BOSTON PUBLIC LIBRARY 3 9999 06317 684 4 CATALOGUE OF HELMINTHS OF WATERFOWL (ANATIDAE) Bos t UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE BUREAU OF SPORT FISHERIES AND WILDLIFE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, WALTER J. HICKEL, SECRETARY Leslie L. Glasgow, Assistant Secretary for. Fish and Wildlife, Parks, and Marine Resources Fish and Wildlife Service, Charles' H. Meacham, Commissioner Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, John S. Gottschalk, Director CATALOGUE OF HELMINTHS OF WATERFOWL (ANATIDAE) By Malcolm E. McDonald Bear River Research Station Denver Wildlife Research Center Division of Wildlife Research Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife Special Scientific Report — Wildlife No. 126 Washington, D. C. • August 1969 CATALOGUE OF HELMINTHS OF WATERFOWL (ANATIDAE) CONTENTS Introduction v Checklist of Helminths reported from waterfowl 1 Index of synonyms and invalid names reported from waterfowl 25 Species summaries 41 Trematoda 41 Cestoda 360 Nematoda 546 Acanthocephala 656 Hirudinea 689 in which a parasite has "been observed (one paper may report a species from many individual ducks or from several species). The status is recorded as rare (reported once or twice), infrequent (3 to 10 reports), frequent (ll to 20 reports), common (21 to 50 reports), or very common (over 50 reports). For many parasites this value may indicate the number of studies within their geographic range or taxonomic group rather than their actual abundance, but similar faults would be found with any criterion used. Statements about pathological effects and mortality are merely a guide to the literature. Questions about the validity of a species or a name are documented in STATUS AS SPECIES. Species names which are definitely invalid or are regarded as invalid by several taxonomists, but which have been reported for waterfowl in the literature since about 1-910, are listed in an INDEX OF SYNONYMS AND INVALID NAMES. Many species whose validity is in dispute are given complete coverage. Often such species probably represent only individual variations or inadequate descriptions (see Boddeke, i960, for the genus Prosthogonimus , or comments of Stunkard and Uzmann, 1958, on Gymnophallus ) . About 130 names are excluded from the checklist and catalogue as synonyms, but about 100 more of the nearly 1,000 names included have been declared synonyms by someone. In the listings under SYNONYMY, lapses and misspellings have been ignored, unless creating a distinctly new name or combination. Dates of publication are those given in the Index-Catalogue of the ARS Parasitological Laboratory. Transliteration of Cyrillic alphabets has followed the table in Circular 115, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Cook, F. W., 1961, Literature Citations in Publications of the Fish and Wildlife Service). This sometimes results in spelling an author's name differently from the form in his own papers, a practice justifiably condemned recently by Skrjabin, but the only alternative seems to be chaos . The genus Hymenolepis in the family Hymenolepididae of Cestoda is being radically revised and broken up, primarily by taxonomists of the U.S.S.R. In the earlier edition of this catalogue this revision was ignored, and the use of Hymenolepis sensu lato was retained for all forms. This revision has now gone too far to be ignored, but the recognition and division of genera is in such a state of flux that no general arrangement can yet be relied on. For each species both the most recent generic designation and the name in Hymenolepis' s. I. (if one exists) are given, but the arrangement of species in the catalogue is alphabetical, as if all were still in the genus Hymenolepis. This is a poor compromise, perhaps, but seems the best arrangement for location of particular species, since many have been assigned to three, four, or five different genera in the past 10 years . Under FINAL HOSTS, avian and mammalian hosts are listed by orders to show the range of host specificity. The arrangement of orders of vi birds follows that of the AOU Checklist (American Ornithologist's Union, Check-list of North American Birds, 5th edition, ■ 1957) with the exception that the Anseriformes are given first. The arrangement of species within each group is alphabetical, except that Anser anser and Anas platyrhynchos are placed first in their respective tribes because of their importance as the origin of domestic waterfowl. Within the Anseriformes, the degree of host specificity is further shown by grouping the species into the tribes as listed by Delacour (Waterfowl of the World, 1959-I960) and Scott (A Coloured Key to the Waterfowl of the World, Rev. Ed., 1961). Domestic waterfowl hosts are indicated " (dom. )" with no subspecific connotation; laboratory strains of rodents are similarly designated "(lab.)". Ducks used as experimental hosts in determining life cycles are assumed to be domestic ducks unless the paper specifically states otherwise; experimental hosts are designated "[exper.]". Host subspecies are ignored, except when they apply to forms frequently separated as distinct species. An attempt has been made to bring all host names up to date and eliminate synonyms. Species names of waterfowl are those of Scott (1961); names for species of other avian groups follow Peters' check- list (Check-list of Birds of the World, 193I-I963) as far as possible. For passerine birds not yet covered by Peters, the AOU Check-list and Vaurie (Birds of the Palearctic Fauna, Order Passeri formes, 1959) were used. Since current usage in Podicipedi formes differs markedly from that of Peters, the AOU Check-list and Peterson, Mount fort, and Hollom (A. Field Guide to the Birds of Britain and Europe, 1959) were used for this group. Staff members of the United States National Museum were kind enough to give suggestions concerning names of other hosts: Dr. Leonard P. Schultz and associates for fish; Dr. James A. Peters for amphibians and reptiles; Dr. Feniier A. Chace, Jr., Dr. Thomas E. Bowman, and Dr. Louis S. Kornicker for crustaceans; and Dr. Meredith L. Jones for annelids. Dr. G. E. Gates also suggested corrections for some annelid names. These men must not be held responsible in any way for errors in host names, however. Nomenclature of freshwater snails follows that of Maiek (Laboratory Guide and Notes for Medical Malacology, 1962). For simplification and elimination of considerable confusion, all genera derived from Lymnaea have been ignored and their species listed under Lyrnnaea s_. 1. DISTRIBUTION is given by continent and countries or other political divisions; the distribution by faunal regions can often be worked out from this information. The names used are mostly modern, but no doubt some errors have been made by the author--no distinction is made between East and West Germany, some Polish records may have been in what is now the U.S.S.R., and some records marked India might actually be in Pakistan. Recorded distribution in the world is sadly unbalanced, because only the U.S.S.R. and countries in central and western Europe have been adequately studied. At least 6,000 wild vii waterfowl have been examined in systematic surveys in Asiatic U.S.S.R., and 1,500 in European U.S.S.R. Surveys in the rest of Europe cover about 1,100 waterfowl, and those in North America 215 to 1,220 for various classes of helminths. The rest of the world is represented only by sporadic reports. Studies of domestic waterfowl are primarily confined to the U.S.S.R. and eastern Europe, but also show extensive coverage in eastern Asia. VLLl CHECKLIST OF HELMINTHS REPORTED FROM WATERFOWL Classification in: Grasse, P. (kd. ) Traite de Zoologie, Tome IV, Pasc. 1-3, 1961, I965, Masaon et Gie, Paris. (Trematoda - Baer & Joyeux, I96I; Cestoda - Joyeux & Baer, I96I; Nematoda - Roman, 1965; Chabaud, 19^5l Acanthocephala - Baer, 1961) TREMATODA ORD^it STRIGEaTOIDEA Family Cyathocotylidae Cyathocotyle bushiensis Khan, 1962 Cyathocotyle indica Mehra, 1943 Cyathocotyle melanittae Yamaguti, 1934 Cyathocotyle prussica Muhling, I896 Cyathocotyle skr j abini Petrov & Sudarikov, I963 Holostephanus curonensis (Szidat, 1933) Yamaguti, 1939 Holostephanus luehei Szidat, 193& Holostephanus lutzi (Faust & Tang, 1938) Mehra, 1943 Holostephanus volgensis (Sudarikov, 1962) Vojtkova, 1966 Paracoenogonimus ovatus Katsurada, 1914 Par ac 0 enogonimus viviparae (Linstow, 1877) Mehra, 1947 Mesostephanus sp. Family Diplostoniatidae Diplostomum gasterostei Williams, 1966 Diplostomum gavium (Quberlet, 1922) Hughes, 1929 Diplostomum indis tine turn (Guberlet, 1923) Hughes, 1929 Diplostomum mergi Dubois, 1932 Diplostomum micradenum (Cort & Brackett, 1939) Olivier, 1940 Diplostomum parviventosum Dubois, 1932 Diplostomum pelinatoides Dubois, 1932 Diplostomum phoxini (Faust, 1918) -°rvy & Buttner, 1954 Diplostomum pusillum (Dubois, 1927) Dubois, 1932 Diplostomum scudderi (Olivier, 1941) Dubois, I966 Diplostomum spathaceum spathaceum (Rudolphi, 1819) Olsson, I876 Diplostomum spathaceum flexlcaudum (Cort & Brooks, 1928) Dubois, I966 [larval cysts] Neodiplostomum attenuatum (Linstow, 1906) La Rue, 1926 [larval cysts] Reodiplostomum spathula (Creplin, 1829) La Rue, 1926 Tylodelphys clavatum (Nordmann, 1832) Diesing, 1850 Ornithodiplostomum ptychocheilus (Faust, 1917 ) Dubois, 193& Omithodiplostomum ptychocheilus palaearcticum Odening, I963 Pharyngostomvua cordatum (Diesing, 1850) Ciurea, 1922 [larval cysts] Alaria canis La Rue & Fallis, 1936 [larval cysts] Family Strigeidae Apatemon anseris Dubois, I967 Apatemon cobitidis cobiditis (Linstow, 1890) Vojtek, I964 Apatemon cobitidls pellucidus (Yamagut: v33) Vojtek, I964 Apatemon cobitidls proterorhlni Vojtek, 1964 Apatemon fuhrmanni Dubois, 1937 Apatemon globiceps Dubois, 1937 Apatemon graciliformis Szidat, 1928 Apatemon gracilis gracilis (Rudolphi, 1819) Szidat, 1928 Apatemon gracilis burti (Miller, 1933) Dubois & Rausch, i960 Apatemon gracilis canadensis Dubois & Rausch, 1950 Apatemon gracilis congolense Dubois & Fain, 1956 Apatemon gracilis exilis Dubois, 1948 Apatemon gracilis fuligulae (Yamaguti, 1933) Dubois, 1953 Apatemon gracilis indicus (Vidyarthi, 1937) Dubois, 1953 Apatemon gracilis .japonious (ishii, 1932) Dubois, 1953 Apatemon gracilis minor (Yamaguti, 1933) Dubois & Rausch, 1950 Apatemon gracilis somateriae Dubois, 1948 Apatemon intermedius (Johnston, 1904) Dubois, 1937 Apatemon parvitestis Ishii, 1935 Apatemon skr.jabini (Ryzhikov, Leonov, & Tsimbaliuk, 1964) Dubois, I966 Gotylurus brevis Dubois & Rausch, 1948 Cotylurus comutus (Rudolphi, 1808) Szidat, 1928 Gotylurus errsticus (Rudolphi, I8O9) Szidat, 1928 Cot;/ lurus f 3 abelliformis (Faust, 1917) Van Haitsma, 1931 Cotylurus hebraicus Dubois, 1934 Cotylurus japonious Ishii, 1932 Cotylurus orientalis Vidyarthi, 1937 Cotylurvs platycephalus (Creplin, 1825) Szidat, 1928 Cotylurus raabei (Bezubik, 1958) Dubois, I964 Cotylurus strigeoides Dubois, 1958 Coty lurus syrius Dubois, 1934 Cotylurostrigea brandivitellata Belogurov, Maksimova, & Tolkacheva, 1966 Parastrigea robust a Szidat, 1928 Pseud apatemon mamilliformis (Tubangui, 1932) Dubois, I936 Pseudostrigea artatis Ku, I964 Strigea elegans Chandler & Rausch, 1947 [larval cysts ] Strigea falconis Szidat, 1928 flarval cysts] Strigea vaginata (Brandes, 1888) Szidat, 1928 ^larval cysts] Family bichistosomatidae Austrobilharzia canadensis (KcLeod, 193&) rPenner, 1953] Austrobilharzia chapini (Price, 1929) rPenner, 1953] Au3trobilharzia laanitobensis (McLeod, 193&) Penner, 1953 J _Austrobilharzia variglandis (Miller & Northup, 19^6) Penner, 1953 0 it. i th ob i lh arz i a pricei Wetzel, 1930 Bilharziella indica (Lai, 1937) Mehra, 1940 Bilharziella lali Baugh, 1963 Bilharziella polonica (Kow^lewski, 1895) Looss, 1899 Dendritobilharzia asiaticus Kehra, 1940 Dendritobilharzia pulverulenta (Braun, 1901) Skrjabin, I924 Gigantobilharzia acotylea Odhner, 1910 Gigantobilharzia ad ami Fain, i960 Gigantobilharzia monocotylea Szidat, 1930 Gigantobilharzia nettapi Fain, i960 Gigantobi lharzi a plectropteri Fain, i960 Gigantobilharzia suebica Donges, I964 Trichobi lharzi a adamsi Edwards & Jansch, 1955 Trichobilharzia alaskensis Harkema, i960 Trichobilharzia anatina Fain, 1955 Trichobilharzia berghei Fain, 1955 Trichobilharzia brantae Farr & Blankemeyer, 195& Trichobilharzia brevis Basch, 1966 Trichobilharzia burnetti (Brackett, 1942) McMullen & Beaver, 1945 Trichobilharzia cameroni Wu, 1953 Trichobilharzia duboisi Fain, 1959 Trichobilharzia elvae (Miller, I923) iimeel, Van der Woude, & Cort, 1953 Trichobilharzia filifonnis (Szidat, 1938) McMullen & Beaver, 1945 Trichobilharzia horiconensis (Brackett, 1942) McMullen & Beaver, 1945 Trichobilharzia indica Baugh, 1963 Trichobi Iharzia kegonsensis (Brackett, 1942) McMullen & Beaver, 1945 Trichobilharzia kowalevskii (Ejsmont, I929) McMullen & Beaver, 1945 Trichobilharzia nasicola Fain, 1955 Trichobilharzia ocellata (La Valette, 1855) Brumpt, 1931 Trichobilharzia oregenensis (Macfarlane & Macy, I946) Macy & Moore, 1953 Trichobi Hi arzi a physellae (Talbot, I936) McMullen & Beaver, 1945 Trichobilharzia rodhaini Fain, 1955 Tri chobi lharzi a schoutedeni Fain, 1955 Trichobilharzia spinulata Fain, 1955 Trichobilharzia stagnicolae (Talbot, I936) McMullen & Beaver, I945 Trichobilharzia szidati Neuhaus, 1952 Trichobilharzia waubesensis (Brackett, 1942) McMullen & Beaver, 1945 Trichobi lharzi a yokogawai (Oiso, 1927) McMullen & Beaver, I945 Gercaria longicauda Macfarlane , 1949 Cere aria uiieensis Ishida, i960 Family Cyclocoeliidae Cyclocoelum brasilianum Stossich, 1902 Cyclocoelum mutabile (Zeder, 1800) Stossich, 1902 Cyclocoelum obscurum (Leidy, 1887) Harrah, 1922 Cyclocoelum odeningi Dubois^ 1965 Cyclocoelum vanelli (Rudolphi, 1819 ) Dubois, 1965 Hyptiasmus arcuatus (Brandes, 1892) Kossack, 1911 Hyptiasmus oeuleus Kossack, 1911 Hyptiasmus vigisi Savinov, i960 Hyptiasmus witenbergi Tret'iakova, 1950 Prohyptiasmus robustus (Stossich, 1902) Witenberg, 1926 Ophthalmophagus magalhaesi Travasposf 1921 Ophthalmophagus nasicola Witenbeig, 1923 Oph th almoph agus singularis Stossich, 1902 Neivaia cymbium (Diesing, 1850) Dubois, I959 Typhlocoelum cucumerinum (Rudolphi, 1809) Stossich, 1902 Typhlocoelum indicum Fotedar, I965 Typhlocoelum sisowi (Skrjabin, 1913) Dubois, 1959 Typhlocoelum sisowi acirratus (Jain, 1966) comb, noy. Family Orchipedidae Orchi pedum tracheicola Braun, 1901 Family Brachylaemidae Brachylaemus fuscatum (Rudolphi, I8I9) Joyeux, Baer, & Timon-David, 1952 Leucochloridiomorpha constantiae (Mueller, 1935) Allison, 1943 Leucochloridiomorpha lutea (Baer. 1927) Voelker, 1963 Leucochloridiomorpha papillata Shoemaker, I96I Leucochloridiomorpha skr.jabini Khaziev, I963 Family Leucochloridiidae Leueochloridium cyanocittae Mcintosh. 1932 Leucochloridium holostomum (Rudolphi, I8I9) Lutz, 1928 Family Fellodistomatidae Gymnophallus bilis Brinkmann, I956 Gymnophallus bursicola Odhner, 1900 Gymnophallus ceratostomus Tsimbalfuk & Leonov, 1963 Gymnophallus choledocus Odhner, 1900 Gymnophallus deliciosus (Olsson, I893) Odhner, 1900 Gymnophallus minor Ryzhikov, 1963 Gymnophallus mollissima (Morozov, i960) Ryzhikov, 1963 Gymnophallus nereicolor Rebecq & Prevot, I962 Gymnophallus skr j abini Ryzhikov, 1963 Meiogymnophallus .jamesoni Bowers. I966 Meiogymnophallua macroporus (Jameson & Nicoll, I913) Ching, I965 Meiogymnophallus macrostomus (Yamaguti, 1939) Ching, 1965 Meiogymnophallus minutus (Cobbold, 1859) Bowers & James, 1967 Meiogymnoph alius multigemmulus Ching, 1965 Meiogymnophallus somateriu-e (Levinsen. 1881) Ching, I965 LaQunovenais conspicuus Ching, I965 Parvatrema affine (Jameson & Niooll, 1913) James, 1964 Parvatrema borealis Stunk ard & Uzmann, 1958 Parvatrema lintoni James, 1964 Parvatrema ovoplenus (Jameson & Nicoll, I913) Stunlcard & Uzmann, 1958 Parvatrema timondavidi Bar toll. I963 0RDi,R SCHINOSTCMIDA Family Cathaemasiidae Ribeiroia ondatrae (Price, 1931) Price, 1942 Family Echinostomatidae Schinoehasmus beleocephalus (Linstow, 1875) Dietz, 1909 Echinochasmus coaxatus Dietz, 1909 echinochasmus dietzevi Isalchikov, 1927 bchinoohasmus japonicus Tanabe, 1926 i^chinochasams mergi mergi (Cannon, 1958) Odening, I965 Echinochasmus mergi palaearcticus Odening, I965 Echinochasmus milvi Yamaguti, 1959 Echinochasmus mirus Mendheim, 1940 Echinochasmus mordax (Looss, 1899) Price, 1951 apisthmium colymbi (Shigin, 1956) Shigin, 1956 Moliniella anceps (Molin, 1859) Hubner, 1959 Patagifer bilobas (Rudolphi, 1819) Dietz, 1909 Stephanoprora denticulata (Rudolphi, 1802) Qdhner, 1910 Stephanoprora gracilis Mendheim, 1940 S t e ph anopror a pseudodenticulata Mendheim, 1940 Stephanoprora spinosa (Qdhner, 1910 ) Odhner, 1910 Acanthoparyphium kurogamo Yamaguti, 1959 ^canthoparyphiua marilae Yamaguti, 1954 Acanthoparyphium melanittae Yamaguti, 1959 Acanthoparyphium paracharadrii Velasquez , 1964 Acanthop ar.yphium spinulosum Johnston, 1917 Acanthoparyphium tyosenense Yamaguti , 1959 Cotylotretus cubanicus Artfukh, 1958 Cotylotretus grandis (Rudolphi, 1819) Odhner, 1910 Echinoparyphium aconiatum Dietz, 1909 Echinoparyphium baculusTPiesing, 1850) Luhe, I909 Echinoparyphium bagulai Jain, I96I Echinoparyphium clerci Skrjabin,, 1915 Echinoparyphium colchicus Dzavelidze, 1957 Echinoparyphium dunni Lie & Umathevy, I965 Echinoparyphium elegans (Looss, 1899) Dietz, 1909 Echinoparyphium ellisi (Johnston & Simpson, 1944) Johnston & Angel, 1949 Echinoparyphium flexum (Linton, 1892) McCoy, I927 Echinoparyphium gizzurdai Verma, I956 Echinoparyphium minor (Hsu, 1955) Skrjabin & Bashkirova, 1956 Echinoparyphium nordiana Bashkirova, I94I Echinoparyphium paracinctum Bykhovskafk-Pavlovskafa, 1954 Kchinoparyphium querquedulae Ablasov & Chibichenko, i960 Echinoparyphium recurvatum (Linstow, 1875) Luhe, 1909 Echinoparyphium recurvatum indiana Verma, I956 Echinoparyphium sinorchis Oshmarin, 195& uchinoparyphium spiniferum (La Valette, 1855) Ahmed, 1959 Echinop aryphium syrdariense syrdariense Burdelev, 1937 Echinoparyphium syrdariense aquaticum Bashkirova, 1941 Echinoparyphium westsibiricum Isalchikov, 1925 Neoacanthoparyphium echinatoides (Filippi, 1854) Odening, I962 ^chinostoma amurzetica Petrochenko & Egorova, I96I Echinostoma anseris Yamaguti* 1959 achinostoma asiatica Mendheim, 1943 Echinostoma audyj Lie & Umathevy, I965 Echinostoma barbosai Lie & Basch, I966 Echinostoma bhattacharyai indicus Ablasov & Chibichenko, i960 Echinostoma ehasma Lai, 1939 Echinostoma chinensis Lu, Li, & Chu, I964 Echinostoma chloropodis (Zeder, 1800) Dietz, I909 echinostoma crecci Verma, 1936 Echinostoma dietzi Skrjabin, I924 Echinostoma echinocephalum (Rudolphi, 18 19) Cobbold, I860 Echinostoma fulicae Porter, 1921 Echinostoma gotoi .«ndo & Ozaki, 1923 Echinostoma grandis Bashkirova, 1946 Echinostoma hortense Asada, I926 Echinostoma katsuradai Kurisu, 19 30 Echinostoma koisarensis Ablasov & Iksanov, 1959 Echinostoma lindoensis Sandground & Bonne, 1940 Echinostoma longicirrus Verma, 1936 Echinostoma minimus Verma, 1936 Echinostoma miyagawai Ishii, 1932 Echinostoma novum (Verma« 1936) Baugh, 1950 Echinostoma paraulum Dietz* 1909 Echinoiitoma pekinensis Ku„ 1937 Echinostoma revolutum (Froelich, 1802) Looss, 1899 Echinostoma robustum Yamaguti, 1935 Echinostoma rufinae Kurova, 1927 Echinostoma sarcinum Dietz, 1909 Echinostoma stromi Bashkirova, I946 Echinostoma sudanense Odhner, 1910 Echinostoma turkestanicum Kurova, 1927 Suparyphium longitestis Verma, 1936 Euparyphium murinum Tubangui, 1931 Hypoderaeum conoideum (Bloch, 1782) Dietz, 1908 Hypoderaeum dingeri Lie, I964 Hypoderaeum ess ex ens is (Khan, i960) Khan, 1Q62 Hypodoraeuia gnedini Bashkirova, 1941 Hypoderaeum aiain^jrla Verma, I936 Hypoderaeum nricrospina (Singh, 1954) Skrjabin & Bashkirova, I956 Hypoderaeum skr.jabini Oshmarin, 1956 Hypoderaeum vigi Bashkirova, 1941 iviet echinostoma amurensis Petrochenko & Khrustaleva, I963 Parechinostomum cine turn (Rudolphi, 1803) Dietz, 1909 Paryphostomum horai Baugh, 1950 Paryphostomum pentalobum Verma, I936 Faryphostomvua radiatum (Du.jardin, 1845) Dietz, I909 Paryphostomuxa testitri folium Gogate, 19 34 Petasiger coronatus Mendheim, I94O Petasiger jubilarum (El'perin, 1937) Skrjabin & Bashkirova, I956 Petasiger longicir ratios Ku, 1938 Petasiger megacantha~TKotlan, 1922) Bashkirova, I94I Petasiger mlnutissimus Gogate, 1934 Petasiger skrjabini Bashkirova, I94I Frotechinostoma mucronisertulatum Beaver, 1943 Curtuteria grumati Odening, I963 Himasthla elongata (Mehlis, 1831) Dietz, 1909 Himasthla incisa Linton, 1928 Himasthla mllitaris (Rudolphi, 1803 ) Dietz, 1909 Family Philophthalmidae Cloacitrema marilae Tsimbalfuk & Leonov, I963 Cloacitrema ovatum Yamaguti, 1935 Parorchis acanthus (Nicoll, 1906) Nicoll, 190? Philophthalmus anatinus Sugimoto, 1928 Philophthfllmus cupensis Richter, Vrazic, & Aleraj, 1953 Philophthalmus gralli Mathis & Leger, 1910 Philophthalmus hegeneri Penner & Fried, 19&3 Phi lophthalmus hovorkai BuSa, 1956 Phi lophthalmus mura schkinzewi Tret' ikkova, 1948 Philophthalmus noc turnus Looss, 1907 Philophthalmus nyrocae Yamaguti, 1934 Philophthalmus posaviniensis Richter, Vrazic, & Aleraj, 1953 Philophthalmus proboscidus Oshroarin, I963 Philophthalmus rizalensis Tubangui, 1932 Philophthalmus sinensis Hsu & Chow, 1938 Family Psilostomatidae Psilochasmus alii Jaiswal, 1957 Psilochasaus indicus Gupta, 1957 Psilochasmus longicirratus Skrjabin, 1913 Psilochasmus oxyurus (Crep'lin, 1825) Luhe, 1909 Psilochasmus skrjabini Gnedina, I946 Psilorchis ajgainis Lai, 1938 Psilostomum anserinum Oshmarin, I963 Psilostomum borealis Ryzhikov, I963 Psilostomum brevicolle (Creplin, 1829) Braun, 1902 Psilostomum cygnei Southwell & Kirshner, 1937 Psilostomum marilae Price, 1942 Psilotrema acutirostris Oshmarin, I963 Psilotrema brevis Oshmarin, I963 Psilotrema mediopora Oshmarin, I963 Psilotrema oligoon (Linstow, 1887) Odhner, 1913 Psilotrema simillimum simillimum (Muhling, 1898) Odhner, 1913 Psilotrema simillimum swerinensis Grafner, 19&5 Sharmaia gatesi (Sharma. 1943) Yamaguti, 1958 Sphaeridiotrema globulus (Rudolphi, I8I4) Odhner, I913 Sphaeridiotrema spinoacetabulum Burns « I96I Family Paramphistomatidae Zygocotyle lunata (Diesing, I836) Stunkard, 1916 Family Notocotylidae Notocotylus ae,syptiacus Gdhner, 1905 Notocotylus atlanticus Stunkard, 1966 Notocotylus sttenuatus (Rudolphi, 1809 ) Kossack, 1911 Notocotylus babai Bhalerao, 1935 Notocotylus dafilae Harwood, 1939 Notocotylus duboisianus Odening, I964 Notocot.-ylus ephemera (Nitzscht 1807 ) Harwood, 1939 Notocotylus gibbus (Mehlis, I846) Kossack, 1911 Notocotylus imbricatus imbricatus (Looss, 1893) Szidat, 1933 Notocotylus imbricatus magniovatus (Yamaguti, 1934) Dubois, 1951 Notocotylus linearis (Rudolphi, 1819) U. Szidat, 1936 Notocotylus mamii Hsti, 1954 Notocotylus minutus Stunkard, i960 Notocotylus naviformis Tubangui, 1952 Notocotylus pacifera (Noble, 1933) Harwood, 1939 Notocotylus parviovatus Yamaguti, 1934 Notocotylus ralli Bay lis, 193& Notocotylus seineti Fuhrmann, 1919 Notocotylus skr.jabini Ablasov, 1953 Notocotylus stagnicolae Herber, 1942 Notocotylus tachyeretis Duthoit, 1931 Notocotylus urbanensis (Cort, 1914 ) Harrah, 1922 Uniserialis breviserialis Stunkard, 19&7 Uniserialis gippyensis Beverley -Burt on. 1958 Catatropis appendiculata Lutz. 1928 Catatropis cygni Yamaguti. 1939 Catatropis harwoodi Bullock. 1952 Catatropis hisikui Yciiaaguti, 1939 Catatropis indicus Srivastava, 1935 Catatropis orientalis Harshe, 1932 Catatropis pricei Harwood, 1939 Catatropis rauschi Singh, 1956 Catatropis verrucosa (Froelich, 1789) Odhner, 1905 Paramonostomum alveatum (Hehlis, I846) Ltihe, 1909 Paramonostomum bucephalae Yamaguti, 1935 Paramonostomum casarcum Lai , 19 36 P aramono s t omum chabaudi van Strydonck, I965 Paramonostomum elongatum Yamaguti, 1934 Paramonostomum harwoodi Nath & Pande, I962 Paramonostomum histrionici Ching, I96I Paramonostomum malerischi Dunagan, 1957 Paramonostomum nettioni Baugh, 1958 Paramonostomum ovatum Hsu, 1935 Paramonostomum parvum Stunkard & Dunihue, 1931 Paramonostomum pseudalveatum Price, 1931 Paromonostomum querquedulum Lai, 1936 Tristriata anatis Belopol' skafa, 1953 Family Pronocephalidae Parapronocephalum symmetricum Belopol1 skafa. 1952 ORDcit RENICOLIDA, Family Renicolidae Renicola brant ae Mcintosh & Farrf 1952 Renicola madiovitellata Bykhovskaxa-Pavlovskai'a., 1950 Renicola mollissima Kulachkova, 1957 Renicola soiaateriae Belopol^skaJa., 1952 ORDER PLaGIORCHIIDA Family Dicrocoeliidae Brochylecithijua sp. Lvperosomum anatis Belogurov & Leonov, 1963 Pancreatreroa sp. Wetzelitrgma melanittae Ray ski & Fahmy, I962 Family Suootylidae Eucotyle olangulae W alien, i960 Bucotyle cphni Skrjabin, I924 Kucotyle nephritica (Mehlis, I846) Conn, I904 Eucotyle popowi Skrjabin & ivranova, 1942 Eucotyle warreni_ Schell, I967 Eucotyle wehri Price, 1930 Eucotyle zakharowi Skrjabin, 1920 Tanaisia fedtschenkoi fedtschenkoi Skrjabin, I924 T analgia fedtschenkoi meridionalis Odening, I964 Family Haplometridae Prosthogonimus anatinus Markov, 1902 Prosthogonimus cuneatus (Rudolphi, 1809 ) Braun, 1901 ££?JJ^£°ilEfi§. li&ani Gnedina, 1941 Pros thogonimus macrorchis Macy, 1954 P ro s thogonimus ovatus (Rudolphi, 1803) Luhe, 1899 Prosthogonimus pelluoidus (Linstow, 1875) Braun, 1901 P ros thogonimus putschkowskii Skrjabin, 1913 Prosthogonimus rudolphii Skrjabin, 1919 Pro s thogonimu s ryjikovi Ablasov, 1955 Prosthogonimus spinatus Shevtsov, I965 Prosthogonimus sudarikovi Oshmarin, I96I Schistogonifflus rarus (Braun, 1901) Luhe, 1909 Family Lecithodendriidae Pleuropsolus somateria Morozov, i960 Family Microphallidae Ascorhytis charadriformis (Young, 1949) Ching, I965 ^.triophallophorus minutus (Price, 1934) Deblock & Rose, I964 Levinseniella aninicolae Etges, 1953 Levinseniella belopolskoi Khuan Shen-i, 1962 Levinseniella brachysoma (Creplin, 1837) Stiles & Hassall, 1902 Levinseniella bucephalae (Yamaguti, 1935) Yamaguti, 1939 Levinseniella camtshatica Morozov, i960 Levinseniella cruzi Trivassos, 1921 Levinseniella pellucida JagerskiSld, 2 907 Levinseniella propinqua JagerskiSld, 1907 Microphallus clavifonais (Brandes, 1888) Baer, 1944 Microphallus excellens (Nicoll, 1§07) Baer, 1944 Microphallus fusiformis Reimer, I963 Microphallus longicaeeus Chen, 195& Microphallus nicolli (Cable & Hunninen, 1938) Baer, 1944 Microphallus papillorobustus (Rankin, 1940) Baer, 1944 Microphallus pirum (jjfanas'ev, 1941) Rausch, 1953 Microphallus prim as (Jagerskiold, 1908) Stunkard, 1951 Microphallus useudogonotylus (Chen, 1944) Biguet, Deblock, & Capron, 1958 Microphallus pygmaeus (Levinsen, 1881) Baer, 1944 Microphallus similis (Jagerskiold, 1900) Baer, 1944 Microphallus somateriae (Kulachkova, 1958) Deblock & Rose, I964 Anacetabulitrema samarae Deblock & Rose, 1964 Gynaecoty'la jaegerskioeldi (Travassos, 192 1) Yamaguti, 1939 Maritrema ac^iae (Swales, 1933) Cower, 1938 Maritrema afanassjewi afanassjewi Belopol'skaia, 1952 Maritrema afanassjewi minor Chen, 1957 Maritrema gratiosua Nicoll, 1907 Maritrema inusitata Leonov & Tsimbalfuk, 1963 Maritrema japonicum (Yamaguti, 1939) J^tges, 1953 Maritrema macracetabulum Deblock & Rose, I964 Maritrema nettae Gower, 1938 Maritrema nicolli Travassos, 1921 Maritrema obstipum (Van Cleave & Mueller, 1932) Mueller, 1934 Maritrema raminellae (Dery, 1958) Deblock, Capron, & Biguet, I96I Maritrema rhodanicum Carre re, 19 3& Maritrema subdolum Jagerskio'ld, 1908 Mari t reminoi dea mapaensis Chen, 1957 Ps^udolevinseniella cheni Tsai, 1955 Family Plagiorchiidae Plagiorchis brauni Massino, 1927 Plagiorchis case re ii (Mehra, 1937) Skrjabin & ^ntipin, 1959 Plagiorchis cirratug (Rudolphi, 1802) Braun, 1902 Plagiorchis elegans (Rudolphi, 1802) Braun, 1902 Plagiorchis ferrugineum (Mehra, 1937) Braun, 1902 Plagiorchis laricola Skrjabin, I924 Plagiorchis maculosus (Rudolphi, 1802) Braun, 1901 Plagiorchis nanus TR~u^olphi » 1802) Braun, 1901 Plagiorchis nyrocae Ryzhikov & Timof eeva, I962 Plagiorchis obtusus Shtrom, 1940 Plagiorchis potanini Skrjabin, 1928 Plagiorchis russii (Mehra, 1937) Skrjabin & Antipin, 1959 Plagiorchis uhlwormi Massino, 1927 Family Stomylotrematidae Ld.t(.rotrema arenula (Creplin, 1825) Dollfus, I956 10 OKD&R OPISTHORCHIIDA Family Heterophyidae Apo phallus bacalloti Morozov, 1952 Apophallus donicuj~Cskrjabin & Lindtrop, 1919) Price, 19 31 up o phallus imperator Lyster, 1940 Ascocotyle angrense Trfavassos, 1916 Cent roc estus formosanus (Nishigori, 19 M) Price, 1932 Jubilarum skrjabini Horozov, 1959 Pygidiopsis gen at a Looss, 190? Sonkulitrema kazachstanica Zhatkanbaeva, 1964 Gryptocotyle concavum (Creplin, 1825) Fischoeder, 1903 Cryptocotyle cryptocotyloides (isaichikov, 1923) Witenberg, 19^9 Gryptocotyle jejuna (Kicoll* 1907) Ransom, 1920 Cryptocotyle .lingua (Creplin, 1825) Fischoeder, 1903 Galaotosqmum b^rlisi (Gohar, 1930) Price, 1932 Stictodora ja^onica Yamaguti, 1939 Stictodora mergi Yamaguti, 1939 Stictodora stwakinensis Looss, 1899 Haplorchis pumilio (Looss, I896) Looss, 1899 Haplorchis taichui (Mishigori, 1924) Witenberg, 193O Procerovuni cheni Hsu, 1950 Procerovum varium Onji & Nishio, 1916 Procerovum sp. Family Opisthorchiidae Amphimerus anatis (Yamaguti, 1933) Gower, 1938 Amphimerus elongatus Gower, 1938 Amphimerus lintoni Gower, 1939 Glonorchis sinensis (Cobbold, 1875) Looss, I907 Eu amphimerus cygnoides Ogata, 1942 Metorchis bills (Br aun, 1790 } Odening, I962 Metorchis coeruleus Br aun, 1902 Metorchis ^legans_ Belogurov & Leonov, I963 Metorchis hovorkai Macko, 1955 Metorchis intermedius Heinemann, 1937 Metorchis nettioni Baugh, 1958 Metorchis orientalis Tanabe, 1920 Metorchis pinguinicola Skrjabin, 1913 Metorchis taiwanensis Morishita & Tsuchimochi, 1925 Metorchis tener Kowalewski, 1903 Metorchis xanthosomus xanthosomus (Creplin, I846) Braun, 1902 Metorchis xanthosomus minor Nardelli, 1946 Metorchis zacharovi Layman, 19 26 Opisthorchis choledoca (Linstow, 1883) Kowalewski, 1898 Opisthorchis geminuXTLooss, 1896) Kowalewski, 1898 Opisthorchis longissimus (Linstow, I883) Stiles & Hassall, I896 Opisthorchis obsequens Nicoll, 1914 Opisthorchis simulans (Looss, I896) Kowalewski, 1898 Opisthorchis skr.iabini Zhukova, 1934 Pachytrema calculus Looss, 1907 11 CdSTODA ORJMt PSEUDOPHYLLIDEA, Family Diphyllobothriidae Diphyllobothrium cordiceps (Leidy, 1871) Meggitt, 1924 Diphyllobothrium dendriticum (Nitzsch, 1824; Luhe, 1910 Diphyllobothrium ditremum (Greplin, 1825) Luhe, 1910 Diphyllobothrium oameri (Linstow, 1878) Digramma interrupta (Rudolphi, 1810) Kholodkovsky, 1914 Digramma nemachi li Dubinina, 1958 Ligula colymbi Dubinina, 1950 Ligula intestinalis (Goeze, 1782) Gmelin, 1790 Schistocephalus nemachi li Dubinina, 1959 Schistocephalus pungitii Dubinina, 1959 Schistocephalus solidus (Muller, 177^) Steenstrup, 1857 ORDjiB TbTRABOTHRIID*uA, Family Tetrabothriidae Tetrabothrium immerinus (Abildgaard, 1790) Kowalewski, 1904 ORDlJt CYGLOPHYLLIDi-A Family Anoplocephalidae Cittotaenia avicola Fuhrmann, 1897 Family Amabiliidae Tatria ac anthorhyncha (Wedl, 1855) Kowalewski, I904 Family Davaineidae Cotugnia fastigata Meggitt, 1920 Cotugnia fila Meggitt, 1951 Ophryocotyle sp. Raillietina anatina Fuhrmann, 1908 Raillietina birmanica Meggitt, 1926 Raillietina cesticillus (Molin, 1858) Railliet, 1921 Raillietina clerci Fuhrmann, 1920 Raillietina cyrtus (Skr jabin, 1914) Fuhrmann, 1920 Raillietina fecunda Meggitt, 1951 Raillietina microcotyle (Skrjabin, 1914) Fuhrmann, 1920 Raillietina osakensis Iwata & Tamura, 1955 Raillietina parviunoinata Meggitt & Maung Po Saw, 19^4 Raillietina paeudocyrtus Meggitt, 1951 Family Dilepididae Amoebotaehia cuneata (Linstow, 1872) Gohn, 1900 iinomotaenia ciliata Fuhrmann, 1915 Anomo taenia citrus (Krabbe, I869) Fuhrmann, 1908 Ghitonorecta agnosta Meggitt, 1927 Choanotaenia bhattacharai Chatter ji, 1954 Ghoanotaenia inf undibu lum (Bloch, 1779) Gohn, 1899 Lallum magniparuterina Johri, i960 Lateriporus aecophylus Oshmarin, i960 Lateriporua biuterinus Fuhrmann, 1908 Laterioorus clerci (Johnston. 1912) Fuhrmann, 1932 12 Lateriporus desti tutus (Lonnberg, 1889) Hughes, 1941 Lateriporus geographicus Cooper, 1921 Lateriporus math evo s s i an ae Ryznikov & Gubanov, I962 Lateriporus propeteres Fuhrmann, 1907 Lateriporus skr.jabini Matevosfan, 1946 Lateriporus teres (Krabbe, I869) Fuhrmann, 1907 Liga brevis TLJnstow, 1884 ) L6pez-Neyra, 1952 Metroliasthes lucida Ransom, 1900 Paradilepis scolecina (Rudolphi, I8I9) Hsu, 1955 Paradilepis urceus (Wedl, 1855) Joyeux & Baer, 1950 Pari otero taenia borealis (Linstow, 1905) Fuhrmann, 1952 Sphaeruterina longicegs (Rudolphi, I8I9) Fuhrmann, 1952 Trichocephaloides megalocephala (Krabbe, I869) Clerc, 1902 Unoiunia acapillicirrosa Moghe, 1935 Valipora spasskyi (Krotov, 1951) Yamaguti, 1959 Family Acoleidae Progynotaenia ev ag in at a Fuhrmann, 19 09 Family Hymenolepididae Nematoparateenia brabantiae Cotteleer & Schyns, I96I "| Probably Neiaatoparataenia paradoxa Maplestone & Southwell, 1922 1 not in Nematoparateenia skr.jabini Matevosfan & Okorokov, 1959 [ Hymeno- Nematoparataenia southvelli Fuhrmann, 1934 J lepididae Polytestilepis chitinocloacis Oshmarin, i960 G astro taenia cygni Wolffhugel, 1938 Gastrotuenia dogieli (Ginetsinskaia, 1944) Spasskii, 1958 Gastro taenia paracygni Czaplinski & Ryzhikov, 1966 Diplogynia oligorchis (Maplestone, 1922) Baer, 1925 Diploposthe"laevis (Bloch, 1872) Jacobi, I896 Diploposthe mathevossianae RySavy, I96I Diploposthe sui-generi^ Kowalewski , 1903 Fimbriaria amurensi_s Kotel'nikov, i960 Fimbriaria fasciolaxis (Pallas, 1781) Wolffhugel, 1899 Fimbriaria kubanika Kotel'nikov, I965 Fimbriariella falciformis (Linton, 192?) Wolffhugel, I936 Fimbriarioides intermedia (Fuhrmann, 1913) Fuhrmann, 1952 Fimbriarioides lintoni Webster, 1945 Skrjabinoparaksis tatianae Krotov, 1949 Aploparaksis birulai Linstow, .1905 Aploparaksis fuligulosa Solov1 ev, 1911 4E\22£££^JJI farcigera (Nitzsch, I8I9) Fuhrmann, I9O8 iili2£§£^.ii£ groefllandica (Krabbe, I869) Baer, 1956 Aploparaksis murmanica. Bay lis, 1919 Aploparaksis polystictae Schiller, 1955 Aploparaksis veitchi Bay lis, 1954 Diorchis acicula-sinuata (Rosseter, 1909) Schultz, 1940 Diorohis acuminata~Tcierc , 1902 ) Clerc, 1905 Diorchis anivi Krotov, 1966 Diorchis anomala Schmelz, 1941 13 Diorchis arsen.ievi (Oshmarin, 1959) Spasskii, I963 Diorchis asiatica (Spasskii, I963) Spasskaia, 1966 Diorchis bulb ode 3 Mayhew, 1929 Diorchis danutae Czaplinski. 1956 Diorchis diorchis (Fuhrmann, 1913) Baer, I962 Diorchis donis Azhinov, i960 Diorchis elisie (Skrjabin, 1914) Spasskii & Freze, I96I Diorchis endacantha (Dubinina, 1954) Spasskii, 1963 Diorchis excentricus Mayhew, 19^5 Diorchis flavescens (Krefft, 1871) Johnston, 1912 Diorchis fonnosensis Suginoto, 1934 Diorchis inflata (Rudolphi, I8I9) Fuhrmann, 1932 Diorchis jacobii Fuhrmann, 1932 Diorchis kodonodes Mayhew, 1929 Diorchis lintoni Johri, 1939 Diorchis longicirrosa Meggitt, 1927 Diorchis longiovum Schiller, 1953 Diorchis markewitschi Pashohenko, 1952 Diorchis mathevossianae Krotov, 1949 Diorchis microcirrosa Mayhew, 1929 Diorchis nyrocae Yamaguti, 1935 Diorchis nyrocoides Spasskaia, I96I Diorchis ransomi Johri, 1939 Diorchis sobolevi Spasskaia, 1950 Diorchis spasskajae Spasskii, 1963 Diorchis spinata Mayhew, 1929 Diorchis spiralis Szpotanska, 1931 Diorchis stefanskii Czaplifiski, 1956 Diorchis tuvensis Spasskii, I963 Diorchis vigisi Krotov, 1949 Diorchis wigginsi Schultz, 1940 Hymenolepis sensu lato Aiaphipetrovia biaculeata (Fuhrmann^ 1909) Sp&sskil & Spasskaia, 1954 .Ainphipetrovia inf latocirrosa Oshmarin, I963 Amphipetrovia retracta (Linstow, 1905) Spasskaia, i960 Anatinella meggitti (Shen Tseng, 1932) Spasskii & Spasskaia, 1954 Anatinella spinulosa (Dubinina, 1954) Spasskii, I963 ■ttfiserilepis barrowensis (Schiller, 1952) Spasskii & Tolkacheva, 1965 ■tirhynchotaenia clausovaginata Saakova, 1959 Australiolepis southwelli (Szpotanska, 1931) Spasskii & Spasskaia, 1954 Bisacoanthes bisaccata bisaccata (Fuhrmann, I906) Spasskii & Spasskaia, 1954 Bisaccanthes bisaccata orientalis Khuan Shen-i, 1962 Gloacotaenia megalops (Nitzsch, 1829) Wolffhugel, 1938 Colymbilepis aultistriatus (Rudolphi, 1810) Spasskaia, 1966 Confluaria podicipina (Szymanski, 1905) Spasskaia, I966 Gonfluaria spasskii .ablasov, I966 14 Dicranotaenia anceps (Linton, 1927) LSpez-Neyra, 1942 Dicranotaenia coronula (Dujardin, 1845) Railliet, 1892 Dicranotaenia deglandi Skrjabin & Matevosian, 1942 Dicranotaenia echinoro3trae (Schiller, 1957) Yamaguti, 1959 Dicranotaenia fallax (Krabbe, I869) Lopez-Neyra, 1942 Dicranotaenia kutassi Matevosfan, 1945 Dicranotaenia lobata (Puhnnann, 1906) Lfipez-Neyra, 1942 Dicranotaenia makundi (Singh, 1952) Yamaguti, 1959 Dicranotaenia querquedula (Fuhrmann, 1920) Ldpez-Keyra, 1942 Dicranotaenia rig^enbachi (Mola, 1913) Lopez-Neyra, 1942 Dicranotaenia sacciperium (Mayhew, 1925) Lopez-Neyra, 1942 Drepanidolepis~"anatina (Krabbe, I669) Spasskil, 1963 Drepanidotaenia bilateralis (Linstow, 1905) L6pez-Neyra,, 1942 Drepanidotaenia lanceolata (Bloch, 1782) Railliet, 1893 Drepanidotaenia przewalskii (Skrjabin, 1914) LOpez-Neyra, 1942 Dre;:amdotaenia signachiana Kurashvili, 1950 Echinatrium filosomum Spasskil & Iurpalova, 1965 ^chinatrium melanittae Tolkacheva, 1966 Echinatrium skr j abini Spasskii & Iurpalova, 19&5 Echinocotyle brachycephala (Creplin, 1829 ) Spasskaia, 1966 Echinocotyle clerci Matevosfan & Krotov, 1949 Echinocotyle minutissima Singh, 1952 Echinocotyle rossettfri Blanchard, 1891 Echinocotyle ryjikovi Jogis, 1963 echinocotyle skr j abini Matevosfan & Krotov, 1949 Hamatolepis teresoides (Fuhrmann, 1906) Spasskii, 1964 Hymenofimbria merganser! Skrjabin, 19 M Linnolepis amphitricha ("Rudolphi, 1819) Spasskil & Spasskaia., 1954 Micro somacanthus abortiva (Linstow, 1904 ) Ldpez-Neyra, 1942 Microsomacanthus acus Spasskii & Iurpalova, 19&5 HicrosomacanTEus' :rcuata (Kowalewski, 1904) Suasskii & Spastkafk, 1954 Microsomacanthus borealis Ryzhikov, 19&5 Microsomacanthus compressa (Linton, I892) Lflpez-Neyra, 1942 Microsomacanthus fausti (Shen Tseng, 1932) L6pez-Neyra, 1942 Microsomacanthus floreata (Meggitt, 1930) L6pez-Neyra, 1942 M i c r o s om ac an thus_ f ormo sa (Dubinina, 1954) Yamaguti, 1959 Microsomacanthus formqsoides Spasskaia & Spasskil, I96I Microsomacanthus heterospinus Spasskii & Iurpalova, 1964 Micro somac_an thus hopkinsi (Schiller, 1951) Spasskaia, 1366 Mi c r o s omac an thus hystrix Spasskaia & Spasskii, I56I Micro spmac an thus jaegerskioeltii (Fuhrmann, 1913 ) Lopez-Neyra, 1942 Microsomacanthus jamunicus "(Sharma, 1943) Yamaguti, 1959 Microsomacanthus iuacrac anthi sgima (Oshmarin, 1950) Spasskaia, 1966 Microsomacanthus melanittae Ryzhikov, I962 Microsomacanthus microskr j abini Spasskii & Iurpalova, I964 Micro somacanthus microsoma ( Creplin, 1829) LOpez-Neyra, 1942 Microsomacanthus minimus Ryzhikov, 19&5 Microsomia an thus jnirabilis Spasskii & Iurpalova, 1964 Microsomacanthus oidemiae Spasskii & Iurpalova, I964 Microsomacanthus pachycephala (Linstow, 1872 ) LCpez-Neyra, 1942 15 Microsome canthus paracompressa (Czaplinski, 1956) Spasskafa & Spasskii, I96I Miorosomacanthus paramicrosoma (Gasowska, 1932) Ablssov, 1957 Microsomacanthus parvula (Kowalewski, 1904) Spasskafa, 1957 Microsomacanthus praeputialis (Qshmarin, 1950) Spasskafa, 1966 Microsomacanthus rangdonensis Spasskii, Dang Van-Ngy, & iurpalova, 1963 Microsomacanthus. recurvata Spasskafa & Spasskii, I96I Miorosomacanthus skr.jabini Spasskafa, 19&3 Microsomacanthus sobolevi Spasskii & Iurpalova, 1964 Microsomacanthus somateriee Ryzhikov, I965 Mi c r o s omac anthus spasskii Tolkacheva, 1965 Microsomacanthus spiralibursata (Czaplinski, 195&) Belokobylenko, 1965 Mi crosom acanthus spiralicirrata Maksimova, I963 Microsomacanthus trichorhynchus (Yoshida, 1908) Spasskii & Spas- skafa, 1954 Miorosomacanthus trifolium (Linstow, 1905) Spasskii & Spasskafa, 1954 Microsomacanthus tuvensis Spasskafa & Spasskii, I96I Monosaccanthes andre.jewoi (Katevosfan, 1945) Czaplifiski, 19&7 Monosaccanthes curiosa (Szpotanska, 1931) Czaplinski, I967 Monosaccanthes kazachstanica (Maksimova, I963) Czaplinski, I967 Monosaccanthes tenuirostris (Rudolphi, 1819) Cz&plifJski, I967 Myxolepis collaris (Batsch, 1786) Spasskii, 1959 Nadejdolepis c_ambrensis (Davies, 1939) Spasskii & Spasskafa, 1954 Nadejdolepis lauriei (Davies, 1939) Spasskii & Spasskafa, 1954 Nadejdolepis nitidulans (Krabbe, 1882) Spasskii & Spasskafa, 1954 Parabi saccanthes bisacculina (Szpotanska, 1931) Maksimova, I963 Parabisaccanthes philactes (Schiller, 1951) Spasskii & Reznik, I963 Retinometra bulbocirrosus (Pfeiffer, i960) Czaplinski, 19&5 Retinometra clausa (Linstow, 1906) Spasskii, I963 Retinometra cyrtoides (Mayhew, 1925) Spasskii, I963 Retinometra fimula (Meggitt, 1933) Spasskii, 19&3 Retinometra fista (Meggitt, 1933) Spasskii, I963 Retinometra giranensis (Sugimoto, 1934) Spasskii, 19&3 Retinometra guberiana Czaplinski, I965 Retinometra hamulacanthos (Linton, 1927) Spasskii, 19t>3 Retinometra kenaiensis (Schiller, 1952) Spasskii, I963 Retinometra lintoniTLflpez-Neyra, 1932) Spasskii, 1963 Retinometra longicirrosa (Fuhrmann, 1906) Spasskii, 19^3 Retinometra longistylosa (Shen Tseng, 1932) Spasskii, 19&3 Retinometra longivaginata (Fuhrmann, 1906) Spasskafa, I966 Retinometra macracanthos (Linstow, 1877) Spasskii, 19&3 Retinometra macrocephala (Fuhrmann. 1913) Spasskii, 19&3 Retinometra meggitti (Sharma, 1943/ Spasskii, I963 Retinometra oshimai (Sugimoto, 1934) Spasskii, 1963 Retinometra oxyuri Maksimova, I966 Retinometra pittalugai (Lflpez-Neyra, 1932) Spasskii, 19&3 Retinometra rangoonica (Sharma, 1943) Spasskii, 19^3 16 Retinometra 3kr.iabini (Matevosfan, 1945) Spasskii, 1963 Retinometra venusta (Rosseter, 1897) Spasskafa, 1966 • S obo 1 evi p. an thus aspirantica (Zaskind, I96I) Maksimova, I963 Sobolevicanthus" dafilaeTPolk, 1942) Yamaguti, 1959 Sobclevicanthus f i lumferens (Brock, 1942) Yamaguti, 1959 Sobolevicanthus flagellata (Fuhrmann, 1906) Spasskii & Spasskafa, 1954 Sobolevicanthus fragilis. (Krabbe, 1869) Czaplihski, 1956 Sobolevicanthus gladium Spasskii & Bobova, 1962 Sobolevicanthus gracilis (Zeder, 1803 ) Spasskii & Spasskafa, 1954 Sobolevicanthus .iavanensis (Davis, 1945) Spasskii & Spasskafa, 1954 Spbolevicarrfous krabbeella (Hughes, 1940) Gzaplifiski, I956 Sobolevioanthus pctacantha (Krabbe, I869) Spasskii & Spasskafa, 1954 Sobolevicanthus octacanthoides (Fuhrmann, I906) Spasskii & Spas- skafa, 1954 Sobolevicanthus papillata (Fuhrmann, I9O6) Spasskii & Spasskafa, 1954 Sobolevicanthus stplli (Polk, 1942) Czaplifiski, 1956 Sobolevicanthus terrae-reginae (Johnston, 1911) Spasskii & Spas- skafa, 1954 Sobolevicanthus wizniewskii Czaplifiski, 195& Tschertkovilepis krabbei (Kowalewski, 1895) Czaplifiski & Jarecka, in press Tschertkovilepis se tiger a (Froelich, 1789) Spasskii & Spasskafa, 1954 Variolepis f arciminosa (Goeze, 1782) Spasskii & Spasskafa, 1954 Wardium aequabilis (Rudolphi, 18 10 ) Spasskii & Spasskafa, 1954 wardium arctica (Schiller, 1955) Spasskii, 1959 Wardium creplini (Krabbe, I869) Spasskii & Spasskafa, 1954 ^ardium nv_rocae Ryzhikov & Gubanov, 1959 Wardium pingjTTshen Tseng, 1932) Abltsov, 1955 Wardium yukonensis (Schiller, 1954) Spasskii, I963 yiardoides nyrocae (Yamaguti, 1935) Spasskii, 19&4 Wardoides oidemiae Spasskafa, I966 Hymenolepis angularostris Sugimoto, 1934 Hymenolepis bisacculata Krotov, 1949 Hymenolepis crecca oingh, 1952 Hymenolepis cuneata Kayhew, 1925 Hymenolepis echinocotyle Fuhrmann, 1907 Hymenolepis fona Meggitt, 1933 Hymenolepis foveata Meggitt, 1933 Hymenolepis fruticosa Meggitt, 1927 Hymenolepis fructifera Meggitt, 1927 Hymenolepis infrequens Sharma, 1943 Hymenolepis kowalewskii Baczynska, 1914 Hymenolepis lcmellata Woodland, 1930 Hymenolepis l"jnea*TGo"ezet 1782) Wolffhugel, 1899 Hymenolepis lioph alios (Krabbe, I869) Railliet, 1899 Hymenolepis malaccensis Lee, I966 17 Hymenoiepis mandabbi Beverley -Burton, i960 Hymenoiepis mehrai Chatterji, 1940 Hymenoiepis micrancristrota (Wedl, 1855) Railliet, 1899 Hymenoiepis monoposthe Dubinina, 1954 Hymenoiepis neomeggittilis Hughes t 1940 Hymenoiepis orthocantha Fuhrmann, I906 Hymenoiepis oweni Moghe, 1953 Hymenoiepis pauci annulata Meggitt, 1927 Hymenoiepis pigmentata (Linstow, 1872) Fuhrmann, 1906 Hymenoiepis pseudosetigera Baer, I962 Hymenoiepis rapida Szpotanska, 1931 Hymenoiepis rc.rus Skrjabin, 1914 Hymenoiepis rauschi Schiller, 1950 Hymenoiepis robertsi Bay lis, 1934 Hymenoiepis sibirioa (Linstow, I905) Fuhrmann, 1908 Hymenoiepis simplex Fuhrmann, I906 Hymenoiepis smythi Singh, i960 Hymenoiepis solowiowi Skrjabin, 1914 Hymenoiepis tenerrima (Linstow, 1882) Fuhrmann, 1906 Hymenoiepis vistulae Cz;:plinski, i960 Hymenoiepis wardlei Dubey & Pande, 1964 Hymenoiepis yosnidai (Yamaguti, 1956) McDonald, 19&5 NuMAlODA ORDnR UfOPLIDA Family Trichuridae Capillaria anat.is (bchrank, 1790) Travassos, 1915 Gapillaria annulata (l-lolin, 1858) Cram, 1926 GLpillLria burs at a Freitas & .almeida, 1934 Gapillaria cairinae Freitas & Almeida, 1935 Capillaria caudinflata (Molin, 1658) Travassos, I915 Gapillaria contorta (Creplin,, 1859) Travassos, 1915 Gapillaria e_llisi Johnston & Mawaon, 1945 Capillaria exilis (Dujardin, 1845) Travassos, 1915 Gapillaria gigantotecta Liubimova, 1947 Capillaria longifila (Dujardin, 1845) Travassos, 1915 Gapillaria mer^i Madsen, 1945 Gapillaria nyrocinaruin Madsen, 1945 Capillaria obsignata Madsen, 1945 Capillaria pudendotecta Liubimova, 1947 Capillaria skr.jabini (Liubimova, 1947) Yainaguti, I96I Capillaria spinulosa (Linstow, 1890) Travassos, 1^15 18 Family Dioctophymatidae Eustrongylid.es inergorum (Rudolphi, 1809) Cram, I927 Kustrongylides papillosus (Rudolphi, 1802) Diesing, 1851 bustrongylides tricolor Sugimoto, 1931 Kustrongylides tubif ex "(Nitzsch, 1819 ) JagerskiSld, 1909 Eustrongylides wenrichi Ganavan, 1929 Hystrichis coronatus Molin, 1861 Hystrichis cygni (Molin, 1858) Diesing, 1861 Hystrichis neglectus JagerskiSld, 1909 Hystrichis orispinus Molin, 1858 Hystrichis tricolor Dujardin, 1845 Hystrichis varispinosus Jagerskiold, 1909 ORDrJi RHABDITIDA, Fsjnily Strongyloididae Strongyloides avium Cram, 1929 Strongyioides minimus Travassos, 1950 ORDiJl STRONGYLIDa Family Syngamidae Syngamus skrjahinomorpha Ryzhikov, I949 Syngamus trachea (Montagu, 1811) Chapin, 1925 Cyatho stoma brantae Cram, 1928 Cyathostoma bronchialis (Muehling, I884) Chapin, 1925 Cyatho stoma coscorobae Chapin, 1925 Cyathostoma sarcidiornis Kreis, 1953 Cyathostoma tadornae Chatin, 1874 Cyathostoma variegatum (Creplin, 1849) Chopin, I925 Family Amidostomatidae Amidostomum acutum (Lundahl, 1848) Seurat, 1918 iimidostoQum anseris (Zeder, 1800) Railliet & Henry, 1909 ■amidostonium biziurae Johnston & Mawson, 1947 Amidostomum cygni .vehr, 1933 Amidostomum fulicae (Rudolphi, 1819) Seurat, 1918 Amidostomum henry i Skrjabin, 1915 Amidostomum monodon (Linstow, 1882) Skrjabin, 1915 Aiiidostomum spatulatum Beylis, 1932 Paramidostomum skr.jabini Ryzhikov & Romanova, 1959 Pseudamidostoraum boulengeri Maplestone, 1930 Epomidiostomum crami Wetzel, 1931 Upomidiostomum orispinum (Molin, 186l) Seurat, I9I8 epomidiostomum pjrt_alum Yen & Wu, 1959 Bpoinidiostoisom jiu^jr^uedulae Boulenger, 1926 j^L^J^i-iLsJ'PHffi umijiatum (Lundahl, 1848) Seurat, 1910 Epomidiostomum voge 1 s anfti Travhssos, 1537 Fami]y Trichostrongylidae Trichostrorigylus medius Oliger, 1954 ^£i£liS.s.'ti0ilSyliii, ifpujj (Mehlis, I846) Railliet & Henry, 1909 19 Family Metastrongylidae Aelurostrongylus abstrusus (Railliet, 1898) Cameron, 1927 [larval cysts] ORDER ASCaRIDIDA Family Anisakidae Contracaecum anasi Mawson, 195& Contracaecum microcephalmn (Rudolphi, 1809) Baylis, 1920 Contracaecum micropapillatum (Stossich, 1890) Baylis, 1920 Contracaecum s pas sky i Mozgovol , 1950 Contracaecum spiculigerum (Rudolphi, 1809) Railliet & Henry, 1912 Contracaecum yamaguti Mawson, 195& Family Ascarididae Porrocaecum crasaum (Deslongcharnps, 1824) Railliet & Henry, 1912 Porrocaecum depressum (Zeder, 1800) Baylis, 1920 Porroc riecum ^nsicaudatum (Zeder, 1800) Baylis, 1920 Porrocaecum heteroura (Creplin, 1829) Baylis, 1920 Porrocaecum semi teres ( Zeder, 1800) Baylis, 1920 Family Heterakidae Heterakis altaica Spaul, 1929 Heterakis beramporia Lane, 15 14 Heterakis chenonettae Johnston, 1912 Heterakis dispar dispar (Schrank, 1790) Dujardin, 1845 Heterakis dispar brevispiculatis (Petrochenko & Kotel'nikov, 1962) comb, nov. Heterakis gallinarum (Schrank, 1788) Madsen, 1952 Heterakis isolonche Linstow, 1906 Heterakis parva Maplestone, 1951 Heterakis yani Hsli, i960 Family Ascaridiidae Ascaridia dissi'milis Perez Vigueras, 1951 ^scaridia galli (Schrank, 17&8) Freeborn, 1925 Family Subuluridae Subulura brumpti (Lopez-Neyra, 1922) Cram, 1926 Subulura sp. ORDLR SPIRURIDA Family Dracunculidae Avioserpens bifidus Olsen, 1952 Avioserpens taiwana (Sugimoto, 1919) Chitwood, 1955 Family Thelaziidae Oxyspirura mansoni (Cobbold, 1879) Ransom, 1904 Family Spiruridae ^ongylonema congolense Fain, 1955 Gongylonema sp. 20 Physocephalus sexalatus (Molin, I860) Diesing, 1861 [larval cysts] Physocephalus sp. Spirocerca sanguinolenta (Rudolphi, 1819) Railliet & Henry, 191] [larval cysts] Family Hedruridae Cyraea eurycerca Seurat, I914 Hadjelia n^gleeta (Lent & Freitas, 1959) Chabaud, 1958 Histiocephalus laticaudatus (Rudolphi, 1819) Diesing, 1851 Family Tetrameridae Tetrameres ameriama Cram, 1927 Tetrameres australis Johnston & Mawson, I94I Tetrameres biziurae Johnston & Mawson, I94I Tetrameres confusa Travassos, I919 Tetrameres cordoniferens Rasheed, i960 Tetrameres crami crami Swales, 1933 Tetrameres crami asiatica Ryzhikov, 1963 Tetrameres cygni Ryzhikov & Kozlov, i960 Tetrameres fissispina (Diesing, 1861) Travassos, I914 HeJrameres galericulatus Oshmarin, I956 Tetrameres gigas Travassos, 1919 Tetrameres hagenbecki Travassos & Vogelsang, 1929 Tetrameres mohtedai Bhclerao & Rao, 1944 Tetrameres pavonis Chertkova, 1954 Tetrameres plectropteri (Thwaite, 1926) Wehr, 1933 Tetrameres puchovi Gushanskafa, 1949 Tetrameres ryjikovi Khuan Shen-i, I96I Tetrameres somateriae Ryzhikov, I963 Tetrameres spinosa (Maplestone« 1931) Wehr, I933 Tetrameres striatus Oshmarin, I956 Tetrcmeres zakharowi Petrov, I926 Family j-.cuariidae Paracuaria somateriae (Ryzhikov, i960) Leonov, Tsimbaliuk, & Belogurov, I963 £aracuaria tridentata (Linstow, 1877) Leonov, Tsimbalruk, & . v Belogurov, 1963 Syncuaria ciconiae (Gil'bert, I927) Gushanskafa, 1950 Decorataria decorata (Gram, 1927) Skrjabin, Sobolev, & Ivashkin, 1965 Cheyreuxia revoluta (Rudolphi, 1819) Seurat, 1918 Pis pharynx sp. Skr.jabinoclava decorata (Solonitsyn, 1928) Sobolev, 1943 Skr.jabinoclava horrida (Rudolphi, I8O9) Sobolev, I943 achinuria borealis borealis Mawson, 1956 aohinuria borealis asiatica Ryzhikov, I962 frchinuria borealis pamirica Ryzhikov, I965 Echinuria cygni Morini, Colombo, & Martin, I96I ^chinuria heterobrachiata Wehr, I937 21 Schinuria hypognatha Wehr, 1937 nchinuria minor Sandground, 1937 giChinuria nodulosa McDonald, in press j^chinuria parva Cram, 1928 ^chinuria querquedulae Johnston & Mawson, 1942 achinuria skrjabiniana Liubimova, 1947 £chinuria uncinata (Rudolphi, 1819) Solov'ev, 1912 Cheilospirura sp. Cosmocephalus aduncus (Creplin, I846) Yorke & Maplestone, I926 Cosmocephalus ohvelatus obvelatus (Creplin, 1825) Seurat, 1919 Gosmocephalus obvslatus magnus Vasil'kova, I926 Streptocara calif ornica (Gedoelst, 1919) Yorke & Maplestone, 1926 Streptocara cirrohcmi^ta (Linstow, 1888) Skrjabin, 1916 Streptocara crassicauda (Creplin, 1829) Skrjabin, 1916 Streptocara dogieli Belopol'skafa, 1952 Streptocara formosensis Sugirnoto, 1930 Streptocara incognita Gibson, I968 Streptocara recta (Linstow, 1879) Skrjabin, 1916 Rusit?uniella arctica Byzhikov, i960 Rusguniella kofoidi Williams, 1937 Schistorophus sp. Family Gnathostomatidae Gnathostoma spinigerum Owen, 18 36 [larval cysts] Family Physalopteridae Physaloptera s p . Family Desmidocercidae Desmidocercella incognita Solonitsyn, 1932 Family Diplotriaenidae Dicheilonema rheae (Owen, 1843) Diplotriaena microphallos Li, 1933 Family Cchocarcidae Pelecitus helix (Linstow, 1899) Skrjabin & Shikhobalova, 1948 3 a rc one ma anseris Sultanov, 19^3 S:.rcone:ua eurycerca Wehr, 1939 Sc-rconema pseudolabiata Belogurov, Daaia, & Sonin, I966 Ornithofilaria fallisensis jkid«rson, 1954 Incertae sedis Microfilaria guillemeti Pons, 1920 Microfilaria legeri Pons , 1920 Microfilaria plectropteri van den Berghe, 1942 22 AC;;HTHOCEPHALA ORDER ARCHlACANTHOfcPHALA, Family Oligocanthorhynchidae P.rosthenorchis avicola Travassos, 1917 ORDER PALAEACiiNTHOCEPHALA Family Echinorhynchidae Acanthocephalus an^uiLLae (i-iuller, 1730) Luhe, 1911 Acjmthpcephalus lucii. (UTf. Muller, 1776) Lithe, 1911 MU^^S2^-^3^M. E.anae (Schrank, 1788) Luhe, 1911 Family Polymorphidae Corynosoma anatarium Van Cleave, 1945 Corynosoma jLQji^trij^tum Van Cleave, 1918 ?JiSGl°^9?A enriettii Molfi & Fernandes, 1953 £°D2!£§2S§: iherin,gi Machado Filho, I96I Corynosoma longilemniscatus Machado Filho, I96I Corynosoma mandarinca Oshmarin, I963 _C_orynosoma mer^i Lundstrom, 1942 Corynosoma molfi -feraandesi Machado Filho, 1962 Corynosoma peposacae'TPorta, I9I4) Travassos, 1926 Coiynosoma jah alac roc or aci s Yamaguti, 1939 £9Effi£g2ffiS; sjej^JSaTForssell, 1904) Luhe, 1911 Gprynosoaia strumosum (Rudolphi, 1802) Ltihe, 1904 Corynosoma sudsuche Belopol' skaia. I959 Filicollis an£_ti_s"TSchranlc, 1788) Luhe, 1911 Rexaglandula paucihamatus (Heinze, 1956) Petrochenko, 1956 Polymorphus actuganensis Petrochenko, I949 Polymorphus acutis Van Cleave & Starrett, I94O Polymorphus altmani (Perry, 1942) Van Cleave, 1947 Polymorphus arcticus (Van Cleave, 1920) Van Cleave, I937 Polymorphus bjljsiurae Johnston & Edmonds, I948 "Polymorphus hotulus (Van Cleave, I916) Van'cieave, 1937 Polymorphus contortus (Bremser, 1821) Trtvassos, I926 Polymorphus corynoides Skr.jabin, 1913 Polymorphus cucullatus Van Cleave & Starrett, I94O Polymorphus diploinflatus Lundstrom, 1942 Polymorphus fonnosus Schmidt & Kuntz, 1967 Polymorphus kostylewi Petrochenko, 1949 Polymorphus magnus Skrjabin, I9I3 Polymorphus major Lundstrom, 1942 Polymorphus marilis Van Cleave, I939 Polymorphus mathevossianae Petrochenko, 1949 Polymorphus meyeri LundstrSm, 1942 Polymorphus miniatus (Linstow, I896) Travassos, I926 Polymorphus minutus (Goeze, I782) Luhe, 1911 Polymorphus obtusus Van Cleave, 1918 Polymorphus phippsi Kostylev, 19i;2 Polymorphus striatus (Goeze. 1782) Luhe, 1911 Polymorphus strumosoides Lundstrom, 1942 23 Polymorphus swartzi Schmidt, 19&5 Polymorphus trochus Van Cleave, 1945 Prosthorhynchus gracilis Petrochenko, 1958 Prosthorhynchus pupa (Linatow, 1905) Meyer, 1951 Arhythmorhynchus frassoni (Molin, 1858) Luhe, 1911 Arhythmorhynchus longicollis (Villot, 1875) Travassos, I926 Centrorhynchus aluconis (Muller, 1780) Luhe, 1911 HIRUDINEA ORDiiR RHYNCHGBDiALIDA, Family Glossiphoniidae Theromyzon maculosum (Rathke, 1862) Autrum, 1936 Theromyzon occidentale (Verrill, 1874) Bere, 1929 Theromyzon rude (Baird, I869) Moore & Meyer, 1951 Theromyzon sexoculatum (Moore, 1898) Moore, I924 Theromyzon tessuli-tum (O.F. Muller, 1774) Autrum, I936 24 INDEX OF SYNONYMS AND INVALID NAMES REPORTED FROM WATERFOWL (Since publication of subject indexes of Index-Catalogue of Medical and Veterinary Zoology: Trematoda - Stiles & Hassall, 1908; Cestoda - Stiles & Hassall, 1912; Nematoda and Acanthocephala - Stiles & Hassall, 1920.) TREMATODA Name reported -- Valid name or reason for invalidation acadiae Swales, 1933; Streptovitella -- Maritrema acadiae acanthocephalum Stossich, 1887; Distomum -- Unidentified actitis Mcintosh, 1932; Leucochloridium -- Leucochloridium cyano- cittae afanassjewi Tsimbaliuk & Muchina, 19&5; Microphallus -- Nomen nudum agilis Travassos, 1921; Psilochasmus -- Psilochasmus oxyurus alveatum Mehlis, 18U6; Mono stoma — Paramonostomum alveatum americanum Manter & Williams, 1928; Typhi ocoelum -- Typhlocoelum cucumerinum amphicrus Tubangui, 1933; Diplodiscus -- Erroneous citation anati Bykhovskaia-Pavlovskafa & Zhukov, 1953; Parastrigea -- Parastrigea robusta anati narum Cheatum, 19^1; Dendritobilharzia -- Dendritobilharzia pulverulenta anat i s Yamaguti, 1933; Opisthorchis -- Amphimerus anatis anati s Ku, 1937; Notocotylus -- Notocotylus imbricatus anatis, Hypoderaeum of Lapage, 1961 -- Erroneous citation anteroporis Singh, 1955; Catatropis -- Citation not available arcuatum Brandes, 1892; Cyclocoelum, Monostomum -- Hyptiasmus arcuatus ardeae Mat are, 1910; Tetracotyle -- Strigea falconis asiaticus Skrjabin, 1913; Notaulus -- Opisthorchis longissimus asperiductus Royce, 1937; Notocotylus — Nomen nudum attenuatum Rudolphi, 1809; Mono stoma -- Notocotylus attenuatus babai Bhalerao, 1935; Hindia, Hindolana -- Notocotylus babai baculus Diesing, I85O; Echinostoma -- Echinoparyphium baculus baylisi Gohar, 1930; Cercarioides -- Galactosomum baylisi bogoriensis Muchlis, i960; Amphimerus — Provisional species brachysomum Creplin, 1837; Distomum -- Levinseniella brachysoma brantae Bullock, 1952; Paramonostomum -- Paramonostomum alveatum bucephalae Yamaguti, 1935; Neoparamonostomum -- Par amono st omum bucephalae bucephalae Yamaguti, 1935; Spelophallus -- Levinseniella bucephalae burnetti Brackett, 19^2; Pseud obilharziella, Pseudobilharzia -- Trichobilharzia burnetti calderoni Africa & Garcia, 1935; Procerovum of Chen, 19^9 -~ Procerovum varium canadensis McLeod, 193^; Microbilharzia -- Austrobilharzia cana- densis capellae Khan, 1935; Cyclocoelum of authors -- Cyclocoelum odeningi casarcii Mehra, 1937; Lepoderma -- Plagiorchis casarcii 25 casarcus Vidyarthi, 1937; Apatemon -- Apatemon gracilis indicus ccratosa Stunkard, 19l6; Zygocotyle -- Zygocotyle lunatum chankensis Oshmarin & Potsenko, 1951; Echinochasmus beleocephalus var. -- Echinochasmus beleocephalus chapini Price, 1929; Microbilharzia -- Austrobilharzia chapini chenis Royce, 1937; Notocotylus -- Nomen nudum chionis Baylis, 1928; Notocotylus of authors -- Notocotylus parvi- ovatus choledocus Linstou, 1883; Distomum -- Opisthorchis choledocus choledocus, Gymnocephalus of Lapage, 19ol -- Lapsus for Gymnophallus choledocus cinctum Rudolphi, 1803; Echinoparyphium -- Parechinostomum cine turn clavi forme Brandes, 1888; Spelotrema -- Microphallus claviformis coelonodus Witenberg, 1926; Hyptiasmus -- Hyptiasmus arcuatus compascua Kowalevski, .1898; Met orchis xanthosomus -- Met orchis bilis concava Creplin, 1825; Tocotrema -- Cryptocotyle concavum constrictum Mehlis in Creplin, l8*+6; Pi stoma -- Unidentified continua Loos-Frank, 19^7; Himasthla -- Accidental, immature only crassiusculus Rudolphi, 1809; Met orchis, Parametorchis -- Metorchis bilis crenulatum Cobbold, i860; Holostomum -- Unidentified cruzi Travassos, 1921; Cornucopula -- Levinseniella cruzi crypt ocotyloides Isa?chikov, 1923; Ciureana -- Cryptocotyle crypt ocotyloides cucumerinum Rudolphi, 1809; Tracheophilus -- Typhlocoelum cucumerinum curonensis Szidat, 1933; Cyathocotyloides -- Holostephanus curonensis cymbium Diesing, I85O; Typhlocoelum, Tracheophilus -- Typhlocoelum sisowi dapsilis Nicoll, 1907; Gymnophallus -- Gymnophallus bursicola "delicatulum Rudolphi, 1809; Distomum -- Unidentified desouzai Lalitha & Alvar, I960; Opisthorchis -- Nomen nudum donicum Skrjabin & Lindtrop, 1919; Rossicotrema -- Apophallus donicum duboisi Stunkard, 19^6; Notocotylus -- Notocotylus imbricatus echiniferum La Valette, 1855; Echinostoma -- Neoacanthoparyphium echinatoides elongata Hsu, 1935; Echinostoma -- Echinostoma asiatica elongatum Yamaguti, 193^-; Neoparamonostomum -- Paramo no stomum elon^jatum elongatus Gover; 1938; Opisthorchis -- Amphimerus elongatus erratica Rudolphi, 1809; Strigca -- Cotylurus erraticus surysternum, Dicrocoelium of Lapage, I96I -- Lapsus for Dicrocoelium eury stomum eury stomum Linstow, 1877; Pi stoma, Dicrocoelium -- Unidentified excavata Rudolphi, 1803; Tylodelphys of Bezubik, 1957 -- Tylodelphys clavatum cxiguum, Holostomum -- Unidentified f alconispalumbi , Strigea of Odening, 19&7 -- Citation not available ferrugineum Mehra, 1937; Lepoderma -- Plagiorchis ferrugineus filiformis Ishii, 1935; Amphimerus -- Amphimerus anatis 26 fil if oralis Szidat, 1938; Pseud obilharziella -- Trichobilharzia . filiformis flavum Mehlis, I83I; Monostomum, Typhi ocoelum -- Typhlocoelum cucumerinum flexicaudum Cort & Brooks, 1928; Diplostomum -- Diplostomum spathaceum flexicaudum flexum Linton, 1892; Distomum, Echinostoma -- Echinoparyphium flexum fraterna Odhner, 1902; Cyathocotyle -- Erroneous citation fuligulae, Amphimerus of Lapage, 1961 -- Lapsus for Apatemon fuligulae fuligulae Yamaguti, 1933; Apatemon -- Apatemon gracilis fuligulae fusa Ishii & Matsuoka, 1935; Cyathocotyle — Cyathocotyle prussica gambense Dubois, 1930; Typhlocoelum -- Typhlocoelum cucumerinum gastroporus Liihe, 1901; Pleurogenoides -- Erroneous citation gatesi Sharma, 19^3; Mehlisia — Sharmaia gatesi gibbus, Notocotylus of Stunkard & Dunihue, 1931 -- Notocotylus minutus glacialis, Apatemon of Gower, 1939 — Lapsus for Apatemon gracilis globulus Rudolphi, l8lU; Distomum -- Sphaeridiotrema globulus gracilis Rudolphi, l8l9; Strigea -- Apatemon gracilis gracilis Mendheim, 19^-0; Me s orchis -- Stephanoprora gracilis graciosum, Maritrema of Lapage, 1961 -- Lapsus for Maritrema gratiosum gravieri Mathias, 1935; Cyathocotyle -- Cyathocotyle prussica halli Harrah, 1922; Cyclocoelum -- Cyclocoelum brasilianum hepaticus Sugimoto, 1919; Tracheophilus , Typhlocoelum -- Typhlo- coelum sisowi hoffmani Rebecq, 196^; Microphallus -- Nomen nudum horai, Paraphystomum of Lapage, 1961 — Lapsus for Paryphostomum horai horiconensis Brackett, 19^-2; Pseudobilharziella, Pseudobilharzia -- Trichobilharzia horiconensis horiuchii Morishita & Tsuchimochi, 1925; Prosthogonimus -- Prostho- gonimus ovatus hsui Yamaguti, 1958; Echinostoma -- Echinostoma asiatica huronensis Najim, 1950; Gigantobilharzia -- Erroneous citation indica Lai, 1937; Chinhuta -- Bilharziella indica indicum Mehra, 19^; Pseudechinostomum — Nomen nudum indicus Lai, 1935; Motocotylus -- Notocotylus babai indicus Vidyarthi, ' 1937; Apatemon -- Apatemon gracilis indicus insigne Looss, 1899; Leucochloridium -- Leucochloridium holostomum intermedius Johnston, 190^j Hemistomum, Proalaria, Diplostomum, Australapatemon -- Apatemon intermedius intermedius Semenov, 1927; Schistogonimus -- Schistogonimus rarus intestinalis Tubangui, 1932; Notocotylus -- Notocotylus attenuatus jaegerskioeldi Travassos, 1921; Cornucopula -- Gynaecotyla jaegerskioeldi japonicum Yamaguti, 1939; Pseudospelotrema -- Maritrema japonicum japonicus Braun, 1901; Prosthogonimus -- Prosthogonimus ovatus japonicus Ishii, 1932; Apatemon -- Apatemon gracilis japonicus 27 japonicus Ishii, 1935; Psilochasmus -- Psilochasmus oxyurus karausiaki Layman, 1926; Prosthogonimus -- Prosthogonimus ovatus katsuradai Lyster, 19^-0; Paracoenogonimus -- Ornithodiplostomum ptychocheilus kegonsensis Brackett, 19^2; Pseud obilharziella, Pseud obilharzia — Trichobilharzia kegonsensis koidzumii Tsuchimochi, 192U; Echinoparyphium -- Echinoparyphlum recurvatum koisarensis Ablasov & Iksanov, 1959; Echinoparyphium -- Echinostoma koisarensis kossarewi Skrjabin & Zakharov, 1920; Trichobilharzia -- Trichobil- harzia ocellata kowalewskii Ejsmont, 1929 J Pseud obilharziella -- Trichobilharzia kowalewskii laevigatus Kossack, 19H; Hyptiasmus -- Hyptiasmus arcuatus lecithosus Otte, 1926; Psilochasmus -- Hypoderaeum conoideum leei Hsu, 1935; Prosthogonimus -- Prosthogonimus ovatus lintoni Gower, 1939; Er s chovi or chi s , Opisthorchis -- Amphimerus lintoni longissimus Linstow, 1883; Hepatiarius -- Opisthorchis longissimus lucknowensis Lai, 1935; Hindia, Notocotylus, Hindolana -- Notocotylus imbricatus lunatum Diesing, 1836; Amphi stoma -- Zygocotyle lunatum lutzi Faust & Tang, 1938; Linstowiella, Cyathocotyle -- Holostephanus lutzi macrocotyle Gower, 1938; Leucochloridiomorpha -- Leucochloridio- morpha constant iae macroporus Jameson & Nicoll, 1913; Gymnophallus, Gymnophalloides -- Me i ogymno phal 1 u s macroporus macrostomus Yamaguti, 1939; Gymnophallus, Gymnophalloides -'- Me iogymnoph alius macrostomus magalhaesi Travassos, 1921; Spaniometra -- Ophthalmophagus magalhaesi magniovatus Yamaguti, 193^; Notocotylus -- Notocotylus imbricatus magni ovatus magni proles Witenberg, 1926; Hyptiasmus -- Hyptiasmus arcuatus magnocirrusa Verma, 1936; Hypoderaeum -- Hypoderaeum conoideum magnum Johnston, 1917; Stossichium, Hyptiasmus -- Prohyptiasmus robustus malissiraus Morozov, i960; Cestotrema -- Gymnophallus mollissima manitobensis McLeod, 1936; Mlcrobilharzia -- Austrobilharzia manitobensis marginatum Molin, 1858; Pi stoma -- Unidentified massinoi Witenberg, 1923; Ophthalmophagus -- Ophthalmophagus singularis mathevossianae Shakhtakhtinskaia, 1957; Echinochasmus, Episthmium -- Episthmium colymbi mehrai Pande, 1937; Diplodiscus -- Erroneous citation melanittae Yamaguti, 193^; Linstowiella, Paracyathocotyle -- Cyathocotyle melanittae mendax Dietz, 1909; Echinostoma -- Echinostoma revolutum 28 mergi Yamaguti, 1933 j Proalaria — Diplostomum mergi mergi Cannon, 1938; Mesorchis -- Stephanoprora mergi microspina Singh, 195^-j Echi no stoma -- Hypoderaeum microspina microstomum Creplin, 1829; Cyclocoelum -- Cyclocoelum mutabile minor Yamaguti, 1933; Apatemon -- Apatemon gracilis minor minor Hsu, 1935; Echinostoma -- Echinoparyphium minor mi nut a Price, 193^; Levinseniella -- Atriophallophorus minuta minutissimum Stossich, I896; Monostoma -- Unidentified mordax Looss, 1899; Heterechinostomum -- Echinochasmus mordax multispinosus Perez Vigueras, 19^; Echinostoma — Echinostoma revolutum mutabile Zeder, 1800; Monostoma -- Cyclocoelum mutabile mutadomum Wallace, 1937; Diplostomulum -- Pharyngostomum cordatum nathipandei Odening, 196^; Notocotylus -- Erroneous citation naviformis Tubangui, 1932; Naviformis - Notocotylus navi f ormi s neivai Travassos, 1921; Typhlocoelum, Neivaia, Cyclocoelum -- Neivaia cymbium nettae Gover, 1938; Maritreminoides -- Maritrema nettae nicolli Cable & Hunninsn, 1938; Spelotrema -- Microphallus nicolli novum Verma, 193^; Par ypho st omum -- Echinostoma novum ob ovale Neumann, 1909; Typhlocoelum, Tracheophilus -- Typhlocoelum cucumerinum obtortum Caballero, 19^-2; Par amonost omum -- Notocotylus pacifera odhneri Skrjabin & Zakharov, 1920; Dendritobilharzia — Dendritobilharzia pulverulent a oidemia Belopol' skaia, 1952; Spelotrema, Microphallus -- Micro- phallus pygmaeus oidemiae Jameson & Nicoll, 1913; Gymnophallus, Gymnophalloides, Meiogymnophallus -- Meiogymnophallus mi nut us ondatrae Price, 1931; Psilostomum -- Ribeiroia ondatrae orient ale Yamaguti, 193^-j Diplostomum, Ne odi pi o st omum ~- Diplostomum mergi oriental is Faust, 1922; Linstowiella, Cyathocotyle, Paracyathocotyle -- Cyathocotyle prussica orientalis Yamaguti, 1933; Prosthogonimus -- Prosthogonimus ovatus orientalis Ku, 1937; Notocotylus -- Notocotylus parvi ovatus orientalis Ablasov & Chibichenko, Diplostomum of McDonald, 19&5 -- Diplostomum mergi ovolepens Jameson & Nicoll, Gymnophallus of Morozov, 1955 -- Lapsus for Gymnophallus ovoplenus ovoplenus Jameson & Nicoll, 1913; Gymnophallus -- Parvatrema ovoplenus oxycephalum Rudolphi, l8l9; Echinostoma -- Echinostoma revolutum oxyurum Creplin, 1825; Distomum, Psilostomum -- Psilochasmus oxyurus papillorobusta Rankin, 19^0; Spelotrema -- Microphallus papillorobusta paraulum Dietz, 1909; Echinoparyphium -- Echinostoma paraulum parvi ventosum Dubois, 1932; Tylodelphys -- Diplostomum parviventosum parvum Stunkard & Dunihue, 1931; Ne oparamono st omum -- Paramonostomum parvum parvulum, Echinostoma of Skrjabin, 1915 -- Lapsus for Echinostoma paraulum 29 pellucidus Yamaguti, 1933; Apatemon, Apatemon gracilis pellucidus -- Apatemon cobitidis pellucidus penni Ku, 19^0; Prosthogonimus — Prosthogonimus ovatus petrowi Nevostrueva, 195^-; Echinoparyphium, Neoacanthoparyphium — Neoacanthoparyphium echinatoides pianae Galli-Valerio, 1898; Opisthorchis -- Hypoderaeum conoideum pileatum, Hemistomum — Unidentified pirajai Travassos, 1932; Schistosoma — Unidentified piri forme Odhner, 1913* Distomum -- Psilostomum "brevicolle platyurum Muhling, 1896; Distomum, Psilostomum -- Psilostomum brevicolle plectropteri Dubois, 1930* Ophthalmophagus -- Ophthalmophagus magalhaesi polonica Kowalevski, 1895; Ornithobilharzia -- Bilharziella polonica primas Jagerskiold, 1908; Spelophallus, Spelotrema -- Microphallus primas pseudodenticulata Mendheim, 19^-0; Mesorchis -- Stephanoprora pseudodenticulata pseudoechinatus Olsson, 1876; Mesorchis -- Stephanoprora denticulata pseudogonotyla Chen, 19Ulj-; Spelotrema, Carneophallus — Microphallus pseudogonotyla pseudomacrostomum, Cyclocoelum of Gower, 1939 — Lapsus for Cyclocoelum pseudomicrostomum pseudomicrostomum Harrah, 1922; Cyclocoelum -- Cyclocoelum mutabile ptychocephalus, Ornithodiplostomum of Lapage, 1961 -- Lapsus for Ornithodiplostomum ptychocheilus ptychocheilus Faust, 1917; Paradiplostomum — Ornithodiplostomum ptychocheilus pulverulenta Braun, 1901; Bilharziella -- Dendritobilharzia pulverulenta pusillum Dubois, 1928; Hemistomum -- Diplostomum pus ilium pusillum, Distomum of Lapage, I96I -- Lapsus for Diplostomum pusillum pygmaeum Levinsen, l88l; Levinsenia, Spelotrema -- Microphallus pygmaeus querquedulae Yamaguti, 1933; Prosthogonimus — Prosthogonimus ovatus querquedulae McLeod, 1937; Pseudobilharziella — Trichobilharzia physellae raabei Bezubik, 1958; Strigea, Cotylurostrigea — Cotylurus raabei raminellae Dery, 1958; Maritreminoides, Pseudospelotrema -- Maritrema raminellae rarus Braun, 1901; Prosthogonimus -- Schi stogonimus rarus ravieri, Cyathocotyle of Lapage, 1961 -- Lapsus for Cyathocotyle gravieri razalensis, Philophthalmus of Gower, 1939 -- Lapsus for Philophthal- mus rizalensis recurvatum Linstow, 1873; Echinostoma -- Echinoparyphium re cur vat um reticulare Johnston, 1913; Typhlocoelum — Typhi ocoelum cucumerinum revolutum, Echinoparyphium of Lapage, 1961 — Echinostoma revolutum robustus Stossich, 1902; Monostomum, Ophthalmophagus , Hyptiasmus — Prohyptiasmus robustus 30 russii Mehra, 1937; Lepoderma -- Plagiorchis maculosus or P. potanini sarcidiornicola M^gnin, I89O; Tracheophilus, Typhlultimum -- Typhlocoelum cucumerinum sarcogyponis Vidyarthi, 1937; Pseudostrigea -- Erroneous citation shovellus Lai, 1936; Typhlophilus, Typhlocoelum -- Typhlocoelum cucumerinum simillimum Miihling, 1898; Psilostomum, Psilochasmus -- Psilotrema simillimum sinensis Hsu, 1935; Hypoderaeum -- Hypoderaeum conoideum sinensis Ku, 19^0; Prosthogonimus -- Prosthogonimus ovatus sisowi Skrjabin, 1913; Tracheophilus -- Typhlocoelum sisowi skrjabini Zakharov, 1920; Prosthogonimus -- Prosthogonimus ovatus skrjabini, Philophthalmus of Akhumian, 1966 -- Citation not available sobolevi Ryzhikov, 1963; Euparyphium -- Nomen nudum solitaria Singh, 195*4-; Notocotylus -- Notocotylus babai somateriae Levinsen, l88l; Lecithodendrium, Gymnophallus, Gymno- phalloides -- Meiogymnophallus somateriae somateriae Kulachkova, 1958; Levinseniella -- Microphallus somateriae sphaerocephalus Brandes, 1888; Apatemon, Holostomum -- Apatemon globiceps spiculigerum Miihling, 1898; Psilostomum, Psilotrema -- Psilotrema oligoon spinulosus, Morfl-ifer of Dietz, 1909; Echinochasmus -- Stephanoprora spinosa strictus Endrigkeit, I9UO; Cotylurus -- Cotylurus platycephalus suzugamo Yamaguti, 1939; Acanthoparyphium spinulosum var. -- Acanthoparyphium spinulosum szidatiana Faust & Tang, 1938; Cyathocotyle -- Cyathocotyle prussica tachyeretis Duthoit, 1931; Hindia, Hindolana -- Notocotylus tachyeretis tarda Steenstrup, 18U2; Strigea -- Cotylurus cornutus tenuicollis Bashkir ova, 19^1; Echinostoma revolutum var. -- Echinostoma revolutum theodori Witenberg, 1928; Hyptiasmus, Ophthalmophagu s -- Hyptiasmus arcuatus thienemanni L. & U. Szidat, 1933; Notocotylus -- Notocotylus ephemera thomasi McMullen, 1938; Ribeiroia -- Ribeiroia ondatrae triserialis Diesing, 1839; Notocotylus -- Notocotylus attenuatus tsingkiangpuensis Hsu & Chow, 1938; Opisthorchis -- Amphimerus anatis tumidus Kossack, 1911; Hyptiasmus -- Hyptiasmus arcuatus vanbenedeni Witenberg, 1923; Promptenovum -- Nomen nudum variegata, Strigea -- Unidentified variglandis Miller & Northup, 1926; Microbilharzia -- Austrobilharzia variglandis verrucosum Froelich, 1789; Monostomum — Catatropis verrucosa vesicaudus Nicker son, 1912; Cephalogonimus -- Spurious parasite viviparae Linstow, 1877; Linstowiella -- Paracoenogonimus viviparae viviparae, Linstoviella, Paracoenogonimus of Szidat, 1936, & Sudarikov, 1956 -- Paracoenogonimus ovatus waubesensis Brackett, 19^2; Pseud obilharziella, Pseud obilharzia -- Trichobilharzia waubesensis 31 yokogawai Oiso, 1927; Pseudobilharziella, Bilharziella — Trichobilharzia yokogawai CESTODA Note: Names within the many genera into which Hymenolepis has been divided are not indexed; all such names are listed alphabetically in the catalogue as if the species were in Hymenolepis s. 1. These genera with species in waterfowl are: Abort ilepis All ohapl opar axi s Amphipetrovia Anatinella Armadoskr jabinia Arhynchotaenia Anserilepis Austral iolepis Bisaccanthes Chel acanthus Cloacotaenia Col ymb ilepis Confluaria Dec acanthus Dicranotaenia Drepanidolepis Drepanidotaenia Dubininolepis Echinatrium Echinocotyle Fuhrmaniella Hamatolepis Hispaniolepidoides Hispaniolepis Hymenosphenacanthus Kowalewskius Limnolepis Mayhewia Microsomacanthus Mono sac cant he s Myxacanthus Myxolepis Nadejdolepis Orlovilepis Parabi saccanthe s Retinometra Sobolevicanthus Sphenacanthus Staphylepis Stylolepis Tschertkovilepis Variolepis Wardium Wardoides Weinlandia Name reported -- Valid name or reason for invalidation abuladze Krotov, 19^9; Pi orchis -- Diorchis nyrocae acicula, Hymenolepis of Gower, 1939 — Lapsus for H. acicula-sinuata acicula-sinuata Rosseter, 1909; Hymenolepis -- Diorchis acicula-sinuata acicula-sinuata, Aploparaksis of Lapage, 196l -- Lapsus for Diorchis acicula-sinuata acuminata Clerc, 1902; Drepanidotaenia, Hymenolepis -- Diorchis acuminata acuminata (Clerc) of Ransom, 1909; Diorchis -- Diorchis ransomii acuminata (Clerc) of Linton, 1927; Diorchis -- Diorchis lintoni acuminata (Clerc) of Spasskaia, 196I; Diorchis -- Diorchis spasskajae aecophylus Oshmarin, 1950; Diagonal iporus -- Lateriporus aecophylus agnosta Meggitt, 1927; Anomotaenia -- Chitonorecta agnosta alter nans Rudolphi, 1810; Digramma -- Digramma interrupt a americana Ransom, 1909; Diorchis — Diorchis in flat a anatina Fuhrmann, 1908; Davainea -- Raillietina anatina anatina Krabbe, 1869; Taenia -- Hymenolepis anatina anseris Skrjabin & Matevosian, 19^-2; Hymenolepis -- Hymenolepis setigera anserum Frisch, 1727; Hymenolepis -- Hymenolepis lanceolata apcaris Sharma, 19^-3; Hymenolepis, Dicranotaenia Hymenolepis coronula 32 arcticum Linstoi.', 1901; Tetrabothrium -- Tetrabothrius immerinus arcticum LInstow, 1905; Notobothrium -- Fimbriaria fasciolaris arcuata Kowalevski of Dubinina, 1950; Hymenolepis -- Hymenolepis monoposthe arsenjevi Oshmarin, 1959; Skrjabinoparaksis -- Diorchis arsenjevi asiatica Spasskii, 19&3; Diorchis danutae -- Diorchis asiatica avicoia Fuhrmann, 1897; Ctenotaenia -- Cittotaenia avicola bairdii Krefft, I87I; Taenia -- Hymenolepis collaris birraanica Meggitt, 1927; Hymenolepis -- Hymenolepis neomeggittilis boreal is_ Linstow, 1905; Aporina, Choanotaenia -- Paricterotaenia borealis brachysoma Setti, 1899; Taenia — Taenia brauni , erroneous citation cameroni Singh, i960; Hymenolepis -- Hymenolepis coronula ciliata Fuhrmann, 1913; Platyscolex, Unciunia -- Anomotaenia ciliata compressa Linton, 1892; Taenia -- Hymenolepis compressa conica Molin, 1858; Taenia -- Aploparaksis furcigera conscripta Railliet & Henry, 1909; Taenia, Hymenolepis — Hymenolepis krabbei cygni Maksimova, 19^3; Par abi saccant he s , Hymenolepis -- Hymenolepis philactes cylindrica Krefft, I87I; Taenia -- Hymenolepis megalops cyrtus Skrjabin, 191^-; Davainea -- Raillietina cyrtus danutae Czaplinski of Spasskaia, I96I; Diorchis -- Diorchis asiatica destituata; Taenia, Lateriporus -- Lapsus for Later iporus destitutus destituta Lonnberg, 1889; Taenia — Lateriporus destitutus digonopora Pas quale, 1790; Cotugnia -- Probably erroneous record dimorphus Creplin, 1829; Schistocephalus -- Schist ocephalus solidus diorchis Fuhrmann, 1913; Hymenolepis, Weinlandia, Mi crosomacanthus — Diorchis diorchis ditremus Creplin, 1825; Bothriocephalus -- Diphyllobothrium ditremum dogieli Ginetsinskaia, 19^; Apora -- Gastrotaenia dogieli elisae Skrjabin, 191^-; Aploparaksis -- Diorchis elisae endacantha Dubinina, 195^-; Skrjabinoparaksis, Aploparaksis -- Diorchis endacantha falciformis Linton, 1927; Fimbriaria, Fimbriarioides -- Fimbriariella falciformis and Fimbriarioides lintoni fasciata Krabbe, 1869; Taenia, Hymenolepis, Drepanidotaenia -•- Hymenolepis longicirrosa fasciata, Cotugnia of Lapage, 1961 -- Lapsus for Cotugnia fasti gat a fasciculata Ransom, 1909; Hymenolepis, Sphenacanthus , Retinometra -- Hymenolepis longicirrosa fausti, Fimbriaria of Lapage, 1961 -- Lapsus for Hymenolepis fausti filum Goeze, 1782; Haploparaxis -- Probably erroneous citation flavescens Krefft, I87I; Taenia -- Diorchis flavescens flavescens Krefft, Diorchis of Asia and N. America of authors -- Diorchis inflata fragilis Krabbe, 1869; Hymenolepis £•£• -- Hymenolepis krabbeella fructicosa, Hymenolepis of Fuhrmann, 1932 -- Lapsus for Hymenolepis fruticosa fuliginosa, Haploparaxis of Fuhrmann, 1932 -- Lapsus for Aploparaksis fuligulosa 33 furcigera Nitzsch, l8l9; Hymenolepis -- Aploparaksis furcigera fusus Krabbe, 1869; Hymenolepis — Aploparaksis fusus, erroneous citation gasterostei Fabricius, I78O; Schistocephalus -- Schi stocephalus solidus ginezinskaya, Apora dogieli of Lapage, 1961 — Lapsus for Apora dogieli globosa, Hymenolepis of Lapage, 1961 -- Lapsus for Hymenolepis globulosa globulosa Szpotanska, 1931 > Hymenolepis -- Hymenolepis teresoides gracilis Zeder, 1803; Taenia -- Hymenolepis gracilis groenlandica Krabbe, 1869; Dicranotaenia, Hymenolepis — Aploparaksis groenlandica hylae Johnston, 1912,' Ophiotaenia -- Spurious infection imbutiformis Polonio, i860; Mesocestoides -- Unrecognizable, invalid infundibulum Bloch, 1119', Monopylidium — Choanotaenia infundibulum insignis L3nnberg, I89O; Ophryocotyle -- Ophryocotyle sp. intermedia Fuhrmann, 1913; Fimbriaria -- Fimbriarioides intermedia interrupta Rudolphi, 1810; Ligula -- Digramma interrupta introversa Mayhew, 1925; We inland! a, Hymenolepis -- Hymenolepis coronula japonicus, Haploparaxis of Lapage, 1961 -- Lapsus for Aploparaksis japonensis japonensis Yamaguti, 1935; Haploparaxis -- Aploparaksis furcigera krabbe i Kowalewski, 1895; Taenia -- Hymenolepis krabbe i laevis Bloch, 1782; Taenia, Drepanidotaenia — Diploposthe laevis laevis, Pi orchis of Lapage, 196I -- Lapsus for Diploposthe laevis lintoni, Fimbriariella of Lapage, 1961 -- Lapsus for Fimbriarioides lintoni lobata Szpotanska, 1931; Drepanidotaenia lanceolata, Drepanidotaenia -- Hymenolepis lanceolata longae Schmelz, 19UI; Diorchis -- Diorchis wigginsi longiceps Rudolphi, 1819; Biuterina -- Sphaeruterina longiceps longiovum Schiller, 1953; Schillerius — Diorchis longiovum luengoi LOpez-Reyra, 19^2; Drepanidotaenia -- Hymenolepis fulicicola, erroneous citation macracantha (Linton) of Fuhrmann, 1932; Taenia -- Taenia macrocantha macracanthoides LOpez-Neyra, 1932; Hymenolepis -- Hymenolepis macracanthos macracanthos Linstow, 187T; Taenia -- Hymenolepis macracanthos macracanthos (Linstow) of Linton, 1927; Hymenolepis -- Hymenolepis lintoni macrocantha Linton, I892; Taenia — Unidentified macrostrobiloides Mayhew, 1925; Hymenolepis -- Hymenolepis coronula mast igopraedita Polk, 19^2; Hymenolepis -- Hymenolepis stolli mayhewi Shen Tseng, 1932; Weinlandia -- Mixture of forms megalhystera Linstow, 1905; Hymenolepis -- Hymenolepis coronula megarostellis Solov'ev, 1911; Hymenolepis — Hymenolepis compressa meggitti Sharma, 19^-3; Hymenolepis -- Hymenolepis sharmi mergi Yamaguti, 19^-0; Hymenolepis -- Hymenolepis coronula 34 micracantha Matevosian, 19^5 > Dicranotaenia coronula -- Hymenolepis coronula microcotyle Skrjabin, 191^; Davainea -- Raillietina microcotyle minutum Endrigkeit, 19^0; Ophriocotyle -- Nomen nudum, Nematopara- taenia sp. monoposthe Dubinina, 195^j Diploposthe -- Hymenolepis monoposthe moschata Krefft, 1871; Taenia -- Unidentified nana Maplestone & Southwell, 1922; Echinorhynchotaenia — Hymenolepis southwelli neomeggitti, Hymenolepis of Lapage, 1961 -- Lapsus for Hymenolepis neomeggittilis nyrocae Long & Wiggins, 1939; Pi orchis -- Diorchis wigginsi nyrocae (Yamaguti) of Spasskafa, 1965; Wardoides -- Wardoides oidemiae oligorchis Maplestone, 1922; Cotugnia -- Diplogynia oligorchis otidis Krabbe, 1868; Idiogenes — Probably erroneous record pachycephala Linstow, 1872; Taenia -- Hymenolepis pachycephala parviceps Linstow, 1872; Taenia, Diorchis, Hymenolepis -- Invalid, unidentified parvisaccata Shepard, 19^3; Hymenolepis — Hymenolepis coronula parvogenitalis Matevosian, 19^-5; Diorchis, Schillerius -- Diorchis ransomi parvogenitalis Matevosian of Spasskafa, 196I; Diorchis -- Diorchis tuvensis pauciovata Meggitt, 1927; Hymenolepis -- Hymenolepis fl ore at a pediformis Krefft, I87I; Taenia -- Fimbriaria fasciolaris penelopina Fuhrmann, 1908; Raillietina -- Erroneous citation pigmentata Linstow, 1872; Taenia — Hymenolepis pigment at a plana Linstow, 1905; Fimbriaria — Fimbriaria fasciolaris plicatus Linton, 1892; Epision, Fimbriaria -- Fimbriaria fasciolaris pseudocoronula Matevosfan, 19^5; Dicranotaenia -- Hymenolepis coronula pseudofurcigera Matevosfan, 19^5; Aploparaksis -- Aploparaksis furcigera rhomboidea Dujardin, I8U5; Taenia, Aploparaksis -- Aploparaksis furcigera sagitta Rosseter, 1906; Drepanidotaenia -- Unrecognized, invalid sandgroundi Davis, 19^; Cittotaenia, Diplogynia — Diplogynia oligorchis setigera Froelich, 1789; Taenia -- Hymenolepis setigera sibirica Linstow, 1905; Diorchis -- Hymenolepis sibirica singhi Ryzhikov of Khuan Shen-i, 1962; Echinocotyle -- Nomen nudum, Echinocotyle ry j ikovi sinuosa Zeder, 1800; Taenia, Drepanidotaenia -- Hymenolepis collaris skrjabini Udintzev. 