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VARIATIONS IN ZOOPLANKTON ABUNDANCE IN HAWAIIAN WATERS, 1950-52

Marine Biological Laboratory JUL 13 1954

WOODS HOLE, MASS.

SPECIAL SCIENTIFIC REPORT- FISHERIES No.118

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE

Explanatory Not©

The series embodies results of investigations, usually of restricted scope, intended to aid or direct management or utilization practices and as !:^ides for administrative or legislative action. It is issued in limited quantities for the official use of Federal, State or cooperating Agencies and in processed form for economy and to avoid delay in publication.

S7801

United States Department of the Interior^, Douglas McKay-j Secretary Fish and Wildlife Service, John L^ Farley,, Director

VARIATIONS IN ZOOPLANKTON ABUNDANCE IN HAWAIIAN «VATERSp 1950-52

By

Joseph Eo King Fishery Research Biologist Pacific Ocesuiic Fishery Investigations U„ So Fish and Wildlife Service

And

Thomas So Hid a Fishery Aid Pacific Oceanic Fishery Investigations U. So Fish and Wildlife Service

Special Scientific Report? Fisheries No 118

WASHINGTON s MARCH 1954

CONTENTS

Pags

O 0U1!*C@ CX IQd>'06x'3.&X oooeoooooooooooooooooooo £^

iVIOuXlOQS OOOAOAOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O

J-Il oil© I 1© xQ OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O

xn cxi© iSDor&uory oooooooooooooooooooooo o Vertical and diurnal variations „ooooooo».ooooooo 7

Method of adjusting for diurnal variation „oooooooool5 fTeographical and temporal variations ocooooooooooooo26 Correlations with environmental factors oooo«oooooooo36

1. ©iil^C i ci U U.r© OOOOO • oo o ooo o o ooo oei so OOOO*"'^

Inorganic phosphate ooooooooooooooooooooo42

Dissolved oxygen oo.ooo.oooooooooo.o»ooo42

Temperature - salinity relations <. o o o t o « o o o o o <> o 46

Comparisons with zooplanktoa abundance of other regions of the

Pacific o 9 47

Sumraary and conclusions oooooo.ooooooao ooooooSi

jjH^er a wUi© cx^eci oooooooooooooooooaoooooo 53

Appendix oaoeeoeoooooooeooooooooooooo Ou

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Pags

Locations of zooplankton stations occupied ty th© Hugh. Mo

Smith d'oring five cruises in 1950 to 1952 ooooooooooooooooooo S

Zm Locations of zooplankton stations occupisd by the John Ro

Ifenning on two cruises in 1951oooo o oo o oooooo ooooooooooo o oooo 4

3. Con^arison of average zooplankton voluross resulting from day and night horizontal hauls at different depths j cruises 4 ^^'^ ^* Hugh Mo Smitho (Nuufcer of samples is indicated aboT«?

6£LCi1 OXOCK^iooOOOOOOOOOOOoUOOOOOOO OOO oo oo OOoO 0000600000000000 ^

4o Zooplankton volumes collected at four stations (two looali= ties) on John Ro Manning cruise 9 comparing localitiesj, s "ca ti ons ^ and uiine ox sampxmg oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo xu

5o Zooplankton volumes for a 24-hour series of successive oblique hauls to 200 j, 300 ^ and 500 meters depths from John Ro Manning cruise 9j, station Sooooooooooooooooooooooooo 11

6o Logarithms of zooplankton volumes collected on John Ro Manning cruise Sj, plotted against hour of hauling to demonstrate the resemblance between variation with time of hauling and the sine curve (figure 7)oooooonooot,ooooooooo 16

To Graph of the sine curve showing relationship between the sine function and corresponding hour of th© day when the 1800 hour is equated to angle whose sine is zeroo o o o ooo oo oo o 1"

8o Logarithms of zocplankton volumas of John Ro Ma.nr^i-ji.g cruise 8, plotted against the sine value eorrs spending to the hour of hauling^ and showing the regression line calculated for

th© re«ati OnShXpo OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 19

9o Zooplankton volumes i, collected on th© north=south section along 158° 25'. Wo longitude on John Ro jfegnisg criiise 8^ before (a) and after (B) adjustment by the sine method to equilibrate for the diurnal variatioKoooo oo o oo oooooooooooo oo 20

10 0 Lines of equal zooplankton abundance i, based on time^ad justed

volumes j, for iiire© cruises of the Hugh Mo Smitho ooooooooooo 29

lie Chart of the major Hawaiian Islands showing the boundaries

of the six geographical subdivisions used in comparing areal differences in zooplankton abundanceo oo o o o o oo oo » o o o » o oo oo o o o 31

Figure Page

12 o Variations in skipjack catch and in zooplankton abundance for Hawaiian v;aters, during the summer and fall of 1951o The mean zooplankton volumes are for the one section line just west of Oahu, which was visited repeatedly during

uiil S p© iTl OQ OOOOOUOOuOOOOOO OoooOOOOOOOOOOOOOOo OO OOdOOOOOOOOO OO

13 o Zooplankton volumes along two series of stations exT;ending from near the shoreline to five miles offshore from the island of Oahuo The windward series was occupied during the day of Kovember 18^ 1961^, while the leeward series took place on the night of Novemjaer 18-19^ 1951^, John Ro Manning

CZ"U.XS @ ^oooooQOoOooooooooooooooouoeoouooooouooooooooootioooa Of

14. Isotherias ( C) for 10 meters depth as found on three cruises

on the nUgh Mu Sm3.tho ooooooooooooonooooooouuoooooooooooeooo ^U

15. Lines of equal inorganic phosphate coacentratioja ( ^ g ato/Lo) for the surfaces as found on two cruises of the Hugh Mo

Smitile acooooooe*a«o»ooooooocoo90ooooooodooooooooooooooeoooo 'xU

16 o Comparison of zooplankton abxindance in different regions and different water masses of the central Pacifico The data for Hawaii are based on cruises 10 j, 12 j and 17 of the Hugh Mo Smith; the remaining data for the equatorial Pacific were derived from Smith cruises 2, 5^ 7^ 8^ 9s llj, 14, 15^ 16^

&iiQ. J-O oooooooaoooo«oo«ooooooeooooooooooooooooooooooooooooOo rrO

VARIATIONS IN ZOOPLANKTON ABUNDANCE IN HAMIIAN WATERS. 1950-52

One of the major projects in the research program of tlie Pacific Oceanic Fishery Investigations of the Fish and Wildlife Service is to ob" tain information on the relative or potential productivity of different areas of the tropical and subtropical Pacific o As indexes to productiT-ity we have considered the oceanic circulatioHj, the concentration of a chemcal nutrient (inorganic phosphate), the amount of dissolx'-ed oxygen, and the abundance of zooplanktono

The purpose of this report is to present the results of our zoo- plankton sampling in -waters adjacent to the main or windward islands of the Hawaiian archipelago „ fie shall consider how the abundance of zooplankton varied geographically and in time during the period of study and to what extent these variations were related to hydrographic conditionso The data contribute information on vertical distribution and diurnal variation in zooplankton abundance and indicate differences in relative productivity be- tween the Hawaiian area and other regions of the central Pacifico

Zooplankton is essential fish food. It is important in the food of juvenile tunas and also occurs in wide variety in the food of adult tunas (Reintjes and King 1953) o The bulk of the zooplankton, however^ reaches the tunas — the group of fish presently vmder study by these investiga- tions -- through the intermediary forage organisms, such as squid., shrimp, and small fisho The standing crop of zooplankton is rather easily measured in quantitative fashion and, we believe, is a reliable index to available food.

Although the primary aim of our plankton sampling was to obtain information on the zooplankton population, a secondary objective was to collect tuna eggs and larvae for use in the study of the spawning habits of t\m&}y„ Sampling gear and procedures, therefore, were utiliasd which would contribute toward both objectives »

These collections constitute the first comprehensive survey of zooplankton abundance in the offshore waters of the Hawaiian Islands o Sampling of the offshore waters heretofore was limited to occasional hauls made by the various oceanographic expeditions crossing the Pacifid, In 1875 the Challenger made surface hauls at a few stations close to the is- lands (Murray 1895), In 1902 the U. S. Fisheries Steamer Albatross occupied a number of stations in the Hawaiian area, at which surface plankton hauls were made (V^ilson 1950) « Y.Tien the Carnegie visited the Islands in 1929,

1/ This will be the subject of a separate report by other staff members of POFIo

1

quantitative hauls, both vertical and horizontal, were carried out and. while the resulting data are difficult to compare with cur owKj, they do pro- vide comparisons of plankton volumes and diy weights between Hav;aii and other regions visited on the cruise (Graham 1941 i, Wilsozs 1942) o

The inshore environment has received more recent attention.. Edmondson (1937) did quantitative sampling in the shore waters of Oahu at a number of stations visited repeatedly during the year September 1931 to September 1932 » He concluded that the copepods were en important food item in the reef and bay habitats j, since he found the most luxuriant growth of coral and other sessile organisms as well as the largest numbers of pla'ck- ton-feeding fishes in areas of greatest abundance of free-swimming copepods o The University of Hawaii and the Division of Fish ar*d Game of the Territory of Hawaii have in recent years made an intensive study of the early life history of the nehu, one of t?ie important t'juia ba.it fishes occurring in the Islandso A large nimber of quantitative plankton samples,, obtained from the inshore waters of Oahu, have been examined for the eggs and larvae of the fish under investigation (Tester 1951) o These collections have not as yet been analyzed for other plankton constituents i, but they should pro- vide suitable material for a study of variations in plankton composition and abundance in the inshore waters and for comparison with the available data from the offshore environment o

We wish to express our appreciation to fellow staff members of POFI and the officers and crews of the Hugh Mo Smith and the John Ro Ttonning for their assistance in obtaining the plankton collections on which this re- port is basedo Vife are indebted to Oo E„ Sette, Director of the Pacific Oceanic Fishery Investigations, for his many helpful suggestions during the examination of the data and the preparation of the reporto The hydrographic data employed in this study were collected and prccessed under the super- vision of Thomas So Austin and Towneend Crcriwello Mr, Tamotau Nakata pre- pared the illustrations o

SOURCE OF MA.TERIAL

During the years 19b0^ 1951^ and 1952^ POFI vessv^ils collectoid zooplankton on seven cruises in Hawaiian waters s 365 meter-net hauls were obtained at 204 stations by the Uo So Fish and Wildlife Service vessels Hugh Mo Smith g on cruises 4^ 6j, 10^ 12j, and 17^ and John Ro Mannings on cruises 8 and 9o The approximate locations of the stations are shown in figures 1 and 2„ More exact positions., together witJi dates j, depths of hauling, and other pertinent data are given in tables 16 through 22 in the appendixo The tim.e of haulingj, as given in these seven tables » is local civil time for the Hawaiian area (Greenwich time / 10 hours) »

The five cruises of the Hugh Mo Smith provide synoptic observa- tions over the area from the island of Kauai on the west to the island of Hawaii on the east and adjacent waters to about 100 miles offshore in a north-south direction » On Cruise 8 of the John R. Manning, a line of stations west of Oahu was visited weekly for four successive weeks o Cruise 9 of the Manning was conducted in waters adjacent to Oahu for the purpose of measuring the variance among repeated hauls at the same station and other short-term variations in zooplankton abundance,,

162" I6I» 160" I59» 158" I57» 156" 155° 154° 162° 161° 160° 159° 158° 157° 156° 155° 154°

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23"

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22"

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HUGH M SMITH

:ruise 4

MAY 1950

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•5 ^6

HUGH M SMITH CRUISE 6 AUGUST 1950

162"

161"

160" 159"

158" 157" 156"

155" 154

23"

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22"

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21"

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HUGH

M SMITH CRUISE 10

.26

JULY 1951

62° 161° 160° 159°

158° 157° 156°

155" 154

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HUGH M SMITH CRUISE 12

.26

OCTOBER-NOVEMBER 1951

1

52°

161° 160° 159°

158"

157° 156° 155° 154

2^

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HUGH M SMITH CRUISE 17 SEPTEMBER 1952

.25

160" 159" 158" 157" 156° 155" 154"

160° 159° 158° 157° 156° 155"

FIG I LOCATIONS OF ZOOPLANKTON STATIONS OCCUPIED BY THE HUGH M SMITH DURING FIVE CRUISES IN 1950 TO 1952

159°

158°

157° 159°

22°

21"

STATIONS

A

1,15,27,38

2,16,28,39

3,I7,29,<K)

4,18,30,41

* /\^

5,19,31,42

• xt\

6,20,32,43

^-^^-xW

r-

7,21,33,44

C

8,22,34,45

JOHN R MANNING

CRUISE 8

SEPTEMBER -OCTOBER 1951

9,23,35,46

JOHN R MANNING CRUISE 9 NOVEMBER 195!

159°

158°

157° 159°

158°

157°

FIG. 2, LOCATIONS OF ZOOPLANKTON STATIONS OCCUPIED BY THE JOHN R MANNING ON TWO CRUISES IN I95L

IfflTHODS

In the Field

All collections reported on here were taken with nets of one types, ioe»5 l=nieter (mouth diameter) nets with body (front and middle sections) of 30XXX silk grit gauze (apertures 0o65 x 0o65 KEoJa rear ssctiss and bag of 56XXX silk grit gaux© (apertures 0o31 x 0o31 ramo)o Th© 30XXX mesh makes up about 97 percent of the straining svsrface of th* net, and the 56XXX mesh about 3 percent o Details of th© eonstruetion of th© a^t and the method of hauling have been described in a previous report (King and Deraond 1953) o

In this study two general types of hauls were employed g hor^ izontal., with three net? towed simultaneously? and oblique j, using a single net« Horizontal hauls of about 1 hour's duration,, with sampling at three levels g were carried out on Smith cruises 4 and 6o Oblique haals of about 30 minutes- duration to a depth of 200 meters were used on Smith cruises 10, 12 j, and 17 and tfenning cruise 8s oblique hauls to 200, 300j and 500 meters were used on Manning cruise 9o

The amount of water strained during each haul was estimated by measuring the flow past' a current meter suspended in the mouth of the net and computing the total volume^ assuming that the flow rate was uni- form throughout the mouth of the neto The depth of the net during hauling was estimated by measuring at 2-minute intervals the angle of the towing wire and the length of wire out and making the appropriate calculation^, assuming the towing wire to represent a straight line in the water, A 75 or 100-pound streamlined weight was attached to the end of the towing wireo

At the end of each haul the net was washed down thoroughlys concentrating the catch in the plankton sock or bag„ 3Jie collection was then transferred to a l=quart jar and sufficdent: formalin added to approx = imate a 10=percent solutiono Th© formalin was neutralized with borax and a completed label was placed in th© jaro

That this method of hauling is capable of producing repeatable results is demonstrated by a test of ths experimental or sampling error among pairs of consecutive 200=meter oblique hauls mad® on cruise 9 of the Manning e A comparison of 16 pairs of replicat© samples (following Snedecor 1946, po 44) having a mean of 27o0 cCo/lOOO mo*p gave a meen sample difference of 0o67 eso/lOOG mo^^ which by th© "t" test was shown to be not significantly different (P > 0o4) from zeroo The standard de- viation of the differences was 2o07, indicating that th© two memberi^ of a pair of replicate hauls would be within 8o28 eCo/lOOO mo^ in 95 percent of the instances 8

In the Laboratory

The collections recoived the following treatment in the laboratory s

(1) All fish eggs and larvae were removed from samples taken on Smith cruises 4 and So These amounted to a negligible fraction of the sample and were omitted from the volume measurements. For the other cruises the fish eggs and larvae were not removed from the collections o

(2) All organisms whose longest dimension we.s greater than 5 cmo were removed from tl-ie sample. The kind of organism removed and its displacement vDl'jsioe were recordedo As such organisms occurred infrequent ly^ they are emitted from this analysis o

