certain stage in their
- life history, sometimes apparently produces serious effects, particu-
larly in young cattle, but commonly has little or no perceptible inftu-
ence on the general health. It, however, often renders the intestine
unfit for use as sausage casings, and as it is widely prevalent among
cattle the loss from this source is considerable. The greenish or-
yellowish nodules with cheesy contents are frequently mistaken by
the inexperienced for lesions of tuberculosis.
The life histories of the various small roundworms occurring in
the intestines of cattle, so far as they have been worked out, are
very similar to that of the twisted stomach worm as described on
page 525.
ANIMAL PARASITES OF CATTLE. 531
Treatment for intestinal roundworms.—The preventive measures
are similar to those recommended in the case of the twisted stomach
worm (p. 526). Medical treatment is generally not very satisfac-
tory. Powdered thymol, in doses of 200 grains or more, has been
recommended, but it often fails to have the desired result. It is
asserted by one author that 2 or 3 drams of rectified empyreumatic
oil in a mucilaginous emulsion, followed the next morning with a
purgative of 1 to 14 pounds of sulphate of soda, will expel the large
roundworms (Ascaris vitulorum).
PROTOZOA.
A number of species of protozoa have been reported as parasites of
the intestines of cattle. To one species has been attributed a serious
disease of cattle in Switzerland known as red dysentery, but so far
no cases of this disease in American cattle have been reported.
FLUKES IN LIVER AND LUNGS.
Two species of flukes occurring in the liver and lungs are known
to affect cattle in the United States. These parasites are flat, leaf-
like worms; one of them, the common liver fluke
(Fasciola hepatica, fig. 24), is less than an inch in si
length, while the other, the large American fluke ——
(Fasciola magna, fig. 25),is considerably larger when ,,. 94 Tne com-
full grown. In their life history these flukes depend — mon liver fluke
on snails as intermediate hosts. Ata certain stage = Rene el
of development the young flukes leave the snails,
become encysted on stalks of grass (fig. 26), or fall into drinking
water, and finally may be swallowed by cattle. Stiles writes as
follows:
Flukes may produce a serious, often fatal, disease, more especially in younger
animals. The symptoms are somewhat similar to those produced by worms in
the stomach. The first symp-
toms are generally overlooked,
the disease not attracting at-
tention until the appetite is
diminished; rumination be-
comes irregular, the animals
become hidebound, and the
coat dull and staring. The
staring coat is due to the.
contraction of the muscles of
the hair follicles. The visible mucous membranes become pale, eyes become
dull, there is running at the eyes, and the animal gradually becomes emaciated.
As the disease advances the milk supply is lessened, fever appears, there is
generally great thirst, but the appetite almost ceases; edematous swellings
appear on the belly, breast, etc.; diarrhea at first alternates with constipation,
Fic. 25.—The large American fluke (Fasciola magna).
532 , DISEASES OF CATTLE.
but finally becomes continuous. The disease lasts from two to five months,
when the most extreme cases succumb.
Most of the German cattle are said to be infested with liver flukes, but even
when a large number are present the nourishment of the cattle is not dis-
turbed. Thickening of the gall ducts, so that a so-called “ Medusa’s head”
forms on the surface of the liver toward the stomach, appears in even well-
nourished animals; even in cases of a cirrhosis of the liver it is seldom that
any effect upon the cattle’s health can be noticed, and so long as a portion of
the liver tissue about twice the size of the fist remains intact, the nourish-
ment of the animal may be comparatively good. It is rare that one sees a
generalized edema in slaughtered cattle as a result of fluke invasion, and even
in the heaviest infections of young cattle only emaciation is noticed.
Treatment.—Medicinal treatment is unsatisfactory. The disease may be
prevented to a considerable extent by giving animals plenty of salt, and by
introducing carp, frogs, and
toads into infected dis-
tricts; these animals de-
stroy the young stages of
the parasite and feed upon
the snails which serve as
intermediate hosts.
The drainage of wet
pastures and the avoid-
ance of swampy lands
for grazing purposes
are important measures
in the prevention of
fluke diseases.
Railliet and others
Fic. 26.—Portion of grass stalk bearing three encysted have recently recom-
cereariz of the common liver fluke (Fasciola hepatice). yy ended the application
Enlarged. :
of lime to fluky pas-
tures, having discovered that very weak solutions are destructive not
only to fluke embryos but to snails. This application is to be made
during the summer months at the rate of about 500 to 1,000 pounds
of lime per acre. The same authors also recommend for the treat-
ment of fluke disease extract of male fern in doses of 5 grams to
each 30 kilograms of body weight. Apparently, however, satisfac-
tory results from this treatment are not always obtained.
TAPEWORM CYSTS OF LIVER AND OTHER VISCERA.
Three kinds of tapeworm cysts are found in the viscera of cattle.
“One of these (Multiceps multiceps, or Canurus cerebralis) will be
further referred to in the discussion of gid (p. 533). All these are
the intermediate stages of tapeworms, which live when mature in the
intestines of dogs, wolves, and other canines. The eggs of the tape-
worms are scattered over the fields in the droppings of infested dogs
or wolves, 2nd when swallowed in food or water by cattle hatch out
ANIMAL PARASITES OF CATTLE. joo
and the embryos migrate to the liver, mesentery, lungs, brain, or
other organs, where they develop into cysts, variously known as
hydatids, bladder worms, water balls, etc. When organs of cattle
thus infested are eaten by dogs or wolves the cystic worms are also
lable to be swallowed and then develop into mature tapeworms. To
prevent cattle from infection with these parasites stray dogs, wolves,
and coyotes should be killed wherever found, and dogs too valuable to
kill should be kept free from tapeworms. As a precaution against
infection with tapeworms, the viscera of cattle, sheep, or hogs should
not be fed to dogs unless cooked.
Hypatips (chinococcus granulosus) form tumors (fig. 27) of
varying size (sometimes as large as 6 inches in diameter) in the
Fie. 27.—Hydatids (Hcehinecoccus granulosus) in portion of hog’s liver.
liver, lungs, and other organs. Their contents are liquid, resembling
water. The presence of these parasites can not be detected in the
living animal and there is no medicinal treatment for them. Or-
gans containing hydatids should be destroyed by burning in order to
prevent their being eaten by dogs. This is especially important, as
dogs infested with the tapeworm stage of this parasite are a menace
to human beings on account of the danger of infecting them with
hydatids, which develop in man if the eggs of the Prd tapeworm
are swallowed.
THIN-NECKED BLADDER WoRMS (7 wnia hydatigena, fig. 28) are most
commonly found attached to the mesentery and omentum. There is
no medicinal treatment.
Gip.—Bladder worms (Multiceps multiceps, or Caenurus cerebralis),
which are occasionally found in the brain of cattle and cause gid,
534 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
“turnsick,” or “staggers,” deserve mention, as they are rather com-
mon among sheep in the northwest. As already alluded to, these
worms are the intermediate stage of a tapeworm found in dogs, and
their life history and the means of preventing infection have been
briefly discussed above (see p. 532).
Cattle harboring this parasite show symptoms indicating an affec-
tion of the brain, walking or turning in circles, dizziness, uneven
gait, impaired vision, etc.
Treatment consists in trephining the skull and removing the para-
site, an operation which requires a skillful operator and is frequently
unsuccessful. Unless the parasite is removed affected cattle almost
invariably die.
TAPEWORM CYSTS IN THE MUSCLES, BEEF MEASLES.*
Small tapeworm cysts (T@nia saginata), about the size of a pea,
found in the muscles of cattle are the larve of the common tapeworm
of man. Cattle become infected from feed or
water which hasbeen contaminated by the feces
of persons harboring the adult tapeworms, and
human beings in turn become infected by eating
raw or rare beef infested with the larval stage
(measly beef).
To prevent cattle from becoming infested with
this parasite care should be taken that human
feces are not placed where they will contaminate
ete eee, the feed or drinking water.
hydatigena) from ab- This parasite is very common in cattle in the
aie ates ofa United States, at least 1 per cent being infested.
As a result considerable loss is entailed through
condemnations of beef carcasses by meat inspectors, because of the
presence of tapeworm cysts. All this loss could be avoided and
the danger of tapeworm infestation in human beings from this
source could be removed by the observance of proper precautions in
disposing of human excreta. At the same time much sickness and
many deaths from diseases (hookworm, typhoid fever, etc.) caused by
soil pollution would be prevented, and farm life would be rendered
much safer than under the poor sanitary conditions which are re-
sponsible for the high percentage of tapeworm cysts among cattle
in the United States.
THREAD WORMS IN THE ABDOMINAL CAVITY.
Thread worms (Setaria labiato-papillosa) 2 to 4 inches long are
frequently found in the abdominal cavity. They seem to cause little
or no trouble. The embryos produced by these worms enter the
1For further information consult Bureau of Animal Industry Circular 214.
ANIMAL PARASITES OF CATTLE. 535
blood vessels. According to Noé, they are spread from one animal
to another by stable flies (see p. 511). The roundworms found oc-
casionally in the anterior chamber of the eye (see p. 536) are per-
haps immature forms of this species which have reached this location
during their migration.
LUNG WORMS.
Lung worms (Dictyocaulus viviparus, fig. 29) in cattle are thread-
like worms 2 to 4 inches long, found in the bronchial tubes and
_ producing a condition known as verminous bronchitis. The life
history of the parasite is not fully known, but infection is evidently
derived through the medium of pastures where infested cattle have
grazed. In the later stages of the disease the cattle cough, especially
at night. Young cattle are more seriously affected than old animals.
Treatment for lung worms.—Various treatments have been advo-
cated for lung worms, including fumigating with different substances
and injections of remedies into the
trachea by means of a large hypo- leg SAl a
dermic syringe or by a special
spraying apparatus, but none has
been very successful from a prac- ee ee et
tical standpoint. About all that
can be done 1s to feed affected ani- Fie. 29.—Lung worm (Dictyocaulus vivi-
mals well and protect them from ri) of atte.” Outlines showing nat
exposure, removing them from the
pasture and keeping them in dry yards or stables maintained in a
cleanly, sanitary condition.
The methods of prevention in general are similar to those described
under the discussion of the twisted stomach worm (p. 526).
PARASITES OF THE BLOOD.
Certain flukes (Schistosoma bovis and related species) which live
in the blood vessels (the large veins) of cattle in tropical and sub-
tropical countries cause bloody urine and diarrhea, the feces being
mixed with blood. These parasites have not yet been discovered in
the United States, although the natural conditions are such in some
parts of the country that they are liable to become established if
introduced.
The embryos of Setaria labiato-papillosa (p. 534) which occur in
the blood may be found by microscopical examination. They ap-
parently cause no trouble.
The organism which causes Texas fever is a protozoan parasite
(Piroplasma bigeminum) of microscopic size, which lives in the blood
536 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
and attacks the red blood corpuscles. For a discussion of this para-
site and the disease which it produces see page 473 of this volume.
Other parasites which live in the blood cause serious diseases known
as surra and nagana (p. 508), but as yet neither of these diseases has
gained a foothold in the United States.
PARASITES OF THE EYE.
Small roundworms, one-third to four-fifths of an inch in length,
may occur in the ducts of the lacrimal glands. Several species all
belonging to the same genus (Zhelazia) are known. They some-
times escape from their usual location and may be found on the sur-
face of the eyeball beneath the lids, or even in the eyeball. It has
been supposed by some writers that the worms seen in the interior
of the eyeball (“snakes in the eye”) are immature stages of Setaria
labiato-papillosa (see p. 5384) which have gone astray from the normal
course of their migration, but the correctness of this supposition is
uncertain.
Worms in the eyes and lacrimal ducts may cause inflammation, in
which case the eyes may be syringed with an antiseptic, such as a
weak solution of coal-tar stock dip, and iodoform ointment applied
if the condition is severe.
When worms are present in the eyeball itself, their removal de-
pends upon surgical treatment, usually not advisable, as the worms im.
that location either cause but little trouble or disappear without
treatment.
re ee a
MYCOTIC STOMATITIS OF CATTLE.
By JoHn R. Mouter, V. M. D.,
Assistant Chief, Bureau of Animal Industry.
INTRODUCTION.
Numerous letters have been received by this bureau in recent years
relative to the existence of a disease affecting the mouths and feet of
cattle in certain Eastern and Central Western States. Later reports
indicate that the malady has made its appearance in the Southwest,
where it has caused much alarm among the stockmen owing to its
similarity to the foot-and-mouth disease of Europe. The disease,
which is to be discussed under the name of mycotic stomatitis, has
been carefully investigated by this department on various occasions,
and it is with the view of giving the results of these clinical investi-
gations as well as to assert its noninfectiousness and to differentiate
it from the virulent foot-and-mouth disease, which it so closely simu-
lates, that this article is prepared.