1937; Diorchis, Schillerius -- Diorchis nyrocae skrjabini Matevosfan, 19^2; Diploposthe — Diploposthe sui-generis skrjabini Matevosian, 19^5; Hymenolepis — Hymenolepis macracanthos spasskyi Krotov, 1951; Diagonaliporus — Valipora spas sky i sphenocephala Rudolphi, l8l0; Hymenolepis — Hymenolepis columbae, erroneous citation 35 sphenoid.es, Anomotaenia of Lapage, 1961 -- Lapsus for Amoebotaenia sphenoides stefanskii Czaplinski, 1955; Aploparaksis -- Pi orchis nyrocae szpotanskaica Hughes, 19^0; Hymenolepis lanceolata -- Hymenolepis lanceolata tenuirostris Rudolphi, l8l9; Taenia -- Hymenolepis tenuirostris tenuirostris (Rudolphi) of Fediushin, 1937; Dubinina, I9I+8; and Rysavy, I96I; Hymenolepis -- Hymenolepis krabbei testiculata, Hymenolepis of Lapage, 196I -- Lapsus for Hymenolepis trite sticulata tetragona Molin, 1858; Raillietina -- Probably erroneous report trichosoma Linstow, 1882; Taenia, Hymenolepis -- Diploposthe laevis trite sticulata Fuhrmann, 1907; Hymenolepis, Weinlandia -- Hymenolepis tenuirostris tritesticulata Fuhrmann of Linton, 1927; Hymenolepis -- Unidentified tshanensis Krotov, 19^-9; Diorchis — Diorchis formosensis tuberculata Krefft, 187I; Taenia, Ophryocotyle, Diploposthe -- Diploposthe laevis upsilon Rosseter, 1911; Hymenolepis -- Hymenolepis abort iva villosoides Solov'ev, 1911; Hymenolepis -- Hymenolepis arcuata voluta Linstov, 190^; Taenia, Hymenolepis -- Hymenolepis abortiva NEMATODA Name reported -- Valid name or reason for invalidation acuticaudatus Cobbold, l86l; Heterakis -- Unidentified americana Cram, 1927; Tropisurus -- Tetrameres americana anatinis (Schrank); Capillaria -- Lapsus for Capillaria anatis anatinum Skrjabin, 1916; Epomidiostomum -- Epomidiostomum uncinatum anatinum Sugimoto, 1928; Amidostomum — Amidostomum acutum anati s Schrank, 1790; Thominx -- Capillaria anatis anatis Rudolphi, 1819; Filaria -- Unidentified anatis, Ascaridia of Lapage, 1961 -- Lapsus for Capillaria anatis anserinum, Amidostomum -- Lapsus for Amidostomum anseris anseris Schwartz, 1925; Ascaridia — Ascaridia galli anseris Madsen, 19^5; Capillaria — Capillaria ob si gnat a australis Johnston & Maw son, 19^-1; Tropisurus -- Tetrameres austral is bispinosa Molin, i860; Tetrameres -- Erroneous citation biziurae Johnston & Mawson, 19^1; Tropisurus -- Tetrameres biziurae boschadis Petrov & Fediushin, 19^9; Amidostomum -- Amidostomum acutum brantae Cram, 1928; Syngamus -- Cyatho stoma brant ae bronchialis Muehlig, l8cUi; Syngamus — Cyatho stoma bronchi alis cairinae Freitas & Almeida, 1935; Eucoleus -- Capillaria cairinae calif ornica Gedoelst, 1919; Yseria, Skrjabinobronema -- Streptocara californica caudata Linstow, 1906; Heterakis, Ganguleteraki s -- Heterakis dispar 36 certa Leidy, 1886; Tetrameres -- Erroneous citation chevreuxi Seurat, 19l8; Amidostomum — Amidostomum acutum circumvallata Linstov, 1 906 ; Het.eraki s , Ganguleterakis -- Heterakis dispar circumvallata, Capillaria of Lapage, 1961 -- Lapsus for Heterakis circumvallata collaris Linstow, 1873; Thominx — Capillaria anatis contort a Creplin, 1839; Eucoleus, Thominx — Capillaria contort a coscorobae Chapin, 1925; Syngamus -- Cyathostoma coscorobae crami Swales, 1933; Tropisurus -- Tetrameres crami cygni Morini, Colombo, & Martin, i960; Echinuria -- Echinuria uncinata cygni , Epomi d i o st omum of Shen & Wu, 1964 — Unidentified; lapsus? decorata Cram, 1927; Syncuaria — Decorataria decorata denticulophasma Wehr & Chitwood, 193^-j Avioserpens — Avioserpens tarwana dispar Schrank, 1790; Ganguleteraki s -- Heterakis dispar droummondii Travassos, 1915; Capillaria -- Capillaria obsignata elegans Olfers, 1816; Eustrongylides -- Eustrongylides mergorum ellisi Johnston & Maw son, 19^-5; Thominx -- Capillaria ellisi ensicaudata Zeder, 1800; As car is -- Porrocaecum ensicaudatum eurycerca Seurat, 191^-J Seurocyrnea -- Cyrnea eurycerca fissi spina Diesing, l86l; Tropi surus -- Tetrameres fissi spina fissi spina, Echinuria of Lapage, 196I -- Lapsus for Tetrameres fissi spina fuligulae Maplestone, 1930; Ami dost omum -- Amidostomum acutum gallinae Gmelin, 179°; Heterakis -- Heterakis gallinarum gigas Travassos, 1919; Tropisurus — Tetrameres gigas globosa Linstow, 1879; Tetrameres -- Erroneous citation gusi Oshmarin, 195°; Korjakinema — Streptocara californica gynjiecoghila Molin, I858; Tetrameres -- Probably erroneous citation horrida , Rudolphi, 1809; Echinuria -- Skrjabinoclava horrida hyperborea Swinyard, 1931; Heterakis, Ganguleterakis -- Heterakis dispar inermis Linstov, 1879; Tetrameres — Erroneous citation inflata Mehlis, 1846; Tetrameres -- Eustrongylides mergorum inflexa Rudolphi, l8l9; Capillaria -- Probably erroneous citation jugadornata Solov'ev, 1912; Echinuria -- Echinuria uncinata leucopareiae Solonitsyn, 1918; Amidostomum -- Nomen nudum lineata Schneider, 1866; Ascaridia, Heterakis -- Ascaridia galli merulae Baylis, 1926; Syngamus — Probably Syngamus trachea neglecta Lent & Freitas, 1939; Parhadjelia -- Hadjelia neglecta nodulosum Rudolphi, 1803; Amidostomum -- Amidostomum anseris nyrocinarum Mad sen, 19^5; Thominx — Capillaria nyrocinarum orient ale Ryzhikov & Pavlov, 1959; Amidostomum — Amidostomum acutum pachicephalus Molin, l86l; Hystrichis -- Hystrichis cygni papilloides, Eustrongylides, of Lapage, I9S1 — Lapsus for Eustron- gylides papillosus papillosa Bloch, 1782; Heterakis -- Heterakis gallinarum or H. dispar paradoxa Diesing, 1835; Tetrameres -- Probably Eustrongylides mergorum 37 parovatum, Oxyspirura of Gower, 1939 -- Lapsus for Oxyspirura parvovum parvovum Sweet, 1910; Oxyspirura -- Oxyspirura mansoni pectinifera Neumann, 1900; Streptocara -- Streptocara crassicauda perspicillata Rudolphi, 1803; Ascaridia -- Ascaridia galli plectropteri Thwaite, 1926; Echinurioides, Tropisurus -- Tetrameres plectropteri puchovi Gushanskafa, 19^9; Tropisurus -- Tetrameres puchovi raillieti Skrjabin, 1915; Amidostomum -- Amidostomum fulicae raillieti Lopez-Neyra, 19^7; Thominx, Capillaria, Eucoleus -- Capillaria contorta retusa Railliet, 1895; Capillaria -- Probably Capillaria anatis sarcidiornis Kreis, 1953; Syngamus -- Cyathostoma sarcidiornis similis Freitas & Medonca, 195^; Amidostomum -- Amidostomum cygni skrjabini Boulenger, 1926; Amidostomum -- Amidostomum acutum skrjabini Petrov, 1926; Epomi di o st omum -- Epomidiostomum orispinum skrjabini Lfubimova, 19hj; Thominx — Capillaria skrjabini somateriae Ryzhikov, i960; Streptocara -- Streptocara formosensis spiculigerum Rudolphi, 1809; Ascaris -- Contracaecum spiculigerum spinosa Maple stone, 1931; Echinuria, Tropisurus -- Tetrameres spinosa spinulosa Linstow, I89O; Echinocoleus, Thominx -- Capillaria spinulosa staphlocerca, Ascaridia of Gower, 1939 -- Lapsus for Ascaridia styphlocerca streparae Johnston & Maw son, 19^7; Oxyspirura -- Erroneous citation streperae Johnston & Mawson, 19^1; Porrocaecum -- Erroneous citation streperina Johnston & Maw son, 19^1; Acuaria -- Erroneous citation styphlocerca Stossich, I90I+; Ascaridia -- Ascaridia galli suctoria Molin, i860; Allodapa, Subulura -- Subulura brumpti tadornae Chatin, 187^; Syngamus — Cyathostoma tadornae tadornae, Streptocara of Lapage, 1961 -- Erroneous citation, nomen nudum taiwana Sugimoto, 1919; Filaria, Oshimaia -- Avioserpens taiwana tenuis Die sing, l86l; Tetrameres -- Tetrameres fissispina trachealis Siebold, I83S; Syngamus -- Syngamus trachea tridentata Linstow, 1877; Streptocara -- Paracuaria tridentata tumida Zeder, 1803; Capillaria -- Capillaria anatis? turkestanicum Skrjabin, 1923; Contracaecum -- Contracaecum spiculigerum uncinata Rudolphi, 1819; Acuaria, Filaria -- Echinuria uncinata vesicularis Froelich, 1791; Heterakis — Heterakis gallinarum zakharowi Petrov, 1926; Tropisurus — Tetrameres zakharowi 38 ACANTHOCEPHALA Name reported -- Valid name or reason for invalidation altmani Perry, 19^2; Filicollis, Parafilicollis, Falsifilicollis — Polymorphus altmani aluconis O.F. Muller, 1780; Echinorhynehus — Centrorhynchus aluconis anatis Schrank, 1788; Echinorhynehus, Polymorphus -- Filicollis anatis arcticus Van Cleave, 1920; Filicollis, Profilicollis — Polymorphus arcticus boschadis Schrank, 1788; Polymorphus, Filicollis — Polymorphus minutus botulus Van Cleave, 19l6; Filicollis, Profilicollis -- Polymorphus botulus cornutus, Polymorphus of Lapage, I96I -- Lapsus for Polymorphus contort us filicollis Rudolphi, 1809; Echinorhynehus -- Filicollis anatis frassoni Molin, 1858; Echinorhynehus — Arhythmorhynchus frassoni hystrix, Echinorhynehus of authors -- Corynosoma semerme and C. strumosum laevis Linstow, 1905; Echinorhynehus -- Filicollis anatis lendix, Echinorhynehus -- perhaps Polymorphus phippsi longicollis Villot, 1875; Echinorhynehus -- Arhythmorhynchus longicollis major Lundstrom, 19^-2; Parafilicollis, Profilicollis, Falsifilicollis — Polymorphus major mergi Lundstrom, 19^1 j Hemiechinosoma -- Corynosoma mergi mergorum, Echinorhynehus of Lapage, 1961 -- Lapsus for Eustrongylides mergorum peposacae Porta, 191^5 Echinosoma — Corynosoma peposacae polymorphus, Echinorhynehus of authors — Filicollis anatis and Polymorphus minutus pupa Linstow, 1905; Echi norhynchu s , Polymorphus, Filicollis — Prosthorhynchus pupa sphaerocephalus de Marval, 1905; Echinorhynehus -- Filicollis anatis striatus Linton, 1892; Echinorhynehus -- Corynosoma constrictum HIRTJDINEA Name reported -- Valid name or reason for invalidation granata Megnin; Protoclepsis -- Theromyzon tessulatum maculosa Rathke, 1862; Protoclepsis — Theromyzon maculosa meyeri Livanow, 1902; Protoclepsis — Theromyzon sexoculatum? occidentalis Verrill, 187^; Hemiclepsis — Theromyzon occidentale ornata Verrill, 1872; Placobdella -- Spurious infection parva Moore, 1912; Dina -- Spurious infection tessulata O.F. Muller, 117k; Protoclepsis -- Theromyzon tessulatum 39 SPECIES SUMMARIES TREMATODA Cyathocotyle bushiensis STATUS AS WiiTERFOWL P±JUiSITE: Accidental; reported once as experimental infection in domestic duck. Natural host unknown. DESCRIPTION: Khan, 1962a. SYNONYMY ; Cercaria bushiensis Khan, 1962 Cyathocotyle bushiensis Khan, I962 LIFE CYCLE t Eggs passed in feces, hatch in water in 14 days; miracidia penetrate fresh~water snails, develop into cercariaej metacercariae en- cyst in same species of snail} mature in 5 days after ingestion by final host. (Khan, 1962a) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS ; Bithynia tentaculata SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS* Bithynia tentaculata, Valvata piscinalis FINAL HOSTS; *VES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos ( dom. ) [exper. ] HABITAT: Ceca. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (England). Cyathocotyle indica STATUS iiS WATERFOWL PARaSITE; Rare, reported once in wild duck. Type host a passerine bird. DESCRIPTION: Mehra, 1943. SYNONYMY; Cyathocotyle (Neocyathocotyle ) indica Mehra, 1943 LIFE CYCLE; Unknown; probably similar to that of C. prussica. FINAL HOSTS : AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) jjiatini - Anas platyrhynchos Pas serif ormes - Sturnopastor capensis HABITiiT; Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (India, Amur). 41 Cyathocotyle melanittae STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck, once experimentally in domestic duck. DESCRIPTION: Yamaguti, 193**, 1939. Copy: Dubois, 103Rb; Sudarikov, 1962. SYNONYMY: Dubois, 1938b. Cyathocotyle melanittae Yamaguti, 193** Paracyathocotyle melanittae (Yamaguti, 193*0 Szidat, 1936 Linstowiella (?) melanittae (Yamaguti, 193*0 [Faust & Tang, 1938] Cyathocotyle (Cyathocotyle) melanittae Yamaguti, 193** of Mehra, 19** 3 LIFE CYCLE: Metacercariae (prohemistomulum) encysted in muscles of fresh-water fish. (Yamaguti, 1939) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Unknown. SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Fseudoperilatnpus typus , Fseudorasbora parva FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) [exper.] Mergini - Melanitta fusca HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Japan). Cyathocotyle prussica STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Frequent; reported 17 times in wild ducks, 5 times (3 times experimentally) in domestic ducks. Mortality during epizootic due to Cyathocotyle sp. reported by Shevtsov, 1958a. DESCRIPTION: Muhling, I896; Bykhovskafa-Pavlovskafa, 195**a; Dubois, 1964. Copy: Dubois, 1938b; Sudarikov, 1962. SYNONYMY: Dubois, 1938b. Cyathocotyle prussica Muhling, I896 Cyathocotyle ( Cyathocotyle ) prussica Muhling, 1896 of Mehra, 19*0 Distoma pyri forme Creplin, 1837, nomen nudum Cyathocotyle oriental is Faust, 1922 - [Dubois, 1964] Paracyathocotyle orientalis (Faust, 1922) Szidat, 1936 Linstowiella orientalis (Faust, 1922) Wisniewski, 193*1- Cyathocotyle gravieri Mathias, 1935 - [Dubois, 1953b; Sudarikov, 1962] Cyathocotyle fusa Ishii & Matsuoka, 1935 - [Dubois, 196*1-] Cyathocotyle szidatiana Faust & Tang, 1938 - [Dubois, 196*)-] 42 LIFE CYCLE: Cercariae develop in fresh-water snail; metacercariae (prohemistomulum) encysted in muscles and in tissue near' eye of fresh- water fish and frogs, infective in 2-3 months; mature in final host 80 hours after ingestion. (Dubinin, 1952; Faust, 1922; Komiya & Mur- ase, 1951, 1952; Mathias, 1935; Vojtkova, 1962; Yamaguti, 19^0b) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Bithynia tentaculata , Bulinus striatulus, Farafossarulus manchouricus, Viviparus lapillorum SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Abramis brama , Acheilognathus lanceolata, Alburnus alburnus, Carassius carassius, Gobio gobio [exper.], Leucas- pius delineatus, Nemachilus barbatulus, Phoxinus nhoxinus [exper. 1 , Pseudorasbora parva, Rutilus rutilus, Sarcocheilichthys sinensis, Zacco temminckii , Rana esculenta FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas platyrhynchos (dom.), Anas acuta, Anas crecca. Anas penelope , Anas querquedula , Anas strepera Aythyini - Aythya ferina, Aythya fuligula, Aythya marila , Netta rufina Mergini - Clangula hyemalis, Melanitta fusca, Mergus albellus, Mergus serrator Pelecaniformes - Pelecanus crispus, Pelecanus oncro talus, Phalacrocorax aristotelis, Phalacrocorax carbo Falconiformes - Falco tinnunculus [exper.], Milvu s migrans [exper.] Gruiformes - Fulica atra, Gallinula chloropus Charadriiformes - Larus argentatus, Larus ichthyaetus, Larus ridibun- dus, Sterna hirundo , Sterna paradisaea Strigiformes - Asio flammeus HABITAT: Small intestine - posterior portion, ceca. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (W. Siberia, Kazakhstan, Amur, Primorsk, China, Japan). Cyathocotyle skr.jabini STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in domestic duck. DESCRIPTION: Petrov & Sudarikov, I963. SYNONYMY: Cyathocotyle skr.jabini Petrov & Sudarikov, 19^3 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of C. prussica. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) 43 HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Ukraine). Holostephanus curonensis STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported 3 times (once experi- mentally) in domestic ducks. DESCRIPTION: Szidat, I936. Copy: Sudarikov, 1P62. SYNONYMY: Cercaria curonensis Szidat, 1933 Cyathocotyloides curonensis (Szidat, 1933) Szidat, 1936 Holostephanus curonensis (Szidat, 1933) Yamaguti, 1939 LIFE CYCLE: Cercariae develop in fresh-water snails; metacercariae in fresh-water fish. (Olivier, 19^0; Szidat, 1933b, 1936) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Bithynia tentaculata SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Leucaspius delineatus FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom.) HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (USSR - Kaliningrad, Germany), Asia (Kazakhstan). Holostephanus luehei STATUS AS WATFRFOWL PARASITE: Accidental, normally in lariform birds; reported once in domestic duck from experimental infection. DESCRIPTION: Szidat, 1936; Erasmus, 1962b; Ohman, 1966b. Copy: Dubois, 1938b; Sudarikov, 1962. SYNONYMY: Erasmus, 1962b. Holostephanus luehei Szidat, 1936 Holostephanus burslformis Szidat, 1936 Cyathocotyloides dubius Szidat, 1936 Holostephanus dubius (Szidat, 1936) Mehra , 19^3 - [Erasmus, 1962] Cyanocotyloides dubius (Szidat) of Erasmus, 1962, lapsus LIFE CYCLE: Metacercariae encysted in body musculature of fresh-water 44 fish; mature in 3 days after ingestion by final host. (Erasmus, 1962b; 8hman, 1966b) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Bithynia tentaculata SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Gasterosteus aculeatus, Pun^itius pungitius FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) [exper.l Charadriiformes - Larus fuscus, Sterna hirundo, Sterna paradisaea Columbi formes - Columba livia (dom.) [exper.] HABITAT: Large intestine, ceca, cloaca. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Great Britain, USSR - Kaliningrad). Holostephanus lutzi STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in probably a do- mestic goose. DESCRIPTION: Faust & Tang, 1938. Copy: Sudarikov, 1962. SYNONYMY: Dubois, 1953b. Linstowiella (?) lutzi Faust & Tang, 1938 Holostephanus lutzi (Faust & Tang, 1938) Mehra, 19^3 Cvathocotyle lutzi (Faust & Tang, 1938) Dubois, 19^5 Linstowiella bambusicolae Faust & Tang, 1938 Holostephanus bambusicolae (Faust & Tang, 1938) Mehra, loiJ-3 Cvathocotyle bambusicolae (Faust & Tang, 1938) Dubois, 19^5 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of H. 1 r.phei . FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser sp. Galliformes - Bambusicola thoracica, Gall us gallus (dom. ) HABITAT: Probably small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (China). Holostephanus volgensis STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Accidental; reported once in domestic duck as result of experimental infection. Natural host not known. 45 DESCRIPTION: Vojtkova, 1966. SYNONYMY: F rohemis tomulum volgensis Sudarikov, 1962 Holostephanus volgensis (Sudarikov, 1962) Vojtkova, 1966 LIFE CYCLE: Cercariae develop in fresh-water snail; metacercariae in tadpoles and adults of amphibia; mature in final hosts after ingestion. (Vojtkova, 1966) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Bithynia tentaculata SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Bombina bombina , Bufo bufo, Rana arvensis, Rana esculenta , Rana tempo raria , Salamandra salamandra , Trituris vul- garis FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) [exper.1 Falconiformes - Falco tinnunculus [exper.1 Gruiformes - Fulica atra Lexper.1 Charadriiformes - Larus ridibundus [exper.1 Strigiformes - Athene noctua [exper.1 Passeriformes - Corvus monedula [exper.1, Fica pica [exper.1 HABITAT: Small intestine DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Czechoslovakia). Paracoenogonimus ovatus STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; normally in Falconiformes; reported 3 times in wild ducks, once in captive duck. DESCRIPTION: Katsurada, 1914; Szidat, 1936 (as Linstowiella viviparae); Sudarikov, 1956 (as P. viviparae ) ; Odening, 1963. Copy: Sudarikov, 1962. SYNONYMY: Sudarikov, 1962. Paracoenogonimus ovatus Katsurada, 1914 F rohemis tomum ovatus (Katsurada, 191*0 Sprehn 1932 Linstowiella viviparae (Linstow) of Szidat, 1936 Paracoenogonimus viviparae (Linstow) of Sudarikov, 1956 Cercaria wolgensis Skvortsov, 1924 F rohemistomulum circulare Ciurea , 1933 Diplostomulum hughesi Markevich, 1934 Neodiplostomum hughesi (Markevich, 1934) Barysheva & Bauer, 1958 LIFE CYCLE: Cercariae develop in fresh-water snails; metacercariae 46 (prohemistomulum) encysted in musculature and other organs of fresh- water fish; mature in final host 5-7 days after ingestion. (Askanazy, 19C6; Ciurea, 1933; Ginetsinskaia, 1958a; Ginetsinskaia & Kosheva, 1959; Katsurada, 191^; Komiya, 193?; Kozicka & Niewiadomska, 1958; Niewiadomska, 1958; Schuurmans-Stekhoven, 1931; Vojtek, 1959) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Viviparus contectus, Viviparus viviparus SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Abramis ballerus, Abramis brama , Abramis sapa, Acerina cernua, Acipenser sturio, Alburnus alburnus, Aspius aspius, Bar bus barbus , Blicca bjoerkna, Carassius carassius, Core- gonus lavaretus, Cottus quadricornis, Cyprinus carpio , Esox lucius, Leuciscus cephalus, Leuciscus idus, Leuciscus leuciscus, Lota lota, Lucioperca lucioperca, Lucioperca vol gensis, Osmerus eperlanus, Pel- ecus cultratus, Ferca fluviatilis , Pungitius pungitius , Rhod eu s ser- iceus, Rutilus rutilus, Salmo salar, Scardinius erythrophthalmus , Silurus glanis, Thymallus thymallus, Tinea tinea, Vimba vimba FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos Mergini - Mergus merganser Podicipediformes - Fodiceps cristatus Felecaniformes - Pelecanus occidentalis Falconiformes - Aquila nipalensis, Buteo buteo, Circus aerupinosus, Falco tinnunculus, Haliaeetus albicilla, Mil vu s migrans, Fandion haliaetus Charadriiformes - Larus ridibundus, Stercorarius parasiticus, Sterna hirundo , Sterna paradisaea MAMMALIA - Rodentia - Mus musculus (lab.) [exper.], Rattus norvep;icus (lab.) [exper.] Carnivora - Alopex lagopus, Canis lupus, Felis catus [exper. 1, Vulpes vulpes HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (Amur, Japan). Paracoenogonimus viviparae STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Accidental; reported once experimentally in domestic duck. Natural host probably Nyroca fuligula, based on food habits - Sudarikov, 196l. DESCRIPTION: Sudarikov, 1962; Odening, 1962d. SYNONIMY: Sudarikov, 1962. Monostomum viviparae Linstow, 187? Monostomulum vivinarae (Linstow, 1P77) Brandes, 1892 47 Linstowiella viviparae (Linstow, 1877) Szidat, 1933 Prohemistomum vivirarae (Linstow, 1877) Mehra, 19^7 Paracoenogonimus vivirarae (Linstow, 1877) Sudarikov, 1956 LIFE CYCLE: Cercariae develop in fresh-water snails; metacercariae (prohemistomulum) in edge of mantle of same species of snail, or in fish (Iziumova, 1959); mature in 3 days after ingestion by final host. (Szidat, 1933b) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Viviparus viviparus SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Viviparus viviparus, Abramis ballerus, Blicca b.joerkna, Pelecus cultratus, Perca fluviatilis, Rutilus rutilus FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) [exper.l Falconiformes - Circus aerupinosus C ha radrii formes - Larus argentatus MAMMALIA - Rodentia - Rattus norvegicus (lab. ) [exper.l HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Germany, USSR). Mesostephanus sp. STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare, probably accidental; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Richard, 1965. SYNONYMY: Mesostephanus sp. Richard, 1965 LIFE HISTORY: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) - "wild duck" HABITAT: Not given, probably small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Madagascar). Diplostomum gasterostei STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Accidental; reported once in domestic 48 duck as result of experimental infection. DESCRIPTION: Williams, 1966a. SYNONYMY: Diplostomum (Diplostomum) gasterostei Williams, 1966 LIFE CYCLE: Cercariae develop in fresh-water snail, penetrate and encyst as diplostomulum larva in retina of fresh-water fish; mature in 3 days after ingestion by final host. (Williams, 1966a, 1966b) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Lymnaea peregra SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Gasterosteus aculeatus FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhyncho s (dom. ) [exper.] Col umbi formes - Columba livia (dom. ) HABITAT : Inte s tine . DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Scotland). Diplostomum gavium STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare, normally in loons; reported once in wild duck. STATUS AS SPECIES: Confused with D. immer and other species - Dubois, 1964. DESCRIPTION: Guberlet, 1922. Copy: Dubois, 193%; Sudarikov, 1960a. SYNONYMY: Sudarikov, 1960a. Hemistomum gavium Guberlet, 1922 Alaria gavia (Guberlet, 1922) Guberlet, 1923 Proalaria gavia (Guberlet, 1922) La Rue, 1926 Diplostomum gavium (Guberlet, 1922) Hughes, 1929 Tylodelphys gavia (Guberlet, 1922) Sudarikov, i960 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of D. spathaceum. FINAL HOSTS: Aves Anseriformes (Anatidae) Mergini - Mergus merganser Gaviiformes - Gavia immer Podicipediformes - Fodiceps caspicus, Fodiceps cristatus, Podiceps grisegena, Podiceps ruficollis 49 Charadriiformes - Larus ichthyaetus HABITAT: Small intestine - duodenum. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (USSR), Asia (Kirgizia, W. Siberia), N. America (USA). Diplostomum indistinetum STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare, normally in lariform birds; re- ported once in wild duck. STATUS AS SPECIES: Synonym of D. spathaceum - Dubois & Rausch, 19^; Dubois, 1953» adult similar to D. spathaceum, larvae distinct - Shigin, 1959; Dubois, 1966. DESCRIPTION: Guberlet, 1922; Linton, 1928. Copy: Dubois, 1938b; Sudarikov, 1960a. SYNONYMY: Hemistomum con fu sum Guberlet, 1922, not Krause, 191^ Alaria indistincta Guberlet, 1923 Froalaria indistincta (Guberlet, 1923) La Rue, 1926 Diplostomum indistinetum (Guberlet, 1923) Hughes, 1929 Diplostomum (Diplostomum) inc istinctum (Guberlet, 1923) of Dubois, 1966 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of D. spathaceum. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas strepera Charadriiformes - Larus argent a tus, Larus atricilla, Larus delawaren- sis, Larus minutus HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Georgia SSR), Asia (Kazakhstan), N. America (USA), Diplostomum mergi STATUS AS- WATERFOWL PARASITE: Frequent; reported 17 times in wild ducks and once in captive duck. DESCRIPTION: Yamaguti, 1933; Dubois, 1932, 19^8; Odening, 1963c. Copy: Dubois, 1938b; Sudarikov, 1960a. SYNONYMY: Dubois, 1938b. 50 Holostomuni exiguum Mehlis in Creplin, 1P46, nomen nudum Holostomuni erraticum (Rudolphi) of Linstow, 1877, e.p. Holostomum pileatum Brandes, 1888, e.p. Hemistomum excavatum (Rudolphi) of Dubois, 1928 Diplostomum mergi Dubois, 1932 Diplostomum (Diplostomum) mergi Dubois, 1932 of Dubois, 196l Froalaria mergi Yamaguti, 1933 Diplostomum orientale Yamaguti, 19 3^ - [Dubois, 1953b] Neodiplostomum orientale (Yamaguti, 193/0 Gower, 1938 LIFE CYCLE: Cercariae develop in fresh-water snails; metacercariae in lens of eye of fresh-water fish. (Shigin, 1965; Yamaguti, 19^2) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Lymnaea aurieularia, Lymnaea stagnalis SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Abramis ballerus , Abramus brama, Alburnus alburnus, Aspius aspius, Carassius carassius, Cyprinus carpio, Gobius kessleri, Gobius melanostomus, Lucioperca lucioperca, Parasilurus asotus, Pelecus cultratus, RutiTus rutilus, Scardinius erythrophthal mu s FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) [exper.l Somateriini - Somateria mollissima Mergini - Mergus albellus , Mergus merganser, Mergus serrator Charadriiformes - Actitis hypoleucos, Tringa oehropus HABITAT: Small intestine - duodenum. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (Uzbekistan, Kirgizia, Tuva, Primorsk, Kamchatka, Japan). Diplostomum micradenum STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Accidental; reported once in domestic duck as result of experimental infection; natural host unknown. STATUS AS SFECIES: ■ Synonym of Hysteromorpha triloba - Sudarikov, I960; distinct form - Williams, 196U. DESCRIPTION: Olivier, 19^0; Dubois & Rausch, 1950. SYNONYMY: Cercaria micradena Cort & Brackett, 1939 Diplostomum micradenum (Cort & Brackett, 1939) Olivier, la^0 Diplostomum (Diplostomum) micradenum (Cort & Brackett, 1939) of Dubois, 1961 LIFE CYCLE: Cercariae develop in fresh-water snail , emerge and pene- 51 trate tadpoles of amphibia, become established in central nervous system or rarely in retina; metacercariae infective in 22-51 days; mature in final host 10 days after ingestion. (Olivier, 1938, lc^0; Williams, 1964) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Lymnaea palustris, Lymnaea reflexa SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Bufo americanus, Pseudacris brachyphona, Rana clamitans, Rana pipiens, Rana sylvatica FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) [exper.l Galliformes - Gallus gallus (dom.) [exper.j Columbiformes - Columba livia (dom. ) [exper.] HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Russia), N. America (USA). Diplostomum parviventosum STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported 3 times in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Dubois, 1932. Copy: Dubois, 193?b; Sudarikov, l°60a. SYNONYMY: Diplostomum parviventosum Dubois , 1932 Tylodelphys parviventosum (Dubois, 1932 ) Szidat, 19^0 Diplostomum (Diplostomum) parviventosum Dubois, 1^32 of Dubois, 1961 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of D. spathaceum. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Mergini - Mergus albellus, Mergus merganser Charadriiformes - Larus ridibundus HABITAT: Intestine, DISTRIBUTION: Europe (England, Switzerland, Russia), Asia (Kirgizia). Diplostomum pelmatoides STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck and once as experimental infection in domestic ducks. STATUS AS SPECIES: Reported as adult of Diplostomulum phoxini by Rees, 52 19555 this form would become synonym of Diplostomum phoxini . Main- tained as distinct species by Sudarikov, 1960a. DESCRIPTION: Dubois, 1932. Copy: Dubois, 193nb, Sudarikov, 1960a. SYNONYMY: Diplo stomum pelmatoides Dubois, 1932 LIFE CYCLE: Metacercariae (diplostomulum) developed in 28 days in brain of fresh-water fish; mature in h> days after ingestion by final host. (Rees, 1955, 1957) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Lymnaea pereger SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Phoxinus phoxinus FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) [exper.] Mergini - Mergus merganser Galliformes - Gallus gallusTdom.) [exper.] HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe. Diplo stomum phoxini STATUS AS VJATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported twice in wild ducks, 4 times experimentally in domestic ducks. Best development in experimental infections occurred in gulls. DESCRIPTION: Dubois, 1932; Arvy & Buttner, 195^. Cory: Dubois, 1938b; Sudarikov, 1960a. SYNONYMY: Tetracotyle phoxini Faust, 1918 Dinlostomulum phoxini (Faust, 1918) Hughes, 1929 Diplostomum phoxini (Faust, 1918) Arvy & Buttner, 195^ Diplo stomum (Diplostomum) phoxini (Faust, 1918) of Dubois, 1961 Diplostomum pelmatoides Dubois, 1932 - [Rees, 19551? distinct, Hoffman, I960; Sudarikov, 1960a LIFE CYCLE: Cercariae develop in fresh-water snails; metacercariae (diplostomulum) encysted in brain of cyprinid fish, fully developed in 2k days; mature in final host 3 days after ingestion. (Arvy, 1955? Arvy & Buttner, 195^; Bell & Hopkins, 19^6; Berrie, 1960a; Dollfus, 1961 ; Rees, 1955, 1957) 53 FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Lymnaea ajjricularia, Lymnaea neregra SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Phoxinus phoxinus FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas pTatyrhynchos (dom.) [exper.] Cairinini - Cairina moschata (dom.) [exper.] Mergini - Mergus merganser Galliformes - Gallus gallus (dom.) [exper.] Charadriiformes - Larus argentatus [exper.] Columbiformes - Columba livia (dom. ) [exper.] MAMMALIA - Rodentia - Mus musculus (lab.) [exper.] HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe. Diplostomum pusillum STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Infrequent; reported 10 times in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Dubois, 1928, i960; Bykhovskafa-Favlovskafa, 195^a. Copy: Dubois, 1938b; Sudarikov, 1960a. SYNONYMY: Dubois, 1938b. Hemistomum pusillum Dubois, 1027 Diplostomum pusillum (Dubois, 1927) Dubois, 1032 Diplostomum (Diplostomum) pusillum (Dubois, 1927) of Dubois, lQ6l LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of D. spathaceum. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Mergini - Bucephala clangula , Mergus albellus, Mergus merganser, Mergus serrator Charadriiformes - Larus ridibundus MAMMALIA - Rodentia - Ondatra zibethica HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Switzerland, Rumania, Russia), Asia (W. Siberia, Kirgizia, Tadzhikistan, Tuva, Yakutia, Kamchatka), N. America (USA). Diplostomum scudderi STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck, 54 DESCRIPTION: Hoffman & Hundley, 1957; Dubois, 1966. Copy: Sudar- ikov, 1960a. SYNONYMY: Cercaria scudderi Olivier, 19^+1 Diplostomum (Diplostomum) scudderi (Olivier, 19*H) Dubois, 1966 Diplostomum baeri subsp. eucaliae Hoffman & Hundley, 1958 Diplostomum eucaliae (Hoffman & Hundley, 1958) Shigin, 196l LIFE CYCLE: Eggs passed in feces, hatch in 12 days in fresh water; cercariae develop in fresh-water snail in 3C1 days after infection, penetrate fish; metacercariae (diplostomulum) develop in brain, remain unencysted, infective in 13-23 days; mature in 3-6 days after inges- tion by final host. (Hoffman & Hundley, 195?) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Lymnaea palustris SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Eucalia inconstans FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas pi atyrhynchos Galliformes - Gallus gallus (dom. ) [exper.] Columbiformes - Zenaidura macroura [exper.] Strigiformes - Otus asio [exper.] HABITAT: Small intestine - anterior one third. DISTRIBUTION: N. America (USA). Diplostomum spathaceum spathaceum STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Infrequent, typically in gulls; re- ported 5 times in wild ducks and once in domestic duck from experi- mental infection. DESCRIPTION: Krause, 191^5 Bykhovskaia-Pavlovskafa , 195^a; Odening, 1963. Copy: Dubois, 1938b; Sudarikov, 1960a. SYNONYMY: Dawes, 1956; Dubois, 193%. Distoma spathaceum Rudolphi , 1819 Holostomum spathaceum (Rudolphi, 1819) Nordmann, 1840 Hemistomum spathaceum (Rudolphi, 1819 ) Diesing, I85.O Diplostomum spathaceum (Rudolphi, 1819) Olsson, lP?6 Conchosomum spathaceum (Rudolphi, 181Q) Stossich, 1^9^ Proalaria spathaceum (Rudolphi, 1819) La Rue, 1926 Diplostomulum spathaceum (Rudolphi, 1819) Hughes, 1°29 Diplostomum (Diplostomum) spathaceum spathaceum (Rudolphi, 1819) of Dubois , 1966 55 Amphi stoma lari-glauci Rudolphi, 1819 - [Sprehn, 1932; Sudarikov, 1960al Diplostomum volvens Nordmann, 1832 Distoma volvens Nordmann, 1833 > lapsus? Tetracotyle volvens (Nordmann, 1932) Matare, 1909 Diplostomulum volvens (Nordmann, 1932) Faust, 1918 Hemistomum pileatum Brandes, 1888, e.p. Hemistomum plleatum (Rudolphi) of Nicoll, 1914 Diplostomum pileatum (Brandes, 1888) Baylis, 1934 Diplostomum indistinctum Guberlet, 1923 - [Bykhovshafa -Pavlov skafa, 1953, 1954a; Dubois, 1953b] Diplostomulum huronense (La Rue, 1027) Hughes & Hall, 1929 - [Bykhov- skaia-Pavlovskaia, 1953, 1954a; Sudarikov, 1960a] Diplostomum flexicaudum (Cort & Brooks, 1928) Van Haitsma, 1930 - [Dubois & Rausch, 1948; Dubois, 1953b] LIFE CYCLE: Eggs passed in feces, hatch in water in 19-33 days; cer- cariae develop in fresh- or brackish water snail in 45 days, emerge and penetrate surface of body of fresh-water to marine fish; encyst as metacercariae (diplostomulum) in lens and vitreous humor of eye of fish, probably infective in 5-6 weeks; may overwinter in either first or second host; mature in less than 7 days after ingestion by final host. (Berrie, 1960b; Cichowlas, 196l; Ciurea, 1933; Dubois, 1929; Kiseliene, 1966; Komiya, 1938; Mindel, 1963; Reimer, 1064a, 1965; Shigin, 1964; Sudarikov, 1960a; Szidat, 1924a, 1924b; Williams, 1966b; Zajicek, 1963c; 2da>ska, 1963) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Bithynia tentaculata , Lymnaea abrussa, Lymnaea ampla, Lymnaea auricularia, Lymnaea exilis, Lymnaea humilis, Lymnaea megasoma, Lymnaea ovata , Lymnaea palustris, Lymnaea peregra, Lymnaea stagnalis SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: At least 90 species of fish reported, in the following genera: CYCLOSTCMATA' - Lampetra , Petromyzon ; OSTEICH- THYES - Abramis, Acerina, Acipenser, Alburnus , Alosa, Anguilla, Aspius, Aspro, Barbus , Blicca, Capoetobrama , Carassius, Caspialosa, Chalcal- burnus, Chondrostoma, Cichlasoma, Clupea , Cobitis, Coregonus, Cottus, Cyprinus, Diplophysa, Diptychus , Esox, Gadus, Gasterosteus, Gobio , Gobius, Idus, Lavinia, Leucaspius, Leuciscus, Lota, Lucioperca, Nerophls , Nemachilus, Orthodon, Osmerus, Parasilurus, Pelecus, Perca , Phoxinus, Pleuronectes , Pungitius, Pygosteus, RutiTus, Rhodeus, Salmo , Salvelinus, Scardinius, Schizothorax, Silurus , Si phono stoma, Stenodps, Thymallus, Tinea, Vimba FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos. Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) [exper.] Anas crecca. Anas penelope Somateriini - Somateria mollissima Mergini - Mergus merganser Podicipedi formes - Podiceps cri status Pelecaniformes - Halietor africanus, Morus bassanus, Pelecanus crispus, 56 Phalacrocorax carbo Ciconiiformes - Ardea cinerea , Botaurus stellaris, IxobrVchus minutus Falconiformes - Circus aeruginosus, Milvus migrans Charadriiformes - Alca torda, Chlidonias leucoptera, Gelochelidon nilotica, Larus argentatus, Larus atricilla, Larus canus , Larus fuscus, Larus genei, Larus hyperboreus , Larus ichthyaetus , Larus marinus , Larus minutus , Larus ridibundus, Rissa tridactyla, Ster- corarius parasiticus, Sterna albifrons, Sterna hirundo, Tringa nebularia Coraciiformes - Alcedo atthis HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (W. Siberia, Kirgizia, Kazakhstan, Pri- morsk), Africa (Egypt). Diplostomum spathaceum flexicaudum STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Accidental; larval stage normally in fish, developed in eye of domestic duck from experimental exposure to infection. Adult in gulls. STATUS AS SPECIES: Synonym of D. spathaceum - Dubois & Rausch, 194-8; Dubois, 1953b. Adult same as D. spathaceum, larvae with small differ- ences - Dubois, 1966; Shigin, 1959. DESCRIPTION: Van Haitsma, 1931b. Copy: Dubois, 1938b; Sudarikov, 1960a. SYNONYMY: Van Haitsma, 1931b. Cercaria flexicauda Cort & Brooks, 1928 Diplostomum flexicaudum (Cort & Brooks, 1928) Van Haitsma, 1930 Diplostomulum flexicaudum (Cort & Brooks, 1928) Hunter, 19^2 Diplostomum spathaceum subsp. flexicaudum (Cort & Brooks, 1928) Dubois, 1966 Diplostomulum gigas Hughes & Berkhout, 1929 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs passed in feces, hatch in water in 19-33 days; mira- cidia infect fresh-water snails; cercariae develop in 4 5 days, emerge and penetrate fish, and encyst in lens of eye as metacercariae (diplo- stomulum), perhaps fully develop only in Castostomus in North America, infective probably in 5-6 weeks; mature in less than 7 days after in- gestion by final host. Diplostomulum present in snails in winter, infected eyes of fish after ingestion of snails. Diplostomulum de- veloped in eyes of amphibia, reptiles, birds, and mammals exposed to cercariae. (Becker & Brunson, 1966; Cort & Brooks, 1928; Ferguson, 19^2, 19^3; Haderlie, 1953? Van Haitsma, 1931b) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Lymnaea abrussa, Lymnaea exilis, Lymnaea 57 emarginata , Lymnaea humilis, Lymnaea mega soma, Lymnaea palustris, Lymnaea stagnalis SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: OSTEICHTHYES - Acerina cernua, Amia calva [exper«], Catostomus catostomus, Catostomus commersoni , Catostomus fecundus, Catostomus humboldtianus , Catostomus occidentalis, Catos- tomus rimiculus , Catostomus tahoensis , Cottus gobio, Cyprinus carpio, Esox lucius [exper.], Hypentelium nigricans [exper.] , Ictalurus neb- ulosus [exper.], Lavinia exilicauda, Lepomis gibbosus, Lepomis mac- rochirus [exper.], Lota lota , Micropterus dolomieu, Micropterus sal- moides, Nerophls ophidion , Crthodon microlepidotus , Perca flavescens [exper. ] , Perca fluviatilis, Pimephales promelas [exper.], Pomalobus pseudoharengus, Salmo gairdneri, Sipha teles obesus. MCLLUSCA - Lymn- aea palustris, Fhysa propinqua. AMPHIBIA - Bufo americanus [ exper . ] , Rana clamitans [ exper. ] , Rana pipiens [exper.] . REPTILIA - Chrysemys picta [exper.]. AVES - Anseriformes - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) [exper.] . Galliformes - Gallus gallus (dom.) [exper.]. MAMMALIA - Rodentia - Cavia porcellus [exper.], Mus musculus (lab.) [exper.] Rattus norvegicus (lab.) [exper.]. Lagomorpha - Oryctolagus cuniculus [ exper. T" FINAL HOSTS: AVES Charadriiformes - Larus argentatus, Larus canus, Larus delawarensis, Larus pipixcan, Larus ridibundus, Sterna hirundo HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Poland, USSR), Asia (W. Siberia), N. America (USA). Neod iplo s tomum attenuatum STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Accidental; larval cysts present in domestic duck as result of experimental infection. Adult in hawks. STATUS AS SPECIES: Neodiplostomum included in genus Diplostomum - Baer & Joyeux, 196l. DESCRIPTION: Dubois & Rausch, 1950 (as N. buteonis); Skarda, 1964. Copy: Dubois, 1938b; Sudarikov, 1960a. SYNONYMY: Sudarikov, 1960a. Hemistomum attenuatum Linstow, 1906 N eodiplostomum attenuatum (Linstow, 1906) La Rue, 1026 Neodiplostomum (Neod ipT ostomum ) attenuatum (Linstow, 1^06) of Dubois, 1953 Hemistomum cochleare Krause of Dubois, 1°2P Neodiplostomum (Neodiplostomum) inaequipartitum Dubois, 1(?37 Neodiplostomum krausel Dubois, 1937 - [Dubois, 193^. 1953]; distinct, Sudarikov, 1060a 58 Neodiplostomum buteonis Dubois & Rausch, 19^8 - [Dubois, 19531 Neod iplo stomum pseud a ttenua turn (Dubois, 1928) Dubois, 1932 - [Odening, 1962, I965I Neodiplostomum paraspathula Noble, 1936 - [Dubois, lQ64l LIFE CYCLE: Eggs passed in feces of host, embryonate in fresh water in 7-11 days at 23 C. ; cercariae develop in 5 weeks after exposure of fresh-water snails to infection; metacercariae develop in frog tadpoles; mature in final host in 7 days after ingestion. Larval cysts survive in muscles after ingestion by vertebrates other than final hosts. (Odening, 1965c) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Anisus vortex , Gyraulus albus SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Rana arvalis, Rana temporaria AUXILIARY HOSTS: REFTILIA - Natrix natrix AVES - Anseriformes - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) [exper.] MAMMALIA - Insectivora FINAL HOSTS: AVES Falconiformes - Buteo burmanicus, Buteo buteo , Buteo jamaicensis, Buteo lagopus, Buteo platypterus, Buteo regalis, Buteo swainsoni, Circus aeruginosus, Milvus milvus HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (Japan), N. America (USA). Neodiplostomum spathula STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare, normally in hawks; reported twice in wild ducks. STATUS AS SPECIES: Neodiplostomum included in genus Diplo stomum - Baer & Joyeux, 1961. DESCRIPTION: Ciurea, 1928. Copy: Dubois, 1938b; Sudarikov, 1960a. SYNONYMY: Dubois, 1938b. Hoi o stomum spathula Creplin, 1829, e.p. Hemi stomum spathula (Creplin, 1829) Diesing, I85O Neodiplostomum spathula (Creplin, 182°) La Rue, 1926 Neodiplostomum ( Conodiplo stomum ) spathula (Creplin, 1P2P) of Dubois, 1938 Amphi stoma falconis peregrin! Rudolphi, 1819 Neodiplostomum pseudo spathula Ciurea, 1928, e.p. Neodiplostomum sp. Bykhovskafa-Favlovskafa, 195^ LIFE CYCLE: Metacercariae reported in small mammals, regarded as 59 auxiliary (reservoir) hosts by Sudarikov (i960). INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Unknown. AUXILIARY HOSTS: MAMMALIA - Insectivora; Rodentia - Apod emus agrar- ius, Arvivola terrestris , Microtus arvalis; Carnivora - Canis familiaris, Felis catus FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos Falconiformes - Accipiter nisus, Accipiter striatus, Aguila chrysae- tos, Aquila clanga, Buteo buteo , Buteo lagopus, Circus aeruginosus, Circus cyaneus , Circus melanol eucus, Circus pygargus, Falco pere- grinus , Falco subbuteo, Falco tinnuncu"1 us, Falco vespertinus, Haliaeetus leucocephalus , Haliastur sphenurus, Milvus migrans Charadriiformes - Capella gallinago, Tringa glareol a HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (W. Siberia, Uzbekistan, Tadzhikistan, Primorsk), Africa, Australia. Tylodelphys clavatum STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Probably accidental, normally in hawks; reported once in wild duck. STATUS AS SPECIES: Identification confused; metacercariae commonly reported under this name probably misidentified - Sudarikov, lc'60a. Tylodelphys included in genus Diplostomum - Baer & Joyeux, 196l. DESCRIPTION: Ciurea, 1928; Dubois, 1964. Copy: Dubois, 1938b; Sudarikov, 1960a. SYNONYMY: Diplostomum clavatum Nordmann, I832 Tylodelphys clavatum (Nordmann, I832) Diesing, I85O Proalaria clavata (Nordmann, 1832 ) Ciurea, 1928. Prodi pi ostomum clavatum (Nordmann, 1^32) Ciurea, 1.933 Diplostomum (Tylodelphys) clavatum (Nordmann, I832) of Dubois, 196l Tylodelphys excavata (Rudolph!) of Bezubik, 1956, and Furmaga, 1957 - [Dubois, 196^1 Tylodelphys circibuteonis Odening, 1962 - [Dubois, 1964] LIFE CYCLE: Metacercariae in eyes of fresh-water fish (Nordmann, 1832; Dubois, 1964) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Unknown. 60 SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Acerina cernua, Lucioperca lucioperca, Perca fluviatilis FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos Ciconiiformes - Ardea cinerea , Casmerodius alba, Ciconia ciconia [exper.], Egretta garzetta Falconiformes - Buteo buteo , Buteo rufofuscus, Circus aeruginosus HABITAT: Small intestine - anterior and middle thirds. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Germany, Rumania, S. Russia), Africa (Congo region). Omithodiplostomum ptychocheilus STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported 3 times in wild ducks, once in domestic duck from experimental infection. DESCRIPTION: Van Haitsma, 1930; Lyster, 1940a (as Paracoenogonimus katsuradi). Copy: Dubois, 1938b; Sudarikov, l?6Ca. SYNONYMY: Dubois, 1938b. Cercaria ptychocheilus Faust, 1917 Neascus ptychocheilus (Faust, 191?) Hughes & Piszczek, 1928 Tetracotyle ptychocheilus (Faust, 1917) Paradiplostomum ptychocheilus (Faust, 1917) Van Haitsma, 1930 Omithodiplostomum ptychocheilus (Faust, 1917) Dubois, 1936 Paracoenogonimus katsuradi Lyster, 19^0 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs passed in feces, hatch in water in 9 days; cercariae develop in fresh-water snail; metacercariae (neascus) encysted in cranial cavity and mesenteries of fresh-water fish, cysts fully devel- oped in 24 days; mature in 2 days after ingestion by final host. (Hoffman, 195^, 1958; Van Haitsma, 1930) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Physa anatina [exper.] SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Boleosoma nigrum, Eucalia inconstans, No- tropis bifrenatus, Notropis cornutus, Notropis dorsalis, Notropis de- liciosus, Pimephales promelas , Ptychocheilus oregonensis, Semotilus atromaculatus FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) [exper.] Mergini - Clangula hyemalis, Mergus albellus, Mergus cucullatus, Mergus merganser, Mergus serrator 61 Ciconii formes - Botaurus lentiginoses Galliforines - Gallus gallus (dom. ) [exper.] HABITAT : Inte stine . DISTRIBUTION: Europe (USSR), N. America (USA, Canada). Ornithodiplostomum ptychocheilus palaearcticum STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in captive duck. DESCRIPTION: Odening, 1963c. SYNONYMY: Ornithodiplostomum ptychocheilus subsp. palaearcticum Odening, 1963 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of 0. ptychocheilus. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Mergini - Mergus merganser HABITAT: Probably intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Germany). Pharyngostomum cordatum STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Accidental; larval stage reported once in domestic duck as result of experimental infection. Adult in mammals. DESCRIPTION: Ciurea, 1922; Brandes, 1890. Copy: Dubois, 1938b; Sud- arikov, I960. SYNONYMY: Dawes, 1956. Hemistomum cordatum Diesing, 1850 Alaria cordata (Diesing, I850) Railliet, 1919 Pharyngostomum cordatum (Diesing, 1850) Ciurea, 1922 Pharyngostomum cordatum subsp. sinense Dubois, 1966 Diplostomum putorii Linstow, 1877 Pharyngostomum fausti Skrjabin & Popov, 1930 - [Dubois, 1953b] Dlplostomulum mutadomum Wallace, 1937 Pharyngostomum congolense van den Berghe, 1939 - [Dubois, 1953b] LIFE CYCLE: Eggs passed in feces, develop in water in 20 days, hatching not observed; cercariae develop in fresh-water snails in ^6 days a^ter exposure to developed eggs; cercariae penetrate amphibian tadpoles, en- 62 cyst as metacercariae (diplostomulum) ; mature in 30 days after ingest- ion by final host. Metacercarial cysts survive, encapsulate when in- gested by vertebrates (reptiles, birds, small mammals) other than final host. (Wallace, 1937, 1939b; Walton, 1950) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Segmentina calathus SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Bufo melanostictus , Bufo regularis, Micro- hyla ornata, Microhyla pulchra , Polypedates leucomystax Lexper.1, Rana guentheri, Rana limnocharis, Rana tigrina AUXILIARY HOSTS: OSTEICHTHYES - Eleotris potamophila , Rhodeus sinensis REPTILIA - Elaphe radiata, Eumeces chinensis, Kinixys belliana, Natrix piscator, Natrix stolata AVES - Anseriformes - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) [exper.]; Galliformes - Gallus gallus (dotn.) [exper. 1; Strigiformes - Asio flammeus MAMMALIA - Insectivora - Suncus coeruleus; Rodentia - Rattus norvepicus (lab.) [exper.]; Carnivora - Felis catus FINAL HOSTS: MAMMALIA Carnivora - Acinonyx jubatus, Canis familiaris, Felis catus, Fel. i s leo, Felis svlvestris , Felis tigris, Genetta tigrina HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (China, Taiwan), Africa. Alaria canis STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Accidental; larval stage encapsulated in muscles of domestic duck after experimental feeding. Adult in carnivorous mammals. DESCRIPTION: La Rue & Fallis, 1936. Copy: Sudarikov, I960. SYNONYMY: Alaria canis La Rue & Fallis, 193^ Alaria (Alaria ) canis La Rue & Fallis, 193^ of Dubois, 1953 LIFE CYCLE: Cercariae develop in fresh-water pu^monate snails in ZQ-Jk days, penetrate amphibian tadpoles and develop into mesocercariae in 2-3 weeks; when ingested by final host diplostomulum larvae develop in lungs, then pass to intestine and mature in 3^ days after ingestion. If meso- cercariae are ingested by a vertebrate other than final host, they en- capsulate in muscles of host without deve1opment. (Fearson, 195^ » 1956) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Helisoma campanula turn. Hell soma druryi, Heli- soma trivolvis SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Ambystoma jef fersonianum, Ambystoma maculatum; 63 Bufo americanus, Notophthalmus viridescens , Fseudacris nigrita, Rana clamitans , Rana pipiens , Rana sylvatica AUXILIARY HOSTS: AMPHIBIA - Rana clamitans [exper.l REFTILIA - Thamnophis sirtalis [exper.] AVES - Anseriformes - Anas pTatyrhynchos (dom.) [exper.]; Galliformes - Gallus gallus (dom.) [exper.] MAMMALIA - Carnivora - Lutra canadensis, MusteTa furo [exper.]; Ro- dentia - Mus musculus (lab.) L exper.], Feromyscus maniculatus [exper.] FINAL HOSTS: MAMMALIA Carnivora - Canis familiaris, Canis latrans, Canis 'lunus. Lynx cana- densis, Lynx rufus, Maries pennanti, Urocyon cinereoargenteus , Vulpes fulva HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: N. America (USA - Alaska, Canada). Apatemon anseris STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported twice in wild geese. DESCRIPTION: Ryzhikov, Leonov, & Tsimbaliuk, 1964 (as Australapate- mon intermedins) ; Dubois, 19&7. SYNONYMY: Australapatemon intermedius (Johnston) of Ryzhikov, Leonov, & Tsimbal- fuk, 1964 Apatemon (Australapatemon) anseris Dubois, 1967 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of A. gracil is. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser, Anser fabalis HABITAT: Small intestine - duodenum. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Netherlands), Asia (Kamchatka). Apatemon cobitidis cobitidis STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Accidental'; reported once as result of experimental infection in waterfowl. Natural host unknown. DESCRIPTION: Vojtek, 1964a. 64 SYNONYMY: Vojtek, 1964. Diplostomum cobitidis Linstow, 1890 Tetracotyle cobitidis (Linstow, 1890 ) Vojtek, 1959 Apatemon cobitidis cobitidis (Linstow, 1890) Vojtek, 1964 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs hatch in water in 14-15 days at 22 C, in 11 days at 29-30 C; cercariae develop in fresh-water pulmonate snail in 57 days; metacercariae (as tetracotyle forms) develop in body cavity, muscula- ture, and other organs of fresh-water fish, fully developed in 37 days; mature in 3 days after ingestion by final host. (Vojtek, 1964a) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Lymnaea peregra SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Cottus gobio [exper.], Nemachilus barbatulus FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser fabalis [exper.] Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos [exper.], Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) [exper. 3, Anas querquedula [exper.], Anas strepera |_ exper. 1 Aythyini - Netta rufina L exper.] Columbiformes - Columba livia [exper.] HABITAT: Small intestine - anterior half. DISTRIBUTION: Europe. Apatemon cobitidis pellucidus STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Accidental; reported twice in domestic ducks from experimental infections. STATUS AS SPECIES: Synonym of A. gracilis - Bykhovskafa-Pavlovskafa, 1954a, 1962. A. cobitidis separated from A. gracilis on basis of cer- carial structure and fish as second intermediate host, subspecies based on species of fish hosts. Form (A. gracilis pellucidus of Hoffman) from Eucalia inconstans with which Hoffman (1959) infected chicks, called A. cobitidis eucaliae by Vojtek. DESCRIPTION: Yamaguti, 1933- Copy: Dubois, 1938b; Sudarikov, 1959; Shevtsov & Zaskind, i960. SYNONYMY: Apatemon pellucidus Yamaguti, 1933 Tetracotyle pellucid a Yamaguti, 1933 Apatemon (Apatemon) gracilis subsp. pellucidus (Yamaguti, 1933) Dubois, 1953 Apatemon cobitidis pellucidus (Yamaguti, 1933) Vojtek, 1964 LIFE CYCLE: Metacercariae (tetracotyle) encysted in muscles or body 65 cavity of fresh-water fish; mature in final host 3 days after inges- tion, survive 9b days in final host. (Erasmus, 1962a; Olivier, 19*4-0; Yamaguti, 1933) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Unknown. SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Cottus gobio , Morgurnda obscura FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) [exper.l Ciconiiformes - Botaurus lentiglnosus HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Japan). Apatemon cobitidis proterorhini STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Accidental; reported once as result of experimental infection in waterfowl. Natural host unknown. DESCRIPTION: Vojtek, 196Ua. SYNONYMY: Apatemon cobitidis proterorhini Vojtek, 1964 LIFE CYCLE: Same as that of A. c. cobitidis. (Vojtek, 1964a) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Lymnaea peregra SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Proterorhinus marmoratus FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) - hosts not reported separately from Apatemon c. cobitis; presumably same experiments! hosts. HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Czechoslovakia). Apatemon fuhrmanni STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Infrequent; reported 3 times in wild swans. DESCRIPTION: Dubois, 1937a, 1948, 1962, 1966. Copy: Dubois, 1938b; 66 Sudarikov, 1959. SYNONYMY: Apatemon gracilis (Rudolphi) of Fuhrmann, 193^ Apatemon fuhrmanni Dubois, 1937 Apatemon (Apatemon^ gracilis fuhrmanni (Dubois, 1937) Dubois, 1953 Apatemon (Australapatemon) fuhrmanni Dubois, 1937 of Dubois, 1966 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; similar to that of A. gracilis. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Cygnus atratus, Cygnus olor HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Sweden, Switzerland). Apatemon globiceps STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Szidat, 1928. Copy: Dubois, 193Rb; Sudarikov, 1959. SYNONYMY: Dubois, 1938b. Holostomum sphaerocephalum (Westrumb) of Brandes, 1888, e.p., not Die sing, 1850 Strigea sphaerocephala (Westrumb) of Lutz, 1928, not Westrumb, 1823 Apatemon sphaerocephalus (Brandes, 1888, not Westrumb, 1R23) Szidat, 1928 Apatemon globiceps Dubois, 1937 Apatemon (Apatemon) globiceps Dubois, 1937 of Dubois, 1953 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of A. gracilis. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Cairinini - Amazonetta brasiliensis, Cairina moschata HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: S. America (Brazil). Apatemon graciliformis STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild ducks. 67 STATUS AS SPECIES: Synonym of A. gracilis - Bykhovskara-Favlovskaili, 195^a. DESCRIPTION: Szidat, 1928b. Copy: Dubois, 1938b; Sudarikov, 195°. SYNONYMY: Apatemon graciliformis Szidat, 1928 Apatemon (Apatemon) graciliformis Szidat, 1928 of Dubois, 1953 Apatemon gracilis graciliformis (Szidat, 1928) Sudarikov, 1959 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of A. gracilis. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriforraes (Anatidae) Cairinini - Cairina moschata, Amazonetta brasiliensis HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: S. America (Brazil). Apatemon gracilis s_. lat. STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Very common, characteristic helminth of waterfowl; reported 5*+ times in wild and 28 times in domestic water- fowl (excluding all reports identified by subspecies). Pathological effects described by Zaj{cek, 1963b; reported associated with mortal- ity in domestic geese by Trofimov (1962). STATUS AS SPECIES: Subspecies not accepted by Beverley-Burton , 196l; validity questioned by Sudarikov, 1959, and Vojtek, 19&*. Odening (I965) feels the wide taxonomic distribution of the first intermediate hosts may indicate the presence of a number of races or species. DESCRIPTION: Szidat, 1929; Yamaguti, 1933? Iwata, 1931*; Dubois & Rausch, 1950a; Bykhovskafa-Pavlovskafa, 1954a; Zaskind, 1958; Bever- ely-Burton, I96I. Copy: Dubois, 1938b; Kurashvili, 1957? Sudarikov, 1959; Shevtsov & Zaskind, i960. SYNONYMY: Dubois, 1938b, 1953b. Amphistoma gracile Rudolphi , 1819 Holostomum gracile (Rudolphi, 1819) Dujardin, 1845 Strigea gracilis (Rudolphi, 1819 ) Luhe, 1909 Apatemon gracilis (Rudolphi, 1819) Szidat, 1928 Tetracotyle gracilis (Rudolphi, 1819) Szidat, 1929 Apatemon (Apatemon) gracilis (Rudolphi, 1819) of Dubois, 1953 Holostomum variabile Leuckart, 18^6 Holostomum variegatum (Creplin) of Muehling, 18°8, e.p. Apatemon graciliformis Szidat, 1928 - [Bykhovskara-Pavlovskafa, 19621 Cercaria helvetica XXXI Dubois, 1929 68 Apatemon parvitestis Ishii, 1932 - [Bykhovskaia-Fav1 ovskaia , 1962"' Apatemon japonicus Ishii, 1Q32 - [Bykhovskaia-Favlovskafa, lQ5&a; 1962,] Apatemon pellucidus Yamaguti, 1933 - [Bykhovskaia-Favlovskaia, 1962]: subspecies of A. cobitidis, Vojtek, \Q6k Cercaria longiremis Wesenberg-Lund , 193^ Cercaria icnusae Giovannola, 1937 Cercaria pseudoburti Rankin, 1939 Cercaria okobo.jensis Brooks, 19^3 Cercaria wansoni Fain, 1953 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs passed in feces; cercariae develop in fresh-water snails, after emergence penetrate leeches and encyst as tetracotyle larvae, also reported encysted in Odonata ""arvae, mo"nusks, oligoch- aetes, and fish; mature in final host after ingestion. Two groups of subspecies according to Dubois, 1953b; one group (burti group) has metacercariae encysting in leeches or perhaps in mollusks, the other (gracilis group) encysts in fish. Although assigned to one or the other of these groups, the life cycle of most of the so-called sub- species of A. gracilis are actually unknown. (Alekseev, 1963c; Chib- ichenko, 1064; Dobrowolski, 1958; Ginetsinskaia, 1959a; Kiseliene, 1966; Olivier, 19^0; Szidat, 1929b, FTa; Vojtek, \°6k; Williams, 1966b; Zajicek, 1963e; Zaskind, 1958; Zdarska, 1963) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Acroloxus lacustris, Anisus contortus, Anisus leucostomus, Anisus spirorbis , Anisus vortex, Bjthynia tenta- culata, Helisoma anceps, Lymnaea columella , Lymnaea lagotus, Lymnaea palustris, Lymnaea peregra, Lymnaea stagnalis, Physa ^ontinalis, Piano rbarius corneus, Planorbis planorbis, Segmentina nitida, Vivi- parus ussuriensis SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Boreobdella verrucata, C-1 ossiphonia com- planata, Glossiphonia heteroc"1 ita, Haemopsis sanguisuga, He"1 obdella stagnalis, Hemiclepsis marginata , Herpobdella atomaria, Herpobdella octoculata, Herpobdella punctata, Herpobdella testacea , Piscicol a geometra, Theromyzon tessulatum, Aeschna sp., oligochaeta, Acheilo- gnathus chankaensis, Cultur alburnus, Gobio gobio, Hemicu1 tur leuci- sculus, Lymnaea auricularia FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser, A riser anser (dom.), Anser albifrons, Anser fabalis, Branta canadensis, Cygnus o"! or Tadornini - Tadorna ferruginea Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos, Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) , Anas acuta, Anas americana, Anas angustirostris , Anas c"lypeata, Anas crecca , Anas crecca carolinensis , Anas discors, [Anas ervthrorhyncha - Lapage, 196l , error] , Anas falcata, Anas formosa, Anas penelope, Anas querquedula, Anas rubripes , Anas strepera Somateriini - Spmateria mollis sima Aythyini - Aythya affinis, Ay thy a ferina, Aythya fuligula, Aythya marila, Aythya nvroca, Netta rufina 69 Mergini - Bucephala clangula, Clangula hyemalis , Histrionicus his- trionicus, Melanitta fusca , Melanitta fusca deglandi, Melanitta nigra , Mergus albellus, MergUg cucullatus, Mergus merganser, Mergus serrator, Mergus squamatus Charadriiformes - Vanellus vanellus Columbiformes - Columba livia HABITAT: Small intestine - duodenum and anterior portion. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia, Africa (Madagascar), N. America, S. Amer- ica (Venezuela). Apatemon gracilis gracilis STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild waterfowl. DESCRIPTION: Dubois, 19^8. Sudarikov, 1959 - Same as species descrip- tion. SYNONYMY: Apatemon gracilis var. gracilis (Rudolphi, 1819) of Dubois, 19^8 Apatemon (Apatemon) gracilis gracilis (Rudolphi, 1819) of Dubois, 1953 LIFE CYCLE: Described under A. gracilis s. 1 . FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Mergini - Mergus merganser, Mergus serrator HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Switzerland), Asia, N. America. Apatemon graci"1 is burti STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once experimentally in domestic duck. DESCRIPTION: Stunkard , Willey, & Rabinowitz, 19^1. SYNONYMY: Cercaria burti Miller, 1933 Apatemon gracilis (Rudolphi) of Willey & Rabinowitz, 1938* and Stun- kard, Willey, & Rabinowitz, 19^1 Apatemon gracilis var. burti (Miller, 1933) Dubois & Rausch, I960 LIFE CYCLE: Cercariae develor in fresh-water pnails, penetrate leech 70 and encyst as metacercariae (tetraeotyle) in 30-^2 days; mature in final host in 4-5 days after ingestion; survive 13 days in final host, (Stunkard, Willey, & Rabinowitz., 19^1; Willey 4 Rabinowitz, 1938) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Helisoma anceps, Helisoraa trivolvis, Lym- naea humilis SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Herpobdella punctata FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom, ) [exper.l HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: N. America (USA). Apatemon gracilis canadensis STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported 3 times in wild waterfowl . DESCRIPTION: Dubois 4 Rausch, 19^8, 1950b. Copy: Sudarikov, 1959. SYNONYMY: Apatemon gracilis var. canadensis Dubois 4 Rausch, 1950 Aratemon (Apatemon ) gracilis canadensis Dubois 4 Rausch, 1950 of Du- bois, 1953 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; like that of A. gracilis. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Branta canadensis Somateriini - Polysticta stelleri HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: N. America (USA, USA-Alaska). Apatemon gracilis congolense STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild waterfowl, DESCRIPTION: Dubois 4 Fain, 1956. Copy: Sudarikov, 1959. SYNONYMY: 71 Apatemon gracilis var. congolense Dubois & Fain, 195^ LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; similar to that of A. gracilis. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Oxyurini - Thalassornis leuconotus HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Congo). Apatemon gracilis exilis STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Infrequent; reported once in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Dubois, 19^8. Copy: Sudarikov, 1959. SYNONYMY: Apatemon gracilis var. exilis Dubois, 19^8 Apatemon (Apatemon ) gracilis exilis Dubois, 19*4-8 of Dubois, 1953 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; similar to that of A. gracilis. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas querquedula Aythyini - Aythya f erina , Aythya fullgula Mergini - Bucephala clangula HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Switzerland). Apatemon gracilis fuligulae STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Frequent; reported 10 times in wild ducks, once experimentally in domestic duck, and once in captive duck. DESCRIPTION: Yamaguti, 1933; Dubois, 19^8; Cdening, 1963. Copy: Dubois, 1938b; Sudarikov, 1959. SYNONYMY: Tetracotyle fuligulae Yamaguti, 1933 Apatemon fuligulae (Yamaguti, 1933) Yamaguti, 1933 Apatemon (Apatemon) gracilis fuligulae (Yamaguti, 1Q33) Dubois, 1953 LIFE CYCLE: Metacercariae (tetracotyle) encysted in skin and muscles 72 of fresh-water fish; mature in 8 days after ingestion by final host. (Yamaguti, 1933) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Unknown. SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Parasilurus asotus, Pseudobagrus aurantiaeus FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas platyrhynchos (dom.) [exper.], Anas acuta, Anas falcata, Anas formosa, Anas penelope , Anas strepera Somateriini - Somateria mollissima Aythyini - Aythya ferina , Aythya f ul igula Mergini - Bueephala clangula, Histrionicus histrionicus, Melanitta fusca, Melanitta fusca deglandi, Mergus albellus, Mergus merganser, Mergus serrator Strigiformes - Strix uralensis HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Germany, Switzerland, Russia), Asia (Tuva, Yak- utia, Uzbekistan, Amur, Primorsk, Kamchatka, Japan). Apatemon gracilis indicus STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Vidyarthi, 1937. Copy: Sudarikov, 1059. SYNONYMY: Apatemon indicus Vidyarthi, 1937 Apatemon (Apatemon) gracilis indicus (Vidyarthi, 1937) Dubois, 1953 Apatemon casarcus Vidyarthi, 1937 - [Dubois, 1953bl LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; similar to that of A. gracilis. FINAL HOSTS: AVES ' Anseriformes (Anatidae) Tadornini - Tadorna ferruginea HABITAT : Inte stine . DISTRIBUTION: Asia (India). Apatemon gracilis .japonicus STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild and once in 73 domestic duck. STATUS AS SFECIES: Synonym of A. gracilis - Bykhovskafa-Pavlovskafa, 195^a, 1962. DESCRIPTION: Ishii, 1933a, 1933b. Copy: Dubois, 1938b; Sudarikov, 1959. SYNONYMY: Apatemon .iaponicus Ishii, 1932 Apatemon (Apatemon) gracilis .janonicus (Ishii, 1932) Dubois, 1953 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; similar to that of A. gracilis. FINAL HCSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) HABITAT: Intestine, ceca. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Japan). Apatemon gracilis minor STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported 8 times in wild ducks, once in domestic duck. DESCRIPTION: Yamaguti, 1933, 1^39; Dubois & Rausch, 19^8. Copy: Dubois, 1938b; Sudarikov, 1959. SYNONYMY: Apatemon minor Yamaguti, 1933 Apatemon (Apatemon) gracilis minor (Yamaguti, 1933) Dubois & Rausch, 1950 Cercaria hamburgensis Komiya, 1938 - [lies, I960]; distinct, Nasir, 1966 LIFE CYCLE: Cercariae develop in fresh-water snails, emerge and pen- etrate leeches, encyst as metacercariae (tetracotyle) in body tissues; metacercariae infective for 10^-23^ days; mature in final host 4—20 days after ingestion. Method of feeding by adults described by Ohman, 1966a. (Erasmus, 1962a; lies, I960; Komiya, 1938; fthman, 1966a; Op- ravilova & Vojtek, 1965) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Lymnaea palustris, Lymnaea peregra, Plan- orbis planorbis SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Herpobdella octoculata [exper.1, Herpob- della testacea [exper.], Glossiphonia complanata [exper.1, Therorayzon tessulata [exper.1 74 FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) , Anas amer- icana, Anas crecca , Anas crecca carolinensis, Anas diseors, [Anas erythrorhyncha - Lapage, 196l, error], Anas formosa, Anas penelope, Anas querguedula, Anas rubripes Aythyini - Aythya affinis Cairinini - Aix galericulata Mergini - Clangula hyemalis Oxyurini - Osyura leucocephala Podicipediformes - Fodiceps ruficollis Charadriiformes - Cepphus grylle HABITAT: Small intestine - Anterior region. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Great Britain, Czechoslovakia, Russia), Asia (Kirgizia, Frimorsk, Japan), N. America (OSA, Greenland). Apatemon gracilis somateriae STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported twice in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Dubois, 19^8, i960. Copy: Sudarikov, 1959. SYNONYMY: Apatemon gracilis var. somateriae Dubois, 19^8 Apatemon (Apatemon) gracilis somateriae Dubois, 19^-8 of Dubois, 1953 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; similar to that of A. gracilis. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Somateriini - Somateria mollissima HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Switzerland), N. America (USA). Apatemon intermedius STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported 3 times in wild swans. DESCRIPTION: Johnston, 1904. Copy: Dubois, 1938b; Sudarikov, 1959. SYNONYMY: Dubois, 1938b. Hemistomum intermedium Johnston, 19C4 75 Proalaria intermedia (Johnston, 190*0 La Rue, 1926 Diplostomum intermedium (Johnston, 19C*0 Hughes, 1929 Apatemon intermedius (Johnston, 190*0 Dubois, 1937 Tetracotyle intermedius (Johnston, 190*0 Johnston & Beckworth, 19*+7 Apatemon (Apatemon) intermedius (Johnston, 190*0 of Dubois, 1953 Australapatemon intermedius (Johnston, 190*+) Sudarikov, 1959 Apatemon (Australapatemon) intermedius (Johnston, 1QO*0 of Dubois, 1966 Cercaria lessoni Johnston & Beckworth, 19*+7 LIFE CYCLE: Cercariae develop in fresh-water snails, penetrate and encyst as metacercariae (tetracotyle) in leeches in 23 days after in- fection. (Johnston & Angel, 1951) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Lymnaea lessoni, Planorbis isingi [exper.1, Simlimnaea subaquatilis SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Glossiphonia sp. