ee "AR U. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. SPECIAL REPORT ON DISEASES OF THE HORSE. PREPARED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF DR. D. E. SALMON, CHIEF OF THE BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. BY DRS. MICHENER, LAW, HARBAUGH, TRUMBOWER, LIAUTARD, HOLCOMBE, HUIDEKOPER, AND DICKSON. PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1890. DEE EeOr. CON TEN is. Page. Letter of transmittal, - By Dr. D. E. SatmMon, Chief of Bureau....... 2.222... 220 sec cce cone ones 7 Methods of administering medicines, ByRC HB sMICHENER OV iiS ces aja sti soos ce cme sce cleat etce cewcoe staercices 9 Diseases of the digestive organs, By C Hie by MICHENER MV. Siecccionscasu ceed sme oe. cnc secu aces gous oes 15 Diseases of the urinary organs, BVA ANE S ILIA Wea Ei iEo OeuVis (els ocinw es cicisse ecle scice Saisie serena) cs cctee 59 Diseases of the respiratory organs, BY SWiv EL EAR BAUGH Vii 9 cmcincels a See hce soca Soest eae cmos seetene cone 87 Diseases of the generative organs, Ege AUNTIE S wLEIACW SSB estan Wie Wisc Sarecrninie le cians sisleieiieisic oo cl noetimeicie eens eels 135 Diseases of the nervous system, TEs Wo 1, AUBURN HON RoR Voto eaaeon cacboe ss aooo ueSbodineaS pneccdaaeaoous 181 Diseases of the heart and blood vessels, yg Mek RU MB OWEN Vic (Ss iocee dciicisa co Soon ecicis lacie cn sclesee causes 219 Diseases of the eye, IBA ALES Ie AW ian ea Co Vii! ier aero ose seo cients Siena dnaieeicleroe celelace 247 Lameness, TES Jaks WLTATPAIEID, Wh Dog Vo sescos s655s0 coos oeacsdsdascouese pesoeasens 269 Diseases of the fetlock, ankle, and foot, TBS Jako vs TEIOTUOOW UBT, ID, We Soceco crac cececs soa0 conde ubeaos goeeen cencad 357 Diseases of the skin, Tay dianiowss Loy, 1S IR, (Cy Wo Sscnse coda cscase sossdo caso ces ceoseoonsbes 419 Wounds and their treatment, By @u. B. MICHENER, Vo S---- 22-2 <2 oo oo nn owe Bocas kajeene cece Read General diseases, By RUSH SHIEPEN HUIDEKOPER, MO), Vib: =--cloe-)ieecsa sense a= = =n 461 Shoeing, : By WILLIAM DICKSON, V. S-. 22.2 22222-2220 coe noe cence e cnc cee cones one 529 8 Pio OP TELUS TRATIONS. Page. PiivAT 1G LOWROSIGA TE) AYO DEMEADE| soocon Gooben ocoeS secdeo cabeos Sabd codec esedoc 58 PALES OLS a eee eee ny es em aces cecices so sec akiswee section Secesieacees 58 Mulieelintestinalawormse lens sessces sae eee ses oe aoe oece aca sees esses 58 v IV. Longitudinal section through kidney-...............---.---- .----> 86 v V. Microscopic anatomy of kidney--..-.---..--.---..----...2--- ------ 86 YVI. Microscopic anatomy of kidney----.--.-----.------ ---- ------ «+--e0 86 JVIL. Calculi and instrument for removal. --..---...----.-..-------------« 86 ‘VIII. Instruments used in difficult labor.---....----.----.---.---------e 180 mibxe Normalspresentatlons moma saase se ee one ane coe en peices os = (seo 180 yx. Abnormal presentations ©:---. 026.2: 222-6 -50)- 2. wee c ee cece sesee 180 xin oAbnormall presenta tionsee sessed sane e nos scelsenn| ace asec) seca 180 peli Abnormal presentations) sass so ca mean) sail wclo sine es aeiaciec(= ces ami 180 PMS -ArOLrmalepresenvatioNs) sacs shes see = Sone wnin's ccs oactnisclaaie = sella cole 180 exe An LeLrior presembabiOnss sac ooo cele viele cee one wns s cele ssics cinic’e secie=cie 180 “XV. Position of the left lung..........---- Se a tewia eipea eee e wise as cteeos 134 peXGue MEN OLvOUSISV stom hes meetin Cas use Se acdsee cease sean on aeae 218 YXVII. Interior of chest, showing position of heart and diaphragm.......- 246 PeXVilla Circulatory, appatatus\s--..52ss--4-225 ss ssn sens ose seme eoseee 246 “XIX. Theoretical section of the horse’s eye.... --.----+ -----+ e+ 20+ == 268 PeXeXe okeleton on thevhors@ss.. 2o-2 c-a0 cose cee] aeea eee sees See siete eee 356 pecker Superttcial layer of muscles... 5/32 -- 255 -5252-2s2ee aes eeeceecs, | OOO *TSROR TTT AS) Ors = pee te PN a at LOS ee cee ees pee Seay Mee 356 PPRONGIT SEUIN DON Gee Sela a eer TR raid, 2 Su PA SARS Ne 306 XV EO VATIOUS Ly PescOL, SPaVINaw. Sa. 25a. sea o gece ce Sen sees ie oe 306 POON DONO-SPaVvileee see seen eeee he wees wees no eeiee Sa eabel nsceew eases 396 POXGUlesone-spayins eee ne ee ce gee Ce yu eee oo. 356 ~XXVII. Dislocation of shoulder and elbow, Bourgelat’s apparatus.-.....-.. 356 poneveltls he sling il USOgs2e Sos e secs cess cosets ce occocewacess sabe cease 356 BPO Xen An atoniy, Of LO0b= 25.2 See ce tice nccas Saas arc awece os cloee seeos eee ceases 418 Senne Nulibomy Of fOOb essere ee woe ckt see's ate cence sez a toons eee al wee 418 “XXXT. Foundered feet... ...-...-..------ ES AREAS Ree Ee 418 v XXXII. Ring-bone and navicular disease ........---. ------ eee een ee eee nee 418 7 POXXAMT Quarter crack and remedies: .-o 222-5. --S-<5 oSos-2 ss schc cece aeenos 418 poaNcehy. Sound and: contracted feet so. -(-o2csccascec-oaeaeees cecnescsacesee 418 Peeve Oiscases of tho Skin: s..c-.sc0s2 4665 5 seca eens eee erence oka yo. 446 MOOV. Mites: thatinfest' the: horses. . 2.2. -22h-4- 45 --csccce cence ccnece 446 PXOORV IE: General diseases. Inflammation... 2. .2c2cc/222222 22-452 cen ss nce 528 POM VIET General diseases: Inflammation..---.--...2---.-.-2<- cs---.----2- 528 / XXXIX. Glanders, nasal septum of horse, right side, showing acute lesions. 528 v XXXX. Glanders, middle region of nasal septum, left side, showing ulcers... 528 VXXXX I. Glanders, posterior half of nasal septum, right side, showing cica- . WEI COS Meersnsos soe twos Saat toss aod meaner see cases esas ncoce 528 * OOUGTS SAO GET 2 Stes ap SRA ae ing ab ee ee a 542 OTIS SS TEESE INC SI ea a pa ee ae 542 Vv XXXXIV. Shoeing....... Fea ath acai AA ae Se ace en aes Veieetet ime SSE LS g 542 5 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL Str: I have the honor to submit herewith a report upon diseases of the horse, which has been prepared with great care by a number of the most eminent members of the veterinary profession in the United States. The production of a work of this character is a task of such magnitude that it could not be undertaken by any one man with a prospect of its early completion. It was deemed best, therefore, to divide the subject into sections and to place the preparation of each section in the hands of a veterinarian whose practical experience and reputation would in- sure a valuable contribution. By adopting this plan the contents of - the volume have been made ready for the printer within a year from the time the work was begun. While, on account of this method of preparation, there may not be quite the same uniformity of style and treatment which would be expected in a volume written by a single author, it is hoped that this will not be found objectionable, and the speedy completion and the co-operation of authors who have given special attention to their subjects will prove of great advantage. The need of a work on the diseases of the horse, which could be dis- tributed to farmers as a safe and scientific guide in the treatment ot this species of our domesticated animals, either when affected with slight disorders or serious illness, has long been felt. This obvious want has led to the preparation of the present volume, which is designed as the first of a series to cover the diseases of all varieties of farm ani- mals. The writer would not advise the farmer in ordinary circumstances to dispense with his veterinarian, any more than he would advise him to treat the diseases of his own family, to manufacture his own furni- ture, or to be his own bJacksmith. There are, however, only too many cases in which the veterinarian can not be procured in time for success, if at all; and, consequently, the farmer who knows or has the means of learning the nature of the disease and the proper treatment will be able to save an animal when otherwise he would lose one. It is common for intelligent people to laugh at the idea of attempting to make every man his own doctor, his own veterinarian, or his own carpenter, and in an ideal condition of society no doubt this would be absurd. But under the conditions which actually obtain on our farms, the farmer who can use tools, if but awkwardly, often finds it extremely convenient to temporarilly usurp the functions of the carpenter; and he also finds that in many cases he must treat his ailing animals or allow them to 7 8 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. suffer without treatment. Knowing this to be the case, is it not far better for the stock-owner to have at his command the advice of veteri- narians eminent in their profession than for him to follow the absurd, often barbarous methods of treatment which have been handed down by tradition from the empiricism and ignorance of long-past ages? It is an extremely difficult matter to divest medical literature of tech- nical terms and expressions more or less incomprehensible to the gen- eral reader. This has made scientific medicine a sealed book to the masses of our people, and there is no subject of which they are more ignorant. An attempt has been made in this work to present the mat- ter in as simple language as possible, and while some of the authors have been more happy than others in this respect, it is believed that no great difficulty will be met with in any of the articles. While the subject has been treated in language of a more or less popular style and the book is intended as a guide to the farmer, its in- trinsic scientific value should not be entirely lost sight of. In many respects it is a notable contribution to existing knowledge, and it will be prized by the veterinarian not less than by the farmer. No doubt there are some defects in this first edition which the experience of the future will enable us to remedy, but as a whole the book is one which can not fail to be of immense service in educating horse-owners and in hastening the adoption of humane and scientific treatment in the dis- orders which afflict man’s most patient and faithful servant. The illustrations have been very carefully drawn by Mr. Haines, the greater part of the subjects being selected by Dr. Cooper Curtice. In cases where they have been copied due credit has been given on the plates, but it should be stated here that we are indebted to Dr. John S. Billings, of the Army Medical Museum, for the use of the Auzoux models and a number of specimens of diseased feet from which drawings were made. Very respectfully, D. E. SALMON, Chief of Bureau of Animal Industry. Hon. J. M. Rusk, Secretary of Agriculture. SPRCIAL REPORT ON abs eA S tt S4,O,F 1, HE. FLOR SE. METHODS OF ADMINISTERING MEDICINES. By CH. B. MICHENER, V. S., Professor of Cattle Pathology and Obstetrics at the New York College of Veterinary Sur- geons, Inspector of the Bureau of Animal Industry, etc. Medicine may enter the body through any of the following designated channels: First, by the mouth; second, by the lungs and upper air- passages; third, by the skin; fourth, under the skin (hypodermic methods); fifth, by the rectum; and, sixth, by intra-venous injections. (1) By THE MoUTH.—Medicines can be given by the mouth in the form of powders, balls, drenches, and electuaries. Powders.—These should be as finely pulverized as possible, in order to secure a rapid solution and absorbtion. Their action is in this way facilitated and intensified. Powders must be free from any irritant or caustic action upon the mouth. Those that are without any disagree. able taste or smell are readily eaten on the feed or taken in the drink- ing water. When placed on the feed they should first be dissolved or suspended in water and thus sprinkled on the feed. If mixed dry the horse will often leave the medicine in the bottom of his manger. Balls.—When properly made these are cylindrical in shape, 2 inches in length and about three-fourths of an inch in diameter. They should be fresh, but, if necessary to keep them some time, they should be made up with glycerine, or some such agent, to prevent them from becoming too hard. Very old, hard balls, are sometimes passed whole with the manure, without being acted upon at all. Paper is to be wrapped around balls when given; it should be thin but firm; toilet paper is the best. Balls are preferred to drenches when the medicine is extremely disagreeable or nauseating; when the dose is not too large; when the 9 10 horse is ugly to drench; when the medicine is intended to act slowly. Certain medicines can not, or should not, be made into balls—medicines requiring to be given in large doses, oils, caustic substances, unless diluted and thoroughly mixed with the vehicle, deliquescent or efflores- cent salts. Substances suitable for balls can be made up by the addition of honey, sirup, soap, etc., when required for immediate use. Gelatine capsules of different sizes are now obtainable and are a con- venient means of giving medicines in ball form. Drenches are to be given when the medicine is liquid, when the dose is large, and when we desire speedy action. Electuaries are medicines mixed mostly with licorice-root powder, molasses, or sirup to the consistency of honey, or a “‘soft-solid.”. They are intended, chiefly, to act locally upon the mouth and throat. They are given with a wooden paddle or strong long-handled spoon. When balls are to be given we should observe the following direc- tions: In shape they should be cylindrical, of the size above mentioned, and soft enough to be easily compressed by the fingers. If made round or egg-shaped, if too long or too hard, they are liable to become fixed in the gullet and cause choking. Balls may be given with the “ balling- gun” (obtainable at any veterinary instrument maker’s) or by the hand. If given by the hand a mouth speculum or gag should be used to prevent the animal from biting the hand or crushing the ball. Always loosen the horse before attempting to give a ball; if tied he may break his halter and injure himself or the one giving the ball. With a little practice it is much easier to give a ball without the mouth-gag, as the horse always fights more or less against having his mouth forced open. The tongue must be firmly grasped with the left hand and gently pulled forward; the ball, slightly moistened, is then to be placed with the tips of the fingers of the right hand as far back into the mouth as possible; as the tongue is loosened it is drawn back into the mouth and carries the ball backward with it. The mouth should be kept closed for a minute or two. Weshould always have a pail of water at hand to offer the horse after balling. This precaution will often prevent him from coughing out the ball or its becoming lodged in the gullet. It is, very often, impossible to get balls properly made, or to induce owners or attendants to attempt to give them, and for these reasons med- icines by the mouth are mostly given in the form of drenches. When medicine is to be given as a drench we must be careful to use enough water or oil to thoroughly dissolve or dilute it; more than this makes the drench bulky and is unnecessary. Insoluble medicines, if not irritant or corrosive, may be given simply suspended in water; the bottle to be well shaken immediately before giving the drench. The bottle used for drenching purposes should be clean, strong, and smooth about its neck; it should be without shoulders, tapering, and of a size to suit the amount to be given. A horn or tin bottle may be better, in that they are not so easily broken by the teeth. If the dose is a small one 11 the horse’s head may be held up by the left hand, while the medicine is poured into the mouth by the right. The left thumb is to be placed in the angle of the lower jaw, and the fingers spread outin such a manner as to support the lower lip. Should the dose be large, the horse ugly, or the attendant unable to support the head as directed above, the head is then to be held up by running the tines of a long-handled wooden fork under the nose-band of the halter; the halter-strap or a rope may be fastened to the nose-band and thrown over a limb, beam, or through a pulley suspended from the ceiling. Another way of sup- porting the head is to place a loop in the end of a rope, and introduce this loop into the mouth just behind the upper front teeth or tusks, the free end to be run through a pulley, as before described, and held by an assistant. It is never to be fastened, as the horse might do himself serious injury if made fast. The head is to be elevated just enough to prevent the horse from throwing the liquid out of his mouth. The line ~ of the face should be horizontal, or only the least particle higher. If the head is drawn too high the animal can not swallow with ease, or even with safety. (If this is doubtful, just fill your mouth with water, throw back the head as far as possible, and then try to swallow). The person giving the drench should stand on some object in order to reach the horse’s mouth, on a level, or a little above it. The bottle or horn is then to be introduced at the side of the mouth, in front of the molar teeth, in an upward direction. This will cause the horse to open his mouth, when the base of the bottle is to be suddenly elevated, and about 4 ounces of the liquid allowed to escape on the tongue as far back as possible, care being used not to get the neck of the bottle between the back teeth. The bottle is to be immediately removed, and if the horse does not swallow this can be encouraged by rubbing the fingers or neck of the bottle against the roof of the mouth, occasionally remov- ing them. As soon as this is swallowed repeat the operation until he has taken all the drench. If coughing occurs, or if, by any mishap, the bottle should be crushed in the mouth, lower the head immediately. Do not rub, pinch, or pound the throat, nor draw out the tongue when giving adrench. These in no way aid the horse to swallow and oftener do harm. Drenches must never be ae through the nose; they are liable to strangle the animal, or, if the medicine is irritating, it sets up an in- flammation of the nose, fauces, windpipe, and sometimes the lungs. Cattle are easily drenched by simply holding them by the nose with the left hand, while the medicine is poured into the mouth with the right. Balls are not to be given to cattle; they often become imbedded in the great mass of food in the stomach and act tardily or not at all. (2) Medicines are administered to the lungs and upper air passages by insufflation, inhalation, and nasal douche. Insuffiation consists of blowing an impalpable powder directly into the nose. It is but rarely resorted to. Gaseous and volatile medicines are given by inhalation, 12 as is also medicated steam or vapor. Of the gases used we may men- tion, as the chief ones, sulphurous acid gas, and occasionally chlorine. The animal or animals are to be placed in a tight building, where these gases are generated, until the atmosphere is sufficiently impregnated with them. Volatile medicines, as the anesthetics, (ether, chloroform, etc.), are only to be given by the attending surgeon. Medicated vapors are to be inhaled by placing a bucket containing hot water, vinegar and water, scalded hay or bran, to which carbolic acid, iodine, or other medicines have been added, in the bottom of a long grain bag. The horse’s nose is to be inserted into the top of the bag, and he thus in- hales the ‘medicated steam.” Care must be taken not to have this hot enough to scald the animal. Scalding bran or hay is often thus inhaled to favor discharges in sore throat or * distemper.” The nasal douche is employed by the veterinarian in treating some local diseases of the nasal chambers. Special appliances and profes. sional knowledge are necessary when using liquid medicines by this method. It is not often resorted to, even by veterinary surgeons, since the horse, as a rule, objects very strongly to this mode of medication. (3) By THE SkKIN.—Medicines are often administered to our hair- covered animals by the skin, yet care must be taken in applying some medicines, as tobacco-water, carbolic acid solutions, etc., over the entire body, as poisoning and death follow in some instances from absorption through the skin. We mustalso exercise care, and not apply poisonous medicines over very large raw or abraded surfaces, for the same rea- sons. For domestic animals medicines are only to be applied by the skin for local purposes or diseases, as laudanum, chloroform liniment, ete., for neuralgia. (4) UNDER THE SKIN—HYPODERMIC METHOD.—Medicines are fre- quently given by the hypodermic syringe, under the skin. It will not be safe for any but medical or veterinary practitioners to use this form of medication, since the medicines thus given are powerful poisons. There are many precautions to be observed; a knowledge of anatomy is indispensible. (5) By THE REcTUM.—Medicines may be given by the rectum when we can not give or retain them by the mouth; when we want a local action on the last gut; to destroy the small worms infesting the large bowels; to stimulate the peristaltic motion of the intestines and cause evacuation; and to nourish the body. Medicines are here given in the form of suppositories, or as liquid injections—enemas. Suppositories are conical bodies made up of oil of theobroma and opium (or whatever medicine is indicated in special cases), and are in- troduced into the rectum or vagina to allay irritation and pain of these parts. They are not much used in veterinary practice. Enemas, when given for absorption, should be small in quantity, neutral or slightly acid in reaction, and of a temperature of from 90° to 100° F. These, like foods given by the rectum, should only be in- 13 troduced after the last bowel has been emptied by the hand, or by copious enemas of tepid water. Enemas or clysters are mostly given to aid the action of physies, and should then be in quantities sufficient to distend the bowel and cause the animal to eject them. Simple water, salt and water, or soap and water, in quantities of a gallon or more, may be given every half hour. It is best that the horse retain them for some little time, as the liquid serves to moisten the dung and favor a passage. Stimulating enemas (turpentine 2 ounces, in linseed oil 6 ounces), Should be administered after those already mentioned have emptied the last bowel, with the purpose of still further increasing the natural worm-like movement of the intestines and aiding the purging medicine. . Liquids may be thrown into the rectum by the means of a large syringe, or different kinds of complicated pumps. A very good “in- jection pipe” can be made by any tinsmith at a trifling cost, and should be constantly on hand at every stock-farm. It consists of a funnel, about 6 inches deep and 7 inches in diameter, which is to be furnished with a pipe-like prolongation, placed at right angles to it, from 14 to 16 inches in length, and carefully rounded and soldered at the ends. This pipe must be perfectly smooth, in order to prevent injury to the rectum. Introduce this pipe to its full extent, after thoroughly oiling it, and pour the liquid into the funnelrapidly. The pressure of the atmosphere will force the liquid into the bowels. For all ordinary purposes this instru- ment is quite as good as the more complicated and expensive ones. Ordinary cold water, or even ice-cold water, is highly recommended by many as a rectal injection for horses overcome by the excessive heat of summer, and may be given by this simple pipe. (6) INTRA-VENOUS INJECTIONS.—Injections directly into veins are to be practiced by medical or veterinary practitioners only, as are prob- ably some other means of giving medicines—intra-trachael injections, etc. Cin eee RA EO, DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. By CH. B. MICHENER, V. S., Professor of Catile Pathology and Obstetrics at the New York College of Veterinary Sur-— geons, Inspector Bureau of Animal Industry, etc. It will not prove an easy task to write ‘a plain account of the com- mon diseases, with directions for preventive measures, hygienic care, and the simpler forms of medical treatment” of the digestive organs of the horse. This study includes a careful consideration of the food and drink of our animals, their quality, quantity, analyses, etc. This, of itself, is material for a book. Being limited as to space, one must en- | deavor to give simply an outline; to state the most important facts, leaving many gaps, and continually checking the disposition to write anything like a full description as to cause, prevention, and modes of treatment of disease. These articles are addressed entirely to farmers and stock-owners, and I must ask my professional brethren to bear this in mind, when disposed to complain of a want of scientific treatment of the subjects. Water.—It is generally held, at least in practice, that any water that stock can be induced to drink is sufficiently pure for their use. This practice occasions losses that would startle us if statistics were at hand. Water that is impure from the presence of decomposing organic mat- ter, such as is found in wells and ponds in close proximity to manure heaps and cess-pools, is frequently the cause of diarrhea, dysentery, and many other diseases of stock, while water that is impregnated with different poisons, and contaminated with specific media of contagion, produces death in very many instances. Considering first the quantity of water required by the horse, it may be stated that when our animals have access to water continually they never drink to excess. Were the horse subjected to ship-voyages, or any other circumstances where he must depend upon his attendant for the supply of water, it may be roughly stated that each horse requires a daily average of about 8 gallons of water. This will vary some- what upon the character of his food; if upon green food, less water will be needed than when fed upon dry hay and grain. : 15 16 The time of giving water should be carefully studied. At rest, the horse should receive water at least three times a day; when at work, more frequently. The rule here should be to give in small quantities and often. There is a popular fallacy that if a horse is warm he should not be allowed to drink, many claiming that the first swallow of water “founders” the animal, or produces colic. This is erroneous. No matter how warm a horse may be, it is always entirely safe to allow him from six to ten swallows of water. If this is given on going into the stable, he should be given at once a pound or two of hay and allowed to rest about an hour before feeding. If water be now offered him it will in many cases be refused, or at least he will drink but spar- ingly. The danger, then, is not in the “ first swallow ” of water, but is due to the excessive quantity that the animal will take when warm if not restrained. Water should never be given to horses when it is ice-cold. It may not be necessary to add hot water, but we should be careful in placing water-troughs about our barns to have them in such position that the sun may shine upon the water during the winter mornings. Water, even though it be thus cold, seldom produces serious trouble if the horse has not been deprived for a too great length of time. In reference to the purity of water Smith, in his ‘ Veterinary Hy- giene,” classes spring, deep-well water, and upland surface-water as wholesome ; stored rain-water and surface-water from cultivated land aS suspicious; river water to which sewage gains access and shallow- well water as dangerous. The water that is used for drinking purposes for stock so largely throughout some States can not but be impure. I refer to those sections where there is an impervious clay subsoil. It is the custom to scoop or hollow out a large basin in the different pas- tures. During rains these basins become filled with water. The clay subsoil being almost impervious acts as a jug, and there is no escape for the water except by evaporation. Such water is stagnant, but would be kept comparatively fresh by subsequent rains were it not for the fact that much organic matter is carried into these ponds by sur- face drainage during each succeeding storm. This organic matter soon undergoes decomposition, and as the result we find diseases of differ- ent kinds much more prevalent where this water is drunk than where the water-supply is wholesome. Again, it must not be lost sight of that stagnant surface-water is much more certainly contaminated than is running water by one diseased animal of the herd, thus endangering the remainder. The chief impurities of water may be classed as organic and tnorganie. The organic impurities are either animal or vegetable substances. The salts of the metals are the inorganic impurities. Lime causes hardness of water, and occasion will be taken to speak of this when describing intestinal concretions. Salts of lead, iron, and copper are also frequently found in water, and will be referred to hereafter. 17 About the only examination of water that can be made by the aver- age stock-raiser is to observe its taste, color, smell, and clearness. Pure water is clear and is without taste or smell. It should possess a slight bluish tint. Chemical and microscopic examination will frequently be necessary in order to detect the presence of certain poisons, bacteria, etc., and can of course only be conducted by experts. Foods and feeding.—In this place one can not attempt minis like a comprehensive discussion of the subject, and I must content myself with merely giving a few facts as to the different kinds of food, prepa- ration, digestibility, proper time of feeding, quality, and quantity. Im- proper feeding and watering will doubtless account for over one-half of the digestive disorders met with in the horse, and hence the reader can not fail to see how very important it is to have some proper ideas con- cerning these subjects. Kinds of food.—In this country horses are fed chiefly upon hay, grass, roots, oats, corn, wheat, and rye. Many think that they could be fed on nothing else. Stewart, in ‘‘The Stable Book,” gives the following ex- tract from Loudon’s Encyclopedia of Agriculture, which is of interest at this point: In some sterile countries they (horses) are forced to subsist on dried fish, and even on vegetable mold; in Arabia, on milk, flesh-balls, eggs, broth. In India horses are variously fed. The native grasses are judged very nutritious. Few, perhaps no oats are grown; barley is rare, and not commonly given to horses. In Bengal a vetch, something like the tare, is used. On the western side of India a sort of pigeon-pea, called gram (Cicer arietinum) forms the ordinary food, with grass while in season, and hay all the year round. Indian corn or rice isseldom given. In the West Indies maize, guinea corn, sugar corn tops, and sometimes molasses, are given. In the Mahratta country salt, pepper, and other spices are made into balls, with flour and butter, and these are supposed to produce animation and to fine the coat. Broth made from sheep’s head is sometimes given. In France, Spain, and Italy, besides the grasses, the leaves of ]imes, vines, the tops of acacia, and the seeds of the carob-tree are given to horses. For information as to the nutritive value, chemistry, and classifica- tion of the different kinds of food, I will refer the reader again to Smith’s Veterinary Hygiene. We can not, however, leave aside entirely here a consideration of the digestibility of foods; and by this we mean the readiness with which foods undergo those changes in the digestive canal that fit them for absorption and deposition as integral parts of the animal economy. The age and health of the animal will, of course, modify the digesti- bility of foods, as will also the manner and time of harvesting, preserv- ing, and preparing the foods. In the horse digestion takes place principally in the intestines, and here, as in all other animals and with all foods, we find that a certain part only of the provender is digested; another portion is indigested. This proportion of digested and indigested food must claim passing notice at least, for if the horse receives too much food a large portion 11035——2 18 of digestible food must pass out unacted upon, entailing not only the loss of this unused food, but also calling for an unnecessary expendi- ture of vital force on the part of the digestive organs of the horse. It is thus that, in fact, too much food may make an animal poor. ~ In selecting food for the horse we should remember the anatomical arrangement of the digestive organs, as well as the physiological func- tions performed by each organ. J'oods must be wholesome, clean, and sweet; the hours of feeding regular; the mode of preparation found by practical experience to be the best must be adhered to, and cleanli- ness in preparation and administration must be observed. The length of time occupied by stomach digestion in the horse varies with the different foods. Hay and straw pass out of the stomach more rapidly than oats. It would seem to follow, then, that oats should be given atter hay, for if reversed the hay would cause the oats to be sent onward into the intestines before being fully acted upon by the stomach, and as a result produce indigestion. Experience confirms this. There is another good reason why hay should he given first, particularly if the horse is very hungry or if exhausted from overwork, namely, it requires more time in mastication (insuring proper admixture of saliva) and can not be bolted as are the grains. In either instance water must not be given soon after feeding, as it washes or sluices the food from the stomach before it is fitted for intestinal digestion. The stomach begins to empty itself very soon after the commence- ment of feeding, and continues rapidly while eating. Afterwards the passage is slower, and several hours are required before the stomach is entirely empty. The nature of the work required of the horse must guide us in the selection of his food. Rapid or severe labor can not be performed on a full stomach. For such horses food must be given in small quantity and fed to them about two hours before going to their work. Even horses intended for slow work must never be engorged with bulky, innutritious food immediately before going to labor. The small stomach of the horse would seem to lead us to the conclusion that this animal should be fed in small quantities and often, which, in reality, should be done. The disproportion between the size of the stomach and the amount of water drank tells us plainly that the horse should always be watered before feeding. One of the common errors of feeding, and the one that produces more digestive disorders than any other, is to feed too soon after a hard day’s work. This must never be done. If a horse is completely jaded it will be found beneficial to give him an alcoholic stimulant on going into the stable. A small quantity of hay may then be given, but his grain should be withheld for one or two hours. These same remarks will apply with equal force to the horse that for any reason has been fasting fora long time. After a fast feed less than the horse would eat; for if allowed too much the stomach becomes engorged, its walls paralyzed, and “colic” is almost sure to follow. The horse should be fed three or four times a day; nor 19 will it answer to feed him entirely upon concentrated food. Bulky food must be given to detain the grains in their passage through the intes- tinal tract; bulk also favors distention, and thus mechanically aids absorption. To horses that do slow work for the greater part of the time, chopped or cut hay fed with crushed oats, ground corn, etc., is the best manner of feeding, as it gives the required buik, saves time, and half the labor of feeding. : Sudden changes of diet are always dangerous.— When desirous of chang- ing the food, do so very gradually. If a horse is accustomed to oats a sudden change to a full meal of corn will almost always sicken him. If we merely intend to increase the quantity of the usual feed, this again must be done gradually. The quantity of food given must always be in proportion to the amount of labor to be performed. If a horse is to do less work, or rest entirely from work for a few days, see that he re- ceives less feed. If this was observed even on Saturday night and Sunday there would befewer cases of “ Monday morning sickness,” such as colics and lymphangitis. Foods should also be of a more laxative nature when the horse is to stand for some days. Above all things we should avoid feeding musty or moldy foods. These are very frequent canses of disease of different kinds. Lung trouble, as bronchitis and “heaves,” often follows the use of such food. The digestive organs always suffer from moldy or musty foods. Musty hay is generally con- sidered to produce disorder of the kidneys; and all know of the danger to pregnant animals from feeding upon ergotized grasses or grains. Leaving these somewhat general considerations, I will refer briefly to the different kinds of foods: Hay.—The best hay for horses is timothy. It should be about one year old, of a greenish color, crisp, clean, fresh, and possessing a sweet, pleasant aroma. Even this good hay, if kept for too great a length of time, loses part of its nourishment, and while it may not be positively injurious, it is hard, dry, and indigestible. New hay is difficult to di- gest, produces much salivation (slobbering) and occasionally purging and irritation of the skin. If fed at allit should be mixed with old hay. Second crop or aftermath.—This is not considered good hay for horses, but it is prized by some farmers as a good food for milch cows, they claiming that it increases the flow of milk. The value of hay depends upon the time of cutting, as well as care in curing. Hay should be cut when in full flower, but before the seeds fall; if left longer, it be- comes dry and woody and lacks in nutrition. An essential point in making hay is that when the crop is cut it should remain as short a time as possible in the field. If left too long in the sun it loses color, flavor, and dries or wastes. Smith asserts that one hour more than is necessary in the sun causes a loss of 15 to 20 per cent. in the feeding value of hay. It is impossible to state any fixed time that hay must have to cure, this depending, of course, upou the weather, thickuess of 20 the crop, and many other circumstances; but it is well known that in order to preserve the color and aroma of hay it should be turned or tedded frequently and cured as quickly as possible. On the other hand, hay spoils in the mow if harvested too green or when not sufficiently dried. Mow-burnt hay produces disorder of the kidneys and bowels and causes the horse to fall off in condition. Musty or moldy hay has often been said to produce that peculiar disease known variously as cerebro-spinal meningitis, putrid sore throat, or choking distemper. The average horse, getting grain, should be allowed from 10 to 12 pounds of good hayaday. It isa mistake of many to think that horses at light work can be kept entirely on hay. Such horses soon become pot-bellied, fall off in flesh, and do not thrive. The same is true of colts; unless the latter are fed with some grain they grow up to be long, lean, gawky creatures, and never make as good horses as those aopastonied to grain, with or in addition to their hay. Straw.—The straws are not extensively fed in this country, and when used at all they should be cut and mixed with hay and ground or crusbed grains. Wheat, rye, and oats straw are the ones most used, and of these oats straw i8 most easily digested and contains the most novrishment. Pea and bean straw are occasionally fed to horses, the . pea being preferable according to most writers. Chaff.ic—Wheat and rye chaff should never be used as a food for horses. The beards frequently become lodged in the mouth or throat and are productive of more or less serious trouble. In the stomach and intestines they often serve as the nucleus of the “soft concretions” which are to be described when treating of obstructions of the digestive tract. Oat chaff, if fed in small quantities and mixed with cut hay or corn- fodder, is very much relished by horses. It is not to be given in large quantities, as I have repeatedly witnessed a troublesome and sometimes fatal diarrhea to follow the practice of allowing horses or cattle free ac- cess to a pile of oat chaff. Grains.—Vats take precedence of all grains as a food for horses, as the ingredients necessary for the complete nutrition of the body exist in them in the best proportions. Oats are besides more easily digested and a larger proportion absorbed and converted into the various tissues of the body. Care must be taken in selecting oats. According to Stew- art the best oats are one year old, plump, short, hard, clean, bright, and sweet. New oats are indigestible. Kiln-dried oats are to be refused as arule, for even though originally good this drying process injures them. Oats that have sprouted or fermented are injurious and should never be fed. Oats are to be given either whole or crushed; whole in the majority of instances, crushed to old horses and those having de- fective teeth. Horses, also, that bolt their feed are best fed upon crushed oats and out of a manger large enough to permit of spreading the grain in a thin layer. 21 The average horse requires, in addition to the allowance of hay above spoken of, about 12 quarts of good oats daily. The best oats are those cut about one week before being fully ripe. Not only is the grain richer at this time in nutritive materials, but there is also less waste from “scattering” than if left to become dead ripe. Moldy oats, like hay and straw, not only produce serious digestive disorders, but have been the undoubted cause of outbreaks of that dread disease in horses, al- ready referred to, characterized by inability to eat or drink, sudden paralysis, and death. Wheat and rye——These grains are not to be used as food for horses except in small quantities, bruised or crushed, and fed mixed with other grains or hay. If fed alone, in any considerable quantities, they are almost certain to produce digestive disorders, laminitis (founder), and similar troubles. They should never constitute more than one-fourth of the grain allowance, and should always be ground or crushed. Bran.—The bran of wheat is the one most used, and its value as a feeding stuff is variously estimated. It is not to be depended upon if given alone, but may be fed with other grains. It serves to keep the bowels open. Sour bran is not to be given. It disorders the stomach and intestines and may even produce serious results. Maize—Corn.—This grain is not suitable as an exclusive food for young horses, as it is deficient in salts. It is fed whole or ground. Corn on the cob is commonly used as the food for horses affected with “lampas.” If the corn is old and is to be fed in this manner it should be soaked in pure, clean water for ten or twelve hours. Corn is better given ground, and fed in quantities of from 1 to 2 quarts at a meal mixed with crushed oats or wheat bran. We must be very particular in giving corn to a horse that is not accustomed to its use. It must be commenced in small quantities and very gradually increased. I know of no grain more likely to produce what is called acute indiges- tion than corn if these directions are not observed. Linseed.—Ground linseed is occasionally fed with other foods to keep the bowels open and to improve the condition of the skin. It is of par- ticular service during convalescence, when the bowels are sluggish in their action. Linseed tea is very often given in irritable or inflamed conditions of the digestive organs. Roots—Potatoes.—These are used as an article of food for the horse in many sections. If fed raw and in large quantities they often produce indigestion. Their digestibility is favored by steaming or boiling. They possess, in common with other roots, slight laxative properties. Beets.—These are not much used as food for horses. Carrots.—These make a most excellent food, particularly during sick- ness. They improve the appetite and slightly increase the action of the bowels and kidneys. They possess also certain alterative properties. The coat becomes smooth and glossy when carrots are fed. Some vet- erinary writers claim that chronic cough is cured by giving carrots for 22 sometime. The roots may be considered then as an adjunct to the reg- ular regime, and if fed in small quantities are highly beneficial. Grasses.—Grass is the natural food of horses. lt is composed of a great variety of plants, differing widely as to the amount of nourish- ment contained, some being almost entirely without value as foods and only eaten when there is nothing else obtainable, others are positively injurious oreven poisonous. Noneof the grasses are sufficient to keep the horse in condition for work. Horses thus fed are “soft,” sweat easily, purge, and soon tire on the road or when at hard work. To growing stock grass is indispensible, and there is little or no doubt but that it acts as an alterative when given to horses accustomed to grain and hay. It must be given to such subjects in small quantities at first. The stomach and intestines undergo rest, and recuperate if the horse is turned to grass for atimeeach year. Itis alsocertain that during febrile diseases grass acts almost as a medicine, lessening the fever and favoring re- covery; wounds heal more rapidly than when the horse is on grain, and some chronic disorders (chronic cough for instance) disappear entirely when at grass. In my experience grass does more good when the horse crops it himself. This may be due to the sense of freedom he enjoys at pasture, to the rest to his feet and limbs, and for many similar reasons. When cut for him it should be fed fresh or when but slightly wilted. PREPARATION OF FOODS. Foods are. prepared for feeding for any of the following reasons: To render the food more easily eaten; to make it more digestible; to economize in amount; to give it some new property, and to preserve it. We have already spoken of the preparation of drying, and need not revert to this again, as it only serves to preserve the different foods. Drying does, however, change some of the properties of food, 7. e., re- moves the laxative tendency of most of them. The different grains are more easily eaten when ground, crushed, or even boiled. Rye or wheat should never be given whole, and even of corn it is found that there is less waste when ground, and, in common with all grains, it is more easily digested than when fed whole. Hay and fodder are economized when cut in short pieces. Not only will the horse eat the necessary amount in a shorter time, but it will be found that there is less waste, and the mastication of the grains (whole or crushed) fed with them is insured. Reference has already been made to those horses that bolt their food, and we need only remark here that the consequences of such ravenous eating may be prevented if the grains are fed with cut hay, straw, or fodder. Long or uncut hay should also be fed, even though a certain amount of hay or straw is cut and fed mixed with grain. One objection to feeding cut hay mixed with ground or crushed grains, and wetted, must not be overlooked during the hot months. Such food 23 is apt to undergo fermentation if not fed directly after it is mixed, and the mixing-trough even, unless frequently scalded and cleaned, becomes sour and enough of its scrapings are given with the food to produce flatulent (wind) colic. A small amount of salt should always be mixed with such food. Bad hay should never be cut simply because it insures a greater con- sumption of it; bad foods are dear at any price and should never be fed. We have before spoken of the advantage of boiling roots. Not only does this render them less liable to produce digestive disorders, but it also makes them clean. Boiling or steaming grains is to be recom- mended when the teeth are poor, or when the digestive organs are weak. Of ensilage as a food for horses I have no experience, but am inclined to think that (and this opinion is based upon the imperfect manner in which the crop is often stored) disordered digestion would be more fre- quent were it extensively fed. DISEASES OF THE TEETH. Dentition.—This covers the period during which the young horse is cutting his teeth, from birth to the age of five years. With the horse more difficulty is experienced in cutting the second or permanent teeth than with the first or milk teeth. There is a tendency among farmers and many veterinarians to pay too little attention tothe teeth of young horses. Percivail relates an instance illustrative of this, that is best told in his own words: I was requested to give my opinion concerning a horse, then in his fifth year, who had fed so sparingly for the last fortnight, and so rapidly declined in condition in consequence, that his owner, a veterinary surgeon, was under no light apprehensions about his life. He had himself examined his mouth, without having discovered any defect or disease; though another veterinary surgeon was of opinion that the diffi- culty or inability manifested in mastication, and the consequent cudding, arose from preternatural bluntness of the surfaces of the molar teeth, which were, in conse- quence filed, but without beneficial result. It was after this that I saw the horse; and I confess I was, at my first examination, quite as much at a loss to offer any sat- isfactory interpretation as others had been. While meditating, however, after my inspection, on the apparently extraordinary nature of the case, it struck me that I had not seen the tusks. I went back into the stable and discovered two little tu- mors, red and hard, in the situation of the inferior tusks, which, when pressed, gave the animal insufferable pain. Iinstantly took out my pocket-knife and made ecru- cial incisions through them both, down to the coming teeth, from which moment the horse recovered his appetite and by degrees his wonted condition. The mouths of young horses should also be frequently examined to see if one or more of the milk teeth are not remaining too long, caus- ing the second teeth to grow in crooked, in which case the first teeth should be removed by the forceps. Irregularities of teeth.—There is quite a fashion of late years, espe- cially in large cities, to have horses’ teeth regularly “floated” or “‘rasped” by ‘‘ veterinary dentists.” In some instances this is very beneficial, while in most cases it is entirely unnecessary. From the character of 24 the food, the rubbing or grinding surface of the horse’s teeth should be rough. Still we must remember that the upper jaw is somewhat wider than the lower, and that from the fact of the teeth not being perfectly apposed, a sharp ridge is left unworn on the inside of the lower molars and on the outside of the upper, which may excoriate the tongue or lips to a considerable extent. This condition can readily be felt by the hand, and these sharp ridges when found should be rasped down by a guarded rasp. Any one can do this without the aid of the veterina- rian. In some instances the first or last molar tooth is unnaturally long, owing to the absence of its fellow on the opposite jaw. Should it be the last molar that is thus elongated it will require the aid of the veterinary surgeon, who has the necessary forceps or chisel for cutting it. The front molar may be rasped down, if much patience is taken. In decay of the teeth it is quite common to find the tooth correspond- ing to the decayed one on the opposite jaw very much elongated, sometimes to that extent that the mouth can not be perfectly closed. Such teeth must also be shortened by the bone forceps, chisel, bone- saw, orrasp. In all instances where horses “quid” their food, where they are slobbering, or where they evince pain in mastication, shown by holding their head to one side while chewing, the teeth should be carefully examined. If, as is mostly the case, all these symptoms are referable to sharp corners or projections of the teeth, these must be re- moved by the rasp. If decayed teeth are found, or other serious diffi- culty detected, an expert should be catled. Toothache.—This is rare in the horse and is mostly witnessed where there is decay of a tooth. I have observed it only in the molar teeth. Toothache is to be discovered inthe horse by the pain expressed by him while feeding or drinking cold water. I have seen horses affected with toothache that would suddenly stop chewing, throw the head to one side, and slightly open the mouth. They behave as though some sharp body had punctured the mouth. If upon examination there is no for- eign body found we must then carefully examine each tooth. If this can not be done with the hand in the mouth we can, in mest instances, discover the aching tooth by pressing each tooth from without. The horse will flinch when the sore tooth is pressed upon. In most cases there is nothing to be done but the extraction of the decayed tooth, and this, of course, is only to be attempted by the veterinarian. There is a deformity, known as parrot-mouth, that interferes with pre- hension, mastication, and, indirectly, with digestion. The upper incis- ors project in front of and beyond the lower ones. The teeth of both jaws become unusually long, as they are not worn down by friction. Such horses experience much difficulty in grazing. Little can be done except to occasionally examine the teeth, and if those of the lower jaw become so long that. they bruise the “ bars” of the upper jaw, they must be shortened by the rasp or saw. Horses with this deformity should never be left entirely at pasture. 25 DISEASES OF THE MOUTH. LTampas is the name given to a swelling of the mucous membrane covering the hard palate and projecting in a more or less prominent ridge immediately behind the upper incisors. There is no doubt but that in some rare instances, and particularly while teething, there is a congestion and swelling of this part of the roof of the mouth which may interfere with feeding. In one instance in my practice I found the swelling so extensive that the mucous membrane was caught between the front teeth when the horse attempted to eat. Should this exist the swollen parts are to be scarified, being careful not to cut deeply into the structures. An astringent wash of alum water may also be beneficial. Burning of the lampas is cruel and unnecessary, and should never be permitted, as it often causes serious results to follow. It is quite a common opinion among owners of horses and stablemen that lampas is a disease that very frequently exists. In fact whenever a horse fails to eat, and if he does not exhibit very marked symptoms of a severe illness, they say at once “ he has the lampas.” Itis almost impossible to convinge them to the contrary, yet in a practice extend- ing over fifteen years I have never seen but two or three cases of what is-called lampas that gave rise to the least trouble or that called for any treatment whatever. It may be put down, then, as morea disease of the stableman’s imagination than of the horse’s mouth. Stomatitis.—This is an inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the mouth and is produced by irritating medicines, foods, or other sub- stances. -In cities it frequently follows from eating out of ash-barrels. The symptoms are swelling of the mouth, which is also hot and pain- ful to the touch; there is a copious discharge of saliva; the mucous membrane is reddened, and in some cases there are observed vesicles or ulcers in the mouth. The treatment is simple, soft feed alone often being all that is necessary. In some instances it may be advisable to use a wash of chlorate of potash, borax, or alum, about one-half ounce to a pint of water. Hay, straw, or oats should not be fed unless steamed or boiled. Glossitis, or inflammation of the tongue, is very similar to the above, and mostly exists with it and is due to the same causes. Injuries to the tongue may produce this simple inflammation of its covering mem- brane, or, if severe, may produce lesions much more extensive, such as lacerations, abscesses, etc. These latter would require surgical treatment, but for the simpler forms of inflammation of the tongue the treatment recommended for stomatitis should be followed. Ptyalism or salivation consists in an abnormal and excessive secre- tion of saliva. This is often seen as a symptom of irregular teeth, in- flammation of the mouth or tongue, or of the use of such medicines as lobelia, mercury, and many others. Some foods produce this, as clover, and particularly second crop; foreign bodies, as nails, wheat-chaff, and 26 corn-cobs becoming lodged in the mouth. If the cause is removed, as @ rule no further attention is necessary. Astringent washes may be applied to the mouth as a gargle or by means of a sponge. Pharyngitis is an inflammation of the mucous membrane lining of the pharynx (back part of the mouth). It rarely exists unless accompanied by stomatitis, glossitis, or laryngitis. In those instances where the in- flammation is mostly confined to the pharynx we notice febrilesymptoms— difficulty of swallowing either liquids or solids; there is but little cough except when trying to swallow; there is no soreness on pressure over larynx (large ring of the windpipe). Increased flow of saliva, difficulty of swallowing liquids in particular, and cough only when attempting _ to swallow, are the symptoms best marked in pharyngitis. For treat- ment, chlorate of potash 1m half-ounce doses three or four times a day is the best. This may be given suspended in warm water as a gargle, or may be mixed with licorice-root powder and honey and given with a strong spoon or wooden paddle. Borax or alum water may be substituted for chlorate of potash in the same-sized doses. Soft food should be given, but I have seen some cases where the animal would eat corn from the cob better than anything else. Paralysis of the pharynx, or, as it is commonly called, ‘ paralysis of the throat,” is one of the most stubborn diseases of the horse that we are ever called to treat. A horse is suddenly noticed to be unable to eat, and his manger is found to contain much saliva and frothy food that has been returned through his nose.. The symptoms which enable us to tell that paralysis of the pharynx exists are as follows: The owner says he has a horse that ‘‘can’t eat.” That is all he knows. We find the animal with a somewhat anxious countenance; manger, aS above de- scribed; pulse, respiration, and temperature, at first, about the same as in health; the horse will constantly try to eat or drink, but is un- able to do so; if water be offered him from a pail he will apparently drink with avidity, but, if we notice, the quantity of water in the pail remains about the same; he will continue trying to drink by the hour; if he can succeed in getting any fluid in to the back part of the mouth it comes out af once through the nose. Foods also return through the nose, or are dropped from the mouth, quidded. An examination of the mouth by inserting the hand fails to find any obstruction or any abnormal condition, except, perhaps, that the parts are too flabby to the touch. These cases go on from bad to worse; the horse constantly and rapidly loses in condition, becomes very much emaciated, the eyes are hollow and lustreless, and death soon occurs from inanition. Treatment is very unsatisfactory. Severe blisters should be applied behind and under the jaw; the mouth is to be frequently swabbed out with alum or chlorate of potash, 1 ounce to a pint of water, by means of a sponge fastened to the end of a stick. Strychnia is the best agent to be used to overcome this paralysis, and should be given in 1-grain doses three or four times a day. If the services of a veterinarian can 27 be obtained he should give this medicine by means of a hypodermic syringe, injecting it deeply into the pharynx. In my experience the blister externally, the frequent swabbing of the mouth, as above de- scribed, and the use of a nerve stimulant are all that can be done. This disease may be mistaken at times for foreign bodies in the mouth or for the so called cerebro-spinal meningitis. It is to be distinguished from the former by a careful examination of the mouth, the absence of any offending body, and by the flabby feel of the mouth; from the latter by the animal appearing in perfect health in every particular except this inability to eat or drink. Abseesses sometimes form in the pharynx and give rise to symptoms resembling those of laryngitis or distemper. Interference with breath- ing, that is of recent origin, and progression, without any observable swelling or soreness about the throat, will make us suspect the forma- tion of an abscess in this location. But little can be done in the way of treatment, save to hurry the ripening of the abscess and its dis- vharge, by steaming with hops, hay, or similar substances. If the ab- scess can be felt through the mouth it must be opened by the attend- ing veterinary surgeon. DISEASES OF THE CGSOPHAGUS OR GULLET. It is rare to find disease of this organ, except as a result of the in- troduction of foreign bodies too large to pass, or to the exhibition of irritating medicines. Great care should be taken in the administration of irritant or caustic medicines that they be thoroughly diluted. If this is not done erosions and ulcerations of the throat ensue, and this again is prone to be followed by constriction—narrowing—of the gullet. The mechanical trouble of choking is quite common. It frequently occurs when the animal is suddenly startled while eating apples or roots, and we should be careful never to suddenly approach or put a dog after horses or cows that are feeding upon such substances. If left alone they very rarely attempt to swallow the object until it is suffi- ciently masticated. Choking also arises from feeding oats in a deep, narrow manger, to such horses as eat very greedily, or bolt their food. Wheat chaff is also a frequent source of choke. This accident may result from the attempts to force eggs down without breaking or from giving balls that are too large or not of the proper shape. Whatever object causes the choking, it may lodge in the upper part of the cesophagus, at its middle portion, or close to the stomach, giving rise to the designations of pharyngeal, cervical, and thoracic choke. In some cases where the original obstruction is low we find all that part of the gullet above it to be distended with food. The symptoms will vary according to the position of the body causing choke. In pharyngeal choke the object is lodged in the upper portion of the esophagus. The horse will present symptoms of great distress, 28 hurried breathing, frequent cough, excessive flow of saliva, sweating, trembling, or stamping with the fore-feet. The abdomen rapidly dis- tends with gas. The diagnosisis completed by manipulating the upper part of the throat from without and by the introduction of the hand into the back part of the mouth, finding the body lodged here. In cervical choke (where the obstruction is situated at any point between the throat-latch and the shoulder) the object can both be seen and felt. The symptoms here are not so severe; the horse will be seen to occa- sionally draw himself up, arch his neck, and sometimes utter a loud shriek; the expression becomes anxious, and attempts at vomiting are made. The abdomen is mostly full and tympanitic. Should there be any question as to the trouble a decided conclusion may mostly be reached by pouring water into the throat from a bottle. If the ob- struction is complete you can see the gullet become distended with each bottle of water by standing on the left side of the horse and watch- ing the course of the esophagus, just above the windpipe. This is not always a sure test, as the obstruction may be an angular body, in which case liquids would pass it. Solids taken would show in these cases; but solids should not, however, be given, as they serve to in- crease the trouble by rendering the removal of the body more difficult. In cervical choke one can always, with a little care, feel the imprisoned object. In thoracic choke the symptoms are still less severe. Our attention will be directed to this part of the csophagus by food or water being ejected through the nose or mouth after the animal has taken a few swallows. There will be some symptoms of distress, fullness of the abdomen, cough, and occasionally the crying or shrieking as heard in cervical choke. The diagnosis is complete if, upon passing the probang (a hol- low, flexible tube made for this purpose), an obstruction is encountered. Treatment.—If the choke is at the beginning of the gullet (pharyngeal) we must endeavor to remove the obstacle through the mouth. A mouth-gag or speculum is to be introduced into the mouth to protect the hand and arm. of the operator. Then while an assistant, with his hands grasped tightly behind the object, presses it upward and forward with all his force, the operator must pass his hand into the mouth until he can seize the obstruction and draw it outward. This mode of pro- cedure must not be abandoned with the first failure, as we may get the obstacle farther toward the mouth by continued efforts. If we fail with the hand, forceps may be introduced through the mouth and the object seized when it is just beyond the reach of the fingers. Should our efforts entirely fail we must then endeavor to force the obstruction downward by means of the probang. This instrument, which is of such signal service in removing choke in cattle, is decidedly more dangerous to use for the horse, and I can not pass this point without a word of caution to those who have been known to introduce into the horse’s throat such objects as whip-stalks, shovel-handles, etc. These are 29 always dangerous, and I have seen more than one horse die from this barbarous treatment. Cervical choke.—In this, as well as in thoracic choke, we must first of all endeavor to soften or lubricate the obstruction by pouring oil or mucilaginous drinks down the gullet. After this has been done we are to endeavor to move the object by gentle manipulations with the hands. If choked with oats or chaff (and these are the objects that most fre- quently produce choke in the horse), we should begin by gently squeez- ing the lower portion of the impacted mass, and endeavoring to work it loose a little at a time. This is greatly favored at times if we apply hot fomentations immediately about the obstruction. We should persist in these efforts for at Jeast an hour before deciding to resort to other and more dangerous modes of treatment. Should we fail, however, the pro- bang may be used. In the absence of the regular instrument, which must always be flexible and finished with a smooth cup-shaped ex- tremity, we may use a long piece of inch hose. The mouth is to be kept open by a gag of wood or iron and the head slightly raised and extended. The probang is then to be carefully guided by the hand into the upper part of the gullet and gently forced downward until the ob- struction is reached. Pressure must then be gradual and firm. Do not, at first, attempt too much force, or the csophagus will be ruptured. Simply keep up this firm, gentle pressure until you feel the object mov- ing, after which you are to rapidly follow it to the stomach. If, again, this mode of treatment is unsuccessful, a veterinarian or medical doctor is to be called in, who can remove the object by cutting down upon the gullet, opening it, and removing the offending body. This should scarcely be attempted by a novice, as a knowledge of the anatomy of the parts is essential to avoid cutting the large artery, vein, and nerve that are closely related to the cesophagus in its cervical portion. Thoracic choke can only be treated by means of the introduction of oils and mucilaginous drinks and the careful use of the probang. Some practitioners speak very highly of the value of thick soap-suds, gener- ously horned down the animal’s throat. Stricture of the esophagus is mostly due to corrosive medicines, pre- vious choking (accompanied by lacerations, which, in healing, narrow the passage), and pressure on the gullet by tumors. In the majority of cases of stricture we soon have dilatation of the gullet in front of the constricted portion. This dilatation is due to the frequent accumula- tion of solid food above the constriction. Little can be done in either of these instances except to feed on sloppy or liquid food. Sacular dilatation of the esophagus.—This mostly follows choking, and is due to rupture of the muscular coat of the gullet, allowing the inter- nal or mucous coat to hernia or pouch through the Jacerated muscular walls. This sac or pouch gradually enlarges, from the frequent impris- onment of food, until it presses upon the gullet and prevents swallow- ing. When liquids are taken the solid materials are partially washed 30 out of the pouch. The symptoms presenting themselves are as follows: The horse is able to swallow a few mouthfuls of food without apparent distress; then he will suddenly stop feeding, paw, contract the muscles of his neck, and eject a portion of the food through his nose or mouth. As the dilatation thus empties itself the symptoms gradually subside, only to re-appear when he has again taken solid food. Liquids pass without any, or but little, inconvenience. Should this dilatation exist in the cervical region, surgical interference may sometimes prove effect- ual; if in the thoracic portion, nothing can be done, and the patient rapidly passes from hand to hand by “swapping,” until, at no distant date, the contents of the sac become too firm to be dislodged as here- tofore, and the animal succumbs. DISEASES OF THE STOMACH. Impaction—Stomach staggers, or gorged stomach.—These are terms given to the stomach when it is so enormously distended with food that it loses all power of contracting upon its contents. It occurs most frequently in those horses that after a long fast are given a large feed, or in those that have gained access to the grain-bin and eaten ray- enously. The proportionally small stomach of the horse, as well as his inability to vomit, will account for the frequency of stomach staggers. I have witnessed this trouble most frequently in teamsters’ horses and those that are not fed as often as they should be. After a long fast it is the custom to feed abundantly. The horse bolts his food, anc the stomach not having time to empty itself becomes distended and paralyzed. To prevent this condition it is sufficient to feed at shorter intervals, to give small quantities at a time, and to secure the feed-bins so that if a horse gets loose he can not “ stuff himself to bursting.” Symptoms.—Percivall says that “‘a stomach simply surcharged with food, without any accompanying tympanitic distention, does not ap- pear to occasion local pain, but to operate rather that kind of influence upon the brain which gives rise to symptoms, not stomachic, but cere- bral. Hence the analogy between this disease and staggers, and hence the appellation for it of ‘stomach staggers.’” The horse soon after eat- ing becomes dull and heavy, or drowsy; slight colicky symptoms are observed, and are continuous; he rarely lies down, but carries his head extended and low, nearly touching the ground. MDullness rapidly in- creases, the eyes are partially closed, vision is impaired, he presses or thrusts his head against the manger or sides of the stall, and paws or even climbs with his fore feet. Respirations are less frequent than in health, the pulse slow and sluggish. All these symptoms rapidly in- crease in severity ; he becomes delirious; cold sweats bedew the body; he trembles violently, slobbers or vomits a sour, fermenting mass, staggers from side to side, or plunges madly about until he drops dead. Usually the bowels are constipated, although (and especially if the en- gorgement is due to eating wheat or rye) diarrhea has been observed. These symptoms resemble in some particulars those of “blind” or 31 “mad” staggers, but if we are careful to get the history of the case, i. e., ravenous eating after a long fast, or gaining access to grain-bins, we should not be in much danger of confounding them. Post-mortem ex- aminations sometimes reveal rupture of the stomach, owing to its enor- mous distension, and to the violence with which he throws himself in his delirium. If not ruptured the stomach will be distended to its utmost. Treatment for these cases is very unsatisfactory. A purgative of Barbadoes aloes, 1 ounce, should be given at once. We should then try to stimulate the walls of the stomach to contraction by giving cay- enne pepper, one-half ounce, or half-ounce doses of Jamaica ginger. Injections into the rectum, last gut, of turpentine 2 ounces, in 8 ounces of linseed oil, may stimulate the bowels to act, and thus, in a measure, relieve the stomach. Cold applications applied to the head may in some cases relieve the cerebral symptoms already referred to, and some recommend bleeding for the same purpose. Tympanites of the stomach.—This is of somewhat frequent occurrence, according to my observation, but is not, I believe, as a rule, separately treated of by works on veterinary medicine. It is similar in cause and symptoms to the above, yet distinct enough to enable the careful ob- server to readily differentiate between them. In tympanites of the stomach we find this organ to be greatly distended as before, but in this case its contents are gaseous, or probably a mixture of food and gases, like fermenting yeast. This disease of the horse corresponds exactly with ‘“‘hoven” or “blown” in cattle, and may be due to over- loading the stomach with young, succulent, growing herbage, clover in particular, from whose subsequent fermentation gas is liberated in quantities sufficient to enormously distend the stomach. Growing wheat or rye are also fertile causes of this distention if eaten in any con- siderable amounts. Another very frequent cause of stomach-bloat is overfeeding, particularly if given immediately before hard work. Many people, if they expect to make a long journey, think to fit their horses for the fatigue consequent thereto by giving an extra allowance of oats or other food just before starting. This is most injudicious. The horse starts to his work feeling full and oppressed; he soon grows dull and listless, and fails to respond to the whip; sweats profusely ; attempts to lie down; his head is carried forward and downward, and if checked up is heavy on the reins, stumbles or blunders forward and often falls. If looked at carefully you can not fail to observe that he is unusually fall over the posterior ribs. The flanks may also be distended with gas, and sound like a drum on being struck, though I have seen cases where the gases were entirely confined to the stomach. With this condition the pain and distress are constant ; the swelling referred to plainly ap- preciable; head extended and low, retching or even vomiting of fer- mented food. On placing the ear to the horse’s windpipe a distinct me- tallic sound can be heard, as of air rushing through the windpipe. Such cases are rapid in their course and often fatal. 32 Treatment must be prompt and energetic. An antacid should be given, and, as these cases mostly occur on the road away, probably, from all drug-stores, you should hasten to the first house. Get common baking soda, and administer 2 to 4 ounces of it as quickly as possible. One- half ounce of cayenne pepper may be added to this with advantage, as it serves to aid the stomach to contract upon its contents, and expel the gas. Charcoal, in any amount; chloride of lime, one-half ounce; carbon- ate of ammonia, one-half ounce; or any medicine that will check or stop fermentation, or absorb the gases, may be given. Cl,» = XS { CS SI oN) Cy os Se ET Si Q S MOTT (eo) eS SUI Ae Diicwy ) \ Q aoe — E14: Ly cont AY Ty ken 6 J ) Geo.Marx,after DArboval, p. 372. Sackett Wilhelms Lithosraphing Co New York MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY OF KIDNEY. rue I. dh de TEND ueN ID 12) WAL. . Renal Glomerulus. aArtery Of the glomerulis, b Branch sipplying the atfrerent vessel of the glomer iitiis; c_Afrerent vesset of the glormeriute, aArtery going directly tothe capillary plexits of the cortical sibostance, ¢, Capillary plexus, tf, Glormerulits. Renal Glomerulus with its afferentvesse!s and efferents. aBraich of renal artery, b, Afferent vessel of the glomeriwtis, c, Glomeriulirs; ad Afrerent vessel go- ueg trto corpuscle @, of ACapighne. : , a Geo. Marx,after D Arboval, p. 37 Sy, Sackett & Wilheims Lalhopraphing Co New York MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY OF KIDNEY. IPALVACARI | \WAGt, Straight forceps used amremoving catcut. Leenal casts. Some deprived of epithelium. wo are deeper colored trom the presence of urate of soda. 3 ’ Haines,del after Hurtrel DArboyal. SeckeltB WilhelmsLithographing Go New Y ork CALCULI AND INSTRUMENT FOR REMOVAL. DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. By W. H. HARBAUGH. V. S., Richmond, Virginia. The organs pertaining to the respiratory function may be popularly classed as follows: The nasal openings, or nostrils; the nasal chambers, through which the air passes in the head; the sinuses in the head, com- municating with the nasal chambers; the pharynx, common to the _ functions of respiration and alimentation; the larynx, a complicated structure situated at the top of the wind-pipe; the trachea, or wind- pipe; the bronchi (into which the wind-pipe divides), two tubes leading from the wind-pipe to the right and left lung, respectively; the bron- chial tubes, which penetrate and convey air to all parts of the lungs; the lungs. The pleura is a thin membrane that envelops the lung and is reflected against the walls of the thoracic cavity. The diaphragm is a muscular structure, completely separating the contents of the thoracic cavity from those of the abdominal cavity. It is essentially a muscle of in- spiration, and the principal one. Other muscles aid in the mechanism of respiration, but the diseases or injuries of them have nothing to do with the class under consideration. Just within the nasal openings the skin becomes gradually but per- ceptibly finer, until it is succeeded by the mucous membrane; the line of demarkation is not always well defined. Near about the junction of the skin and membrane is a small hole, presenting the appearance of having been made with a punch; this is the opening of the nasal duct, a canal that conveys the tears from the eyes. Within and above the nasal openings are the cavities or fissures called the false nostrils; if the finger is inserted up into them it will be demonstrated that the superior extremity is blind; just in this situation there is often found a little tumor, to be described hereafter. The nasal chambers are com- pletely separated, the right from the left, by a cartilaginous partition. Each nasal chamber is divided into three continuous compartments by the two turbinated bones. The mucous membrane lining the nasal chambers, and in fact the entire respiratory tract, is much more delicate and more frequently 87 88 diseased than the mucous membrane of any other part of the body. The sinuses of the head are compartments which communicate with the nasal chambers and are lined with a continuation of the same mem- brane that lines the nasal chambers; their presence increases the volume and modifies the form of the head without increasing its weight. The horse, in a normal condition, breathes exclusively through the nostrils ; no air passes through the mouth in respiration. This is one reason why horses probably are affected oftener with colds than other animals. The organs of respiration are more liable to disease than the organs connected with any other function of the animal, and, as many of the causes can be prevented, it is both important and profitable to know and study the causes. The respiratory surface in the lungs of the horse is estimated to be from 200 to 500 square feet. The cause of many of the diseases of these organs may be given under a common head, because even a simple cold, if neglected or badly treated, may run into the most complicated lung disease and terminate fatally. In the spring and fall, when the animals are changing their -coats, there is a marked predisposition to contract disease, and conse- quently care should be taken at those periods to prevent other exciting causes. Badly ventilated stables are a frequent source of disease. Itis a great mistake to think that country stables necessarily have purer air than city stables. Stables on some farms are so faultily constructed that it is almost impossible for the foul air to gain an exit. All stables should have ap unlimited supply of pure air, and be so arranged that strong draughts can not blow directly on the animals. Hot stables are almost always illy ventilated, and the hot stable is a cause of disease on account of the extreme change of temperature a horse is liable to when taken. out, and extreme changes of temperature are to be avoided as certain causes of disease. A horse taken from pasture and kept in a hot stable is almost sure to contract a cold; the stable should be thrown open and the temperature gradually increased in such cases, when practicable, to avoid the sudden change. A cold, close stable is invariably damp, and is to be avoided as much as the hot, close, and foul stable. Horses changed from a cold to a warm stable are more liable to contract cold than when changed from a warm to a cold stable. Pure air is more essential than warmth, and this fact should be especially remembered when the stable is made elose and foul to gain the warmth. It is more economical to keep the horse warm with blankets than to prevent the ingress of pure air in order to make the stable warm. Stables should be wel! drained and kept clean. Some farmers allow dung to accumulate in the stalls until there is hardly sufficient room for the horses. This is a pernicious practice, as the decomposing organic matter evolves poisonous gases that are predisposing or exciting causes of disease.. When a horse is overheated it is not safe to allow him to 89 dry by evaporation; rubbing him dry and gradually cooling him out is the wisest treatment. When a horse is hot—covered with sweat—it is dangerous to allow him to stand in a draught; itis the best plan to walk him until his temperature moderates. In snch cases a light blanket thrown over the animal may preventa cold. Overwork or overexertion often causes the most fatal cases of congestion of the lungs. Avoid pro- longed or fast work when the horse is out of condition or unaccustomed to it. Animais that have been working out in cold rains should be dried and cooled out, and not left to dry by evaporation. When the tempera- ture of the weather is at the extreme, either of heat or cold, diseases ot the organs of respiration are most frequent. It is not to be supposed that farmers can give their horses the par- ticular attention given to valuable racing and pleasure horses, but they can most assuredly give them common-sense care, and this will often save the life of a valuable or useful animal. Neglect on the part of the owner is as often (perhaps oftener) the.cause of disease in the horse as neglect on the part of the servant. If the owner properly considers his interests he will study the welfare of his horses so that he may be able to instruct the servant in details of stable manage- ment, as it often happens that the fault on the part of the servant is due to want of knowledge more than to willful neglect. WOUNDS ABOUT THE NOSTRILS. Wounds in this neighborhood are common, and are generally caused by getting snagged on a nail or splinter, or by the bite of another horse; or by getting ‘“‘run into,” or by running against something. Occasionally the nostril is so badly torn and lacerated that it is im- possible to effect a cure without leaving the animal blemished for life, but in the majority of instances the blemish or scar is due to the want of conservative treatment on the part of the owner or attendant. As soon as possible after the accident the parts should be brought together and held there by stitches. If too much time is allowed to elapse the swelling of the parts will considerably interfere. The skin in this neighborhood is thin and delicate, and therefore it is easy to in- sert sutures. Never cut away any skin that may be loose and hang- ing, or else a scar will certainly remain. Bring the parts in direct ap- position and place the stitches from a quarter to a half inch apart, as circumstances may demand. It is not necessary to have special sur- geons’ silk and needles for this operation; good linen thread or ordi- nary silk thread will answer. The wound afterwards only requires to be kept clean. For this purpose it should be cleansed and discharges washed away daily with a solution made of ecarbolic acid 1 part, in water 40 parts. If the horse is inclined to rub the wound against some object on account of the irritability, his head should be tied by means of two halter ropes to prevent him rubbing the wound open. The head should be so tied about ten days, except when at work or eating. 90 TUMORS WITHIN THE NOSTRILS. As before mentioned, a small globular tumor is sometimes found within the false nostril, under that part of the skin thatis seen to puff or rise and fall when a horse is exerted and breathing hard. These tumors contain matter of a cheesy consistency, and are simple. If the tumor is well opened and the matter squeezed out nature will do the rest to perform a perfect cure. Ifthe opening is made from the out- side through the skin it should be at the most dependent part, but much the best way to open the tumor is from the inside. Quiet the animal, gently insert your finger up in the direction of the tumor, and you will soon discover that it is much larger inside than it appears to be on the outside. If necessary put a twitch on the ear of the horse to quiet him; run the index finger of your left hand against the tumor; now, with the right hand, carefully insert the knife by run- ning thé back of the blade along the index finger of the left hand until the tumor is reached ; with the left index finger guide the point of the blade quickly and surely into the tumor; make the opening large; there is no danger; a little blood may flow out for awhile, but it is of no conse- quence. Squeeze out the matter and keep the part clean. COLD IN THE HEAD—CATARRH. Catarrh means a discharge of fluid from the mucous membrane. The form of catarrh under present consideration is at first a congestion, followed by inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nasal chambers—the Schneiderian or pituitary membrane, as it is specifically termed. The inflammation usually extends to the membrane of the sinuses of the head and often to the membrane of the larynx and pharynx, causing the complication of sore throat. Quite frequently the membrane of the eyes is also affected, as evidenced by its congested condition and the flow of tears down over the cheeks; the nasal duct (spoken of before) is lined with a continuation of the same membrane, and hence the inflammation of the membrane of the eyes is only an ex- tension of the disease over a continuous tract, and not a specific disease as often supposed. The membrane of the nasal duct being swollen, the effect of the congestion or inflammation, the tears can not flow freely through it, therefore they escape from the eyes and flow over the cheeks. Symptoms.