(3) All organisms whose longest dimension was between 2 and 5 cm. were next removed from the sample i, identified as nearlj'' as possible ^ and their displacement volume was m.easurede

(4) The remainder of the sample, those organisms measuring less than 2 cm^ in their longest dimension and constitut- ing the bulk of the sample, was examined under a binocu- lar dissecting microscope and its general composition was noted. The displacement volume of this fraction was then determined after any artifacts, such as refuse, from the ship, had been removed o Tliis portion of the sample was not further subdivided »

In measuring the displacement volume, the plankton was poured into a draining sock of 56XXX grit gauze to filter off the preserving liquids The drained plankton was then placed in a graduated cylinder of approximate size (usually of 50 or 100 mlo capacity) o By means of a bxirette a known volume of water was added to the drained plankton. The difference between the volume of the plankton plus the added liquid and the volume of liquid alone was recorded as the displacement or net wet volume of that portion of the plankton sampleo

For an estimate of the amount of zooplankton in each sample that was potentially fish food of significant nutritional value, the dis- placement volumes of the following were useds

(l) The entire remaining fraction of the sample after the larger organisms, 2 cmo or greater in their longest dimensions had been removed o

Ordinarily this portion of the san^le was composed primarily of crustaceans and chaetognaths with a small percentage by number and volume of "watery" organisms of low food value, such as jellyfish and salpso As stated

■ earlier J, this portion of the sample was examined under the microscope and classified as to its make-up^ whether of average (mixed) compositions, composed primarily of a swarm of one organism^ or containing an unusual amount of nonnutritious forms o

(2) All annelids, crustaceans ^ cephalopods, and fish in the 2 to 5 cm„ size category „

The following organisms in the 2 to 5 cmo category were not included as foods siphonophoresj, medusae « ctenophores, heteropods^/j, and tinioateso

The sum of items (1) and (2) provided a single vol\uns measure- ment for each san^le which we accepted as the best available estimate of the amount of zooplankton -- as food — presenx at that time and place and subject to capture by the gear employedo

"'/ERTICAL AND DIURNAL VARIATIONS

The collections resulting from cruises 4 and 6 of the Hixgh Ho Smith provide information of interest on the vertical distribution of zooplanktono The chief purpose of these two cruises was to investigate the time and extent of tuna spawning in Hawaiian waters » A sampling plan to examine horizontal and vertical v8.riations in the abundance of tuna eggs and larvae was carried out at each stations with meter-net hauls being made simultaneously at three levels; Oj, 50^, and 150 meters i 0„ 100, and 200 metersi or 0, 150, and 500 meters o There was no means of closing the nets while they were being lowered and raised^ but the per- centage of towing time during this phase of the haul was small and is not likely to have affected greatly the results o It was not possible to hold the ship's speed constant throughout the haul nor to change the spacing of the nets on the towing wire once the haul had started o There- fore the nets were not alvrays at the intended deptho fte believe^ how- ever, from calculations based on virire angle and meters of wire out that the actual towing depth ordinarily did not -^rary by more than ± 20 percent of the desired deptho

The data were classified into day^, nighty, and t^yvilight hauls on the criteria of times of sunrise^ sunset^ and the beginning and end of twilight periods as defined by the American Nautical Almanac o Averages were calculated for zooplankton volumes obtained at each haul level and the day collections vere compared with the night collections o The

T/ Bigelow and Sears (1939) and also Clarke (1940) considered the ciusta- ~ ceanss chaetognaths , and molluscs as being of high nutritive valueo It was our judgment, howeverj that the heteropod molluscs of the fam- ily Pterotracheidae, which are of common occurrence in the planlcton of the tropics and subtropics of the Pacific ^ do not belong with this group because of their watery structure and should be classed with the nonnutritious forms <>

twilight hauls were few in number and were omitted from the comparisono The resultf show (figo 3) that for both cruises the greatest average volume of zooplankton occurred at the 50-meter level in both -the day and the night hauls o It is obvious that the increase in the night over the day hauls, which is shown at all sample levels ^ could not have occurred by a shifting upward of the zooplankton population from the 100-to the 50-meter levels the 150-to the 100-iaeter levels etCo It would appear that the greater volumes of the night hauls at all levels above 300 meters may be explained by the migration of zooplankton from below this depths ^y "the plankton's escaping the net to a much greater extent dur- ing daylight hours , or by a combination of both factors o The possibil- ity that this difference in catch rate is not the result of an elaborate diurnal migration^3^ but rather of a simple dodging of the net during daylight hours j, as suggested by Franz (1913) » has been the subject of considerable speculation on the part of plankton biologists but has actually received little experimental efforto

On cruise 9 of the John Ro Manning a sampling experiment w;as conducted to determine (1) the variation between a series of day hauls and night hauls at the same locality j, and (2) variations between tvro localities not widely separated in di&tance and timeo The results,, graphically portrayed in figure 4^ when examined by an analysis of variance, indicate no significant difference (P > Oo05) between stations^ no significant difference (P >0o05) between times (day or night) ^ but show a highly significant (P <0„0l) interaction (table l)o This latter feature results from, the fact that the day-night variation was markedly different for the two localities s th© night/day ratio was lo04 for stations 1 and 2j, and lo50 for stations S and 4o We cannot account for this difference i weather and sea conditions varied very little during the 1-^day period in which the hauls were made and without a detailed count of organisms in the samples ^ there were no apparent differences in co3i= position. The close correspondence within each series of four hauls is further assurances, hov/everj, that the method of hauling is capable of pro- ducing repeatable results o

Another experiment conducted on cruise 9 of th© John Ro Manning was designed to measure differences among oblique hauls to three depths J 200;, 300 j, and 500 meters j, with samples taken at approximately hourly intervals over a 24-hour per led » The hauls were made by rumiing the vessel between drifting buoys which were lighted at nighti therefore, discotmting v/ind, we were sampling the same surface water mass through- out the 24-hour period, although there ^vas a westerly drift of about 30 miles during this timeo The results sho'jra in figure 5, when tested with an analysis of variance (table 2), yielded the following conclusions g (1) differences among times of hauling^ with the 24-hour series divided into four 6-hour periods, were highly significant (P < 0o0l)s (2) differ- ences among depths were also highly significant (P <0„01)| while the interaction or sampling error was non-significant (P >0o05)o The latter indicates that the variation with time followed the same pattern for all

3/ The phenomenon of vertical migration has been comprehend ive!ly re- ~ viewed by Kikuchi (1950) and more recently by Gushing (1951) „

m DAY

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100 150

DEPTH (METERS)

200

300

FIG 3. COMPARISON OF AVERAGE ZOOPLANKTON VOLUMES RESULTING FROM DAY AND

NIGHT HORIZONTAL HAULS AT DIFFERENT DEPTHS; CRUISES 4 AND 6, HUGH M.SMITH. (NUMBER OF SAMPLES IS INDICATED ABOVE EACH BLOCK).

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20

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STATION I - NIGHT HAULS

LOCALITY

STATION 2 - DAY HAULS

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2253 2340 OC35 0128

1033 1127 1215 1305

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LOCALITY 2

STATION 4 - DAY HAULS

2234 2330 0015 010!

1025 1117 1205 1250

TIME{LCT) BEGINNING OF HAUL

FIG 4 ZOOPLANKTON VOLUMES COLLECTED AT FOUR STATIONS (TWO LOCALITIES) ON JOHN R MANNING CRUISE 9 COMPARING LOCALITIES, STATIONS AND TIME OF SAMPLING.

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three depths » The correspondence -within the paired hauls was satisf s.c- toryc Table 3 indicates that the coefficient of variation increased •with depth — signifying t?iat, in relation to the meansj, the ■variation among samples increased with greater depth.

Tahle 1. Analysis of va.riance of zooplankton volumes collected on ciniiss 9, John R, lfe.nningg showing differences be- tween day and nignt samples at two localities north- west of OahUo

Sample

Locality

Mean

Time

A (St'itions 1

and 2)

B (Stations 3 and 4)

Night

1 2

3 4

31 o2 29.3 25.0 23o2

33.7

34.2 34.0 28.3

29o9

Day

1 Z 3 4

24.7 29ol 24o9 26.6

23.2 22o9 18.4 22.9

24ol

lie an

27. £

26. S

Source of variation

Degrees of freedom

Sum of squares

Mean square

F

P

Localities

I

0„81

0,81

0,01

> 0.05

Times

1

133.40

133.40

1.37

> 0o05

Locality x time interaction

T

97,02

97.02**

13,01

<0„01

Within subclasses

12

93o84

7,82

Total

15

325.07

** Indicates a highly significant mean square value.

12

Table 2. Analysis of variance of zooplankton volumes collected on a 24-hour series of successive oblique hauls to 200j, 300^ and 500 meters^ obtained on cruise 9j, John Ro Manningo

!

Time (6-hour periods)

Haul depth

1

A

B

c

D

Mean

(1800 - 0000)

(0000 - 0600)

(0600 - 1200)

(1200 - 1800)

200 m.

i 24 o2

35o2

23o8

17o2

25o6

30,4

32,4

21<,6

20,1

300 mo

i 23«1

21„9

19<.2

14„9

19c5

! 27.8

22o8

13 „ 6

12 „6

500 m.

24.5

19o4 1 llo6

12 „4

15 0 4

15o7

17,4 ; 12ol

lOoO

Mean

24,3

24o8 ; 17,0

■■ ■ '■ - -j 14o5

Soiurce of variation

Degrees of

freedom

Sum of

squares

Mean square

F

P

Times

Depths

Time X depth interaction

Within subclasses

3 2

6 12

484o49

423o67

54 ,,25

103^27

161,50** 211„84** 10„71 8,61

15«08

19o78

1„24

<0,01

<0o01 >0o05

Total

23

1075o68

** Indicates a highly significant mean square value.

13

Table 3o Summary of certain statistics calculated for the 24-hour series of oblique hauls to three depths made on cruise 9, John Ro Manningo

Number of samples Mean sample volume (cCo/lOOO mo^) Standard deviation (s) of mean volume Coefficient of variation (C) of mean volume Night/day ratio

Depth of haul (meters)

200

8 25o6

6„4 24o8?J

i

lo72

Coefficient of regression (b) of zooplankton i

volume on sine fimction 0ol379

't" value for significance of the regression I 8o673

300

500

19o5 5„4

lo58

8 15 „4 4„9

lo67

0ol456 '■ 0„1306 4o853 ' 2„902

: < OoOOl < OoOl

> Oo05

Correlation coefficient (r)^ for zooplankton j

volumes and sine functicn O086I

Coefficient of determinaticaa (r^)

0o924

0o891 ; 0„764

0,794 ; 0c584

i

The experiment showed that the 200-meter oblique haul pro- duced larger zooplankton volumes per unit of water strained than did the 300-meter or 500-meter hauls j, thus indicating that within the range of depths sampled the largest amounts of zooplankton were found between 200 meters and the surface during both day and night periods. Judging from the night/day ratios (table 3), the volumes of the deeper hauls were as much affected by the diurnal variation as were the 200-meter hauls. In view of these circumstances, together with the saving in vessel time for the shallower hauls, we believe that of the three depths tested, the 200- meter oblique haul provides the most satisfactory method for estimating the abundance of zooplankton in the upper level of the ocean - the en- vironment of the tunas ,

An important source of variation in quantitative measurements of zooplankton abundance is related, therefore, to the time of day of

14

haulingo In Hawaiian waters the volumes of night hauls ^ usirtg a 200- meter oblique towj have averaged about 1-g^ times the volumes of day- hauls „ This is sufficient variation to obscure the geographical and seasonal features of distribution which are of primary interest in this studjTo An adjustment to remove the effect of diurnal change in volujrs is the obvious solution to this difficultyo A suitable adjustment muat not only take into account the contrast betvreen full daylight and night- time conditions but also the intermediate dawn and twilight effects on plankton volume o

Presumably the difference bet^veen day and night hauls is dvie either to an augmentation in the upper strata of water by upward migra- tion of the plankton at night or to a reduction in catch in the daytime owing to greater ability of the plankton to dodge the net vfhen there is light, or to a combination of these twoo In any case, one would ex- pect the amount caught to depend basically on the amount of plankton generally present at the time and place of hauling and the diurnal change to be a percentage of that amount » This being true^, the plankton volmnes should either be expressed as ratios to the basic population level or as logarithms o The logarithmic transformation is by far the most convenient and has the additional advantage of correcting for the natural ske-'.vness in the zooplankton volumes ivhen arranged according to frequency of occur- rencej after transformation the frequency distribution more closely approxinates a normal distribution »

The authors are indebted to 0, Eo Sette for suggesting the method, v;hich vie present here, for adjusting the zooplanktion data for this diurnal variation- As we are net aware of any previous references to this method in plankton literature ^ we will describe it in some de- tails

Method of Adjusting for Diurnal Variation

To study the nature of the diurnal cycle it vjould be desirable to have zooplankton hauls made throughout the day and night in the same place or in the same water mass^ so that geographical ^ ecologicalj, or faunal differences ^vould not obscure the diurnal cycle o Among the hauls available to us the group resulting from I&nning cruise 8 most nearly approaches this conditiono On this cruise a set of 9 stations on a 160-mile section on 158 25' Wo longitude, lying just west cf the island of Oahu, was visited weekly for 4 weeks, 'wdth hauls made around the clock as the stations were reached in consecutive orders

If the logarithms of the plankton volumes are plotted as ordin- ates against time of day as the abscissa, mthout regard to date or locality and rdth midnight at the center of the abscissa, as in fig\ire 6, it is seen that there is a period from about 1900 to 0600 hours v/hen catches are high and a period from about 0800 to 1800 hours when they are low« The hours from 0400 to 0800 and from 1600 to 2000 appear to in- clude the periods of maximura change o A mathematical curve approximately describing this type of change is the sine function, when midnight is equated to the angle whose sine is / loO (fig- 7) o To fit this curve to

15

o o g

o o

_l o

>

o

Q. O O

M

o

1.5

1.4

.3 -

1.2

n — I — \ — I — \ — \ — I — \ — \ — I — I — I — r

"1 — \ — \ — r

"1 — I — r

J L

_L

J I I L

_L

J I L

_L

_L

J I L

1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 0000 0200 0400 0600 0800 1000 1200

HOUR

FIG. 6 LOGARITHMS OF ZOOPLANKTON VOLUMES COLLECTED ON JOHN R MANNING

CRUISE 8, PLOTTED AGAINST HOUR OF HAULING TO DEMONSTRATE THE RESEMBLANCE BETWEEN VARIATION WITH TIME OF HAULING AND THE SINE CURVE {FIG.7).

16

+ 1.0

CO

-1.0 I i

270° 300° 330° 0° 30° 60° 90° 120° 150° 180° 210° 240° 270°

ANGLE

1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 0000 0200 0400 0600 0800 1000 1200

HOUR

FIG 7 GRAPH OF THE SINE CURVE SHOWING RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE SINE FUNCTION AND CORRESPONDING HOUR OF THE DAY WHEN THE 1800 HOUR IS EQUATED TO ANGLE WHOSE SINE IS ZERO.