NAME AND SYNONYMS.
The name stomatitis signifies that there is present in the affected
animals an inflammation of the mucous membrane of the mouth.
This inflammation, which quickly develops into ulcers, is one of the
principal and most frequently observed lesions. Mycotic stomatitis
refers to that form of stomatitis which results from eating food con-
taining irritant fungi. Thus the name not only suggests the cause of
the disease, but also indicates the location of the earliest and most
prominent symptoms. Other names which have been applied to this
disease by different writers are sporadic aphthe; aphthous stoma-
titis; sore mouth of cattle; sore tongue; benign, simple, or noninfec-
tious foot-and-mouth disease; mycotic aphthous stomatitis; and
sporadic stomatitis aphthosa. .
CHARACTER OF THE DISEASE.
Mycotic stomatitis is a sporadic, or noninfectious, disease which
affects cattle of all ages that are on pasture, but more especially
milch cows. It is characterized by inflammation and ulceration of
the mucous membrane of the mouth, producing salivation and in-
appetence, and secondarily affecting the feet, which become sore and
swollen. Superficial eresions of the skin, particularly of the muzzle
537
538 DISEASES OF CATTLE,
and of the teats and udders of cows, may also be present, with some
elevation of temperature and emaciation.
CAUSE.
This disease, as its name indicates, results from the eating of forage
containing fungi or molds. It is probable that more than one fungus
is involved in the production of this disease, but no particular species
has been definitely proved to be the causative factor. Several at-
tempts have been made by the writer to determine the exact cause
and also to transmit the disease to other animals by direct inocula-
tion, but with negative results. Suspicion, however, has been directed
by various observers to the Uromyces and the red and black rusts
that occur on clovers. These fungi cause very severe irritation of the
lining membrane of the mouth, producing sometimes a catarrhal, at
other times an aphthous, and occasionally an ulcerous stomatitis.
The fungus of rape, etc. (Polydesmus excitiosus), is very irritating to
the mouths and feet of cattle, causing severe inflammation and in
some instances producing symptoms that have been mistaken for
foot-and-mouth disease. The fungi (Penicillium and Puccinia)
found on grasses have also been credited with the production of
stomatitis. The fact that this disease disappears from a locality at
a certain time and reappears at irregular intervals would suggest the
probability that certain climatic conditions were essential for the
propagation of the causative fungi, since it is well known that the
malady becomes prevalent after a hot, dry period has been followed
by rain, thus furnishing the requirements necessary for the luxuriant
development of molds and fungi. Owing to this fact the disease is
observed in one locality during one season and in an entirely dif-
ferent section another year, but reappears in the former center when
favorable conditions prevail. In this way the affection has occurred
at irregular intervals in certain sections of both the United States
and Canada.
SYMPTOMS AND LESIONS.
Among the first symptoms observed in mycotic stomatitis are
inability to eat, suspension of rumination, frequent movements of
the lips with the formation of froth on their margins, and in some
cases a dribbling of saliva from the mouth. There is a desire to eat,
and frequent attempts to take food are made, but. prehension is very
difficult. If, however, feed is placed on the back of the tongue, it is
readily masticated and swallowed. If the mouth is examined at this
time, it will be found red and hot, and exceptionally small blisters
will be seen, which, however, quickly become eroded and develop into
active ulcers varying in size from one-eighth to 1 inch in diameter.
Where several ulcers have coalesced a large and irregularly indented
MYCOTIC STOMATITIS. 539
patch is formed. These erosions are most frequently found on the
gums around the incisor teeth, on the dental pad, inside the lips,
and on the tip of the tongue, but they also occur on the cheeks, inter-
dental space, and dorsum of the tongue. The ulcers have a hemor-
rhagic border, a depressed suppurating surface, and contain a brown-
ish or yellowish colored débris, which is soon replaced by granulation
tissue. As a result of this sloughing of the tissues and the retention
of food in the mouth, a very offensive odor is exhaled. The muzzle
becomes dry and parched in appearance, which condition is shortly
followed by erosions and exfoliations of the superficial layer of the
skin. Adherent brownish crusts and scabs form over the parts, and
similar lesions are seen around the nostrils and external surface of
the lips.
In some cases there are associated with these alterations a slight
swelling and painfulness in the region of the pasterns, at times
affecting the forefeet, at other times the hind feet, and occasionally
all four feet. In a few cases the swelling may extend above the fet-
lock, but it has never been observed above the knee or hock. The
skin around the coronet may occasionally beoome fissured and the
thin skin in the cleft of the foot eroded and suppurated, but without
the formation of vesicles. As a result of these feet lesions, the
affected animal may assume a position with its back arched and the
limbs propped under the body as in a case of founder, and will
manifest much pain and lameness in walking. If it lies down, the
animal shows reluctance in getting up, and although manifesting no
inclination to move about, when forced to do so there is more or
less stiffness and a tendency to kick or shake the foot as if to dislodge
a foreign body from between the claws.
In some outbreaks the milch cows have slight superficial erosions
on the teats which at times extend to the udder. The cracks in the
skin are filled with serum and form brownish-colored scabs. The
teats become tender and the milk secretion diminishes; in some cases
it disappears. A similar tendency toward the formation of fissures
and scabs on the skin of the neck and shoulders has manifested itself
in a recent outbreak in Texas, and this feature was likewise notice-
able in the disease when it occurred in Maryland and Virginia in
1889,
In mild cases only the mouth lesions may be observed, or these
alterations may be associated with one or more of the other above-
described symptoms, but in severe cases, where there is a generalized
mycotic intoxication, one animal may show all these alterations.
When the disease is well developed the general appearance of the
animal is one of great lassitude, and it either stands off by itself
with hind feet drawn under the body and its forefeet extended, or it
assumes a recumbent position. Owing to the inability to eat aad to
540 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
the general systematic disturbance present, the animal loses flesh very
rapidly and becomes greatly emaciated in the latter stages of the dis-
ease. The temperature and pulse are somewhat increased, the former
2 or 3 degrees, the latter to from 75 to 90 beats per minute. The
fever is not lasting, and these symptoms are soon modified. The
animal has an anxious look, and in a few cases there is a gastrointes-
tinal irritation, the feces being thin, of a dark color, and of an offen-
sive odor.
PROGNOSIS AND MORTALITY.
Mycotic stomatitis is not a serious disease, and in uncomplicated
cases recoveries soon follow the removal of the cause and the appli-
cation of the indicated remedies. In such cases complete restoration
“may take place within one week. In mild outbreaks a large percent-
age of the animals will recover without treatment, but that the dis-
ease is fatal is shown by the fact that animals which develop an
aggravated form of the affection succumb if not treated. In such
animals death occurs in 6 or 8 days, but the mortality in the serious
outbreaks thus far investigated has been less than 0.5 per cent. The
course of this disease is irregular and runs from 7 to 15 days, the
average case covering a period of about 10 days.
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS.
FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE.
In examining a case of mycotic stomatitis it is important not to
mistake it for foot-and-mouth disease, which has appeared in this
country on six occasions only. This may be easily accomplished by
taking into consideration the fact that in the contagious foot-and-
mouth disease there is a rapid infection of the entire herd, as well as
of any hogs and sheep that may be on the premises. It is also readily
transmitted to neighboring herds by the spread of the infection from
diseased animals, but it never occurs spontaneously. The character-
istic lesion of foot-and-mouth disease is the appearance of vesicles
containing serous fluid in the mouth and upon the udder, teats, heels,
and coronary bands of the affected animals. Drooling is profuse,
and there is a peculiar smacking sound made by sucking the affected
lips.
Mycotic stomatitis occurs sporadically on widely separated farms,
affecting only a few animals in each herd, and the lesions produced
consist of erosions without the typical vesicular formations of foot-
and-mouth disease. The failure of the vesicles, if any appear, to
spread extensively in the mouth, the absence of these blisters on
other portions of the body—notably the teats and udder, and char-
acteristically the feet—together with the absence of infection in the
herd, and the inability to transmit the disease to calves by inocula-
MYCOTIC STOMATITIS. 541
tion, distinguish between this affection and foot-and-mouth disease.
The erosions of the mouth are not so extensive and they heal more
rapidly in mycotic stomatitis. The swelling of the feet and stiffness
of the animal are also more marked in mycotic stomatitis.
ERGOTISM.
The lesions resulting from ergotism may be differentiated from
those of mycotic stomatitis by the lack of ulcerative eruptions in the
mouth and by the location of the lesions at the tips of the ears, end of
the tail, or upon the lower part of the legs, usually below the knees or
hocks. The lesions of ergotism do not take the form of ulcers or
festers, but the end of the limb affected is diseased “in toto” and the
eruption extends entirely around the limbs, followed soon afterwards
by a distinct line of demarcation between the healthy skin above and
the diseased below. The absence of suppurating sores between the
claws and on the mucous membrane of the mouth, the knowledge that
the lesion upon the limb in question extends uninterruptedly around
it, and the presence of ergotized seeds in the hay or grain fed the
animals should point conclusively to a diagnosis of ergotism.
FOUL FOOT.
In foul foot, or ground itch, of cattle, the inflammation of the skin
and toes usually affects but one foot. It begins as a superficial
inflammation followed by sloughing, ulceration, and the formation of
fistulous tracts which may involve the tendons, bones, and joints.
The mouth remains unaffected, and the presence of the disease may
be traced to filth and poor drainage.
NECROTIC STOMATITIS.
In necrotic stomatitis (calf diphtheria) there is a formation of
yellowish cheesy patches in the mouth without any lesions of the
feet or udder. It affects sucking calves chiefly, and is caused by the
Bacillus necrophorus.
TREATMENT.
The treatment of mycotic stomatitis should consist in first remov-
ing the herd of cattle from the pasture in which they have been
running. The affected animals should, if it is possible, be brought
to the barn or corral and fed on soft, nutritious food, such as bran
mashes, ground feed,and gruels. A bucket of clear, cool water should
be kept constantly in the manger, so that the animal may drink
or rinse the mouth at its pleasure; and it will be found beneficial
to dissolve 2 heaping tablespoonfuls of borax or 1 tablespoonful of
potassium chlorate in each of the first two buckets of water taken
542 DISEASES OF CATTLE,
during the day. If the animals are gentle enough to be handled,
the mouth should be swabbed out daily with antiseptic washes, such
as a 2 per cent solutign of carbolic acid or a 1 per cent solution
of lysol or of permanganate of potassium, or 1 part of hydrogen
peroxid to 2 parts of water. This should be followed by astringents,
such as one-half tablespoonful of alum, borax, or chlorate of potassium
placed on the tongue. Probably a more satisfactory method of ad-
ministering the antiseptic treatment to a large number of animals
would be to mix thoroughly 2 teaspoonfuls of pure carbolic acid
every morning in a quart of bran mash and give to each affected
animal for a period of five days. Range cattle may be more readily
treated by the use of medicated salt placed in troughs accessible to
the animals. This salt may be prepared by pouring 4 ounces of
crude carbolic acid upon 12 quarts of ordinary barrel salt, after
which they are thoroughly mixed. The lesions of the feet should
be treated with a 2 per cent solution of carbolic acid, while the
fissures and other lesions of the skin will be benefited by the
application of carbolized vaseline or zinc ointment. If the ani-
mals are treated in this manner and carefully fed, the disease will
rapidly disappear.
INDEX.