—The membrane at the beginning of the attack is dry, con- gested and irritable; it is of a much deeper hue than natural, pinkish- red or red. Soon a watery discharge from the nostrils makes its ap- pearance; the eyes may also be more or less affected, and tears flow over the cheeks. The animal has some fever, which may be easily de- tected by placing the finger in the mouth, as the feeling of heat conveyed to the finger will be greater than natural. To become somewhat expert in ascertaining the changes of tempera- ture in the horse, it is only necessary to place the finger often in the ot mouths of horses known to be healthy. After you have become accus- tomed to the warmth of the mouth of the healthy animal you will have no difficulty in detecting a marked increase of the temperature. Some veterinarians become so expert in this method of examination that they trust to it in preference to the use of thermometers. The animal may be dull; he frequently emits a sort of sneezing snort, but does not cough unless the throat is affected; he expels the air forcibly through his nostrils very often in a manner that may be aptly called ‘“‘ blowing his nose.” A few days after the attack begins the dis. charge from the nostrils changes from a watery to that of a thick mu- cilaginous state, of a yellowish-white color, and may be more or less profuse. Often the appetite is lost, and the animal becomes debili- tated. Treatment.—This disease is not serious, but inasmuch as neglect or bad treatment may cause it to run into a dangerous complication, it should receive proper attention. The animal should not be worked for a few days. A few days of quiet rest, with pure air and good food, will be of greater benefit than medication administered while the horse is excited and exposed to draughts and changes of temperature. The benefit derived from the inhalation of steam can not be overesti- mated. This is effected by holding the horse’s head over a bucketful of boiling water so that the animal will be compelled to inhale steam with every inhalation of air. Stirring the hot water with a wisp of hay causes the steam to arise in greater abundance. By no means adopt the pernicious method of steaming—advised by some authors and prac-— ticed by many people—by putting the head in a bag with hot water or scalded bran. Commonsense would be sufficient to condemn the method, if those who practice it would only think. With the head so closely confined in the bag the horse is compelled to inhale over and over the foul air expelled from the lungs. This is malpractice on a healthy horse, and much worse when the animal is ill, for then it has a greater necessity for pure air. The horse should be made to inhale steam four or five times a day, about fifteen or twenty minutes each time. Particular attention should be paid to the diet. Give bran mashes, scalded oats, linseed gruel, and grass if in season. If the horse evinces no desire for this soft diet, it is well to allow any kind of food he will eat, such as hay, oats, corn, ete. If the animal is constipated, relieve this symptom by injections (enemas) of warm water into the rectum (last gut) three or four times a day, but under no circumstances administer purgative medicines. For simple cases the foregoing is all that is required, but if the ap- petite is lost, and the animal appears debilitated and dull, give 3 ounces of the solution of acetate of ammonia and 2 drams of powdered chlorate of potassium diluted with a pint of water three times a day as adrench. Be careful when giving the drench; donot pound the horse 92 on the gullet to make him swallow; be patient, and take time, and do it right. . If the weather be cold, blanket the animal and keep him in a com- fortable stall. If the throat is sore, treat as advised for that ailment, to be described hereafter. When the inhammatory symptoms subside and the appetite is not re-. gained, give 2 ounces each of the tincture of gentian and spirits of nitrous ether in a pint of water, as a drench, every night and morning for sey- eral days. If, after ten days or two weeks, the discharge from the nos- trils continues, give 1 dram of powdered sulphate of iron three times a day. This may be mixed with bran and oats, if the horse will eat it, but if he will not eat the food with the iron in it, give the iron as a drench, dissolved in a pint of water. It may be objected that rather more space than necessary is devoted to this simple affection ; but when it is known that there is a tendency to the extension of the trouble, and that serious complications may en- sue, the fact should be appreciated that there is every reason why the common cold should be thoroughly understood and intelligently treated in order to prevent the more dangerous diseases. CHRONIC CATARRH—NASAL GLEET. This is a subacute or chronic inflammation of some part of the mem- brane affected in common cold, the disease just described. It is mani- fested by a persistent discharge of a thick, white, or yellowish-white matter from one or both nostrils. The sinuses of the head are the usual seat of the disease. The commonest cause is a neglected or badly treated cold, and it usually follows those eases where the horse has suffered exposure, been overworked, or has not received proper food, and, as a consequence, has become debilitated. Other but less frequent causes for this affection are: Fractures of the bones that involve the membrane of the sinuses; and even blows on the head over the sinuses, of sufficient force to rupture blood-vessels within. The blood thus escaping into the sinus acts as an irritant, and sets up an inflammation. Diseased teeth often involve a sinus, and cause a fetid discharge from the nostril. Violent coughing is said to have forced particles of food into the sinus, which acted as a cause of the disease. Tumors growing in the sinuses are known to have caused it. It is also attributed to matter from disease of the turbinated bones. Absorption of the bones forming the walls of the sinuses has been ‘caused by the pressure of pus collecting in them, and by tumors filling up the cavity. \ Symptoms.—The long-continued discharge, which varies in quantity according to the attendant circeumstances—the cause of the trouble and the part affected—will invariably indicate the disease. Great caution must be exercised when examining these cases, as horses have been condemned as glandered when really there was nothing more ailing 93 them than nasal gleet. This affection is not contagivus, nor is it dan- gerous, although difficult to cure in some instances. In most cases the discharge is from one nostril only, which signifies that the sinuses on that side of the head are affected. The discharge may be intermittent, that is, quantities may be discharged at times, and again little or none for a day or so. The glands under and between the bones of the lower jaw may be enlarged. The peculiar ragged-edged ulcer of glanders is not to be found on the membrane within the nostrils, but occasionally sores are to be seen there. If there is any doubt about it, you should study well the symptoms of glanders to enable you to be at least com- petent to form a safe opinion. The eye on the side of the discharging nostril may have a peculiar appearance and look smaller than its fellow. There may be an enlarge- ment, having the appearance of a bulging out of the bone over the part affected, between or below the eyes. The breath may be offensive, which indicates decomposition of the matter or bones, or, especially, disease of the teeth. A diseased tooth is further indicated by the horse holding his head to one side when eating, or dropping the food from the mouth after partly chewing it. When you tap on the bones between the eyes, below the eyes and above the back teeth of the upper jaw, a hollow drum-like sound is emitted, but if the sinus is filled with pus or contains a large tumor the sound emitted will be the same as if a solid substance were struck; by this means the sinus affected may be located in some instances. The hair may be rough over the affected part, or even the bone may be soft to the touch and the part give somewhat to pressure, or leave an impression where it is pressed upon with the finger. Treatment.—The cause of the trouble must be ascertained betore treatment is commenced. In the many cases where the animal is in poor condition (in fact in all cases), he should have the most nutritive food and regular exercise. The food, or box containing it, should be placed on the ground, as the dependent position of the head favors the discharge. The cases that do not require a surgical operation must, as a rule, have persistent medical treatment. Mineral tonies are of the most value. Tor eight days give the following mixture: Sulphate of iron, 3 ounces; powdered nux vomica, 1 ounce; mix and make into sixteen powders. Give one powder mixed with the food twice a day. When all of the foregoing has been administered the following may be tried for eight days: Sulphate of copper, 4 ounces; powdered gentian, 6 oun- ces; mix and divide into sixteen powders. Give one on the food twice aday. If the animal will not eat the powder on the food, put the medi- cine in a pint of water in a bottle, shake well and give as a drench. After this substitute the following: One dram of iodide of potassium dissolved in a bucketful of drinking water, one hour before each meal. Much benefit is often derived from the effect of a blister over the face. 94 The ordinary fly blister plaster of the drug store mixed with one-third its weight of lard is efficient. Sulphur burnt in the stable while the ani- mal is there to inhale its fumes is also a valuable adjunct. Care should be taken that the fumes of the burning sulphur are sufficiently diluted with air, so as not to suffocate the horse. Chloride of lime sprinkled around the stall is good. Also keep a quantity of the chloride under the hay in the manger so that the gases will be inhaled as the horse holds his head over the hay while eating. Keep the nostrils washed; the discharges may be washed away for appearance sake, but squirting solutions up the nose is worse than useless, as they do not come in con- tact with the diseased part. If the nasal gleet is the result of a diseased tooth the tooth must be re- moved, and the subsequent treatment will be according to indications. The operztion of trephining is the best possible way to remove the tooth in such cases, as it immediately opens the cavity which can be at- tended to direct. In all those cases of nasal gleet where sinuses contain either collec- tions of pus or tumors, the only relief is by the trephine; and it is a fact that, no matter how thoroughly described, this is an operation that will be very seldom attempted by the non-professional, although the operation is simple and attended in the majority of instances with suc- cess. It would therefore be a useless waste of time to give the modus operandi. An abscess involving the turbinated bones is similar to the collection of pus in the sinuses, and must be relieved by trephining. THICKENING OF THE MEMBRANE. This is sometimes denoted by a chronic discharge, a snuffling in the breathing and a contraction of the nostril. It is a result of common cold and requires the same treatment as prescribed for nasal gleet, viz, the sulphate of iron, sulphate of copper, iodide of potassium, etc. The membranes of both sides may be affected, but one side only is the rule; and the affected side may be easily detected by holding the hand tightly over one nostril at atime. When the healthy side is closed in this manner, the breathing through the affected side will demonstrate a decreased caliber or an obstruction. NASAL POLYPUS. Tumors with narrow bases (somewhat pear-shaped) are occasionally found attached to the membrane of the nasal chambers, and are ob- structions to breathing through the side in which they are located. They vary much in size; some are so small that their presence is not manifested, while others almost completely fill up the chamber, thereby causing a serious obstruction to the passage of air. The pedicel of the tumor is generally attached high up in the chamber, and usually the 95 tumor can not be seen, but occasionally it increases in size until it can be observed within the nostril. Sometimes, instead of hanging down towards the nasal opening, it falls back into the pharynx. It causesa discharge from the nostril, a more or less noisy snuffling sound in breath- ing, according to its size, a discharge of blood (if it is injured), and sneezing. The side that it occupies can be detected in the same way as described for the detection of the affected side when the breathing is obstructed by a thickened membrane. The only relief is removal of the polypus, which, like all other opera- tions, should be done by an expert when it is possible to secure one. The operation is performed by grasping the base of the tumor with suit- able forceps and twisting it round and round until it is torn from its attachment. The resulting hemorrhage is checked by the use of an astringent lotion, such as a solution of the tincture of iron, ete. PHARYNGEAL POLYPUS. This is exactly the same kind of tumor described as nasal polypas, the only difference being in the situation. Indeed, the pedicel of the tumor may be attached to the membrane of the nasal chamber as before explained, or it may be attached in the fauces (opening of the back part of the mouth) which is often the case, and by the body of the tumor falling into the pharynx it gets the name of pharyngeal polypus. In this situation it may seriously interfere with breathing. Sometimes it drops into the larynx, causing the most alarming symptoms. The ani- mal coughs or tries to cough, saliva flows from the mouth, the breath- ing is performed with the greatest difficulty and accompanied by a loud noise; the animal appears as if strangled and often falls exhausted. When the tumor is coughed out of the larynx the animal regains quickly and soon appears as if nothing was ailing. These sudden attacks and quick recoveries should lead to a detection of the trouble. The exami. nation must be made by holding the animal’s mouth open with a balling iron or speculum and running the hand back into the mouth. If the tumor is within reach it must be removed with forceps by torsion, and the hemorrhage controlled as before advised. BLEEDING FROM THE NOSE. This often occurs during the course of certain diseases, viz., influenza, bronchitis, purpura hemorrhagica, glanders, etc. But it also occurs independent of other affections; and, as before mentioned, is a symptom of polypus or tumor in the nose. Injuries to the head, exertion, violent sneezing—causing a rupture of a small blood-vessel—also induce it. The bieeding is almost inva- riably from one nostril only, and is never very serious. The blood escapes in drops (very seldom in a stream), and is never frothy as when ¢ 96 the hemorrhage is from the lungs. (See Bleeding from the lungs.) In most cases, bathing the head and washing out the nostril with cold water is all that is necessary. If the cause is known you will be guided according to circumstances. If the bleeding continues, pour ice-cold water over the face, between the eyes and down over the nasal cham- bers. A bag containing ice in small pieces applied to the head is often efficient. If in spite of these measures the hemorrhage continues, try plugging the nostrils with cotton, tow, or oakum. ‘Tie a string around the plug before it is pushed up into the nostril, so that it can be safely withdrawn after four or five hours. If both nostrils are bleeding plug only one nostril at a time. If the hemorrhage is profuse and persist- ent give a drench composed of 1 dram of acetate of lead dissolved in a pint of water; or 1 dram gallic acid dissolved in a pint of water may be tried. INFLAMMATION OF THE PHARYNX. As already s.ated, the pharynx is common to the functions of both respiration and alimentation. From this organ the air passes into the _ larynx and thence onward to the lungs. In the posterior part of the pharynx is the superior extremity of the gullet, the canal through which the food and water pass to the stomach. Inflammation of the pharynx is a complication of other diseases, viz., influenza, strangles, etc., and is probably always, more or less, complicated with inflamma- tion of the larynx. That it may exist as an independent affection there is no reason to doubt, but so closely do the symptoms resemble those of laryngitis, and as the treatment is the same as for the latter disease, it is unnecessary to give it further consideration in a separate article. SORE THROAT—LARYNGITIS. The larynx is situated in the space between the lower jaw bones just back of the root of the tongue, and is retained in this position by the windpipe, muscles, and bones to whick it is attached. It may be con- sidered as a box (somewhat depressed on each side), composed princi- pally of cartilages and small muscles, and lined on the inside with a continuation of the respiratory mucous membrane. Posteriorly it opens into and is continuous with the windpipe. It is the organ of the voice, the vocal cords being situated within it; but in the horse this function is of little or no consequence. It dilates and contracts to a certain ex- tent like the nostrils, thus regulating the volumeof air passing through it. The mucous membrane lining it internally is so highly sensitive that if the smallest particle of food happens to drop into it from the pharynx the muscles instantly contract and violent coughing ensues, which is continued until the source of irritation is ejected. This is a wise provision of nature to prevent foreign substances gaining access to the lungs. That projection called Adam’s apple in the neck of man is the prominent part of one of the cartilages forming the larynx. CC —e— 97 Inflammation of the larynx is a serious and sometimes a fatal disease, and, as before stated, is usually complicated with inflammation of the pharynx, constituting what is popularly known as ‘‘ sore throat.” Symptoms.—A bout the first symptom noticed is the cough, followed by a difficulty in swallowing, which may be due to the soreness of the membrane of the pharynx, over which the food or water must pass, or to the pain caused by the contraction of the muscles necessary to impel the food or water onward to the gullet; or this same contraction of the muscles may cause a pressure on the larynx and produce the pain. In many instances the difficulty in swallowing is so great that the water, and in some cases the food, is returned through the nose. The mouth is hot, and saliva dribbles from it. The glands between the lower jaw bones and below the ears may be swollen. Pressure on the larynx induces a violent fit of coughing. The cough is very characteristic; it is easily seen that the animal is “‘coughing at his throat.” The head is more or less “‘poked out,” and has the appearance of being stiffly carried. The membrane in the nose becomes red. A discharge from the nostrils soon appears. As the disease advances, the breathing may assume a more or less noisy character; sometimes a harsh rasping snore is emitted with every respiration, the breathing becomes hurried, and occasionally the animal seems threatened with suffocation. Treatment.—In all cases steam the nostrils as advised for cold in the head. In bad cases cause the steam to be inhaled continuously for hours, until relief is afforded. Have a fresh bucketful of boiling water every fifteen or twenty minutes. In each bucketful of water puta table- spoonful of oilof turpentine, which will be carried along with the steam to the affected parts and have a beneficial effect. In mild cases steam- ing the nostrils five, six, or seven times a day will suffice. The animal should be placed in a comfortable, dry stall (a box-stall preferred), but should have a pure atmosphere to breathe. The body should be blanketed, and bandages applied to the legs. The diet should consist of soft food—bran mashes, scalded oats, linseed gruel, and, best of all, grass, if in season, which should be carried to him as soon as cut, and a fresh supply offered often. The manger or trough should not be too high nor too low, but a temporary one should be constructed at about the height he carries his head. Having to reach too high or too low may cause so much pain that the animal would rather forego satis- fying what little appetite he might. have, than inflict pain by craning his head for food or water. A supply of fresh water should be before him all the time; he will not drink too much, nor will the cold water hurt him. Constipation (if present) must be relieved by enemas of warm water, administered three or four times during the twenty-four hours. A liniment composed of 2 ounces of olive oil and 1 ounce each of solu- tion of ammonia and tincture of cantharides, well shaken together, should be thoroughly rubbed in about the throat from ear to ear, and 11035——7 98 about 6 inches down over the windpipe and in the space between the lower jaws. This liniment should be applied once a day for two or three days. When the animal can swallow without much difficulty, give the fol- . lowing preparation: Fluid extract hyoscyamus 1 dram, powdered chlo- rate potassium 2 drams, simple sirup or molasses 2 ounces. Mix all together and drench very carefully. Repeat the dose every six hours. If the animal is breathing with great difficulty do not attempt to drench him, but persevere in steaming the nostrils, and dissolve 2 drams of chlorate of potassium in every gallon of water he will drink; even if he can not swallow much of it (and even if it is returned through the nostrils), it will be of some benefit as a gargle to the pharynx. When the breathing begins to be loud great relief is afforded in some cases by giving a drench composed of 2 drams of fluid extract of jab- orandi in half a pint of water. If benefit is derived, this drench may be repeated four or five hours after the first dose is given. It will cause a free flow of saliva from the mouth within thirty minutes. In urgent cases, when suffocation seems inevitable, the operation of tracheotomy must be performed. It must be admitted that this oper- ation appears to be (to the non-professional) a very formidable one, but as it is certainly a means of saving life where all other measures have failed, it is the duty of the writer to describe it. To describe this operation in words that would make it comprehensible to the general reader is a much more difficult task than performing the operation, which in the hands of the expert is one of the simplest, and attended with less danger (from the operation itself) than any of the special operations ~ on organs. The operator should be provided with a tracheotomy tube (to be purchased from any veterinary instrument maker) and a sharp knife, a sponge, and a bucket of clean cold water. The place to be selected for opening the windpipe is that part which is found, upon examination, to be least covered with muscles. Run your hand down the front part of the windpipe and you may easily detect the rings of cartilage of which it is composed; about 5 or 6 inches below the throat it will be the most plainly felt. Right here, then, is the place to cut through. Have an assistant hold the animal’s head still; no necessity of putting a twitch on the nose. Grasp your knife firmly in the right hand, select the spot to cut, and cut. Make the cut from above to below directly on the median line on the anterior surface of the windpipe. Do not attempt to dissect your way in, that is too slow, it annoys the horse and makes him restless, and besides it gives a novice time to become nervous. Make the cut about 2 inches long in the windpipe; this necessitates cutting three or four rings. One bold, nervy stroke is usually sufficient, but if it is necessary to make several other cuts to finish the operation do not hesitate. Your intention must be to make a hole in the windpipe sufficiently large to admit the tracheotomy tube, 99 and you have not accomplished your purpose until you have done so. It is quickly manifested when the windpipe is severed, the hot air ruskes out, and when air is taken in it is sucked in with a noise. A slight hemorrhage may result (it never amounts to mueh), which is easily controlled by washing the wound with a sponge and cold water ;. do not get any of the water inthe windpipe. Do not neglect to instruct your assistant to hold the head down immediately after the operation, so that the neck will be in a horizontal line. This will prevent the blood getting into the windpipe and allow it to drop directly on the ground. If you have the self-adjustable tube, it retains its place in the wound without further trouble after it is inserted. The other kind requires to be secured in position by means of two tapes or strings tied around the neck. After the hemorrhage is somewhat abated | sponge the blood away and see that the tube is thoroughly clean, then insert it, directing the tube downwards towards the lungs. To insure the tube being clean, it is best to keep it immersed in a solution of 1 ounce of carbolic acid in 20 ounces of water for about thirty minutes previous to inserting it in the windpipe. The immediate relief this operation affords is wonderful to behold. The animal, a few minutes before on the verge of death from suffcca- tion, emitting a loud wheezing sound with every breath; with haggard countenance, body Swayibg, pawing, gasping, fighting for breath, is now breathing tranquilly, and ten to one is nosing about the stall in search of something to eat. The tube should be removed once a day and cleaned with the carbolic acid solution (1 to 20), and the discharge washed away from the wound with a solution of carbolic acid, 1 part to 40 parts water. Several times a day the hand should be held over the opening in the tube to test the animal’s ability to breathe through the nostrils, and as soon as it is demonstrated that breathing can be performed in the natural way the tube should be removed, the wound thoroughly cleansed with the car- bolic acid solution (1 to 40), and closed by inserting four or five stitches through the skin and muscle. Do not include the cartilages of the wind- pipe in the stitches. Apply the carbolic acid solution to the wound three or four times a day until healed. When the tube is removed to clean it the lips of the wound may be pressed together to ascertain whether or not the horse can breathe through the larynx. The use of the tube should be discontinued as soon as possible. It is true that tracheotomy tubes are seldom to be found on farms, and especially when most urgently required. In such instances there is nothing left to be done but, with a strong needle, pass a wax end or other strong string through each side of the wound, including the car- tilage of the wind-pipe, and keep the wound open by tying the strings over the neck. The operation of tracheotomy is not always successful in saving the animal’s life, and the principal reason of this is, that it is deferred too long and the animal is beyond recovery before it is at- tempted, 100 During the time the tube is used the other treatment advised must not be neglected. After a few days the discharge from the nostrils be- comes thicker and more profuse. This isa good symptom aud signi- fies that the acute stage has passed. At any time during the attack, if the horse becomes weak, give the following drench every four or five hours: Spirits of nitrous ether, 2 ounces; rectified spirits, 2 ounces; water, 1 pint. When the power of swallowing is regained and the pro- fuse discharge of thick, yellowish-white matter from the nostrils an- nounces the fact of the convalescing stage, administer the following: Tincture of the perchloride of iron, 1 ounce; tincture of gentian, 2 ounces; water, 1 pint. This should be given every morning and evening for about a week or ten days. Good nutritive food must now be given— hay, oats, and corn. Do not be in a hurry to put the animal back to work, but give plenty of time for a complete recovery. Gentle and gradually increasing exercise may be given as soon as the horse is able to stand it. If abscesses form in connection with the disease they must be opened to allow the escape of pus, but do not rashly plunge a knife into swol- len glands; wait until you are certain the swelling contains pus. The formation of pus may be encouraged by the constant application of poultices for hours at a time. The best poultice for the purpose is made of linseed meal, with sufficient hot water to make a thick paste. If the glands remain swollen for some time after the attack, rub well over them an application of the following: Biniodide of mercury, 1 dram; lard, 1 ounce; mix well. This may be applied once every day until the part is blistered. Sore throat is also a symptom of other diseases, such as influenza, strangles, purpura hemorrhagica, etc., which diseases may be consulted under their proper headings. After a severe attack of inflammation of the larynx the mucous mem- brane may be left in a thickened condition, or an ulceration of the part may ensue, either of which are liable to produce a chronic cough. For the ulceration it is useless to prescribe, because it can neither be diag- nosed nor topically treated by the non-professional, If a chronic cough remains after all the other symptoms have disap- peared, it is advisable to give 1 dram of iodide of potassium dissolved in a bucketful of drinking water one hour before feeding, three times a day, for a month if necessary. Also rub in well the preparation of iodide of mercury (as advised for the swollen glands) about the throat, from ear to ear, and in the space between the lower jaw bones. The application may be repeated every third day until the part is blistered. SPASM OF THE LARYNX. This has been described by some authorities. The symptoms given are: Sudden seizure by a violent fit of coughing; the horse may reel and fall, and after a few minutes recover, and be as well as ever. The 101 treatment recommended is: Give a pint of linseed oil and after it has operated administer 3 drams of bromide of potassium three times a day, dissolved in the drinking water, or give as.a drench in about a half pint of water, fora week. Then give a dram of powdered nux vomica (either on the food or shaken with water as a drench) once a day for a few weeks. CROUP AND DIPHTHERIA. Both of these diseases, it is claimed, affect the horse. But such cases must be rare, as veterinarians of extended experience have failed to recognize a single case in their practice. Thesymptoms areso much like those of inflammation of the larynx that it would be impossible for the general reader to discriminate between them. ROARING. Horses that are affected with a chronic disease that causes a loud unnatural noise in breathing are called “ roarers.” This class does not. include those affected with severe sore throat, as in these cases the breathing is noisy only during the attack of the acute disease. Roaring is caused by an obstruction to the free passage of the air in some part of the respiratory tract. Nasal polypi, thickening of the membrane, pharyngeal polypi, deformed bones, paralysis of the wing of the nostril, etc., are occasional causes. The noisy breathing of horses after having been idle and put to sudden exertion is not due to any dis- ease, andis only temporary. Very often a nervous, excitable horse will make a noise for a short time when started off, generally caused by the eramped position in which the head and neck are forced, in order to hold him back. Many other causes may occasion temporary, intermitting or perma- nent noisy respiration, but after all other causes are enumerated it will be found that more than nine out of ten cases of chronic roaring are caused by paralysis of the muscles of the larynx; and almost invariably it is the muscles of the left side of the larynx that are affected. In chronic roaring the noise is made when the air is drawn into the lungs; and only when the disease is far advanced is a sound produced when the air is expelled, and even then it is not near so loud as during inspiration. In a normal condition the muscles dilate the aperture of the larynx by moving outward the cartilage and vocal cord, allowing a sufficient volume of air to rush through. But when the muscles are paralyzed, the cartilage and vocal cord that are normally controlled by the af- fected muscles remain stationary; therefore when the air rushes in it meets this obstruction, and the noise is produced. When the air is ez- pelled from the lungs its very force pushes the cartilage and vocal cords out, and consequently noise is not always produced in the expiratory act. 102 The paralysis of the muscles is due to derangement of the nerve that supplies them with energy. The muscles of both sides are not supplied by the same nerve; there is a right and a left nerve, each supplying its respective side. The reason why the muscles on the left side are the ones usually paralyzed is owing to the difference in the anatomical arrangement of the nerves. The left nerve is much longer and more exposed to interference than the right nerve. This pair of nerves is given off from its parent trunks (the pneumogastrics) after the latter enter the chest, and consequently they are called the recurrent laryngeal nerves, on account of having to recur to the larynx. In chronic roaring there is no evidence of any disease of the larynx, other than the wasted condition of the muscles in question. The dis- ease of the nerve is generally located far from the larynx. Disease of parts contiguous to the nerve along any part of its course may interfere with its proper function. It is not really necessary for the nerve itself to be the seat of disease; pressure upon it is sufficient; the pressure of a tumor on the nerve is a common cause. Disease of lymphatic glands within the chest through which the nerve passes on its way back to the larynx is the most frequent interruption of nervous supply, and conse- quently roaring. When roaring becomes confirmed medical treatment is entirely useless, as it is impossible to restore the wasted muscle and at the same time remove the cause of the interruption of the nervous supply. Before the disease becomes permanent it may be benefited by a course of iodide of potassium, when it is caused by disease of the lymphatic glands. Hlectricity has been used with indifferent success. Blistering or firing over the larynx is of course not worthy of trial if the disease is due to interference with the nerve supply. The adminis- tration of strychnia (nux vomica) on the ground that itis a nerve tonic, with the view of stimulating the affected muscles, is treating only the result of the disease without considering the cause, and is therefore use- less. The operation of extirpating the collapsed cartilage and vocal cord is believed to be the only relief, and as this operation is critical and can only be performed by the skillful veterinarian, it will not be described here. From the foregoing description of the disease it will be seen that the name ‘‘roaring,” by which the disease is generally known, is only a symptom and not the disease. Chronic roaring is also in many cases accompanied by a cough. The best way to test whether a horse is a ‘‘roarer” is to either make him pull a load rapidly up a hill or overa sandy road or soft ground; or if he is a saddle horse gallop him up a hill. The object is to make him exert himself. Some horses require a great deal more exertion than others before the characteristic sound is emitted. The greater the distance he is forced the more he will appear exhausted if he is a roarer; in bad cases the animal becomes utterly exhausted, the breathing is rapid and difficult, the nostrils dilate to the fullest extent, and the animal appears as if suffocation was imminent. 103 An animal that isa roarer should not be used for breeding purposes, no matter how valuable the stock. ‘The taint is transmissible in many instances, and there is not the least doubt in the minds of those who know best that the offspring whose sire or dam is a roarer is born with an hereditary predisposition to the affection. Grunting—A common test used by veterinarians when examining “the wind” of a horse is to see if he is a “grunter.” This is a sound - emitted during expiration when the animal is suddenly moved, or start- led, or struck at. If he grunts he is further tested for roaring. Grunters are not always roarers, but as it is a common thing for a roarer to grunt such an animal must be looked upon with suspicion until he is thor- oughly tried by pulling a load or galloped up a hill. The test should be a severe one. Horses suffering with pleurisy, pleurodynia, or rheu- matism, and other affections accompanied with much pain, will grunt when moved, or when the pain is aggravated, but grunting under these circumstances does not justify the term of ‘grunter” being applied to the horse, as the grunting ceases when the animal recovers from the disease that causes the pain. High blowing.—This term is applied to a noisy breathing made by some horses. It is distinctly a nasal sound, and must not be con- founded with “roaring.” The sound is produced by the action of the nostrils. It is a habit and not an unsoundness. Contrary to roaring, when the animal is put to severe exertion the sound ceases. Ananimal that emits this sound is called a “high-blower.” Some horses have, naturally, very narrow nasal openings, and they may emit sounds louder than usual in their breathing when exercised. Whistling is only one of the variations of the sound emitted by a horse called a ‘‘ roarer,” and therefore needs no further notice, except _to remind the reader that a whistling sound may be produced during an attack of severe sore throat or inflammation of the larynx, which passes away with the disease that causes it. _ Thick wind.—This is another superfluous term applied to a symptom. The great majority of horses called “ thick-winded” belong either in the class called ‘‘ roarers,” or are affected with “ heaves,” and therefore no separate classification is needed. Mares heavy with foal, horses exces- sively fat, and those that have not been exercised for so long that the muscular system has become unfit for work ; horses with large bellies, and, especially, when the stomach is loaded with coarse, fibrous, or bulky food, emit a louder sound than natural in their breathing, and are called ‘“ thick-winded.” ‘The treatment in such cases is obvious: ‘¢ Remove the cause and the effect will cease.” While it must be ad- mitted that ‘‘ thickening of the mucous membrane of the finer bronchial tubes and air cells may cause the breathing called thick-winded,” it must at the same time be admitted that there is no symptom by which the condition can be distinguished from what will hereafter be described as ‘“‘heaves,” by the general reader, at least. 104 THE WINDPIPE. The windpipe, or trachea, as it is technically called, is the flexible tube that extends from the larynx which it succeeds at the throat to above the base of the heart in the chest, where it terminates by dividing into the right and left bronchi, the tubes going to the right and left lung respectively. ‘The windpipe is composed of about fifty incomplete rings of cartilage united. by ligaments. A muscular layer is situated on the superior surface of the rings. Internally the tube is lined with a continuation of the mucous membrane that lines the entire respiratory tract, which here has very little sensibility in contrast to that lining the larynx, which is endowed with exquisite sensitiveness. The windpipe is not subject to any special disease, but is more or less affected during laryngitis (sore throat), influenza, bronchitis, ete., and requires no special treatment. The membrane may be left in a thickened condition after these attacks. One or more of the rings may be accidentally fractured, or the tube may be distorted or mal- formed, the result of violent injury. After the operation of trache- otomy it is not uncommon to find a tumor or malformation as a re- sult or sequel of the operation. In passing over this section atten- tion is merely called to these defects, as they require no particular attention in the way of treatment. However, it may be stated that any one of the before-mentioned conditions may constitute one of the causes of noisy respiration described as “ roaring.” GUTTURAL POUCHES. These two sacks are not included in the organs of respiration, but sometimes pus collects in them to an extent that considerably inter- feres with respiration. They are in close proximity to the pharynx and larynx, and when filled with matter the functions of the last-named or- gans can not be properly performed. They are situated above the throat, and communicate with the pharynx, as well as with the cavity of the tympanum of theear. They are peculiar to solipeds. They contain air, except when filled with pus. Their function is unknown. One or both guttural pouches may contain pus. The symptoms are: Swelling on the side below the ear and an intermittent discharge of matter from one or both nostrils, especially when the head is depressed. The swelling is soft, and, if pressed upon, matter will escape from the nose if the head is depressed. As before mentioned, these pouches communicate with the pharynx, and through this small opening matter may escape. A recovery is probable if the animal is turned out to graze, or if he is fed from the ground, as the dependent position of the head favors the escape of matter from the pouches. In addition to this, give the tonics recommended for nasal gleet. If this treatment fails an operation must be performed, which should not be attempted by any one unacquaintea with the anatomy of the part. 105 METHODS OF EXAMINATION FOR DISEASES HAVING THEIR SEAT WITHIN THE CHEST. To lay down a set of rules for the guidance of the general reader in discriminating between the different affections of the organs of respira- tion situated in the thoracic cavity, is a task hard to accomplish. In the first place, it is presumed that the reader has no knowledge what- ever of the anatomical arrangement, and probably but a meager idea of the physiology of the organs, therefore the use of technical language, which would make the task a simple one, is out of the question. And, to one who scarcely understands the signs and laws of health, it is dif- ficult to convey in comprehensive language, in an article like this, an adequate idea of the great importance attached to signs or symptoms of disease. Then, again, the methods used for the detection of symp- toms not visible are such as require special cultivation of the particu- lar senses brought into play. It will bethe endeavor of the writer, when describing the symptoms of each particular disease, to do so in such manner that a serious mistake should not be made; but for the benefit of those who may desire a more thorough understanding of the subject a brief review of the various methods employed and an ex- planation of certain symptoms will be given here. Pulse.—By the pulse is meant the beating of the arteries, which fol- lows each contraction of the heart. The artery usually selected in the horse for “ taking the pulse” is the submaxillary where it winds around the lower jaw-bone. On the inner side of the jaw-bone the artery may be readily felt and pressed against the bone, hence its adaptability for the purpose of detecting each peculiarity. The number of beats ina . minute, the regularity, the irregularity, the strength or feebleness, and other peculiarities are principally due to the action of the heart. In the healthy horse the average number of beats in a minute is about forty; but in different horses the number may vary from thirty- five to forty-five and still be consistent with health. The breed and temperament of an animal has much to do with the number of pulsa- tions. Ina thoroughbred the number of beats in a given time is gen- erally greater than in a coarse-bred horse. The pulse is less frequent in a dull plethoric animal than in an excitable one. The state of the pulse should be taken when the animal is quiet and at rest. Work, exercise, and excitement increase the number of pulsations. If the pulse of a horse be taken while standing quietly in the stable it will be found less frequent than when he is at pasture. It is not within the scope of a work of this kind to give all the pecu- liarities of the pulse; only a few of the most important will be noticed. It should, however, be stated that if the reader would learn something of the pulse in disease he must first become acquainted with the pulse in health; he must know the natural peculiarities before he can detect the deviations caused by disease. 106 By a frequent pulse is meant an increased number of beats in a given time. An infrequent pulse means the reverse. may now undergo absorption, and the case terminate favorably within a week or ten days. If the quantity of the effusion is large, its own volume retards the process of absorption to a great extent, and consequently convales- cence is delayed. In some cases the symptoms manifest a serious state. The pulse becomes more frequent, the breathing more hurried and labored, the flanks work like bellows, the nostrils flap, the eyes stare wildly, the countenance expresses much anxiety, and general signs of dissolution are plain. After a time swellings appear under the chest and abdomen and down the legs. These swellings are due to trans- 126 fusion of the fluid from within the chest into the surrounding tissues. The accumulation in the chest is called hydro-thorax or dropsy of the chest. When this fluid contains pus the case usually proves fatal. The condition of pus within the cavity is called empyema. Pleurisy may affect only a small area of one side, or it may affect both sides. It is oftener confined to the right side. Treatment.—This varies very little from the treatment of bronchitis and pneumonia, but as frequently stated heretofore, pleurisy is so lia- ble to be complicated with either of the diseases named, the variation in the treatment may be considered as merely adjunct treatment of the pleuritic complication. The instructions in regard to the general management of bronchitis and pneumonia must be adhered to in the treatment of pleurisy. Com- fortable quarters, pure air, warm clothing to the body and bandages to the legs, a plentiful supply of pure cold water, the laxative food, etc., in this case are equally necessary and efficacious. The hot applica- tions applied to the chest as directed in the treatment of pneumonia are very beneficial in pleurisy, and should be kept up while the symp- toms show the animal to be in pain. During the first few days, when pain is manifested by restlessness, do not apply the liniment to the sides of the chest, as it will not only irritate the animal and increase the restlessness but will heighten the fever as well. After four or five days, when the symptoms show that the acute stage has somewhat subsided, the liniment may be well rubbed over the affected part with benefit, as it will greatly promote the absorption of the effusion. The application may be repeated on al- ternate days until several applications have been made. From the be- ginning the following drench should be given every six hours: Solu- tion of the acetate of ammonia, 3 ounces; spirits of nitrous ether, 1 ounce; bicarbonate of potassium, 3 drams; water, 1 pint. If the patient becomes debilitated the stimulants as prescribed for pneumonia should be used according to the same directions. Thesame attention should be given to the diet. If the animal will partake of the bran mashes, scalded oats, and grass, it is the best, but if he re- fuses the laxative diet then he should be tried with different kinds of food, and allowed whichever kind he desires. _ In the beginning of the attack, if the pain is severe, causing the ani- mal to lie down or paw, the following drench should be given: Tinct- ure of opium, 2 ounces; raw linseed oil, 12 ounces. If the pain con- tinues, the tincture of opium may be repeated within four or five hours. If the case is not progressing favorably in ten or twelve days after the beginning of the attack, convalescence is delayed by the fluid in the chest failing to be absorbed. The animal becomes dull and weak, and evinces little or no desire for food. The breathing becomes still more rapid and difficult. An effort must now be made to excite the absorp- tion of the effusion. An application of the liniment should be rubbed over the lower part of both sides and the bottom of the chest. The 127 following drench should be given three times a day, for seven or eight days if it is necessary and appears to benefit: Tincture of the per- chloride of iron, 1 ounce; tincture of gentian, 2 ounces; water, 1 pint. Also give 1 dram of iodide of potassium dissolved in the drinking-water an hour before feeding, every night and morning for a week or two. Hydro-thorax is sometimes difficult to overcome by means of the use of medicines alone, when an operation called paracentesis thoracis is performed. In plain language this means tapping the chest to allow an escape for the accumulated fluid. The operation is performed with a combined instrument called the trocar and canula. The puncture is made in the lower part of the chest, in the space between the eighth and ninth ribs. Wounding of the intercostal artery is avoided by in- serting the instrument as near as possible to the anterior edge of the rib. If the operation is of benefit it is only so when performed before the strength is lowered beyond recovery. The operation merely re- ceives a passing notice here, as it is not presumed that the non-protes- sional will attempt it, although it is attended with little danger or diffi- culty in the hands of the expert. We have described bronchitis, pneumonia, and pleurisy mainly as they occur as independent diseases, and have treated them in a way that an intelligent person can not possibly do harm. While it is true much more might have been said in regard to the different stages and types of the affections, and also in regard to the treatment of each stage and each particular type, the plan adopted is considered the wisest on account of simplifying as much as possible a subject of which the reader is supposed to know very little, if anything. A few words will now be devoted to these affections as they occur, when two or more exist at the same time and in the same animal. PLEURO-PNEUMONIA. The disease is so called when the animal is affected with pleurisy and pheumonia combined, which is most frequently the case. At the be. ginning of the attack only one of the affections may.be present, but the other soon follows. It has already been stated that the pleura is closely adherent to the lung. The pleura on this account is frequently more or less affected by the spreading of the inflammation from the lung tissue. There is a combination of the symptoms of both diseases, but to the or- dinary observer the symptoms of pleurisy are the most obvious. The course of treatment to be pursued differs in no manner from that given for the affections when they occur independently. The symptoms will be your guide as to the advisability of giving oil and laudanum for the pain if the pleurisy is very severe. Do not resort to it unless it is nec- essary to allay the pain. BRONCHO-PLEURO-PNEUMONIA. This is the term or terms applied when bronchitis, pleurisy, and pneu- monia all exist at once. This is by no means a common occurrence. 128 However, it is impossible for one who is not an expert to diagnose the state with certainty. The apparent symptoms are the same as when the animal is affected with pleuro pneumonia. BRONCHO-PNEUMONIA. This is also a common complication. Hither one or the other may be first in operation. When bronchitis affects the smaller bronchial tubes the inflammation readily extends to the air-cells and thence to the lung tissue, constituting pneumonia. Or the bronchial tube may be second- arily involved by the extension of the inflammation from the air-cells. Nothing in regard to the treatment of this condition requires to be said here, as it has been fully described when speaking of bronchitis and pneumonia as separate diseases. A brief review of someof the unfa- vorable results of pleurisy and pneumonia will not be out of place here: SUPPURATION AND ABSCESS IN THE LUNG. There are instances, and especially when the surroundings of the pa- tient have been bad, when the inflammation terminates in an abscess in the lung. Sometimes, when the inflammation has been extreme, suppuration in a large portion of the lung takes place. Impure air, the result of improper ventilation, is the most frequent cause of this termi- nation. The symptoms of suppuration in the lung are an exceedingly offensive smell of the breath, and the discharge of the matter from the nostrils. MORTIFICATION. Gangrene or mortification means a death of the part affected. Oc- casionally, owing to the intensity of the inflammation or bad treatment, pneumonia and pleuro-pneumonia terminate in mortification, which is soon followed by the death of the animal. ABSCESS IN THE SPACES BETWEEN THE RIBS. Abscess of the intercostal spaces has been recorded as a result of pleurisy. Following the attack of pleurisy an enlargement appears on some part of the chest, which may burst of its own accord. When it makes its appearance it is advisable to apply poultices of linseed meal and hot water, or bathe if continuously for hours at a time with water as hot as can be comfortably borne. This treatment will hasten the formation of matter. When it is soft in the center it should be lanced and the matter allowed to escape. The course of tonic treatment and nutritive food advised in the treatment of pleurisy should be kept up. HAIMOPTYSIS—BLEEDING FROM THE LUNGS. Bleeding from the lungs may occur during the course of congestion of the lungs, bronchitis, pneumonia, influenza, purpura hemorrhagica, or glanders. An accident or exertion may cause a rupture of a vessel. Plethora predisposes to it. Following the rupture of a vessel the blood may escape into the lung tissue and cause a serious attack of pneu- monia, or it may fill up the bronchial tubes and prove fatal by suffocat- 129 ing the animal. When the hemorrhage is from the lungs it is accom- panied by coughing; the blood is frothy and comes from both nostrils. Whereas when the bleeding is merely from a rupture of a vessel in some part of the head (heretofore described as bleeding from the nose) the blood is most likely to issue from one nostril only, and the discharge is not accompanied by coughing. The ear may be placed against the windpipe along its course, and if the blood is from the lungs -a gurg- ling or rattling sound will be heard. When it occurs in connection with another disease it seldom requires special treatment. When caused by accident or overexertion the animal should be kept quiet. If the cough is frequent or paroxysmal a dose composed of 2 ounces of tincture of opium in 8 ounces of raw linseed oil may be given to allay the irrita- bility, which may stop the hemorrhage by checking the cough. If the hemorrhage is profuse and continues for several hours 1 dram of the acetate of lead dissolved in a pint of water may be given as a drench, or 1 ounce of the tincture of the perchloride of iron, diluted with a pint of water, may be given instead of the lead. It is rare that the hemorrhage is so profuse as to require internal remedies. But hem- orrhage into the lung may occur and cause death by suffocation without the least manifestation of it by the discharge of blood from the nose. CONSUMPTION. Pulmonary consumption, ‘‘the same as phthisis or consumption in man,” has been described by European authors as affecting the horse. It is mentioned here merely to give the writer an opportunity to say that he never saw a case of it, and never conversed with a veterinarian on the subject who has met with a case in the horse. This fact does not prove that the horse is exempt from the disease, but it at least proves that it must be rare indeed. DROPSY OF THE LUNG. This condition has been noticed as a result of heart disease, and as it is said, almost invariably to terminate fatally, no further notice of it is necessary here. HEAVES—BROKEN WIND—ASTHMA. Much confusion exists in the popular mind in regard to the nature of broken wind. Many horsemen apply the term to all ailments where the breathing is difficult or noisy. Scientific veterinarians are well ac- quainted with the phenomena and locality of the affection, but there is a great diversity of opinion as regards the exact cause. Asthma is generally thought to be due to spasm of the small circular muscles that surround the bronchial tubes. The continued existence of this affec- tion of the muscles leads to a paralysis of them, and is considered one of the primary stages of broken wind. Some eminent veterinarians maintain that the exciting cause of broken wind is due to a lesion of the pneumogastric nerve. That there is good foundation for this opinion there can be nodoubt. The pneumogastric 11035——-9 130 nerves send branches to the bronchial tubes, lungs, heart, stomach, ete. All the organs just mentioned may sooner or later become involved in connection with broken wind. It may besaid that broken wind is always associated with disorder of the function of digestion. It is claimed that coarse or indigestible food irritates the branches of the pneumogastric nerves which supply the walls of the stomach, and this irritation is re- flected or extended to the branches of the same nerve which supply the lungs, when the lesions constituting broken wind follow. In itself broken wind is not a fatal disease, but death is generally caused by an affection closely connected with it. After death, if the organs are examined, the lesions found depend much upon the length of time broken wind has affected the animal. In recent cases very few changes are noticeable, but in animals that have been broken-winded for a long time the changes are well marked. ‘The lungs are paler than natural, and of much less weight in proportion to the volume, as evi- denced by floating them in water. The walls of the small bronchial tubes and the membrane of the larger tubes are thickened. The right side of the heart is enlarged and its cavities dilated. The stomach is enlarged and its walls stretched. And in many old cases the intestinal walls undergo the same changes. The important change found in the lungs is a condition technically called pulmonary emphysema. This is of two varieties: First, what is termed vesicular emphysema, which consists of an enlargement of the capacity of the air-cells (air vesicles) by dilation of their walls; the walls after a time degenerate, and finally give way, and thus form a communication with other air-cells. The second form is called interlobular emphysema, and follows the first. In this variety the air finds its way into the lung tissue between the air-cells, or, as its name indicates, in the tissue between the small lobules. : Symptoms.—Almost every experienced horseman is able to detect “heaves.” The peculiar movement of the flanks and abdomen point out the ailment at once. But in recent cases the affected animal does not always exhibit the characteristic breathing unless exerted to acer- tain extent. The cough which accompanies this disease is peculiar to it. It is difficult to describe, but the sound is short, and something like @ grunt. When air is inspired, that is, taken in, it appears to be done in the same manner as in health; it may Lossibly be done a little quicker than natural, but not enough to attract any notice. It is when the act of expiration (or expelling the air from the lungs) is performed that the great change in the breathing is perceptible. It must now be remem- bered that the lungs have lost much of their power of contracting on account of the degeneration of the walls of tue air-cells, and also on account of the paralysis of muscular tissue before mentioned. The air passes into them freely, but the power to expel it is lost to a great extent by the lungs: therefore the abdominal muscles are brought into play. These muscles, especially in the region of the flank, are seen to 131 contract, then pause for a moment, then complete the act of contracting, thus making a double bellows-like movement at each expiration, a sort of jerky motion with every breath. When the animal is exerted a wheezing noise accompanies the breathing. This noise may be heard to a less extent when the animal is at rest if the ear be applied to the chest. As before remarked, indigestion is always present in these cases. The animal has a depraved appetite, as shown by a desire to eat dirt and soiled bedding, which he often devours in preference to the clean food in the trough or manger. The stomach is liable to be overloaded with indigestible food. The abdomen may assume that form called “not-bellied.” The animal frequently passes wind, which is of a very offensive odor. Attacks of colic may occur, which in some cases are fatal. When first put to work dung is passed frequently; the bowels are often loose. The animal can not stand much work, as the muscular system is soft. Round chested horses are said to be predisposed to the disease, and it is certain that in cases of long standing the chest usually becomes rounder than natural. Certain ‘“‘smart” individuals become very expert in managing a horse affected with ‘‘ heaves” in suppressing the symptoms for a short time. They take advantage of the fact that the breathing is much easier when the stomach and intestines are empty. They also resort to the use of medicines that have a depressing effect. When the veterinarian is ex- amining a horse for soundness, and he suspects that the animal has been “fixed,” he usually gives the horse as much water as he will drink and then has him ridden or driven rapidly up a hill or on a heavy road. This will bring out the characteristic breathing of ‘‘heaves.” All broken-winded horses have the cough peculiar to the affection, but it is not regular. A considerable time may elapse before it is heard and then it may come on in paroxysms, especially when first brought out of the stable into the cold air, or when excited by work, or after a drink of cold water. The cough is usually the first symptom of the disease. Treatment.— When the disease is established there is no cure for it, Proper attention paid to the diet will relieve the distressing symptoms to a certain extent, but they will undoubtedly re-appear in their inten- sity the first time the animal overloads the stomach or is allowed food of bad quality. Putting aside all theories in regard to the primary cause of the affection, it is generally admitted that it is closely allied to derangement of the digestive organs, most particularly the stomach. This being the fact, it is but reasonable to infer that if the animal is allowed nothing but food of the best quality the predisposition to ‘‘ heaves” is lessened. Olover hay and bulky food generally, which, as a rule, contains but little nutriment, have much to do with the cause of _ the disease, and therefore should be entirely omitted when the animal is affected, as well as before. A high authority asserts that the disease is unknown where clover hay is never used. The diet should be con- fined to food of the best quality and in the smallest quantity. The bad 132 effect of moldy or dusty hay, fodder, or food of any kind can not be overestimated. A small quantity of the best hay once a day is suffi- cient. The animal should invariably be watered before feeding ; never directly after a meal. It is a good plan to slightly dampen the food to allay the dust. The animal should not be worked immediately after a meal. Exertion, when the stomach is full, invariably aggravates the symptoms. Turning on pasture gives relief. Carrots, potatoes, or turnips chopped and mixed with oats or corn are a good diet. Many different medicines have been tried, but not one has yet been discovered that gives even partial satisfaction in the treatment of broken wind. Arsenic, however, is about the only remedy that retains any reputation of being efficacious in palliating the symptoms. It is best administered in the form of the solution of arsenic in hydrochloric acid (Liq. Acidi. Ars.), which should be obtained from the drug store, as itis then of a standard preparation. Each ounce of the solution con- tains a little over 44 grains of arsenic. A tablespoonful mixed with bran and oats three times a day for about two weeks, then about twice a day for about two weeks longer, then once a day for several weeks, is a good way to give this remedy. If the bowels do not act regularly, a pint of raw linseed oil may be given once or twice a month. It must, however, be borne in mind that all medical treatment is of secondary consideration; careful attention paid to the diet is of greatest impor- tance. Broken-winded animals should not be used for breeding pur- poses. A predisposition to the disease is likely to be inherited. CHRONIC COUGH. A chronic cough may succeed the acute diseases of the respiratory organs, such as pneumonia, bronchitis, laryngitis, etc. It accompanies chronic roaring, chronic bronchitis, broken wind. It may succeed in- fluenza. As previously stated, cough is but a symptom and not a dis- ease in itself. Chronic cough is occasionally associated with diseases other than those of the organs of respiration. It may be a symptom of chronic indigestion or of worms. In such cases it is caused by a reflex nervous irritation. The proper treatment in all cases of chronic cough is to ascertain the nature of the disease of whieh it is a symptom, and then cure the disease if possible, and the cough will cease. The treatment of the affections will be found under their appropriate heads, to which the reader is referred. PLEURODYNIA. This is a form of rheumatism that affects the intercostal muscles, that is, the muscles between theribs. The apparent symptoms are very similar to those of pleurisy. The animal is stiff and not inclined to turn around; the ribs are kept in a fixed state as much as possible. If the head is pulled round suddenly, or the affected side struck with the hand, or if the spaces between the ribs are pressed with the fingers the animal will flinch and perhaps emit a grunt or groan expressive of 133 much pain. It is distinguished from pleurisy by the absence of fever, cough, the friction-sound, the effusion into the chest, and by the exist- ence of rheumatism in other parts. The treatment for this affection is the same as for rheumatism affecting other parts. WOUNDS PENETRATING THE WALLS OF THE CHEST. According to the theory of some teachers of physiology, when an opening is made in the wall of the chest, sufficient for the admission of air, a collapse of the lung should occur. But in practice this is not al- ways found to be thecase. The writer has attended several such cases, and one in particular was not seen until about twelve hours after the wound was inflicted. It is true the breathing was considerably altered, but no bad effect followed the admission of air into the thoracic cav- ity. The wound was closed and treated according to the method of treating wounds generally, and a speedy and perfect recovery was made. The wound may not penetrate the pleura ; in such cases no great harm is done, but if the pleura is penetrated pleurisy may follow, and even pneumonia if the wound involves the lung. The condition called pneumo-thorax means air in the chest. This may be due to a wound in the wall of the chest, or it may be due to a broken rib, the sharp edge of which wounds the lung sufficiently to allow air to escape into the space between the lung and ribs, which is natu- rally a vacuum. Air gaining access to the thoracie cavity through a wound may have a peculiar effect. The wound may be so made that when the walls of the chest are dilating a little air is sucked in, buat during the contraction of the wall the contained air presses against the torn partin such a manner as to entirely close the wound; thus a small quantity of air gains access with each inspiration, while none is allowed to escape until the lung is pressed intoa very small compass and forced into the anterior part of the chest. The same thing may occur from a broken rib inflicting a wound in the lung. In this form the air gains access from the lung, and there may not even be an opening in the walls of the chest. Decomposition of the fluid in hydro-thorax, with consequent generation of gases, is said to have caused the same con- dition. In such cases the air is generally absorbed, and a spontaneous cure is the result. But when the symptoms are urgent it is recom- mended that the air be removed by a trocar and canula or by an aspirator. The treatment of wounds that penetrate the thoracic cavity should, for the foregoing reason, be prompt. It should be quickly ascertained whether or not a foreign body remains in the wound, then it should be thoroughly cleaned with a solution of carbolic acid one part in water forty parts. The wound should then be closed immediately. If it isan incised wound it should be closed with sutures; if torn or lacerated, a bandage around the chest over the dressing is the best plan. At all events, air must be prevented from getting into the chest, as soon and as effectually as possible. The after treatment of the wound should 134 principally consist in keeping the parts clean with the solution of car- bolic acid, and applying fresh dressing as often as required to keep the wound ina healthy condition. Care should be taken that the discharges from the wound have an outlet in the most dependent part. (See wounds.) If the wound causes much pain it should be allayed with a dose of tincture of opium in raw linseed oil, as advised in the treat- ment of pleurisy. If pleurisy supervenes, it should be treated as ad- vised under that head. THUMPS—SPASM OF THE DIAPHRAGM. “Thumps” is generally thought to be, by the inexperienced, a pal- pitation of the heart. While it is true that palpitation of the heart is sometimes called “thumps,” it must not be confounded with the Bie tion under consideration. In the beginning of this article on the diseases of the organs of res- piration the diaphragm was briefly referred to as the principal and es- sential muscle of respiration. Spasmodic or irregular contractions of it in man are manifested by what is familiarly known as hiccoughs. Thumps in the horse is identical with hiccoughs in man, although the peculiar noise is not made in the throat of the horse in all cases. - There should be no difficulty in distinguishing this affection from pal- pitation of the heart. The jerky motion affects the whole body, and is not confined tothe region of the heart. If one hand is placed on the body at about the middle of the last rib, while the other hand is placed over the heart behind the left elbow it will be easily demonstrated that there is no connection between the thumping or jerking of the dia- phragm and the beating of the heart. If the ear is placed against the body it will be discovered that the sound is made posterior to the region of the heart. In fact, when the animal is affected with spasms of the diaphragm the beating of the heart is usually much weaker and less preceptible than natural. Thumps is produced by the same causes which produce congestion of the lungs, and is often seen in connection with the latter disease. If not relieved, death usually results from con- gestion of the lungs, as the breathing is interfered with by the inordi- nate action of this the principal muscle of inspiration so much that proper aeration of the blood can not take place. The treatment should be precisely the same as prescribed for congestion of the lungs. RUPTURE OF THE DIAPHRAGM. Post mortem examinations reveal a great many instances of rupture of the diaphragm. It is the general opinion among veterinarians that this takes place after death, and is due to the generation of gases in the decomposing carcass, which distend the intestines so that the dia- phragm is ruptured by the great pressure against it. Of course it is possible for it to happen before death and by strangulating the knuckle of intestine that may be in therupture cause death; but there are no symptoms by which it may be diagnosed. Sackett & Wilhelms LithoCoNY PLATE XV. Haines,del.after Colin, POSITION OF THE LEFT LUNG. DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. By Dr. JAMES LAW, F. R. C.V.S.,, Professor of Veterinary Science, etc., in Cornell University. CONGESTION AND INFLAMMATION OF THE TESTICLES—ORCHITIS. In the prime of life, in vigorous health, and on stimulating food stall- ions are subject to congestion of the testicles, which become swollen, hot, and tender, but without any active inflammation. A reduction of the grain in the feed, the administration of 1 or 2 ounces of Glauber salts daily in the food, and the bathing of the affected organs daily with tepid water or alum water will usually restore them to a healthy condition. When the factors producing congestion are extraordinarily potent, when there has been frequent copulation and heavy grain feeding, when the weather is warm and the animal has had little exercise, and when the proximity of other horses or mares excite the generative in- stinct without gratification, this congestion may grow to actual inflam- mation. Among the other causes of orchitis are blows and penetrating wounds implicating the testicles, abrasions of the scrotum by a chain or rope passing inside the thigh, contusions and frictions onthe gland under rapid paces or heavy draught, compression of the blood-vessels of the spermatic cord by the inguinal ring under the same circumstances, and finally, sympathetic disturbance in cases of disease of the kidneys, bladder, or urethra. Stimulants of the generative functions, like rue, Savin, tansy, cantharides, and damiana may also be accessory causes of congestion and inflammation. Finally, certain specific diseases like mal du coit, glanders, and tuberculosis, localized in the testicles, will cause inflammation. Apart from actual wounds of the parts the symp- toms of orchitis are swelling, heat, and tenderness of the testicles, straddling with the hind legs alike in standing and walking, stiffness and dragging of the hind limbs or of the limb on the affected side, arching of the loins, abdominal pain, manifested by glancing back at the flank, with more or less fever, elevated body temperature, acceler. ated pulse and breathing, inappetence, and dullness. In bad cases the scanty urine may be reddish and the swelling may extend to the skin and envelopes of the testicle, which may become thickened and doughy, pitting on pressure. The swelling may be so much greater in the con- 135 136 voluted excretory duct along the upper border of the testicle as to sug- gest the presence of a second stone. Even in the more violent attacks the intense suffering abates somewhat on the second or third day. If it lasts longer it is likely to give rise to the formation of matter (ab- scess). In exceptional cases the testicle is struck with gangrene or death. Improvement may go on slowly to complete recovery, or the malady may subside into a subacute and chronic form with induration. Matter (abscess) may be recognized by the presence of a soft spot, where pressure with two fingers will detect fluctuation from one to the other. When there is liquid exudation into the scrotum, or sack, fluctuation may also be felt, but the liquid can be made out to be around the testicle and can be pressed up into the abdomen through the inguinal canal. When abscess occurs in the cord the matter may escape into the scrotal sack and cavity of the abdomen and pyemia may follow. Treatment consists in perfect rest and quietude, the administration of a purgative (1 pound to1l4 pounds Glauber’s salts), and the local appli- cation of an astringent lotion (acetate of lead 2 drams, extract of bella- donna 2 drams, and water 1 quart) upon soft rags or cotton wool, kept in contact with the part by a suspensory bandage. This bandage, of great value for support, may be. made nearly triangular and tied to a girth around the loins and to the upper part of the same surcingle by two bands carried backward and upward between the thighs. In severe cases scarifications one-fourth inch deep serve to relieve vascular ten- sion. When abscess is threatened its formation may be favored. by warm fomentations or poultices, and on the occurrence of fluctuation the knife may be employed to give free escape to the pus. The result- — ing cavity may be injected daily with a weak carbolie acid lotion, or salol may be introduced. The same agents may be used on a gland threatened with gangrene, but its prompt removal by castration is to be preferred, antiseptics being applied freely to the resulting cavity. SAROOOELE. This is an enlarged and indurated condition of the gland resulting from chronic inflammation, though it is often associated with a specific deposit like glanders. In this condition the natural structure of the gland has given place to embryonal tissue (small, round cells, with a few fibrous bundles), and its restoration to health is very improbable. Apart from active inflammation, it may increase very slowly. The dis- eased testicle is enlarged, firm, non-elastic, and comparatively insensi- ble. The skin of the scrotum is tense, and it may be cedematous (pit- ting on pressure), as are the deeper envelopes and spermatic cord. If liquid is present in the sack the symptoms are masked somewhat. As if increases it causes awkward, straddling, dragging movement of the hind limbs, or lameness on the affected side. .The spermatic cord often increases at the same time with the testicle, and the inguinal 137 ring being thereby stretched and enlarged, a portion of intestine may escape into the sack, complicating the disease with hernia. The only rational a effective treatment is castration, and even this may not succeed when the disease is specific (g glanders, tuberculosis). HYDROCELE—DROPSY OF THE SCROTUM. This may be merely an accompaniment of dropsy of the abdomen, the cavity of which is continuous with that of the scrotum in horses. It may be the result, however, of local disease in the testicle, spermatic cord, or walls of the sack. The symptoms are enlargement of the scrotum, and fluctuation under the fingers, the testicle being recognized as floating in water. By press- ure the liquid is forced, in a slow stream, and with a perceptible thrill, into the abdomen. Sometimes the cord, or the scrotum, are thickened and pit on pressure. Treatment may be the same as for ascites, yet when the effusion has resulted from inflammation of the testicle or cord, astringent applications (chalk and vinegar) may be applied to these. Then if the liquid is not re-absorbed under diuretics and tonics, it may be drawn off through the nozzle of a hypodermic syringe, which has been first passed through ’ earbolic acid. In geldings it is best to dissect out the sacks. VARICOCELE. - This is an enlargement of the venous network of the spermatic cord, and gives rise to general thickening of the cord from the testicle up to the ring. The same astringent dressings may be tried as in hydrocele, and this failing castration may be resorted to. ABNORMAL NUMBER OF TESTICLES. Sometimes one or both testicles are wanting; in most such cases, however, they are merely partially developed, and retained in the in- guinal canal, or the abdomen (cryptorchid). In rare cases there may be a third testicie, the animal becoming to this extent a double monster. Teeth, hair, and other indications of a SuET foetus have likewise been Sapnle in the testicle, or scrotum. DEGENERATION OF THE TESTICLES. The testicles may become the seat of fibrous, calcareous, fatty, carti- laginous, or cystic degeneration, for all of which the appropriate treat- ment is castration. They also become the seat of cancer, glanders, or tuberculosis, and castration is requisite, though with less hope of ar- resting the disease. Finally they may become infested with cystic tape-worms, or the armed round worm (sclerostomum equinum). 