17

the data of i . j^ ■.> . .. i. ^s only necessary to transform tit© abscissa to the sine of the angle, replot as in figtire 8, and fit a straight line to the now nearly rectilinear distributioa of values o Transferring "&© straight line to the coordinates of figure 6 produces the curve drauro there^, which is seen to describe fairly well the general course of change in logarithmic plankton volume with time of day,, The scatter to both sides of the curve is considerable and pre-sumably reflects chaEc©' Taria™ tions, locality differences j and the diserapaneies between the arbitrary sine function and the true nature of the diurnal change o

That for this particular cruise there is a discrepancj' be- tween the mathematical function and the empirical sit;uation is suggested by the excess of points above the curve in the neighborhood of 0400 hours and the deficiencies in the neighborhood of 1600 hours » It appears that the rise in the catches begins somev/hat later in the afternoon and then rises more steeply than the corresponding sine cu2°V6, and th^t the decline in the morning departs similarly <. We have not tested the significance of these departures j, but similar graphs for the data of other cruises do not show any consistency in the time or direction of dis° crepancieso It is probable that the sine curve describes the general diurnal fluctuation as well as maybe expected of any simple mathematical function o It accounts for an important part of the variability in the plankton hauls, as may be seen from the coefficient of determination (r^) (Ezekiel 1950^ po 138)^ as given in table " for each of the several cruises o

Accepting, thenj, the sine function as describing the locus of the diurnal cycle and the fitted regression line in the transfornsed data as the quantitative effect of this cycle on the particular group of hauls for cruise 8, the adjvistment to reraoTO the diurnal effect has been computed as set forth in table 48

Cruise 8 of the Manxing was not designed j, however, to iB= v6stigat.e the diurnal cycle, but was intended to dsterndne whether or not there was any indication of a definite decline or irorease in the plankton during the late summer spasoHo ■. sries of stations, rather than a single one, v/as selected to give a hiore general saTrpling of the plankton population and therefore general significs/nee to anjr change which might be observedo An analysis of variance of the unadjusted data (table 5)., with tv*c=>way classification (following Snedecor 1946), indicates no significant differences among stations nor among weeks o The mean square for discrepance is large, however, and tends to render less sensitive the test of significance for the other mean square values o Analysis of the adjusted data (table 5) shows a grfsatly reduced total variance from that, of the unadjus^ced data, indicating that the chief scarce of variation wa Ims of hauling,, The mean square for weeks now emerges as larger . lat of the discrepance and just under the 0o05 level of sigpif icanceo Although we still conclude that t?:ere were not significant differences among stations cr among weeks during the period of sampling, we now gain the idea that the weekly differ- ence is much more important than the locality differences o Variation in zooplanktoa volume v^ith. sampling time and the smoothing effect of the sine adjustment on the data are illustrated in figure 9o

18

o o o

o o

_J o >

z <

_i

Q- O

o

tM

O O

+ 1.0 +0.8 +0.6

SINE-TIME

FIG 8 LOGARITHMS OF ZOOPLANKTON VOLUMES OF JOHN R MANNING CRUISE 8, PLOTTED AGAINST THE SINE VALUE CORRESPONDING TO THE HOUR OF HAULING, AND SHOWING THE REGRESSION LINE CALCULATED FOR THE RELATIONSHIP.

19

VTTA DAY HAULS

TWILIGHT HAULS

NIGHT HAULS

Q

3

a. o

Q

=3

o

2

A. SAMPLE VOLUMES 2ND WEEK 3RD WEEK

4TH WEEK

B. ADJUSTED VOLUMES

1ST WEEK 2ND WEEK 3RD WEEK 4th WEEK

?y

1 1 1

1 1 1

1 1 1

1 1 1

..'•'. ■!

|:;:|:::;:;;::::;:;;i:l

:::::::i:::::::::::::::|

:;l:|:!=::hlf;:;::;:;::!:!;i::^

= 1

:::::::::-:-:-:-:-:':':':'-:'-:\

: ::a

:::::::•.::::::::::::::]

.■.■■.■■.■"I

:|:|::::;:;:::::::;::j

-:::.:::::■•■■!

Zi"

r. .: :i

;:i:::i:::::-:::-:':-:-i|

. . 1

i:::::::!::::::::::::::^

j

;:;:::::::::::i:;:!:::|:|

■:::::::::::::]

:::::::::|:::;::::t;:;:|

: \

;::::::|;';::::::;:>::1

1

:;:;;:::|:|:|:i;|:i:l

, __^

—

:i:::::::::::::::::::::::|

"v. .V.l

:::::::::i:i:::i:!:::::::::||

.■.v^

|:::::::|:::|:|:::|::j

r...: \

■■■■■■^■:\-\-:-:-:-\\

;V.V-V 1

;:::i:i:::::;:::::::3

.'VJ

::i:::i:::::::i:::::!:::|::::j

1 1 1

1 1 1

1 1 1

1 1 1

10 20 30 0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 40

ZOOPLANKTON VOLUME, CC/IOOOM^

FIG. 3 ZOOPLANKTON VOLUMES, COLLECTED ON THE NORTH-SOUTH SECTION ALONG 158° 25' W. LONGITUDE ON JOHN R MANNING CRUISE 8, BEFORE (A) AND AFTER (B) ADJUSTMENT BY THE SINE METHOD TO EQUILIBRATE FOR THE DIURNAL VARIATION.

20

Table 4o Calculations for the sine method of adjusting zoopiankton sample voliimes for differences related to time of day of hauling s using as an example volumes from cruise 8^, John Ro Manningo

Sample

Y

X

Adjusted

Sta-

Time

(LOT)

Mid=

volume J

Log of

Sine-

tx

Y=bX

volume g

tion

time

cco/lOOOm.^

volume

ti are

ee„/i000rr.,^

1

0640

- 0654

0640

24 oO

lo380

-,174

= ,026

1.406

25.5

2

0930

- 1005

0940

22o7

1.356

■=,819

-.122

1.478

3C.1

3

1217

- 1253

1240

23 el

1.364

■=.985

-,147

lo511

32.4

4

1506

- 1545

15 20

17,5

1.243

-.643

= o096

lo339

21,8

5

1837

" 1918

1900

24 „6

1.391

.259

o039

1.352

22.5

6

2132

- 2210

2200

34ol

1.533

.666

.129

1.404

25.4

7

0021

= 0100

0040

25eS

1.413

o985

.147

lo266

18o5

8

0305

- 0343

0320

28.0

1.447

,643

.096

1.351

22.4

9

0606

- 0642

0620

17,3

1.238

= o087

= o015

1.251

17,8

15

0204

- 0240

0220

24e6

1.391

.819

.122

1,239

18.6

16

0455

- 0537

0520

25„5

1,406

.174

,026

1.380

24 oO

1^

0741

- 0816

0800

15o0

1.176

= .500

-,074

1.25 0

l?o8

18

1026

= 1054

1040

14o6

1.164

-,940

-,140

1,504

20,1

19

1430

- 1508

1440

15.2

1,182

-0 766

-oll4

1,296

19„8

20

1714

- 1748

1740

17o6

1,246

»o087

-,013

1,259

18,2

21

2007

- 2040

2020

25,3

1,403

,574

,085

lc318

20,8

22

2253

- 2329

2320

24 0 9

1,396

.985

ol47

1,249

17,7

23

0149

- 0222

0200

23<,1

1.364

,866

,129

1,235

17,2

27

2343

- 0012

0000

26,7

1,426

1,000

.149

1,277

18.9

28

0230

» 0306

0240

31o6

1,500

,766

,114

1„386

E4,3

29

0525

- 0600

0540

22o5

1,352

,087

,013

1,339

21.8

30

0817

- 0850

0840

12o9

iolll

",643

-o096

1.207

16,1

31

1107

- 1140

1120

17,1

1.233

-.985

-,147

1.380

24.0

32

1355

- 1427

1420

13,8

1,140

= ,819

-ol22

1,262

iO oO

33

1640

- 1710

1700

15,7

1.196

= ,259

-o039

1.235

17,2

34

1921

- 1954

1940

25„4

1,405

,423

.063

i.342

22.0

35

2225

- 2259

2240

35 o3

1,548

.940

.140

1.408

25.6

38

0330

= 0402

0340

31,5

1.498

.574

.085

i.413

25.9

39

0612

■=■ 0645

0620

17,9

1.2 53

■=,087

= .013

lo266

18,4

40

0859

" 0931

0920

14.0

1.146

= ,766

= ,114

1.260

18.2

41

1144

= 1214

1200

13 o 9

1.143

=loOOO

-.149

1.292

19,6

42

1450

- 1522

1500

15.0

1.176

= ,707

= cl05

1.281

19,1

43

1737

- 1808

1800

16.5

lo218

.000

,000

1.218

16.5

44

2021

- 2049

2040

29.5

1.470

.643

.096

1.374

23.7

45

2308

- 2341

2320

24,8

1.394

.985

.147

1.247

1 . o .

46

0150

- 0222

0200

33,6

1.528

,866

.129

1.397

24o9

s

n

Mean

800,7 36 22,24

2.188 36 0.061

762.3 36

21,19

21

Table 4, Calculations for the sine method of adjusting zooplankton sample volumes for differences related to time of day of hauling, using as an example vol-omes from cruise 8, John R^. Ivlanningo (Cont'do)

SY = 47.828 f •■= 1.3286

SY^ = 64ol33048

(SY)2/n = 63.542155 Sy2 0.590893

SXY = 5.566545 (SX)(SY)/n = 2.906880 Sxy = 2.659665

n

= 36

SX

= 2„188

X ,

= 0,061

SX*^

= 18.107260

(SX)2A

= 0.132982

Sx2

17.874278

b = Sxy/Sx^

= 2 .659665/17.874278 = 0.1488

^ = y / t (X - x)

= 1,3195 / 0,1488 X

Test of significance of the regression;

Sdy„x^ = Sy^ - (Sxy)^/Sx^ = 0.195139

Sy^3j.2 = Sdy^xVn-2 = 0,005739

3^2 = Sy^x2/sx2 = 0,00032110

Sb = 0,0179

t = b/s^ = 8.313. P<0o001

With 34 degrees of freedom, "t.OOl - 3.608; thus there is evidenced a highly significant regression of Y on X.

22

Table 5e Demonstration of differeiaees between adjusted and unadjusted zooplanktcn volumes (cco/lOOO mo*^);, using samples from cruise 85 John Ro Manning o

Ao Analysis of variance of the unadjusted data^ showdng

largest mean square values associated with stations and with discrepance 5 as a result of the large day-night difference among samples »

Statioj

a

Week

Mean

1

2

3

4

1. 15, 27,

38

24o0

24o6

26 „ 7

31,5

26,7

2, 16, 28,

39

22,7

25„5

31o6

17o9

24,4

3^ 17^) ^^ s>

40

23el

15o0

22o5

14,0

J.806

4, 18, 30,

41

17o5

14,6

12o9

13o9

14e7

5, 19, 31,

42

24„6

15 c2

17.1

15,0

18a0

6, 20, 32,

43

34ol

17o6

13 „8

16,5

20,5

7, 21, 33,

44

25o9

25o3

15o7

29o5

24,1

8, 22, 34,

45

28,0

24„9

25„4

24,8

25„8

y ^ (jo 5 00 t,

46

17„3

23ol

35o3

33,6

27,5

Mean

24ol

2O06

22,3

21,9

Source of variation

Degrees of freedom

Sum of squares

Mean s qua re

F

P

Stations

Weeks

Discrepance

8

3

24

628,24

56,58

805o65

78o53 18,86 33,57

2,34 0,56

> 0,05

> 0o05

Total

35

1490,47

23

Table 5 (Cont'do)

Bo Analysis of variance of the adjusted data, showing the largest mean square value now related to weeks.

Station

Week

Mean

1„ 15, 27, 38 ! 25o5

2, 16, 28, 39 I 30,1

3, 17, 29, 40 ! 32„4

4, 18, 30, 41 '■ 21,8

5, 19, 31, 42 ': 22,5

i

6, 20, 32, 43 25o4

7, 21, 33, 44 ' 18„5

6, 22, 34, 45 j 22»4 9, 23, 35, 46 ' 17,8

18,6

18„9

25,9

24o0

24»3

18,4

17,8

21,8

18.2

20,1

16„1

19,6

19,8

24,0

19,1

18,2

18o3

16.5

20o8

17„2

23o7

17„8

22,0

17,7

17„2

25o6

24.9

22.2

24,2 22,6 19.4 21,4 19,6 20.0 20.0 21,4

Mean

24,0

19»4

20,9

20,4

Source of

Degrees of

Sum of

Mean

F

P

variation

freedom

squares

square

Stations

8

82,20

10,28

0.74

> 0.05

Weeks

3

108,96

36.32

2.63

> 0.05

Discrepance

24

331.71

13,82

Total

35

522.87

'

24

The 24-hour series of oblique hauls mads on Manning cruise 9 affords a further test of the sine method of adjustmente As previous- ly statedj, the series consisted of paired oblique hauls -co th^rge depths — SOOj, 300, and 500 meters--all taken within a relatively small areao The results of the adjustment for the th_ree depths are shown in table 10 o As evidenced by the coefficient of determination (r^)^ for the 200- meter hauls 92 percent of the variation in the zooplankton volumes is associated with correlated changes in the sine function o The degree of correlation is less, however^ for the 300-meter hauls and still less for the 500-meter hauls » This is accompanied by a parallel decrease in the significance of th^ regression of Y (zooplankton volumes) on X (sine function) o

Data from all seven cruises in local waters v;ere adjusted by the sine method » The adjusted values for cruises employing 200-meter oblique hauls are given in tables 18, 19^ 20, 21;, and 22 1 adjusted val- ues for cruises employing horizontal hauls are given in table 6. Table 7 provides a comparison of the results of the adjustment for the various cruises o Among the 200-meter oblique hauls the night/day ratio for un- adjusted volumes ranged from lo30 to lo70^ while for the adjusted volumes the ratio varied from 0<,97 to lo05o For the horizontal hauls j, after adjustment, the ratio ranged from 0o69 to IdS^ indicating the presence of considerable variation in the horizontal hauls v/hich is possibly not associated vdth the day-night differences »

The high significance shown, by the "t" tests for the re- gression of zooplankton volumes on the sine curve and the relatively high value of r^ (table 7) are general evidence in favor of the methods It is conceivable^ however^ that both "t" and '"r^** might vary inversely with the amount of variation — other than diurnal— present in the data^ even though the diurnal effect were constanto Therefore these two statistics possibly do not provide a crucial test of the adjustment methodo Since this transformation appeared to correct— to a large ex- tent at least--for the day-night differences among the 200'=meter oblique hauls, the adjusted volumes were used for examining geographical and short-term variations and for correlations v/ith environmental factors o

GEOGRAPHICAL AM) TET.'IPORAL VARIATION

In figure 10 we have attempted to shcv: lines of equal zoo- plankton concentration or "isoplankts" for the three cruises of the Hugh Mo Smith v/hich were based on 200-meter oblique hauls and provided general coverage of the area. From an examination of these charts we conclude that although the abundance of zooplankton was remarkably uni- form throughout the Island vt'aters, there were certain areas v;hichwere consistently richer or poorer than other areas o For example, stations southwest of Oahu, in all three cruises, produced volumes somewhat higher than average o Also, an area north of Kauai showed an unusually high concentration on two cruises » The southeast comer of the survey area produced consistently low catches o

25

Table 6,, Adjusted zooplankton volumes., cc/lOOO mo^j, for the siirface hauls and for the mean of three horizontal hauls at each station of cruises 4 and 6 of the Hugh Mo Smitho

Ao Cruise 4, May 1950.

Haul depths.