Abdomen— Page.
dropsy affecting, causes, symptoms, and treatment _________________ 47
inflammation, causes, symptoms, and treatment___________________ 222
‘of calf, dropsy, description, and treatment_______________________ 178-179
wounds, causes, symptoms, and treatment ______________________ 43
Abdominal cavity, kinds of parasites affecting____.____________________ 533
Abortion—
contagious—
GeSeription: ANG) CHUSCCHEMLELE fe Sates oleh wore ee Dee oe eee Tay 165
DECVEREION rand. CrheaianenGee aaa ee eB ee ee 168
noncontagious—
CUES 8 St ee Piven Sg) GA He beets cet id Pegi 163
THES ACCS) Ol Reem eee eres CLOSE rs Oe ee eeeers Oya es ls gate Renny AER RES or eee eae ae 165
Abscess—
DACECIIS, AC ANSI Oe aoe te dare Blas agri pleas 235
Eiiys "Tm ret) eden 0 pe ee we i SRS Ee eee ko en Oe a ee POs ee Se 353
pine” Getter) dintin) 2 ee Sone ee ee 97
RAC NCAlsSe ATG grea emen tones Ser Dye Se Vee ee ty BE te ey te 247
orbital and periorbital, symptoms and treatment__________________ 350
Abscesses—
janser in castrationsoL Gathlesare cn Den soon T + eae OF bbe wanes 298
(REGU 10 0E9 01 Ree eel aR ge oe ORS Re mene Nae net sy hers ap AW ESPE. Crentet SRS Lae 2 eee ee 293
Pea NN ID ES en CLES CPI CIN ee 2 ep epee 73
Achorion schonleinii, fungus causing Tinea favosa_____________________ 330
Acids—
mineral, poisoning, description and treatment_____________________ 58
HOIsOnIne GeSecripion and treatments. 2.22 ee ek 58
vegetable, poisonous, description and treatment____________________ 58
mconiie poisoning, description and treatment_______=__-_-.__ 63
Actinomycosis—
CLES GET Cp IY CTO BY 1G PCR way 0) ROY 0S ee es Se ee ee 438-447
ToWHOUe: JOCSCrIpWOn, ang. treatment 2-2 2222. ee 441
EERE Pe Se oN a ae ei? Ps eae ae a a A AUER eh ey DEE So 441
PECVED TOM. ANG) bEeMhMCO Gs a5 see eee Ee na 443-447
Peon otOe PIC ONCAN it ss 2. ean ee Ae Eg 445
ei DELAY E TANT been LESTE TT OY RB a a i a a Se age 308
Administration of medicines, chapter by Leonard Pearson______________ 7-11
Afterbirth, retention, causes, Symptoms, and treatment________________ 218
Air tubes, lung, parasites affecting, description and treatment_________ 535
Air under the skin, description, symptoms, and treatment______________ 302
Mb surine. Cesecription and treatment 22 119
MIP GMINMri a CeSCriprlion and. treatment. — tay)
Alkalies, poisoning, description and treatment____-____________________ 59
AIMAULOSIS. CAUSES. SYINPLOMS, and treatment. ——-2---- 346
Anaphrodisia, cause, prevention, and treatment______-__-___-___________ 147
Anasarea of the skin, causes, symptoms, and treatment________________ 3828
AINCSHME STA ISeS HIlls ODCE A LIONS sis. 287
RID GTTETT STIG gO LESY CIE C1 OTT 2 aS SRY aE ae de ra PE ar 83
PARTE TALIM OT MO CSGEIDITON- ps Se ee ee 308
Animal Industry Bureau, experiments against hemorrhagic septicemia__ 399
Animal parasites of cattle, chapter by B. H. Ransom_________________- 510-536
Animal products, poisonous, description and treatment______-_-________ 69
Anthrax—
GAISCUSYMILOMs wareatment, CLC. ose ee ees 447-456
As TaN TN MR OL SSIS TEA G1 Gy he eee nd cna ace a a gL 456
SRM are iiOMaLOm ld ChlClt saa =. eee ee SE Be 456
symptomatic, description, cause, treatment, etc_________________~- 457-462
ELETLIMETIEO OY) USteOteSelUUl a= = naa sae na a ee ee 453
544 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
Page.
Aphtha, \calt, _ +2 = SS 2 eee eee 240
tuberculosis, causing’ tuberculosis= 22 o22 ses eee 405
Back, sprain, causes and treatment2.._—- __- = >. 5s eee 268
Bacteria
CaS BDSCeSS 2222 ee eee A Ee 2, ae eee 235
CO ES 9 G1 0s Ft.) 6 ROM it cians fare eee ap ay tt gu eS pee 357
Bacterium bovis septicum, causing hemorrhagic septicemia______________ 395
Balkam countries; foot-and-mouth diseases= aS 3884
Breach— 2
Navels Symptoms and’ treatuien hae es 250
Ukelavise Corietewetsh ove Dejan er intd eit) eS eee ae ee eee 160
Breathing, suspended in young calves, discussion_________________----- 245
Bronchial) fUbes;:.PATAsites aitec ting sok ee ee 585
33071°—16 35
546 DISEASES OF CATTLE,
Bronchitis— Page.
description, symptoms, and treatment—2_L_~—~~»_3-- 8 sen 92
verminous—
description, symptoms, treatment, and prevention____.________ 98
parasite (Strongylus micrurus), CaUSC__ 22 =e Se eee 98
Brush, report of foot-and-mouth disease in man___________-_ 393
Butialo gnats; description and: remedy == 22 ee ee 513
Bullringing: methods) 20s 2 5 a ea en 289
Bulls susceptibility to (Sarcoptigaman ces) 6 ieee eo 523
Burns and (scalds; causes and treatment] 222 a eee 331
Calculi—
Classifications. Sass See oe eee Se ee ee ee 135
forms*in"difterent:situations= 2 ee a eee ee 136
in’ prepuce’or sheath; treatment] _2 022282) ae ee 142
renal; ‘description and “treatment 222 == an ee eee 137
urethral; description “and treatment==s ee eee 137
urinary—
classification =2==22 === =4228=s4eaes te Se eee 135
description and causes! =. 325s ae. ee eee 128
effect.-of different. feedss-2- +222 2222252s22252222225..880E ieee 129
Calculus—
blockine teats; treatment] 5 28 See Ree el a ee 241
Prevention*==2"— == 22 l= ==ssseS see es ee, ee 139
vesical or urethral, symptoms and treatment______________________ 140
Calf—
attention necessary at DIT Tho =" an 245
diphtheria, description, symptoms, and treatment________________ 462-467
dropsy—
general, Cause and 4heatwent. =~. ee 178
Of abdomen, description and treatment___———_*—-_ === 5" eae 178
monstrosities, descriptions, causes, and treatment_-_-___-_________ 180-182
muscles, rigid contraction, cause and treatment_______________+____ 179
Slinking? “description! ==. a= - eee ee 163
swelling; caused by gas, treatment32 2222 233 eee 179
tumors affecting, description and treatment________________- === _ = 179
Calves—
congenital’ imperfections, kinG@S2=2= 222-2 = eee 261
indigestion affecting, causes, Symptoms, and treatment_-______-____ 382
newborn, acute scouring, description, prevention, and treatment_____ 259
pyemic and septicemic inflammation, symptoms and treatment_______ 249
young—
aphtha, or thrush, affecting, description and treatment________ 231
constipation affecting, cause and treatment____________________ 201
diseases affecting, chapter by James Law____---_--__________ 245-261
rickets affecting, description and treatment____________________ 261
ulcers in mouth, causes, symptoms, and treatment_____________ 462
Calving—
dropping and palsy following, description and treatment__________~ 231
retarded Dy Mervousness2———- —-=-- pleat anredh Dnt a uCere
Sy MAP Om S) 2225 2 eer ee 2 Be ee 171
Canada, source of foot-and-mouth infection__-—______--________+-_--+_ 384
@ancer> description-and> treatment=2n 222 es ee eee 313
Capsule: eye, description == - ae eee 340
Capsules, use in administering medicines ——_-2= "22 =) _ eee 8
Carbolic-acid poisoning, description and treatment_________________-__~ 60
Carbon dioxid, formation in preparing cattle dip_.-_____---___-=--=___-_— 496
Carbuncle; description eee ee renee es 1 456
Carcinoma, .description and’ treatment 22 ess a eee 313
Caries, teeth .descriptiono 22a 4 Se eee ae eee 16
Carpus, fracture, description and treatment____-------__--_____-------=+ 279
Cartilage;-ear,- necrosis airectin S.-i Oe eee 355
Caruncula lacrimalis of eye; description 222 Sabo 1 eee eee 342
Casein concretions blocking teats, cause and treatment________------_-~ 241
Casting, the withers, causetandetreatment=— 2222322525 eee 213
INDEX. 547
Castration— Page.
(iA OTS eae Cpr Clee ee ser pa bee oat eee eee aes yan 298-299
of fémale. description. of operationives << oo baa ers et 299
Ofmale, ;deseriphionsor Operation 6 oe ok ee tt 297
Cataract, causes); symptoms, and: treatment__22 = 346
Catarrh—
deseription;symptonis;and.treatment_.. repartee eee yt 90, 91
gastro-intestinal, causes, symptoms, and treatment___________- 29, 32
malignant, description, symptoms, and treatment__________ | 467-470
nasal, description, symptoms, and treatment____________ 90
Catarrhal fever, infectious, description, symptoms, and treatment_____ 467-470
CHET no Seay per ah Gd eho 0) 0 ag 01 0 eaten eae a SR AE LSE BO hE a Be 523
Cattle—
animal parasites affecting, chapter by B. H. Ransom_________ 510-536
CUA 97 OEY SEITEN KO 471,016 ie Se eo ee fs gs 496—497
GCse ;OEnVaAccine -ASaimst anu nTex = ae ee eee eee en 455
BECHE DINOS CALC OLAS ee te ae ee i Oe te ee ra et ne 528
TALG ye OeSChiUtlLOn and, Chea Tents se toe eee seems Sth A/S) 509
Meected, Wilt lM Ga x, CESChUDLIOMN] 2 et ee eee Se ee eS 450
INTeChLOM Will SArCOpte Manse: tate. ee eee e ss Sia ee See 523
infectious diseases, chapter by John R. Mohler______ 356-509
DIES Ta OMe Wilble bape WORK ities oes ive ke we ie oe ed 534
iMjury. oy Use OL petroleum acainst ticks™ se eee 494
loss-or blood ‘by ineculations, limits of safety 2-8 we et eae 500
northern, immunization against Texas fever, manner___________ 498
Mee StLIC HOISeaseS, sDLeVENLION == ee te ee PO eee ee 510
plague. See Rinderpest.
protection trom flies, formulas for, mixtures 510-511
rabies affecting, description, symptoms, etc____._..._._ 400-404
STP PEESTUN TUT METS V id Vir el CK eae ees ee ee re een ee 482
tick, Margaropus annulatus, as carrier of Texas fever________ 478
ticks—
injurious effects of and losses caused by____________________ 479-484
MetNOdS OF TIGGINe. CALGle: Of=—S2. te ee ey ee 484498
tumors affecting, chapter by John R. Mohler____________ 301-318
Cerebral apoplexy, description and treatment_________-__-_ 104
Wereprospial division, description=2-— 2 99
happed teats: cause and treatment 2-2 32. tt 241
Charbon. See Anthrax.
Chest, dropsy affecting, description and treatment__________________ 97
Children, infection with foot-and-mouth disease___________.__ 392
China, foot-and-mouth disease_ SOE ES St ele aren eee Clee a a WN ws (oH
Chowne symptoms and treatment... 3. 20
Dhoriopucsmange) location and treatmentssae2 ent j.5 dete te 522
WhoroidacontioL the eye, Gescription..- 2-2 340
Chrondroma tumor, description and treatment_____-__________-______ Bay}
Whronie tympanities. case and treatment5.-*+ > oo nn Day
Coal-oil poisoning, description and treatment______________________ 59
Coenurus cerebralis (Multiceps multiceps) affecting brain, treatment____ 53;
Coital exanthema, description, symptoms, and treatment______________ 399
Cold in the head, description, symptoms, and treatment______.________ OF
CGlic Causes: CSvINDLOMS. Ang trenkMmieniates Serie pep yiniee al oe bee 31
Concussion of the brain, cause, symptoms, and treatment______________ 105
Congenital imperreckions invealves, kinds. 261
Congestion—
and inflammation of testicles, description and treatment___________ 150
pra descriplon-andstreatments sears anys cae Baur esy Ve > 104
liver, description, Symptoms, and treatment_______ 24 5 44
spinal cord, description, symptoms, and treatment____.___________ 108
ndder description. and.treatmentetimiess ham sa ebtvetpe sat, yer: oe 0 28 yet 231
Conjunctivitis—
Causessesymptoms-nand ___ 178
CheseOCSCEID TION SANG sCLed Lei GIs ss AT EES EDA US Pay 97
ceneral. Of calf, cause: and treatment=25— 222 =" ie A sane) Pies 178
hind limbs and between thighs, during pregnancy, cause____________ 160
membranes of fetus, description and treatment___________»_______ 160
NAVelVOeScripron and treatment. 42 —— se. ee ee eee a BTS Bil
WOM GCESCLIPUON, And “Trea tMent=—— 22 = == srs he Bes ee SI 160
Dysentery—
and diarrhea, causes, symptoms, and treatment____________________ 34
chronic: bacterial; description, treatment, etess2us) UV it aes eee 506
He ALLO en ee ee Se Se ee ee: ee ee eee 531
See also Gastro-intestinal catarrh.