138 WARTS ON THE PENIS. These are best removed by seizing them between the thumb and fore- finger and twisting them off. Or they may be cut off with scissors and the roots cauterized with nitrate of silver. DEGENERATION OF PENIS—PAPILLOMA, EPITHELIOMA. The penis of the horse is subject to great cauliflower-like growths on its free end, which extend back into the substance of the organ, obstruct the passage of urine, and cause very fetid discharges. The only resort is to cut them off, together with whatever portion of the penis has be- come diseased and indurated. The operation, which should be per- formed by a veterinary surgeon, consists in cutting through the organ from its upper to its lower aspect, twisting or tying the two dorsal arteries and leaving the urethra longer by half an inch to 1 inch than the adjacent structures. EXTRAVASATION OF BLOOD IN THE PENIS. As the result of kicks, blows, or of forcible striking of the yard on the thighs of the mare which it has failed to enter, the penis may be- come the seat of effusion of blood from one or more ruptured blood- vessels. This gives rise to a more or less extensive swelling on one or more sides, followed by some heat and inflammation, and on recovery a serious curving of the organ. The treatment in the early stages may be the application of lotions, of alum, or other astringents, to limit the amount of effusion and, favor absorption. The penis should be sus- pended in a sling. PARALYSIS OF THE PENIS. This results from blows and other injuries, and also in some cases from too frequent and exhausting service. The yard hangs from the sheath, flaccid, pendulous, and often cold. The passage of urine oceurs with lessened force, and especially without the final jets. In cases of local injury the inflammation should first be subdued by astringent and emollient lotions, and in all cases the system should be invigorated by nourishing diet, while 30-grain doses of nux vomica are given twice a day. Finally,a weak current of electricity sent through the penis from just beneath the anus to the free portion of the yard, continued for ten or fifteen minutes and repeated daily, may prove successful. SELF-ABUSE—MASTURBATION Some stallions acquire this vicious habit, stimulating the sexual in- stinct to the discharge of semen, by rubbing the penis against the belly or between the fore limbs. The cnly remedy is a mechanical one, the fixing of a net under the penis in such fashion as will prevent the ex- tension of the penis, or so prick the organ as to compel the animal to desist through pain, 139 MAL DU COIT—DOURINE. This is propagated, like syphilis, by the act of copulation and affects _ stallionsand mares. It has been long known in Northern Africa, Arabia, and Continental Europe. It was imported into Illinois in 1882 in a Percheron horse. From one to ten days after copulation, or in stallions it may be after some weeks, there is irritation, swelling, and a livid redness of the ex- ternal organs of generation, sometimes followed by the eruption of small blisters one-fifth of au inch across, on the penis, the vulva, clitoris, and vagina, and the subsequent rupture of these vesicles and the forma- tion of ulcers or small open sores. Vesicles have not been noticed in this disease in the dry climate of Illinois. In the mare there is frequent contraction of the vulva, urination, and the discharge of a watery and later a thick viscid liquid of a whitish, yellowish, or reddish color, which collects on and soils the tail. The swelling of the vulva increases and decreases alternately, affecting one part more than another and giving a distorted appearance to the opening. The affection of the skin leads to the appearance of circular white spots, which may remain distinct or coalesce into extensive patches which persist for months. This with the soiled tail, red, swollen, puckered, and distorted vulva, and an in- creasing weakness and paralysis of the hind limbs, serve to characterize _ the affection. The mare rarely breeds, but will take the male and thus propagate the disease. The disease winds up with great emaciation and stupidity, and death in four months totwo years. In horses which ‘serve few mares there may be only swelling of the sheath for a year, . but with frequent copulation the progress is more rapid. The penis may be enlarged, shrunken, or distorted; the testicles are unusually pendant and may be enlarged or wasted and flabby; the skin, as in the mare, shows white spots and patches. Later the penis becomes par- tially paralyzed and hangs out of the sheath; swelling of the adjacent lymphatic glands (in the groin) and even of distant ones, and of the skin, appear, and the hind limbs become weak and unsteady. In some instances the glands under the jaw swell, and a discharge flows from the nose as in glanders. In other cases the itching of the skin leads to gnawing and extensive sores. Weakness, emaciation, and stupidity increase until death, in fatal cases, yet the sexual desire does not seem to fail. A stallion without sense to eat except when food was put in his mouth, would still neigh and seek to follow mares. In mild cases an apparent recovery may ensue, and through such animals the disease is propagated to new localities to be roused into activity and extension under the stimulus of service. The diseased nerve centers are the seat of cryptogamic growths. (Thannhoffer). Treatment of the malady has proved eminently unsatisfactory It be- longs to the purely contagious diseases, and should be stamped out by the remorseless slaughter or castration of every horse or mare that has had sexual congress with a diseased animal. A provision for Govern- 140 ment indemnity for the animals so destroyed or castrated, and a severe penalty for putting any such animal to breeding, would serve as effectual accessory resorts. CASTRATION OF STALLIONS. This is usually done at one year old, but may be accomplished at a few weeks old, at the expense of an imperfect development of the fore parts. The simplicity and safety of the operation are greatest in the young. The delay till two, three, or four years old will secure a better development and carriage of the fore parts. The essential part of castration is the safe removal or destruction of the testicle and the arrest or prevention of bleeding from the spermatic artery found in the anterior part of the cord. Into the many methods of accomplish- ing this, limited space forbids us to enter here, so that the method most commonly adopted, castration by clamps, will alone be noticed. The animal having been thrown on his left side, and the right hind foot drawn up on the shoulder, the exposed scrotum, penis, and sheath are washed with soap and water, any concretion of sebum being carefully removed from the bilocular cavity in the end of the penis. The left spermatic cord, just above the testicle, is now seized in the left hand, so as to render the skin tense over the stone, and the right hand, armed with the knife, makes an incision from before backward, about three- fourths of an inch from and parallel to the median line between the thighs, deep enough to expose the testicle and long enough to allow that organ to start out through the skin. At the moment of making this incision the left hand must grasp the cord very firmly, otherwise the sudden retraction of the testicle by the eremaster muscle may draw it out of the hand and upwards through the canal and even into the abdomen. Ina few seconds, when the struggle and retraction have ceased, the knife is inserted through the cord, between its anterior and posterior portions and the latter, the one which the muscle retracts, is cut completely through. The testicle will now hang limp and there is no longer any tendency to retraction. It should be pulled down until it will no longer hang loose below the wound and the clamps applied around the still attached portion of the cord, close up to the skin. The clamps, which may be made of any tough wood, are grooved along the center of the surfaces opposed to each other, thereby fulfilling two im- portant indications, (a) enabling the clamps to hold more securely and (b) providing for the application of an antiseptic to the cord. For this purpose a dram of sulphate of copper may be mixed with an ounce of lard and pressed into the groove in the face of each clamp. In apply- ing the clamp over the cord it should be drawn so close with pincers as to press out all blood from the compressed cord and destroy its vitality, and the cord applied upon the compressing clamps should be so hard- twined that it will not stretch later and slacken the hold. When the clamp has been fixed the testicle is cut off one-half to 1 inch below it, 141 and the clamp may be left thus for twenty-four hours; then, by cutting the cord around one end of the clamp, the latter may be opened and the stump liberated, without any danger of bleeding. Should the stump hang out of the wound it should be pushed inside with the finger and left there. The wound should begin to discharge white matter on the second day in hot weather, or the third in cold, and from that time a good recovery may be expected. CONDITIONS FAVORABLE TO SUCCESSFUL CASTRATION. The young horse suffers less from castration than the old, and very rarely perishes. Good health in the subject is all important. Castra- tion should never be attempted during the prevalence of strangles, in- fluenza, catarrhal fever, contagious pleurisy, bronchitis, pneumonia, purpura hemorrhagica, or other specific disease, nor on subjects that have been kept in close, illy ventilated, filthy buildings, where the system is liable to have been charged with putrid bacteria or other products. Warm weather is to be preferred to cold, but the fly time should be avoided or the flies kept at a distance by the application of a watery solution of tar, carbolic acid, or camphor to the wound. CASTRATION OF CRYPTORCHIDS (RIDGLINGS). This is the removal of a testicle or testicles that have failed to de- scend into the scrotum, but have been detained in the inguinal canal or inside the abdomen. The manipulation requires an accurate an- atomical knowledge of the parts, and special skill, experience, and manual dexterity, and can not be made clear to the unprofessional mind in a short notice. It consists, however, in the discovery and removal of the missing gland by exploring through the natural channel (the inguinal canal), or, in case it is absent, through the inguinal ring or through an artificial opening made in front and above that channel be- tween the abdominal muscles and the strong fascia on the inner side of the thigh (Poupart’s ligament). Whatever method is used, the skin, hands, and instruments should be rendered aseptic with a solution of murcurie chloride 1 part; water 2,000 parts (a carbolic acid lotion for the instruments), and the spermatic cord is best torn through by the ecraseur. In many such cases, too, it is desirable to sew up the external wound and keep the animal still, to favor healing of the wound by © adhesion. PAIN AFTER CASTRATION. Some horses are pained and very restless for some hours after castra- tion, and this may extend to eramps of the bowels and violent colic. This is best kept in check by carefully rubbing the patient dry when he rises from the operation, and then leading him in hand for some time. If the pain still persists a dose of landanum (1 ounce for an adult) may be given 142 BLEEDING AFTER CASTRATION. Bleeding from the wound in the scrotum and from the little artery in the posterior portion of the spermatic cord always occurs, and in warm weather may appear to be quite free. It scarcely ever lasts, however, over fifteen minutes, and is easily checked by dashing cold water against the part. Bleeding from the spermatic artery in the anterior part of the cord may be dangerous when due precaution has not been taken to prevent it. In such case the stump of the cord should be sought for and the artery twisted with artery forceps or tied with a silk thread. If the stump can not be found, pledgets of tow wet with tincture of muriate of iron may be stuffed into the canal to favor the formation of clot and the closure of the artery. STRANGULATED SPERMATIC CORD. If in castration the cord is left too long, so as to hang out of the wound, the skin wound in contracting grasps and strangles it, pre- venting the free return of blood and causing a steadily advancing swelling. In addition the cord becomes adherent to the lips of the wound in the skin, whence it derives an increased supply of blood, and is thereby stimulated to more rapid swelling. The subject walks stiffly, with straddling gait, loses appetite, and has a rapid pulse and high fever. Examination of the wound discloses the partial closure of the skin wound, and the protrusion from its lips of the end of the cord, red, tense, and varying in size from a hazel-nut upward. If there is no material swelling and little protrusion the wound may be enlarged with the knife and the end of the cord broken loose from any connec-_ tion with the skin, and pushed up inside. If the swelling is larger the mass constitutes a tumor, and must be removed. (See below.) SWELLING OF THE SHEATH, PENIS, AND ABDOMEN. This occurs in certain unhealthy states of the system, in unhealthy Seasons, as the result of operating without cleansing the sheath and penis, or of keeping the subject in a filthy, impure building, as the result of infecting the wound by hands or instruments bearing septic bacteria, or as the result of premature closure of the wound, and im- prisonment of matter. ; Pure air and cleanliness of groin and wound are to be secured. Autiseptics, like the mercuric chloride lotion (1 part to 2,000) are to be applied to the parts; the wound, if closed, is to be opened anew, any accumulated matter or blood washed out, and the antiseptic liquid freely applied. The most tense or dependent parts of the swelling in sheath or penis, or beneath the belly, should be pricked at intervals of 3 or 4 inches, and to a depth of half an inch, and antiseptics freely used to the surface. Fomentations with warm water may also be used 143 to favor oozing from the incisions and to encourage the formation of white matter in the original wounds, which must not be allowed to close again at once. A free, cream-like discharge implies a healthy action in the sore, and is the precursor of recovery. PHYMOSIS AND PARAPHYMOSIS. In cases of swelling, as above, the penis may be imprisoned within the sheath (phymosis) or protruded and swoilen so that it can not be retracted into it (paraphymosis). In these cases the treatment indi- cated above, and especially the scarifications, will prove a useful pre- liminary resort. The use of astringent lotions is always desirable, and in case of the protruded penis the application of an elastic or simple linen bandage, so as to press out the blood and accumulated fluid, will enable the operator to return it. TUMORS ON THE SPERMATIC CORD. These are due to rough handling or dragging upon the cord in castra- tion, to strangulation of unduly long cords in the external wound, to adhesion of the end of the cord to the skin, to inflammation of the cord succeeding exposure to cold or wet, or to the presence of septic or irritant matters. These tumors give rise to a stiff, straddling gait, and may be feltas hard masses in the groin connected above with the cord. They may continue to grow slowly for many years until they reach a weight of 15 or 20 pounds, and contract adhesions to all surrounding parts. If disconnected from the skin and inguinal canal they may be removed in the same manner as the testicle, while if larger and firmly adherent to the skin and surrounding parts generally they must be care- fully dissected from the parts, the arteries being tied as they are reached and the cord finally torn through with an ecraseur. When the cord has become swollen and indurated up into the abdomen such removal is impossible, though a partial destruction of the mass may still be at- tempted by passing white hot pointed irons upward toward the inguinal ring in the center of the thickened and indurated cord. CASTRATION BY THE COVERED OPERATION. This is only required in case of hernia or protrusion of bowels or omentum into the sack of the scrotum, and consists in the return of the hernia ard the application of the caustic clamps over the cord and inner walls of the inguinal! canal, so that the walls of the latter become adherent above the clamps, the canal is obliterated, and further pro- trusion is hindered. For the full description of this and of the opera- tion for hernia in geldings, see article on hernia. CASTRATION OF THE MARE. Castration is a much more dangerous operation in the mare than in the females of other domesticated quadrupeds, and should never be resorted 144 to except in animals that become unmanageable on the recurrence of heat, and that will not breed or that are utterly unsuited to breeding. Formerly the operation was extensively practiced in Europe, the incision being made through the flank, and a large proportion of the subjects perishing. By operating through the vagina the risk can be largely obviated, as the danger of unhealthy inflammation in the wound is greatly lessened. The animal should be fixed in a trevis, with each foot fixed to a post and a sling placed under the body, or, better, it may be thrown and put under chloroform. The manual operation demands special professional knowledge and skill, but it consists essentially in making an opening through the roof of the vagina just above the neck of the womb, then following with the hand each horn of the womb until the ovary on that side is reached and grasped between the lips of forceps and twisted off. It might be torn off by an ecraseur especially constructed for the purpose. The straining that follows the operation may be checked by ounce doses of laudanum, and any risk of protru- sion of the bowels may be obviated by applying the truss advised to prevent eversion of the womb. To further prevent -the pressure of the abdominal contents against the vaginal wound the mare should be tied short and high for twenty-four or forty-eight hours, after which Ihave found it best to remove the truss and allow the privilege of lying down. Another important point is to give bran mashes and other laxative diet only, and in moderate quantity, for a fortnight, and to unload the rectum by copious injections of warm water in case it should threaten to become impacted. STERILITY. Sterility may be in the male or in the female. If due to the stallion, then all the mares put to him remain barren; if due to the mare, she alone fails to conceive. In the stallion sterility may be due to the following causes: (a) Im- perfect development of the testicles, as in cases in which they are re- tained within the abdomen; (b) inflammation of the testicles, resulting in induration; (c) fatty degeneration of the testicles, in stallions lib- erally fed on starchy food and not sufficiently exercised; (d) fatty degeneration of the excretory ducts of the testicles (vasa deferentia) ; (e) inflammation or ulceration of these ducts; (/) inflammation or ulcer- ation of the mucous membrane covering the penis; (g) injuries to the penis from blows (often causing paralysis); (hk) warty growths on the end of the penis; (7?) tumors of other kinds (largely pigmentary) af- fecting the testicles or penis; (j) nervous diseases which abolish the sexual appetite, or that control over the muscles which is essential to the act of coition; (xk) azoturia with resulting weakness or paralysis of the muscles of the loins or the front of the thigh (above the stifle) ; (1) ossification (anchylosis) of the joints of the back or loins, which renders the animal unable to rear or mount; (1m) spavins, ringbones, 145 or other painful affections of the hind limbs, the pain of which in mounting causes the animal to suddenly stop short in the act. In the first three of these only (a, D, and c) is there real sterility in the sense of the non-development or imperfect development of the male vivifying element (spermatozoa). In the other examples the secretion may be perfect in kind and amount, but as copulation is prevented it can not reach and impregnate the ovum. In the mare barrenness is equally due to a variety of causes. Ina number of breeding studs the proportion of sterile mares has varied from 20 to 40 per cent. It may be due to: (a) Imperfect development of the ovary and non-maturation of ova; (b) cystic or other tumors of the ovary; (c) fatty degeneration of the ovary in very obese, pampered mares; (d) fatty degeneration of the excretory tubes of the ovaries (fallopian tubes); (e) catarrh of the womb, with muco-purulent dis- charge; (/) irritable condition of the womb, with profuse secretion, straining, and ejection of the semen; (g) nervous irritability, leading to the same expulsion of the male element; (h) high condition (plethora) with profuse secretion and excitement; (7) low condition with imperfect maturation of the ova and lack of sexual desire; (j) poor feeding, over- work, and chronic debilitating diseases, as leading to the condition just named; (k) closure of the neck of the womb, temporarily by spasm, or permanently by inflammation and induration; (l) closure of the entrance to the vagina through imperforate hymeu, a rare though not unknown condition in the mare; (m) acquired indisposition to breed, seen in old, hard worked mares, which are first put to the stallion when aged; (7) change of climate has repeatedly been followed by barrenness; (0) hy- bridity, which in male and female alike, usually entails sterility. The treatment of the majority of these conditions will be found dealt with in other parts of this work, so that it is only necessary here to name them as causes. Some, however, must be specially referred to in this place. Stallions with undescended testicles are beyond the reach of medicine, and should be castrated and devoted to other uses. In- durated testicles may sometimes be remedied in the early stages by smearing with a weak iodine ointment daily for a length of time, and at the same time invigorating the system by liberal feeding and judi- cious work. Fatty degeneration is best met by an albuminoid diet (wheat bran, cotton-seed meal, rape cake) and constant, well regulated work. Saccharine, starchy and fatty food (potatoes, wheat, corn, etc.) are to be specially avoided. In the mare one diseased and irritable ovary should be removed, to dotaway with the resulting excitability of the remainder of the generative organs. An irritable womb, with fre- quent straining and the ejection of a profuse secretion, may sometimes be corrected by a restricted diet and full but well regulated work. Even fatigue will act beneficially in some such cases, hence the practice of the Arab riding his mare to exhaustion just before service. The perspiration in such a case, like the action of a purgative or the abstrac- 11035——10 146 tion of blood just before service, benefits, by rendering the blood-ves- sels less full, by lessening secretion in the womb and elsewhere, and thus counteracting the tendency to the ejection and loss of semen. If these means are ineffectual a full dose of camphor (2 drams) or of sal- acin may at times assist. Low condition and anemia demands just the opposite kind of treatment—rich, nourishing, albuminoid food, bitter tonics (gentian), sunshine, gentle exercise, liberal grooming, and sup- porting treatment generally are here in order. Spasmodic closure of the neck of the womb is common and is easily remedied in the mare by dilatation with the fingers. The hand, smeared with belladonna ointment and with the fingers drawn into the form of a cone, is introduced through the vagina until the projecting, rounded neck of the womb is felt at its anterior end. This is opened by the careful insertion of one finger at a time until the fingers have been passed through the constricted neck into the open cavity of thewomb. The introduction is made with a gentle, rotary mo- tion, and all precipitate violence is avoided, as abrasion, laceration, or other cause of irritation is likely to interfere with the retention of the semen and with impregnation. If the neck of the womb is rigid and unyielding from the induration which follows inflammation—a rare con- dition in the mare, though common in the cow—more force will be req- uisite, and it may even be needful to incise the neck to the depth of one-sixth of an inch in four or more opposite directions, prior to fore- ible dilatation. The incision may be made with a probe-pointed knife, and should be done by a professional man if possible. The subsequent dilatation may be best effected by the slow expansion of sponge or sea- weed tents inserted into the narrow canal. In such cases it is best to let the wounds of the neck heal before putting to horse. An imperfo- rate hymen may be freely incised in a crucial manner until the passage will admit the human hand. An ordinary knife may be used for this purpose, and after the operation the stallion may be admitted at once or only after the wounds have healed. INDICATIONS OF PREGNANCY. As the mere fact of service by the stallion does not insure pregnancy, it is important that the result should be determined, to save the mare from unnecessary and dangerous work or medication when actually in foal and to obviate wasteful and needless precautions when she is not. The cessation and non-recurrence of the symptoms of heat (horsing) is a most significant though not infallfble sign of conception. If the sexual excitement speedily subsides and the mare persistently refuses the stallion for a month, she is probably pregnant. In very exceptional cases a mare will accept a second or third service after weeks or months, though pregnant, and some mares will refuse the horse persistently, though conception has not taken place, and this in spite of warm weather, good condition of the mare, and liberal feeding. The recur- 147 rence of heat in the pregnant mare is most likely to take place in hot weather. If heat merely persists an undue length of time after service, or if it re-appears shortly after, in warm weather and in a compara- tively idle mare, on good feeding, it is less significant, while the per- sistent absence of heat under such conditions may be usually accepted as proof of conception. An unwonted gentleness and docility on the part of a previously irrita- ble or vicious mare, and supervening on service, is an excellent indica- tion of pregnancy, the generative instinct which caused the excitement having been satisfied. An increase of fat, with softness and flabbiness of muscle, a loss of . energy, indisposition for active work, a manifestation of laziness, in- deed, and of fatigue early and easily induced, when preceded by service, will usually imply conception. Enlargement of the abdomen, especially in its lower third, with slight falling in beneath the loins and hollowness of the back are significant symptoms, though they may be entirely absent. Swelling and firmness of the udder, with the smoothing out of its wrinkles, is a suggestive sign, even though it appears only at intervals during gestation. A steady increase in weight (1$ pounds daily) about the fourth or fifth month is a useful indication of pregnancy. Soisaswolien and red or bluish-red appearance of the vaginal mucous membrane. From the seventh or eighth month onward the foal may be felt by the hand (palm or knuckles) pressed into the abdomen in front of the left stifle. The sudden push displaces the foal toward the opposite side of the womb, and as it floats back its hard body is felt to strike against the hand. If the pressure is maintained the movements of the live foal are felt, and especially in the morning and after a drink of cold water, or during feeding. A drink of cold water will often stimulate the feetus to movements that may be seen by the eye, but an excess of iced water may prove injurious, even to the causing of abortion. Cold water dashed on the belly has a similar effect on the foetus and equally en- dangers abortion. Examination of the uterus with the oiled hand introduced into the rectum is still more satisfactory, aud if cautiously conducted no more dangerous. The rectum must be first emptied and then the hand car- ried forward until it reaches the front edge of the pelvic bones below, and pressed downward to ascertain the size and outline of the womb. In the unimpregnated state the vagina and womb can be felt as a sin- gle rounded tube, dividing in front to two smaller tubes (the horns of the womb). In the pregnant mare not only the body of the womb is enlarged, but still more so one of the horns (right or left), and on eom- pression the latter is found to contain a hard, nodular body, floating in a liquid, which in the latter half of gestation may be stimulated by gen- tle pressure to manifest spontaneous movements. By this method the presence of the fetus may be determined as early as the third month. 148 If the complete natural outline of the virgin womb can not be made out, careful examination should always be made on the right and left side for the enlarged horn and its living coutents. Should there still be difficulty the mare should be placed on an inclined plane, with her hind parts lowest, and two assistants, standing on opposite sides of the body, should raise the lower part of the abdomen by a sheet passed beneath it. Finally the ear or stethoscope applied on the wall of the abdomen in front of the stifle may detect the beating of the foetal heart (one hundred and. twenty-five per minute) and a blowing sound (the uterine sough), much less rapid and corresponding to the number of . the pulse of the dam. It is heard most satisfactorily after the sixth or eighth month and in the absence of active rumbling of the bowels of the dam. . DURATION OF PREGNANCY. Mares usually go about eleven months with young, though first preg- nancies often last a year. Foals have lived when born at the three hundredth day, so with others carried till the four hundredth day. With the longer pregnancies there is a greater probability of male off- spring. HYGIENE OF THE PREGNANT MARE. The pregnant mare should not be exposed to teasing by a young and ardent stallion, nor should she be overworked or fatigued, particularly under the saddle or on uneven ground. Yet exercise is beneficial to oth mother and offspring, and in the absence of moderate work the oreeding mare should be kept in a lot where she can take exercise at will. The food should be liberal, but not fattening, oats, bran, sound hay, and other foods rich in the principles which form flesh and bone being especially indicated. All aliments that tend to indigestion are to be especially avoided. Thus rank, aqueous, rapidly grown grass and other green food, partially ripe rye grass, millet, Hungarian grass, vetches, pease, beans, or maize are objectionable,-as is over-ripe fibrous, innu- tritious hay, or that which has been injured and rendeed musty by wet, or that which isinfested with smut or ergot. Food that tends to cos- tiveness should be avoided. Water given often, and at a temperature considerably above freezing, will avoid the dangers of indigestions and abortions which result from taking too much ice-cold water at one time. Very cold or frozen food is objectionable in the same sense. Severe surgical operations and medicines that act violently on the womb, bow- els, or kidneys are to beavoided as being liable to cause abortion. Con- stipation should be corrected, if possible, by bran mashes, carrots, or beets, seconded by excercise, and if a medicinal laxativeis required it should be olive oil or other equally bland agent. The stall of the pregnant mare should not be too narrow so as to cramp her when lying down, or to entail violent efforts in getting up, 149 and it should not slope too much from the front backward, as this throws the weight of the uterus back on the pelvis and endangers pro- trusions and even abortion. Violent mental impressions are to be avoided, for though the majority of mares are not affected thereby, yet a certain number are so profoundly impressed that peculiarities and dis- tortions are entailed on the offspring. Hence, there is wisdom shown in banishing parti-colored or objectionably tinted animals, and those that show deformities or faulty conformation. Hence, too, the importance of preventing prolonged acute suffering by the pregnant mare, as cer- tain troubles of the eyes, feet, and joints in the foals have been clearly traced to the concentration of the mother’s mind on corresponding injured organs in herself. Sire and dam alike tend to reproduce their personal defects which predispose to disease, but the dam is far more likely to perpetuate the evil in her progeny which was earried while she was personally enduring severe suffering caused by such defects. Hence, an active bone spavin or ring-bone, causing lameness, is more ob- jectionable than that in which the inflammation and lameness have both passed, and an active ophthalmia is more to be feared than even an old cataract. For this reason all active diseases in the breeding mare should be soothed and abated at as early a moment as possible. EXTRA-UTERINE GESTATION. It is rare in the domestic animals to find the foetus developed else- where than in the womb. The exceptional forms are those in which the sperm of the male, making its way through the womb and Fallopian tubes, impregnates the ovum prior to its escape, and in which the now vitalized and growing ovum, by reason of its gradually increasing size, becomes imprisoned and fails to escape into the womb. The arrest of the ovum may be in the substance of the ovary itself (ovarian preg- nancy), in the Fallopian tube (tubal pregnancy), or when by its contin- uous enlargement it has ruptured its envelopes so that it escapes into the cavity of the abdomen, it may become attached to any part of the serous membrane and draw its hourishment directly from that (abdom- inal pregnancy). In all such cases there is an increase and enlarge- ment of the capillary blood-vessels at the point to which the embryo has attached itself so as to furnish the needful nutriment for the grow- ing offspring. : All appreciable symptoms are absent, unless from the death of the foetus, or its interference with normal functions, general disorder and indications of parturition supervene. If these occur later than the natural time for parturition they are the more significant. There may be general malaise, loss of appetite, elevated temperature, accelerated pulse, with or without distinct labor pains. Examination with the oiled hand in the rectum will reveal the womb of the natural unim- pregnated size and shape and with both horns of one size. Furtlier exploration may detect an elastic mass apart from the womb and in the 150 interior of which may be felt the characteristic solid body of the foetus, If the latter is still alive and can be stimulated to move the evidence is even more perfect. The foetus may die and be carried for years, its soft structures becoming absorbed so as to leave only the bones, or by pressure it may form a fistulous opening through the abdominal walls, or less frequently through the vagina or rectum. In the latter cases the * best course is to favor the expulsion of the foal and to wash out the re- sulting cavity with a solution of earbolic acid 1 part to water 50 parts. This may be repeated daily. Where there is no spontaneous opening it is injudicous to interfere, as the danger from the retention of the foatus is less than that from septic fermentations in the enormous fetal sack when that has been opened to the air. MVOLES—ANIDIAN MONSTERS. These are evidently products of conception, in which the impregnated ovum has failed to develop naturally, and presents only a chaotic mass of skin, hair, bones, muscles, etc., attached to the inner surface of the womb by an umbilical cord, which is itself often shriveled and wasted. They are usually accompanied by a well-developed foetus, so that the mole may be looked upon as a twin which has undergone arrest and vitiation of development. They are expelled by the ordinary process of parturition, and usually, at the same time, with the normally devel- oped offspring. CYSTIC DISEASE OF THE WALLS OF THE WOMB—VESICULAR MOLE. This condition appears to be due to hypertrophy (enlargement) of the villi on the inner surface of the womb, which become greatly in- creased in number and hollowed out internally into a series of cysts or pouches containing liquid. Unlike the true mole, therefore, they appear to be disease of the maternal structure of the womb rather than of the product of conception. Rodet, in a case of this kind, which had pro- duced active labor pains, quieted the disorder with anodynes and secured a recovery. Where this is not available-attempts may be made to re- move the mass with the ecraseur or otherwise, following this up with antiseptic injections, as advised under the last heading. DROPSY OF THE WOMB. This appears as a result of some disease of the walls of the womb, but has been frequently observed after sexual congress, and has, there- fore, been confounded with pregnancy. The symptoms are those of pregnancy, but without any movements of the foetus and without the detection of any solid body in the womb when examined with the oiled hand in the rectum. At the end of four or eight months there are signs of parturition or of frequent straining to pass urine, and after a — time the liquid is discharged clear and watery, or muddy, thick, and fetid. The hand introduced into the womb can detect neither fetus 151 nor fetal membrane. If the neck of the womb closes the liquid may accumulate a second time, or even a third, if no means are taken to correct the tendency. The best resort is to remove any diseased product that may be found attached to the walls of the womb, and to inject it daily with a warm solution of carbolic acid 2 drams, chloride of zine one half dram, water, 1 aes A course of bitter tonics, gentian 2 drams, sulphate of iron 2 drams, daily, should be given, and a nutri- tious, easily digested and slightly laxative diet allowed. DROPSY OF THE AMNIOS. This differs from simple dropsy of the womb in that the fluid collects in the inner of the two water bags (that in which the foal floats) and not in the otherwise void cavity of the womb. This affection can oc- cur only in the pregnant animal, while dropsy of the womb occurs in the unimpregnated. The blood of the pregnant. mare contains an ex- cess of water and a smaller proportion of albumen and red globules, and when this is still farther aggravated by poor feeding, and other unhy- gienic conditions, there is developed the tendency to liquid transuda- tion from the vessels and dropsy. As the watery condition of the blood increases with advancing pregnancy, so dropsy of the amnios is a dis- _ ease of the last four or five months of gestation. The abdomen is large and pendulous, and the swelling fluctuates under pressure, though the solid body of the foetus can still be felt to strike against the hand pressed into the swelling. If the hand is introduced into the vagina the womb is found to be tense and round, with the projecting rounded neck effaced, while the hand in the rectum will detect the rounded swollen mass of the womb so firm and tense that the body of the fetus can not be felt within it. The mare moves weakly and unsteadily on its limbs, having difficulty in supporting the great weight, and in bad cases there may be loss of appetite, stocking (dropsy) of the hind limbs, difficult breathing, and colicky pains. The tension may lead to abortion, or a slow, laborious parturition may occur at the usual time. Treatment consists in relieving the tension and accumulation by puncturing the foetal membrane with a cannula and trochar introduced through the neck of the womb and the withdrawal of the trochar so as to leave the canula in situ. Or the membranes may be punctured with the finger and the excess of liquid allowed to escape. This may bring on abortion, or the wound may close and gestation continue to the full term. A course of tonics (gentian root 2 drams, sulphate of iron 2 drams, daily) will do much to fortify une system and counteract further excessive effusion. ee DROPSY OF THE LIMBS, PERINAUM, AND ABDOMEN. The disposition to dropsy often shows itself in the hind and even in in the fore limbs, around and beneath the vulva (perineum) and be- neath the abdomen and chest. The affected parts are swollen and pit 152 on pressure, but are not especially tender, and subside more or less perfectly under exercise, hand rubbing, and bandages. In obstinate cases rubbing with the following liniment may be resorted to: Com- pound tincture of iodine, 2 ounees; tannic acid, one-half dram; water, 10 ounces. It does not last over a day or two after parturition. CRAMPS OF THE HIND LIMBS. The pressure of the distended womb on the nerves and blood-vessels of the pelvis, besides conducing to dropsy, occasionally causes cramps of the hindlimbs, The limb is raised without flexing the joints, the front of the hoof being directed toward the ground, or the spasms oe- curring intermittently the foot is kicked violently against the ground several times in rapid succession. The muscles are felt to be firm and rigid. The cramps may be promptly relieved by active rubbing, or by walking the animal about, and it does not reappear after parturition. CONSTIPATION. This may result from compression by the gravid womb, and is best corrected by a graduated allowance of boiled flaxseed. PARALYSIS. The pressure on the nerves of the pelvis is liable to cause paralysis of the hind limbs, or in the mare of the nerve of sight. These are ob- stinate until after parturition, when they recover spontaneously, or under a course of nux vomica and (locally) stimulating liniments. PROLONGED RETENTION OF THE FQiTUS (FOAL). In the mare, though far less frequently than in the cow, parturition may not be completed at term, and the foal may continue to be earried in the womb for a number of months, to the serious, or even fatal in- jury of the mare. Hamon records one case in which the mare died after carrying the foetus for seventeen months, and Caillier a similar re- sult after it had been carried twenty-two months. In these cases the foetus retained its natural form, but in one reported by Gohier, the bones only were left in the womb amid a mass of apparently purulent matter. The cause may be any effective obstruction to the act of parturition, such as lack of contractile power in the womb, unduly strong (inflam- matory) adhesions between the womb and the fetal membranes, wrong presentation of the foetus, contracted pelvis (from fracture, or disease of the bones), or disease and induration of the neck of the womb. The mere prolongation of gestation does not necessarily entail the death of the foal, hence the latter has been born alive at the four hun- dredth day. Even when the foal has perished, putrefaction does not set in unless the membranes (water bags) have been ruptured, and sep- 153 tic bacteria have been admitted to the interior of the womb. In the latter case a fetid decomposition advances rapidly, and the mare usu- ally perishes from poisoning with the putrid matters absorbed. At the natural period of parturition preparations are apparently made for that act. The vulva swells and discharges much mucus, the udder enlarges, the belly becomes more pendant, and the animal strains more or less. No progress is made, however; there is not even opening of the neck of the womb, and after a time the symptoms subside. The mare usually refuses the male, yet there are exceptions to this rule. If the neck of the womb has been opened and putrefying changes have “set in in its contents, the mare loses appetite and condition, pines, dis- charges an offensive matter from the generative passages, and dies of inflammation of the womb and putrid infection. In other cases there is a slow wearing out of the strength and the mare finally dies of exhaus- tion. . The treatment is such as will facilitate the expulsion of the foetus and its membranes, and the subsequent washing out of the womb with dis- infectants. So long as the mouth of the womb is closed, time should be allowed for its natural dilatation, but if this does not come about after a day or two of straining the opening may be Smeared with extract of bella- donna, and the oiled hand, with the fingers and thumb drawn into the form of a cone, may be inserted by slow oscillating movements into the interior of the womb. The water bags may now be ruptured, any mal- presentation rectified (see “ Difficult Parturition”), and delivery effected. After removal of the membranes wash out the womb first with tepid water, and then with a solution of 2 ounces of borax in half a gallon of water. ? This injection may have to be repeated if a discharge setsin. The same course may be pursued even after prolonged retention. If the soft parts of the foetus have been absorbed and the bones only left these musé be carefully sought for and removed, and subsequent daily injee- tions will be required for some time. In such cases, too, a course of iron tonics (sulphate of iron, 2 drams daily), will be highly beneficial in re- storing health and vigor. ABORTION. Abortion is, strictly speaking, the expulsion of the impregnated ovum at any period from the date of impregnation until the foal can survive out of the womb. If the foal is advanced enough to live it is premature parturition, and in the mare this may occur as early as the tenth month (three hundredth day). The mare may abort by reason of almost any cause that very pro- foundly disturbs the system. Hence very violent inflammations of im- portant internal organs (bowels, kidneys, bladder, lungs,) may induce abortion. Profuse diarrhea, whether occurring from the reckless use of purgatives, the consumption of irritants in the food, or a simple in- digestion is an effective cause. No less so is acute indigestion with 164 evolution of gas in the intestines (bloating). The presence of stone in the kidneys, ureters, bladder, or urethra may induce so much sympa- thetic disorder in the womb as to induce abortion. In exceptional cases wherein mares come in heat during gestation service by the stallion may cause abortion. Blows or pressure on the abdomen, rapid driving or riding of the pregnant mare, especially if she is soft and out of con- dition from idleness; the brutal use of the spur or whip, and the jolting and straining of travel by rail or boat are prolific causes. Bleeding the pregnant mare, a painful surgical operation, and the throwing and con- straint resorted to for an operation are other causes. Traveling on heavy, muddy roads, slips and falls on ice, and jumping must be added. The stimulation of the abdominal organs by a full drink of iced water may precipitate a miscarriage, aS may exposure to a cold rain-storm or a very cold night after a warm day. Irritant poisons that act on the urinary or generative organs, such as Spanish flies, rue, savin, tansy, cotton-root bark, ergot of rye or other grasses, the smut of maize and other grain, and various fungi in musty fodder are additional causes. Frosted food, indigestible food, and above all green succulent vegetables in a frozen state have proved effective factors, and filthy, stagnant water is dangerous. Low condition in the dam and plethora have in opposite ways caused abortion, and hot relaxing stables and lack of exercise strongly conduce toit. The exhaustion of the sire by too frequent serv- ice, entailing debility of the offspring and disease of the fostus or of its envelopes, must be recognized as a further cause. The symptoms vary mainly according as the abortion is early or late in pregnancy. In the first month or two of pregnancy the mare may miscarry without observable symptoms, and the fact only appears by her coming in heat. If more closely observed a small clot of blood may be found behind her, in which a careful search reveals the rudiments of the foal. If the occurrence is somewhat later in gestation there will be some general disturbance, inappetence, neighing, and straining, and the small body of the foetus is expelled, enveloped in its membranes. Abortions during the later stages of pregnancy are attended with greater constitutional disturbance, and the process resembles normal parturition, with the aggravation that more effort and straining is req- uisite to force the foetus through the comparatively undilatable mouth of the womb. There is the swelling of the vulva, with mucus or even bloody discharge; the abdomen droops, the flanks fall in, the udder fills, the mare looks at her flanks, paws with the fore feet and kicks with the hind, switches the tail, moves around uneasily, lies down and rises, strains, and, as in natural foaling, expels first mucus and blood, then the waters, and finally the foetus. This may occupy an hour or two, or it may be prolonged for a day or more, the symptoms subsiding for a time, only to reappear with renewed energy. If there is malpresenta- tion of the foetus it will hinder progress until rectified, as in difficult 155 parturition. Abortion may also be followed by the same accidents, as flooding, retention of the placenta, and leucorrhea. The most important object in an impending abortion is to recognize it at as early a stage as possible, so that it may, if possible, be cut short and prevented. Any general indefinable illness in a pregnant mare should lead to a close examination of the vulva as regards swelling, vascularity of its mucous membrane, and profuse mucous secretion, and above all any streak or staining of blood; also the condition of the ud- der, if that is congested and swollen. Any such indication, with colicky pains, straining, however little, and active movement of the foetus or entire absence of movement, are suggestive symptoms and should be duly counteracted. The changes in the vulva and udder, with a soiled and bloody condi- _ tion of the tail, may suggest an abortion already accomplished, and the examination with the hand in the vagina may detect the mouth of the ~ womb soft and dilatable, and the interior of the organ slightly filled with a bloody liquid. Treatment should be preventive if possible, and would embrace the — avoidance of all causes mentioned, and particularly of such a8 may seem - _to be particularly operative in the particular case. Where abortions have already occurred in a stud, the especial cause, in the matter of food, water, exposure to injuries, overwork, lack of exercise, etc., may often be identified and removed. A most important point is to avoid all causes of constipation, diarrhea, indigestion, bloating, violent purga- tives, diuretics or other potent medicines, painful operations, and slip- pery roads, unless well frosted. When abortion is imminent the mare should be placed alone in a roomy, dark, quiet stall,and have the straining checked by somesedative. Laudanum is usually at hand and may be given in doses of 1 or 2 ounces, according to size, and repeated after two or three hours, and even daily if necessary. Chloroform or choral hydrate, 3 drams, may be substituted if more convenient. These should be given in a pint or quart of water, toavoid burning the mouth and throat. Or viburnum prunifolium,1 ounce, may be given and repeated if necessary to prevent straining. When all measures fail and miscarriage proceeds, all that can be done is to assist in the removal of the foetus and its membranes, as in ordinary parturition. As in the case of retention of the foetus, it may be neces- sary after delivery to employ antiseptic injections into the womb to counteract putrid fermentation. This, however, is less requisite in the mare than in the cow, in which the prevalent contagious abortion must be counteracted by the persistent local use of antiseptics. After abor- tion acareful hygiene is demanded, especially in the matter of pure air and easily digestible food. The mare should not be served again for a month or longer, and in no case until after all discharge from the vulva has ceased. 156 SYMPTOMS OF PARTURITION. As the period of parturition approaches the swelling of the udder bespeaks the coming event, the engorgement in exceptional cases ex- tending forward on the lower surface of the abdomen and even into the hind limbs. For about a week a serous fluid oozes from the teat and coucretes as a yellow, wax-like mass around its orifice. About twenty- four hours before the birth this gives place to a whitish, milky liquid, which falls upon and mats the hairs on the inner sides of the legs. Another symptom is enlargement of the vulva, with redness of its lin- ing membrane, and the escape of glairy mucus. The belly droops, the flanks fall in, and the loins may even become depressed. TF inally the mare becomes uneasy, stops feeding, looks anxious, whisks her tail, and may lie down and rise again. In many mares this is not repeated, but the mare remains down; violent contractions of the abdominal muscles ensue; after two or three pains the water-bags appear and burst, fol- lowed by the fore feet of the foal, with the nose between the knees, and by a few more throes the foetus is expelled. In other cases the act is accomplished standing. 'The whole act may not occupy more than five orten minutes. This, together with the disposition of the mare to avoid observation, renders the act one that is rarely seen by the attendants. The navel-string, which connects the foal to the membranes, is rupt- ured when the foetus falls to the ground, or when the mare rises, if she has been down, and the membranes are expelled a few minutes later. NATURAL PRESENTATION. When there is a single foal the common and desirable presentation is with the fore feet first, the nose between the knees, and with the front of the hoofs and knees and the forehead directed upward toward the anus, tail, and croup (Plate IX, fig. 1).. In this way the natural curvature of the body of the foetus corresponds to the curve of the womb and genital passages, and particularly of the bony pelvis, and the foal passes with much greater ease than if it were placed with its back downward toward the udder. When there is a twin birth the second foal usually comes with its hind feet first, and the backs of the legs, the points of the hocks, and the tail and croup are turned upward toward the anus and tail of the mare (Plate IX, fig. 2). In this way, even with a posterior presentation, the curvature of the body of the foal still corresponds to that of the passages, and its expulsion may be quite as easy as in anterior presentation. Any presentation aside from these two may be said to be abnormal and will be considered under * Difficult Parturition.” DIFFICULT PARTURITION. With natural presentation this is a rare occurrence. The great length of the fore limbs and face entail, in the anterior presentation, the formation of a long cone, which dilates and glides through the 157 passages with comparative ease. Even with the hind feet first a simi- lar conical form is presented, and the process is rendered easy and quick. Difficulty and danger arise mainly from the act being brought on prematurely before the passages are sufficiently dilated, from nar- rowing of the pelvic bones or other mechanical obstruction in the . passages, from monstrous distortions or duplications in the fetus, or from tho turning back of one of the members so that the elongated conical or wedge-shaped outline is done away with. But prompt as is the normal parturition in the mare, difficult and delayed parturitions are surrounded by special dangers and require unusual precautions and skill. From the proclivity of the mare to unhealthy inflammations of the peritoneum and other abdomiual organs, penetrating wounds of the womb or vagina are liable to prove fatal. The contractions of the womb and abdominal walls are so powerful as to exhaust and benumb the arm of the assistant, and to endanger penetrating wounds of the genital organs. By reason of the looser connection of the foetal mem- branes with the womb, as compared with those of ruminauts, the violent throes early detach these membranes throughout their whole extent, and the foal, being thus separated from the mother and thrown on its own resources, dies at an early stage of any protracted parturition. The foal rarely survives four hours after the onset of parturient throes. From the great length of the limbs and neck of the foal it is ex- tremely difficult to secure and bring up limb or head which has been turned back when it should have been presented. When assistance must be rendered the operator should don a thick woolen undershirt with the sleeves cut out at the shoulders. This protects the body and leaves the whole arm free for manipulation. Before inserting the arm it should be smeared with lard. This protects the skin against septic infection, and favors the introduction of the hand and arm. The hand should be inserted with the thumb and fingers drawn together like a cone. Whether standing or lying the mare should be turned with head down hill and hind parts raised as much as possible. The contents of the abdomen gravitating forward leave much more room for manipula- tion. Whatever part of the foal is presented (head, foot) should be se- cured with a cord and running noose before it is pushed back to search for the other missing parts. Even if a missing part is reached no at- tempt should be made to bring it 1p during a labor pain. Pinching the back will sometimes check the ]:.ins and allow the operator to se- cure and bring up the missing member. In intractable cases a large dose of chloral hydrate (1 ounce in a quart of water) or the inhalation of chloroform and air (equal proportions) to insensibility may secure a respite, during which the missing members may be replaced. If the waters have been discharged and the mucus dried up, the genital pas- sages and body of the feetus should be lubricated with lard or oil before any attempt at extraction is made. When the missing member has been brought up into position, and presentation has been rendered nat- 158 ural, traction on the fo tus must be made only during a labor pain. If a mare is inclined to kick, it may be necessary to apply hobbles to pro- tect the operator. PREMATURE LABOR PAINS. These may be brought on by any violent exertion, use under the saddle, or in heavy draught, or in rapid paces, or in travel by rail or sea, blows, kicks, crushing by other animals in a doorway or gate. Excessive action of purgative or diuretic agents, or of agents that ir- ritate the bowels or kidneys, like arsenic, Paris green, all caustic salts and acids, and acrid and narcotico-acrid vegetables, is equally in- jurious. Finally, the ingestion of agents that stimulate the action of the gravid womb (ergot of rye or of other grasses, smut, various fungi of fodders, rue, savin, cotton-root, etc.) may bring on labor pains pre- maturely. Besides the knowledge that parturition is not yet due, there will be less enlargement, redness and swelling of the vulva, less mucous dis- charge, less filling of the udder, and less appearances of wax and proba- bly none of milk from the ends of the teats. The oiled hand introduced into the vulva will not enter with the ease usual at full term, and the neck of the womb will be felt not only closed, but with its projecting papille, through which it is perforated, not yet flattened down and effaced, as at full term. The symptoms are indeed those of threatened abortion, but at such an advanced stage of gestation as is compatible with the survival of the offspring. The treatment consists in the separation of the mare from all other animals in a quiet, dark, secluded place, and the free use of anti-spas- modics and anodynes. Opium in dram doses every two hours, or laudanum in ounce doses at similar intervals, will often suffice. When the more urgent symptoms have subsided these doses may be repeated thrice a day till all excitement passes off or until the passages have become relaxed and prepared for parturition. Viburnum prunifolium, in ounce doses, may be added if necessary. Should parturition become inevitable, it may be favored and any necessary assistance furnished. DIFFICULT PARTURITION FROM NARROW PELVIS. A disproportion between the foetus got by a large stallion and the pelvis of a small dam is a serious obstacle to parturition, sometimes seen in the mare. This is not the rule, however, as the foal up to birth usually accommodates itself to the size of the dam, as illustrated in the successful crossing of Percheron stallions on mustang mares. If the disproportion is too great the only resort is embryotomy. FRACTURED HIP-BONES. More commonly the obstruction comes from distortion and narrow- ing of the pelvis as the result of fractures. (Plates XIV, Fig. 2.) Fractures at any point of the lateral wall or floor of the pelvis are re- 159 paired with the formation of an extensive bony deposit bulging into the passage of the pelvis. The displacement of the ends of the broken bone is another cause of constriction and between the two conditions the passage of the foetus may be rendered impossible without embryotomy. Fracture of the sacrum (the continuation of the back-bone forming the croup) leads to the depression of the posterior part of that bone in the roof of the pelvis and the narrowing of the passage from above down- ward by a bony ridge presenting its sharp edge forward. In all cases in which there has been injury to the bones of the pelvis the obvious precautiou is to withhold the mare from breeding and to use her for work only. If a mare with a pelvis thus narrowed has got in foal inadvertently, abortion may be induced in the early months of gestation by slowly introducing the oiled finger through the neck of the womb and follow- ing this by the other fingers until the whole hand has been introduced. Then the water-bags may be broken, and with the escape of the liquid ‘the womb will contract on the solid foetus and labor pains will ensue. The foetus being small it will pass easily. TUMORS IN THE VAGINA AND PELVIS. Tumors of various kinds may form in the vagina or elsewhere within the pelvis, and when large enough will obstruct or prevent the passage of the fetus. Gray mares, which are so subject to black pigment tumors (melanosis) on the tail, anus, and vulva, are the most likely to suffer from this. Still more rarely the wall of the vagina becomes relaxed, and being pressed by a mass of intestines will protrude through the lips of the vulva as a hernial sac, containing a part of the bowels. Where a tumor is small it may only retard and not absolutely prevent parturi- tion. A hernial protrusion of the wall of the vagina may be pressed back and emptied so that the body of the foetus engaging in the passage may find no further obstacle. When atumor is too large to allow de- livery the only resort is to remove it,"but before proceeding it must be clearly made out that the obstruction is a mass of diseased tissue, and not a sac containing intestines. If the tumor hangs by a neck it can usually be most safely removed by the écraseur, the chain being passed around the pedicel and gradually tightened until that is torn through. HERNIA OF THE WOMB. The rupture of the musculo-fibrous floor of the belly and the escape _ of the gravid womb into a sac formed by the peritoneum and skin hang- ing towards the ground, is described by all veterinary obstetricians, yet it is very rarely seen in the mare. The form of the fotus can be felt through the walls of the sac, so that it is easy to recognize the condi- tion. Its cause is usually external violence, though it may start from an umbilical hernia. When the period of parturition arrives, the first - effort should be to return the foetus within the proper abdominal cavity, . 160 and this can sometimes be accomplished with the aid of a stout blanket gradually tightened around the belly. This failing, the mare may be placed on her side or back and gravitation brought to the aid of manip- ulation in securing the return. Even after the hernia has been reduced the relaxed state of the womb and abdominal walls may serve to hinder parturition, in which case the oiled hand must be introduced through the vagina, the foetus brought into position, and traction coincident with the labor pains employed to secure delivery. TWISTING OF THE NECK OF THE WOMB. This condition is very uncommon in the mare, though occasionally seen in the cow, owing to the greater laxity of the broad ligaments of the womb in that animal. It consists in a revolution of the womb on its own axis, 80 that its right or left side will be turned upward (quarter - revolution), or the lower surface may be turned upward and the upper surface downward (half revolution). The effect is to throw the narrow neck of the womb into a series of spiral folds, turning in the direction in which the womb has revolved, closing the neck and rendering dis- tention and dilatation impossible. The period and pains of parturition arrive, but in spite of continued efforts no progress is made, neither water-bags nor liquids appearing. The oiled hand introduced into the closed neck of the womb will readily detect the spiral direction of the folds on its inner surface. The method of relief which I have successfully adopted in the cow may be equally happy in the mare. The dam is placed (with her head up- hill) on her right side if the upper folds of the spiral turn toward the right, and on her left side if they turn toward the left; and the oiled hand is introduced through the neck of the womb and a limb or other part of the body of the foetus is seized and pressed against the wall of the womb, while two or three assistants turn the animal over her back ‘toward the other side. The object is to keep the womb stationary while the animal is rolling. If success attends the effort, the constriction around the arm is suddenly relaxed, the spiral folds are effaced, and the water-bags and foetus press forward into the passage. If the first attempt does not succeed it may be repeated again and again until suc- cess crowns the effort. Among my occasional causes of failure have been the prior death and decomposition of the foetus, with the extrica- tion of gas and overdistention of the womb, and the supervention of inflammation and inflammatory exudation around the neck of the womb, which hinders untwisting. The first of these conditions occurs early in the horse from the detachment of the foetal membranes from the wall of the womb, and as the mare is more subject to fatal peritonitis than the cow, it may be concluded that both these sources of failure are more probable in the equine subject. When the case is intractable, though the hand may be easily in- troduced, the instrument shown in Plate VIII, Fig. 7, may be used, — 161 Each hole at the small end of the instrument has passed through it a stout cord with a running noose, to be passed around two feet or other portion of the foetus which it may be possible to reach. The cords are. then drawn tight and fixed around the handle of the instrument, then by using the cross-handle as a lever the fetus and womb may berotated in a direction opposite to that causing the obstruction. During this process the hand must be introduced to feel when the twist has been undone. This method may be supplemented, if necessary, by rolling the mare as described above. EFFUSION OF BLOOD IN THE VAGINAL WALLS. This is common as a result of difficuit parturition, but it may occur from local injury before that act, and may seriously interfere with it. This condition is easily recognized by the soft, doughy swelling so char- acteristic of blood clots, and by the dark red color of the mucous mem- brane. I have laid open sucb swellings with the knife as late as ten days before parturition, evacuated the clots, and dressed the wound daily with an astringent lotion (sulphate of zince 1 dram, carbolic acid 1 dram, water 1 quart). A similar resort might be had, if necessary, during parturition. CALCULUS (STONE) AND TUMOR IN THE BLADDER. The pressure upon the bladder containing a stone or a tumor may prove so painful that the mare will voluntarily suppress the labor pains. Examination of the bladder with the finger introduced through the urethra will detect the offending agent. A stone should be extracted with forceps (see “Lithotomy”). The large papillary tumors which I have met with in the mare’s bladder have been invariably delicate in texture and could be removed piecemeal by forceps. Fortunately, mares affected in this way rarely breed. IMPACTION OF THE RECTUM WITH FACES. In some animals, with more or less paralysis or weakness of the tail and rectum, the rectum may become so impacted with solid feces that the mare is unable to discharge them, and the accumulation both by reason of the mechanical obstruction and the pain caused by pressure upon it will impel the animal to cut short alllabor pains. The rounded swelling surrounding the anus will at once suggest the condition, when the obstruction may be removed by the well-oiled or soaped hand. SPASM OF THE NECK OF THE WOMB. This occurs in the mare of specially excitable temperament, or under particular causes of irritation, local or general. Labor pains, though continuing for some time, produce no dilatation of the neck of the womb, which will be found firmly closed so as to admit but one or two fingers, and this, although the projection at the mouth of the womb 11035——11 162 may have been entirely effaced, so that a simple round opening is left with rigid margins. The simplest treatment consists in smearing this part with solid ex- tract of belladonna, and after an interval inserting the hand with fin- gers and thumb drawn into the form of a cone, rupturing the mem- branes and bringing the feetus into position for extraction, as advised under “Prolonged Retention of the Fetus.” Another mode is to in- sert through the neck of the womb an ovoid caoutchouc bag, empty, and furnished with an elastic tube 12 feet long. Carry the free end end of this tube upward to a height of 8, 10, or 12 feet, insert a filler into it, and proceed to distend the bag with tepid or warm water. FIBROUS BANDS CONSTRICTING OR CROSSING THE NECK OF THE WOMB. These occurring as the result of disease have been several times ob- served in the mare. They may exist in the cavity of the abdomen and compress aud obstruct the neck of the womb, or they may extend from side to side of the vagina across and just behind the neck of the womb. In the latter position they may be felt and quickly remedied by cut- ting them across. In the abdomen they can only be reached by incis- ion, and two alternatives are presented: (1) To*perform embryotoniy aud extract the foetus piecemeal; and (2) to make an incision into the abdomen and extract by the Cesarian operation, or simply to cut the constricting band and attempt delivery by the usual channel. FIBROUS CONSTRICTION OF VAGINA OR VULVA. This is probably always the result of direct mechanical injury and the formation of rigid cicatrices which fail to dilate with the remainder of the passages at the approach of parturition. The presentation of the foetus in the natural way and the occurrence of successive and active labor pains without any favorable result will direct attention to the rigid and unyielding cicatrices which may be incised at one, two, or more points to a depth of halt an inch or more, after which the natural expulsive efforts will usually prove effective. The resulting wounds may be washed frequently with a solution of one part of car- bolic acid to 50 parts of water, or of 1 part of mercuric chloride to to 500 parts water. FETUS ADHERENT TO THE WALLS OF THE WOMB. In inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the cavity of the womb and implicating the foetal membranes, the resulting embryonic tissue sometimes establishes a medium of direct continuity between the womb and fcetal membranes; tie blood vessels of the oue communi- cate freely with those of the other and the fibers of the one are pro- longed into the other. This causes retention of the membranes after birth, and a special risk of bleeding from the womb, and of sep- lic puisoning. In exceptional cases the adhesion is more extensive 163 and binds a portion of the bedy of the foal firmly to the womb. In such cases it has repeatedly been found impossible to extract the foal until such adhesions were broken down. If they can be reached with the hand and recognized they may be torn through with the fingers or with a blunt hook, after which delivery may be attempted with hope of SUCCESS. EXCESSIVE SIZE OF THE F@TUS. It would seem that a small mare may usually be safely bred to a large stailion, yet this is not always the case, and when the small size is an individual rather than a racial characteristic or the result of extreme youth, the rule can not be expected to hold. There is always great danger in breeding the young, small, and undeveloped female, and the dwarfed representative of a larger breed, as the offspring tend to par- take of the large race characteristics and to show them even prior to birth. When impregnation has occurred in the very young or in the ‘dwarfed female, there are two alternatives—to induce abortion, or to wait until there are attempts at parturition and to extract by embry- otomy if impracticable otherwise. CONSTRICTION OF A MEMBER BY THE NAVEL STRING. In man and animals alike the winding of the umbilical cord round a member of the foetus sometimes leads to the amputation of the latter. It is also known to get wound around the neck or a limb at birth, but in the mare this does not seriously impede parturition, as the loosely attached membranes are easily separated from the womb and no stran- gulation or retarding occurs. The foal may, however, die from the cessation of the placental circulation unless it is speedily delivered. WATER IN THE HEAD (HYDROCEPHALUS) OF THE FOAL. This consists in the excessive accumulation of liquid in the ventricles of the brain so that the cranial cavity is enlarged and constitutes a great projecting rounded mass occupying the space from the eyes upward. (See Plate XIV, Vig. 3.) With an anterior presentation (fore feet aud nose) this presents an insuperable obstacle to progress, as the diseased cranium is too large to enter the pelvis at the same time with the fore-arms. With a posterior presentation (hind feet) all goes well until the body and shoulders have passed out, when progress is sud- denly arrested by the great bulk of the head. In the first case, the oiled hand introduced along the face detects the enormous size of the head, which may be diminished by puncturing it with a knife or trochar and cannula in the median line, evacuating the water and pressing in the thin bony walls. With a posterior presentation, the same course must be followed; the hand passed along the neck will detect the cranial swelling, which may be punctured with a knife or trochar. Oftentimes with an anterior presentation the great size of the head leads to its 164 displacement backward and thus the fore limbs alone engige in the passages. Here the first object is to seek and bring up the missing head, and then puncture it as above suggested. DROPSY OF THE ABDOMEN IN THE FOAL—ASCITES. The accumulation of liquid in the abdominal cavity of the foetus is less frequent, but when present it may arrest parturition as completely as will hydrocephalus. With an anterior presentation the foal may pass as far as the shoulders, but behind this all efforts fail to secure a further advance. With a posterior presentation the hind legs as far as the thighs may be expelled, but at this point all progress ceases. In either case the oiled hand passed inward by the side of the foal will de- tect the enormous distention of the abdomen and its soft, fluctuating contents. The only course is to puncture the cavity and evacuate the liquid. With the anterior presentation this may be done with a long trochar and cannula, introduced through the chest and diaphragm ; or. with a knife an incision may be made between the first two ribs, and the lungs and heart cut or torn out, when the diaphragm will be felt projecting strongly forward and may be easily punctured. Should there not be room to introduce the hand throngh the chest, the oiled hand may be passed along beneath the breast bone and the abdomen punctured. With a posterior presentation the abdomen must be punet- ured in the same way, the hand, armed with a knife protected in its palm, being passed along the side of the flank or between the hind limbs. It should be added that moderate dropsy of the abdomen is not incompatible with natural delivery, the liquid being at first crowded back into the portion of the belly still engaged in the womb, and passing slowly from that into the advanced portion as soon as that has cleared the narrow passage of the pelvis, and passed out where it can expand. GENERAL DROPSY OF THE FQTUS. In this case the tissues generally are distended with liquid, and the skin is found at all points tense and rounded, and pitting on pressure with the fingers. In some such cases delivery may be effected atter the . skin has been punctured at narrow intervals to allow the escape of the fluid and then liberally smeared with fresh lard. More commonly, however, it can not be reached at all points to be so punctured, por sufficiently reduced to be extracted whole, and resort must be had to embryotomy. SWELLING OF THE F@TUS WITH GAS—EMPHYSEMA. This has been described as occurring in a living foetus, but I have only met with it in the dead and decomposing foal, after futile efforts have been made for several days to effect delivery. These cases are very difficult ones, as the foal is inflated to such an extent that it is impussible to advance it into the passages, and the skin of the fetus 165 and the walls of the womb and vagina have become so dry that it is impracticable to cause the one to glide on the other. The hair comes off any part that may be seized, and the case is rendered the more of- fensive and dangerous by the very fetid liquids and gases. The only resort is embryotomy, by which I have succeeded in saving a valuable mare that had carried a colt in this condition for four days. CONTRACTIONS OF MUSCLES. The foal is not always developed symmetrically, but certain groups of muscles are liable to remain short or to shorten because of persistent Spasmodiec contraction, so that even the bones become distorted and twisted. This is most common in the neck. . The bones of this part and even of the face are drawn to one side and shortened, the head being held firmly to the flank and the jaws being twisted to the right or left. In other cases the flexor muscles of the fore limbs are con- tracted so that these members are strongly bent attheknee. In neither of these cases can the distorted part be extended and straightened, so that body or limbs must necessarily present double, and natural deliv- ery is rendered impossible. The bent neck may sometimes be straight- ened after the muscles have been cut on the side to which it is turned, and the bent limbs after the tendons on the back ofthe shank bone have been cut across. Failing to accomplish this, the next resort is to em- bryotomy. TUMORS OF THE FQ@TUS—INCLOSED OVUM. Tumors or diseased growths may form on any part of the foal, in- ternal or external, and by their size impede or hinder parturition. In some cases what appears as a tumor is animprisoned and undeveloped ovum, which has grafted itself on the foetus. These are usually saccu- lated and may contain skin, hair, muscle, bone, and other natural tissues. The only course to be pursued in such cases is to excise the tumor, or, if this is not feasible, to perform embryotomy. MONSTROSITIES. Monstrosity in the foal is an occasional cause of difficult parturition, especially such monsters as show excessive development of some part of the body, a displacement or distortion of parts, or a redundancy of parts, as in double monsters. Monsters may be divided into— (1) Monsters with absence of parts—absence of head, limb, or other organ. (2) Monsters with some part abnormally small—d warfed head, limb, trunk, ete. (3) Monsters through unnatural division of parts—cleft head, trunk, limbs, ete. (4) Monsters through absence of natural divisions—absence of mouth, nose, eyes, anus, confluent digits, ete. 166 (5) Monsters through fusion of parts—one central eye, one nasal opening, ete. (6) Monsters through abnormal position or form of parts—curved spine, face, limb, ete. (7) Monsters through excess of formation—enormous head, super numerary digits, ete. (8) Monsters through imperfect differentiation of sexual organs— hermaphrodites. (9) Double monsters—double-headed, double-bodied, extra limbs, ete. The causes of monstrosities appear to be very varied. Some mon- strosities, like extra digits, absence of horns or tails, etc., run in fami- lies and are produced almost as certainly as color or form. Others are associated with too close breeding, the powers of symmetrical develop- ment being interfered with, just as in other cases a sexual incompati- bility is developed, near relatives failing to breed with each other. Mere arrest of development of a part may arise from accidental disease of the embryo; hence vital organs are left out, or portions of organs, like the dividing walls of the heart, are omitted. Sometimes an older foetus is inclosed in the body of another, each having started independently from a separate ovum, but the one having become embedded in the semi-fluid mass of the other and having developed there simultaneously with it, but not so largely nor perfectly. In many cases of redundance of parts, the extra part or member has manifestly developed from the same ovum and nutrient center with the normal member to which it remains adherent, just as a new tail will grow out in a newt when the the tormer has been cut off. In the early embryo, with its great powers of development, this factor can operate to far greater purpose than in the adult animal. Its influence is seen in the fact pointed out by St. Hilaire that such redundant parts are nearly always connected with the corresponding portions in the normal foetus. Thus superfluous legs or digi's are attached to the normal ones, double heads or tails are con- nected to a common neck or rump, and double bodies are attached to each other by corresponding points, navel to navel, breast to breast, back to back. All this suggests the development of extra parts from the same primary layer of the impregnated and developing ovum. The effect of disturbing conditions in giving such wrong directions to the developmental forces is well shown in the experiments of St. Hilaire and Valentine in varnishing, shaking, and otherwise breaking up the natural connections in eggs, and thereby determining the formation of monstrosities at will. So, in the mammal, blows and other injuries that detach the foetal membranes from the walls of the womb or that modify their circulation by inducing inflammation are at times followed by the development of a monster. The excitement, mental and phys- ical, attendant on fright occasionally acts in a similar way, acting prob- ably through the same channels. 167 The monstrous forms likely to interfere with parturition are such as from contracted or twisted limbs or spine, must be presented double; where supernumerary limbs, head, or body must approach the passages with the natural ones; where a head or other member has attained to an unnatural size; where the body of one fetus has become inclosed in or attached to another, ete. Extraction is sometimes possible by straightening the members and securing such a presentation as will reduce the presenting mass to its smallest and most wedge-like dimensions. To effect this it may be needful to cut the flexor tendons of bent limbs or the muscles on the side of a twisted neck or body; and one or more of the manipulations necessary to secure and bring up a missing member may be required. In most cases of monstrosity by excess, however, it is needful to remove the superfluous parts, in which case the general principles employed for embryotomy must be followed. The Cesarian section, by which the foetus is extracted through an incision in the walls of the abdomen and womb, is inadmissible, as it practically entails the sacrifice of the mare, which should never be done for the sake of a monster. See “ Hm- bryotomy.” ENTRANCE OF TWINS INTO THE PASSAGE AT ONCE. Twins are rare in the mare, and still more rare is the impaction of both at once into the pelvis. The condition would be easily recognized by the fact that two fore limbs and two hind would occupy the passage at once, the front of the hoofs of the fore feet being turned upward and those of the hind feet downward. If both belonged to one foal they would be turned in the same direction. Once recognized, the condi- tion is easily remedied by passing a rope with a running noose round each foot of the foal that is farthest advanced or that promises to be most easily extracted, and to push the members of the other foetus back into the depth of the womb. As soon as the one fetus is fully engaged in the passage it will hold its place and its delivery will pro- ceed in the natural way. TABLE OF WRONG PRESENTATIONS. ( Incompletely extended. Flexor tendons shortened, Rana ian Crossed over the neck. {Fore limbs ------.---- 4 Bent back at the knee. Bent back from the shoulder. ( Bent downward on the neck. Head and neck turned back beneath the breast. Turned to one side. : Turned upward and backward on the back. Hind limbs........... Hind feet engaged in the pelvis. Transverse .......---. Back offoal to side of pelvis. Wlinwiecie dae ore ee - Back of foal to floor of pelvis. Bent on itself at the hock. S ; ; Bent at the hip. 2 | Transverse .-.-------- Back of foal to side of pelvis. Inverted ...........-. Back of foal to floor of pelvis. Anterior I a | 3 2) oO n z| 2 Posteri- or pr With back and loins presented. Transverse presentation of body - ; With breast and belly presented. 