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Cygnus atratus HABITAT: Small intestine - duodenum. DISTRIBUTION: Australia. Apatemon parvitestis STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. STATUS AS SPECIES: Synonym of A. gracilis - Bykhovskaia-Pavlovskala , 195^a, 1962. DESCRIPTION: Ishii, 1935b. Copy: Dubois, 1938b; Sudarikov, 1959. SYNONYMY: Apatemon parvitestis Ishii, 1935 Apatemon (Apatemon) parvitestis Ishii, 1935 of Dubois, 1Q53 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of A. gracilis. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos HABITAT: Intestine, ceca. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Japan). 76 Apatemon skr.jabini STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported twice in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Ryzhikov, Leonov, & Tsimbaliuk, 1964. SYNONYMY: Australapatemon skr.jabini Ryzhikov, Leonov, & Tsimbaliuk, 1964 Apatemon (Australapatemon) skr.jabini (Ryzhikov, Leonov, & Tsimbaliuk, 1964) Dubois, 1966 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of A. gracilis. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas acuta. Anas crecca , Anas penelope Aythyini - Aythya marila Mergini - Melanitta fusca deglandi, Mel anitta nigra, Mergus albellus HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Kamchatka). Cotylurus brevis STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Infrequent; reported 3 times in wild ducks, once experimentally in domestic duck and once experimentally in captive duck. DESCRIPTION: Dubois, 1948, 1964; Dubois & Rausch, 1950a; Nasir, I960, 1962. Copy: Sudarikov, 1959. SYNONYMY: Dubois, 1953- Strigea tarda (Steenstrup) of Kathias, 1925 Cotylurus cornutus (Rudolphi) of Timon-David, 1943 Cotylurus brevis Dubois & Rausch of Dubois, 1948 Cercaria helvetica XXXIV Dubois, 1934 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs passed in feces; miracidia develop in eggs in water in about 3 weeks; cercariae develop in fresh-water snail; metacercariae (tetracotyle) encyst in snails of same species, infective in at least 44 days; eggs appear in feces of final host in 5-6 days after ingestion of metacercariae, survive 7-l6 days in final host. (Mathias, 1925; Nasir, I960; Odening, 1^65; Timon-David, 1943) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Lymnaea palustris, Lymnaea peregra , Lymnaea stagnalis SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Lymnaea stagnalis FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos, Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) , Anas cly- 77 peata. Anas querquedula Sonateriini - Somateria mollis sima Aythyini - Aythya af finis, Aythya fuligula , Aythya raarila Cairinini - Aix galericulata [exper.] Galliformes - Coturnix coturnix Charadriiformes - Capella gallinago, Numenius arquata, Pluvialis apri- caria, Scolopax rusticola Columbiformes - Columba livia (dom. ) [exper.] HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, N. America (USA) Cotylurus cornutus STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Very common, characteristic helminth of waterfowl (also commonly in charadriiform birds); reported 49 times in wild and 33 times in domestic waterfowl. Pathology described by Feng, 1931, and Zajicek, 1963b. DESCRIPTION: Szidat, 1929b; Dubois & Rausch, 1950a; Bezubik, 1957a; Dubois, I960, 1962. Copy: Dubois, 1938b; Kasimov, 1956; Kurashvili, 1957; Sudarikov, 1959; Shevtsov & Zaskind, I960. SYNONYMY: Dubois, 1938b. Amphistoma cornutum Rudolphi, 18C8 Holostomum cornutum (Rudolphi, 1808) Dujardin, 1845 Strigea cornuta (Rudolphi, 1808) Luhe, 1909 Cotylurus cornutus (Rudolphi, 1808) Szidat, 1928 Tetracotyle cornuta (Rudolphi, 18C8) Hughes, 1929 Amphistoma macrocephalum Rudolphi, 1803, e.p. Amphistoma erraticum (Rudolphi) of Gurlt, 1845, e.p. Holostomum erraticum (Rudolphi) of Ercolani, 1881, not Dujardin, 1845 Strigea erratica (Ercolani, not Dujardin) of Faust, 1918 Tetracotyle typica Diesing, I858, e.p. Holostomum multilobum Cobbold , i860 Holostomum variegatum (Creplin) of Miihling, I898, e.p. Strigea tarda (Steenstrup, 1842) Luhe, 1909 Tetracotyle hirudinum (schomburg, 1844) Matare, 1910 Cercarla san.juanensis Miller, 1927 Apatemon gracilis (Rudolphi) of Sprehn, 1930, e.p. Cotylurus japonicus Ishii, 1932 - [Bykhovskafa -Pavlov skafa, 1953* 1962] LIFE CYCLE: Eggs passed in feces; hatch in water in 8 days at 27-28 C, 21 days at 18-20 C. , miracidia invade fresh- and brackish water snails; cercariae develop in 45-60 days, emerge and penetrate another or same snail, encyst as metacercariae (tetracotyle) in 25-30 days; encysted tetracotyle larvae also present in leeches and oligochaetes; mature in final host 2 days after ingestion. (Alekseev, 1963c; Dob- 78 rowolski, 1958; Harper, 1931; Kiseliene, 1966; Komiya, 193R5 Kotel'- nikov, 1962b; Mathias, 1922; Reimer, 1964a, 1965; Szidat, 1924a, 192Qa, lC29b; Williams, 1966b; Zajic'ek, l°63c, 1964a; Zdarska, 1963, 1964b; Zdun, 1959) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Anisus vortex, Lymnaea ampla , Lymnaea aur- icularia, Lymnaea limosa, Lymnaea ovata, Lymnaea palustris, Lymnaea peregra, Lymnaea stagnalis, Physa fontinalis, Planorbarius corneus, Planorbis planorbis SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Lymnaea lagotus, Lymnaea ovata, Lymnaea palustris, Lymnaea peregra , Lymnaea stagnalis, Planorbarius corneus, Planorbis planorbis , Viviparus ussuriensis, Viviparus viviparus, Bor- eobdella verrucata, Glossiphonia complanata , Glossiphonia heteroclita , Haemopsis sanguisuga, Helobdella stagnalis. Hemic"! epsis marginata , Herpobdella atomaria , Herpobdella octoculata, Herpobdella testacea, Piscicola geometra , oligochaeta FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser, Anser anser (dom. ) , Anser albifrons, Anser erythropus , Cygnus cygnus, Cygnus cygnus (dom. ) , Cygnus olor Tadornini - Tadorna ferruginea Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas platyrhynchos (dom.), Anas acuta, Anas clypeata , Anas crecca, Anas falcata , Anas formosa, Anas penelope. Anas querquedula. Anas strepera Somateriini - Somateria mollissima Aythyini - Aythya f erina , Aythya fuligula, Aythya marila , Aythya nyroca, Netta rufina Cairinini - Aix galericulata [exper.] Mergini - Bucephala clangula , Clangula hyemalis, Melanitta nigra , Mergus albellus, Mergus merganser Cxyurini - Oxyura leucocephala Falconiformes - Circus aeruginosas, Falgo subbuteo Galliformes - Coturnix coturnix [exper.], Gal"1 us gallus (dom. ) Charadriiformes - Ale a torda, Burhinus oedicnemus, Calidris tenuiros- tris, Capella gallinago, Charadrius dubius, Frolia minuta, Limno- dromus griseus, Limosa limosa , Micropalama himantopus, Numenius arquata, Numenius tenuirostris, Phalaropus lobatus, Philomachus pugnax, Pluvial is apricaria, Sco"! opax rusticola, Sterna hirundo. Sterna paradisaea, Tringa glareola, Tringa nebularia, Tringa och- ropus, Tringa totanus, Vanellus vanellus Columbiformes - Columba livia, Coluraba livia (dom. ) , Streptopelia orientalis Passeriformes - Pica pica, Turdus migratorius HABITAT: Small intestine - jejunem. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Iceland, Asia (W. Siberia, Azerbaidzhan, Tadzhiki- stan, Kirgizia, Kazakhstan, Tuva, Transbaikal , Indochina, China, Yakutia, 79 Amur, Primorsk, Kamchatka, Japan), Africa (Egypt), N. America (USA), S. America. Cotylurus erraticus STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Frobably accidental, perhaps erroneous; no recent records. Frimarily in loons, occasionally in lariform birds, DESCRIPTION: Guberlet, 1922 (as S. aquavis ) ; Dubois & Rausch, la50b; Dubois, 1P62; Skarda, 1964. Copy: Dubois, 1938b; Sudarikov, 1959. SYNONYMY: Dubois, 1938b, 1953b. Amphistoma erraticum Rudolphi, 1809 Holostomum erraticum (Rudolphi, 1809) Dujardin, 184'5 Strigea erratica (Rudolphi, 1809, not Brandes, 1888) Luhe, 1°CQ Cotylurus erraticus (Rudolphi, 1809) Szidat, 1928 Amphistoma gracile Rudolphi of Bellingham, 1844 Holostoma variegatum (Creplin, 1825) Stiles & Hassall, 1894 Strigea aquavis Guberlet, 1922 Cotylurus aquavis (Guberlet, 1922) Szidat, 1928 LIFE CYCLE: Cercariae develop in fresh-water snail. (Zajic'ek, 1963, 1964) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Lymnaea stagnalis SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Tadornini - Tadoraa tadorna Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas crecca Somateriini - Somateria mollissima Aythyini - Aythya ferina, Aythya marila Mergini - Bucephala clangula, Clangula hyemalis, Melanitta fusca, Mergus albellus, Mergus merganser Sphenisci formes - Spheniscus sp. Gaviiformes - Gavia arctica, Gavia immer, Gavia stellata Fodicipediformes - Podiceps grisegena Pelecaniformes - Phalacrocorax carbo Gruiformes - Gallinula chloropus Charadriiformes - Capella gallinago, Chlidonias nigra, Larus canus, Larus delawarensis, Larus fuscus, Larus ridibundus, Scolopax rusti- cola, Sterna hirundo , Sterna paradisaea, Uria aalge, Vanellus van- ellus HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (W. Siberia), N. America (Canada). 80 Cotylurus flabelliformis STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Frequent; reported 10 times in wild ducks, twice (once experimentally) in domestic waterfowl. Pathology of infection described by Gower, 1938b; Van Haitsma, 1931a • DESCRIPTION: Van Haitsma, 1931a. Copy: Dubois, 1938b; Sudarikov, 1959; Shervtsov & Zaskind, I960. SYNONYMY: Dubois, 1938b. Cercaria flabelliformis Faust, 1917 Tetracotyle flabelliformis (Faust, 1917) Hughes, 1929 Cotylurus flabelliformis (Faust, 1917) Van Haitsma, 1931 Cercaria douglasi Cort, 1917, e.p. - distinct, Achonolu, 19^5 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs passed in feces; cercariae develop in fresh-water snails, emerge and penetrate other snails or may remain in same snail; encyst as metacercariae (tetracotyle) in 20-30 days; mature in final host 3 days after ingestion, survive about 7 days in final host. (Achonolu, 1964a, 1965; Cort, Brackett, & Olivier, 19^; Larson, 196l; Ulmer, 1957; Van Haitsma, 1931a) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Lymnaea auricularia, Lymnaea emarginata, Lymnaea reflexa , Lymnaea stagnalis, Physa parkeri , Physa sayii SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Bulimnaea me go soma [exper.], He I i soma campanulatus, Helisoma trivolvis, Lymnaea abrussa [ exper . 1 , Lymnaea emarginata , Lymnaea exilis [exper.], Lymnaea humilis, Lymnaea pal- ustris Cexper.], Lymnaea reflexa , Lymnaea stagnalis, Physa gyrina FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser (dom. ) [exper.] Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos. Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) , Anas platyrhynchos f ulvigula , Anas acuta, Anas americana , Anas cly- peata , Anas crecca carolinensis. Anas discors, [Anas erythro- rhyncha - Lapage, I96I , error] , Anas rubri^es, Anas strepera Aythyini - Aythya af finis, Aythya americana, Aythya collaris, Aythya fuligula, Aythya marila, Aythya vallisneria Mergini - Bucephala clangula Oxyurini - Oxyura .jamaicensis Galliformes - Gallus gallus (dom. ) [exper.] HABITAT: Intestine, ceca. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Esthonia, USSR - Volga delta), Asia (Amur), N. America (USA). 81 Cotyluru s hebraicus STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Accidental, perhaps erroneous, norm- ally in Rallidae; reported twice in wild waterfowl and once in dom- estic duck. DESCRIPTION: Dubois, 1934, 1964; Bykhovskaia-Favlovskaia, 1954a; Odening, 1962d ; ZajxSek & Fav, 1961. Copy: Dubois, 1938b; Sudar- ikov, 1959. SYNONYMY: Cotylurus hebraicus Dubois, 1934 Cotyluru s gallinulae hebraicus (Dubois, 193*0 Dubois, 1964 Cotylurus ban Yamaguti, 1939 - [Bykhovskafa-Pavlovskafa, 1954a, 1962; Sudarikov, 19591 Choanodiplostomuin lintoni Perez Vigueras, 1944 - [Dubois, 1964] Cotylurus lintoni (Perez Vigueras, 1944) Dubois & Perez Vigueras, 1949 Choanodiplostomum vitellosus Lumsden & Zischke, 1963 - [Dubois, 1964] LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of C. cornutus. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) [Anserini - Branta canadensis - probably misidentified] Anatini - [Anas platyrhynchos - probably misidentified, Dubois, 1957] Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) , Anas acuta [Aythyini - Aythya ferina - probably misidentified, Dubois, 19571 Gruiformes - Fulica atra, Gallinula chloropus HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (W. Siberia, Syria, Tadzhikistan, Kam- chatka, Japan), N. America (Cuba, USA). Cotylurus .japonicus STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported 5 times in wild ducks, 3 times in domestic ducks. STATUS AS SPECIES: Synonym of C. cornutus - Bykhovska^a-Pavlovskafa, 1953, 1962. DESCRIPTION: Ishii, 1933a, 1933b; Khuan Shen-i, 1962e; Dubois, 1964. Copy: Dubois, 1938b; Sudarikov, 1959. SYNONYMY: Cotylurus .japonicus Ishii, 1932 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of C. cornutus. 82 FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) , Anas clypeata , Anas crecca Aythyini - Aythya marila Mergini - Melanitta fuse a deglandi Galliformes - Gallus gallus (dom. ) HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (India, Japan, Amur, Kamchatka). Cotylurus orientalis STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild ducks and once in domestic duck. STATUS AS SFECIES: Doubtful. Synonym of C. syrius - Dubois, 196k. DESCRIPTION: Vidyarthi, 1937. Copy: Sudarikov, 1959. SYNONYMY: Cotylurus orientalis Vidyarthi, 1937 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of C. cornutus. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) , Anas acuta, Anas crecca HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (India, Indochina). Cotylurus platycephalus STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent, normally in lariform birds; reported 3 times in wild waterfowl. DESCRIPTION: Szidat, 1929. Copy: Dubois, 1933b; Sudarikov, 1959. SYNONYMY: Dubois, 1938b; Sudarikov, 1959. Amphi stoma platycephalum Creplin, 1825 Holostomum platycephalum (Creplin, 1?25) Siebold , I836 Cotylurus platycephalus (Creplin, 1825) Szidat, 1928 Holostomum variegatum Dujardin of Brandes, 18^8, e.p. Strigea variegata (Creplin, 1825) Luhe, 1°C9, e.p. 83 Holostomum cucullus Thoss, 18Q7 Cotylurus strictus Endrigkeit, 19^0 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of C. comutus. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Cygnu s olor Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos, Anas strepera Gaviiformes - Gavia stellata Fodicipedi formes - Fodiceps cri status Pelecaniformes - Pelecanus oncrotalus , Fhalacrocorax carbo Falconiformes - Haliaeetus albicilla Charadrii formes - Alca torda, Cepphu s grylle, Chlidonias nigra, Larus argentatus, Larus eanus, Larus fuscus, Larus hyperboreus, Larus ichthyaetus, Larus marinus, Larus minutus, Larus ridibundus, Rissa tridactyla, Stereo rarius longicaudus, Stercorarius parasiticus, Stercorarius pomarinus, Sterna albifrons, Sterna hirundo, Thalas- seus bengalensis HABITAT: Bursa of Fabricius, cloaca, large intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (W. Siberia, Uzbekistan). Cotylurus raabei STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported twice in wild and twice in domestic ducks. DESCRIPTION: Bezubik, 1958; Ryzhikov & Koshkina, 1962; Dubois, 1964. SYNONYMY: Strigea raabei Bezubik, 1958 Cotylurostrlgea raabei (Bezubik, 1958) Sudarikov, 1962 Cotylurus raabei (Bezubik, 1958) Dubois, 1^64 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of C. comutus. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ), Anas querquedula Aythyini - Aythya nyroca HABITAT: Cloaca. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Foland, Russia), Asia (Kazakhstan, Tuva). 84 Cotylurus strigeoides STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Dubois, 1958. SYNONYMY: Cotylurus strigeoides Dubois, 195? LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of £. comutus. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas acuta HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: N. America (USA). Cotylurus syrius STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck and once in captive swan. DESCRIPTION: Dubois, 1935, 1964. Cory: Dubois, 1938b; Sudarikov, 1959. SYNONYMY: Cotylurus syrius Dubois, 193^ Cotylurus orientalis Vidyarthi, 1937 - [Dubois, 1Q&+] LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of C. comutus. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Cygnus (olor?) Anatini - Anas penelope HABITAT: Small intestine - posterior quarter, large intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Netherlands), Asia (Syria). Cotylurostrigea brand ivi tella t a STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild ducks. STATUS AS SPECIES: Cotylurostrigea a synonym of genus Cotylurus - 85 Dubois, 1964; Baer & Joyeux, 196l. DESCRIPTION: Belogurov, Maksimova, & Tolkacheva, 1966. SYNONYMY: Cotylurostrigea brand ivitellata Belogurov, Maksimova, & Tolkacheva, 1966 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas clypeata, Anas querquedula Aythyini - Aythya marila Mergini - Cl.angula hyemalis HABITAT: Small intestine, ceca. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Kamchatka, Tamyr). Parastrigea robusta STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported 3 times in wild ducks and 6 times in domestic ducks. Reported as cause of lesions in intestine of host (Odening, I965). DESCRIPTION: Szidat, 1928b; Bykhovskaia-Pavlovskaia & Zhukov, 195^ (as P. anati); Dubois, 1966. Copy: Dubois, 1938b; Sudarikov, 1959; Shevtsov & Zaskind, i960. SYNONYMY: Parastrigea robusta Szidat, 1928 Parastrigea anati Bykhovskaia-Favlovskaia & Zhukov, 195^ - [Dubois, 196la] Apharyngostrigea parastrigiformis Bykhovskafa-Pavlovskafa & Zhukov, 195^ - [Dubois, 1966] LIFE CYCLE: Eggs passed in feces, develop in fresh water in 9-12 days at 18-21 C. ; cercariae develop in 6 weeks in fresh-water snails, emerge and penetrate tadpoles of amphibians; metacercariae (tetra- cotyle) infective in 18 days; mature in final host 5-7 days after ingestion, survive 15-17 days in final host. (Odening, 1965a, 1965b) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Anisus vortex, Gyraulus albus, Planorbis planorbis, Segmentina nitida SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Rana arvalis , Rana temporaria, Bufo bufo FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) 86 Aythyini - Aythya ferina Falconiformes - Falco subbuteo Colurabi formes - Columba livla (dom. ) HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (W. Siberia, Kazakhstan). Fseudapatemon mamilliformis STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in domestic duck. Originally described from charadriiform bird. DESCRIPTION: Tubangui, 1932. Copy: Dubois, 193?b; Sudarikov, 1959. SYNONYMY: Cotylurus mamilliformis Tubangui, 1932 F seudapatemon mamilliformis (Tubangui, 1932) Dubois, 193^ LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhyncho s (dom. ) Charadriiformes - Capella gallinago HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Azerbaidzhan, W. Siberia, Indochina, Fhillipine Is.). Fseudostrigea anatis STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in domestic duck. DESCRIFTION: Ku, 1964. SYNONYMY: Fseudostrigea anatis Ku, 1964 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhyncho s (dom. ) HABITAT: Small intestine. 87 DISTRIBUTION: Asia (China). Strigea e",ep;ans STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Accidental; larval stage in muscles of domestic duck as result of experimental infection. Adult in owls. DESCRIPTION: Chandler & Rausch, 19^7. Copy: Sudarikov, 1Q5°. SYNONYMY: Strigea elegans Chandler & Rausch, 19^7 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs passed in feces, hatch in water in 11 days: mira- cidia infect fresh-water snail; cercariae develop in 26 days, pene- trate amphibian tadpoles, develop to mesocercariae in about 2 weeks; after ingestion by reptiles or birr's mesocercariae develop to tetra- cotyle larvae in fasciae of muscles in 21 days; mature in final host after ingestion. (Pearson, 1957, 1959) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Gyraulus parvus SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Bufo americanus [exper.], Rana sylvatica [exper] THIRD INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: REFTILIA - Thamnonhis sp. [exper.] AVES - Anseriformes - Anas platyrhynchos (dom.) [exper.] Strigiformes - Bubo virginianus [exper.] FINAL HOSTS: AVES Strigiformes - Bubo virginianus, Nyctea scandiaca HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: N. America (USA, Canada). Strigea falconis STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Frequent; larval stage reported 11 times in muscles of wild ducks. Adult in hawks and owls. DESCRIPTION: Szidat, 1929. Copy: Dubois, 193^b: Sudarikov, 1959. SYNONYMY: Dubois, 1933b; Sudarikov, 1959. Strigea falconis palumbi Viborg, 1795, nomen nudum Amphi stoma falconis palumbi (Viborg, 1795) Rudolphi, 1809 Strigea falconis Szidat, 1928 Tetracotyle falconis (Szidat, 1928) Sudarikov, 1Q59 88 Festucaria strigis Froelich, 1802 Fasciola "strigis (Schrank, 1788) Gmelin, 1790 Strigea strigis (Schrank, 1788) Luhe, 1909, e.p. Strigea strigis (Goeze) of Nazmi Gohar, 193^ Amphi stoma macrocephalum Rudolphi, 1803 Holostomutn macrocephalum (Rudolphi, 1803) Blainville, 1828, e.p. Amphi stoma striatum Rudolphi, 1809, e.p. Holostomum variabile Nitzsch, 1819, e.p. Distomum capsulare Diesing, I858 Agamodistomum capsulare (Diesing, I858) Stossich, lp92 Holostomum cornu (Nitzsch) of Hausmann, 1899 Tetracotyle ardeae (Ma tare, 1910) Hughes, 1929 Strigea falconis brasiliana Szidat, 1928 - [Bykhovskaik-Favlovskafa, 195^a, 1962]; distinct, Dubois, 1953 Tetracotyle ornithocystis Lutz, 1929 Strigea falconis meleagrls Harwood, 1931 - [Bykhovskafa-Pavlovskafa, 195^a, 1962]; distinct, Dubois, 1953 Strigea falconis eaglesa Verma, 1936 - [Bykhovskafa-PavlovskaOi, 19621 Strigea falconis .japonensis Yamaguti, 1939 - [Bykhovska£a-Pavlovskafa, 195^a, 1962] Strigea elongata Yamaguti, 1939 - [Bykhovskaia-Pavlovskaia, 195^a, 1962] Tetracotyle bonasae Chandler, 195^ Neostrigea africana Bisseru, 1956 - [Dubois, 1959] LIFE CYCLE: Metacercariae (tetracotyle) encysted under fasciae of muscles of birds as intermediate or auxiliary hosts; mature in final host in 7 days after ingestion. (Sudarikov, 1959, 1960a, 1960b) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Unknown. AUXILIARY HOSTS (OR THIRD INTERMEDIATE HOSTS?): AVES - Anseriformes - Anserini - Anser anser, Anser erythropus, Cygnus cygnus; Tadomini - Tadoma ferruginea , Tadorna tadorna ; Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) , Anas acuta, Anas clypeata , Anas crecca, Anas querquedula, Anas strepera ; Aythyini - Aythya ferina, Aythya nyroca, Netta rufina; Mergini - Bucephala clangula, Mergus albellus, Mergus merganser; Oxyurini - Oxyura leucocephala; Podicipediformes - Podiceps caspicus, Podiceps cristatus, Podiceps grisegena , Podiceps ruficollis; Pelecani formes - Halietor pygmaeus, Pelecanus crispus, Pelecanus oncrotalus, Fhalacrocorax carbo; Ciconiiformes - Ardea cinerea, Ardea purpurea, Ardeola ralloides, Botaurus stellaris, Bubulcus ibis, Casmerodius albus, Egretta garzetta , Ixobrychus minutus, Nycticorax nycticorax, Platalea leucorodia, Plegadis fal- cinellus; Falconiformes - Circus aerupinosus, Haliaeetus albicilla, Milvus migrans , Pandion haliaetus; Galliformes - Bonasa umbellus, Meleagris gallopavo (dom.), Phasianus colchicus; Gruiformes - Crex crex, Fulica atra, Gall inula chloropus, Porzana porzana, Rallus aquaticus; Charadriiformes - Actitis hypoleucos, Capella gallinago, Charadrius dubius, Charadrius hiaticula, Chlidonias leucoptera, Chlidonlas nigra , Erolia alpina , Erolia testacea, Gelochelidon nilotica. Himantopus himantopus, Larus argentatus , Larus ichthy- 89 aetus, Larus mirmtus, Larus rldibundus, Limosa limosa, Numenius arguata, Fhalaropus lobatus, Fhilomachus pugnax , Recurvi rostra avosetta, Sterna albifrons, Sterna hirundo , Tringa glareola, Tringa nebula ria, Tringa ochropus, Tringa stagnatilis, Tringa totanus, Vanellus vanellus, Xenus cinereus; Col umbi formes - Columba palumbus, Streptopelia chinensis; Strigiformes - Asio flammeus, Asio otus; Cora cii formes - Alcedo atthis, Upupa epops ; Piciformes - Dendrocopos major; Fasseriformes - Acrocephalus ar- undinaceus, Acrocephalus palustris, Acrocephalus scirpaceus, Cettia cettia, Corvus corone, Corvus corone comix, Corvus frug- ilegus, Corvus monedula, Motacilla alba, Motacilla flava, Oriolus melanocephalus , Panurus biarmicus, Fasser domesticus, Fasser mon- tanus, Flea pica, Remiz pendulinus, Riparia riparia, Sturnus vul- garis FINAL HOSTS: AVES Falconiformes - Accipiter cooperii, Accipiter gentilis, Accipiter nisus, Accipiter striatus, Accipiter virgatus, Aegypus monachus, Aquila chrysaetos, Aquila clanga, Aquila heliaca, Aquila pomarina , Buteo albicaudatus, Buteo burmanicus, Buteo buteo, Buteo jamai- censis, Buteo lagomis, Buteo magnirostris, Buteo swain son i , Cir- caetus gallicus. Circus aeruginosus. Circus cyaneus, Circus mac- rourus, Circus melanoleucus, Circus pyga rgu s , Falco biarmicus, Falco columbarius, Falco peregrinus, Falco rusticolus, Falco sub- buteo , Falco tinnunculus, Falco vespertinus, Haliaeetus albicilla, Haliaeetus leucoryphus, Herpetotheres cachinnans, Hieraaetus pen- natus, Ieracidea berigora , Lorhaetus occipitalis, Milvus migrans, Milvus milvus, Neophron percnopterus, Pandion haliaetus, Fernis apivorus , Spizaetus ornatus, Terathopius ecaudatus Strigiformes - Asio flammeus, Asio otus, Athene noctua [exper.l Strix aluco HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Cosmopolitan. Europe, Asia, Africa, N. America, S. America, Australia. Strigea vaginata STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Accidental; larval stage in domestic duck as result of experimental infection. Adult primarily parasitic in Cathartidae. DESCRIPTION: Szidat, 1929. Copy: Dubois, 1933b; Sudarikov, 1959. SYNONYMY: Dubois, 1938b. Holostomum vaginatur* Brandes, 1888 Strigea vaginata (Brandes, 1P°^) Szidat, 192* Gongylura vaginata (Brandes, 188?) Lutz, 1933 90 Tetracotyle ichthyocystis Lutz, 1928 Tetracotyle ophiocystis Lutz, 1928 Strigea ophiocystis Lutz, 1928 Tetracotyle theriocystis Lutz, 1928 Dicranocercaria gyrinipeta Lutz, lQJk Apatemon gracilis (Rudolphi) of Caballero & Vogelsang, 19^9 - [Dubois, 1952] LIFE CYCLE: No connection shown experimentally between following stages: Cercariae develop in fresh-water snail, penetrate amphibia and form mesocercariae; mesocercariae develop to metacercariae (tet- racotyle) after ingestion by fish, birds, and mammals (experimental infections), tetracotyle present naturally in fish, reptiles, birds, and mammals; mature in final host after ingestion. (Lutz, 1928, 1929, 1933, 193^; Olivier, 19^0; Pearson, 1959) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Planorbis anatinus SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Hyla crepitans, Hyla rubra , Leptodactylus pentadactylus THIRD INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: OSTEICHTHYES - Callichthvs callichthvs REPTILIA - AVES - Anseriformes - Anas platyrhynchos (dom.) [exper.l; Galliformes ■ Gallus gallus (dom.) [experl; Columbiformes - Columba livia (dom. ) [exper.J MAMMALIA - Carnivora - Can is thous, Grison vittata; Rodentia - Mus musculus (lab. ) [exper.] FINAL HOSTS: AVES Falconiformes - Cariama crista ta , Cathartes urubitinga , Cora gyps at- rata, Sarcorhamphus papa, Spizaetus ornatus Strigiformes - HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: S. America (Brazil). Austrobilharzia canadensis STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. STATUS AS SPECIES: Doubtful. Very similar to A. variglandis. DESCRIPTION: McLeod, 1936. SYNONYMY: Micro bilharzia canadensis McLeod , 1936 Austrobilharzia canadensis (McLeod, 1936) [Penner, 19531 91 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of A_. variglandis, FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Aythyini - Aythya vallisneria HABITAT: Hepatic portal vein. DISTRIBUTION: N. America (Canada). Austrobilharzia chapini STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported twice in wild ducks. STATUS AS SPECIES: Synonym of A. vari gland is - Stunkard & Hinchliffe, 1952; regarded as distinct species by Chu & Cutress, 19.5^ • DESCRIPTION: Price, 1929a. Copy: Skrjabin, 1952a. SYNONYMY: Micro bilharzia chapini Price, 1929 Austrobilharzia chapini (Frice, 1929) [Fenner, 19531 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of A. variglandis. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Aythyini - Aythya afflnis Mergini - Mergus serrator HABITAT: Mesenteric veins. DISTRIBUTION: N. America (USA). Austrobilharzia manitobensis STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. STATUS AS SPECIES: Doubtful. Very similar to A. chapini. DESCRIPTION: McLeod, 1936. SYNONYMY: Microbilharzia manitobensis McLeod , 1936 Austrobilharzia manitobensis (McLeod, 1936) [Fenner, l°53l LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of A. variglandis. 92 FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Aythyini - Aythya vallisneria HABITAT: Hepatic portal vein. DISTRIBUTION: N. America (Canada). Austrobilharzia variglandis STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Accidental, probably normally in Char- adriiformes; reported twice in domestic ducks from experimental in- fections. DESCRIPTION: Stunkard & Hinchliffe, 1952; Chu & Cutress, 195^. SYNONYMY: Cercaria variglandis Miller & Northup, 1926 Microbilharzia variglandis (Miller & Northup, 1926) Stunkard & Hinch- liffe, 1951 Austrobilharzia variglandis (Miller & Northup, 1926) Penner, 1953 Microbilharzia chapini Price, 1929 - [Stunkard & Hinchliffe, 19521; distinct, Chu & Cutress, 195^ Ornithobilharzia sp. Chapin, 192^ - [Stunkard & Hinchliffe, 1^52] LIFE CYCLE: Eggs passed in feces, hatch very quickly in water; cer- cariae develop in marine snails in about 6-8 weeks (up to 16 weeks), after emergence penetrate skin of final host; larvae pass through capillaries to lungs in 3 days, migrate in 9-13 days after infection to mesenteric veins, shed eggs 5-6 days later; eggs break through walls of intestinal villi into lumen. (Chu, 1965; Chu & Cutress, 195^5 Stunkard & Hinchliffe, 1951, 1952) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Littorina pintado, Littorina scabra [exper.], Nassarius obsoletus FINAL HOSTS: AVES . Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) [exper.] [Aythyini - Aythya affinis - Stunkard & Hinchliffe, 1952, based on type of A. chapini] [Mergini - Mergus serrator - Penner, 1953, based on A. chapini] Galliformes - Gallus gallus (dom. ) [exper.] Charadriiformes - Anous stolidus [exper.], Arenaria interpres , Larus argentatus [exper.] , Sterna fuscata [exper.] Columbiformes - Columba livia (dom.) [exper.] Passeriformes - Serinus canarius [exper,] HABITAT: Mesenteric veins, rarely in hepatic veins. 93 DISTRIBUTION: N. America (USA), Oceania (USA - Hawaii). Oraithobilharzia pricei STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild goose. DESCRIPTION: Wetzel, 1930. Copy: Skrjabin, 1952a. SYNONYMY: Ornithobilharzia pricei Wetzel, 1930 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Branta canadensis HABITAT: Branches of portal and mesenteric veins. DISTRIBUTION: N. America (USA). Bilharziella indica STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. Produced lesions in liver, kidney, lungs (Lai, 1937). DESCRIPTION: Lai, 1937. Copy: Lai, 1039b; Skrjabin, 1952a. SYNONYMY: Chinhuta indica Lai, 1937 Bilharziella indica (Lai, 1937) Mehra, 19^0 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of B. polonica. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas crecca HABITAT: Blood vessels, liver, lungs, kidney. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (India). Bilharziella lall STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. 94 DESCRIPTION: Baugh, 1963. SYNONYMY: Bilharziella lali Baugh, 1963 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of B. polonica, FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas creeea HABITAT: Renal veins. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (India). Bilharziella polonica STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Very common, characteristic helminth of waterfowl; reported 45 times in wild, 20 times in domestic, and twice in captive waterfowl. Fathology of infection described by Litvishko & Pustovar, I960; distribution in internal organs tabul- ated by Litvishko, 1959a. DESCRIPTION: Price, 1929a; Bykhovskafa-Pavlovskara, 1954a (fig. only); Bezubik, 1957a; Macko, 1960a; Odening, 1964c. Copy: Skrj- abin, 1952a; Shevtsov & Zaskind, i960. SYNONYMY: Price, 1929a. Bilharzia polonica Kowalewski, 1895 Schistosoma polonicum (Kowalewski, 1895) Railliet, I898 Bilharziella polonica (Kowalewski, 1895) Looss, 1899 Ornitho bilharzia polonica (Kowalewski, 1895) Tanabe, 1925 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs passed in feces, hatch immediately in fresh water; miracidia infect fresh-water snails; cercariae emerge in 50 days, penetrate skin of final host, mature in abdominal veins. Eggs ap- pear in 82-84 days after infection, break through capillary walls of intestinal villi into lumen of intestine. (Brumpt, 1931? Ginet- sinskaia, 1959a; Golikova, 1960b; Litvishko, 1963. Odening, 1962c; Porter, 1938; Szidat, 1929c, 1929d, 1930b, 1930c; Zdarska, 1963; Zdun, 1959) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Bulinus africanus, Piano rbarius corneus, Plan- orbis pf eif f eri , Planorbis planorbis. Spiral ina vortex, [Lymnaea limosa, Lymnaea stagnalis - erroneous report, Odening, 1965 J FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser, Anser anser (dom. ) , Branta ruficollis. 95 Cygnus columbianus bewickii , Cygnus cygnus, Cygnus o~lor Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos, Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ), Anas a- cuta, Anas clypeata, Anas crecca, Anas penelope, Anas querque- dula, Anas strepera Aythyini - Aythya ferina, Aythya fuligula, Aythya marila, Aythya ny_roca_, Netta rufina Mergini - Bucephala clangula, Clangula hyemalis, Mergu s albellus, Mergus merganser Oxyurini - Oxyura leucocephala Podicipediformes - Fodiceps crista tus, Fodiceps grisegena Ciconiiformes - Ardea cinerea, Ardea purpurea, Ardeola ralloides, Bo- taurus stellaris, Casmerodius alba, Clconia ciconia, Ciconia nigra, Egretta garzetta, Nycticorax nycticorax, Flegadis falcinelTus, Scopus umbretta Gruiformes - Fulica atra, Fulica cristata Charadriiformes - Larus minutus , Philomachus pugnax, Tringa ochropus HABITAT: Abdominal veins, especially portal veins; blood vessels of liver, intestine, lungs, kidneys. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (W. Siberia, Uzbekistan, Tadzhikistan, Kazakhstan, Tuva, Yakutia, India, Primorsk), Africa (S. Africa), N. America (USA - National Zoological Fark). Dendritobilharzia asiaticus STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck and once in domestic duck. DESCRITPION: Me'hra, 19^0. Copy: Skrjabin, 1952a. SYNONYMY: Dendritobilharzia asiaticus Mehra , 19^0 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom.), Anas crecca HABITAT: Branch of anterior mesenteric vein. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (India). Dendritobilharzia pulverulenta STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Common; reported 22 times in wild, 96 once in domestic, and once in captive ducks. Pathology (as D. ana- tinarum) described by Bump, T.9^3; Cheatum, 19^1; mortality reported by Cheatum, 19^1 . Mortality due to Dend rl tobilharz ia sp. described by Levine, Clark, & Hanson, 1956a, 1956b. DESCRIPTION: Braun, 19 Old; Cheatum, 19^1 (as D. anatinarura); Macko, 1959, 196lb; Belokobylenko , 1963; Oshmarin 1963a. Copy: Price, 1929a; Skrjabin, 1952a. SYNONYMY: Bilharziella pulverulenta Braun, 1901 Dendritobilharzia pulverulenta (Braun, 19C1) Skrjabin, 1924 Dendritobilharzia odhneri Skrjabin & Zakharow, 1920 - [Price, 1929a] Dendritobilharzia anatinarum Cheatum, 19^1 - [Macko, 1959, lQ6lb] LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Cygnus olor Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) , Anas acuta, Anas clypeata , Anas crecca , Anas querquedula , Anas rub- ripe s, Anas strepera Aythyini - [Aythya affinis - La page, 196l , erroneous citation], Aythya f erina , Aythya fuligula, Aythya vallisneria Cairinini - Aix galericulata Gruiformes - Fulica atra HABITAT: Dorsal aorta (D. anatinarum); D. pulverulenta reported (erroneously?) in mesenteric veins, blood vessels of heart, kidney, lungs. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (England, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Russia), Asia (W. Siberia, Uzbekistan, Tadzhikistan, Kazakhstan, Tuva, Yaku- tia, Primorsk), Africa (Sudan), N. America (USA). Gigantobllharzia acotylea STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; normally in lariform birds; re- ported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Odhner, 1910; Bykhovskafa-Pavlovskaia, 195^a (fig. only). Copy: Price, 1929a; Skrjabin, 1952a. SYNONYMY: Gigantobllharzia acotylea Odhner, 1910 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. 97 FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Mergini - Melanitta fusca Charadriiformes - Larus argentatus, Larus eanus, Larus fuscus, Larus marinus, Larus melanocephalus , Larus minutus , Larus ridibundus, Sterna hirundo HABITAT: Intestinal veins. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (England, Sweden, USSR), Asia (W. Siberia). Gigantobil harzia ad ami STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Fain, I960. SYNONYMY: Gigantobilharzia ad ami Fain, I960 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Cairinini - Nettapus aurltus HABITAT: Mesenteric veins. DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Ruanda-Urundi). Gigantobilharzia monocotylea STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Szidat, 1930a; Sulgostowska, 1960b. Copy: Skrjabin, 1952a. SYNONYMY: Gigantobilharzia monocotylea Szidat, 1930 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos Fodicipedi formes - Podiceps cristatus Charadriiformes - Larus fuscus, Larus ridibundus 98 HABITAT: Intestinal veins. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Germany, Sweden, Poland). Gigantobilharzia nettapi STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Fain, I960. SYNONYMY: Gigantobilharzia nettapi Fain, I960 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Cairinini - Nettapus auritus HABITAT: Mesenteric veins. DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Ruanda-Urundi). Gigantobilharzia plectropteri STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Fain, i960. SYNONYMY: Gigantobilharzia plectropteri Fain, i960 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES . Anseriformes (Anatidae) Cairinini - Plectropterus gambensis HABITAT: Portal veins. DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Ruanda-Urundi). Gigantobilharzia suebica STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Accidental; reported once in domestic 99 duck as result of experimental infection. Natural host unknown. DESCRIPTION: Donges, 19&J-. SYNONYMY: Gigantobilharzia sueblca DSnges , 1964 LIFE CYCLE: Cercariae develop in fresh-water snail, emerge and pene- trate skin of final host; mature in 20 days. (Donges, 196U) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Anisus leucostomus FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) [exper.] HABITAT: Portal vein. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Germany). Trichobilharzia adamsi STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Accidental; reported once experiment- ally in domestic duck. Natural host unknown. DESCRIPTION: Edwards & Jansch, 1955. SYNONYMY: Trichobilharzia adamsi Edwards & Jansch, 1955 LIFE CYCLE: Cercariae develop in fresh-water snails, penetrate skin of final host; mature in final host in more than U-2 days; larval worm passes through liver in development. (Edwards & Jansch, 1955) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Physa c.f . coniformis FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) [exper.] [duckling - Anser domesticus, Edwards & Jansch] HABITAT: Liver (immature form). DISTRIBUTION: N. America (Canada). Trichobilharzia alaskensis STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Accidental; reported twice experiment- 100 ally in domestic duck. Natural host unknown. DESCRIPTION: Harkema, I960. SYNONYMY: Trichobilharzia alaskensis Harkema, McKeever, & Becker, 1957, notnen nudum Trichobilharzia alaskensis Harkema, I960 LIFE CYCLE: Cercariae develop in fresh-water snails, penetrate skin of final host; young worms in lungs, mature in intestinal veins in 10-17 days after infection. (Harkema, 1955* I960; Harkema, McKeever, & Becker, 1957) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Lymnaea stagnalis FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) [exper.] HABITAT: Intestinal veins. DISTRIBUTION: N. America (USA - Alaska). Trichobilharzia anatina STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Fain, 1955b, 1956b (figure). SYNONYMY: Trichobilharzia anatina Fain, 1955 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of T. ocelTata. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas undulata HABITAT: Portal system. DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Congo). Trichobilharzia berghei STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Fain, 1955b, 1956b (figure), 1959. 101 SYNONYMY: Trichobilharzia berghei Fain, 1955 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of T. ocellata. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas undulata HABITAT: Portal system. DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Congo). Trichobilharzia brantae STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported cnce in wild goose. DESCRIPTION: Farr & Blankemeyer, 1956. SYNONYMY: Trichobilharzia brantae Farr & Blankemeyer, 1956 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of T. ocellata. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Branta canadensis HABITAT: Mesenteric veins, renal veins. DISTRIBUTION: N. America (USA). Trichobilharzia brevis STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in domestic duck. DESCRIPTION: Basch, 1966. SYNONYMY: Trichobilharzia brevis Basch, 1966 LIFE CYCLE: Cercariae develop in fresh-water snail in 17 days; pene- trate skin of final host, mature in 11 days. (Basch, 1966) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Lymnaea rubiginosa FINAL HOSTS: AVES 102 Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) HABITAT: Hepatic portal vein, liver, venules of cloacal mesentery. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Malaysia). Trichobilharziella burnetti STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Brackett, 19^2. Copy: Skrjabin, 1952a. SYNONYMY: Fseudobilharziella burnetti Brackett, 19^2 Trichobilharzia burnetti (Brackett, 19^2) McMullen & Beaver, 19^5 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of T. ocellata. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Aythyini - Aythya collaris HABITAT: Cloacal vein. DISTRIBUTION: N. America (USA). Trichobilharzia cameroni STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Accidental; reported once experiment- ally in domestic duck. Natural host unknown. DESCRIPTION: Wu, 1953a. SYNONYMY: Trichobilharzia cameroni Wu, 1953 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs passed in feces, hatch very quickly in fresh water; miracidia penetrate fresh-water snail, develop to cercariae in 28-35 days; cercariae penetrate skin of final host; mature in about 12-1*4- days after infection, pass through lungs and liver during develop- ment, mature in intestinal veins; eggs pass through capillary walls of intestinal villi into lumen; adults survive at least **• months in final host. (Wu, 1953a) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Fhysa gyrina FINAL HOSTS: AVES 103 Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) [exper.] Columbiformes - Columba livia (dom.) [exper.] Fasseriformes - Serinus canarius [exper.] HABITAT: Veins in wall of small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: N. America (Canada). Trichobilharzia duboisi STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Fain, 1959. SYNONYMY: Trichobilharzia duboisi Faiii, 1959 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of T. ocellata. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Cairinini - Nettapus auritus HABITAT: Veins of nasal fossae. DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Ruanda-Urundi). Trichobilharzia elvae STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare or accidental; reported 3 times from domestic ducks as result of experimental infections. Pathology and mortality from experimental infections described by McMullen & Beaver, 19^5? Macy, Moore & Price, 1955. STATUS AS SPECIES: Synonym of T. ocellata - McMullen & Beaver, 19^5; maintained as distinct species by Harkema, I960, and synonymy quest- ioned by others. DESCRIPTION: McMullen & Beaver, 19^5. Copy: Macy, Moore, & Price, 1955. SYNONYMY: Cercaria elvae Miller, 1923 Trichobilharzia elvae (Miller, 1923) AmeeT , Van der Woude, & Cort, 1953 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs released in mesenteric veins, pass through intestinal 104 walls to lumen, pass out with feces, hatch immediately on. exposure to fresh water; miracidia enter fresh-water snails, develop into cercariae; cercariae penetrate skin of final host; young worms reach lungs within 2h hours, remain at least 5 days; mature in veins of intestine 13 days after infection. (Hunter, et al, 19^9, McMullen & Beaver, 19^5; Macy & Moore, 1953; Macy, Moore, & Price, 1955; Schell, 1959) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Lymnaea palustris, Lymnaea stagnalis FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dora. ) [exper.] Passeriformes - Serinus canarius L exper.] HABITAT: Small venules of intestinal wall. DISTRIBUTION: N. America (USA). Trichobilharzia filliformis STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported 4 times in wild swans. DESCRIPTION: Szidat, 1938. Copy: Skrjabin, 1952a. SYNONYMY: Pseudobilharziella filiformis Szidat, 1938 Trichobilharzia filiformis (Szidat, 1938) McMullen & Beaver, 19^5 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of T. ocellata. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Cygnus columbianus bewickii, Cygnus olor HABITAT: Intestinal veins of large intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Netherlands, USSR - Kaliningrad), Asia (Yak- utia). Trichobilharzia horiconensis STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Brackett, 19^2. Copy: Skrjabin, 1952a. 105 SYNONYMY: F seudobilharziella horiconensls Brackett, 19^2 Trichobilharzia horiconensls (Brackett, 19^2) McMullen & Beaver, 19^5 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of T. ocellata. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Aythyini - Aythya americana HABITAT: Cloacal vein. DISTRIBUTION: N. America (USA). Trichobilharzia indica STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Baugh, 1963. SYNONYMY: Trichobilharzia indica Baugh, 19&3 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of T. ocellata. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas crecca HABITAT: Renal and hepatic veins. • DISTRIBUTION: Asia (India). Trichobilharzia kegonsensis STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Brackett, 19^2. Copy: Skrjabin, 1952a. SYNONYMY: P seudobilharziella kegonsensis Brackett, 19^2 Trichobilharzia kegonsensis (Brackett, 19^2) McMullen & Beaver, 19^5 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of T. ocellata. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) 106 Aythyini - Aythya vallisneria HABITAT: Cloacal vein. DISTRIBUTION: N. America (USA). Trichobilharzia kowalewskii STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Infrequent; reported 5 times in wild waterfowl. DESCRIPTION: Ejsmont, 1929a, 1929b; Bykhovskafa-Favlovskaia & Ryz- hikov, 1958. Copy: Skrjabin, 1952a. SYNONYMY: F seudobilharziella kowalewskii Ejsmont, 1929 Trichobilharzia kowalewskii (Ejsmont, 1929) McMullen & Beaver, 19^5 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of T. ocellata. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Cygnus columbianus bewickii Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas clypeata. Anas crecca. Anas falcata, Anas formosa, Anas penelope , Anas querquedula Aythyini - Aythya fuligula Mergini - Bucephala clangula HABITAT: Intestinal veins. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Poland, USSR - Kaliningrad), Asia (Tadzhikt- stan, Yakutia, Kamchatka). Trichobilharzia nasicola STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Fain, 1955b, 1956b. SYNONYMY: Trichobilharzia nasicola Fain, 1955 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of T. ocellata . FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas undulata 107 HABITAT: Veins of nasal mucosa and submucosa. DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Congo). Trichobilharzia ocellata STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Frequent; reported 9 times in wild ducks, 6 times (4 experimentally) in domestic ducks. STATUS AS SPECIES: Cercaria ocellata LaValette probably a collect- ive species - Emmel, 19**7» Cort, 1950. Adult yet unknown - Odening, 1965. DESCRIPTION: Ryzhikov, 1956a; Bykhovskaia-Favlovskaia & Ryzhikov, 1958. Copy: Price, 1929a (as T. kossarewi); Skrjabin, 1952a; Shevt- sov & Zaskind, i960. SYNONYMY: Cercaria ocellata La Valette, 1855 Trichobilharzia ocellata (La Valette, 1855) Brumpt, 1931 Trichobilharzia kossarewi Skrjabin & Zacharow, 1920 - [Brumpt, 1931 1 Trichobilharzia elvae (Miller, 1923) Ameel, Van der Woude, & Cort, 1953 - LMcMullen & Beaver, 19^51 ;distinct, Macy & Moore, 1950; Hark- ema, i960 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs passed in feces, hatch very quickly in fresh water; miracidia enter fresh-water snails; cercariae develop, after emer- gence penetrate skin of final host into capillaries, mature 8-21 days after infection of final host, young worms in lungs about 2-9 days, adults in veins of liver and intestine; eggs in intestinal wall in 9-56 days, pass through walls of capillaries of intestinal villi into lumen, in feces after 13-^0 days, continue at low level to 146 days. (Bourns, Rau, & Ellis, 1967; Brumpt, 1931; Chikami, 1961; Ginetsin- skafa, 1959a; Kiseliene, 1966; Mathias, 1030b; Zdarska, 1963) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Lymnaea japonica , Lymnaea limosa, Lymnaea ovata , Lymnaea palustris, Lymnaea peregra, Lymnaea stagnalis, Planorbarius corneus. Piano rbis planorbis, Planorbis rotundatus FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) , Anas a- cuta, Anas clypeata, Anas crecca, Anas dlscors, [Anas erythro- rhyncha - La page, 196l, error] , Anas falcata, Anas formosa. Anas penelope , Anas poecilorhyncha , Anas querquedula. Anas rub- ripes [exper.] , Anas strepera Aythyini - Aythya fuligula, Netta rufina Charadriiformes - Sterna hirundo 108 HABITAT: Small intestinal veins. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (Tadzhikistan, Kirgizia, Tuva, Yakutia, Amur, Japan), N. America (Canada). Trichobilharzia oregonensis STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Accidental; reported twice experiment- ally in domestic waterfowl. Natural host unknown. DESCRIPTION: Macy, Moore, & Price, 1955. SYNONYMY: Cercaria oregonensis Macfarlane & Macy, 19^6 Trichobilharzia oregonensis (Macfarlane & Macy, 1°46) Macy & Moore, 1953 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs passed in feces; miracidia penetrate fresh-water snail, cercariae develop in 23 days; cercariae penetrate skin of final host; mature in 13 days after infection of final host, with passage through lungs and liver during development. (Macy & Moore, 1953; Macy, Moore, & Price, 1955) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Fhysa ampullacea FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser (dom. ) [exper.l Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) [exper.l HABITAT: Portal veins, veins of intestinal and cecal walls. DISTRIBUTION: N. America (USA). Trichobilharzia physellae STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported k times in wild ducks, k times (3 times experimentally) in domestic duck. DESCRIPTION: McLeod, 1937 (as P. querquedula^ ; McLeod & Little, 19^2; McMullen & Beaver, 19^2. Copy: Skrjabin, 1952a. SYNONYMY: McMullen & Beaver, 19^5- Cercaria physellae Talbot, 1936 Trichobilharzia physellae (Talbot, 1936) McMullen & Beaver, 194 5 F seudobilharziella querquedulae McLeod, 1937 109 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs passed in feces, hatch immediately on exposure to fresh water; miracidia penetrate fresh-water snails, cercariae emerge in 3^ days, continue to emerge for 3 months, penetrate skin of final host. (Hunter, ft al., 19^9. McLeod & Little, 19^2; McMullen & Bea- ver, 19^2, 19^5; Macy, Moore, & Price, 1955; Schell, 1959; Tanaka, 1960b, 1960c) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Lymnaea japonica, Physa gyrina , Fhysa parkeri, Physella magnalacustris , Fhysella propinqua FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhyncho s , Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) , Anas a- cuta, Anas clypeata , Anas discors, [Anas erythrorhyncha - Lap- age, 1961, error] , Anas poecilorhyncha Columbiformes - Columba livia (dom.) [exper.1 Fasseriformes - Serinus canarius [exper. J HABITAT: Portal and intestinal veins; males in mesenteric veins, females in minute veins under serosa and in submucosa of intestine - McLeod & Little, 19^2. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Japan), N. America (USA, Canada). Trichobilharzia rodhaini STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in domestic duck. Originally described from heron. DESCRIPTION: Fain, 1955, 1956b (figure), 1959. SYNONYMY: Trichobilharzia rodhaini Fain, 1955 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of T. ocellata. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) Ciconiiformes - Hagedash hagedash HABITAT: Small veins of nasal cavities. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (India), Africa (Congo). Trichobilharzia schoutedeni STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild waterfowl 110 DESCRIPTION: Fain, 1955b, 1956b (figure). SYNONYMY: Trichobilharzia schoutedeni Fain, 1955 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of T. ocellata. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Oxyurini - Thalassornis leuconotus HABITAT: Liver, mesenteric veins. DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Congo). Trichobilharzia spinulata STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild waterfowl. DESCRIPTION: Fain, 1955b, 1956b (figure). SYNONYMY: Trichobilharzia spinulata Fain, 1955 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of T. ocellata. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Tadornini - Alopochen aegyptiacus Cairinini - Plectropterus gambensis HABITAT: Small veins in nasal cavities. DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Congo). Trichobilharzia stagnicolae STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Accidental; reported once experiment- ally in domestic duck. Natural hosts unknown. DESCRIPTION: McMullen & Beaver, 19^5. Copy: Skrjabin, 1952a. SYNONYMY: Cercaria stagnicolae Talbot, 1936 Trichobilharzia stagnicolae (Talbot, 1936) McMullen & Beaver, 19^5 LIFE CYCLE: Cercariae develop in fresh-water snails, penetrate final 111 host through skin; mature in less than 6 weeks after infection of final host, pass through lungs and liver during development. (Me- Mullen & Beaver, 19^2, 19^5) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Lymnaea emarginata FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseri formes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom.) [exper. , did not mature.] Charadriiformes - Larus argentatus [exper., did not mature.] Passeriformes - Serinus canarius [exper.] HABITAT: Small veins of intestine. DISTRIBUTION: N. America (USA). Trichobilharzia szidati STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Neuhaus, 1952. SYNONYMY: Cercaria parocellata Szidat, 19^2, not Johnston & Simpson, 1939 Trichobilharzia szidati Neuhaus, 1952 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs passed in feces, hatch in 5-10 minutes in fresh water; miracidia penetrate fresh-water snails; cercariae develop in 80 days, penetrate final host through skin; mature in final host in 10-12 days after infection, survive less than 3 months in final host. (van den Broek, 1965; Neuhaus, 1952'; Odening, 1965) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Lymnaea auricularia, Lymnaea ovata , Lymnaea pal- ustris, Lymnaea peregra , Lymnaea stagnalis FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) Aythyini - Aythya ferina HABITAT: Probably intestinal veins. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Germany, Netherlands). Trichobilharzia waubensensis STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild ducks. 112 DESCRIPTION: Brackett, 19^2. Copy: Skrjabin, 1952a. SYNONYMY: Fseudobilharziella waubesensis Brackett, 19^2 Trichobilharzia waubesensis (Brackett, 19^2) McMullen & Beaver, 19^5 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of T. ocellata. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas americana Aythyini - Aythya collaris HABITAT: Intestinal and cloacal veins. DISTRIBUTION: N. America (USA). Trichobilharzia yokogawai STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported once in wild ducks, twice in domestic ducks. DESCRIPTION: Oiso, 1927. Copy: Price, 1929a; Skrjabin, l°52a; Shev- tsov & Zaskind, I960. SYNONYMY: Bilharziella yokogawai Oiso, 1927 F seudobilharziella yokogawai (Oiso, 1927) Gower, 1938 Trichobilharzia yokogawai (Oiso, 1927) McMullen & Beaver, 19^5 LIFE CYCLE: Cercariae develop in fresh-water snails. (Oiso, 1927; Morishita, 1929) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Lymnaea pervia, Lymnaea radix FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ), Anas crecca HABITAT: Portal and intestinal veins. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Iraq, China, Taiwan). Cercaria longicauda STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Accidental; reported once as experi- 113 mental infection in duck. Natural host unknown. DESCRIPTION: SYNONYMY: Cercaria longicauda Macfarlane, 19*4-9 LIFE CYCLE: Cercariae develop in fresh-water snails; infected duck experimentally, eggs in feces in 7 weeks. Adult not found. (Macfar- lane, 19^9) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Lymnaea alfredi, Myxas ampulla , Myxas arguta FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Aythyini - Aythya novae-seelandiae HABITAT: Probably in intestinal or hepatic portal veins. DISTRIBUTION: Australia. Cercaria mieensis STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: SYNONYMY: Cercaria mieensis Ishida, I960 LIFE CYCLE: Miracidia infect fresh-water snails; cercariae develop in 72-8k days, penetrate skin of final host; mature probably in in- testinal veins, eggs pass through capillaries of intestinal villi into lumen of intestine. (Ishida, 1960a, 1960b) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Lymnaea japonica FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas crecca HABITAT: Probably in intestinal veins. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Japan). Cyclocoelum brasilianum STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; normally in charadriiform birds; 114 reported twice in wild ducks. STATUS AS SFECIES: Synonym of Haematotrephus lanceolatum - Maeko & Feige, i960. DESCRIPTION: Harrah, 1922 (as C. halli). Copy: Bashkirova, 1950 (as C. halli); Kurashvili, 1957; Dubois, 1959. SYNONYMY: Bykhovskaia-Favlovskaia, 1962. CyclocoeluTn brasilianura Stossich, 1902 Corpopyrum brasilianum (Stossich, 1902) Witenberg, 1923 Harrahium brasilianum (Stossich, 1902) Dollfus, 19^+S Haematotrephus brasilianum (Stossich, 1902) Bashkirova, 1950 Cyclocoelum (Haematotrephus) brasilianum Stossich, 1902 of Dubois, 1959 Cyclocoelum halli Harrah, 1922 Harrahium halli (Harrah, 1922) Witenberg, 1926 Cyclocoelum (Cyclocoelum) halli Harrah, 1922 of Bashkirova, 1950 Haematotrephus phaneropsolus Stossich, 1902 - [Bashkirova, IQ50] ; distinct, Dubois, 1959 Cyclocoelum kossacki Witenberg, 1923 - distinct, Joyeux & Baer, 1927; Dubois, 1959 Cyclocoelum longisacculatum Yamaguti, 1933 Cyclocoelum nebula rium Khan, 1935 Cyclocoelum nittanyense Zeliff, 19^6 - [Dubois, 19591 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of C. mutabile. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas querquedula, Anas strepera Charadriiformes - Arenaria interpres, Capella gallinago , Erolia al- pina, Erolia ferruginea, Erolia melanotos, Erolia minuta, Erol ia ruficollis, Erolia subminuta , Erol ia temminckii, Philomachus pug- nax, Tringa erythropus , Tringa flavipes, Tringa melanoleucas, Tringa nebularia , Tringa solitaria, Tringa totanus HABITAT: Air sacs, infraorbital sinus. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (USSR), Asia (W. Siberia, Uzbekistan, India, Primorsk, Japan, Sakhalin), N. America (USA), S. America (Venezuela, Brazil). Cyclocoelum mutabile STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; typically in gruiform birds; reported 5 times in wild waterfowl. STATUS AS SFECIES: Synonymy disputed; C. obscurum, with many syn- 115 onyms , sometimes included in C. mutabile. DESCRIPTION: Yamaguti, 1939; Bykhovska£a-Favlovskafa, lQ54a (as C. microstomum); Herber, 196l; Macko, 1965. Copy: Bashkirova, 1950; Kasimov, 1956. SYNONYMY: Dubois, 1959; Macko, 1965. Mono stoma mutabile Zeder, 1800 Cyclocoelum mutabile (Zeder, 1800) Stossich, 1902 Cyclocoelum (Antepharyngeum) mutabile (Zeder, 1800) of Witenberg, 1923 Cyclocoelum (Cyclocoelum) mutabile (Zeder, 1800) of Witenberg, 1928 Monostoma microstomum Creplin, 1829 Cyclocoelum microstomum (Creplin, 1829) Kossack, 1911 Cyclocoelum (Antepharyngeum) microstomum (Creplin, 1829) of Witenberg, 1923 Cyclocoelum (Cyclocoelum) microstomum (Creolin, 1829) of Bashkirova, 1950 Cyclocoelum pseudomicrostomum Harrah, 1922 Cyclocoelum (Antepharyngeum) pseudomicrostomum Harrah, 1922 of Witen- berg, 1923 Cyclocoelum (Cyclocoelum) pseudomicrostomum Harrah, 1922 of Bashkirova, 1°50 Cyclocoelum (Antepharyngeum ) goliath Witenberg, 1923 Cyclocoelum paradoxum del Pont, 1926 Cyclocoelum (Cyclocoelum) paradoxum del Font, 1026 of Bashkirova, 1950 Cyclocoelum iaponicum Kurisu, 1932 Cyclocoelum (Antepharyngeum) microcotyleum Nob">e, 1933 Cyclocoelum lahillei Dollfus, 1948 LIFE CYCLE: Cercariae develop in fresh-water pulmonate snails; meta- cercariae encyst in same individual; mature in final host after in- gestion. (Ginetsinskafa, 1949c, 19.54; Zda'rska, 19&3) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Lymnaea ovata , Lymnaea peregra , Lymnaea stag- nalis, Piano rbarius corneus FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas crecca, Anas strepera Mergini - Bucephala clangula , Clangul a hyemalis, Melanitta fusca, Melanitta nigra Galliformes - Gallus gallus (dom. ) Gruiformes - Crex crex, Fulica americana, Fulica atra, Gall inula chloropus, Grus grus, Forphyrula martinlca, Porzana carol ina , Porzana porzana , Rallus aquaticus Charadriiformes - Capella gall ina go, Cape! la media, Tringa nebularia, Vanellus vanellus HABITAT: Air sacs, nasal cavity. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (Azerbaidzhan, Armenia, Uzbekistan, Kir- 116 gizia, Tadzhikistan, W. Siberia, Kazakhstan, China, Japan) N. America (USA, Mexico, El Salvador). Cyclocoelum obscurum STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Probably accidental or erroneous, typically in charadriiform birds; reported once in captive goose. STATUS AS SPECIES: Synonym of C. mutabile - Bykovskaia-Pavlovskaia , 19^9, but C. mutabile of Bykhovskaia-Pavlovskafa is C. obscurum, according to Macko, 1965. DESCRIPTION: Harrah, 1922; Macko, 1965. Copy: Bashkirova, 1950. SYNONYMY: Joyeux & Baer, 192?; Macko, I965. Mono stoma obscurum Leidy, 1887 Cyclocoelum obscurum (Leidy, 1887) Harrah, 1922 Cyclocoelum ( Po stpha'r yngeura ) obscurum (Leidy, 188?) of Witenben?, 1928 Cyclocoelum (Cyclocoelum) obscurum (Leidy, 1887 ) of Bashkirova, 1950 Cyclocoelum ovopunctaturo Stossich, 1902 Cyclocoelum exile Stossich, 1902 Cyclocoelum fasciatum (Stossich, 1902) Kossack, 1911 Cyclocoelum problematicum Stossich, 1902 Cyclocoelum vicarium (Arnscorff, 1908) Kossack, 1911 Cyclocoelum orientale Skrjabin, 1913 Cyclocoelum halcyonis MacCallum, 1921 - [Witenberg, 1928; Tubangui, 19331 Cyclocoelum elongatum Harrah, 1921 - [Bykhovskaia-Favlovskafa, 19^91; distinct, Dubois, 1959 Cyclocoelum obliquum Harrah, 1921 Cyclocoelum cuneatum Harrah, 1922 Cyclocoelum leidyi Harrah, 1922 Cyclocoelum macro re his Harrah, 1922 Cyclocoelum toratsugamushi Morishita , 1924 Cyclocoelum phasidi Stunkard , 1929 - [Bykhovskaia-Favlovskafa, 19^91 Cyclocoelum orientale var. eurhinus Tubangui, 1932 -[Tubangui, 19331 Cyclocoelum makii Yamaguti, 1933 Cyclocoelum allahabadi Khan, 1935 Cyclocoelum capellum Khan, 1935 Cyclocoelum erythropis Khan, 1935 Cyclocoelum indicum Khan, 1935 Cyclocoelum lobatum Khan, 1935 Cyclocoelum mehrii Khan, 1935 Cyclocoelum straightum Khan, 1935 Cyclocoelum sharadi Bhalerao, 1935 - [Bykhovskaia-Favlovskaia, 19^91; synonym of C. elongatum, Dubois, 1959 Cyclocoelum turusigi Yamaguti , 1939 Cyclocoelum dumetellae Zeliff, 19^3 - [Bykhovskaia-Favlovskaia , 19^91; synonym of C. elongatum, Dubois, 195Q 117 Cyclocoelum bivesiculatum Frudhoe , 19^4 C.yclocoelum mutabile (Zeder) of Bykhovskaia-Favlovskaia, 19^9 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of C. mutabile. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anseranatini - Anseranas semipalmata Gruiformes - Fulica atra Charadrii formes - Capella gal]_inago, Catoptrophorus semipalmata , Erolia alpina , Erolia marltima , Limosa limosa , Numenius arquata, Tringa erythropus , Tringa glareola, Tringa nebularia, Tringa och- ropus, Tringa stagnatilis, Tringa totanus, Vanellus vanellus Coraciiformes - Halcyon coromanda Passeriformes - Turd us merula , Turdus philomelos, Zoothera dauma HABITAT: Air sacs, infraorbital sinus, trachea. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (Tadzhikistan, Kazakhstan, India, Ceylon, Thailand, Vietnam, Philippine Is., Japan), Africa (Guinea), N. America (USA). Cyclocoelum odeningi STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported once in wild and twice in captive ducks. DESCRIPTION: Jaiswal, 1957 (as C. capellum); Odening, 1962a (as C. capellum); 1964b (as C.yclocoelum spTTi Copy: Dubois, I965. SYNONYMY: Cyclocoelum capellum Khan of Jaiswal, 1957 and Odening, 1962 Cyclocoelum sp. Odening, 1964 Cyclocoelum (C.yclocoelum) odeningi Dubois, 1965 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of C. mutabile. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Cairinini - Nettapus coromandelianus HABITAT: Air sacs? DISTRIBUTION: Asia (India). Cyclocoelum vanelli STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; normally in Charadriiformes; 118 reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Yamaguti, 1933 (as Uvitellina tageri); Dollfus, 19^8; Bykhovskafa-Pavlovskafa, 195^a (as Uvitellina adelpha); Macko, 1959; Dubois, 1965. SYNONYMY: Dubois, 1965? Doss, 1964-1966. Mono stoma vanelli Rudolph! , 1918 Haematotrephus (Uvitellina) vanelli (Rudolphi, 1819) Dollfus, 19^8 Uvitellina vanelli (Rudolphi, 1819) Macko, 1959 Cyclocoelum (Haematotrephus) vanelli (Rudolphi, 1819) Dubois, 1965 Mono stoma lanceolatum Wedl, I858 Cyclocoelum lanceolatum (Wedl, I858) Joyeux & Baer, 1927 Cyclocoelum (Haematotrephus) lanceolatum (Wedl, I858) of Dubois, 1959 Haematotrephus similis Stossich, 1902 Cyclocoelum similis (Stossich, 1902) Joyeux & Baer, 1927 ? Haemato t rephu s consitnilis Nicoll, 191^ Haematotrephus adelphus Johnston, 1916 Uvitellina adelphus (Johnston, 1916) Bykhovskala-Pavlovskaia, 195^ Uvitellina pseudocotylea Witenberg, 1923 Cyclocoelum pseudocotyleum (Witenberg, 1923) Joyeux & Baer, 1927 Haematotrehus (UvitellinaT pseudocotylea (Witenberg, 1923) Dollfus, Uvitellina magniembria Witenberg , 1923 19^8 Haematotrephus magniembria (Witenberg, 1923) Dollfus, 19^8 Cyclocoelum (Uvitellina) dollfusi Shen Tseng, 1930 Uvitellina keri Yamaguti, 1933 Haematotrephus (Uvitellina) keri (Yamaguti, 1933) Dollfus, 19^8 Uvitellina tageri Yamaguti, 1933 Haematotrephus (Uvitellina) tageri (Yamaguti, 1933) Dollfus, 19^8 Uvitellina macroisophaga Hannum & Wilson, 193^ Haematotrephus (Uvitellina) macroisophaga (Hannum & Wilson, 193*0 Dollfus, 19^8 Cyclocoelum obscurum (Leidy) of Houdemer, 1938 Cyclocoelum titiri Chatter ji, 1958 Haematotrephus (Haematotrephus) lobivanelli Gupta, 1958 Haematotrephus (Uvitellina) kaniharensis Gupta, 1958 Uvitellina indica Siddiqi & Jairajpuri, 1962 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of C. mutabile. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Aythyini - Aythya nyroca Charadriiformes - Charadrius dubius, Charadrius hiaticula , Charad- rius placidus , Charadrius vociferus, Himantopus himantopus, Him- antopus leucocephalus. Hop"! opterus ventralis, Lobivanellus indi- cus, Lobivanellus lobatus, Micro sarcops cinereus, Philomachus pugnax , Tringa nebularia , Vanellus vanellus HABITAT: Air sacs. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (Kazakhstan, India, China, Japan), Africa 119 (Egypt), N. America (USA), Australia. Hyptiasmus arcuatus STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Common; reported 21 times in wild and 9 times in domestic waterfowl. DESCRIPTION: Kossack, 1911b; Yamaguti, 193^5 Busa, I960; Herber, 196l, Copy: Bashkirova, 1950. SYNONYMY: Dawes, 1956. Monostoma arcuatum Brandes, 1892 Cyclocoelum arcuatum (Brandes, 1892) Stossich, 1902 Hyptiasmus arcuatus (Brandes, 1892) Kossack, 1911 Hyptiasmus (Hyptiasmus) arcuatus (Brandes, 1892) of Doll f us, 19^8 Cyclocoelum (Hyptiasmus) arcuatum (Brandes, 1892) of Dubois, 1959 Hyptiasmus laevigatus Kossack, 1911 - distinct, Bashkirova, 1950 Hyptiasmus tumldus Kossack, 1911 Hyptiasmus oculeus Kossack, 1911 - distinct, Dubois, 1959 Transcoelum oculeum (Kossack, 1911 ) Witenberg, 1926 Hyptiasmus magnus Johnston, 1917 - distinct, Dubois, 1959; synonym of Pro hyptiasmus robustus, Bashkirova, 1950 Stossichium magnum (Johnston, 1917) Witenberg, 1928 Prohyptiasmus magnus (Johnston, 1917) Dubinina, 19^8 Hyptiasmus coelonodus Witenberg, 1923 Transcoelum sigillum Witenberg, 1926 - synonym of H. oculeus, Dubois, 1959 Hyptiasmus sigillum (Witenberg, 1926) Sprehn, 1932 Hyptiasmus magniproles Witenberg, 1928 - [Bykhovskafa-Pavlovskaia, I962]; distinct, Dubois, 1959 Hyptiasmus theodori Witenberg , 1928 - [ Bykhovskaia-Favlovskaia , 1962 ; Dubois, 1959] Ophthalmophagus theodori (Witenberg, 1928) Gower, 1939 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of H. oculeus. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser, Anser anser (dom. ) , Cygnus atratus Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) , Anas acuta, Anas clypeata, Anas crecca, Anas penelope Somateriini - Somateria mollissima Aythyini - Aythya ferina, Aythya fuligula, Aythya nyroca , Netta rufina Mergini - Bucephala clangula , Clangula hyemalis, Melanitta fusca, Melanitta fusca deglandi, Melanitta nigra , Mergus albellus Gruiformes - Fulica atra, Porzana pus ill a Charadrii formes - Himantopus himantopus 120 HABITAT: Infraorbital sinus, suborbital sinus, nasal cavity, trachea. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (Tadzhikistan, Kazakhstan, Israel, Tuva, India, Frimorsk, Kamchatka, Japan), N. America (El Salvador). Hyptiasmus oculeus STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; typically in Rallidae; reported twice in wild ducks. STATUS AS SPECIES: Synonym of H. arcuatus - Joyeux & Baer, 1927; Dawes, 1956. DESCRIPTION: Kossack, 1911; Bykhovskafa-Pavlovskafa , 195^a. Copy: Bashkirova, 1950. SYNONYMY: Bykhovskafa-Pavlovskafa, 1962. Hyptiasmus oculeus Kossack, 1911 Transcoelum oculeum (Kossack, 1911) Witenberg, 1923 Transcoelum sigillum Witenberg, 1923 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs probably enter water from nostrils, hatch within 5 minutes after contact with water; miracidia contain redia, pene- trate fresh-water pulmonate snail; cercariae present in about 25 days, encyst in snail without emerging; mature in final host after inges- tion. (Ginetsinskafa & Saakova, 1952; Palm, 1963) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Lymnaea ovata FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Mergini - Bucephala clangula, Mergus serrator Gruiformes - Fulica atra, Porzana pusilla C ha radrii formes - Limosa limosa, Vanellus vanellus HABITAT: Nasal cavity. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (W. Siberia, Israel, Tadzhikistan, Frim- orsk). Hyptiasmus vigisi STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Savinov, i960. SYNONYMY: 121 Hyptiasmus vigisi Savinov, i960 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of H. oculeus. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Aythyini - Aythya marila HABITAT: Nasal cavity. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (USSR). Hyptiasmus wltenbergi STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported twice in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Tret'fakova, 19^0 (thesis). Copy: Bashkirova, 1950. SYNONYMY: Hyptiasmus witenbergi Tret'iakova in Bashkirova, 1950 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of H. oculeus. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas acuta, Anas strepera Mergini - Mergus albellus HABITAT: Nasal cavity. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (USSR). Prohyptiasmus robustus STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Frequent; reported 12 times in wild waterfowl, once in domestic duck. STATUS AS PARASITE: Prohyptiasmus included in genus Cyclocoelum - Baer & Joyeux, 1961. DESCRIPTION: Bykhovskaia-Pavlovskaxa , 195^a (fig. only). Copy: Bashkirova, 1950. SYNONYMY: Cyclocoelum robustum Stossich, 1902 Monostomum robustum (Stossich, 1902) Luhe, 1909 Hyptiasmus robustus (Stossich, 1902) Kossack, 1911 122 Prohyptiasmus robustus (Stossich, 1902) Witenberg, 1923 Harrahium robustum (Stossich, 1902) Witenberg, 1928 Ophthalmophagus robustus (Stossich, 1902) Gower, 1938 Cyclocoelum (HyptiasmusT robustum Stossich, 1902 of Dubois, 1959 Hyptiasmus magnus Johnston, 1917 - [Bashkirova, 19501 ; synonym of H. arcuatus, Joyeux & Baer, 1927, & Dawes, 1956; distinct, Dollfus, 19^8, & Dubois, 1959 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser, Anser fabalis, Cygnus atratus Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ), Anas strepera Aythyini - Aythya fuligula HABITAT: Nasal cavity, air sacs, pharynx. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (W. Siberia, Kazakhstan, Primorsk), Aus- tralia. Ophthal mo pha gu s magalhaesi STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported twice in wild and once in domestic ducks. DESCRIPTION: Travassos, 1921a, 1925; Dubois, 1930 (as 0. plectrop- teri). Copy: Bashkirova, 1950. SYNONYMY: Ophthalmophagus magalhaesi Travassos, 1921 Spaniometra magalhaesi (Travassos, 1921) Joyeux & Baer, 1927 Ophthalmophagus (Ophthalmophagus) maga1 haesi Travassos, 1921 of Doll- fus, 19^+8 Ophthalmophagus (Geowitenbergia) magalhaesi Travassos, 1921 Ophthalmophagus plectropteri Dubois, 1930 - synonym or species in- quirenda, Dubois, 1959 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Cairinini - Cairina moschata (dom. ) , Plectropterus gambensis HABITAT: Nasal sinus. DISTRIBUTION: Africa (S. Africa), S. America (Brazil). 