Dyspepsia, causes, symptoms, and treatment___________________________ 29
Har tick, spinose, presence in cattle, horses, dogs, ete_______-___________ pe
Ears—
ABScessee ROCIO EPOAGMON bs == 22 = 2S 353
Gatley SEE CCOSIS MIGHT ore = te - Sierra ee Si ns nee ets RET 855
diseases affecting, chapter by M. R. Trumbower___-__-___________ 353-355
enchoudroms., description” and: treatment_ <<) = see ee ees 355
foreign bodies lodging in, symptoms and treatment_________________ 354
ELOSEDILe SV IMptOmMs and treatment ——-=——— —. -. 2-2. eS 355
iN OI FO wLhS, cause ang: treatment=—-—- .= see ee 354
internal inflammation, symptoms and treatment_____-___-_-___-____ 353
lacerations scauseranG, Ereanment. —o ro Se eee ee eee SoD
Seunin~mGalises Tun bber bitemt = = Soo oe BS ee ee ee 354
HiGkcmrsheciine mRecitM ent ee ST ee a et 523
Hehimococcus granulosus, hydatid, description_________________________ 533
Ectropion of the eyelid, description and treatment________-________-__-_~ 348
Eezema—
description, causes, symptoms, and treatment______________________ aya
SOWATLTI NS ENS SI Se a a ec 381
Edema— 5
CAUSES) SVM DLOMSma mt mer en tiniemt 2 eS tins Shee At tS o2
malignant, description, symptoms, and treatment________________ 470-472
BephaIa ASS NACSeripielomess = men eres Wee Lee ee 328
Emaciation, symptom of foot-and-mouth disease_________________-_----- 3881
Binpysema: Cescripton and mreatument. oe 2 oT Tt 96, 332
Enchondroma, ear, description and treatment_____________----_--_----- 355
Encysted stomach worm, description and treatment________ BARES SELLS 528
HAdocardins CeEscription, aud Treaimenti soo o> 79
550 DISEASES OF CATTLE. |
Page.
Hnemata, uses and» methodssa2-4 228 bats ees See ee ere 9
Enteritis—
causes, Symptoms, post-mortem appearance, and treatment___.______ 33
croupous, description, symptoms, and treatment______--_-____-_______ 33
simple. See Gastro-enteritis.
Entropion; eyelid, deseription and) treatment_——.__» ____ 48) eee 348
EXpidermis, .deseriptiqnw..142 4. 2 se ee ee ee Sg ee 318
Epilepsy, description, cause, and treatment_________ Sone ttotot hae 105
Hpistaxis, cause and treatments esate epee ats ee eg 91°
Mpizootievaphtha, reference... 2=. 2 oe a ee ee eee ee eee 381
Hrgotism—
and mycotic stomatitis, differentiation________-_--..---.-- 4-20. 541
description and, treatment. —=52.- 2 ee 67
Hruption, vesicular, of genital organs, description, symptoms, and treat-
MeCN 2 22 oe See eae eee he ess eee ee 399
Erythema, description, causes, and treatment______________u___ #_ =. === 321
Hversion—
bladder, description’ and treatment... =" == 2 ee eee 216
eyelid, description and treatment 2). ee 348
womb;.cause and. treatments._ce--)- 8 ee eee 213
Eixtra-uterine gestation, description and treatment_______________-_____ 161
Extravasation (cysts, descripion.i2- = 8 ee eee 315
Eye—
and its appendages, diseases affecting, chapter by M. R. Trum-
DOWer gto eee he ee Beep ee a a ee ee 338-352
aqueous humor, descriptions 2) = Soe 339
capsule, description. - = cette eee 340
caruncula, Jacrimalis attecthing2=2 223 aan a5) 2 Se eee 342
choroid. coat,.. description +" — 5 Se eee 340
cornea—
description2:. 2225. =. ek. fo aa ee 339
ulcers affecting, cause, symptoms, and treatment______-_________ 345
@eseription_ =.= == 2 ee 338
foreign bodies penetrating, treatment=—_=_—— eee 349
lens, deseriptlOn=..s 5. 2uees 4c 2 eee 340
muscles, description —22.% 222252522 ee es eee 341
parasites raitecting, »treamenie —— 2 347, 535
puneta lacrimalia, descripuens— 2-8. 2 pe eee 342
retina CESCriptiOn a=. 262 bas oe ee ees 340
TOunad worms affecting: trealment,{-—--— ee 535
sclerotic membranes descr piloOnl se eee 339
vitreous) humor, GeScription=—-_-_—- = == ee 340
Hyeball—
DESCRIP E10 Rien Se ee Re i 338
dislocation, Cause and thea iment. =] == -. 5 ne eee 351
hairy tumor affecting, description and treatment___________________ 347
Hiyelashes, JNVersion, tGeatMeCNit= =e ee 348
Hyelids—
CLES CTE fo Te 341
ectropion affecting, description and treatment__-------_-~-~-~-~____ 348
entropion, description and treatment_______------~-~- epi 348
evyersion. description and treatment] 2 ee 348
INVELSION,) GeSscriptiony ANG tLCA LGD == eee 348
laceration, Gause and) trea tien ts ee 349
tumors affecting, description and treatment_________________~ === 348
Face bones, fracture, description and treatment____________ a Ze
Harcy, cattle, description and treatment_____“______-__________ 2 ae 509
PUSCLOL@ REPAMGd. | ACSC tl OU eee Feat
BGSCLOU CONG. ed CSCL Ul ON == = ee eee 531
Hatthy-dereneration, Heart, -C@eSCmip tO ee 80
Heed. character nanalyses seciieci- ony minke eee seen 254-256
Feeding—
character, effect on digestive organs________________-______________ a
value as remedy for stomach worms__——________------___________ 526-527
INDEX. 551
Page.
“ Feed-lot ”’ method of freeing cattle and pastures from ticks_________ 492-495
Fetlock—
fracture sbelowasereashimemb. sss iy) ae ee Pd 280
SPIED mC EU ETS CS eet TNC ga Pay TINCT Ga ha ep 267
Fetus—
developing outside womb, description and treatment_____._ 161
membranes, dropsy affecting, description and treatment___________ 160
prolonged retention, description and treatment______..___ 162
Fever—
milk, description, symptoms, and treatment_..__________ 224-235
parturition, description, symptoms, and treatment______.__ 224
southern, splenetic, or Texas. See Texas fever.
Fibroma—
interdreital:.deseription and treatment. .— 2-2 336
CUNIOT, CG ESCLUO ELON) VIVE) ET CUETO fat cae a ag ee ge 309
Fibrous periostitis, description and treatment________.._ 264
Filaria cervina, worm found in the eye_________________ 7
Filaria labiato-papillosa, parasitic roundworm of cattle___________ 5385
Filaria oculi, description and treatment__.___________._ 347
Fissure of the wall of hoof, description and treatment______.__ 336
Histulapmilkitdescription: and treatment... 2 243
Flies—
ATDGUNTSR OVO eC EU OSE eee, SPST cae yet pe Rae eB 510-513
IUCR TeaW ed Ue oT) OU Cese E eS aP d ER Ta an lt nad perry pa park as FA ey why wl 512
Flooding from womb, description and treatment____-. 212
Hnikeseasease }concrol byiusel OL limes k= ies ee 532
iiakes =e prevention bys drainage ss. 42 ee ee et 532
Fly—
Spanish, poison, description and treatment____._...-_ 70
Riel ee, COMET 5 gos COGS Be SS eA te Occ cat rar Fon chek 5A
Hly preventives, injury to cattle by poisoning__.____________.... 511
Peep. se aoninst stable flies ae ee et ee Pa 511
UTP E gO US Ses Oe ee ee a Sree erate Bel!
IE ie UeCek vib Aiea ee CeMarg Math bakenc Here Vexs'es 1 h 0) 6) K0) 8 alae mance See ane an ener nC RANGA 531
Foods, character, effect on digestive organs_______ = — 12
Foot—
diseases affecting, chapter by M. R. Trumbower___________ | 333-337
LOULS CAUSES = Sy¥MpPcOms, and. treatment. 2242 -- ee ks ee 334
soreness, description and treatment_________ ea ere 333
Hoot rol, causes, Symptoms, and treatment 222.2 334
Foot-and-mouth disease—
PeMISM espe wOrLNONINTeCE OUSS says ee eg 537
hel eT iO pA es ee oe eS ee Se EB See
Meseripionsica Use iSyINp tOMS! CtC. 2p 381-393
CIT OMNO SS eee ae tie so ee a ep eae tere Sy SOOO)
eradication by slaughter, efficacy____________ wiih eet atee cin een ay SOO
cl LENE OS 00 Sa a a ea Ree eneneae eerie ubre ire, 382
losses other than by. deathtor animalioo 382
OI eet PEE Pee Eres Sd ha 382, 389
OCCUrFENCE NN Warious- COUDLDIES, Of WOrld ey 383-384
prevention and eradication____________ Se ees Be OOD
SSDI ATU Vda OM TUNY CO ELC (SOUL LES ep a ee 540
STA STs ge Cn SPS eee Se DOL, ON SOOO
SADE) OV RONOATS! PVunY oars aE Sees Oe ae ee es ee eee ee ORO 692
LUpMi Eres VET RES Ne ab gen | ce: een oe a a or or aa ene a en eemE RNY _ 384-387
Forage, insects on, description of poisonous effect______________ we Lie 70
Formaldehyde gas, liberation by use of permanganate________ 363
Foul in foot, causes, symptoms, and treatment_________.._ 334
Founder, description, causes, symptoms, and treatment__________ 33
Fractures—
below hock and fetlock, description and treatment_________________ 280
compound, comminuted, ‘and’ complicated__--— =...» 269
description of different kinds, and treatment_____________ 269-280
face bones, description and treatment___________ o7 ne er? 275
Seners ly Symptoms aie merewbMmeMipe see 270, 271
Nip Volt, Causes Ande treavmMent eae sso = Sins RR LEN ES DNS
552 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
Fractures—Continued. } Page.
horns, description ‘and treatments 22 Se Bee 2 275
limbs, description and appliances for treatment_________________ 279-280
lower: jaw, ‘cause -and“treatments 2222 2 a ee eS 276
metacarpus and metatarsus, description and treatment ____________ 280
pelvis}. description. “and Streatment. 2222 2 eee 176, 277
ribs; -cause’and treatment lsc 2 Cee ee OY a ES eee eee 279
special,-descriptions, and * treatment) U2") 2) Sess Shee erie 275
Spinal column; "description*and™ treatment242 2 es eee 277
yerterbra; description and’ treatment." 2 es ee eee
Branece,; foot-and-mouth idiseases2 ke Ga ke Dae a Sa eee ee 383
Froesch, note on destruction of foot-and-mouth infection______________ 393
Frostbites—
ears, Symptoms! fand! tireatments oe es ae ee ee 355
treatments us 222 2-2 sae Sete Sh Mees OE. Gs eee ee 332
Fungi, poisonous, description of poisoning _______-_-_Ȥ_ 68
Fungoid growth of the ear, cause and treatment_______________________ 354
Funzus hematodes—
cause: and. treatment. 22 oe EET OLS So OO ee eee 351
deseriptionies 2 <4. ed Aenea oe OO ee 314
Furunculus, causes, symptoms, and treatment________ AE Sd See 326
Ganglioni¢ idivisionsof the mervous) system_—— = Se ee eee 101
Gangrene, danger in castration of cattle... eee 298
Gangrenous septicemia, symptoms and treatment_______________________ 470
Garget,. description and treatment2225 4) 26th: Port ee) On eee 231
Gas—
cause- o£ Swelling in calf, treatment. 9 ae Se eee 179
underwhe skins Syimptomsand. treatment-— ==" 2) eee 332
Gastro-enteritis, causes, symptoms, and treatment ________--_____-_____ 33
Gastro-intestinal catarrh, causes, symptoms, and treatment____________ 29, 32
Generative organs—
diseases; chapter by James Tbaiwer == seb le es ee ee 145-212
UTS © USSU Whee as ee len See oe 145
Genital organs, vesicular eruption affecting, description, symptoms, and
trea timemtaceies bee he ee ee ee 399
Germany: footand-nouth, Gisease = 383-384
Gestation, extra-uterine, description and treatment______-______________ 161
Gid,; parasite -of-sheep sand:eattle2 see ES ee ee ee 533
Glands: «skin, location sand" Ses==22s240 2 SE Se ee eee 319
Gnats, utialo;.description andaremed y= 322" 2= ee ee Filles
Goiter, cause, description, symptoms, and treatment____________________ 308
Gonorrhea, deseriptionsand:treatment_=—=2 se eee 154
Gravel—
description and! «cause s5 2225 -e === =3 eee ee 128
Olle ct OF METHEMEM E CCC See ae he res ee 130
in: prepuce or*sheath streatment=- "ee 142
Great. Britain; foot-and-mouth ‘diseases 24-5 => ses ee ee 384
SCubs-cattle, descrip tion= 2-3) eee pote Ae ee 515
Gullet—
diseases affecting, description, symptoms, and treatment___________ 17-22
wounds and injuries, cause and treatment_____________-___ +0224 22
Gut tie, description, causes, symptoms, and treatment___________________ 41
Haematopinus eurysternus and H. vituli, description and treatment_____ 517
Haemonchus contortus, description and treatment____. pL ee ee 525
iar spalls; «cahuses=s= 22-4 sere e eS Ae UA! US ee 29
Hairs. -escriptions22-2=2) 2052007 02 ee ee 318
HARBAUGH, W. H.—
chapter on ‘“ Diseases of the heart, blood vessels, and lymnphaeiess 71-84
chapter on “‘ Diseases of the neryous system ”_._______--= = ==ses 99-110
Haw, inflammation and enlargement, description and treatment_________ 352
Health; public; relation, of actinomycosis2 =) EE ———————_———— 445
Heart—
blood vessels and lymphatics, chapter by W. H. Harbaugh_____--_~_ 71-84
description. = ss22 esc ea ese OO eee eee 71
dilation and hypertrophy, deseription=—2=-- 222 be) ee eee 80
ee
_—— os
—
INDEX. 553
Heart—Continued. Page.