168 FORE-LIMBS INCOMPLETELY EXTENDED. In cases of this kind, not only are the back tendons behind the knee and sbank-bone unduly short, but the sinew extending from the front of the shoulder-blade over the front of the elbow and down to the head of the shank-bone is also shortened. The result is that the fore-limb is bent at the knee and the elbow is also rigidly bent. The condition obstructs parturition by the feet becoming pressed against the floor of the pelvis or by the elbow pressing on its anterior brim. Relief is to be obtained by forcible extension. A rope with a running noose is passed around each fetlock and a repeller (see Plate VIII), planted in the breast is pressed in a direction upward and backward while active traction is made on the ropes. If the feet are not thereby raised from the floor of the pelvis the palm of the hand may be placed beneath them to protect the mucous membrane until they have ad- vanced sufficiently to obviate this danger. In the absence of a repel- ler, a smooth rounded fork-handle may beemployed. If the shortening is too great to allow of the extension of the limbs in this way, the tense tendons may be cut across behind the shank bone and in front of the elbow, and the limb will be easily straightened out. This is most easily done with an embryotomy knife furnished with a ring for the middle fiuger, so that the blade may be protected in the palm of the hand. (See Plate XIV, Fig. 4.) ONE FORE-LIMB CROSSED OVER THE BACK OF THE NECK. With the long fore-limbs of the foal this readily occurs and the re- sulting increase in thickness, both at the head and shoulder, offers. a serious obstacle to progress. (See Plate X, Fig. 2.) The hand intro- duced into the passage detects the head and one forefoot, and further back on the same side of the head the second foot, from which the limb may be traced obliquely across the back of the neck. If parturition continues to make progress the displaced foot may bruise and lacerate the vagina. By seizing the limb above the fetlock it may be easily pushed over the head to the proper side, when par- turition will proceed normally. FORE-LIMB BENT AT THE KNEE. The nose and one fore-foot present, and on examination the knee of the missing fore-limb is found farther back. (Plate X, Fig. 1.) First place a noose each on the presenting pastern and lower jaw, and push back the body of the foetus with a repeller, while. the operator seizing the shank of the bent limb extends it so as to press back the knee and bring forward the fetlock and foot. As progress is made little by little the hand is slid down from the region of the knee to the fet- lock, and finally that is secured and brought up into the passage, when parturition will proceed without hindrance. If both fore-limbs 169 are bent back the head must be noosed and the limbs brought up as above, one after the other. It is usually best to employ the left hand for the right fore-limb and the right hand for the left fore-limb. FORE-LIMB TURNED BACK FROM THE SHOULDER. In this case, on exploration by the side of the head and presenting limb, the shoulder only can be reached at first. (Plate X, Fig. 4.) By noosing the head and presenting fore-limb these may be drawn for- ward into the pelvis, and the oiled hand being carried along the shoul- der in the direction of the missing limb is enabled to reach and seize the fore arm just below the elbow. The body is now pushed back by the assistants pressing on the head and presenting limb or on a repel- ler planted in the breast until the knee can be brought up into the pel- vis, after which the procedure is the same as described in the last par- agraph. HEAD BENT DOWN BETWEEN THE FORE-LIMBS. This may be so that the poll or nape of the neck with the ears can be felt far back between the fore-limbs, or so that only the upper border of the neck can be reached, head and neck being bent back beneath the body. With the head only bent on the neck, noose the two presenting limbs, then introduce the hand between them until the nose can be seized in the palm of the hand. Next have the assistants push back the presenting limbs, while the nose is strongly lifted upward over the — brim of the pelvis. This accomplished it assumes the natural position and parturition is easy. When both head and neck are bent downward it may be impossible to reach the nose. If, however, the labor has only commenced, the limbs may be drawn upon until! the operator can reach the ear, by dragging on which the head may be so far advanced that the fingers may reach the orbit; traction upon this while the limbs are being pushed back may bring the head up so that it bends on the neck only, and the further procedure will be as described in the last paragraph. If the labor has been long in progress and the fetus is jammed into the pelvis, the womb emptied of the waters and firmly contracted on its solid contents, the case is incomparably more difficult. The mare may be chloroformed and turned on her back with hind parts elevated, and the womb may be injected with sweet-oil. Then, if the ear can be reached, the correction of the mal-presentation may be attempted as above described. Should this fail one or more sharp hooks may be in- serted in the neck as near the head as can be reached, and ropes at- tached to these may be dragged on, while the body of the foal is pushed back by the fore-limbs or by a repeller. Such repulsion should be made in a direction obliquely upward toward the loins of the mother so as to rotate the foetus in such a way as to bring the head up. As this is ac- complished a hold should be secured nearer and nearer to the nose, with hand or hook, until the head can be straightened out on the neck. 170 All means failing, it becomes necessary to remove the fore-limbs (embryotomy) so as to make more space for bringing up the head. If, even then, this can not be accomplished, it may be possible to push the body backward and upward with the repeller until the hind-limbs are brought to the passage, when they may be noosed and delivery effected with the posterior presentation. HEAD TURNED BACK ON THE SHOULDER. In this case, the fore-feet present, and the oiled hand passed along the fore-arms in search of the missing head finds the side of the neck turned to one side, the head being perhaps entirely out of reach. (Plate XIII, Fig. 1.) To bring forward the head it may be desirable to lay the mare on the opposite side to that to which the head is turned, and even to give chloroform or ether. Then the feet being noosed, the body of the foetus is pushed by the hand or repeller for- ward and to the side opposite to that occupied by the head until the head comes within reach, near the entrance of the pelvis. If such dis- placement of the fetus is difficult, it may be facilitated by a free use of oil or lard. When the nose can be seized it can be brought into the passage as when the head is turned down. If it can not be reached the orbit may be availed of to draw the head forward until the nose can be seized or the lower jaw noosed. In very difficult cases a rope may be passed around the neck by the hand, or with the aid of a curved ear- rier (Plate VIII), and traction may be made upon this while the body is being rotated to the other side. In the same way, in bad cases, a hook may be fixed in the orbit or even between the bones of the lower jaw to assist in bringing the head up into position. Should all fail, the amputation of the fore-limbs may be resorted to as advised under the last heading. HEAD TURNED UPWARD ON THE BACK. This differs from the last mal-presentation only in the direction of the head, which has to be sought above rather than at one side, and is to be secured and brought forward in a similar manner. (Plate XIII, Fig. 2.) If a rope can be passed around the neck it will prove most effectual, as it naturally slides nearer to the head as the neck is straightened, and ends by bringing the head within easy reach. HIND FEET ENGAGED IN THE PELVIS. In this case fore-limbs and head present naturally, but the hind limbs bent forward from the hip and the loins arched allow the hind feet also to enter the passages, and the farther labor advances the more firmly does the body of the foal become wedged into the pelvis. (Plate XII, Fig. 2.) The condition is to be recognized by introducing the oiled hand along the belly of the fetus, when the hind feet will be 171 felt advancing. An attempt should at once be made to push them back, one after the other, over the brim of the pelvis. Failing in this, the mare may be turned on her back, head down hill, and the attempt renewed. If itis possible to introduce a straight rope carrier, a noose passed through this may be put on the fetlock and the repulsion thereby made more effective. In case of continued failure the anterior present- ing part of the hody may be skinned and cut off as far back toward the pelvis as possible (see ‘* Embryotomy”); then nooses are placed on the hind fetlocks and traction is made upon these while the quarters are pushed back into the womb. Then the pemaining portion is brought away by the posterior presentation. ANTERIOR PRESENTATION WITH BACK TURNED TO ONE SIDE. The greatest diameter of the axis of the foal, like that of the pelvic passages, is from above downward, and when the foetus enters the pelvis with this greatest diameter engaged transversely or in the nar- row diameter of the pelvis, parturition is rendered difficult or impossi- ble. In such a case the pasterns and head may be noosed, and the passages and engaged portion of the foal freely lubricated with lard, the limbs may be crossed over each other and the head, and a move- ment of rotation effected in the foetus until its face and back are turned up toward the croup of the mother; then parturition becomes natural. BACK OF THE FOAL TURNED TO THE FLOOR OF THE PELVIS. In a roomy mare this is not an insuperable obstacle to parturition, yet it may seriousiy impede it, by reason of the curvature of the body of the foal being opposite to that of the passages, and the head and withers being liable to arrest against the border of the pelvis. Lubri- cation of the passage with lard and traction of the limbs and head will usually suffice with or without the turning of the mare on her back. In obstinate cases two other resorts are open: (1) to turn the foal, pushing back the fore-parts and bringing up the hind so as to make a a posterior presentation, and (2) the amputation of the fore-limbs, after which extraction will usually be easy. HIND PRESENTATION WITH LEG BENT AT HOCK. In this form the quarters of the foal with the hind-legs bent up be- neath them present, but can not advance through the pelvis by reason of their bulk. (Plate X, Fig. 3.) The oiled hand introduced can recog: nize the outline of the buttocks, with the tail and anus in the center and the sharp points of the hocks beneath. First pass a rope around each limb at the hock, then with hand or repeller, push the buttocks backward and upwards, until the feet can be brought up into the pas- sages. The great length of the shank and pastern in the foal is a serious obstavle to this, and in all cases the toot should be protected in the 172 palm of the hand while being brought up over the brim of the pelvis. Otherwise the womb may be torn. When the pains are too violent and constant to allow effective manipulation, some respite may be obtained by the use of chloroform or morphia, and by turning the mare on her back, but too often the operator fails and the foal must be sacrificed. Two courses.are still open: first, to cut through the cords behind and above the hock and extend the upper part of the limb, leaving the hock bent, and extract in this way, and, second, to amputate the hind limbs at the hip joint and remove them separately, after which the body may be extracted. HIND PRESENTATION WITH LEGS BENT FORWARD FROM THE UIP. This is merely an aggravated form of the presentation last de- scribed. (Plate XII, Fig. 1). If the mare is roomy a rope may be passed around each thigh and the body pushed upward and forward, so as to bring the hocks and heels upward. If this can be accomplished, nooses are placed on the limb farther and farther down until the feltlock is reached and brought into position. If failure is met with, then am- putation at the hips is the dernier ressort. HIND PRESENTATIONS WITH THE BACK TURNED SIDEWAYS OR DOWNWARD. These are the counterparts of similar anterior presentations and are to be managed in thesame way. PRESENTATION OF THE BACK. This is rare, yet not unknown, the foal being bent upon itself with the back, recognizable by its sharp row of spines, presented at the en- trance of the pelvis, and the head and all four feet turned back into the womb. (Plate XI, Fig.1.) The body of the fetus may be extended across the opening transversely so that the head corresponds to one side (right or left), or it may be vertical with the head above or below. In any such position the object should be to push the body of the foetus forward and upward or to one side, as may best promise to bring up the fore or hind extremities, and bring the latter into the passage so as to constitute a normal anterior or posterior presentation. This turn- ing of the fetus may be favored by a given position of the mother, by the free use of oil or lard on the surface of the fetus, and by the use of a propeller. PRESENTATION OF BREAST AND ABDOMEN. This is the reverse of the back presentation, the foal being extended across in front of the pelvic opening, but with the belly turned toward the passages and with all four feet engaged in the passage. (Plate XI, Fig. 2.) The most promising course is to secure the hind feet with 173 nocses and then push the forefeet forward into the womb. Assoon as the forefeét are pushed forward clear of the brim of the pelvis, traction is made on the hind feet so as to bring the thighs into the passage and prevent the re-entrance of the fore-limbs. If it prove difficult to push back the fore-limbs a noose may be passed around the fetlock of each and the cord drawn through the eye of a rope carrier, by means of which the members may be easily pushed back. EMBRYOTOMY. This consists in the dissection of the foetus so as to reduce its bulk and allow of its exit through the pelvis. The indications for its adop- tion have been furnished in the foregoing pages. The operation will vary in different cases according to the necessity for the removal of one or more parts in order to secure the requisite reduction in size. Thus it may be needful to remove head and neck, one fore-limb or both, one hind limb or both, to remove different parts of the trunk, or to remove superfluous (monstrous) parts. Some of the simplest operations of em- bryotomy (incision of the head in hydrocephalus, incision of the belly in dropsy) have already been described. It remains to notice the more difficult procedures which can be best undertaken by the skilled apatomist. Amputation of the fore limbs.—This may usually be begun on the fet- lock of the limb projecting from the vulva. An embryotomy knife is desirable. This knife consists of a blade with a sharp, slightly hooked point, and one or two rings in the back of the blade large enough to fit on the middle finger, while the blade is protected in the palm of the hand. (See Plate XIV, Fig. 4.) Another form has the blade inserted in a mortise in the handle from which it is pushed out by a movable button when wanted. First place a noose around the fetlock of the limb to be amputated, cut the skin circularly entirely around the fet- lock, then make an incision on the inner side of the limb from the fetlock up to the breast bone. Next dissect the skin from the limb, from the fet- lock up to the breast bone on the inner side, and as far up on the shoulder blade as possible on the outer side. Finally, cut through the muscles attaching the limb to the breast bone, and employ strong traction on the limb so as to drag out the whole limb, shoulder blade included. The muscies around the upper part ofthe shoulder blade are easily torn through and need not be cut, even if that were possible. In no case should the fore-limb be removed unless the shoulder blade is taken with it, as that furnishes the greatest obstruction to delivery, above all when it is no longer advanced by the extension of the fore-limb, but is pressed back so as to increase the already thickest posterior portion. of the chest. The preservation of the skin from the whole limb is advan- tageous in various ways; it is easier to cut it circularly at the fetlock than at the shoulder; it covers the hand and knife in making the need- ful incisions, thus acting as a protection to the womb; and it affords a 174 means of traction on the body after the limb has been removed. In dis- secting the skin from the limb the kuife is not needful at all points; much of it may be stripped off with the fingers or knuckles, or by a blunt iron spud pushed up inside the hide, which is meanwhile held tense to ren- der the spud effective. Amputation of the head.—This is easy when both fore-limbs are turned back and the head alone has made its exit in part. It is more difficult when the head is still retained in the passages or womb, as in double- headed monsters. The head is secured by a hook in the lower jaw, or in the orbit, or by a halter, and the skin is divided circularly around the lower part of the face or at the front of the ears, according to the amount of head protruding. Then an incision is made backward along the line of the throat, and the skin dissected from the neck as far back as possible. Then the muscles and other soft parts of the neck are cut across, and the bodies of two vertebrae (neck bones) are severed by cutting completely across the cartilage of the joint. The bulging of the ends of the bones will serve to indicate the seat of the joint. The head and detached portion of the neck may now be removed by steady pulling. If there is still an obstacle the knife may be again used to sever any obstinate connections. In the case of a double-headed mon- ‘ster, the whole of the second neck must be removed with the head. When the head has been detached a rope should be passed through the eye-holes, or through an artificial opening in the skin, and tied firmly around the skin, to be employed as a means of traction when the missing limbs or the second head have been brought up into position. Amputation of the hind limb.—This may be required when there are extra hind limbs, or when the hind limbs are bent forward at hock or hip joint. Inthe former condition the procedure resembles that for removal of a fore-limb, but requires more anatomical knowledge. Havy- ing noosed the pastern, a circular incision is made through the skin around the fetlock, and a longitudinal one from that up to the groin, aud the skin is dissected from the limb as high up as can be reached, over the croup if possible. Then cut through the muscles around the hip joint, and, if possible, the two interarticular ligaments of the joint (pubio-femoral and round), and extract the limb by strong dragging. In case the limb is bent forward at the hock, a rope is passed round that and pulled so as to bring the point of the hock between the lips of the vulva. The hamstring and the lateral ligaments of the hock are now cut through, and the limbs extended by a rope tied round the lower end of the long bone above (tibia). In case it is still needful to remove the upper part of the limb, the further procedure is the same as described in the last paragraph. In case the limb is turned forward from the hip, and the. foetus so wedged into the passage that turning is impossible, the case is very difficult. I have repeatedly succeeded by cutting in on the hip joint and disarticulating it, then dissecting the muscles back from the upper 175 end of the thigh bone. A noose was placed around the neck of the bone and pulled on forcibly, while any uaduly resisting structures were cut with the knife. Cartwright recommends to make free incisions round the hip joints and tear through the muscles when they can not be cut; then with cords round the pelvic bones, and hooks inserted in the openings in the floor of the pelvis to drag out the pelvic bones; then put cords around the heads of the thigh bones and extract them; then remove the intes- tines; and finally, by means of the loose, detached skin, draw out the body with the remainder of the hind limbs bent forward beneath it. Reuff cuts his way into the pelvis of the foal, and with a knife separ- ates the pelvic bones from the loins, then skinning the quarter draws out these pelvic bones by means of ropes and hooks, and along with them the hind limbs. The hind limbs having been removed by one or the otker of these pro- cedures, the loose skin detached from the pelvis is used as a means of traction and delivery is effected. If it has been a monstrosity with ex- tra hind limbs, it may be possible to bring these up into the passage and utilize them for traction. Removal of the abdominal viscera.—In case where the belly is unduly large, from decomposition, tumors, or otherwise, it may be needful to lay it open with the knife and cut or tear out the contents. Removal of the thoracie viscera.—To diminish the bulk of the chest it has been found advisable to cut out the breast-bone, remove the heart and lungs, and allow the ribs to collapse with the lower free ends over- lapping each other. Dissection of the trunk.—In case it becomes necessary to remove other portions of the trunk, the general rule should be followed of preserving the skin so that all manipulations can be made inside this as a pro- tector, that it may remain available as a means of exercising traction on the remaining parts of the body, and as a covering to protect the vaginal walls against injuries from bones while such part is passing. FLOODING—BLEEDING FROM THE WOMB. This is rare in the mare, but not unknown, in connection with a fail- ure of the womb to contract on itself after parturition, or with eversion of the womb (casting the withers), and congestion or laceration. If the blood accumulates in the flaccid womb the condition may only be sus- pected by reason of the rapidly advancing weakness, swaying, unsteady gait, hanging head, paleness of the eyes and other mucous membranes, and weak, small, failing pulse. The hand introduced into the womb detecis the presence of the blood partly clotted. If the blood escapes by the vulva the condition is evident. Treatment consists in evacuating the womb of its blood clots, giving a large dose of powdered ergot of rye, and in the application of cold Water or ice to the loins and external generative orgaus, Beside this 176 a sponge impregnated with a strong solution of alum, or, still better, with tincture of muriate of iron may be introduced into the womb and squeezed so as to bring the liquid in contact with the walls generally. EVERSION OF THE WOMB. If the womb fails to contract after difficult parturition, the after-pains will sometimes lead to the fundus passing into the body of the organ and passing through that and the vagina until the whole inverted organ appears externally and hangs down on the thighs. The result is rapid engorgement and swelling of the organ, impaction of the rectum with feeces, and distention of the bladder with urine, all of which conditions seriously interfere with the return of the mass. In returning the womb the standing is preferable to the recumbent position, as the abdomen is more pendant and there is less obstruction to the return. It may, however, be necessary to put hobbles on the hind limbs to prevent the mare from kicking. A.clean sheet should be beld beneath the womb and all filth, straw, and foreign bodies washed from its surface. Then with a broad, elastic (india-rubber) band, or in default of that a long strip of calico 4 or 5 inches wide, wind the womb as tightly as possible, beginning at its most dependent part (the extremity of the horn). This serves two good ends. It squeezes out into the general circulation the enormous mass of blood which engorged and enlarged the organ, and it furnishes a strong protective covering for the now delicate friable organ, through which it may be safely manipulated without danger of laceration. The next step may be the pressure on the general mass while those portions next the vulva are gradually pushed in with the hands; or the extreme lowest point (the end of the horn) may be turned within itself and pushed forward into the vagina by the closed fist, the return being assisted by manipulations by the other hand, and even by those of assistants. By either mode the manipulations may be made with almost perfect safety so long as the organ is closely ‘wrapped in the bandage. Once a portion has been introduced into the vagina the rest will usually follow with increasing ease, and the operation should be completed with the hand and arm extended the full length within the womb and moved from point to point so as to straighten out all parts of the organ and insure that no portion still remains inverted within another portion. Should any such partial inversion be left it will give rise to straining, under the force of which it will gradually increase until the whole mass will be protruded as before. The next step is to apply a truss as an effectual mechanical barrier to further escape of the womb through the vulva. The simplest is made with two inch ropes, each about 18 feet long. These are each doubled and interwoven at the bend, as seen in Plate VIII, Fig. 4. The ring formed by the inter- lacing of the two ropes is adjusted around the vulva, the two ends of the one rope are carried up on the right and left of the tail and along the spine, being wound round each other in their course, and are finally 177 tied to the upper part of the collar encircling the neck. The remain- ing two ends, belonging to the other rope, are carried downward and forward between the thighs and thence forward and upward on the sides of the belly and chest to be attached tothe right and left sides of the collar. These ropes are drawn tightly enough to keep closely ap- plied to the opening without chafing, and. will fit still more securely when the mare raises her back to strain. It is desirable to tie the mare short so that she may be unable to lie down for a day or two, and she should be kept ina stall with the hind parts higherthan the fore. Violent straining may be checked by full doses of opium (one-half dram), and any costiveness or diarrhea should be obviated by a suitable laxative or binding diet. In some mares the contractions are too violent to allow of the return of the womb, and full doses of opium (one-half dram), laudanum (two ounces), or chloral hydrate (one ounce) may be demanded, or the mare must be rendered insensible by ether or chloroform, RUPTURE OR LACERATION OF THE WOMB. This may occur from the feet of the foal during parturition, or from ill directed efforts to assist, but it is especially liable to take place in the everted, congested, and friable organ. The resultant dangers are bleeding from the wound, escape of the bowels through the opening and their fatal injury by the mare’s feet or otherwise, and peritonitis from the extension of inflammation from the wound and from the pois- onous action of the septic liquids of the womb escaping into the ab- dominal cavity. The first object is to close the wound, but unless in eversion of the womb this is practically impossible. In the last named condition the wound must be carefully and accurately sewed up before the womb is returned. After its return, the womb must be injected daily with an antiseptic solution (borax one-half ounce or carbolic¢ acid 3 drachms to a quart of tepid water). If inflammation threatens, the abdomen may be bathed continuously with hot water by means of a heavy woolen rag, and large doses of opium (one-half dram) may be given twice or thrice daily. RUPTURES OF THE VAGINA. These are attended by dangers similar to those belonging to rupture of the womb, and in addition by the risk of protrusion of the bladder, which appears through the lips of the vulva as a red pyriform mass. Sometimes such lacerations extend downward into the bladder, and in others upward into the terminal gut (rectum). In still other cases the anus is torn so that it forms one common orifice with the vulva. Too often such cases prove fatal, or at least a recovery is not at- tained, and urine or feeces or both escape freely into the vagina. The 11035——-12 178 simple laceration of the anus is easily sewed up, but the ends of the muscular fibers do not reunite and the control over the lower bowel is never fully re-acquired. The successful stitching up of the wound com- municating with the bladder or the rectum requires unusual skill and care, and though I have succeeded in a case of the latter kind, I can not advise the attempt by unprofessional persons. BLOOD OLOTS IN THE WALLS OF THE VAGINA. See ‘Obstructions to parturition.” INFLAMMATION OF THE WOMB AND PERITONEUM. These may result from injuries sustained by the womb during or after parturition, from exposure to cold or wet, or from the irritant ac- tion of putrid products within the womb. Under the inflammation the womb remains dilated and flaccid, and decomposition of its secretions almost always occurs, so that the inflammation tends to assume a putrid character and general septic infection is likely to occur. The symptoms are ushered in by shivering, staring coat, small rapid pulse, elevated temperature, accelerated breathing, inappetence, with arched back, stiff movement of the body, looking back at the flanks, and uneasy motions of the hind limbs, discharge from the vulva of a liquid at first watery, reddish, or yellowish, and later it may be whitish or glairy, and fetid or not in different cases. Tenderness of the abdo- men shown on pressure is especially characteristic of cases affecting the peritoneum or lining of the belly, and is more marked lower down. If the animal survives, the inflammation tends to become chronic and attended by a whitish muco-purulent discharge. If, on the contrary, it proves fatal, death is preceded by extreme prostration and weakness from the general septic poisoning. In treatment the first thing to be sought is the removal of all offen- sive and irritant matters from the womb through a caoutchouce tube in- troduced into the womb, and into which a funnel is fitted. Warm water should be passed until it comes away clear. To insure that all of the womb has been washed out, the oiled hand may be introduced to carry the end of the tube into the two horns successively. When the offen- sive contents have been thus removed, the womb should be injected with a quart of water holding in solution one-half ounce permanganate of potash, or, in the absence of the latter, two teaspoontfuls of carbolic acid. Repeat twice daily. Fomentation of the abdomen, or the appli- cation of a warm flax-seed poultice, may greatly relieve. Acetanilid, in doses of half an ounce, repeated twice or thrice a day, or sulphate of quinia in doses of one-third ounce, may be employed to reduce the fever. If the great prostration indicates septic poisoning large doses (one-half ounce) bisulphite of soda, or salicylate of soda may be re- sorted to. 149 LEUCORRHGA. This is a white, elutinous, chronic discharge, the result of a continued sub-acute inflammation of the mucous membrane of the womb. Like the discharge of acute inflammation it contains many forms of bacteria, by some of which it is manifestly inoculable on the penis of the stallion, producing ulcers and a specific gonorrheal discharge. Treatment may consist in the internal use of tonics (sulphate of iron 3 drams daily), and the washing out of the womb, as described under © the last heading, followed by an astringent antiseptic injection (car- bolic acid 2 teaspoonfuls, tannic acid one-half dram, water one quart). This may be repeated two or three times a day. LAMINITIS OR FOUNDER FOLLOWING PARTURITION. This sometimes follows on inflammation of the womb, as it frequently does on disorder of the stomach. Its symptoms agree with those of the common form of founder, and treatment need not differ. DISEASES OF THE UDDER AND THATS—CONGESTION AND INFLAM- MATION OF THE UDDER. This is comparatively rare in the mare, though in some cases the ud- der becomes painfully engorged before parturition, and a doughy swell- ing, pitting on pressure, extends forward on the lower surface of the abdomen. When this goes on to active inflammation one or both of the glands become enlarged, hot, tense, and painful; the milk is dried up or replaced by a watery or reddish serous fluid, which at times becomes fetid ; the animal walks lame, loses appetite, aud shows general disor- der and fever. The condition may end in recovery, in abscess, indu- ration. or gangrene, and in some cases may lay the foundation for a tu- mor of the gland. The treatment is simple so long as there is only congestion. Active rubbing with lard or oil, or better, camphorated oil, and the frequent drawing off of the milk, by the foal or with the hand, will usually bring about a rapid improvement. When active inflammation is present fo- mentation with warm water may be kept up for an hour and followed by the application of the camphorated oil, to which has been added some carbonate of soda and extract of belladonna. A dose of laxative medi- cine (4 drams Barbadoes aloes) will be of service in reducing fever, and one half ounce saltpeter daily will serve a similar end. Incase the milk coagulates in the udder and can not be withdrawn, or when the liquid becomes fetid, a solution of 20 grains carbonate of soda and 10 drops carbolic acid dissolved in an ounce of water should be injected into the teat. In doing this it must be noted that the mare has three separate ducts opening on the summit of each teat and each must be carefully in- jected. To draw off the fetid product it may be needful to use a small milking tube, or spring teat-dilator designed by the writer (Plate VIII, 180 figs. 2 and 3.) When pus forms and points externally, and can not find a free escape by the teat, the spot where it fluctuates must be opened freely with the knife and the cavity injected daily with the ear- bolic acid lotion. When the gland becomes hard and indolent it may be rubbed daily with iodine ointment 1 part, vaseline 6 parts. TUMORS OF THE UDDER. As the result of inflammation of the udder it may become the seat of an indurated diseased growth, which may go on growing and seriously interfere with the movement of the hind limbs. If such swellings will not give way in their early stages to treatment by iodino the only re- sort is to cut them out with a knife. As the gland is often implicated and has to be removed, such mares can not in the future suckle their coits, and therefore should not be bred. SORE TEATS, SCABS, CRACKS, WARTS. By the act of sucking, especially in cold weather, the teats are sub- ject to abrasions, cracks, and scabs, and as the result of such irritation, or independently, warts sometimes grow and prove troublesome. The warts should be clipped off with sharp scissors and their roots burned with a solid pencil of lunar caustic. This is best done before parturi- tion to secure healing before suckling begins. Tor sore teats use an ointment of vaseline 1 ounce, balsam of tolu 5 grains, and sulphate of zinc 5 grails. PEATE, Vill. ‘SAIILOg-JOYRHOL) OUOT anhuns 5) Bias. “SUAILOJ-JIYIOL) JLOYS” ands! ‘S1JIOJ AY) 071 0.L 0) JOIST JUIUNYS Uf “PLOP YPM LLIB) PIMLNY Schaacks Traction Cord. ‘SSI, SploMpay JO A007 Sackett & Wilhelms Lithographing Co.New Yt *Haines,del after Flemming. INSTRUMENTS USED IN DIFFICULT LABOR. JEN ACIDE JOX. after Fleming. 72. Vertebro-Sacratl preser Lumbo-Sacral presentation. Sackett & Wilhelms Litho Co. NY Haines, del. NORMAL PRESENTATIONS AN 29 OWN SuUjayiI A 8 NexoBS “UOUDUop 2o20y pup dno 1y MOU] UOSOAL AOULOISO;] Jlaspi uo yuag ba) pyOrey ‘MONPUASAIT AOUWMI]SO] “SNOITIVINGAS Hud IVNUONAV jyosp uo yuag bap yoy UOM WM UASANA PVSIOP PUD THE “Yoou AYY UO SQULT “NOD, USOT Quy. *jPAoqsy | Jaye yep'soaueyy “UOUWOpPQH UO JUdd SQULIT “UO DUESasd JUpr “JSDONQ UO JUAY SQUINT “HOO U2SOAA OVO] UP BEC PLATE XI. Transverse presentation ljper view. after Fleming. Sterno-abdomind presentation Head and feet engaged. _ Haines, after Fleming . : , Sackett & Wilhelms Litho Co, NY ABNORMAL PRESENTATIONS. Haines, del. IID ANAM IE, PQ0L Lhigh and 7 oup presenltatcore. Anterior presentation. incline deviation. ABNORMAL PRESENTATIONS. after Fleming. Sackett & Wilhelms Litho Co. NY PLATE XI. Anterior presentation. Head turned on side. Anterior presentation. Head tirned on back. aines,delL Haines, Sackett & Wilhelms LithoCo, NY ABNORMAL PRESENTATIONS. “MOSVI LIQOMAIG AO SASAVO SA OTAVA ‘Stloneytesatg JoLayuy AN 9 O4nr] SLUTSUISM 8 11949285 ‘Pp soure puLUTD [| Lape a _ -* SuluLapy rape Bp seu HOP JO PDIY IYDYLIOLINGY ‘Supa PIULIOPHT " SULULO Py] 1a} fe “PIDDY FY) JO UOYOUA) JLDOMUNOUT UOLIOPUPSAM SOUAUE (EUS) RUMOJOMLGUMI SOf LIU DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. By M, R. TRUMBOWER, V.S. THE ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM. The nervous system may be regarded as consisting of two sets of organs, peripheral and central, the function of one being to establish a communication between the centers and the different parts of the body, and that of the other to generate nervous force. The whole may be arranged under two divisions: First. The cerebro-spinal or nervous sys- tem of animal life. Second. The sympathetic, ganglionic, or nervous system of organic life. Hach is possessed of its own central and periph- eral organs. In the first, the center is made up of two portions, one large and expanded— the brain—placed in the cranial cavity; the other elon- gated—spinal cord—continuous with the brain, and lodged in the canal of the vertebral column. The peripheral portion of this system consists of the cerebro-spinal nerves, which leave the axis in symmetrical pairs, and are distributed to the skin, the voluntary muscles, and-the organs of common and spinal sensation. In the second, the central organ consists of a chain of ganglia con- nected by nerve cords, which extends from the head to the rump on each side of the spine. ‘The nerves of this system are distributed to the involuntary muscles, mucous membrane, viscera, and blood. vessels. The two systems have free intercommunication, ganglia being at the junctions. Two substances, distinguishable by their color, enter into the forma- tion of nervous matter, viz, the white or medullary, and the gray or cortical substance. Both are soft, fragile, and easily injured, in con- sequence of which the principal nervous centers are always well pro- tected by bony coverings. The nervous substances present two dis- tinct forms—nerve fibers and nerve cells. An aggregation of nerve cells constitutes a nerve ganglion. The nerve fibers represent « conducting apparatus, and serve to place the central nervous organs in connection with peripheral end 181 182 organs. The nerve cells, however, besides transmitting impulses, act as physiological centers for automatic or reflex movements, and also for the sensory, perceptive, trophic, and secretory functions. A nerve consists of a bundle of tubular fibers, held together by a dense areolar tissue, and inclosed in. a membranous sheath—the neurilemma. Nerve fibers possess no elasticity, but are very strong. Divided nerves do not retract. Nerves are thrown into a state of excitement when stimulated, and are, therefore, said to possess excitable or irritable properties. The stimuli may be applied to, or may act upon any part of the nerve. Nerves may be paralyzed by continuous pressure being applied. When the nerves divide into branches, there is never any splitting up of their ultimate fibers, nor yet is there ever any coalescing of them; they retain their individuality from their source to their termination. Nerves which convey impressions to the centers are termed sensory or centripetal, and those. which transmit stimulus from the centers to organs of motion are termed motor or centrifugal. The function of the nervous system may, therefore, be defined in the simplest terms, as follows: It is intended to associate the different parts of the body in such a manner that stimulus applied to one organ may ex- cite or depress the activity of another. The brain is that portion of the cerebro-spinal axis within the era- nium, which may be divided into four parts—the medulla oblongata, the cerebellum, the pons Varolit, and the cerebrum, and it is covered by three membranes called the meninges. The first of these membranes, the dura mater, is a thick, white, fibrous membrane which lines the cavity of the cranium, forming the internal periosteum of the bones; it is con- tinuous with the spinal cord to the extremity of the canal. The second, the arachnoid, is a delicate serous membrane, and loosely envelops the brain and spinal cord; it forms two layers, leaving between them the arachnoid space which contains the cerebro-spinal fluid, the use of which is to protect the spinal cord and brain from pressure. The third, the pia mater, is closely adherent to the entire surface of the brain, but is much thinner and more vascular than when it reaches the spinal cord which it also envelops, and is continued to form the sheaths of the spinal nerves. The medulla oblongata is the prolongation of the spinal cord, extend- ing to the pons Varolii. This portion of the brain is very large in the horse; it is pyramidal in shape, the narrowest part joining the cord. The pons Varolw is the transverse projection on the base of the brain, between the medulla oblongata and the peduncles of the cerebrum. The cerebellum is lodged in the posterior part of the cranial cavity, immediately above the medulla oblongata; it is globular or elliptical in shape, the transverse diameter being greatest. The body of the cere- bellum is composed of gray matter externally and white in the center. The cerebrum, or brain proper, occupies the anterior portion of the * a 183 eranial cavity. It is ovoid in shape, with an irregular flattened base, and consists of lateral halves or hemispheres. The greater part of the cerebrum is composed of white matter. The hemispheres of the cerebrum are usually said to be the seat of all psychical activities. Only when they are intact are the processes of feeling, thinking, and willing possible. After they are destroyed, the organism comes to be like a complicated machine, and its activity is only the expression of the internal and external stimuli which act upon it. The cerebellum is the great and important central organ for the finer co-ordination and inte- gration of movements. Injuries to the cerebellum cause disturbance of the equilibrium of the body, but do not interfere with the psychical activities or the will or consciousness, neither does an injury to tbese parts give rise to pain. The spinal cord or spinal marrow is that part of the cerebro-spinal system which is contained in the spinal canal of the backbone, and extends from the medulla oblongata to a short distance behind the loins. It is an irregularly cylindrical structure, divided into two lateral symmetrical halves by fissures. The spinal cord terminates posteriorly in a pointed extremity, which is continued by a mass of ner- vous trunks—cauda equine. A transverse section of the cord reveals that it is composed of white matter externally and of gray internally. The spinal cord does not fill up the whole spinal canal. The latter con- tains, besides, a large venous sinus, fatty matter, the membranes of the cord, and the cerebro-spinal fluid. The spinal nerves, forty-two or forty-three in number, arise each by two roots, a superior or sensory and an inferior or motor. The nerves originating from the brain are twenty-four in number, and arranged in pairs, which are named first, second, third, etc., counting from before backward. They also receive special names, according to their func- tions, or the parts to which they are distributed, viz : 1. Olfactory. 7. Facial. 2. Optic. 8. Auditory. 3. Oculo-motor. | 9. Glosso-Pharyngeal. 4. Pathetic. ; 10. Pneumogastric. 5. Trifacial. | 11. Spinal-Accessory. 6. Abducens. | 12. Hypoglossal. INFLAMMATION OF THE BRAIN AND ITS MEMBRANES. Inflammation may attack these membranes singly, or any one of the anatomical divisions of the nerve matter, or it may invade the whole at once. Practical experience, however, teaches us that primary in- flammation of the dura mater is of rare occurrence, except in direct mechanical injuries to the head or diseases of the bones of the cranium. Neither is the arachnoid often affected with acute inflammation except - aS a secondary result. The pia mater is most commonly the seat of inflammation, acute and subacute, but from its intimate relation with the surface of the brain the latter very soon becomes involved in the 184 morbid changes. Practically, we can not separate inflammation of the pia mater from that of the brain proper. Inflammation may, however, exist in the center of the great nerve masses, the cerebrum, cerebellam, pons Varolii, or medulla at the base of the brain, without involving the surface. When, therefore, inflammation invades the brain and its enveloping membranes it is properly called encephalitis; when the membranes alone are affected it is called meningitis ; or the brain sub- stance alone, cerebritis. ENCEPHALITIS—INFLAMMATION OF THE BRAIN AND ITS MEMBRANES. Causes.—Exposure to extreme heat or cold, excessive continued cere- bral excitement, direct injuries to the brain, such as concussion, or from fracture of the cranium, sometimes as a sequele to influenza, pyzmia, poisons having a direct influence upon the encephalic mass, ete. Symptoms.—Acute encephalitis may be ushered in by an increased sensibility to noises, with more or less nervous excitability, contraction of the pupil of the eyes, and a quick, hard pulse. In very acute attacks these symptoms, however, are not always noted. This condition will soon be followed by muscular twitchings, convulsive or spasmoclic move- ments, eyes wide open with shortness of sight. The animal becomes afraid to have his head handled. Convulsions and delirium will develop, with inability of muscular control, or stupor and coma may supervene. Where the membranes are greatly implicated convulsions and delirium with violence may be expected, but where the brain substances is prin- cipally affected stupor and coma will be the prominent symptoms. In the former condition the pulse will be quick and hard, in the latter soft or depressed with often a dilatation of the pupils, and deep, slow, ster- terous breathing. The symptoms may follow one another in rapid sue- cession, and the disease approach a fatal termination in less than twelve hours. In subacute attacks the symptoms are better defined, and the animal seldom dies before the third day. Within three or four days gradual improvement may become manifest, or cerebral softening with partial paralysis may occur. In all cases of encephalitis there is a marked rise in temperature from the very onset of the disease, with a tendency to increase until the most alarming symptoms develop, suc- ceeded by a decrease when coma becomes manifested. The violence and character of the symptoms greatly depend upon the extent and location of the structures involved. Thus, in some cases we may find marked paralysis of certain muscles, while in others we may have spas- modie rigidity of muscles in a certain region. Very rarely the animal becomes extremely violent early in the attack, and by rearing up, strik- ing with the fore feet, or falling over, may do himself great injury. Usually, however, the animal maintains the standing position, propping ~ himself against the manger or wall until he falls from inability of mus- cular control or unconsciousness. Occasionally he may go through a 185 series of automatic movements in his delirium, such as trotting or walk- ing, and if loose in a stall will move around in a circle persistently. Early and persistent constipation of the bowels is a marked symptom in nearly all acute affections of the brain; retention of the urine, also, is frequently observed. Chronic encephalitis—This may succeed the acute stage, or may be due to stable miasma, blood-poison, narcotism, lead-poisoning, ete. Contrary to acute encephalitis, this form is not characterized in its ini- tial stages by excitability, quick and hard pulse, and high fever. The animal appears at first stupid; eats slowly; the pupil of the eye does not respond to light quickly; the animal often throws up his head o. shakes it as if suffering sudden twinges of pain. He is slow and slug- gish in his movements, or there may be partial paralysis of one limb, one side of the face, neck, or body. These symptoms, with some varia- tions, may be present for several days and then subside, or the disease may pass into the acute stage and terminate fatally. Chronic encepha- litis may affect an animal for ten days or two weeks without much var- iation in the symptoms before the crisis is reached. If improvement commences the symptoms usually disappear in the reverse order in which they developed with the exception of the paralytie effects, which remain intractible or permanent. Paralysis of certain sets of muscles is a very common result of chronic, subacute, and acute encephalitis, and is due to softening of the brain, or to exudation into the cavities of the brain or arachnoid space. MENINGITIS—THE MAD STAGGERS OF THE OLD WRITERS—INFLAM- MATION OF THE CEREBRAL ENVELOPES. Causes.—Excess of heat or cold, wounds of the cranium and mem- branes, rheumatism, influenza, rupture of meningeal blood-vessels, etc. Symptoms.—In an attack of acute meningitis the symptoms appear very suddenly and are often extremely violent. The violent pain in the head is indicated by the animal fying back in the halter, plunging for- ward or running ahead, regardless of obstacles or obstructions in the way. The pulse is very rapid, the breathing accelerated or panting, the pupils of the eyes contracted, and the muscles of the body quiver- ing. All these symptoms may develop within a few minutes or in a few hours. If the animal does not obtain relief, spasms or rigidity of the muscles along one or both sides of the neck or back will become manifest, the head will be held elevated, the eyeballs will retract into their sockets, the eye-lids twitch, convulsions and furious delirium will soon appear, followed by coma and death. Acute meningitis may result fatally in a very few hours. During the whole course of the disease the more violent symptoms occur in paroxysms, and the least noise or disturbance serves to induce them. In the quiescent periods the animal appears dull and drowsy. The urine is frequently ejected in spurts and strong efforts are made to pass manure. In subacute 186 meningitis the symptoms will develop more slowly and be less marked by violence. The sensory functions may not be much interfered with until the near approach of death. In such attacks the animal may suffer for a week or longer and ultimately recover. In meningitis the temperature varies from 103° to 107° F., according to the severity of the attack. ; The violent symptoms of this disease must not be confounded with those of rabies. In the latter the violence is directed at some object or upon the animal himself; in the former no malice is shown toward the at- tendant or surrounding objects, but is simply the manifestation of ex- cruciating pain in the head. Meningitis may be distinguished from encephalitis and cerebritis by the absence of marked localized paralytic symptoms, or of coma, until the near approach of death. It is charac- terized by violence, increased sensibility, and delirium. CEREBRITIS—INFLAMMATION OF THE BRAIN SUBSTANCE. Causes.—The causes giving rise to this disease are very numerous. Among them may be mentioned all those named heretofore as causing encephalitis and meningitis, cystic and calcareous tumors, thrombi, uremic poisoning, metastatic abscesses, septic infection, ete. Symptoms.—Cerebritis, when unaccompanied by other disease, is sel- dom recognized as such during life. It is always localized in extent, and the symptoms manifested depend upon the location of the organic change for their character. The symptoms, therefore, are as varied as the causes; they are usually of slow development and persistent. Ver- tigo or giddiness may be regarded as a constant symptom. The ani- mal may stop on the road, shake his head, or stagger, apparently un- decided in what direction to go. There may be contraction of the pu- pils, cramp ox the muscles on the side of the neck or face, pulse small and hard and variable in frequency, often, however, slower than normal. The temperature is slightly increased, the respirations may be slow and deep, the appetite capricious, bowels constipated; rapid emaciation is a common symptom. Such conditions may be apparent for a week or two weeks; then the horse may become comatose. The pupils dilate, the pulse becomes intermitting, swallowing difficult, the muscles which were previously rigid become relaxed and paralyzed, and the urine may either be retained or be discharged involuntarily. In this way the ani- mal may survive another week and then die in a paralyzed and uncon- scious state. Not infrequently, however, few of those symptoms are manifested, for in some cases the paralysis"is sudden from extensive lesions of the brain, and the animal may die within twenty-four hours. SOFTENING AND ABSCESS OF THE BRAIN. This is one of the terminations of cerebritis. It may also be due to an insufficient supply of blood as a result of diseased cerebral arteries and of apoplexy. 187 Symptoms.—Drowsiness, vertigo, or attacks of giddiness, increased timidity, or fear of familiar objects, paralysis of one limb, hemiplegia, imperfect control of the limbs, and usually a weak, intermittent pulse. In some cases the symptoms are analagous to those of apoplexy. The character of the symptoms depends upon the seat of the softening or abscess within the brain. CEREBRAL SCLEROSIS. This is a result of an inflammation in the structure of the brain af- fecting the connective tissues, which eventually become hypertrophied and press upon nerve cells and fibers, causing their ultimate disappear- ance, leaving the parts hard and indurated. Symptoms.—This condition gives rise to a progressive paralysis, and may extend along a certain bundle of fibersinto the spinal cord. Com- plete paralysis almost invariably supervenes and causes death. PATHOLOGY OF ACUTE BRAIN AFFECTIONS. On making post mortem examinations of horses which have died in the first stages of either of those diseases, we will find an excessive en- gorgement of the capillaries and small blood-vessels, with correspond- ingly increased redness and molecular changes in both contents and the walls of the vessels. If the death has occurred at a later period of the disease, in addition to the redness and engorgement we will find that an exudation of the contents of the blood-vessels into the tissues and upon the surfaces of the inflamed parts has supervened. Ifthe case has been one of encephalitis we will usually find more or less wa- tery fluid in the ventricles {natural cavities in the brain), in the sub- arachnoid space, and a serous exudation between the convolutions and interstitial spaces of the gray matter under the membranes of the brain. The amount of fluid varies in different cases. In some where the ani- mal’s blood was very plastic, exudations of a membranous character may be present and are found attached to the surface of the pia mater. In meningitis, especially in chronic cases, in addition to the serous effusion, we find changes which may be regarded as characteristic in the formation of a delicate and highly vascular layer or layers of membrane or organized structure on the surface of the dura mater, and also indi- cations of hemorrhages in connection with the membranous formations. Hematoma or blood tumors may be found embedded in this membrane. In some cases the hemorrhages are copious, causing paralysis or apoplexy, followed by speedy death. In cerebritis, or inflammation of the interior of the brain, there is a tendency to softening and suppuration and the formation of abscesses. In some cases the abscesses are small and numerous, surrounded with a softened condition of the brain matter, and sometimes we may find one large abscess. In cases of recent development the walls of the ab- scesses are fringed and ragged and have no lining membrare. In older 188 or chronic cases, the walls of the abscesses are generally lined with a strong membrane, often having the appearance of a sac or cyst, and the contents have a very offensive odor. Treatment.—In all acute attacks of inflammation involving the mem- branes or cerebral masses, it is the pressure from the distended and engorged blood-vessels, and the rapid accumulation of inflammatory products, that endangers the life of the animal in even the very early stage of the disease. The earlier the treatment is commenced to lessen the danger of fatal pressure from the engorged blood-vessels, the less amount of inflammatory products and effusion we have to contend with later on. The leading object then to be accomplished in the treatment of the first stages of encephalitis, meningitis, or cerebritis is to relieve the engorgement of the blood-vessels before a dangerous degree of effa- sion or exudation has taken place, and thereby lessen the irritation or excitability of the affected structures. If we fully succeed in this stage in the accomplishment of this object, we certainly prevent a second stage of the disease, and it will only be required to continue a treat- ment which will tend to lessen irritability to prevent a second engorge- ment from taking place. But if the attempt to relieve the engorgement in the first stage has been only partially successful, and the second stage with its inflammatory products and exudations, whether serous or plastic, has set in, then the main objects in further treatment are to keep up the strength of the animal and hasten the absorption of the exudative products as much as possible. To obtain these results, when the animal is found in the initial stage of the disease, where there is unnatural excitability or stupor with increase of temperature and quick- ened pulse, we must rely upon the safest and quickest acting remedy at hand, which is copious bleeding from the jugular vein. Especially in acute meningitis, bleeding is imperatively demanded. The finger should be kept on the pulse, and the blood allowed to flow until there is a marked fluttering or softening of the pulse. As soon as the animal recovers somewhat from the shock of the bleeding, the following medi- cine should be made into a ball or dissolved in a pint of warm water, and be given at one dose: Barbadoes aloes, 7 drams; calomel, 2 drams ; powdered ginger, 1 dram; tincture of aconite, 20 drops. The animal should be placed in a cool, dark place, as free from noise as possible, and cloths wrung out of hot water placed on his head. These should be renewed frequently for at least twelve hours. When the animal becomes thirsty half an ounce of saltpeter may be dissolved in his drinking water every six hours. Injections of warm water into the rectum may facilitate the action of the purgative. Norwood’s tinct- ure of veratrum viride, in 20-drop doses, should be given every hour, and one dram of solid extract of belladonna every four hours, until the symptoms become modified and the pulse regular and full. If this treatment fails to give relief the disease will pass into the ad- vanced stages, or if the animal has been neglected in the early stages 189 the treatment must be supplanted with the hypodermic injection of ergotin, in 5-grain doses, dissolved in a dram of water, every six hours. The limbs may be poulticed above the fetlocks with mustard. Cold water or ice-bags should now take the place of the hot-water cloths on the head. Warm blanketing, to promote perspiration, is to be ob- served in all cases in which there is no excessive perspiration. If the disease becomes chronic—encephalitis or meningitis—we must place our reliance upon alteratives and tonics, with such incidental treatment as special symptoms may demand. Iodide of potassium in 2-dram doses should be given twice a day, and 1 dram of calomel once a day, to induce absorption of effusions or thickened membranes. Tonics, in the form of iodide of iron in dram doses, to which is added 2 drams of powdered hydrastis, may also be given every six or eight hours, aS soon as the active fever has abated. In all cases, after the disappearance of the acute symptoms, blisters (cantharides ointment) should be applied behind the poll. When paralytic effects remain after the disappearance of all other symptoms, sulphate of strychnia in 2-grain doses, in combination with the other tonics, may be given twice a day, and be continued until it produces muscular twitching. In some cases of paralysis, as of the lips or throat, benefit may be derived from the moderate use of the electric battery. Many of the recoveries will, how- ever, under the most avtive and early treatment, be but partial, and in all cases the animals become predisposed to subsequent attacks. A long period of time should be allowed to pass before the animal is ex- posed to severe work or great heat. When the disease depends upou mechanical injuries they have to be treated and all causes of irritation to the brain removed. If itis due to stable miasma, uremic poison- ing, pyemia, influenza, rheumatism, toxic agents, ete., they should receive prompt attention for their removal or mitigation. Cerebral softening, abscess, or sclerosis, are practically inaccessible to treatment, otherwise than such relief as may be afforded by the administration of opiates and general tonics, and, in fact, the diayno- sis is largely presumptive. CONGESTION OF THE BRAIN—MEGRIMS. Congestion of the brain consists in an accumulation of blood in the vessels, also called hyperemia, or engorgement. It may be active or passive—active when there is an undue determination of blood or diminished arterial resistance, and passive when it accumulates in the vessels of the brain, owing to some obstacle to its return by the veins. Causes.—Active cerebral congestion may be due to hypertrophy of the left ventricle of the heart, excessive exertion, the influence of ex- treme heat, sudden and great excitement, artificial stimulants, ete. Passive congestion may be produced by any mechanical obstruction which prevents the proper return of blood through the veins to the heart, such as small or ill-fitting collar, which often impedes the blood 190 current, tumors or abcesses pressing on the vein in its course, and or- ganic lesions of the heart with regurgitation. Extremely fat animals with short thick necks are peculiarly subject to attacks of cerebral congestion. Simple congestion, however, is merely a functional affection, and in a slight or moderate degree involves no immediate danger. Extreme engorgement, on the contrary, may be followed by rupture of previously weakened arteries and capillaries and cause immediate death, designated then as a stroke of apoplexy. Symptoms.—Congestion of the brain is usually sudden in its mani- festation and of short duration. The animal may stop very suddenly and shake his head or stand quietly braced on his legs, then stagger, make a plunge, and fall. The eyes are staring, breathing hurried and stertorous, aud the nostrils widely dilated. This may be followed by coma, violent convulsive movements, and death. Generally, however, the animal gains relief in a short time, but he may remain weak and giddy for several days. Ifit is due to organic change of the heart or to disease of the blood-vessels in the brain, then the symptoms may be of slow development manifested by drowsiness, dimness or imperfect vision, difficulty in voluntary movements, diminished sensibility of the skin, loss of consciousness, delirium, and death. In milder cases effu- sion may take place in the arachnoid spaces and ventricles of the brain followed by paralysis and other complications. Pathology.—In congestion of the brain the cerebral vessels are loaded with blood, and the venous sinuses distended to an extreme degree, and the pressure exerted upon the brain constitutes actual compres- sion, giving rise to the symptoms just mentioned. On post mortem ex- aminations this engorgement is found universal throughout the brain and its membranes, which serves to distinguish it from inflammations of these structures, in which the engorgements are confined more or less to circumscribed portions. A prolonged congestion may, however, lead to active inflammation, and in that case we will find serous and plastic exudations in the cavities of the brain. In addition to the in- tensely engorged condition of the vessels we find the gray matter of the brain redder in color than natural. In cases where several attacks have occurred the blood-vessels are often found permanently dilated. Treatment.—Prompt removal of all mechanical obstructions to the circulation. If it is due to venous obstruction by too tight a collar, the loosening of the collar will give immediate relief. If due to tumors or abscesses, a surgical operation becomes necessary to afford relief. To revive the animal if he become partially or totally unconscious cold water should be dashed on the head, and if this does not afford ready relief recourse must be had to bleeding to lessen arterial tension. Tinct- ure of veratrum viride or of aconite root may be given in twenty-drop doses every hour until consciousness returns. If the limbs are cold tincture of capsicum or strong mustard water should be applied to them. If symptoms of paralysis remain after two or three days, an active 191 cathartic and iodide of potassa will be indicated, to be given as pre- seribed for inflammation of the brain. Prevention.—Well adjusted collar, with strap running from the collar to the girth, to hold down the collar when pulling up grade; regular feed and exercise, without allowing the animal to become excessively plethoric; moderate checking, allowing a free and easy movement of the head; well ventilated stabling, proper cleanliness, pure water, ete. SUNSTROKE—HEAT EXHAUSTION. The term sunstroke is applied to affections occasioned not exclusively by exposure to the sun’s rays, as the word signifies, but by the action of great heat combined generally with other causes, such as dryness and rarefaction of the air and an unusual accumulation of electricity. Exhaustion produced by a long continued heat is often the essential factor, and is called heat exhaustion. Horses on the race track under- going protracted and severe work in hot weather often succumb to heat exhaustion. Draught horses exposed to the direct rays of the sun for many hours, which do not receive proper care in watering, feeding, rest in shady places, suffer very frequently from sunstroke. Symptoms.—Sunstroke is manifested suddenly. The animal stops, drops his head, begins to stagger, and soon falls to the ground uncon- scions. The breathing is marked with great stertor, the pulse is very slow and irregular, cold sweats break out in patches on the surface of the body, and the animal often dies without recovering consciousness. In heat exhaustion the animal usually requires urging for some time previous to the appearance of any other symptoms, generally per- spiration is checked, and then he becomes weak in his gait, the breathing hurried or panting, eyes watery and bloodshot, nostrils dilated and highly reddened, assuming a dark, purple color; the pulse is rapid and weak, the heart bounding, followed by unconsciousness and death. If recovery takes place convalescence extends over a long period of time, during which incodrdination of movement may persist. Pathology.—Sunstroke, virtually active congestion of the brain, often accompanied by effusion and blood extravasation, characterizes this condition, with often rapid and fatal lowering of all the vital functions. The death may be due in many instances to the complete stagnation in the circulation of the brain, inducing anemia or want of nourishment of that organ. In other cases it may be directly due to the excessive compression of the nerve matter controlling the heart’s action, and cause paralysis of that organ. Treatment.—Under no circumstances is blood-letting permissible in sunstroke. Ice or very cold water should be applied to the head and along the spine and half an ounce of carbonate of ammonia or 6 ounces of whisky should be given in a pint of water. Injections, per rectum, of moderately strong ginger tea or weak ammonia water may be used with benefit. Brisk friction of the limbs and the application of spirits 192 of camphor often yield good results. The administration of the stimu- lants should be repeated in one hour if the pulse has not become stronger and slower. If the animal is suffering from heat exhaustion similar treatment may be used, with the exception of cold to the head and spine, for in this case cloths wrung out in hot water should be ap- plied. In either case, when reaction has occurred preparations of iron aud general tonics may be given during convalescence: Sulphate of iron 1 dram, gentian 3 drams, red cinchona bark 2 drams; mix and give in the feed morning and evening. Prevention.—In very hot weather horses should have wet sponges or light sun-shades on the head when at work, or the head may be sponged with cold water as many times a day as possible. Proper attention should be given to feeding and watering, never in excess. During the.warm months all stables should be cool and well ventilated, and if an animal is debilitated from exhaustive work or disease he should re- ceive such treatment as will tend to build up the syste. An animal which has been affected with sunstroke is very liable to have subsequent attacks when exposed to the necessary exciting causes. APOPLEXY—CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE. Apoplexy is often confounded with cerebral congestion, but true apoplexy always consists in rupture of cerebral blood-vessels, with blood extravasation and formation of blood clot. Causes.—Two causes are involved in the production of apoplexy, the predisposing and the exciting cause. The predisposing cause is degen- eration or disease which weakens the blood-vessel, the exciting cause is any one which tends to induce cerebral congestion. Symptoms.—Apoplexy is characterized by a sudden loss of sensation and motion, profound coma, and stertorous and difficult breathing. The action of the heart is little disturbed at first, but soon becomes slower, then quicker and feebler, and after a little time ceases. If the rupture is one of a small artery and the extravasation limited, sudden paraly- sis of some part of the body is the result. The extent and location of the paralysis depend upon the location within the brain which is functionally deranged by the pressure of the extravasated blood; hence these conditions are very variable. In the absence of any premonitory symptoms or an increase of tem- perature in the early stage of the attack we may be reasonably certain in making the distinetion between this disease and congestion of the brain or sunstroke. Pathology.—In apoplexy we are generally able to find an atheromatous condition of the cerebral vessels with weakening and degeneration of their walls. When a large artery has been ruptured it is usually fol- lowed by immediate death, and large rents may be found in the cere- brum, with great destruction of brain tissue, induced by the forcible pressure of the liberated blood. In small extravasations producing ea re. . —/ 193 local paralysis without marked general disturvance, the animal may recover after a time; in such cases gradual absorption of the clot takes place. In large clots atrophy of the brain substance may follow, or softening and abscess from want of nutrition may result, and render the animal worthless, ultimately resulting in death. Treatment.—Place the animal in a quiet, cool place, avoid all stimu- lating food. Administer, in his drinking water or feed, 2 drams of the iodide of potassa twice a day for several weeks if necessary. Medical interference with sedatives or stimulants is more apt to be harmful than of benetit, and blood-letting in an apoplectic fit is extremely hazardous. - From the fact that cerebral apoplexy is due to diseased or weakened blood-vessels, the animal remains subject to subsequent attacks. COMPRESSION OF THE BRAIN. Causes.—In injuries from direct violence a piece of broken bone may press upon the brain, and according to its size the brain is robbed of its normal space within the cranium. It may also be due to an extrava- sation of blood or to exudation in the subdural or arachnoid spaces. Death from active cerebral congestion results through compression. The occurrence may sometimes be traced to the direct cause, which will give assurance for the correct diagnosis. Symptoms.—Impairment of all the special senses and localized paraly- sis. All the symptoms of lessened functional activity of the brain are manifested to some degree. The paralysis remains to be our guide for the location of the cause, for it will be found that the paralysis occurs on the opposite side,of the body from the location of the injury, and the parts suffering paraiysis will denote, to an expert veterinarian or physician, the part of the brain which is suffering compression. Treatment.—Trephining, by a skillful operator, for the removal of the cause when due to depressed bone or the presence of foreigu bodies. When the symptoms of compression follow other acute diseases of the brain, apoplectic fits, etc., the treatment must be such as the exigencies of the case demands. CONCUSSION OF THE BRAIN. Causes.—This is generally caused by an animal falling over back- ward and striking his poll, or perhaps falling forward on his nose; by a blow on the head, ete. Symptoms.—Concussion of the brain is characterized by giddiness, stupor, insensibility, or loss of muscular power, succeeding immediately upon a blow or severe injury involving the cranium. The animal may rally quickly, or not for hours; death may occur on the spot or after a few days. When there is only slight concussion or stunning the animal soon recovers from the shock. When more severe, insen- sibility may be complete and continue for a considerable time; the animal lies as if in a deep sleep; the pupils are insensible to light; the pulse fluttering or feeble; the surface of the body cold, muscles 11035 13 194 relaxed, and the breathing scarcely perceptible. After a variable in- terval partial recovery may take place, which is marked by paralysis of some parts of the body, often of a limb, the lips, ear, ete. Con- valescence is usually tedious, and frequently permanent impairment of some organs remains. Pathology.—Conecussion produces laceration oF the brain, or at least a jarring of the nervous elements, which if not pufce ane severe to produce sudden death may lead io softening or inflammation, with their respective symptoms of functional derangement. Treatment.—The first object in treatment will be to establish reae- tion or to arouse the feeble and weakening heart. This can often be accomplished by dashing cold water cn the head and body of the animal; frequent injections of weak ammonia water, ginger tea, or oil and turpentine should be given per rectum. In the majority of cases this will soon bring the horse to a state of consciousness. In more severe cases mustard poultices should be applied along the spine and above the fetlocks. As soon as the animal gains partial consciousness stimulants, in the form of whisky or capsicum tea, should be given. Owing to severity of the structural injury to the brain or tbe possible rupture of blood-vessels and blood extravasa- tion, the reaction may often be followed by encephalitis or cerebritis, and will then have to be treated accordingly. For this reason the stimulants should not be administered too freely, and they must be abandoned as soon as reaction is established. There is no need for further treatment unless complications develop as.a secondary result. Bleeding, which is so often practiced, proves almost invariably fatal in this form of brain affection. We should also remember that it is never safe to drench a horse with large quantities of medicine when he is un- conscious, for he is very liable to draw the medicine into the lungs in inspiration. Prevention.—Y oung horses, when harnessed or bitted for the first few times, should not have their heads checked up high, for it frequently causes them to rear up, and, being unable to control their balance, they are liable to fall over sideways or backwards, thus causing brain con- cussion when they strike the ground. ANAIMIA OF THE BRAIN. This is a physiological condition in sleep. Causes.—It is considered a disease or may give rise to disease when the circulation and blood supply of the brain are interfered with. In some diseases of the heart the brain becomes anemic, and fainting fits occur, with temporary loss of consciousness. Tumors growing within the cranium may press upon one or more arteries and stop the supply of blood to certain parts of the brain, thus inducing anemia, ultimately atrophy, softening, or suppuration. Probably the most frequent cause is found in plugging or occlusion of the arteries by a blood-clot. 195 Symptoms.—Imperfect vision, constantly dilated pupils, frequently a feeble and staggering gait, and occasionally cramps, convulsions, or epileptic fits occur. Pathology.—The exact opposite of cerebral hyperemia. The blood- vessels are found empty, the membranes blanched, and the brain sub. stance softened. Treatment.—Removal of the remote cause when possible. General tonics, nutritious food, rest, and removal from all causes of nervous excitement. ATROPHY OF THE BRAIN. This condition is produced by a fault in nutrition, embracing the causes which induce anemia. Gradual absorption and shrinking of brain substance may arise from the constant and increasing pressure arising from the growth of tumors, degeneration in the arterial walls, hydrocephalus, etc. Atrophy of the brain may be general or localized. The cerebrum may waste away in a remarkable degree before any indi- cation of disease becomes manifest. Symptoms.—It may give rise to viciousness, paralysis, disorders of special sensation, coma, ete. Treatment is of no avail. HYDROCEPHALUS—BRAIN DROPSY. This disease is most often seen in young foals and is manifested by an unnaturally large forehead. The forehead bulges out, and the cra- nial bones may be separated from their connections, and a part of the brain be covered by the skin only. Foals seldom survive this affection, and treatment is useless. In horses hydrocephalus is a result of chronic meningitis, when an effusion of serum is poured out into the ventricles and arachnoid spaces of the brain. The disease is some- times indicated by a difficulty in controlling voluntary movements, coma, etc. When effusion as a result of meningitis is suspected, iodide of potassa in 2-dram doses may be given twice a day and a strong blister applied behind the ears. TUMORS WITHIN THE CRANIUM. Tumors within the cranial cavity and the brain occur not infrequently, an give rise to a variety of symptoms, imperfect control of voluntary movement, local paralysis, epilepsy, ete. Osseous tumors, growing from the walls of the cranium, are not very uncommon. Dentigerous cysts, containing a formation identical to that of a tooth, growing from the temporal bone, sometimes are found lying loose within the cranium. Tumors of the choroid plexus, known as brain sand, are frequently met with on post-mortem examinations, but seldom give rise to any appreci- 196 able symptoms during life. They are found in horses at all ages, and are of slow development. They are found in one or both of the lateral ventricles, enveloped in the folds of the choroid plexus, Melanotic tumors have been found in the brain and meninges in the form of small, black nodules, in gray horses, and in one instance are believed to have induced the condition known as string-halt. Fibrous tumors may develop within or from the meningeal structures of the brain. Gliomatous tumor is a variety of sarcoma very rarely found in the structure of the cerebellum. Treatment for tumors of the brain is beyond our ambition in the pres- ent age. SPASMS—CRAMPS. Causes.—Spasm is a marked symptom in many diseases of the brain and of the spinal cord. Spasms may result from irritation of the motor nerves as conductors, or may result from irritation of any part of the sympathetic nervous system, and they usually indicate an excessive action of the reflex-motor centers. Spasms may be induced by various medicinal agents given in poisonous doses, or by effete materials in the circulation, such as nux vomiea or its alkaloid strychnia, lead prepara- tions, or an excess of the urea products in the circulation, ete. Spasms may be divided into two classes: tonic spasm, when the cramp is con- tinuous or results in persistent rigidity, as in tetanus; elonie spasm, when the cramping is of short duration, or is alternated with relaxa- tions. Cramps may be distinguished fiom choleraic movements by the extreme pain or suffering which they induce. Spasms may affect invol- untary as well as the voluntary muscles, the muscles of the glottis, intestines, and even the heart. They are always sudden in their devel- opment. SPASM OF THE GLOTTIS. This is manifested by a strangling respiration; a wheezing noise is produced in the act of inspiration; extreme anxiety and suffering for want of air. The head is extended, the body profusely perspiring ; pulse very rapid; soon great exhaustion becomes manifest; the mucous membranes become turgid and very dark-colored, and the animal thus may suffocate in a short time. SPASMS OF THE INTESTINES. (See ‘*Cramp-colic.”) SPASMS OF THE NECK OF THE BLADDER. This may be due to spinal irritation, or a reflex from intestinal irrita- tion, and is manifested by frequent but ineffectual attempts to urinate, 197 SPASM OF THE DIAPHRAGM—THUMPS. Spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm, the principal muscle used in respiration, is generally occasioned by extreme and prolonged speed- ing on the race-track or road. The severe strain thus put upon this muscle finally induces irritation of the nerves controlling it, and the con- tractions become very forcible and violent, giving the jerking charac- ter known among horsemen as thumps. This condition may be distin- guished from violent beating of the heart by feeling the pulse beat at the angle of the jaw, and at the same time watching the jerking move- ment of the body, when it will be discovered that the two bear no rela- tion to each other. (See “ Palpitation of the Heart.”) SPASM OF THE THIGH, OR CRAMP OF A HIND LIMB. This is frequently witnessed in horses that stand on sloping plank floors—generally in cold weather—or it may come on soon after severe exercise. It is probably due to an irritation of the nerves of the thigh. In cramps of the hind leg the limb becomes perfectly rigid, and at- tempts to flex the leg are unsuccessful; the animal stands on the affected limb, but is unable to move it; it is unnaturally cold; it does not, how- ever, appear to cause much suffering unless attempts are made to change position. This cramp may be of short duration—a few minutes— orit may persist for several days. This condition is often taken for a dis- location of the stifle-joint. In the latter the foot is extended backward, and the horse is unable to advance it, but drags the limb afterhim. An examination of the joint also reveals a change in form. Spasms may affect the eye-lids, by closure or by retraction. Spasm of the sterno- maxillaris muscle has been witnessed, and the animal was unable to close the jaws until the muscle became relaxed. Treatment.—An anodyne liniment, composed of chloroform 1 part and soap liniment 4 parts, applied to cramped muscles will usually cause relaxation. This may be used where single external muscles are affected. In spasm of the glottis inhalation of sulphuric ether will give quick relief. In spasm of the diaphragm, rest and the adminis- tration of balf an ounce of chloroform in 3 ounces of whisky, with a pint of water added, will generally suffice to bring relief, or if this fails give 5 grains of sulphate of morphia by hypodermic injection. If spasms result from organic disease of the nervous system, the latter should receive such treatment as its character demands. In cramp of the leg compulsory movement usually causes relaxation very quickly ; therefore, the animal should be led out of the stable and be forced to run or trot. Sudden nervous excitement, caused by a crack of the whip or smart blow, will often bring about immediate relief. Should this fail, the anodyne liniment may be used along the inside of the thigh, and chloroform, ether, or laudanum given internally. An ounce of the chloral hydrate will certainly relieve the spasm when given internally, 198 but the cramp may return soon after the effect has passed off, which in many cases it does very quickly. Convulsions.—Although there is no disease of the nervous system which can be properly termed convulsive, or justify the use of the word convulsion to indicate any particular disease, yet it is often such a prominent symptom that a few words may not be out of place. Gen- eral, irregular muscular contractions of various parts of the body, with unconsciousness, characterize what we regard as convulsions, and like ordinary spasms are dependent upon some disease or irritation of the nervous structures, chiefly of the brain. No treatment is required; in fact, a general convulsion must necessarily be self-limited in its dura- tion. Suspending, as it does, respiratory movements, checking the oxygenation and decarbonization of the blood, the rapid accumulation of carbonic acid gas in the blood and the exclusion of oxygen quickly puts the blood in a condition to produce the most reliable and speedy sedative effect upon the nerve excitability that could be found, and consequently furnishes its own remedy, so far as the continuance of the convulsive paroxysm is concerned. Whatever treatment is insti- tuted must be directed towards a removal of the cause of the convulsive paroxysm. CHOREA. Chorea is characterized by involuntary contractions of voluntary muscles. This disease is an obscure disorder, which may be due to pressure upon a nerve, cerebral sclerosis, small aneurisms in the brain, ete. Choreic symptoms have been produced by injecting granules of starch into the arteries entering the brain. Epilepsy and other forms of convulsions simulate chorea in appearance. Stringhalt is by some termed chorea. This is manifested by a sudden jerking-up of one or both hind legs when the animal is walking. This symptom may be very slight in some horses, but has a tendency to in- crease with the age of the animal. In some the catching-up of the af- fected leg is very violent, and when it is lowered to the ground the motion is equally sudden and forcible, striking the foot to the ground like a pile-driver. Very rarely chorea may be found to affect one of the fore legs, or the muscles of one side of the neck or the upper part of the neck. Involuntary jerking of the muscles of the hip or thigh is seen occasionally, and is termed shivering by horsemen. Chorea is often associated with a nervous disposition, and is not so frequent in animals with a sluggish temperament. The involuntary muscular contractions cause no pain, and do not appear to produce much exhaustion of the affected muscles, although the jerking may be regular and persistent whenever the animal is in motion. Treatment.—In a few cases, early in the appearance of this affection, general nerve tonics may be of benefit, viz, iodide of iron, 1 dram; pul- verized nux vomica, 1 dram; pulverized scutellaria, 1 ounce. Mix, and give in the feed once a day for two weeks. If the cause is connected with organic brain lesions treatment is usually unsuccessful. 199 EPILEPSY—FALLING FITS. The cause of epilepsy is seldom traceable to any special brain lesions. In a few cases it accompanies disease of the pituitary body, which 1s located in the under surface of the brain. Softening of the brain may give rise to this affection. Attacks may occur only once or twice a year, or they may be of frequent recurrence. Symptoms.—No premonitory symptoms precede an epileptic fit. The ~ animal suddenly staggers; the muscles become cramped ; the jaws may be spasmodically opened and closed, and the tongue become lacerated between the teeth ; he joams at the mouth and falls down in a spasm. The urine flows away involuntarily, and the breathing may be tempo- rarily arrested. The paroxysm soon passes off, and the animal gets on luis feet in a few minutes after the return of consciousness. Treatment.—Dashing cold water on the head during the paroxysm. After the recovery 1 dram of oxide of zine may be given in his feed twice a day for several weeks, or benefit nay be derived from the tonic prescribed for chorea. COMA—SLEEPY STAGGERS. This condition, like that of spasm and convulsion, is generally not a disease, but merely a symptom manifested as a result of a variety of brain affections, such as atrophy, chronic meningitis with effusion, tumors in the lateral ventricles, ete. Another form of coma is that which accompanies acute diseases of the brain, wherein the animal may be unconscious, with sterterous breathing, difficult respiration,etc. We meet, however, with a type of coma in horses which cau not easily be attributed to any special disease of the brain, unless it be a modified form of congestion, which is sometimes amenable to treatment. This condition is termed immobilité by the French, and sleepy staggers by our stablemen. It is usually attributed to habitual overloading of the stomach with bulky food and want of exercise. Symptoms.—Sleepy staggers is characterized by drowsiness, partial insensibility, sluggish and often staggering gait. The animal is in- clined to drop his head in the manger and to go to sleep with a wad of hay in his mouth, which he is apt to drop when he awakens. He will stand for a long time with his legs placed in any awkward position in which the owner may choose to put them. The bowels are constipated, the pulse slow and soft, with no fever or pair. The animal may remain in this condition for many months without much variation of symptoms, or he may become entirely comatose, with delirium or convulsions, and die. Chronic cases are always much better in cold weather than in the summer. Treatment.—Moderate bleeding from the jugular vein, 1 gallon from a medium-sized horse, and 14 or 2 gallons from a very large, heavy horse. This should be immediately followed by a cathartic, composed 200 of aloes 6 drams, croton oil 6 drops, and 1 dram of capsicum, to be wade into a ball with hard soap, molasses, or bread soaked in water, and given on an empty stomach. After the cathartic has ceased to operate give one large tablespoonful or half an ounce of the following mixture twice a day: Pulverized hydrastis, pulverized ginger, sodium bicarbonate, of each 4 ounces; mix. In some cases iodide of potassa in dram doses twice a day, alternated each week with 1 dram of calomel twice a day, will prove successful. In cases where there is a deep coma or almost continuous unconscious- ness, ice bags or cold-water cloths should be applied to the head—be- tween the ears, dropping well down over the forehead and extending backward from the ears for 4 or 5 inches. PARALYSIS—PALSY. Paralysis is a weakness or cessation of the muscular contraction, by diminution of loss of the conducting power or stimulation of the motor nerves. Paralytic affections are of two kinds, the perfect and the im- perfect. The former includes those in which both motion and sensi- bility are affected; the latter those in which only one or the other is lost or diminished. Paralysis may be general or partial. The latter is divided into hemiplegia and paraplegia. When only a small portion ot the body is affected, as the face, a limb, the tail, it is designated by the term local paralysis. When the irritation extends from the pe- ripbery to the center it is termed reflex paralysis. Causes.—They are very varied. Most of the acute affections of the brain and spinal cord may lead to paralysis. Injuries, tumors, disease of the blood-vessels of the brain, etc., all have a tendency to produce suspension of the conducting motive power to the muscular structures. Pressure upon, or the severing of, a nerve causes a paralysis of the parts to which such a nerve is distributed. Apoplexy may be termed a general paralysis, and in non-fatal attacks is a frequent cause of the various forms of palsy. GENERAL PARALYSIS. This can not take place without producing immediate death. The term is, however, usually applied to paralysis of the four extremitics, whether any other portions of the body are involved or not. This form of palsy is due to compression of the brain by congestion of its vessels, large clot formation in apoplexy, concussion or shock, or any disease in which the whole brain structure is involved in functional disturbance. HEMIPLEGIA—PARALYSIS OF ONE SIDE OR HALF OF THE BODY. Hemiplegia is frequently the result of a tumor in the lateral ventricles of the brain, softening of one hemisphere of the cerebrum, pressurs from extravasated blood, fracture of the cranium, or it may be due to 201 poisons in the blood, or to reflex origin. When hemiplegia is due to or the result of a prior disease of the brain, especially of au inflammatory character, it is seldom complete; it may only affect one limb and one side of the head, neck, or muscles along the back, and may pass off in a few days after the disappearance of all the other evidences of the primary affection. In the majority of cases, however, hemiplegia arises from emboli obstructing one or more blood-vessels of the brain, or the rupture of some vessel the wall of which had become weakened by degeneration and the extravasation of blood. Sensibility in most cases is not impaired, but in some there is a loss of sensibility as well as of motion. In some cases the bladder and rectum are involved in the paralysis. Symptoms.