1 1

Surface

Surface

Mean volume

Adjusted

Station

meters

san^jle

adjusted

for 3

mean

volxime

voluirie

depths

vc i-ame

1

0, 50, 150

10o7

23,6

13,8

20,3

U

0„ 50, 150

25„7

25,7

19,6

19,6

2

0, 100, 200

9o4

4,1

15,9

10,6

3

0, 50, 150

2.3

5,1

9.7

14,3

4

0, 100, 200

9,4

11,0

8,5

9,2

5

0, 50, 150

21„5

8.9

19ol

12,4

6

0, 100, 200

1.2

3,0

3,8

5o9

7

0, 50, 150

142 „ 3

112,2

53,2

47,3

8

0, 100, 200

20,6

11,5

15,2

11 ,4

9

0, 50, 150

4,9

llo6

8.9

13o5

10

0, 100, 200

5,1

8,6

12,4

16o0

11

0, 50, 150

44,6

17,9

25,5

16,3

12

0, 100, 200

35,3

32,6

19,4

18,7

13

0, 50, 150

29o3

13o9

22,6

15,7

14

0, 100, 200

9o6

22,6

8,6

13ol

15

0, 50, 150

10,0

13,7

10,7

12,4

16

0, 100, EOO

14,8

6,0

12,2

7,8

17

0, 50, 150

22o2

24,0

15,5

16,1

18

0, 100, 200

2o2

3.5

6,3

?o9

19

0, 50, 150

19,5

7,9

21.1

13.6

EO

0, 100, 200

4,0

8,5

7,2

10,4

21

0, 50, 150

9,6

lloS

16,0

17^3

22

0, 100, 200

30,0

13.6

19,2

13o0

23

0, 50, 150

43o9

32,1

26,7

22,9

24

0, 100, 200

29,5

56,4

16.0

21,9

25

0, 50, 150

5o3

11,7

10,7

15,''

26

0, 100, 200

22,1

10,4

15.6

10,8

27

0, 50, 150

23.8

11,8

18,3

13,0

28

0, 100, 200

16,4

15.1

9,8

9o4

Mean

' 21,6

18.6

1

; 15,9

15,1

26

Table 6. (Cont'd)

Bo Cruise 6,

Augi;ist 1950

Station i

Haul depths ; meters

Surface

sample vclume

i Surface I adjusted vol'ome

Ivlean volume for 3 depths

Ad JUS tied

mean

volume

1

0,

50,

150

u

0.

50,

150

2.

0.

100,

200

3

0.0

50.

150

4

0.

100,

200

5

0,

150,

300

6

0,

100,

200

7

0,,

50,

150

8

0,

100,

200

9

0,

50,

150

10

0.

150,

300

11

0,

50,

150

12

0,

100,

200

13

0,

50,

150

14

0,

100,

200

15

0,

150,

300

16

0,

100,

200

17

0,

150,

200

18

0,

100,

200

19

0.

150,

200

20

0,

150,

300

21

0,

150,

200

22

0,

100,

200

23

0,

50,

150

24

0,

100,

200

25

0,

150,

300

26

0.

100,

200

27

0,

50,

150

28

0,

ICO,

200

8„1 7„4

2e4

8o8

7o4

4o8

16<,5

14„8

llo4

17o9

3 o7

42 „ 6

llo2

19<,6

7„4

2„0

36o6

23o6

14,1 88,3

lo9 17„1

4<,8 14,0 25,7

3o2

I

8o2

5,0

14,1

4eS

11,1

5«5

5,7

7,6

7,8

3o4

8,7

lOoS

7,3

11,5

13,2

14,8

12,6

8<,2

6,7

4,9

llo3

16,6

13,6

8,0

6,9

45,8

26.9

11,2

9,4

8,5

17,3

12„7

7«8

3,1

7,3

20„2

J 24,2

10 ol

f 19,2

6o7

! 7,2

25,6

! 9,4

76,2

j 36„6

4o3

1 6,4

7o7

1 19,9

7,0

j 7,4

21o4

i 9,3

12,9

! 19o5

7,4

! 10,7

11„6

10,9

8o9

8,S

5,8

11 ol

10,9

i2ee

9o4

7,2

13,1

10,4

28,0

9,4

7 1 1

j-X o 1

10 „ 4

9,1

17,7

12,3

lOol

12,9

33,9 9,9

9,2 ilo5 13 „5 16 „ 7

Mean

14o3

l3o;

12o6

12

oO

c c

CO o

Ti t-i tj

•H -P

a CO

W CO

c

•H Q)

ra -p

0)

in «H

•H O

Sn-g

O

u

Cm

CO

<n •a

o Cm

o

-p (1>

c

c o

O

■P CO

c

(D (D

u •< o o

o

0) -H X! -P ■P CO

C -P

X!

-P _ C -P a> ©

S 13

-p

CO Ch

;3 o

•"-3

Id -P CO C

c

•H U <D

O

to t:-,

-P Ch

3

to

U

0

X! Ch E-1 O

>» • U m CO f-i

i -p 3 CO

CO g

XI CO

EH

-P CD

•H O O

to

CO

CD

m

Q>

o ■>

?■ c

o

C "H

O -P

-P o

>! C

n 9

CO Ch

. CI

a

C5

<D X! -P

4

o

^

::!

t-i

s

-■7

^

o

o

o

o

0

o

0

o

o

c

o

o

o

o

o

o

O

o

rH

iH

rH

rH

rH

t-i

rH

r-i

O

o

o

o

rH

o

o

o

o

PL.

O

o

O

o

O

o ■

o

O

o

o

c

«

t>

o

o

o

Q

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

V

V

V

V

V

V

V

V

V

f*-l

c-

o

r-

i>

Cvi

-■t

to

o

to

t3

C\2

w

cv

C\i

en

en

cv

c^

Oi

U\

o

c^

-sj-

if\

en

£•

w»

en

lf\

-4-

{>

■:^

-<!•

rH

£>

c-

-vt

f^

Oi

en

O

tn

O

f^

a-

-p

o

0

o

c

o

o

o

o

0

■<•

-t

-<r

■^

cv

CO

-<f

v>

-t

cv

CJ

Oi

.-H

to

00

iH

w

1

c-

-nC

^

■4-

cv

CO

cn

s

cr\ I

X!

o

CJN

nO

O

r-1

-*

cv

o

f^

rH

tn

rH

rH

rH

rH

o

H !

o

o

o

o

o

o

O

o

O

o

o

o

o

O

o

o

o

O

Xi

O

<D <S

•H

-p a

-P

to 3

o

o

•^

'■^

c-

r^.

-<r

o

0»

53

:^ iH

vO

o

o

r-l

o

O

o

o

o

f-1

•r-3 o

o

0

0

0

o

o

o

T) ?•

o

o

o

r-t

o

rH

rH

-H

i-H

{>5

=<

^

CO T3

X<

d) to

-P

1 -P <D

X!

C CO S

^

r-i

-<?■

O

o

O

r-

O

£>-

bO

1=1 ;3 3

I>

CO

f-{

<r\

C-

U%

■n

>it

•H

•r-3rH

0

o

o

o

0

o

o

u

o

Z

CO P»

cv

rH

CJ

C\'

r-i

t-H

r^

rH

>-i

■o

I

CD -P

tn

i

vO

rH

v\

f^,

vC

rv

<r\

ii^

-i- i

'•<>~\

S

o

o

o

o

o

0

0

o

o 1

Q) •

•»-T>

to

LO.

tn

02

m

rH

c

sC

^£

1 ^ iH O

rH

r-\

r-t

rH

rv

fV

Oi

O)

i-V

O O

tj

> O

(D

iH

S -P

G"^

a to

vO

c^

to

vO

O

CV

Cv^

^v

ir\

CO 0

t3 =i

o

o

o

o

4

o

o

o

o

<0 O

•r-j

rH

«^

;:$

r>;

sO

cv

o

c-

•£>

S O

CO

cv

rH

r-i

CM

CJ

cv

CV

..,.^...,

s>

-or -

3

3

3

s<

3

CT"

cr

"7

a*

cr

iH

rH

0^

rH

,-i o.

H

»ri

^

-ri

■iH

(O'-^

CO

CO'-^

CO

tH

rH

r-{

rH

«H

-P (D

-P

ch

■P ©

-p Cm-— .

.Xi

XS

XI

.n

^

O

C O

C

0-— ^

a o

G o to

O

O

c

c

rH

O CD

O

to

O CD

O rH

© ^

N CH

CQ

C rH

N l4H

N C ©

o

O

o

o

o

&5

•H f-<

■H

CO <D

-dS

"(H CO >

6

e

e

s

g

^ 3

U

<D E>

U <D Q)

o

o

o

o

Q

&H

o n

O

e 0)

o to

O S rH

o

o

o

o

o

x:--^

XJ

•-^rH

X!-^

X!--'

cv

CM

cv

cv

cv

X)

o

cv

o

O

,^

-p

o

^— ;

1*"%

•H

o

«\

ir\

o

>

lO.

o

U

ir\

CT^

CN

9

o

O^

rH

w

O

r-{

rH

!a

(H

^

r-t

o

0

o

^

o

jj

!>»

•*3 rH

o rH

o

*»

>>

m

^

P.in

•p un

»

ft

(0

=(

© O

o o

•^

o

s

<<J

•-3

CO 1-H

O i-i

s

CO

0}

Q

«

^

m

xj-

vC

rH

to

rJ

cr-

rH

t

CO

e

CO

«

0 CO

1

IJ

CO

J)

i

•"

g

s

1

^

^ !

28

161° 160° 159° 158° 157° 156° 155° I54°I6I° 160° 159° 158° 157° 156° 155° 154°

zy ■

20° ■

HUGH M SMITH CRUISE 10 7/I9-7/3I/5I

I f—

HUGH M SMITH CRUISE 12 ,5 10/23- II/3/5I

161° 160° 159° 158° 157° 156° 155° I54°I6I° 160° 159° 158° 157° 156° 155° 154°

22°

19° ■

HUGH M SMITH CRUISE 17 9/5-9/15/52

161° 160° 159° 158° 157° 156° 155° 154°

FIG. 10. LINES OF EQUAL ZOOPLANKTON ABUNDANCE, BASED ON TIME-ADJUSTED VOLUMES, FOR THREE CRUISES OF THE HUGH M. SMITH

29

One hypothesis seeming v/orthy of testing was that areas to the lee of the island chain might be higher in zooplanktcn abundance than areas to windward because of the possible enrichment from the littoral waters of the islands and from the upwelling which may theoreti- cally occur in the lee of oceanic islands o As the Hawaiian archipelago extends generally in a southeast-northwest direction^ and sir.ce the pre- vailing tradewinds are from the northeast and the major ocean currents from the east and northeast j, a line connecting the various islands of the group as in figvire 11 divides the island waters into windward and leeward areas o In order to examine statistically;' differences between^ and within^ these major areas, they were each subdivided (figo 11) into six subareasj, three leeward and three windward of the islands o Using an analysis of variances of completely randomized design^ we compared the adjusted 2ooplankton volumes obtained on cruises 10^ 12 j and 17 of the Smith for these six subarsaso From the results of the analysis^ summarized in table 8^, we conclude that there were signi- ficant differences (P < O- 35) among cruises ^ but no significant differ- ences (P> O0O5) between windward and leevrard areas or among the six subareas o From an examination of the means (table 8) it is apparent that, on the windward side, subarea 3 produced the lowest mean on all 3 cruises; subarea 2 was intermediate in rank in two of the three cruises, and subarea 1 ranked first in two of the three cruises. On the leeward side, subarea 3 was lowest in tv;o of three cruises i, but subareas 1 and 2 fail to follow in any particular order. Therefore, while the summary means for both windward and leeward areas show a trend of slightly in- creasing zooplankton volumes from east to west, the individual cruises do not follow this in all instances o

Although the seven cruises on virhich this report is based were not properly distributed in time to adequately describe seasonal or annual variations in plankton abundances they provide some informa- tion of interest on differences in zooplankton abundance between the summer and fall seasons and between the years 1951 and 1952o It is evi- dent from table 6 that the mean volumes collected in May 1950 (Smirh cruise 4) were somewhat larger than the volumes collected in August 1950 (Smith cruise 6)0 The time-adjusted meansj 15ol cco/lOOO m,, for cruise 4 and 12 o3 cco/lOOO m,^ for cruise 6 are roughly indicative of the de- gree of change o Smith cruise 10 in July 1951 produced an adjusted mean of 25<,6 cCo/lOOO mo^, which is significantly different (P<0a05) from the meanj, 20>,3 cc«/lOOO mo^^ of Smith cruise 12 in October-November 1951o Manning cruise 8^ September-October 1951j, which sampled along just one north-south section west of Oahu (figo 2), was intermediate in time and also in zooplankton volume with a mean of 21 o2 cCo/lOOO mo'^o

In table 9 we have assembled all data obtained during summer and fall of 1951 for the one section, stations 6 to 10 (as numbered on Smith cruise 10), and through an analysis of variance have examined the data for spatial and short-term variations « Miiie the tests of significance indicate that, there were no significant differences among ' stations (P> Oo05) or among visits (P>0»05), the mean square value for visits is quite near the 0.05 level of probabilityo_^

30

161°

160° 159° 158° 157°

156° 155° 15

4°

24°

A. WINDWARD

24°

23°

/ /

/ /

/ / / / /

23°

22°

A-^ / 2

22°

--^.

"--.^

/

T^

f

/

21°

' (-\ ( ^ — \/

21°

/ \

^y

' / ^/

\

1 f 1 /

\

\

/ /

r\„___^

20°

/ y

..

19°

/ 3

S \ \ \

\ \ \

19°

18°

1 18°

\

B. LEEWARD

\

\

17°

17°

1

51°

160° 159° 158° 157°

156° 155° 15

4°

FIG II CHART OF THE MAJOR HAWAIIAN ISLANDS SHOWING THE BOUNDARIES OF THE SIX

GEOGRAPHICAL SUBDIVISIONS USED IN COMPARING AREAL DIFFERENCES IN ZOOPLANKTON ABUNDANCE.

31

Table 8,

Analysis of variance of adjusted zooplankton volumes.

liy;

cCo/ioOO nio'^, for different areas (shown in figo ll) of the Hawaiian region^ as obtained on three cruises of the Hugh lie. Smith employing 200-meter oblique hauls <,

Sujmnp.ry Table

Ao VJi

ndward

area

Eo Leeward area

Cruise

Sub-area

Sub-area

Cruise total

^

2

3

Total

ji_

2

3

Total

Hl'IS-lO

S

146 cO

156„1

137o0

439ol

I6O08

149 0 9

120 0 9

431e6

870,7

n

4

6

6

16

0

7

5

18

34

5c

36o5

26e,0

22o8

27o4

26a8

21 „ 4

24o2

24,0

25,6

HIiB-12

S

SC«4

84 „5

30,3

235o2

142o8

134e8

95,4

373,0

608,2

n

4

5

4

13

5

7

5

17

30

X

22e6

16o9

15el

18a

28c6

19o3

19,1

21,9

20,3

ms-17

S

136.8

149o4

144 „ 5

430o7

82c8

139.1

138,9

360,8

791,5

n

5

5

6

16

3

5

6

14

30

X

27o4

29,9

24ol

26o9

27,6

27o8

23,2

25,8

26,4

Area

S

373o2

390«0

341„8

1105,0

386o4

423,8

355,2

1165,4

2270.4

total

n

13

16

16

45

14

IS

16

49

94

X

28o7

24 .,4

21o4

24o6

27„6

22„3

22.2

23,8

24,2

Source of

Degrees of

Sum of

Mean

F

P

variation

freedom

squares

square

Areas

1

13o97

13»97

O0O8

> 0,05

Sub -areas

4

673o33

168,33

1,48

> 0,05

Cruises

12

ls368„57

114,05*

2o31

< 0,05

Stations

76

3,747,68

49,31

Total

93

5,803,55

* Indicates a significant mean square value.