Gs OMIA EST ROO CO, Eee sae RN ES 2 Econ ee eee ee ee a a vis)
Pbpb a OeCONeIe DOM MeSCEIDEIOMN so 628 ke ae a 80
injury by foreign bodies, description, symptoms, and treatment____ 76
TEMES PLACCTING Titres DOCSIS IOUT) LOTY = ray eg at ae 81
DEEU CRT ha gk eG FEST Cay 0 511701 0p eee Pe wg IOS 76
GIR Tu aL Cmmn CLO cfetel Pal Oape eee Ne eee 80
valves, diseases affecting, symptoms and treatment________________ 80
Heat prostravion..sympuoms and treatment. ——- se 106
eaves: deseriprien and. treatmenta.) A25.2= 2. 2 bo) 96
Bee. ulcerations causes andrtreatments <=... eB 835
Hemaglobinuria or hematuria, description, symptoms, and treatment____ 117
Pichia es wines ad CSCrNpCLON 2 eee 314
hemopingsis, .GeSchiption and treatment—__.228 0s ee he 97
Hemorrhage—
Ganacmeinucastratlon. Of jGattle-_ > ae oe ee 298
aR haT PRES Tp eet ee re Se ea ne a We nh ee 81
Hemorrhagic septicemia, causes, symptoms, etec________________ ____ 895-399
PO pAniiS, .SyIMpPLOMS Farid, Gren tMen = See 2 oo) So ee 45
Hernia—
bowel .Gesceripiionvand? treatmenticer= 2 38
Cancer in CasiatOonVOl Cathiesecses Apes os Hoh oe 298
peritoneal, description, causes, symptoms, and treatment___________~_ 41
TENET, weSChIPuUOn. Ant. Creo TMC teeta es Fe 38
THOME OeSGEI ph OMeamM SCAMSC2 = — = F955 be noe 37
S Tom Aehe CeScrapmlon ang, (Lea iment. = 2 Sake 2 38
umbilical, description, causes, and treatment______________________ 39, 250
Webs sCAUSCLATC. LEC aiinae Mie Say 8 a es oe ee pt 160
Rab fal OCSChIPCLON ANG COUSGS= tate: eis e Pie Tt se fe 37
TE OPES Ta aaa) carge Cepek ye Calan ae el cst aes PS PED EE ee OE ee ee ee eee eee 482
Bip porns, Lracturey calsesiand ireabment=- = 225. be 278
Rapa SBGain.. CAUSE. AmG: Grea bnOCN Saat 2 eters cee Bee ee ts 268
Hock—
fracture below, description and treatment..____..___.______________ 280
EE ACUUEG... DECe GUAGE Ys leek eeteot Soccer eek i ee ee 279
ollie nOrn, imaginary. CISCASC sais os ater eee 27
Hoof—
delormities. causes and iredtment— = 4s ee. to bee 336
MISS CANSeCnaNe a Era GMON t= 2 ===) =. ae 348
fodin: tincture; use’ in punctured -wounds222 3332 eee 295
Towa, foot-and-mouth disease 2222 2-2 528="seeethan === SS eee 386
iris EnG@eSCrip tion: <= 2 Oe eee ee ee 339
Italy, foot-and-mouth: disease=="== ="-s=-e seen ae ew 383
Itch, scab, mites, and mange, description and treatment_________________ 518
Ttchinge“cause™and “treatment =2222s222==ss= Ve eee 320
Japan,. foot-and-mouth \diseases2Us2e2_ ses ee ee eee 384
Jaundice, description, symptoms, and treatment_________________-_____ 44
Jaw—
big, lump, or lumpy. See Actinomycosis.
lower) fracture, cause andstreatment. 9s ee —————————_ 276
poverty, caused by twisted wireworms___________________-_------- 525
INDEX. 555
Page.
Jawbones, actinomycosis affecting, description and treatment_________ 488-447
Jensen, formula for protection of cattle from flies____..__ 511
Joint-ill, description, symptoms, and treatment____...__ ss ss—S™ 249
BO SHS; Oepot wn Mion by Gisense Ho iis pees Fg a et 386
Kelis) causessesympioms,. audi treatmentinw08. 329
Meotucky,. foot-and-mouth disease ee 386
Keratitis, causes, symptoms, and treatment... sC—™ 343
Kidney—
ee NS Re ee ee a ee en ror nits
Perse se greece ue, GIscussion ee eee 125
Sone sin, deseripiien) Hind’ treatments cece ice ot foes hd 137
Kidneys—
inflammation, description, causes, Symptoms, and treatment_________ 121
memo asreciing. | description so * fc. pewter ey! | set owiehe ofan 126
Knee—
fracture below, description and treatment____.____....-... 280
Piachune, description. and) treatment lee Iadine een 279
priors adesceription: and ‘treatment... 315
Knotting and twisting of bowels, causes, symptoms and treatment______ 35
Labor pains before relaxation of passages__.__........... = - 173
Lacerated wounds, description and treatment____..§.- 296
Buweration, eyelid, cause: and. treatmentees!! cfr he yy bes wee 349
Lacerations— -
and ruptures of the vagina, description and treatment___.___ Pale
Cie eobe 8nd. iteaimontys. 4.2 teehee sd tog yet deel caty or ove ss 355
Lacrimal gland of the eye, Geschmpiaignest fWreh ne ttteyanty errhey | fans _t. 341
Lameness, symptom of foot-and-mouth disease___..._ 381
Laminitis, description, causes, symptoms, and treatment__.... 333
Bee ynaitis,, cause. and. treatment ei wet eh bt woth da 91
Laurel poisoning, description and treatment_____inoo. 65
Law, JAMES—
chapter on ‘“ Diseases following parturition ””____.._ 212-244
chapter on “ Diseases of the generative organs”_____ 145-212
chapter on “ Diseases of the urinary organs”_____.__ | 111-144
chapter on*“'Diseasesof young calves? siete Sa eins eb 245-261
observation of foot-and-mouth disease in man____.._ 393
Lead poisoning, description, symptoms, and treatment_____. 55
Leeches in cattle, description and treatment____...._ 524
ee ee CV Cy -GESCLIDLLON.. The) fern wilhiela ba nha hh Sey 340
Menvcorrhen,- -symptoms,..and ...treatmentiou! clin lesen) oro to de® wee 222
Lice—
blue (Haematopinus eurysternus and H. vituli), description and
(PJ SteN es COVES 6 ee ae ee ot ROM wie 8h ay Sent Spee ey Pe 51T
bed, deseription-andtreatment-¢t /iukilif 3A Ae ah Sie eSe lh ae pes 518
Mightning -siroke,,symptoms, and.treatment_. ities ie) een ee, 109
Pete i eaeture or Nenes. Geseription_:-...2 et pee ATS)
CUSTER BL PEaD st 2 2 | Aan eGR (71 Tra erent ey Pe ee 5382
Lipoma tumor, description and treatment__________ | pelt “Wire 2, 312
Lips, contusions, wounds, and snake bites, Symptoms and treatment_____ 14
Live, stock, immunization. agaist anthrax... 455-456
Liver—
congestion, description, symptoms, and treatment____..___ +4
diseases affecting, causes, symptoms, and treatment___...___ 44-45
mikes, ; deseription -and..dreatment..2o20ie0 0 2 fo ¥ eeco lh Ya ey 531
inflammation affecting, symptoms and treatment___.____ 45
Lockjaw—
danger in castration of GHEthent BOOT Pe Bivins aes ig Vets tl See aem 298
TST Cah tsa oo oe a ie A er Peay Siero 298
Loco weed poisoning, description and treatment_____....._ 67
Loefiler, note on description of foot-and-mouth infection____..___ 393
Louse, red (Trichodectes scalaris), description and treatment__________ 518
Lowk, WittiAmM H.—
and WILLIAM Dicxkson, chapter on “ Surgical operations ”________ 287-300
chapter on “ Noncontagious diseases of organs of respiration ’_____ 85-98
Lump, or lumpy jaw. See Actinomycosis.
556 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
Lung— Page.
abscess; -deserip tio! S222 © ake PGE ee Pepe 8 I LS Pe Ee Ey eae 97
tissue; ‘parasites aitecting = fe -ee es as eee ao ee eee 531
Lungs—
ACHNONIYCOSIS! AileChiig. 4s os eee ae ee ee ee ee 441
bleeding from, description and-treatment.220202 5) nee woes 97
bronchial tubes, parasites affecting, description and treatment_____ 5385
parasites alfecting, note: 22-2 222252 225 ee a ee 531
worms of cattle, description and treatment________________________ 535
Luxations of bones, description and treatment_______________________ 280
Lymphatics—
description===>~=.—. 24s 2 Spe Sk = ee eel Pye eee 73
heart, and blood vessels, diseases, chapter by W. H. Harbaugh_______ 71-84
Malignant—
catarrh, description, symptoms, and treatment__________________ 467-470
edema, description, symptoms, and treatment_L_________________ 470-472
pustule; descriptions 222222 eS es El ee 456
tumors; description: eS ae ee Pa hear eee 304
Mammitis—
contagious, description, prevention, and treatment _________________ 235
simple, description, symptoms, and treatment_____________________ Paayen
Man—
relation to beef. measles. inocattlesst>2Ns 2 - ine febems hole see 534
symptoms of foot-and-mouth diseases 22 83 se ee 392
treatment: with anthrax Serum 225 23 ose ee a eee 457
Mange—
common, description and treatment _—__-— eet ee ease a 518
itch, scab, mites, description and treatment_____ nt 2 RAMA 2g Bis eel 518
psoroptic, ‘deseription and_treatments_ soa) tee eee eee 519
sarcoptic, cause and treatment_____________ Le} et Pre bec a ee aha
Manure, breeding. place.for flies =— == = = emsinie iss en eee ee 511
Margaropus annulatus, Texas fever tick____________________________.__ 478
Maryland, foot-and-mouth disease 22235222 eee 386
Massachusetts, foot-and-mouth disease_____-__-__________ oY ea Ose oo
Measles, beef, discussion and management____________________________ 534
Measly beef, description and prevention S42 24) -s.)) ee! Saas 534
Medicines, methods of administration, chapter by Leonard Pearson_____ 7-11
Membrana nictitans of eye, desecriptioniss)— +) =) = ee ee 341
Meninges, number and functions_____~-_-+_------__= uve: wee ae aLO
Mercury poisoning, symptoms and treatment___________________________ 57
Metacarpus, fracture, description and treatment_______________________ 280
Metatarsus, fracture, description, treatments22)— 54s =. eee 280
Metritis: causes; Symptoms, and treatment ==222ss2 2 222
Metroperitonitis, causes, symptoms, and treatment ____-_-_-__-___________ 222)
Michigan, foot-and-mouth disease ===) 2-2) ee ee eee 386
Micrococcus prodigiosus, cause of bloody milk_________________________ 240
Microorganisms: transmission, === "seni ho) fee ee 359
Milk—
absence;.cause: and -treatment = 22-—=4- ss eee eee 239
bloody and blue, cause and! treatment=2s_ 242) eee ee 239, 240
diminution, symptom of foot-and-mouth disease___________________ 381
duct—
closure and thickening of mucous membrane, cause and treat-
ment 2008) 225 ee os ee Sd eee pe egies x eee boa 8 242
closure by membrane, description and treatment_______________ 2438
effect. of different, feeds, -analySeS == 2 .gee see ae ee eee 254-256
fever, description, symptoms, and treatment____--______-______-_- 224-935
fistula, description and treatment® =>". 2-8 eee 243
pasteurization as guard against foot-and-mouth infection___________ 393
source of foot-and-mouth disease infection____________________-_--_ 392
stringy, "Cause and : Eres tiie nit ae ae ee 240
Mineral—
acid poisoning, description and treatment____--_________-________~_ 58
poisons} description: and kinds. 222s 2S es2) = Se 54
Minnesota, “foot-and-mouthy diseases a. = ts8 hee eee 386
Misplacement; heart description! < 25 taaes aie eee ee ee akin 81
INDEX. 557
Mites— Page.