—In hemiplegia the attack may be very sudden, and the animal fall down powerless to move one side of the body; one side of the lips will be relaxed; the tongue may hang out on one side of the mouth; the tail curved around sideways; an inability to swallow food or water may be present, and often the urine dribbies away as fast as it collects in the bladder. Sensibility of the affected side may be en- tirely lost or only partial; the limbs may be cold, and sometimes un- naturally warm. In cases wherein the attack is not so severe the ani- mal may be able to maintain the standing position, but will have great difficulty in moving the affected side. In such cases the animal may recover from the disability. In the more severe, where there is com- plete loss of the power of movement, recoveries are rare. PARAPLEGIA—TRANSVERSE PARALYSIS OF THE HIND EXTREMITIES. Paralysis of the hind extremities is usually due to some injury, or inflammation affecting the spinal cord. (See “Spinal Meningitis” and ‘‘Myelitis.”) It may also be due to a reflex irritation from disease of peripheral nerves, to spinal irritation or congestion caused by blood poisons, ete. Symptoms.—When due to mechanical injury of the spinal cord, from a broken back or spinal hemorrhage, itis generally progressive in its char- acter, although it may be sudden. When it is caused by agents in the blood it may be intermittent or recurrent. - Paraplegia is not difficult to recognize, for it is characterized by a weakness and imperfect control of the hind legs, and powerless tail. The urine usually dribbles away as it is formed and the manure is pushed out, ball by ball, without any voluntary effort, or the passages may cease entirely. When paraplegia is complete, large and ill-con- ditioned sores soon form on the bips and thighs from chafing and bruis- ing, which have a tendency to quickly weaken the animal and necessi- tate his destruction. 202 LOCOMOTOR ATAXIA—INCOORDINATION OF MOVEMENT. This is characterized by an inability to properly control the move- ment of the limbs. The animal appears usually perfectly healthy, but when he is Jed out of his stall his legs have a wobbly movement, and he will stumble or stagger, especially in turning. When this is con- fined to the hind parts it may be termed a modified form of paraplegia, but often it may be seen to affect nearly all the voluntary muscles when they are called into play, and must be attributed to some pressure ex- erted on the base of the brain. LOCAL PARALYSIS. This is frequently met with in horses. It may affect many parts of the body, even vital organs, and it is very frequently overlooked in diagnosis. FACIAL PARALYSIS. This is a frequent type of local paralysis, and is due to impairment of function of the motor nerve of the facial muscles, the portio dura. The cause may exist at the base of the brain, compression along its course after it leaves the medulla oblongata, or to a bruise after it spreads out on the great masseter muscle. Symptoms.—A flaccid condition of the cheek muscles, pendulous lips, inability to grasp the food, often a slow and weak movement in chew- ing, and difficulty and slowness in drinking. LARYNGISMUS PARALYTICUS—ROARING. This condition is characterized by roaring, and is usually caused by an inflamed or hypertrophied bronchial gland pressing against the left recurrent laryngeal nerve, which interferes with its conducting power. A similar condition is occasionally induced in acute pleurisy, where the recurrent nerve becomes involved in the diseased process or compressed by plastic exudation. PARALYSIS OF THE RECTUM AND TAIL. This is generally the result of a blow or fall on the rump, which causes a fracture of the sacrum bone and injury to the nerves supply- ing the tail and part of the rectum and muscles belonging thereto. This fracture would not be suspected, were it not for the loss of motion of the tail. INTESTINAL PARALYSIS. Characterized by persistent constipation ; frequently the strongest purgatives have no effect whatever on the movement of the bowels. In the absence of symptoms of indigestion, or special diseases impli- cating the intestinal canal, torpor of the bowels must be attributed to 203 deficient innervation. This condition may depend upon brain affec- tions, or be due to reflex paralysis. Sudden checks of perspiration may induce excessive action of the bowels or paralysis. PARALYSIS OF THE BLADDER. This usually affects the neck of the bladder, and is characterized by incontinence of urine—the urine dribbles away as fast as it is secreted. The cause may be of reflex origin, disease of the rectum, tumors grow- ing within the pelvic cavity, injury to the spina) cord, etc. PARALYSIS OF THE OPTIC NERVE—AMAUROSIS. A paralysis of eyesight may occur very suddenly from rupture of a blood vessel in the brain, acute local congestion of the brain, the admin- istration of excessive doses of belladonna or its alkaloid atropia, ete. Symptoms.—In amaurosis the pupil is dilated to its full extent, the eye looks clear, but does not respond to light. Paralysis of hearing, of the external ear, of the eyelid, partial paral- ysis of the heart and organs of respiration, of the blood vessels from injury to the vaso motor nerves of the esophagus, or loss of deglutition, palsy of the stomach, all may be manifested when the supply of ner- vous influence is impaired or suspended. Treatment.—In all paralytic affections there may be anesthesia or im- pairment of sensibility in addition to the loss of motion, or there may be hyperesthesia or increased sensibility in connection with the loss of motion. These conditions may call for special treatment in addition to that for loss of motion. Where hyperesthesia is well marked local anodynes may be needed to relieve suffering. Chloroform liniment or hypodermic injections of from 3 to 5 grains of sulphate of morphia will allay local pain. If there is marked anesthesia or loss of sensibility it may become necessary to secure the animal in such a way that he ean not suffer serious injury from accidents which he can not avoid or feel. In the treatment of any form of paralysis we must always refer to the cause, and attempt its removal if it can be discovered. In cases where the cause can not be determined we have to rely solely upon a general external and internal treatment. Externally, fly-blisters or strong irri- tant liniments may be applied to the paralyzed parts. In hemiplegia they should be applied along the bony part of the side of the neck; in paraplegia, across the loins. In some cases hot-water cloths will be beneficial. Internally, it is well to administer 1 dram of powdered nux vomica or 2 grains of sulphate of strychnia twice a day until twitch- ing of some of the voluntary muscles occur; then discontinue it for sev- eral days, and then commence again with a smaller dose, gradually in- creasing it until twitching recurs. In some cases Fowler’s solution of arsenic in teaspoonful doses twice a day, in the drinking water, proves beneficial. Occasionally benefit may be derived from the application 204 of the electric current, especially in cases of roaring, facial paralysis, paralysis of the eyelid, ete. Nutritious but not too bulky food, good ventilation, clean stabling, moderate exercise if the animal is capable of taking it, good grooming, etc., should be observed in all cases. SPINAL MENINGITIS—INFLAMMATION OF THE MEMBRANES ENVELOP- ING THE SPINAL CORD. Causes.—This may be induced by the irritant properties of blood- poisous, exhaustion, and exposure, spinal concussion, ali forms of injury to the spine, tumors, caries of the vertebr, rheumatism, ete. Symptoms.—A chill may be the precursor, a rise in temperature, or a general weakness and shifting of the legs. Soon a painful, convulsive twitching of the muscles sets in, followed by muscular rigidity along the spine, in which condition the animal will move very stiffly and evince great pain in turning. Evidences of paralysis or paraplegia develop, retention or incontinence of urine, and oftentimes sexual excitement is present. The presence of marked fever at the beginning of the attack, associated with spinal symptoms, should lead us to suspect spinal men- ingitis or myelitis. These two conditions usually appear together, or myelitis follows inflammation of the meninges so closely that itis almost impossible to separate the two; practically it does not matter much, for the treatment will be about the same in both cases. Spinal meningitis generally becomes chronic, and is then marked principally by paralysis of that portion, or parts of it, posterior to the seat of the disease. - Pathology.—In spinal meningitis we will find essentially the same con- dition as in cerebral meningitis; there will be an effusion of serum be- tween the membranes, and often a plastic exudation firmly adherent to the pia mater serves to maintain a state of paralysis for a long time after the acute symptoms have disappeared by compressing the cord. Finally, atrophy, softening, and even abscess may develop within the cord. Unlike in man, it is usually found localized in horses. Treatment.—Bags filled with ice should be applied along the spine, to be followed later ou. by strong blisters. The fever should be controlled as early as possible by giving 20 drops of Norwood’s tincture of vera- trum viride ever; hour, until the desired result is obtained. One dram of the fluid extract of belladonna, to control pain and vascular excite- ment of the spinal cord, may be given every five or six hours until the pupils of the eyes become pretty well dilated. If the pain is very in- tense 5 grains of sulphate of morphia should be injected hypodermically. The animal must be kept as free from excitement as possible. If the urine is retained in the bladder it must be drawn off every four or six hours. In very acute attacks the disease generally proves fatal in a few days. If, however, the animal grows better some form of paraly- sis 1s apt to remain for a long time and the treatment will have to be directed then toward a removal of the exudative products and a 205 strengthening of the system and stimulation of the nervous functions. To induce absorption iodide of potassa in 2 dram doses may be given dissolved in the drinking water twice a day. To strengthen the sys- tem, 10dide of iron 1 dram twice a day and 1 dram of nux vomica once a day may be given in the feed. Electricity to the paralyzed and weakened muscles is advisable; the current should be weak, but be continued for half an hour two or three times daily. If the disease is due to a broken back, caries of the vertebra, or some other irremedi- able cause, the animal should be destroyed at once. MYELITIS—INFLAMMATION OF THE SUBSTANCE OF THE SPINAL CORD. This is a rare disease, except as a secondary result of spinal menin- gitis or injuries to the spine. Poisoning, by lead, arsenic, mercury, phosphorus, carbonic-acid gas, etc., has been known to produce it. Myelitis may be confined to a small spot in the cord or may involve the whole for a variable distance. It may lead to softening, abscess, or de- generation. Symptoms.—The attack may begin with a chill or convulsions; the muscles twitch or become cramped very early in the disease, and the bladder usually is affected in the, outset, in which there may be either retention or incontinence of urine. These conditions are followed by complete or partial paralysis of the muscles posterior to the locality of the inflamed cord, and the muscles begin to waste away rapidly. The paralyzed limb becomes cold and dry, due to the suspension of proper circulation; the joints may sweli and become cedematous; vesicular eruptions appear on the skin, and frequently gangrenous sloughs form on the paralyzed parts. It is exceedingly seldom that recovery takes place. In a few instances it may assume a chronic type, when all the Symptoms become mitigated, and thus continue for some time until septicemia, pyemia, or exhaustion causes death. Pathology.—The inflammation may involve nearly the whole length of the cord, but generally it is more intense tn some places than others; when due to mechanical injury the inflammation may remain confined toasmall section. The cord is swollen and congested, reddened, often softened and infiltrated with pus cells, and the nerve elements are de- generated. Treatment.—Similar to that of spinal meningitis. SPINAL SCLEROSIS. This is the sequence of myelitis, when some mild form of the disease has been existing. Thickening and hardening of the interstitial tissues of the cord, the result of inflammatory: products, constitute sclerosis. The affected section has a gray appearance, is firmer than the surround- ing tissue, Sometimes presents a depressed surface and at other times may be elevated above the general level of the cord, 206 Symptoms.—Paralysis of sensation or motion in local muscles, and when located in the region of the neck may present the symptoms of locomotor ataxia or inco-ordination of movement. Spinal sclerosis may be suspected when these symptoms succeed an attack of myelitis. Treatment.—The iodide of iron may be given in dram doses twice a day for a week, alternating with two-grain doses of sulphate of strych- nia twice a day for a week. SPINAL CONGESTION AND SPINAL HYPER AIMIA. The distinction between congestion and hyperzemia is one of degree rather than kind. In both we find an excess of. blood. In hyperemia the current is unusually rapid, in congestion if is unusually slow. The distinction between hyperemia and inflammation is also difficult to make; one is only the forerunner of the other. As the blood vessels of the pia mater are the principal source of supply to the spinal cord, hy- peremia of the cord and of the meninges usually go together... The symp- toms are, therefore, closely allied to those of spinal meningitis and myelitis. When the pia mater is diseased the spinal cord is almost in- variably affected also. Cause.—Sudden checking of the perspiration, violent exercise, blows, and falls. Symptoms.—The symptoms may vary somewhat with each case, and closely resemble the first symptoms of spinal meningitis, spinal tumors, and ivyelitis. First, some disturbance in movement, lowering of the temperature, and partial loss of sensibility posterior to the seat of the congestion. If in the cervical region it may cause interference in breathing and the action of the heart. When in the region of the luins there may be loss of control of the bladder. When the congestion is sufficient to produce compression of the cord, paraplegia may be com- plete. Usually fever, spasms, muscular twitching, or muscular rigidity are absent, which will serve to distinguish spinal congestion from spinal meningitis. Treatment.—Hot- water applications to the spine, one-dram doses fluid extract of belladonna repeated every four hours, and tincture of aconite root 20 drops every hour until the symptoms become ameliorated. If no inflammatory products occur the animal is likely to recover. SPINAL ANAEMIA. ‘This may be caused by extreme cold, exhausting diseases, spinal em- bolism or plugging of a spinal blood-vessel, an interference with the circulation through the abdominal aorta, from compression, thrombosis, or aneurism of that vessel ; the spinal vessels may be caused to contract through vaso-motur influence, a result of peripheral irritation of some nerve. 207 Symptoms.—Spinal anzemia causes paralysis of the muscles used in extending the limbs. When the bladder is affected it precedes the weak- ness of motion, while in spinal congestion it follows, and increased sen- sibility, in place of diminished sensibility, as in spinal congestion, is ob- served. Pressure along the spine causes excessive pain. Treatment.—If the exciting cause can be removed the animal recov- ers; if this fails, the spinal cord may undergo softening. SPINAL COMPRESSION. When caused by tumors or otherwise when pressure is slight, it pro- duces a paralysis of the muscles used in extending a limb and contrac- tion of those which flex it. When compression is great it causes com- plete loss of sensibility and motion posterior to the compressed part of the cord. Compression of a lateral half of the cord produces motor paralysis, disturbance in the circulation, and difficulty of movement, an increased sensibility on the side corresponding to the compressed section, and a diminished sensibility and some paralysis on the opposite side. Treatment.—W hen it occurs as a Sequence of a preceding inflammatory disease, iodide of potassa and general tonics are indicated. When due to tumors growing within the spinal canal, or to pressure from dis- placed bone, no form of treatment will result in any benefit. SPINAL HEMORRHAGE. This may occur from changes in the wall of the blood-vessels, in con- nection with tumors, acute myelitis, traumatic injuries, etc. ‘The blood may escape through the pia mater into the sub-arachnoid cavity, and large clots be formed. Symptoms.—The symptoms are largely dependent upon the seat and extent of the hemorrhage, as they are principally due to the compres- sion of the cord. A large clot may produce sudden paraplegia accom- panied by severe pain along the spine; usually, however, the paralysis of both motion and sensation is not very marked at first; on the second or third day fever is apt to appear, and increased or diminished sensi- bility along the spine posterior to the seat of the clot. When the bladder and rectum are involved in the symptoms it indicates that the Spinal cord is compressed. Treatment.—In the occurrence of injuries to the back of a horse, whenever there is any evidence of paralysis, it is always advisable to apply bags of ice along the spine to check or prevent hemorrhage or congestion, and 2 drams of the fluid extract of ergot and 20 drops of tincture of digitalis may be given every hour until three doses have been taken. Subsequently tincture of belladonna in half-ounce doses may be given three times a day. If there is much pain, 5 grains of sulphate of morphia, injected under the skin, will afford relief and lessen the excitability of the animal. In all cases the animal should be kept perfectly quiet. 208 SPINAL CONCUSSION. This is rarely observed in the horse, and unless it is sufficiently se- vere to produce well-marked symptoms it would not be suspected. It may occur in saddle-horses from jumping, or it may be produced by falling over an embankment, or a violent fall upon the haunches may produce it. Concussion may be followed by partial paralysis or spinal hemorrhage, generally, however, it is confined to a jarring and some disturbance of the nerve elements of the cord, and the paralytic effect which ensues soon passes off. Treatment consists in rest until the ani- mal has completely recovered from the shock. If secondary effects fol- low from hemorrhage, or compression, they have to be treated as here- tofore directed. SPINAL TUMORS. Within the substance of the cord glioma, or the mixed gliosarcomata, is found to be the most frequent, tumors may form from the meninges and the vertebra, being of a fibrous or bony nature, and affect the spi- nal cord indirectly by compression. In the meninges we may find gli- oma, cancers, psammoma, fibromata; and aneurisms of the spinal arteries have been discovered in the spinal canal. Symptoms.—Tumors of the spinal canal cause symptoms of spinal irri- tation, or compression of the cord. The gradual and slow development of symptoms of paralysis of one or both hind limbs or certain muscles may lead to a suspicion of spinal tumors. The paralysis induced is progressive, but not usually marked with atrophy of the muscles, or in- creased sensibility along the spine. When the tumor is within the spi- nal cord itself all the symptoms of myelitis may be present. Treatment.—General tonics and dram doses of nux vomica may be given; iodide of iron or iodide of potassa in dram doses, three times a day in feed, may, in a very few cases, give some temporary benefit. - Usually the disease progresses steadily until it proves fatal. NEURITIS—INFLAMMATION OF A NERVE. This is caused by a bruise or wound of a nerve, or to strangulation in a ligature when it is included in the ligation of an artery. The changes in an inflamed nerve are an enlargement, reddening of the nerve Sheath, spots of extravasated blood, and sometimes an infiltration of serum mixed with pus. Symptoms.— Acute pain of the parts supplied by the nerve, and absence of swelling or increased heat of the part. Treatment.—Hypodermic injections of from 3 to 5 grains of morphia to relieve pain, hot fomentations, and rest. If it is due to an inelusion of a ligature, the nerve should be divided above and below the ligature. 209 NEUROMA—TUMOR OF A NERVE. Neuroma may be from enlargement of the end of adivided nerve, or due to fibrous degeneration of a nerve which has been bruised or wounded. Its most frequent occurrence is found after the operation of neurotomy for foot lameness, and it may appear only after the lapse of months, or even years. Neuroma usually develop within the sheath of the nerve with or without implicating the nerve fibers. They are oval, running lengthwise with the direction of the nerve. Symptoms.—Pain of the affected limb or part is manifested, more es- pecially after resting awhile, and when pressure is made upon the tumor it causes extreme suffering. Treatment.—Excision of the tumor, including part of the nerve above and below, and then treat it like any other simple wound. INJURY TO NERVES. These may consist in wounding, bruising, laceration, stretching, com- pression, ete. The symptoms which are produced will depend upon the extent, seat, and character of the injury. Recovery may quickly take place, or it may Jead to neuritis, neuroma, or spinal or cerebral irri- tation, which may result in tetanus, paralysis, and other serious de- rangements. In all diseases, whether produced by some form of ex- ternal violence or intrinsic causes, the nerves are necessarily involved, and sometimes it is to a primary injury of them that the principal fault in movement or change of nutrition of a part is due. It is often diffi- cult or impossible to discover that an injury to a nerve bas been in- flicted, but whenever this is possible it may enable us to remedy that which otherwise would result in permanent evil. Treatment should consist in relieving compression, in hot fomentations, the application of anodyne liniments, excision of the injured part, and rest. CEREBRO-SPINAL MENINGITIS. This may occur sporadically as an encephalitis, with implications of the spinal cord andits meninges. Usually, however, it appears as an enzoéty in a stable, city, or farming district, not infrequently extend- ing long distances in certain well-defined lines, along rivers, valleys, or along ridges and mountains. For this reason the enzootic cerebro- spinal meningitis has been attributed by some veterinarians to atmos- pheric influences. The first written history we have of this disease was published about thirty years ago by Dr. Isaiah Michener, of Carners- ville, Pa., in a pamphlet entitled ‘‘ Paralysis of the Par-Vagum.” Sev- eral years later Prof. A. Large, of Brooklyn, N. Y., gave it the name of ‘“‘gerebro-spinal meningitis” on account of its similarity to that disease in the human family. Dr. J. C. Michener, of Colmar, Pa., in 1882, suggested the name of “ Fungosus Toxicum Paralyticus,” in view of the exciting cause being found in foods undergoing fermentation, In 11035 14 210 England a similar disease has been called “ grass staggers,” due to eating rye grass when it is ripening or when it is cut and eaten while itis heating and nndergoing fermentation. In eastern Pennsylvania it was formerly known by the name of ‘putrid sore throat” and “choking distemper.” A disease similar in many respects, which is very prevalent in Virginia, especially along the eastern border, 1s com- monly known by the name of ‘blind staggers,” and in many of the southern States this has been attributed to the consumption of worm- eaten corn. Professor Large attributed the cause of the disease to a lack of sanitary conditions, poisonous gases, or emanations depending upon defective sewerage in cities, defective drainage on lands in the country, and deficient stable ventilation. These reputed causes, however, are inadequate to account for so-called enzootic or epidemic cerebro-spina} meningitis. It frequently proves as fatal on the hills and table-lands of Hunterdon County, N. J., Bucks, Montgomery, Lehigh, and Northampton Counties, Pa., as it does in the dark, damp, illy ventilated stables in New York or Philadelphia. It attacks animals which have been running at pasture, where drainage has been perfect, as well as animals which have been stabled and kept on dry food, regardless of variation in any appreciable sanitary condi- tion. It affects horses of all ages and both sexes; temperament or con- dition does not alter their susceptibility. Mules are attacked as well as horses, and the mortality is equally as great. There is, however, a variable severity of symptoms and degree of fatality in different out- breaks. That there is some specific cause which induces this disease is cer- tain, for it is neither contagious nor infectious. Personally, I believe the cause is connected with the food, either developed in it through some fermentative process or upon it in the form of one of the many parasitic fungi which grow on plants, grains, and vegetation. That these, when they are consumed at certain stages of their development, make a poisonous impression upon the brain and ultimately induce structural changes is shown, I think, by the history of the outbreaks wherever they can be traced. In many instances the outbreak of the disease has been simultaneously witnessed where brewers’ grains, oats, and hay have been fed, which could be traced from place to place, from one diseased center to another. That they were the carriers, if not the prime factors, can not be denied. Symptoms.—The symptoms which typify sporadic or epidemic cerebro- spinal meningitis in man are seldom witnessed in equal distinctness among horses, viz: excessive pain, high fever, and early muscular rigidity. In the recognition of the severity of the attack we may divide the symptoms into three grades. Inthe most rapidly fatal attacks, the animal may first indicate it by weak, staggering gate, partial or total inability to swallow solids or liquids, impairment of eyesight ; twitch- ing of the muscles, and slight cramps may be observed. ‘This is soon 211 followed by a paralysis of the whole body, inability to stand, delirium in which the animal sometimes goes through a series of automatic move- ments as if trotting or running; the delirium may become very violent and the animal in his unconsciousness bruise his head in his struggles very seriously, but usually a deep coma renders him quiet until he expires. Death in these cases usually takes place in from four to twenty-four hours from the time the first symptoms became manifest, The pulse is variable during the progress of the disease; it may be almost imper- ceptible at times, and then again very rapid and irregular; the res- pirations generally are quick and catching. When attacked in this rapidly fatal form we may be able only to distinguish it from encepha- litis when other animals in the same stable or neighborhood are simi- larly affected. In the next form in which it may develop, it first be- comes manifest by a difficulty in swallowing and slowness in mastica- tion, and a weakness which may be first noticed in the strength of the tail; the animal will be unable to switch it or to offer resistance when we bend it up over the croup. The pulse is often a little slower than normal. There is no evidence of pain; the respirations are unchanged, and the temperature little less than normal ; the bowels may be some- what constipated. These symptoms may remain unchanged for two or three days and then gradual improvement take place, or the power to swallow may become entirely lost and the weakness and uncertainty in gait more and more perceptible; then sieepiness or coma may ap- pear; the pulse becomes depressed, slow and weak, the breathing ster- terous, and paroxysms of delirium develop, with inability to stand, and some rigidity of the spinal muscles or partial cramp of the neck and jaws. In such cases death may occur in from six to ten days from the commencement of the attack. In many cases there is no evidence of pain, spasm, or fever at any time during the progress of the disease, and finally profound coma develops and death follows, painless and without a struggle. In the last or mildest form, the inability of voluntary control of the limbs becomes but slightly marked, the power of swallowing never en- tirely iost, and the animal has no fever, pain, or unconscious movements. Generally the animal will begin to improve about the fourth day and recover. In a few cases the spinal symptoms, manifested by paraplegia, may be the most prominent symptoms ; in others they may be altogether ab- sent and the main symptoms be difficulty in mastication and swallow- ing; rarely it may affect one limb only. Im all cases where coma re- mains absent for six or seven days the animal is likely to recover. When changes toward recovery take place, the symptoms usually leave in the reverse order in which they developed, but local paralysis may remain for some time, rarely persistent. One attack does not give immunity, for it may recur at some later - time and prove fatal. Horses have been known to pass through three attacks, being aftected for a week or longer each time. 212 Treatment.—In the worst class of cases treatment is very seldom successful, and it 1s dangerous to attempt the administration of medi cine by the mouth, on account of the inability of the animal to swallow. Cold shower baths may possibly induce revulsive action in connection with stimulants per rectum, 4 to 6 ounces of whiskyin 2 pints of milk; the inhalation of ammonia vapor from a sponge saturated with dilute aqua ammonia may arouse consciousness. In the second class of cases the treatment recommended by Professor Large consists in giving a cathartic composed of 1 ounce of aloes and the administration of 1 to 2 drams of the solid extract of belladonna, alternated every three hours with 30 drops of tincture of aconite root, and the application of blisters to the neck, spine, and throat. When the animal is unable to swallow, one-fourth-grain doses of sulphate of atropia may be injected under the skin every four, six, or eight hours, as the case may demand. The atropia is a heart stimulant, increases capillary circulation, and quiets pain and excitability. This treatment has been followed by very gratifying results in the hands of Professor Large and others. When the most prominent symptoms abate give such food as they may be able to eat, keep fresh, cool water constantly before them, support them in slings if necessary; clean stabling and plenty of fresh air are of the utmost importance. Pathology.—Post mortem examination reveals more or less congestion of the blood vessels at the base of the brain, effusion in the ventricles and in the subarachnoid. space both in the cranial and the spinal cavi- ties. Plastic exudation is often found adherent to the pia mater of the brain, anterior part of the spinal cord, and in the region of the loins. The brain and cord appear softened in some cases where the greatest evidence of inflammatory action existed. Hygienic measures needful.— Whenever this disease appears in a stable all the animals should be removed as soon as possible. They should be provided with clean, well-ventilated, and well-drained stables, and each animal should receive 1 dram of the extract or half an ounce of the tincture of belladonna twice a day for several days. The abandoned stable should be thoroughly cleansed from all waste matters, receive a coat of whitewash containing 4 ounces of carbolic acid to the gallon, and should have time to dry thoroughly before the horses are replaced: A complete change of food is of the very greatest importance, on ac- count of the belief that the cause resides in diseased grain, hay, and grass. TETANUS—LOCK-JAW. This disease is characterized by spasms affecting the muscles of the face, neck, body, and limbs, of all the muscles supplied by the cerebro- spinal nerves. The spasms or muscular contractions arerigid and per- sistent, yet mixed with occasional more interse contractions of corvul- Sive violence. 213 Causes.—The causes are classified under two heads, traumatic where it is the result of injury, and zdiopathic where it is due to other causes than injuries, such as cold and damp, excessive fright, nervous exhaust- ion from overwork, chronic irritation caused by worms in the intestines, etc. In the majority of instances the cause of tetanus can be traced to wounds, cspecially pricks or wounds of the feet or of tendinous structures. It sometimes follows castration, docking, the introduction of setons, inclusion of a nerve in a ligature, etc. It may come ona long time after the wound is healed, three or four months. In some countries where tetanus appears to be enzudtie the presumption is that it isdue toa specificgerm. Horses witha nervous, excitable disposition are more predisposed than those of a more sluggish nature. Stallions are more subject to develop tetanus as the result of wounds than geld- ings, and geldings more than mares. Symptoms.—The attacks may be acute or subacute. In an acute at- tack the animal usually dies within four days. The first symptoms which attract the attention of the owner is difficulty in chewing and swallowing, an extension of the head and protrusion over the inuer part of the eye of the membrana nictitans or haw. An examination of the mouth will reveal an inability to open the jaws to their full extent, and the endeavor to do so will produce great nervous excitability and increased spasm of the muscles of the jaw and neck. The muscles of the neck and along the spine become rigid and the legs are moved in a stiff manner. The slightest noise or disturbance throws the animal into increased spasm of all the affected muscles. The tail is usually — elevated and held immovable; the bowels become constipated early in the attack. The temperature and pulse are not much changed. These Symptoms in the acute type become rapidly aggrayated until all the muscles are rigid—in a state of tonic spasm—with a continuous tremor running through them; a cold perspiration breaks out on the body ; the breathing becomes painful from the spasm of the muscles used in respiration; the jaws are completely set, eye-balls retracted, lipsdrawn tightly over the teeth, nostrils dilated, and the animal presents a pict- ure of the most extreme agony until death relieves him. The pulse, which at first was not much affected, will become quick and hard, or small and thready when the spasm affects the muscles of the heart. In the subacute cases the jaws may never become entirely locked; the nervous excitability and rigidity of muscles are not so great. Thereis, however, always some stiffness of the neck or spine manifest in turn- ing; the haw is turned over the eye-ball when the nose is elevated. It is not uncommon for owners to continue such animals at their work for several days after the first symptoms have been observed. All the symptoms may gradually increase in severity for a period of ten days, and then gradually diminish under judicious treatment, or they may reach the stage wherein all the characters of acute tetanus become de- veloped. In some cases, however, we find the muscular cramps almost 214 solely confined to the head or face, perhaps involving those of the neck. In such cases we have complete trismus—lock-jaw—and all the head Symptoms are acutely developed. On the contrary, we may find the head almost exempt in some cases, and have the body and limbs per- fectly rigid and incapable of movement without falling. Tetanus may possibly be confounded with spinal meningitis, but the character of the spasm-locked jaw, retraction of the eyeballs, the diffi- culty in swallowing due to spasms of the muscles of the pharynx, and, above all, the absence of paralysis, should serve to make the distinction. Treatment.—The animal should be placed in « box-stall without bed- ding, as far away as possible from other horses. If in a country district, the animal should be put into an outbuilding or shed, where the noise of other animals will not reach him; if the place is moderately dark it is all the better; in fly time he should be covered with a light sheet. The attendant must be very careful and quiet about him, to prevent all un- necessary excitement and increase of spasm. A cathartic, composed of Barbadoes aloes, 6 to 8 drams, with which may be mixed 2 drams of the solid extract of belladonna, should be given at once. This is best given in a ball form; if, however, the ani- mal is greatly excited by the attempt or can not swallow, the ball may be dissolved in 2 ounces of olive oil and thrown on the back of the tongue with a syringe. If the jaws are set, or nearly so, an attempt to administer medicine by the mouth should not be made. In such cases _ one-quarter of a grain of atrepia, with 5 grains of sulphate of morphia, should be dissolved in 1 dram of pure water and injected under the skin. This should be repeated sufficiently often to keep the animal continually under its effect. This will usually mitigate the severity of the spasmodic contraction of the affected muscles and lessen sensibility to pain. Good results may be obtained sometimes by the injection per rectum of the fluid extract of belladonna and of cannabis indica, of each 1 dram, every four or six hours. This may be diluted with a quart of milk. When the animal is unable to swallow liquids, oat-meal gruel and milk should be given by injection per rectum to sustain the strength of the animal. A pailful of cool water should be constantly before him, placed high enough for him to reach it without special effort; even if he can not drink, the laving of the mouth is refreshing. Excellent success fre- quently may be obtained by clothing the upper part of the head, the neck, and greater part of the body in woolen blankets kept saturated with very warm water. This treatment should be continued for six or eight hours ata time. It often relaxes the cramped muscles and gives them rest and the animal almost entire freedom from pain; but it should be used every day until the acute spasms have permanently subsided in order to be of any lasting benefit. If the cause is due to the inclusion of a nerve in a ligature, the divi: sion of the nerve becomes necessary. When it is due to a wound all foreign substances should be searched for and be removed; if from a 215 wound which has healed an excision of the cicatrix may be beneficial. In all cases it is not uncommon to have a partial recovery followed by relapse when the animal becomes excited from any cause. RABIES—HYDROPHOBIA—MADNKESS. This disease does not arise spontaneously among horses, but is the re- sult of a bite from a rabid animal—generally a dog or cat. The devel- opment of the disease follows the bite in from three weeks to three months—very rarely in twelve or fourteen days. Symptoms.—The first manifestation of the development of this disease may be an increased excitability and viciousness; very slight noises or the approach of a person incites the animal to kick, strike, or bite at any object near him. Very often the horse will bite his own limbs or sides, lacerating the flesh and tearing the skin. The eyes appear star- ing, bloodshot ; the ears are on the alert to catch all sounds; the head is held erect. In some cases the animal will continually rub and bite the locality of the wound inflicted by the rabid animal. This symptom may precede all others. Generally the bowels become constipated and he makes frequent attempts at urination, which is painful and the urine very dark colored. The furious symptoms appear in paroxysms; at other times the animal may eat and drink, although swallowing ap- pears to become painful towards the latter stage of the disease, and may cause renewed paroxysms. The muscles of the limbs or back may be subject to intermittent spasms, or spasmodic tremors; finally the hind limbs become paralyzed, breathing very difficult, and convulsions supervene, followed by death. The pulse and respirations are increased in frequency from the outset of the attack. Rabies may possibly be mistaken for tetanus. In the latter disease we find tonic spasms of the muscles of the jaws, or stiffness of the neck or back very early in the attack, and evidence of viciousness is absent. Treatment.—As soon as the true nature of the disease is ascertained the animal should be killed. Prevention.— Wien a horse is known to have been bitten by a rabid animal immediate cauterization of the wound with a red-hot iron may possibly destroy the virus before absorption of it takes place. PLUMBISM—LEAD-POISONING. This disease is not of frequent occurrence. It may be due to habitu- ally drinking water which has been standing in leaden conductors or in old paint barrels, ete. It has been met with in enzodtic form near smelting works, where, by the fumes arising from such works, lead in the form of oxide, carbonate, or sulphate was deposited on the grass and herbage which the horses ate. Symptoms.—Lead poisoning produces derangement of the functions of digestion and locomotion, or it may affect the lungs principally. In 216 whatever system of organs the lead is deposited mostly there will we have the symptoms of nervous debility most manifest. If in the lungs the breathing becomes difficult and the animal gets out of breath very quickly when he is compelled to run. Roaring also is very frequently a symptom of lead-poisoning. When it affects the stomach the animal gradually falls away in flesh, the hair becomes rough, the skin tight, and colicky symptoms develop. When the deposit is principally in the muscles partial or complete paralysis gradually develops. When large quantities of lead have been taken in and absorbed, symptoms resem- bling epilepsy may result, or coma and delirium develop and prove fatal. In lead-poisoning there is seldom any increase in temperature. A blue line forms along the gums of the front teeth, and the breath assumes a peculiar offensive odor. Lead can always be detected in the urine by chemical tests. Treatment.—The administration of 2-dram doses of iodide of potassa, three times a day. This will form iodide of lead in the system, which is rapidly excreted by the kidneys. If much muscular weakness or paralysis is present, sulphate of iron in dram doses, and strychnia in 2- grain doses may be given twice a day. In all cases of suspected lead- poisoning all utensils which have entered into the supply of feed or water should be examined for the presence of soluble lead. If it oceurs near lead works great care must be given to the supply of uncontam- inated fodder, ete. UR MIA. Uremie poisoning may atfect the brain in nephritis, acute albuminu- ria, or when, from any cause, the functions of the kidneys become im paired or suppressed and urea (a natural product) is no longer elimi uated from these organs, causing it to accumulate in the system and give rise to urzemic poisoning. Symptoms.—Ureemice poisoning is usually preceded by dropsy of the limbs or abdomen; a peculiar fetid breath is often noticed ; then drow- siness, attacks of diarrhea, and general debility ensue. Suddenly ex- treme stupor or coma develops; the surface of the body becomes cold ; the pupils are insensible to light; the pulse slow and intermitting ; the breathing labored, and death supervenes. The temperature through- out the disease is seldom increased. unless the disease becomes compli- cated with acute inflammatory disease of the brain or respiratory organs, which often occur as a result of the urea in the circulation. Albumen and tube casts may frequently be found in the urine. The disease almost invariably proves fatal. Treatment.—This must be directed to a removal of the cause. (See “ Diseases of the Kidney.”) ELECTRIC SHOCK. Electric shock, from coming in contact with electric wires, is becom- ing a matter of rather frequent occurrence, and has a similar effect upon 217 the animal system to a shock from lightning. Two degrees of electric or lightning shock may be observed, one producing temporary contrac- tion of muscles and insensibility, from which recovery is possible, the other killing directly, by producing a condition of nervous and general insensibility. In shocks which are not immediately fatal the animal is usually insensible, the respiration slow, labored or gasping, the pulse slow, feeble, and irregular, and the pupils dilated and not sensitive, or they may be contracted and sensitive. The temperature is lowered. There may be a tendency to convulsions or spasms. The predominat- ing symptoms are extreme cardiac and respiratory depression. Treatment.—Sulphate of atropia should be given hypodermically in one quarter grain doses every hour or two hours until the heart beats are invigorated, the number and fullness of the respirations increased, and consciousness returns. Stimulating injections per rectum may also be useful in arousing the circulation; for this purpose whisky or am- monla water may be used. "INALSAS SIOAMAUN HHL AN S99 0untT SuUjaUM 2 NexeS mL iit) QIN -layje-* [ep some py MXM HOS “WMASUS IMoypphuhs “DYDIIS’ ‘DLSPDOUMIU SULA. SPYUNY OLDS “2a J PVYIDIGL “plo? pouidsy ‘WIDIG esa SS Sy BS SSIS SS TAX HLW Td DISEASES OF THE HEART AND BLOOD VESSELS. By M. R. TRUMBOWER, V. S,, Sterling, III. REMARKS ON THE ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE HEART AND BLOOD-VESSELS. The heart is a hollow, involuntary, muscular organ, situated as nearly as possible in the center of the chest, though its impulse is felt on the left side from the rotary movement of the organ in action. It is cone- shaped, with the base upwards; the apex points downwards, backwards, and to the left side. It extends from about the third to the sixth ribs inclusive. The average weight is about 64 pounds. In horses used for speed the heart is relatively larger, according to the weight of the ani- mal, than in horses used for slow work. Itis suspended from the spine by the large blood-vessels, and held in position below by the attach- ment of the pericardium to the sternum. It is inclosed in a sac, the pericardium, which is composed of a dense, fibrous, membrane, lined by a delicate serous membrane, which is reflected over the heart ; the inner layer is firmly adherent to the heart, the outer to the fibrous sac, and there is an intervening space known as the pericardial space, in which asmall amount of seruam—a thin translucent liquid—is present con- stantly. The heart is divided by a shallow fissure into a right and left side; each of these is again subdivided by a transverse partition into two compartments, which communicate. Thus there are four cardiac cavi- ties, the superior or upper ones called the auricles, the inferior or Jower ones the ventricles. These divisions are marked on the outside by grooves, which contain the cardiac blood-vessels, and are generally filled with fat. The right side of the heart may be called the venous, the left the ar- terial side, named from the kind of blood which passes through them. The auricles are thin-walled cavities placed at the base, and are con- nected with the great veins, the vena cave and pulmonary veins, through which they receive blood from all parts of the body. The auricles com- municate with the ventricles each by a large aperture, the auriculo- ventricular orifice, which is furnished with a remarkable mechanism of 219 220 valves, allowing the transmission of blood from the auricles into the ventricles, but preventing a reverse course. The ventricles are thick- walled cavities, forming the more massive portion of the heart towards the apex. They are separated by a partition, and are connected with the great arteries, the pulmonary artery and the aorta, by which they send biood to all parts of the body. At the mouth of the aorta and at the mouth of the pulmonary artery is an arrangement of valves in each case which prevents the reflux of blood into the ventricles. The auri- culo-ventricular valves in the left side are composed of two flaps, hence itis called the bicuspid valve. In the right side this valve has three flaps, and is called the tricuspid valve. The flaps which form these valves are connected with a tendinous ring between the auricles and ventricles ; and each flap of the auriculo-ventricular valves is supplied with tendinous cords, which are attached to the free margin and under surface, so as to keep the valves tense when closed; a condition which is produced by the shortening of muscular pillars with which the cords are connected. The arterial openings, both on the right and on the left side,are provided with three-flapped semi-lunar shaped valves, to prevent the regurgitation of blood when the ventricles con- tract. The veins emptying into the auricles are not capable of closure, but the posterior vena cava has an imperfect valve at its aperture. The inner surface of the heart is lined by a serous membrane, the endocardium, which is smooth and firmly adherent to the muscular structure of the heart. This membrane is continuous with the lining membrane of the blood vessels, and it enters into the formation of the valves. The circulation through the heart is as follows: The venous blood is carried into the right auricle by the anterior and posterior ven cave. It then passes through the right auriculo-ventricular opening into the right ventricle, thence through the pulmonary artery to the lungs. It returns by the pulmonary veins to the left auricle, then is forced through the auriculo-ventricular opening into the left ventricle, which propels it through the aorta and its branches into the system, the veins returning it again to the heart. The circulation, therefore, is double, the pulmon- ary or lesser being performed by the right, and the systemic or greater by the left side. As the blood is forced through the heart by forcible contractions of its muscular walls it has the action of a force pump, and gives the im- pulse at each beat, which we call the pulse—the dilatation of the arteries throughout the system. The contraction of the auricles is quickly fol- lowed by that of the ventricles, and then a slight pause occurs; this takes place in regular rythmical order during health. The action of the heart is governed and maintained by the pneumo-gas- tric nerve (tenth pair of cranial nerves); it is the inhibitory nerve of the heart, and regulates, slows, and governs its action. When the nerve is cut the heart-beats increase rapidly, and in fact the organ works without 221 control. When the nerve is unduly irritated the hold-back or inhibitory force is. increased, and the heart slows up in the same measure. The left cavities of the heart, the pulmonary veins, and the aorta or systemic artery, contain red or florid blood, fit to circulate through the body. The right cavities of the heart, with the venz cave or systemic veins and pulmonary artery, contain dark blood, which must be transmitted through the lungs for renovation. The arteries, commencing in two great trunks, the aorta and the pul. monary artery, undergo division as in the branching of a tree. Their branches mostly come off at acute angles, and are commonly of uni- form diameter in each case, but successively diminish after and in con- sequence of division, and in this manner gradually merge into the capillary system of blood-vessels. As a general rule, the combined area of the branches is greater than that of the vessels from which they emanate, and hence the collective capacity of the arterial system is greatest at the capillary vessels. The same rule applies to the veins. The effect of the division of the arteries is to make the blood move more slowly along their branches to the capillary vessels, and the effect of the union of the branches of the veins is to accelerate the speed of the blood as it returns from the capillary vessels to the venous trunks. In the smaller vessels a frequent running together or anastomosis oc- curs. This admits of a free communication between the currents of blood, and must tend to promote equability of distribution and of press- ure, and to obviate the effects of local interruption. The arteries are highly elastic, being extensile and retractile both in length and breadth. During life they are also contractile, being provided with muscular tis- sue. When cut across they present, although empty, an open orifice; the veins, on the other hand, collapse. In most parts of the body the arteries are inclosed in a sheath formed of connective tissue, but are connected so loosely that when the vessel is cut across its ends readily retract some distance within the sheath. Independently of this sheath arteries are usually described as being formed of three coats, named, from their relative positions, external, middle, and internal. This applies to their structure so far as it is discernable by the naked eye. The internal, serous or tunica intima is the thinnest, and coutinuous with the lining membrane of the heart. It is made up of two layers, an inner, consisting of a layer of epithelial scales, and an outer, transparent, whitish, highly elastic, and perforated. The middle coat, tunica media, is elastic, dense, and of a yellow color, consisting of non-striated muscular and elastic fibers, thickest in the largest arteries and becoming thinner in the smaller. In the smallest vessels it is almost entirely muscular. The external coat, tunica ad- ventitia, is composed mainly of fine and closely-woven bundles of white connective tissue, which chiefly run diagonally or obliquely round the vessel. In this coat the nutrient vessels, the vasa vasorum, form a cap- illary net-work, from which a few penetrate as far as the muscular coat. 222 The veins differ from arteries in possessing thinner walls, less elastic and muscular tissue, aud for the most part a stronger tunica adventitia. They collapse when cut across or when they are empty. The majority of veins are provided with valves; these are folds of the lining mem- brane, strengthened by fibrous tissue. They favor the course of the blood and prevent its reflux. The nerves ‘which supply both the ar- teries and the veins come from the sympathetic system. The smaller arteries terminate in the system of minute vessels, known as the eap- illaries, which are interposed between the termination of the arteries and the commencement of the veins. Their average diameter is about oue three-thousandth of an inch. SOUNDS OF THE HEART. By placing the ear behind the elbow against the left side of the chest two distinct sounds can be heard at each heart-beat in health. The first is rather muffled and prolonged, the second is short and sudden. The first is caused by the contraction of the ventricles, the closing of the auriculo-ventricular valves, and the forcible propulsion of the blood into the arteries; the second follows immediately, aud is due to the reflux of the blood just forced into the arteries, and the sudden closure of the valves which prevent its return to the heart. In disease of the heart or valves these sounds are generally modified, or supplanted by others, which vary so much in character and are so difficult to describe that we can not consider them here; long and extensive experience is required to distinguish them practically. CHARACTERS OF THE PULSE. The circulation of the blood through the heart is constant, and is maintained by the propelling activity of this organ. In the horse the heart beats from thirty-six to forty-six times a minute, varying with the disposition, breed, and temperament of the animal. In the foal the pulse is about three times as rapid as in the adult, from six months to a year about twice as quick, and in the two-year-old about one-quarter faster. The pulse is usually taken at the angle of the jaw, where the artery crosses the bone, and its force or character is often indicative of the nature of the disease from which an animal may besuffering. The pulse, therefore, is named in accordance with its character as slow, soft, small, full, weak, quick, hard, irregular, intermittent, venous, etc. Slow pulse is one where the number of beats are less than normal, and is often found in certain diseases of the brain. Soft or compressible pulse is one where the beat is rather weak, but not abnormally rapid. It is often found in debility due to want of assimi- lation or proper nourishment. When accompanied with fever or loss of appetite if is usually indicative of derangement of the digestive orgaus, 223 Small pulse is one where the sensation conveyed to the finger is one of lessened diameter of the artery; it may be normal in frequency or slightly increased. Generally due to exhaustion from work or disease. Full or strong pulse is one which imparts a bounding sensation as if from over-distention of the artery at each heart-beat. It is usually increased in frequency. This character may be felt immediately suc- ceeding fast work, or in very plethoric horses when slightly excited. Often it may indicate a general systemic disturbance or disease of the lungs. Weak or feeble pulse is one which is hardly perceptible. This may indicate organic disease of the heart, or denote general weakness from loss of blood, prolonged sickness, starvation, etc. Quick or frequent pulse is one where the heart-beats are more rapid than normal, without any special change in its character. It is found in the early stage of nearly all inflammatory diseases. Hard or wiry pulse is one‘which is tense, incompressible, or vibrating, and is always increased in frequency. It usually denotes acute disease of serous membranes, such as pleuritis, peritonitis, meningitis, ete. Irregular pulse is one in which several pulsations followin quick suc- cession and then a pause ensues. This may indicate disease of the heart, or of the nervous system, sometimes observed in lingering, ex- hausting diseases. Intermittent pulse is one where a beat is lost at regular intervals. This is almost invariably an indication of disease of the heart. Venous pulse may be seen along the side of the neck in the jugular furrow, and has the appearance of blood regurgitating in the vein at each beat of the heart. It usually denotes disease of the heart, or an obstruction to the flow of blood within the chest, from the pressure of a tumor, dropsy, ete. DISEASES OF THE HEART AND BLOOD-VESSELS. In considering diseases of the heart we meet with many difficulties, depending much upon the position which this organ occupies in the animal. The shoulders cover so much of the anterior portion of the chest, and often in very heavy muscled horses the chest walls are so thick, that a satisfactory examination of the heart cannot be made. Diseases of the heart are not uncommon amozrg horses; the heartand its membranes are frequently involved in diseases of the respiratory organs, diseases of the kidneys, rheumatism, influenza, etc. Some of the dis- eases of this organ are never suspected by the ordinary observer during life, and are so difficult to diagnose with any degree of certainty that we will have to confine ourselves to a general outline, giving at- tention to such symptoms as may serve to lead to a knowledge of their existence, with directions for treatment, care, etc. Nervous affections often produce prominent heart symptoms by caus- ing functional disturbance of that organ, which, if removed, will leave 224 the heart restored to perfect vigor and normalaction. Organic changes involving the heart or valves, however, usually grow worse and event- ually prove fatal. Therefore it is necessary that we arrive at an appre- ciation of the true nature and causes, sothat we may be able to form a true estimate of the possibilities for recovery or encouragement for medical treatment. Disease of the heart may occur at any age, but it is witnessed most frequently in young horses, which, when being trained for fast work, are often subjected to excessive hardship and fatigue. Nervous or timid animals also suffer from such diseases more frequently than those of a sluggish disposition. Any cause which induces a violent or sudden change in the circulation may result in injury to the heart. Symptoms which may frequently denote disease of the heart are difficult breath- ing or short-windedness, dropsies of the limbs, habitual coldness of the extremities, giddiness or fainting attacks, inability to stand work al- though the general appearance would indicate strength and ability, ete. INFLAMMATORY DISEASES OF THE HEART. This will embrace myocarditis, endocarditis, and pericarditis. MYOCARDITIS—INEFLAMMATION OF THE MUSCULAR STRUCTURE OF THE HEART, This is of rare occurrence without implication of the endocardium or pericardium. Thatinflammation of the muscular wallsof the heart may frequently exist to some slight degree, induced by excessive action, can not be doubted. Post-mortem examinations occasionally reveal abscess and degeneration within the walls of this organ, which were not sus- pected during life. Myocarditis primarily involves the interstitial mus- cular tissue and the blood vessels, and presents itself in a sub-acute or chronic type, which often leads to induration or hypertrophy, occasion- ally to the formation of pus and abscess. It may alsolead toa dilata- tion of the heart and rupture. Causes.—Over-exertion or heart strain, influenza, rheumatism, py@- mia, extension of endocarditis or pericarditis, etc. Myocarditis usually involves the endocardial membrane very early in the attack, and devel- ops all the symptoms of endocarditis. Hence we will consider, as most distinctive of inflammation of the heart, endocarditis. ENDOCARDITIS—INFLAMMATION OF TILE LINING MEMBRANE OF THE HEART, USUALLY INVOLVING THE MUSCULAR STRUCTURE. It is frequently found in general rheumatism, involving the serous membrane, some of the specific or zymotic fevers, septic poisoning, ete. Endocarditis is a much more frequent disease among horses than we are generally aware, and often gives rise to symptoms which, at first, are obscure and unnoticed. I have witnessed two enzodties of influenza in which 20 per cent. of the animals attacked developed symptoms of 229 either endocarditis or pericarditis. A certain number of these cases subsequently developed the condition known as heaves, or gradually failed in strength, with recurrence of attacks of heart failure upon the slightest exertion, rendering many of them valueless. In the rheumatic type of influenza we may often find the heart becoming involved in the disease, in consequence of the morbid material conveyed through the heart in the blood-stream. In view of the fact that many affections, in even remote portions of the body, may be traced directly to a primary endocardial disease, we shall feel justified in inviting special attention to this disease. Endocarditis may be acute or assume various degrees of severity: {n acute inflammation we find a thickening and a roughened appear- ance of the endocardium throughout the cavities of the heart. This condition is soon followed by a coagulation of fibrine upon the inflamed surface, which adheres to it, and by attrition soon becomes worked up into shreddy-like granular elevations ; this may lead to the formation of fibrinous clots in the heart and sudden death early in the disease, the second or third day. This acute type of the disease, however, does not always affect the whole interior of the heart, but is often confined to one ventricle or may be in patches; it may extend through the ventri- cle into the aorta or the pulmonary vein; it may affect the valves prin- cipally, which are composed of but little else than the endocardium folded upon itself. In acute endocarditis we invariably will find myocarditis develop corresponding to the same space, which in intensity may produce seri- ous results through the destruction of functional ability or lead to weakness, abscess, or rupture. Immediately upon ‘the swelling of this membrane we will find an abnormal action and abnormal sounds of the heart. Subacute endocarditis, which is the most common form we meet, may not become appreciable for several days after its commencement. It is characterized by being confined to one or more anatomical divisions of the heart, and all the successive morbid changes follow each other in a comparatively slow process. Often we would not be led to suspect heart affection were it not for the distress in breathing, which it gen- erally occasions when the animal is exercised, especially if the valves are much involved. When the disease extends into the arteries, atherom- atous deposits usually develop; when the inflammation is severe at the origin of the tendinous cords they may become softened and ruptured. When much fibrinous coagula or cellular vegetations form upon the inflamed membrane, either in minute shreds or patches, or when forma- tion of fibrinous clots occurs in the cavity affected, some of these mate- rials may be carried from the cavity of the heart by the blood-current into remote organs, constituting emboli that are liable to suddenly plug vessels and thereby interruptimportant functions. Inthe great major- ity of either acute or subacute grades of endocarditis, whatever the 11035 15 226 exciting cause, the most alarming symptoms disappear in a week or ten days, often leaving, however, such changes in the interior lining or valvular structures as to cause impairment in the circulation for a much longer period of time. These changes usually consist of thickening or induration of the inflamed structures. But while the effects of the inflammation in the membrane lining the walls of the ventricles may subside to such a degree as to cause little or no inconvenience, or even wholly disappear, yet after the valvular structures have been involved, causing them to be thicker, less flexible than normal, they usually - remain, obstructing the free passage of the blood through the openings of the heart, thereby inducing secondary changes which take place slowly at first, but ultimately seriously impair the animal’s usefulness. What was but a slight obstruction to the circulation during the first few weeks after the subsidence of the cardiac inflammatory attack becomes in process of time so much increased as to induce increased growtk in the muscular structure of the heart, constituting hypertrophy of the walls of the ventricles, more particularly of the left, with corre- sponding fullness of the left auricle and pulmonary veins, thereby pro- ducing fullness of the capillaries in the lungs, pressure upon the air cells, difficult or asthmatic breathing—greatly increased in attempts to work—until in a few months many of these cases become entirely dis- abled for work. Sometimes, too, dropsical effusions in the limbs or into the cavities of the body result from the irregular and deficient circula- tion. Derangement of the urinary secretion, with passive congestion of the kidneys, may also appear. Endocardial inflammation is seldom fatal in its early stages, but in many cases the recovery is incomplete, for a large proportion are left with some permanent thickening of the valves, which constitute the be- ginning of valvular disease. Symptoms.—As already stated, myocarditis is seldom recoguized until pericarditis or endocarditis supervenes. Staggering gait with painful movement of the fore-limbs,a constant irregularity of the heart’s action, but equality of strength regardless of the rapidity of the heart-beats, constitute perhaps the most prominent symptoms which characterize myocarditis. When the disease is associated with rheumatism, influ- enza, or other zymotic diseases, these symptoms may not be sufficiently well defined to attract the attention they deserve, and medical treat- ment prescribed for the mitigation of such disease often serves to ag- gravate the cardiac affection. In chronic myocarditis we generally find a persistent palpitation with irregularity of beat, which, upon ex- ercise, becomes greatly intensified. Change in the sounds of the heart do not occur unless pericarditis, endocarditis, or disease of the valves are associated with myocarditis. When it leads to hypertrophy we may find an abnormally increased area of dullness on percussion. In endo- carditis, when the attack is sudden and severe, we may find many of the symptoms which characterize pericarditis and pleuritis, but a close ex- amination will reveal notable differences. 227 Endocarditis may be ushered in by a chill, with sudden and marked rise in temperature. The pulse rapidly decreases in strength or may become irregular, while the heart beats more or less tumultuously. In the early stages soft blowing sounds may be heard by placing the ear over the heart on the left side, which correspond in number and rhythm to the heart’s action. Hxcessive pain, though not so great as in acute pleuritis, is manifested when the animal is compelled to trot; very often difficulty in breathing—shortness of breath—on the slightest exertion develops early in the attack. When the valves are involved in the in- flammatory process the visible mucous membranes become either very pale or very dark colored, and fainting may occur when the head is suddenly elevated. When the valves of the right side are affected we may havea regurgitant pulsation in the jugular vein. In some cases we find marked lameness of the left shoulder, and when the animal is turned short to the left side he may groan with pain, and the heart’s action become violently excited, although pressure against the chest- wall will not produce pain unless roughly applied. The animal is not disposed to eat or drink much; the surface of the body and legs are cold—rarely excessively hot—and frequently the body of the animal is -in a subdued tremor. In nearly all cases there is partial suppression of the urinary secretion. The symptoms may continue with very little modification for three or four days, sometimes seven days, without any marked changes. If fibrinous clots form in the heart the change will be sudden and quickly prove fatal unless they become loosened and are carried away in the circulation; then apoplexy may result from the plugging of arteries too small to give further transmission. If the ani- mal manifests symptoms of improvement, the changes usually are slow and steady until he feels apparently as well as ever, eats well, and moves freely in his stall or yard. When he is taken out, however, the seeming strength often proves deceptive, as he may quickly weaken if urged into a fast gait, the breathing become quickened with a double flank movement as in heaves, and ali the former symptoms reappear in a modified degree. An examination at this stage may reveal valvular insufficiency, cardiac hypertrophy, or pulmonary engorgement. In fatal cases of endocarditis death often occurs about the fourth day, from the formation of heart clot or too great embarrassment of the circulation. Endocarditis may be suspected in all cases where plain symptoms of cardiac affection are manifested in animals affected with influenza, rheumatism, or any disease in which the blood may convey septic matter. Acute endocardial inflammation may be distinguished from pleuritis by the absence of any friction murmer, absence of pain when the chest wall is percussed, and the absence of effusion in the cavity of the chest. It may be distinguished from pericarditis by the absence of the friction sounds and want of an enlarged area of dullness on percussion. Treatment.—The treatment will be similar in both myocarditis and 228 endocarditis. The objects to be attained will be to remove or mitigate as much as possible the cause inducing the disease; to find a medicine which will lessen the irritability of the heart without weakening it; and last, to maintain a free uripary secretion and prevent exudation and hypertrophy. So long as there is an increase of temperature, with some degree of scantiness of the urine, it may be safe to believe that there is some degree of inflammatory action existing in the cardiac structures, and, as long as any evidence of inflammatory action remains, however moderate in degree, there is a tendency to increase or hyper- trophy of the connective tissue of the heart or valves, thereby render- ing it almost certain that the structural changes will become permanent unless counteracted by persistent treatment and complete rest. The tincture of digitalis, in 20-drop doses, repeated every hour, is perhaps the most reliable agent we know to control the irritability of the heart, and this also has a decided influence upon the uri- nary secretion. After the desired impression upon the heart is ob- tained the dose may be repeated every two or three hours, or as the case may demand. Fluid extract of convallaria majalis, in 2-dram doses, will quiet the tumultuous action of the heart in some cases where the digitalis fails. Some veterinarians recommend bleeding, others cold packs around the chest or over the heart. The former is decidedly objectionable, because of its tendency to favor fibrinous exudation and clot formation; the latter is too risky a proceeding in the majority of cases to warrant its use, for we find this disease in wet and damp sta- bles in the most aggravated and fatal forms. Blistering and stimulat- ing applications to the chest should also be avoided. They serve to irritate the animal and can do no possible good. Chlorate of potassa, in 2-dram doses, may be given in the drinking water every four hours for the first five or six days, and then be superceded by the nitrate of potassa, in half-ounce doses, for the following week, or until the urinary secretion becomes abnormally profuse. Where the disease is associated with rheumatism 2-dram doses of salicylate of soda may be substituted for the chlorate of potassa. To guard against chronic induration of the valves the iodide of potassa, in one to 2-dram doses, should be given early in the disease, and may be repeated two or three times a day for several weeks. When chronic effects remain after the acute stage has passed this drug becomes indispensable. When dropsy of the limbs develops, it is due to weakened circulation or functional impairment of the kidneys. When there is much weak- ness in the action of the heart, or general debility is marked, the iodide of iron, in 1 dram doses, combined with hydrastis, 3 drams, may be given three timesaday. Arsenic, in 5-grain doses twice a day, will give excellent results in some cases of weak heart associated with difficult breathing. In all cases absolute rest and warm stabling, with comfort- able clothing, becomes necessary, and freedom from work should be allowed for a long time after all symptoms have disappeared. 229 ABSCESS IN THE HEART. This is a result of myocarditis, or it may arise from localized pyzemic infection or embolism of a coronary vessel, causing disintegration and death of a part. Such abscess may be single and large, or multiple and small. They may weaken the heart sufficiently to cause rupture of its walls, or may embarrass the circulation by pressure upon the orifices or cavities sufficient to produce death. Abscess of the heart cannot be diagnosed with any degree of cer- tainty. PERICARDITIS—INFLAMMATION OF THE SAC INCLOSING THE HEART. Causes.—Pericarditis may be induced by cold and damp stabling, exposure and fatigue, from wounds caused by broken ribs, ete. Gen- erally, however, it is associated with an attack of influenza, rheuma- tism, pleuritis, ete. Symptoms.—Usually the disease manifests itself abruptly by a brief stage of chills coincident with pain in moving, a short painful cough, rapid and short breathing, and high temperature, with a rapid and hard pulse. The fever is highest, with corresponding pulse, in the evening and lowest in the morning. In the early stages of the disease the pulse is regular in beat; later, when there is much exudation pres- ent in the pericardial sac, the heart-beat becomes muffled, and may be of a doubled or rebounding character. By placing the ear against the left side of the chest behind the elbow a rasping sound may be heard, corresponding to the frequency of the heart-beat. This is known as the to-and-fro friction sound. Between the second and fourth days this sound may disappear, due to a distention of the pericardium by an exu- date or serious effusion. As soon as this effusion partly fills the peri- cardium, percussion will reveal an abnormally increased area of dull- ness over the region of the heart, the heartbeats become less perceptible than in health, and in some cases a splashing or flapping sound may become audible. If the effusion becomes absorbed, the to-and-fro friction sound usually recurs for a short time; this friction may often be felt by applying the hand to the sideof the chest. In a few cases clonic spasms of the mus- cles of the neck may be present. In acute pericarditis, when the effu- sion is rapid and excessive, the animal may die in a few days, or recovery may begin equally as early. In subacute or in chronic cases the effu- sion may slowly become augmented until the pressure upon the lungs and interference with the circulation becomes so great that death will result. Whether the attack is acute, subacute, or chronic, the charac- teristic symptoms which will guide us to a correct diagnosis are the to-and-fro friction sound, which is always synchronous with the heart’s action, the high temperature with hard, irritable pulse, and in cases of pericardial effusion the increased area of dullness over the cardiac 230 region. When the disease is associated with influenza or rheumatism some of the symptoms may be obscure, but a careful examination will reveal sufficient upon which to base a diagnosis. When pericarditis develops as a result of or in connection with pleuritis, the distinction may not be very clearly definable, neither will many recover. When it results from a wound or broken rib it almost invariably proves fatal.. Pathology.—Pericarditis may at all times be regarded as a very seri- ous affection. At first we will find an intense injection or accumula- tion of blood in the vessels of the pericardium, giving it a red and swollen appearance, during which we have the friction sound. In twenty-four or forty-eight hours this engorgement is followed by an exudation of sero-fibrinous fluid, the fibrinous portion of which may soon form a coat- ing over the internal surface of the pericardial sac, and may ultimately form a union of the opposing surfaces. Generally this adhesion will only be found to occupy a portion of the surfaces. As the serous or watery portion of this effusion is absorbed, the distinctness of the fric- tion sound recurs, and may remain peceptible in varied degree for a long time. When the serous effusion is very great, the pressure exerted upon the heart weakens its action, and may produce death soon; when it is not so great, it may cause dropsies of other portions of the body. When the adhesions of the pericardial sac to the body of the heart are extensive, they generally lead to increased growth or hypertrophy of the heart, with or without dilatation of its cavities; when they are but slight, they may not cause any inconvenience. Treatment.—In acute or subacute pericarditis the tincture of digitalis and tincture of aconite root may be mixed, taking equal quantities, and give 20 to 30 drop doses every hour until the pulse and temperature become reduced. Bandages should be applied to the legs; if they are very cold, tincture of capsicum should be first applied; the body should be warmly clothed in blankets, to promote perspiration. When the suffering from pain is very severe, 2 ounces of tincture of opium may be given once or twice a day; nitrate of potassa, half an ounce, in drinking water, every six hours; after the third day, iodide of potassa, in 2-dram doses, may be substituted. Hot packs to thechest in the early stages of the disease may give marked relief, or smart blisters may be applied to the sides of the chest with benefit. If the disease becomes chronic, iodide of iron and gentian to support the strength will be indicated, but the iodide of potassa, in one or 2-dram doses, two or three times a day, must not be abandoned so long as there is an evidence of effusion or plastic exudate accumulating in the pericardial sac. Where the effusion is great and threatens the life of the patient, tapping, by an expert veterinarian, may save the animal. VALVULAR DISEASE OF THE HEART. Acute valvular disease can not be distinguished from endocarditis, and chronic valvular affections are generally the result of endocardial inflammation. The valves of the left side are the most suhject—the 231 bicuspid or mitral, and the aortic or semilunar. It may consist of mere inflammation and swelling, or the edges of the valves may become agglutinated by the organization of the exudation, thus narrowing the passage. Valvular obstruction and adhesions may occur, or the tendi- nous cords may be lengthened or shortened, thus obstructing the orifices and permitting the regurgitation of blood. In protracted cases the fibrous tissue of the valves may be transformed into fibro-cartilage or bone, or there may be deposits of salts of lime beneath the serous mem- brane, which may terminate in ulceration, rupture, or fissures. Some- times the valves become covered by fibrinous, fleshy, or cartilaginous vegetations or excrescences. In cases of considerable dilatation of the heart there may be atrophy and shrinking of the valves. Symptoms.—Valvular disease may be indicated by a venous pulse, jerking pulse, intermittent pulse, irregular pulse; palpitation; constant abnormal fullness of the jugular veins; difficulty of breathing when the animal becomes excited, or is urged out of a walk or into a fast trot; attacks of vertigo; congestion of the brain; dropsical swelling of the limbs. A blowing, cooing, or bubbling murmur may sometimes be heard by placing the ear over the heart on the left side of the chest. Hypertrophy, or dilatation, or both, usually follows valvular disease. Treatment.—W hen the pulse is irregular, or irritable, tonics, such as preparations of iron, gentian, and ginger may be given. When the action of the heart is jerking or violent, 20 to 30 drop doses of tincture of digitalis or of veratrum viride may be given until these symptoms abate. As the disease nearly always is the result of endocarditis, the iodide of potassa and general tonics, sometimes stimulants, when gen- eral debility supervenes, may be of temporary benefit. Very few ani- mals recover, or remain useful for any length of time, after once marked organic changes have taken place in the valvular structure of the heart. ADVENTITIOUS GROWTHS IN THE HEART. Fibrous, cartilaginous, and bony formations have been observed in some rare instances, in the muscular tissue. Isolated calcareous masses have sometimes been imbedded in the cardiac walls. Fibrinous coagula and polypous concretions may be found in the cavities of the heart. The former consist of coagulated fibrin, separated from the mass of blood, of a whitish or yellowish white color, translucent, of a jelly-like consistence, and having anucleus in the center. They may slightly adhere to the sur- face of the cavity, from which they can easily be separated without altering the structure of the endocardium. They probably result from an excess of coagulability of fibrin, which is produced by an organiza- tion of the lymph during exudation. They are usually found in the right auricle and ventricle. Polypous concretions are firmer than the preceding, more opaque, of a fibrous texture, and may be composed of successive layers. In some instances they are exceedingly minute, while in others they almost fill 232 one or more of the cavities. Their color is usually white, but ocea- sionally red from the presence of blood. They firmly adhere to the en- docardium, and when detached from it give it a torn appearance. Occa- sionally, a vascular communication seems to exist between them and the substance of the heart. They may be the result of fibrinous exudation from inflammation of the inner surface of the heart, or the coagulation of a portion of the blood which afterwards contracts adhesion with the heart. These concretions prove a source of great inconvenience, and often danger, no matter how formed. They cause a diminution in the cavity in which they are found, thus narrowing the orifice through which the blood passes, or preventing a proper coaptation of the valves, which may produce most serious valvular disease. Symptoms.—These are frequently uncertain ; they may, however, be suspected when the action of the heart suddenly becomes embarrassed with irregular and confused pulsations, great difficulty of breathing, and the usual signs dependent upon the imperfect arterialization of the blood. Treatment.—Stimulants, whisky, or carbonate of ammonia, may be of service. FUNCTIONAL AND ORGANIC DISEASES OF THE HEART, The distinction between functional and organic diseases of the heart is not easily made. We may accept as a guide that the character of organic diseases of the heart is to progress, and that of functional to occur at regular intervals. Active exercise almost invariably aggra- vates organic, but seldom increases the symptoms of functional disease, and that the physical signs generally are soon developed, and remain permanent in organic, while they seldom exist in functional. PALPITATION OF THE HEART. This is a tumultuous and usually irregular beating of the heart. It may be due to a variety of causes, both functional and organic. We will, however, exclude the organic causes which lead to irregular action, and give it a more simple specification. It may occur as a result of indigestion, fright, increased nervousness, sudden excitement, exces- Sive speeding, etc. (See “‘ Thumps.”) Symptoms.