123 Ophthalmophagus nasicola STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. STATUS AS SFECIES: Synonym of 0. singularis - Dubois, 1959. DESCRIPTION: Witenberg, 1923; Yamaguti, 1939. Copy: Bashkirova, 1950. SYNONYMY: Bykhovskaia-Favlovskaia , 1962. Ophthalmophagu s nasicola Witenberg, 1923 Spaniometra nasicola (Witenberg, 1923) Joyeux & Baer, 192? Hyptiasmus nasicola (Witenberg, 1923) Sprehn, 1932 Ophthalmophagus (Geowitenbergia) nasicola Witenberg, 1926 of Dollfus, Ophthalmophagus massinoi Witenberg, 1926 - synonym of 0. singularis, Joyeux & Baer, 1927 Contracoelum skr.jabineanum Witenberg, 1926 Spaniometra skr.jabineanum (Witenberg, 1926) Joyeux & Baer, 1927 Ophthalmophagus skr.jabineanum (Witenberg, 1926) Stunkard , 19 3^ Ophthalmophagus charadrii Yamaguti, 193^+ LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos Ciconiiformes - PI egad is falcinellus Gruiformes - Rallus aquaticus Charadriiformes - Charadrius dubius HABITAT: Nasal cavity, infraorbital cavity. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (USSR), Asia (Uzbekistan, Tadzhikistan, Japan). Ophthalmophagu s singularis STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Copy: Bashkirova, 1950. SYNONYMY: Ophthalmophagus singularis Stossich, 1902 Spaniometra singularis (Stossich, 1902) Joyeux & Baer, 1927 Hyptiasmus singularis (Stossich, 1902) Sprehn, 1932 Ophthalmophagus (Ophthalmophagus ) singularis Stossich, 1902; Dollfus, Ophthalmopha gu s nasicola Witenberg, 1923 - [Dubois, 19591 Ophthalmophagus massinoi Witenberg, 1926 - [Dubois, 1^30; Joyeux & Baer, 10271 124 Hyptiasmus massinoi (Witenberg, 1926) Sprehn, 1932 Ophthalmophagus charadrii Yamaguti, 193^ - [Dubois, 19591; Synonym of 0. nasicola, Bykhov ska-fa -Pavlovskaia, 1962 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) "wild duck" Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos Gruiformes - Porzana porzana , Porzana pusilla , Rallus aquaticus. Rail us limicola Charadrii formes - Charadrius dubius HABITAT: Body cavity, nasal sinus, orbits. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (USSR), Asia (Kazakhstan, Japan), N. Amprica (USA). Neivaia cymbium STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild waterfowl. DESCRIPTION: Travassos, 1921a, 1925 (as Typhlocoelum neivai). Copy: Bashkirova, 1950; Dubois, 1959. SYNONYMY: Dubois, 1959. Monostomutn cymbium Diesing, 1850 Neivaia cymbium (Diesing, I85O) Dubois, 1959 Typhlocoelum neivai Travassos, 1921 Cyclocoelum neivai (Travassos, 1921) Joyeux & Baer, 1927 Neivaia neivai (Travassos, 1921) Travassos, 1929 Cyclocoelum (Cyclocoelum) neivai (Travassos, 1921) of Dollfus, 19^8 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) - "marreco selvageni (Anatides)" Charadriiformes - Himantopus HABITAT: Trachea. DISTRIBUTION: S. America (Brazil). Typhlocoelum cucumerinum STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Very common, characteristic helminth of waterfowl; reported 58 times in wild, 12 times in domestic, and 125 once in captive waterfowl. Comronly in Anatidae other than genus Anas, especially Aythyini (Dubois, 1965). Mortality from infection reported by Magalhaes, 1899; Gower, 1938b. DESCRIPTION: Manter & Williams, 1928 (as T. americanum); Bezubik, 1957a; Macko & Busa, 196Ca, 1960b. Copy: Bashkirova, 1950; Shevtsov & Zaskind, i960. SYNONYMY: Dawes, 1956. Distoma cucumerinum Rudolphi, 1809 Monostoma cucumerinum (Rudolphi, 18C9) Braun, 1899 Typhlocoelum cucumerinum (Rudolphi, 1809) Stossich, 1°02 Typhlocoelum (Typhlocoelum) cucumerinum (Rudolphi, 1809) of Doll f us, 19^8 Typhlocoelum cucumerinum cucumerinum (Rudolphi, 1809) of Macko & Busa, I960 Monostoma flavum Mehlis, I83I Typhlocoelum flavum (Mehlis, I831) Stossich, I892 Monostomum sa re id io rn icola Megnin, 1°90 Typhlocoelum sarcidiornicola (Megnin, 1890) Stossich, 1902 Typhlultimum sarcidiornicola (Megnin, 1890) Witenberg, 1923 Tracheophilus sarcidiornicola (Megnin, 1890) Skrjabin, 1913 Monostoma cymbium of Monticelli, 1892 Typhlocoelum obovale Neumann, 1909 Typhlocoelum cucumerinum var. obovale (Neumann, 1909) Dollfus, 19^8 Typhlocoelum reticulare Johnston, 1913 - distinct, Bashkirova, 1950, and Fotedar, 1965 Typhlocoelum cucumerinum var. reticulare (Johnston, 1913) Dollfus, 19'+8 Typhlocoelum americanum Manter & Williams, 1928 - [Willey, 1935 J Typhlocoelum cucumerinum americanum (Manter & Williams, 1928) Macko & BuSa, I960 Typhlocoelum gambense Dubois, 1930 -. [Bashkirova, 1950] Typhlophilus shovellus Lai, 1936 - [Dubois, 1959; Bykhovskafa-Pavlov- skaia, 19621 Typhlocoelum shovellus (Lai, 1936) Bashkirova, 1950 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of T. sisowi. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anseranatini - Anseranas semipalmata Dendrocygnini - Dendrocygna fulva Anserini - Anser caerulescens, Cygnus olor Tadornini - Tad o ma tadorna Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) , Anas a- cuta, Anas clypeata , Anas crecca, Anas penelope , Anas querque- dula, Anas rubripes, Anas strepera Somateriini - Somateria mollissima Aythyini - Aythya af finis, Aythya americana , Aythya f erina , Ay- thya fuligula, Aythya marila, Aythya nyroca , Netta rufina Cairinini - [Amazonetta brasiliensis - Lapage, 196l , error] , Cair- 126 ina moschata (dom. ) , Flectropterus gambensis, Sarkidiornis melanotos Mergini - Bucephala clangula, Clangula hyemalis, Melanitta fusca, Melanitta nigra, Mergus albellus, Mergus serrator Podicipediformes - Fodiceps cristatus Gruiformes - Fulica atra, Grus grus HABITAT: Trachea, bronchi, lungs, nasal cavity, esorhagus. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (W. Siberia, Uzbekistan, Tadzhikistan, Kirgizia, Kazakhstan, India, Taiwan, Kamchatka), Africa (N. Rhodesia, S. Africa), N. America (USA), Australia. Typhlocoelum indicum STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Fotedar, I965. SYNONYMY: Typhlocoelum indicum Fotedar, 1965 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of T. sisowi. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos HABITAT: Air sacs. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (India). Typhlocoelum sisowi STATUS AS WATERFOWL. FARASITE: Very common, characteristic helminth of waterfowl; reported 59 times in wild, ^6 times in domestic, and twice in captive waterfowl. Most common"! y in genus Anas (Dubois, I965). Mortality from infection reported by Potemkina, 1953* STATUS A3 SPECIES: Commonly reported as Typh"1 ocoelum cymbium (Die- sing); not Monostomum cymbium Diesing, 1850. DESCRIPTION: Bezubik, 1957a; Beverley-Burton , 196l. Copy: Bash- kirova, 1950; Kurashvili, 1957; Shevtsov & Zaskind, i960. SYNONYMY: Dawes, 1956. Haematotrephus cymbius (Diesing) Stossich, 1902 127 Typhlocoelum eymbium (Diesing) Kossack, 1911 , et al. Tracheophilus eymbium (Diesing) Skrjabin, 1913 Typhlocoelum (Tracheophilus) eymbium (Diesing) of Dollfus, 19^8 Typhlocoelum cucumerinum eymbium (Diesing) Macko & Busa, I960 Tracheophilus sisowi Skrjabin, 1913 Typhlocoelum sisowi (Skrjabin, 1913) Dubois, 1959 Tracheophilus hepaticus (Sugimoto , 1919)- [Bykhovskaia-Pavlovskafa, 1962] ; S£. inquir., Dubois, 1959 Typhlocoelum eymbium var. hepaticum (Sugimoto, 1919) Dollfus, 19^8 Typhlocoelum hepaticum Sugimoto, 1919 Typhlocoelum cucumerinum var. americanum (Manter & Williams) of Macko & Bus'a, I960 - [Dubois, 1965] LIFE CYCLE: Eggs probably passed in feces, hatch immediately after entering water; miracidia with fully developed redia which penetrate fresh-water pulmonate snails; cercariae develop in snail, encyst in snail without emerging; mature in final host about 6 weeks after in- gestion, young worms burrow through intestinal wall and make way to lungs. (Odening, I965; Stunkard, 193^? Szidat, 1932a, 1932b, 1933a) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Helisoma trivolvis, Lymnaea minuta , Lymnaea ovata , Lymnaea palustris, Lymnaea peregra , Planorbarius eorneus, Planorbis planorbis FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anseranatini - Anseranas semipalmata Anserini - Anser anser, Anser anser (dom. ) , Anser albifrons , Anser caerulescens, Cygnus olor Tadornini - Tadorna ferruginea, Tadorna tad o ma Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos, Anas platyrhynehos (dom.), Anas a- cuta, Anas clypeata, Anas crecca. Anas discors, Anas falcata, Anas penelope , Anas poecilorhyncha , Anas querquedula, Anas rub- ripes , Anas strepera Somateriini - Somateria mollissima Aythyini - Aythya af finis, Aythya ferina , Aythya f uligula , Aythya marila , Aythya nyroca, Aythya vallisneria, Netta rufina Cairinini - Cairina moschata (dom.), Plectropterus gambensis, Sar- kidlornis melanotos Mergini - Bucephala clangula , Clangula hyemalis, Melanitta fusca, Mergus albellus Podicipediformes - Podilymbus podiceps Charadriiformes - Capella gallinago , Himantopus himantopus HABITAT: Trachea, bronchi, oronasal passage, air sacs. DISTRIBUTION: Cosmopolitan. Europe, Asia, Africa, N. America S. America, Australia. 128 Typhlocoelum sisowi acirratus STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Jain, 1966. SYNONYMY: Tracheophilus sisowi var. acirratus Jain, 1966 Typhlocoelum sisowi var. acirratus (Jain, 1966) comb. nov. LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of Typhlocoelum sisowi. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas acuta HABITAT: Trachea. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (India). Orchipedum tracheicola STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Frequent; reported 16 times in wild waterfowl. DESCRIPTION: Cheatum, 1938; Bezubik, 1957a; Maksimova, 1962 (fig.); Ryzhikov & Koshkina, 1962; Skarda, 1964. Copy: Skrjabin, 1947a. SYNONYMY: Orchipedum tracheicola Braun, 1901 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Cygnus columbianus, Cygnus cygnus, Cygnus cygnus bucc- inator, Cygnus olor Tadornini - Tadorna ferruginea Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas acuta, Anas crecca, Anas pene- lope, Anas querquedula Mergini - Melanitta fusca, Melanitta fusca deglandi Charadriiformes - Larus ridibundus HABITAT : Trachea . DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (Kirgizia, Kazakhstan, Tuva, Yakutia, Kamchatka), N. America (USA, Canada). 129 Brachylaemus fuscatum STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; normally in passerine birds, occasionally in pigeons and gallinaceous birds; reported twice in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Braun, 1902; Gvozdev, 195?. Copy: Skrjabin, 19^8; Kasimov, 1956; Kurashvili, 1957. SYNONYMY: Dawes, 1956. Distoma fuscatum Rudolphi, 1819 Harmostomum fuscatum (Rudolphi, 1819) Braun, 1902 Harmostomum (Harmostomum) fuscatum (Rudolphi, 1819) of Witenberg, 1925 Brachylaemus fuscatum (Rudolphi, 1819) Joyeux, Baer, & Timon-David 1932 Brachylaima fuscata (Rudolphi, 1819) of Babero, 1953 Distomum heteroclitum Molin, 1858 Distomum mesostomum of Stossich, 18Q8 - [Bykhovskaia-Pavlovskafa, 1Q621 Harmostomum (Harmostomum) nicolli Witenberg, 1925 Brachylaemus (Brachylaemus) nicolli (Witenberg, 1925) Joyeux, Baer, & Timon-David, 1932 Brachylaima nicolli (Witenberg, 1925) of Adam & Leloup, 193^ Harmostomum inflatocoelum Witenberg, 1925 - [Sinitsin, 1931"' Harmostomum pellucidum Werby, 1928 LIFE CYCLE: Cercariaeum develops in kir'ney of terrestrial snail; metacercariae in same species; mature in final host 7-10 days after ingestion. (Adam & Leloup, 193^; Joyeux, Baer, & Timon-David, 1932, 193^5 Sumenkova, 1962) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Deroceras reticulatum, Eulota duplocincta, Helicella scitula, Helicopsis arenosa, Helix aspersa, Helix pisana, Oxychilus cellarius SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Eulota duplocincta FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Mergini - Melanitta fusca , Mergus albellus Galliformes - Alectoris graeca , Bonasa umbellus, Canachites canaden- sis, Coturnix coturnix, Gallus gallus (dom.), Lagopus lagopus, Lagopus leucurus. La go pus mutus , Pedioecetes phasianellus, Phas- ianus colchicus, Tetraogallus himalayensis, Tetrastes bonasia Gruiformes - Crex crex Charadriiformes - Burhinus oedicnemus, Charadrius alexandrinus, Larus argentatus Columbiformes - Columba livia, Columba livia (dom. ), Columba palumbus, Streptopelia orientalis, Streptopelia turtur Cuculiformes - Cuculus canorus 130 Passeriformes - Coccothraustes eoccothraustes , Corvus cornix, Corvus co rone , Corvus fVugilegiJS, Corvus macrorhynchus , Corvu s monedula, Cyanopica cvana, Eophona personata , Garrulus glandarius, Passer doraesticus, Pica pica, Sturnus vulgaris, Turdus iliacus, Turdus merula, Turdus pallidus, Turdus philomelos , Turdus viscivorus HABITAT: Small intestine, ceca, esophagus. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (Uzbekistan, Kirgizia, Kazakhstan, Yaku- tia, Frimorsk, Sakhalin), Africa (Morocco), N. America (USA, USA - Alaska). Leucochloridiomorpha constantiae STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported 3 times in wild ducks, once experimentally in domestic duck. DESCRIPTION: Gower, 1938b; Allison, 19^3; Smogorzhevskaia, 1956. Copy: Skrjabin, 19*4-8. SYNONYMY: Allison, 19^3. Cercariaeum constantiae Mueller, 1935 Leucochloridiomorpha constantiae (Mueller, 1935) Allison, 19^3 Leucochloridiomorpha macrocotyle Gower, 1938 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs passed in feces, ingested by fresh-water snail; cercariae develop, emerge, and reenter same species of snail; meta- cercariae develop in uterus of snail in 5 months. Mature in final host in 3 days after ingestion, survive at least 30 days in final host. (Allison, 19^0, 19^3; Ginetsinskaia, 1959a; 2darska, 1963, 196^a) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Campeloma decisum, Viviparus acerosus, Viviparus contectus , Viviparus viviparus SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Campeloma decisum, Viviparus acerosus, Viviparus contectus, Viviparus viviparus FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) [exper.], Anas querquedula. Anas rubripes Charadriiformes - Chlidonias nigra Galliformes - Gallus gallus (dom. ) [exper.] MAMMALIA - Carnivora - Procyon lotor [exper.] HABITAT: Bursa of Fabricius. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Czechoslovakia, Russia, Ukraine), N. America (USA). 131 Leuco chlo rid iomorpha lutea STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Accidental; reported once in duck as result of experimental infection. Natural hosts unknown. DESCRIPTION: Voelker, 1963 . SYNONYMY: Voelker, 1963 . Distoma luteum Baer, 1827 Leucochloridiomorpha lutea (Baer, lp27) Voelker, 1963 Cercariaeum No. 1 Petersen, 1931 Dicranocercaria brachycerca Szidat, 1932 (?) LIFE CYCLE: Cercariae develop in fresh-water snail; metacercariae encysted in same species of snail; mature in final host in 5 days after ingestion, survive in final host about ^0 days. (Voelker, 1963) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Viviparus contectus SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Viviparus contectus FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriforraes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) [exper.] Galliformes - Gallus gallus (dom.) L exper. J HABITAT: Bursa of Fabricius. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Germany). Leucochlorid iomorpha papillata STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Accidental; reported once in domestic duck as result of experimental infection. Natural host unknown. DESCRIPTION: Shoemaker, 196l. SYNONYMY: Leucochloridiomorpha papillata Shoemaker, 196l LIFE CYCLE: Eggs probably hatch after ingestion by fresh-water snail; metacercariae in uterus of fresh-water prosobranch snail; matured in five days after insertion into cloaca of final host (Shoemaker, 196l). FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Unknown. SECOND INTERMEDIATF HOSTS: Campeloma decisum FINAL HOSTS: AVES 132 Anserif ormes (Anatidae ) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom.) [exper.l Gallif ormes - Gallus gallus (dom.) [exper.j HABITAT: Bursa of Fabricius. DISTRIBUTION: N. America (USA). Leucochlorid iomorpha skr.jabini STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Khaziev, 1963. SYNONYMY: Leucochloridiomorpha skr.jabini Khaziev, 1963 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of L. constantiae. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anserif ormes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas clypeata HABITAT: Bursa of Fabricius. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (USSR - Bashkiria). Leucochlorid ium cyanocittae STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; normally in charadriiform birds, rarely in Ralliformes and other aquatic birds, frequently in pass- erines; reported twice in wild ducks. STATUS AS SPECIES: Specific name L. actitis used by Bykhovskaia- Pavlovskaia, 1962, and Ryzhikov, 1963, L* cyanocittae has page pri- ority. Taxonomy of Leucochlorid ium disputed. DESCRIPTION: Bykhovskaia-Pavlovskaia , 195^a. Copy: Kasimov, 1956 (as L. pricei and L. variae). SYNONYMY: Bykhovskaia-Pavlovskafa, 1951, 1962. Leucochloridium cyanocittae Mcintosh, 1932 Leucochloridium actitis Mcintosh, 1932 Leucochloridium pricei Mcintosh, 1932 Leucochloridium variae Mcintosh, 1932 - distinct, Kagan, 1952b Leucochloridium melospizae Mcintosh, 1932 - distinct, Kagan, 1952b 133 Leucochloridium sime Yamaguti, 1935 - distinct, Xagan, 1952b Distoma macro stomum Rudolphi of Zeller, 1874 - synonym of L. para- doxam, Kagan, 1952b Pi stomum macrostomum Rudolphi of Heckert, 1BP9 - synonym of L. heck- erti, Kagan, 1952b Leucochloridium insigne (Looss) of Witenberg, 1925 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs passed in feces, ingested by fresh-water semiaqua- tic snail; cercariae develop in green and white sporocyst brood-sac in tentacle of snail; mature in final host in 1C days after ingestion of brood-sac. (Bennett, 1°42; Kagan, 1951, 1952a; Mcintosh & Mcintosh, 1939) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Succinea retusa FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas acuta, Anas querquedula Ciconiiformes - Plegadis falcinellus Galliformes - Bonasa umbellus, Canachites canadensis, Gallus gallus (dom. ) [exper.] Gruiformes - Fulica atra, Gallinula chlororus Charadriiformes - Actitis hypoleucos, Actitis macularia, Capella sten- ura, Charadrius dubius, Chlidonias leucoptera, Erol ia subminuta , Erolia temminckii, Limosa lapponica, Limosa limosa, Numenius ar- quata, Numenius borealis, Numenius tninutus, Phalaropus lobatus, Fhilomachus pugnax, Pluvialis apricaria, Tringa flavipes , Tringa glareola, Tringa nebularia , Tringa ochropus, Tringa stagnatilis, Tringa totanus, Vanellus vanellus Ficiformes - Picoides tridactylus Passeriformes - Agelaius phoeniceus, Anthus trivialis, Cistothorus palustris, Coccothraustes coccothraustes , Cyanocitta cristata, Empidonax traillii, Lanius collurio, Melospiza melodia, Mlniotilta varia , Oriolus oriolus, Farus ater, Parus atricapillus. Passer domesticus, Passerina cyanea , Serinus canarius [exper.] , Sturnus vulgaris, Turd us iliacus, Turd us migratorius HABITAT: Cloaca, Targe intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (W. Siberia, Tadzhikistan, Turkmenistan, Amur, Sakhalin, Japan), N. America (USA, USA - Alaska). Leucochloridium holostomum STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; typically in Ralliformes, occa- sionally in charadriiform birds; reported twice in wild ducks. STATUS AS SPECIES: Classification of Leucochloridium disputed and confused. 134 DESCRIPTION: Larios, 19^3 (as L. insigne). Copy: Skrjabin, 19^8; Bykhovskafa-Favlovskaia, 1951 • SYNONYMY: Bykhovskaia-Favlovskafa , 1951, 1962. Pi stoma holostomum Rudolphi, 1819 Leucochloridium holostomum (Rudolphi, 1819) Lutz, 1928 Neoleucochloridium holostomum (Rudolphi, 1819) Kagan, 1950 Urogonimus cercatus Monticelli, 1893 Urogonimus insignis Looss, 1899 Leucochloridium insigne (Looss, 18*59) Looss, 1899 - distinct, Kagan, 1952b Urogonimus turanicus Solov'ev, 1912 Leucochloridium turanicum (Solov'evr 1912) Witenberg, 1925 Leucochloridium problematicum Magath, 1920 - [Kagan, 1952b] Neoleucochloridium problematicum (Magath, 1920) Kagan, 1950 Leucochloridium flavum Travassos, 1922 Neoleucochloridium flavum (Travassos, 1922) Kagan, 1952 Leucochloridium sorae Mcintosh, 1927 Leucochloridium hypotaenidiarum Tubangui, 1932 Neoleucochloridium hypotaenidiarum (Tubangui, 1932) Kagan, 1952 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs passed in feces, ingested by fresh-water subaquatic snail; cercariae develop in orange-brown sporocyst brood-sac (flavum) or red-brown brood-sac (problematicum) in tentacles of snail, remain as metacercariae in brood-sacs; brood-sacs appear in 50 days to 3 months after infection; mature in 5-1 6 days after ingestion by final host. (Kagan, 1950, 1951a, 1952a; Magath, 1920; Travassos, 1928) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Homalon-oc unguis, Quickella sp., Succinea retusa FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas acuta, Anas discors , Anas querquedula Galliformes - Phasianus colchicus Gruiformes - Crex crex, Fulica atra, Gallinula chloropus, Porphyrula martinica, Porzana albicollis, Porzana Carolina, Porzana porzana, Forzana pusilla, Rallus aquaticus, Rallus striatus Charadriiformes - Actitis hypoleucos, Erolia minutilla, Jacana spin- osa, Sterna hirundo, Tringa erythropus, Tringa glareola, Tringa nebularia , Tringa ochropus, Tringa stagnatilis Columbi formes - Streptopelia orients"1 is Coracii formes - Upupa epops Ficiformes - Dendrocopos leucotos Fasseriformes - Serinus canarius [exper.], Turdus merula HABITAT: Cloaca, large intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (W. Siberia, Tadzhikistan, Kazakhstan, Frimorsk, Kamchatka, Philippine Is.), Africa (Egypt), N. America (USA, Mexico), S. America (Venezuela, Brazil). 135 Gymnophallus bil is STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. STATUS AS SFECIES: Synonym of G. bursicola - Rebecq & Prevot, 1962. DESCRIPTION: Brinkmann, 1956. SYNONYMY: Gymnophallus bilis Brinkmann, 1956 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of G, deliciosus. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Mergini - Clangula hyemalis HABITAT: Gall bladder. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Iceland). Gymnophallus bursicola STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported 9 times in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Odhner, 1900; Yamaguti, 193^, 1939. Copy: Morozov, 1955. SYNONYMY: Levcithodendrium somateriae (Levinsen, 1881 ) Jameson, 1902 e. p. Gymnophallus bursicola Odhner, 1900 Gymnophallus dapsilis Nicoll, 1907 - [James, 1964] Gymnophallus bilis Brinkmann, 1956 - [Rebecq & Prevot, 19621 LIFE CYCLE: Metacercariae in marine pelecypod mollusks. (Giard, 1907; Ogata, 19^0 FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Unknown. SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Glaucoma angulata , Laternula kamakurama , Faphia phil ippinarum , Saxicava rugo_sa, Tellina sp. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Somateriini - Somateria mollis sima Mergini - Melanitta fusca, Melanitta nigra MAMMALIA - Rodentia - Rattus norvepicus (lab. ) [exper.] HABITAT: Bursa of Fabricius. 136 Gymnophallus deliciosus STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent, normally in lariform birds; reported 4 times in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Copy: Morozov, 1955. SYNONYMY: Dawes, 1956. Distoma deliciosum Olsson, 1893 Gymnophallus deliciosus (Olsson, 1893) Odhner, 1900 Cercaria strigata Lebour, 1908 - [Rees, 19391 Gymnophallus micropharyngeus (Luhe, 1898) Odhner, 1900 - [Rebecq & Prevot, 1962 LIFE CYCLE: Cercariae may develop in marine pelecypod mollusks ; meta- cercariae present in marine pelecypod mollusks. (Rees, 1939; Zelik- man, 1962 ) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Cardium edule, Macoma balthica SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Tellina tenuis, Macoma balthica FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Somateriini - So materia mollissima, Somateria spectabllis Mergini - Clangula hyemalis, Histrionicus histrionicus, Melanitta nigra Charadriiformes - Fratercula arctica, Larus argentatus, Larus canus , Larus fuscus, Larus glaucescens, Larus hyperboreus, Larus marinus, Larus occidentalis, Larus ridibundus HABITAT: Gall bladder. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (France, England, Arctic), Asia (Kamchatka, Chukotka), N . America (USA ) . Gymnophallus minor STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Ryzhikov, 1963d. SYNONYMY: Gymnophallus minor Ryzhikov, 1963 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of G. deliciosus. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) 137 DISTRIBUTION: Europe (N. Europe), Asia (Japan), N. America (USA). Gymnophallus ceratostomus STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Tsimbaliuk & Leonov, 1963. SYNONYMY: Gymnophallus ceratostomus Tsimbaliuk & Leonov, 1963 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of G. deliciosus. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Aythyini - Aythya marila Kergini - Melanitta nigra HABITAT: Small intestine - duodenum. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Kamchatka). Gymnophallus choledocus STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Frequent; reported 11 times in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Odhner, 1900; Isalchikov, 192k. Copy: Morozov, 1955. SYNONYMY: Gymnophallus choledocus Odhner, 1900 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of G. deliciosus. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Tadornini - Tadorna tadorna Somateriini - Somateria mollissima , Somateria spectabilis Aythyini - Aythya ferina Mergini - Clangula hyemalis HABITAT: Gall bladder. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (N. Europe, Crimea), Iceland, N. America (Green- land). 138 Somateriini - So materia mollissima HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Chukotka). Gymnophallus mollissima STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Morozov, i960. SYNONYMY: Cestotrema mallissima Morozov, i960 Gymnophallus mollissima (Morozov, i960) Ryzhikov, 1963 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of G. deliciosus. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Somateriini - Somateria mollissima HABITAT: DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Kamchatka). Gymnophallus nereicolor STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in domestic duck as result of experimental infection. Natural host unknown. STATUS AS SPECIES: Synonym of Meiogymnophallus minutus - Bowers & James, 1967. DESCRIPTION: Rebecq & Frevot, 1962. SYNONYMY: Gymnophallus nereicolor Rebecq & Frevot, 1962 LIFE CYCLE: Metacercariae in marine polychaetous annelid, matures in final host after ingestion. (Rebecq & Prevot, 1962 ) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Unknown. SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Nereis diversicolor [Auxiliary host?] FINAL HOSTS: AVES 139 Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) [exper.] HABITAT: Not given. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (France). Gymnophallus skr.jabini STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Ryzhikov, 1963c. SYNONYMY: Gymnophallus skr.jabini Ryzhikov, 1963 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of G. del iciosus. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Somateriini - Somateria fischeri , Somateria spectabilis HABITAT: Large intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (USSR - Chukotka). Meiogymnophallus .jamesoni STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. STATUS AS SPECIES: Meiogymnophallus not valid genus - Frevot, 1966. DESCRIPTION: Bowers, 1966. SYNONYMY: Melogymnophallus .jamesoni Bowers, 1966 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of M. somateriae. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Mergini - Melanitta nigra HABITAT: Small intestine, large intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Great Britain). 140 Meiogymnophallus macro porus STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported 3 times in wild ducks. STATUS AS SPECIES: Meiogymnophallus not valid genus - Frevot, 1966. Forma typica , forma lata, and forma acuticapitata described by Ryzhi- kov, Timofeeva, & Dudorova (1966). DESCRIPTION: Jameson & Nicoll, 1913; Jogis, 1959; Ryzhikov, Timo- feeva, & Dudorova, 1966. Copy: Morozov, 1955. SYNONYMY: Gymnophallus macroporus Jameson & Nicoll, 1913 Gymnophalloides macroporus (Jameson & Nicoll, 1913) James, 1^64 Me io gymnophallus macroporus (Jameson & Nicoll, 1913) Ching, 196 5 Cercaria strigata Lebour, 1908 - [Rees, 19391 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of M. somateriae. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Aythyini - Aythya fuligula Mergini - Clangula hyemalis, Mel anitta fusca, Melanitta nigra Charadriiformes - Calidris canutus, Haematopus ostralegus, Limo sa limosa HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (Chukotka). Meiogymnophallus macrostomus STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported 3 times in wild ducks. STATUS AS SPECIES: Meiogymnophallus not vslid genus - Frevot, 1966. DESCRIPTION: Yamaguti, 193°. Copy: Morozov, 1955. SYNONYMY: Gymnophallus macrostoma Yamaguti, 1939 Gymnophalloides macrostoma (Yamaguti, 1939) James, 1Q6^ Meiogymnophallus macrostomus (Yamaguti, 1939) Ching, 1965 Gymnophalloides tokiensis Fujita, 1925 - [ James, 1G6^] ; distinct, Ching, 1965 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of M. somateriae. 141 FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos Aythyini - Aythya marila Mergini - Histrionicus histrionicus, Melanitta nigra HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Korea, Kamchatka, Komandorsky Is. ). Meiogymnorhall us minutus STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Infrequent; reported b times in wild ducks. STATUS AS SPECIES: Gymnophallus oidemiae, synonym of this name, also reported as synonym of G. somateriae by Yamaguti, 1958, and Rebecq & Prevot, 1962. Meiogymnophallus not valid genus - Prevot, 1966. DESCRIPTION: Jameson & Nicoll, 1913; Bowers & James, 196?. Copy: Morozov, 1955* SYNONYMY: Bowers & James, 196?. Distomum minutum Cobbold, 1859 Meiogymnophallus minutus (Cobbold, 18-59) Bowers & James, 1967 Levcithodendrium somateriae (Levinsen) of Jameson, 1902, e.p. Cercaria margaritae Lebour, 1907 Gymnophallus oidemiae Jameson & Nicoll, 1913 Gymnophalloides oidemiae (Jameson & Nicoll, 1913) James, 196^ Meiogymnophallus oidemiae (Jameson & Nicoll, 1913) Ching, 1965 Cercaria cambrensis Cole, 1938 Gymnophallus nereicolor Rebecq & Prevot, 1 962 LIFE CYCLE: Metacercariae in marine pelecypod mollusk, mature in final host after ingestion. (Bowers & James, 1967) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Unknown. SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Cardium edule FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) [exper.] Mergini - Melanitta nigra Charadrii formes - Haematopus ostralegus HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe. 142 Meiogymnophallus multigemmulus STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild ducks. STATUS AS SPECIES: Meiogymnophallus not valid genus - Prevot, 1966. DESCRIPTION: Ching, 1965a. SYNONYMY: Meiogymnophallus multigemmulus Ching, 1965 LIFE CYCLE: Cercariae develop in marine clam; metacercariae develop within sporocyst in same individual; mature in final host in 3-5 days after ingestion. (Ching, 1965a) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Macoma inconspicua FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Mergini - Melanitta nigra , Melanitta perspicillata MAMMALIA - Rodentia - Feromyscus maniculatus Lexper.] HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: N. America (Canada - Pacific coast). Meiogymnophallus somateriae STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported 9 times in wild ducks. STATUS AS SPECIES: Meiogymnophallus not valid genus - Prevot, 1966. DESCRIPTION: Odhner, 1900. Copy: Morozov, 1955. SYNONYMY: Sprehn, 1932; Gower, 1939. Pi stoma somateriae Levinsen, 1881 Lecithodendrium somateriae (Levinsen, 1881 ) Stossich, 1899 Gymnophallus somateriae (Levinsen, 1881 ) Odhner, 1900 Brachycoelium somateriae (Levinsen, 1881) Giard, 19C4 Gymnophalloides somateriae (Levinsen, 1881) James, 1964 Meiogymnophallus somateriae (Levinsen, 1881) Ching, 1965 Gymnophallus oidemiae Jameson & Nicoll , 1913 - [Yamaguti, 1958; Re- becq & Prevot, 1962 J ; synonym of M. minutus, Bowers & James, 1C)67 LIFE CYCLE: Cercariae develop in marine pelecypod mollusks; meta- cercariae encysted in marine pelecypod mollusks. (Belopol' ska {a, 1952; Giard, 1907; Jameson, 1902) 143 FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Cardium edule, Tapes decussaatus SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Donax vittatus, Mytilus edulis, Saxicava rugosa FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Somateriini - Somateria mollissima , Somateria spectabilis Mergini - Melanitta nigra Charadriiformes - Erolia maritima HABITAT: Ceca, intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (France, Sweden, N. Russia), Asia (Chukotka), N. America (Greenland). Lacunovermis conspicuus STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Ching, 1965a. SYNONYMY: Lacunovermis conspicuus Ching, 1965 LIFE CYCLE: Cercariae develop in marine clam; metacercariae develop in same species of clam in 3 months; mature in final host in 2-5 days after ingestion; eggs produced in ^8 hours when metacercariae are cultured in sea water at 37 C. (Ching, 1965a) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Macoma inconspicua SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Macoma inconspicua FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Aythyini - Aythya marila Mergini - Melanitta nigra MAMMALIA - Rodentia - Peromyscus maniculatus [exper.l HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: N. America (Canada - Pacific coast). Parvatrema affine STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported twice in wild ducks. 144 DESCRIPTION: Jameson & Nicoll, 1913- Copy: Morozov, 1955. SYNONYMY: Gytnnophallus affinis Jameson & Nicoll, 1913 Farvatrema affine (Jameson & Nicoll, 1913) James, 19^ LIFE CYCLE: Cercariae develop in marine clam; metacercariae in same individual within sporocysts. (Reimer, 196^a; Zelikman, 1953) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Ma coma balthica FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Mergini - Melanitta nigra Charadriiformes - Haematopus ostralegus, Larus argentatus [ exper. 1, Sterna paradisaea MAMMALIA - Carnivora - Felis catus [exper.] HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe. Farvatrema borealis STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Accidental; reported once experiment- ally in duck. Natural host unknown. DESCRIPTION: Stunkard & Uzmann, 1958. SYNONYMY: Farvatrema borealis Stunkard & Uzmann, 195^ LIFE CYCLE: Cercariae develop in marine pelecypod mollusks; metacer- cariae encysted in marine pelecypod mollusks and polychaetous annelids, (Ching, 1959b; Oglesby, 19^5; Stunkard, 1962; Stunkard & Uzmann, 195p) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Gemma gemma , Transennella tantilla SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Gemma gemma , Transennella tantilla, Nereis succinea FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Somateriini - Somateria mollissima [exper.] HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: N. America (USA). 145 Parvatrema lintoni STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Linton, 1928. Copy: James, 1964. SYNONYMY: Distomum sp. Linton, 192P Farvatrema lintoni James, 1964 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of P. boreslis. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Mergini - Melanitta persicillata HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: N. America (USA). Farvatrema ovoplenus STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported twice in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Jameson & Nicoll, 1913. Cony: Morozov, 1955. SYNONYMY: Gymnophallus ovoplenus Jameson & Nicoll , 1913 Parvatrema ovoplenus (Jameson & Nicoll, 1913) Stunkard & Uzmann, 1958 Gymnophallus ovolepens Jameson & Nicoll of Morozov, 1955» and Ryzhi- kov, 1963, lapsus LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of P. borealis. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Mergini - Melanitta nigra HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (Kamchatka). Parvatrema timondavidi STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Accidental; reported once in domestic duck as result of experimental infection. Natural host unknown. 146 DESCRIPTION: Bartoli, 1963, 1965. SYNONYMY: Parvatrema timondavidi Bartoli, 1963 LIFE CYCLE: Metacercariae in marine mussel; mature in 2 days after ingestion by final host; survive in host at least 3»5 days, less than 5 days. (Bartoli, 1965) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Unknown. SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Mytilus galloprovincialis FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) [exper.] Galliformes - Gallus gallus (dom.) [exper.] Charadrii formes - Larus argentatus [exper.] HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (France). Ribeiroia ondatrae STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent, typically in muskrat; re- ported twice in wild ducks and twice in domestic waterfowl. Mortal- ity in domestic duck reported by Leibovitz, 1962. DESCRIPTION: Price, 1931; Beaver, 1939; Dubois & Mahon, 1959; Cable, Connor, & Balling, i960. Copy: Skrjabin, 19^7a. SYNONYMY: Psilostomum ondatrae Price, 1931 Ribeiroia ondatrae (Frice, 1931) Price, 19^2 Pseudopsilotrema ondatrae (Price, 1931) Kuntz, 1951 Fseudopsilostoma ondatrae (Price, 1931) Yamaguti, 1958 Cercaria thomasi McMullen, 1938 Ribeiroia thomasi (McMullen, 1938) Yamaguti, 1959 - [Lumsden & Zischke, 1963] Ribeiroia insignis Travassos, 1939 - [Dubois & Mahon, 1959; Cable, Connor, & Balling, i960] Ribeiroia congolensis Dollfus, 1950 - [Mettrick, I963] LIFE CYCLE: Eggs passed in feces, hatch in water in 18 days; cercar- iae develop in fresh-water snails; encyst as metacercariae in lateral line canal and nostrils of fresh-water fish and amphibian tadpoles; metacercariae infective in 7-10 days; mature in 6-7 days after inges- tion by final host. (Beaver, 1938, 193°; Mathies & Cort, 1956; Riggin, 147 1956) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Austral orbis glabratus, Helisoma anceps, Helisoma campanulatum, Helisoma trivolvis SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Ambloplites repestris, Ictalurus sp., Lebistes reticulatus [exper.], Lepomis gibbosus, Lepomis pallidus, Micropterus dolomieu, Perca flavescens, Foecilia vivipara Lexrer.1 FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser (dom. ) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) Cairinini - Cairina moschata (dom. ) Mergini - Bucephala clangula , Mergus merganser Pelecaniformes - Felecanus erythrorhynchu s , Phalacrocorax auritus Ciconiiformes - Ardea herodias, Butorides virescpns , Casmerodius alba, Florida caerulea Falconiformes - Accipiter cooperii, Fandion haliaetus Galliformes - Gallus gallus (dom.) Charadriiformes - Larus californlcus Columbiformes - Col umba "livia (dom. ) [exper.] Passeriformes - Serinus canarius [exper. J MAMMALIA - Rodentia - Ondatra zibethica HABITAT: Proventriculus - in mucosa, liver in mammal. DISTRIBUTION: N. America (USA, Canada, Puerto Rico). Echinochasmus beleocephalus STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Frequent, typically in herons; reported 6 times in wild, 6 times in domestic, and once in captive ducks. Cause of severe mortality in young domestic fowl (Shevtsov, 1965a). DESCRIPTION: Mendheim, 1<^0, 19^3; Bashkirova, 1941; Belokobylenko, 1963; Odening, 1963b. Copy: Skrjabin, Petrov, & Bashkirova, 1°^7; Skrjabin & Bashkirova, 1956', Shevtsov & Zaskind, 1060. SYNONYMY: Distomum beleocephalum Linstow, 1B73 Echinostoma beleocephalum (Linstow, 1873) Stossich, 1892 Echinochasmus beleocephalus (Linstow, 1873) Dietz, 1909 Echinochasmus (Echinochasmus) beleocephalus (Linstow, 1873) of Bash- kirova, 19*H Echinochasmus beleocephalus chankensis Oshmarin & Dotsenko, 195"! - " [Skrjabin & Bashkirova, 19561 Echinochasmus japonicus Tanabe, 1926 - [Alekseev, 1963a] 148 LIFE CYCLE: Metacercariae in amphibians and fresh-water fish; mature in 5 days after ingestion by final host. (Alekseev, 1963c; Shevtsov, 1965a) ' FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Unknown. SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Pelobates fuscus, Rana temporaria , Acheil- ognathus chankaensis, Cultur alburnus, Gobio gobio, Hemicultur leu- cisculus FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser (dom. ) [exper.] Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos, Anas platyrhyncho s (dom. ) , Anas cly- peata Mergini - Bucephala clangula Ciconiiformes - Ardea cinerea, Ardea purpurea , Ardeola ralloides, Cas- merodius alba, Egretta garzetta, Geronticus eremita, Nycticorax nycticorax Galliformes - Gallus gall us (dom. ) HABITAT: Small intestine, ceca. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (W. Siberia, Kazakhstan, Tuva, Yakutia, Amur, Primorsk), Africa (Egypt). Echinochasmus coaxatus STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent, typically in grebes; re- ported 5 times in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Dietz, 1909; Bashkirova, 19^1; Odening, 1963b. Copy: Skrjabin, Petrov, & Bashkirova, 19^7; Skrjabin & Bashkirova, 1956. SYNONYMY: Echinochasmus coaxatus Dietz, 1909 Echinochasmus (Echinochasmus) coaxatus Dietz, 1909 of Bashkirova, 19^1 Echinochasmus squamatus Mendheim, 19^0 - [Odening, 1963] LIFE CYCLE: Cercariae develop in fresh-water snail; metacercariae encysted in fresh-water mollusks. (Wisniewski, 1957) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Lymnaea auricularia SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) 149 Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas strepera Gaviiformes - Gavia arctica Podicipediformes - Podiceps caspicus, Podiceps cri status, Podiceps grisegena, Podiceps ruficollis Ciconiiformes - Ardea cinerea, Botaurus stellaris, Ciconia ciconia HABITAT: Large intestine, small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (W. Siberia, Azerbaidzhan, Kazakhstan, Kirgizia, Uzbekistan, Frimorsk, Japan, Kamchatka). Echinochasmus dietzevi STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported k times in wild ducks, once in captive duck. DESCRIPTION: Isa!Cchikov, 1927; Odening, 1963b. Copy: Skrjabin, Fetrov, & Bashkirova, 19^7; Skrjabin & Bashkirova, 1956; Kurashvili, 1957. SYNONYMY: Echinochasmus dietzevi Isaichikov, 1927 Echinochasmus (Echinochasmus) dietzevi Isaichikov, 1927 of Bashkirova, 19*H LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of E. japonicus. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas crecca, Anas penelope Aythyini - Aythya nyroca Mergini - Mergu s merganser Fodicipediformes - Podiceps caspicus, Fodiceps crista tus, Podiceps grisegena, Podiceps ruficollis Charadriiformes - Larus ichthyaetus, Larus ridibundus HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Poland, USSR), Asia (Kirgizia, Uzbekistan). Echinochasmus .japonicus STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck and once experimentally in domestic duck. STATUS AS SPECIES: Synonym of E. beleocephalus - Alekseev, 1963a. 150 DESCRIPTION: Tanabe, 1926; Yamaguti, 1939. Copy: Skrjabin & Bash- kirova, 1956. SYNONYMY: Yamaguti, 1958. Echinochasmus perfoliatus (Ratz) of Tanabe, 1922 Echinochasmus japonicus Tanabe, 1926 Echinochasmus (Echinochasmus) japonicus Tanabe, 1926 of Bashkirova, 19*H LIFE CYCLE: Cercariae develop in fresh-water snails; metacercariae encysted in gills of fresh-water fish and frog tadpoles; mature 2 weeks after ingestion by final host. (Hasegawa, 193*+ » Izumi, 1935* Muto, 1921; Okabe, 19^0; Tanabe, 1926; Ujiie, 1936a; Yamaguti, 1951) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Bulimus striatulus, Parafossarulus man- chouricus SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Abbottina psegma, Acheilognathus inter- medius, Brevigobio kowabatae , Carassius auratus , Chaenogobius macro- gnathus, Coresperca gracilis, Coresperca kawamebari , Fluvidraco nud- iceps, Gnathopogon elongatus , Hemibarbus barbus, Ischikauia steenack- eri, Leucogobio gracilis, Leucogobio guentheri , Limanda herzensteni, Misgurnus anguillicaudatus , Odontobius obscurus, Opsarichthys uncir- ostris, Paracheilognathus rhombea , Parasilurus asotus, Plecoglossus altivelis, Pseudorasbora parva, Pseudoperil amphu s typus, Rhodeus atremius, Rhodeus lanceolatus, Salanx microdon, Sarcocheilichthys sinensis, Sarcocheilichthys variegatus, Zacco platypus, Zacco temmin- ckii, Rana rugosa FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) [exper.] Mergini - Bucephala clangula Podicipediformes - Podiceps ruf icoll is Ciconiiformes - Mesophoyx intermedia, Nycticorax nycticorax, Pseudi- bis papillosa Falconiformes - Milvus migrans Galliformes - Gallus gallus (dom. ) [exper.] MAMMALIA - Primates - Homo sapiens Rodentia - Mus musculus (lab.) [exper. 1, Rattus norvegicus (lab.) [exper.] Carnivora - Canis familiaris [exper.], Felis catus [exper.] HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (China, Japan, Korea). 151 Echinochasmus mergi STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Cannon, 1938. Copy: Skrjabin &■ Bashkirova, 1956. SYNONYMY: Stephanoprora mergi Cannon, 193^ Mesorchis mergi (Cannon, 1938) Skrjabin & Bashkirova, 1956 Echinochasmus mergi (Cannon, 1938) Odening, 1963 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of E. .japonicus. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Mergini - Mergus merganser HABITAT: Ceca. DISTRIBUTION: N. America (Canada). Echinochasmus mergi palaearcticus STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in captive duck. DESCRIPTION: Odening, 1963b. SYNONYMY: Echinochasmus mergi subsp. palaearcticus Odening, 1963 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of E. .japonicus . FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Mergini - Mergus merganser HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Germany - Berlin Zoological Park). Echinochasmus milvi STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Accidental; reported once in domestic duck from experimental infection. DESCRIPTION: Yamaguti, 1939. 152 SYNONYMY: Echinochasmus milvi Yamaguti, 1939 Echinochasmus (Echinochasmus) milvi Yamaguti, 1939 of Skrjabin & Bashkirova, IP 56 LIFE CYCLE: Cercariae develop in fresh-water snails, encyst as meta- cercariae in gills of fresh-water fish; mature in 3 days after in- gestion by final host. (Koga, 1952; McCauley & Pratt, I960; Uzmann & Hayduk, 1964) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Oxytrema silicula SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Acheilognathus lanceolata, Acheilognathus limbata, Acanthorhodeu s atremius , Gasterosteus aculeatus [exper.], Lebistes reticulatus [exper.], Plecoglossus altivelis, Fseudorasbora parva, Sal mo gairdneri FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas pla tyrhyncho s (dom. ) [exper.] Falconiformes - Milvus migrans MAMMALIA - Rodentia - Mesocricetus auratus [exper.], Rattus norvep;- icus (lab.) [exper. T" Carnivora - Canis familiaris [exper.] HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Japan), N. America (USA). Echinochasmus mirus STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Mendheim, 19^0. Copy: Skrjabin & Bashkirova, 1956. SYNONYMY: Echinochasmus mirus Mendheim, 19^0 Echinochasmus (Echinochasmus) mirus Mendheim, 19^0 of Skrjabin & Bashkirova, 1956 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of E. japonicus. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Somateriini - Somateria moll issima HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Germany). 153 Echinocha sinus mordax STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Odhner, 1910; Dollfus, 1950. Copy: Skrjabin & Bash- kirova, 1956. SYNONYMY: Echinostoma mordax Looss, 1899 Heterechinostomum mordax (Looss, 18QQ) Odhner, 1910 Echinochasmus mordax (Looss, 1899) Price, 1931 Echinochasmus (Echinochasmus) mordax (Looss, 1899) of Skrjabin & Bashkirova, 1°56 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of E. japonicus. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Mergini - Mergus serrator Podicipediformes - Podiceps auratus, Podiceps cristatus Pelecaniformes - Pelecanus crispus, Pelecanus oncrotalus, Pelecanus rufescens MAMMALIA - Carnivora - Canis f ami! iaris HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Sweden, Poland, USSR), Asia (Palestine, Kaz- akhstan), Africa (Egypt, Congo). Episthmium co"i ymbi STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare, typically in grebes; reported twice in wild ducks. STATUS AS SPECIES: Episthmium included in genus Echinochasmus - Baer & Joyeux, 196l. DESCRIPTION: Shakhtakhtinskafa, 1958; Sulgostowska, 1060a; Odening, 1963b. Copy: Kurashvili, 1957. SYNONYMY: Echinochasmus (Episthmium) co1 ymbi Shigin in Skrjabin & Bashkirova, 1956 Episthmium colymbi (Shigin, 1Q56) Shigin, IQ56 Echinochasmus (Episthmium) mathevossianae Shakhtakhtinskaia in Kur- ashvili, 1957 Episthmium mathevossianae (Shakhtakhtinskafa, 1Q57) Sulgostowska, I960 - [Sulgostowska, 1960a; Odening, 1963] Echinochasmus schigini Bykhovskaia-Pavlovskaia, 1^62 - [ Odening, lQ63l 154 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Aythyini - Aythya fuligula, Netta rufina Fodicipediformes - Fodiceps caspicus, Fodlceps cristatus, Fodiceps grisegena HABITAT: Large intestine, bursa of Fabricius. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Poland, Georgia SSR), Asia (Azerbaidzhan). Moliniella anceps STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare, normally in Rallidae; reported twice in wild ducks. STATUS AS SFECIES: Moliniella included in genus Echinocha sinus - Baer & Joyeux, 196l. DESCRIPTION: Mendheim, 19^0. Copy: Skrjabin & Bashkirova, 1956. SYNONYMY: Hubner, 1939. Pi stoma anceps Molin, 1859 Echino stoma anceps (Molin, 1859) Dietz, 1910 Moliniella anceps (Molin, I859) Hubner, 1939 Isoparyphium anceps (Molin, 1859) Mendheim, 19^0 Echinoparyphium anceps (Molin, 1859) Yamaguti, 1958 Cercaria limbifera Seifert, 1926 - [Odening, 196U] Cercaria laticaudata Riech, 1927 Cercaria Echino stomi Dubois, 1929 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs passed in feces; cercariae develop in fresh-water snails; metacercariae encysted in fresh-water snails; mature in 7-1^ days after ingestion by final host. (Alisauskaite, 1958, 1959; Hub- ner, 1939; Kiseliene, 1966; Odening, 1964a; Zajic'ek, 1963c; Zdarska, 1963) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Lymnaea palustris SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Anisus vortex, Lymnaea auricularia, Lym- naea limosa, Lymnaea palustris, Lymnaea p_eregra, Lymnaea stagnalis, Fhysa fontinalis , Flanorbarius corneus FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos Gruiformes - Fulica atra, Gallinula chloropus, Porzana porzana HABITAT: Small intestine, ceca. 155 DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (Kazakhstan). Patagifer bilobus STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare, normally in Ciconiiformes; re- ported once in wild goose. DESCRIPTION: Mendheim, 19^0; Kurashvili, 1957. Copy: Skrjabin,Pet- rov, & Bashkirova, 19^7; Skrjabin & Bashkirova, 1956. SYNONYMY: Pi stoma (Echinostoma) bilobum Rudolphi, 1819 Echino stoma bilobum (Rudolphi, 1819) Cobbold, i860 Patagifer bilobus (Rudolphi, 1819) Dietz, 1909 LIFE CYCLE: Cercariae develop in fresh-water snails, encyst in fresh- water snails after emergence. (AliSauskaite, 195p» 1959? Ginetsinskaia & Kulik, 1952) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Piano rbis piano rbis SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Lymnaea ovata [exper.], Lymnaea palustris, Lymnaea stagnalis [exper.], Lymnaea vivlpara [exper. J FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser Podicipediformes - Podiceps ruficollis Ciconiiformes - Carphibis spinicollis, Hagedashia hagedash, Platalea leucorodia , Platalea regia, PI egad is falcinellus , Plegadis guar- ana, Threskiornis aethiopica Gruiformes - Fulica atra HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (Armenia, Kazakhstan, Japan), Africa (Egypt, Sudan), S. America (Brazil), Australia. Stephanoprora denticulata STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent, typically in gulls; re- ported 6 times in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Linton, 1928; Bashkirova, 19^1; Dollfus, 1963b (as Mesorchis pseudoechinatus) ; Odening, 1963b (as M. pseudoechinatus ) ■ Copy: Skrjabin & Bashkirova, 1956; Kurashvili, 1957. 156 SYNONYMY: Dawes, 1956. Fasciola denticulata Rudolphi, 1802 Pi stoma (Echino stoma) denticulatum (Rudolphi, 1802) Rudolphi, 1B09 Echlnostoma denticulatum (Rudolphi, 1902) Cobbold , i860 Mesorchis denticulatus (Rudolphi, 1802) Dietz, 1909 Stephanoprora denticulata (Rudolphi, 1802) Odhner, 1910 Pi stoma pseudoechinatum Olsson, I876 Echino stoma pseudoechinatum (Olsson, 1876) Stossich, 1^92 Mesorchis pseudoechinatus (Olsson, I876) Dietz, 19C9 - distinct, Skr- jabin & Bashkirova, 1956; Gupta, l°6jj et al. Mesorchis polycestus Dietz, 1909 - distinct, Beaver, 1937 Mesorchis denticulatoides Isaichikov, 1925 - [Prendel', 19371 Ignavia inops Freitas , 19^+8 LIFE CYCLE: Metacercariae in fresh-water fish. (Ciurea, 1931 f 1Q33) FIRST INTERMEPIATE HOSTS: Unknown. SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Atherina pontica, Leuciscus idus FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas penelope Aythyini - Aythya ferina, Aythya nyroca Cairinini - Aix sponsa Mergini - Mergus merganser Gaviiformes - Gavia Immer Podicipediformes - Fodiceps auritus, Fodlceps cristatus, Fodiceps grisegena Felecaniforraes - Fhalacrocorax olivaceus Ciconiiformes - Botaurus stellaris Charadriiformes - Alca torda, Gelochelidon nilotica, Larus argenta- tus, Larus atricilla , Larus canus, Larus delawarensis, Larus fus- cus, Larus genei, Larus hyperboreus, Larus ichthyaetus, Larus marinus, Larus minutus , Larus Philadelphia, Larus ridibundus, Fhilomachus pugnax, Rissa tridactyla, Sterna albifrons, Sterna hirundo, Thalasseus sandvicensis MAMMALIA - Carnivora - Canis familiaris, Felis catus, Vulpes fulva Finnipedia - Zalophus californianus HABITAT: Small intestine, large intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (Armenia, Kazakhstan, Frimorsk), Africa, N. America (Panama, USA). Stephanoprora gracilis STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. 157 DESCRIPTION: Mendheim, 19^0. Copy: Skrjabin & Bashkirova, 1956. SYNONYMY: Stephanoprora gracilis Mendheim, 19^0 Mesorchis gracilis (Mendheim, 19*4-0) Skrjabin & Bashkirova, 1956 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of S. denticulata. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Germany). Stephanoprora pseudodenticulata STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Mendheim, 19^0. Copy: Skrjabin & Bashkirova, 1956. SYNONYMY: Stephanoprora pseudodenticulata Mendheim, 19^0 Mesorchis pseudodenticulata (Mendheim, 19^0) Skrjabin & Bashkirova, 1956 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of S. denticulata. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Mergini - Melanitta nigra HABITAT: Probably small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Iceland). Stephanoprora spinosa STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported 3 times in wild ducks. STATUS AS SPECIES: Most authors separate S. spinosa and Monilifer splnulosus. DESCRIPTION: Dietz, 1910; Mendheim, 19^0; Odening, 1962d, 1963b (as M. spinulosus). Copy: Skrjabin, Fetrov, & Bashkirova, 19^7; Skrjabin 158 & Bashkirova, 1956. SYNONYMY: Dawes, 1956. Honilifer spinulosus (Rudolph! ) of Dietz, 1909 Echinostoma spinosum Odhner, 1910 Stephanoprora spinosa (Odhner, 1910) Odhner, 19 10 Mesorchis spinosa (Odhner, 1910) Szidat, 19^3 Pi stoma spinulosum Rudolph! , 1809 Distoma (Echinostoma) spinulosum Rudolphi, 1809 of Dujardin, 18*4-5 Echinostoma spinulosum (Rudolph!, 1809) Cobbold, I858 Mesorchis spinulosum (Rudolph!, 1809) Echinochasmus (Monilifer) spinulosus (Rudolphi, 1809 ) Bashkirova, 19^1 Stephanoprora spinulosus (Rudolphi, 1809) Gupta, 1963 Stephanoprora gilberti Ward, 1917 Monilifer gilberti (Ward, 1917) Yamaguti, 1958 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of S. denticulata. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas querquedula Aythyini - Aythya marila , [Aythya fuligula - Bezubik, 1956, orig- inal citation not found, probably erroneous] Mergini - Bucephala clangula Gaviiformes - Gavia arctica, Gavia immer, Gavia stellata Podicipediformes - Podiceps auritus , Podiceps cristatus, Podiceps grisegena Pelecaniformes - Anhinga rufa, Phalacrocorax aristotelis Ciconiiformes - Ciconia ciconia Charadriiformes - Alca torda, Cepphus grylle, Larus argentatus, Larus hyperboreus , Larus Philadelphia, Larus ridibundus, Numenius arquata , Numenius tenuirostris, Philomachus pugnax Grui formes - Fulica atra HABITAT: Small intestine, large intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (Kirgizia), Africa (Egypt), N. America (USA). Acanthoparyphium kurogamo STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Yamaguti, 1939. Copy: Skrjabin & Bashkirova, 1956. SYNONYMY: Acanthoparyphium kurogamo Yamaguti, 1939 Acanthoparyphium tyosenense Yamaguti, 1939 - [Skrjabin & Bashkirova, 1956] 159 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of A. spinulosum. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Aythyini - Aythya mariia Mergini - Melanitta nigra HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Japan). Acanthoparyphium marilae STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported twice in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Yamaguti, 193^. Copy: Skrjabin & Bashkirova, 1956. SYNONYMY: Acanthoparyphium marilae Yamaguti, 193^ LIFE CYCLE: Larval stages in marine snai"1 . (Yamaguti, 193*0 FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Batillaria multiformis SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Aythyini - Aythya mariia Mergini - Melanitta fusca, Melanitta nigra Charadrii formes - Calidris canutus, Calidris tenuirostri?, Limosa lapponica HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Japan, Korea). Acanthoparyphium melanittae STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Yamaguti, 1939. Copy: Skrjabin & Bashkirova, 1956. SYNONYMY: Acanthoparyphium melanittae Yamaguti, 1939 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of A. spinulosum. 160 FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Mergini - Melanitta fusca, [Melanitta nigra - Lapage, 196l , errone- ous citation] HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Japan). Acanthoparyphium paracharadrii STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Accidental; recorded once as experi- mental infection in duckling; normal host not known. DESCRIPTION: Velasquez, 1964. SYNONYMY: A canthoparyphium paracharadrii Velasquez, 1964 LIFE CYCLE: Cercariae produced in marine snail; encysted metacer- cariae present in mantle and muscles of same individuals; mature in 10 days after ingestion by final host. Experimental infection in guinea pig more successful than in duckling. (Velasquez, 1964) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Cerithium omata SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Cerithium ornata FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) [exper.] MAMMALIA - Rodentia - Cavia porcellus [exper.] HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Philippine Is.). Acanthoparyphium spinulo sum STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Johnston, 1917; Yamaguti, 1934; Bearup, I960; Martin & Adams, I96I. Copy: Skrjabin & Bashkirova, 1956. SYNONYMY: Acanthoparyphium spinulosum Johnston, 1917 Acanthoparyphium spinulosum suzugamo Yamaguti, 1939 - [Bearup, i960] 161 Acanthoparyphium longivitellatum Oshmarin, 1956 - [Skrjabin & Bash- kirova, 1956; Bykhovskaia-Favlovskafa , 1962] LIFE CYCLE: Eggs passed in feces, hatch in water in 16-2? days; cer- cariae develop in marine and brackish water snails; metacercariae en- cysted in same species of snails, clams, and polychaetous annelids; mature in final host 7-12 days after ingestion. (Bearup, 1^60; Little, Hopkins, & Schlicht, 1966; Martin & Adams, i960, 196l) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Cerithidea hegewischi, Pyrazus australis, Salinator fragilis SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Cerithidea hegewischi, Salinator fragilis, Crassostrea virginica , Phanaerocephala sp. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Aythyini - Aythya marila Galliformes - Gallus gallus (dom. ) [exper.] Charadriiformes - Charadrius leschenaultii, Larus novae-hollandiae [exper.], Fluvialis dominicus, Recurvirostra americana , Squata- rola squatarola HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Primorsk, Japan), N. America (USA), Australia. Acanthoparyphium tyosenense STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; .reported once in wild ducks. STATUS AS SPECIES: Synonym of A. kurogamo - Skrjabin & Bashkirova, 1956. DESCRIPTION: Yamaguti, 1939. SYNONYMY: Acanthoparyphium tyosenense Yamaguti, 1939 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of A. spinulosum. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Mergini - Melanitta fusca, Melanitta nigra HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Japan, Korea). 162 Cotylotretus cubanicus STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in domestic duck. DESCRIPTION: Artiukh, 1958. SYNONYMY: Cotylotretus cubanicus Artfukh, 1958 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) HABITAT: Frobably small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Russia). Cotylotretus grand is STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported twice in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Copy: Kurashvili, 1957; Skrjabin, 1966. SYNONYMY: Pi stoma grand e Rudolphi, 1819 Mesaulus grand is (Rudolphi, 1819) Braun, 1902 Cotylotretus grandis (Rudolphi, 1819) Odhner, 1910 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos Ciconiiformes - Plata! ea a.ja.ja HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Germany, USSR), N. America (USA, Mexico), S. America (Brazil). Echinoparyphium aconiatum STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Common; reported 2h times in wild waterfowl, twice in domestic ducks. 163 EESCRIFTION: Dietz, 1909; Mendheim, 1Q40; Bashkirova, 19^1. Copy: Skrjabin, Petrov, & Bashkirova , 19^7; Kasimov, i ^ 5^; Skrjabin & Bash- kirova, 1956. SYNONYMY: Echinoparyphium aconiatum Dietz, 1°09 Cercaria echinata Siebold, 18J7 - [Alisauskaite, 1960b; Odening, 196^1 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs passed in feces; cercariae develop in fresh-water snail; metacercariae encysted in fresh-water snails, clams, and ex- perimentally in tadpoles; mature in final host 9-12 days after ingest- ion. (Alilauskaite, 1959, l^fOb; Alisauskaite-Kiseliene, lQ6l; Gin- etsinskaia, 1959a; Golikova, I960; Kiseliene, 1966; Kotova, 1939; KupriLanova-Shakhmetova, 1960b, 196l; Odening, 1°65; Riech, 1^27; 2da'rska, 1963, 1964b) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Bithynia tentaculata, Lymnaea limosa, Lymnaea palustris, Lymnaea peregra, Lymnaea stagnalis , Sphaerium corneum SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Anisus vortex, Lymnaea auricularia, Lym- naea baltica, Lymnaea ovata , Lymnaea pa"! ustris , Lymnaea peregra, Lymnaea stagnalis, Fhysa fontinalis, Flanorbarius corneus, Vivioarus acerosus, Viviparus fasciatus, Viviparus viviparus, Sphaerium corn- eum, Sphaerium lacustre , Rana tempo raria [exper.] FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Branta bernlcla Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) , Anas a- cuta, Anas clypeata. Anas crecca , Anas formosa , Anas querque- dula Aythyini - Aythya ferina, Aythya fuligula, Netta rufina Mergini - Clangula hyemalis, Melanitta nigra Oxyurini - Oxyura leucocephala Podicipediformes - Podiceos auratus Galliformes - Bonasa umbellus, Gallus gallus (dom. ) [exper.] Charadriiformes - Limosa limosa, PhiTomachus pugnax, Recurvirostra avosetta, Tringa glareola, Tringa ochropus , Vanellus vanellus Columbiformes - Columba livia (dom. ) L exper.] MAMMALIA - Rodentia - Ondatra zibethica HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (W. Siberia, Azerbaidzhan, Tadzhikistan, Kirgizia, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Tuva, Yakutia, Amur, Kamchatka), N. America (USA). 164 Echinoparyphium ba cuius STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Frequent; reported 15 times in wild ducks and twice in domestic ducks. DESCRIPTION: Dietz, 1910. Copy: Skrjabin & Bashkirova, 1956. SYNONYMY: Gower, 1939. Distoma mergi Rudolphi, 1819 Pi stoma baculus Diesing, 1850 Echinostoma baculus (Diesing, 1850) Cobbold, i860 Echinoparyphium baculus (Diesing, I850) Luhe, 1909 Echinostoma echinatum of Muhling, 1898 - [Skrjabin & Bashkirova, 1956] LIFE CYCLE: Cercariae develop in fresh-water pulmonate snail; meta- cercariae encysted in fresh-water snails; mature in 13 days or less after ingestion by final host. (Ginetsinskafa, 19^9b; Golikova, I960) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Fhysa fontinalis SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Physa fontinalis FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos. Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ), Anas acuta, Anas clypeata, Anas crecca, Anas discors, Anas penel- ope. Anas querquedula. Anas strepera Aythyini - Aythya f erina , Aythya fuligula, Aythya marila Mergini - Bucephala clangula, Melanitta fusca, Mergus albellus Gaviiformes - Gavia arctica, Gavia stellata Charadriiformes - Sterna hirundo [exper.] HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (Tuva, Buryat ASSR, Amur, Primorsk, Kam- chatka), N. America (USA). Echinoparyphium bagulai STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild ducks and once experimentally in duck. DESCRIPTION: Jain, I960, 1961. SYNONYMY: Echinoparyphium bagulal Jain, 1961 LIFE CYCLE: Cercariae develop in fresh-water pulmonate snail; meta- cercariae encysted in same species of snail; mature in final host 21 days after ingestion. (Jain, I960, 196l) 165 FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Lymnaea luteola SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Lymnaea luteola FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas acuta, Anas clypeata , Anas poeci"1 orhyncha [exper.l, Anas strepera HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (India). Echinoparyphium clerci STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported k times in wild and once in domestic ducks. DESCRIPTION: Skrjabin, 1915; Bykhovskafa-Pavlovskafa, 195^a (fig. only). Copy: Skrjabin, Petrov, & Bashkirova, 19^7; Skrjabin & Bash- kirova, 1956. SYNONYMY: Echinoparyphium clerci Skrjabin, 1915 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of E. recurvatum. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) , Anas a- cuta, Anas querquedula Aythyini - Aythya ferina Oxyurini - Cxyura leucocephala Charadriiformes -Chlidonias leucoptera, Chlidonias nigra, Larus ar- gentatus , Larus ichthyaetus, Larus minutus , Larus ridibundus, Li- mosa limosa , Sterna albifrons , Sterna hirundo, Tringa glareola , Tringa nebularia , Tringa ochropus, Vanellus vanellus HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Poland, USSR), Asia (W. Siberia, Uzbekistan, India). Echinoparyphium colchicus STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Accidental; reported once in domestic duck as result of experimental infection. Natural host unknown. 166 DESCRIPTION: Dzavelidze, 1957. SYNONYMY: Eehinoparyphium colchicus Dzavelidze, 1957 LIFE CYCLE: Cercariae develop in fresh-water prosobranch snails; metacercariae in same species; mature in 23-2^ hours after ingestion by final host. (Dzavelidze, 1957, 1958) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Viviparus viviparus SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Viviparus viviparus FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) [exper.] Galliformes - Gallus gallus (dom.) [exper. J Columbiformes - Columba livia~Tdom.) [exper.] HABITAT: Probably small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Georgia SSR). Eehinoparyphium dunni STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Accidental; reported once as result of experimental infection; natural host unknown. DESCRIPTION: Lie & Umathevy, 1965b. SYNONYMY: Eehinoparyphium dunni Lie & Umathevy, 1965 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs passed in feces; hatch in fresh water in 8 days, miracidia infect fresh-water pulmonate snail; cercariae emerge in 22-26 days after infection; metacercariae develop in fresh-water snails; mature in final host 10 days after ingestion, survive in final host about 3 weeks. (Lie & Umathevy, 1965b) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Lymnaea rubiginosa SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Bellamya ingallsiana, Gyraulus convex- iusculus, Indoplanorbis exustus, Lymnaea rubiginosa FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) [exper.] Columbiformes - Columba livia (dom.) [exper.] 167 Passeriformes - Lonchura ferruginosa [exper.], Lonchura punctulata [exper.], Padda oryzivora [experT] HABITAT: Small intestine - anterior portion. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Malaysia). Echinoparyphium elegans STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. STATUS AS SPECIES: Synonym of E. recurvatum - Mathias, 1927. DESCRIPTION: Dietz, 1910; Cannon, 193?-; Richard, 19&+. Copy: Skr- jabin & Bashkirova, 195&. SYNONYMY: Echino stoma elegans Looss, 1BQ9 Echinoparyphium elegans (Looss, 1899) Dietz, 1909 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of E. recurvatum. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas rubripes Ciconiiformes - Fhoenicopterus antiquorum Strigiformes - Tyto alba HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Egypt, Madagascar), N. America (Canada). Echinoparyphium ellisi STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild swan. STATUS AS, SPECIES: May be synonym of E. gizzardae - Johnston & An- gel, 19^9. DESCRIPTION: Johnston & Angel, 19^9. SYNONYMY: Cercariae ellisi Johnston & Simpson, 19^ Echinoparyphium ellisi (Johnston & Simpson, 19^4) Johnston & Angel, 19^9 LIFE CYCLE: Cercariae develop in fresh-water pulmonate snails in 168 77-125 days after exposure to infection; metacercariae encysted in fresh-water mollusks and tadpoles. (Johnston & Angel, 1949) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Lymnaea lessoni, Simlimnaea subaquatilis SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Amerlanna sp., Corbiculina angasi, Lym- naea lessoni, Piano rbis isingi, Plotiopsis tatei, tadpoles of Crinla signifera [all exper.] FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Cygnus atratus HABITAT: Small intestine - anterior portion. DISTRIBUTION: Australia. Echinoparyphium flexum STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Infrequent; reported 6 times in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: McCoy, 1928; Najarian, 19 54; Rai & Fande, 1967. Copy: Skrjabin & Bashkirova, 1956. SYNONYMY: Distomum flexum Linton, 1892 Echino stoma flexum (Linton, 1892) Stossich, 1899 Echinoparyphium flexum (Linton, 1892) McCoy, 1927 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs passed in feces, hatch in water in 10-14 days; cer- cariae develop in fresh-water pulmonate snails in 40-46 days; meta- cercariae encysted in kidneys of tadpoles and adult frogs, and in snails, infective in 24 hours; mature in 12-14 days after ingestion by final host. (McCoy, 192P; Najarian, 1952, 1953* lq54; Rai & Pande, 1967) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Lymnaea palustris, Physa integra SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Hyla crucifer, Pseudacris nigrita, Rana clamitans, Rana pipiens , Rana sylvatica, Gyraulus parvus, Helisoma trivolvis, Lymnaea lacustris, Lymnaea palustris, Fhysa gyrina , Physa integra, Viviparus bengalensis FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Cygnus sp. Anatini - Anas acuta, [Anas americana - Lapage, 196l , erroneous citation] , Anas clypeata, Anas discors. Anas strepera 169 Mergini - Bucephala clangula, Melanitta nigra Galliformes - Gallus gallus (dom.) [exper.] Gruiformes - Porzana Carolina, Rallus limicola Columbiformes - Columba livia (dom,) [exper.] HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (India), N. America (USA). Echinoparyphium gizzardai STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in captive swan. STATUS AS SFECIES: Doubtful whether this belongs in Echinoparyphium Skrjabin & Bashkirova, 1956. DESCRIPTION: Verma, 1936. Copy: Skrjabin & Bashkirova, 1956. SYNONYMY: Echinoparyphium gizzardai Verma, 1936 Echino stoma gizzardi (Verma, 1936) Mendheim, 19^3 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of E. recurvatum. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Cygnus atratus HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Not given, probably India (Calcutta museum). Echinoparyphium minor STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in domestic duck. DESCRIPTION: Hsu, 1935. Copy: Skrjabin & Bashkirova, 1956. SYNONYMY: Echinostoma minor Hsu, 1935 Echinoparyphium minor (Hsu, 1935) Skrjabin & Bashkirova, 1956 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of E. recurvatum. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) 170 Galliformes - Gallus gallus (dom. ) HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (China). Echinoparyphium nordiana STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported k times in wild ducks, once in domestic duck. DESCRIPTION: Bashkirova, l°4l; Bezubik, 1957a. Copy: Skrjabin, Petrov, & Bashkirova, 19^7; Skrjabin & Bashkirova, 1956. SYNONYMY: Echinoparyphium nordiana Bashkirova, 19*H LIFE CYCLE: Metacercariae encysted in fresh-water snails; mature in 13-1^ days after ingestion by final host. (Alilauskaite, 1960a; Kiseliene, 1966; Kupriianova-Shakhmetova , 1960b, 1961 ) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Unknown. SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Lymnaea palustris, Lymnaea stagnalis, Planorbarius corneus FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) , Anas penelope Mergini - Mergus albellns, Mergus merganser Charadriiformes - Larus ridibundus Passeriformes - Garrulus glandarius HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Poland, Lithuania, Russia), Asia (W. Siberia, Kazakhstan, Amur). Echinoparyphium paracinctum STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported twice in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Bykho vskaia -Pavlov ska la, 195^-a. Copy: Skrjabin & Bashkirova, 1956. 171 SYNONYMY: Echinoparyphium paracinctum Bykhovskaia-PavlovskaA, 195^ LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of E. recurvatum. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas acuta Aythyini - Aythya ferina Charadriiformes - Limosa 1 imp sa , Tringa gl areola, Vanellus vanellus HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (W. Siberia, Tuva). Echinoparyphium querquedulae STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Ablasov & Chibichenko, I960. SYNONYMY: Echinoparyphium querquedulae Ablasov & Chibichenko, I960 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of E. recurvatum. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas querquedula HABITAT: Probably small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Kirgizia). Echinoparyphium recurvatum STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Very common, characteristic helminth of waterfowl; reported 95 times in wild, 66 times in domestic and twice in captive waterfowl. Pathology of infection described by Betz, 19^1; mortality reported by Shleikus & Tatarintsevaite, I960 (in epizootic); Soulsby, 1955» and Trofimov, 1962 (in epizootic). STATUS AS SFECIES: Development of cercariae in both Lymnaeidae and Planorbidae indicates possibility of different races or a species complex to Odening (1965). DESCRIPTION: Yamaguti, 1933, 193^; Bashkirova, 19*H; Mendheim, 19^3; 172 Bezubik, 1957a; Gvozdev, 1958; Beverley- Burton , 1961; Odening, 1964c. Copy: Skrjabin, Petrov, & Bashkirova, 1^47; Skrjabin & Bashkirova, 1956; Kasimov, 1956; Kurashvili, 1957; Shevtsov & Zaskind, I960. SYNONYMY: Dawes, 1956. Pi stoma recurvation Linstow, 1873 Echino stoma recurvatum (Linstow, 1873) Stossich, 1892 Echinoparyphium recurvatum (Linstow, 1873) Luhe, 19C9 Echinoparyphium koidzumii Tsuchimochi, 1924 - [Yamaguti, 1933? Ando, 19281 Echino stoma aegyptiaca Khalil & Abaza, 1924 - [Bykhovskaia-Pavlov- skafa, 1962] Echinoparyphium recurvatum vanelli Yamaguti, 1939 - [ Bykhovskaia- Pavlovskafa, 1954a, 19621 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs passed in feces; cercariae develop in fresh- and brackish water pulmonate snails in about 32 days; encyst in same in- dividual or penetrate and encyst as metacercariae in other fresh-water snails and kidneys of tadpoles; mature in 8-22 days after ingestion by final host, survive in final host about 35 days. Much life cycle work in Europe confused, larvae inadequately identified (Odening, 1962b). (Abdel Azim, 1930; Alekseev, 1963c; AliSauskaite, 1958, 1959; Bisseru, 1953. 1967; Bittner, 1925; Brumpt & Buttner, 1949; Dinulescu, 1939; Ginetsinskaia, 1959a; Gmitter, 1955; Harper, 1929; Ianchev & Bozhkov, 1959a; Kiseliene, 1966; Kotel'nikov, 196la; Kupriianova- Shakhmetova, 1961; Mathias, 1926, 1927; Mathies & Cort, 1956; Morish- ita, 1929; Nevostrueva, 1954a; Odening, 1962b, 1965; Petrochenko & Kotel'nikov, 1959b; Pratt & McCauley, 1961; Ras'in, 1933? Reimer, 196'+a, 1965; Senger, 1954; Sim6n Vicente, IP63; Sonsino, 1892; Suzuki, 1932; Tsuchimochi, 1924, 1926; Williams, 1966b; Zajicek, 1963c; Zdarska , 1963) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Anisus leucostomus, Anisus spirobis, An- isus vortex, Bulimnaea mega soma , Bulinus contortus, Bulinus dybowskii, Bulinus innesi, Bulinus truncatus, Gyraulus convexiusculus, Gyraulus leucostomus; Lymnaea abrussa, Lymnaea ampla , Lymnaea auricularia, Lymnaea emarginata , Lymnaea ovata, Lymnaea palustris, Lymnaea parva, Lymnaea peregra , Lymnaea stagnalis, Paludina vivipara , Physa alexan- d rina , Physa fontinalis, Physa parkeri, Planorbis carinatus, Plan- orbis imbilicatus, Planorbis planorbis, Spiralina vortex, Valvata piscinalis SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Anisus contortus, Anisus leucostomus, Anisus spirorbis, Anisus vortex , Bath yomphala s contortus. Bulinus africanus, Bulinus contortus, Bulinus dybowskii. Bulinus truncatus. Dreissena polymorpha , Gyraulus albus , Incoplanorbis exustus, Lymnaea auricularia, Lymnaea limosa, Lymnaea ovata, Lymnaea palustris, Lym- naea peregra , Lymnaea pervia , Lymnaea stagnalis, Lymnaea swinhoei , Physa acuta, Fhysa fontinalis, Planorbarius corneus, Flanorbarius dufouri, Planorbis carinatus , Flanorbis planorbis, Planorbis tangan- ikanus, Valvata piscinalis, Muscu"! inium lacustre, Pisidium obtusale. 173 Pisidium pusilum, Sphaerium corneum, Bufo vu] garis , Cycl a s sp. , Hyla viridis , Felobates fuscus, Rana dalmatina , Rana esculenta, Rana temp- oraria FDIAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser, Anser anser (dom. ) , Cygnus cygnus , Cvgnus olor Tadornini - Tadorna ferruginea , Tadorna tadorna Anatini - Anas pi atyrhynchos , Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) , Anas a- cuta, Anas angustirostris , Anas clypeata , Anas crecca, Anas falcata, Anas formosa, Anas georgica, Anas penelope, Anas poe- cilorhyncha, Anas querquedula , Anas specul aris, Anas strepera, Anas versicolor Somateriini - Somateria mollissima Aythyini - Aythya baeri, Aythya ferina, Aythya fuligula,, Aythya marila, Aythya nyroca , Netta rufina Cairinini - Aix galericulata , Cairi^a moschata (dom. ) Mergini - Bueephala clangula , Clangula hyemalis , Melanitta fusca, Melanitta fusca deglandi, Melanitta nigra , Mergus al bellus , Mergus merganser Fodicipediformes - Fodiceps sp. Ciconiiformes - Botaurus stellaris Falconiformes - Circus melanol eucus Galli formes - Gallus gal1 us (dom.), Lyruru s tetrix, Meleagris gallo- pavo, Meleagris gallopavo (dom. ) , Perdix perdix [exrer.] , Fhas- ianus colchicus Gruiformes - Fulica atra , Rallus aquatica Charadrii formes - Actitis hypoleucos, Charadrius dubius, Chlidonias nigra , Erolia minuta, Larus canus, Larus ridibundus, Limo sa lim- osa, Kumenius arquata , Fhilomachus pugnax. Flu vial is apricaria, Scolopax rusticola, Sterna albifrons, Tringa nebularia , Tringa ochropus , Vanellus vanellus, Xenus cinereus Columbiformes - Col umba 1 ivia (dom. ) , Streptopelia orientalis Strigiformes - Strix aluco, Strix uralensis Fasseriformes - Aid emo syne cantans [exper.], Corvus sp., Lonchura atricapillus [exper.] MAMMALIA - Frimates - Homo sapiens r'laiwm.L.xa - frimates - Homo sapiens Rodentia - Mus musculus (lab.) [exper.]. Ondatra zibethica, Rattus norvegicus, Rattus rattus Carnivora -• Canis familiaris HABITAT: Small intestine - especially duodenum, ceca. DISTRIBUTION: Cosmopolitan. Echinoparyphium recurvatum var. indiana STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. 174 STATUS AS SFECIES: Does not belong in Echinoparyphium, description insufficient - Skrjabin & Bashkirova, 195o? subspecies probably not valid - Beverley- Burton, 1961. DESCRIPTION: Verma, 1936. SYNONYMY: Echinoparyphiutn recurvatum var. indiana Verma, 1936 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of E. recurvatum. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Tadornini - Tadorna ferruginea Charadriiformes - Capella gallinago HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (India). Echinoparyphium sinorchis STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Skrjabin & Bashkirova, 1956; Macko, 1960b, l°60c. SYNONYMY: Echinoparyphium sinorchis Oshmarin in Skrjabin & Bashkirova, 1956 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of E. recurvatum. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas querquedula Passeriformes - Cyanopica cyana HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Czechoslovakia), Asia (Primorsk). Echinoparyphium spiniferum STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Accidental; reported once in domestic duck as result of experimental infection. Natural host unknown. STATUS AS SFECIES: Cercaria spiniferum of Ahmed synonym of Echino- stoma revolutum (Odening, 1962), or in E. revolutum complex (Odening, 175 196^+e), not in Echinoparyphium. DESCRIFTICM: Ahmed, 195°. SYNONYMY: Cercaria spinifera La Val.ette, 1855 Echinoparyphium spiniferum (La Valette, 1855) Ahmed, 1959 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs passed in feces, hatch after ingestion by fresh- water snail, cercariae developed in 8 weeks; cercariae penetrate and encyst as metacercariae in fresh-water snails and frog tadpoles; ma- ture in 1^4—21 days after ingestion by final host; survive less than 6 weeks in duck as final host. (Ahmed, 1959) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Planorbarius corneus, Faludina vivipara SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Flanorbarius corneus, Rana esculenta [exper.] FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) [exper.] HABITAT: Large intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Germany). Echinoparyphium syrdarlense STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once (?) in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Burdelev, 1937. Copy: Skrjabin & Bashkirova, 1956. SYNONYMY: Echinoparyphium syrdariense Skrjabin & Shul'ts, 193^ » nomen nudum Echinoparyphium syrdariense Burdelev, 1^3? LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of E. recurvatum. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Mergini - Mergus albellus Galliforme.s - Gallus gallus (dom. ) HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Uzbekistan, Yakutia). 176 Echinoparyphium syrdariense var. aquaticum STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported twice in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Bashkirova, 19^1. Copy: Skrjabin, Fetrov, & Bashki- rova, 19^7; Skrjabin & Bashkirova, 1956. SYNONYMY: Echinoparyphium sydrariense var. aquaticum Bashkirova, 19^1 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of E. recurvatum. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Mergini - Mergus albellus HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (W. Siberia, Yakutia). Echinoparyphium westsibiricum STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Infrequent; reported twice in wild and 3 times in domestic ducks. DESCRIPTION: Isalchikov, 1925; Gvozdev, 195?. Copy: Skrjabin, Pet- rov, & Bashkirova, 19^7; Kasimov, 1956; Skrjabin & Bashkirova, 1956. SYNONYMY: Echinoparyphium westsibiricum Isalchikov, 1925 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of E. recurvatum. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) Galliformes - Gallus gallus (dom.), Phasianus colchicus HABITAT: Small intestine - anterior region. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (England), Asia (W. Siberia, Azerbaidzhan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Frimorsk). Neoacanthoparyphium echinatoides STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare or accidental; reported once from natural infection and 5 times from experimental infection in 177 domestic waterfowl. Natural host not known - Odening, 1962b. STATUS AS SFECIES: Identification much confused in early literature. Echino stoma echini fe rum (La Val . ) Stoss., 1892, not recognized as synonym by Odening (1962b), reported in Anas boschas and Mergus mer- ganser. Neoacanthoparyphium a synonym of Echinoparyphium - Baer & Joyeux, 196l. SYNONYMY: Odening, 1962b. Cercaria echinatoides Filippi, 185^ Neoacanthoparyphium echinatoides (Filippi, 185*0 Odening, 1962 Echinoparyphium echinatoides (Filippi, 185*0 Kupriianova-Shakhmet- ova, lQ6l Cercaria echini f era La Valette, 1855 Echinoparyphium petrowi Nevostrueva, 19.5^ Neoacanthoparyphium petrowi (Nevostrueva, 195*0 Yaraaguti, lc'58 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs passed in feces; cercariae develop in fresh-water snail; metacercariae encysted in fresh -water snails and clams; mature in 5-8 days after ingestion by final host, survive 1C-1** days. Oden- ing (1964) doubts if Galba palustris and Bithynia tentaculata are hosts as reported; even metacercariae almost exclusively in Viviparus, (AliSauskaite, 1959; Ginetsinskafa, 1957; Kiseliene, 1965, 1966; Kupriianova-Shakhmetova, 196l; Nevostrueva, 195^a» 1958b; Odening, 1962b, 1964e, 1965; Vergun, 1962; 2darska, 1964a) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Viviparus acerosus, Viviparus contectus, Viviparus viviparus SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Viviparus acerosus, Viviparus contectus, Viviparus viviparus, Sphaerium rivicola , Sphaerium solidum FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser (dom. ) [exper.] Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) Galliformes - Gallus gallus (dom.) [exper.] Charadriiformes - Larus ridibundus [exper. 1 Columbiformes - Columba livia (dom.) [exper.] Passeriformes - Fassgr domesticus [exper.], Fasser montanus [exper.], Sturnus vulgaris [exper.] MAMMALIA - Rodentia-Mus musculus (lab.) [exper.] Lagomorpha - Oryctolagus cuniculus [exper.] HABITAT:- Probably small intestine. DISTRIBUTION : Europe . 178 Echino stoma amurzetica STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in domestic duck. DESCRIPTION: Petrochenko & Egorova, 1961, 1963. SYNONYMY: Echino stoma amurzetica Petrochenko & Egorova, 1961 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of E. revolutum. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) HABITAT: Ceca. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Khabarovsk). Echinostoma anseris STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported once in wild goose and twice in domestic ducks. DESCRIPTION: Yamaguti, 1939. Copy: Skrjabin & Bashkirova, 1956. SYNONYMY: Echinostoma anseris Yamaguti, 1939 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of E. revolutum. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser fabalis Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) Gruiformes - Rallus aquaticus HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Thailand, China, Japan). Echinostoma asiatica STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in domestic duck. STATUS AS SPECIES: Belongs in Echinoparyphium - Skrjabin & Bashki- rova, 1956. 179 DESCRIPTION: Hsu, 1935* Copy: Skrjabin & Bashkirova, 1956; Shevt- sov & Zaskind, i960. SYNONYMY: Echino stoma elongata Hsu, 1935 » riot Nicoll, 1914 Echino stoma asiatica Mendheim, 19^3 Echino stoma hsui Yamaguti, 195^ LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of E. revolutum. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (China). Echino stoma audyi STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Accidental; reported once in domestic ducklings from experimental infection; natural hosts unknown. DESCRIPTION: Lie & Umathevy, 1965a. SYNONYMY: Echinostoma audyi Lie & Umathevy, 1965 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs hatch in fresh water in B-12 days, miracidia in- fect fresh-water snail; cercariae emerge 19-23 days after infection; metacercariae develop in fresh-water snails; mature 8 days after in- gestion by final host. (Lie & Umathevy, 1965a) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Lymnaea rubiginosa SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Gyraulus convexiusculus [exper.], Bella - mya infrallsiana, Indoplanorbis exustus [exper.l, Lymnaea rubip;inosa L exper. ] , Pila scutulata FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) [exper.] Columbiformes - Columba livia (dom. ) [exper.l, Macropypia ru^iceps [exper.l Passeriformes - Lonchura ferrup;inosa [exper.l, Lonchura punctulata [exper.], Padda oryzivora [experT] HABITAT: Large intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Malaysia). 180 Echino stoma barbosai STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Accidental; reported once in domestic duckling as result of experimental infection. Natural host not known. DESCRIPTION: Lie & Basch, 1966. SYNONYMY: Echino stoma barbosai Lie & Basch, 1966 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs hatch in fresh water in B days at 28 C; miracidia penetrate fresh-water snails; cercariae emerge in 17-26 days and pen- etrate other snails to encyst as metacercariae in pericardial sac and kidney, or encyst in other structures of body of first host without emerging; mature in final host 10 days after ingestion; survive in final host about U weeks. (Lie & Basch, 1966) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Biomphalaria glabrata, Biomphalaria stra- minea [exper.], Biomphalaria tenapcphila SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Biomphalaria glabrata , Biomphalaria stra- minea, Biomphalaria tenagophila FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) [exper.] Galliformes - Gallus gallus (dom.) [exper. J Columbiformes - Columba livia~7dom. ) [exper.] HABITAT: Small intestine - posterior end, large intestine, ceca. DISTRIBUTION: S. America (Brazil). Echino stoma bhattacharyai indicus STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once invild goose. DESCRIPTION: Ablasov & Chibichenko, I960. SYNONYMY: Echino stoma bhattacharyai indicus Ablasov & Chibichenko, I960 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of E. revolutum. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser indicus HABITAT: Small intestine. 181 DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Kirgizia). Echinostoma chasma STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. STATUS AS SFECIES: Belongs in Echinoparyphium - Skrjabin & Bashki- rova, 1956. DESCRIPTION: Lai, 1939b. Copy: Skrjabin & Bashkirova, 1956. SYNONYMY: Echinostoma chasma Lai, 1939 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of E. revolutum. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas querquedula HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (India). Echinostoma chinensis STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in domestic duck, DESCRIPTION: Ku, Li, & Chu, 1964. SYNONYMY: Echinostoma chinensis Ku, Li, & Chu, 1964. LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of E. revolutum. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) HABITAT: Large intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (China). Echinostoma chloropodis STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare, normally in ralliform birds; 182 reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Mendheim, 19^0; Bykhov ska fa -Pavlov ska 1a, 195^a (fig. only); Herber, 196l. Copy: Skrjabin, Petrov, & Bashkirova, 19^7; Skrjabin & Bashkirova, 1956. SYNONYMY": Distoma chloropodis Zeder, 1800 Echinostoma chloropodis (Zeder, l8C0) Dietz, 1Q09 Fasciata crenata Froelich, 1802 nee Rudolphi, 1802 - [Sprehn, 1932] Distoma uncinatum Zeder, 1803 Echinostoma uncinatum (Zeder, 1803) Cobbold, i860 - [Hiibner, 19391 LIFE CYCLE: Metacercariae in fresh-water snail. (Ali^auskaite, 1959a) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Unknown. SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Viviparus contectus FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas crecca Gruiformes - Fulica americana, Ful ica atra, Gallinula ehloropus , Porzana porzana, Porzana pusilla, Rallus aquaticus Charadriiformes - Capella gallinago, Capella media, Erolia testacea HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (W. Siberia, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kir- gizia, Tadzhikistan) , N. America (USA, El Salvador). Echinostoma crecci STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. STATUS AS SPECIES: Synonym of E. govindum Moghe, 1932 - Skrjabin & Bashkirova, 1956. DESCRIPTION: Verma, 1936. Copy: Skrjabin & Bashkirova, 1956. SYNONYMY: Echinostoma crecci Verma, 1936 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of E. revolutum. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas crecca 183 HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (India). Echinostoina dietzi STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported 3 times in wild waterfowl and twice in domestic goose. DESCRIPTION: Pukhov, 1939; Bashkirova, 19^1; Macko, 1956. Copy; Skrjabin, Petrov, & Bashkirova, 19^7; Skrjabin & Bashkirova, 1956; Shevtsov & Zaskind, I960. SYNONYMY: Echino stoma dietzi Skrjabin, 192^+, nomen nudum Echinostoma dietzi Skrjabin in Fukhov, 1939 (?) LIFE CYCLE: Metacercariae in fresh-water snail; mature in final host 13-1^ days after ingestion. (Kuprifanova-Shakhmetova, 1960b, 1961 ) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Unknown. SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Flanorbarius corneus FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser, Anser anser (dom. ) , Cygnu s columbianus bewickii, Cygnus olor Aythyini - Aythya ferina Galliformes - Gallus gallus (dom. ) Gruiformes - Fulica atra HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (USSR), Asia (Armenia, Kirgizia, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Yakutia). Echinostoma echinocephalum STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. STATUS AS SFECIE3: Doubtful; description inadequate. Probably syno- nym of E. revolutum - Beaver, 1937* DESCRIPTION: Dietz, 1910. Copy: Skrjabin & Bashkirova, 1956. SYNONYMY: 184 Distoma echinocephalum Rudolphi , 1819 Distoma (Echino stoma) echinocephalum Rudolphi, 1819 of Dujardin, 1845 Echinostoma echinocephalum (Rudolphi, 1819) Cobbold, i860 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of E. revolutum. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas sp. Falconiformes - Milvus milvus, Milvus migrans HABITAT: Probably small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Africa (Egypt). Echinostoma fulicae STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Accidental , normally in Fulica ; re- ported once in domestic duck from experimental infection. DESCRIPTION: Porter, 1921. SYNONYMY: Echinostoma fulicae Porter, 1921 LIFE CYCLE: Larvae in fresh-water snails. (Forter, 1921, 1938) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Bulinus tropicus, Tomichia ventricosa FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) [exper.] Gruiformes - Fulica crista ta HABITAT: Probably small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Africa (S. Africa). Echinostoma gotoi STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Accidental; reported once in domestic duck from experimental infection. STATUS AS SFECIES: Perhaps synonym of E. sarcinum - Yamaguti, 1958. DESCRIPTION: Ando & Ozaki, 1923; Dollfus, 1925. Copy: Skrjabin & 185 Bashkirova, 1956. SYNONYMY: Echinostoma gotoi Ando & Ozaki, 1923 LIFE CYCLE: Cercariae developed in fresh-water snails; metacercariae encysted in fresh-water snails; mature in 10 days after ingestion by final host. (Ando & Tsuyuki, 1926; Ono, 1935) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Lymnaea .japonica, Viviparus .japonicus, Vi- viparus malleatus SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Lymnaea sp. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom.) [exper.] Gruiformes - Grus japonensis Passeriformes - Corvu s coronoides MAMMALIA - Rodentia - Rattus norvegicus (lab.) [exper.] HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Japan). Echinostoma grand is STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Infrequent, normally in Fulica; re- ported 3 times in wild ducks and once in domestic waterfowl. DESCRIPTION: Bashkirova, 19^6; Ginetsinskaia, 1952. Copy: Skrjabin & Bashkirova, 1956. SYNONYMY: Echinostoma grand is Bashkirova, 19^6 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of E. revolutum. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser (dom. ) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) , Anas crecca , Anas penelope Gruiformes - Fulica atra HABITAT: Small intestine, ceca. DISTRIBUTION: E. Europe (Czechoslovakia, Poland, Azerbaidzhan), Asia (W. Siberia, Uzbekistan, Tadzhikistan). 186 Echinostoma hortense STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once (?) in domestic duck, perhaps as result of experimental infection; original citation not found. Normally in mammals. DESCRIPTION: Asada, 1926; Yamaguti, 1933, 19*He. Copy: Skrjabin & Bashkirova, 1956. SYNONYMY: Echinochasmus hortense Goto in Asada, 1926 Echinostoma hortense Asada, 1926 Echinostoma campi Ono, 1930 - [Yamaguti, 1958] LIFE CYCLE: Eggs passed in feces; cercariae develop in fresh-water snail; metacercariae encysted in gills of amphibian tadpoles and fish, infective in at least 7 days; mature in final host in 22 days after ingestion. (Asada, 1939; Ono, 1930; Yamaguti, 1933, 19*Hc) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Lymnaea japonica, Lymnaea pervia SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Misgurnus anguillicaudatus, Bufo bufo, Cynops pyrrhogaster, Hynobius naevius, Hynobius nebulosus, Rana cat- esbiana, Rana nigromaculata , Rana rugosa FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) - [Reported by Bashkirova, 19^+7; original citation not found] MAMMALIA - Carnivora - Canis familiaris, Mustela itatsi Rodentia - Rattus norvegicus HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (China, Korea, Japan). Echinostoma katsuradai STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Accidental; reported once in domestic duck from experimental infection. Natural host unknown. DESCRIPTION: Kurisu, 1930. SYNONYMY: Echinostoma katsuradai Kurisu, 1930 LIFE CYCLE: Metacercariae encysted in fresh-water snails and frogs. (Yamaguti, 1958) 187 FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Unknown. SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Viviparus malleatus FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhyncho s (dom. ) [exper.] Galliformes - Gallus gallus (dom.) [exper. 1 Fasseriformes - Corvus sp. [exper.] MAMMALIA - Rodentia - Rattus norvegicus (lab.) [ exper. 1 HABITAT: Probably small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Japan). Echino stoma koisarensis STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Ablasov & Iksanov, 1959. SYNONYMY: Echino stoma koisarensis Ablasov & Iksanov, 1959 Echinoparyphium koisarensis Ablasov & Iksanov, 19. 5Q o^ McDonald, "1965, 1 apsus LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of E. revolutum. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas querquedula Charadriiformes - Larus ridibundus HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Kirgizia). Echinostoma lindoensis STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare, normally in man or rats; reported once in domestic duck. Heavy experimental infections cause death of ducklings, goslings, and mice (Lie Kian Joe, 196^a). DESCRIPTION: Sandground & Bonne, 19^0;' Kian Joe Lie, 196kb. SYNONYMY: Echinostoma lindoensis Sandground & Bonne, 19^C 188 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs passed in feces, hatch in fresh water in 9-13 days: miracidia infect fresh-water snail; cercariae develon and -emerge in 23 days after infection, penetrate fresh-water clams, snails, and am- phibian tadpoles, and form metacercariae; mature in final host 10-14 days after ingestion. (Bonne, Bras, & Lie, 1948, 1953? Bonne, et al . , 1941; Kian Joe Lie, 1964b, 1968; Sandground & Bonne, 1Q40) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Biomphalaria glabrata, Biomphalaria stram- inea [exper.], Gyraulus sarasinorum, Gyraulus convexiusculus SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Corbicula javanica, Corbicula lindoensis, Corbicula rivalis, Biomphalaria glabrata , Biomphalaria straminea [ex- per.], Gyraulus convexiusculus, Indoplanorbis exustus, Lymnaea rugi- ginosa, Viviparus rudipellis, Rhacophorus leucomystax (tadpole si FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser (dom. ) [exper.] Anatini - Anas pi a tyrhyn c ho s (dom. ) Galliformes - Gallus gallus (dom.) [exper.] MAMMALIA - Frimates - Homo sapiens Rodentia - Mesocricetus auratus [exper.], Mus musculus (lab. ) [exrer.], Rattus norvegicus (lab. ) [exper.] HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Malaysia, Celebes I. - Lake Lindo), S. America (Brazil). Echino stoma longicirrus STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in captive or dom- estic swan. STATUS AS SFECIES: Doubtful species - Skrjabin & Bashkirova, 1956. DESCRIPTION: Verma, 1936. Copy: Skrjabin <$■ Bashkirova, 1956. SYNONYMY: Echino stoma longicirrus Verma , 1936 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of E. revolutum . FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Cygnu s olor HABITAT: Intestine. 189 DISTRIBUTION: Asia (India). Echinostoma minimus STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in captive swan. STATUS AS SPECIES: Validity doubted - Skrjabin & Bashkirova, 1956. DESCRIPTION: Verma, 1936. Copy: Skrjabin & Bashkirova, 1956. SYNONYMY: Echinostoma minimus Verma, 1936 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of E. revolutnm. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Cygnus atratus HA3ITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (India). Echinostoma miyagawai STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Common; reported 12 times in wild waterfowl, 26 times in domestic waterfowl. STATUS AS SPECIES: Synonym of E. revolutum - Beaver, 1937; Bykhov- skaia-Favlovskaia, 195^a, 1962. DESCRIPTION: Ishii, 1933a, 1933b; Bashkirova, 19^1. Copy: Skrjabin, Petrov, & Bashkirova, 19^7; Skrjabin & Bashkirova, 1956; Kurashvili, 1957; Shevtsov & Zaskind, I960. SYNONYMY: Echinostoma miyagawai Ishii, 1932 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs passed in feces, hatch in fresh water in 9-H days; cercariae develop in fresh-water snails; metacercariae in fresh-water snails and frogs; mature in 12-2^ days after ingestion by final host. (Chiaberashvili, 195^; Mevostrueva, 1953) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Lymnaea lagotis, Lymnaea palustris, Lvm- naea stagnalis SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Lymnaea auricularia, Lymnaea ovata , Lym- 190 naea palustris, Lymnaea stagnalis., Planorbis planorbis, Rana tempo - raria FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser (dom.), Cygnus olor Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos, Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) , Anas a- cuta, Anas clypeata, Anas crecca. Anas penelope Aythyini - Netta rufina Oxyurini - Oxyura leucocephala Galliformes - Gallus gallus (dom.) Charadriiformes - Larus ridibundus Columbi formes - Streptopelia turtur MAMMALIA - Rodentia - Arvicola terrestris HABITAT: Small intestine, large intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Bulgaria, USSR), Asia (Azerbaidzhan, Uzbekis- tan, Kirgizia, Kazakhstan, China, Frimorsk, Japan). Echino stoma novum STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported twice in wild and twice in domestic waterfowl. DESCRIPTION: Verma, 1936; Baugh, 1950; Shirinov, 1962b. Copy: Skrjabin & Bashkirova, 1956. SYNONYMY: Paryphostomum novum Verma, 1936 Echino stoma novum (Verma, 1936) Baugh, 1950 LIFE CYCLE: Metacercariae in fresh-water snail. (Oshmarin, et al . , 1963) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Unknown. SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Lymnaea lagotus FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser (dom. ) , Anser indicus Anatini - Anas platyrhyncho s , Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Azerbaidzhan, India, Frimorsk). 191 Echinostoma paraulum STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Common; reported 22 times in wild and 25 times in domestic waterfowl. STATUS AS SPECIES: Synonym of E. revolutum - Beaver, 1937; Yamaguti, 195^5 Bykhovskaia-Favlovskaia, 195^a» 1962; retained as distinct on basis of larval characteristic by Supperer, 1959. DESCRIPTION: Dietz, 1910; Mendheim, 19^3; Cdening, 1965. Copy: Skr- jabin, Petrov, & Bashkirova, 19^7; Skrjabin & Bashkirova, 1956; Kur- ashvili, 1957; Shevtsov & Zaskind, I960. SYNONYMY: Dawes, 1956. Echinostoma paraul urn Dietz, 1909 Echinoparyphium paraulum (Dietz, 1909) Sprehn, 193^ Echinostoma columbae Zunker, 1925 Echinostoma parvulum Skrjabin, 1915 » lapsus LIFE CYCLE: Eggs passed in feces; cercariae develop in fresh-water snails, encyst in another snail and form meta cercariae; mature in 11-12 days after ingestion by final host. (Chiaberashvili, 195^5 Kupriianova-Shakhmetova, 1960b; Fetrochenko & Kotel'nikov, 1959b; Supperer, 1959; Zajicek, 1963c) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Lymnaea auricularia, Lymnaea lagotus, Lym- naea ovata, Lymnaea stagnalis, Lymnaea truncatu"1 a , Flanorbarius corn- eus SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Lymnaea auricularia, Lymnaea lagotus, Lymnaea palustris, Planorbis carinatus, Vivinarus viviparus FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser, Anser anser (dom. ) , Anser albifrons , Anser erythropus, Cygnus cygnus , Cygnus olor (dom. ) Tadornini - Tadorna ferruginea Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas platyrhynchos (dom.), Anas acuta, Anas clypeata , Anas crecca , Anas falcata. Anas penelope. Anas strepera Aythyini - Aythya f erina , Aythya ful igula, Netta rufina Mergini - Mergus merganser Podicipediformes - Podiceps cristatus, Fodiceps ruficollis Galliformes - Gallus gallus (dom.), Phasianus colchicus Charadriiformes - Caldris tenuirostris, Erolia ferruginea Columbiformes - Columba crista ta, Columba 1 ivia , Columba livia (dom. ) MAMMALIA - Frimates - Homo sapiens HABITAT: Intestine - posterior portion. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (W. Siberia, Azerbaidzhan, Uzbekistan, Kirgizia, Kazakhstan, Tuva, China, Amur, Frimorsk, Japan). 192 Echino stoma pekinensis STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported twice in domestic duck. DESCRIPTION: Ku, 1937a. Copy: Skrjabin & Bashkirova, 1956; Shev- tsov & Zaskind, i960. SYNONYMY: Echino stoma pekinensis Ku, 1937 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of E. re vol u turn. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (China). Echino stoma revolutum STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Very common, characteristic helminth of waterfowl and other aquatic birds and mammals; reported 118 times in wild, 127 times in domestic, and twice in captive waterfowl. Occasionally reported as cause of disease and mortality. STATUS AS SPECIES: Development of cercariae in both Lymnaeidae and Planorbidae indicates possibility of different strains or races (0- dening, 1965). The adults of several species can scarcely be dif- ferentiated. SYNONYMY: Beaver, 1937; Stiles & Hassall, 1908. Fasciola revoluta Froelich, 1802 Echino stoma revolutum (Froelich, 1802) Looss, 1899 Pi stoma anatis fuscae Viborg, 1795 Festucaria anatis Schrank, 1788 Fasciola anatis (Schrank, 1788) Gmelin, 17°?0 Distoma anatis (Schrank, 1?88) Zeder, 1P00 Distoma e china turn Zeder, 1803 Echino stoma echinatum (Zeder, 1803) Rudolphi, 1809 Distomum dilatatum Fischer, 184-C Echinostoma dilatatum (Fischer, 184-0) Cobbold, i860 193 Distoma cygni oloris Diesing, I858 Distoma fuligulae ferinae Diesing, I858 Distomum armatum Molin, I858, not Rudolphi, 1793 Echinostoma oxycephalum (Rudolphi, 1819) Railliet, I896 - [perhaps a synonym, Beaver, 193?] » synonym of Hypoderaeum conoideum, Rees, 1Q33 Echinostoma mendax Dietz, 1909 - distinct, Yamaguti, 1958 Echinostoma paraulum Dietz, 1909 - distinct, Supperer, 1959, et al. Echinostoma echinocephalum (Rudolphi, 1819) Dietz, 1810 - [perhaps, Beaver, 19371 Echinostoma sudanense Odhner, 1911 - [perhaps, Beaver, 1937] Echinostoma acuticauda Nicoll, 1914 - [perhaps, Beaver, 193?] Cercaria trivolvis Cort, 191 4 - [Ginetsinskaia, 1959a] Echinostoma armigerum Barker & Irving, 1915 - distinct, Yamaguti, 1958 Echinostoma coalitum Barker & Beaver, 1915 - distinct, Yamaguti, 1958 Echinostoma callavayensis Barker & Noll, 1915'[perhaps, Beaver, 1937] Echinostoma limicoli Johnston, 1920 Echinostoma cinetorchis Ando & Ozaki, 1923 - distinct, Yamaguti, 1958 Echinostoma erraticum Lutz, 1924 - [Skrjabin & Bashkirova, 1956] Echinostoma microrchis Lutz, 1924 - [Skrjabin & Bashkirova, 1956] Echinostoma neglectum Lutz, 1924 - [Skrjabin & Bashkirova, 1956] Echinostoma nephrocystis Lutz, 1924 - [perhaps, Beaver, 1937] Echinostoma columbae Zunker, 1925 - synonym of E. paraulum, Dawes, 1956 Echinostoma miyagawai Ishii, 1932 - distinct, Vasilev, 1958, et al. Echinostoma revolutum var. japonicum Kurisu, 1932 Echinostoma robu stum Yamaguti, 1935 - [Bykhovska£a-Pavlovskaia, 1954a, 1962]; distinct, Skrjabin, Petrov, Bashkirova, 1947; et al . Echinostoma revolutum var. tenuicollis Bashkirova, 1941 - [Bykhov- skafa-Pavlovskafa, 1954a, 1962] Echinostoma multispinosus Perez Vigueras, 1944 - [Dubois, 19.51; Ferez Vigueras, 1956] LIFE CYCLE: Eggs passed in feces, hatch in fresh water in 9-14 days; cercariae develop in fresh-water snails in 39 days, penetrate another or the same snail, encyst as metacercariae; metacercariae may form in pelecypod mollusks, planaria, frog tadpoles, or fish (auxiliary hosts?); mature in 11-24 days after ingestion by final host, survive in final host about 35 days. (Alekseev, 1963c; Alis'auskaite, 1958, 1959; Anazawa, 1930; Beaver, 1937; Bisseru, 1953, 1°67; Brown, 1926; Brumpt & Buttner, 1949; Caballero & Larios Rodriguez, 1940; Chiaber- ashvili, 1954; Fallis, 1934; Ginetsinskafa, 1959a; Golikova, 1960b; Gower, 1938b; Ianchev & Bozhkov, 1959a; Johnson, 1920; Johnston <£- Angel, 1941 ; Kiseliene, 1966; Kupriianova-Shakhmetova, 196l; Linstow, 1894; Miller, 1936; Nevostrueva, 1954a; Odening, 1Q65; Ono, 1935; Patnaik &Ray, 1966; Peter, 1958; Petrochenko & Kotel'nikov, 1959b; Rees, 1933; Sandosham, 1954; Senger, 1954; Supperer, 1959; Suzuki, 1932; Tsuchimochi, 1924; Tubangui, 1932b; Vevers, 1923; ZajiSek, 1963c; 2da"rska, 1963; Zischke, 1966) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Amerianna pectorosa, Amerianna pyramid ata , Anisus contortus, Anisus vortex, Biomphalaria contortus, Blomphalaria 194 dufouri [exper.] , Biomphalaria glabrata [exper.l , Bulinus tropicus [exper.] , Bulinus truncatus [exper.], Gyraulus .japonicus, Helisoma trivolvis, Lymnaea auricularia, Lymnaea columella, Lymnaea Lagotus, Lymnaea natalensis, Lytnnaea ovata, Lymnaea palustris, Lymnaea pere- gra , Lymnaea pervia , Lymnaea radix, Lymnaea stagnalis, Lymnaea swin- hoei, Physa gyrina , Fhysa occidentalis, Physa rivalis, Planorbarius corneus, Planorbis planorbis, Planorbis tanganikanus, Semisulcospira cancellata SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Anisus leucostomus, Anisus vortex , Aplexa hypnorum, Bathyomphalus contortus, Biomphalaria glabra ta [experT], Bithynia tentaculata , Bithynia ventricosa, Bulinus af ricanus , Bulinus tropicus L exper. J, Bulinus truncatus [exper.], Gyraulus japonicus, Helisoma trivolvis, Indoplanorbis exustus [exper.], Lymnaea abrussa, Lymnaea auricularia , Lymnaea columella, Lymnaea modicella, Lymnaea natalensis, Lymnaea ovata, Lymnaea palustris, Lymnaea peregra , Lymnaea pervia , Lymnaea stagnalis, Lymnaea traski , Paludina sp. , Physa fontin- alis, Physa gyrina , Physa hallei, Physa occidentalis, Physa riyalis, Planorbarius corneus, Planorbis carina tus, Planorbis glabrata [exper.] , Planorbis tanganikanus, Semisulcospira cancellata, Valvata macro stoma, Viviparus ussuriensis, Viviparus viviparus, Cardium edule, Corbicula producta, Kusculium partumeium, Pisidium obovale , Sphaerium sp. , pi anaria, Bufo americana, P.ana catesbeiana, Rana esculenta, Rana .japon- ica, Rana nigromaculata , Rana pipiens, Rana rugosa, Rana temporaria AUXILIARY HOSTS?: Acheilognathus chankaensis, Cultur alburnus, Go bio gobio, Hemicultur leucisculus, Ictalurus melas FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anseranatini - Anseranas semipalmata Dendrocygnini - Dendrocygna viduata Anserini - Anser anser, Anser anser (dom. ) , Anser albifrons, Anser erythropus, Anser fabalis, Branta bernicla , Brants canadensis, Branta ruficollis, Cygnus atratus, Cygnus cygnus, Cygnus cygnus buccinator, Cygnus melanocoryphus , Cygnus olor, Cygnus olor (dom. ) Tadornini - Neochen rjubatus, Tadorna f erruginea , Tadorna tadorna , Tadorna tadornoides Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos, Anas platyrhynchos (dom.), Anas acuta, Anas americana , Anas clypeata , Anas crecca, Anas crecca carolin- ensis, Anas discors, [Anas erythrorhyncha - Lapage, 1961, erron- eous citation] , Anas falcata. Anas formosa, Anas georgica. Anas penelope, Anas poecilorhyncha, Anas querquedula, Anas rhynchotis, Anas rubripes , Anas strepera, Anas superciliosa Aythyini - Aythya americana, Aythya ferina , Aythya fuligula, Aythya marila, Aythya nyroca , Netta rufina Cairinini - Aix galericulata, Amazonetta brasiliensis, Cairina mos- chata (dom. ) , Nettapus pulchellus Mergini - Bucephala clangula , Clangula hyemalis, Melanitta fusca, Melanitta nigra , Mergus albellus, Kergus merganser, Mergus 195 serrator Oxyurini - Biziura lobata, Oxyura jamaicensis , Oxyura leucoceph- ala Podicipediformes - Fodiceps cristatus Felecaniformes - Halietor pygmaeus Ciconiiformes - Ciconia ciconia, Nycticorax nycticorax, Phoenicopt- erus antiquorum Falconiformes - Buteo lagopus, Fernis apivorus Gallif ortnes - Gallus gallus (dom. ) , Lyrurus tetrix, Meleagris gallo- pavo, Ferdix p_erdix, Fhasianus colchicus Gruiformes - Aramides ca.janea [exper.1, Fulica americana, Fulica atra , Grus grus, Porzana porzana Charadriiformes - Actitis hypol eucos, Capella gallAnago, Haematopus ostralegus, Himantopus himantopus, Larus argentatus, Larus ridi- bundus, Numenius arquata, Philotnachus pugnax , Rissa tridactyl a, Scolopax rusticola, Vanellus vanellus Columbiformes - Columba livia (dom. ) , Columba oenas, Streptopel ia orientalis, Streptopelia turtur Strigiformes - Strix uralensis Coraciiformes - Coracias garrulus Passeriformes - Cassidix mesamexicanus , Corvus brachyrhyncho s , Cor- vus corone, Corvus corone cornix, Corvus monedula, Corvus scapu"* - atus, Hirundo rustica, Motacilla flava MAMMALIA - Marsupialia - Didelphis marsupial is Primates - Homo sapiens Rodentia - Arvicola terrestris, Cavia porcellus [exper.1, Mus mus- culus (lab.) [exper.1. Ondatra zibethica, Rattus norvegicus (lab. ) [exper. J Lagomorpha - Oryctolagus cuniculus [exper.1 Carnivora - Canis familiaris [exper.1, Felis catus [exper.1 Artiodactyla - Sus scrofa [exper.1, Sus vittatus HABITAT: Ceca, large intestine, small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Cosmopolitan. Echinostoma robustum STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Common; reported 12 times in wild ducks, 24 times in domestic waterfowl. STATUS AS SPECIES: Synonym of E. revolutum - Bykhovskaia-Favlovskaia, 1954a, 1962; maintained as distinct species by Skrjabin & Bashkirova, 1956, et al. DESCRIPTION: Yamaguti, 1935a; Bashkirova, 1941. Copy: Skrjabin, Petrov, & Bashkirova, 1947; Skrjabin & Bashkirova, 1956; Kasimov, 1956; Kurashvili, 1957; Shevtsov & Zaskind, i960. 196 SYNONYMY: Echinostoma robustum Yamaguti, 1935 LIFE CYCLE: Cercariae develop in fresh-water snails; metacercariae encysted in fresh-water snail, frog, or fish (auxiliary host?); ma- ture in 9-H days after ingestion by final host. (Alekseev, 1963c; Alisauskaite, 1959? Kiseliene, 1965, 1966; Kotel'nikov, 196la; Ku- prifanova-Shakhmetova , l°60b) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Lymnaea palustris SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Cistaria plicata, Lymnaea lagotus, Lym- naea ovata, Lymnaea palustris, Melania amurensis, Planorbarius corn- eus, Viviparus contectus, Viviparus ussuriensis, Viviparus viviparus, Rana tempo raria AUXILIARY HOSTS ?: Acheilognathus chankaensis, Cultur alburnus, Gobio gobio, Hemicultur leucisculus FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser (dom. ) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas platyrhynchos (dom, ) , Anas a- cuta, Anas crecca, Anas falcata , Anas penelope, Anas querquedul a, Anas strepera Aythyini - Ay thy a ferina, Aythya fuligula, Aythya nyroca , Netta rufina Galliformes - Gallus gallus (dom. ) , Meleagris gallonavo (dom. ) Charadriiformes - Erolia testacea Columbiformes - Columba livia (dom.), Streptopelia chinensis, Strep- topelia turtur HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (Azerbaidzhan, Uzbekistan, Tadzhikistan, Kirgizia, Tuva, Amur, Primorsk, Kamchatka, Taiwan, Japan). Echinostoma rufinae STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported h times in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Kurova, 1927. Copy: Skrjabin, Petrov, & Bashkirova, 19/+7; Skrjabin & Bashkirova. 1956. SYNONYMY: Echinostoma rufinae Kurova, 1927 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of E. revolutum. 197 FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Aythyini - Aythya f erina , Aythya fuligula, Netta rufina Gruiformes - Fulica atra HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Azerbaidzhan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan). Echinostoma sarcinum STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare, normally in gruiform birds; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Macko, 1956. Copy: Skrjabin, Petrov, & Bashkirova, 19^7; Skrjabin & Bashkirova, 1956. SYNONYMY: Echinostoma sarcinum Dietz, 1909 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of E. revolutum. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas crecca Gruiformes - Fulica atra, Gall inula chl oropus, Grus grus HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: .Europe, Asia (Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Japan), Africa ( Sudan) . Echinostoma stromi STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported k times in wild ducks, twice in domestic ducks. DESCRIPTION: Bashkirova, 19^6. Copy: Skrjabin, 19^7b; Skrjabin & Bashkirova, 1956. SYNONYMY: Echinostoma stromi Bashkirova, 1^46 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of E. revolutum. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) 198 Anserini - Brant a sp., Anser erythropus Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) Aythyini - Aythya ferina, Aythya nyroca , Netta rufina HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Azerbaidzhan, China). Echinostoma sudanense STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare, typically in herons; reported once in wild duck. STATUS AS SFECIES: Cannot be separated by description from E. rev- olutum - Beaver, 1937. DESCRIPTION: Odhner, 1910; Shigin, 1955; Smogorzhevskaia, 1956. Copy: Skrjabin & Bashkirova, 1956. SYNONYMY: Echinostoma sudanense Odhner, 1910 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of E. revolutum. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Mergini - Bucephala clangula Ciconiiformes - Ardea cinerea , Ardea purpurea , Ephippiorhynchus sen- egalensis, Nycticorax nycticorax, Scopus umbretta HABITAT: Small intestine, large intestine. DISTRIBUTION:. Europe (USSR), Africa (Sudan). Echinostoma turkestanicum STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Infrequent; reported 7 times in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Kurova, 1927. Copy: Skrjabin, Fetrov, & Bashkirova, 19^7; Skrjabin & Bashkirova, 1956. SYNONYMY: Echinostoma turkestanicum Kurova, 1927 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of E. revolutum. 199 FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos Aythyini - Aythya ferina, Aythya nyroca , Netta rufina HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Azerbaidzhan, Kazakhstan, Frimorsk). Euparyphium longitestis STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in captive swan. STATUS AS SFECIES: Does not belong in Euparyphium, placed provision- ally in Echinoparyphium - Skrjabin & Bashkirova, 1956. DESCRIPTION: Verma, 1936. Copy: Skrjabin & Bashkirova, 1956. SYNONYMY: Euparyphium longitestis Verma, 1936 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of E. murinum . FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Cygnus atratus HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Not given, probably India (specimen in Calcutta Museum). Euparyphium murinum STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in domestic duck. DESCRIPTION: Tubangui, 1931. Cory: Skrjabin &■ Bashkirova, 1956. SYNONYMY: Euparyphium murinum Tubangui, 1931 Echino stoma murinum (Tugangui, 1931) Tubangui, 19^7 Isthmiophora murina (Tubangui, 1931) Yamaguti, 1959 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs passed in feces, hatch in water in about one week; cercariae develop in fresh-water snail in 22 days after infection; metacercariae encysted in snail (may be same individual) or in frog tadpole, infective in 10 days; mature in 5-"1 0 days after ingestion by final host, survive 2-7 months in final host. (Kian Joe Lie, I°67; 200 Tubangui, 1932b; Wu, 1951) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Gyraulus convexiuscvilus, Lymnaea peregra SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Biomphalaria glabrata [exper.], Biompha- laria tenagophila [exper.], Gyraulus convexiuscu"! us [exper.l, Gyrau- lus chinensis, Hippeutis cantori , Indoplanorbis exustus [exper.] , Lymnaea ollula, L.ymnaea peregra , lymnaea rubiginosa [exper.l, Para- fossarulus manchouricus, Segmentina hemlsphaerula , Viviparus sp. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platy rhyncho s (dom. ) Galliformes - Gallus gallus (dom.) [exper.] MAMMALIA - Rodentia - Mesocricetus auratus [exper.], Mus mus cuius (lab.) [exper.], Rattus norvegicus (lab.) [exper.] HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Malaysia, Fhilippinp Is., China). Hypoderaeum conoideum STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Very common, characteristic helminth of waterfowl; reported 72 times in wild, 78 times in domestic, and twice in captive waterfowl. Cause of localized inflammation in in- testine (Vevers, 1923). DESCRIPTION: Yamaguti, 1934; Mendheim, 1°43; Yamaguti & Mitunaga, 1943c; Cerecero, 1944; Bezubik, 1957a; Beverley-Burton, 196l. Copy: Skrjabin, Fetrov, & Bashkirova, 1947; Skrjabin & Bashkirova, 1956; Kasimov, 1956; Kurashvili, 1957; Shevtsov & Zaskind, 1°60. SYNONYMY: Dawes,, 1956. Cuculanus conoideus Bloch, 1782 Distomum conoideum (Bloch, 1782) Railliet, lpP6 Echinostoma conoideum (Bloch, 1782) Kowalewski, I896 Hypoderaeum conoideum (Bloch, 1782) Dietz, 190^ Fasciola appendiculata Froelich, 1802 - [Kowalewski, lp98] Pi stoma oxycephalum Rudolphi, 1819 - [Kowalewski, I898] Pi stoma Froelichii Kowalewski, 1894 - [Kowalewski, I898] Echinostoma froelichii (Kowalewski, lp94) Kowalewski, 1894 Opisthorchis pianae Galli-Valerio , 1POP _ [Kowalewski, 1^9 81 Fsilochasmus lecithosus Otte, 1926 Hypoderaeum sinensis Hsu, 1935 - [Hsu & Chow, 1938b] Hypoderaeum magnocirrusa Verma, 1936 - [ Skrjabin & Bashkirova, 1°56] LIFE CYCLE: Eggs passed in feces; cercariae develop in fresh-water snails; metacercariae encysted in mollusks, fully formed in 40 days 201 at 12-24 C, mature in 8-30 days after ingestion by final host. (Alekseev, 1963c; Alisauskaite, 1959; Brumpt & Buttner, ""9^9; Ginet- sinskafa, 1959a; Golikova, 196Cb; Kiseliene, 1966; Kotel'nikov, 196l; Kupriianova-Shakhmetova , 196l; Odening, 1965; Fetrochenko & Kotel'- nikov, 1959b; Rees, 1933; Vevers, 1923; Vergun, 1962; Williams, 1966b; Zdarska, 1963) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Lymnaea auricularia, Lymnaea lagotus, Lymn- aea limosa, Lymnaea ovata , Lymnapa r.alustris, Lymnaea peregra , Lymnaea pervia, Lymnaea stagnalis, Lymnaea swinhoei, Flanorbarius corneus SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Anisus vortex, Gyraulus albus , Lymnaea auricularia , Lymnaea lagotus, Lymnaea limosa, Lymnaea ovata , Lymnaea palustris, Lymnaea peregra, Lymnaea stagnalis, Fhysa fontinalis, Flan- orbarius corneus, Planorbis planorbis, Viviparus ussuriensis, Pisid- ium sp . , Sphaereum corneum FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser, Anser anser (dom. ) , Anser albif rons , [ Branta canadensis - Lapage, 196l, erroneous citation! , Branta ruficol- lis, Cygnus cygnus, Cygnus olor Tadornini - Tadorna tadorna Anatini - Anas pla tyrhyncho s , Anas platyrhynchos (dom.), Anas acuta. Anas clypeata , Anas crecca , Anas discors, [Anas erythrorhyncha - Lapage, 196l, error] , Anas falcata , Anas penelope, Anas quer- quedula, Anas strepera Aythyini - Aythya ferina, Aythya fuligula, Aythya marila , Aythya nyroca , Netta rufina Cairinini - Cairina moschata, Plectropterus gambensis Mergini - Bucephala clangula , Clangula hyemalis, Mergus merganser Podicipediformes - Galliformes - Gallus gallus (dom. ) , Meleagris gallopavo (dom. ) Gruiformes - Fulica atra Columbiformes - Columba livia (dom. ) HABITAT: Small intestine - posterior portion, cloaca. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia, Africa, N. America (USA). Hypoderaeum dingeri STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Accidental; reported once in domestic waterfowl from experimental infection. Severe infections produced mortality in ducklings and goslings (Kian Joe Lie, 1964a). DESCRIPTION: Kian Joe Lie, 1964a. SYNONYMY: Hypoderaeum dingeri Lie, 1964 202 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs passed in feces, hatch in fresh water in 6-9 days; cercariae develop in fresh-water snail, emerge in 23 days, continue emerging for 3«5 months, penetrate snails; metacercariae develop in fresh-water snails and amphibian tadpoles; mature in final host 1^ days after ingestion, survive *J— p weeks. (Kian Joe Lie, 196Ua) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Lymnaea rubiginosa SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Gyraulus convex ius cuius, Indoplanorbis exustus, Lymnaea rubiginosa, tadpoles of Rhacophorus leucomystax FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser (dom.) [exper.] Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom.) [exper.] Columbi formes - Columba livia (dom. ) [exper.] HABITAT: Small intestine - posterior two thirds. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Malaysia). Hypoderaeum essexensis STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Accidental; reported once as exper- imental infection in domestic duck. Natural host unknown. DESCRIPTION: Khan, 1962b. SYNONYMY: Cercaria essexensis Khan, I960 Hypoderaeum essexensis (Khan, I960) Khan, 1962 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs passed in feces, hatch in water in 11 days; mira- cidia penetrate fresh-water snail; cercariae develop in snail, encyst in same or another snail; encysted metacercariae infective in k days, remain infective at least 30 days; mature in 1 3 days after ingestion by final host; survive in final host at least 11 days. (Khan, I960, 1962b) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Lymnaea stagnalis SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Lymnaea peregra, Lymnaea stagnalis FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) [exper.] Galliformes - Gallus gallus (dom.) [exper.] Columbiformes - Columba livia (dom. ) [exper.] 203 HABITAT: Small intestine - anterior end. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (England). Hypoderaeum gnedini STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported 11 times in wild ducks, twice in domestic duck. DESCRIPTION: Bashkirova, 19*H. Copy: Skrjabin, Petrov, & Bashki- rova, 19^7; Skrjabin & Bashkirova, 1956; Kurashvili, 1957; Shevtsov & Zaskind, i960. SYNONYMY: Hypoderaeum gnedini Bashkirova, 19^1 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of H. conoideum. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos, Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) , Anas a- cuta, Anas clypeata, Anas crecca, Anas penelope, Anas poeci1 o- rhyncha , Anas querquedula Aythyini - Aythya ferina, Netta rufina Podicipediformes - Podiceps cristatus Gruiformes - Fulica atra HABITAT: Small intestine, large intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (USSR), Asia (Azerbaidzhan, UzbeVistan, Kazakh- stan, Amur, Kamchatka). Hypoderaeum mainpuria STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Verma, 1936. Copy: Skrjabin & Bashkirova, 1956. SYNONYMY: Hypoderaeum mainpuria Verma, 1°36 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of H. conoideum. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas clypeata 204 HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (India). Hypoderaeum microspina STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported twice in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Singh, 195^. Copy: Skrjabin & Bashkirova, 19.56. SYNONYMY: Echino stoma microspina Singh, 1^5^ Hypoderaeum microspina (Singh, 195*0 Skrjabin & BashVirova, 1956 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of H. conoideum. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas acuta, Anas strep era HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Kirgizia, India). Hypoderaeum skr.jabini STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported 3 times in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Skrjabin & Bashkirova, 1956. SYNONYMY: Hypoderaeum skr.jabini Oshmarin in Skrjabin & Bashkirova, 1956 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of H. conoideum. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Aythyini - Aythya ferina HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Poland, USSR), Asia (Buryat ASSR). 205 Hypoderaeum vigi STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported 7 times in wild ducks and twice in domestic ducks. DESCRIPTION: Bashkirova, 19*H; Gvozdev, 1962. Copy: Skrjabin, Pet- rov, & Bashkirova, 19^7; Skrjabin & Bashkirova, 1°56; Shevtsov & Zas- kind, I960. SYNONYMY: Hypoderaeum vigi Bashkirova, 19^1 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of H. conoideum. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhyncho s (dom. ) , Anas acuta Aythyini - Aythya f erina , Aythya marila, Netta rufina Charadriiformes - Erolia testacea HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Ukraine, Georgia SSR), Asia (Azerbaidzhan, Kirgizia, Kazakhstan). Metechino stoma amurensis STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in domestic duck. DESCRIPTION: Petrochenko & Khrustaleva, 1963. SYNONYMY: Metechino stoma amurensis Petrochenko & Khrustaleva, 1963 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) HABITAT: Small intestine, large intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Amur). Parechinostomum cinctum STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Frequent; reported 11 times in wild 206 and 3 times (once experimentally) in domestic waterfowl. DESCRIPTION: Gorshkov, 1937. Copy: Skrjabin, Petrov, & Bashkirova, 19^7; Skrjabin & Bashkirova, 1956; Xasimov, 1956. SYNONYMY: Dawes, 1956. Fasciola cincta Rudolphi, 18C3 Pi stoma (Echinostoma) cinctum (Rudolphi, 18C3) Rudolphi, 1809 Echinostoma cinctum (Rudolphi, 1803) Cobbold, i860 Parechinostomum cinctum (Rudolphi, I8O3) Dietz, 1909 Echinoparyphium cinctum (Rudolphi, I8O3) Bashkirova, 19^-1 Distoma uncinatum Zeder, 1803 Echinostoma uncinatum (Zeder, 18C3) Cobbold, i860 Distoma tringae helveticae Rudolphi, 1819 Echinoparyphium skr.jabini Ivanitzkii, 1927 - [Skrjabin & Baskhirova, 1956; et al.l LIFE CYCLE: Metacercariae encysted in fresh-water snails; mature 12-13 days after ingestion by final host. (Kiseliene, 1Q65, 1966; Kuprifanova-Shakhmetova, 196Cb, 196l) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Unknown. SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Lymnaea ovata, Lymnaea palustris, Lym- naea stagnalis FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser (dom. ) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos, Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) [exper.], Anas acuta, Anas clypeata, Anas crecca, Anas falcata, Anas poe- cilorhyncha , Anas querquedula Aythyini - Aythya fuligula , Aythya marila, Aythya nyroca , Netta rufina Mergini - Bucephala clangula , Mergus albellus Galliformes - Gall us gallus (dom.), Meleagris gallonavo (dom.), Phas- ianus colchicus Gruiformes - Gallinula chloropus Charadriiformes - Limosa limosa, Fhilomachus pugnax, Squatarola squat- arola, Vanellus vanellus Coraciiformes - Coracias garrulus HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (W. Siberia, Azerbaidzhan, Uzbekistan, Kirgizia, Tuva, Thailand, Amur, Kamchatka) . Parypho stomum horai STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duc^. 207 DESCRIPTION: Baugh, 1950. SYNONYMY: Faryphostomum horai Baugh, 1950 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of P. radiatum. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas poecilorhyncha HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (India). Paryphostomum pentalobum STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in domestic goose. DESCRIPTION: Verma, 1936; Shirinov, l°62b. Copy; Skrjabin & Bash- kirova, 1956. SYNONYMY: Paryphostomum pentalobum Verma, 1936 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of P. radiatum. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser (dom. ) Charadrii formes - Capella gallinago HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Azerbaidzhan, India). Paryphostomum radiatum STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare, normally in cormorants; reported once in domestic goose. DESCRIPTION: Edwards, 1927; Yamashita, 1938, 1939; Yamasmti, 1939; Bykhovskaia-Pavlovskaia , 1955; Bisseru, 1957b; RySavy, 1°5R. Copy: Skrjabin, Petrov, & Bashkirova, 19^7 » Skrjabin & Bashkirova, IP56. SYNONYMY: Pi stoma (Echinostoma) radiatum Dujardin, 1P^5 208 Paryphostomum radiatum (Dujardin, 1845) Dietz, 19^9 Distoma echinatum Zeder of Wedl , I858 - [Sprehn, 19321 Echinostoma exechinatum Solov'ev, 1912 - [Skrjabin & Bashkirova, 1.9561 Echinochasmus tenuicollis S. J. Johnston, 1017 - [Johnston, 19431 Paryphostomum tenuicollis (Johnston, 1917) Johnston & Angel, 194 3 Paryphostomum phalacrocoracis Goss, 1941 - [Johnston, 1 °43l LIFE CYCLE: Cercariae develop in fresh-water snails, encyst as meta- cercariae in fresh-water fish or tadpoles; mature after ingestion by final host. (Johnston & Angel, 1943) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Lymnaea lessoni, Amerianna sp. SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser (dotn. ) Podicipediformes - Podiceps cri status Pelecaniformes - Anhinga rufa, Halietor africanus, Halietor me] an- oleucos, Halietor pygmaeus , Phalacrocorax aristotelis, Phalacro- corax capillatus , Phalacrocorax carbo, Fhal acrocorax fuscicollis Gruiformes - Rallus aquaticus Charadriiformes - Erolia fuscicollis HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (Armenia, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kir- gizia, Ceylon, Japan), Africa (S. Africa), Australia. Parypho stomum testitrifol ium STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild waterfow"" . DESCRIPTION: Gogate, 1934; Bashkirova, 1941. Copy: Lai, 1939; Skr- jabin, Petrov, & Bashkirova, 1°47; Skrjabin & Bashkirova, 1956. SYNONYMY: Paryphostomum testitrifolium Gogate, 193^ LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of P. radiatum. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Dendrocygnini - Dendrocygna javanica Pelecaniformes - Halietor pygmaeus, Phalacrocorax carbo HABITAT: Intestine. 209 DISTRIBUTION: Europe (USSR), Asia (Kazakhstan, Kirgizia, Tadzhikistan, India, Burma). Petasiger coronatus STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Mendheim, 19^0; Sudarikov & Karmanova, I960. Copy: Skrjabin & Bashkirova, 1956. SYNONYMY: Petasiger coronatus Mendheim, 19^0 Petasiger (Petasiger) coronatus Mendheim, 19^0 of Skrjabin & Bash- kirova, 1956 LIFE CYCLE: Metacercariae in oligochaete annelid. (Karmanova, I960; Sudarikov & Karmanova, i960) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Unknown. SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Criodrilus lacuum FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos Gaviiformes - Gavia stellata HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Germany, Ukraine). Petasiger jubilarum STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: El'perin, 1937. Copy: Skrjabin, Petrov, & Bashkirova, 19z+7; Skrjabin & Bashkirova, 1956; Kurashvili, 1957. SYNONYMY: Echinoparyphium jubilarum El'perin, 1937 Petasiger (Neopetasiger) jubilarum (El'perin, 1937) Skrjabin & Bash- kirova, 1956 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of P. megacantha. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) 210 Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos Falconiformes - Falco tinnunculus HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Georgia SSR), Asia (Armenia). Petasiger 1 ongicirratus STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Ku, 1938. Cooy: Skrjabin & Bashkirova, 1956. SYNONYMY: Petasiger longicirratus Ku, 1938 Fetasiger (Neopetasiger) longicirratus Ku, 1938 of Skrjabin & Bashki- rova, 1QC)6 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of P. megacantha. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Tadornini - Tad o ma ferruginea HABITAT: Intestine - duodenum. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (China). Fetasiger megacantha STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare, typically in grebes; reported twice in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Kotlan, 1922; Linton, 1928 (as P. nitidus); Beaver, 1939 (as P. nitidus). Copy: Skrjabin & Bashkirova, 1956; Kurashvili, 1957 « SYNONYMY: Echinostomum pun gens (Linstow) of Odhner, 1910 Echino stoma megacanthum Kotlan, 1922 Fetasiger megacanthum (Kotlan, 1°22) Fande, 193Q Petasiger (Fetasiger) megacantha (Kotlan, 1°22) of Bashkirova, 19^1 Petasiger neocomense Fuhrmann , 1928 - [Prudhoe, 19^51 Fetasiger nitidus Linton, 1928 - [Prudhoe, 19^51 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs passed in feces; cercariae develop in fresh-water snails; metacercariae encyst in esophageal and pharyngeal walls of fresh-water fish, infective in 9 days; mature in 10 days after inges- 211 tion by final host. (Beaver, 193?, 1939) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Helisoma anceps, Helisoma campanula turn SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: All experimental. Amblorlites rupestris, Ictalurus nebulosus , Lebistes reticuTatus, Lepomis pallidus , Notro- pis hudsonius, Ferca flavescens , Umbra 1 iml FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Aythyini - Aythya nyroea Podicipediformes - Podiceps auratus, Podiceps caspicus , Podiceps cristatus, Podiceps grisegena, Podiceps ruficollis Passeriformes - Serinus canarius [exper. 1 HAEITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Hungary, USSR), Asia (Kirgizia, Kazakhstan), N. America (USA). Petasiger minutissimus STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported oncp in wild waterfowl. DESCRIPTION: Gogate, 193^; Bashkirova, 19^1. Copy: Lai, !Q3°b; Skr- jabin & Bashkirova, 1956. SYNONYMY: Petasiger minutissimus Gogate, 193'4- Petasiger (Neopetasiger) minutissimus Gogate, 193'-1- of Bashkirova, 1°^7 Navicularia minutissimus (Gogate, 193^) Mendheim, 19^3 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of P. megacantha. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Dendrocygnini - Dendrocygna javanica HABITAT:, Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Burma). Petasiger skr.jabini STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported twice in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Bashkirova, 19;-H. Copy: Skrjabin, Fetrov, & Bashkirova, 212 19^7; Skrjabin & Bashkirova, 1956. SYNONYMY: Petasiger (Neopetasiger) skr.jabini Bashkirova, 19^1 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of P. megacantha. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas crecca Podicipediformes - Podiceps cristatus, Podiceps grisegena HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Ukraine), Asia (Azerbaidzhan). Protechinostoma mucronisertulatum STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Accidental, normally in rail (Grui- formes); reported once in domestic ducv as result of experimental infection. DESCRIPTION: Feldman , 19^1; Beaver, 19^3. SYNONYMY: Fsilostomum reflexae Feldman, 19^1 Protechinostoma mucronisertulatum Beaver, 19^3 LIFE CYCLE: Cercariae develop in fresh-water snails; encyst as meta- cercariae in fresh-water snails, infective in 5-7 days; mature in final host 5 days after ingestion. (Feldman, 19*4-0, lQiH ; Beaver, 1 ^^3; Redington & Ulmer, 196*0 FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Lymnaea palustris, Lymnaea reflexa SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Helisoma trivolvis, Lymnaea palustris, Lymnaea stagnalis, Physa gyrina FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom.) [exper.1 Galliformes - Gallus gallus (dom.) [exper.1 Gruiformes - Forzana Carolina Passeriformes - Sturnus vulgaris [exper.], Turdus migratorius [exrer.1 MAMMALIA - Rodentia - Mus musculus (lab. ) [exoer.1 HABITAT: Small intestine - lower part. DISTRIBUTION: N. America (USA). 213 Curtuteria grummtl STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in captive duck. DESCRIPTION: Odening, 1963b. SYNONYMY: Curtuteria grummti Odening, 1963 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Somateriini - Somateria mollissima HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Germany - Berlin Zoological Park). Himasthla elongata STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare, typically in Charadrii formes; reported twice in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Dietz, 1910; Linton, 1928; Mendheim, 19^0. Copy: Skr- jabin & Bashkirova, 1956. SYNONYMY: Dawes, 1956. Pi stoma elongatum Mehlis, I83I Echinostomum elongatum (Mehlis, 1831) Stossich, 1892 Himasthla elongata (Mehlis, I83I) Dietz, 1909 Himasthla tensa Linton, 19^0 - [Stunkard, 1960bl Himasthla leptosoma (Creplin, 1829) Dietz, 1909 - [Mendheim, 19^0] LIFE CYCLE: Metacercariae encysted in marine clam. (Stunkard, 1960b) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Unknown. SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Mva arenaria FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Tadornini - Tadorna tadorna Ciconiiformes - Nycticorax nycticorax Charadriiformes - Larus argentatus, Larus canus, Larus delawarensis, Larus marinus, Larus phil adelphia, Larus ridibundus, Tringa tota- nus HABITAT: Intestine. 214 DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (Kurile Is.), N. America (USA). Himasthla incisa STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Linton, 1928. Copy: Skrjabin & Bashkirova, 1956. SYNONYMY: Himasthla incisa Linton, 1928 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of H. mil itaris. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Mergini - Melanitta fuse a deglandi, [Melanitta nigra - Yamaguti, 1958, erroneous] HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: N. America (USA). Himasthla militaris STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Infrequent, perhaps accidental, typi- cally in Charadriiformes; reported 4 times in wild ducks; does not always mature in eiders (Bykhovskaia-Favlovskaia, 1962). DESCRIPTION: Dietz, 1910; Kulikov, Tsimbaliuk, & Baranova, 1965. Copy: Skrjabin & Bashkirova, 1956. SYNONYMY: Dawes, 1956; Skrjabin & Bashkirova, 1956. Fasciola militaris Rudolphi, 1803 Distoma militaris Rudolphi, 1 809 Echinostoma militare (Rudolphi, 1803) Cobbold , l86l Himasthla militaris' (Rudolphi, 1803) Dietz, 1909 Distoma leptosomum Creplin, 1829 Distoma (Echinostoma) leptosomum Creplin, 1829 of Dujardin, 18^5 Echinostoma leptosomum (Creplin, 1829 ) Cobbold , 1 860 Himasthla leptosoma (Creplin, 1829) Dietz, 1909 - distinct, Skrjabin & Bashkirova, 1Q56 Echinostoma secundum Nicoll, 1906 Himasthla secunda (Nicoll, 1906) Dietz, 1909 - may be young H. elong- ata, Stunkard, I960 LIFE CYCLE: Cercariae develop in marine snails (also reported in fresh-water snails); metacercariae encysted in marine mollusks, re- 215 ported in polychaetous annelids and echinoderms (auxiliary hosts?); mature in final host after ingestion. (Chubrik, 1957. Cuenot, "!P92, 1927; Kulikov, Tsimbalihk, & Baranova, 1965; Linstow, 1873; Rebecq, 1961; Timon-David & Rebecq, 1958; Villot, 1875, lp?8) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Cyclas cornea, Hydrobia ventrosa, Littorina litorea , Littorina obtusata, Littorina saxatilis, Lymnaea auricularia, Lymnaea ovata, Lymnaea sta_gnali_s, Paludina vivipara SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Cardium edule, Mva_ arenaria, Myti^us edu- lis, Scorbicularia tenuis, Tapes pullastra , Acmaea cassis, Buccinium beri, Littorina sitchana, Arenicola marina , Nereis diversicolor, Lepto- synapta galliennei , Leptosynapta inhoerens FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser canagica Somateriini - Somateria mollissima Gruiformes - Forzana porzana Charadriiformes - Arenaria interrres, Calidris canutus, Capella gall- inago, Crocethia alba, Erolia alpina, Erol ia maritima, Hapmatopus ostralegus, Larus argentatus, Larus fuscus, Larus glaucescens [ex- per.] , Larus marinus, Larus ridibundus, Limosa lapponica , Lymno- cryptes minimus, Numenius arquata, Tringa nebularia, Tringa tota- nus Passeriformes - Motacilla alba HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (England, France, USSR), Asia (Bering Sea). C"l oacitrema marilae STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Tsimbaliuk & Leonov, 1963 . SYNONYMY: Cloacitrema marilae Tsimbaliuk & Leonov, 1963 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Aythyini - Aythya marila HABITAT: Large intestine, cloaca. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Kamchatka). 216 Cloacitrema ovatum STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Yamaguti, 1935a. Copy: Skrjabin, l°^7a. SYNONYMY: Cloacitrema ovatum Yamaguti, 1935 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Mergini - Bucephala clangula HABITAT: Cloaca. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Japan). Parorchis acanthus STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Accidental, normally in Charadrii formes; reported once experimentally in domestic ducks (only in birds on in- adequate diet). STATUS AS SPECIES: Synonym of P. pittacium - Russell, 1958; Dubois & Mahon, 1959? pittacium not in Parorchis - Baugh, 1962. DESCRIPTION: Linton, 192B (as P. avitus); Rees, 193Q; Perez Vigueras, 1956. Copy: Skrjabin, 19^7a; Dawes, 1956. SYNONYMY: Dawes, 1956. Zeugorchis acanthus Nicoll, 1906 Parorchis acanthus (Nicoll, 1906) Nicoll, l^O? Cercaria purpurae Lebour, 1907 Parorchis avitus Linton, 191^ Cercaria sensifera Stunkard .5 Shaw, 1931 - [Stunkard & Cable, 19321 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs passed in feces, may hatch before laying, after in- gestion by snail, or in water; snails infected in 21 days after ex- posure to eggs; cercariae develop in marine snails; metacercariae en- cysted on marine clams or on detritus. Mature in 30 days after in- gestion by final host. (Cooley, 1959, 1962; Lebour, 191^; Lebour & Elmhirst, 1922; Rees, 19^0; Stunkard & Cable, 1932) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Cerithidea scalariformis , Thais f loridana , Thais haema stoma, Thais lapillus, Tiro salpinx cinerea FINAL HOSTS: AVES 217 Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom.) [exper.l Procellariiformes - Puffinus pacificus [exper.l Ciconiiformes - Nyctanassa violacea, Nycticorax nycticorax, Phoeni- copterus ruber Charadriiformes - Actitis hypoleucos , Annus stolidus [exper.l, Aren- aria interpres, Calidris arenaria , Catoptrophorus semipalmatus, Charadrius hiaticula , Erolia alpina, Erolia maritima, Erolia min- uta, Erolia minutilla, Gelochelidon nfotica , Heteroscelus incanus, Larus argentatus, Larus atricilla, Larus cams, Larus del awarensis, Larus fuscus, Larus marinus, Larus occidentalis, Larus ridjbundus, Limosa fedoa, Recurvirostra americana, Sterna dougallii [exper.l. Sterna fuscata [exper.l, Sterna hirundo, Tringa melanoleucus, Tringa melanoleucus, Tringa nebularia, Tringa totanus HABITAT: Cloaca, bursa of Fabricius. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (England, USSR), Asia (Siberia, Kazakhstan, India), N. America (USA), S. America (Cuba, Brazil), Oceania (USA - Hawaii). Philophthalmus anatinus STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Infrequent; reported 3 times in domes- tic duck. STATUS AS SPECIES: Doubtful. Perhaps synonym of P. grail i - Yama- guti, 1958; synonym of P. gralli - Ching, 196l. DESCRIPTION: Sugimoto, 1928a, 192?b, 1928d. Copy: Shevtsov & Zas- kind, I960. SYNONYM: Philophthalmus anatinus Sugimoto, 1928 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of P. gralli. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) HABITAT: Eye - conjunctival sac. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Taiwan, Philippine Is.). Philophthalmu s cupensis STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in domestic goose. 218 Pathology described by Richter, Vrazic, & Aleraj, 1953- DESCRIPTION: Richter, Vrazic, & Aleraj, 1953. SYNONYMY: Philophthalmus cupensis Richter, Vrazic, & Aleraj, 1953 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of P. gralli. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser (dom. ) HABITAT: Eye - under nictitating membrane. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Yugoslavia). Philophthalmu s gralli STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported twice in wild geese and k times in domestic waterfowl. DESCRIPTION: Mathis & Leger, 1910; Yamaguti & Mitunaga, l°^3c; Ching, 196la. Copy: Skrjabin, 19^7a; Kasimov, 1956; Shevtsov & Zaskind, I960. SYNONYMY: Philophthalmus gralli Mathis & Leger, 1910 Philophthalmu s anatinus Sugimoto, 1928 - [ Ching, 196l] Philophthalmus nyrocae Yamaguti, 193^ - [Ching, 196ll LIFE CYCLE: Eggs escape from eye and -"outh or nostrils of final host, hatch immediately after contact with water; cercariae develop in fresh- water prosobranch snail in 95 days after infection, encyst on surfaces shortly after emergence; metacercariae ingested by final host, make way to conjunctival sac, mature in 2^-29 days after ingestion. (Ali- cata, 1962; Alicata & Noda, i960, Ching, 196la) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Melanoides newcombi , Thiara g rani f era FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser, Anser anser (dom. ) , Anser cygnoides Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) Galliformes - Gallus gallus (dom.), Meleagris gallopavo (dom.), Pavo cristatus, Pavo muticus Gruiformes - Fulica americana MAMMALIA - Rodentia - Rattus norvegicus (lab.) [exper.l Lagomorpha - Cryctolagus cuniculus [exper.. 219 HABITAT: Eye - conjunctival sac. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (USSR - Dneiper River), Asia (Indo-China, Tai- wan), Oceania (USA - Hawaii). Philophthalmus hegeneri STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Accidental , normally in charadriiform and ciconiiform birds; reported once as experimental infection in domestic swan. Caused congestion with much exudate in eyes of swan and Ortalis (Penner & Fried, 1963). DESCRIPTION: Penner & Fried, 1963. SYNONYMY: Philophthalmus hegeneri Penner & Fried , I963 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs pass into water from eyes or nostrils of host, hatch very quickly in sea water; cercariae develop in marine snail, upon emergence encyst on objects (not snail shells nor arthropods). Mature in 13 days after ingestion by final host; larval worms reach eye by nasolachrymal canal from mouth and nasal cavity in 7 days; survive in final host at least 65 days. (Fried, 1962; Penner & Fried, 1963) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Batillaria minima FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Cygnu s olor (dom. ) [exper.] Ciconiiformes - Nyctanassa violacea Galliformes - Gallus gallus (dom.) [exper.], Ortalis ruficauda [exper. 1 Charadriiformes - Catoptrophoru s semipalmatns , Larus atricilla , Larus occidentalis [exper.], Thalasseus maximus Columbi formes - Columba livia (dom.) [exper.] HABITAT: Orbit - under nictitating membrane. DISTRIBUTION: N. America (USA). Philophthalmu s hovorkai STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Infrequent; reported once in wild, 3 times in domestic waterfowl. Pathology described by Busa, 1956, 1957a, 1962a, 1963b, 1965b. DESCRIPTION: BuSa, 1956, 1957a, 196lb. Copy: Shevtsov & ZasVind, 220 I960. SYNONYMY: Philophthalmus (Tubolecithalmus ) hovorkai Busa, 1956 LIFE CYCLE: Cercariae revelop in fresh-water snail, encyst on shells or other solid objects; larvae reach conjunctival sac of final host in 24 hours after ingestion, mature in 25-30 days. (Busa, l°65a, 1965b) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Fagotia acicularis FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser (dom. ) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas platyrhynchos (dom . ) Galliformes - Gallus gallus (dom.) [exper.l HABITAT: Eye - conjunctival sac. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Czechoslovakia). Philophthalmus muraschkinzewi STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in domestic duck. DESCRIPTION: Tret'iakova, 19^8. Copy: Skrjabin, 19^7a; Shevtsov & Zaskind, i960. SYNONYMY: Philophthalmus muraschkinzewi Tret'iakova in Skrjabin, 1P4? LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of P. grai 1 i . FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) Charadrii formes - Pluvialis dominca HABITAT: Eye - conjunctival sac. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (USSR), Asia (W. Siberia). Philophthalmus nocturnus STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. 221 DESCRIPTION: Looss, 1907; Bykhovskara-Pavlovska:La , 19.5^b. SYNONYMY: Philophthalmus nocturnus Looss, 190? LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of P. gralli. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Cairinini - Aix galericulata Falconiformes - Circus aeruginosus Strigiformes - Athene noctua Charadriiformes - Larus ridibundus Passeriformes - HABITAT: Conjunctival sac. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Czechoslovakia), Asia (W. Siberia, China, Fri- morsk), Africa (Egypt). Philophthalmus nyrocae STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported 4 times in wild waterfowl . STATUS AS SPECIES: Doubtful. Synonym of P. gralli - Ching, 196l; West, 1961. DESCRIPTION: Yamaguti, 193^. Copy: Skrjabin, 19^7a. SYNONYMY: Philophthalmus nyrocae Yamaguti, 193^ LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of P. gralli. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser fabalis Anatini - Anas acuta , Anas angustirostris Aythyini - Aythya ferina HABITAT: Eye - conjunctival sac. DISTRIBTUION: Asia (Armenia, Primorsk, Japan, Kamchatka). Philophtha lmu s posaviniensis STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in domestic goose. 222 Pathology of infection described by Richter, Vrazic, & Aleraj, 1953< DESCRIPTION: Richter, Vrazic, & Aleraj, 1953. SYNONYMY: Philophthalmus posaviniensis Richter, Vrazic, & Aleraj, 1953 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of P. gralll. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser (dom. ) HABITAT: Eye - under nictitating membrane. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Yugoslavia). Philophthalmu s proboscidus STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Oshmarin, 1963a. SYNONYMY: Philophthalmus proboscidus Oshmarin, 19&3 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of P. gralli. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Aythyini - Aythya fulipula Falconiformes - Aquila clanga HABITAT: Under eyelid. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Primorsk). Philophthalmus rizalensis STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in domestic duck. DESCRIPTION: Tubangui, 1932a. Copy: Skrjabin, 19^7a; Shevtsov & Zaskind, I960. SYNONYMY: Philophthalmus rizalensis Tubangui, 1932 223 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of P. gralli. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) Galliformes - Gallus gallus (dom. ) HABITAT: Eye - conjunctival sac. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Philippine Is.). Philophthalmus sinensis STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in domestic duck. STATUS AS SPECIES: Perhaps synonym of P. problematicus - Yamaguti, 1958. DESCRIPTION: Hsu & Chow, 193?b. SYNONYMY: Philophthalmus sinensis Hsu & Chow, 193$ LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of P. grail i. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhyncho s (dom. ) HABITAT: Eye - under nictitating membrane. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (China). Psilochasmus alii STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Jaiswal, 1957. SYNONYMY: Psilochasmus alii Jaiswal, 1957 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of P. oxyurus. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Cairinini - Sarkidiornis melanotos 224 HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (India). Psilochasmus indicus STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Gupta, 1958. SYNONYMY: Psilochasmus indicus Gupta, 195^ LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of P. oxyurus. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Tadornini - Tadorna ferruginea HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (India). Psilochasmus 1 onglcirratus STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Common; reported 16 times in wild, 7 times in domestic waterfowl. STATUS AS SPECIES: Doubtful. Synonym of P. oxyurus - Szidat, 1957; Yamaguti, 1958; et al_. ; retained as distinct species by Dawes, 1956, and Skrjabin, 19^7a. DESCRIPTION: Skrjabin, 1913c; Yamaguti, 193^; Inamdar & Bhalerao, 19^b; Ablasov, 1957. Copy: Skrjabin, 19^7a; Dawes, 1956; Kurash- vili, 1957; Shevtsov & Zaskind, I960. SYNONYMY: Psilochasmus longicirratus Skrjabin, 1913 Psilochasmus japonicus Ishii, 1935 - [Yamaguti, 19391; synonym of P. oxyurus, Szidat, 1957 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of P. oxyurus. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser (dom. ) , Branta canadensis Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) , Anas a_- 225 cuta, Anas clypeata, Anas poecilorhyncha , Anas rubripes Aythyini - Aythya ferina , Aythya fuTigula, Aythya marila , Aythya nyroca Mergini - Bucephala clangula Ciconiiforrnes - Ardea purpurea, Botarurus stelT arts, Phoenicopterus antiquorum Columbiformes - Columba livia (dom. ) Strigiformes - Strix sp. HABITAT: Small intestine - anterior region, ceca. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (Azerbaidzhan, Tadzhikistan , Kazakhstan, Kirgizia, India, Philippine Is., China, Primorsk, Taiwan, Japan), N. America (USA, Canada). Psilochasmus oxyurus STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Very common, characteristic helminth of waterfowl; reported ^6 times in wild, 9 times in domestic, and once in captive waterfowl . Fathological effects in host described by Dubey & Pande, I965. DESCRIPTION: Bykhovskafa-Pavlovskaia, 195^a (fig. only); Kurashvili, 1957; Wisniewski, 195Bb; Beverley- Bur ton, 196l. Copy: Skrjabin, 19^7a; Dawes, 1956; Shevtsov & Zaskind, I960. SYNONYMY: Dawes, 1956. Distoma oxyurum Creplin, 1825 Psilostomum oxyurum (Creplin, 1825) Braun, 1902 Psilochasmus oxyurus (Creplin, 1825) Luhe, 1909 Psilochasmus longicirratus Skrjabin,' 1913 - C Singh, 195^? Yamaguti, 195^; et al_.] Psilochasmus agilis Travassos, 1921 - [Gupta, 1957] Psilochasmus .japonicus Ishii, 1Q35 - [Bykhovskaia-Pavlovskaia, 19^-a; Szidat, 1957; Beverley- Burton, 196ll ; synonym of P. longicirratus, " Yamaguti, 193° LIFE CYCLE: Cercariae develop in fresh- and brackish water snails; metacercariae encysted on internal side of shell or on mantle of mollusks; mature after ingestion by final host. (Reimer, 19^a, 1964b, 1965; Szidat, 1957; Wisniewski, 195pb) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Bithynia tentaculata, Hydrobia stagnalis, Hydrobia ulvae [exper.], Littoridina australis SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Bithynia tentaculata , Hydrobia ulvae, Littorina saxatil is, Lymnaea ampla, Lymnaea auricularia, Lymnaea ovata, Spiralina vortex, Theodoxus fluviatilis FINAL HOSTS: AVES 226 Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser, Cygnus sp. Tadornini - Tadorna f erruginea , Tadorna tadorna Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) , Anas a- cuta, Anas clypeata, Anas erecca , Anas bahamensis, Anas georg- ica, Anas penelope. Anas poecilorhyncha , Anas querquedula, A- nas strepera Aythyini - Aythya f erina , Aythya fuT_igula_, Aythya marila, Netta rufina Mergini - Bucephala clangula, Clangula hyemalis, Melanitta nigra Galliformes - Gallus gallus (dom.; Charadriiformes - Haematopus ostralegus, Vanellus vanellus HABITAT: Small intestine - anterior region. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (Azerbaidzhan, Tadzhikistan, Kirgizia, Kazakhstan, W. Siberia, India), Africa (Egypt), N. America (USA), S. America (Argentina, Brazil). Psilochasmus skr.jabini STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Infrequent; reported 3 times in wild and 3 times in domestic ducks. STATUS AS SPECIES: Perhaps synonym of P. longicirratus - Yamaguti, 1958. DESCRIPTION: Gnedina, 19^6. Copy: Skrjabin, 19^7a. SYNONYMY: Psilochasmus skr.jabini Gnedina, 19^6 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of P. oxyurus. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas platyrhynchos (dom.), Anas clypeata Aythyini - Aythya f erina , Aythya nyroca , Netta rufina HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Ukraine, Russia), Asia (Azerbaidzhan). Psilorchis a.jpainis STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. 227 DESCRIPTION: Lai, 1938. Copy: Lai, 1939b; Skrjabin, 19^7a. SYNONYMY: Psilorchis a.jgainis Lai, 193$ LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas crecca HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (India). Psilostomu;n anserinum STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild goose, DESCRIPTION: Oshmarin, 1963a. SYNONYMY: Psilostomum anserinum Oshmarin, 1°63 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of P. brevlcol~i e. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser fabalis Anatini - Anas falcata HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Primorsk). Psilostomum borealis STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in waterfowl. DESCRIPTION: Ryzhikov, 1963d. SYNONYMY: Psilostomum borealis Ryzhikov, 1963 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of P. brevicolle. FINAL HOSTS: AVES 228 Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser albifrons, Anser erythropus HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (USSR - Chukotka). Fsilostomum brevicol n e STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported 10 times in wild ducks, once in captive duck. DESCRIPTION: Nicoll, 19C7; Beverley- Burton , 196l; Reimer, l<">62b; Odening, 1963b. Copy: Skr jabin , 194?a. SYNONYMY: Dawes, 1956. Pi 5 to ma brevicolle Creplin, 1829 Distoma (Dicrocoelium) brevicolle Creplin, "ifi29 of Stossich, n Po2 Psilostomum brevicolle (Creplin, lp29) Braun, 1°02 Distoma platyurum Milhling, 1R96 Psilostomum platyurum (Muhling, 1896) Looks, 1 p°9 - distinct, Y^ma- guti, 195R Distoma piriforme Odhner, 1913 - [Bykhovskafa-Pavlovskaxa, 1.962] LIFE CYCLE: Cercariae develop in brackish (or fresh?) water snails; metacercariae in brackish water clams; mature in final host 12 days after ingestion. (Reimer, 1964a, 1964b) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Hydrobia stagnalis SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Ca rduum gdule, My til us edulis FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Somateriini - Somateria mollissitna Aythyini - Aythya marila Mergini - Bucephala clangul a , Clangu] a hyemalis, Melanitta fusca, Melanitta nigra Charadrii formes - Haematopus ostralegus, Larus ridibundus HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (Yakutia). Psilostomum cygnei STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Infrequent; reported 3 times in wild 229 swans. DESCRIPTION: Southwell & Kirshner, 1937- Copy: Skrjabin, 1947a. SYNONYMY: Psilostomum cygnei Southwell & Kirshner, 1937 Psilotrema cygnei (Southwell & Kirshner, 1037) Oshmarin, 1964 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of F. brevicolle. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Cygnu s olor HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (England). Psilostomum maril ae STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Price, 19*1-2. Copy: Skrjabin, 1947a. SYNONYMY: Psilostomum marilae Price, 19^2 Grysoma marilae (Price, 19^2) Byrd , Bogitsh, & Maples, 196l LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of P. brevicolle. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Aythyini - Aythya affinis HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION:. N. America (USA). Psilotrema acutirostris STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Infrequent; reported 3 times in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Oshmarin, 1963a; Bykhovskaia-Pavlovskaia, Ryzhikov, & Khotepovskii, 1966. SYNONYMY: 230 Psilotrema acutirostris Oshmarin, 1963 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of P. oligoon. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser fabalis Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos, Anas acuta, Anas falcata. Anas quer- quedula HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Yakutia, Frimorsk, Amur). Psilotrema brevis STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported 3 times in wild waterfowl. DESCRIPTION: Oshmarin, 1963a; Bykhovskafa-Pavlovskaia, Ryzhikov, & Khotepovskii, 1966. SYNONYMY: Psilotrema brevis Oshmarin, 1963 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of P. oligoon. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser, Anser fabalis Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas acuta, Anas falcata , Anas pen- elope Mergini - Bucephala clangula HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Kazakhstan, Yakutia, Frimorsk). Psilotrema mediopora STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Infrequent; reported k times in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Oshmarin, lQ63a; Bykhovskaia-Favlovskaft, Ryzhikov, & Khotepovskii, 1966. SYNONYMY: 231 Psilotrema mediopora Oshmarin , LQ63 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of P. oligoon. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas cl.ypeata, Anas querquedula Aythyini - Aythya fuligula HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Yakutia, Amur, Primorsk, Kamchatka). Psilotrema oligoon STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Common; reported 12 times in wild, 8 times in domestic, and twice in captive waterfowl. Heavy mortal- ity reported by Wertejuk (195? ) from epizootic in domestic geese, and by Honer (1964) in captive swans. DESCRIPTION: Bykhovskafa-Pavlovskaia, 195^a (as P. spiculigerum); Kazlauskas, I960; Odening, 1965; Bykhovskaia-Pavloskai^., Ryzhikov, & Khotepovskii, 1966. Copy: Skrjabin, 19^7a; Shevtsov &- Zaskind, I960. SYNONYMYs Wertejuk, 195?. Distomum oligoon Lin stow, 1887 Distomum (Brachylaimus) oligoon Linstow, 1 PR? of Stossich, 1892 Psilostomum oligoon (Linstow, 188?) Luhe, 1909 Psilotrema oligoon (Linstow, 1887.) Odhner, 1913 Distomum spiculigerum Muhling, I898 Psilostomum spiculigerum (Muhling, 1898) Looss, 1P°9 Psilotrema spiculigerum (Muhling, I898) Odhner, 1913 Cercaria tuberculata de Filippi, 18 57 - [Wisniewski, 19581 Psilotrema tuberculata (de Filippi, lp57) Kupriianova-Shakhmetova, 1959 Cercaria tentacula de Filippi, - [Yamaguti, IO58] LIFE CYCLE: Eggs passed in feces, hatch in water in 22-23 days at 23-24 C. ; cercariae develop in fresh-water prosobranch snail, encyst on shell of same snail or on vegetation; mature in about '* days a^ter ingestion by final host. (Kiseliene, 1966; Kupriianova-Shakhmetova, 1961; Mathias, 192^b, 1925; Pike, 1?68; Wisniewski, 1958) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Bithynia tentaculata FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser, Anser anser (dom. ) , Anser albifrons, Anser 232 erythropus, Anser fabalis, Cygnus melanocoryphus , Cygnus ol or Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ), Anas crecca, Anas' falcata, Anas penelope, Anas querquedula, Anas strepera Aythyini - Aythya fuligula, Aythya nyroca Mergini - Bucephala clangula, Clangula hyemalis, Melanitta nigra, Mergus albellus Galliformes - Gallus gallus (dom.) [exper.] Gruiformes - Fulica atra, Gallinula chloropus Columbiformes - Columba livia (dom.) [exper.] MAMMALIA - Rodentia - Arvicola terrestris, Mus musculus (lab.) [exper. 1 HABITAT: Small intestine - posterior portion. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (W. Siberia, Kazakhstan, Tuva, Yakutia, Amur, Kamchatka). Psilotrema simillimum STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Common; reported 17 times in wild, 3 times in domestic, and once in captive waterfowl. DESCRIPTION: Bykhovskaia-Pavlovskafa , 195^-a? Zaskind, 195?? Belo- kobylenko, 1963; Bykhovskaia-PavlovskaTa , Ryzhikov, & Khotepovskii , 1966. Copy: Skrjabin, 19^7a; Shevtsov & Zaskind, I960. SYNONYMY: Dawes, 1956. Distoma simillimum Muhling, IP98 Psilostomum simillimum (Muhling, 1898) Looss, lP°9 Psilotrema simillimum (Muhling, I898) Odhner, 1913 LIFE CYCLE: Cercariae develop in fresh-water prosobranch snail; after emergence, cercariae encyst in same snail betweepn mantle and shell. (Szidat, 1937) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Bithynia tentaculata FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser, Anser anser (dom.), Anser albifrons, An- ser fabalis, Cygnus melanocoryphus , Cygnus ol or Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) , Anas acuta. Anas clypeata , Anas falcata, Anas penelope, Anas quer- quedula. Anas strepera Aythyini - Aythya baeri, Aythya f erina , Aythya fuligula, Aythya nyroca , Netta rufina Mergini - Bucephala clangula , Mergus albellus Oxyurini - Oxyura leucocephala Gruiformes - Fulica atra MAMMALIA - Rodentia - Arvicola terrestris 233 HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (W. Siberia, Kazakhstan, Tuva, Yakutia, Amur, Primorsk, Kamchatka). Psilotrema simillimum swerinesis STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in domestic water- fowl. DESCRIPTION: Grafner, 1965. SYNONYMY: Psilotrema simillimum swerinensis Grafner, 19^5 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of F. simillimum. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser (dom. ) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Germany). Sharmaia gatesi STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in duck (probably domestic). DESCRIPTION: Sharma, 19^3. SYNONYMY: Mehlisia gate si Sharma, 19^3 Sharmaia gatesi (Sharma, 19^3) Yamaguti, 1°58 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ? ) HABITAT: Not given, probably small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Burma). 234 Sphaeridiotrema globulus STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Frequent; reported 12 times in wild and 4 times in domestic waterfowl. Cause of severe ulcerative en- teritis; heavy mortality reported during epizootics by Price, 1929b, 1934b; Cornwell & Cowan, 1963; Testi, 1962; epizootics in coots de- scribed by Trainer & Fischer, 1963. DESCRIPTION: Price, 1934b; Szidat, 1937; Bykhovskafk-Pavlovskaik, 1954a; Belokobylenko , 1963. Copy: Skrjabin, 1947a; Shevtsov & Zas- kind, I960. SYNONYMY: Dawes, 1956. Pi stoma globulus Rudolphi, 1814 Sphaeridiotrema globulus (Rudolphi, 1814) Odhner, 1913 Cercaria helvetica XVII Dubois, 1929 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs passed in feces; cercariae develop in fresh-water snail, encyst as metacercariae in same host between shell and mantle; mature in 2-7 days after ingestion by final host. (Macy, Berntzen, & Benz, 1968; Macy & Ford, 1964; Szidat, 1937; Wisniewski, 1958) Cercaria described by Macy & Ford (1964) quite different from that described by Szidat (1937). INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Bithynia tentaculata , Flumenicola virens FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser albifrons [exper.], Cygnus cygnus, Cygnus olor Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) , Anas acuta , Anas crecca, Anas penelore , Anas querquedula Aythyini - Aythya af finis, Aythya ferlna, Aythya fuligula , Aythya marila, Aythya vallisneria Mergini - Bucephala clangula , Clangula hyemalis, Mergus merganser, Mergus serrator Oxyurini - Oxyura leucocephala Gruiformes - Fulica americana Charadriiformes - Alca torda , Vanellus vanellus HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (W. Siberia, Kazakhstan), N. America (USA) Sphaeridiotrema spinoacetabul urn STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE:' Rare; reported once in wild and once in domestic duck. Mortality observed in experimentally infected ducks, pathology described (Burns, 196l). 235 STATUS AS SPECIES: Believed to be synonym of S. globulus - Macy, Berntzen, & Benz, 1968. DESCRIPTION: Bums, 196l . SYNONYMY: Sphaeridiotrema spinoacetabulum Burns, 196l LIFE CYCLE: Cercariae develop in fresh-water snail , encyst in an- other snail; metacercariae infective within l6 day?; mature in final host within 9 days after ingestion. (Burns, 196l) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Fluminicola virens SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Fluminicola virens, Cxytrema silj-cula FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) "duck" Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) HABITAT: Ceca. DISTRIBUTION: N. America (USA). Zygocotyle lunata STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Common, characteristic parasite of waterfowl; reported 23 times in wild waterfowl, 7 times in domestic waterfowl. Mortality from infection in domestic ducks reported by Mettrick, 1959b.. DESCRIPTION: Stunkard, 1916, 1917; Price, 1928; Willey, ">°33; Met- trick, 1959b; Khuan Shen-i, lQ62b; Lenov, et al . , 1963. Copy: Skr- jabin, 19*4-9; Kasimov, 1956. SYNONYMY: Dawes, 1956. Amphi stoma lunatum Diesing, IP36 Zygocotyle lunata (Diesing, I836) Stunkard, 1916 Chiorchis lunatus (Diesing, I836) Dadai, 19C7 Zygocotyle ceratosa Stunkard , 191 6 Cercaria poconensis Willey, 193^ Solenorchis travassosi Hilmy, 19^9 - [Mettrick, 1959b] Zygocotyle travassosi (Hilmy, 19^9) Mettrick, 1959 LIFE CYCLE: Cercariae develop in fresh-water snails; encyst on aqua- tic vegetation and debris; mature in final host in over 1^ days after ingestion; may survive in final host at least 711 days. (Gower, 1938b; Larson, I96I; Willey, 1937, 1938, 19^1) 236 INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Helisoma anceps, Helisoma campanulatum, Hel i- soma trivolvis FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser , Anser anser (dom. ) , Branta canadensis Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas pj atyrhyncbos (dom.), Anas acuta, Anas americana, Anas bahampnsis, Anas c"1 yreata , Anas crecca carolinensis. Anas di scors, [Anas erythrorhyncha - Lapage, 196l, error], Anas falcata, Anas rubrires , Anas stre- pera Aythyini - Aythya af finis , Aythya americana, Aythya maril a . Ay- thya vallisneria Cairinini - Amazonetta brasil iensis, Cairina moschata, Cairina moschata (dom.), Sarkidiornis melanotos Galliformes - Gallus gallus (dom. ) , Mel eagris gall oravo Charadriiformes - Capella gallinago, Numenius arquata MAMMALIA - Artiodactyla - Blastocerus dichotomus, Bos taurus , Ovis aries [exper.] Sirenia - Halicore halicore Rodentia - Rattus norvegicus (lab.) [exper.] HABITAT: Oca, intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Amur, Kamchatka), Africa (S. Rhodesia), N. America (USA, Canada, Mexico), S. America (Brazil). NotocotyJ us aegyptiacus STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Infrequent; reported once in captive goose and twice in domestic ducks. STATUS AS SPECIES: Name should be N. imbricatus if Cercaria imbri- cata Looss, I896, was the larval stage of N. aegyptiacus as stated by Dubois; Cercaria imbricata Looss, lPn3 has no validity (Stunkard, 1966). DESCRIPTION: Copy: • Skrjabin, 1953; Shevtsov & Zaskind, ln60; Cden- ing, 1964b. SYNONYMY: Dubois, 1951. Monostomum verrucosum of Looss, lpo6, not Froelich, 17^9 Cercaria Imbricata of Looss, 1 °°6 Notocotyle aegyptiaca Odhner, 1905 Notocotylus aegyptiacus Odhner, 1°05 of Kossack, 1911 LIFE CYCLE: Cercariae develop in fresh-water prosobranch snail . (Looss, 1896) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Thiara tuberculata 237 FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anserifcrnes (Anatidae) Tadornini - Alorochen acpyptiacus Anatini - ilnas rlatyrhynchos (r'om. ) HABITAT: Ceca, intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Bulgaria), Africa (Egypt, Ethiopia). Notocotyl us atlarticus STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Accidental ; reported once in captive duck from experimental infection. True host unknown. DESCRIPTION: Stunkard , 1966. SYNONYMY: Motocotylus atlanticus Stunkard , "i c66 LIFE CYCLE: Cercariae develop in brackish-water snail, encyst on operculum of snail or other hard surface immediately upon emergence; mature in final host after ingestion. (Stunkard, 19^6) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Hydrobia salsa FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Somateriini - Somateria mollissima [exper.l HABITAT: Ceca. • DISTRIBUTION: N. America (USA). Notocotyl us attenuatus STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Very common, characteristic helminth of waterfowl; reported 85 times in wild, P3 times in domestic, and twice in captive waterfowl. Patho1 ogy of infection described by Wehrmann, 1909; mortality in domestic geese reported by Serafin 0°57). STATUS AS SPECIES: Called N. triserialis by Dubois, 1951. Better to retain N. attenuatus as name after long use, synonymy with N. tri- serialis Diesing cannot be proven or disproven - Sever! ey-Burton, 1959 • DESCRIPTION: Yamaguti, 1933, 1-^3^; Dubois, ~in[51; ByVhovskaia-Pavlov- skaia, 195^a; Bezubik, 1957a; Kuprlfanova-Shakhmetova , 1959; Beverley- Burton, 196l. Copy: Skrjabin, 1°53; Kasimov, 1956; Kura-shvili, 1^57; 238 k, Gvozdev, 1^58; Shevtsov & Zaskind , 1Q6C; Cdening, lQ&4b. SYNONYMY: Dubois, 1951. Mono stoma attenuatum Rudolphi, 1809» nomen nudum Notocotylus attenuatus (Rudolphi, 18CC) Kossack, 1911 - species in- qnirenda , Joyeux & Baer, 1951 Notocotylus triserialis Diesine, 1839 - species inquirenda , Kossac 1911 Notocotylus triserialis triserialis Diesine:, 1839 o^ Buboes , 1951 Konostoma marilae Rudolphi, 1819 - [Diesing, 1?50] Cercaria urbanensis Cort, 1CT+ Notocotylus urbanensis (Cort, 191*0 Harrah, 1°?2, e.p. - distinct, Herber, 1955; Achonolu & 01 sen, 1^6? Xotocotylus intestinalis Tubangui , 1932 Notocotylus thienemanni L. & U. Szidat, 1933 - [Xupriianova-Shakh- metova, 1959] Cercaria vaga L. & U. Szidat, 1°33 Notocotylus stagnicolae Kerber, 19^2 - distinct, Achonolu & Olsen, 1967 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs passed in feces, ingested by ^resh-water snails: cercariae develop in about 7 weeks, encyst very quickly after emer- gence, upon aquatic vegetation, snails, debris, ^resh-water decapod shrimps; meta cercariae infective immediately; mature in 6-27 days after ingestion by final host. Pieces or digestive gland rrom in- fected snails or rediae alone also infective to ducklings (Williams, 1966b). (Alekseev, 1962, 1963c; Brumpt & Buttner, 19*+°; Ginetsin- skaOa, l°5ca; Golikova, 1960b; Joyeux, ^° specimen is N. minutus; Anas discors - McDonald, 1965, record for N. pacifera; Anas erythrorhyncha - Lapage, 196l, error] Mergini - Bucephala clangula, Melanitta nigra Gruiformes - Fulica americana, Fulica atra , Gallinula chloronus, Porzana porzana, Forzana pusilla , Rallus aquaticus Charadriiformes - Capella med ia HABITAT: Ceca. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (W. Siberia, Uzbekistan, Tadzhikistan, Frimorsk, Kamchatka), N. America (El Salvador). Notocotylus imbricatus imbricatus STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Frequent; reporter 6 times in wild, 5 times in domestic, and once in captive waterfowl. STATUS AS SFECIES: Cercaria imbricata Looss, 1 P°3 used only in foot- note without description, and has no validity (Stunkard, 1*566); N. duboisi proposed in its place. DESCRIPTION: Beverley- Burton, 196l; Kazlauskas, 1*560. Cony: Skr- jabin, 1953; Shevtsov & Zaskind, I960; Odening, 1964b. SYNONYMY: Dubois, 1951. Cercaria imbricata Looss, 1893 Notocotylus imbricatus (Looss, 18*53) U. Szidat, 1935 Notocotylus imbricatus imbricatus (Looss, 1893) of Dubois, 195^ Notocotylus duboisi Stunkard, 1966 Cercaria helvetica I Dubois, 1*528 Notocotylus intestinalis Tubangui, 193? - [Harwood, 193°1 ? synonym of N. triserialis, Dubois, 1951 Notocotylus gibbu s (Mehlis) of Stunkard & Dunihue, 1*531 - [Harwood, 1939]; N. minutus Stunkard, I960 Hindia lucknowensis Lai, 1935 Hindolana lucknowensis (Lai, 1935) Strand, 19^2 Notocotylus lucknowensis (Lai, 1935) Ruiz, 19^6 Notocotylus anatis Ku , 1937 Notocotylus orientalis Ku , 1937 - [Harwood, 1 9391 : synonym of N. parviovatus, Dubois, 1951 243 Kotocotylus attenuatus (Rudolphi) of Yamaguti, 1.93R - [Odening, 1*364] LIFE CYCLE: Cercariae develop in fresh-water prosobranch snails, en- cyst as metacercariae on vegetation and debris very soon after emer- gence; mature after ingestion by final host. (Donges, 1962a; Kise- liene, 1966; Szidat, 1933b, 1935) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Bithynia tentaculata, Faludina vivipara FINAL HOSTS: AVES A nseri formes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser, [Brant a bernicla - La page, 1 96l , erroneous citation], Cygnus cygnus Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos, Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) , Anas a- cuta, Anas clypeata, Anas crecca , Anas renelope Aythyini - Aythya af finis , Aythya ful igula, Aythya vallisneria Cairinini - Aix sponsa Mergini - Bucephala clangula, Histrionicus histrionicus Galliformes - Gallus gallus (dom.) [exper.] HABITAT: Ceca. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (India, China, Komandorsky Is.), N. Amer- ica (USA). Notocotylus imbricatus magniovatus STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Infreauent; reported 5 times in wild waterfowl, once experimentally in domestic duck. DESCRIPTION: Yamaguti, 1934. Cory: Odening, 1964b. SYNONYMY: Notocotylus magniovatus Yamaguti, 1934 Notocotylus imbricatus magniovatus (Yamaguti, 193*0 Dubois, 1Q51 LIFE CYCLE: Cercariae develop in fresh-water prosobranch snails, en- cyst as metacercariae on vegetation and debris very quickly after emer- gence; mature in at least 34 days after ingestion by fina"1 host. (Yam- aguti, 193P) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Semisulcosrira japonica , Semi^ulcospira 1 ibertina FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser albifrons, Anser caerulescens , Anser fabalis Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas platyrhynchos (dom.) [exper.], Anas discors Cairinini - Aix gal ericu lata 244 Mergini - Bucephala island ica HABITAT: Ceca. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Japan), N. America (USA). Notocotylus linearis STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare, normally in charadriiform birds; reported twice in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: U. Szidat, 1936. Copy: Skrjabin, 1953; Odening, 196Ub. SYNONYMY: Mono stoma lineare Rudolphi, 1819 - Synonym of Catatroris verrucosa, Shevtsov & Zaskind, I960 Notocotylus linearis (Rudolphi, 1819) U. Szidat, 1936 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of N. attenuatus. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos Aythyini - Aythya ferina Ciconiiformes - Phoenicopterus ruber Charadriiformes - Philomachus p_ugnax, Recurvi rostra avosetta , Tringa glareola, Tringa ochropus, Vanellus vanellus, Xenus cinereus HABITAT: Ceca. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (W. Siberia, Buryat ASSR, India, Yakutia). Notocotylus mamii STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck and once experimentally in domestic duck. DESCRIPTION: Hsu, 195^; Petrov & Chertkova, 1962. Copy: Odening, 196^b. SYNONYMY: Notocotylus mamii Hsu , 195^ LIFE CYCLE: Cercariae develop in h^-Sh days in fresh-water snail , encyst as metacercariae on objects in water; mature about 23 days after ingestion by final host. (Hsu, 1957) 245 INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Thiara tuberculata FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) [exper.l Mergini - Bucephala clangula MAMMALIA - Lagomorpha - Oryctolagus cuniculus [exper.l HABITAT: Ceca. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Azerbaidzhan, China). Notocotylus minutus STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported twice in wild ducks and once in probably a domestic duck. STATUS AS SPECIES: Synonym of N. imbricatus - Harwood, 1939; syn- onym of N. triserialis triserialis - Dubois, 19.51 • DESCRIPTION: Stunkard & Dunihue, 1931 5 Stunkard , 1960a. Copy: Odening, 196^-b. SYNONYMY: Notocotylus gibbus (Mehlis) of Stunkard & Dunihue, 1931 Notocotylus minutus Stunkard, I960 LIFE CYCLE: Cercariae develop in marine or brackish water snail; encyst as metacercariae on nearby objects such as mollusk shells; mature in final host after ingestion. (Stunkard, I960, 1966) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Hydrobia minuta, Hydro bia salsa FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos X, Anas platyrhynchos (dom.?) Somateriini - Somateria mollissima HABITAT: Ceca. DISTRIBUTION: N. America (USA). Notocotylus naviformis STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in domestic duck. DESCRIPTION: Tubangui, 1932a. Copy: Skrjabin, 1953; Shevtosv & 246 Zaskind, I960; Odening, 1964b. SYNONYMY: Notocotylus naviformis Tubangui, 1932 Naviformia naviformis (Tubangui, 1932) Lai, 1935 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of N. attenuatus. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Philippine Is.). Notocotylus racifera STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare, normally in Rallidae; reported once in wild duck. STATUS AS SFECIES: Synonym of N. gibbus - Dubois, 1951: distinct - Lumsden & Zischke, 1963; Odening, l%4b7 1966. DESCRIPTION: Noble, 1933; Beverley-Burton, 1959 (as N. gibbus); Lumsden & Zischke, 1963. Copy: Skrjabin, 1953? Odening, 1964b. SYNONYMY: Catatropis pacifera Noble, 1933 Kossackia pacifera (Noble, 1933) Szidat, 1936 Notocotylus pacifera (Noble, 1933) Harwoor1 , 1939 Faramonostomum obtortum Caballero, 1942 - [Larios Rodriguez, l°43~l LIFE CYCLE: Cercariae develop in fresh-water snail, encyst on solid object immediately after emergence; mature in 7 days after ingestion by final host. (Odening, 1964, 1966) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: ' Physa fontinalis FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas discors Gruiformes - Fulica americana, Fu~l ica atra, Gallinul. a ch"1 oropus HABITAT: Ceca. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (England, Germany, Russia), Asia (Japan), N. America (USA, Mexico), S. America (Argentina). 247 Notocotylus parviovatus STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Common; reported 19 times in wild and 8 times in domestic waterfowl. DESCRIPTION: Yamaguti, 1934, 1939, 194la; Gorshkov, 1^3? (as N. chi- onis). Copy: Odening, 1964b. SYNONYMY: Notocotylus parviovatus Yamaguti, 1934 Notocotylus orientalis Ku, 1937 - [Dubois, 1951 1 Notocotylus chionis Baylis of Gorshkov, 1937, and Soviet authors - [Odening, 19641 LIFE CYCLE: Cercariae develop in fresh-water prosobranch snails, emerge 25 days after infection, encyst on objects in water. (Erkina, 1952, 195^ (as N. chionis)) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Bithynia leachei, Bithynia tentaculata FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser, Anser anser (dom. ) , Anser albifrons, Anser fabalis, Cygnus columbianus bewickii , Cygnus columbianus .jank- owskii Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) , Anas acuta , Anas crecca Cairinini - Aix galericulata HABITAT: Ceca. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (USSR), Asia (W. Siberia, Uzbekistan, Kazakh- stan, Tuva, Yakutia, India, China, Frimorsk, Kamchatka, Japan). Notocotylus ralli STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Accidental; reported once in domestic duckling from experimental infection. DESCRIPTION: Baylis, 1936; Donges, 1962c. Copy: Skrjabin, 1953; Odening, 1964b. SYNONYMY: Notocotylas ralli Baylis, 1936 LIFE CYCLE: Cercariae develop in fresh-water pulmonate snail. (Don- ges, 1962; Odening, 1964, 1966) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Lymnaea palustris, Planorbis carinatus 248 FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom.) [exper.1 Galliformes - Gallus callus (dom.) [exper.1 Gruiformes - Gallinula chloropus, Rallus aquaticus HABITAT: Ceca. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (England, Russia). Notocotylus seineti STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported 3 times in wild ducks, twice in domestic waterfowl. STATUS AS SPECIES: Synonym of N. imbricatus - Harwood , 1939. DESCRIPTION: Fuhrmann, 1919; Dubois, 1951. Copy: Skrjabin, 1953; Odening, 1964b. SYNONYMY: Dubois, 1951. Cercaria monostomi Linstow, I896 Notocotylus seineti Fuhrmann, 1919 LIFE CYCLE: Cercariae develop in fresh-water pulmonate snails, en- cyst on surface of dead or living snail shells and rarely on ostracod Crustacea, shortly after emergence. (Donges, 1962a; Harper, 1929) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Lymnaea ovata , Lymnaea neregra, Lymnaea stagnalis, [Physa fontinalis - report questioned by Odening, IQ65] SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS -INCIDENTAL: Gyraulus albus, Lymnaea trun- catula, Physa fontinalis, Valvata piscinalis, Cyrris nubera FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser (dom. ) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas platyrhynchos (dom.), Anas crecca caroliner.sis, Anas querquedula Aythyini - Aythya americana, Aythya marila Mergini - Bucephala clangula, Clangula hyemalis HABITAT: Ceca, intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Iceland, N. America (USA). 249 Notocotylus skrjabini STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Infrequent; reported 3 times in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Ablasov, 195^. Copy: Skrjabin, 1^53; Odening, l<36^b. SYNONYMY: Notocotylus skr.jabini Ablasov in Skrjabin, 1953 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of N. attenuatus. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseri formes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos HABITAT: Bursa of Fabricius. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Kirgizia). Notocotylus stagnicolae STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Accidental; reported twice in water- fowl from experimental infections. Reported once from plover. STATUS AS SPECIES: Synonym of N. triserialis (N. attenuatus) - Du- bois, 1951 DESCRIPTION: Herber, 19^2; Wu, 1953b; Achonolu & Olsen, 196?. Copy: Skrjabin, 1953* SYNONYMY: Notocotylus stagnicolae Herber, 19^2 LIFE CYCLE: Cercariae develop in fresh-water snail in at least 75 days after infection, encyst on solid object shortly (20 minutes) after emergence; mature in final host 10-1^4- days after ingestion. (Achonolu, 1964b; Achonolu & Olsen, 1967; Herber, 19^2; Wu, 1953b) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Lymnaea auricularia, Lymnaea emarpinata, Lymnaea palustris FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseri formes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser (dom. ) [exper.l Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) [exper.l , Anas discors [exper.l Mergini - Mergus merganser [ exper.l Galliformes - Gallus gallus (dom.) [exper.l Charadriiformes - Charadrius semipalmata 250 MAMMALIA - Rodentia - Rattus norvegicus (lab.) [exper.] HABITAT: Ceca. DISTRIBUTION: N. America (USA). Notocotylus tachyeretis STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Duthoit, 1931? Szidat & Szidat, 1962. Copy: Skrjabin, 1953; Odening, 1964b. SYNONYMY: Notocotylus tachyeretis Duthoit, 1931 Hindia tachyeretis (Duthoit, 1931) Lai, 1935 Hindolana tachyeretis (Duthoit, 1931) Strand, 19^2 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of N. attenuatus. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Tadornini - Tachyeres patajhonicus HABITAT: Ceca, posterior intestine. DISTRIBUTION: S. America (Argentina). Notocotylus urbanensis STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare, normally in muskrats; reported twice in wild ducks, once in domestic duck from experimental infec- tion. STATUS AS SPECIES: Synonym of N. attenuatus - Dubois, 1951; not valid name - Harwood , 1939. DESCRIPTION: Gower, 193^b; Herber, 1955; Achonolu & Olsen, 1967. Copy: Skrjabin, 1953- SYNONYMY: Cercaria urbanensis Cort, 191^ Notocotylus urbanensis (Cort, 191*0 Harrah, 1922 Paramono stomum echinum Harrah, 1922 - [Herber, 1939] Catatropis fimbria ta Barker, 1915 - [Herber, 1939] Catatropis filamentis Barker, 1915 - [Herber, 1939] 251 LIFE CYCLE: Cercariae develop in fresh-water snail, encyst on solid object almost immediately after emergence; mature in final host about 2h days after ingestion. (Achonolu, 1964b; Achonolu & 01 sen, 1967; Herber, 1939; Luttermoser, 1935) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Goniobasis livescens, Lymnaea emarginata , Physa gyrina , Fhysa parkeri, Physella magnalacu stri s FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas platyrhynchos (dom.) [exper.], [Anas acuta - Harrah, 1922, mis identified] [Cairinini - Aix sponsa - Harrah, 1922, misidentified] Galliformes - Gallus gallus (dom.) [exper.] MAMMALIA - Rodentia - Microtus rennsylvanicus , Ondatra zibethica, Rattus norvegicus (lab.) Lexper.] HABITAT: Large intestine, ceca . DISTRIBUTION: N. America (USA). Uniserialis breviserialis STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Accidental; reported once as result of experimental infection in domestic duck. STATUS AS SPECIES: Uniserialis a synonym of genus Notocotylus - Baer & Joyeux, 196l. DESCRIPTION: Stunkard, 196?b. SYNONYMY: Uniserialis breviserialis Stunkard , 196? LIFE CYCLE: Cercariae develop in brackish-water snail; encyst on solid surface (snail shell, algae, hard object) 1-4 hours after emer- gence; metacercariae infective immediately, mature in final host about 2 weeks after ingestion. (Stunkard, 196?b) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Hydrobia salsa FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) [exper. 1 Galliformes - Gallus gallus (dom.) [exper.] HABITAT: Bursa of Fabricius. DISTRIBUTION: N. America (USA). 252 Uniserialis gippyensis STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. STATUS AS SPECIES: Uniserialis a synonym of genus Notocotylus - Baer & Joyeux, 196l. DESCRIPTION: Beverley- Burton, 1958. SYNONYMY: Uniserialis gippyensis Beverley- Burton, 195? LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of U. breviserialis. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos HABITAT: Ceca, bursa of Fabricius. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (England). Catatropis appendiculata STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Lutz, 1928. SYNONYMY: Catatropis appendiculata Lutz, 1928 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of C. verrucosa. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Cairinini - Amazonetta brasiliensis HABITAT: Ceca. DISTRIBUTION: S. America (Venezuela). Catatropis cygni STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild waterfowl DESCRIPTION: Yamaguti, 1939. 253 SYNONYMY: Catatropis cygni Yamaguti, 1939 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of C_. verrucosa. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Cygnu s columbianus jankowskii Tadornini - Tadorna tadorna HABITAT: Ceca. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Japan). Catatropis harwoodi STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild goose. DESCRIPTION: Bullock, 1952. Cory: Skrjabin, 1953. SYNONYMY: Catatropis harwoodi Bullock, 1952 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of C. verrucosa. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Brant a canadensis HABITAT: Ceca.- DISTRIBUTION: N. America (USA). Catatropis hisikui STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported twice in wild water- fowl . DESCRIPTION: Yamaguti, 1939. SYNONYMY-: Catatropis hisikui Yamaguti, 1939 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that o^ C. verrucosa. FINAL HOSTS: AVES 254 Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser fabalis Aythyini - Aythya fuligula HABITAT: Ceca. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Czechoslovakia), Asia (Japan), Catatropis indicus STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare, normally in chickens; reported twice in domestic waterfowl. DESCRIPTION: Srivastava, 1935; Rohde & Lee Fah On, 1967. Cony: Lai, 1939b; Skrjabin, 1953. SYNONYMY: Catatropis indicus Srivastava, 1935 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs passed in feces, apparently ingested by fresh-water snails; cercariae develop in 51-139 days after exposure of snails to infection, emerge and swim actively 3-20 minutes, then encyst on snail shells, vegetation, or hard substrate; infective in at least one day; mature in final host 10-12 days after ingestion. (Rhode & Lee Fah On, 196?) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Bithynia siamensis or B. pulchellum FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - "geese" (domestic?) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) Galliformes - Gallus gallus bankiva , Gallus gallus (dom. ) HABITAT: Ceca. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (India). Catatropis orientalis STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck, STATUS AS SPECIES: Species inquirenda - Lai, 1939. DESCRIPTION: Harshe, 1932. Copy: Skrjabin, 1953. SYNONYMY: 255 Catatropis oriental is Harshe, 1932 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of C. verrucosa. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseri formes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas acuta Gruiformes - Fulica atra HABITAT: Ceca. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (India, Uzbekistan). Catatropis pricei STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild goose, DESCRIPTION: Harwood, 1939. Copy: Skrjabin, 1953. SYNONYMY: Catatropis pricei Harwood , 1939 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of C. verrucosa. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Branta canadensis HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: N. America (USA). Catatropis rauschi STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Singh, 1956. SYNONYMY: Catatropis rauschi Singh, 1956 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of C. verrucosa. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas acuta 256 HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (India). Catatropis verrucosa STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Very common, characteristic helminth of waterfowl; reported 53 times in wild, 36 times in domestic, and twice in captive waterfowl. DESCRIPTION: Beverley- Burton , 196l; Macko, 196lb. Copy: Skrjabin, 1953; Shevtsov & Zaskind, I960. SYNONYMY: Dawes, 1956. Fasciola verrucosa Froelich, 1789 Monostomum verrucosum (Froelich, 17B9) Zeder, 1800 Notocotyle verrucosum (Froelich, 1789) Monticelli, 1.892 Catatropis verrucosa (Froelich, 1789) Odhner, 1905 Festucaria pedata Schrank, 1786, e.p. Fasciola anseris Gmelin, 1790 Monostomum lineare Rudolrhi, 1819 - C Shevtsov & Zaskind, 1°60] Notocotyle triserialis Diesing, 1839, e.p. Monostomum ova turn Molin, 1859 - [Shevtsov & Zaskind, I960] LIFE CYCLE: Cercariae develop in fresh-water snails, encyst as meta- cercariae very quickly after emergence, on solid objects (do not leave snail host but encyst within host, sometimes encyst in phoretic oligo- chaete - Odening, 1966a); mature in final host 7 days after ingestion. (Alekseev, 1963c; Erkina, 1952; Ginetsinskaia, 1959a; Golikova, l°60b; Odening, 1965d, 1966a; Szidat, 1930d ) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Anisus leucostomus, Gyraulus albus, Flan- orbis sp. , Segmentina nitida, [Bithynia leachei , Bithynia tentaculata - reports declared erroneous by Odening, 1966a] SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS -INCIDENTAL: Chaetogaster 1 imnaei FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser, Anser anser (dom. ) , Anser albifrons, Anser brachyrhynchus , Anser cygnoides , Anser erythropus, Anser fab- alis, Branta bernicla, Branta leucopsis, Cygnus cygnus, Cygnus olor Tadornini - Tadorna tadorna Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos, Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) , Anas a- cuta, Anas clypeata , Anas crecca, Anas falcata, Anas penelope, Anas querquedula, Anas strepera Somateriini - Somateria mollissima , Somateria spectabiTis Aythyini - Aythya ferina , Aythya fuligula, Aythya maril a 257 Cairinini - Cairina moschata (dom.) [exper.l Mergini - Bucephala clangula, Clangula hyemalis, Melanitta fusca, Melanitta fusca deglandi, Melanitta nigra, Mergus merganser, Mergus serrator Galliformes - Gallus gallus (dom. ) Gruiformes - Crex crex, Fulica atra , Gallinula chloropus, Porzana porzana Charadriiformes - [Erolia minutilla - doubtful], Haematopus ostrale- gu_s, Philomachus pugnax , Recurvirostra avosetta, Squatarola squat- arola HABITAT: Ceca, intestine, bursa of Fabricius. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (W. Siberia, Azerbaidzhan , Uzbekistan, Kirgizia, Kazakhstan, India, Burma, Indochina, Primorsk, Amur, Kam- chatka, Japan), Africa (Egypt), N. America (USA, Greenland). Paramonostomum alveatum STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Common; reported 19 times in wild, 4 times in domestic, and twice in captive waterfowl. Mortality from epizootic in ducklings reported by Kulachkova, 1954 t 196l; eider ducklings less than two weeks old feed in area with infected snails, older ducklings feed in deeper waters outside this area. DESCRIPTION: Muehling, 1*98; Luhe, 1909, Kossack, 1911; Bullock, 1952; Stunkard, 1967a. Copy: Skrjabin, 1953? Shevtsov & Zaskind, I960. SYNONYMY: Dawes,' 1956. Mono stoma alveatum Mehlis in Creplin, 1846 Notocotyle alveatum (Mehlis, 1846) Monticelli, 18Q2 Paramonostomum alveatum (Mehlis, 1846) Luhe, 1909 Mono stoma verrucosum (Froelich) of Wedl, 1*57 Monostoma alvei forme Cohn, 1904 Paramonostomum brantae Bullock, 1952 - [ Stunkard, 1967a] LIFE CYCLE: Cercariae develop in marine snails, encyst 1-4 hours after emergence as metacercariae on the surface of marine mollusks and arthropods; mature in 6-8 days after ingestion by final host. (Kulachkova, 1954; Stunkard, 1967a) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Hydrobia salsa, Hydrobia ulvae SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS - INCIDENTAL: Hydrobia salsa, Hydrobia ulvae, Littorina littorea, Littorina obtusata , Littorina palliata, Littorina rudis , Mytilus edul is, Gammarus locusta FINAL HOSTS: AVES 258 Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser, Anser anser (dom. ) , Branta bernicla , Branta canadensis, Cygnu s cy_gnus, Cygnu s olor Tadornini - Tad o ma tadorna Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) , Anas crec- ca, Anas penelope Somateriini - Somateria mollissima, Somateria spectabilis Aythyini - Aythya ferina, Aythya fuligula, Aythya marila Mergini - Clangula hyemalis, Melanitta fusca, Melanitta nigra Galliformes - Gallus gallus (dom.) [exper.1 HABITAT: Ceca, intestine, cloaca. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Yakutia), N. America (USA). Paramonostomum bucephalae STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported 8 times in wild waterfowl, once in domestic duck. DESCRIPTION: Yamaguti, 1935a, 1939. Copy: Skrjabin, 1953. SYNONYMY: Paramonostomum bucephalae Yamaguti, 1935 Neoparamonostomum bucephalae (Yamaguti, 1935) Lai, 193& LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of P. alveatum. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Cygnus olor Tadornini - Tadorna tadorna Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) , Anas acuta , Anas clypeata, Anas strepera Aythyini - Aythya ferina , Aythya marila, Aythya nyroca , Netta rufina Mergini - Bucephala clangula , Mergus merganser Podicipediformes - Podiceps grisgena HABITAT: Ceca. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Belgium, Ukraine), Asia (Uzbekistan, Kazakh- stan, Amur, Kamchatka, Japan). Paramonostomum casarcum STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. 259 STATUS AS SPECIES: May be identical with P. querquedulura and P. ova turn (Stunkard, 1967a); reported differences often dependent upon state of contraction of specimen. DESCRIPTION: Lai, 1936c. Copy: Lai, 1939b; Skrjabin, 1953. SYNONYMY: Faramonostomum casarcum Lai, 1936 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of P. alveatum. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Tadornini - Tadorna ferruginea HABITAT: Ceca. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (India). Paramonostomum chabaudi STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: van Strydonck, 1965a. SYNONYMY: Paramono stomum chabaudi van Strydonck. 196.5 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of P. alveatum. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos Charadriiformes - Haematopus ostralegus HABITAT: Probably ceca. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Belgium). Paramonostomum elongatum STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported twice in wild swan. DESCRIPTION: Yamaguti, 193^; Skarda, 1964. SYNONYMY: Paramonostomum elongatum Yamaguti, 193'4- 260 Neoparamonostomum elongatum (Yamaguti, 19^1) Lai, 19.36 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of P. alveatum. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Cygnus columbianus .jankowskii, Cygnus cygnus HABITAT: Ceca. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Czechoslovakia), Asia (Korea). Paramonostomum harwoodi STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Nath & Pande, 1962. SYNONYMY: Paramonostomum harwoodi Nath & Pande, 1962 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of P. alveatum. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas crecca HABITAT: Probably ceca. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (India). Paramonostomum histrionici STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. STATUS AS SPECIES: Probably a Notocotylus or Catatropis - Frudhoe, 1963, Zool. Record, 98, Sec. 6. DESCRIPTION: Ching, 196lb. SYNONYMY: Paramonostomum histrionici Ching, 196l LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of P. alvea turn . FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) 261 Mergini - Histrionicus histrionicus HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: N. America (USA). Paramonostomum malerischi STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild goose. DESCRIPTION: Dunagan, 1957. SYNONYMY: Faramonostomum malerischi Dunagan, 1957 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of P. alveatum. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser canagicus HABITAT: Ceca. DISTRIBUTION: N. America (USA - Alaska). Paramonostomum nettioni STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Baugh, 19 5^. SYNONYMY: Paramonostomum nettioni Baugh, 195^ LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of P. alveatum. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas crecca HABITAT: Large intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (India). 262 Paramonostomum ovatum STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in domestic duck and once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Hsu, 1935* SYNONYMY: Paramonostomum ovatum Hsu, 1935 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of P. alveatum. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) "duck, wild duck" Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) HABITAT: Ceca. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (China). Paramonostomum parvum STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported twice in wild waterfowl, once in probably a domestic duck. DESCRIPTION: Stunkard & Dunihue, 1931? Stunkard , 196?a. Copy: Skrjabin, 1953; Shevtsov & Zaskind, I960. SYNONYMY: Paramonostomum parvum Stunkard & Dunihue, 1931 Neoparamonostomum parvum (Stunkard & Dunihue, 1931) Lai, 1936 ? Paramonostomum pseud alvea turn Price of Swales, 1933 - [Harwood, 19391 LIFE CYCLE: Cercariae develop in marine or brackish water snail, encyst on solid surface in 1-^ hours or immediately when disturbed; mature in final host after ingestion. (Stunkard, 1967a) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Hydrobia salsa FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) "duck" Anserini - Anser caerulescens Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) Somateriini - Somateria mollissima [exper.] Aythyini - Aythya ferina Mergini - Bucephala clangula Galliformes - Gallus gallus (dom. ) [exper.] HABITAT: Intestine. 263 DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Azerbaidzhan) , N. Amprica (USA, Canada), Paramono stomum pseudalveatum STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported b times in wild waterfowl. STATUS AS SFECIES: May be synonym of P. r.arvum - Stunkard, 1967a. DESCRIPTION: Price, 1933; Jogis, 1959; Skarda, 1964. Copy: Skr- jabin, 1953- SYNONYMY: Paramono stomum pseudalveatum Frice, 1931 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of P. alveatum. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Branta canadensis, Cygnus cygnus Anatini - Anas penelope Aythyini - Aythya fuligula MAMMALIA - Rodentia - Ondatra zibethica HABITAT: Large intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Scotland, Czechoslovakia, Esthonia), N. Amer- ica (USA). Paramono stomum querquedulum STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. STATUS AS SFECIES: May be identical with P. ovatum and P. casarcum Stunkard, 1967a. DESCRIPTION: Lai, 1936c. Copy: Lai, 1939b. SYNONYMY: Faramono stomum querquedulum Lai, 1936 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of P. alveatum. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas querquedula 264 HABITAT: Ceca. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (India). Tristriata anatis STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported k times in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Skrjabin, 1953; Belopol ' skaia , 195^. SYNONYMY: Tristriata anatis Belopol ' skaia in Skrjabin, 1953 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos Mergini - Bucephala clangula, Histrionicus histrionicus, Mergus serrator HABITAT: Ceca. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Amur, Primorsk, Kamchatka, Komandorsky Is.). Parapronocephalum symmetricum STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare, normally in charadriiform birds; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Belopol ' skaia , 1952b. Copy: Skrjabin, 1955- SYNONYMY: Parapronocephalum symmetricum Belopol 'skaia, 1952 LIFE CYCLE: Cercariae develop in marine snail; metacercariae encysted in gonads or mantle cavity of same individual snail. (Belopol ' skafa, 1952b; Chubrik, 195*0 INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Littorina rudls FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Somateriini - Somateria mollissima Charadriiformes - Arenaria interpres, Erolia maritima, Haematopus 265 ostralegus, Philomachus rugnax HABITAT: Ceca. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (USSR - Barents Sea, White Sea). Renicola brantae STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild goose. DESCRIPTION: Mcintosh & Farr, 1952; Wright, 1957. SYNONYMY: Renicola brantae Mcintosh & Farr, 1952 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Branta canadensis HABITAT: Kidney. DISTRIBUTION: N. America (USA). Renicola mediovitellata STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Infrequent; reported 7 tines in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Bykhovskafa-Pavlovskaia , 1950. SYNONYMY: Renicola mediovitellata Bykhovskaia-Pavlovskafa, 1950 Renicola (Anatirenicola) mediovitellata Bykhovskaik-Pavlovskaia, 1950 of Odening, 1962 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas acuta, Anas clypeata, Anas formosa, Anas penelope, Anas querquedula. Anas strepera Aythyini - Aythya f erina , Aythya fuligula, Netta rufina Mergini - Clangula hyemalis HABITAT: Kidney. 266 DISTRIBUTION: Asia (W. Siberia, Kazakhstan, Yakutia, Amur, Kamchatka, Chukotka) . Renicola mollissima STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported 3 times in wild ducks. Highest incidence in two-week-old birds. DESCRIPTION: Kulachkova , 1957. SYNONYMY: Renicola mollissima Kulachkova , 1957 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVE3 Anseriformes (Anatidae) Somateriini - Somateria mollissima HABITAT: Kidney - urinary tubules. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (USSR - White Sea, Chukotka). Renicola somateriae STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Infrequent; reported 9 times in wild ducks. Mass loss from epizootic reported by Kapitonov, 1959. DESCRIPTION: Belopol ' skaia , 1952b. SYNONYMY: Renicola somateriae Belopol' ska fa, 1952 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Somateriini - Somateria mollissima , Somateria spectabilis Mergini - Bucephala clangula, Clangula hyemalis, Histrionicus histrionicus HABITAT: Kidney. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (N. USSR), Asia (Yakutia, Primorsk, Kamchatka), 267 Brachylecithum sp. STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild dock. Most species of genus reported in insectivorous birds or in Passeri- f ormes. STATUS AS SPECIES: Brachylecithum a synonym op genus Lyperosotnum - Baer & Joyeux, 196l. DESCRIPTION: Gvozdev, 1962. SYNONYMY: Bra c hyl e c i thum sp. Gvozdev, 1962 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Aythyini - Aythya ferina HABITAT: Probably liver or gall bladder. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Kazakhstan). Lypero somum anatis STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Belogurov & Leonov, 1963. SYNONYMY: Lypero somum anatis Belogurov & Leonov, 1963 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas acuta HABITAT: Pancreas. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Kamchatka). Lypero somum sp. STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild swan. 268 DESCRIPTION: None. SYNONYMY: Lyperosomum sp. Lewis, 1926 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Cygnu s cygnus HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Great Britain). Pancreatrema sp. STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in domestic duck, DESCRIPTION: None. SYNONYMY: Pancreatrema sp. Lalitha & Alwar, I960 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (<~'om. ) HABITAT: Pancreas. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (India). Wetzelitrema melanittae STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Rayski & Fahmy, 1962. SYNONYMY: Wetzelitrema melanittae Rayski & Fahmy, 1962 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) 269 Mergini - Melanitta nigra HABITAT: Gall bladder. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Scotland). Eucotyle elangulae STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. STATUS AS SFECIES: Doubtful. Synonym of E. cohni - Reimer, 1964c. DESCRIPTION: Walden, I960. SYNONYMY: Eucotyle elangulae Walden, I960 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Mergini - Clangula hyemalis HABITAT: Kidney. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Sweden). Eucotyle. cohni STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported 6 times in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Skrjabin, 1924; Reimer, 1964c Copy: Dollfus, 1946; Skrjabin, 1947a. SYNONYMY: Eucotyle cohni Skrjabin , 1924 Eucotyle elangulae Walden, I960 - [Reimer, 1964] LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Mergini - Bucephala clangula , Clangula hyemalis, Melanitta fusca, Melanitta fusca deglandi, Melanitta nigra , Mergus albellus, Mergus serrator Gaviiformes - Gavia arctica 270 Podicipediformes - Fodiceps caspicus, Podiceps grisegena HABITAT: Kidney. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Poland, USSR), Asia (Kirgizia, Aral Sea, Pri- morsk, Kamchatka). Eucotyle nephritica STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Copy: Doll f us, 19^6; Skrjabin, 19^7a. SYNONYMY: Mono stoma nephriticum Mehlis in Creplin, 18*4-6 Eucotyle nephritica (Mehlis, 1846) Cohn, 1QC+ LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Aythyini - Netta rufina Gaviiformes - Gavia arctica HABITAT: Kidney - urinary tubules. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Germany, USSR), Asia (Tadzhikistan). Eucotyle popowi STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Infrequent; reported h times in wild ducks, once in domestic duck. DESCRIPTION: Skrjabin & Evranova , 19^2. Copy: Skrjabin, l°^7a; Kurashvili, 1957; Shevtsov & Zaskind , I960. SYNONYMY: Eucotyle popowi Skrjabin & Evranova , 19^2 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) Somateriini - Somateria spectabilis Mergini - Bucephala clangula, Melanitta fusca, Melanitta fusca deglandi 271 Podicipediformes - Fodiceps cristatus HABITAT: Kidney - urinary tubules. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Georgia SSR) , Asia (Tuva, Yakutia, Amur). Eucotyle warreni STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Schell, 196?. SYNONYMY: Eucotyle renalis Warren, 1956 [nomen nudum] Eucotyle warreni Schell, 1967 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos HABITAT: Kidney and ureters. DISTRIBUTION: N. America (USA). Eucotyle wehri STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Infrequent; reported 4 times in wild ducks. STATUS AS SPECIES: Likely a synonym of E. zakharowi - Odening, 1964. DESCRIPTION: Price, 1930; Sulgostowska, 1Q60. Copy: Dollfus, 1°46; Skrjabin, 19^7a. SYNONYMY: , Eucotyle wehri Price, 1930 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas discors, [Anas erythrorhyncha - Lapage, 196l , error] Aythyini - Aythya affinis, Aythya fuligula, Aythya marila , Aythya vallisneria Mergini - Bucephala clangula 272 HABITAT: Kidney. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Poland), N. America (USA). Eucotyle zakharowi STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Common; reported 24 times in wild ducks, 4 times in domestic ducks. DESCRIPTION: Skrjabin, 1920b; Bykhovskaxa-Pavlovskafa , 1°^ (fig. only); Reimer, 1964c; Odening, 1964c. Copy: Dollfus, 19^6; Skrjabin, 1947a; Shevtsov & Zaskind , I960. SYNONYMY: Eucotyle zakharowi Skrjabin, 1920 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ), Anas falcata. Anas poecilorhyncha , Anas querquedula, Anas strepera Aythyini - Aythya f erina , Aythya fuligul a, Aythya marila, Aythya nyroca Mergini - Melanitta fusca , Mergus albellus Charadriiformes - Chettusia leucura HABITAT: Kidney - urinary tubules, ureter. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Germany, Poland, USSR), Asia (W. Siberia, Azerbaidzhan, Tadzhikistan, Kirgizia, Kazakhstan, Tuva, Yakutia, Frimorsk, Amur, Chukotka). Tanaisia fedtschenkoi fedtschenkoi STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare, typically in Charadriiformes; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Cheatum, 1938 (as T. pelidnae); Dollfus, 1946; Byrd & Denton, 1950; Bykhovskaia-Pavlovskaia, 1954a (fig. only); Sul go- stowska, 1958b; Odening, 1965- Copy: Skrjabin, 1947a; Kasimov, 1956. SYNONYMY: Byrd & Denton, 1950. Tanaisia fedtschenkoi Skrjabin, 192^ Tanaisia fedtschenkoi fedtschenkoi Skrjabin, 192^ of Odening, 1964 Tanaisia elliptica Nezlobinski, 1926 Ohridia panuri Nezlobinski, 1926 273 Proshystera rossittensis Korkhaus, 1930 Tanaisia rossittensis (Korkhaus, 1930 ) Korkhaus, 1935 Tanaisia pelidnae Cheatum, 1938 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Aythyini - Aythya ferina Podicipediformes - Podiceps ruficollis Ciconiiformes - Nycticorax nycticorax, Pled gad is falcinellus Galliformes - Tetrastes bonasia Gruiformes - Crex crex, Fulica atra, Gall inula chloropus, Rallus aquaticus Charadriiformes - Arenaria interpres , Carella gaJAinago, Capella media , Capella stenura , Charadrius alexandrinus , Charadrius dub- ius, Charadrius hiaticula, Charadrius vociferus, Chettusia leu- cura, Chlidonias leucoptera, Chlidonias nigra , Erolia alpina , Erolia minuta , Gelochelidon nilotica , Haematopus ostralegus, Het- eroscelus incanus , Himantopus himantorus, Larus argentatus , Larus canus , Larus fuscus, Larus minutus, Larus ridibundus , Li mo s a lim- osa , Numenius arquata, Fhalaropus lobatus, Philotnachus pugnax, Sterna albifrons, Sterna hirundo, Tringa erythrorus , Tringa pi ar- eola, Tringa nebularia, Tringa ochropus, Tringa stagnatilis, Tringa totanua, Vanellus vanellus Fasseriformes - Cassidix mesamexicanus , Corvus corone, Corvus corone cornix, Corvus ossifragus, Euphagus carolinus , Motacilla flava , Panurus biarmicus HABITAT: Kidney - urinary tubules. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (Siberia, Kazakhstan, Kirgizia, Uzbek- istan, USSR - Far East), N. America (USA). Tanaisia fedtschenkoi meridionalis STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in captive duck. DESCRIPTION: Odening, 1964b. SYNONYMY: Tanaisia fedtschenkoi subsp. meridionalis Odening, 1Q64 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Carinini - Nettapus coromandelianns 274 HABITAT: Ureters of kidney. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (India - source of bird examined at Berlin Zoo). Prosthogonimu s anatinus STATUS AS WATFRFOWL PARASITE: Frequent; reported 6 times in wild and 9 times in domestic waterfowl. STATUS AS SPECIES: Probably invalid. Original form immature - Wit- enberg & Eckman, 1939; form of P. pellucidus in ducks and geese - Krasnolobova, 1959b; synonym (with nearly all other forms) of P. ovatus - Boddeke, 1960c. DESCRIPTION: Markov, 1903; Fanin, 1957b. Copy: Shevtsov & Zaskind, I960; Skrjabin, 1962. SYNONYMY: Bykhovskaia-Pavlovskafa , 1962 from Panin, 1957b. Frosthogonimus anatinus Markov, 1902 Prosthogonimus (Mediogenotrema) anatinus Markov, 1902 of Skrjabin, 19*4-1 Frosthogonimus (Primagenotrema ) anatinus Markov, 1902 of Skrjabin, 1962 Frosthogonimus rudolphii Skrjabin, 1919 Frosthogonimus skrjabin i Zakharov, 1920 - [Chauhan, 19^0] Frosthogonimus horiuchii Morishita & Tsuchimochi, 1925 Prosthogonimus karausiaki Layman, 1926 - [ Chauhan, 19^0] Prosthogonimus orientalis Yamaguti, 1933 Frosthogonimus querquedulae Yamaguti, 1933 LIFE CYCLE: Metacercariae in dragonflies (Odonata). (Fanin, 1957b) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Unknown. SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Anax parthenone FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser Tadornini - Tadorna ferruginea Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ), Anas acuta, Anas clypeata , Anas rubripes , Anas strepera Aythyini - Aythya f erina , Aythya nyroca , Netta rufina Mergini - Bucephala clangula, Mergus albellus Galliformes - Gallus gallus (dom. ) , Phasianus colchicus Gruiformes - Fulica atra Charadriiformes - Larus ridibundus, Numenius arquata HABITAT: Bursa of Fabricius. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (Tadzhikistan, Kirgizia, Kazakhstan, China, Primorsk, Indo-China, Japan), N. America (USA, Mexico). 