CC SCIMOUTOL YS a = 2 2 eee ee ae eed a een ote REL NA te te A 519
mange, itch, scab, description and treatment_________________ 518
MoHLeER, JOHN R.—
chapter on “ Infectious diseases of cattle ’__-...______-- 356-509
chapter on * Mycotie stomatitissofueatile {222 8) 1-22. ee 537-542
Cha Ler FOU TN UTO LST Bee enn Ca tte es ate oe i a ES 301-318
Monstrosities, calf, descriptions, causes, and treatment _______________ 180-182
Montana, foot-and-mouth disease__________-__-_-_-_- pL cee Rai abt l Lt! 386
Moor-ill, description, symptoms, and treatment________________________ 117
Morphia, poisoning, description and treatment_________________________ 61
Mouth—
diseases affecting, symptoms and treatment_________________ 14-17
inflammation of the mucous membrane, cause, symptoms, and treat-
Ti OCS 0 ape pT Es A ee a ie RD LE KS abr
sore, characteristic differences from foot-and-mouth disease_______ 389-390
ulcers affecting, in young calves. See Necrotice stomatitis.
Mucopurulent discharge from passages, Symptoms and treatment________ 222,
MigCOUS CySts; description and treatment] 220 aia i Do eee eee 317
Mucous membrane—
of mouth, inflammation, cause, Symptoms, and treatment___________ if)
thickening and closure of milk duct, cause and treatment___________ 242
Mutticeps multiceps (bladderworm), parasite of brain-_________________ 533
Murray, A. J., chapter on “ Diseases of digestive organs ”______________ 12-50
Muscles—
Galt, TrIeid) Contraction, "Cause, ang! treatment les ior 2 ek eae 179
ESS LSS LE oy yk Gp Ln es re I ON SR ak AE OG MR BN ek EET ANE RS 8 341
intercostal, rheumatism affecting, description and treatment ________ 98
Mycotie stomatitis—
cate -Chapter-by sOhm Ey MOUIeRe se oer Str ee ee see Be 537-542
eharaveler,. CAUSE, Sy HIDLOMS,, LESlOnS, CLG is ters ee Sea ee 538
characteristic differences from foot-and-mouth disease____________ 3889-390
diiperential Gigenosis and! treatments o> sss 2. ee ee 540
FEXICES Vioill CEC ere re ae ee ee ee ee ee 537
AVON OTC ITC hts 5 2 a, SA otter Aah el he etic aia aml ee SLB Bast 537
Myocarditis, description, symptoms, and treatment_____________________ 79
Mromar humor, Gescription: and treatment. 307
Myxoma tumor, description and treatment__-_-_-___________ J peflte nhs ERAS 8
Nagana, description, symptoms, and treatment _______=-_+___-_____-=__ 508
Nasal catarrh, description, symptoms, and treatment___________________ 90
Navel—
AUSceRs airechin=, Causes, ang (treatment. = —— 22s ee OK
Reena Calise pan. EEGOLMeN te. tec) ale et ot eae ee 246
Breach PSyIMPLOMIS, “anes. GroatMent. 2-2 ka es ee eS 250
gropsy, Geseription and treatment—______—___.____ Bs pi bea aN pe eS lg
string, constricting member of fetus, description___________ cipher beck 177
urine discharged through, description and treatment________________ 246
urine duct, inflammation, cause, and treatment_________-____-______ 246
veins, inflammation, description, causes, and treatment_____________ 247
Necrosis—
and diseases of cartilage of the ear, cause and treatment____________ 355
ony OLbmwedlScaanGs treanment. 92. ea Se 350
Necrotic stomatitis—
characteristic differences from foot-and-mouth disease___________ IE lis cto,
description, symptoms, and treatment —-—— 2 462—467
differentiation from foot-and-mouth disease________________________ 389
Neoformation and neoplasm. See Tumors.
Nephritis, description, causes, symptoms, and treatment_____________-__ abl
REST CLES ITLL) 16] (0.0 meen ete a eee ee ee MO ee OR 99-101
Nervous system, diseases, chapter by W. H. Harbaugh ________________ 99-110
WerVvOUSNeSS: -es=2 ees 58
aconites @escription and@treatment== ss ee 63
alkali, ‘description “and: -treatment+-)) sake eee 59
animal. products; deseription ‘and ‘treatment22 == Es 69
arsenic, description, symptoms, and treatment_____________________ 54
carbolie-acid,-deseription: and ‘treatment=) 232 sess) =e 60
chapter “by °V) “D> Ationson 22s oe ee 51--70
coal oil, description and treatment) 22e> eee 59
copper,” description. and tredtiment™): 3a e———E—————E——e 56
funet,, description... 2S ee ee ee eee 68
Jaurel;” description’ and ‘treatment=2o22—" 22) = eee 65
lead, description, symptoms, and treatment____________________-__- 5D
loco weed, description and treatment_________-_-_-____________---- 67
mercury, description, symptoms, and treatment____________________ 57
Phosphorus, 'Symptoms and! treatments te Soa ae eee 57
plant, - description..._=-=> in en ee eee 63
salt and saltpeter, description, symptoms, and treatment_______-__ 60--61
sources: 2/55 seb l he be he eter ly BS ae Sei er ay ee a ee oO
strychnin, description’ and* treatment. —! 223532 62
symptoms and treatment... -S2ssetewe! Ties ai see eee Be
Poisonous—
fungi: description 222 3h. Sa bee ere 68
plants, CCSCrIPHONE. 2s Seen S eee ene ee 63-69
Poisons—
chapter by V. I. Atkinson = --—. 250282 oh) 6 ee ee 51-70
description of actioN 222 — 2 sae ee ee 52.
mineral, descriptions = 22 = 3 ss a ee ee ee eee eee 54-58
vegetable, uses as medicine ___—__-__=.--=- 24). = #2 4 ee 61-69
Polydesmus excitans, effect’ on. cattles=——--) 22s eee 13
Polypi—
description ‘and treatment - 22-23 2 ee ee eee 811
pharyngeal, description and) treatment_-=—_ = -_- =~ an eee 19
vagina or uterus, description and treatment_______________--__-___ 155
Polytrincium trifold, effect on cattle____.—--_----2------ =» ses 18
Polyurial causes!and’ treatment=222 2 52> (2 2S ee eee 116
Pork measles; ‘notes. 2) 2 2 Ee ee et ee ee ee eee 534
Potash, permanganate, use in production of formaldehyde gas__________ 363
Poverty jaw and scours, caused by twisted wireworm, treatment________ 525
Pregnancy—
eramps “of “hindlimbs during, Cause= = 222 2 eee 160
duration” 28 Se Se ae ee ae ee aS a ee eee 158
Signs ieee h he eae eto ON ee ee eee oe ee ee 155
Preenant cow, hygiene. os 2 ee ee 158
Prepucecaleuliaiecting. +treathnient === aes eee 142
Presentation- of ‘fetus; naturalist ee ea en eee 171
Pricks; hoof,treatment: <== +> =s ae te eee Se So 336
Propane. use in prevention of choking 2222) se 2 eee 21
Prolapsus: vain, description and, treatment. 232 eee 160
Proliferation cysts, description and treatment________-______.________--- 317
Prostration, heat, symptoms and treatment__~_-__________+_________--—__ 106
Protozoa—
as intestinal parasites, notes. 2. 232 Ss eile ee eee Baa.
GeRTITION 25 a ee Ea es a i oe ee ee oe 357
Protrusion, vagina, description and treatment_____-________________- 160
Prumritis, ‘causes and)! treatment“ 22 ee eee 320
Pseudoplasm. See Tumors.
Psoroptic mange, description and treatment_______-_________---_------- 519
INDEX. 561
Page
Pucimnia arundinacea, P. coronata, P. graminis, P. straminis, effect on
attler is. abe eek EET ho Ae 20 ERE NO) BODEN 13
Pnlmonerys congestion ireabmentte wes = 96
Pulse—
LSS Cre a a ee Ty MEET OE be BU aE 74
SRV AP a I EE IIT TORO EI EO feel Ite 88
Puncta lacrimalia of the eye; description. iio 21 342
Purulent periostitis, description and treatment___________-___-__-___"___ 264
Pustule—
description, causes; and treatment] 2 Gut sos bist fii abies fe es 325
malienant,. 265
in young calves, description and treatment_____________--____-__-__ 261
Rinderpest, description, cause, symptoms, etec_-_-____________-_------- 377-381
Srey Td een UE lee ee ee ee ee ee 289
Ringworm, description, symptoms, and treatment_-__--__-___-----_-_---_- 330
Roundworms—
GSS aa aS ee ee re ee a tee Rees 530
ENG. (EE he 536
intestines, andstand treatment += > 2-2) oS SS ee 530
Sromach: PGCNCHiilON= Sasa esos ee eat eee eee 525
Rumen—
distention with food, description and treatment____________________ 22
hernia, description and. Caiserss seth owes tee ees aarp Rees 37
PER TATRUSTAO LO ENV 1 CCS CLG hae eee ioe eB oe a eee ae eee ee ee wr 22
Rupture—
ladders yimptonas mek a -fekpeter sy seep) pepe es eee bee bape Ee aN et at ager 216
danger incasitation lof cattle. = Pepe: pant: a pepe bee. ee 298
heanic. description 2243 Se) ees ee ee Sn Sareea 80
Womb;..€ause: ands trea time ites sess hae ee ee ee ee ee 217
Ruptures—
and lacerations of the vagina, description and treatment______-_~ 217-218
ES eri nN Ore Omer iS Cee ee aT
33071°—16——36
562 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
Page
Russia; foot-and-mouth. diseases2s 2s. Sts en ee ey ee 383
Saccharomyces albicans, parasite of aphtha, or thrush__________________ 261
Salivation—
cause, Symptoms, and treaiinente=— S22 ae Ss Se eee 15
Symptoms of, foot-and-mouth disease-- = ___ 381
Salt, common, poisoning, description, symptoms, and treatment_________ 61
Saltpeter poisoning, description, symptoms, and treatment______________ 60
Salts, medicated, doubtful value against worms_—___-_~_-________--____ 528
Sarcoma tumor, description and. treatment=—— == ==. eee 313
Satyriasis in male, cause and_ treatment. 222225 ee Bee aes ees 146
Scab, mange, itch, description of kinds and treatment__________________ 518
Seabby. teats, treatment___.....____--_-_ eee eee a Ae ene eee 241
Sealds, causes and. treatment__——-___ 3. as anes Bee See Sees 331
Schistosoma bovis, cause of bloody urine---_-_--_______________________ 535
Scleroderma, Gescriplion: a 2 se ee ee 3828
Sclerotiec membrane of eye, description. __==_ = = eee 339
Scouring—
acute contagious, in newborn calves, description, prevention, and
treatment... a eee pel rian ae 259
causes, Symptoms, prevention, and treatment_______-____________ 252-261
Scours—
and poverty jaw, caused by twisted wireworm, treatment___________ 525
causes, Symptoms, and ‘treatment —_—— "ste ee ets eee ee 32
Sereens; use against flies, remarks—-——__-_ = eee ee 511
Screwworms—
affecting animals, description and remedy—-_______-________________ 514
controlby: dipping .-—— eee eee 514
Scurf, causes, Symptoms, and. treatment. io) = 30st. See 327
Seurfyears, cause and treatment 222s) Sse Se 4 ee eee eee 354
Sebaceous cysts, description and treatments—2-—_ == 2 ne 328
Sebaceous. glands, location. 2a2a2ier Sir peewee See ee 319
Seborrhea, causes, Symptoms, and treatment________==________ ee 327
Septicemia—
causes,.-Symptoms, and, treatment... __ See e es es eee eee 393
gangrenous, description, symptoms, and treatment_________________ 470
HeEMOLLhaciG, CAUSES, .SY IP LOLIS a CCC Sse se eee 395-399
hemorrhagic).control. by. Vaccination,etc_—_ == ea ee ee 399
Septicemic inflammation of joints in calves, description, symptoms, and
iTeatmMent_t es aE Pee ee ee ee eee 249
Serous. cysts, description andotreatmen tial sae a2 tees) ee eee 316
Serum, use -against- anthraxe ea ee ee ee 453
Setaria labiato papillosa, embroyo in blood, note_______________________ 535
Set OTUs (LCS CIEL 1 OLN ATC US Ce 291
Sheath—
caleuli- affecting,.-neatment soi srl bist See eee eee 142
inflammation, causes .and-treatmentiiulo= = sates See eae 151
penis, inflammation from bruising, prevention and treatment_-_______ 153
Sheep, dose-of vaccine: against anthrax ili: coh) ins see ey ee 453
Shoulder joint, sprain, causes and. treatment_=—___—__________ == 267
Skeleton, number. 0f- boneSs=.==--=====+e=2-5-55-5565 5452552 = ee 262
Skin—
COLES eS it 0) 40) 0 ey ee a a 316
diseases, chapter -by M.-R. Trumbower..--.22222-85251 5082) eae 318-332
fas or air under, Symptoms and! treatment_—= === 2222 eee 332
glands, location -and-usel220 2222082. SOs ee eet AEE See 319
inflammatory diseases, causes and treatment_______-_______________ 321
parasites affecting, description and treatment____________________ 515-522
secretions and growths, description, causes, and treatment_________ 327-830
wounds, kinds, description, and treatment________~__+-~_-_=—_~ + 331-332
Skull, fracture, description. and treatment_._ ae aes se ees eee 276
Slinking, calf,.desceriptionenoss.-<=-2522+ eececeee ace. = OLN Ra ae
Snake bites, description, symptoms, and treatment_______________.--____- 14, 69
Sore mouth—
characteristic differences from foot-and-mouth disease____________ 389-390
TOLL Oli CC. 222 — ata a ts saat ean eee ee ee ee 537
INDEX. } 563
e Page.