—The heart may act with such violence that each beat may jar the whole body of the animal, very commonly it may be heard at a short distance away from the animal, It can, usually, be traced very readily to the exciting cause, which we may be able to avoid or over- come in the future and thereby obviate subsequent attacks. Rest, a mild stimulant, or a dose or two of tincture of digitalis or opium, will generally give prompt relief. When it is due to organic impairment of the heart it must be regarded as a symptom, not as a matter for pri- mary specific treatment, 233 SYNCOPE—FAINTING. Actual fainting rarely occurs among horses. It may, however, be induced by a rapid and great loss of blood, pain of great intensity, a mechanical interference with the circulation of the brain, ete. Symptoms.—Syncope is characterized by a decrease or temporary sus- pension of the action of the heart and respiration, with partial or total loss of consciousness. It generally occurs suddenly, though there may be premonitory symptoms, as giddiness or vertigo, dilated pupil, stag- gering, blanching of the visible mucous membranes, a rapidly sinking pulse, and dropping to the ground. The pulse is feeble or ceases to beat; the surface of the body turns cold; breathing is scarcely to be perceived, and the animal may be entirely unconscious. This state is uncertain in duration ; generally it lasts only a few mmutes; the circu- lation becomes restored, breathing becomes more distinct, and con- sciousness and muscular strength return. In cases attended with much hemorrhage or organic disease of the heart, the fainting fit may be fatal, otherwise it will prove but a transient occurrence. In paralysis of the heart the symptoms may be exactly similar to syncope. Syncope may be distinguished from apoplexy by the absence of stertorous breathing, and lividity of the visible mucous membranes. Treatment.—Dash cold water on the head; administer a stimulant, 4 ounces of whisky or half an ounce of carbonate of ammonia. Prevent the animal from getting up too soon, or the attack may immediately recur. Afterwards, if the attack was due to weakness from loss of blood, impoverished blood, or associated with debility, general tonics, rest, and nourishing food are indicated. HYPERTROPHY OF THE HEART—CARDIAC ENLARGEMENT. Hypertrophy of the heart implies augmentation of bulk in its musecu- lar substance, with or without dilatation or contraction of its cavities. It may exist with or without other cardiac affections. In valvular disease or valvular insufficiency hypertrophy frequently results as a consequence of increased demand for propelling power. The difficul- ties with which it is most frequently connected are dilatation and ossi- fication of the valves, It may also occur in connection with atrophied kidneys, weak heart, etc. It may be caused by an increased determi- nation of blood to the organ, or from a latent form of myocarditis, and it may arise from a long-continued increase of action dependent upon nervous disease. All the cavities of the heart may have their walls hy- pertrophied or the thickening may involve one or more. While the wall of a ventricle is thickened its cavity may retain its normal size—simple hypertrophy—or be dilated—eccentwic hypertrophy—or it may be con- tracted—concentric hypertrophy. Uypertrophy of both ventricles in- -creases the length and breadth of the heart. Hypertrophy of the left ventricle alone increases its length, of the right ventricle alone in- 234 creases its breadth toward the right side. Hypertrophy. with dilatation may affect the chambers of the heart conjointly or separately. This form is by far the most frequent variety of cardiacenlargement. When the entire heart is affected it assumes a globular appearance, the apex being almost obliterated, and situated transversely in the chest. The bulk may become three or four times greater than the average size of heart. Symptoms.—In hypertrophy of the heart, in addition to the usual symptoms manifested in organic diseases of the heart, there is a power- ful and heaving impulse at each beat, which may be felt on the left side, often also on the right. These pulsations are regular, and when full and strong at the jaw there is a tendency to active congestion of the capillary vessels, which frequently gives rise to local inflammation, active hemorrhage, etc. If the pulse is small and feeble at the jaw we may conclude that there is some obstacle to the escape of the blood from the left ventricle into the aorta, which has given rise to the hypertro- phy. In case of hypertrophy with dilatation, the impulse is not only powerful and heaving, but it is diffused over the whole region of the heart, and the normal sounds of the heart are greatly increased in in- tensity. Percussion reveals an enlarged area of dullness, while the im- pulse is usually much stronger than normal. Dropsy of the pericardium will give the same wide space of dullness, but the impulse and sound are lessened. An animal with a moderate degree of enlargement may possibly live a number of years and be capable of ordinary work; it depends largely upon concomitant disease. As arule, an animal affected with hypertrophy of the heart will soon be incapacitated for work, and become useless and incurable. Treatment.—If the cause can be discovered and is removable it should be done. The iodide of potassa, in cases of valvular thickening, may be of some benefit if continued for a sufficient length of time; it may be given in 2-dram doses, twice a day, fora month or more. Hydrocyanic acid, in 30-drop doses twice a day, may relieve abnormal muscular ir- ritability. General tonics, freedom from excitement or fatigue, avoid- ance of bulky food, good ventilation, etc., are indicated. DILATATION OF THE HEART. This is an enlargement of the cavities of the heart, and may be con- fined to one or extend to all. Two forms of dilatation may be men- tioned—simple dilatation, where there is normal thickness of the walls, and passive or attenuated dilatation, where the walls are simply distended or stretched out without any addition of substance. Causes.—Any cause producing constant and excessive exertion of the heart may lead to dilatation. Valvular disease is the most frequent cause. General anemia predisposes to it by producing relaxation of muscular fiber. Changes in the muscular tissue of the heart-walls, serous infiltration from pericarditis, myocarditis, fatty degeneration 235 and infiltration, atrophy of the muscular fibers, may all lead to dilata- tion. Symptoms.—The movements of the heart are feeble and prolonged, a disposition to staggering or vertigo, dropsy of the limbs, very pale or very dark-colored membranes, and difficult breathing on the slightest excitement. Treatment.—General tonics, rich food, and rest. FATTY DEGENERATION OF THE HEART. Fatty degeneration may involve the whole organ, or may be limited to its walls, or even to circumscribed patches. The latter is situated at theexterior, and givesit amottledappearance. When generally involved it is flabby or flaccid, and in extreme cases collapses when emptied or cut. Upon dissection the interior of the ventricles is observed to be covered with buff-colored spots of a singular zigzag form. This ap- pearance may be noticed beneath the pericardium, and pervading the whole thickness of the ventricular walls, and in extreme cases those of the fleshy columns in the interior of the heart. These spots are found to be degenerated muscular fibers and colonies of oil-globules. Fatty degeneration is often associated with other morbid conditions of the heart, as obesity, dilatation, rupture, aneurism, etc. It may be con- nected with fatty diseases of other organs, as the liver, kidneys, ete. When it exists alone its presence is seldom suspected previous to death. It may be secondary to hypertrophy of the heart, to myocarditis, or to pericarditis. It may be due to deteriorated conditions of the blood in wasting diseases, excessive hemorrhages, ete., or to poisoning with ar- senic and phosphorus. Symptoms.—The most prominent symptoms of fatty degeneration are a feeble action of the heart, a remarkably slow pulse, general debility, and attacks of vertigo. It may exist for a long time, but is apt to sud- denly terminate in death upon the occurrence of other diseases, surgical -operations,ete. It may involve a liability to sudden death from rupture of the ventricular walls. Treatment.—Confinement in feed to oats, wheat or rye bran, and timothy hay. Twenty drops of sulphuric acid may be given in drink- ing-water three times a day, and hypophosphite of iron in 2-dram doses, mixed with the feed twice a day. Other tonics and stimulants as they may be indicated. ‘ ATROPHY OF THE HEART—WASTING. A diminution of muscular substance of the heart and consequent de- crease in bulk and weight. It is generally due to imperfect nutrition from occlusion of the blood-vessels which supply it. Symptoms.—The heart beat is weak and hardly perceptible ; the area of dullness over the region of the heart is lessened. Further than this 236 it furnishes no characteristic symptoms which distinguish it from some other diseases of this organ. Treatment is of no avail. RUPTURE OF THE HEART. This may occur as the result of some previous disease, as fatty de- generation, dilatation with weakness of the muscular walls, ete. It may be caused by external violence, a crushing fall, pressure of some great weight, etc. Usually, death follows a rupture very quickly, though an animal may live for some time when the rent is not very large. WEAKNESS OF THE HEART. This may arise from general debility, the result of exhausting disease, overwork or heart strain, or loss of blood. It is indicated by a small, feeble, but generally regular pulse, coldness of the body, ete. Treatment.—This should be directed to support and increase the strength of the animal, by tonics, rest, and nutritious food. Carbonate of ammonia may be given to stimulate the heart’s action and to pre- vent the formation of heart-clot. CONGESTION OF THE HEART. Congestion, or an accumulation of the blood in the cavities of the heart, may occur in consequence of fibrinous deposits interfering with the free movements of the valves, usually the product of endocarditis. Symptoms.—Great difficulty of breathing, paleness of the visible mu- cous membranes, great anxiety, frequently accompanied by a general tremor and cold perspiration, followed by death. It usually results in death very quickly. CYANOSIS. This is a condition sometimes found in foals immediately after birth, and is due to non-closure of the foramen ovale, which allows a mixtuer of the venous with the arterial blood in the left cavities of the heart. It is characterized by a dark purple or bluish color of the visible mucous membranes, shortness of breath, and general feebleness. Foals thus affected generally live only a few hours after birth. DISEASES OF ARTERIES—ARTERITIS AND ENDARTERITIS. Inflammation of arteries is rarely observed in the horse as a pri- mary affection. Direct injuries, such as blows, may produce a contu- sion and subsequent inflammation of the wall of an artery; severe muscular strain may involve an arterial trunk; hypertrophy of the heart, by increasing arterial tension, may result in the production of a general endarteritis. Septic infection may affect the inner coat and ultimately involve all three, or it may be the result of an inflammation in the vicinity of the vessels, ete. Inflammation of arteries, whatever 237 the cause may be, often leads to very serious results in the development of secondary changes in their walls. Arteritis may be acute, subacute, or chronic; when the inner coat alone is affected it is known as endar- teritis. Symptoms.—Arteritis is characterized by a painfulswelling along the inflamed vessel, throbbing pulse, coldness of the parts supplied by the inflamed vessel, sometimes the formation of gangrenous sloughs, sup- puration, abscess, ete. In an inflammation of the iliac arteries we find coldness and excessive lameness or paralysis of one or both hind limbs. Pathology.—In acute arteritis we find swelling along the vessel, loss of elasticity, friability, and thickening of the walls; a roughness and loss of gloss of the inner coat, with the formation of coagula or pus in the vessel. Subacute or chronic arteritis may affect only the the outer coat—periarteritis; both the outer and middle coat, or the inner coat alone—endarteritis ; and by weakening the respective coats leads to rup- ture, aneurism, or to degenerations, such as bony, calcareous, fatty, atheromatous, etc. It may also lead to sclerosis or increase of fibrous tissue, especially in the kidneys, when it may result in the condition known as arterio-capillary fibrosis. Chronic endarteritis is fruitful in the production of thrombus and atheroma. Arteritis may be limited to single trunks, or it may affect, more or less, all the arteries of the body. Arteries which are at the seat of chronic endarteritis are liable to suf. fer degenerative changes, consisting chiefly of fatty degeneration, cal- cification, or the breaking down of the degenerated tissue, and the formation of erosions or ulcer-like openings in the inner coat. These erosions are frequently called atheromatous ulcers, and fragments of tissue from these ulcers may be carried into the circulation, forming emboli. Fibrinous thrombi are apt to form upon the roughened sur- face of the inner coat, or upon the surface of the erosions. Fatty degeneration and calcification of the middle and outer coats may occur, and large, hard, calcareous plates project inward, upon which thrombi may form or may exist in connection with atheroma of the in- ner coat. When there is much thickening and increase of new tissue in the wall of the affected artery, it may encroacn upon the capacity of the vessel, and even lead to obliteration. This is often associated with interstitial inflammation of glandular organs. Treatment.—Carbonate of potassa in dram doses, to be given in four ounces liquor acetate of ammonia every six hours. Scalded bran sufti- cient to produce loosening of the bowels, and complete rest. Exter- nally, applications of hot water or hot hop infusion. ATHEROMA. Atheroma is a direct result of an existing chronic endarteritis, the lining membrane of the vessels being invariably involved to a greater or less degree. It is most frequently found in the arteries, although 238 the veins may develop an atheromatous condition when exposed to any source of prolonged irritation. Atheroma may affect arteries in any part of the body ; in some instances almost every vessel is diseased, in others only a few, or even parts of one vessel. It is a very common result of endocarditis extending into the aorta, which we find perhaps the most frequent seat of atheroma. As a result of this condition the affected vessel becomes impaired in its contractile power, loses its nat- ural strength, and in consequence of its inability to sustain its accus- tomed internal pressure, undergoes, in many cases, dilatation at the seat of disease, constituting aneurism. In an atheromatous vessel, caleare- ous deposits soon occur, which render it rigid, brittle, and subject to ulceration or rupture. In such vessels the contractility is destroyed, the middle coat atrophied and beyond repair. Atheroma in the vessels of the brain is a frequent cause of cerebral apoplexy. No symptoms are manifested by which we can recognize this condition during life. CONSTRICTION OF AN ARTERY. This is usually the result of arteritis, and may partly or wholly be impervious to the flow of blood. When this occurs in a large vessel it may be followed by gangrene of the parts; usually, however,.collateral circulation will be established to nourish the parts previously supplied by the obliterated vessel. In a few instances constriction of the aorta has produced death. ANEURISM. Aneurism is usually described as true and false. True aneurism is a dilatation of the coats of an artery over a larger or smaller part of its course. Such dilatations are usually due to chronic endarteritis and atheroma. False aneurism is formed after a puncture of an artery by a dilatation of the adhesive lymph by which the puncture was united. Symptoms.—If the aneurism is seated along the neck or a limb, it ap- pears as a tumor in the course of an artery, and pulsating withit. The tumor is round, soft, and compressible, and yields a peculiar fluctuation upon pressure. By applying the ear over it a peculiar purring or hiss- ing sound may sometimes be heard. Pulsation, synchronous with the action of the heart, is the diagnostic symptom. Itisof a slow, expan- sive, and heavy character, as if the whole tumor were enlarging under the hand. Aneurisms seated internally may occupy the cavity of the cranium, chest, or abdomen. As regards the first, little is known dur- ing life, for all the symptoms which they produce may arise from other causes. Aneurism of the anterior aorta may be situated very closely to the heart or in the arch, and it is very seldom that we can distinguish it from disease of the heart. The tumor may encroach upon the wind-pipe and produce difficulty in breathing, or it may produce pressure upon the venue cave or the thoracic duct, obstructing the flow of blood andlymph. 239 In fact, whatever parts the aneurism may reach or subject to its pres- sure, may have their functions suspended or disturbed. When the tumer in the chest is large we generally find much irregularity in the action of the heart; the superficial veins of the neck are distended, and there is usually dropsical swelling under the breast and of the limbs. There may be a very troublesome cough without any evidence of lung affection. Sometimes pulsation of the tumor may be felt at the lower part of the neck where it joins the chest. When the aneurism occurs in the posterior aorta no diagnostic symptoms are appreciable; when it occurs in the internal iliac arteries an examination per rectum will re- veal it. There is one form of aneurism which is not unfrequently overlooked, affecting the anterior mesenteric artery, primarily induced by a worm— the Strongylus armatus. This worm produces an arteritis, with atheroma, degeneration, and dilatation of the mesenteric arteries, associated with thrombus and aneurism. The aneurism gives rise to colic, which ap- pears periodically in a very violent and often persistent type. Ordinary colic remedies have no effect, and after a time the animal succumbs to the disease. In all cases of animals which are habitually subject to colicky attacks, parasitic aneurism of the anterior mesenteric artery may be suspected. Pathology.—Aneurisms may be diffuse or sacculated. The diffuse con- sists in a uniform dilatation of all the coats of an artery, so that it as- sumes the shape of a cylindrical swelling. The wall of the aneurism is atheromatous or calcified; the middle coat may be atrophied. The sacculated or circumscribed aneurism consists either in a dilatation of the entire circumference of an artery over a short portion of its length, or in a dilatation of only a small portion of one side of the wall. Aneu- rism may become very large; as it increases in size it presses upon and causes the destruction of neighboring tissues. The cavity of the aneu- rismal sac is filled with fluid or clotted blood, or with layers of fibrin which adhere closely to its wall. Death is produced usually by the pressure and interference of the aneurism with adjoining organs, or by rupture. In worm aneurism we usually find large thrombi within the aneurismal dilatation of the artery, which sometimes plug the whole vessel or extend into the aorta. Portions of this thrombus or clot may be washed away and produce embolism of a smaller artery. The effect in either case is to produce anzwemia of the intestinal canal, serous or bloody exudation in its walls, which leads to paralysis of the intestine and resultant colicky symptoms. Treatment.—The oniy treatment advisable is to extirpate or ligate the tumor above and below. RUPTURE OF AN ARTERY. Endarteritis, with its subsequent changes in the walls of arteries, is the primary cause of ruvture in the majority of instances. The rupture 240 may be partial, involving only one or two coats, and will then form an aneurism. If complete, it may produce death when it involves a large vessel, especially if it is situated in one of the large cavities permitting an excessive escape of blood. Rupture may be produced by mechanical violence or accident. Symptoms.—In fatal rupture associated with profuse bleeding, the animal becomes weak, the visible mucuous membranes become blanched, the breathing hurried or gasping, pupils dilated, staggering in gait, syncope, death. When the hemorrhage is limited, the symptoms may not become noticeable ; if it is near the surface of the body a round or diffuse swelling or tumor may form, constituting a hygroma. If the rupture is associated with an external wound the bleeding artery should be ligated, or where a bandage is applicable, pressure may be applied by tight bandaging. As a secondary result of rupture of an artery we may have formation of abscess, gangrene of a part, ete. Treatment.—W hen rupture of a deep-seated artery is suspected, large doses of fluid extract of ergot may be given to produce contraction of the blood-vessels. Tannin and iron are also useful. The animal should be allowed to have as much water as he desires. Afterwards stimulants and nourishing food are indicated. THROMBUS AND EMBOLISM. By thrombosis is generally understood the partial or complete closure of a vessel by a morbid product developed at the site of the obstruc- tion. The coagulum, which is usually fibrinous, is known as a throm- bus. The term embolism designates an obstruction caused by any body detached and transported from the interior of the heart, or of some ves- sel. Thrombi occur as the result of an injury to the wall of the vessel, or may follow its compression or dilatation ; they may result from some alteration of the wall of the vessel by disease, or by the retardation of the circulation. These formations may occur during life, in the heart, arteries, veins, or in the portalsystem. Whena portion of fibrin coag- ulates in one of the arteries and is carried along by the circulation, it will be arrested, of course, in the capillaries, if not before; when in the veins it may not be stopped until it reaches the lungs; and when in the portal system the capillaries of the liver will prevent itsfurther progress. The formation of thrombi may act primarily by causing partial or com- plete obstruction, and secondarily, either by larger or smaller frag- ments becoming detached from their end, and by being carried along by the circulation of the blood to remote vessels, embolism; or by the coagulum becoming softened and converted into pus, constituting sup- purative phlebitis. These substances occur most frequently in those affections characterized by great exhaustion or debility, as pneumonia, purpura hemorrhagica, endocarditis, phlebitis, puerpural fever, hem- orrhages, ete. These concretions may form suddenly and produce in- stantaneous death by retarding the blood current, or they may arise 241 gradually, in which case the thrombi may be organized and attached to the walls of the heart, or they may soften, and fragments of them (em- boli) may be carried away. The small, wart-like excrescences, occur- ring sometimes in endocarditis, may occasionally form a foundation on which a thrombi may develop. Symptoms.— When heart clot or thrombus exists in the right side the return of blood from the body and the aeration in the lungs is im- peded, and if death occurs it is owing to syncope rather than to stran- gulation in pulmonary respiration. There will be hurried and gasping breathing, paleness and coldness of the surface of the body, a feeble and intermittent or fluttering pulse, and fainting. When a fibrinous coagulum is carried into the pulmonary artery from the right side of the heart, the indications are a swelling and infiltration of the lungs and pulmonary apoplexy. When the clot is situated in the lett cavities of the heart or in the aorta, death, if it occurs, takes place either suddenly or at the end of a few hours from coma. Pathology.—W hen a coagulum is observed in the heart it may become a question whether it was formed during life or after death. The loose; dark coagula, so often found after death, are polypi. If the deposition has taken place during the last moments of life, the fibrin will be iso- lated and soft, but not adherent to the walls; if it be isolated, dense, and adherent or closely intertwined with the muscles of the papille and tendinous cords, the deposition has occurred more or less remote from the act of dying. Occasionally the fibrin may be seen lining one of the cavities of the heart, like a false endocardium, or else forming an addi- tional coat to the aorta or other large vessels without producing much obstruction. Thrombi, in some instances, soften in their centers, and are then observed to contain a pus-like substance. Ifthis softening has extended considerably an outer shell or cyst only may remain. The sources of danger exist not only in the interruption of the circulation of the blood, but also in a morbid state of the system, produced by the dis- turbed nutrition of a limb or organ, as well as the mingling of purulent and gangrenous elements with the blood. Treatment.—-The urgent symptoms should be relieved by rest, stim- ulants, and the use of agents which will act as solvents to the fibrinous clots. Alkalies are specially useful for this purpose. Carbonate of ammonia may be administered in all cases of thrombus, and should be continued for a leng time in small doses several times a day. In cases of great debility associated with a low grade of fever, stimulants and tonics, and nitro-muriatic acid as an antiseptic, may be beneficial. DISEASES OF VEINS—PHLEBITIS. Inflammation of veins may be simple or diffuse. In simple phlebitis the disease of the vein is confined to a circumscribed or limited portion of avein; in diffuse it involves the vein for a long distance; it may even extend from a limb or foot to the heart, 11035——16 242 Causes.—Phlebitis may be induced by contusions or direct injuries, an extension of inflammation from surrounding tissue, as in abscess, formation of tumor, or malignant growth. Itis often due to embolism of infective material, gangrenous matter, etc. Blood-letting from the jugular vein is occasionally followed by dangerous phlebitis. Symptoms.—The symptoms vary according to the extent and severity of the inflammation. In most cases the vein is swollen, thickened, and indurated to such a degree as to resemble an artery. A diffused swelling, with great tenderness, may extend along the affected vessel and the animal manifest all the symptoms connected with acute fever and general functional disturbance. Pathology.—The disease is only serious when large veins are affected. The coats undergo the same changes as in arteritis, clots of blood and lymph plug the inflamed vessel, and if the inflammatory process con- tinues these are converted into pus, which ruptures the vessel and pro- duces adeep abscess; or it may be carried away in the circulation and produce metastatic abcess in the lungs or other remote organs. In mild cases the clots may become absorbed and the vessel restored to health. Phlebitis in thecourse of the veins of the limbs frequentiy leads to numerous abscesses, which may be mistaken for farcy ulcerations. A very common result of phlebitis is an obliteration of the affected por- tion of the vein, but as collateral circulation is readily established this is seldom of any material inconvenience. Treatment.—Phlebitis should be treated by the application of a smart blister along the course of the inflamed vessel; early opening of any abscesses which may form; the animal should have complete rest, and the bowels be kept loose with bran mashes. When the fever runs high, half-ounce doses of nitrate of potassa may be given in the drinking water, which may be changed in two or three days for dram doses of the iodide of potassa. If the animal becomes debilitated, carbonate of ammonia, 1 dram, and powdered gentian, 3 drams, may be given every six hours. VARICOSE VEINS—VARIX—DILATATION OF VEINS. This may be a result of weakening of the coats from inflammatory disease and degeneration. It may also be due to mechanical obstruc- tion from internal or external sources. It is sometimes found in the vein which lies superficial over the inside of the hock-joint, and may be due to the pressure of a spavin. Occasionally it may be observed in stallions, which are more or less subject to varicocele or dilatation of the veins of the testicular cord. Hemorrhoidal veins or piles are occa- sionally met with, generally in horses which run at pasture. Varicose veins may ulcerate and form an abscess in the surrounding tissues, or they may rupture from internal blood pressure and the blood form large tumors where the tissues are soft. Treatment.—Stallions which manifest a tendency to varicocele should 243 wear suspensory bags when they areexercised. Piles may often be re- duced by astringent washes—tea made from white oak bark or a satu- rated solution of alum. The bowels should be kept loose with bran mashes and the animal kept quiet in the stable. When varicose veins exist superficially and threaten to produce inconvenience, they may be ligated above and below and thus obliterated. Sometimes absorption may be induced by constant bandages. AIR IN VEINS—AIR EMBOLISM. It was formerly supposed that the entrance of air into a vein at the time of the infliction of a wound or in blood-letting was extremely dan- gerous and very often produced sudden death by interfering with the circulation of the blood through. the heart and lungs. Danger from air embolism is exceedingly doubtful, unless great quantities were forced into a large vein by artificial means. PURPURA HEMORRHAGICA. Purpura hemorrhagica usually occurs as a sequel to debilitating dis- eases, Such as strangles, influenza, etc. It may, however, arise in the absence of any previous disease in badly ventilated stables, among poorly-fed horses, and in animals subject to exhausting work and ex- treme temperatures. It is apparently due to a primary deterioration of the blood, weakness of the capillary vessels, and general debility or ex- haustion of the nervous system. Its gravity does not depend so much upon the amount of blood extravasated as it does upon the disturbance or diminished action of the vasomotor centers. Symptoms.—This disease becomes manifested by the occurrence of sudden swellings on various parts of the body, on the head or lips, limbs, abdomen, etc. They may be diffused or very markedly circumscribed, though in the advanced stages they cover large areas. They pit on pressure and are but slightly painful to the touch. The limbs may swell to a very large size, the nostrils may become almost closed, and the head and throat may swell to the point of suffocation. The swell- ings not infrequently disappear from one portion of the body and de- velop on another, or may recede from the surface and invade the intes- tinal mucous membrane. The mucous lining of the nostrils and mouth is covered with dark red or purple spots, a bloody colored serum flows from the nostrils, the tongue may be swollen and prevent eating or closing of the jaws. In twenty-four or forty-eight hours bloody serum may exude through the skin over the swollen parts, and finally large gangrenous sloughs may form. The temperature is never very high, the pulse is frequent and compressible, and becomes feebler as the ani- mal loses strength. A cough is usually present. The urine is scanty and high colored, and when the intestines are much affected a bloody diarrhea may set in, with colicky pains. Some of the internal organs 244 become implicated in the disease, the lungs may bevome cedematous, extravasation may occur in the intestinal canal, or effusion of serum into the cavity of the chest or abdomen; occasionally the brain becomes affected. A few cases run a mild course and recovery may commence in three or four days, generally, however, the outlook is unfavorable. In severe cases septic poisoning is liable to occur, which soon brings the case to a fatal issue. Pathology.—On section we find the capillaries dilated, the connective tissue filled with a coagulable or coagulated lymph, and frequently we may discover gangrenous spots beneath the skin or involving the skin. The lymphatic glands are swollen and inflamed. Extensive extravasa- tions of blood may be found imbedded between the coats of the intes- tines, or excessive effusion into the substance of the lungs. Treatment.—Diffusible stimulants and tonics should be given from the very start, regardless of fever or frequency of the pulse. Carbon- ate of ammonia, 1 dram; fluid extract of red cinchona bark, 2 drams, and tincture of ginger half an ounce, with half a pint of water; thin gruel or milk should be given every four or six hours. Sulphate of iron in dram doses may be dissolved in water and given every six hours. Chlorate of potassa in 2-ounce doses may be given every eight or twelve hours. When the discharges from the mouth and nose become offensive to the smell, 10 drops of carbolic acid in 2 ounces of water may be given in a drench, or thrown on the root of the tongue with a syringe several times a day. Where the swelling is very great, incisions half an inch in length penetrating the skin should be made with a sharp knife, to per- mit drainage. The application of liniments or washes externally are of no use, and if injudiciously used may do harm. Complications, when they arise, must be treated with proper circumspection. DISEASES OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM. The lymphatic or absorbent system is connected with the blood vas- cular system, and consists of a series of tubes which absorb and convey to the blood certain fluids. These tubes lead to lymphatic glands, through which the fluids pass to reach the right lymphatic vein and thoracic duct, both of which enter the venous system near the heart. Through the excessively thin walls of the capillaries the fluid part of the blood transudes, to nourish the tissues outside the capillaries ; at the same time fluid passes from the tissues into the blood. The fluid, after it passes into the tissues, constitutes the lymph, and acts like a stream irrigating the tissue elements. Much of the surplus of this lymph passes into the lymph vessels, which in their commencement can hardly be treated as independent structures, since their walls are so closely joined with the tissues through which they pass, being nothing more than spaces in the connective tissue until they reach the larger lymph vessels, which finally empty into lymph glands. These lymph glands are structures so placed that the lymph flowing towards the 245 larger trunks passes through them, undergoing a sort of filtration. From the fact of this arrangement lymph glands are subject to inflammatory diseases in the vicinity of diseased structures, because infective mate- rial being conveyed in the lymph stream lodges in the glands and pro- duces irritation. LOCAL INFLAMMATION AND ABSCESS OF LYMPHATIC GLANDS. Acute inflammation of the lymph glands usually occurs in connection with some inflammatory process in the region from which its lymph is gathered. Several or all of the glands in a cluster may become affected, as in Strangles, nasal catarrh, or nasal gleet, diseased or ulcerated teeth, the lymph giands between the branches of the lower jaw almost inva- riably become affected, which may lead to suppuration or induration. Similar results obtain in other portions of the body; in pneumonia the bronchial glands become affected; in pharyngitis, the post-pharyngeal glands lying above the trachea become affected, etc. Symptoms.—The glands swell and become painful to the touch, the connective tissue surrounding them becomes involved, suppuration usually takes place, and one or more abscesses form. If the inflamma- tion is of a milder type, resolution may take place and the swelling recede, the exudative material being absorbed, and the gland restored without the occurrence of suppuration. In the limbs a whole chain of the glands along the lymphatic vessels may become affected, as in farcy, phlebitis, or septic poisoning. Treatment.—Fomentation with hot water, the application of cam- phorated soap liniment, or camphorated oil, may produce a revulsive action and prevent suppuration. If there is any indication of abscess forming, poultices of linseed meal and bran made into a paste with hot water should be applied, or a mild blistering ointment rubbed in over the swollen gland. As soon as fluctuation can be felt a free opening must be made for the escape of the contained pus. The wound may subsequently be washed out with a solution of chloride of zinc, 5 grains to the ounce of water, three times a day. HYPERTROPHIED LYMPHATICS. This is characterized by an enlargement and growth of lymphatic glands; the causes are obscure, but they sometimes attain an enormous _ Size, and seriously interfere with neighboring organs. This condition is sometimes found in the region of the throat above the larynx, and produces wheezing or roaring, by pressing upon the recurrent laryngeal nerve. It may occur in the bronchial glands of the chest, and interfere with the action of the heart and respiration. The swelling is not pain- ful or feverish, it may be very hard or may be rather soft; occasionally they contain a cheesy deposit or even undergo calcification. A condition almost similar to this may be induced by chronic inflammation. In such cases, however, the glandular structure may become lessened, as the 246 result of pressure by an increase of fibrous or connective tissue, although a large tumor at the site of the gland remains. This may become grad- ually absorbed, more often, however, recurrence of inflammation takes place and frequently small abscesses form. Treatment.— Repeated blistering with ointment of cantharides 8 parts, bin-jodide of mercury 1 part, to be thoroughly mixed and applied once in ten days or two weeks. If this fails, extirpation will become neces- sary. LYMPHANGITIS. Specific inflammation of the lymphatic structures, usually affecting the hind leg, very seldom a fore leg. This disease is very sudden in its attack, exceedingly painful, accompanied by a high temperature, and great general disturbance. Causes.—Horses of lymphatic or sluggish temperament are predis- posed to this affection. It usually attacks well-fed animals, and in such cases may be due to an excess of nutritive elements in the blood. Sud- den changes in work or in the habits of the animal may inducean attack. Symptoms.—It is usually ushered in by a chill, rise in temperature, and some uneasiness; in a very short time this is followed by lameness in one leg and swelling on the inside of the thigh. Theswelling gradu- ally surrounds the whole limb, continues on downward until it reaches the foot. The limb is excessively tender to the touch, the animal per- spires, the breathing is accelerated, pulse hard and quick, and the tem- perature may reach 106° Fah. The bowels early become constipated, and the urine scanty. The symptoms usually are on the increase for about two days, then they remain stationary for the same length of time; the fever then abates; the swelling recedes and becomes less painful. It is very seldom, though, that all the swelling leaves the leg; generally it leaves some permanent enlargement, and the animal be- comes subject to recurrent attacks. Occasionally, the inguinal lym- phatic glands (in the groin) undergo suppuration, and pyemia may supervene and prove fatal. In severe cases the limb becomes denuded of hair in patches, the skin remains indurated with a fibrous growth, which is known by the name of elephantiasis. Treatment.—Fomentations with vinegar and water, equal parts, to which add 2 ounces of nitrate of potassa for each gallon. This should be applied every ten or fifteen minutes for six or eight hours, then the leg may be dried with a woolen cloth and bathed with camphorated soap liniment. Internally, administer tincture of digitalis and aconite root, equal parts of each, 30 drops every hour until the fever and pulse be- come reduced. MHalf-ounce doses of nitrate of potassa in the drinking- water every six hours, bran mashes, and completerest. This treatment, if instituted early in the attack, very frequently brings about a remark- able change within twenty-four hours. : “WOVAHdVIC GNV LAVA AO NOILISOd ONIMOHS LSHHO AO YOIMALNI AN OD OUT SHNAUYItAA 811954985 “UTLOD [eye ‘pop seule y Ub DaLyYLouy 9 ‘STP DYdOS) 1 gps yybLLuo DUNT © PDADI POUAL © “SAYIUILG ALIUOUYN eg] * DLODALOVLIA|SOJ 'C “DLO LOLI Up 'Y, ‘DIVO TAX HOW Teh "SQIVUVdaAV ANOLWIOOUID May OD 2ctaveseoiie? suet pie st (peyrlpow) “musa Jaye ‘soureyy ADU 127] JO ALDI “PULJSPJUD PJPUS JU) JO SPPSSP] “PUIDSIZU? WALD] AY) JO STPSS2] (SIVD DDWYIADY YPPUMOPS PY) JO SPI ‘L3/10) JY) JO STISSA, WMASAS PDILOJ WIAD ADDROW YJPT AABTAID PV] OLD JOT “AVG 'S UIA PAL S?P7LAME "PU LINO?) JD SATALJUA, UP LIDAIN 7D "SPP ‘PING [VOU YPT PALLY OY YOU, MDYT oN ire oS S amy 1 Ly Ne ~~ UTAXS SELLY ck DISEASES OF MIE EYE. By Dr. JAMES LAW, F. R. C. V. S., Professor of Veterinary Science, etc., Cornell University. We can scarcely overestimate the value of sound eyes in the horse, and hence all diseases and injuries which seriously interfere with vision are matters of extreme gravity and apprehension, for should they prove permanent they invariably depreciate the selling price to a considerable extent. A blind horse is always dangerous in the saddle or in single _ harness, and he is scarcely less so when, with partially impaired vision, he sees things imperfectly, in a distorted form or in a wrong place, and when he shies or avoids objects which are commonplace or familiar. When we add to this that certain diseases of the eyes, like recurring inflammation (moon blindness), are habitually transmitted from parent to offspring, we can realize still more fully the importance of these mala- dies. Again, asa mere matter of beauty, a sound, full, clear, intelligent eye is something which must always add a high value to our equine friends and servants. THE EYEBALL. A full description of the structure of the eye is incompatible with our prescribed limits, and yet a short description is absolutely essential to the clear understanding of what is to follow. The horse’s eye is a spheroidal body, flattened behind, and with its _ posterior four-fifths inclosed by an opaque, white, strong fibrous mem- brane (the sclerotic), on the inner side of which is laid a more delicate friable membrane, consisting mainly of blood-vessels and pigment cells (the choroid), and that in its turn is lined by the extremely delicate and sensitive expansion of the nerve of sight (the retina). The anterior fifth of the globe of the eye bulges forward from what would have been the direct line of the sclerotic, and thus forms a segment of a much smaller sphere than is inclosed by the sclerotic. Its walls, too, have in health a perfect translucency from which it has derived the name of transparent cornea. This transparent coat is composed, in the main, of fibres with lymph interspaces, and it is to the condition of these and their conden- sation and compression that the translucency is largely due. This may be shown by compressing with the fingers the eye of an ox which has just 247 248 been killed, when the clear transparent cornea will suddenly become clouded over with a whitish blue opacity, and this will remain until the compression is interrupted. The interior of the eye contains three trans- parent media for the refraction of the rays of light, on their way from the cornea to the visual nerve. Of these media the anterior one (aqueous humor) is liquid, the posterior (vitreous humor) is semi-solid, and the intermediate one (crystalline lens) is solid. The space occupied by the aqueous humor corresponds nearly to the portion of the eye covered by the transparent cornea. It is, however, divided into two chambers, an- terior and posterior, by the iris, a contractile curtain with a hole in the center (the pupil), and which may be looked on as in some sense a projec- tion inward of the vascular and pigmentary coat from its anterior margin at the point where the sclerotic or opaque outer coat becomes continuous with the cornea or transparent one. This iris, or curtain, besides its abundance of blood-vessels and pigment, possesses two sets of muscular fibers, one set radiating from the margin of the pupil to the outer border of the curtain atits attachment to the sclerotic and choroid, and the other encircling the pupil in the manner of aring. The action of the two sets is necessarily antagonistic, the radiating fibers dilating the pupil and exposing the interior of the eye to view, while the circular fibers con- tract this opening and shut out the rays of light. The form of the pupil in the horse is ovoid, with its longest diameter from side to side and its upper border is fringed by several minute black bodies (corpora nigra) projecting forward and serving to some extent the purpose of eyebrows in arresting and absorbing the excess of rays of light which fall upon the eye from above. These pigmentary projections in front of the upper border of the pupil are often mistaken for the products of disease or in- jury, in place of the normal and beneficient protectors of the nerve of sight which they are. They may, like all other parts, become the seat of disease, but so long as they and the iris retain their clear, dark aspect, without any tints of brown or yellow, they may be held to be healthy. The vitreous or semi-solid refracting medium occupies the posterior part of the eye—the part corresponding to the sclerotic, choroid, and retina—and has a consistency corresponding to that of the white of an egg, and a power of refraction of the light-rays correspondingly greater than the aqueous humor. The third or solid refracting medium is a biconvex lens, with its con- vexity greatest on its posterior surface, which is lodged in a depression in the vitreous humor, while its anterior surface corresponds to the opening of the pupil. It is inclosed in a membranous covering (cap- sule), and is maintained in position by a membrane (suspensory liga- ment) which extends from the margin of the lens outward to the sele- rotic at the point of junction of the choroid and iris. This ligament is, in its turn, furnished with radiating muscular fibers, which change the form or position of the lens so as to adapt it to see with equal clearness objects at a distance or close by. 249 Another point which strikes the observer of the horse’s eye is that in _ the darkness a bright bluish tinge is reflected from the widely-dilated pupil. This is owing to a comparative absence of pigment in the cho- roid coat inside the upper part of the eyeball, and enables the animal to see and advance with security in darkness where the human eye would be of little use. The lower part of the cavity of the horse’s eye, into which the dazzling rays fall from the sky, is furnished with an in- tensely black lining, by which the rays penetrating the inner nervous layer are instantly absorbed. MUSCLES OF THE EYE. These consist of four straight muscles, two oblique and one retractor. The straight muscles pass from the depth of the orbit forward on the inner, outer, upper, and lower sides of the eyeball, and are fixed to the anterior portion of the fibrous (sclerotic) coat, so that in contracting singly they respectively turn the eye inward, outward, upward, and downward. When all act together they draw the eyeball deeply into its socket. The retractor muscle aiso consists of four muscular slips, repeating the straight muscles on a smaller scale, but as they are only attached on the back part of the eyeball they are less adapted to roll the eye than to draw it down into its socket. The two oblique muscles rotate the eye on its own axis, the upper one turning its outer surface upward and inward, and the lower one turning it downward and inward. THE HAW—THE WINKING CARTILAGE—CARTILAGO NICTATANS. This is a structure, which, like the retractor muscle, is not found in the eye of man, but it serves in the lower animals to assist in removing foreign bodies from the front of the eyeball. It consists, in the horse, of a cartilage of irregular form, thickened inferiorly and posteriorly where it is intimately connected with the muscles of the eyeball, and the fatty material around them; and expanded and flattened anteriorly where its upper surface is concave, and, as it were, moulded on the lower and inner surface of the eyeball. Externally, it is covered by the mucous membrane which lines the eyelids and extends over the front of the eye. In the ordinary restful state of the eye the edge of this cartilage should just appear as a thin fold of membrane at the inner angle of the eye, but when the eyeball is drawn deeply into the orbit the cartilage is pushed forward, outward, and upward over it until the entire globe may be hidden from sight. This protrusion of the carti- lage, so as to cover the eye, may be induced in the healthy eye by pressing the finger and thumb on the upper and lower lids, so as to cause retraction of the eyeball into its socket. When foreign bodies, such as sand, dust, and chaff, or other irritants, have fallen on the eyeball or eyelids, it is similarly projected to push them off, their expulsion being further favored by a profuse flow of tears. 250 This is seen, to a lesser extent, in all painful inflammations of the eye, and to a very marked degree in lockjaw, when the spasm of the muscles of the eyeball draws the latter deeply into the orbit and projects for- ward the masses of fat and the cartilage. The brutal practice of cut- ting off this apparatus, whenever it is projected, necessitates this ex- planation which, it is hoped, may save to many a faithful servant a most valuable appendage. That the cartilage and membrane may be- come the seat of disease is undeniable, but so long as its edge is thin and even, and its surface smooth and regular, the mere fact of its pro- jection over a portion or the whole of the eyeball is no evidence of disease in its substance, nor any warrant for its removal. It is usually but the evidence of the presence of some pain in another part of the eye, which the suffering animal endeavors to assuage by the use of this beneficient provision. For the diseases of the cartilage itself see “ Hneephaloid Cancer.” LACHRYMAL APPARATUS. This consists, first, of a gland for the secretion of the tears, and, sec- ond, of a series of canals for the conveyance of the superfluous tears into the cavity of the nose. The gland is situated above the outer part of the eyeball, and the tears which have flowed over the eye and reached the inner angle are there directed by a small conical papilla (lachrymal caruncle) into two minute orifices, aud thence by two ducts (lachrymal) to a small pouch (lachrymal sac) from which a canal leads through the bones of the face into the nose. This opens in the lower part of the nose on the floor of the passage, and a little outside the line of union of the skin which lines the false nostril with the mucous membrane of the nose. In the ass and mule this opening is situated on the roof instead of the floor of the nose, but still close to the external opening. EXAMINATION OF THE EYE. To avoid unnecessary repetition the following general directions are given for the examination of the eye: The eye, and to a certain extent the mucous membrane lining the eyelids, may be exposed to view by gently parting the eyelids with the thumb and forefinger pressed on the middle of the respective lids. The pressure, it is true, causes the protrusion of the haw over a portion of the lower and inner part of the eye, but by gentleness and careful graduation of the pressure this may be kept within bounds, and oftentimes even the interior of the eye can be seen. As arule it is best to use the right hand for the left eye, and the left hand for the right, the finger in each case being pressed on the upper lid while the thumb depresses the lower one. In cases in which it is desirable to examine the inner side of the eyelid farther than is possible by the above'means, the upper lid may be drawn down by the eyelashes with the one hand and then everted over the tip of the fore- 251 finger of the other hand, or over a probe laid flat against the middle of the lid. Where the interior of the eye must be examined it is useless to make the attempt in the open sunshine or under a clear sky. The worst cases, it is true, can be seen under such circumstances, but for the slighter forms the horse should be taken indoors, where all light from above will be shut off, and should be placed so that the light shall fall on the eye from the front and side. Then the observer, placing him- self in front of the animal, will receive the reflected rays from the cor- nea, the front of the lens and the back, and can much more easily detect any cloudiness, opacity, or lack of transparency. The examination can be made much more satisfactory by placing the horse in a dark chamber and illuminating the eye by a lamp placed forward and out- ward from the eye which is to be examined. Any cloudiness is thus easily detected, and any doubt may be resolved by moving the lamp so that the image of the flame may be passed in succession over the whole surface of the transparent cornea and of the crystalline lens. Three images of the flame will be seen, the larger one upright, reflected from the anterior surface of the eye; a smaller one upright, reflected from the anterior surface of the lens; and a second small one inverted from the back surface of the lens. So long as these images are reflected from healthy surfaces they will be clear and perfect in outline, but, as soon as one strikes on an area of opacity, it will become diffused, cloudy, and indefinite. Thus, if the large upright image becomes hazy and im- perfect over a particular spcet of the cornea, that will be found to be the seat of disease and opacity. Should the large image remain clear, but the smallupright one become diffuse and indefinite over a given point, it indicates opacity on the front of the capsule of the lens. If both upright images remain clear, while the inverted one becomes indistinct at a given point, then the opacity is in the substance of the lens itself or in the posterior part of its capsule. Ifin a given case the pupil remains so closely contracted that the deeper parts of the eye can not be seen the eyelids may be rubbed with extract of belladonna, and in a short time the pupil will be found widely dilated. DISEASES OF THE EYELIDS. Congenital disorders.—Some faulty conditions of the eyelids are con- genital, as division of an eyelid in two, after the manner of harelip, ab- normally small opening between the lids, often connected with imperfect development of the eye, and closure of the lids by adhesion. The first is to be remedied by paring the edges of the division and then bringing them together, as in torn lids. The last two, if remediable at all, re- quire separation by the knife, and subsequent treatment with a cooling astringent eye wash. Nervous disorders.—Spasm of the eyelids may be owing to constitutional susceptibility, or to the presence of local irritants (insects, chemical 252 irritants, sand, etc.) in the eye, to wounds or inflammation of the mucous membrane, or to disease of the brain. When due to local irritation, it may be temporarily overcome by instilling a few drops of a4 per cent. solution of cocaine into the eye, when the true cause may be ascertained and removed. The nervous or constitutional disease must be treated according to its nature. Drooping eyelids —Ptosis.—This is usually present in the upper lid, or is at least little noticed in the lower. It is sometimes but a symptom of paralysis of one-half of the face, in which case the ear, lips, and nostrils on the same side will be found soft, drooping, and inactive, and even the half of the tongue may partake of the palsy. If the same condition exists on both sides there is difficult snuffling breathing, from the air drawing in the flaps of the nostrils in inspiration, and all food is taken in by the teeth, as the lips are useless. In both there isa free discharge of saliva from the mouth during mastication. This paralysis is a fre- quent result of injury, by a poke, to the seventh nerve, as it passes over the back of the lower jaw. In some cases the paralysis is confined to the lid, the injury having been sustained by the muscles which raise it, or by the supra-orbital nerve which emerges from the bone just above the eye. Such injury to the nerve may have resulted from fracture of the orbital process of the frontal bone above the eye ball. The condition may, however, be due to spasm of the sphincter muscle, which closes the lids, or to inflammation of the upper lid, usually a re- sult of blows on the orbit. In the latter case it may run a slow course with chronic thickening of the lid. The paralysis due to the poke may be often remedied by, first, the removal of any remaining inflammation by a wet sponge worn beneath the ear and kept in place by a bandage; second, when all inflammation has passed by a blister on the same region, or by rubbing it daily with a mixture in equal proportions of olive oil and strong aqua ammonia. Improvement is usually slow, and it may be months before complete recovery ensues. In paralysis from blows above the eyes the same treatment may be applied to that part. Thickening of the lid may be treated by painting with tincture of iodine, and that failing, by cutting out an ellipitical strip of the skin from the middle of the upper lid and stitching the edges together. INFLAMMATION OF THE EYELIDS. The eyelids suffer more or less in all severe inflammations of the eye, whether external or internal, but inasmuch as the disease sometimes starts in the lids and at other times is exclusively confined to them, it deserves independent mention. Among the causes may be named: exposure to draughts of cold air, or to cold rain or snow-storms; the bites or stings of mosquitoes, flies, 253 and other insecis ; snake-bites, pricks with thorns, blows of whip or club; accidental bruises against the stall or ground, especially during the vio- lent struggles of colic, enteritis, phrenitis (staggers), and when thrown for operations. It is also a result of infecting inoculations, as of ery- sipelas, anthrax, boil, etc., and is noted by Leblanc as especially preva- lent among horses kept on low marshy pastures. Finally, the introduc- tion of sand, dust, chaff, beards of barley and seeds of the finest grasses, and the contact with irritant chemical powders, liquids, and gases (am- monia from manure or factory, chlorine, strong sulphur fumes, smoke, and other products of combustion, etc.), may start the inflammation. The eyelids often undergo extreme infiammatory and dropsical swelling in urticaria (nettlerash, surfeit), and in the general inflammatory dropsy known as purpura hemorrhagica. The affection will, therefore, readily divide itself into (1), inflamma- tions due to constitutional causes; (2), those due to direct injury, me- chanical or chemical; and (3), such as are due to inoculation with in- fecting material. (1) Inflammations due to constitutional causes are distinguished by the absence of any local wound, and the history of a low damp pasture, ‘exposure, indigestion from unwholesome food, or the presence elsewhere on the limbs or body of the general doughy swellings of purpura hzmorrhagica. The lids are swollen and thickened, it may be slightly or it may be so extremely that the eye ball can not be seen. If the lid can be everted to show its mucous membrane, that is seen to be of a deep red color, especially along the branching lines of the blood vessels. The partis hot and painful, and a profuse flow of tears and mucus escapes on the side of the face, causing irritation and loss of the hair. If improvement follows, this discharge becomes more tenacious, and tends to cause adhesion of the edges of the upper and lower lids and to mat together the eyelashes in bundles. This gradually decreases to the natural amount, and the redness and congested appearance of the eyes disappears, but swelling, thickening, and stiffness of the lids may continue for a length of time. There may be more or less fever accord- ing to the violence of the inflammation, but so long as there is no serious disease of the interior of the eye or of other vital organ this is usually moderate. The local treatment consists in astringent, soothing lotions (sugar of lead 30 grains, laudanum 2 teaspoonsful, rain water—boiled and cooled— 1 pint), applied with a soft cloth kept wet with the lotion, and hung over the eye by tying it tothe headstall of the bridle on the two sides. If the mucous membrane lining the lids is the seat of little red granular elevations, a drop of a solution of 2 grains of nitrate of silver in an ounce of distilled water should be applied with the soft end of a clean feather to the inside of the lid twice a day. The patient should be removed from all such conditions (pasture, faulty food, exposure, etc.) as may have caused or aggravated the disease, and from dust and irritant 254 fumes and gases. He should be fed from amanger high enough to favor the return of blood from the head, and should be kept from work, especially in a tight collar, which would prevent the descent of blood by the jugular veins. His diet should be laxative and non-stimulating (grass, bran mashes, carrots, turnips, beets, potatoes, or steamed hay), and any costiveness should be corrected by a mild dose of linseed oil (1 to14 pints). In cold weather warm blanketing may be needful, and even loose flannel bandages to the limbs, and heat should never be sought at the expense of pure air. (2) In inflammations due to local irritants of a non-infective kind, a careful examination will usually reveal their presence, and the first step must be their removal with a pair of blunt forceps or the point of a lead pencil. Subsequent treatment will be in the main the local treatment advised above. (3) In case of infective inflammation, there will often be found a prick or tear by which the septic matter has entered, and in such case the inflammation will for a time be concentrated at that point. A round or conical swelling round an insect bite is especially characteristic. A snake bite is marked by the double prick made by the two teeth and by the violent and rapidly spreading inflammation. Erysipelas is at- tended with much swelling, extending beyond the lids, and causing the mucous membrane to protrude beyond the edge of the eyelid (chemosis). This is characterized by a bright, uniform, rosy red, disappearing on pressure, or later by a dark, livid hue, but with less branching redness than in noninfecting inflammation, and less of the dark, dusky, brown- ish or yellowish tint of anthrax. Little vesicles may appear on the skin, and pus may be found without any distinct limiting membrane, as in abscess. It is early attended by high fever and marked general weakness and inappetence. Anthrax of the lids is marked by a firm swelling, surmounted by a blister, with bloody serous contents, which tends to burst and dry up into a slough, while the surrounding parts become involved in the same way. Orit may show as a diffuse dropsi- cal swelling, with less of the hard central sloughing nodule, but like that tending to spread quickly. In both cases alike the mucous mem- brane and the skin, if white, assume a dusky brown or yellowish brown hue, which is largely characteristic. This may pass into a black color by reason of the extravasation of blood. There appears early great. constitutional disturbance, with much prostration and weakness and generalized anthrax symptoms. . The treatment of these will vary according to the severity. Insect bites may be touched with a solution of equal parts of glycerine and aqua ammonia, or a 10 per cent. solution of carbolic acid in water. Snake bites may be bathed with aqua ammonia, and the same agent given in doses of 2 teaspoonfuls in a quart of water. Or alcohol may be given in pint or quart doses, according to the sizeof the animal. In erysipelas the skin may be painted with tincture of muriate of iron, or 259 with a solution of 20 grains of iodine in an ounce of carbolic acid, and one-half an ounce of tincture of muriate of iron may be given thrice daily in a bottle of water. In anthrax the swelling should be painted with tincture of iodine, or of the mixture of iodine and carbolic acid, and if very threatening it may have the tincture of iodine injected into the swelling with a hypodermic syringe, or the hard mass may be freely incised to its depth with a sharp lancet and the lotion applied to the exposed tissues. Internally iodide of potassium may be given in doses of 2 drams thrice a day, or tincture of the muriate of iron every four hours. STYE—FURUNCLE (BOIL) OF THE EYELID. This is an inflammation of limited extent, advancing to the formation of matter and the sloughing out of a small mass of the natural tissue of the eyelid. It forms a firm, rounded swelling, usually near the mar- gin of the lid, which suppurates and bursts in four or five days. Its course may be hastened by a poultice of chamomile flowers, to which have been added a few drops of carbolic acid, the whole applied in a very thin muslin bag. If the swelling is slow to open after having be- come yellowish-white, it may be opened by a lancet, the incision being made at right angles to the margin of the lid. ENTROPION AND ECTROPION—INVERSION AND EVERSION OF THE EYE LID. These are respectively caused by wounds, sloughs, ulcers, or other causes of loss of substance of the mucous membrane on the inside of the lid and of the skin on the outside; also of tumors, skin diseases, or paralysis which leads to displacement of the margin of the eyelid. As a rule they require a surgical operation, with removal of an eliptical portion of the mucous membrane or skin, as the case may be, but which requires the skilled and delicate hand of the surgeon. TRICHIASIS. This consists in the turning in of the eyelashes so as to irritate the front of the eye. If asingie eyelash, it may be snipped off with scis- sors close to the margin of the eyelid, or pulled out by the root with a pair of flat-bladed forceps. If the divergent lashes are more numer- ous the treatment may be as for entropion by excising an elliptical por- tion of skin opposite the offending lashes, and stitching the edges together, so as to draw outward the margin of the lid at that point. WARTS AND OTHER TUMORS OF THE EYELIDS. The eyelids form a favorite site for tumors, and aboveall, warts, which consist in a simple diseased overgrowth (hypertrophy) of the surface layers of the skin. If small, these may be snipped otf with scissors. 256 or tied around the neck with a stout waxed thread and left to drop off, the destruction being completed, if necessary, by the daily application of a piece of sulphate of copper (blue vitriol), until any unhealthy ma- terial has been removed. If more widely spread the wart may still be clipped off with curved scissors or knife, and the caustic thoroughly applied day by day. A bleeding wart or erectile tumor is more liable to bleed, and is best removed by constricting its neck with the waxed eord or rubber band, or if too broad for this it may be transfixed through its base by a nee- dle armed with a double thread, which is then to be cut in two and tied around the two portions of the neck of the tumor. If still broader the armed needle may be carried through the base of the tumor at regu- lar intervals, so that the whole may be tied in moderately sized sec- tions. In gray and white horses black pigmentary tumors (melanotic) are common on the black portions of skin, such as the eyelids, and are to be removed by scissors or knife, according to their size. In the horse these do not usually tend to recur when thoroughly removed, but at times they prove cancerous (as is the rule in man), and then they tend to reappear in the same site or in internal organs with, it may be, fatal effect. Encysted, honey-like (melicerous), sebaceous, and fibrous tumors of the lids all require removal with the knife. TORN EYELIDS—WOUNDS OF EYELIDS. The eyelids are torn by attacks with horns of cattle, or with the teeth, or by getting caught on nails in stall rack or manger, on the point of stump fences or fence rails, on the barbs of wire-fences and on other pointed bodies. The edges should be brought together as promptly as possible, so as to secure union without the formation of matter, puck- ering of the skin, and unsightly distortions. Great care is necessary to bring the two edges together evenly without twisting or puckering. The simplest mode of holding them together is by a series of sharp pins passed through the lips of the wound at intervals of not over a third of an inch, and held together by a thread twisted around each pin in the form of the figure 8, and carried obliquely from pin to pin in two direce- tions, so as to prevent gaping of the wound in theintervals. The points of the pins may then be cut off with scissors, and the wound may be wet twice a day with a weak solution of carbolic acid. TUMOR OF THE HAW—CARIES OF THE CARTILAGE. Though cruelly excised for alleged “hooks,” when itself perfectly healthy in the various diseases which lead to retraction of the eye into its socket, the haw may, like other bodily structures, be itself the seat of actual disease. The pigmentary black tumors of white horses and 257 soft (encephaloid) cancer may attack this part primarily or extend to it from the eyeball or eyelids; hairs have been found growing from its surface; and the mucous membrane covering it becomes inflamed in common with that covering the front of the eye. These inflammations are but a phase of the inflammation of the external structures of the eye, and demand no particular notice nor special treatment. The tumors lead to such irregular enlargement and distortion of the haw that the condition is not to be confounded with the simple projection of the healthy structure over the eye when the lids are pushed apart with the finger and thumb, and the same remark applies to the ulceration or caries of the cartilage. In the latter case, besides the swelling and distortion of the haw, there is this peculiarity, that in the midst of the red inflamed mass there appears a white line or mass formed by the exposed edge of the ulcerating cartilage. The animal having been thrown and properly fixed, an assistant holds the eyelids apart while the operator seizes the haw with forceps or hook and carefully dissects it out with blunt-pointed scissors. The eye is then covered with a cloth kept wet with an eye wash, as for external ophthalmia. OBSTRUCTION OF THE LACHRYMAL APPARATUS—WATERING EYE. The escape of tears on the side of the cheek isasymptom of external inflammation of the eye, but it may also occur from any disease of the lachrymal apparatus which interferes with the normal progress of the tears to the nose. Hence, in all cases when this symptom is not at- tended by special redness or swelling of the eyelids, it is well to exam- ing the lachrymal apparatus. In some instances the orifice of the lach- rymal duct on the floor of the nasal chamber and close to its anterior outlet will be found blocked by a portion ot dry muco-purulent matter, on the removal of which tears may begin to escape. This implies an inflammation of the canal, which may be helped by occasional sponging out of the nose with warm water, and the application of the same on the face. Another remedy is to feed warm mashes of wheat bran from a nose-bag, so that the relaxing effects of the water vapor may be secured. The two lachrymal openings, situated at the inner angle of the eye, may fail to admit the tears by reason of their deviation outward in con- nection with eversion of the lower lid, or by reason of their constriction in inflammation of the mucous membrane. The lachrymal sac, into which the lachrymal ducts open, may fail to discharge its contents by reason of constriction or closure of the duct leading to the nose, and it then forms a rounded swelling beneath the inner angle of the eye. The duct lead- ing from the sac to the nose may be compressed or obliterated by fract- ures of the bones of the face, and in disease of these bones (osteo-sar- coma, So-called osteoporosis, diseased teeth, glauders of the nasal sinuses, abscess of the same cavities). 11035——17 — 258 The narrowed or obstructed ducts may be made pervious by a fine silver probe passed down to the lachrymal sac, and any existing inflam- mation of the passages may be counteracted by the use of steaming mashes of wheat bran, by fomentations or wet cloths over the face, and even by the use of astringent eye washes and the injection of similar liquids into the lachrymal canal from its nasal opening. The ordinary eye wash may be used for this purpose, or it may be injected after di- lution to half its strength. The fractures and diseases of the bones and teeth must.be treated according to their special demands when, if the canal is still left pervious, it may be again rendered useful. EXTERNAL OPHTHALMIA—CONJUNCTIVITIS. In inflammation of the outer parts of the eye ball the exposed vas- cular and sensitive mucous membrane (conjunctiva) which covers the ball, the eyelids, the haw, and the- lachrymal apparatus, is usually the most deeply involved, yet adjacent parts are more or less implicated, and when disease is concentrated on these contiguous parts it consti- tutes a phase of external ophthalmia which demands a special notice. These have accordingly been already treated of. The causes of external ophthalmia are mainly those that act locally— blows with whips, clubs, and twigs, the presence of foreign bodies like hay-seed, chaff, dust, lime, sand, snuff, pollen of plants, flies attracted by the brilliancy of the eye, wounds of the bridle, the migration of the scabies (mange) insect into the eye, smecke, ammonia rising from the excretions, irritant emanations from drying marshes, ete. A very dry air is alleged to act injuriously by drying the eye as well as by favoring the production of irritant dust; and the undue exposure to bright sun- shine through a window in front of the stall, or to the reflection from snow or water, is undoubtedly injurious. The unprotected exposure of the eyes to sunshine through the use of a very short overdraw check is to be condemned, and the keeping of the horse in a very dark stall from which it is habitually led into the glare of full sunlight, intensified by reflection from snow or white limestone dust, must be set down among the locally acting causes. Butexposure to cold and wet, to rain and . snow storms, to cold draughts and wet lairs must also be accepted as causes of conjunctivitis, the general disorder which they produce affect- ing the eye, if that happens to be the weakest and most susceptible organ of the body, or if it has been subjected to any special local injury like dust, irritant gases, or excess oflight. Again, external ophthalmia is aconstant concomitant of inflammation of the contiguous and contin- uous mucous membranes, as those of the nose and throat. Hence the red watery eyes that attend on nasal catarrh, sore throat, influenza, strangles, nasal glanders, and the like. In such cases, however, the affection of the eye is subsidiary and is manifestly overshadowed by the primary and predominating disease. 259 The symptoms are watering of the eye, swollen lids, redness of the mucous membrane exposed by the separation of the lids—it may be a mere pink blush with more or less branching redness, or it may be a deep, dark red, as from effusion of blood—and a bluish opacity of the cornea which is normally clear and translucent. But except when re- sulting from wounds and actual extravasation of blood, the redness is seen to be superficial, and if the opacity is confined to the edges, and does notinvolve the entire cornea the aqueous humor behind is seen to be still clear and limpid. The fever is always less severe than in internal ophthalmia, and only runs high in the worst cases. The eyelids may be kept closed, the eye-ball retracted, and the haw protruded over one- third or one-half of the ball, but this is due to the pain only and not to any excessive Sensibility to light, as shown by the comparatively widely dilated pupil. In internal ophthalmia, on the contrary, the narrow contracted pupil is the measure of the pain caused by the falling of light on the inflamed and sensitive optic nerve (retina) and choroid. If the affection has resulted from a wound of the cornea, not only is that the point of greatest opacity, forming a white speck or fleecy cloud, but too often blood-vessels begin to extend from the adjacent vascular covering of the eye (sclerotic) to the white spot, and that portion of the cornea is rendered permanently opaque. Again, if the wound has been severe, though still short of cutting into the anterior layers of the cornea, the injury may lead to ulceration which may penetrate more or less deeply and leave a breach in the tissue which, if filled up at all, is repaired by opaque fibrous tissue in place of the transparent cellular structure. Pus may form, and -the cornea assumes a yellowish tinge and bursts, giving rise to a deep sore which is liable to extend as an uicer, and may be in its turn followed by bulging of the cornea at that point (staphyloma). This inflammation of the conjunctiva may be simply catarrhal, with profuse muco-purulent discharge; it may be granular, the surface being covered with minute reddish elevations, or it may become the seat of a false membrane (diphtheria). In treating external ophthalmia the first object is the removal of the cause. Remove any dust, chaff, thorn, or other foreign body from the conjunctiva, purify the stable from all sources of ammoniacal or other irritant gas; keep the horse from dusty roads, and above all from the proximity of a leading wagon and its attendant cloud of dust; remove from pasture and feed from a rack which is neither so high as to drop seeds, etc., into the eyes nor so low as to favor the accumulation of blood in the head ; avoid equally excess of light from a sunny window in front of the stall and excess of darkness from the absence of win- dows; preserve from cold draughts and rains and wet bedding, and ap- ply curative measures for inflammation of the adjacent mucous mem- branes or skin. If the irritant has been of a caustic nature remove any remnant of it by persistent bathing with tepid water and a soft sponge, or with water mixed with white of egg, or a glass filled with 260 the liquid may be inverted over the eye so that its contents may dilute and remove the irritant. If the suffering is very severe a lotion with a few grains of extract of belladonna or of morphia in an ounce of water may be applied, or if itis available a few drops of 4 per cent. solution of cocaine may be instilled into the eye. In strong, vigorous patients benefit will usually be obtained from a laxative, such as 2 tablespoonfuls of Glauber’s salts daily, and if the fever runs high from a daily dose of half an ounce of saltpeter. As local applications astringent solutions are usually the best, as 30 grains of borax or of sulphate of zine in a quart of water, to be applied con- stantly on a cloth, as advised, under inflammation of the eyelids. In the absence of anything better cold water may serve every purpose. Above all, adhesive and oily agents (molasses, sugar, fats) are to be avoided, as only adding to the irritation. By way of suggesting agents that may be used with good effect, salt and sulphate of soda may be named, in solutions double the strength of sulphate of zine, or 7 grains of nitrate of silver may be added to a quart of distilled water, and will be found especially applicable in granular conjunctivitis, diph- theria, or commencing ulceration. A cantharides blister (1 part of Spanish fly to 4 parts lard) may be rubbed on the side of the face 3 inches below the eye, and washed off next morning with soap-suds and oiled daily till the scabs are dropped. WHITE SPECKS AND CLOUDINESS OF THE CORNEA. As aresult of external ophthalmia, opaque specks, clouds, or haziness are too often left on the cornea and require for their removal that they be daily touched with a soft feather dipped in a solution of 3 grains nitrate of silver in 1 ounce Cistilled water. This should be applied until all inflammation has subsided, and until its contact is comparatively painless. Itis rarely successful with an old thick sear following an ulcer, nor with an opacity having red blood-vessels running across it. ULCERS OF THE CORNEA. These may be treated with nitrate of silver lotion of twice the strength used for opacities. Powdered gentian, one-half ounce, and sulphate of iron, one-fourth ounce daily, may improve the general health and increase the reparatory power. INTERNAL OPHTHALMIA—IRITIS—CHOROIDITIS—RETINITIS. Although inflammations of the iris, choroid, and retina, the inner vas- cular and nervous coats of the eye occur to a certain extent indenend- ently of each other, yet one usually supervenes upon the other, and as the symptoms are thus made to coincide jt will be best for our pres- ent purposes to treat the three as one disease. 261 The causes of internal ophthalmia are largely those of the external form only, acting with greater intensity or on a more susceptible eye. Severe blows, bruises, punctures, ete., of the eye, the penetration of foreign bodies into the eye (thorns, splinters of iron, etc.), sudden transition from a dark stall to bright sunshine, to the glare of snow or water, con- stant glare from a sunny window, abuse of the overdraw check-rein, vivid lightning flashes, draughts of cold, damp air; above all, when the animal is perspiring, exposure in cold rain and snowstorms, swimming cold rivers, also certain general diseases like rheumatism, arthritis, in- fluenza, and disorders of the digestive organs, may become complicated by this affection. From theclose relation between the brain and eye— alike in the blood vessels and nerves—disorders of the first lead to affections of the second, and the same remark applies to the persistent irritation to which the jaws are subjected in the course of dentition. So potent is the last agency that we dread a recurrence of ophthalmia so long as dentition is incomplete, and hope for immunity if the animal completes its dentition without any permanent structural change in the eye. The symptoms will vary according to the cause. If the attack is due to direct physical injury the inflammation of the eyelids and superficial structures may be quite as marked as that of the interior of the eye. If, on the other hand, from general causes, or as a complication of some distant disease, the affection may be largely confined to the deeper structures, and the swelling, redness, and tenderness of the superficial structures will be less marked. When the external coats thus compar- atively escape the extreme anterior edge of the white or sclerotic coat where it overlaps the border of the transparent cornea is in a meas- ure free from congestion, and, in the absence of the obscuring dark pigment, forms a whitish ring around the cornea. ‘This is partly due to the fact that a series of arteries (ciliary) passing to the inflamed iris penetrate the sclerotic coat a short distance behind its anterior border, and there is therefore a marked difference in color between the general sclerotic occupied. by these congested vessels and the anterior rim from which they are absent. Unfortunately the pigment is often so abundant in the anterior part of the sclerotic as to hide this symptom. In internal ophthalmia the opacity of the cornea may be confined to a zone around the outer margin of the cornea, and even this may be a bluish haze rather than a deep fleecy white. In consequence it becomes possible to see the interior of the chamber for the aqueous humor and the condition of the iris and pupil. The aqueous humor is usually tur- bid, and has numerous yellowish white flakes floating on its substance or deposited in the lower part of the chamber, so as to cut off the view of the lower portion of theiris. The still visible portion of the iris has lost its natural, clear dark luster, which is replaced by a brownish or yellowish sere-leaf color. This is more marked in proportion as the iris is inflamed, and less so as the inflammation is confined to the cho- 262 roid. The amount of flocculent deposit in the chamber of the aqueous humor is also in direct ratio to the inflammation of the iris. Perhaps the most marked feature of internal ophthalmia is the extreme and paintul sensitiveness to light. On this account the lids are usually closed, but when opened the pupil is seen to be narrowly closed even if the animal has been kept in an obscured stall. Exceptions to this are seen when inflammatory effusion has overfilled the globe of the eye, and by pressure on the retina las paralyzed it, or when the exudation into the substance of the retina itself hassimilarly led to its paralysis. Then the pupil may be dilated, and frequently its margin loses its regular ovoid outline and becomes uneven by reason of the adhesions which it has contracted with the capsule of the lens, through its intlammatory exudations. In the case of excessive effusion into the globe of the eye that is found to have become tense and hard so that it can not be in- dented with the tip of the finger. With such paralysis of the retina, vision is heavily clouded or entirely lost, henge in spite of the open pupil the finger may be approached to the eye without the animal be- coming conscious of it until it touches the surface, and if the nose on the affected side is gently struck and a feint made to repeat the blow the patient makes no effort toevade it. Sometimes the edges of the con- tracted pupil become adherent to each other by an intervening plastic exudation, and the opening becomes virtually abolished. In severe in- flammations pus may form in the choroid or iris, and escaping into the cavity of the aqueous humor show as a yellowish white stratum below. In nearly all cases there is resulting exudation into the lens or its cap- sule, constituting a cloudiness or opacity (cataract), which in severe and old standing cases appears as a white fleecy mass behind a widely dilated pupil. In the slighter cases cataract is to be recognized by ex- amination of the eye in a dark chamber, with an oblique side hight as described in the introduction to this article. Cataracts that appear as a simple haze or indefinite fleecy cloud are usually on the capsule (cap- sular), while those that show a radiating arrangement are in the lens (lenticular), the radiating fibers of which the exudate follows. Black cataracts are formed by the adhesion of the pigment on the back of the iris to the front of the lens, and by the subsequent tearing loose of the iris, leaving a portion of its pigment adherent to the capsule of the lens. If the pupil is so contracted that it is impossible to see the lens, it may be dilated by applying to the front of the eye with a feather some drops of a solution of 4 grains of atropia in an ounce of water. The treatment of internal ophthalmia should embrace first the removal of all existing causes, or sources of aggravation, of the disease, which need not be here repeated. Special care to protect the patient against cold, wet, strong light, and active exertion, must, however, be specially jnsisted on. | , “XIXX HLV Id a c Sanne Raima raRiN Gua “LOOW AO AINO.LVNY *(peioypo)) SuLta ff lajje ‘GON eahyeu ulorf 4/ON JOpour wtoaz'e pue o'T soy fop‘sauey JOOY JO IPISUy JOOL/O UOWIOS JOSALY aUuog ULYyo) 60.4 FUOY UOIUSHI UOVYSND \_ hLDUOLOD ADTUOLT LOPUIT § UOpUA? DDPDIDAD) * SIQDLO/ LAL LOX T POLIO T - UOPUe? LOSUIPL IT BNOO.LY ALDUOLOD auog nee a ee UOUUDD YFOUS INSS?D SIP YAOVOLOY LO LDULUDT uopue) a ee SONI 0S" JU0G VYYO) BUOQ P1OUDSAs ff evil, ; LOSUIUTSNG = OM BUOQ UOUUDI BLLOT g UOPUP) LONI YT XXx HLV Id AN/OD Ou SuUTayRAA BTeXOES “LAHA GANHAAUN ODO “(eusuo) “[eUrBL1G) ((emece) jap‘soureyy OQ DY 2 UMOYS 7/004 JO WOYOg “G DY UW) UMOYS S20 7004 AULDS 7 OY 1 UMOYS 8I07OOs UD ‘s eS [ELIS LIQ FOOf PY) 29 W21EN290 MPLA DUMOYS: fOOY JO UODAOYS’ “sugney 19}}e DOOL PIOMLHOUNOS “[[eAloteg ta}yfe UOWIAS UPUPIY’ % 1aUqne lf Ad) }e “UOUWIS ULAR? TXxxX HLVId . a rae pare hing Bone, after Dadd. _Splunts. LaYE CONTLON. SCSCTHOUS. STAM Cantor. Bones oS the 100E, after Chaveau. Haines, del. Nawiuiar COfin. BONES, after Stonehenge. 