32

Table 9o Analysis of variance of adjusted zooplankton volumes (cCo/lOOO mo'^) for a series of 5 stations (numbered 6 to 10 on Smith cruis© 10) just west of Oahuo The data were obtained on 6 traverses cf the section during the period 7/22 to 10/26/51 <>

Visit

Date

<

station

Mean

6

7

8

9

10

HMS-10

7/22-24

32o6

28o7

20,2

28o2

37„7

E9o5

JRM-=8

1

9/24-25

25o5

32o4

22o5

18o5

17o8

2,3 o 3

2

10/1-2

18o6

17o8

19 o 8

2Co8

17c2

18.8

3

10/7-8

18o9

21o8

24o0

17o2

25o6

21o5

4

10/15-16

25o9

18o2

19ol

23o7

24o9

22 o4

HliB-12

10/25-26

^ 26/2

18o8

33e7

28o8

18o4

E6o2

Mean

24a6

23o0

23o2

2Eo9

23„6

23o4

Source of

Degrees

of

Sum of

Mean

variation

freedom

squares

square

b

P

Stations

4

12ol6

3o04

\ Co

11

>

Go05

7i sits

5

i

328o04

65o61

1 2 o

29

>

Oo05

Discrepance

20

I

574ol9

28o71

Total

29

914o39

33

This period^ from Augiist tc November, marked the end of the

1951 season for the live-bait skipjack fishery of Hawaii o While our data show that the zooplanktoa abuadancs decreased considerably during these same months (fige 12) „ we have no evidence that this reduction in the amount of zooplankton was a limiting factorg but rathsr the decline in both faional elements may have had a common cause in some other factor of the environment o

The skipjack catch for the Territory of Hawaii for the summer of 1951 was considerably above average, whereas the catch for the 1952 season was somewhat below average and seemed particularly poor after the excellent season of the previous year»^'/ Unfortxinatelyj, there were no plankton cruises during midsummer of 1952 to provide data compar- able to those of 1951o Smith cruise 17, howeverj, occurred in Septeirber

1952 during the decline of the skipjack season and provided an adjusi;- ed zooplankton mean (26,4 cCo/lOOO mo-^) not differing greatly from that of Smith cruise 10 (25 o6 cCo/lOOO mo^) of July 1951 and somewhat larger than the mean (20o3 cCo/lOOO mo^) of Smith cruise 12 of October- November 1951 „ From this small amount of evidence v^e can conclude at least that the marked difference in skipjack catch between the 1951 and 1952 seasons was not a reflection of a corresponding reduction in zooplankton abiondancee

^/ According to Snedecor (1946) the analysis of variance is a valid test of individual and population differences if the groups of samples are randomly drawn from a normally distributed population and have similar varianceso He states^ however^ (po 221) "ooobut it has been found that little bias is introduced into the test of significance by moderately skewed distributions o" Much of our plankton volume data possesses a moderate skewness which is nct^ in many instances j corrected by the usual logarithmic transforma^ tiono Since the distribution of the data included in tab is 9 was improved by a logarithmic transformation., and since the F value for visits was quite near the Oo05 level of probability^ it iwas consider- ed advisable to recalculate the analysis using the logarithms of the volumes, The new F values were Ool3 for stations and 2ol9 for visitsj which are very similar to those obtained previously and do not change our conclusions <> The hypothesis that the groups have similar variances was tested by Bartlstt's Test (Snedecor 1943^ Po 250) o The chi-square value obtained was well belOT\'- the Oo05 level of probability, permitting the conclusion that the separate variances of these 6 groups do not differ sufficiently to disturb the validity of the F tests o We believe that the data in table 9 are representative of those included in the other statistical tests appearing in the reports

_/ From records supplied by the Territory of Hawaii, Division of Fish and Game the average skipjack catch for the season liay to September for the 3 years 1943, 1949, and 1950 was 6,576,000 pounds o The 1951 catch for these 5 months was 11^235,000 pounds, while the 1952 catch for this same period dropped to 5^795,000 pounds o

34

en

Q

z

o

a.

z o

X

o en

8

o

3

O >

o

I-

< _l a. o o

N

2 5

-

1

1

1 1 1

-

20 1.5 1,0

-

-

0 5 n

1

1

1 ■

1

-

40

30 -

20

10 -

HMS-IO

HMS-12

JRM-8

JUN

JUL

AUG

SEP MONTH

OCT

NOV

DEC

FIG 12 VARIATIONS IN SKIPJACK CATCH AND IN ZOOPLANKTON ABUNDANCE FOR HAWAIIAN WATERS, DURING THE SUMMER AND FALL OF 1951. THE MEAN ZOOPLANKTON VOLUMES ARE FOR THE ONE SECTION LINE JUST WEST OF OAHU, WHICH WAS VISITED REPEATEDLY DURING THIS PERIOD.

35

To determine the variations in zooplankton abundance related to distance from land^ differences between inshore and offshore areas, or between the windward and leeward sides of these oceanic islands would require a very detailed and elaborate studyo An opportunity to obtain a small amount of information on these problems was afforded by cruise 9 of the Manningo Paired hauls were made at a series of 5 sta- tions (figo 2s part B) extending from about ^ mile from the beach—the closest the vessel could approach— to 5 miles offshoreo Two such sections were occupied, one starting in Kaneohe Bay on the windward side of Oahu and extending offshore and the other extending offshore from Waianae, on the leevrard side of Oahu. Unfortunate ly^ however, the Kaneohe series was taken during daylight hours and the Waianae series at nighto Also, because of insufficient depth, the standard 200-meter oblique haul could not be employed ax- all stations o A stair-stepped haul from the bottom to the surface was carried out at the inshore stations where the depth was less than 200 meters „ Despite these unavoidable sources of variation, rather consistent results were obtained at the two locations (figo 13),, On both series the greatest plankton volumes vfsre secured at the 2-mile stationi volumes decreased to a moderate degree in both inshore and offshore directions o Treat- ing the data with an analysis of variance (table 10) revealed signi- ficant differences (P <0o05) betvreen the two localities, Kaneohe and ?feianae, and also significant differences (P < 0o05) among stations© The interaction was not significant, thus indicating parallel varia- tions for the two localities » Viie believe the differences betvireen localities to be related primarily to the time of hauling and the associated diurnal variation in plankton abundance o An adjustment of the 200-meter hauls according to the usual procedure appeared to elim- inate the day-night difference (table 22) » Ihe significant variation among stations may be real and related to basic differences in pro- ductivity or possibly to differences in the hauling methode No definite conclusions, however, can be drawn from these few observations «

CORRELATIONS WITH ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

The available hydrographic data demonstrate that the Hawaiian waters comprise a relatively homogeneous environment characterized by slight geographical variations in physical and chemical factors o Our plankton sampling indicated correspondingly uniform conditions of zooplankton abundance throughout the islands (figo 10), Nevertheless, the authors thought it worthwhile to determine the degree of correla- tion of zooplankton catch and certain environmental factors considered most likely to have biological si ginificanceo

Surface and subsurface temperatures obtained by means of a bathythermograph were available for all seven cruises covered in this report o Three of the cruises--10, 12, and 17 of -Uie Smith--were com- bined hydrographic and plankton cruises and furnished additional measurements of the environmento Inorganic phosphate analyses were

36

o o o

o o

UJ

o >

o

H 2£

Q. O O

M

.50 1.00

1.75

2.50

500

.50 1.00 2.00 3.00 5jOO

APPROXIMATE DISTANCE FROM SHORE, IN MILES

FIG. 13. ZOOPLANKTON VOLUMES ALONG TWO SERIES OF STATIONS EXTENDING FROM NEAR THE SHORELINE TO FIVE MILES OFFSHORE FROM THE ISLAND OF OAHU. THE WINDWARD SERIES WAS OCCUPIED DURING THE DAY OF NOVEMBER 18, 1951, WHILE THE LEEWARD SERIES TOOK PLACE ON THE NIGHT OF NOVEMBER 18-19, 1951, JOHN R, MANNING CRUISE 9-

37

Table lOo Analysis of variance of zooplankton volumes collected on cruise 9, John R, pfenning; for the windward and leeward sides of the island of Oahu«

Stations

Approx, distance ' from shore (miles)

Yifindward (day hauls)

Leeward (night hauls)

Mean

7 and 12

j 1/2

12o8

19o9

24„8 23o9

20,4

8 and 13

1

i

22»9 30o9

32ol 33o8

29o9

9 and 14

2

28 ,,2 31ol

34o7 3I0O

31c2

10 and 15

3

28ol 24,6

30o2 22 ,,4

26o3

11 and 16

5

26„6 24„1

30„8 28„6

27,5

Mean

24 0 9

29„2

Source of variation

Degrees of freedom

Sum of Mean squares square

Localities 1

Stations 4

Locality x station interaction! 4

I

Within subclasses 1 10

92,88

10c07

92,88* ' 286,18 ■ 71,54* ' 7,76

I 36,89 ■ 9c22 0,82

j i

' 112,19 ■ 11,22

<0,05 <0.05 >0.05

Total

19

528,14

* Indicates a significant mean square value.

38

made at the 13 sample levels at each station of cruises 12 and 17 o Dis- solved oxygen was measured at all sample levels throughout cruise 10 „ Salinity and reversing thermometer data were available for all three cruises o The hydrographic data resulting from these three cruises have not as yet received thorough oceanographic study » The conclusions ex- pressed here are based on information available at the time of this writing and are, therefore, of a preliminary nature o

Temperature

For Smith cruises 4 and 6^, in Liay and August 1950 respec- tively j, the deviations from the mean zooplankton volume at the 50- meter level and the ratios of 50-meter/surface zooplankton volumes were examined in respect to the depth to the top of the thermoclinej, the hypothesis being that a large positive deviation or a large ratio should more likely occur at stations 7n.th a shallow thermocline., A shallow thermocline would result in nutrient-rich water's being nearer the surface and more available to plant life than in the case of a deep thermocline with the discontinuity occurring belov; the photo- synthetic zoneo The results did not confirm this hypothesise Graphs of the data (not presented here) showed a random distribution in re- lation to thermocline depth for both deviation from the mean and the 50-meter/surface ratios »

Since surface temperature may fluctuate as a result of diurnal heatings, the authors chose the 10-meter depth as providing a tempera- ture more truly indicative of temperatui'e conditions in the surface layero Figiare 14 shovv-s the isotherms for the 10-meter depth as found on three cruises of the Smith o Although conditions were remarkably uniform throughout the area„ waters to the southwest held the highest temperatures while the northeastern and southeastern areas showed the lovrest temperatures « Correlations between adjusted zooplankton volojaies and temperatures at 10 meters vrere calculated for cruises 10, 12., and 17 of the Smith and cruise 8 of the ^fanning (table 11) „ For only one of the four cruises (Smith cruise 12) was a" significant correlation obtained .

As stated previously, we believe that thermocline depth may have a significant influence on biological productivity o Occasion- ally, however, the thermal structure is such that no distinct thermo- cline is present or more than one gradient may be shovm on the BT trace. Thus it is frequently difficult to follov; set rules in desig- nating thermocline depth and as a result the m.easurement tends to be rather subjective « The depth to the 70 isotl'ierm may be more objec- tively read from the BT traces and, in this area of the central Pacific, falls within the thermocline and varies generally with thermocline deptho Adjusted zooplankton vol'omes and depth to the 70° isotherm were compared for cruises 10^ 12 .s and 17 of the Smith and cruise 8 of the Manning (table 11) „ No significant correlation was found in any of the four analyses <>

39

160° 159° 158° 157° 155° 155° I54»I6I° 160° 159°

22°

20°

19°

HUGH M SMITH CRUISE 10 2" 252 7/19- 7/31/51

158°

265 2^2

HUGH M SMITH CRUISE 12 10/23- 1 1/3/51

22°

19°

HUGH M SMITH CRUISE I 9/5- 9/15/52

161° ISO° 159° 158° 157° 156° 155° IS4°

23°

160° 159° 158°

157° 156° 155° 154°

FIG 14 ISOTHERMS (<>C) FOR 10 METERS DEPTH AS FOUND ON THREE CRUISES ON THE HUGH M. SMITK

40

Table 11 » Summary of correlations of adjusted zooplankton volumes aad • certain physical and chemical environmental factors o

Cruise

Hlffi-lO

HIiIS-12

Degrees | Correlation of : coefficient

freedom!

mB-17

Zooplankton volumes [ Temperature { G) at (cc./lOOO m„3) I 10-meter depth

" I Depth (meters) to 70°

I isotherm

Dissolved O2 (percent saturation) at IO- meter depth

; Dissolved Og (percent

saturation) at 100- meter depth

Temperature (°C) at ' lO-meter depth

1

; Depth (meters) to 70°

! isotherm

Surface inorganic phos= } phate ( |J. g ato/L.)

; Temperature (°C) at

i lG—2neter depth

i

' Depth (meters) to 70°

' is otherm

JRM-

32

28

32

30

28

26

28

28

28

Surface inorganic ■

phosphate (|i. g at„/Lo) 28

Temperature (°C) at

lO-metsr depth 34

Depth (meters) to 70°

isotherm i 34

(r)

0o253

0„172

0.236

P

>0„05 >0,05

-O0I47 >0„05

-0.024 t>Co05

0„453 kOoOS

0„G55 b>G„05

=0ol32 >0o05

I O0IO2 !>0o05

•0005

0„506 <0»01

-0ol51 !>0o05

-0o217 ?>0o05

41

It vfas stated earlier (po 30; that no significant differ- ences were found among stations nor among visits for the zooplankton voliunes obtained along the north-south section just west of Oahu during the sumnier and fall of 1951 o For this same group of stations we em- ployed an analysis of variance with tv/o-way classification to examine the temperature at the 10-meter depth (table 12) and also depth to the 70° isotherm (table 13) for evidence of changes in thermal character- istics during this period of timeo Frorn the analyses we conclude that for the temperature at 10 meters there were highly significant differ- ences (P < OeOl) among stations and among visits during the period cf observations. The arithmetic means for visits show that the teii53Qr- ature of the surface layer fluctuated considerably durir.g the period of observatioRo In late September the temperature was higher than in Julys the cooling which took place during the first part of October was followed by a rise in late October and the highest mean of the group o The figures representing depth to 70°, however, showed no significant difference (P >0.05) among stations or among vis its «

The zooplankton means (table 9) show peaks in July and late October with reduced volumes in September and early October. The only justifiable conclusion appears to be that during the period from July through October 1951, which bracketed the end of the skipjack season for that year, there ivere significant changes in temperature in the surface layer which were not closely correlated with changes in the depth of the 70° isotherm or in the zooplankton population o

Inorganic phosphate

On meridional sections crossing the Equator in the central Pacific we have found highly significant positive correlations between zooplankton abundance and ixiorganic phosphate concentrations (King and Demond 1953) » V^'e thought it of interest to investigate this relation- ship for the Hawaiian areao A comparison of adjusted zooplankton volumes and surface inorganic phosphate shewed confusing results o On Smith cruise 12 there was no significant correlation, but on Smith cruise 17 of the following year (table 12) the correlation was highly signifi canto Figure 15 shows lines of equal phosphate concentration as found on these two cruises o There is no obvious pattern in the variations shown by the cruise 12 data<, The cruise 17 data, howe\'-er, show a definite east- west gradient of increasing phosphate values with the greatest zooplank- ton volumes being obtained in regions of high phosphate concerstrationo The meaji zooplankton and phosphate values for these two cruises provide an interesting comparison (table 14) o Cruise 12, in the fall of 1951, had relatively low mean values for both zooplankton and phosphate, while cruise 17, in the fall of 1952 c, had high values for both means «

Dissolved Oxj-'gen

In the equatorial region of the central Pacific, where waters with reduced oxygen content occur in the region of xipwelling, a signi- ficant negative correlation was found betv-reen zooplankton volumes and dissolved oxygen as percent saturation (King and Demond 1953). Oxygen and zooplankton data from Smith cruise 10 were examined for evidence of

42

Table 12 o Analysis of variance of temperatures (in degrees centigrade) at 10-nieter depth for the section of stations (numbered 6 to 10 on Smith cruise 10) as obtained on 3 cruises during the summer and fall of 1951 „

Date 1

Station

Visit

6

'7

8

9

10

Mean

HlB-10

1

i 7/22-24

25„7

25o9

26 .,1

26o3

\ 26o3

260O6

JRM-8

1

i 9/24-25

25,6

26 o2

2606

2608

i 26 o9

26c,42

2

; 10/1-2

25o4

25„8

2.6 o3

26 „1

\ 26o4

26o00

3

; 10/7-8

25o4

26c3

26„7

25„8

26o0

23^04

4

i 10/15-16

25o6

26a

26o2

26„1

25o6

25„92

^13-12

; 10/25-26

26 „ 2

26,5

26o5

26.6

! 26 o7

1

28o50

Mean

[

25o65

26„13

26a40

26o28

1

i 26„32

Source of

Degrees of

Sum of

Mean

variation

freedom

squares

square

F

P

Stations

4

2,14

0o535**

7o75

< OoOl

Visits

5

lo45

Oo290**

4o2C

< 0.01

Discrepance

20

lo38

0.069

Total

29

4c97

** Indicates a highly significant mean square value<

43

Table 13 o Analysis of variance of depths (in meters) to the 70°

isotherm for the section of stations (nmnibered 6 to 10 en Smith cruise 10) as obtained on 3 cruises during the s'ommer and fall of 1951 o

Visit

HMS-10

JRM-8 1 2 3 4

HMS-12

Mean

Date

7/22-24

9/24-25 10/1-2 10/7-8 10/15-16

10/25-2.6

189

140

96

145

106

148

137o3

Station 8

195

146 154 212 126

137

161 o 7

161

180 172 187

148

1£?„8

115

178 201 202 134

146

i62o7

10

Mear

210 168

139

14 6

170o8 158 o2 177o0 llOoO

I

135o3'

Source cf

Degrees of

Sum of

Mean

variation

freedom

squares

square

F

P

Stations

4

4a556o8

l,139o2

lo05

> 0c,05

Visits

5

14s252o6

2,850o5

2o62

> 0„05

Discrepance

20

21,733„6

1,086„7

Total

29

40p543o0

44

161° 160° 159° 158° 157° 156° 155° I54°l6r 160° 159° 158° 157° 156° 155° 154°

ZT

20°

HUGH M SMITH CRUISE 12 » 10/23- 1 1/3/51

HUGH M SMITH CRUISE 17 9/5- 9/15/52

161° 160° 159° 158° 157° 156° 155° I54°I6I° 160° 159° 158° 157° 156° 155° 154°

FIG. 15 LINES OF EQUAL INORGANIC PHOSPHATE CONCENTRATION {^g at/L) FOR THE SURFACE, AS FOUND ON TWO CRUISES OF THE HUGH M SMITH

45

Table 14 « Comparison of mean values of zooplankton volume a temperature at 10-meter depth, depth to the 70° isotherms and surface in- organic phosphate for four cruises in Hawaiian waters <>

Month

Year

Zooplankton volume

Mean tempo at 10 mo

(°c)

Mean

depth to

70° iso" therm . (meters;

Mean

Cruise

Sample

mean

(cCe/lOOOmo^)

Adjusted mean (cco/lOOOmo'5)

phos- phate vVgat-

HMS-10

July

1951

26aO

25e6

25 o8

157

._

JRM- 8

Septoj, Oct.