mene throat cance. and tteatment in ate 17, 91
PORES COME PORCP OH CO oh 0 i ga a te ae et 5387
soreness, foot, description and, treatment. ..2--.-- 2 333
Southern cattle fever. See Texas fever. ;
Spanish-fly poisoning, description and treatment_________________ 70
Spasm of the neck of ‘the bladder, description and tr eatment RCE ASDA ea ia 126
ey i ecerintion ainentreniment 282
Nae nS MICSCriMtiONy Olt OPER ATOM es Boe et eae et 299
Spinal column, fracture, description and treatment____-.--- 277
Spinal cord—
congestion, description, symptom, and treatment___________ 108
RESCUER TEES TN 208 ESS a a a eg ge See ee ener ee ea md 100
DSEUURIEGS, CSOT Bes PER ae ee yo gE ee a 107
Spleen—
diseases, causes, Symptoms, and treatment__—-_—_------ =, 44-45
PRU M eh TUN TNE Sf) VD sR SC I gh ah os rt 45
Splenetic fever. See Texas fever.
Boe ea ys SSC UND NOT Ne wes a ee 45
melt hoot, desenription, sad. fren tae ihe ag 336
Sporadic—
SHENG TORO CC pes sae cate eo eet Pe he et gee ee 537
StomMoaLitis aphthosa, references 222 2. ee pes atte ft tvs 5387
Sprain—
fetlock, causes and treatment__________ ie Be Ss ae tee aes ec ee 267
[ieee mse BNO crORtMent. = ea ee 268
Suemeen Joint, Cilises and treatment eS 267
EMER CSET UL LOTY: S1NGle ECE ENUM in i re et 266
RCN RIT Ln CCI [GLO Mets ete ae ee ne pe ee ae ee ee 347
Stable flies (Stomozys calcitrams), affecting cattle______.__._.___ 511
eine. value against stomach worms,.§..-c.-.. . ..;. 526-527
Staggers, causes, symptoms, and treatment__._.._____- = 101, 534
Staphylococcus pyogenes aureus and S. pyogenes citreus, bacteria of ab-
RC Sa so te pes Seek he ie i a ee 235
Staphyloma, description, symptoms, and treatment_________________ 346
Pea oa hn ee en ee 149
Stings—
venomous. See Snake bites.
wasps and bees, description and treatment____.-_____.....--.----- 69
Stomach—
diseases affecting, causes, symptoms, and treatment________.___ 22-34
fourth, affected with hernia, description and treatment___________- __ 38
Lis VDSS Ss ea a ae al Se a ity SS leeds fina cee eA RGR y 2 Poe Fs 29
Vaid Stes iteClineg “Greatment. 20-22 ee oe ee ee 524-529
THONG SUG ResCOa ed oc kSHs WEY Ct 0 pee eC ORY AG FR nS Pre VSP ah hd 525
traumatic inflammation, cause, symptoms, and treatment____________ 34
worm—
eneysrved; Gescrinion and streatment] 22 sseen = oy ee ee ee 528
SaMtary MeCASUreS TO” SUDPFESSION == eee s Be a 526-527
WORMS TOMLeren i kinds la inechiner Cattle =see ae a= ke ee ee ee 525
Stomatitis—
CAUSE SV IMNLOMS: ANd ‘brea men tases eee ee ap ee aly
characteristic differences from foot-and-mouth disease____________ 3889-390
mycotic. See Mycotic stomatitis.
necrotic, description, symptoms, treatment, ete_____.______ 462-467
LOMLOCUS COLCTITFANS AILeCtine Cattl@.s i= 21 wap ee eas Lee eilet
Stone—
biatder copsitaiclion tO: parturition. 2). 2.2) oy oe 176
bladder symptoms; and “treatment: Ss So Seea eS 140
LSS Cama Oem) iC eA TT SCS eee ta eG ee ee ek, 128
eftechomanlereni, teed Smite =. GY tie Pal ce posse ees Coe 1380-132
kidney, description and treatment_____._________..__ __ 2 eeieretesis 137
Ete DISTAL GESERID TI OMe esr as = eae el sg pe roe ee ie 347
Haw. breedineg, place of stablewiy2t#¢..094 lee p oe 511
Streptococcus pyogenes, bacteria of abscess.______--_-_-_-_-- 235
String, navel, constricting member of fetus, description_________________ 177
564 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
Page.
Stringy milk, cause and treatment2:{) 262 .ese 08m DOT? Dis salina 240
Strongylus micrurus, parasite of verminous bronchitis___________ 98
Struma, cause, description, symptoms, and treatment__________ 308 -
Strychnin poisoning, description and treatment______ poser eee LENE TY! 62
Sudorifie-glands, location and usec 22] os ast OO eh eee 319
Sugar in urine *deseriptione ss 222 Sais eee ae SPINY Ee nie ee 121
Sunstroke; symptoms and “treatment=-— = #2 =s= 0) Be ee 106
Suppression, milk, cause and treatment_.____-- 239
Surfeit, description, causes, and treatment____-__-» == oe
Suecery! |Giscussion! 2 — 0 22 2 Se eR EES ars Ces ee eae 287
Surgical operations—
asepsis; -importance® {122 22s) eee eee ee ee 287
chapter by William Dickson and William H. Lowe_______________ 287-800
manner of securing the animals; during=) 22s) eee 288
uses of anethesian = as ee eel A ae Ee RISER ee Re 287°
Swamp lands, drainage as measure against fluke disease_______________ 5382
Sweat) glands, location and, use. 2222-2 eee ee eee 320
Sweden, foot-and-mouth disease_ I et ries abe SE TOTES 2d BB
Swelling of calf with gas, cause and treatment_ ey Bat be te ie eee 179
Switzerland, foot-and-mouth disedses222" 2222" ee eee 383
Symptomatic anthrax. See Blackleg.
Taenia saginata, tapeworm cysts, presence in cattle___________________ 534
Toile wolf in, imaginary disease] == ses eae Jet) BUS Satie Age Pare
Tapeworm cysts, source of injury. to cattle:2—— =) =a ee eee 534
adult, of small intestine, species and remedy______________________ 529
cysts” in” muscles” Of" cattle) 2 Sas ets ies epee ae ree RIES eee 584
CYSES OL IV er ee ere ee ee ae 8! a Eee ee 5382
Tarsus, fracture, description -and=treatment=—"" Ss eee 279
Teats—
blocked by calculus; treatments22o2 so es Ss eee eee ° 241
blocked by concretion of casein, cause and treatment____________-_ 241
blocked by warty and other growth inside, description and treatment_ 242
chapped, cause and treatment2222-= 33 se eee 241
opening in the side, description and treatment_____________________ 243
scabby, ‘treatment’ 22s = 2 eS EE | ee Re ee Log 241
warts affecting: treatment tae re De Eee a a 0 eid See 241
Teeth—
caries, ‘description — 222" 2328 2 ee see eee ee eee 16
irregularities, cause and treatment ==2-222 2S eee 16
Temperature—
TOW’ CO! GRUNT TC ea errs ve len EE LL ake ee 88
limits’ for-dipping bathe ee ee SOT eee 521
Test, tuberculin. See Tuberculin test.
Testicles, congestion and inflammation, description and treatment______ 150
Tetanus—
danger “in castration of cattle: 2222 es eee aE eae eee ee 298
POLETETCO en a ee ee RE ee 403
Texas fever—
description; Symptoms, prevention; ~ete=22 58 a eae 473-506
immunization of northern’ cattlen et en Ae eee 498
infection carried by the cattle tick (Margaropus annulatus)—~______ 478
injurious effect of treks 2) Sav eee ee a er ee eee 480
loss“occasioned= by cattle ticks 222225 5 Sie 2s Se se eee 481
methods of er adication_ AA NAS Peele} / Te Ores A ee 485-498
nature of the’ diseases 224) =. 2 ot. eS Oe ee ee 474
period ‘of incubation: of ticks22222.2 Sa ee EE ee eee 484
prevention {22-2 73 S34 be ee ee SE ee eee 485
quarantine regulations. 222222332 ee eee 503
symptoms and pathological changes after death_________________ 476-478
tick"eradication, plan of work2/=) eee ee eee 505
Threadworms in abdominal cavity of eattle____-________-_________-ie 5384
Throat, sore, Symptoms, causes, and treatment___2________ ~~ +e 17
Thrombosis, description and SymptomsLi). 22a ess Se ee eee eee 83
staat, tilled Pe roe
INDEX. 565
Thrush— Page.
Cali wdeseripmoneanad treatment. 21h Sicos) tat he ola ne been 261
parasite (Saccharomyces albicans), cause _-_~----s-- 261
Ticks—
Ciene; imeprcamimed stOUKIE eso ei eh ieee 486
eae ee eter ee ete lupe ian Mayr peg 523
PUR COmGEICM MICS a TE Ae hush ae te ed NES pelt cE 482
DLA Ses OreCo me mMOlC = 6 2 5 sk 523
See also Cattle tick ; Texas fever.