12) WAIN D9 DOOM, LOC M1. Annee. Splint bone. 44 {7lexor Connon bone. q | pEarrvorans.. Siler SUSPCHSOTU\ | perforatuis . ligament. LFeulock. Anatory of the 100t, after Haubner, Plexo CnaOn. RN Newicilor HS CASE , after Stonehenge. Sackett & Wilhelms LithoCoNY RING BONE AND NAVICULAR DISEASE. ‘ ; i . . ; . & ‘ et ; ? pS « ; : | Ba x + ra . a f' Fi es . oe oan i | t ieee. nag > eh, xe eee de re on A Ke ie oS < , i i f ie f, ’ La) . n , i i Kot , . : : ' . = ‘ A ? x . , 4 ‘ PLATE XxXxXill. ; —_ A Top of wall. [| . ne S S| S S|} Tos y NY 1S | RS a S : Q rs) = Ss i is) = ~ IS | Clan. Actual GUChNESS of walls of hoor. Toe crack Wali removed Lo Show absorption of corti bore. One Sel Of QAQHea-CAack. Haines, del. t | QUARTER-CRACK AND REMEDIES. Sackett & Wilhelms Litho Co. NY PLATE XXXiy. | 2and 3, Sound foot of two year old. a Naalproperly Arwen: J 0 Nal improperly arian. . a : Sound 00 of two year old. 3 / he SCCOON QT OSS. NGO AlX. Contracted rooe. el SClion ATOSS 1G, 7 | | Xx. Sound ace Badli contracted foe. Haines, del. Sackett & Wilhelms Litho CoNY SOUND AND CONTRACTED FEET. s DISEASES: OF THE SKIN. By JAMES LAW, F. R. C. S. V. S., Professor of Veterinary Science, etc., Cornell University. As we find them described in systematic works, the diseases of the skin are very numerous and complex, which may be largely accounted for by the fact that the cutaneous covering is exposed to view at all points, so that shades of difference in inflammatory and other diseased processes are easily seen and distinguished from each other. In the horse the hairy covering serves to some extent to mask the symptoms, and hence the nonprofessional man is tempted to apply the term ‘‘mange” to all alike, and it is only a step further to apply the same treatment to all these widely different disorders. Yet even in the hairy quadruped the distinction can be made in a way which can not be done in disorders of that counterpart and prolorgation of the skin—the mucous membrane, which lines the air passages, the digestive organs, the urinary, and generative apparatus. Diseased processes, therefore, which in these organs it might be difficult or impossible to distinguish from each other, can usually be separated and recognized when appeat- ing in the skin. Nor is this differentiation unimportant. The cutaneous covering pre- sents such an extensive surface for the secretion of cuticular scales, hairs, horn, sebaceous matter, sweat, and other excretory matters, that any extensive disorder in its functions may lead to serious internal disease and death. Again, the intimate nervous sympathy of different points of the skin with particular internal organs renders certain skin disorders causative of internal disease and certain internal dis- eases causative of affections of the skin. The mere painting of the skin with an impermeable coating of glue is speedily fatal; a cold draught striking on the chest causes inflammation of the lungs or pleura; askin eruption speedily follows certain disorders of the stomach, the liver, the kidneys, or even the lungs; simple burns of the skin cause inflamma- tions of internal organs, and inflammations of such organs cause in their turn eruptions on the skin. ‘The relations—nervous, secretory, and absorptive—between the skin and internal organs are most extensive and varied, and therefore a visible disorder in the skin may point at 419 420 once and specifically to a particular fault in diet, to an injudicious use of cold water when the system is heated, to a fault in drainage, venti- lation or lighting of the stables, to indigestion, to liver disease, to urinary disorder, etc. STRUCTURE OF THE SKIN. The skin consists primarily of two parts: (1), the superficial nonvas- cular (without blood vessels) layer, the cuticle or epidermis; and (2), the deep vascular (with blood vessels) layer, the corium, dermis or true skin. The cuticle is made up of cells placed side by side and more or less modified in shape by their mutual compression and by surface evapora- tion and drying. The superficial stratum consists of the cells dried in the form of scales, which fall off continually and form dandruff. The deep stratum (the mucous layer) is formed of somewhat rounded cells with large central nuclei, and in colored skin containing numerous pig- ment granules. These cells have prolongations or branches by which they communicate with each other and with the superficial layer of cells in the true skin beneath. Through these they receive nutrient liquids for their growth and increase, and through these liquids absorbed by the skin, may be passed on into the vessels of the true skin beneath. The living matter in the cells exercises an equally selective power on what they shall take up for their own nourishment and on what they shall admit into the circulation from without. Thus, certain agents like iodine and belladonna are readily admitted, whereas others, like arsenic, are excluded by the sound unbroken epidermis. Between the deep and superficial layers of the epidermis there is a thin translucent layer (septum lucidum), consisting of a double stratum of cells, and forming a medium of transition from the deep spheroidal to the super- ficial scaly cuticle. The true skin or dermis has a framework of interlacing bundles of white and yellow fibers, large and coarse in the deeper layers, and fine in the superficial where they approach the cuticle. Between the fibrous bundles are left interspaces which, like the bundles, become finer as they approach the surface, and inclose cells, vessels, nerves, glands, gland ducts, hairs, and in the deeper layers fat. The superficial layer of the dermis is formed into a series of minute conical elevations or papilla, projecting into the deep portion of the cuticle, from which they are separated by a very fine transparent mem- brane. This papillary layer is very richly supplied with capillary blood vessels and nerves, and is at once the seat of acute sensation and the point from which the nutrient liquid is supplied to the cells of the cuticle above. It is also at this point that the active changes of in- flammation are especially concentrated; it is the immediately super- posed cell layers (mucous), that become morbidly increased in the early stages of inflammation ; it is on the surface of the papillary layer that the liquid is thrown out which raises the cuticle in the form of a blister, and it is at this point mainly that pus forms in the ordinary pustule. 421 The fibrous bundles of the true skin contain plain muscular fibers, which are not controlled by the will, but contract under the influence of cold and under certain nervous influences, as in some skin diseases and in the chill of a fever, and lead to contraction, tightening, or cor- rugation of the skin, contributing to produce the “ hidebound” of the horseman. Other minute muscular filaments are extended from thesur- face of the dermis to the hair follicle on the side to which the hair is in- clined, and under the same stimulating influences produce that erection of the hair which is familiarly known as “ staring coat.” Besides these, the horse’s skin is furnished with an expansion of red voluntary mus- cle, firmly attached to the fibrous bundles, and by which the animal can not only dislodge insects and other irritants, but even shake off the harness. This fleshy envelope covers the sides of the trunk and the lower portions of the neck and head, the parts unprotected by the mane and tail, and serves to throw the skin of these parts into puckers or ridges in certain irritating skin diseases. The hairs are cuticular products growing from an enlarged papilla lodged iu the depth of a follicle or sack, hollowed out in the skin and extending to its deepest layers. The hair follicle is lined by cells of epidermis, which at the bottom are reflected on tie papilla and become the root of the hair. The hair itself is formed of the same kind of cells firmly adherent to each other by a tough intercellular substance, and overlapping each other like slates on a roof in a direction towards the free end. The sebaceous glands are branching tubes ending in follicles or sacks and opening into the hair follicles, lined by a very vascular fibrous net- work representing the dermis, and an internal layer of cells represent- ing the mucous layer of the cuticle. Their oily secretion gives gloss to the hair and prevents its becoming dry and brittle, and keeps the skin soft and supple, protecting it at once against undue exhalation of water and undue absorption when immersed in that medium. Beside those connected with the hair follicles there are numerous isolated sebaceous glands, opening directly on the surface of the skin, producing a some- what thicker and more odorous secretion. These are found in large numbers in the folds of the skin, where chafing would be likely if the surface were dry, as on the sheath, scrotum, mammary glands and inner side of the thigh, around the anus and vulva, in the hollow of the heel, beneath the fine horn of the frog, on the inner side of the elbow, on the lips, nostrils, and eyelids. When closed by dried secretion or other- wise these glands may become distended so as to form various sized swellings on the skin, and when inflamed they may throw out offensive iiquid discharges as in “‘ grease,” or produce red tender fungus growths (‘‘ grapes”). The sweat glands of the horse, like those of man, are composed of simple tubes, which extend down through the cuticle and dermis in a spiral manner, and are coiled into ballsin the deeper layer of the true 422 skin. In addition to their importance in throwing offensive waste pro- ducts out of the system, these glands tend to cool the skin and the en- tire economy of the animal through the evaporation of their watery secretion. Their activity is therefore a matter of no small moment, as beside regulating the animal heat and excreting impurities, it infiu- ences largely the internal organs through the intimate sympathy main- tained between them and the skin. Diseases of the skin may be conveniently divided, according to their most marked features, into: (1) Those in which congestion and inflammation are the most marked features, varying according to the grade or form into (a), congestion with simple redness, dryness and heat, but no eruption (erythema) ; (b), in- flammation with red pointed elevations but no blisters (papules); (€), in- flammation with fine conical elevations, each surmounted by a minute blister (vesicle) ; (d), inflammation with a similar eruption but with larger blisters, like half a pea and upwards (bulle); (e), inflammation with a similar eruption but with a small sack of white creamy pus on the summit of each elevation (pustules) ; (f), the formation of pustules implicating the superficial layer of the true skin, a small portion of which dies and is thrown off as a slough or “ core” (boils) ; (g), the for- mation of round, nodular, transient swellings in the true skin (tubercles) and (h), the excessive production of scales or dandruff (scaly or squamous affections. (2) Diseases in which there is only deranged sensations, of itching, heat, tenderness, etc. (Newrosis). (3) Diseased growths, as warts, callosities, horny growths, cancer, ete. (4) Diseases due to parasites, animal and vegetable. (5) Diseases connected with a specific poison—horsepox, erysipelas, anthrax, farcy or cutaneous glanders, ete. (6) Physical injuries like wounds, burns, scalds, ete. CONGESTION—RED HFFLORESCENCE—ERYTHEMA. This is a congested or slightly inflamed condition of the skin, unat- tended by any eruption. The part is slightly swollen, hot, tender or itchy, and dry, and if the skin is white there is redness. The redness is effaced by pressure, but reappears instantly when the pressure is re- moved. Unless in transient cases the hairs are liable to be shed. It may be looked on as the first stage of inflammation, and therefore when it becomes aggravated it may merge in part or in whole into a papular, vesicular, or pustular eruption. Krythema may arise from a variety of causes, and is often named in accordance with its most prominent cause. Thus the chilling or partial Freezing of a part will give rise to a severe reaction and congestion. Where snowy or icy streets have been salted this may extend to severe inflammation with vesicles, pustules, or even sloughs of circumscribed portions of the skin of the pastern (chill-blain, frost-bite). Heat and 423 burning has a similar effect, and this often comes from exposure to the direet rays of the suo. The skin that does not perspire is the most subject, and hence the white face or white limb of a horse becoming dried by the intensity of thesun’srays often suffers tothe exclusion of the rest of the body (white face and foot disease). The febrile stateof the general system is also a potent cause, hence the white-skinned horse is rendered the more liable if kept on a heating ration of buckwheat, or even of wheat or maize. Contact of the skin with oil of turpentine or other essen- tial oils, with irritant liquids, vegetable or mineral, with rancid fats, with the acrid secretions of certain animals like the irritated toad, with pus, sweat, tears, urine or liquid feces, will produce congestion or even inflam- mation. Chafing is a common cause, and is especially liable to affect the fat horse between the thigks, by the side of the sheath or scrotum, on the inner side of the elbow, or where the harness chafes on the poll, shoulder, back, breastbone, and under the tail. The accumulation of sweat and dust between the folds of the skin, and on the surface of the harness, and the specially acrid character of the sweat in cer- tain horses contribute to chafing or “‘intertrigo.” The heels often be- come congested, owing to the irritation caused by the short bristly hairs in clipped heels. Again, congestion may occur from friction by halter, harness, or other foreign body under the pastern, or inside the thigh or arm, or by reason of blows from another foot (cutting, interfering, over- reach). Finally, erythema is especially liable to occur in spring when the coat is being shed, and the hair follicles and general surface are exposed and irritable in connection with the dropping of the hairs. If due only to a local irritant congestion will usually disappear when such cause has been removed, but when the feeding or system is at fault these conditions must be first corrected. While the coat is being shed the susceptibility will continue, and the aim should be to prevent the disease developing and advancing so as to weaken the skin, render the susceptibility permanent, and lay the foundation of persistent or fre- quently recurring skin disease. Hence at such times the diet should be nonstimulating ; any excess of grain and above all of buckwheat, Indian corn, or wheat being avoided. A large grain ration should not be given at once on return from hard work, when the general system and - stomach are unable to cope with it; the animal should not be given more than a swallow or two of cold water when perspiring and fatigued; nor should he be allowed a full supply of water just after his grain ra- tion; he should not be overheated nor exhausted by work, nor should dried sweat and dust be allowed to accumulate on the skin nor on the harness pressing onit. Theexposure of the affected heels to damp, mud, and snow, and above all to melting snow, should be guarded against ; light, smooth, well-fitting harness must be secured, and where the sad- dle or collar irritates an incision should be made above and one below the part that chafes, and the padding between having been removed, the lining should be beaten so as to make a hollow. A zinc shield in 424 the upper angle of the collar will often prevent chafing in front of the withers. Wash the chafed skin and apply salt water (one-half ounce to the quart), extract of witch-hazel, a weak solution of oak bark or eamphor- ated spirit. If the surface is raw use bland powders, as oxide of zine, lycopodium, starch, or smear the surface with vaseline, or with 1 ounce vaseline intimately mixed with one-half dram each of sugar of lead and opium. In cases of chafing rest must be strictly enjoined. Where there is constitutional disorder or acrid sweat 1 ounce cream of tartar or a teaspoonful of bicarbonate of soda may be given twice daily. CONGESTION, WITH SMALL PIMPLES—PAPULES. In this affection there is the general blush, heat, etc., of erythema, to- gether with a crop of elevations from the size of a poppy-seed to a coffee-bean, visible when the hair is reversed or to be felt with the finger where the hair is scanty. In white skins they vary from the palest to the darkest red. All do not retain the papular type, but some go on to form blisters (eczema, bull), or pustules, or dry up into scales, or break out into open sores, or extend into larger swellings (tubercles). The majority, however, remaining as pimples, characterize the disease. When very itchy the rubbing breaks them open, and the resulting sores and scales hide the true nature of the eruption. The general and local causes may be the same as for erythema, and in the same subject one portion of the skin may havesimple congestion and another adjacent papules. As the inflammatiory action is more pro- nounced, so the irritation and itching are usually greater, the animal rubbing and biting himself severely. his itching is especially severe in the forms which attack the roots of the mane and tail, and there the disease is often so persistent and troublesome that the horse is rendered virtually useless. The bites of insects often produce a papular eruption, but in many such cases the swelling extends wider into a button-like elevation, one- half to an inch in diameter. The same remarks apply to the effects of the poison ivy and poison sumac. In papular eruption first remove the cause, then apply the same gen- eral remedies as for simple congestion. In the more inveterate cases use a lotion of one-half ounce sulphide of potassium in 2 quarts water, to which a little Castile soap has been added. Or use a wash with one- half ounce oil of tar, 2 ounces Castile soap, and 20 ounces water. INFLAMMATION WITH BLISTERS—ECZEMA. In this the skin is congested, thickened, warm (white skins are red- dened), and shows a thick crop of little blisters formed by effusions of a straw-colored fluid between the true skin and the cuticle. The blis- ters may be of any size from a millet seed to a pea, and often crack 425 open and allow the escape of the fluid which concretes as a slightly yellowish scan or crust around the roots of the hairs. This exudation and inerustation are especially common where the hairs are long, thick, and numerous, as in the region of the pastern of heavy draught horses. Eezema may appear on any part of the body, but in horses it is espec- ially common on the heels and the lower parts of the limbs, and less frequently on the neck, shoulder, and abdomen. The limbs appear to be especially liable because of their dependent position, all blood hav- ing to return from them against the action of gravity, and congestions and swellings being common, because of the abundance of blood ves- sels in this part of the skin, and because of the frequent contact with the irritant dung and urine and their ammoniacal emanations. The legs further suffer from contact with wet and mud when at work, from snow and ice, from draughts of cold air on the wet limbs, from washing with caustic soaps, or from the relaxing effects of a too deep and abundant litter. Among other causes may be named indigestions and the pres- ence of irritant matters in the blood and sweat, the result of patent- medicated foods and condition powders (aromatics, stimulants), green food, new hay, new oats, buckwheat, wheat, maize, diseased potatoes, smut or ergot in grains, decomposing green food, brewer’s grains, or kitchen garbage. The excitement in the skin, caused by shedding the coat, lack of grooming, hot weather, hot boiled or steamed food, conduces to the eruption. Lastly, any sudden change of food may induce it. The blisters may in part go on to suppuration so that vesicles and pustules often appear on the same patch, and when raw from rubbing the true nature of the eruption may be completely masked. In high-fed horses, kept in close stables with little work, eczema of the limbs may last formonths and years. Itis avery troublesome affection in draught stallions. Treatment.—This disease is so often the result of indigestion that a laxative of 1 pound Glauber’s salts in 3 or 4 quarts water, or 14 pints olive oil is often demanded to clear away irritants from the alimentary eanal. Following this, in recent and acute cases, give 2 drams of acet- ate or bicarbonate of potash twice a day in the drinking water. If the bowels still become costive give daily 1 ounce sulphate of soda and 20 grains powdered nux vomica. In debilitated horses combine the nux vomica with one-half ounce powdered gentian root. As a wash for the skin use 1 dram bicarbonate of soda and 1 dram carbolic acid in a quart of water, after having cleansed the surface with tepid water. Employ the same precautions as regards feeding, stabling, and care of harness as in simple congestion of the skin. In the more inveterate forms of eczema more active treatment is re- quired. Soak the scabs in fresh sweet oi/, and in a few hours remove these with tepid water and castile soap; then apply an ointment of sul- phur or iodide of sulphur day by day. If this seems to be losing its effect after a week, change for mercurial ointment or a solution of sul- 426 - phide of potassium, or of hyposulphite of soda, 3 drams to the quart of water. In these cases the animal may take a course of sulphur (1 ounce daily), bisulphite of soda (4 ounce daily), or of arsenic (5 grains daily) mixed with 1 dram bicarbonate of soda. INFLAMMATION WITH PUSTULES. In this affection the individual elevations on the inflamed skin show in the center a small sack of white, creamy pus, in place of the clear liquid of a blister. They vary in size from a millet seed to a hazel nut. The pustules of glanders (farcy buds) are to be distinguished by the watery contents and the cord-like swelling, extending from the pustules along the line of the veins, and those of boils by the inflammation and sloughing outof a core of the true skin. The hair on the pustule stands erect, and is often shed with the scab which results. When itching is severe the parts become excoriated by rubbing, and, as in the other forms of skin disease, the character of the eruption may become indis- tinct. Old horses suffer mainly at the root of the mane and tail, and about the heels, and suckling foals around the mouth, on the face, inside the thighs, and under the tail. Pustules like eczema are especially liable to result from un wholesome food and indigestion, from a sudden change of food, above all from dry to green food. In foals it may result from overheating of the mare and allowing the first milk after she returns, or by milk rendered unwhole- some by faulty feeding of the dam. If a foal is brought up by hand the souring and other decompositions in the milk derange the digestion and cause such eruption. Vetches and other plants affected with honeydew and buckwheat have been the cause of these eruptions on white portions of the skin. Disorders of the kidneys or liver are com- mon causes of this affection. Treatment.—Apply soothing ointments, such as benzoated oxide of zinc, or vaseline with 1 dram oxide of zine in each ounce. Or a wash of 1 dram sugar of lead or 2 drams hyposulphite of soda in a quart of water may be freely applied. If the skin is already abraded and scabby, smear thickly with vaseline for some hours, then wash with soapsuds and apply the above dressings. When the excoriations are indolent they may be painted with a solution of lunar caustic, 2 grains to 1 ounce of distilled water. Internally counteract costiveness and remove intestinal irritants by the same means as in eczema, and follow this with one-half ounce doses daily of hyposulphite of soda, and one- half ounce doses of gentian. Inveterate cases may often be benefited by a course of sulphur, bisulphite of soda, or arsenic. In all the great- est care must be taken with regard to food, feeding, watering, cleanli- ness, and work. In wet and cold seasons predisposed animals should, as far as possible, be protected from wet, mud, snow, and melted snow, above all from that which has been melted by salt. 427 BOILS—FURUNCLES. These may appear on any part of the skin, but are especially com- mon on the lower parts of the limbs, and on the shoulders and back where the skin is irritated by accumulated secretion and chafing with the harness. In other cases the cause is constitutional, or attended by unwholesome diet and overwork with loss of general health and con- dition. They also follow on weakening diseases, notably strangles, in which irritants are retained in the system from overproduction of effete matters during fever, and imperfect elimination. There is also the presence of a pyogenic bacterium, by which the disease may be main- tained and propagated. While boils are pus producing, they differ from simple pustule in affecting the deepest layers of the true skin, and even the superficial layers of the connective tissues beneath, and in the death and slough- ing out of the central part of the inflamed mass (core). The depth of the hard, indurated, painful swelling, and the formation of this central mass or core, which is bathed in pus and slowly separated from sur- rounding parts, serve to distinguish the boil alike from the pustule, from the farcy bud, and from a superficial abscess. To treat very painful boils a free incision with a lancet in two direc- tions, followed by a dressing with one-half an ounce carbolic acid in a pint of water, bound on with cotton wool or lint, may cut them short. The more common course is to apply a warm poultice of linseed meal or wheat bran, and renew daily until the center of the boil softens, when it should be lanced and the core pressed out. If the boil is smeared with a blistering ointment of Spanish flies and a poultice put over it, the formation of matter and separation of the core is often hastened, A mixture of sugar and soap laid on the boil is equally good. Cleanliness of the skin and the avoidance of all causes of irritation are important items, and a teaspoonful of bicar- bonate of soda once or twice a day will sometimes assist in warding off a new crop. NETTLERASH—SURFEIT—URTICARIA. This is an eruption in the form of cutaneous nodules, in size from a hazel nut toa hickory nut, transient, with little disposition to the forma- tion of either blister or pustule, and usually connected with shedding of the coat, sudden changes of weather, and unwholesomeness or sudden change in the food. It is most frequentin the spring and in young and vigorous animals (good feeders). The swelling embraces the-entire thickness of the skin and terminates by an abrupt margin in place of shading off into surrounding parts. When the individual swellings run together there are formed extensive patches of thickened integument. These may appear on any part of the body, and may be general; the eyelids may be closed, the lips rendered immovable, or the nos- 428 trils so thickened that breathing becomes difficult and snuffling. It may be attended by constipation or diarrhea, or by colicky pains. The eruption is sudden, the whole skin being sometimes covered in a few hours, and it may disappear with equal rapidity or persist for six or eight days. Treatment.—This consists in clearing out the bowels by 5 drams Bar- badoes aloes, or 1 pound Glauber’s salts, and follow the operation of these by daily doses of one-half ounce powdered gentian and 1 ounce Glauber’s salts. A weak solution of alum may be applied to the swel- lings. SCALY SKIN DISEASE—PITYRIASIS. This affection is characterized by an excessive production and de- tachment of dry scales from the surface of the skin (dandruff). It is usually dependent on some fault in digestion, and an imperfect secre- tion from the sebaceous glands, and is most common in old horses with spare habit of body. Williams attributes it to food rich in saccharine matter (carrots, turnips), and the excretion by the skin of oxalic acid. He has found it in horses irregularly worked and well fed, and ad- vises the administration of pitch fora length of time, and the avoidance of saccharine food. Otherwise the horse may take a laxative followed by dram doses of carbonate of potash, and the affected parts may be bathed with soft tepid water and smeared with an ointment made with vaselineand sulphur. In obstinate cases sulphur may be given daily in the food. NERVOUS IRRITATION OF THE SKIN—PRURITUS. This is seen in horses fed to excess on grain and hay, kept in close stables, and worked irregularly. Though most common in summer it is often severe in hot, close stables in winter. Pimples, vesicles, and abrasions may result, but as the itching is quite as severe on other parts of the skin, these may be the result of scratching merely. It is especially common and inveterate about the roots of the mane and tail. Treatment consistsin a purgative (Glauber’s salts, 1 pound), restricted, laxative diet, and a wash of water slightly soured with oil of vitriol and rendered sweet by carbolic acid. If obstinate, give daily 1 ounce of sulphur and 20 grains nux vomica. If the acid lotion fails, 2 drams carbonate of potash and 2 grains of cyanide of potassium in a quart of water will sometimes benefit. If due to pin worms in the rectum, the itching of the tail may be remedied by an occasional injection of a quart of water in which chips of quassia woud have been steeped for twelve hours. 429 HERPES. This name has been applied to a disease in which there is an eruption of minute vesicles in circular groups or clusters, with little tendency to burst but rather to dry up into fine scabs. If the vesicles break they exude a slight, gummy discharge which conecretes into a small, hard scab. It is apparently noncontagious and not appreciably con- nected with any disorder ofinternal organs, It sometimes accompanies or follows specific fevers, and is on the whole most frequent at the seasons of changing the coat—spring and autumn. It is seen on the lips and pastern, but may appear on any part of the body. The dura- tion of the eruption is two weeks or even more, the tendency being to spontaneous recovery. The affected part is very irritable, causing a sensitiveness and a disposition to rub, out of proportion to the extent of the eruption. It may be treated by oxide of zine ointment, and to relieve the irrita- tion a solution of opium or belladonna in water, or of sugar of lead or oil of peppermint. A course of bitters (one-half an ounce Peruvian bark daily for a week) may be serviceable in bracing the system and producing an indisposition to the eruption. BLEEDING SKIN ERUPTIONS—DERMATORRHAGIA PARASITICA. In China, Hungary, Spain, and other countries horses frequently suf- fer from the presence of a thread worm (filaria hemorrhagica, (Kailliet: F. multipapullosa, Condamine, Drouilly) in the subcutaneous connective tissue, causing effusions of blood under the scurf skin, and encrustations of dried blood on the surface. ‘The eruptions, which appear mainly on the sides of the trunk, but may cover any part of the body, are rounded elevations about the size of a small pea, containing blood which bursts through thescurf skin and coneretes like a reddish scab around the erect, rigid hairs. ‘These swellings appear in groups, which remain out for several days, gradually diminishing in size; new groups appear after an interval of three or four weeks, the manifestation being confined to three or four months of spring and disappearing in winter. A horse will suffer for several years in succession, and then permanently re- cover. A fatal issue is not unknown. To find the worm the hair is shaved from the part where the elevations are felt, and as soon as a bleeding point is shown the superficial layer is laid open with the knife, when the parasite will be seen drawing itself back into the parts be- neath. The worm is about 2 inches long and like a stout thread, thicker towards the head than towards the tail, and with numerous little con- ical elevations (papillz) around the head. Tbe young worms are num- erous in the body of the adult female worm. The worm has become common in given localities, and probably enters the system with food or water. Treatinent is not satisfactory, but the affected surface should be kept clean by sponging, and the pressure of 430 harness on any affected part must be avoided. Thus rest may become essential. The part may be frequently washed with a strong solution of sulphide of potassium. SUMMER SORES FROM FILARIA IRRITANS. The summer sores of horses (dermatitis granulosa, boils) have been traced to the presence in the skin of another parasite, 3 millimeters in length and extremely attenuated (Filaria trritans, Railliet). The sores may be seen as small as a millet seed, but more frequently the size of a pea, and may become an inch in diameter. They may appear on any point, but are especially obnoxious where the harness presses or on the lower part of the limbs. They cause intense and insupportable itching, and the victim rubs and bites the part until extensive raw surfaces are produced. Aside from such friction the sore is covered by a brownish- red, soft, pulpy material with cracks or furrows filled with serous pus. In the midst of the softened mass are small, firm, rounded granulations, fibrinous, and even caseated, and when the soft pultaceous material has been scraped off the surface bears a resemblance to the fine yellow points of miliary tuberculosis in the lung. The worm or its débris is found in the center of such masses. These sores are very obstinate, re- sisting treatment for months in summer, and even after apparent recoy- ery during the cold season they may appear arew the following summer. In bad cases the rubbing and biting may cause exposure of synovial sacs and tendons, and cause irremediable injury. Even in winter, how- ever, when the diseased process seems arrested, there remains the hard, firm, resistant patches of the skin with points in which the diseased product has become softened like cheese. The apparent subsidence of the disease in winter is attributed to the coldness and comparative bloodlessness of the skin, whereas in sum- mer, with high temperature, active circulation, and rapid cell-growth, inflammation is increased, itching follows, and from the animal rubbing the part the irritation is persistently increased. The hotter the cli- mate the more troublesome the disease. The life history of the parasite is unknown, but it probably enters the system with the food or water. Treatment consists, first, in placing the animal in a cool place and showering the surface with cold water. The parasite may be destroyed by rubbing the surface of the wound with iodoform, and covering it with a layer of collodion, and repeating the applications every twenty- four hours for fifteen days, or until the sores heal up. Ether or chloro- form may be used in place of iodoform, being poured on cotton wool and applied to the sore for two minutes before painting it with collodion. CRACKED HEELS—SCRATCHES—CHAPS ON KNEE AND HOCK. This usually sets in with swelling, heat, and tenderness of the hollow of the heel, with erections of the hairs and redness (in white skins), 431 with stiffness and lameness, which may be extreme in irritable horses. Soon slight cracks appear transversely, and may gain in depth and width, and may even suppurate. More frequently they become covered at the edges or throughout by firm incrustations resulting from the dry- ing of the liquids thrown out, and the skin becomes increasingly thick and rigid. A similar condition occurs behind the knee and in front of the hock (malanders and salanders), and may extend from these points to the hoof, virtually incasing that side of the limb in a permanent incrusting sheath. Besides a heavy lymphatic constitution, which pre- disposes to this affection, the causes are overfeeding on grain, altered unwholesome fodder, close, hot, dirty stables, constant contact with dung and urine and their emanations, working in deep, irritant mud; above all, in limestone districts, irritation by dry limestone or sandy dust in dry weather on dirt road, also cold draughts, snow and freezing mud, washing the legs with caustic soap, wrapping the wet legs in thick woolen bandages which soak the skin and render it sensitive when exposed next day, clipping the heels, weak heart and circulation, natural or supervening on overwork, imperfect nourishment, impure air, lack of sunshine, chronic, exhausting, or debilitating diseases, or functional or structural diseases of the heart, liver, or kidneys. These last induce dropsical swelling of the limbs (stocking), weaken the parts, and induce cracking. Finally the cicatrix of a preéxisting crack, weak, rigid, and unyielding, is liable to reopen under any severe exertion, hence rapid paces and heavy draft are active causes. In treatment the first step is to ascertain and remove the cause when- ever possible. If there is much local heat and inflammation a laxative (5 drams aloes, or 1 pound Glauber salts) may be given, and for the pampered animal the grain should be reduced or replaced altogether by bran mashes, flaxseed, and other laxative, nonstimulating food. In the debilitated, on the other hand, nutritious food and bitter tonics may be given, and even a course of arsenic (5 grains arsenic with 1 dram bicarbonate of soda daily). When the legs swell exercise on dry roads, hand-rubbing, and evenly applied bandages are good, and mild astringents, like extract of witch-hazel may be applied and the part subsequently rubbed dry and bandaged. If there is much heat but un- broken skin, a lotion of 2 drams sugar of lead to 1 quart of water may be applied on a thin bandage, covered in cold weather with a dry one. The same may be used after the cracks appear, or a solution of sulphu- rous acid solution 1 part, glycerine 1 part, and water 1 part, applied on cotton and well covered by a bandage. In case these should prove un- suitable to the particular case, the part may be smeared with vaseline 1 ounce, sugar of lead 1 dram, and carbolic acid 10 drops. INFLAMMATION OF THE HEELS FROM A FUNGUS—GREASE—CANKER. This is a specific affection of the heels of horses, associated with the growth of a parasitic fungus (Oidium batracosis, dermavhyton), an offen- 432 sive discharge from the numerous sebaceous glands and in bad cases the formation of red, raw, excrescences (grapes) from the surface. It is to be distinguished (1) from simple inflammation, in which the special fetid discharge and the tendency to the formation of ‘‘ grapes” are ab- sent; (2), from horsepox, in which the abundant exudate forms a firm yellow incrustation around the roots of the hair, and is embedded at in- tervals in the pits formed by the individual pocks, and in which there is no vascular excrescence ; (3), from foot scabies (mange), in which the presence of an acarus is distinctive; (4), from lymphangitis, in which the swelling appears suddenly extending around the entire limb as high as the hock, and on the inner side of the thigh along the line of the vein to the groin, and in which there is active fever, and (5) , from erysipelas, in which there is active fever (wanting in grease), the implication of the deeper layers of the skin and of the parts beneath giving a boggy feel- ing to the parts, the absence of the fetid, greasy discharge, and finally a tendency to form pus loosely in the tissues without any limiting mem- brane as in abscess. Another distinctive feature of grease is its tend- ency toimplicate the skin which secretes the bulbs or heels of the horny frog and in the cleft of the frog, constituting the disease known as canker. The predisposing causes of grease are essentially the same as those of simple inflammation of the heel, so that the reader may consalt the preceding article, and though the specific fungus (Otdium batracosis) is essential to the disease, yet it usually remains inoperative unless the field has been prepared by the coexistent predisposing factors. Local irritants may cause simple inflammation, and may be essential to the growth of the implanted germ, but without that germ it will not pro- duce grease. The symptoms vary according to whether the disease comes on sud- denly or more tardily. In the first casethere is a sudden swelling of the skin in the heel with heat, tenderness, itching, and stiffness, which is lessened during exercise. Inthe slower forms there is only seen a slight swelling after rest, and with little heat or inflammation for a week or more. Even at this early stage aslightserous oozing may be detected. As the swelling increases, extending up toward the hock or knees, the hairs stand erect, and are bedewed by moisture no longer clear and odorless, but grayish, milky, and fetid. The fetor of the discharge draws attention to the part whenever one enters the stable, and the swollen pastern and wet, matted hairs on the heeldraw attention to the precise seat of themalady. If actively treated the disease may not ad- vance farther, but if neglected the tense tender skin cracks open, leay- ing open sores from which vascular bleeding growths grow up, con- stituting the ‘ grapes.” The hair is shed, and the heel may appear but as one mass of rounded, red, angry excrescences which bleed on hand- ling and are covered with the now repulsively fetid decomposing dis- charge. During this time there is little oc no fever, the animal feeds 433 well, and but for its local trouble it might continue at work. When the malady extends to the frog there is a fetid discharge from its cleft, or from the depressions at its sides, and this gradually extends to its whole surface and upon the adjacent parts of the sole. The horn meanwhile becomes soft, whitish, and fleshy in aspect, its constituent tubes being greatly enlarged and losing their natural cohesion; it grows rapidly above the level ofthe surrounding horn, and when pared is found to be penetrated to an unusual depth by the secreting papilla, and that at intervals these have bulged out into a vascular fungus mass compar- able to the “grapes.” In treatment hygienic measures occupy a front rank, but are in them- selves insufficient to establish a cure. All local and general conditions which favor the production and persistence of the disease must be guarded against. Above all, cleanliness and purity of the stable and air must be secured; also, nourishing diet, regular exercise, and the avoidance of local irritants—septic, muddy, chilling, etc. At the outset benzoated oxide of zine ointment may be used with advantage. A still better dressing is made with 1 ounce vaseline, 2 drams oxide of zine, and 20 drops iodized phenol. IU the surface is much swollen and tender, a flaxseed poultice may be applied over the surface of which has been poured some of the following lotion: Sugar of lead, one-half ounce; car- boli: acid, 1 dram; water,1 quart. All the astringents of the pharma- copeia have been employed with more or less advantage, and some par- ticular one seems to suit particular cases or patients. To destroy the grapes, they may be rubbed daily with strong caustics (copperas, blue stone, lunar caustic), or each may be tied round its neck by a stout waxed thread, or finally and more speedily they may be eut off by a blacksmith’s shovel heated to redness, and applied with its sharp edge toward the neck of the excrescence, over a cold shovel held between it and the skin to protect it from the heat. The latter must be frequently dipped in water to coolit down. After the removal of the grapes the astringent dressing must be persistently applied to the surface. When the frog is affected it must be pared to the quick and dressed with dry caustic powders (quicklime, copperas, bluestone), or carbolic acid and subjected to pressure, the dressing being renewed every day at least. ERYSIPELAS. Thisis a specific contagious disease, characterized by spreading drop- sical inflammation of the skin and subcutaneous tissues, attended by general fever. It differs from most specific diseases in the absence of a definite period of incubation, a regular course and duration, and a conferring of immunity on the subject after recovery. On the contrary, one attack of erysipelas predisposes to another, partly, doubtless, by the loss of tone and vitality in the affected tissues, but also, perhaps, be- cause of the survival of the infecting germ. Itis no longer to be doubted 11035 28 434 that the microbes found in the inflammatory product are the true cause of erysipelas, as the disease can be successfully transferred from man - to animals and from one animal to another by their means. This trans- ition may be direct or through the medium of infected buildings or other articles. Yet from the varying severity of erysipelas in different out- breaks and localities it has been surmised that various different microbes are Operative in this disease, and a perfect knowledge of these might perhaps enable us to divide erysipelas into two or more distinct affec- tions. At present we must recognize it as a specific inflammation due to a bacterial poison and closely allied to septicemia. Erysipelas was formerly known as surgical when it spread from a wound (through which the germ had gained access), and medical or idiopathic when it started independently of any recognizable lesion. Depending as it does, how- ever, upon a germ distinct from the body the disease must be looked upon as one no matter by what channel the germ found an entrance. Erysipelas which follows a wound is usually much more violent than the other form, the difference being doubtless partly due to the lowered vi- tality of the wounded tissues and to the oxidation and septic changes whichare invited on the raw, exposed surface. As apparently idiopathic cases may be due to infection through bites of insects, the small amount of poison inserted may serve to moderate the violence. This affection may attack a wound of any part of the horse’s body, while apart from wounds it is most frequent about the head and the hind limbs. It is to be distinguished from ordinary inflammations by its gradual extension from the point first attacked, by the abundant liquid exudation into the affected part, by the tension of the skin over the affected part, by its soft boggy feeling, allowing it to be deeply in- dented by the finger, by the abrupt line of limitation between the diseased and healthy skin, the former descending suddenly to the healthy level instead of shading off slowly towards it, by the tendency of the inflammation to extend deeply into the subjacent tissues between and into the muscles and other structures, by the great tendency to death and sloughing of portions of skin and of the structures beneath, by the formation of pus at various different points throughout the diseased parts without any surrounding sack to protect the surround- ing structures from its destructive action, and without the usual dispo- sition of pus to advance harmlessly toward the surface and escape; and, finally, by a low prostrating type of fever, with elevated temperature of the body, coated tongne, excited breathing, and lossof appetite. The pus when escaping through a lancet wound is grayish, brownish, or reddish, with a heavy or fetid odor, and intermixed with shreds of broken-down tissues. The most destructive form, however, is that in which pus is deficient, and gangrene and sloughing more speedy and extensive. Treatment resolves itself mainly into the elimination from the system of the poisonous products of the bacteria by laxatives and diuretics, the ~sustaining of the failing vitality by tonics. and stimulants. above. all 435 those of the nature of antiferments, and the local application of astrin- gent and antiseptic agents. Internal treatment may consist in 4 drams tincture of muriate of iron, and one-half dram muriate of am- monia or chlorate of potash, given in a pint of water every two hours. To this may be added, liberally, whisky or brandy when the prostration is very marked. Locally a strong solution of iron, alum, or of sulphate of iron and landanum may be used. Or the affected part may be painted with tincture of muriate of iron or with iodized phenol. In mild cases a lotion of 4 drams sugar of lead and 2 ounces lauda- num in a quart of water may be applied. Itis desirable to avoid the formation of wounds and the consequent septic action, yet when pus has formed, and is felt by fluctuation under the finger to be approach- ing the surface, it should be freely opened with a clean, sharp lancet, and the wound thereafter disinfected daily with carbolic acid 1 part to water 10 parts, with a saturated solution of hyposulphite of soda, or ‘with powders of iodoform or salol. HORSE-POX, ANTHRAX, AND CUTANEOUS GLANDERS (FARCY), will come more properly under contagious diseases. CALLOSITIES. These are simple thickening and induration of the cuticle by reason of continued pressure, notably in lying down ona hard surface. Being devoid of hair they cause blemishes, hence smooth floors and good bed- ding should be secured as preventives. HORNY SLOUGHS—SITFASTS—SLOUGHING CALLOSITIES. These are circumscribed sloughs of limited portions of the skin, the result of pressure by badly-fitting harness, or by irritating masses of dirt, sweat, and hairs under the harness. They are most common under the saddle, but may be found under collar or breeching as well. The sitfast is a piece of dead tissue which would be thrown off but that it has formed firm connections with the fibrous skin beneath, or even deeper with the fibrous layers (fascia) of the muscles, or with the bones, and is thus bound in its place as a persistent source of irritation. The horn-like slough may thus involve the superficial part of the skin only, or the whole thickness of the skin, and even of some of the structures beneath. The first object is to remove the dead irritant by dissecting it off with a sharp knife, after which the sore may be treated with sim- ple wet cloths or a weak carbolic acid lotion, like a common wound. If the outline of the dead mass is too indefinite, a linseed-meal poultice will make its outline more evident to the operator. If the fascia or bone has become gangrenous the dead pertion must be removed with the horn-like skin. During and after treatment the horse must be kept at rest or the harness must be so adjusted that no pressure can come near the affected parts, 456 WARTS. These are essentially a morbid overgrowth of the superficial papil- lary layer of the skin and of the investing cuticular layer. They are mostly seen in young horses, about the lips, eyelids, cheeks, ears, be- | neath the belly, and on the sheath, but may develop anywhere. The smaller ones may be clipped off with scissors and the raw surface cau- terized with bluestone. The larger may be sliced off with a sharp knife, or if with a narrow neck they may be twisted off and then cau- terized. If very vascular they may be strangled by a waxed thread or cord tied around the neck, at least three turns being made round and the ends being fixed by passing them beneath the last preceding turn of the cord, so that they can be tightened day by day as they slacken by shrinkage of the tissues. If the neck is too broad it may be trans- fixed several times with a double-threaded needle and then be tied in sections. Very broad warts that can not be treated in this way may be burned down to beneath the surface of the skin with a soldering bolt at a red heat and any subsequent tendency to overgrowth kept down by bluestone. BLACK PIGMENT TUMORS—MELANOSIS. These are common in gray and white horses on the naturally black parts of the skin at the root of the tail, around the anus, vulva, udder, sheath, eyelids and lips. They are readily recognized by their inky black color, which extends throughout the whole mass. They may ap- pear as simple pea-like masses, or as inultiple tumors aggregating many . pounds, especially around the tail. In the horse these are usually simple tumors, and may be removed with the knife. In exceptional cases they prove cancerous, as they usually are in man. EPITHELIAL CANCER—EPITHELIOMA. This sometimes occurs on the lips at the angle of the mouth, and elsewhere in the horse. It begins as a small wart-like tumor, which grows slowly at first but finally bursts open, ulcerates and extends laterally and deeply in the skin and other tissues, destroying them as it advances (rodent ulcer.) It is made up of a fibrous framework and numerous round, ovoid, or cylindrical cavities, lined with masses of epithelial cells, which may be squeezed out as a fetid caseous material. The most successful treatment is early and thorough removal with the knife. VEGETABLE PARASITES OF THE SKIN. PARASITE: Trichophyton tonsurans. MALADY: Tinea tonsurans— Circinate ringworm.—This is especially common in young horses com- ing into training and work, in low-conditioned colts in winter and spring after confinement indoors and during moulting, in lymphatic 437 rather than nervous subjects, and at the same time in several animals that have herded together. The disease is common to man, and among the domestic animals to horse, ox, goat, dog, cat, and in rare instances to sheep and swine. Hence it is common to find animals of different species and their attendants suffering at once, the diseases having been propagated from one to the other. In the horse the symptoms are the formation of a circular scruffy patch where the fungus has established itself, the hairs of the affected spot being erect, bristly, twisted, broken, or split up and dropping off. Later the spot first affected has become entirely bald, and a circular row of hairs around this are erect, bristly, broken, and split. These in turn are shed and a new row outside passes through the same process, so that the extension is made in a more or less circular outline. The central bald spot, covered with a grayish scruff and surrounded by a circle of _ broken and split hairs, is. characteristic. If the scruff and diseased hairs are treated with caustic potash solution and put under the micro- scope the natural cells of the cuticle and hair will be seen to have become transparent, while the groups of spherical cells and branching filaments of the fungus stand out prominently in the substance of both, dark and unchanged. The eruption usually appears on the back, loins, croup, chest, and head. It tends to spontaneous recovery in a month or two, leaving for a time a dappled coat from the spots of short, light- colored hair of the new growth. The most effective way of reaching the parasite in the hair follicles is to extract the hairs individually, but in the horse the mere shaving of the affected part is usually enough. It may then be painted with tincture of iodine twice a day for two weeks. Germs about the stable may be covered up or destroyed by a whitewash of freshly burned quicklime, the harness, brushes, etc., may be washed with caustic soda, and then smeared with a solution of corrosive sublimate one-half drachm and water 1 pint. The clothing may be boiled and dried. PARASITE: Trichophyton sporuloides. MALADY: Plica Polonica.— Plica Polonica, which mats together the mane and tail of the horse as well as the hair of men, is associated with numerous spores of a tri- chophyton, and is rationally treated by cutting off the hair and apply- ing tincture of iodine or a solution of corrosive sublimate (4 parts to 1,000 water). PARASITE: Achorion Schinleint. MALADY: Favus, Honeycomb ring- worm.—Megnin and Goyau, who describe this in the horse, say that it loses its characteristic honeycomb or cup-shaped appearance, and forms only a series of closely aggregated, dry, yellowish crusts the size of hemp seed on the trunk, shoulders, flanks, or thighs. They are ac- companied by severe itching, especially at night. The eryptogam, formed of spherical cells with a few filaments only, grows in the hair follicles and on the cuticle, and thus a crust often forms around the rootofahair. Like the other cryptogams, their color, as seen under the 438 microscope, is unaffected by acetic acid, alcohol, ether, or oil of turpen- tine, while the cells are turned bluish by iodine. For treatment, re- move the hair and apply tincture of iodine or corrosive sublimate lotion, as advised under the last paragraph. PARASITE: Microsporon Furfur. MALADY: Parasitic pityriasis.— This xttacks the horse’s head where the harness presses, and leads to dropping of the hair, leaving bald patches covered with a branlike scruf, without any eruption, heat, tenderness, swelling, or rigidity of the skin. A lotion of carbolic acid, 1 dram, and water, 245 ounces, is usually applied to effect a cure. ANIMAL PARASITES OF THE SKIN. Acariasis: Mange.—This affection is due to the irritation of the skin, caused by the presence of a nearly microscopic acarus or mite. The disease varies, however, according to the species of acarus which in- fests the skin, so that we must treat of several different kinds of acari- asis. PARASITE: Sarcoptes equi. MALADY: Sarcoptie acariasis.—This is the special sarcoptes of the horse, but under favorable conditions it can be transmitted to ass and mule, and even to man, and may live indefinitely on the human skin. The mite is nearly microscopical, but may be detected with a magnifying lens among moving scurf taken from the infected skin. Like all sarcoptes, it burrows little galleries in and beneath the scurf skin, where it hides and lays its eggs and where its young are hatched. It is therefore often difficult to find the para- site on the surface, unless the skin has been heated by a temporary exposure to the sun or in a warm room. Even then it may be needfal to tie the scab on the human arm till a pricking is felt, when the aca- rus will be found in the center of a minute papule caused by its bite. Like other acari this is wonderfully prolific, a new generation of fifteen individuals being possible every fifteen days, so that in three months the offspring of a single pair may produce a generation of 1,500,000 young. The sarcoptes have less vitality than the nonburrowing acari, as they die in an hour when kept in dry air apart from the skin at a — heat of 145° F. They live twelve to fourteen days apavt from the skin in the damp air of a stable. On a piece of damp hide they lived till the twenty-fourth day, but were dead on the twenty-eighth. The symptoms are an incessant, intolerable, and increasing itching of some part of the skin (head, mane, tail, back, ete.), the horse inclining himself toward the hand that scratches him, and moving his lips as if himself scratching. The hairs may be broken and rubbed off, but the part is never entirely bald as in ringworm, and there may be papules or any kind of eruption or open sores from the energy of the scratching. Seabs of any thickness may form, but the special features are the in- tense itching and the discovery of the acarus. 439 Treatment consists in the removal of the scabs by soapsuds, and, if necessary, a brush, and the thorough application of tobacco 14 ounces and water 2 pints, prepared by boiling. This may be applied more than once, and should always be repeated after fifteen days, to destroy the new brood that may have been hatched in theinterval. All harness and stable utensils should be similarly treated; blankets and rubbers may be boiled, and the stalls should be covered with a whitewash of quicklime, containing one-fourth pound of chloride of lime to the gallon. PARASITE: Sarcoptes mutans. MALADY: Sarcoptic acariasis from fowls.—This parasite belongs to chickens, but can live on the skin of the fox and horse as well. A troublesome mange may therefore at times be traceable to the proximity of a chicken roost. The general symptoms and treatment are essentially the same as for sarcoptis equi. PARASITE: Psoroptis equi (Dermatocoptis equi, Dermatodectis equt). MALADY: Psoroptic acariasis.—This produces the most frequent mange in horses, and as the parasite only bites the surface and lives among the crusts under the shelter of a hair, it is very easily discovered. It reproduces itself with equal rapidity, and causes similar symptoms to those produced by the sarcoptes. The same treatment will suffice and is more promptly effectual. The purifying of the stable must be more thoreugh, as the psoroptis will survive twenty to thirty days in the moist atmospbere of a stable, and may even revive after six or eight weeks when subjected to moist warmth. Infested pastures will there- fore prove dangerous to horses for that length of time, and with rub- bing posts, ete., should be secluded. PARASITE: Symbiotis equi, Dermatophagus equi, Chorioptes spathifer- ous. MALADY: Foot mange.—This acarus attacks the heels and lower parts of the legs, especially the hind ones, and may be present for years without extending upon the body. Like the psoroptis, it lives on the surface, on the hairs, and among the scabs. It gives rise to great itch- ing, Stamping, rubbing of the one leg with the other, and the formation of papules, wounds, ulcerous sores, and scabs. The intense itching will always suggest this parasite, and the discovery of the acarus will identify the disease. Treatment is the same as for the sarcoptes, but may be confined to the legs and the parts with which they come in contact. PARASITE.— Dermanyssus gallinee—Chicken Acart. MALADY: Poultry acariasis.—This is a large-sized acarus, though usually miscalled ‘hen louse,” and the disease * poultry-lousiness.” The mite lives in the hen manure and adjacent woodwork, but temporarily passes on to the skin of man, and of the horse and other quadrupeds, when occasion serves. It causes much irritation, with the eruption of papules or vesicles and the formation of sores and scabs. The examination of the skin is usually fruitless, as the attacks are mostly made at night and theeffects only may be seen during the day. The proximity of hen manure swarm- ing with the acari explains the trouble, and the removal of this and a 440 whitewashing with quick lime with or without chloride of lime will pre- vent future attacks. The skin may still require bland ointments or lotions, as for congestion. PARASITE: Larva of a Trombidium— Leptus Americanus—Harvest Bug. msnamed Jigger (Chigoe). MALADY: Autumn mange.—This par- asite is a brick-red acarus, visible to the naked eye on a dark ground, and living on green vegetation in many localities. It attacks man, and the horse, ox, dog, ete., burrowing under the skin and giving rise to small papules and intolerableirritation. This continues for two or three days only if no fresh acari are received, but will last until cold weather sets in if a fresh colony is received every day. Horses at pasture suffer mainly on the lower part of the face. If kept indoors the disease will disappear, or if left at pasture a weak tar water or solution of tobacco may be applied to the face. : PARASITES: Gamarus Pteroptoides and Chegletaes live in musty fod- ders and are found on the horse. TICKS. The wood tick is familiar to inhabitants of uncultivated lands, and proves a troublesome parasite to man and beast alive. It lives on bushes, and only attaches itself to the mammal to secure a feast of blood, for when gorged it drops off to sleep off its debauch on the soil. The tick produces great irritation by boring into the skin with its armed proboscis. If pulled out the head and thorax are often left in the skin. They may be covered with oil to shut out the air from their breathing pores, or by touching them with a hot penknife they will be impelled to let go. If extracted by the hand they should be turned to the left like a screw. It is needless to particularize the several species, as all can be treated alike. GRUBS IN SKIN. PARASITE: Hypoderma Silenus. MAuLapy: Larva (Grubs) under the skin.—This fly deposits its embryo on or in the skin of the horse, as its congener (Hypoderma bovis) does in the ox, and the resulting larve pass the winter in little rounded sacks beneath the integument, fur- nished with a central opeving, through which the mature larva escapes in early summer and develops into a fly. In districts where they exist the grubs should be pressed out of the skin and destroyed in the course of the winter. LARVA (GRUBS) ON THE SKIN—FLY-BLOW. The following flies, among others, deposit their eggs on open sores or on wet filthy parts of the skin, where their larve or grubs give rise to serious trouble: Zucilia Cesar (blue bottle). Lucilia hominivorax (screw-worm fly), Musca vomitoria (meat fly), and Sarcophaga carnaria A441 (flesh-fly). To prevent their attacks wet, filthy hair should be removed and wounds kept clean, and rendered antiseptic by a lotion of carbolic acid 1 part, water 50 parts; by a mixture of 1 ounce oil of tar in 20 ounces sweet oil, or some other antiseptic. If the grubs are already present they should be picked off and one of these dressings freely applied. FLIES. A number of flies attack horses and suck their blood, producing great annoyance, and in some instances death. These insects not only suck the blood, but also often instil an acid poison into the skin, and in ex- ceptional cases transfer infectious germs from animal! to animal by inoc- ulation. Various devices are resorted to to prevent the attacks, as to sponge the skin with a decoction of walnut or elder leaves, of tobacco, to dust with Persian insect powder, to keep a light blanket or fly-net on the horse, to close doors and windows with fine screens and destroy by pyr- ethrum any flies that have gained admission, to remove all manure heaps that would prove breeding places for flies, to keep the stalls clean, deodorize by gypsum and to spread in them trays of dry chlo- ride of lime. For the poisoned bites apply ammonia, or a solution of 1 part of carbolic acid in 20 parts of sweet oil or glycerine, or one- fourth ounce bicarbonate of soda and 1 dram of carbolic acid in a quart of water may be used. STINGS OF BEES, WASPS, AND HORNETS. These are much more irritating than the bites of flies, partly because the barbed sting is leftin the wound, and partly because of the amount ‘and quality of the venom. When a swarm attacks an animal the result may prove fatal. Treatment consists in the application of wet clay, or of a lotion of soda or ammonia, or of carbolic acid, or of sugar of lead 2 drams, laudanum 1 ounce, and water 1 pint. The embedded stings should be extracted with fine forceps or even with the finger nails. FLEA—PULEX. The flea of man and those of the dog and cat, when numerous, will bite the horse and give rise to rounded swellings on the skin. To dis- pose of them it is needful to clear the surroundings of the grublike larvee as well as to treat the victim. The soil may be sprinkled with quicklime, carboli¢ acid, coal tar, or petroleum; the stalls may be del- uged with boiling water and afterward painted with oil of turpentine and littered with fresh pine sawdust, and all blankets should be boiled. The skin may be sponged with a solution of 1 part carbolic acid in 50 parts water. Dogs, cats, and pigs should be dressed with the same lotion, or, better, removed from the vicinity of the stable. 442 The chigoe ( Pulex penetrans) of the Gulf coast is stili more injurious, because it burrows under the surface and deposits its eggs to be hatched out slowly with much irritation. The tumor formed by it should be laid open and the parasite extracted. If it bursts so that its eggs escape into the wound, they may be destroyed by introducing a wire at a red heat. LICE—PEDICULI. Two kinds of lice attack the horse, one of which is furnished with narrow head and a proboscis for perforating the skin and sucking the blood, and the other—the broad-headed kind—with strong mandibles, by which it bites the skin only. Of the bloodsuckers, one is common to horse and ass and another to horse and ox, while of the nonsucking lice one species attacks horse and ox and a second ox and ass. The poor condition, itching, and loss of hair, should lead to suspicion and a close examination wiJl detect the lice. They may be destroyed by rub- bing the victim with sulphur ointment, or with sulphuret of potassium 4 ounces, water 1 gallon, or with tar water, or the skin may be sponged with benzine. The application should be repeated a week later to de- stroy all lice hatched from the nits in the interval. Buildings, clothes, etc., should be treated as for fleas. TARANTULA AND SCORPION. The bite of the first and the sting of the second are poisonous, and may be treated like other insect venom, by carbolated glycerine or a strong solution of ammonia. SNAKE BITES. These are marke‘ by the double incision caused by the two fangs, by the excessive doughy (dark red) swelling around the wounds, and in bad cases by the general symptoms of giddiness, weakness, and prostration. They are best treated by enormous doses of alcohol, whisky or brandy, or by aqua ammonia very largely diluted in water, the object being to sustain life until the poison shall have spent its power. As local treat- ment, if the wound is in a limb, the latter may have a handkerchief or cord tied around it, above the injury, and drawn tight by a stick twisted into it. In this way absorption may be checked until the poison can be destroyed by the application of a hot iron or a piece of nitrate of silver or other caustic. A poultice of tobacco leaves is a favorite remedy, and may be used to soothe the sore after cauterization. BURNS AND SCALDS. For sealds the surface may be bathed with a solution of bicarbonate of soda, sweetened or not by carbolic acid, or a weak solution of sugar of lead may be used; or the surface may be dusted thickly with starch or flour and covered with cotton wool, or oil of turpentine may be ap- 443 plied over the scalded skin. burns are well treated by liniment made of equal parts of lime water and linseed oil (Carron oil). For both kinds of injuries, cosmoline ten parts, and carbolic acid, one part, proves an excellent dressing. Blisters should be pricked with a needle and emptied to prevent their rupture and the exposure of the raw surface. Severe burns, leading to destruction of very extensive patches of skin, usually render a horse useless by reason of the contraction of the resulting scar, hence the treatment of such is rarely advisable, unless followed by a skillful plastic operation. In other cases a skillful trans- planting of epidermis, shaved from a healthy surface with a sharp razor, will secure the healing of a granulating wound which has proved obstinate to all other measures. In cases of burns with mineral acids (sulphuric, nitric or hydrochloric) avoid water, as that will develop heat, and cover the surface with dry whiting or chalk, and only when effervescence has ceased wash off with water. When the caustic has been a salt (copperas, bluestone, chloride of zinc, etc.) apply lime water or white of egg. If theirritant has been caustic potash, soda or ammonia, vinegar should be the first application. If sores result they may be treated like ordinary wounds. WOUNDS OF THE SKIN. | These are divided into incised (clean cut) wounds, lacerated (torn) wounds, and contused (bruised) and punctured wounds. Incised wounds are the simplest, and the sharper the instrument and the cleaner the cut the greater the hope of speedy healing. Something, however, depends on the seat and direction of the wound; thus one running from before backward on the body, or from above downward in the limb, will not tend to be drawn open and gape as would one run- ning transversely on the body or limb. Again a wound on a joint and running across the limb will gape when the joint is bent. Again, a clean cut wound which has not been exposed to the air, and which lodges no foreign body and no septic nor infecting germ, will heal read- ily by simple adhesion, whereas those that. have been exposed and con- tain matter foreign to the tissues will have healing delayed or pre- vented by the disturbing action of such bodies. Healing in wounds may be said to take place by these modes: (1) By primary adhesion, in which case the spherical (embryonic) cells, and the stellate connective tissue cells (placoids) thrown out on the surface of the wound, rapidly multiply and form a bond of union ‘between the divided lips. Union by this means may be affected within twenty-four hours after the wound has been inflicted. Of all domestic animals, however, the horse is the least prone to such union, being more disposed to the formation of pus. (2) By granulation, which is the common form of healing in raw, ex- posed sores, in those containing foreign bodies and septic and infecting ferments; also in torn and contused wounds. In this form the wound 444 becomes covered with a layer of embryonic and placoid cells, of which the superficial ones degenerate into pus cells, and thus the surface is kept moist by a layer of whitish, creamy pus. In the deeper layer of cells minute loops of capillary blood-vessels start up, cause the small rounded elevations known as granulations. In this way the deeper layer of cells receiving a blood supply is transformed into connective tissue, and from its surface new loops of blood vessels start into the layer above, and thus layer after layer of new tissue is formed, and the breach caused by the wound is gradually filled up. The new tissue as formed undergoes a steady contraction, drawing in the adjacent skin over the wound, and hence large wounds healed in this way have the skin more or less puckered around them. (3) By secondary adhesion, in which two granulating lips of a wound having been brought together and kept in apposition, union takes place through the medium of the cells, as in primary adhesion. (4) By scabbing, in which the exudation on the surface of the wound dries up into a firm scab, under which the process of repair goes on by the development of tissue from the deeper cells, as in adhesion. In treating clean, incised wounds, attempts should be made to secure healing by primary adhesion, even in the horse. Bleeding should first be arrested, or nearly so, by applying a cold or hot sponge, or by tying bleeding vessels, and the lips of the wound should then be closed ae- curately, without any twisting or overlapping. In small wounds pieces of sticking plaster may be used, the lips of the wound having first been smoothly shaved, so that they may adhere firmly. In larger wounds the wound may be sewed with a curved surgical needle and a silk thread dipped in a solution of carbolic acid. The stitches may be con- tinued from end to end of the wound and the thread prevented from slipping and loosening by a knot.at each end; or the stitches may be independent, the two ends being tied together across the wound. In such cases they may be one-quarter to one-third inch apart; or the lips of the wound may be pinned together, the pins in a simple skin weund being inserted one-eighth inch from the edge, and when both lips have been transfixed in this way a thread (or hair) carried successively around the two ends of the pin and made to describe a figure 8 will hold the wound close. When the stitching is not continuous from end ‘to end of the wound the apposition of the edges will be rendered more perfect by the application of strips of sticking plaster in the intervals. When efforts at primary union have failed and pus has formed, or fermentative changes have occurred on the raw sarfaces and the lips gape more or less, some antiseptic dressing will be EQS as in the case of lacerated and contused wounds. In cases where an incised wound has had foreign bodies or septic ferments introduced into it, these should first be removed. A. current of water that has been boiled and cooled is one of the best methods of cleansing a wound, and there is no objection to the addition of one- 445 ~ twentieth of its amount of carbolic acid, as this will tend to destroy any germ life that might otherwise prove fatal to the healing process. Then the wound may be stitched up as if it had been clean, and a daily dressing, of carbolic acid 1 part and sweet oil 10 parts, may be applied. For a wound on the convex surface of a joint, where stitches are not sufficient to keep the lips accurately applied to each other, the movement of the joint may be temporarily abolished by the application of a splint and bandage, and in any such case the bandage should be applied uni- formly from the hoof upward, as otherwise the limb below the bandage is liable to swell or even die. The treatment of contused, punctured, and lacerated wounds demands cleansing and antiseptic applications as for an incised wound, but as primary adhesion is next to impossible, the same accurate apposition of the lips by stitching is not so essential. If portions of skin or other tissue are so detached or crushed. that they can not possibly live, they may be cut off, but if there is any doubt on this matter the injured por- tion should be left and every attempt should be made to preserve it. Such portions of the wound as are free from such fatally injured parts may be disinfected by the carbolic lotion referred to above, and stitched up like a clean wound. The severely injured parts may be left open to discharge, and the whole may be dressed daily with the carbolized oil, or with a solution of one part of mercuric chloride in one thousand parts water. Granulating wounds may be irrigated with the mercuric chloride solu- tion and if the granulations become inflamed (soft, flabby, exuberant, rising above the edges of the wound) they may be touched lightly with a stick of lunar caustic so as to leave them covered with a white film. In all wounds that fail to heal by primary union an elaborate anti- septic treatment is desirable, but the difficulty of applying this suc- cessfully to the horse in. an ordinary stable would seem to forbid a lengthy description in a book of this kind. te @. 36 bochiga ae PLAT E XXxVv, Hour diseased by Vertical section through ski. Trichophyton TOnNSUTans. after Chauveau. after Mégnin. 2 Microsporon Adouinti from Parasitic Pityriasis tn the horse. after Megnin. Hair diseased by Achorion Schénteini. after Mégnin. Haines, del. E Sackett & Wilhelms LithoCoNY ~ DISEASES OF THE SKIN. Sarcoptes scabtet, var Laud. PLAT E XXXVI. OEE my -| FR 1 Chorioptes spathiterus. MITES THAT INFEST Perpanyssas galinae. Sackett & Wilhelms LithoCoNY THE HORSE. WOUNDS AND THEIR TREATMENT. By CH. B. MICHENER, V.S., Pr ofessor of Cattle Pathology and Obstetrics at the New York College of Veterinary Sur- geons, Inspector of the Bureau of Animal Industry, etc. Wounds are of different kinds, and are classified as incised, lacerated, contused, punctured, and gunshot. An incised wound, or cut, is made with some sharp body. The edges of the wound are smooth, as though cut with a knife. These wounds are the simplest we are called upon to treat. If they occur in fleshy parts, if blood-vessels, tendons, or joints are not injured, they soon re- cover and often without any treatment whatever. When bleeding to any considerable extent follows, and this is more likely to occur from incised than lacerated or contused wounds, we must first of all stop the flow of blood before attempting to close the wound itself or apply any other treatment. Hemorrhage may take place from either arteries or veins. If from arteries, the blood is bright red or scarlet in color, and flows in jerks or jets; if from veins, it is darker in color and the flow is regular. Bleeding from large vessels may be stopped by compress ban- dages, torsion, hot iron, and ligatures. By bandages.—I{f the blood is from an artery, the pressure should be applied between the wound and the center of circulation, 7. e., towards the body; if from a vein, toward the extremities. Torsion is to be ap- plied by the artery forceps grasping the divided vessel and twisting it the proper number of times. The hot iron (budding iron) may also be used to sear the end of a blood vessel and thus stop bleeding. Of all means, however, employed to stop the flow of blood from a large vessel _ a ligature is the best. The divided end of the artery or vein is to be caught up and firmly tied about one-half inch from its division. Should profuse bleeding occur from the incision of a great number of small ves- sels, it is best stopped by compresses moistened with the tincture of the chloride of iron or other astringents. Any moderately tight bandage of oakum, tow, cob-webs, ete., will stop the hemorrhage, often without the medicaments referred to. When we have controlled the bleeding our next step is to cleanse the wound. This is to he accomplished by allowing warm water to flow or 447 448 trickle over the wound. Never rub an incised wound with any coarse substance. When the incision is parallel to the muscular fibers the wound does not gape to any extent. Stitches placed about an inch apart are here advisable, or we may keep the edges of the wound to- gether by means of a bandage. If the incision be across the direction of the muscular fibers gaping ensues and a “ pocket” forms at the bot- tom of the wound in which iodge blood and pus. In my experience stitches do more harm than good in such cases. They irritate the parts and soon cause sloughing of the skin. A bandage, so applied as to bring the edges of the wound as close together as possible, is here pref- erable. It should be applied from below upwards, as this encourages union from the bottom, and serves to prevent the accumulation of pus in the wound. But little is to be done after this. By means of a soft sponge apply some simple antiseptic wash, carbolic acid 1 part, glycer- ine 10 to 15 parts. If the parts become very much soiled they are to be gently washed with castile or carbolic soap and hot water. Should proud flesh appear it is to be treated with burnt alum, powdered blue- stone, etc. Officious meddling and frequent “ dressing” of such wounds do more harm than good. Incised wounds of tendons, or of any vital part of the body, require professional attendance, and can not be separately treated of here. Lacerated and contused wounds may be described together, although there is of course this difference, that in contused wounds there is no break or laceration of the skin. Lacerated wounds, however, are as a rule also contused—the surrounding tissues are bruised toa greater or lesser extent. While such wounds may not appear at first sight to be as serious as incised wounds they are commonly very much more so. Lacerations and contusions, when extensive, are always to be regarded as dangerous. Many horses die from septic infection or mortification as as aresult of these injuries. We find in severe contusions an infiltration of blood into the surrounding tissues; disorganization and mortifica- tion follow, and involve often the deeper seated structures. Abscesses, single or multiple, may also result and call for special treatment. In wounds that are lacerated the amount of hemorrhage is mostiy inconsiderable ; even very large blood vessels are thus torn apart with- out inducing a fatal result. The edges of the wound are ragged and uneven. These wounds are produced by some blunt object, as where a horse runs against fences, board piles, the corners of buildings, or where he is struck by the pole or shafts of another team, falling on rough, irregular stones, ete. Treatment.