1951

22o2

21o2

26o2

159

—

HMS-12

Oct. J NoVo

1951

20. ,2

20 „ 3

26ol

142

0o29

ro.K-17

Septo

1952

26„5

26o4

25„5

151

1

0„51

such a relationship o Correlation of zooplankton volumes resulting from 200-meter oblique hauls and percent saturation of oxygen at the 10-meter depth gave a correlation coefficient (r) of — 0ol47 (table 11) o Correla- tion of zooplankton with oxygen at 100 meters gave an "r" value of — 0.024«, These coefficients are well below the level of statistical significance and indicate an almost complete lack cf correlation between the two variables o The fact that negative coefficients ^ such as had been obtained for the equatorial region^ were derived in both instances is of interesto

Temperature - Salinity Relations

Sverdrup et alo (1942s, po 740} show the Hawaiian Islands to be located near the junction of three different water masses of the central Pacific, The authors state that "oooothe region around the islands is a boundary region within which water masses of very different character may be encounteredo" One means of identifying a particular water mass is by its temperature-salinity relations or "T-S" curve o

It would seem possible that a change in plankton or pelagic fish abundance might follow a change of the water mass bathing the Is- leindso during the summer and fall of 1951 a significant change was noted between the zooplankton volumes collected on Smith cruise 10 in July and those of Smith cruise 12 in October » A comparison of the T-S curves for these two cruises with those shown in Sverdrup et alo (1942, p, 741) j indicates that during the time of both cruises the Islands lay in the "Eastern North Pacific Central Water Mass". The change in zooplankton abundance v;as, therefore, not a reflection of a change in water mass as indentified by the T-S curve o

46

During the suimner of 1952 the skipjack catch for the Hawaiian Islands was about half that of the prerious summero The zooplankton volumes on the other hand (Smith cruise 17) ^ as previously stated^ v:ere considerably larger in the late summer than in the year before (Smith cruise 12 ) » The T-S curve representing data collected in September 1952j on Smith cruise 17j, has not yet been worked outo

COMPARISONS WITH ZOOPLANKTON ABUNDANCE OF OTHER REGIONS OF THE PACIFIC

As previously stated (po 4)^ the Challenger expedition visit- ed the Hawaiian Islands in 1875 o i<iualitative surface hauls were made at intervals while enroute from Japan to Hawaii and from Hawaii to Tahitio Although apparently no measurements v/ere made of the total numbers of organisms nor the volumes of the samples to permit detailed comparisons between areas » Tizard et alo (1885) reported that for the portion of cruise from Hawaii to Tahiti "The tow-net gatherings were very productive throughout the trip^ the abundance of life in the Equatorial and Counter Equatorial Currents being verj"- remarkable both for the number of species and individuals u"

The Carnegie traversed the central pacific during the fall of 192 9 o Vertical plankton hiauls from depths of 100 and 150 meters were made v.'ith a ^meter net of Noo 15 silk bolting clotho Dry weights of the plankton samples varied from 90 and 140 mg„ for tv/o stations (stations 139 and 140) about 100 miles north of the Hawaiian Islands to values as great as great as 520 mgo at about 5^ No latitude (station 155) and 450 mgo at about 2° So latitude (Graham 1941) »

During the years 1950 to 1952 quantitative zooplankton collections v;ere obtained by the Hugh Mo Smith on ten cruises in the equatorial Pacific between 120*^ Wo and~180o Y.^o longitude o TAfhen the resulting data are combined for this range of longitude and then separated into 5° latitiadinal groups ^ they present the picture shoi/vn in figtire 16 ^ It is evident that within this range of latitude the greatest standing crop of zooplankton occurred in the region of the Equator o This increased productivitj'' is the result of upwelling at the Equator associated with the equatorial divergence » which replen- ishes the supply of nutrients in the euphotic zone and creates es- pecially favorable conditions for the growth of plant and animal life (Graham 1941^ Sverdrup et alo 19429 Cromwell 1951;, 19535 King and Demond 1953) o

The amount of zooplankton in the Hawaiian area was greater than in certain regions of the North Equatorial Current (10° to 15° No latitude and 20° to 25° No latitude) and of the South Equatorial Current (5° to 10° So latitude) ^ but was distinctly less than that found in the "rich zone" from 5° So to 5° No latitude o We believe that these differences in zooplankton abundance are indicative of differences in basic productivity among these various regions of the central Pacifico

47

0 10 20 30 40

ZOOPLANKTON VOLUME, CC/IOOO M'

FIG. 16 COMPARISON OF ZOOPLANKTON ABUNDANCE IN DIFFERENT REGIONS AND DIFFERENT WATER MASSES OF THE CENTRAL PACIFIC. THE DATA FOR HAWAII ARE BASED ON CRUISES 10,12, AND 17 OF THE HUGH M SMITH; THE REMAINING DATA FOR THE EQUATORIAL PACIFIC WERE DERIVED FROM SMITH CRUISES 2,5,7,8,9,11,14,15,16, AND 18. (THE NUMBER OF SAMPLES FOR EACH INTERVAL OF LATITUDE IS INDICATED FOR EACH BAR IN THE HISTOGRAM).

48

Soma information on zooplankton concentrations in waters to the north and east of Hawaii is furnished by the Northern Kolidaj'' Expedition of Scripps Institution of Oceanography and cooperating agencies£/s conducted in August-September 1951 , The resulting data may be compared with those of POFI for the Hawaiian and equatorial regions as generally similar methods were employed in making the hauls and in processing the collections o Table 15 presents data^ collected on the Virestemnost stations of the expeditions which in- dicate in general a marked increase in zooplankton concentration with increasing latitude o Two chief differences are apparent between these data and those for the Hawaiian areas (1) the latitudinal means for the Northern Holiday Expedition are^ with one exception (35° 00« - 39° 59' No latitude) , considerably larger, and (2) there is a much greater variation among the individual volumes than appears in the Hawaiian samples » We believe that this high variation among plankton volumes taken within a relatively short interval of space and time is particularly characteristic of temperate and higher latitudes and is not found to such an extent^, as indicated by our data, in the tropics and subtropicso

_/ The plankton collections were processed by Dro E., H., AhlstroHX and staff. South Pacific Investigations ^ Fish and Wildlife Services and were made available to the authors through the courtesy of Di o Ahlstronio

49

Table 15 » Zooplankton volumes (cOo/lOOO mo") arranged to show varia^ tion v/ixh. latitude , as obtained on the Northern Holiday Ex= pedition^ to the northeastern Pacific in August^Septen&er 1951 o Only volumes obtained on the western portion of the cruise between 145° and 160° Wo longitude were inclxaded la the table 8

Latitudes

26° 00'»

30° 00«<=

35° 00'-

40=^' 00 « -

45° 00«-

50° 00'=

55®00»=

29° 59 «N

34° 59«F

39° 59 «K

44° 59'N

49° 59»N

54° 53 »N

59°59'N

467£/'

15

6

32

180

242

241

43

41

44

14

85

75

235

39

49

7

76

117

92

42

55 32 75 54 77 33 32

104 122 155

147 85 39

ill 60

151 61 21 SO

Mean

41 „0

36o8

19o0

48„0

127o2

95o2

238 oO

1/

V

This expedition was sponsored by th?i Scripps Institution of O^eanc" graphy and collaborating agencies o The zooplankton collectior.3 were processed by Dr., E' Ho Ahlstrom and staff of the South Pacifi® In= vestigations J Fish and Wildlife Service » These data^ previously tm^ published J, were made available to the authors through the courtesy of Dr., Ahlstrom and Mr., Warren Wooster of the Scripps Institution of Oceanographyo

This sample was reported (Ahlstrom) to consist primarily of saipsi therefore, we choose to omit it from this comparison of latitudinal variationo

50

SUMRY AND CONCLUSIONS

lo This report presents an analysis of 365 quantitative zooplankton

collections obtained on seven cruises in Hav.-aiian waters during the years 1950 to 1952 o

2o The collections were taken by a variety of hauling methods? hori- zontal hauls at several depths ranging from the surface to 300 meters ,s and oblique hauls to depths of 200^ 300,, and 500 meterso

3o One type of net was used throughout^, a i-meter net with body of 30XXX grit gauzes rear section and bag of 56XXXo The net was equipped with a flow meter which gave an estimate of the volume of water strained o

4« In the laboratory the displacement volumes of all samples were

measured in uniform fashiono For each sample there was calculated

the volume of the more nutritious zooplankton per unit of water strained o

5o For the tv;o cruises employing horizontal hauls „ the greatest

zooplankton volumes occurred on the average at the 50-meter level in both day and night samples o

6o A 24-hour series of successive oblique hauls to 200^ 300j, and

500 meters showed significant differences among depths and among hauling times o A marked diurnal i/ariation in catch was found among hauls to all three depths »

7. A method is presented for adjusting the zooplankton volumes for differences associated with diurnal variations in 'bJi© catoho Txie method is based upon the similarity between diurnal -rariation in zooplankton abundance in the upper 200 meters and the curve of the sins function a with midnight equated to the angle vAose sine is

/ loOo

8o Geographically the abundance of zooplankton was remarkably uniform throughout the Is lands o On the averages, however, the southeastern region^ ioCo waters adjacent to the island of Hawaii yielded the lowest zooplankton volumes u

9o For the years 1950 and 1951 zooplankton samples collected in early and midsummers during the skipjack season j, were significantly larger than those taken in the late suinmer and fall after the close of the seasoDo This decrease in the amount of zooplankton may bear seme direct or indirect influence on the exodus of skipjack from Ha%vaiian waters s although the decrease was certainly not of sufficient degree to be a major or determining factor o

51

lOo In a preliminary sampling experiment no significant differences ia zooplanlcton abundance were found between the coastal waters of wind= ward and leeward Oahuj differences were found., however i, on both sides of" the island among a series of stations extending from close to the shoreline to 5 miles offshore o

llo In only one of four cruises tested was there a significant correla- tion between zooplankton volumes and temperatures at a depth of 10 meters «

12„ No significant correlation was found between zooplankton volumes and depth to the 70 isotherm for any of the four cruises testedo

13 o During the late summer and fall of 1951 there were statistically significant changes in teiqjerature at the 10-meter depth along a north-south section just west of Oahu which were not accompanied by any significant change in zooplankton concentrationo

14o A comparison of zooplankton volumes and surface inorganic phosphate showed no significant correlation for Smith cruise 12, but a highly significant correlation for Smith crxiise l?o

15e Correlations of zooplankton volume and dissolved oxygen as percent saturation at the lO-meter and the iOO-raeter depths gave low negative coefficients of no statistical signif icanceo

16 o An examination of tsraperature^-salinit;^' relations indioatsid that during July and October^ 1951;, the water surrouading the Hawaiiari Islands yielded T-S curves characteristic of the "Ee^stera North Pacific Central Water Ifesso" The change in zooplankton abiindanoe between the summer and fall conditions in 1951 was therefc2?e not a reflection of a change of water m8,sso

i7o In view of the uniformity in the amount of ^^oplankton and in the properties of the sea water forming its environment^ it is not surprising that we found few instances of correlations with these properties o The few significant correlations that did occur are noteworthy^ however^ and suggest the idea that zooplankton and these factors are not directly related but are all governed by some as yet unexplained condition in the environment that is more funda- mental and more variable than the temperature or the phosphate it- self o

18o During the period of observation the amount of zooplankton in

Hawaiian waters was greater than in the North Equatorial Current- south of the Islands, but distinctly less than that found near the Equator from 5° No to 5° So latitude., Data from the Northern Hoi-" iday Expedition of Scripps Institution of Oc^eanography and ocllabor^ ating agencies provide evidence that zooplankton increases markedly in abundance to the north and northeast of the Islands ^ reaching concentrations at 50° to 60° No latitude several times those fouad near Hawaii and in the rich zone near the Equatcro

5?.