Telia comesmmoawnueat,.ettect on. eattles2t se. 5 sisson es 1 eee ee 13
Tinea favosa, description, symptoms, and treatment___________________ 330
Tinea tonsurans, description, symptoms, and treatment_________________ 330
Mert CneOneiymOeSCrinulone 8 2 La Sarg oh ewe eee,» eed byt epee 292
Traumatic inflammation of the stomach, cause, symptoms, and treatment 34
LIFELESS et m1 0678) OY Re a SER AA EOE Tn SA ts EMR CSE ERR ey UStP Ute PROS, RONG RS ems a 348
Trichodectes scalaris (red louse), description and treatment____________ 518
Trichoplyton tonsurans, fungus causing Tinea tonsurans_____-_---~--~ 330
TRUMBOWER, M. R.—
Chapter on. Diseases Of the. ean rs Lert fae on bp eee eye 353-355
chapter on ‘‘ Diseases of the eye and its appendages ”____________ 338-352
chapter, on. Diseases: of the. fool tks et. fee lhe Myre clei be 333-337
chapter on <“Diseases: of the. skis?’ 2 222 fet 6 ee a ee 318-332
Trypanosoma brucei, cause of nagana, or tsetse-fly disease____________ 508
Tsetse-fly disease, description, symptoms, and treatment__________-____~_ 508
Tuberculin test—
SESE ELON aOR DIS FO TY ese te we LIC ee On Lab lye _pirdubonrvel hy _ ori 415
eeenNOSS: (Lon mealiiiny ANALG 2 ag ripe op 424
Sina iOi CureChOns toro making = Sr ise! Sul ware pin Sea ee 425
Tuberculosis—
PANT MeeTI CL ApU DCm Ca Nie eet ee ees ee eS 428
Cause- ANG NALUrECOL GISCASG=. 2: sees es yay ai aged Ree ieee tt ee dayet 409
PETIA S30 (Ce SR ar Near Bs ree i cae eo Ye a se gee SES ee 405
Stanistics.Ols ests in United: States. ssi yer eee hy ilies Ph 408
Spmplomceand.« diagnosis .22 55.520 ee Fe ah Etat is at 414-415
irAMSsMISSiblity. of human and ovine: _ Senses rs ee Se 430
AgNO AMMO AT a at ee 426
Tumor—
bony wdescrip rion and streatmentes 22 ee AeA 2 ee Se eee 312
chrondroma: description and: treatment 22 | Sia Seen? Ae ae 312
fibroma* description -and-treatment=+ === — === ---=---..-- Sin tbe Ss 309
hairy, on eyeball, description and treatment_____--__--__--_--_--__ 347
Nponia,.Gescription, and treatment. == ==. == ~~. VOL UTE Ne sh) aed eee 312
Sarcoma: CaeEScription + and *treatment_ 2. 2SU* Sei eee eee 313
Tumors—
eae PNa COT TY) IOS se nk eee it a i ee ee ee 110
Calis Heserlpulonsand. tr eaimoeont=—-— 2-2 + Ee a ee ee ee 179
Gattle wchapter py, JODM, hh. Wobler= 2s -— Myers eee. See es Seek 301-317
Geant One ANG ae OESGEII Ul OM pss ee a as as a ee 301
RIES OTE) LUMO eres tase en ee ee ee ee 301, 303, 305
(6 SSS CPU GY ENO MTL Bend ERTTT AY. G Sea Sp le ke ee Ee SP 307
CAEN OTAG SIN emer era erent ate eer et SO ee ce ne eee 306
Cyelid= CeSCEIp MOM Ane eL Red UMC Ge ee 348
CE ATAYENERD Lp LE BREN FLU TV SM em ani = pla a aetna da Me 307
EAU HGCEN IE CG LETS ELEN OY U0 RE a PA eet Se Ae rere eee 126
Malena nie ods DeOIEN.. CCSCLIP RON ea) ee ee 304
COTE) SH EPEAT ES See HST YES 0 pa et a eg eye ee A ee hate i 351
pha ViEs COeSChiplion. Ang LheanmMenG =o. 2 SS LORS eee 19
Twisted stomach worms, description and treatment___________-_____ 525-526
Twisting—
and knotting of the bowels, causes, Symptoms, post-mortem appear-
PTS Mey hole) ee eee, Sl ee aa 35
of the neck of the womb, description and treatment_______---_----__ 174
Tympanites—
acute, causes, symptoms, and treatment_______-_-_---------------~ 22
chronic: yenuscswanditreatiments 222 he fs oon ee a ray
566 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
Udder— Page.
congestion, description and treatment____~-2-=-__-L a2 eee ee tt Zou
contagious inflammation affecting, description, prevention, and treat-
TYME TI EE st coe et Ng oe he ae ee oe ee 235
inflammation, description, symptoms, and treatment ____---___-__ 232
Wilceration: heel. causesgand treatment 2 es eee 335
Ulcerative stomatitis. See Necrotic stomatitis.
Ulcers—
calves. See Necrotic stomatitis.
cornea, .cause,. symptoms, ands treatment 29: 39535 tees) 1 SS 345
penis,. cause..and. treatment222) Bes sis atin © ybitineely nee 155
Umbilical hernia—
description; .causes;,,and. treatment i= ===. eas See 39
Symptoms": ands) trea trae tte eee Set ah ote eh area Teepe ee eee 250
Umbilical phlebitis, description, causes, and treatment__-______________ 247
Urachus—
inflammation,..causes jand* theatmenti2e 4's. set se ees eat ee 246
persistent, description’ and treatment .-_---_ = = ee eee 246
UWreteral caleuli;.description-and, treatment2s_s8f is seSeest ha ae 137
Urethra, inflammation affecting, description and treatment_____________ 154
Urethral calculus, symptoms and. treatment] 22% =s_sasemtrt Ss sai 140
Urinary calculi—
classification,.._.22092i)_ vS-aetast ary ores Ny eer iy en eae 136
description, and.causes 82 ete ns saad | Het sieneaty appent h 128, 185
effect: of: different; feedSs 22.0 05.52 = ee 131
Urinary. «disorders; (Symptoms. 22-2222 — ees ee eee 116
Urinary organs—
diseases,. chapter by, James (aw. 2 S23 see Se Sanaa eee 111-144
PUN CEON Ses eats rok eters te Sa ee ee 111
Urine—
albumin in, description and_ treatment ____--=2--+-_-=- =) ==. ~==+ = 119
amount. passed. dailys =. 22s se eee 113
analyses, under, different, rations._2=222_ S202) et ate eee ala
bloody, caused by. blood) flukes ..--=2-2_ 4522 sete aie ee eee 535
bloody, description, symptoms, and treatment ____________________ 117
COW. SANDY SIS S29 22) 2 Be teh Ba ee ee 112
discharged through navel, description and treatment______________ 246
excessive Secretion, cause and treatmenia2= = =e 116
incontinence; ‘cause and) treatment ee eee 128
Ox, analysis... a ee eee 113
retention, effect; cause, and treatment == eee 126
sugar in; description s.252 <2 S22) sn. set eee 120
Urticaria, description, causes and treatment.2. 29 222 eee 322
Uruguay, foot-and-mouth disease=—— =~ eee 384
Uterus—
hernia affecting; cause and! treatment = ees ee 160
polypus affecting, description and treatment______________---_-___- 155
Vaccination, disadvantages in use against anthrax_____________________ 455
Vaccine—
anthrax--Care. and USCS 22022 Se ee eee 455
blackles) free distribution, m0 tel. 2 ee 461
preparation and use against hemorrhagic septicemia________---_--_- 393
Vagina—
clots of blood on walls, description and treatment________-_____-___ 218
inflammationcausesiand: treatment =——* = eee 221
lacerations and rupture, description and treatment________________ 21%
polypus affecting, description and treatment________----------__--_- a5 }5)
Vagine prolapsus, description and treatment__-~-~-----_-__-------__-_- 160
Vaginal walls, affected with coagulated blood after calving, treatment__ 177
Vacinitis scauses and, treatinent===22 3) 2225s eee = PPat
Valves, heart, diseases affecting, symptoms and treatment_________----- 80
Variola, description, symptoms, and treatment________-_-_--------=-+- 436
Vegetable—
acids, poisonous, description and treatment___--__--_-_------------- 58
poisons—
NOt@L as eS ee 61
INDEX. 567
Veins— Page.
inflammation, description and treatment____________________- 84
wounds; description, and;imeatments 24 25 ahah se fo Brlye yn tories 81
Venereal desire, diminution or loss, cause, prevention, and treatment___ 147
Venereall, excessj,cause. and, ireatments . fo. fe ee) tte ee ee 146
Venomous stings. See Snake bites.
Ventral hernia, description and causes ELSE Sees See cae 2 ee Te Ms Tee 37
Verminous bronchitis—
description, Symptoms, and: preventionees:<- beee ect. at 98
PAEASTUCS) 5A US MN Ss orcs ay ga a RP 8 oy hia ee epee ds ns a Dh ay 535
Mermont, -toot-and-Mmouth: (CiSCaS@ 2 Fees Se et ee he ee Me 385
Werrica..desceription,, cause) and treatment.—— = ee 329
WMertebra, ‘tracture, description and treatment... -> PAT
Wesical calculus, sympLoms, and, treatment... Herts SS 140
Vesicular eruption of genital organs, description, symptoms, and treat-
PONG ewan ener ee eee eee ee ee De 399
Vesicular exanthema, symptoms and treatment_______________________ 399
Veterinarians, views on foot-and-mouth disease in man________________ 393
MIncinta, LOOL-anG-mMoOutm GISCASG.—- 9-2 Ja 2 ee ee 386
Mitrceous humor of che eye; deseriniion== 2.2 = ee Ap
Vomiting, Symptoms, cause, and treatment ——-© 3 eee 27
Well hoot, assure: description: and :treatment._ ee Te 336
Warble fly— :
MOEN TIEN OOS Cos Do TN SAI Om et ee A ed ae 516
European Species, appearance: in: United Statess 2-2 2 ee es 516
Warbles—
Rte Seed Ut OTIAEeL ECL GMC ee CLIC TE ee a ee es ee ee 515
Petal at ONn Ola SKINS: Ob Caves = 24 es eee ee ee eee ee 516
THESES THOT O mete te en oan eee ee ee ee a 331
Warts—
deseripimions scauses, and. treatment) = —_ 42s ee 310, 829
JO CLEUUS PY ER ESS CES 0 a a ieee 154
1 EVES GSA BALES YEN ip DEO aa ae Na me ree she ee a 241
Mrashimston, stOoot-and-mouth. disease. —..- 28. oe a 386
MaspuStnes; Gescription and treatment.—._—— =) a 69
Water—
Dlisters, Symptoms and treatment oo 22 8 ee ee es 3826
cold, drinking, a cause of indigestion, symptoms and treatment_____ al
heats or cali description and: treatment. 22 ee ee Llitif¢
Weather, relation to occurrence of mycotie stomatitis__________________ 390
Ren GeSerI iON NANG sCCOALMECNts. = oa Ae ee Bee ee ee 328
RES paaVI ini st OOt-AnO-IMoOUUh CISCASC= Saas Ne ee eee 386
MA COMSIn, | LOOL-aAnd- mouth. disease= =o 22 ae ee eee 386
Maiinerse Casting. Cauce,-and treatments 022 ts 22 ee a ee Daley
Wight theta. WMaeinaty GISeHSe. 222s 2 Ys ee es es 27
Womb—
bleeding from, description, symptoms, and treatment_______________ 2A2
Gropsy,OcscCliplion, and treatment nas as es ee ee 160
CVerSLOue CaNSerant crea ements 52 === Ses ee ee Se ee 213
fetus developing outside, description and treatment________________ 161
inflammation, causes, symptoms, and treatment___________________ Dow,
mouth, induration, description and treatment__.___________________ 174
GUDiULe ease sANG. UReALIMOMG. === oe Se ee ee 217
twistine or neck, description and tleatments.+— 9-23 a ee 174
Wooden tongue. See Actinomycosis. .
Wood-ill, description, symptoms, and treatment________________________ aa tr¢
Worm—-
encysted stomach, description and treatment____________________ 528
CV EmOCSCHIDEONs Ang. Treatments 25 is Sees ee ae 347
Worms—
MUSA a a a ee 533
Ine ToOrecalle, Gescripltiom, and streatment:=— 22h 535
SClewarGescripulOl:. ANG. «TeMedles = see se ee ee 514
thread. meabdomingl eavitys OL Cattlel. 228i. . oo ee ee 534
twisted stomach, description and treatment._=+- - = 2 525-526
568 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
Wounds— Page.
abdomen, causes, Symptoms, and treatment___-____-_______________ 43
arteries and veins, description and treatment___-__________________ 81
contused and lacerated, description and treatment____-___________ 296
contusions of the lips and snake bites ‘of mouth, description and
treatments) + — 82 We a ee eS ee 14
danger of infection from foot-and-mouth disease__________________ 392
drainage; necessity 222.2 ss< 55 ee eee 296
gullet, description: and -treatmentiio! 2222 2s Sols 2s eee 22
healing, treatment and dressing, description-______________________ 296
hoof,- treatment 22222445225 soeeee ee en ee, Bee eee 336
incised—
description and” treatment=- se. 293
punctured, and lacerated, description and treatment__________ 298-297
mouth, snake bites and contusions of lips, treatment______________ 14
penis; case and “treatment. 222s eo ene ee 154
skin, Kinds, description, and ireatiment=——— ee 331-832
treatment, summary of care after dressing_______-___-____=____-_— 296
Yellows, description; Symptoms, and treatment—2 22s... eee 44
Zine poisoning, deseription and treatment _—=2--—_—- 2 2 eee 57
O
38