—In laceratcd wounds great care must at first be exercised in examining or probing to the very bottom of the rent or tear to see if any foreign body be present. Very often splinters of wood or bits of stone or dirt are thus lodged, and unless removed prevent the wound from healing; or ifitshould heal the wound soon opensagain, discharging a thin, gluey matter that is characteristic of the presence of some object 7 449 in the parts. After a thorough exploration these wounds are to be carefully and patiently fomented with warm water, to which has been added carbolic acid in the proportion of 1 part to100 of water. Rarely, if ever, are stitches to be inserted in lacerated wounds. The surround- ing tissues and skin are so weakened in vitality and structure by the contusion that stitches will not hold; they only irritate the parts. It is better to endeavor to secure coadaptation by means of bandages, plasters, or collodion. One essential in the treatment of lacerated wounds is tosecure a free exit for the pus. If the orifice of the wound is too high, or if pus is found to be burrowing in the tissues beneath the opening, we must then make a counter opening as low as possible. This will admit of the wound being thoroughly washed out, at first with warm water, and afterward injected with some mild astringent and antiseptic wash, as chloride of zinc, 1 dram to a pint of water. A depending opening must be maintained until the wound ceases to dis- charge. Repeated hot fomentations over the region of lacerated wounds afford much relief and should be persisted in. Bruises are nothing but contused wounds, where the skin has not been ruptured. There is often considerable solution of continuity of . the parts under the skin, subeutaneous hemorrhage, ete., which may result in local death—mortification—and slough of the bruised part. If the bruise or contusion is not so severe, very many cases are quickly cured by constant fomentation with hot water for from two to four hours. The water should be allowed, about this time, to gradually become cool and then cold. Cold fomentation must then be kept up for another hour or two. Dry the parts thoroughly and quickly, and bathe them freely with camphor 1 ounce, sweet oil 8 ounces. A dry, light bandage should then be applied, the horse allowed rest, and, if necessary, the camphorated oil may be repeated for two or three days. If, however, the wound is 60 severe that sloughing must ensue, we must encourage this by poultices made of linseed meal, wheat bran, turnips, onions, bread and milk, or hops. Charcoal is to be sprinkled over the surface of the poultice when the wound is bad smelling. After the slough has fallen off the wound is to be Gressed with antiseptic washes of car- bolic acid, chloride of zinc, permanganate of potash, etc. If granulat- ing (filling up) too fast, use burnt alum, or air-slaked lime. Besides this local treatment we find that the constitutional symptoms of fever and inflammation call for measures to prevent or control them. This is best done by placing the injured animal on soft or green food. A physic of Barbadoes aloes, 1 ounce, should be given as soon as possible after the accident. Sedatives, as tincture of aconite root, 15 drops every two or three hours, and ounce doses of saltpeter twice or three times a day, are also to be administered. When the symptoms of fever are abated, and if the discharges from the wound are abundant, the strength of our patient must be supported by good food and tvunies. One of the best tonics is as follows: Powdered sulphate of iron, pow- 11035-———29 450 dered gentian, and powdered ginger, of each 4ounces. Mix thoroughly and give a heaping tablespoonful twice a day on the feed, or as a drench. Punctured wounds are produced by the penetration of a sharp or blunt pointed substance, as a thorn, fork, nail, etc., and the orifice of these wounds is always smallin proportion to their depth. In veterinary practice punctured wounds are much more common than the others. They involve the feet most frequently, next the legs, and often the head and face from nails protruding through the stalls and trough. They are not only the most frequent but they are also the most serious. One circumstance rendering them so is the lack of attention that they at first receive. The external wound is so small that but little or no importance is attached to it, yetin ashort time swelling, pain, and acute inflammation often of a serious character, are manifested. Considering the most common of the punctured wounds we must give precedence to those of the feet. Horses worked in cities, about iron works, around building places, etc., are most likely to receive ‘ nails in the feet.” The animal treads upon nails, pieces of iron or screws, and forces them into the soles of the feet. If the nail, or whatever it is that has punctured the foot, is fast in some large or heavy body, and is withdrawn as the horse lifts his foot, lameness may last for only a few steps; but unless properly attended to at once be will be found in a day or two to be ex- cruciatingly lame inthe injured member. If theforeign body remains in the foot he gradually grows worse from the time of puncture until the cause is discovered and removed. If, when shoeing, a nailis driven into the “quick” (sensitive lamin) and allowed to remain, the horse gradually evinces more pain from day to day; but if the nail has at once been removed by the smith lameness does not, as a rule, show itself for some days; or, if the nail is simply driven “ too close,” not actually pricking the horse, he may not show any lameness for a week or even much longer. At this point it is due the blacksmith to say that, con- sidering how thin the walls of some feet are, the uneasiness of many horses while shoeing, the ease with which a nail is diverted from its course by striking an old piece of nail left in the wall, or from the nail itself splitting, the wonder is not that so many horses are pricked or nails driven ‘too close,” but rather that many more are not so injured. It is not always carelessness or ignorance on the part of the smith, by any means, that is to account for this accident. Bad and careless shoers we do meet with, but let us be honest and say that the rarity of these accidents points rather to the general care and attention given by these much-abused mechanics. From the construction of the horse’s foot (being encased in an im- permeable horny box), and from the elasticity of the horn closing the orifice, punctured wounds of the feet are almost always productive of lameness. Inflammation results, and as there is no relief afforded by swelling and no escape for the product of inflammation, this matter 451 must and does burrow between the sole or wall and the sensitive parts within it until it generally opens “ between hair and hoof.” We can thus see why pain is so much more Severe, why tetanus (lockjaw) more frequently follows wounds of the feet, and why, from the extensive, or at times complete, separation and “casting” of the hoof, these wounds must always be regarded with grave apprehension. Symptoms ana treatment.—A practice which, if never deviated from— that of picking up each foot, cleaning the sole, and thoroughly examin- ing the foot each and every time the horse comes into the stable—will enable us to reduce the serious consequences of punctured wounds of the feet tothe minimum. If the wound has resulted from pricking, lameness follows soon after shoeing; if from the nails being driven too close, it usually appears from four to five days or a week after receiv- ing the shoe. We should always inquire as to the time of shoeing, ex- amine the shoe carefully and see whether it has been partially pulled and the horse stepped back upon some of the nails or the clip. The pain from these wounds is lancinating ; the horse is seen to raise and lower the limb or hold it from the ground altogether; often he points the foot, flexes the leg, and knuckles at the fetlock. Swelling of the fetlock and back tendons is also frequently seen and is apt to mislead us. The foot must be carefully examined, and this can not be properly done without removing the shoe. The nails should be drawn separately and carefully examined. If there is no escape of matter from the nail-holes, or if the nails themselves are not moist, we must continue our examina- tion of the foot by carefully pinching or tapping it at all parts. Witha little practice we can detect the spot where pain is the greatest or dis- cover the delicate line or scar left at the point of entrance of the foreign body. The entire sole is then to be thinned, after which we are to care- fully cut down upon the point where pain is greatest upon pressure, and, finally, through the sole at this spot. When the matter has escaped, the sole, so far as it was undermined by pus, is to be removed. The foot must now be poulticed for one or two days and afterward dressed with a compress of oakum saturated with carbelic-acid solution or other anti- septic dressing. If we discover anail or other object in the foot the principal direction, after having removed the offending body, is to cut away the sole, ina funnel shape, down to the sensitive parts beneath. This is imperative, and if a good free opening has been made and is maintained for a few days, hot fomentations and antiseptic dressings applied, the cure is mostly easy, simple, quick, and permanent. The horse should be shod with a leather sole under the shoe, first of all applying tar and oakum to prevent any dirt from entering the wound. In some instances nails may puncture the flexor tendons, the coffin bone, or enter the coffin joint. Such injuries are always serious, their recovery slow and tedious, and the treatment so varied and difficult that the services of a veteri- narian will be necessary. 452 Punctured wounds of joints—Open joints.—These wounds are more or less frequent. They are always serious, and often result in anchylosis (stiffening) of the joint or death of the animal. The joints mostly punctured are the hock, fetlock, or knee, though other joints may of course suffer this injury. As the symptoms and treatment are much the same for all, I will only describe this accident as it occurs in the hock joint. Probably the most common mode of injury is from the stab of a fork, but it may result from the kick of another horse that is newly shod, or in many other ways. At first the horse evinces but slight pain or lameness. The owner discovers a small wound scarcely larger than a pea, and pays but little attention to it. In a few days, however, the pain and lameness become excessive; the horse can no longer bear any weight upon the injured leg; the joint is very much swollen and pain- ful upon pressure; there are well-marked symptoms of constitutional disturbance—quick pulse, hurried breathing, high temperature, 103° to 106° Fahr., the appetite is lost, thirst is present, the horse reeks with sweat, and shows by an anxious countenance the pain he suffers. He may lie down, though mostly he persists in standing, and the opposite limb becomes greatly swollen from bearing the entire weight and strain for so long a time. The wound, which at first appeared so insignificant, is now constantly discharging a thin, whitish or yellowish fluid—joint- oil or water, which becomes coagulated about the mouth of the wound and adheres to the part in clots like jelly, or resembling somewhat the white of anegg. Not infrequently the joint opens at different places, discharging at first a thin bloody fluid that soon assumes the character above described. Treatment of these wounds is most difficult and unsatisfactory. In my Own experience we can do much to prevent this array of symptoms if the case is seen early, within the first twenty-four or forty-eight hours after the injury, but when inflammation of the joint is once fairly established the case becomes one of grave tendencies. Whenever a punctured wound of a joint is noticed, even though apparently of but small moment, we should without the least delay apply a strong canthar- ides blister over the entire joint, being even careful to fill the orifice of the wound with the blistering ointment. This treatment is almost always effectual. It operates to perform a cure in two ways—first, the swelling of the skin and tissues underneath it completely closes the wound and prevents the ingress of air; second, by the superficial in- flammation established itacts to check and abate all deep-seated inflam- mation. In the great majority of instances, if pursued soon after the accident, this treatment performs a cure in about one week, but should the changes described as occurring later in the joint have already taken place, we must then treat by cooling lotions and the application to the wound of chloride of zinc, 10 grains to the ounce of water, or a paste made up of flour and alum. A bandage is to hold these applications in place, which is only to be removed when swelling of the leg or inereas- _ 453 ing febrile symptoms demand it. In the treatment of open joints our chief aim must be to close the orifice as soon as possible. For this reason repeated probing or even injections are contra-indicated. The only probing of an open joint that is to be sanctioned is on our first visit, when we should carefully examine the wound for foreign bodies or dirt, and after removing them the probe must not again be used. The medicines used to coagulate the synovial discharge are best simply applied to the surface of the wound, on pledgets of tow, and held in place by bandages. Internal treatment is also indicated in those cases of open joints where the suffering is great. At first we should admin- ister a light physic, and follow this up with sedatives and anodynes, as directed for contused wounds. Later, however, we should give quinine or salicylic acid in one-dram doses two or three times a day. Wounds of tendons are similar to open joints in that there is an escape of synovial fluid, ‘‘ sinew water.” Where the tendons are simply punc- tured by a thorn, nail, or fork, we must, after a thorough exploration of the wound for any remaining foreign substance, treat with the flour and alum paste, bandages, etc., as for open juint. Should theskin and tendons be divided the case is even more serious and often incurable. There is always a large bed of granulations (proud flesh) at the seat of injury, and a thickening more or less pronounced remains. When the back tendons of the leg are severed we should apply at once a high-heel shoe (which is to be gradually lowered as healing advances) and band- age firmly with a compress moistened with a ten-grain chloride of zine solution. When proud flesh appears this is best kept under control by repeated applications of a red-hot iron. Mares that are valuable as brood animals, and stock horses, should always be treated for this in- jury, as, even though blemished, their value is not seriously impaired. The length and time required and the expense of treatment will cause us to hesitate in attempting a cure if the subject is old and comparatively valueless. Gunshot wounds.—These wounds are so seldom met with in our ani- mals that an extended reference to them seems unnecessary. If a wound has been made by a bullet a careful examination should be made to ascertain if the ball has passed through or out of the body. If it has not we must then probe for the ball, and if it can be located it is to be cut out when practicable to do so. Oftentimes a ball may be so lodged that it can not be removed, and it then may become encysted and re- main for years without giving rise to any inconvenience. It is often difficult to locate a bullet, as it is very readily deflected by resistances met with after entering the body. Should bones be struck by a ball they are frequently shattered and splintered to such an extent as to war- rant us in having the animal destroyed. A gunshot wound, when ir- reparable injury has not been done, is to be treated the same as punctured wounds, 7. e., remove the foreign body if possible, and apply hot fomen- tations or poultices to the wound until suppuration is fairly established, 454 Antiseptic and disinfectant injections may then be used. Should pus accumulate in the tissues openings must be made at the most depend- ing parts for its escape. Wounds from shotguns if fired close to the animal are serious. They are virtually lacerated and contused wounds. Remove all the shot possible from the wound, and treat as directed for contusions. When small shot strikes the horse from a distance it sticks in the skin or only goes through it. The shot grains must be picked out, but as a rule this “ peppering” of the skin amounts to but little. Chafing by the harness—saddle or collar galls—Wounds or abrasions of this description are very commonly met with during the spring plow- ing, particularly in “new ground,” or from ill-fitting saddles or collars at any time of the year. Collars too large or too small are equally productive of this trouble. In the spring of the year, when the horse has been unused to steady work for some months, the skin is tender and easily abraded. The horse, from being wintered on a scanty allow- ance of grain, is soft, sweats easily, and if the collar and shoulders are not properly attended to chafing of the skin is almost sure to follow. The harness should be repaired, cleaned, and oiled before using, and the collar in particular should be thoroughly cleansed after every day’s use. The shoulders are to be frequently washed with cold water, and after- ward bathed with white-oak bark tea, alcohol, or other astringents. Should ill-fitting or badly made harness or saddles gall a horse, they must be refitted at once, or laid aside for other and better ones. The treatment of such abrasions is simple and effective if the cause be removed without delay. The parts must be thoroughly bathed in soapy water, allowing the lather to remain on the abraded surface. There are many remedies for harness galls. Among them may be mentioned alco- hol, 1 pint, in which are well shaken the whites of two eggs; a solution of nitrate of silver, 10 grains to the ounce of water; sugar of lead or sulphate of zinc, 20 grains to an ounce of water; carbolic acid, 1 part in 15 parts of glycerine, and so on almost withoutend. Any simple as- tringent wash or powder will effect a cure provided the sores are not irritated by friction. Ifthe animal must continue his work the harness must be padded or chambered. Burns and scalds—Wounds from burning or scalding are rare in the domestic animals, but when extensive they prove very troublesome and are often fatal. According to the severity of the burn we find theskin simply reddened, vesicles (blisters) may be produced, or the part may be literally roasted or boiled, causing complete destruction of the tissues and sloughing. When a large surface of the skin is burned or scalded the animal (if he does not die at once from shock) will soon show symp- toms of fever—shivering, coldness of the extremities, weakness, rest- lessness, quick, feeble pulse, sighing breathing, ete. The treatment in such cases must be prompt and energetic. Stimu- lauts, such as whisky with milk and eggs, are to be frequently given. 455 rat Quinine and salicylic acid, of each 1 dram, should also be administered twice a day. The burned surface must be immediately bathed with equal parts of lime-water and linseed oil, and afterwards dredged with as much flour as can be made to adhere. If these can not be obtained cover the parts with flour paste, layers of cotton, or anything to exclude the air. Nitrate of silver, 5 grains to the ounce of water, or carbolic acid, 1 part to 50 of water, afford great relief if frequently applied. When the slough takes place we must support the animal’s strength with good food and tonics, and treat the raw surface the same as other granulating wounds. ABSCESSES. These consist of accumulations of pus within circumscribed walls, at different parts of the body, and may be classed as acute, and cold or chronic abscesses. Acute abscesses follow as the result of local inflammation in glands, muscular tissue, or even bones. They are very common in the two former. The abscesses most commonly met with in the horse (and the ones which will be here described) are those of the salivary glands, occurring during the existence of “ strangles” or “colt distemper.” The glands behind or under the jaw are seen to slowly increase in size, be- coming firm, hard, hot, and painful. At first the swelling is uniformly hard and resisting over its entire surface, but in a little while becomes soft—fluctuating—at some portion, mostly in the center. From this time on the abscess is said to be “ pointing” or ‘‘ coming to a head,” which is shown by a small elevated or projecting prominence, which at first is dry, but soon becomes moist with transuded serum. The hairs over this part loosen and fall off, and in a short time the abscess opens, - the contents escape, and the cavity gradually fills up—heals by granu- lations. Abscesses in muscular tissue are usually the resuit of bruises or in- juries. In all cases where abscesses are forming we should hurry the ripening process by frequent hot fomentations and poultices. When they are very tardy in their development a blister over their surface is advisable. Itis acommon rule with surgeons to open an abscess as soon as pus can be plainly felt, but this practice can scarcely be recom- mended to owners of stock indiscriminately, since this little operation frequently requires an exact knowledge of anatomy. It will usually be found the better plan to encourage the full ripening of an abscess aud allow it to open of itself. This is imperative if the absvess is in the region of joints, etc. When open, we must not squeeze the walls of the abscess to any extent. They may be very gently pressed with the fin- gers at first to remove the clots—inspissated pus—but after this the orifice is simply to be kept open by the introduction of a whalebone probe, should it be disposed to heal too soon. If the opening is at too high a level another should be made into the lowest portion of the ab- 456 scess. Hot fomentations or poultices are sometimes required for a day or two after an abscess has opened, and are particularly indicated when the base of the abscess is hard and indurated. As a rule, injections into the cavity of abscesses are not indicated, though in cases of serous abscesses (if one may be allowed such latitude of terms), as cysts of the elbow, knee, etc., astringent injections—sulphate of zinc, 15 grains to the ounce of water—are required to cause adhesions of the walls of the cavity and prevent it from refilling. If abscesses are foul and bad- smelling their cavities must be syringed with a weak solution of car- bolic acid or other antisepties. Cold abscess is the term applied to those large, indolent swellings that are the result of a low or chronic form of inflammation, in the center of which there is a small collection of pus. These are mostly met with at the base of the neck and in front of the shoulder joint. The swelling is diffuse and of enormous extent, but slightly hotter than surrounding parts, and not very painful upon pressure. There is a pronounced stiffness, rather than pain, evinced upon moving the animal. Such ab- scesses have the appearance of a hard tumor, surrounded by a softer edematous swelling, involving the tissues to the extent of a foot or more in all directions from the tumor. This diffused swelling gradually subsides and leaves the large, hardened mass somewhat well defined. One of the characteristics of cold abscesses is their tendency to remain in the same condition for a great length of time. There is neither heat nor soreness; 10 increase nor lessening in the size of the tumor; it re- mains statu quo. If, however, the animal should be put to work for a short time the irritation of the collar causes the surrounding tissues to again assume an cedematous condition, which, after a few days’ rest, disappear, leaving the tumor as before or but slightly larger. Upon careful manipulation we may discover what appears to be a fluid deep seated in the center of the mass. The quantity of matter so contained is very small—often not more than a tablespoonful—and for this reason it can not, in all cases, be detected. Cold abscesses are mostly, if not always, caused by the long-contin- ueil irritation of a loose and badly fitting collar. There is a slow in- flammatory action going on, which results in the formation of a small quantity of matter, inclosed in very thick and but partially organized walls, that are not as well defined as is the cireamference of fibrous tumors, which they most resemble. Treatment.—The means recommen ded to bring the acute abscess ‘ to a head” are but rarely effectual with this variety; or, if successful, too much time has been occupied in the cure. We must look for other and more rapid methods of treatment. These consist in, first of all, care- fully exploring the tumor for the presence of pus. The incisions must be made over the seftest part, and carried deep into the tumor (to its very bottom if necessary), and the matter allowed toescape. After this, and whether we have found matter or not, we must induce an active ABT inflammation of the tumor in order to promote solution of the thick walls of the abscess. This may be done by inserting well into the incision a piece of oakum or cotton saturated with turpentine, carbolic acid, tinc- ture of iodine, etc., or we may pack the incision with powdered sul- phate of zinc and keep the orifice plugged for twenty-four hours. These agents set up a destructive inflammation of the walls. Suppuration fol- lows, and this should now be encouraged by hot fomentations and poul- tices. The orifice must be kept open, and should it be disposed to heal we must again introduce some of the agents above described. A fa- vored treatment with many, and it is probably the best, is to plunge a red-hot iron to the bottom of the incision, and thoroughly sear all parts of the walls of the abscess. This is to be repeated after the first slough has taken place, if the walls remain thickened and indurated. It is useless to waste time with fomentations, poultices, or blisters in the treatment of cold abscesses, since, though apparently removed by such methods, they almost invariably return again when the horse is put to work. Extirpation by the knife is not practicable, as the walls of the tumor are not sufficiently defined. If treated as above directed, and properly fitted with a good collar after healing, there will not re- main any track, trace, or remembrance of the large, unsightly mass. FISTULA. The word fistula is properly applied to sinuous pipes or ducts leading from cavities to the surface of the body, through which a discharge is constantly taking place. They are lined by a false or adventitious membrane, and show no disposition to heal. Fistula may then exist at any part, but the name has come to be commonly accepted as appli- cable only to such discharges taking place from the withers, and we shall refer to this location when using the term. Poll evil is a fistula upon the poll. and in no sense differs from fistu- lous withers except as to location. The description of fistula will apply then, in the main, to poll evil as well. Fistule are particularly liable to occur at either of these locations from the disposition of the muscles and tendinous expansions, which favor the burrowing of pus and its retention. Fistule follow as a result of abscesses, bruises, wounds, or long continued irritation by the harness. Among the more common causes of fistula of the poll—poll evil—are chafing by the halter or heavy bridie; blows from the butt end of the whip; the horse striking his head against the hayrack, beams of the ceiling, low doors, etc. Fis- tulous withers are seen mostly in those horses that have thick necks as well as those that are very high in the withers; or, among saddle horses, those that are very low on the withers, the saddle here riding for- ward and bruising the parts. They are often caused by bad-fitting col- lars or saddles, by direct injuries from blows, and from the horse roll- ing upon rough or sharp stones. In either of these locations, ulcers of the skin, or simple abscesses, if not properly and punctually treated 458 may become fistule. The pus burrows and finds lodgment deep down between the muscles, and only escapes when the sinus becomes sur- charged or during motion of the parts, when the matter is squeezed out. Symptoms.—These of course will vary according to the progress made by the fistula. Following an injury we may often notice soreness or stiffness of the front legs, and upon careful examination of the withers we will see small tortuous lines running from the point of irritation downward and backward over the region of the shoulder. These are superficial lymphatics, and are swollen and painful to the touch. Ina day or two a swelling is noticed on one or both sides of the dorsal ver- tebree, which is hot and painful and rapidly enlarging. The pain may at this time subside somewhat, the stiffness disappear, but the swelling continues and increases in size. It fluctuates upon pressure, and either opens or its contents become inspissated, dry up, leaving a tumor that gradually develops the common characteristics of a fibrous tumor. When the enlargement has opened we should carefully examine its cavity, aS onits condition will wholly depend our treatment. In the earliest stage, when there is soreness, enlarged lymphatics, but no well-marked swelling, the trouble may be frequently aborted. To do this requires both general and local treatment. A physic should be given, and the horse receive 1 ounce of powdered saltpeter three times a day in his water or feed. If the fever runs high, 20-drop doses of tincture of aconite root every two hours may be administered. Locally we will find much relief by pouring cold water from a height upon the inflamed spot for an hour at a time three or four times aday. Cooling lotions, muriate of ammonia, or saltpeter and water, sedative washes, as tincture of opium and aconite, chloroform liniment, or camphorated oil are also to be frequently applied. I have seen a number of cases presenting these initial symptoms of fistula thus aborted that required no other treatment than the avoidance of the original cause. When, however, the formation of pus is inevitable, this must be hurried as much as possible. Hot fomentations and poultices are to be constantly used, and as soon as fluctuation can be plainly felt the abscess wall is to be opened at its lowest point. In this procedure lies our hope of a speedy cure. If the parts are so laid open by the knife that the pus must escape as fast as it is formed, and where there is left no possibility of its burrowing between the muscles, forming pockets or sinuses, the parts rapidly and permanently heal without any mediation whatever, as though we had been dealing with a simple abscess of the withers, and not a true fistula at all. Attention is again called to thedirections given above as to the neces- sity of probing the cavity when opened. Ifupona careful examination with the probe we find that there are no pockets, no sinuses, but a sim- ple, regular abscess wall, the indication for treatment is to make an opening from below so that the matter must all escape. Rarely is any- 459 thing more needed than to keep the orifice open and to bathe or inject the parts with some simple antiseptic wash that is not irritant or caustic. A low opening and cleanliness constitute the essential and rational treatment. If caustics are inserted, they cause sloughing of healthy tissues and favor the formation of sinuses by producing sloughs below the point of incision. If the abscess has existed for some time and has not opened, its walls become thickened, the pus granular or inspissated, then, after an opening has been made by the knife and the contents washed and squeezed out as thoroughly as possible, the plan of treat- mentis materially different. There is enormous thickening of the walls, which must be destroyed and sloughed out by caustics. The best plan here is to make the first incision in the highest point of the swelling, intro- duce a piece of caustic potash (fused) 1 to 2 inches in length, carefully plug the opening with oakum or cotton, and secure the horse so that he can not disturb the parts by rubbing or biting them. The skin of the shoulder and entire leg must be thoroughly greased with lard or oilin order to prevent the caustic (should it escape) from excoriating the skin over which it flows. Twenty-four hours after the introduction of the caustic the plug is to be removed and hot fomentations applied. As soon as the discharge is again established we must make another open- ing with the knife or seton needle as low as possible, and keep this open with aseton. The object of making the first incision on top is to insure the retention of the caustic until it has attacked the entire inner sur- face of the cavity. If this is done the caustic causes sloughing of every portion of the diseased parts, leaving a healthy granulating surface underneath, which only requires that the depending orifice be kept open and the cavity washed out with a weak antiseptic solution once or twice a week to effect a cure. In many e¢ases of fistula there is more than one sinus or pipe that must be explored, laid open with the knife if possible, or opened through its bottom by means of a sharp seton needle, passing a tape through the openings, and retaining it in this position for sometime. Ifthe pipes are directed straight downward between the shoulder blade and the spine it is difficult or impossible to make a counter opening, and the case becomes serious or intractable. Caustic solutions must now be injected carefully into the sinuses with the hope of reaching every diseased part. Probably the best is gran- ular chloride of zinc, 1 ounce to a half pint of water. This should be injected three times during one week, after which a weak solution of the same, or sulphate of zinc, is to be occasionally injected. Pressure must be applied from below, and endeavors made in this manner to heal the different pipes from the bottom. Should the bones of the withers or the shoulder blade be diseased the complication is again serious, and these must be scraped or portions of them removed, requiring the aid of the veterinary surgeon. In those eases of fistula where the tumor is large and hard, yet not sufficiently defined to admit of extirpation with the knife, we may often 460 effect a cure by making a shallow incision under the skin, over the _ center of the tumor, and inserting from 20 to 30 grains of arsenious acid —powdered arsenic—wrapped in a single layer of tissue paper, and retaining in the same manner as before directed for the caustic potassa. No further treatment is necesssary for some time. In about ten days to two weeks there will have taken place a large, deep slough, leaving a very ugly looking granulating wound, which, however, gradually con- tracts during the healing process and results in the entire disappear- anve of the tumor. It is to be inferred from the foregoing that, even though fully estab- lished, fistulz: of the withers or poil are, in the majority of cases, cura- ble. They often require much time and patient attention. The sinuses must be opened at their inferior extremity and kept open. At first caustic injections or applications must be thoroughly applied once or twice, after which mild astringent antiseptic washes and cleanliness complete the cure. In those cases where the sinuses or pipes are so directed that counter openings can not be made; where there are dis- eased conditions of the bones, articulations, ete., that can not be reached, the horse had often best be destroyed at once. It is not at all unusual for fistule to break out again after having healed. This should not discourage us of a complete cure, as there is mostly only some small particle of diseased tissue remaining, caught, probably, in the healing of the orifice. A small abscess forms, points, and opens. ‘This abscess should be injected with asolution of sulphate of zine, 20 grains to the ounce of water, every second or third day until entirely healed. Fistule of the foot—quittor—should be treated on the same principle as those already described. When fistulous tracts are found at unusual points we must carefully examine the character and time of the discharges, and diligently probe the sinus to ascertain if the duct of some gland has not been opened, or if some foreign body, as a splinter of wood, etc., is not retained in the wound. In the first case—fistula of a gland duct—a competent veteri- narian must be called. In the second instance the foreign body is to be carefully cut down upon and removed, after which healing progresses rapidly and satisfactorily. GENERAL DISEASES. BY RUSH SHIPPEN HUIDEKOPER, M. D., Vet. Editor Journal of Comparative Medicine and Veterinary Archives, Philadelphia. INFLAMMATION. Synonyms: Inflammatio, Latin, from Inflammare, to flame, to burn ; Phlegmasia @eypacia, Greek; Inflammation, French; inflammazione, Italian ; Inflamacion, Spanish ; Entzundung, German. Definition.—Inflammation is a process of excessive nutrition—hy per- nutrition—of a living tissue, by which the latter may be altered in its fanctions while retaining for an indefinite time a morbid life; may be destroyed, as in abscesses, ulcers, necrosis, etc.; or may be trans- formed into a new tissue, as in the healing of a previously injured part, the normal tissue in this case being replaced by a scar (cicatricial tissue), or by masses of calcareous deposits (lime salts). ANIMAL TISSUES. The non-professional reader may regard the animal tissues, which are subject to inflammation, as excessively simple structures, as similar, simple, and fixed in their organization as the joists and boards which frame a house, the bricks and iron coils of pipe which build a furnace, or the stones and mortar which make the support of a great railroad bridge. Yet while the principles of structure are thus simple, for the general understanding by the student who begins their study, the com- plete appreciation of the shades of variation, which differentiate one tissue from another, which define a sonnd tendon or ligament from a fibrous band, the result of disease filling in an old lesion and tying one organ with another, is as complicated as the nicest jointing of Chinese woodwork, the building of a furnace for the most difficult chemical analysis, or the construction of a bridge which will stand for ages and resist any force or weight. All tissues are composed of certain fundamental and similar elements which are governed by the same rules of life, though they may appear at first glance to be widely different. These are: (a) amorphous sub- stances; (5) fibers; (c) cells. 461 462 (a) Amorphous substances may be in liquid form, as in the fluid of the blood, which holds a vast amount of salts and nutritive matter in solu- tion, or they may be in a semi-liquid condition, as the plasma which infiltrates the loose meshes of connective tissue and lubricates the sur- face of some membranes, or they may be in the form of a glue or cement, fastening one structure to another, as a tendon or muscle end toa bone, or again they hold similar elements firmly together as in bone, where they form a stiff matrix which becomes impregnated with lime salts. Amorphous substances again form the protoplasm or nutritive element of cells or the elements of life. (b) Fibers are formed of elements of organic matter which have only a passive function. They can be assimilated to little strings or cords tangled one with another like a mass of waste yarn, woven regularly like a cloth or bound together like arope. They are of two kinds, white connective tissue fibers, only slightly extensible, pliable, and very strong, and yellow elastic fibers, elastic, curly, ramified, and verydense. These fibers once created require the constant presence of fluids around them in order to retain their functional condition, as a piece of harness leather demands continual oiling to keep its strength, but they undergo no change or alteration in their form until destroyed by death. (c) Cells, which may even be regarded as low forms of life, are masses of protoplasm or amorphous living matter with a nucleus and frequently a nucleolus or living germs, which are capable of assimilating nutriment or food, propagating themselves either into others of the same form or into fixed cells of another outward appearance and different function, but of the same constitution. It is simply in the mode of grouping of these elements that we have the variation in tissues, as: (1) loose con- nective tissue; (2) aponeurosis and tendons; (3) muscles; (4) cartilage; (5) bones; (6) epithelia and endothelia; (7) nerves. (1) Loose connective tissue forms the great framework or scaffolding of the body, and is found under the skin, between the muscles sur- rounding the bones and blood vessels, and entering into the structures of almost all of the organs. In this the fibers are loosely meshed together like a sponge, leaving spaces in which the nutrient fluid and cells are irregularly distributed. This tissue we find in the skin, in the spaces between the organs of the body where fat accumulates, and as the framework of all glands. (2) Aponeurosis and tendons are structures which serve for the ter- mination of muscles and for their contention and for the attachment of bones together. In these the fibers are more frequent and dense and are arranged with regularity either crossing each other or lying parallel, and here the cells are found in minimum quantity. (3) Muscles.—In these the cells lie end to end, forming long fibers which have the power of contraction, and the connective tissue is in small quantity, serving the passive purpose of a band around the con- tractile elements. 463 (4) In cartilage a mass of firm amorphous substance, with no vas- cularity and little vitality, forms the bed for the chondroplasts or cells of this tissue. (5) Bone differs from the above in having the amorphous matter im- pregnated with lime salts, which gives it its rigidity and firmness. (6) Hpithelia and endothelia, or the membranes which cover the body and line all of its cavities and glands, are made up of single or strati- fied and multiple layers of cells bound together by a glue of amorphous substance, and resting on a layer composed of more or less fibers. When the membrane serves for secreting or excreting purposes, as in the salivary glands or the kidneys, it is usually simple when it serves the mechanical purpose of protecting a part, as over the tongue or skin it is invariably multiple and stratified, the surface wearing away while new cells replace it from beneath. (7) In nerves, stellate cells are connected by their rays to each other, or to fibers which conduct the nerve impressions, or they act as recep- tacles and storehouses for them, just as the switch board of a telephone system serves to connect the various wires. Ali of these tissues are supplied with blood in greater or less quan- tity. The vascularity depends upon the function which the tissue is called upon to perform. If this is great, as in the tongue, the lungs, or the sensitive part of the foot, a large amount of blood is required; if the labor is a passive one, as in cartilage, the membrane over the withers, or the tendons of the legs, the vessels only reach the periphery, and nutrition is furnished by imbibition of the fluids brought to their surface by the blood vessels. Blood is brought to the tissues by arterioles, or the small termina- tions of the arteries, and is carried off from them by the veinlets or the commencement of the veins. Between these two systems are small delicate networks of vessels called capillaries, which subdivide into a veritable lace-work so as to reach the neighborhood of every element. In health the blood passes through these capillaries with a regular current, the red cells or corpuscles floating rapidly in the fluid in the center of the channel, while the white or ameeboid cells are attracted to the walls vi che vessels and move very slowly. The supply of blood is regulated by the condition of repose or activity of the tissue, and under normal conditions the outflow compensates exactly the supply. The caliber of the blood vessels, and consequently the amount of blood which they carry, is governed by nerves of the sympathetic system in a healthy body with unerring regularity, but in a diseased organ the flow may cease or be greatly augmented. In health a tissue or organ receives its proper quantity of blood ; the nutritive elements are extracted for the sup- port of the tissue and for the product, which the function of the organ forms. The force required in the achievement of this is furnished by combustion of the hydro-carbons and oxygen brought by the arterial blood, then by the veins this same fluid passes off, less its oxygen, 464 loaded with the waste products, which are the result of the worn out and disintegrated tissues, and of those which have undergone combus- tion. The above brief outline indicates the process of nutrition of the tissues. Hyper-nutrition or excessive nutrition of a tissue may be- normal or morbid. Ifthe latter the tissue becomes congested or inflamed. CONGESTION. Congestion is an unnatural accumulation of blood ina part. Excessive accumulation of blood may be normal, as in blushing or in the red face which temporarily follows a violent muscular effort, or, as in the stom- ach or liver during digestion, or in the lungs after severe work, from which, in the latter case, it is shortly relieved by a little rapid breath- ing. The term congestion, however, usually indicates a morbid condi- tion, with more or less lasting effects. Congestion is active or passive. The former is produced by an increased supply of blood to the part, the latter by an obstacle preventing the escape of blood from the tissue. In either case there is an increased supply of blood, and as a result in- creased combustion and augmented nutrition. Active congestion is caused by: (1) Functional activity.—Any organ which is constantly or excessively used is habituated to hold an unusual quantity of blood; the vessels become dilated; if overstrained the walls become weakened, lose their elasticity, and any sudden additional amount of blood engorges the tissues so that they can not contract and congestion results. Example: The lungs of a race horse, after an unusual burst of speed or severe work, in damp weather. (2) Lrritants.—Heat, cold, chemical or mechanical. Any of these, by threatening the vitality of a tissue, induce immediately an aug- mented flow of blood to the part to furnish the means of repair—a hot iron, frostbites, acids, or a blow. (3) Nerve influence.—This may produce congestion either by acting on the part reflexly, or as the result of some central nerve disturbance affecting the branch which supplies a given organ. (4) Plethora and sanguinary temperament.—Full-blooded animals are much more predisposed to congestive diseases than those of a lymphatic character, or those in an anemic condition. The circulation in themis forced to all parts with much greater force and in larger quantities. A well-bred, full-blooded horse is much more subject to congestive dis- eases than a common, coarse, or old worn-out animal. (5) Fevers.—In fever the heart works more actively and forces the current of blood more rapidly; the tissues are weakened, and it requires but a slight local cause at any part to congest the structures already overloaded with blood. Again, in certain fevers, we find alteration of the blood itself, rendering it less or more fluid, which interferes with its free passage through the vessels and induces a local predisposition to. congestion. 465 (6) Warm climate and summer heat.— Warmth of the atmosphere re- laxes the tissues; it demands of the animals less blood to keep up their own body temperature, and the extra quantity accumulates in the blood-vessel system. It causes sluggishness in the performance of the organic functions, and in this way it induces congestion, especially of the internal organs. So we find founders, congestive colics, and stag- gers more frequent in summer than in winter. (7) Previous congestion Whether the previous congestion of any organ has been a continuous normal one, that is, a repeated functional activity, or has been a morbid temporary overloading, it always leaves the walls of the vessels weakened and more predisposed to recurrent attacks from accidental causes than perfectly healthy tissuesare. Thus a horse which has had a congestion of the lungs from a severe drive is apt to have another attack from even a lesser cause. The alterations of congestion are distention of the blood vessels, ac- cumulation of the cellular elements of the blood in them, and effusion of a portion of the liquid of the blood into the fibrous tissues which surround the vessels. Where the changes produced by congestion are visible, as in the eye, the nostril, the mouth, the genital organs, and on the surface of the body in white or unpigmented animals, the part ap- pears red from the increase of blood; it becomes swollen from the effusion of liquid into the sponge-like connective tissues; it is at times more or less hot from the increased combustion; the part js frequently painful to the animal from pressure of the effusion en the nerves, and the function of the tissue is interfered with. The secretion or excre- tion of glands may be augmented or diminished. Muscles may be affected with spasms or may be unable to contract. The eye and ears may be affected with imaginary sights and sounds. PASSIVE CONGESTION. Passive congestion is caused by interference with the return of the current of blood from a part. Old age and debility weaken the tissues and the force of the circulation, especially in the veins, and retard the movement of the blood. We then see horses of this class with stocked legs, swelling of the sheath of the penis or of the milk glands, and of the under surface of the belly. We find them also with effusions of the liquid parts of the blood into the lymph spaces of the posterior extremities and organs of the pelvic cavity. Tumors or other mechanical obstruction, by pressing on the veins, retard. the flow of blood and cause it to back up in distal parts of the body, causing passive congestion. The alterations of passive congestion, as in active congestion, consist of an increased quantity of blood in the vessels and an exudation of its fluid into the tissues surrounding them, but in passive congestion we have a dark thick blood which has lost its oxygen, instead of the rich combustible blood rich in oxygen which is found in active congestion. 1103530 ; 466 The termination of congestion is by resolution or inflammation. In the first case, the choked-up blood vessels find an outlet for the excessive amount of blood and are relieved; the transuded serum or fluid of the blood is reabsorbed, and the part returns almost to its normal condi- tion, with, however, a tendency to weakness predisposing to future trouble of the same kind. In the other case further alterations take place, and we have inflammation. INFLAMMATION. Inflammation is a hypernutrition of a tissue. It is described by Dr. Agnew, the surgeon, as ‘a double-edged sword, cutting either way for good or for evil.” The increased nutrition may be moderate and cause a growth of new tissue, a simple increase of quantity at first; or it may produce a new growth differing in quality, as a cancer; or it may be so great that, like luxuriant, overgrown weeds, the elements die from their very haste of growth, and we have immediate destruction of the part. According to the rapidity and intensity of the process of structural changes which take place in an inflamed tissue, inflammation is de- scribed as acute or chronic, with a vast number of intermediate forms. When the phenomena are marked it is termed sthenic ; when less dis- tinct, as the result of a broken down and feeble constitution in the ani- mal, it is called asthenic. Certain inflammations are specific, as in strangles, the horsepox, glanders, etc., where a characteristic or spe- cific cause or condition is added to the origin, character of phenomena, or alterations which result from an ordinary inflammation. An inflam- mation may be circumscribed or limited, as in the abscess on the neck caused by the pressure of a collar, in pneumonias, in glanders, in the small tumors of a splint or a jack; or it may be diffuse, as in severe fistulas of the withers, in an extensive lung fever, in the legs in a ease of grease, or in the spavins which affect horses with poorly nourished bones. The causes of inflammation are practically the same as those of congestion, which is the initial step of all inflammation. The temperament of a horse predisposes the animal to inflammation of certain organs. vere ren seme ee hele aeeloeeeee 75 GVCISLONIOL tasers oer ere cre ccisisin se celem os arene erates Be es, 76 inflammatonsOLi sos ss se. kent nels sees wae eee eee ee 73 Hag HNO Conc ceobo 7 Soe SOE es aaoee DE EGOS be eee bac aeSaeeaeoatis cs. - 7A Paralysis Ofe—a-estsecoen wars ce] eo e-acce coe eee eee ee 72 SpaAsMOfneck Ob yas 2 saeco acisapclens eee ey ene 71 ISO ee er 83, 161 WOM S38 555580 como corsa sosss6 doe toseos sseese soso ussses 555+ kL -- 70 Bleeding alter Castiatlonss..-2eeaeer een soso 2 eee he aoe eee 142 HromylONGS sean ase eles eeesaaerc se eas eee 1238 TUpiured Avlery cso. poacoe Se sete eee oe 239 WOM Disece heeesestecrwecas Seeciee setcee sansa ele 175 SKIN/erUpPtiON 6 os. ees. oee ae eee See er 429 Blind@istag eens oom eaten nea mie wieale atenolol ele ele enolase a 210 Bloat (hyMipa mies) meme ee eee ee area eee eee 31, 41 IBVnven SERVI = oS se eos cso baeoes sacs seeder SoaSooeses se55ee S280 -42n52- 22 _ 322 vessels, diseases Of 02. ccc0coe a v2 2 2 eer ase senate eee eee 219, 223 Bloody tliox«(ySOnteLy eee sme 2a cee seen eee ee ee 47 MUNN coc coda bcodcs o6eR ne oo cesses ages cous Sees once OSes Soest fSecc:- 65 Boorspaylns (LOOMIS paivilN)) ae e se atee = sale eee eee eee er 322 Boils, nature and treatment of...........-----.--.- os eee 427, 430 Oy iN) GGG Seocns coos bone sane o-enodes ssescges Ja59. sass sssa ees 255 Bone 8pavin .----- --2- 20-5 e222 12-22 ee eee cee ne eee eee enn 287 SGMVES, DUBIN O8 soho st05eseu sess coo0 as5ee5 sce cose uemos: Siena ae ene 271 diseases Ofte 2ee, eee cae ce seeps seis = kote eee ee eee 279 HGH WE iso o Sea coessadscocooncesd Se SA OBR SecEe SSce se. Soho cs0 291 BOtshesteoceeseeee ese 2 Bo DOU O56 Ca 0OOOON nNobiGae Doboon sseboo cod odscd5c2a5 34 Bowels. (See Intestines.) SEEMING PIS@OIS Olsscess Seed coad soo secs S5 seo tee sas eh soso S2ossqcsea2222-5-. 186 affections, acute..-... eat oe Fis wniwiowie wie ciate mie icicis em ibete.ctnle Soe See eee 187 Pines VE Ol Beso Ba etees Baise See > DOOGAD AO MISSSA Oe aOeD Uarero SGaaecloc acc 194 anatomy and! physrolocyaOtsens sae esse eee See ae as eee eee 181 AMO Oy Ol ss35 605553 os0ssess0 seg s08S0 docsae soos ose5 seo geese cose-- 195 complication sromyiniienZa pee eee eee ese nee eae ee eee 482 GOT) MERION Of sass eoSs55 S465 sass8s sesso Stes dessso ees sess e- 193 concussion of..... sleie catate aetna cralcne ae cee sae teens sere ae 193 congestion of..... J brbh dunbse 255048 Secs suiSae soeis Soto cose Ges+c---- 189 GIRONA Oliosnese sascco ssoa sce S dSOO00 HBeane seed GesesGseaeso dons soot 2 195 envelopes, inflammationtof- ssn. es saccies fel ssis ae eres ans eee eee 185 LOO MRSS OF Gree Sco See capo dasoomso ds AeSaee eo bes So oeeasoscsac++-- 192 IMO COANIOM Of se cass toons so0nss oas0 uooD6C BOORDOBHOO SA DEAS ooGe Sose 183 POM PMOYS) PAS SoS Ses 5 4 Sedo ee Sls As ae oo besncneodisigos nosso 022 | 187 ECT RELMIENN” Oo Saeed noboSd coCOos HEU edlbad Hobo conoeSaSesas cous 4oecod obo: 186 substance; inflammation Ol saccsee sea neo ee eee ae eee ee 186 ISO ARIEL neo soto onse osoS ose No So ose So SSogpneoo bass Seomes Foes ssc0 s022 21 Broken bones. (See Fractures.) Kkmees nics ase Poo sata Seroaiescare ae se eeierem ene ee cercts aie Sel re e eee eere 323 WAT Goo) hacia Sinise stale ala Se ee See oa oe eee ee 129 Bronchitis 1224 sc 22 soe Soe aa See eee oe ee ate meee npeet te eee 108 Broncho-pleuro-pnenmoniaeee a= ose eeeeee eee eee eee eee ee 127 545 Page. ERRNO WMOUM OM ugar ie amie ure enreic Pre, saacad soos oenoeoemos caso boos 178 Hmilwen za malitenatiOnS Ole ce oie ete ete fails « raib soo bk SS ese oeee aed oee 485 COM MCT NOMS OES BESSOE Se eb enlSe se aoe Seen ee en tee Serer ee 480 GATTO OF 6scaae bude cena caaade os Sel BE ARO ADEE AOR COE NC TSP c 476 CAM OSISKOR asset e ine epee ee eee ec locsiate elie sid dice wise seein Ses A484 CUNOUC EA OES aerate Ses asics Mis seo Re a ee ong gee ee ee 477 PLO CN OSISIOM se sae eee eeeisele soe Masia See cnc he ke seas eee mee 485 Regie] coyio hee is ya cee sevciciar oes cisck Siaje aie ae Sta eles Meine aed ee siayare 487, 491 SYMP LOMIS KO filer, ey eine aye ste ne sia laat eleanor ers ere aise 478 CORINNA TON Sin Olle fee ele met mes cla Sti eice cs sisi ne Sere emma a once 480, 489 LEA tMeNibpO hes ae eee eps aie l= (aS la otek: c ccs Ba aS iene orm seen eeahetsieiate wees 486 MSC tIOM Sas se cote es oe wieie pe onic ie sara a =e Saisie susie enete sjateineieisis esis ee nisiersteee 12, 13, 40 IM@SUIRID 3 36 Gaeeln duoc 65 6500 BS SFE a DONA ARSE SS ceAeDO doe AoE corneeen anes eae 63 Hhisuiilatons Of mMediCimess on Ase. = <2 o Soe eee Sele nesie Seine st Sas Sees 11 LAY STs Rey Ee ace en oe ee eRe sh eletiore wen och Se Sas cry eee 350, 361 Intestines, complication from influenza... ..-....2.--. 2-2. 2252+ eee on eee 480 CiSeasespO lems ecules ce tela da seek oe sec eecelsauecicee 39 indlamimrablony Obs. 22s -ene eerie ee -ce eee ee ote sparse eye RE 49 intussusception or invagination of.....----------------------.-- 45 LRG, TIC ROION TOs Ean Ose onoo Mase cae Sho ao ace cNoteacars Sa ese 42 StOMese (Cal Guilal puma release ales Sess erate nett eater ore toes eee 44 iCal Stim Om Of ye eee eek etetsye a em tor tals siatey= eapesorsraieyoimmicrars Uisc aerate isiete 46 VOLTS UNO ote rctercie toe vac nretsiedale tec lonaicisieccieloibie Mi saysimiaiey siciuie eels ve alam eiaiate 37 UGIGRUR .o Sacsdasang Cede tesoo og BOC EAN een pa UOACISESe Batose co aS nope ED poduenasG 57 JEMMINS oo scc0 csdodo og ses coeco0 obese HaGOS9 noe9 cone coos Sees SoEdosSSecoEsosoO 260 Ths ClamNe AON WA NOO oo 55g0 sean e RED eeen oCance Gane cade cesode Ssee5e ouence bo66 438 SMUG CO weer aise s aloes Seite are arayaeieioicraiisis ERS D pee on eee Ta cael Sono tare 57 PETS N(CH OLE A) eee tay eeietal rere neat SrarretatSrats eyintekeyayeu NererehcvaePajarcta(als: shayayev siaje sr oretoranerete ieee 198 UOT WEES (GMOS), GNC NS) Oise oa6 BSene 5 shoe baoseD cose eps eeesesed veraos 323 J GHMNIS, CUSERROS Ol o=bs0.qans b505 4ose Deed BBN EOAO Bc SORE COR Soo SO se oDebo oSerhE 320 Gislocate dissec eee etre mle vacijece/ Sea os sere eer ~~ le /a:tysfar ate aynemreiee 326 OPENPR eA ecmee niacin e wee os eek Ue ste a) Use ge Ce sei eye ed 323 stittenedubyanyunye(amchiylosis)peeeeee eo es eae ee eecee s+ see se ona 325 Khadneys; acute 1tntlamimatoneo bp ee eae leeeets eee ana aelne toes eens s- Se seins 68 Chronicmndla ima homeo tees kee tera as nese 69 GUI OTS NO Pease ee can ie fae see tan Seth anes Satie wisioa eh ener seceeecs ediae 7 RETO ES eTOCs are eee pes ae parte ee teage orere fermi es cr ecu atu ayal we Srmioletat crajeye ec Siew ESSE 323 GAN) NEC ge aes ancic iced DO SGRe. chee Cerone aS Sor OE SE Meoe Boeeee econo marc 345 CH ap pe Gin reyes sei ieee erase ern sto autis aie cieye= Sie) Wetavererclepievsi='sveieh ye Sie 430 eltectsonminyuniesubom sneer reece re erence. oh ies ertelcinlersrciaia de caiinetets 323 SUPINE 2S acad goaeso abenoe Hose Gece nd sono baacue ONNHoo CUSHeU sods coaodE 336 Istana 1 Oe se esters core ota eratatae eta rela clapa sehr aversion tal ehalaints Werte mtie SM tarae Scheie aisizte 362 ILANDOLE CENTS FOE Us oBne eoe5 chee coco dane dae bee aso eBbEblone sooses eHence 158 suppression from bladder disoider........-.....---------- «-- 161 lamenessscausesvana treatmenttotsas sen cece eee oe mae 2 aes caciceeiociscecc = 269 definibionvot sess ase Soe Soleo ee ie ae aeiciti on teiaja aie leievsiey dio 2 274 LOCATIOMIOL Saar eae eer ear eis ee eects sie Qebactciatceraasis, oe 278 Olsuh en lip rateysees estos eerste eae eae oie nee RCE 25 a 333 shoulltler S255 cee see soe hee eee Ee m cme memantine. 26's 330 IDENT) (COWNGIETE)) 6 secemo cogbobcaemaGbseboU SAD aos [aos Aca Hoes eae 2a oes 401 Mannitis,; complications Ofs ss sser css sea one aac each Se epee eee 410 Curative: measures fOr s. oS... Ses Seen See ee ee Ee ae ee 417 OX citing Causes vObs: soc s a oe vee eee oe ee eee 402 following partuLibion. fe 4352 je cos, jue cat eee eee lee on ae 179 PLOVeNUONsOL cso cote Se ele ae ie os saad wise ce eS soe ee 415 symptoms -Ofscjccecs Stee oe Deets eee eee iste smtp eee 405 freatmenticoft soe oko sos) aesinuie) aos sate ebaele eee on eee 414 WAMPAS= == sete ces sos sear wel ccees oe besk ee once sn Reet ee 25 acvéeonvand underivheiskine se.ye-\seco" seen oreo eset eea eee eee 440 any neibisice soscee ses aa eee ce oe ns asieea\sce aaSace hie enh ae eae ee 96 Mary neismuspataly ticusiaceaeews] cess sek eee) Seater ACyeee a aeeeee 101, 202 ATV DX. SPAsMOk ol. sere eo cas sees. claeees toes on cele Sees See 100 Heads poisoning; 222-- << osiee =m ea ee eee a= ee see aa a ae ee WMOUCOLFN OA S=e ops s ote Sees CBee as peel ease 2eiee.e ic elas ae eee 179 MGT COM oe ok See ated oe & dwic Srey s ets eran erate ieee eta acie atevejch occlS o ole a SER Se a i icament Suspensory, Cap bIe Olee= essa e eee aa. a eee 365 ILjmsced as Mt@eed eae (225 SoS hs ecin secre en ele aucele= aes «Se anes se eee ee 2 JHIVEN: \CiSCASes Ob ack ses hee bu woke eee meas. S252 sks tee 5 IMAM MVON, Ol = as Fes see se ao eee eee ao nes oe Se 5 Tupture Ol c. 2oo. 2) ste eel Bako btes wae ee oneness nes eee 5 stoneinducts of 22. oe. ose oes oe ee a ee ee 58 IDR) E Nitecda acc etc cock Sane foun o8ac soeses sols oeeosasas soeeeoss ses- lh eee 212 Woconiotoravamia ss. {o.) 8 222 oie ce os se ae sees see) Bee e eae 202 IONS: "SPRAINS, Obs -)22:. [8 ec cisss als co eee Uae eise em se soe ae eee 355 ID (RWIS? HENIOP sccoo coches esse doce s cHUReS sone ce sec cose cs tae eeseceses lsct st: 116 ones, albscessrandssmp pura Lonmin sem seen meee eee see eee 128 BUALOMY Os oi. cose Sogat so seisings UOee se ess Soe esa eee 112 apoplexy (fi 2 2. a2 c7 BS Nacsa ciara cee ae reliscelle eiley orcte A ches faa ee nee 116 bleeding irom) 5522252 so. ste eee ete eee eb ake ens ae eee 128 COMpPlicahionerrompni Wen Zales es ee ere eee 481 congestioniobs.: losoa5.- sae bane soa os eons eae eee 114 CONSUMPTION, Of, 2 2. o esse ed Cee ei eee ee eee ee eee eee ae eee 129 GIO PSY LOLs csccies iat meres wien oie Sins omeiniers eens iis ae eee eae ees 129 mortification lof... 2 esos eee ec cas cecciecm scieusenemis Oa se aes 128 imxations) @Scealso, DislocaGions) ses ene - 2a ieee ae ae eee ees 326 ling NEMIGNTIS) Sa oseoscookesee5 cosa bess ao cocmuSSone ocon cooUaSoSss asc Ho- = 246, 488 Lymphatic glands, abscess and inflammation of -...... -.-..--..-----.----- 245 hypertrophied cece os tmes oon ee are eee 245 SNOWDON Ola oe hea cb ede Sebdenon beedsdasses sate ee lact te 244 WIRE) SAVORS 55 sos cosese S055 so5ss0 soe sce cesses sossso ss ose se4 ofess) seeese 185 IWAGINGISS (HA DIGR etc cea odessa po ssod odouos cooues udesau dos She SedSec pouecs fone 215 IMipiize asnlee this sajct yea pe svar eney sro ase oes oe evens SOE Sie ia ae! Sich os 21 Mialnemanitnp us unl e Gait laetNy) Peeper ee lee eee ea eet 510 Mai COM pects a cisieiey nels) ieee eine ne eer nies aaa sia ete ai oie ne ee 139 IMINO Oe soe ee mare elociieree ye ce hme eee ee LOR Slats o este) eee ae ee 419, 438 Mastunbatlon. S2cst 22 S20 oe se eons Sones one c se sint is Seams Seen 138 Medicines; how toad minis ter eee enc me see eens eae eee 9 inhalationjot. oo 2a.3sesous «Sa soee ce ots c co see Scene eee 1l TNjeC COM Of ee Se cee Seer ee ea cevee ae ree ee eerie en et ee eet 12, 13 Insufilation vols 5 =<. csi scl dese nn woes Sereamie seme eee ee ee eee 11 WIRPINNS 5 56 5256 6455 c460e0 Cone c695 on osoc deonee Sesoueseos soos se or tase cesses 189 WIGIEMYOR SAS ca coao5o Caucus SEsuoncSd oe seod bo eobe Gogeae céssconeas Osc oan: 256, 436 Meningitis, cerebro-spinal ...-...----.- es CEA Nee Spek ec aca ciao ne een a 185, 209 Spills. bale secs em ele ce eee teen cia ee eee EE fae aa caer 204 NGUPISUORNS cGodtosb ses coon 5566 Sasoos HSbSs0 c900 senceo eng Sose5e ssee seed scse 489 Cr Ol = ~~ Morbus co BORNE) Sas Gao WE COS OOOO E Bee OCS ee eter aie een aati Me Panett so re MORAGA. Saas Soe thog saeee dase Ak Ss SSeS Scenes ents ates remem amet yates Me it narduSCASesyOlenme cm sane a eta aie seine eeuceminislo cinjcic-cisisteied sielee ec acta oeiades Muscles, a d MALOU YO lee so epee eee meray em aieicreus cic ek ate claws esi do eae sees TES ER SEIS COS Ss ce OS RS MT ea en TP eT OE NAL COM PRNGHIONU Oe Seo os Badd Sod SoU Reet ee CP Bee Seana ner cei ai eects Myelitis- - Myoeardit Se pre ay esac rs aren reaier Ste ees ee ete VENTA TEENS Src) nis al at Sacra level Sabie eave Naseem INQ OHIGINS 4 ssek6u sdabeacoso bens so06 seQuEd coped USS Oo BeSeSDess ou naSshol edn Nes HOrmshOein odemms ea nate a eeercpinetio tiem ee kine ues cer ee cctelete e ceeia Ser eee Nasal cata TEI BIONS Spas a ps ee ey eet oe ef a eS USEPA ay ote oe aoe a tg ene CIOMGINE Bos BRS See SOO OOS SRST Ie aaa ara ELT VL LN bo Ps pennant glee () 66e0 Sa06 Sooo oabooe Sac oGSe cong sEGoEpES Bere Bend Condo hSGuuo aueu Saas Navel adischarc enotaurilesDiyevecetstsiec loo cc o.21c (a) snjn inten ereciia fee gee be else cee = Navicular Nephritis, UIS@ IS Cire tate te ere g sve ere eye sah rs aerer aro ravsn Slcpes ep endo we Staee eps cranes Won eine ae VEU Opes See atre p renca te oe ia tale siena tay nusyatan alice ey See NV atea ns heer ay a ioe ltare Bealeton ee & Nelverinil air mation Ofeeee cies :-1at <0 dia eejieieees tele = Gao oie cine Sees WOQUAY WDss06 ces cba5 can6 beog poss coda cous o504 coo Scg sos eSa0oUGabd Bnd a HUMNOP OF CAS2c5 ches bee eae susroese aa oe so uEee eu UE oose cones uanesisasese GATOS S\VSUCIN, CUSEHRC Cli Soeno sodsos coeuso noes odcSs been. ceneoe saneds Ora Nettlerash SINC IN eset tease tals m ae ete are ete or SSS He Siaie ava Siwlsjeisioteels euulowieusmleerenies em bete IN@UUTEEIR) Se 2S SIS a ET a INES CD Rete see gerc ae Reece ante ayy ea INOSe, lllesalitnes ROT Ease boSaon po Sbee Clean eoonro heen boston aH onan eb aaeie INGHINE, WUWMOES WilSsh5 5566 sece sa00 1 ooue cb odcic Geo bode Gooouese ou aqcada lesen WOUMGIE MGEN 6 doa see npodocu doeTrs eLmacucce So ocS rao Sedome Sr edso spac Calis, OS WEG) SS58es Gas65b os Shae bandos sso ssu Oobeod potocs esonas be seea se sob eoae (idema, enteric .......- Soba sen esndeseaou sooGb0 copode densa ooaeasaser cscase PUI OM ALY ete eee sense oie cians sereeeumaisisineys ae Seva tislete nes ce nee (sophagu BOISCASESOle sepsis teys ce ena sleian ec oe wise ste Sise eeu alae eats os salem caine SsaculardilatatloniOlsstecctsene secs oe ee cee scisiscs Boe ee ae ete SIGE UGE BCE 0 es lee Se ea RECON ee an a SE ace Cut ee Ojpem FOMNIS, Rosse seas webs Seon song soneos cond soon ogoSeo geeerocsemes cons sonde Ojplailnnenie, QxeeON las 355 so56d0 pease onoa sd oo boo0 Coouas Uscossoseseuboosos TIRE) OLE Sac ete er SETI eRe ae PN eR EPR ne eee eS ES RECUELEMUTOMSPCLUOGUC a apemier stasis Grtatare splot slciae miele Sie cre cieteree Se Reo / Optic nerve, paralysis of .........--..----- Res ies clue va imei ee oak ete ake QOS 356655 soccue soocas sedode sUDp Us EGen base bsocee Hose soca ae ase besoeaore OstlbiSre cams cemee ee aci Se eee a= Geass ences we Be Steps eters ay ahcnera ge ea eense me Overreach eee ees eee wes Oe ae ee ee ee ee eee ee ee es eee ee tee eee cece we -e e eee IEA HUANG Or UNS INGEN ecaacaocosco54 cade a6n4 boonee can OupORoboe UaesouooeE Palsy (See Papilloma Paralysis also Paralysis) ae see eee seine SMe ope yavthereeteichan tion is cr ene chs (GURIEK AG BEISE CANTO CHB ADR ESA AE Satan Sb SAn OS Aare eeene i enn See eee CULIA CALC SMA Cy eee eye yas See re ot aeiemse sini tie cicis slave eign Gletee PEC a eee ae re een rane eI Eye seater nein Sicemyoucces Midhs ove OLE UNEVEN KE) Oe ee ee ee Ao a Mees Gono oS SOU See OES eee eee ihindbexctremibies excess cenet ce ee ee ene NNR eek Muscles: Ofaliin Sve see eye es Se eee ie eRe SE ease Page. 150, 152, 150 165 263 334 128 25 271 329 165 205 224 289 536 90 12 92 75 395 68 208 209 209 181 427 209 208 95 90 89 20 489 489 27 29 29 323 253 260 267 263 135 279 366 232 200 138 200 152 202 202 202 203 201 202 554 Page. Paralysis of penis +5. 22-2. s.ced een tes rcmiece Geeiciee wis wis See aa eee eee 138 rectum aud tail eo. 22c sito ec cease ecco saeh cas eee ee eee 202 sidejof body Jozi class sees Se eice es Seok ee CHO e ee ee eee 200 Paraphy mosis si .- 5225 os re oe eee oe edd creeentoeee cel boe nee eee 143 Paraplegia........-.. Seek Ae ee Names ete Saialn Wain wile wtwiniw las ore eee 201 Parasites, animals ofitheveyeojoen oo:ac co eo doen se ee ee ee nee ee eee 268 KiONeYS -shs seseGene Soete oace couse eee ee 7 BIN oe bose see ested ss see och oeee ae eee 438 vecetable of the skin .22).- o..csc.sncroces seer eis esis cele a eee eee 436 PATASTUIE PUL Y MLAS Seeeriee eeeee lee eee e/a lala ee Sees ete ee 438 Parrot-mouth een cies seas seed ox Seek e ce oakiniee = ic ceiSecel ose yee eee 24 Parturition; Gilienlts cece wees noes nicest wee oles cine see exe ee eee 156, 158, 163 matural-go stile sess ae tooaee antec? sinccine es ea sete eee eae 156 Of TWINS: .otese\ies eee ene soe shtick soeckd cose ee eee eee 167 SYMPtOMsOf-. 2 Cio sce eae oo wie cae als hala ane 156 Pastern> injured by knucklinee. see eeeer-e seem een) a) eee 362 Patella, pseudo luxation of..-.-...--- OEE See Eee Ae Se oe 3 328 JER OKO ML hs do baonoe Hoos OIRO a bebo basse bo obs soso see Seca Ree Bos aee cece 442 PeditiSi.csa. ose seis eccetseeiealscaiswcesearceen pel senes 526s 6s. 5e) ee 412 Pelvis; TUMOTSINz ss soc os seas seca ooh esses sees aeie = ose) eee 159 Penis; STOW tS ON eeccsetcc oct ciceeseee- ice seer eeceeine = ce, ce eee 138 paralysis of 22225). 0: sdecs sree ces oe oo te ee eee ease Cee ae 133 tuptured blood vessels of 2222222. i8iu Jossnccet sie aye osteo oe eee 138 SWelled soc.cs ste Sess ees en eaeaea ies aqeee)s oo ate eee 142 WALES-ON eeu Kosei cease ok ckee ie aaatece sere eibiocie co Seales a tee 138 IBericarditiss. :22> eoscee base abe o oc8G Sochntoehae he eee eae see eee eee 229 with influenza -<.2 due odecniclaceecece- oo cmmosee ss sees eee 483 Perineuam, dropsy Of: .. 221. este on Ho cene eh bace os Gases ss ee eee 151 Periestitis:: 52. 2. voesen ec chess kl eeeen Dasani sedk Jae deae 3b ee eee eee Peritonibisaoc ess silos sd Ses oases dais Bos haemo seo eee seeee eee eae 54 IPTG FERNS Soooso boSoSaooOn doeocs Jody qeeobe sacase conse =e5 SR EUn Se nceocso8 26 Pharyns, abscesses, IM. 22:62 Soe bb dees eects ecies cee oe ceicees eee eee 27 in flammation-Of 2225 so... eves screws cee ee ce ean eee eee 96 paLalysisiofeeeeeaeeeee see ee Led Svea cece Ha eee ee eee 26 Phiebitts 22.222 U.chet ss sen sede nee eae Oot eau stn pees ae eee eee "241 TRENT Sy soaebo cone dono Gud 9un5 SASS oobo ober aS aaeu anedinossss onseos boos Soce = 143 Rigeon-toed footi a: cou. easee sales se soe ae cate fae = Saas 360, 361 IPIlGsioole ss seceeulwo sre eseemeeeeckd asso Nee eos eds wes doe eee is ere 48 Bimplesiwalb MRC ON Ges tO esse oa els ee eee aleith See ERNE ee 424 Pink-eye (See also Influenza)! 2 aa2 ss eceiss sos Sees osee eee eee eee 476 Bie WOLDS are = sates Se ae cine Se eee eae Slee eee -micieieter sae Sao ss5555 555202-- 3 PGW TIASIS Ss A aaah era Scredieletnc eo ejan ee ate cities arate spare ais tet A rae nt 423 IBlGUrISy) testes eee ssa Se tose heehee oe ae Cee ae ae So ee oe eee eee 123 SyMplLomsiand. PrOSNOSISe soa eee eco wee ee ee eee eee 124 treatbment/of.=. 2 seas se sess cd csetess oes ce cesc ee aes eee eee 126 withintlienzusst-wescec eee coo eke see oe ne ee oe eee ee ee 483 IBGE K AMIE) Sonoaaas cosmo seoo4 Gsos ones Boob Stas Ganboo Soe eaabason cos onosc: 132 Pleuro-pnenmoniakes asset =< eee reese nae ae ees Seno ee ee eee 127 Plica. polomiea jo cose aok se Seen see mses s aeeee ee na ceuesee te ale eee eae eee 437 Plum bisayis 23 Sisson ens See eee s sess ceo tacit Sec mac cece es eee eee 33, 215 Pneunionia; (ung demer) 5s... ecen eee aeeee eee Seana ar eae eee eee 116 metastatic: ss6.228 sod ees Saeco kk Sot cae. ose eee eee eee 410 @dematous: -) ct sc cee oso este Se et ae eae Se eee cee 500 with bronchitisnss. 2 Sass eee ele eae ea eeiee eee ce eee 128 Page Pneumonia with pleurisy .--...,----- BS SOHO RCFE SOU ODOR COCO SAAC SpimR rare 127 EAGISD MM ORAS ONL Ca eeremerctracpe eel sere oats isie icles S05 esa) cide cies cis seen since, tees 34 leads aaa Sees ee er aisceeisems coos Coe e secede cece else 33, 215 eae IM esivailleeeere oe eritene Secure Senn nsec sl eek sid Weewes sonaee 457 Polypus, nasal .---- Reese emineee Ae Reena: SaSes ste sk sa eved see ses tees 94 Pharyneeak eset ssese sees weess Sc ehet wece'se Se mae alee 95 OVI hee eer ee ne ere Cee aoe ot Wie Ook we ele ee Ca oe 62 ROT LCOCS AS MeOM ee at nate hom ous cee Sos sawing soon ss tat ces sceter eee ste tedees 21 RoOwdersshowstoadMMmMister. scen-tsceen sss ees 2 cen sass seeeek cose wecsee beeeee 9 JARESSMiALONS shabu encase ese eee mas scene ae cases eee ee bases 156 WOOD ears top mnee wa a Sai Sc nels Sei ila sue Sie ees 167 Preonanc yy carconmmare durin ie: ssc so secs e secon Whe sen stems te ee ee aee 148 constipationiduninoysseceee- sce) stele leet teak Se ainee es ae oe 152 GUPATIONNO hres: seme seers oSenc ce csee eek see S et ene eee ae oes 148 AN CICADLOMSrOTe Wasnt Ceca etter eee ae hekae kote ee meee ae 146 Ovarian tub aleanduabdominwess=ssese sees see eee ete eee eae 149 paralysisidurimover see ces. sk Sle kaos an eee Cae aae ee eo aee 152 TOU GGHeM iss scat aamcan Re eee ool kcsscs ocd dese sees Gees aeeetins seen Seer 448 HANUGNLUS reer jase ee eames eo chek otek a sees thee es wees tees Soh eee eee 428 SOLOPbLCACATIASIS Mate Mote eeeosl 2 a= csswebea we ete cee ats ae bh sek bees seb eee 439 COSI Seas seis mae aa eee ee ace Solas Gaee aeeee wecebe essere elas tdetee 252 iy h SMe score aeosiss ok ae) seleee eke sis wee cueece wee ee acs seeceeaes ee leeee 25 eu Seperate ee A On eS re We PEE SIDE ee SM aU an yet 105, 222 BUIMICCMSOLOEsaacine es hese sin tists iss pcisisss Seeces caacan Seats WiEeae Gest ee ete 412 ULE eMmOLrnaicay (ANASALCA) sss) sea c ss Jee ase ee ssiseio eee ee 243, 467 Bustlles watheinilammation = 225.522525-265s2sccceeesees sae se eeesese seed ce 426 avec Mllaeeee nae oae ne sche ac onl esb beeetece teen eee eee sen Led TeSe es 410 COUT ea Tate Tix Cee © KS ps ean Sie ere te =e TN a ye ee a a 392 CO) UCL LIN Oe ee eee reali ean witise semaine oat ea crams ines cacnarae Se ae uae ere 2 wel GUNG bOMee fee se Secret nae see eS ced Shs ae eee see sae eee eee men eeeen Cee 368, 460 Canbilaoimoushs sacsstce seas ccisc cics Shas se sce eee se Nee ceceucems Nerserne 377 CULANCOUS Ha seaa case te aactssc csedancce tee Ses Lessee at oe eee eee 368 SUMO Gy ee ae yecere ey ware eva Nuia atte Pie Say se a raven Sect te ate te 375 GINCINNO US) Casa base geen paseo saad SRG Sarvs scans Baan eee he 372 A DIES ents Saar aN reek eae So ee S a ees kale kN Sle he au sae 215, 526 IROCHTNT), TWIN TEKCUKO OF Bod sane dacoosmoeAcerteeaesae ase yee nae RC Aree 161 PALAlVSlerOL ese ae eee SaaS ae Mass eva new ee ee Os Aes 202 RESPlEdblOMee ar sae eae sees ne Pate Acetone ee nee se Rete UL es 20 106 Respiratory organs, diseases of ...--..----..----.-- PRA Rhee er reiepe ga clea a 87 VORUMIUIS: sxe tee) tea Beatle a, a Se te eran ete ee DTN ae alae a uae tS EEE 260 Nhieumabictevereremedies tObasse see ees sen soem a cee nets See ine nae 476 TRANG WOOO consa0 gosono ons cone Seug.00eG5n den5 GOOD coUbue dens BobeEO cana aenuee 283, 399 EGER OW. OLIN Cine LMA b@ses gersci2 hee nee scenes cece emmen eet Re nome 20) 436 honeycomb ss asses ssh ares ie as cee a coh es eae ke 437 TEs @ EDA Ee ee Nr geet ne Cae GA OO 101, 202 ROGEMt MIC ERs Saas eases wean Shs c ase Sean weswetns sees eRe ae ame eee seen 436 HOO LSS MCC as eermem rat rama acini e kee ce Meee Wee cee ven 2 Sei ere mets 21 Ruptune(Sceralsosaernia ices sche Gel ee cee ee Ae ee See ee ay eae eee 51 OlsanteLlesmemeee ma sc Gn sac ee ee cae eae SME le memo nene oe maea creo 239 he Ciap bra pMbseeesere Se merece tts cme See a eines cemnceaee eee 134 Meanie seve hess len sea sae sees hake secu kee al 236 UTR rs SOS EHS tice flee Re eg eel a meet Ne A tea en 57 shank muscle (flexor metatarsi) --...---...-----------.------ 340 Stomach sate nssssceto sees ae sees tase cee eee ee eS USE Ie 32 556 Page upiurerorthienvomD sa. ssceeeeoe ae senses URES Secs Sa oa SSE ae 159 Rye:as feed. sueee Se oins Peas Sa ase Se oa ae ieee ee eee ee 21 Saddle:calls: eo2. bo Se Se estes ea eben ieee ey ee bee oles ee 454 Saliva excessive flow Of. Joe. Si Se ease Se Soest eae a ee ee 25 Sand -eracks 2A. elas ee eae See Sais as eG oe 392 Sarcocele:ssecseeeeees PELE Me Sielelowcis a ests Webins Uber ee ooo Sea 136 Sarcoptic acariasis.:2 5224 sesies Oak woe ices he heels oe A 438 6H Ut eee he ONS Ae ae ee ae eA ee ee tk 442, 454 Scalittas gs 2 S22 seaisee Ste wee Se eels seat ce Sis Sa ceeiee ele eee 496 Scaly skin’ disengese Veee wogee arene) sania eeheuecete hls Sao ey eee 428 Scaptla;-fracture:of 2 722222 Macs gaseissas teens oo seca closes sae ao ae ee 312 Seatlatinar(anasarea)) sso ose. en aoe nye ae Sees eee eee 487 Sclerosis, cerebrale wie ees oe ee ee eee 187 splival sees ese nce GE Gait es eae 205 Scorpion, stin eof 22 ssse2 eee cee etsioe See eee oe oe ae ee eee 442 ScOUr ssa heeeis seg Poe Meets Rereses ence Beeee cele ot Sweeties =p eee 46 Seratchesscstecssc es se Se oS See 4 See oise mune oe ee eee ee 430 SCvotun dropsycOfss soos SHictee ak we steele Sere eee ae ee ee 137 SECTEMONS -Aeacieeee sec rcs be Hela ees ee eee eee Lae eee See 107 Selfabuser esos ches Aa pote says Se Aewiect eee Goa eee ee Sa 138 Septice tn lass sk weasel diac Soa enn ae ee ae eo eee 410, 489, 491 Upebeath,’ caleulirims: voce e lee e ec eee Seale sage eee eee 86 swellino-on 2.52 LeU Bade We posibdeeosse cic eee oe ee eee 142 ShinglesrGherpes)) s.o4s6 seeds se dey see nese: ake ee ae eee 429 Shivering (chorea) ...-- 5 (Solas Selb ered aud Gin eeiay MR Se Seek Rien iol aol 1938 Shoetborl esis seh Sires ss ie a Se aie eS alae wr Te 342 Shoeing, arbicle one. 2. 2ss sels eet acled Sos ee, oben sees eee eee 529 bad methodol). ojo ears de eos eas tee ose eee 530 finishing touches in ..-.-.-- asighasie aides Sead aieaaenelssinse ee eee 538 for specific purposess2soi a2 ence 2 tee tee seme ae eee eee eee 540 NVIMECER 20° Senet sete desire freon Sia ore Po ele onion SRO eae 539 TAN e kein as, se ec era ae atu sen ee eee a ee 389 preparine: the foobforzc..c..:25 2 a5. cons eceeee see eee eee eee 533 Nsexof MATISHM voce oc citing waedis ese ce ec ma cee eee Saas ck eee eee e 536 Shoes: best formvols 2s Soo ace sce nsaew ete eae Soe ee eee ee eee f 534 Charlier pattern:Of. ccc chen cece cat hee danle valeces eases ee eee 537 LH bhi heey es ete San es ak cree Sei Seee Sees tee eee : 536 VALLOUSISHYIES OF ce, Besse onan see eee ee 540 Shoulder rdislocationsof yj oimbiotie seas ee eee eee eee 327 Naini ETE SS Oskees ee ste ey creeper apes LS dig? Ieee eae ee é 30 SHroulder blade, (Gecapula; etractuieo fesse se ees eee eee eee 312 STICO (es UC0) WY sts epee ae me pete RO RNR E one ME MNCE we thn Meme tea Emcee yee SO 286, 398, 410 SULLA OS 55s eccicye ea Sarat retin = een area nolan ey eee nei polenta Le Sativa oa gee ere eee 3 435 Skin sbleedineveruptions ofsesesea- ss esse eee eo eee eee a 42) disease scaly S26/5< eee sa ale Gein Ne = Ue aie ae Nee area 428 (ISG ASES (Of see eer es us ry Ms ey fc) alo ae ee ne 419, 422 Nervous ieritavionvoli-c. ce eeceece een eoeeieeee ceases Babs 428 Struchumerohs soe 2 Ge Si ee ee eS epee aster cya sates age ee ae 420 thread:wortsuin so. o2ec6) asec eis sto os eee selene eae Sane ee 430 Sleepy StAGoers Se ose ele aera ik eerie tava ceteebe iceeen strep sib HS 199 Slobberino:i(ptyaliismi) eee vas oe csinn Saeco eeu a are ee 25 PS) OTE em) OY EL oY ener es es ee ee ree eT Coed 2 ee Nar oe IR I eee 442 Softeninovof thevbraiiny 253225 loka cee eile sa isinre ie ogee eras eee eee tae ae 186 Sole, pumicedescc Saveo tesa as es cee eee ere ee ee 412 SOLre MOUs Ss oes Acie ck we pais cree pe te Se es tee ee ee ci een 25 Paga SUITS TPO ESS oco socked osodde Gone Ghos GoUe MEGU COD Ce OeE SEE ere SISA ss errsee 96 Sores} summer, from thread worm /--s-. 5-2-5 --2------ 2 ee ses ence cone 430 Sh SRigy BRIS Ola cotke HeSSSe dade | Sates SAE AOS irc Aes ines apa beet aeaieg 196 OL MMMM socace cote su cessces socses osececbese soue sone sAcussEe 197 SIMS SsosS6Husoses dsod gecood doses 5 SOS sUIDN SOE aes Ba aen Smecis nee 196 NMGCS GUNG Serpe ee Aerie nine Netetenisey Ns lctsistey ou ciate mera! s isi digs acts nie rtay ciara jase 39 IGU AVIS 225563 GS55 o eee SUde OOOO CONT CS Sr CR etn Se ees oleae ae ate 100 meckaomplad ders cmae 22 oe ae ais nicer lee cee ee 196 WO TMD ee rreteem ci alere soleus Si Sara, wis wis; wien) Seles Gece eee 161 thiohton mime hind eee asenariseaciccece cesc sess eect sce cane sees 197 Sorin, lg) OF SOL sceccn pease 5 ecnceo Ga00 seas dgeeus send Deeeod costes oes oce 322 DOM ceo ssdo Sase cose ce cdes caso ScuUeU BESS EdonE coeEr OMESEoiggue se sass 287 OCC TUG ee epee eerie epeetere chain ie/ sim ieic\ais) = iaiaje= a 'sicreisiole amie cian alsa are 287 SUMIPUDE seeccocsocoso Gooess code os 9000 dese cosa osdoas potoSs Csee ag aososs cec5 143 SPORTY CUllses co neds chao oppeuo sesco0 Geos asogo0 Foomcd coGoDE an66 cabs of90 Bane 350, 361 SPIPRAUNG CTC Sine ECOL oo joe coneepBeeuisos= oseo Beer Gace Seesoqece os ecaa . 142 FUMOTS OM LOMECASHTACION 2 sos) cose cakes ok cake 148 Sipnoeil Qari 6566 Soo soSoco bane Coe ese Goeo ee eee ec ae cS 206 COMMNOSS OMe oes se ees skicd snes s eS ee ames nee seus 207 COMGUSSIO Messer saat satevn sia wis Solaris Aatleeins te eee amen ea see eee mu leieces 208 eConceshlongandymypencsinids sete saeicise cieneeeere ee sae ese eee oc 206 CO oo ks ls WEGU CSAS aaa eeEO ne a secased Sapte A Oes aan See a ares 183 MEMO ACOs fee aeecre alee aie acct siete miei cioe SERN Seamer cee lye ete meee 207 MOTVES eta nesters ei) Sse ele austen cod msisine ae Siswesee sjamae eames seats 183 RELCLOSIS Herre eee oars sa niet nines ceaig Bio e, Swiey smermacclete ees. Sales enter ceoataye 205 uN ORR Werner mee a reriee ce eacrayartacinciara Sain. sieeve caimaaheels 5 cit mise eile 208 SIMEMIC HO Vere usin a tite on ee amitelesecicetyetsesm soc Wa Ok aaa tees ee ee ed 510 SOMME S pretest egrets sate ra Scie inciee eee daw catenins cae ome) Sens ecieleewies ae eoveneelas 280 Spraimsscausesiandstrea bmenbl Ofeaaa cee = as csi ae leis alae ois einem See ene eee ‘ 329 Gmtherelibow=musclese ss Son. -e pe esse tsa ea eemine ea enenizeee 332 HP Steamers Secs Saito se ces sea e Samco siseneiee semmien es eeaaer 333 iigamentsfandetend ONS byes ae acer eters rae 365 TOMS eee ce eee ie see ale Oe De acl e cae oun macys name ne 390 SHOW CRY chee oot cers e er usisen is eteisic s srsele vie chee nesses ee Oa emer See 330 Spumeiali (stim oat) jase iys sel seers seco Gao seo eSaocobe Sear eeence socoss sadn seencn 476 Wildersvdiseasestoteas Wie Sse ste SR A Boe Eire o ererecia nisimialovcrmin ote eiene etatave 179 GUMMOMS OF no cesc Soc cob0co chu cde b95e8e ons Onee SéonK6 coGons Saasan oad 180 UNGES OF COMMEND c65 nes ceo sdocbe Sebo tSobee vscceg sencEs Hoch Obs Sood Oscoda 260 UTACIOMG), DETEMISIEM 555 Seno conSa0 So90e0 sd00 Sead sega Sons coGnES shee o6sa55 S008 75 (UO iry ses rnd etree yo eee ete ne eren mila cite oyaasie7celeiegapaieiar cyajaiaveietcisicie sieva stavae endnvala, wWeraiete js 216 Urethra, inflammation of.-....-. Spa yaieiciaroreue cteray spaia'e alcievmcielbeta su irs eae CHa 16 SUOMO WM .oosso aasdso oosccoidcodoo bos coca oHedon dbedacosceucesagoddE 85 MUMCHMURD OF .44555 Gaad abo dos HoGped cob N Osan cones Ac cadens SHsaBe 77 Wrmary oreans, diseases Of -..-.-..- 22-2 2c. 92-22 o ees ene ewe eect eae 59 UWitine, InlOWthy co55 case.GRobod conebe-ohc0 Ebb oobeEed GSb6 cogs o6de coos ddoces SSpee 65 ibmawaniialny or IMAG Gogh cabeoc cascndoner bo6de6 GbS5G0 cabeGs opasaosodns 66 discharcerofs by maveli. coc ger es as et soc celsons ocas Leee see eh asloecr 75 Mee NIT U1 ONO fess ss srcis cle els aie 6) cesiaieiwialans ie ase Slee) ccicie sine twists nec eee 61 OXCESSIVEMSECREMON OL, 25 sc sas desis sseajse ots ceicisis Scici: seins SU ese eee 62 Swab (@lhy@oswels)) = césou ssoedou55sa5 conde becdao caso acces tune adEKES 64 Uhtiii@nitiny ssa seeu ga coge qe Gd CHE ACO BOC COIS SSS OCHO SEtss tena ne rere rea 5 497 Uterus. (See Womb.) Wachettevclasp toniboe.craclos 242 cccise ssct soccer eee sees speceec ses soee cee 394 Welogm arc ONS UM ChLONU Ob tanann eens eo Asc ca om stelle acoso 5 tesa ese us aoe 162 effusion of blood im walls of ...-.-- RS bath eens Nea NE Her aah ge AR ear 161 MUUCH O Leela anata eee ne ere asec cucte cis cte sioiwio Sidi vsiee s Sle mseu esters se Setars 162 SUNT ONS par pe eee eerste eerie rete ee eine mk ee Ad Loree ut Se 159 WEiMGODECIO do ceos cadens oadnes bosses seo Se CbUSoN cooseo pbGD05 SHUonoSseuao onDE 137 AV PAULO erase rete cris Sere Seen IS oie iain cals Semresee eeise Sain eee Jos oe elec auicncwer cae 506 Wanns, Gilani@dl Or Vaml@O8@ocsccu oous55 bono nee cabons Enodos boD0Nd Gadeconaooas = Be GISCASESIOL 52/5 elke aoe salcleinetssee ib Beene a at sigan ena na hg el mie ees 241 entrancerofeaimainbOee scent ae Soe cece sia ee sice) (aarciieaieasenees 243 WGIKG® (MEGS) oc ccsc coesss osoons cone gs secu sasnasosas Sooco0 conc soso a5o5 189 WOW WIMS so60 50000 seno cesses cHeESS Sssdeouear RS Serena atu aen cage ace 0 46 Welt 564 obec ) OOOG Cotes SeoceD eseead ooS500 Hoo SSe Sahe sSeOoDONSoOS Koso cess 436 Oi WHO EAN aocqdede Ste poo sb aeEE oa oBe SS OEOR ESE Eco renG csaanuaT 138 UGBNTS so5Sherdcasso ssa see ss00Us soa508 6otose cdobeaScEeeu dao Soee 180 WAGE, DRNOMIMnn HEq eG! Toe CHAIN = 55555 c50so0 seedes codaK6 secearaodaoU SHeae 15 MN PMUITNES Ol case sabe ceab Gcoo soca BAbO NSS Ooo 5 GHDOIDdG6 Saco Kons saseae 16 TRING LEMMON INO Tes te ea cue ee ene et any A Rt Serene aa eens pGaetens 16 Wine aS Weal c255 S586 neco otek doce cb ob cong qabosesu cogdeEoaecostesEn cose eeor 21 Whistling none oe CouEDO BOE oeo pec nae Hoobar capes HoSeEa banged GapcoOsaScHoaacGDS 103 560 Page. Wand-brokem 2.22 sce al eteatceilwsmmee gob cess Sirota op eee ee ee 129 Aether lie SOFA Men Ine Sod bee ooer ESO OSSa Core bosese oroeses cacs.cls 321, 363 WDE Pipe as. osmisce = Secs porscerct erie ene serene ote leintaaise ite saree wsas See eee eee 104 Withers; fistiloms ..- jj iseit- Ss Ser ciciere)omicisin Genie eee ee Sere See eee 457 IWiOOd= biG ks es eta jaay See elects pacientes ete eh opts Steel chen = alae 440 Wiombs constriction of me cheats occa ae stare tee estat eer 162 cystic disease of walls of ......---- degeivle soseeime hose atte e eae ee 150 GROWN Ol cease gocede oasceasesse5 cee 5 Sons sesa teen seed nsoe Cas oats 150 OVETSION Of sas Mines eins la sate = ee eovaiainls eral aay =e ae 176 ruptuneor laceration) Oto - 5-5 elec melee ae oe eee 177 spasmiotmeckiofee cases. o SN ioieWieneiels Sislayeloteraee es eae kin a ee ee 161 twisbins of meckiOts (5526 ute cs seine een oe 160 VV neh NG NN Cee eee ee Ses Bea ease oot come noe nee ss cesc aos so: - 37 Wounds andathei treatm entiees ee ease eee eran ellie eer eee 447 JON PLO CR MY S555 Bags go sSed obedO= Bon bos BeEees BseSea coon HSS 2sa=s56 366 gnnshot....- pocesseszess Noisiiaerceiiaeeleiaa's salsae see eee eee eee A53 ThAKCHSe0! GW CW 5554554 5554559 6sese5s095 S556" snosce sada odcccs oscsoco- - 443, 447 laceratediand contused is 2-o socioeteeaee= == coc ae ee eee 443, 448 MO@ATSb NWO MOSUPITS [8.521 aie oes al eistere See Se ae Seo ee 89 GU TNS SN ~ ce soo oshesoossces soedes sees Sesose sesens boScos sosce-- 443 (INGO 5556 56455 5855 ca5ssus0 ces5 e500 Sss5 seco Co05 SooSescc ests 453 (MUI MIN S85 soe bb oaehodinses oouSse Sons cooSsoaSessesno55e05 2225-2 443, 450 WOMOWE), 4656 545505605655 os e585 c95SSn Sap050 oon SOSa Brod SooSSs sods Sccdesoos: 57 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS iI | }