LITERATURE CITED BIGSLCW, Ho Bo^ and MBY SEkRS

193 9 o Studies of the waters of the Continental Shelf j, Cape

Cod to Chesapeake Bayo IIIo A volumetric study of the zooplanktono Muso Compo Zoola^ Menio 54(4) i 183-378o

CIARK, Go Lo

1940o Comparative richness of zooplankton in coastal and off- shore areas of the Atlantic^ Biolo Bullo 78(2) t 226-255o

CROMiTELL, TCMNSEI-TD

1951o Mid-Pacific oceanograrhyj, January through March, 195Qo

U„ So Fish and Wildlife Servo, 3pec„ Scio Rept„j Fisheries Noo 545 9 po

CR0M7.^LL , TOYTMS EW

1953. Circulation in a meridional plane in the central

equatorial Pacifico Jouro Lkro Res„ 1953. 12(2) s (In Press)

GUSHING, Do Ho

1951o The vertical migration of plankton crustaoeao Biolo ReVo 26(2): 158-192 o

EDMOHDSON, C„ Ho

1937e Q,uantitatiTe studies of copepods in Haw8,ii with brief surveys in Fiji and Tahiti » Bernice F. Bishop Muso^, Occasional Papers 13(12)2 131=146o HonolulUo

EZEKIELs MORDECAI

1950e Methods of correlation analysis. Second edo^ xiXj, 531 po^ New York; John Wiley & Sonsp Inco

FRANZ, Vo

1913 o Die phototalctischen ^rscheinungen im. Tierreiche und ihre Rolle im Freileben der Tiere. Zoolo Jahrh , , Aht, Fo 333 259-2860

GRAHAM, Ho T/«

1941, Plankton production in relation to character of vmter in the open Pacific = Jour, I-fero Reso 4(3) s 189-197o

KIKUCHI, KENZO

1930<, Diurnal migrations of plankton crustaceao Quarto Revo Biolo 5(2) g 189-206o

KING, Jc Eps and JOAN DEMOND

1953o Zooplankton abundance in the central Pacific o Uo So Fish and Wildlife Senric^^ Fish.o Bullo 54(82) g lll-144o

MURRAY, JOHN

1895 o A sunmary of the scientific results obtained at the sound- ings, dredginga and trawling stations of Ho Mo So Challeagero Second Parto Report of the Scientific Results of the Voyage of Ho Mo So Challenger d'oring the years 18'^2"76o xiXs, 797-1608 poj, with Appendi ces o

REMTJESpJo VI OS, and Jo Eo KING

1953o Food of the yellowfin tuna in the central Pacifico Uo So Fish and Wildlife Service ;, Fisho Bullo 54(81) § 91-1 10 „

SNEDBCOR, Go W,

1946o Statistical methods. Fourth edo, xrij 485 po Ames? Iowa State College Press »

SVERDRTJP, Ho Uo| Mo Wa JOHNS ON | and Ro Ho FLEMING

1942 o The oceans, their physics j, chemistry^ and general biologj.^o x, 1087 p„^ New Yorkj Prentice-Hal Ij, InCo

TESTER^ Ao Lo

1951 o The distribution of eggs and larvae of the ancho-vy^ Stol®° phorus purpureas Fowler ;, in Kan@oh© Bays OahUj, with a consideration of the sampling problemo Pacific Science 5(4) s 32 1-346 o

TIZARDj T, Hoi Ho No MOSELEYj Jo Yo BUCHANANi and JOHN MURRAY

1885, Narrative of the cruise of Ho Mo So Challeisgsg with a

general account of the scientific results of the expeditioEo Report of the Scientific Results of the Voyage of Ho Mo So Challenger during the Years 1873=765 1 (pto 2)8 511=1110o

VTCLSON, Co Bo

1942 o Copepods of the plankton gathered during the last cruise

of the Carnegie o Carnegie Insto of Wash„, Pjbo 536 3 l=237o

54

WILSON, C. B,

1950o Copepods gathered by the United States Fisheries steamer

"Albatross" from 1887 to 1909^ chiefly in the Pacific Oceano Uo S. Mato Muso Bullo 100^ 14(pto 4) s 141-441o

55

APPENDIX c Table 16„ Zooplankton volumes collected on cruise 4j, Hugh Mo Smthj May 1950o All hauls were horizontal tows at the depth indicated (plus or minus up to 20 percent for the deeper hauls )«

Sta-

Sample

Position

Date

Time^

Depth haul g

V^atsr strained 3

Zooplankton

cCo/lOOOrao'^

North

Vjest

O J. \J}--\

latitude

longitude

meters

in mo^

1

1

23°31'

161°07»

5/I6/5O

0934<=1031

0

2255o3

10 0 7

1

2

H

II

to

0928-1045

50

2466o7

22 o3

1

3

n

M

It

0921-1054

150

3I680I

8o3

lA

1

22°40»

161°15'

5/I6/5O

1722-1819

0

2604o7

25o7

lA

2

n

19

tt

1716-1828

50

i956o3

22o3

lA

3

u

■1

M

1710-1833

150

2060 0 7

10 oS

2

2

21°52o5«

161°07'

5/17/50

0106-0224

100

2523o7

9o4

2

3

1*

n

W

0100-023 S

200

2347o2

13o3

2

4

w

t«

n

0240-0541

0

2 504 0 5

25o0

3

1

21°06«

161°05„5»

n

0925-1026

0

2699o9

SoS

5

2

N

9«

It

0920-1031

50

2603 o4

23 ol

3

3

W

It

w

0913-1038

150

3364o7

3o7

4

1

200l4„5«

16lO07o5'

w

1640-1741

0

2124o9

9o4

4

2

H

M

«

1835-1745

100

2229o0

lOol

4

3

It

II

79

1630-1750

200

2670o9

60I

5

1

19°23o8«

16lO06„3«

5/1 8/50

0028-0130

0

2231o5

21 0 5

5

2

M

n

!»

0021-0136

50

2589o5

28c0

5

3

11

»»

H

0015-0141

150

3494o0

7„S

6

1

19°25'

159°50'

n

1048-1148

0

2271o9

lo2

6

2

n

II

11

1040-1154

100

3392o9

6„0

6

3

II

II

IJ

1030-1201

200

399I06

4o3

7

1

20°14„5»

159°50«

«

1835-1937

0

2967„4

14EoS

7

2

ij

It

n

1851-1941

50

2318 0 7

IO06

7

3

II

It

II

1825-1946

150

2633„4

6c V

8

1

21°05'

159°50»

5/19/50

0255-0357

0

2472o3

2O06

8

2

n

II

1)

0250-0403

100

2821o9

17o0

8

3

n

n

M

0245-0408

200

2860o7

?o9

9

1

21°47.7'

159051'

IB

1000-1101

0

2585o2

4o9

9

2

ti

It

!«

0953-1107

50

2714o2

18 o2

9

3

i<

n

M

0945-1114

150

3865o7

5o5

10

1

22°40«

I59O5O

5/15/50

1456-1557

0

2 "42 0 2

5ol

10

2

n

It

)t

1448-1623

100

4104o8

25.7

10

3

n

1!

M

1440-1632

200

4560o7

6o5

11

1

23°30«

I59O5O

5/15/50 2316-0018

0

2704o2

44o6

11

2

n

tt

" 2308=0022

50

2996ol

23o5

11

3

It

"

" 1 2300-0033

150

3541o9

8o5

12

1

22°40«

158°30«

" i 0503'=0604

0

2642 „ 33^

35o3

12

2

«

"

" 0453-0612

100

3068„8

I60O

12

3

It

w

" ■ O445--0622

200

ODCB

— =

1/ Local civil time corresponding to / 10 zone timeo

__/ Based on a calculated meter reading derived from average performance of current meter at similar vessel speedo

56

Table 16„ (Cont'd)

Sta-

Sample

Posi

tion

Date

Tiraejy

iDerj+^h of

haul ^

Water strained

Zooplanktoa

tion

North

Visst

cco/lOOOm,^

latitude

longitude

meters

in lUo'^

13

1

21°51»

158*^29'

5/21/50

0150-0254

0

2906o2

29o3

13

2

II

II

It

0146-0307

100

2763„8

27 „0

13

3

II

tj

n

0140-0308

150

3033 06

lOoO

13

4

2l045„5«

158029'

It

0320-0425

50

2561o0

2B„6

14

1

20°58'

158^26'

(1

0950-1123

200

4334 cO

3„2

14

2

ft

II

II

0957-1117

100

310io6

1.3 oO

14

3

)i

II

10

1005-1105

0

2265„3

9o6

15

1

20°12«3'

158O30'

II

1610-1713

0

2 950 0 2

lOoO

15

2

ti

19

M

1605-1718

50

3033c 6

I606

15

3

II

18

11)

1600-1724

150

3383o2

5o5

16

1

19022'

158028'

5/21/50

2253-2357

0

3017 „ 4

14 08

16

2

n

II

m

224S-2404

IOC

3178o6

16

3

n

It

n

2239-2410

200

3975o3

6o2

17

t-i

18°32o5'

158027o8'

5/22/50

0546-0648

0

2o94o0

22o2^

17

2

II

It

11

0541-0652

50

1444 0 3^/

20.2'/

17

3

It

It

10

0535-0700

150

3S52o4

4ul

18

1

18°32'

157O05'

5/22/50

1531-1634

0

2768o9

2b2

18

2

n

u

«

1526-1645

100

3023 06

11 oO

18

3

II

It

It

1520-1650

200

3433 0 5

5„6

19

1

19°24o3»

157°10«

5/23/50

0018-0119

0

3097„3

19 0 5

19

2

n

IS

n

0013-0124

50

2010o3

36o2

19

3

II

It

n

OOOG-0131

150

2451 0 6

7o5

20

1

20°14'

157O03„5'

n

0911-1016

0

3346 o3

4o0

20

2

II

i»

11

0905-1022

100

2741 o2

9o5

20

3

II

tt

II

0859-1028

200

2758.6

8„0

21

1

20°58o7«

157°10„2»

„

1648-1749

0

2739„9

9o6

21

2

11

II

n

1641-1757

50

2284„7

31o5

21

3

It

H

II

1635-1803

150

2825o5

7o0

22

1

21°53«

157O08o5'

5/24/50

0120-0220

0

27C5„6

30o0

22

2

II

M

It

0116-0227

100

2262ol

17o5

22

3

II

n

«i

0110-0233

200

2544o8

lOoO

23

1

22°4Q'

157°10'

5/14/50

1852-1952

0

21 91 0 5

43 0 9

23

2

It

tt

n

1845-1958

50

2419 0 9

27„1

23

3

It

ti

it

183 7-2004

150

3030 oS

9ol

24

1

22°45«

15 504s «

•• 0820-0915

0

1254,7

29o5

24

2

It

H

" 0815-0931

100

223I08

10o4

24

3

It

M

" 0807-0939

200

2971„0

Sol

25

1

21°54«

155048o2'

5/24/50 11333-1434

0

2644 0 7

Oo3

25

2

II

II

" ; 1330-1439

50

2275,0

23o4

25

3

n

?i

" ■1325-1445

150

2773o5

3o5

26

1

2lO02„5«

155°45oD«

" 2107-2208

0

2815ol

22ol

3/ Gear fouled | questionable meter reading and zooplanlcton volume o

57

Table 16c (Cont'd)

Sta- tion

Sample

Position

Date

Tijney

Depth of

haul s meters

Wat92° strained in mo 3

Zooplaakton

oco/lOCCmo^'

North latitude

West longitude

26

2

21°02„5''

155°45o5»

5/24/SO

2101-2213

IOC

2265 0 -7

ISeC

26

3

n

19

!«

2055-2218

200

263iol

60C

27

1

20°30«

155°45»

5/25/50

0214-0314

0

3098„8

23 08

27

2

It

It

It

0208-0320

50

2786o9

22o2

27

3

i«

n

n

0200-0326

150

3069„5

8o9

28

1

18°33o5»

155°48''

It

1740-1844

0

3169 „4

i6o4

28

2

II

n

i«

1735=^1850

100

2404,0

7o4

28

3

n

It

It

1750-1855

200

2787„0

5o5

58

Table 17o Zooplankton volumes collected on cruise 6, Hugh IL Smithy August 1950 „ All hauls were horizontal tows at the depth indicated (plus or minus up to 20 percent for the deeper hauls) o

Sample

1 2

3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1

2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3

Position

North latitude

23°30' II

ig

22°45'

It

II

21°57«

H II

21°G9o5» 11

It

20°20» i»

n

19°25o5» n II

19°26' I?

19

20°16„5« It

It

20°54«

)«

II

21°50<,1« m

West longitude

22°48c,5» II

■« 23°27' i

N

22°43o3'

(8

161"05o5'

10 H

lei'-^is'

w

19

161°05«

M II

161°03« w

It

161°05» II

I)

161°05« II

It

159°50» II

»

159°44» It

159°47«

n

w

159°50o5«

n

M

159°51»

159°45o7'' ig

158°26'

w Id

Do.U

8/25/50

It

H W 10 W

TimeV

8/26/50

8/27/50

1417"

1412"

1405"

2046-

12040'

2030=

0331"

0323=

0315'

1057=

1052-

1042-

1809-

i801-

1750"

0108-

0055-

0042-

1007-

0958-

0950-

I1911"

|l903-

" 1853-

8/28/50 0527-

" io516"

" [0507»

*• 1403=

•" 1358-

" 1 1350=

8/24/5Cj2307=

" 2253=

" 2E39-

8/25/50 jOol?"

" -0510=

™ 0500=

8/24/50! 1314-

«» ^1302=

" 1250-

■1518 ■1523 ■1531 ■2148 ■2155 ■2206 •0453 ■0441 •0449 ■1158 ■1203 •1211 •1910 ■1918 ■1927 •0210 •0222 ■0232 1108 1116 1126 2012 2024 ■2036 0628 ■0639 ■0647 ■1507 1512 ■1520 ■0011 ■0031 ■0041 ■0517 ■0624 0633 1415 1424 1432

Depth

of haul a meters

0

50

150

0

50

150

0 100 200

0

50

150

0 100 200

0 150 300

0 100 200

0

50

150

0 100 200

0

50

150

0 150 500

0

50

150

0 100 200

V'/e,ter jZooplankton strainedr^Co/lOOOm.3

in mo

2046 06 1993 o3 3143 o3 2654 „ 5 28 10 06 3316o3

3069o2 40C7o6 2149o8 2067o7 2595o6

2795o5 356606 2309 o 5 3112 o2 3701 „0 2392o6 2482^6 3982„7 3033 „ 6 322O06 4295o8 2840o4 2665o7 3684„0 2456o3 2486„8 3061o5 2334o5 36C9o3 5799o4 2373o9 2847o2 4214a0 2706 oO 2900o5 3951o4

5oZ

13„9

5o6

80I

27o0

7o4

19o0 7oO 2o4

II08 3o0 808 So4 6cl 7o4

12o8 60O 4oS 9o4 7„8

14 o5 8o7 14o8 12 08 10o2 4o3

10 o 2 5o5

ilo4

15o3

7o3

17o9

14 e2

808

3o7

11 ol

5o9

1 / Local civil time corresponding to / 10 zone timeo

59

Table 17 o

(Cont'd;

I

Sta-

3an5)le

Position

Date

TimeV

Depth

0? haul J

Water strained

Zoopianfctoa

tion

North

West

cco/i0(»mo3

latitude

longitude

meters

in nio

13

1

21°50«

158°30„6'

8/24/50

0541-0643

0

2007o5

42 „6

13

2

M

If

II

0536-0649

50

3137„8

29o0

13

3

n

It

it

0528-0657

150

3564a4

9oO

14

1

20°50«

158°32'

8/18/50

1730-1830

0

228606

14

2

K

it

It

1725-1838

100

2i73ol

lOoi

14

3

J9

II

M

1720-1844

200

2250 „1

6o9

15

1

20°15«

158°24«

8/19/50

0004=0108

0

2717„6

19o6

15

2

i»

u

It

2352-0121

150

S807o3

2I0O

15

3

M

19

It

2240=0132

300

5280o2

II o4

16

1

19°24«

158°23»

8/19/50

0810=0911

0

33S0o4

1 0^

16

2

»i

It

It

0759-0922

IOC

3484 0 3

7o5

16

3

w

18

w

0750-0930

200

3064e9

806

17

1

18°30»

158°29»

w

1536-1635

0

2239o5

2o0

17

2

It

«9

u

15 28=1649

100

3314„6

IScO

17

3

w

W

It

1522=1654

150

4090.8

4o0

18

1

18°22«

157°07„5«

8/20/50

0239-0341

0

16C9o4

36o8

18

2

I!

m

m

0228-0351

ICO

243O0I

24o0

18

3

!S

n

w

0210-0356

200

3S08o6

11 0 7

19

1

19°31«

157°10«

m

2329-0030

0

2727o9

2So6

19

2

«

w

It

2317=0040

100

3929»9

20„6

19

3

m

It

TO

2311-0045

150

4 781 08

13 o3

20

1

20°23>'

157°07''

8/21/50

0859-1000

0

2112o4

3o5

20

2

«i

It

It

0842-1011

150

3147o5

10o5

20

3

«

>9

tt

0815-1021

300

4289„0

7o8

21

1

20°55„5»

157°10<,3«

8/21/50

1426-1527

0

2767„3

14ol

21

2

n

w

W

1418-1533

100

2447„1

6o9

21

3

M

II

w

1412-1537

150

2806 0 2

?ol

22

1

21°50«

157'^10„5»

8/23/50

1810-1911

0

2586o4

8So5

22

2

M

II

11

1802-1920

100

3070o2

12,9

22

3

t«

It

!9

1754-1928

200

4067oO

8„7

25

1

22^39'

157°13«

»?

1038-1138

0

2840c8

lo9

23

2

11

II

1)

1030-1144

50

2990cO

12o0

23

3

jt

It

M

1020-1154

150

3640,0

5„4

24

1

22°40«

155-47'

8/E2/5O

2212-2313

0

2903„5

17ol

24

Z

i»

1!

II

2201-2324

100

3338o2

31 o2

24

3

n

M

78

2149=2334

200

5030o5

- 1 1 — -. 0 •»'

25

1

21°56o3«

155''45o3«

19

1519-1620

0

2315 06

4o8

25

2

JS

It

!t

1510-1633

150

3431 08

8o5

25

3

w

u

m

1500=1544

300

3 916 06

8o9

26

1

21°03„5«

ISS'^SO"

w

0*^2 3=0830

0

2107„3

14o0

26

2

to

(«

It

0720-0840

100

3071o7

8„6

26

3

IS

19

Id

0711=0850

200

4588o0

5o2

27

1

20°30«

155'^47o2''

ra

0152=0253

0

2178o2

E5o7

27

2

n

tt

10

0148=0258

50

2305 oO

25c6

27

3

«

It

!t

0140-0304

150

3884o7

7<,2

28

1

18°32„5«

156°07«

8/20/5011157=1256

0

2219o6

3o2

28

2

n

t«

" 1145=1303

100

2578o0

21o9

28

3

It

tt

" 1136=1507

200

40S0o2

7ol

Vrr;

60

Table 18c Zooplankton -volumes collectad on cruise 10^ Hugh M» Sirdthj July 1951o All hauls were oblD.que tows to 200 meters "depth except at stations 15 and 21 located in shoal water o

Posi

tion

'.Vater

Zooplankton, cco/lOOO m^^

Sta-

North latitude

West longitude

Dar.e

TimeV

strained in mo^

tion

Sample

Adjusted

volume

volume

1

20°18'

159°19o5«

7/21/51

0907-0940

1404„1

31,8

38,7

2

21°02o5'

159°14»

7/21/51

1753-1323

1754o2

19,1

18,7

3

21°44«

159°13'

7/21/51

2352-0020

139S„0

28„5

22,0

4

22^^22 '

159°15'

7/22/51

0715-0752

I6OO0I

20,6

23,0

5

23°02«

159°15»

7/22/51

1354-1419

1244„6

49,2

61o7

6

22°48«

158°24c5'

7/22/51

2215-2240

1336„2

41,2

32o6

7

22°08»

158'^24°

7/23/51

0428-0505

2076„4

31,4

28,7

8

21°29'

158°25«

7/23/51

1125-1159

1946o3

15,6

20,2

8A

21°26o5«

158°24«

7/19/bl

1427-1502

1896o5

27,1

33,0

9

20°50«

158°25''

7/23/51

2330-0000

1040„8

36 0 5

28o2

10

20°17»

158°21o5'

7/24/51

0608-0641

1683o5

36,8

37o7

11

18°45«

157^30"

7/24/51

2122-2157

i887o7

27,3

22,1

12

19°32'

157°28»

7/25/51

0508-0559

1866„0

15,5

14o8

13

20°07«

157°28»

7/25/51

1052-1125

1450o7

12,5

i6ol

14

20°43»

157^29''

7/25/51

1617-1650

1874o0

13o0

14o2

152/

21°02o5«

157°29«

7/25/51

1934-2004

1276e6

38,9

34,8

16

2lOl7«

15 7026 »

7/25/51

2302-2335

1872o7

26,4

20„5

17

21°44o5«

15 7°29»

7/26/51

0407-0439

1532 08

33ol

29„6

18

22°08e5'

157°32'

7/26/51

0913=0945

1595o6

20,3

19

21°51«

156°45»

7/26/51

1744-1819

i848o3

21o3

, 21o3

20

21°10'

156035'

7/27/51

0000-0030

1666„1

41,8

; 32o3

2lV

20°50

156°45'

7/2 Vsi

0358-0429

2013o4

llo9

i 10,7

22

20°20»

155°39o5'

7/27/51

0915-0947

1937„5

17,5

21,6

23

19°37„5»

156°40«

7/27/51

1457-1530

1662.6

I808

22,2

24

19°01„5»

156°40«

7/27/51

2020-2050

1355=6

47,2

j 39,9

25

18°22'

156O40'

7/^8/51

1039-1109

i557o4

13,4

j 17,2

26

18°10'

155035'

7/28/51

2120-2150

1454o3

24,1

1 19,5

27

18037'

154026o5'

7/29/51

0955-1027

1284o4

lloO

1 13,9

28

19°13„5'

154°30»

7/29/51

1405-1437

1851,1

16,6

20,5

29

19°54o5»

154°29'

7/29/51

2008-2038

1342 0 7

20,5

17,7

30

20 30»

154°30«

7/30/51

0153-0224

1535„6

22,7

18,1

31

21°05o5«

154^53 o5«

7/30/51

0740-0810

1482,5

35,7

40,6

32

21°25»

155°30'

7/30/51

1343-1414

1721,1

20,9

i 26 o2

33

21°51«

156045'

7/30/51

2340-0011

1690o9

35o4

! 27,3

1/ Local civil time corresponding to / 10 zone time, 2/ Stair-stepped oblique haul to 40 meters depth, 3/ '« " " " '« 30 meters depth.

61

Table 19 » Zooplankton volumes collected on cruise 12 ^ Hugh Mo Smith ^ October^ November 1951 o All hauls were oblique tows to 200 meters depth except at stations 15 and 21 located in shoal watero

o-ba=-

Position

Date

Tinssy

Water strained

ia mo^

Zoop

C3o/

LanktoE>c 1000 mo^

tion

North latitude

West longitude

Sample

Adjustsd

volume

voiu-ine'

1

20°18''

159°18''

10/24/51

0413=0454

2804o6

37,0

33<,6

2

21=^01'

I59O14 «

10/24/51

1152-1222

1857o8

20o3

S'^oO

3

21046"

1590l2«

10/24/51

2119-2156

1984o3

24o9

19,7

4

22°28 5

159°14'

10/25/51

0214-0242

1580„9

27,7

21,9

5

23°02"

159°15'

10/25/51

0817-0845

1345o5

19,6

ujO 0 D

6

22°46«

158°25«

10/25/51

1552-1628

225I0O

23o3

26,2

7

22°09«

158°24«

10/25/51

2244»»2314

1389o2

24„8

18,8

8

21°30'

158°26»

10/26/51

0515-0549

2121o9

34,6

33 0 7

9

20°46«

158°28«

10/26/51

1155-1225

1425 „ 7

21,7

28,8

10

20°17o5«

158'^22'

10/26/51

1733-1806

1947 „3

18,0

18 o4

11

18°47«

157°27»

10/27/51

0810-0838

1249<,5

20,5

24,2

12

19°28o5'

157°27»

10/27/51

1520-1548

2088o5

19,6

23,1

13

20°06«

157°28«

10/27/51

2222-2258

2191„6

26,2

20,1

14

20°40«

157°28«

10/28/51

0527-0602

2257o6

20,6

20,1

152/

21°05'

157°28»

10/28/51

1032-1058

1497 0 3

13,0

17,0

ler

2lOl7«

157°25«

10/28/51

1249-1319

2076,1

10,9

14oS

17

21°48«

157°29«

10/28/51

1826-1856

1492,0

22o5

21o4

18

22°12«

15 7°31«

10/28/51

2339-0009

1410,7

22,3

16,8

19

21°50«

156°47«

10/29/51 0725-0759

2179o0

13,7

15 0 5

20

21°09o5«

156°35»

10/29/51' 1350-1421

2283 0 9

12,9

16,5

213/

20°49«

156°45«

10/29/51J 1745-=1813

1594«3

21 06

21,8

22

20°22'

156°39«

10/29/51: 2245=2317

14 09o7

18,8

14 o3

23

19°44«

156°44«

10/30/51

0632-0710

2424o9

13e6

14o7

24

19°04»

156°38»

10/30/51

1520=1552

1849o7

19,0

S.2«4

25

18°21»

156°38o5«

10/30/51' 2223-2255

1586,4

26,7

£0,5

26

ISOQS"

155033'

10/31/51

0737-080S

1393,6

lloS

13 06

27

18°39o5'

154°28«

10/31/51

1730=-180S

1669,8

14 oT

14«6

28

19°16.5'

154032»

10/31/51

232S-2357

13 99 0 7

22,4

j.6o9

29

20°04«

154033'

11/1/51

0615-0648

1791o5

15 0 7

16,5

30

20037, 5«

154028«

11/1/51

1126-1158

1652 „4

y ,0

12o3

1/ Local civil time corresponding to / 10 zone time, 2/ Stair-stepped oblique haul to 35 meters depth, 3/ " " " " " 25 meters depth.

62

Table 20„ Zooplanlcton volumes collected on cruises 17j, Hugh M„ Smith September 1952 o All hauls were oblique tows to 26U meters de pth o

Posi

tion

Date !

t

i

t

Time_y

IVater strained in mo

Zoopla cc,/lO

nkton

Sta-

Korth latitude

rest longitude

00 m,^

tion

Sample

Ad jus tec

;

volume

volume

1

20°20'

159014'

1

9/;6/52

0314-0344

OBO

_-_

-tJ

2

21011'

159017"

9/6/52

1010-104?

2009ol

25o0

31 oO

3

21°43«

1590l6«

9/6/52

1535=-1606

1340o5

24o4

27,5

4

22°27o5«

I59O15'

9/6/52

2221-2251

lS30o3

37o?

30,1

5

23°14

1590l8«

9/7/52

0519-0554

1728oO

29c7

29ol

6

23°09»

158026'

9/7/52

1222-1253

1514„9

23,5

29o7

7

22°3C'

158°20»

9/7/52

1810-1841

1488o7

23o6

23a

8

21°42„5«

158°20'

9/8/52

0106-0139

1738ol

3I0O

24 oS

9

20°58«

158014 '

9/8/52

1138-1205

1357,5

19ol

24e5

10

20°16«

iseois '

9/8/52

1740-1811

1401 0 7

25,5

25o5

11

19°26»

158015'

9/S/52

0011-0042

1643 „3

41,0

32o4

12

18052'

157021'

9/9/52

0922-0950

131233

22o3

27ol

13

19°29'

157°15o5>'

9/9/52

1507-1540

1716o4

20,1

23o4

14

20°15«

157022'

9/9/52

2136-2214

2252o5

31o9

26oO

15

20°43»

157°26'

9/IC/52

0313-0346

1614o6

37,0

31 „8

16

21°47o5«

1570l8«

9/10/52

1149-1216

1109o8

31o2

39,6

17

22°26'

157°169

9/10/52

1802-1835

1631o9

24,9

24o4

18

21045'

156O20'

9/11/52

0308-0340

1365o7

47<,4;

40o6

19

21°17'

i560l5o5«

9/11/52

0835-0908

i450„6

2O08

24 06

20

21002'

155037'

9/11/52

1432-1503

1583c5

17,4

20,9

21

20O2Bo5'

155037'

9/11/52

1930-2002

1679„4

35„0

51c,7

22

20O12'

1580l9»

9/12/52

0152-0228

1587.2

22,9

18,9

23

I9O3O'

156015'

9/12/52

0759-0830

2326o2

21,3

24,4

24

18°46'

156°14«

9/12/52

1401-1434

1732,7

19o0

25

18°10'

155°33'

9/12/52

2212-2245

1408,1

31o0

25o0

26

I8O49'

155032'

9/13/52

0421-0453

1497,3

22o2

20,4

27

18°46'

154°39'

9 /1 3/5 2

1155-1226

1545,7

19ol

24„2

28

I9O3O'

I54O26'

9/13/52

1828-1900

1408, 9

24,6

23o6

29

20013'

154028'

9/14/54

0112-0142

1657o0

25,6

20o5

30

20054*

154O30«

9/14/52

0740-0814

1615,4

20,9

' 23„6

31

21044'

I55O34'

9/14/52

1750-1820

1517ol

20o2

20 o2

1/ Local civil time corresponding to / 10 zone timeo 2/ Sample lost at sea as result of torn neto

63

Table

21o Zooplankton volumes collected on crui All hauls were oblique tows to 200 rae

se 89 Joh.

n R. Mara

linge

ters deptho

Sta-- tion

Position

Date

Timej^'

Water strained in nio^

Zocpis

___CCo/l(

mktca

North latitude

West longitude

DOO mo'^

Sample

Adjusted

volume

^!olume

1

22°48'

158°25«

9/24/51

0640-0654

1653 „ 4

24.0

25o5

2

22°27«

158°25'

9/24/51

0930-1005

1328o2

22o7

30.1

3

22°09«

158°25'

9/24/51

1217-1253

1556o9

CO 0 1

32.4

4

21°47«

158°25«

9/24/51

1506-1545

1585.9

17.5

21.8

5

21°27'

158°25'

9/24/51

1837-1918

1989„9

24.6

22o5

6

21°07«

158°25«

9/24/51

2132-2210

1964„6

34.1

25.4

7

20°47«

158°25'

9/25/51

0021-0100

I6O808

25o9

18.5

8

20°27'

158°25'

9/25/51

0305-0343

1549o3

28 cO

2?„4

9

20O06'

158025'

9/25/51

0606-0642

15iO„5

17.3

17.8

15

22°48«

158°25«

10/1/5 1

0204-0240

1427ol

24.6

18.6

16

22028«

158025 «

10,A/51

0455-053?

I6I80O

25.5

24o0

17

22°08'

158°25'

10/1/51

0741-0816

1632ol

15o0

17,8

18

21°48»

158°25'

10/1/51

1026-1054

1280o4

14.6

20.1

19

21°27,5«

158025'

10/1/51

1430-1508

193io6

jk.D o'^

i9oe

20

21°07.5«

158°25«

10/1/51

1714-1748

1521o2

17.6

18<,2

21

20^478

158025'

10/1/51

2007-2040

1475o3

25o3

20,8

22

20 27'

158 25'

10/1/51

2253-2329

1424 ol

24.9

17o7

23

20^07 »

158°25'

10/2/51

0149-0222

1070 0 3

23 ol

17o2

27

22048'

158025*

10/7/51

2343-0012

1032o9

26.7

18„9

28

22028'

158025'

10/8/51

0230=0306

1693o6

31o6

24oS

29

22O08'

158025'

10/8/51

0525-0600

1556o5

22.5

2I08

30

21^'48»

158''25'

10/8/51

0817-0850

1288o4

12.9

I60I

31

21°27„5«

158°25'

10/8/51

1107-1140

1574o8

17.1

24o0

32

21°07„5'

158°25«

10/8/51

1355-1427

1264o7

13.8

18,3

33

20 479

158 25'

10/8/51

1640-1710

1329o0

15o7

17 o2

34

20°27'

158°25'

10/8/51

1921-1954

1790„9

25.4

22oO

35

20°07'

158°25'

10/8/51

2225-2259

1891„4

35.3

25.6

38

22°48»

158°25'

10/15/51

0330-0402

1549 0 7

3io5

25.9

39

22028'

158025'

10/15/51

0612-0645

1544„9

17.9

18,4

40

i 22°08«

158°25'

10/15/51

0859-0931

1709o3

14.0

18.2

41

21°48'

158°25'

10/15/51

1144-1214

1318c 6

13.9

19.6

42

21°27„5'

158025'

10/15/51

1450-1522

1161.8

15.0

19„i

43

2lO07«5'

158025'

10/15/51

1737-1808

1373o8

16.5

16.5

44

i 20047'

158025'

10/15/51

2021-2049

1230,1

29.5

23.7

45

20°27'

, 158°25»

10/15/51

2308-2341

1509„5

24.8

17,7

46

20°07'

j 158^25'

10/16/51

0150-0222

1028.3

33o6

i —

24.9

1/ Local civil time corresponding t c / 10 zone time,

64

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