275 Prosthogonimus cuneatus STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Common; reported 18 times in wild and 21 times in domestic waterfowl. Cause of disease in geese (Szidat, 1933a). STATUS AS SPECIES: Synonym (with almost all other forms) of P. ovatus - Boddeke, 1960c. DESCRIPTION: Gorshkov, 1937; Panin, 1957a; Ryzhikov, 1959a; Beverley- Burton, 196l. Copy: Lai, 193Qb; Kasimov, 1956; Gvozdev, 1958; Shev- tsov & Zaskind, I960; Skrjabin, 1962. SYNONYMY: Dawes, 1956; Bykhovskaia-Pavlovskafa , 1^62 from Fanin, 1957b. Pi stoma cuneatum Rudolphi, 1809 Prymnopryon cuneatus (Rudolphi, 1809) Looss, 1899 Prosthogonimus cuneatus (Rudolphi, 1809) Braun, 1901 Prosthogonimus (Macrogenotrema ) cuneatus (Rudolphi, 1809) of Skrjabin, 1941 Prymno prion anceps Looss, 1899 Prymnoprion ovatus (Rudolphi, 1803) Looss, 1899 Frosthogonimus pellucidus (Linstow, 1873 ) Braun, 1901 Prosthogonimus .japonicus Braun, 1901 Prosthogonimus putschkowskii Skrjabin, 1912 Prosthogonimus brauni Skrjabin, 1919 Prosthogonimus furcifer Railliet, 1924 Prosthogonimus fuelleborni Skrjabin & Massino, 1925 Prosthogonimus leei Hsu, 1935 Prosthogonimus folliculus Re id & Freeman, 1936 Prosthogonimus indicus Srivastava, 1938 Prosthogonimus, macroacetabulum Chauhan, 1940 Prosthogonimus sinensis Ku , 1941 Prosthogonimus penni Ku, 1941 Prosthogonimus pseudopellucidus Tubangui & Masilungan, 1941 Prosthogonimus ketupi Jsiswal, 1957 - [Nath, 1962] Prosthogonimus hyderabadensis Jaiswal, 1957 - [Nath, 1962] LIFE CYCLE: Eggs passed in feces; miracidia develop in 8-10 days at 28-34 C.; cercariae develop in fresh-water snail in 45 days at 25-27 C, both prosobranch and pulmonate snails reported, probably only prosobranch snails involved (Odening, I965); metacercariae in dragonflies (Odonata); mature in final host in 7 days in oviduct, 14 days in bursa, after ingestion. (Dollfus, 1948a; Heidegger, 1937; Kiseliene, I966; Krasnolobova, 1956, i960, 196l; Kupriianova-Shakh- metova, 196I; Macy, 1965; Panin, 1957a; Szidat, 1931b, 1933c) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Anisus spirorbis, Bithynia leachei [exper.], Bithynia tentaculata, Gyraulus albus [exper.] , Gvraulus gredleri [exper.] , Flanorbarius corneus, Vivirarus contectus 276 SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Anax rarthenope, Cordulia anea , Epith- eca bimaculata, Leucorrhinia dubius, Libellula brunnea, Li be"1 Iu"i a quad rimaculata , Flatycnemis rennipes, Sympetrum depressiusculum [ex- perT] FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser, A riser anser (dom. ) , Branta bernic"1 a , Branta ruficollis, Cygnus columbianus bewickii, Cygnus cygnus, Cygnus olor (dom. ) Tadornini - Tadorna ferruginea Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) , Ana s acuta, Anas clypeata , Anas crecca , Anas strepera Aythyini - Aythya f erina , Aythya fuligula, Aythya marila , Aythya nyroca , Netta rufina Kergini - Bucephala clangula, Melanitta fusca , Mergus albellus, [Mergus. merganser - Lapage, 196l, error"' Podicipediformes - Podiceps auritus, Fodiceps casricus, Fodiceps cristatus, Fodiceps ruficollis Felecaniformes - Halietor africanus, Halietor pygmaeus, Pha"! acrocorax carbo, Fhalacrocorax olivaceus Ciconiiformes - Ardea cinerea , Casmerodius albus, Plata"! ea leuco- rodia, Plegadis falcinellus Falconiformes - Accipiter nisus, Circus aeruginosus, Circus macrourus Galliformes - Coturnix coturnix, Franco"1 inus gul arls, Gal"1, us gallus (dom. ) , Lagopus lagopus, Lyrurus tetrix , Meleagris galloravo (dom. ) , Numida meleagris (dom. ) , Favo cristatus (dom. ) , Phasianus colchicus, Tetrao parvirostris, Tetrao urogallus, Tetrastes bon- asia Gruiformes - Fulica atra , Grus prus , Otis tarda Charadriiformes - Capella gallinapo, Chlidonias nipra, Haematopus ostralegus, Larus argentatus, Larus canus, Larus ridibundus, Numenius arquata , Phil omachus pupnax, Fluvialis arricaria , Ryn- chops nigra , Tringa nebularia , Trinpa ochrorus Coraciiformes - Merops ariaster Ficiformes - Dendrocopos major, Dendrocoros minor Passeriformes - Acridotheres tristis, Agelaius phppniceus , Anthus trivialis, Corvus corax. Corvus corone, Corvus corone comix, Corvus frugilegus, Corvus monedula , Fringi"1 la coe"! ebs, Garru1 us glandarius, Hirundo rustica, Lanius collurio, Lanius cristatus, Lanius minor, Luscinia svecica , Motaci"1 1 a f lava , Fasser domestl- cus , Fasser montanus, Fica pica . Quiscalus quiscu"1 a , Sturnus vulgaris, Turdus pilaris HABITAT: Bursa of Fabricius, cloaca, oviduct, rectum. DISTRIBUTION: Cosmopolitan. Europe, Asia, Africa, N. America, S. America. 277 Prosthogonimus limani STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reporter1 twice in wild ducks. STATUS AS SFECIES: Presumably would be synonym of P. ovatus on basis of Boddeke's study (1960c). DESCRIPTION: Gnedina, l°4l. Copy: Skrjabin, 1962. SYNONYMY: Prosthogonimus limani Gnedina, 1941 Frosthogonimus (Prosthogenotrema ) limani Gnedina, 1941 of Skrjabin & Gnedina, 1941 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of P. ovatus. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) HABITAT: Bursa of Fabricius. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Ukraine), Asia (Azerbaidzhan). Prosthogonimus macro rchis STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported 4 times in wild, once in domestic, and once in captive waterfowl. Cause severe dam- age to chickens, but little or none in ducks. STATUS AS SFECIES: Synonym of P. putschkowskii and P. rudolphii - Witenberg & Eckman, 1939. DESCRIPTION: Macy, 1934a, 1934b; Khuan Shen-i, 1962b. Copy: Kas- imov, 1956; Panin, 1957b; Shevtsov & Zaskind, I960; Skrjabin, 1962. SYNONYMY: Distoma ovatum of Linton, 1887 Prosthogonlmus macrorchis Macy, 1934 Prosthogonimus (Macrogenotrema ) macrorchis Macy, 1934 of Skrjabin & Baskakov, 1941 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs passed in feces, ingested by fresh-water prosobranch snail; cercariae enter nymphs of dragonflies (Odonata), encyst in abdomen, infective in about 2 months, overwinter in nymph; mature in a few weeks after ingestion of adult dragonfly by final host, survive 4-5 months in final host. (Gower, 1938; Krasnolobova, I960; Macy, 1934a, 1934b) 278 FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Amnicola 1 imosa SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Epicordulia princeps, Erythetnis simpli- cicollis, Gomphus spicatus, Leucorrhinia intacta , Libel Tula sp., Tetragoneuria cynosura, Tetragoneuria spinigera FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Branta canadensis Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) , Anas a- cuta, Anas crecca, Anas falcata , Anas penelope, Anas quergued- ula , Anas rub ri pes Mergini - Mergus merganser Galliformes - Bonasa umbellus, Gallus gallus (dom. ), Meleagris gall- opavo (dom.) [exper.], Phasianus colchicus [ exper. T Passeriformes - Corvus brachyrhynchos [exper.1 , Passer domesticus [exper.] HABITAT: Oviduct, bursa of Fabricius. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Italy), Asia (Amur), N. America (USA). Prosthogonimus ovatus STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Very common; reported 2k times in wild, 40 times in domestic waterfowl. Cause of severe damage to chickens. STATUS AS SPECIES: Classification of Prosthogonimus confused. Over 40 species named, in 5 subgenera. Witenberg & Eckman (1939) > Chen (1951), and Panin (1957b), each reduced 23-30 species to 7, but not the same 7 species; Nath (1962) reduced 10 Indian species to 2. Gen- erally recognized (of species reported in waterfowl): P. cuneatus and ovatus; recognized by some: P. pellucidus, putschkowskii , rudol- phii, anatinus, and macrorchis. Boddeke (1960c) combined all Euro- pean and Asiatic species (27 species listed) in P. ovatus, with pos- sible exceptions of P. macrorchis and P. vitellatus. Not all species were listed in this paper, and several new ones have been named since. DESCRIPTION: Baskakov, 1927; Boddeke, 1960a; Beverley- Burton, 1961. Copy: Kasimov, 1956; Kurashvili, 1957; Gvozdev, 1958; Shevtsov & Zaskind, I960; Skrjabin, 1962. SYNONYMY: Stiles & Hassall, 190«; Dawes, 1956; Boddeke, 1960c. Hirudo fasciolaris Mueller, 1788 Fasciola anatis Bruguiere, 1791 Fasciola ovata Rudolphi, 1803 Distomum ova turn (Rudolphi, 1803) Rudolphi, 1809 Distomum (Dicrocoelium) ovatum (Rudolphi, 1803) of Dujardin, 1^45 279 Cephalogonimus ovatus (Rudolphi, 1803) Stossich, 1^92 Frymnoprion ovatus (Rudolphi, 1803 ) Looss, 1899 Frosthogonimus ovatus (Rudolphi, 1P03) Luhe, I899 Prosthogonimus (Ultragenotrema ) ovatus (Rudolphi, 1803) of Skrjabin, 1928 Prosthogonimus (Prosthogonimus ) ovatus (Rudolphi, 1803) of Skrjabin & Baskakov, 1941 Distomum anatis-domesticae Rudolphi, 1809 - [Diesing, I850I Distomum bursicola Creplin, 1846 Frosthogonimus cuneatus (Rudolphi, 1809) Braun, 1901 Frosthogonimus pellucidus (Linstow, lp73) Braun, 1901 Prosthogonimus japonicus Braun, 1901 Prosthogonimus anatinus Markov, 1902 Prosthogonimus putschkowskii Skrjabin, 1913 Prosthogonimus dogieli Skrjabin, 1915 Prosthogonimus brauni Skrjabin, 1919 Prosthogonimus rudolphii Skrjabin, 1919 Prosthogonimus skrjabini Zakharov, 1920 Prosthogonimus longusmorbificans Seif reid , 1923 Prosthogonimus furcifer Railliet, 1924 Prosthogonimus fuelleborni Railliet, 1924 P ro s tho gonimu s horiuchii Morishita & Tsuchimochi, 1925 Prosthogonimus karausiaki Layman, 1926 Frosthogonimus orientalis Yamaguti, 1933 Prosthogonimus querquedulae Yamaguti, 1933 Prosthogonimus leei Hsu, 1935 Prosthogonimus indicus Srivastava, 1938 Prosthogonimus macroacetabulus Chauhan, 1940 Prosthogonimus penni Ku, 19^0 Frosthogonimus sinensis Ku, 19^0 F rosthogonimus pseudopellucidus Tubangui & Masilungan, 1941 Prosthogonimus dollfusi Jaiswal, 1957 Prosthogonimus hyd erabadensis Jaiswal, 1957 Prosthogonimus ketupi Jaiswal, 1957 Prosthogonimus mesolecithus Jaiswal, 1957 Prosthogonimus singhi Jaiswal, 1957 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs passed in feces; miracidia develop in 13-1^ days at 22-35 C., eggs ingested by fresh-water prosobranch snail; cercar- iae emerge, are pulled into respiratory chambers of dragonfly nymphs (Odonata),. encyst in tissues; mature in final host in 7-"1 6 days after ingestion of adult dragonfly. Most common in young birds with bursa; in adults only in female during breeding season, enter oviduct only when it is functional. (Boddeke, 1960b; Krasnol obova, I960; Panin, 1957a) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Bithynia leachei, Bithynia tentaculata, [Gyraulus albus, Gyraulus gredleri , probably erroneous, not proven experimentally - Odening, 1995] SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Aeschna cyanea , Anax parthenope, Cord- 280 ulia aenea, Leucorrhinia caudalis, Leucorrhinia pectoralis, Libellula quadrimaculata , Orthetrum cancellatum, Sympetrum d epres siu sculum FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser, Anser anser (dom. ) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos, Anas platyrhynchos (dom.) [exper.], Anas acuta, Anas clypeata, Anas crecca, Anas cyanoptera , Anas querquedula, Anas strepera Aythyini - Aythya ferina, Aythya marila , Aythya nyroca Mergini - Bucephala clangula, Clangula hyemalis, Mergus albellus Oxyurini - Oxyura leucocephala Podicipediformes - Fodiceps caspicus, Podiceps grisegena, Podiceps ruficollis Pelecaniformes - Pelecanus oncro talus Ciconiiformes - Ardea cinerea, Mesembrinibis cayennensis, Hycticorax nycticorax, PI egad is falcinellus Falconiformes - Accipiter nisus , Buteo buteo, Circus aeruginosus, Circus macrourus, Falco subbuteo , Falco tinnunculus, Falco ves- pertinus Galliformes - Coturnix coturnix , Gallus gallus (dom, ) , Lagopus lag- opus, Lyrurus tetrix, Meleagris gallopavo (dom.), Numida melea- gris, Pavo cristatus, Perdix perdix, Phasianus colchicus, Tetrao urogallus, Tetrastes bonasia Gruiformes - Crex crex, Fulica atra, Gallinula chloropus, Grus grus, Otis tarda, Porzana porzana , Rallus aquaticus Charadriiformes - Actitis hypoleucos, Alca torda, Capella gallinago, Capella media, Charadrius placidus, Chlidonias nigra , Larus argen- tatus, Larus canus, Larus fuscus, Larus hype rbo reus, Larus minutus, Larus ridibundus, Litnosa limosa, Numenius arquata, Numenius mada- gascariensis, Philomachus pugnax , Scolopax rusticola, Stercorarius longicaudus, Stercorarius parasiticus, Sterna hirundo, Tringa glareola, Tringa nebularia, Tringa ochropus, Uria grylle , Vanellus vanellus Cuculiformes . - Cuculus canorus, Piaya cayana Strigiformes - Asio flammeus , Athene noctua, Tyto alba Apodiformes - Apus a pus Coraciiformes - Alcedo atthis, Ceryle rudis Piciformes - Dendrocopos medius Passeriformes - Aegithalos caudatus, Ammospiza maritima, An thus trivi- alis, Corvus brachyrhynchos , Corvus corone, Corvus corone cornix, Corvus frugilegus, Corvus nonedula, Cyanocorax cyanomelas, Delichon urbica, Emberiza schoeniclus, Fringilla coelebs , Garrulus gland- arius, Hirundo rusticus, Junco hyemalis, Lanius cristatus, Lanius collurio, Lanius excubitor, Lanius minor, Motacilla alba , Motacilla flava, Muscicapa striata, Panurus biarmicus, Parus major, Passer domesticus , Passer montanus, Fica pica , Saxicola torquata, Sitta europaea, Sturnus vulgaris , Sylvia nisoria, Turdus merula , Turdus pilaris, Turdus viscivorus, Xiphorhynchus guttatus HABITAT: Bursa of Fabricius, oviduct, cloaca, large intestine. 281 DISTRIBUTION: Cosmopolitan. Prosthogonimu s pellucidus STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Frequent; reported 6 times in wild and 9 times in domestic waterfowl. Mortality in waterfowl from in- fection reported by Szidat ('1933c) • STATUS AS SFECIES: Synonym of F. cuneatus - Bykhovskaia-Pavl ovskaia , 1962; synonym (with P. cuneatus and other forms) of P. ovatu s - Bod- deke, 1960c. DESCRIPTION: Braun , 1902. Copy: Kasimov, 19.56? Shevtsov & Zaskind, I960; Skrjabin, 1962. SYNONYMY: Dawes, 1956. Distoma pellucidum Lin stow, 1873 Cephalogonimus pellucidus (Linstow, lp73) Railliet, 1B90 Distomum (Dicrocoelium) pellucidum Linstow, lp73 of Stossich, 1802 Mesogonimus pellucidus (Linstow, 1873) Neumann, 1892 Frymnoprion pellucidus (Linstow, 1873) Looss, I800 Prosthogonimus pellucidus (Linstow, 1873) Braun, 1°01 Prosthogonimus (Macrogenotrema) pell ucidus (Linstow, 1873) of Shev- tsov & Zaskind, 1966 Frosthogonimus (Politogenotrema) pellucidus (Linstow, 1873) of Skr- jabin, 1062 F rosthogonimus .japonicus Braun, 1901 - [Witenberg & Eckman, 1°3C)1 Prosthogonimus anatinus Markov, 1902 - [Krasnol obova, i°59bl F rosthogonimus interca"1 andus Hieronymi & Szidat, 1 °21 Prosthogonimus 1 0 ngu s -mo rbif leans Sei^reid, 1Q23 - [Witenberg & Eck- man, 1°30] Prosthogonimus leei Hsu, 1°35 - [Witenberg & Eckman, 1939! LIFE CYCLE: Eggs passed in feces, ingested by ^resh-water prosobranch snail; metacercariae encysted in dragonfny nymphs (Odonata), infec- tive in 65-70 days; mature in 8-42 days after ingestion of adult drag- onflies by final host, period of maturation depending upon host and habitat within host. (Heidegger, 1937; Xrasnolobova, 10503, I960, 1963; Szidat, 1926, 1931c) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Bithynia 1 eachei , Bithynia tentaculata SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Cordulia aenea, Comphus sp. , Leucorrhinia rubicunda, Libellula brunnea , Libellula quadrimacu1 ata , P"1 atyenemis pennipes , Somatoch"1 ora me tallica FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser (dom. ) 282 Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ), Anas acuta, Anas clypeata , Anas crecca , Anas formosa, Anas querquedula Mergini - Clangula hyemalis, Histrionicus histrionicus, Melanitta fusca, Melanitta fusca deglandi, Melanitta nigra Falconiformes - Falco subbuteo Galliformes - Gallus gallus (dom.), Lyrurus tetrix, Meleagris gallo_- pavo (dom. ) , Tetrao urogallus , Tetrastes bonasia Charadriiformes - Numenius arquata Passeriformes - Corvus frugilegus HABITAT: Bursa of Fabricius, oviduct. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (China, Primorsk, Amur, Kamchatka), N. America (USA), S. America (Argentina). Prosthogonimus putschkowskii STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported twice in domestic water- fowl. STATUS AS SPECIES: Doubtful. Synonym of P. cuneatus - Panin, 1957c, and Bykhovskaia-Favlovskaia , 1962; synonym (with P. cuneatus and other forms) of P. ovatus - Boddeke, 1960c. DESCRIPTION: Skrjabin, 1913c Copy: Shevtsov & Zaskind, I960; Skr- jabin, 1962. SYNONYMY: Prosthogonimus putschkowskii Skrjabin, 1913 Prosthogonimus (Macrogenotrema ) putschkowskii Skrjabin, 1913 of Shev- tsov * Zaskind, I960 Prosthogonimus brauni Skrjabin, 1919 - [Witenberg & Eckman, 193C)] Prosthogonimus fuelleborni Skrjabin & Massino, 1925 - [Witenberg & Eckman, 19391 Prosthogonimus horiuchii Morishita & Tsuchimochi, 1925 - [Witenberg & Eckman, 19391 Prosthogonimus querquedulaeYamaguti, 1933 - [Witenberg & Eckman, 19391 Prosthogonimus folliculus Reid & Freeman, 1936 - [Witenberg & Eckman, 19391 Prosthogonimus indicus Srivastava, 193^ - [Bhalerao & Gideon, 19^1 » Nath, 1962] Prosthogonimus macroacetabulus Chauhan, 19^-0 - [Nath, 19621 Prosthogonimus dollfusi Jaiswal, 1957 - [Nath, 1Q621 Prosthogonimus singhi Jaiswal, 1957 - [Nath, 19621 LIFE CYCLE: Metacercariae encysted in body of dragonfly (Odonata); mature in 3 weeks after ingestion by final host. (Ono, 1928) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Unknown. i 283 SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Anax parthenope FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) Ciconiiformes - Ardeola grayii , Ibis meggi ocerhala, Plata lea leucor- odia, Plegadis falcinellus Gallif ormes - Gallus gallus (dom. ) HABITAT: Bursa of Fabricius. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (USSR), Asia (Kazakhstan, India, China). P ro stho go nimu s rudolphii STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported twice in wild ducks, 5 times in domestic ducks. STATUS AS SPECIES: Doubtful. Synonym of P. anatinus - Panin, 1957b and Bykhovskaia-Pavlovskaia , 1962; synonym (with P. anatinus and other forms) of P. ovatus - Boddeke, 1960c. DESCRIPTION: Larios, 19^2. Copy: Shevtsov & Zaskind, I960; Skrjabin, 1962. SYNONYMY: Prosthogonimus rudolphii Skrjabin, 1919 Prosthogonimus (Macrogenotrema ) rudolphii Skrjabin, 1919 of Shevtsov & Zaskind, i960 Prosthogonimus (Primagenotrema ) rudolphii Skrjabin, 1919 of Skrjabin, 1962 Prosthogonimus orientalis Yamaguti, 1933 - [Witenberg & Eckman, 19391 Prosthogonimus macrorchis Macy, 193^ - [ Witenberg & Eckman, 19391 Prosthogonimus skrjabini Zakharov, 1920 - [Witenberg & Eckman, 19391 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of P. ovatus. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas platy rhyncho s (dom.), Anas cyan- optera , Anas rubripes, Anas discors - [report by Larios, 19^2, not clear] Aythyini - Aythya af finis, Aythya collaris Mergini - Bucephala clangula, Mergus serrator HABITAT: Bursa of Fabricius. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, N. America (USA, Mexico). 284 Frosthoponimus ry.jikowi STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. STATUS AS SPECIES: Frobably would be included with other forms in F. ovatus by Eoddeke, 19^0c, but not mentioned. DESCRIPTION: Ablasov, 1955b. Cory: Skrjabin, 1962. SYNONYMY: Frosthogonimus (Prosthogonimus) ry.jikowi Ablasov, 1955 Prosthogonimus (Prosthogenotrema ) ry.jikowi Ablasov, lc55 of Skrjabin, 1°62 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of F. ovatus. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas strepera HABITAT: Bursa of Fabricius. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Kirgizia). Prosthogonimus spinatus STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in domestic duck. STATUS AS SFECIES: Frobably would be included with other ^orms in P. ovatus by Boddeke, 1960c. DESCRIPTION: Shevtsov, 19^5b. SYNONYMY: Frosthogonimus (Politogenotrema ) srinatus Shevtsov, 1965 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of P. cuneatus. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) HABITAT: Frobably bursa of Fabricius or oviduct. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Ukraine). 285 Prosthogonimus sudarikovi STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. STATUS AS SFECIES: Probably would be included in P. ovatus by Boddeke, 1960c. DESCRIPTION: Copy: Skrjabin, 1962. SYNONYMY: Prosthogonimus sudarikovi Oshmarin, 19^P» nomen nudum Prosthogonimus ( Politogenotrema ) sudarikovi Oshmarin in Skrjabin, 1962 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of P. ovatus. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Aythyini - Aythya ferina HABITAT: Body cavity - probably accidental ; true habitat probably bursa of Fabricius and oviduct. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Buryat-Mongolia). Schistogonimus rarus STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Common; reported 27 times in wild waterfowl, 9 times in domestic waterfowl. DESCRIPTION: Braun, 1901a; Gvozdev, 195?; Beverley- Burton, 196l. Copy: Shevtsov & Zaskind, I960; Skrjabin, 196l. SYNONYMY: Prosthogonimus rarus Braun, 1901 Schistogonimus rarus (Braun, 1C01) Luhe, 1909 Schistogonimus intermedius Semenov, 1927 - Probably synonym of S. rarus LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser, Anser anspr (dom.) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas platyrhynchos (dom.), Anas acuta, Anas clypeata, Anas crecca, Anas querquedula, Anas stre- pera Aythyini - Aythya ferina, Aythya ful igula, Aythya marila, Aythya nyroca Mergini - Bucephala clangula, Melanitta fusca, Mergus albellus 286 Galliformes - Lagopus lagopus Gruiformes - Fulica atra Charadriiformes - Charadrius dubius, Larus canus, Numenius arquata HABITAT: Bursa of Fabricius. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (W. Siberia, Tadzhikistan, Kazakhstan, China, Amur). Fleuropsolus sotnateria STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. STATUS AS SPECIES: Fleuropsolus a synonym of genus Parabascus - Baer & Joyeux, 196l. DESCRIPTION: Morozov, i960. SYNONYMY: Fleuropsolus somateria Morozov, i960 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Somateriini - Somateria mollissima HABITAT: Probably small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Kamchatka). Ascorhytis charadriformis STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Accidental , normally in charadriiform birds; reported once from experimental infection in duckling. DESCRIPTION: Young, 19^9; Ching, 1963, 1965. Copy: Belopol • skaia , 1952a. SYNONYMY: Levinseniella charadriformis Young, 19^9 Ascorhytis charadriformis (Young, 19^9) Ching, I965 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs passed in feces; cercariae develop in marine snail, penetrate gills of marine crab, encyst as metacercariae on tissues lining ventral blood sinuses; mature in 4 hours after ingestion by final host, survive up to 11 days in final host. Mature experiment- 287 ally in bird, mammal, amphibian, and fish hosts. (Ching, 1963, 1°65) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Littorina scutulata SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Hemigrapsus oregonensis FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) [exper.] Galliformes - Gallus gallus (dom.) [exper.] Charadriiformes - Catoptrophorus semipalmatus, Larus canus, Larus glaucenscens, Larus philadel phia, Limosa fedoa MAMMALIA - Rodentia - Mus musculus (lab.) [exper. 1 AMPHIBIA - Rana pipiens [exper. 1 OSTEICHTHYES - Carassius auratus [exper. 1 HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: N. America (Facific Coast - USA & Canada). Atriophallophorus minutus STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Infrequent; reported twice in wild and once in domestic duck. DESCRIPTION: Price, 193^a; Stunkard, 195?; Deblock & Rose, 196^b; Ching, 1965. Copy: Rankin, ln39; Beloool 'skafa , 1952a, 1963a. SYNONYMY: Levinseniella mlnuta Price, 193^ Atriophallophorus minutus (Price, 193*0 Deblock & Rose, 196^ Atriophallophorus samarae Deblock & Rose, 1^6k - [Deblock & Rose, !96Ub; Ching, 19651 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs passed in feces, hatch after ingestion by fresh- and brackish water snails; cercariae develop but do not emerge, en- cysting as metacercariae in same individual; mature in 2-3 days a^ter ingestion by final host. (Ching, 1965; Stunkard, IQ5P) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Amnicola limosa, Hydrobia minuta , Oxytrema si1 - icula FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) Aythyini - Aythya fuligula MAMMALIA - Rodentia - Mesocricetus auratus [exper. 1, Mus musculus (lab.) [exper.] 288 HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (France), N. America (USA, W. Indies). Levinseniella amnicolae STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once experimentally in duck, once in domestic duck. DESCRIPTION: Etges, 1953. Copy: Belopol' skafa , 1963a. SYNONYMY: Levinseniella amnicolae Etges, 1953 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs passed in feces into fresh water, take over 20 days to develop; cercariae develop in fresh-water prosobranch snail, emerge and penetrate fresh-water isopod Crustacea, encyst as metacercariae around dorsal blood vessel, infective in 3^-^0 days; mature in 2 days when ingested by final host; adults survive at least 3^ days. (Etges, 1953) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Amnicola pilsbryi SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Asellus communis FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos [exper.l, Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) Galliformes - Gallus gallus (dom.) [exper.T MAMMALIA - Rodentia - Mus musculus (lab.) [exper.T HABITAT: Ceca. DISTRIBUTION: N. America (USA). Levinseniella belopol skoi STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. STATUS AS SPECIES: Synonym of L. pellucida - Deblock & Ky, 1966. DESCRIPTION: Khuan Shen-i, 1962b. Copy: Belopol ' skaia , 1063a. SYNONYMY: Levinseniella belopol skoi Khuan Shen-i, 1962 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of L. amnico"1 as. 289 FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas acuta, Anas crecca, Anas penelope Mergini - Histrionicus histrionicus HABITAT: Ceca. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Amur, Kamchatka). Levinseniella brachysoma STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; retorted 5 times in wild ducks, once in captive duck. DESCRIPTION: Jagerskiold, 1907; Odening, 196*+d; Deblock & Ky, 1966. Copy: Rankin, 1939; Belopol 'skaia, 1952a. SYNONYMY: Dawes, 1956. Distoma brachysomum Creplin, 1837 Distomum (Brachycoelium) brachysomum (Creplin, 1837) Stossich, 1892 Levinsenia brachysomum (Creplin, 1837) Stossich, 1899 Levinseniella brachysoma (Creplin, 1837) Stiles & Hassall in Ward, 1902 Levinseniella tridigitata Deblock & Biguet, 1958 - [Deblock & Ky, 19661 LIFE CYCLE: Metacercariae encysted in marine isopod and amphipod Crustacea. Metacercariae reported in intestine of marine fish, in- terpreted as auxiliary host. (Jagerskiold, "!907; Reimer, 1963; Vil- lot, 1875, 1878)' FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Unknown. SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Anthura gracilis, Corophium volutator, Gammarus locusta, Sphaeroma hookeri AUXILIARY HOSTS ?: Pholis gunellus FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Tadornini - Tad o ma tadorna Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos Somateriini - Polysticta stelleri Aythyini - Aythya marila, Aythya fu"1 igula Mergini - Bucephala clangula, Clangula hyemalis, Melanitta fusca , Melanitta nigra Gaviiformes - Gavia arctica Ciconiiformes - Ardea cinerea Charadriiformes - Actitis hypoleucos, Arenaria interpres, Calidris 290 canutus, Capella gallinago, Charadrius hiaticula, Erolia alpina, Erolia ruficollis, Erolia temminckii , Haercatopus ostralegus, Larus ridibundus, Mumenius phaeopus, Squatarola squatarola, Tringa ery- thropus, Tringa totanus, Vanellus vanellus Strigiformes - Asio flammeus HABITAT: Small intestine, ceca. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (Primorsk), N. America. Levinseniella bucephalae STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported 6 times in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Yamaguti, 1935a, 1939; Ryzhikov & Timofeeva, 1962. Copy: Belopol ' skai\ , 1952a. SYNONYMY: Spelophallus bucephalae Yamaguti, 1935 Levinseniella bucephalae (Yamaguti, 1935) Yamaguti, 1939 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of L. amnicolae. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Tadornini - Tadorna tadorna Anatini - Anas clypeata Mergini - Bucephala clangula , Histrionicus histrionicus Charadriiformes - Capella gallinago, Heteroscelus incanus HABITAT: Ceca. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Frimorsk, Amur, Kamchatka, Jaran). Levinseniella camtshatica STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Korozov, I960. Copy: Belopol'skaxa, lQ63a. SYNONYMY: Levinseniella camtshatica Morozov, i960 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of L. amnicolae. FINAL HOSTS: AVES 291 Anseriformes (Anatidae) Mergini - Bucephala sp. HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Kamchatka). Levinseniella cruzi STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. STATUS AS SFECIES: Incertae sedis, pertenance to Levinseniella very doubtful - Deblock, Capron, & Biguet, 1959. DESCRIPTION: Travassos, 1921b. Copy: Rankin, ia39; Belorol 'skaia , 1952a. SYNONYMY: Levinseniella cruzi Travassos, 1921 Cornucopula cruzi (Travassos, 1921) Rankin, 1°39 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of L. amnicolae. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas bahamensis HABITAT: Probably small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: S.America (Brazil).. Levinseniella pellucid a STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Infrequent; reported twice in wild ducks; once in domestic duck. DESCRIPTION: Jagerskiold, 1907; Deblock & Ky, 1966. Copy: Rankin, 1939; Belopol ' skaia , 1952a. SYNONYMY: Levinseniella pellucida Jagerskiold, 1907 Levinseniella belopol skoi Khuan Shen-i, 1^62 - [Deblock & Ky, 1966] LIFE CYCLE: Metacercariae encysted in fresh-water decapod Crustacea; mature in 2^ hours after ingestion by final host. (Balozet & Callot, 1938; Buttner, 1951) 292 FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Unknown. SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Palaemonetes mesogenitor FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos, Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) Aythyini - Aythya fuligula , Aythya nyroca Charadriiformes - Xenus cinereus MAMMALIA - Rodentia - Mus musculus (lab.) [exper.] HABITAT: Intestine, ceca. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Sweden, Lithuania, USSR), Asia (Kurile Is.), Africa (Tunisia). Levinseniella propinqua STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Infrequent; reoorted 6 times in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Jagerskiold, 1907; Ching, 1965; Deblock & Ky, 1966. Copy: Rankin, 1939; Belopol'skaia, 1952a. SYNONYMY: Levinseniella propinqua Jagerskiold , 1907 Levinseniella carcinidis Rankin, 1939 - [Deblock & Ky, 1966] Levinseniella leptophallus Coil, 1956 - [Deblock & Ky, 19661 Levinseniella gymnopocha Coil, 1956 - [Deblock & Ky, 1966] LIFE CYCLE: Metacercariae in marine amphipod Crustacea. (Kulach- kova, 1953; Uspenskaia, i960) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Unknown. SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Gammarus locusta, Gamma rus marinus FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas clypeata Somateriini - Somateria mollissima Aythyini - Aythya fuligula Mergini - Bucephala clangula Charadriiformes - Actitis hypoleucos, Arenaria interpres, Arenaria melanocephala, Charadrius hiaticula, Erolia alpina, Erolla mari- time, Erolia minuta, Erolia testacea, Haematorus ostralegus, Hae- matopus ostralegus bachmani, Heteroscelus incanus, Pluvialis dom- inica, Squatarola squatarola, Tringa totanus, Xenus cinpreus 293 HABITAT: Intestine, ceca. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (England, Sweden, Esthonia , USSR), Asia (W. Siberia, Kurile Is.), N. America (USA). Microphallus claviformis STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent, normally in charadriiform birds; reported 4 times in wild ducks and once in domestic duck. DESCRIPTION: Nicoll, 1907, 1909; Cable, Connor, & Balling, I960; Deblock, Capron, & Biguet, I960 (fig.). Copy: Belopol'skaia, 1952a. SYNONYMY: Dawes, 1956; Biguet, Deblock, & Capron, 1958. Distomum claviforme Brandes, 1888 Distomum (Brachycoelium) claviforme Brandes, 18R8 of Stossich, 1892 Lecithodendrium claviforme (Brandes, 1888) Stossich, 1899 Levinsenia claviforme (Brandes, 1888) Looss, 1^99 Spelotrema claviforme (Brandes, 1888) Nicoll, 1907 Levinseniella claviformis (Brandes, 1888) Travassos, 1921 Microphallus claviformis (Brandes, 1888) Baer, 1944 Cercaria corophii Lebour, 1908 - [Reimer, I963I Microphallus longicollis (Yamaguti, 1939) Baer, 1944 Microphallus limuli Stunkard , 1951 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs passed in feces; cercariae develop in fresh-, brack- ish-, and salt-water (marine) snails; cercariae encyst in snail with- out emerging, or metacercariae encysted in marine cirriped, isopod, and amphipod Crustacea; mature in 2-4 days after ingestion by final host, survive at least 3 months. Matured in mammals after exreriment- al infection, but failed to survive. (Deblock, Capron, & Biguet, I960; Deblock & Rose, I966; Rebecq, 1964; Reimer, 1963, l°64a) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Bithynia tentaculata, Hydrobia stagnalis, Hydrobia ulvae SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Balanus improvisus, Idotea baltica, Ido- tea viridis, Jaera albifrons, Sphaeroma hookeri, Srhaeroma serrata, Orchestia gammarella , Hydrobia stagnalis FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) Somateriini - Somateria mollissima Aythyini - Aythya ferina, Aythya fuligula Mergini - Clangula hyemalis C ha radrii formes - Actitis hypoleucos , Charadrius hiaticula, Charadrius semipalmatus, Charadrius wilsonia, Crocethia alba, Erolia alpina, Erolia ruficollis, Erolia temminckii, Erolia tenuirostris, Haemato- 294 pus ostralegus, Larus argentatus [exper.], Larus ridibundus, Lim- osa lapponica, Limosa limosa, Numenius arquata, Philomachus rmgnax , Squatarola squatarola, Tringa erythropus, Tringa nebularia, Tringa totanus Passeriformes - Anthus pratensis, Anthus spinoletta , Motacilla flava MAMMALIA - Rodentia - Mus musculus (lab.) [exper. 1 HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (Primorsk), N. America (Puerto Rico). Microphallus excel lens STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare, normally in charadriiform birds; reported once in wild duck. STATUS AS SPECIES: Synonym of M. similis - Deblock & Ky, 1966. DESCRIPTION: Nicoll, 1907. Copy: Belopol'skaia, 1952a. SYNONYMY: Spelotrema excellens Nicoll, 1907 Levinseniella excellens (Nicoll, 1907) Travassos, 1921 Microphallus excellens (Nicoll, 1907) Baer, 19^ Spelotrema feriatum Nicoll, 1907 - [Dawes, 195^1 Cercaria ubiquita Lebour, 1907 Microphallus pi rum (Afanes'ev, 19^1) Rausch, 1953 - [Biguet, Deblock, & Capron, 195^1 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs passed in feces; cercariae develop in marine snails; metacercariae in marine decapod Crustacea. (Chubrik, 1957; Lebour, 1911 ; Nicoll, 1909; Nicoll & Small, 1909: Uspenskaia, 1955) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Littorina palliata, Littorina rudis, Pal- udestrina stagnalis SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Cancer pagurus, Carcinus moenas FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Mergini - Melanitta nigra Charadriiformes - Calidris canutus, Charadrius hiaticula, Erolia alpina, Haematopus ostralegus, Himantopus himantopus, Larus argen- tatus, Larus marinus , Larus schistisagus, Numenius arquata , Tringa totanus, Vanellus vanellus HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Great Britain, Sweden, USSR). 295 Microphallus fusiformis STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Reiner, 1963. SYNONYMY: Microphallus fusiformis Reiner, 1963. LIFE CYCLE: Cercariae develop in marine snai1 , encyst as metacer- cariae in same individual without emerging as free forms (Reimer, 1963). INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Hydrobia ulvae FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Mergini - Clangula hyemalis, Melanitta fusca HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Germany). Microphallus longicaecus STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in domestic duck. DESCRIPTION: Chen, 1956. Copy: Belopol * skaxa , 1.063a (as M. ]_ongi- collis) . SYNONYMY: Microphallus longicaecus Chen, 1956 Microphallus longicollis Chen of Belopol'skaia, 1963a, lapsus, not M. longicollis (Yamaguti, 193°) LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of M. nicolli or M. pygmaeus. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (China). 296 Microphallus nicolli STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported twice in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Cable & Hunninen, 193$: Young, 193?. Copy: RanVin, 1940; Belopol'skaia, 1952a. SYNONYMY: Spelotrema nicolli Cable & Hunninen, 193^ Microphallus nicolli (Cable & Hunninen, 193?) Baer, 19^ LIFE CYCLE: Cercariae develop in marine snail ; metacercariae encysted in gills of marine decapod Crustacea; mature in final host 3 days af- ter ingestion. (Cable & Hunninen, 193?, 1939, 19^0; Rankin, 19*«); Young, 1938, 19^9) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Bittium alternatum, Olive! la biplicata SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Callinectes sapidus, Emerita analoga FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Somateriini - Somateria mollissima Charadriiformes - Burhinus sp., Catoptrorhorus semipalmatus, Larus argentatus [exper.l, Limosa fedoa Fasseriformes - Ammospiza maritima HABITAT: Small intestine - posterior end. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (USSR - White Sea), N. America (USA). Microphallus papillorobustus STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent, normally in Charadriiformes; reported twice in wild ducks, once in domestic, and once in captive duck. DESCRIPTION: Rankin, 19^0; Jogis, 1Q60; Odening, 1964d . Copy: Bel- opol'skaia, 1952a, 1963a. SYNONYMY: Spelotrema papillorobusta Rankin, 19^0 Carneophallus papillorobusta (Rankin, 19^0) Caballero y C.,1P59 Microphallus papillorobustus (Rankin, 19^0) Baer, 19^4 Spelotrema pseudogonotyla Chen, 19^(4 - [Deblock & Ky, 1966] Microphallus chabaudi Capron, Deblock, & Biguet, 1957 - [Belopol'skaia, 1963a; Deblock & Ky, 19661 Microphallus tringae Capron, Deblock, & Biguet, 1957 - [Deblock & Ky, 19661 297 Spelotrema magnipapillata Leonov, 1959 - [Belopol' skaia, 1963a; De- block & Ky, 1966] LIFE CYCLE: Cercariae develop in marine snail; metacercariae in marine amphipod Crustacea. (Belopol 'skaia, 1°57; Rebecq, 196l; Rpi- mer, 1963) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Hydrobia ventre sa SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Gamma rus locusta, Gamma rus sallnus, Sphaer- oma hookeri FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) , Anas clyreata Aythyini - Aythya fuligula, Aythya marila, Aythya nyroca Mergini - Bucephala clangula , Clangula hyemalis, Mel anitta fiisca Charadrii formes - Actitis hypol eucos, Arenaria interores, Calidris canutus, Capella gallinago, Charadrius hiaticula, Chlidonias leu- copterus, Crocethia alba, Erolia alpina , Erolia minutilla, Erolia ruficollis , Erolia testacea, Haematopus ostralegus, La rus canus, Larus genei , La rus melanocephalus , La rus ri^ibundus, Limosa lim- osa, Numenius arquata, Numenius phaeopus, Philomachus pugnax, Pluvialis apricaria , Squatarola squatarola, Sterna hirundo, Sterna paradisaea, Tringa erythropus, Tringa glareola, Tringa nebularia, Tringa ochropus, Tringa totanus, Vanellus vanellus Fasseriformes - Motacilla alba, Sturnus vulgaris HABITAT: Ceca, lower intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (France, Baltic Sea, White Sea, Estonia), N. America (USA). Microphallus pi rum STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare, normally in carnivorous mammals; reported once in wild ducks. STATUS AS SPECIES: Synonym of M_. excellens - Biguet, Deblock, & Cap- ron, 1958» synonymy rejected by Belopol 'skaia, 1963a and Ching, 1965. DESCRIPTION: Afanas'ev, 19^1; Ching, IO65. Copy: Belopol* skaia, 1952a. SYNONYMY: Paraheterophyes pirum Afanes'ev, 19^1 Spelotrema pirum (A fanes 'ev, 19*41 ) Belopol ' skaia , 1952 Microphallus pirum (Afanes'ev, 19*41.) Rausch, 1953 Microphallus enhydrae Rausch & Locker, 1951 - [Yamaguti, 1958; Belopol* skaia, 1963a] 298 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs eaten by marine snail; metacercariae in marine decapod crustacean; mature in final host j6 hours after ingestion. (Schiller, 1959) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Thais emarginata [exper.] SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Pagurus hirsutiuscutus, Telmessus sp. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Mergini - Melanitta fusca deglandi Charadriiformes - Larus glaucescens [ exper. ] MAMMALIA - Carnivora - En hydra lutris, AT opex lagopus, Vulpes fulva [exper.] Rodentia - Mesocricetus auratus [exper.] HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Komandorsky Is.), N. America (USA - Alaska). Microphallus prima s STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent, probably normally in char- ad riiform birds; reported 3 times in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Jagerskiold, 1908: Stunkard, 1951. Cony: Belopol'skaxa, 1952a. SYNONYMY: Biguet, Deblock, & Capron, 1958. Spelophallus prima s Jagerskiold , 1908 Levinseniella prima s (Jagerskiold, 1908) Travassos, 1921 Microphallus rrimas ( JagerskiSld , 1908) Stunkard, 1951 Spelotrema primas (Jagerskiold, 1908) Belopol ' ska-fa , 1952 Cercaria carcini Guyenot, Naville , Ponse, 1925 - [Reimer, 1963] Microphallus canchei Biguet, Deblock, & Capron, 1958 - [Reimer, 1963? " Deblock & Ky, 1966]; distinct, Belopol 'skaia , 1963a LIFE CYCLE: Metacercariae encysted in marine decapod and amphipod Crustacea; metacercariae reported encysted in gills and free in in- testine of marine fish, interpreted as auxiliary hosts. (Reimer, 1963; Yamaguti, 193*0 FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Unknown. SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Carcinus moenas, Gammarus locusta, Gam- marus salinus AUXILIARY HOSTS?: Macrophthalmus dilatatus, Pholis gunellus 299 FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Somateriini - Somateria mollis sima Aythyini - Aythya marila Mergini - Bucephala clangula , Clangula hyemalis , Melanitta nigra C ha radrii formes - Actitis hyroleucos, Charadrius hiaticula, Crocethia alba, Erolia ruficollis, Haematopus estralegus, Haematopus ostra- legus bachmani , Larus marinus , Larus ridibundus , Numenius arquata , Squatarola squatarola Fasseriformes - Fica rica HABITAT: Intestine, ceca. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (Japan), N. America (USA). Microphallus pseudogonotylus STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in domestic duck. STATUS AS SFECIES: Synonym of M. parillorobustus - Deblock & Ky, 1966. DESCRIPTION: Chen, 19^. Copy: Cable & Kuns, 1951; Belopol 'skaia, 1952a; Shevtsov & Zaskind , I960. SYNONYMY: Biguet, Deblock, & Capron , 195p. Spelotrema pseudogonotyla Chen, 19^ Carneophallus pseudogonotyla (Chen, 19^) Cable & Kuns, 1951 Microphallus pseudogonotylus (Chen, 19^) Biguet, Deblock, & Capron, 195* LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of M. nicolli or M. pygmaeus. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) HABITAT : , Intestine . DISTRIBUTION: Asia (China). Microphallus pygmaeus STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Common; reported 21 times in wild ducks, once in domestic duck. Regarded as potential pathogen in eiders by Belopol ' skaia (l°53c). 300 DESCRIPTION: Jagerskiold , 1900; Belopol'skaia, 195U (as Spei otrema oidemia); Deblock, Capron, & Biguet, I960 (fig.); Ching, 196lb. Copy: Rankin, 19^0; Belopol'skaia, 1952a. SYNONYMY: Biguet, Deblock, # Capron, 1Q5P. Distoma pygmaeum Levinsen, 18B1 Distomum (Brachycoelium) pygmaeum Levinsen, 1881 of Stossich, 1892 Levinsenia pygmaeum (Levinsen, 1881 ) Stossich, 1^9^ Spelotrema pygmaeum (Levinsen, lp8l) Jagerskiold, 1901 Levinseniella pygmaea (Levinsen, l88l) Stafford, 1903 Microphallus pygmaeus (Levinsen, 1881 ) Baer, \°h'4 Spelotrema capellae Yamaguti, 1939 Microphallus capellae (Yamaguti, 1939) Baer, 19^ Microphallus enhydrae Rausch & Locker, 1Q 5"! - synonym of Spelotrema pi rum, Yamaguti, 195^; Belopol ' skaia , 1 °63a Spelotrema oidemia Belopol'skaia, 1°52 Microphallus oidemia (Belopol'skaia, 1*552) Biguet, Deblock, & Capron, 195p - distinct, Belopol ' skafa , 1963a Cercaria littorinae rudis Lebour, 1906 LIFE CYCLE: Cercariae develop in marine snails; final host infected experimentally from these snails, with no second intermediate host. (Belopol'skaia, 19^9a, 1952b; Ching, 1062; Chubrik, 1057) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Littorina littorea , Littorina ohtusata, Littor- ina palliata, Littorina rudis, Littorina scutulata, Marra rites groen- landicus, Rissoa aculeus FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas acuta Somateriini - Somateria mollissima , Somateria spectabi"1 is Aythyini - Aythya fuligula Mergini - Bucephala clangula , Histrionicus histrionicus, Me"! anitta fusca, Melanitta fusca de gland i, Me] anitta nigra , Me r pus mer- ganser Charadriiformes - Calidris tenuirostris, Cape"! la solitaria, Cepphus grylle, Erolia maritima, Larus argentatus, Larus marinus, Ster- eo rarius parasiticus, Sterna paradisaea , Uria aa"1 ge MAMMALIA - Carnivora - En hydra lutris , Fe"1 is catus [exner.1 HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (Kazakhstan, Frimorsk, Kamchatka, Japan, Chukotka), N. America (USA, USA - Alaska, Greenland). Microphal"! us similis STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare, normally in Charadriiformes; reported once in wild duck. 301 STATUS AS SPECIES: Often confused with M. prima s. DESCRIPTION: Nicoll, 1906, 1907; Stunkard, 1057c; Deblock, Capron, & Biguet, I960 (fig.); Deblock & Ky, 1966. Copy: Belopol'skaik, 1952a, 1963a. SYNONYMY: Levinsenia pygmaea var. similis Jagerskiold, 1900 Spelotrema simile (Jagerskiold, 1900) Jagerskiold, 1901 Distoma pygmaea similis (Jagerskiold, 1900) Looss, 1902 Levinsenia similis (Jagerskiold, 1900) Nicoll, 1906 Levinseniella similis (Jagerskiold, 1900) Travassos, 1921 Microphallus similis (Jagerskiold, 1900) Baer, 1944 Spelotrema excellens Nicoll, 1907 - [Deblock & Ky, 1966] Cercaria carcini Lebour, 1908 Microphallus sp. Ching, i960 LIFE CYCLE: Cercariae develop in marine snails; metacercariae en- cysted in marine decapod and amphipod Crustacea; mature in final host in 24 hours after ingestion. (Deblock, Capron, & Biguet, I960; Rees, 1937; Stunkard, 1957) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Littorina littorea, Littorina obtusata, Littorina rud i s , Littorina saxatilis SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Carcinus moenas, Hyas araneus, Gammarus lacustris FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Somateriini - Somateria mollissima Charadrii formes - Haematopus ostralegus, Larus argentatus, Larus fus- cus, Larus marinus, Larus ridibundus, Sterna hirundo [exper.1 HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, N. America (USA). Microphallus somateriae STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reporter" 3 times in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Kulachkova, 1958. Copy: Belopol 'skaia, "1963a. SYNONYMY: Levinseniella somateriae Kulachkova, 1958 Microphallus somateriae (Kulachkova, 1958) Deblock & Rose, 1964 302 LIFE CYCLE: Cercariae develoo in marine snails. (Chubrik, 1957; Kulachkova, 1953) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Hydrobia ulvae, Littorina palliata SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseri formes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos Somateriini - Somateria mollissima Aythyini - Aythya fuligula Charadriiformes - Squatarola squatarola HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (France, Estonia, White Sea). Anacetabulitrema samarae STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Deblock & Rose, 19&+b. SYNONYMY: Anacetabulitrema samarae Deblock & Rose, 19&+ LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Aythyini - Aythya ferina HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (France). Gynaecotyla jaegerskioeldi STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. STATUS AS SPECIES: Incertae sedis - Deblock, Capron, & Biguet, 196l. Gynaecotyla a synonym of Microphalloides - Baer & Joyeux, 196l. DESCRIPTION: Travassos, 1921b. Copy: Rankin, 193^; Belopol 'ska-fa, 1952a. 303 SYNONYMY: Etges, 1953. Levinseniella .jaeger skioeldi Travassos, 1921 Gynaecotyla .jaegerskioeldi (Travassos, 1921) Yamaguti, 1939 Cornucopula .jaegerskioeldi (Travassos, 1921) Rankin, 1939 Microphalloides jaegerskioeldi (Travassos, 1921) Etges, 1953 LIFE CYCLE: Metacercariae in marine decapod crustaces. (Yamaguti, 1958) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Unknown. SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Uca pugilator FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Cairinini - Nettapus auritus Gruiformes - Aramides ca.janea , Laterallus viridis MAMMALIA - Marsupialia - Didelnhis auritus, Didelnhis marsupialis HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: [Africa (Tunisia) - Yamaguti, 19 5P; original citation not seen], S. America (Brazil). Maritrema acadiae STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild ducks. Cause of epizootic with extensive mortality (Swales, !Q33c). DESCRIPTION: Swales, 1933c Cooy: Rankin, 1^39; Belopol 'skaia, 1952a. SYNONYMY: Streptovitella acadiae Swales, 1933 Maritrema acadiae (Swales, 1933) C-ower, 1938 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of M. obstipum. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas rubripes HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: N. America (Canada). 304 Maritrema afanass.jewi STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; re-orted once in wild duck, originally described from arctic fox. DESCRIPTION: Afanas'ev, 19*H. Copy: Belopol • skafa , 1952a. SYNONYMY: Maritrema sp. Afanas'ev, 19^1 Maritrema afanass.jewi Belopol 'skaia , 1 Q 52 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of M. obstipum. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Mergini - Histrionicus histrionicus MAMMALIA - Carnivora - Al onex lagopus, Canis familiaris HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Kamchatka, Komandorsky Is.), N. America (Canada St. George Is.). Maritrema afanass.jewi var. minor STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in domestic duck. DESCRIPTION: Chen, 1957. Copy: Belopol • ska la , l°63a. SYNONYMY: Maritrema afanass.jewi var. minor Chen, 1957 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; rrobably similar to that of M. obstirum. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (China). Maritrema gratiosnm STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare , normally in Charadriiformes; reported once in wild duck. 305 DESCRIPTION: Nicoll, 1907? Deblock & Ky, 1966. Copy: Rankin, 1939; Belopol'skaia, 1952a. SYNONYMY: Deblock, I960. Maritrema gratiosum Nicoll , 1907 Cercaria balani Lebour, 190B Maritrema arenaria Hadley & Castle, 19*4-0 LIFE CYCLE: Metacercariae in cirriped Crustacea. (Belopol'skaia, 1953; Deblock, I960; Uspenskaia, 195**» T-Q60) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Unknown. SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Balanus balanoides FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Mergini - Melanitta nigra Charadriiformps - Actitis hypoleucos, Arenaria interpres, Charadrius alexandrinus, Charadrius hiaticula, Charadrius mongolus, Erolia alrina, Erolia maritima, Erolia melanotos, Erolia minuta, Haema- topus ostralegus , Heteroscelus incanus, Larus argentatus [exper. J, Larus marinus [exper.], Larus ridibundus, Limosa lapponica, Plu- vialis dominica Passeriformes - Motacilla alba, Turdus iliacus HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (England, USSR - Murman coast, White Sea), Asia (USSR - Far East, Kurile Is.), Africa (Tunisia), N. America ( USA ) . Maritrema inusitata STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Leonov & Tsimbaliuk, 1963. SYNONYMY: Maritrema inusitata Leonov & Tsimbaliuk, 1963 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of M. obstipum. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Mergini - Clangula hyemalis HABITAT: Small intestine. 306 DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Kamchatka). Maritrema japonlcum STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported 4 times in wi^d ducks. DESCRIPTION: Yamaguti, 1939. Copy: Belopol 'skaia, 1952a. SYNONYMY: Pseud ospelotrema japonicum Yamaguti , 193° Maritrema .japonicum (Yamaguti, 1939) Etges, 1953 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of M. obstipum. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas plat y rhyn c ho s Mergini - Histrionicus histrionicus, Melanitta fusca, [Melanitta nigra - Lapage, 1961, erroneous citation], Mergus merganser Charadriiformes - Heteroscelus incanus HABITAT: Ceca, intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Primorsk, Japan, Kamchatka, Komandorsky Is.), N. America (USA). Maritrema macracetabulum STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rarp; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Deblock & Rose, 1°64. SYNONYMY: Maritrema macracetabu lum Deblock & Rosp, 1964 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of M. obstipum. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Aythyini - Aythya ferina HABITAT: Small intestine, ceca. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (France). 307 Maritrema nettae STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Gower, 193Bb. Copy: Rankin, 193Q; Belopol 'skaia, 1952a. SYNONYMY: Maritrema nettae Gower, 193^ Maritreminoides nettae (Gower, 193^) Rankin, 193° Pseud ospelotrema nettae (Gower, l^jB) Hunter & Vernberg, 1°53 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of M. obstirum. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Aythyini - Aythya af finis Mergini - Bucephala clangula HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: N. America (USA). Maritrema nicolli STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported twice in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Travassos, 1921b. Copy: Belopol 'ska xa, 1952a. SYNONYMY: Maritrema nicolli Travassos, 1921 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of M. obstirum. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas bahamensis Mergini - Clangula hyemalis HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (USSR); S. America (Brazil). Maritrema obstipum STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in domestic duck. 308 DESCRIPTION: Etges, 1953- Copy: Rankin, 1939; Belopol'skaik, IP 52a, 1963a. SYNONYMY: Etges, 1953. Microphallus obstipum Van Cleave & Mueller, 1932 Maritrema obstipum (Van Cleave & Mueller, 1Q32) Mueller, 193^ Maritreminoides obstipum (Van Cleave & Mueller, 1932) RanVrin, 1939 Fseudospelotrema obstipum (Van Cleave & Mueller, ""532) Hunter & Vern- berg, 1953 Maritreminoides medium Van Cleave & Mueller, 1Q32 - [Ch^n, 19571 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs passed in feces into fresh water, develop 35 days, then apparently eaten by snail; cercariae develop in prosobranch snail, infect fresh-water isopod Crustacea; metacercariae encysted in tissue around dorsal blood vessel, infective in 39 days; mature in 2 days after ingestion by final host, survive in final host at least 2? days. Fresh-water fish also infected, probably as auxiliary hosts. (Etges, 1953) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Amnicola pilsbryi SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Asellus communis AUXILIARY HOSTS?: Ambloplites rupestris, Micropterus dolomieui FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) Galliformes - Gallus gallus (dom.) [exper.l Columbiformes - Columba livia [exper.l Passeriformes - Serinus canarius [exper.l MAMMALIA - Rodentia - Mesocricetus auratus [pxper.l, Mus musculus (lab.) [exper.l HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: N. America (USA). Maritrema raminellae STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Dery, 195?. Copy: Belopol 'skaia , 1963a. SYNONYMY: Maritreminoides raminellae Dery, 195? Maritrema raminellae (Dery, 195?) Deblock, Capron, & Biguet, 1^61 Fseudospelotrema raminellae (Dery, 195?) Ching, 1^63, and Belo^ol'- skaia, 1963 309 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of M. obstipum. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Mergini - Mergus serrator HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: N. America (USA). Maritrema rhodanicum STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck, once experimentally in domestic duck. STATUS AS SFECIES: Doubtful. Synonym of M. subdolum - Rebecq, I960; Deblock & Ky, 1966. DESCRIPTION: Carrere, 1936. Copy: Rankin, 1939; Belopol » skaia , 1952a; Shevtsov & Zaskind, 1°60. SYNONYMY: Maritrema rhodanicum Carrere, 1936 LIFE CYCLE: Cercariae develop in fresh-water prosobranch snails; metacercariae in fresh-water amphipod Crustacea. (Carrere, 1936) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Faludestrina acuta, Pseudamnicola similis SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Gamma rus locusta, Gamma rus neglecta, Gam- marus pulex FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos, Anas platyrhyrichos (dom. ) [exper.] Cairinini - Cairina moschata (dom. ) L exper.] Charadriiformes. - La rus argentatus. La rus rid i bund us HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (France), Asia (Azerbaidzhan ) . Maritrema subdolum STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Frequent; reported 9 times in wild, once in domestic, and once in captive ducks. 310 DESCRIPTION: Jagerskiold, 190?; Deblock & Capron, I960: Odening, 196^d. Copy: Rankin, 1Q39: Belopol * skaia , 1052a. SYNONYMY: Karitrema subdolum Jagerskiold, 1908 Cercaria minor Lebour, 1911 Karitrema rhodanicum Carrere, 193& - [Rebecq, i960; Deblock & Ky, 1966] Maritrema ovatum Rankin, 1939 - [Deblock & Ky, 1Q66] LIFE CYCLE: Eggs passed in feces; cercariae develop in marine snail; metacercariae develop in 17 days after infection in marine decapod, isopod, amphipod , and cirriped Crustacea, rarely in marine snail; metacercariae reported in intestine o^ marine fish, interpreted as auxiliary host; mature in final host after ingestion, survive 20-35 days. (Belopol 'skaia, 1957; Deblock, ""360; Deblock, Capron , & Biguet, I960; Deblock, Capron, & Rose, 196l; Garkavi , lQ65b; Rebecq, lo60a; Reimer, 1963) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Hydrobia ventrosa, Faludestrina stagnalis SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Carcinas moenas, Cyathura carinata, Ido- tea baltica, Idotea viridis, Sphaeroma hookeri , Sphaeroma rugicauda, Sphaeroma serrata, Corophium volutator, Gammaru s lacustris, Gamma rus locusta, Gammaru s maeoticus, Gammaru s salinus , Mglita pal mata , Or- chestria gammarella , Balanus imorovisus , Paludestrina stagnalis AUXILIARY HOSTS?: Fholis gunellus FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Tadornini - Tadorna tadorna Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) , Anas clypeata , Anas crecca Somateriini - Folysticta stelleri, Somateria mollissima Aythyini - Aythya ful igula Mergini - Bucephala clangula, Clangula hyemalis, Melanitta fusca, Melanitta nigra, Mergus serrator Pelecaniformes - Fhalacrocorax carbo Gruiformes - Fulica atra Charadriiformes - Actitis hypol eucos , Arenarla interrres, Calidris canutus, Capella gallinago, Charadrlus alexandrinus, Charadrius hiaticula, Srolia alpina, Ero"1 ia ru fl colli s, Erolia temminckii, Erolia testacea , Ha ema tonus ostra"1 egus, La. rus cams, Larus genel, La rus marinus, Larus melanocephal u s , Larus ridibundus , Limosa lapponica, Limosa limosa, Numenius arquata , Numenius phaeopus, Philomachus pupnax , Fluvial is anricaria, Squataro^a squatarola, Tringa erythropus, Tringa g] areola, Tringa ochropus , Tringa tot- anus, Vanellus vanellus Passeriformes - Sturnus vulgaris 311 HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (France, N. Europe, Volga delta), Asia (Prirrorsk, Amur, Kazakhstan). Maritreminoides mapaensis STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in duck (probably domestic) and once in duck from experimental infection. STATUS AS SPECIES: Genus Maritreminoides included in Maritrgma by Deblock, Capron, & Biguet, 1961. DESCRIPTION: Chen, 1957. Cony: Belopol 'skaia , 1963a. SYNONYMY: Maritreminoid es mapaensis Chen, 1957 LIFE CYCLE: Metacercariae in fresh-water decapod Crustacea. (Chen, 1957) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Unknown. SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Neocaridina denticulata FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) "ducks, natural and experimental infections" Anatini - Anas pla tyrhyncho s (dom. ) [exper.] MAMMALIA - Rodentia - Rattus norvegicus (lab. ) [exper. 1 HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (China). Pseudolevinseniella cheni STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Accidental; reported once in duckling as result of experimental infection. Natural host unknown. DESCRIPTION: Tsai, 1955. Copy: Belopol 'ska la , 1953a. SYNONYMY: Pseudolevinseniella cheni Tsai, 1955 LIFE CYCLE: Metacercariae in muscles of decapod Crustacea; mature in final host after ingestion. (Tsai, 1Q55) 312 FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Unknown. SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Macrobrachium nipponensis FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) [exper.] Ciconii formes - Nycticorax nycticorax [exper. 1 HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (China). Plagiorchis brauni STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. STATUS AS SPECIES: Probably invalid; declared synonym of P. cirratus by Fedorova, 195^5 Odening, 1959; and synonym of P. el.egans by Sty- czynska-Jurewicz, 1962 (with P. cirratus). DESCRIPTION: Massino, 1927; Gvozdev, IP5P; Dollfus, 1063b. Copy: Kasimov, 1956. SYNONYMY: Bykhovskail-Pavlovskaia, 1962, from Fedorova, 1°5^. Flagiorchis brauni Massino, 1927 Lepoderma (Multiglandularis ) brauni (Massino, 1927) Mehra, 1937 Plagiorchis loossi Massino, 1927 Plagiorchis uhlwormi Massino, 1927 Flagiorchis massino Petrov & Tichonov, 1927 Plagiorchis casarcii (Mehra, 1937) Skrjabin & Antipin, 1959 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of P. maculosus. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Aythyini - Aythya ferina Ciconiiformes - Plegadis falcinellus Falconiformes - Circus macrourus, Falco columbarius, Falco subbuteo Galliformes - Coturnix coturnix, Lyrurus tetrix, Tetrastes bonasia Charadriiformes - Actitis hynoleucos, Ch1 idnnias nigra , Erolia minuta, Larus argentatus, Larus ridibundus, Numenius arquata , Numenius minutus, Fhilomachus pugnax, Sterna hirundo, Tringa gl areol a Cuculiformes - Cuculus canorus Coraciiformes - Upura epops Ficiformes - Dendrocopos major Passeriformes - Corvus corone, Corvus frugilegus, Corvus monedui.a , Hirundo rustica, Oriolus oriolus, Passer domesticus, Pica pica, Sturnus vulgaris, Sylvia nisoria, Turdus pilaris 313 MAMMALIA - Carnivora - Alonex lap-opus HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (USSR), Asia (Siberia, Kazakhstan, Iran), N. America (Canada). Plagiorchis casarcii STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. STATUS AS SFECIES: Frobably invalid; declared synonym of P. cirratus by Odening, 1959; synonym of P. brauni by Bykhovskaia-Favlovskaia , 1962; and synonym of P. elegans by Styczynska-Jurewicz, 1962 (with P. cirratus and P. brauni). DESCRIPTION: Mehra, 1937- Copy: Skrjabin & Antipin, 195°. SYNONYMY: Lepoderma casarcii Mehra, 1937 Plagiorchis (Multiglandularis) casarcii (Mehra, 1937) Skrjabin & Ant- ipin, 1959 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of P. maculosus. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Tadornini - Tadorna ferruginea HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (India). Plagiorchis cirratus STATUS AS PARASITE: Rare, or erroneous; reported twice in waterfowl under other names which may not be synonyms; most common1 y in passer- ine birds. STATUS AS SPECIES: Questionable. Declared synonym of P. elegans by Styczynska-Jurewicz, 1962; retained as distinct by Odening. Zdarska, 1966, stated that cercariae of P. cirratus, P. elegans, & P. laricola are all different, although adults are same except for distribution of vitellaria. DESCRIPTION: von Muhling, 1P97; Odening, 1959; Dollfus, 1°60. 314 SYNONYMY: Fasciola cirrhata Rudolphi , 1802 Pi stoma cirratum Rudolphi, 1809 Lepoderma cirratum (Rudolphi, 1802) Looss, l89Q Plagiorchis cirratus (Rudolphi, 1802) Luhe, 1899 Plagiorchis (MultigTanduIaris) cirratus (Rudolphi, 1802) of 01 sen, 1937 Flagiorchis (Multiglandularis ) cirratus cirratus (Rudolphi, 1802) of Odening, 1959 Plagiorchis brauni Massino, 1927 - [Fedorova, 195^; Odening, 1959] Plagiorchis loossi Massino, 1927 - [Fedorova, 195^; Odening, 19591 Plagiorchis massino Petrov & Tichinov, 1927 - [Fedorova, 195^? Oden- ing, 1959] Lepoderma casarcii Mehra, 1937 - [Odening, 1959] Plagiorchis casarcii (Mehra, 1937) Skrjabin & Antipin, 195*3 LIFE CYCLE: Metacercariae in amphinod Crustacea (Doll f us, I960). FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Unknown. SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Gamma rus sp. FINAL HOSTS: AVES (Some hosts perhaps those of suggested synonyms) Anseriformes (Anatidae) Tadornini - Tadorna ferruginea [as P. casarcii] Aythyini - Aythya ferina [as P. brauniT Falconiformes - Charadriiformes - La rus marinus, La rus ridibundus Apodiformes - Apus apus Passeriformes - Corvus corone , Corvus frugilegus, Corvus reonedula , Hirundo rustica, Motacilla alba, Passer montanus, Pica pica, Stur- nus vulgaris, Turdus merula MAMMALIA - Rodentia - Mus musculus (lab.) [exper.] Carnivora - Felis catus, Canis familiaris HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (W. Siberia). Plagiorchis elegans STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild ducks. If reported synonyms are included this species is frequent; reported 11 times in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Bykhovskaia-Pavlovskaia, 195^a; Styczynska-Jurewicz, 1962. Copy: Olsen, 1937 (fig. only). SYNONYMY: Styczynska-Juresicz, 1962; Stiles & Hassall, 1908. 315 Fasciola elegans Rudolphi, 1^02 Distomum elegans (Rudolphi, 1802) Rudolphi, 1809 Distoma (Brachylaemus ) elegans (Ruriolrhi, 1802) of Dujardin, 1845 Plagiorchis elegans (Rudolphi, 1«02) Braun, 19C2 LepodermaTLepoderma ) elegans (Rudolphi, 1802) Mehra, 1937 Plagiorchis (Plagiorchis) elegans (Rudolphi, 1*02) of Olsen, 1937 Plagiorchis (Flagiorchis) elegans elegans (Rudolphi, 1802) of Oden- ing, 1959 Plagiorchis (Multiglandularis ) elegans (Rudolphi, 1802) of Skrjabin & Antipin, 1959 Plagiorchis cirratus (Rudolphi, 1802) Braun, 1902 - distinct, Oden- ing, 1959 Plagiorchis blumbergi Massino, 1927 Plagiorchis brauni Massino, 1927 Flagiorchis loossi Massino, 1927 Flaciorchis uhlvormi Massino, 1927 - distinct subspecies, Odening, 1959 Plagiorchis massino Petrov & Tichinov, 1027 Plagiorchis potanini Skrjabin, 1928 _ subspecies of P. cirratus, Odening, 10 50 Plagiorchis casarcii (Mehra, 1937) Skrjabin & Antipin, 195q Plagiorchis strictus Shtrom, 19^0 Plagiorchis blatnensis Chalupsky, 195^ Plagiorchis stejanskii Furmaga , 1956 Plagiorchis raabei Furmaga, 1956 LIFE CYCLE: Cercariae develop in fresh-water snail; metacercariae in larvae of aquatic insects (Odonata, Ephemeroptera , Diptera), isopod and amphipod Crustacea, fresh-water snails; mature in final host 7-15 days after ingestion (Styczynska-Jurewicz, 196l, 1962). FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Lymnaea, stagnalis SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Aeschna grand is, Aedes aegyrti [exper.1, Anopheles maculipennis [ exper. 1, Corethra sp. , Cul ex piplens [exner.1, Tendipedidae sp., Cloeon dipterum [exrer.1, Coenagrion hastul atum [exper.] , Lestes sponsa [exper.] , A sell us aquaticus, Gamma ru s pul ex, Lymnaea palustris, Lymnaea stagnalis, Sialis sp. , llybius sp. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos Ciconiiformes - Pie gad is falcinellus Falconiformes - Circus aeruginosus, Circus macrourus, Falco col umbar- ius, Falco subbuteo, Falco vespertinus Galliformes - Coturnix coturnix, Gallus gallus (dom. ) , Lyrurus tetrix, Tetrastes bonasia Charadriiformes - Actitis hypoleucos , Capella gal linago, Erol ia min- uta, Glareola nordmanni, Glareola pratinool a, Chlidonias nigra, Larus argentatus, Larus ridibundus, Litnosa 1 imosa, Numenius arquata Numenius tenuirostris , Phllomachus pugnax, Sterna hirundo, Tringa 316 glareola Cuculiformes - Cu cuius canorus Strigiformes - Otus scops Apodiformes - A pus a pus Coraciiformes - Upupa epops Piciformes - Dendrocopos major Passeriformes - Acanthi s flavirostris, Carduelis flavirostris, Corvus corone, Corvus corax, Corvus frugilegus, Corvus monedula , Fringilla coelebs, Delichon urbica, Garrulus glandarius, Hirundo rustica, Motacilla alba, Motacilla f lava , Muscicapa striata , Oriolus orio~!us, Panurus biarmicus, Parus ater , Parus coeruleus, Parus major, Parus palustris, Passer domesticus, Passer montanus, Pica pica, Prunella modularis, Sitta europaea , Sturnus vu"1 garis, Sylvia nisoria , Turd us pilaris MAMMALIA - Rodentia - Mus musculus (lab. ) [exper.l, Apod emus agrarius, Apodemus sylvaticus, Microtus arvalis Carnivora - Alopex lagopus, Can is familiaris, Felis catus HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (W. Siberia, Kazakhstan, Kirgizia, Primorsk), Plagiorchis ferrugineum STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Mehra, 1937- Copy: Skrjabin & Antipin, 1959. SYNONYMY: Lepoderma ferrugineum Mehra, 1937 Plagiorchis (Multiglandularis) ferrugineum (Mehra, 1Q37) Skrjabin & Antipin, 1959 Plagiorchis (Multiglandularis ) laricola ferrugineum (Mehra, 1937, Odening, 1959 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of P. maculosus. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Tadornini - Tadorna ferruginea HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (India). Plagiorchis laricola STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported 5 times in wild 317 ducks. Reported as cause of parasitic necrosis in gallinaceous birds. STATUS AS SPECIES: Original description not available. Rayski (1964) says description from key in Massino, 1927; description in Semenov, 192?; figure in Bykhovskaia-Favlovskaia, 1962; and figure in Chert- kova , 1953> are all different. Form in Chertkova, 1Q53» (copied in Kasimov, 1956, as P. laricola ) renamed P. biVhovskayae Rayski, 1964. DESCRIPTION: Skrjabin, 1924; Belopol Vskafa , l°52b; Chertkova, 1^53? Bykhovskaia-Pavlovskaia, 1954a (fig. only). Copy: Kasimov, 1956; Gvozdev, 1958. SYNONYMY: Plagiorchis laricola Skrjabin, 1924 Lepoderma (Multiglandularis ) laricola (Skrjabin, 1924) Mehra , 1937 Plagiorchis (Multiglandularis) laricola Skrjabin, 1924 of Olsen, 1937 Plagiorchis (Multiglandularis ) laricola laricola (Skrjabin, 1924) of Odening, 1959 Plagiorchis mutationis Panova, 1927 - [Belopol 'skaia, 1952]; distinct subspecies, Odening, 1959 Plagiorchis megalorchis Rees, 1952 - [Gvozdev, 195^] LIFE CYCLE: Cercariae develop in fresh-water snails, inject larvae of aquatic diptera and form metacercariae; mature in final host after ingestion. (Sudarikov & Karmanova, 1964; Zdarska, 1966) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Lymnaea stagnalis SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Aedes aegypti [exper.], Culex pipiens [exper.] FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas acuta. Anas clypeata , Anas crecca, Anas querquedula Aythyini - Aythya marila Mergini - Bucephala clangula, Melanitta nigra Fodicipediformes - Podiceps caspicus Ciconiiformes - Plegadis falcinellus Falconiformes - Falco tinnunculus Galliformes - Francolinus franco! inus, Gallus gallus (dom. ) , Meleagris gallopavo (dom. ) C ha radrii formes - Charadrius dubius , Chlidonias leucoptera, Chlidonias nigra , Gelochelidon nilotica , Larus argentatus , Larus canus , Larus fuscus, Larus ichthyaetus, Larus minutus, Larus ridibundus, Limosa limosa, Numenius arquata , Phalaropus lobatus , Philomachus pugnax, Pluvialis apricaria, Stercorarius parasiticus , Sterna hirundo, Ster- na paradisaea, Tringa glareola. Tringa totanus Strigi formes - Asio flammeus Passeriformes - Acrocephalus aedon, Acrocephalus arundinaceus , Corvus corone , Hirundo rustica , Panurus biarmicus, Saxicola torquata 318 HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Ireland, Foland, USSR), Asia (W. Siberia, Armenia, Kirgizia, Kazakhstan, Primorsk, Kamchatka). Plagiorchis maculosus STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare, tyrically rarasitic in passer- ine birds; reported once in wild waterfowl. DESCRIFTION: Yamaguti, 1939; Fedorov, 195^: Bykhovskaia-Pavlovskaia , 195^a (fig. only). Copy: Kurashvili, 1957; Skrjabin & Antipin, 1959. SYNONYMY: Sprehn, 1^32; Skrjabin, 1958; Bykhovskaia-Pavlovskaia, 1962. Fasciola maculosa Rudolphi, lp02 Distoma maculosum (Rudolphi, 1^02) Rudolphi, lp09 Distomum (Dicrocoelium) maculosum (Rudo"irhi, \PQ2) of Olsson, 18?6 Distomum (Brachylaimus) macul osum (Rudolphi, 1P02) of Stossich, lpQ2 Plagiorchis maculosus (Rudolphi, 1^02) Braun, 1901 Lepoderma maculosum (Rudolphi, 1802) Bittner & Sprehn, 1928 Plagiorchis (Plagiorchis) maculosus (Rudolphi, 1802) of Shul'ts & Skvortsov, 1931 Plagiorchis (Plagiorchis) maculosus maculosus (Rudolphi, 1^02) of Odening, 195^ Plagiorchis clelandi Johnston, 1916 Plagiorchis maculosus var. anatis Skrjabin, 1928 Plagiorchis transbaicalicus Skrjabin, 1928 Plagiorchis popowi Palimpsestov, 1929 Plagiorchis maculosus var. citelli Shul'ts, 1°32 Plagiorchis russii (Mehra, 1937) Skrjabin & Antipin, 1959 Lepoderma bulbuli Mehra, 1937 Plagiorchis spatulatus Johnston, 196l - [Angel, 195°]; distinct sub- species, Odening, 195Q Flagiorchis notabilis Nicoll, 1909 - [Angel, 19591? distinct, Odening, 1959 Flagiorchis orientalis Park, 1939 - [Angel, 1959] Plagiorchis eutamiatus zibethica Vasil'ev, 193° - [Odening, 1959] Plagiorchis crassus Toisson, 1*75) - [Yamaguti, 195°] LIFE CYCLE: Cercariae develop in fresh-water snail, encyst as meta- cercariae in aquatic insect larvae (Biptera); mature after ingestion by final host. (Angel, 1959; Hall, 1929; Noller & Ulrich, 1928; Strenzke, 1952) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Lymnaea auricularia, Lytrnaea lessoni, Lym- naea stagnalis, Paludina impura, Valvata piscina! is, Viviparus vivi- parus 319 SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Chaecborus crystal] inus, Chironomns plum- osus, Chironomus thummi , Culex pipiens, Dru su s trifidus, Fsectrotany- 3us varius FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Branta bernicla Tadornini - Tadorna ferruginea Anatini - Anas clypeata Aythyini - Aythya ferina Mergini - Histrionicus histrionicus Falconi formes - Accipiter nisus Galliformes - Gallus gallus (dom. ) [exrer.], Meleagris gallopavo (dom.) Charadriiformes - Charadrius alexandrinus, Chi idonias leucoptera, Chli- donias nigra , Larus canus, Larus ridibundus, Sterna hirundo Strigiformes - Otus bakkamoena Caprimulgiformes - Caprimulgus caprimulgus , Caprimulpus europaeus Coraciiformes - Upupa epops Apodiformes - A pus a pus, Apus melba , Hirundapus caudacutus Passeriformes - Aedomosyne cantans , Aegithal os caudatus, Alauda arven- sis , Amadina fasciata, Cardue"1 is splnus, Cecropis daurica , Corvus corone, Delichon urbica , Ember iza bruniceps , Emberiza calandra , Emberiza cia_, Emberiza citrinella, Emberiza hortul ana , Ficedula hypoleuca , Fringilla coelebs, Grallina cyanoleuca, Gymnorhina tib- icen, Hippolais caligata , Hirundo rustica, Hirundo tahitica , Hy- pochera chalybeata , Iduna rama, Lagonosticta Senegal e , Lanius collurio, Motacilla alba, Motacilla cinerea , Motacil 1 a citreol a, Muscicapa striata, Parus ater , Parus atricapillus, Passer domesticus, Passer luteus, Passer montanus , Fhylloscopus collybita , Pica pica , Pomatostomum superciliosus, Frunella modularis, Rhipidura flabell- ifera, Rhipidura leucophrys, Riparia riparia , Saxicola torquata , Sitta europaea, Sturnus phil. ippinensis , Sturnus vulgaris , Syl via atricapilla, Sylvia borin, Turdus iliacus, Turd us viscivorus HABITAT: Small intestine, large intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (Armenia, W. Siberia, Kazakhstan, Kirgizia, India, Primorsk, Japan), Australia. Plagiorchis nanus STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare, normally in charadriiform birds; reported once in wild ducks. STATUS AS SPECIES: Not in Plagiorchis, in Opisthoglyphinae - Odening, 1959. DESCRIPTION: Bykhovskaia-Favl ov ska la, 195^a (fig. only). Copy: Olsen, 1937 (fig. only). 320 SYNONYMY: Bykhovskaia-Favlovskaik , 1962; Stiles & Has sail, 1908. Fasciola nana Rudolphi, LQ02 Distomum nanum (Rudolphi, 1802) Rudolphi, 1809 Plagiorchis nanus (Rudolphi, 18C2) Braun , 1901 Lepoderma nanum (Rudolrhi, 1802) Bittner & Sprehn, 1928 Plagiorchis (Plagiorchis) nanus (Rudolphi, 1^02) o*" Shul'ts & Skvor- tsov, 1031 Plagiorchis fastuosus Szidat, 1924 Plagiorchis morosovi Sobolev, 19^6 LIFE CYCLE: Metacercariae apparently in larvae of trichorteran in- sects. (Shtein, 1057) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Unknown. SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Stenophylax stellatus FINAL HOSTS: AVE3 Anseriformes (Anatidae) Mergini - Melanitta fusca Charadriiformes - Actitis hypoleucos , Capella gallinago , Capei la solitaria, Capella sternura , Charadrius dubius, Charadrius hiat- icula , Erolia acuminata , Erolia alpina, Erolia melanotos , Erolia minuta, Erolia subminuta, Erol ia testacea, Gl areola nordmanni, Larus minutus, Limosa lapponica, Limosa 1 imosa , Numenius arquata, Numenius minutus , Numenius phaeopus, Numenius tenuirostris, Phal - aropus fulicarius, Fhalaropus lobatus, Fhil omachus rugnax , Sterna hirundo, Tringa erythropus , Tringa glared a , Tringa ochropus, Tringa stagnatil is, Tringa totanus , Vanellus vanellus, Xenus cin- ereus, Tringa nebularia HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (W. Siberia, Frimorsk). Plagiorchis nyrocae STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; rerorted once in wild duel-. DESCRIPTION: Ryzhikov & Timofeeva, 1962b. SYNONYMY: Plagiorchis nyrocae Ryzhikov & Timofeeva, 1^62 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown: probably similar to that of P. macu1 osus. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Ay thy in i - Aythya marila 321 HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Kamchatka). Plariorchis obtusus STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Shtrom, 19^0. SYNONYMY: Plagiorchis obtusus Shtrom, 19^0 Plagiorchis (Multigl andularis ) obtusus Sh+rom, lO^l-O op Skrjabin & Antipin, 195° Opisthioglyphe (Lecithopyge) obtusus (Shtrom, lQ4o) Zarnowski, lc>60 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of P. macu]_osus. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas c"lypeata Aythyini - Aythya fuligula , Aythya tnarila Kergini - Melanitta nigra Falconiformes - Falco subbuteo Charadriiformes - Erolia subminuta, Erolia tetnminc'-'ii, Larus canus, Larus minutus, Limosa lanponica, PhalaropuF lobatus, Philotnachus pugnax, Sterna hirundo, Tringa ochropus Passeriformes - Motacilla alba HABITAT: Probably small intestine. . DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Estonia, Barents Sea), Asia (W. Siberia, Kir- gizia, Kamchatka). Plagiorchis rotanini STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported 8 times in wild ducks, once in domestic duck. STATUS AS SFECIES: Doubtful. Synonym of P. elegans - Styczynska- Jurewicz, 1962. DESCRIPTION: Skrjabin, 1928; Belokobyl enko, 1963. Copy: Skrjabin & Antipin, 195^5 Snevtsov & Zaskind , 1°60. SYNONYMY: Plagiorchis potanini Skrjabin, 1928 322 Lepoderma potanini (Skrjabin, 1928) Bay1 is, 1929 Lepoderma (Lepoderma) potanini (Skrjabin, 1928) of Mehra, 1937 Plagiorchis (Multiglandularis ) potanini Skrjabin, 1928 of Shul'ts & Skvortsov, 1931 Plagiorchis (Multiglandularis ) cirratus potanini (Skrjabin, 1°28) Odening, 1^59 Plagiorchis russii (Mehra, 1937) - [Angel, 1959] LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of P. maculosus. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas pi atyrhynchos (dom. ) , Anas formosa Mergini - Bucephala clangula , Melanltta fusca Oxyurini - Oxyura leucocephala Charadriiformes - Larus pirixcan HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (Kazakhstan, USSR - Chita, Zaibaka1 , Tuva, Yakutia, Amur, India), N. America (USA). Plagiorchis russii STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Infrequent; reported 3 times in wild ducks. STATUS AS SPECIES: Doubtful. Synonym of P. potanini - Angel, 195q; synonym of P. macul osus - Bykhovskaia-Pavlovskaia , 1°62; Odening, 1959. DESCRIPTION: Skrjabin, 1928; Mehra, 1937. Copy: Skrjabin & Anti- pin, 1959. • SYNONYMY: Skrjabin & Antipin, 1959. Plagiorchis maculosus var. anatis Skrjabin, 1928 Plagiorchis maculosu.s var. anatinus Skrjabin of Massino, 1929, et_ al. , lapsus Lepoderma maculosus var. anatis (Skrjabin, 1928) Mehra, 1937, lapsus Lepoderma (Multiglandularis ) russii Mehra, 1937 Plagiorchis (Plagiorchis) russii (Mehra, 1937) Skrjabin & Antipin, 195° Plagiorchis maculosus var. motacillae Yamaguti, 193° - [Angel, 1959] LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of P. maculosus. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Tadornini - Tadorna ferruginea 323 Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (USSR - Transbaikal). Plagiorchis uhlwormi STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. STATUS AS SPECIES: Probably invalid. Synonym of P. brauni - Bykhov- skaia-Favlovskaia, 1^62; synonym (with F. brauni ) of P. elegans - Styczynska-Jurewicz, 1962. DESCRIPTION: Massino, 1927, 192°. Cory: Skrjabin & Antipin, ~\Qe,°. SYNONYMY: Plagiorchis uhlwormi Massino, 1927 Lepoderma (Lepoderma) uhlwormi (Massino, 1°27) Mehra, 1C|37 Plagiorchis (Plagiorchis) uhlwormi Massino, 1 °27 of Shul'ts & Skvor- tsov, 1931 Plagiorchis (Flagiorchis) elegans uhlwormi (Massino, 1927) Odening, 1^59 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of P. maculosus. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos Ciconiiformes - Plegadis falcinellus, Galliformes - Lyrurus tetrix Charadriiformes - Actitis hypoleucos , Capei la gal linago, Chi jdonias nigra , Erolia minuta, Numenins arauata, Numenius boreal is Passeriformes - Fica pica HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (USSR), Asia (USSR - Transbaikal). Laterotrema arenula STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Bykhovskaia-Pavlovskaia , TQ'&a: Dollfus, 1"5^; Bykhov- skaia-Pavlovskaia, et al. , 1959; Odening, 196^a. SYNONYMY: 324 Pi stoma arenula Creplin, 1825 Phaneropsolus arenula (Creplin, lp25) Bittner & Sprehn, 192? Laterotrema arenula (Crenlin, 1^25) Dollfus, 1956 Laterotrema (Lecithodollfusia ) arenula (Creplin, 1825) Odening, 1^64 Leyogonimus polyoon (Linstow, 1^7) of Ginetsinskaia. , 1°52 - [Odening, 10 64] LIFE CYCLE: Cercariae develop in fresh-water snail; metacercariae develop in snail; mature in 5-7 days after ingestion by final host. (Bykhovskaia-Pavlovskaia, et al . , 1959; Odening, 1964a) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Bithynia leachei SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Bithynia leaohei, Bithynia tentaculata FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos Mergini - Mergus albellus Gruiformes - Fulica atra , Gallinu"! a ch"1 oropus HABITAT: Small intestine - anterior portion. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (W. Siberia, Yakutia). Apophallus bacalloti STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare or accidental; reported once in domestic duckling as result of experimental infection. DESCRIPTION: Balozet & Callot, 1939; Timon-David, 1963. Copy: Mor- ozov, 1952. SYNONYMY: Apophallus sp. Balozet & Callot, 1939 Apophallus bacalloti Morozov, 1952 LIFE CYCLE: Metacercariae develop in fresh-water fish, mature in final host after ingestion. (Timon-David, 1963) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Unknown. SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Gambusia af finis [exper.l, Gasterosteus aculeatus FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) [<=xper.] Ciconiiformes - Botaurus stellaris 325 HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (France), Africa (Tunisia). Apophallus donicus STATUS AS WATERFOWL TARASITF: Rare, normally in fish-eating birds and mammals; reported twice in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Skrjabin & Lindtrop, 1919; Ransom, 1°2C (as A. brevis). Cory: Morozov, 1952. SYNONYMY: Dawes, 1956. Rossicotrema donicum Skrjabin &■ Lindtrop, 1919 Aponhallus donicus (Skrjabin & Lindtrop, 191 9") Frice, 1931 Cotylophallus venustus Ransom, 192C Rossicotrema venustum (Ransom, 19?0) Ciurea , 1924 Apophallus venustus (Ransom, 192C) Price, 1931 Cotylophallus similis Ransom, 1920 Rossicotrema similis (Ransom, 1920) Ciurea, 1924 Apophallus similis (Ransom, 192C) Price, 1931 Apophallus brevis Ransom, 1920 Rossicotrema breve (Ransom, 1920) Witenberg, 1929 - [Witenberg, 192°1 LIFE CYCLE: Cercariae develop in fresh-water prosobranch snails; metacercariae encysted in fins and skin of fresh-water rish. (Ciurea, 1928, 1929, 1933a, 193^; Modlinger, 193*0 FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Amnicola limosa, Goniobasis livescens SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Abramus ballerus, Abramis brama, Abramis vimba , Acerina cernua, Acerina schraetser , Alburnoides bipunctatus, Amia calva, Aspro streber, Atherina pontica , Bl icca b joerkna , Cat- ostomus commersoni, Chondrostoma nasus, Cyprlnus carpio, Esox lucius, Gobius fluviatilis , Ictal urus nebul osus, Ictalurus punctatus, Lep- isosteus osseus , Lepomis gibbosus , Lucioperca 1 ongensis, Lucioperca lucioperca, Lucioperca sandra , Lucioperca volgaensis, I.uxilus corn- utus , Micropterus dolomieui, Moxo stoma aureolum, Perca flavescens, Perca fluviatilis, Percarina demidoff , Salmo trutta , Salvelinus fon- tinalis, Scardinius erythrophthalmus, Stizostedion vitreum FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos [exp.er.l Mergini - Mergus merganser Gavii formes - Gavia immer Ciconiiformes - Ardea herodias, Ciconia ciconia, Nycticorax nycticorax Falconiformes - Buteo buteo Galliformes - Coturnix coturnix 326 Charadrii formes - Larus delawarensis, Larus ridibundus, Thalasseus sandvicensis Columbi formes - Columba ljvia , Streptopelia turtur Strigiformes - Asio otus MAMMALIA - Carnivora - Alopex lajrorjjs , Canis farni"! iaris, Fel i s catus, Lutra lutra, Martes foina, Frocyon lotor, Vulpes vu7 pe s , Vormela peregusna Pinnipedia - Fhoca vitulina Lagomorpha - Oryctolagus cuniculus [exper.] Rodentia - Mus musculus (lab.) [exper. J, Rattus norvegicus (lab.) [exper.] HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, N. America (USA). Apophallus imperator STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare, natural infection in heron; rerorted once (?) in wild ducks (original citation not found). STATUS AS SPECIES: Doubtful. Synonym of A. brevis - Miller, 19^1. A. brevis was declared a synonym of A. donicus by Witenberg, 1Q29; this would make imperator also a synonym of A. donicus. DESCRIPTION: Lyster, 192+Ob. Copy: Morozov, 1952. SYNONYMY: Apophallus imperator Lyster, 19^-0 LIFE CYCLE: Cercariae develop in fresh-water snails; metacercariae encysted in skin under scales as spots in fresh-water fish; mature in final host in 7-12 days after ingestion, eegs in feces in 40 days. (Lyster, 19/+Cb; Miller, 19^0, 19^1, 19^6) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Amnicola limosa, Helisoma, Compl ecta SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Catostomus sp., Ferca flavescens, Salmo gairdneri , Salvelinus fontinalis FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Mergini - Mergus cucullatus, Mergus merganser [both listed by Morozov, 1952; original citation not found] Ciconiiformes - Ardea herodias . Columbiformes - Columba iivia [exper.] MAMMALIA - Carnivora - Felis catus [exper.] HABITAT: Small intestine - posterior portion. 327 DISTRIBUTION: N. America (Canada). Ascocotyle angrense STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Accidenta"1 , typically in ciconii^orm birds and in mammals; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Sogandares-Bernal & Lumsden, 1963. Cory: Ransom, 1°20; Morozov, 1952. SYNONYMY: Sogandares-Bernal & Lumsden, I963. Ascocotyle angrense Travassos, 191 6 Ascocotyle (Phagicola) angrense Travassos, 19l6 of Travassos, 1930 Phagicola angrense (Travassos, 1°1.6) Travassos, 1929 Parascocotyle angrense (Travassos, 191*?) Morozov, 1952 Ascocotyle nana Ransom, 1920 Parascocotyle nana (Ransom, 1920) Witenberg, 1929 Ascocotyle (Phagicola) nana Ransom, 1920 of Travassos, 193^ Phagicola nana (Ransom, 1920) Price, 1932 Ascocotyle (Parascocotyle) diminuta Stunkard & Haviland , 192.4 Ascocotyle (Phagicola) diminuta Stunkard & Haviland, 1924 of Travassos, 1930 Phagicola diminuta (Stunkard & Haviland, 1924) Price, "1.932 Phagicola lageniformis Chandler, 194l Parascocotyle lageniformis (Chandler, 1941 ) Morozov, 1Q52 LIFE CYCLE: Metacercariae in gill filaments of poeciniid and cypri- nodont brackish or fresh-water fishes; mature in 2-3 days after in- gestion by final host. (Sogandares-Bernal & Lumsden, lc>6j; Stunkard & Uzmann, 1955) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Unknown. SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Belonesox belizanus, Cyrrinodon variega- tus , Fundulus chrysotus, Fundulus grandis , Fundu1 us heteroclitus , Fundulus .jenkinsi, Fundulus ma.jalis, Fundulus pallidus, Fundulus similis , Lucania parva, Mollienesia latipinna , Mollienesia sphenops FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Cairinini - Aix sponsa Pelecaniformes - Morus bassana Ciconiiformes - Ardetta erythromel as , Butorides striata . Butorides virescens, Casmerodius al bus , Florida thul a , Hydranassa tricolor, Nyctanassa violacea , Nycticorax nycticorax Galliformes - Gallus gallus (dom. ) [experTT Charadriiformes - Larus argentatus [exper.l MAMMALIA - Carnivora - Alopex lagorus, Canis familiaris [exper.l, Felis catus [exper.l, Frocyon lotor 328 Rodentia - Mesocricetus auratus [exper.l, Mus mu soul us (lab.) [exper.l, Ondatra zibethicus, Rattus norvegicus HABITAT: Small intestine - duodenum. DISTRIBUTION: Atlantic coast - N. America (USA, Mexico), S. America (Brazil). Centrocestus formosanus STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Accidental, normally in fish-eating birds and mammals; reported once in domestic duck as result o^ ex- perimental infection. STATUS AS SFECIES: Synonym of C. ganinus - Yarns guti, 1958. DESCRIPTION: Nishigori, 1924; Yamaguti, 1939; Chen, 1941. Copy: Morozov, 1952. SYNONYMY: Stamnosoma formosanum Nishieori, 1924 Centrocestus formosanus (Nishigori, 1924) Frice, 1932 LIFE CYCLE: Cercariae develop in fresh-water nrosobranch snails; metacercariae encysted in gills of fresh-water fish and in frogs; mature in 2 days after ingestion by final host. (Africa, de Lion, & Garcia, 1940; Martin, 1958; Nishigori, 1924; Tanabe, 1922; Vasquez- Colet & Africa, 1939, 1940) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Semisulcosr-ira 1 ibertina , Stenomelania newcombi SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Anabis testudineus, Carassius auratus, Channa formosana ,, Clarias fuscus , Ctenopharynpodon ide] lug , Cyprinus carpio, Gambu sia affinis, Glossogobius giurus, Hemirhamrhus dussumieri, Kuhlia sandvicensis, Limia cauclofasciata , Mscropodus opercularis, Misgurnus anguillicaudata , Mugil affinis, Mugil cephalus, Ophicepha- lus maculatus, Ophicephalus striatus, Ophicephalus tadianus, Opsari- ichthys uncirostris, Parasilurus asotus, Fseudorasbora rarva, Funtius semifasciolatus , Rhodeus ocellatus , Therapon rlumbeus, Xiphophorus helleri, Zacco platypus, Bufo mel anostictus, Rana 1 imnocharis FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) [exper.l Ciconiiformes - Ardea purpurea , Bubulcus ibis , Egretta intermedia , Nycticorax nycticorax, Flatalea leucorodia Galliformes - Gallus gallus (dom. ) [exper.l MAMMALIA - Carnivora - Can is famil iaris, Fel i s catus, Hyctereutes 329 procyonoides Rodentia - Cavia porcellus [exper.l, Mus musculus (lab. ) [exper.l, Rattus norvegicus , Rattus rattus [exper.l Lagomorpha - Oryctolagus cuniculus [exper.l Frimates - Homo sapiens [exper. 1 HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (China, Taiwan, Jat>an, Philippine Is.), Oceania (Hawaii ) . Jubilarum skr.jabinl STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Morozov, 1959. SYNONYMY: Jubilarum skrjablni Morozov, 1959 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas sp. HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Kamchatka). Fygidiopsis genata STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Accidental, normally in fish-eating birds and mammals; reported once in domestic goose, once experiment- ally in domestic duck. DESCRIPTION: Witenberg, 1929- Copy: Ransom, 1920; Morozov, 1952. SYNONYMY: Dawes, 1956. Pygidiopsis genata Looss, 19C7 Ascocotyle plana Linton, 1928 Fygidiopsis plana (Linton, 1928) Price, 1933 LIFE CYCLE: Cercariae develop in fresh-water prosobranch snail; metacercariae encysted in fish of fresh and brackish waters. (Balo- zet & Callot, 193^, 1939; Ciurea, 1933, 193^; Vasquez-Colet * Africa, 1938; Witenberg, 1929) 330 FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Thiara tuberculata SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Astatotilapia desfontainesi, Atherina pontica, Barbus antinorii, Barbus canis, Gambusia af finis, Hemichro- mus bimaculatus, Neogobius cephalarges, Neogobius fluviatilis, Neo- gobius melanostomus , Neogobius syrman , Mugil capito, Mugil dussumi- eri , Fleuronectes flesus, Pleuronectes platessa, Scardinius erythroph- thalmus, Tilapia gal ilea, Tilapia nilotica, Tilapia simonis FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser (dom. ) Anatini - Anas platyrhynehos (dom. ) [exper.] Fodicipediformes - Podiceps cristatus F el ecani formes - Pelecanus crispus, Pelecanus oncrota"1 us Ciconiiformes - Ardea cinerea, Ardea purpurea , Botaurus stellaris, Butorides virescens, Egretta garzetta, Nycticorax nycticorax, Flatalea leucorodia, Plegadis falcinellus Falconiformes - Haliaeetus albicilla, Mi1 vu s migrans, Pandion hali- aetus Galliformes - Numida meleagris Charadriiformes - Larus argentatus, Larus ridibundus Columbi formes - Columba livia Strigiformes - Asio otus MAMMALIA - Carnivora - Canis familiaris [exper.], Canis Turus, Felis catus , Vulpes vulpes Rodentia - Mus musculus (lab.) [exper.], Rattus norvegicus (lab. ) [exper.], Rattus rattus Lagomorpha - Oryctolagus cuniculus [exper.] Insectivora - Crocidura olivieri, Erinaceus europaeus HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (Palestine, China), Africa (Tunisia, Egypt), N. America (USA). Sonkulitrema kazachstanica STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck; also reported from heron. DESCRIPTION: Maksimova, 1962; Zhatkanbaeva , 1°6^. SYNONYMY: Heterophyidae gen. sp. Maksimova, 1962 Sonkulitrema kazachstanica Zhatkanbaeva, 1^6k LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. 331 FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas acuta Ciconiiformes - Ardea cinerea HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Kazakhstan). Cryptocotyle concavum STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Frequent, typically in fish-eating birds; reported 12 times in wild ducks, twice experimentally in do- mestic waterfowl. DESCRIPTION: Ransom, 192C; Isaichikov, 192.5, Wootton, 1957. Copy: Morozov, 1952. SYNONYMY: Gower, 1939. Distoma concavum Creplin, 1825 Pi stoma ( Pic ro c o el i urn ) concavum Crep! in , 1825 of Stossich, 1^92 Cotylogonimus (Cryptocotyle) concavum (Creolin, 1825) Lube, 1#°Q Tocotrema concavum (Creplin, 182 5) Looss, 1f,°° Cryptocotyle concavum (Creplin, 1825) Fischoe^er, 1°C3 Monostomum echinatum Linstow, I878 Cryptocotyle echinata (Linstow, 1878) Liihe, 1909 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs passed in feces, ingested by snails; cercariae develop in fresh-water to marine prosobranch snails; metacercaria<= encysted in gills or other portions of fresh-water and marine fish; mature in final host a^ter ingestion. (Ciurea, 1033a; Hoffman, loc,7x Isaichikov, 1926; Micoll & Small, 1909; Reamer, "l°65; Wootton, ln57) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Amnicola longinoua SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Atherina hepsetus, Atherina mochon, Ather- ina pontica, Benthophilus macrostomus, Benthophi"1 us ponticus, Bentho- philus stella tus, Catostomus catostomus, Catostomus commersoni , Gas- terosteus aculeatus , Gobius cepha"! arges , Gobius f] uviatil is, Gobius jozo, Gobius kessl eri , Gobius me"1 anostomus, Gobius melanio , Gobius minutus, Gobius ratan, Gobius syrman, M^sogobius gymnotrache"1 us , Mugil capito, Mullus barbatu"1 us, Mullus surmu"1 etus , Pleuronectes flesus, Pleuronectes passer, PI guronectes platessa, Fleuronectes testis, Rhombu s maximus , Siphono stoma typhle, Trachurus trachura FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser (dom. ) Cexper.] Tadornini - Tadorna tadorna 332 Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) [exper.], Anas crecca. Anas querquedula Somateriini - Somateria mollissima Aythyini - Aythya fuligula , Aythya inarila Mergini - Bucephala clangula , Clangula hyeraalis, Melanitta fusca, Melanitta nigra, Mergus albellus, Mergus merganser, Mergus ser- rator Gaviiformes - Gavia stellata Fodicipediformes - Fodiceps caspicus, Fodiceps crista tus, Fodiceps grisegena Felecaniformes - Halietor pygmaeus , Felecanus crispus, Pel ecanus on- crotalus, Fhalacrocorax aristote"' is, Fhal acrocorax carbo Ciconiiformes - Ardea cinerea , Egretta garzetta , Nycticorax nycti- corax, Plegadis falcinellus Galliformes - Gallu~gallus (dom.), Meleagris gallomvo (dom . ) , Nu- mida meleagris Charadriiformes - Alca torda, Larus argentatus, Larus canus, Larus fuscus , Larus hyperboreus , Larus ridibundus. Re curvi rostra avosetta , Rissa tridactyt a , Sterna hirundo , Sterna paradisaea Columbiformes - Columba livia (dom. ) Strigiformes - Asio otus [exper.] Fasseriformes - Carduelis chloris [exper.1 MAMMALIA - Insectivora - Erinaceus europaeus Rodentia - Rattus norvegicus (labT) Lexper. ] Lagomorpha - Oryctolagus cuniculus [exper.] Carnivora - Alopex lagopus, Can is famil iaris [exper.], Felis catus , Mustela vison [exper.] , Vulpes vulpes Artiodactyla - Sus scrofa (dom. ) [exrer.] HABITAT: Intestine, ceca. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (Azerbaidzhan, Yakutia, Primorsk), N. America (USA). Cryptocotyle c ryr toe otylo ides STATUS AS WATERFOV/L FARASITE: Rare, normally in fish-eating birds; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Isa?chikov, 1923: Smogorzhevskara , 1956. Copy: Mor- ozov, 1952. SYNONYMY: Ciureana cryptocotyl oides Isalchikov, 1923 Cryptocotyle cryptocotyloides , (Isalchikov, 1923) Witenberg, 1929 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of C. concavum. FINAL HOSTS: AVES 333 Anseriformes (Anatidae) Mergini - Bucephala clangula Gaviiformes - Gavia arctica Felecaniformes - Fhalacrocorax carbo Ciconiiformes - Ardea cinerea, Egretta garzetta , Nycticorax nycti- co rax HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Crimea, USSR - Dneiper River). Cryptocotyle .jejuna STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare, typically in lariform birds; reported once (?) in wild ducks (original citation not found). DESCRIPTION: Nicoll, 190?; Ciurea, 192^. Copy: Ransom, 1920; Mor- ozov, 1952. SYNONYMY: Tocotrema jejunum Nicoll, 1907 Cryptocotyle jejuna (Nicoll, 190?) Ransom, 1920 LIFE CYCLE: Cercariae develop in marine snails; metacercariae en- cysted in fins and beneath scales of marine fish, infective to final host in at least 2 weeks; mature in final host in at least '+ weeks after ingestion. (Ciurea, 1933; Rothschild, 1^38) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Hydrobia ulvae SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Gobius melanostomus, Gobius minutus, Gobius ruthensparri FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Somateriini - Somateria sp. - [Yamaguti, 195^; original citation not found . ] Mergini - Mergus merganser Felecaniformes - Fhalacrocorax C ha radrii formes - Cepphus grylle , Fratercul a, Larus argentatus, Larus canus, Larus ridibundus , Rissa, Stercorarius, Sterna hirundo , Thai- asseus sandvicensis, Tringa totanus, Uria MAMMALIA - Carnivora - Canis familiaris [exper.l HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe. 334 Cryptocotyle lingua STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent, typically in lariform birds and fish-eating mammals; reported 4 times in wild ducks, once experimentally in domestic duck. DESCRIPTION: Yamaguti, 1939; Dubois & Mahon, 1959. Copy: Ransom, 1920; Morozov, 1952; Shevtsov & Zaskind, I960. SYNONYMY: Dawes, 1956. Pi stoma lingua Creplin, 1R25 Distomum (Dicrocoelium) lingua Creplin, 1825 of Stossich, 1^92 Tocotrema lingua (Creplin, 1825) Looss, 1899 Cotylogonimus (Cryptocoty"1 e) lingua (Creplin, 1825) L'uhe, 1.P99 Cryptocotyle lingua (Creplin, 1^25) Fischoeder, 1903 Hallum lingua (Creplin, 1825) Isaichikov, 1925 Dermocystis ctenolabri Stafford , 1905 Hallum caninum Wigdor, 1918 Hallum ransomii Isaichikov, 1924 Cryptocotyle americana Ciurea, 192^ - [ Stiles & Baker, 19351 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs passed in feces, miracidia develop in 10 days in water, eggs probably hatch after ingestion by snail; cercariae de- velop in marine snail, infection may continue in snail at least 7 years; metacercariae encysted in fins and gills of marine fish; ma- ture in 6 days after ingestion by final host. (Ciurea, 1931? Mor- ozov, 1952; Rothschild, 1939, 19^2a, 19^2b; Stunkard, 1927, "'928, 1930; Stunkard & Willey, 1929; Willey, 1933a) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Hydrobia ulvae , Hydrobia ventrosa, Lit- torina litorea, Littorina rudis, Littorina scutulata, Littorina sit- kana, Paludestrina stagnalis SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Acanthocottus aeneus, Brevoortia tyran- nus , Cottus scorpius, Gad us callarius, Gobius flavescens, Gobius minutus, Gobius ruthensparri, Gobius scorpio, Hemitrioterus americanus , Labrus bergylta, Lophopsetta maculata, Macrozoarces americanus, Men- idia notata, Menticirrhus saxatilis, Microgadus tomcod , Mullus aur- atus , Onos tricirratus, Osmerus mordax, Pholis gunnellus, Pleuron- ectes flesus , Pleuronectes platessa, Pollachius virens, Pomatomus saltatrix, Poronotus tricanthus, Pseudopleuronectes americanus , Scom- ber scombrus, Syngnathus typhle , Tautoga. onitis, Tautogolabris ad- spersus, Trachinotus falcatus FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) [exper.l Somateriini - Somateria moll issima Mergini - Mergus merganser, Mergus serrator Gaviiformes - Gavia immer, Gavia stel lata Podicipediformes - Podiceps auratus 335 Pelecani formes - Morus bassanus, Phalacrocorax aristotalis Ciconiiformes - Bu to rides virescens, Nycticorax nycticorax Charadriiformes - AIca tarda, Cepphus grylle, Fratercula arctica, Larus argentatus, Larus atricilla , La ru s eanus, Larus crassiros- tris, Larus del awarensis, Larus fuscus, Larus glaucescens, Larus hyperboreus, Larus marinus, Larus occidentalis, Larus ridibundus , Larus schistisagus, Numenius arquata, Rissa tridactyla, Stercor- arius parasiticus. Sterna dougalli, Sterna hirundo, Sterna rara- disaea, Thalasseus sandvicensis, Tringa ochropus, Tringa totanus, Uria aalge, Uria lomvia MAMMALIA - Rodentia - Cavia porcellus [exper.l, Rattus noryegicus Carnivora - Alopex lagopus, Canis famil iaris, Felis catus [exper.l, Lutra lutra , Mustela vison (dom.), Vulpes fulva, Vulpes fulva (dom. ), Vulpes vulpes Pinnipedia - Halichoerus grypus, Mirounga angustirostris, Phoca cas- pica, Phoca vitulina HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (Siberia, Primorsk, Kamchatka, Japan, Sakhalin, Kurile Is.), N. America (USA, Canada). Galactosomum baylisi STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once (?) (original citation not found) in wild goose, twice in domestic goose. STATUS AS SPECIES: Synonym of G. aharonii - Leonov, 1957? Dubois & Mahon, 1959; retained as distinct species by Morozov, 1Q52. DESCRIPTION: Nazmi Gohar, 1930; Smogorzhevskaia, 1956. Copy: Mor- ozov, 1952; Shevtsov & Zaskind, I960. SYNONYMY: Cercarioides baylisi Gohar, 1930 Galactosomum baylisi (Gohar, 1930) Price, 1932 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser (dom.), [Anser anser - Shevtsov & Zaskind, I960, original citation not found] Charadriiformes - Larus ichthyaetus , Sterna hirundo HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Ukraine), Asia (Palestine), Africa (Egypt). 336 Stictodora japonica STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported twice in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Yamaguti, 1939. Copy: Morozov, 1952. SYNONYMY: Stictodora .japonica Yamaguti, 1939 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of S. sawakinensis. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Mergini - Mergus merganser, Mergus serrator HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Japan, Kamchatka). Stictodora mergi STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. STATUS AS SPECIES: Validity doubtful - Chen, 1951. DESCRIPTION: Yamaguti, 1939. Copy: Morozov, 1952. SYNONYMY: Stictodora mergi Yamaguti, 1939 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of S_. sawakinensis. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Mergini - Mergus serrator HABITAT: Intestine. . DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Japan). Stictodora sawakinensis STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Looss, 1899; Witenberg, 1^29: Bykhovskaxa-Pavlovskaia , 195^'a. Copy: Morozov, 1952. 337 SYNONYMY: Stictodora sawakinensis Looss, 1899 Stictodora manilensis Africa & Garcia, 1^35 - [Morozov, 1952; Bykhov- skaia-Pavlovskaia, 19591 LIFE CYCLE: Metacercariae encysted in brackish water fish. (Witen- berg, 1929) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Unknown. SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Beleophthalmus pectinorostris, Mugil capito, Mugil cephalus, Tilapia nilotica FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos Procellariiformes - Puffinus kuhlii Charadriiformes - Larus argentatus, Larus crassirostris, Larus ridi- bundus, Larus schistisagus, Sterna albifrons, Sterna hirundo MAMMALIA - Carnivora - Canis famil iaris, Felis catus HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (France, Ukraine), Asia (W. Siberia, Palestine, Tadzhikistan, USSR - Far East, Philippine Is.), Africa (Tunisia, Egypt ) . Haplorchis pumilio STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Accidental, normally in fish-eating birds; reported once in domestic ducks from experimental infection. DESCRIPTION: Chen, 1936; Balozet & Callot, 1939; Kuntz & Chandler, 1956; Shen, 1959; Pearson, 1964. Copy: Morozov, 1952. SYNONYMY: Dawes, 1956. Monostomum pumilio Looss, 1896 Haplorchis pumilio (Looss, 1896) Loops, 1899 Haplorchis (Monorchotrema ) pumilio (Looss, 1896) of Srivastava, 1935 Monorchotrema taihokui Nishigori, 192U _ [Chen, 1936; Witenberg, 1930] Haplorchis taihokui (Nishigori, 1924) Yamaguti, I05P Kasr aini Khalil , 1932 Haplorchis milvi Gohar, 1°34 - [Kuntz & Chandler, 1956; Pearson, 1964] LIFE CYCLE: Cercariae develop in fresh-water prosobranch snails; metacercariae in fresh- and brackish-water fish, in scales, gills, and fins; mature in final host after ingestion. (Africa & Garcia, 1940; Balozet & Callot, 1938; Faust & Nighigori, 1926; Hsu, 1950b; Nishigori, 1924; Ujiie, 1936b; Witenberg, 1929) 338 FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Me^ania reiniana hidachiens, Pirenella conica, Thiara tuberculata SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Acanthogobius flavimanus, Ambassis bur- uensis , Anabis testudineus, Astatotilaria desfontainesi, Barbus canus, Barbus longiceps, Carassius auratus, Channa formosana, Clarias fuscus, Clarotes latipes, Ctenophalus tadianus , Ctenopharyngodon idellus , Cyprinus carpio, Gambusia affinis, Gerres filamentosus, Glossogobius giurus, Hypothalmichthys nobilis, Macropodus opercularis, Misgurnus anguillicaudatus , Mugil affinis , Mugil capito, Mugil cephalus, Ophicephalus striatus , Parasilurus asotus, Pseudoras- bora parva , Puntius semifasciatus, Rhodeus ocellatus , Teuthis .javus , Therapon plumbeus, Tilapia galilea, Tilapia nilotica , Tilapia simonis, Zacco platypus FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dow. ) [exper.] Pelecaniformes - Halietor melanoleucos, Pelecanus crispus, Pelecanus oncrotalus , Pelecanus philippinensis , Phalacrocorax Ciconiiformes - Bubulcus ibis, Egretta intermedia , Nycticorax nycti- corax, Pseudibis paoillosa Falconiformes - Haliastur indus, Milvus migrans Galliformes - Gallus gallus (dom. ) [exper.] Charadriiformes - Larus sp. , Numenius phaeopus Columbi formes - Columba livia (dom.) [exper.] MAMMALIA - Insectivora - Crocidura olivieri Primates - Homo sapiens, Macacus cymologus Rodentia - Cavia porcellus [exper.], Hydromys chrysogaster, Mus mus- culus (lab. ) [exper.], Rattus norvegicus (lab.) [exper.] Lagomorpha - Oryctolagus cuniculus [exper.] Carnivora - Canis familiaris [exper.], Fel i s catus [exper.], Vu] oes vulpes REFTILIA - Cerberus rhynchops, Varanus sa"1 vator HABITAT: Small intestine - lower third. DISTRIBUTION: Eurone (Volga delta), Asia (Israel, India, Philippine Is., China, Taiwan), Africa (Tunisia, Egypt), Australia. Haplorchis taichui STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Accidental, normally in fish-eating birds; reported once in domestic duck as result of experimental in- fection. DESCRIPTION: Nishigori, 192^, Faust & Nishigori, 1°26; Witenberg, 1929; Gohar, 193^; Bhalerao, 1936; Chen, 1936: Kuntz & Chandler, 1956; Martin, 1958; Fearson, 196^. Copy: Morozov, 1Q52. 339 SYNONYMY: Pearson, 1964. Monorchotrema taichui Nishigori, 1924 Haplorchis taichui (Nishigori, 1924) Witenbprg, 193^ Haplorchis (Monorchotrema ) taichui (Nishigori, 1924) of Srivastava, 1935 Monorchotrema micro rchia Katsuta, 1932 - [Africa & Garcia, 194cl Haplorchis microrchia (Katsuta, 1932) Yamaguti, 1CS^ Procerovum microrchia (Katsuta, 1932) Price, 1 °4C Haplorchis rayi Saxena, 1955 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs passed in feces, hatch in water; miracidia penetrate fresh-water prosobranch snail, cercariae develop in 5-6 weeks; meta- cercariae encyst on palate and gill filaments of fresh-water fish; mature in 7-9 days after ingestion by final host. (Africa & Garcia, 1940; Faust & Nishigori, 1926; Hsu, 1950b; Martin, 1958? Djiie, 1936b) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Semisulcospira libertina, Thiara granifera, Thiara tuberculata SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Anabas testudineus, Barbus canus, Caras- sius auratus, Ctenopharyngodon idellus, Cyprinus carpio , Gambusia af finis, Macropodus opercularis, Mollienesia formosa, Mugi"! af finis, Mugil cephalus , Ophicephalus striatals, Oryzia s latipes, Pseudorasbora parva, Puntius semifasciatus , Rhodeus oce~l.latus , Til apia simonis, Varicorhinus sp. , Zacco platypus FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) [exper.l Pelecaniformes - Pelecanus phil ippinensis Ciconiiformes - Bubulcus ibis , Nycticorax nycticorax, Pseud ibis papil - losus Falconiformes - Haliastur indus, Mil vus migrans Galliformes - Gallus gallus (dom.) [exper.l Charadriiformes - Larus sp. MAMMALIA - Primates - Hobo sapiens Rodentia - Cavia porcellus [exper.l , Mus musculus (l ab. ) [exper.l, Rattus norvegicus (labT) [exper.l Lagomorpha - Oryctolagus cuniculus [exper.l Carnivora - Canis familiaris [exper.l, Fel i s catus, Vulpes vul res HABITAT: Small intestine - middle and posterior portion. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Israel, India, Philippine Is., China, Taiwan), Africa (Egypt), Oceania (USA - Hawaii). Procerovum cheni STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Accidental ; rpported once experimentally 340 in domestic duck. Natural host unknown. DESCRIPTION: Hsu, 1950a; Pearson, 1964. SYNONYMY: Frocerovum cheni Hsu, 1^50 LIFE CYCLE: Cercariae develop in fresh-water prosobranch snails; metacercariae in fresh-water fish; mature in final host after inges- tion. (Hsu, 1950b, 1951) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Thiara tuherculata SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Macrorodus opercularis FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas p"! atyrhynchos (dom.) [exper.] Galliformes - Gallus gallus (dom.) Lexper.] MAMMALIA - Carnivora - Felis catus [exper. 1 HABITAT: Probably small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (China). Procerovum varium STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Accidental; reported once experiment- ally in domestic duck. Natural host unknown. DESCRIPTION: Onji & Nishio, 1924; Africa, 1938 (as Hap"! orchis sisoni); Kobayashi, 1942 (as Hap! orchis minutus, etc.); Chen, 1°4° (as F. calderoni) ; Pearson, 1964. Cory: Morozov, loc52; Shevtsov & Zaskind, I960. SYNONYMY: Pearson, 1964. Procerovum varium Onji & Nishio, 1924 Haplorchis sisoni Africa, 1938 Procerovum sisoni (Africa, 1938) Chen, 1 °4° Haplorchis minutus Kobayashi, 1942 Procerovum minutum (Kobayashi, 1942) Yamaguti, 1958 Haplorchis microvesica Kobayashi, 1Q42 (?) Frocerovum microvesica (Kobayashi , ln42) Yamaguti, 1958 Haplorchis hoihowensis Kobayashi, 1942 Frocerovum hoihowensis (Kobayashi, 1942) Yamaguti, 105? Haplorchis cordatus Kobayashi, 1942 Frocerovum cordatus (Kobayashi, 1942) Yamaguti, 1^5P Haplorchis macrovesica Kobayashi, 1°42 Procerovum macrovesica (Kobayashi, 1°42) Yamaguti, 1°58 341 Frocerovum calderoni (Africa & Garcia) of Chen, 1949 LIFE CYCLE: Cercariae develop in fresh-water snails; metacercariae in muscles of fresh- or brackish-water fish; mature in final host after ingestion. (Africa, 1?3P; Africa & Garcia, 1940; Chen, 1949; Hsu, 1950b, 1951; Kobayashi, 1942; Vasquez-Col et & Africa, 1940) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: - Thiara tuberculata SECCND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Acanthogobius flavimanus, Anaba s testudin- eus , Carassius sp. , Clarias fuscus, Cyprinus carpio, Hemiculter kneri, Macropodus opercularis, Misgurnus sp. , Mugil affinis, Ophicephalus maculatus , Oryzias laticeps , Parabramis bramula , Funtius semifascia- tus , Therapon plumbeus FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom.) [exper.] Galliformes - Gallus gallus (dom.) [exper.] MAMMALIA - Rodentia - Hydromyg chrysogaster Carnivora - Canis familiaris [exper.], Felis catus HABITAT: Small intestine - posterior third. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Fhilippine Is., China, Japan), Australia. Procerovum sp. STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Accidental; reported once from duck, and once from duckling as result of experimental infection. STATUS AS SPECIES: Distinguished by Pearson, 1964; not named because type could not be designated. DESCRIPTION: Chen, 1949 (as Procerovum sisoni). SYNONYMY: Pearson, 1964. Procerovum sisoni (Africa) of Chen, 1949 Procerovum calderoni (Africa & Garcia) of Hsu, 195C, 1951 Procerovum sp. Pearson, 1964 LIFE CYCLE: Cercariae develop in fresh-water prosobranch snail; metacercariae in fresh-water fish. (Chen, 1949; Hsu, 19 50b, 1951) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Thiara tuberculata SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Macropodus opercularis. 0ry7,ia latipes, Funtius semifasciatus 342 FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) [exner.], Anas sp. Galliformes - Gallus gallus (dom. ) Lexper. 1 MAMMALIA - Carnivora - Felis catus [exper.] HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (China). Amphimerus anatis STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Common; reported 19 times in wild ducks, 3 times in domestic ducks. STATUS AS SFECIES: Synonym of Opisthorchis simulans - Bisseru, 1957a. DESCRIPTION: Yamaguti, 1933, 1939; Bykhovskaia-Pavlovskaia, 1954a (fig. only). Copy: Skrjabin & Petrov, 1°5°. SYNONYMY: Opisthorchis anatis Yamaguti, 1933 Amphimerus anatis (Yamaguti, 1933) Gower, 193^ Amphimerus filiformis Ishii, 1935 - [Bisseru, 1957a; Yamaguti, 19581 Opisthorchis t singkiangpuensis Hsu & Chow, 193B - [Chin, 19501 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of A. elongatus. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos. Anas platyrhynchos (dom.), Anas acuta, Anas crecca, Anas falcata, Anas poecilorhyncha , Anas querquedula Aythyini - Aythya f erina , Aythya fuligula Galliformes - Gallus gallus (dom. ) HABITAT: Gall bladder, bile duct. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Danube delta, Volga delta), Asia (W. Siberia, Azerbaidzhan, Uzbekistan, Tadzhikistan, Kazakhstan, Tuva, Yakutia, China, Amur, Kamchatka, Japan, Sakhalin). Amphimerus elongatus STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported twice in wild ducks, once in captive ducks. Described as cause of mortality in waterfowl by Gower, 193?b; O'Roke, 1Q35- 343 DESCRIPTION: Gower, 1938b. Cory: Skrjabin & Fetrov, 1950; Shevt- sov & Zaskind, I960. SYNONYMY: Amphimerus elongatus Gower, 1938 Amphimerus (Erschoviorchis ) elongatus Gower, 193p of Doll^us, 1046 Opisthorchis (Erschoviorchis) elongatu? (Gower, 1938) Bisseru, 1°57 LIFE CYCLE: Cercariae emerge from fresh-water prosobranch snail , encyst in fish; mature in final host after ingestion. (Gower, 1938b: Wallace, 1939a, 19^0) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Amnicola limosa SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Notropis deliciosus, Pimenhales rromelas; perhaps Perca flavescens, Leoomls macrochirus, Micropterus dol.omieui FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Cygnus atratus, Cygnus cyrnus Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas pi atyrhynchos (Horn. ) , Anas americana , Anas bahamensis, Anas rubripes Aythyini - Aythya af finis, Aythya americana , Aythya vallisneria Mergini - Bucephala clangula Galliformes - Gallus gallus (dom. ) [exper.l HABITAT: Pancreatic ducts, bile ducts. DISTRIBUTION: N. America (USA). Amphimerus lintoni STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported 4 times in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Linton, 1928. Cory: Skrjabin & Fetrov, 1950. SYNONYMY: Haematotrephus foediens Linton, "!°2P, e.o. Amphimerus lintoni Gower, 193C) Erschoviorchis lintoni (Gower, 193°) Skrjabin, 19^5 Amphimerus (Erschoviorchis) 1 intoni Gower, 1 °3Q of Dollfus, 19*1-6 Opisthorchis (Erschoviorchis) lintoni (Gower, 193*0 Bisseru, "> ^ 57 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of A. el ongatus. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas acuta 344 Aythyini - Aythya fuligula Cairinini - Aix galericulata Mergini - Clangula hyemal i s , Histrionicus histrionicus, Mergus albellus Gaviiformes - Gavia immer Charadrii formes - Larus ridibundus , Sterna hirundo HABITAT: Cysts in pancreatic glands, bile duct. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Yakutia, Primorsk , Amur, Kamchatka), N. America (USA). CTonorchis sinensis STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare, perhaps accidental, normally occurs in mammals; reported once in domestic duck. DESCRIPTION: Copy: Skrjabin & Fetrov, 1950. SYNONYMY: Stiles & Hassall, 1908; Brumpt, 1936. Distoma sinense Cobbold , 1^75 Distoma chinense Cobbold, I876 Opisthorchis sinensis (Cobbold, l.p75) R. Blanchard , lp95 Dicrocoelium sinense (Cobbold, 1875) Moniez, 1896 Clonorchis sinensis (Cobbold, lp75) Looss, 1 Q07 Clonorchis sinensis var. ma.jor Verdun & Bruyant, l°C'q Clonorchis sinensis var. minor Verdun & Bruyant, 190p Distomum spathulatum Leuckart, lp76, not Rudolphi, 1P1Q Distomum macconnelli Cobbold, 187 6 Distomum hepatis innocuum Baelz, 1883 Distomum hepatis perniciosum Baelz, I883 Distomum hepatis endemicum Baelz, I8P3 Clonorchis endemicus (Baelz, I883) Looss, 19C7 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs passed in feces, hatch after ingestion by fresh- water prosobranch snails; cercariae develop in snails, encyst in flesh of fresh-water fish, using nearly every species available, but especially in cyprinids, also in fresh-water decapod Crustacea. Mature in final host, usually a mammal, in about 3 weeks after in- gestion; young worms reach liver by bile duct. (Komiya & Kondo, 195D FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Bithynia fuchsiana, Bithynia lonricornis, Melania hongkongensis , Parafossarul us manchonricus , Farafossarul us sinensis, Semisulcospira libertina , Thiara granifera , Thiara scabra SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: OSTEICHTHYFS - Over 7^ species reported as host. Includes: Carassius auratus, Ctenorha ryn?odon idellus, Gnathopogon elongatus, Hypothalmichthys nobji is , Labeo jordani , Orhi- 345 cephalus argus, Fseudorasbora parva , Rhodeus ocellatus, Sarcocheil - ichthys variegatus, Tribolodon hakuensls, CRUSTACEA - Caridina nilo- tica , Macrobrachium superbum , Falaemonetes sinensis FINAL HOSTS: MAMMALIA Frimates - Homo sapiens , Macaca philiprinensis Rodentia - Mus musculus (lab. ) [exper.1, Rattu's norvegicus, Rattus rattus Carnivora - Canis famil iaris, Fe] is catus, Maries sp. , Meles sp., Mustela nivalis , Nyctereutes procyonoides Artiodactyla - Sus scrofa (dom. ) AVES - Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) Ciconiiformes - Nycticorax nycticorax HABITAT: Gall bladder, bile passage of liver. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Indo-china, China, Korea, Primorsk, Japan). Euamphimerus cygnoides STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rar<=: reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Ogata, 19^2. SYNONYMY: Euamphimerus cygnoides Ogata, 19^2 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) "wild fowl." Galliformes - Gallus gallus (dom. ) HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Oceania (Palau Is.) Metorchis bil i s STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported 3 times in wild, twice in domestic, and once in captive ducks. If synonymy of Odening (I962d) is correct, this species is common in waterfowl - reported 2? times in wild, 1? times in domestic, and twice in captive water- fowl. Pathology described by Grafner & Graubman, lc*65; Grafner, Graubman, & Betke, 1965; mortality reported by Grafner & Graubman, 1965. 346 DESCRIPTION: Odening, 1962, 196^c; Grafner & Graubman, 19.65; Graf- ner, Graubman, & Betke, 1965. Copy: Skrjabin & Petrov, 1950 (as M. crassiusculus) . SYNONYMY: Odening, 1962; Dollfus & Callot, 19^5. Planaria bilis Braun, 1790 Fasciola bilis (Braun, 1790) Gmelin, 1790 Metorchis bilis (Braun, 1790) Odening, 1962 Distoma crassiusculum Rudolphi, 1809 Distomum (Brachylaemus) crassiuscu"1 urn Rudolphi, 1809 of Stossich, "1PQ2 Prosthometra crassiusculus (Rudolphi, 1809) [Looss, 1896] Opisthorchis crassiuscula (Rudolphi, 1809) Kowalewski, 1898 Metorchis crassiusculus (Rudolphi, 1809) Looss, 18-99 Parametorchis crassiusculus (Rudolphi, 1809) Yamaguti, 195^ Metorchis xanthosotnus (Crenlin, 18^6) Braun, 1902 - [Odening, 1962dl Opisthorchis xanthosoma var. cotnpascua Kowalewski, 18^8 Metorchis compascua (Kowalewski, 1898) Kowalewski, 1902 - [Sprehn, 1932]; perhaps distinct, Dollfus & Callot, IQU5 Metorchis xanthosotnus var. compascuus (Kowalewski, 1898) Nicoll, 1923 Metorchis coeruleus Braun, 1902 - [Odening, 1962d] Metorchis pinguinicola Skrjabin, 1913 - [Odening, 1962d] Metorchis intermedius Heinemann, 1937 - [Odening, 1962dl LIFE CYCLE: Metacercariae in fresh-water fish; mature in final host after ingestion. (Grafner, Graubman, & Betke, 1965) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Unknown. SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Abramis brama , Acerina cernua , Albumus bipunctatus, Blicca bjoerkna, Carassius vul garis, Coregonus albula , Cyprinus carpio, Esox lucius, Leucaspius delineatus, Leuciscus rut- ilus, Lucioperca sand ra , Perca fluviatilis, Scardinius erythrophthal- mus, Tinea tinea FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas platyrhynchos (dora. ) , Anas querquedula Mergini - Mergus serrator Pelecaniformes - Pelecanus crispus , Pelecanus oncrotalus Ciconiiformes - Ciconia ciconia , Sphenorhvnchus abdimii Falconi formes - Aquila chrysaetos , Aaui1 a he] iaca . Buteo buteo, Buteo lagopus , Circus aeruginosus, Falco tinnunculus , Haliaeptus albi- cilla, Milvus migrans Galliformes - Gallus gallus (Horn.) [exper.l Gruiformes - Psophia viridis Strigiformes - Kyctea scandiaca HABITAT: Gall bladder, ducts of liver, bile duct. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Africa (N. Africa). 347 Metorchis coeruleus STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in captive water- fowl. STATUS AS SPECIES: Doubtful. Synonym of M. xanthosomus - Dollfus & Callot, 19^5"? synonym (with M. xanthosomus ) of M. bi"1 is - Cdening, 1962d. DESCRIPTION: Braun, 1902. Cory: Skrjabin & Fetrov, 1P50. SYNONYMY: Metorchis coeruleus Braun, 1902 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of M. orientalis. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Cairinini - Cairina moschata HABITAT: Gall bladder, bile ducts of ">iver. DISTRIBUTION: S. America? (Brasil? - Source of bird examined in zoological garden, Germany). Metorchis el egans STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Belogurov & Leonov, 1963. SYNONYMY: Metorchis elegans Belogurov & Leonov, 1963 Metametorchis elegans (Belogurov & Leonov, I963) Ryzhikov, 1963 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of M. orientalis. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas acuta HABITAT: Liver. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Kamchatka). 348 Metorchis hovorkai STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Macko, 1955. SYNONYMY: Metorchis hovorkai Macko, 1955 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of M. orientalis. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Aythyini - Aythya nyroca HABITAT: Bile ducts of liver. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Czechoslovakia). Metorchis intermedius STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported twice in wild duck, once in domestic duck. STATUS AS SPECIES: Doubtful. Synonym of M. xanthosomus - Dollfus & Callot, 19^5; synonym (with M. xanthosomus) of M. bil is - Odening, 1962d. DESCRIPTION: Heinemann, 1937a. Copy: Skrjabin & Fptrov, 19^0; Shevtsov & Zaskind, i960. SYNONYMY: Metorchis intermedius Heinemann , 1 937 LIFE CYCLE: Cercariae produced in fresh-water prc-Fobraneh snail, encyst as metacercariae in fresh-water fish in muscles, cyst? formed in 17 days. Mature in final host in 13 days or less after ingestion, (Heinemann, 1937a; Dollfus & Callot, 19^5; Vojtek, 1961) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Bithynia tentaculata SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Cobitis taenia, Cyprinus carrio FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) , Anas acuta Aythyini - Aythya fuligula Gav'iiformes - Gavia stellata 349 Pelecaniformes - Pelecanus crispus, Pelecanus oncrotalus, Phalacro- corax carbo HABITAT: Gall bladder, bile ducts of liver. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Germany, Bulgaria, USSR). Metorchis nettioni STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Baugh, 1958. SYNONYMY: Metorchis nettioni Baugh, 195^ LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of M. orientalis. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas crecca HABITAT: Gall bladder. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (India). Metorchis orientalis STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Frequent; reported 7 times in wild ducks, 7 times in domestic waterfowl. Pathology of infection described by Hsu & Hoeppli, 19^0. DESCRIPTION: Tanabe , 192C; Yamaguti, 1933, 193^. Copy: Skrjabin & Fetrov, 1950; Kasimov, 1956; Shevtsov & Zaskind, i960. SYNONYMY: Metorchis orientalis Tanabe, 192C LIFE CYCLE: Eggs passed in feces; cercariae develop in fresh-water pulmonate snail; metacercariae encysted in fresh-water fish, espe- cially in Cyprinidae; eggs in reces of final host 1.6 days after in- gestion of metacercariae. (Hasegawa, 1 Q3U ; Hsu & Chow, iQ3^a; Ishii & Matsuoka, 1935; Komiya & Murase, 1952; Muto & Oshima, 1P23: Okabe, 1939, 19^0; Tao, 19^p; Yamaguti, 1933, 193*0 FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Bulinus striatus 350 SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Pseudogobio rivularis, Pseudorasbora parva, Sarcocheilichthys sinensis FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser (dom. ) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos, Anas platyrhynchos (dom.), Anas acuta , Anas clypeata , Anas formosa, Anas poeci"! orhyncha , Anas strepera Cairinini - Aix galericulata Mergini - Bucephala clangula Podicipediformes - Podiceps ruficollis Ciconiiformes - Bubulcus ibis Falconiformes - Milvus lineatus Galliformes - Coturnix coturnix [exper.l, Gallus gallus (dom.) [exper.l, Phasianus colchicus Strigiformes - Strix uralensis Coraciiformes - Eurystomus orientalis MAMMALIA - Carnivora - Canis famil iaris [exper.l, Felis catus [exper.l Rodentia - Cavia porcellus Lexper.], Mus musculus [experTT HABITAT: Gall bladder, bile ducts of liver. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Kazakhstan, Tuva, Yakutia, China, Frimorsk, Tai- wan, Japan, Kamchatka). Metorchis pinguinicola STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. STATUS AS SPECIES: Doubtful. Synonym of M. xanthosomus - Doll f us & Callot, 19^5a; synonym (with M. xanthosomus) of M. bilis - Odening, 1962. DESCRIPTION: Skrjabin, 1913- Copy: Dollfus & Callot, 1°45; Skrjabin & Petrov, 1945a, 1950. SYNONYMY: Metorchis pinguinicola Skrjabin, 1913 Metorchis pinguinicola Skrjabin of Alekseev, 19^3 » lapsus LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of M. orientalis. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - [Anas platyrhynchos - Lapage, 196l , erroneous reportl , Anas acuta [Mergini - Mergus serrator - Lapage, lQ6l, erroneous reportl Impennes - Spheniscus demersus 351 Galliformes - Gallus pallus (dom. ) Gruiformes - Porphyrio porphyrio HABITAT: Gall bladder. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Germany - Berlin Zoological. Garden, Astrakhan), Asia (Frimorsk). Metorchis taiwanen.^is STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent- rerorted ^ times in do- mestic ducks. DESCRIPTION: Morishita & Tsuchimochi, 1Q25. Copy: Skrjabin * Petrov, 195C ; Kasimov, 1956. SYNONYMY: Metorchis taiwanensis Morishita & Tsuchimochi, 1 925 LIFE CYCL^ : Metacercariae encysted in fresh-water fish, cysts develor in 18-30 days. Mature in final host (eggs in feces) IT day? after ingestion. (Hsu & Chow, 193?a; Tao , 19W) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Unknown. SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Pgeudogobio rivularis, Pseudorashora parva , Sarcocheil ichthys sinensis FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) [Anserini - Anser anser (dom.) - Lapa^e, 196l, erroneous citation! Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) Falconiformes - Accipiter virgatus [exper.l Galliformes - Coturnix coturnix [ exper . 1 , Gallus gallus (dom. ) [exper.l Gruiformes - Gallicrex cinerea HABITAT: Gall bladder, bile ducts o^ liver. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (China, Taiwan). Metorchis tener STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Kowalewski, 1903 . Cory: Skrjabin & Petrov, 1950. SYNONYMY: 352 Metorchis tener Kowalewski, 1903 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of M. orientalis. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Mergini - Mergus merganser HABITAT: Gall bladder, bile ducts of liver. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Poland, USSR). Metorchis xanthosomus STATUS AS WATERFOWL. FARASITE: Common; reported 21 times in wild, 15 times in domestic, and once in captive waterfowl. STATUS AS SPECIES: Doubtful. Synonym of M. bilis, separated on") y by supposed host specificity - Odening, 1 9o2d . DESCRIPTION: Kurashvili, 1957; Beverley- Burton, 196l. Cory: SVr- jabin & Petrov, 1950; Shevtsov & Zaskind , i960. SYNONYMY: Dawes, 1956; Dollfus &- Callot, 19^5; Stiles & Hassall, 1908. Distomum xanthosomum Creplin, 1846 Prosthometra xanthosoma (Creplin, 1846) [Looss, 1^961 Opisthorchis xanthosoma (Creplin, 1846) Kowalewski, 1^9^ Metorchis xanthosomus (Creplin, 1846) Braun, 1902 Opisthorchis crassiuscula var. janus Kowalewski, 1R9P C ampul a .janus (Kowalewski, I898) Railliet, 1PQ8 Opisthorchis janus (Kowalewski, I898) Kowalewski, 1 8QR Metorchis coeruleus Braun, 1902 - [Dollfus * Callot, 19^5] Metorchis pinguinicola Skrjabin, 1913 - [Dollfus & Callot, 19^5; Palm, 19651 Metorchis intermedius Heinemann, 1937 - [Dollfus & Callot, 19^51 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs passed in feces; cercariae develop in fresh-water prosobranch snails; metacercariae encysted in muscles, fins, and gills of fresh-water fish; mature in final host after ingestion. (Brumpt & Buttner, 1949; Dollfus & Buttner, 195^ Shevchenko , 1965) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Bithynia tentaculata SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Cobitis taenia , Gasterosteus runpitius, Nemachilus barbatulus, Phoxinus phoxinus, Rhodeus amarus FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) 353 Anserini - Anser anser (dom. ) , Cygnus atratus, Cygnus cygnus Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos, Anas platyrhynchos (dom.). Anas acuta, Anas crecca, Anas falcata, Anas formosa , Anas penelope, Anas querquedula, Anas strepera Aythyini - Aythya ferina, Aythya fuligula , Aythya marila Cairinini - Cairina moschata (dom. ) Lexper. T Mergini - Clangula hyemalis , Melanitta nigra , Mergus serrator Sphenisciformes - Spheniscus demersus Gaviiformes - Gavia stellata Podicipediformes - Podiceps ruficollis Felecaniformes - Fhalacrocorax carbo Ciconiiformes - Leptoptil os crumeniferus , Sphenorhynchu s abdimii Falconi formes - Circus aeruginosus Galli formes - Gallus gall us (dom.) Gruiformes - Fulica atra, Forrhyrio porphyrio Charadriiformes - Alca torda, Chi idonias nigra [exper.1, Haematonus ostralegus, Larus argentatus, Larus ridibundus , Sterna hirundo Passeriformes - Corvus corone HABITAT: Gall bladder, bile ducts of liver, intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (Tadzhikistan, Kazakhstan, Yakutia, Zai- bakal , China, Primorsk, Kamchatka). Metorchis xanthosomus var. minor STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; rerorted once in domestic water- fowl. STATUS AS SPECIES: Doubtful. DESCRIPTION: Nardelli, 19^6. SYNONYMY: Metorchis xanthosomus var. minor Nardelli, 19*4-6 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably like that of M. xanthosomus. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Cairinini - Cairina moschata (dom. ) HABITAT: Probably bile ducts of liver. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Italy). 354 Metorchis zacharovi STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Layman, 1926. Copy: Skrjabin & Fetrov, 1950. SYNONYMY: Metorchis zacharovi Layman, 1926 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of M. orien talis. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas crecca, Anas querquedula Passeriformes - Pica pica HABITAT: Gall bladder, bile ducts of liver. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (USSR). Opisthorchis choledoca STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Linstow, 188-3. SYNONYMY: Stiles & Hassall, 1908. Distomum choledocum Linstow, I883 Distomum (Dicrocoelium) choledocum Linstow, I883 of Stossich, 1P92 Prosthometra choledoca (Linstow, 1883) [Looss, 1p96] Opisthorchis choledoca (Linstow, I883) Kowalewski, IP98 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas sp. HABITAT: Probably bile ducts of liver. DISTRIBUTION: Europe. Opisthorchis geminus STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported 7 times in wild ducks. 355 DESCRIPTION: Barker, 1911. Copy: Skrjabin & Fetrov, 1°50; Kura sh- rill, 1957. SYNONYMY: Dawes, 1956. DistomUTr, geminum Looss, 1896 Frosthometra gemina (Looss, 18°6) [Looss, I896] Opisthorchis geminus (Looss, 18C6) Kowalewski, I898 Cpisthorchis tenuicollis geminus (Looss, 1896) Erhardt, 1935 Opisthorchis geminus var. kirghlsensis Skrjabin, 1913 Cpisthorchis cheelis Lai , 1939 - Uaiswa1 , lc57l risthorchis geminus var. falconis Tang, 1Qkl - [Bisseru, l°57a] Cpisthorchis allahabadii Mehra, 19^1 - [Bisseru, lQ57al Cpisthorchis altaevi Saidov, 195^ - [Turemuratov, IQ63] LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Dendrocygnini - Dendrocygna viduata Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos Cairinini - Plectropterus gambensis Ciconiiformes - Ardea cinerea, Ardea purpurea , Ardeola ralloides Falconiformes - Aquila clanga, Aquila rapax , Circus aeruginosus, Circus cyaneus. Circus melanol eucus, Circus spilonotus, Falco sp., Milvus migrans, Sarcogyps calvus Gruiformes - Fulica atra HABITAT: Gall bladder, bile ducts of "> iver. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (USSR), Asia (W. Siberia, Uzbekistan, Kirgizia, Kazakhstan, India, Frimorsk), Africa (Egypt). Opisthorchis longissimus STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported 5 times in wild ducks, once in domestic duck. Characteristic of herons; reported as Notaulus asiaticus in Falconiformes. DESCRIPTION: Sulgostowska, 1960b; Bykhovskaia-Pavlovskaxa , l°^a (as Notaulus asiaticus, fig. only). Copy: Skrjabin & Fetrov, 1950 (as 0. longissimus and Notaulus asiaticus) ; Shevtsov & Zaskind , 1°6C. SYNONYMY: Stiles & Hassall, 1908. Distomum longissimum Linstow, I8B3 Distomum (Dicrocoelium) longissimum Linstow, I883 of Stossich, 1P°2 Frosthometra longissima (Linstow, 1861 Opisthorchis simulans (Looss, I896) Kowalewski, 1P98 Opisthorchis longissimus simulans (Looss, IR96) Erhardt, 1Q35 Opisthorchis simulans var. poturzycensis Kowalewski, 1PQP Campula simulans poturzycensis (Kowalewski, 1898) Railliet, 1P<">8 Metorchis poturzycensis (Kowalewski, 1P°P) Hollack, 1902 Opisthorchis anatis Yamaguti, 1933 - [Bisseru, 1957a 1 Amphimerus filiformis Ishii, 1935 - [Bisseru, 10573] LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser (dom.), Anser albifrons Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) , Anas penelope Aythyini - Aythya f uligula , Aythya marila Ciconiiformes - Epretta garzetta Falconiformes - Circus aerupinosus, Pernis apivorus Gruiformes - Fulica atra HABITAT: Bile ducts of liver. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (Azerbaidzhan, Armenia, Kirgizia, Kazakh- stan, India, Frimorsk), Africa (Egypt). Oristhorchis skr.jabini STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in domestic duck. DESCRIPTION: Zhukova, 193^. Copy: Skrjabin & Fetrov, 1°50; Shev- tsov & Zaskind, i960. SYNONYMY: Opisthorchis skr.jabini Zhukova , 193^ LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTA: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) 358 HABITAT: Bile ducts of liver. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Siberia, Altai). Pachytrema calculus STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare, normally in Charadriiformes, mostly gulls; reported twice in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Yamaguti, 1939; Bykhovskafa-Favlovskaxa, 195^a. Copy: Skrjabin & Petrov, 1950. SYNONYMY: Pachytrema calculus Looss, 1907 Minuthorchis sanguineus Linton, 1928 - [Shcherbovich, 19^61 Pachytrema sanguineus (Linton, 192^) Purvis, 1937 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas acuta , Anas falcata Charadriiformes - Actitis hypoleucos, Arenaria interpres, Crocethia alba , Gelochelidon nilotica , Larus argentatus, Larus atricilla, Larus canus, Larus fuscus , Larus ridibundus , Numenius phaeopus, Sterna hirundo, Tringa totanus HABITAT: Gall bladder, bile ducts of liver. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (W. Siberia, Frimorsk, Japan, Kamchatka), N. America (USA). 359 CESTODA Diphyllobothrium cordiceps STATUS hS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare} reported once in wild duck. STiiTUS AS SPECIES: Description inadequate for identification. Syn- onym of J), dendriticum - Markowski, 1949* May be mixture of forms. DESCRIPTION: Linton, 1891; Scott, 1955. SYNONYMY: Dibothrium cordiceps Leidy, 1871 Diphyllobotbrium cordiceps (Leidy, 1871) Meggitt, I924 Dibothriocephalus cordiceps (Leidy, 1871) Wardle, McLeod, & Stewart, 1947 LIFE CYCLE: Plerocercoid larvae encysted in muscles and body cavity of salmonid fresh-water fish; adults develop in fish-eating birds and mammals. (Kuhlow, 1953; Linton, 1891; Scott, 1935; Simms & Shaw, 193I; Woodbury, 1932) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Unknown. SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Oncorhynchus kisutch, Salmo clarki, Salmo gairdneri. Salve Linus fontinalis , Thymallus signifer FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Mergini - Mergus merganser Pelecanif ormes - Pelecanus erythrorhynchos Charadriif ormes - Larus californicua MiMKALIA - Carnivora - Ursus americanus, Ursus horribilis HABITaT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: N. America (USA). Diphyllobothrium dendriticum STATUS aS WaTERFOWL PABaSITE: Rare, commonly in gulls; reported once in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Luhe, 1910; Markowski, 1949; Kuhlow, 1953. SYNONYMY: BothriocephaluB dendriticus Nitzsch, 1824 Dibothrium dendriticum (Nitzsch, 1824) Diesing, 1850 Dibothriocephalus dendriticus (Nitzsch, 1824) Luhe, 1899 Diphyllobothrium dendriticum (Nitzsch, 1824) Luhe, 1910 Dibothrium cordiceps Leidy, 1871 - [Markowski, 1949 J 360 Dibothrium exile Linton, 1892 - [Markowski, 19^91 Diphyllobothrium canadense Cooper, 1921 - [Markowski, 19^91 Diphyllobothrium strictum of Neveu-Lemaire, 193^ - [Kuhlow, lci53l Diphyllobothrium laruei Vergeer, 19^2 - [Markowski, 19^91 Diphyllobothrium oblongatum Thomas, 19^6 - [Markowski, 19^91 Bothriocephalus fissiceps 1829 - [Markowski, 19^9; Kuhlow, 19531 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs passed in feces of host; hatch in 6-8 days in fresh water; coracidia ingested by fresh-water copepod Crustacea, forms pro- ceroid larvae; plerocercoids develop in fresh-water fish; mature in final host 6 days after ingestion. (Chizhova & Gofman-Kadoshnikov, I960; Hickey & Harris, 19^7; Hilliard, 1Q6C; Kuhlow, 1953) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Cyclops kolensis baicalensis [exper.l, Cyclops strenuus, Diaptomus gracilis [exper. ] , Diaptomus graciloides L exper.l , Diaptomus vulgaris [exper.l , Epischura baicalensis [exper.l SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Coregonus lavaretus, Coregonus migrator- ius, Gasterosteus aculeatus [exper. ] , Fungitius pungitius [exper.l, Salmo gairdneri, Salmo trutta , Thymallus arcticus FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Mergini - Mergus serrator Gaviiformes - Gavia stellata Felecaniformes - Pelecanus e rythrorhynchu s Charadrii formes - Larus argentatus [exper.l, Larus californicus, Larus canus, Larus crassirostris, Larus delawarensis , Larus fuscus, Larus glaucescens, Larus ichthyaetus, Larus marinus , Larus ridi- bundus [exper.l, Rissa tridacty1 a, Sterna hirundo [exoer.l MAMMALIA - Rodentia - Rattus norvegicus (lab. ) [exper.l, Mus muscu- lus (lab.) [exper.l Carnivora - Canis familiaris [exper.l, Fe"1 is catus [exper.l HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (W. Siberia, Yakutia, Primorsk , Sakhalin), N. America (USA - Alaska). Diphyllobothrium ditremum STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported 6 times in wild ducks. STATUS AS SPECIES: Regarded as species inquirenda bv Wardle & McLeod , 1952. DESCRIPTION: Markowski, 19^9; Kuhlow, 1053. 361 SYNONYMY: Markowski, 19^9. Bothriocephalus ditremus Creplin, 1^25 Dibothrium ditremum ( Creplin, 1825) Diesing, 1850 Dibothriocephalus ditremus (Creplin, 1825) Luhe, 1899 Diphyllobothrium ditremum (Creplin, 1825) Ltihe , 1910 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs hatch in fresh water in 9 days; procercoid larvae in fresh-water copepod Crustacea; pi erocercoid larvae develop in sal monid fishes after ingestion; mature in fish-eating birds. (Hickey & Harris, 1W; Hilliard , I960; Kuhlow, 1953) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Cyclops strenuus abyssorum, Diaptomus gracilis SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Osmerus eperlanus, Salmo trutta FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Aythyini - Aythya marila Mergini - Mergus albellus, Mergus merganser, Mergus serrator Gaviiformes - Gavia arctica, Gavia immer, Gavia stellata Felecaniformes - Fhalacrocorax aristotelis, Fhalacrocorax carbo Ciconiiformes - Ardea cinerea Charadriiformes - Larus argentatus , Larus canus, Larus hyperboreus, Rissa tridactyla HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (Kamchatka), N. America (USA - Alaska). Diphyllobothrium osmeri STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in duck from exper- imental infection; natural host unknown. DESCRIFTICN: Kuhlow, 1953- SYNONYMY: Bothriocephalus osmeri Linstow, 187^ Dibothrium osmeri (Linstow, I878) Ariola, 19C0 Diphyllobothrium osmeri (Linstow, 1878) LIFE CYCLE: Eggs passed in feces, hatch in fresh water in 11 days; pleurocercoid larvae encysted on viscera of anadromous fish; mature in final host after ingestion. Prepatent period 30 days in gulls, indicating these are probably not natural hosts. Kuhlow believes fish become infected in marine waters, no infections found in young fish that had never been in the ocean, natural host perhaps a marine mammal. (Hilliard, I960; Kuhlow, 1953; Vik, 1963, 1°64; Wikgren, 362 1964; Wikgren & Muroma, 1956) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Unknown; probably similar to that of D. ditremum. SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Coregonus albula, Gasterosteus aculeatus, Osmerus dentex, Osmerus eperlanus, Salvelinus alpinus, Salmo salar FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Mergini - Mergus serrator [exrer.l Gaviiformes - Gavia arctica~[exper. 1 Ciconiiformes - Ardea cinerea [exper.l Charadriiformes - Larus argentatus [exper.l, Larus ridibundus [exper.l MAMMALIA - Carnivora - Canis familiaris [exper. ] HABITAT: Small intestine - posterior portion. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Germany, Finland, Norway), N. America (USA - Alaska). Pi gramma nemachili STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported twice in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Dubinina, 1958, 1966. SYNONYMY: Dubinina, 1966. Pi gramma nemachili Dubinina, 195$ Pi gramma alternans (Creplin) Kholodkovsky, 1915 Pigramma alternans (Rudolphi, 1810) Kholodkovsky, 1915 of Yamaguti, 1959 LIFE CYCLE: Plerocercoids develop in 10-12 months after ingestion by fresh-water fish of Family Cobitidae; mature in fish-eating birds in ^5-50 hours after ingestion (Pubinina, I.958). FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Unknown. SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Ngmachilus sp. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Mergini - Mergus albellus HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Tadzikhistan). Probably western Europe and south- eastern Asia (Dubinina, 1966). 363 Digramma interrupts STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported 3 timps in wild ducks, twice in domestic waterfowl as result of experimental infec- tion. STATUS AS SPECIES: Included in Ligula intestinalis in most records. DESCRIPTION: Dubinina, 195^b, 1966; Bezubik, 195^a . SYNONYMY: Dubinina, 1966. Ligula abdominalis carassi Gme~!in, 1790 Ligula abdominalis ciprinorum Gmelin, 1790 Ligula carassi (Gmelin, 1790) Zeder, 18C3 Ligula interrupta Rudolphi, 1810 Digramma interrupta (Rudolphi, 1810 ) Khol odkovsky, 191^ Ligula mergorum ( ? ) Rudolphi, 1810 Ligula constringens Rudolphi, 1^10 Ligula caprionis Rudolphi, 1810 Ligula digramma Creplin, I83q Diplogonoporu s brauni Leon, 1907 Digramma alternans (Rudolphi) of Yamaguti, 1 93^ LIFE CYCLE: Procercoid develops in fresh-wat^r corepod Crustacea; after ingestion plerocercoid develops in fresh-water fish in 10-12 months; mature in fish-eating birds in ^5-5^ hours after ingestion; survive 6-12 days in final host. Matured experimentally in fish with temperature over 35 C. (Baianov & Sharislamova, 1°65; Dubinina, 195^b, I960, 1966; Monchenko, 1956) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Acanthocyclops bicuspidatus, Acanthocyclors vernalis, Acanthocyclops viridis [experTT, Cyclops furci^er [exper.], Cyclops insignis, Cyclops strenuus, Eucvclors serrulatus [exper. 1 , Macrocyclops albidus, Maerocyclops fuscus, Paracyclops fimbriatus, Acanthodiaptomus denticornis [exper.], Diaptomus glacialis . Diaptomus gracilis, Eudiaptomus graciloides [exper.], Heterocopa appendicul ata SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Verified: Abramis brama , Abramis sapa , Barbus lacerta, Carassius auratus, Carassius carassius, Cyrrinus car- pio , Gobio albipennatus , Gobio gobio , Leuciscus brandti , Rhodeus ser- iceus, Rutilus rutilus, Saurogobio dabryi FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser (dom.) [exper.] Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) [exper.] Mergini - Bucephala clangula [exper.], Mergus albellus, Mergus merganser Gaviiformes - Gavia arctica, Gavia stellata Podicipediformes - Fodiceps auritus, Podiceps caspicus [exper.], Podiceps cristatus 364 Ciconiiformes - Ardea cinerea Falconiformes - Buteo lagopus [exper.], Fal co tinnunculus [exrer.], Haliaeetus albicilla Galliformes - Gallus gallus (dom. ) [exper. 1 Charadriiformes - Capella megala [exper.], Larus arrentatus, Larus fuscus, Larus ridibundus [exner.] , Sterna sp. , Vanel lus vanel lus [exper.] Columbiformes - Columba livia (dom. ) [exper.] Strigiformes - Asio flammeus [exper.] Fasseriformes - Corvus frugilegus [exper.], Coryus monedul a [exper.] MAMMALIA - Carnivora - Canis famil iaris [exper.] , Felis catus [exper.] HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (W. Siberia, Kazakhstan, Altai, Fribaik- alia, China, Yakutia, Amur, Japan). Ligula co"1 ymbi STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported twice in wild duck. STATUS AS SFECIES: Included in L. intestina' is in most records. DESCRIPTION: Linton, 1°27 (as L. intestinal is) ; Dubinina , 1950a, 1957, 1Q66; Byrd, 1955 (as L. intestinalis). SYNONYMY: Dubinina, 1966. Taenia capitata Frisch, 17^C Ligula abdominalis cobitidis Gmelin, 1790 Ligula cobitidis (Gmelin, 1790) Zeder, "'803 Ligula col:/mbi Zeder, 1803 Ligula uniserialis Rudolphi, 181C Ligula sparsa Rudolphi, 1810 Ligula colymbi cristata Rudolphi, 1810 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs passed in reces, hatch in fresh water in ^-6 days at 2*4—30 C., releasing coracidium; procercoids develop in ■fresh-water copepod Crustacea in 10 days, remain infective 3-^ days; p"1 erocercoid develops in fresh-water fish, primarily o^ Family Cobitidae, in over 365 days after ingestion; mature in final host in few days a^ter in- gestion of pi erocercoid , survive in final host k- 7 days. (Dubinina, 1950, 1957, lc64, 1966; Monchenko, 1956) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Acanthocyclops bicuspidatus [exper.], Acanthocyclops viridis [exper.], Cyci ors strenuus l exper. 1, Eucyclors macrurus L exper.], Eucyclops serru"1 atus [exper.] , Mesocyc"1 ops oitho- noides [exper.], Microcycloos gracilis [exper.], Diaptomus gracilis [exper.], Eudiaptomus graclloides [exper.] 365 SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Bar bus brachycephalus , Cobitis taenia, Gobio gobio, Leueaspius delineatus, Nemachilus kuschkewitschi, Nem- achilus dorsalis, Kemachilus stoliczkai, Nemachilus strauchi FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Aythyini - Netta rufina Mergini - Mergus merganser Fodicipediformes - Fodiceps auritus , Fodiceps casricus, Fodiceps crista tus , Fodiceps grisegena, Fodjlymbus podiceps Falconiformes - Circus aeruginosas Gruiformes - Fulica atra [exper.l Columbiformes - Columba livia [exper.l HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (Tadzhikistan, Kazakhstan, Kirgizia, India), N. America (USA). Ligula intestinalis STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Common; reported 25 times in wild and 4 times in domestic waterfowl. Most reports precede modern classi- fication, could be misidentified to species. Mortality and pathology described by Hare, 19^5* STATUS AS SFECIES: Regarded as collective species by Dubinina, three species named, indications of others (Dubinina, 1966). Usually in- cludes large number of forms named for intermediate hosts. DESCRIPTION: Cooper, 1919; Dubinina, 1953, 1966; Bezubik, 1957a. SYNONYMY: Dubinina, 1966. Fasciola intestinalis Linnaeus, 1758 Ligula intestinalis (Linnaeus, 175?) Gmelin, 1790, e.p. Taenia cingulum Pallas, 1781 Ligula cingulum (Pallas, 1781 ) Rudolphi, 1810 Ligula piscium Bloch, 1782, e.p. Ligula avium Bloch, 1782, e.p. Fasciola abdominalis Goeze, 1782 Ligula abdominalis (Goeze, 1782) Gmelin, 1790, e.p. Ligula simplicissima Rudolphi, 1^02 Ligula alternans Rudolphi, 1810 Ligula contortrix Rudolphi, 1810 Ligula edulis Briganti, 1819 Ligula uniserialis Rudolphi of Creplin, 1 839 Monogramma uniserialis (Rudolphi, 18] 0) Khol odkovsky, 1915 Ligula monogramma Creplin, 1839 Dibothrium ligula Donnadieu, lp77» e.p. 366 Braunia .jasseyensis Leon, 190P LIFE CYCLE: Eggs hatch in fresh water, releasing coracidia, in 5-P days; coracidia infect fresh-water copepod Crustacea, procercoid larvae develop in 10-15 days; plerocercoid develops in body cavity of fresh-water fish after ingestion, infective in 12-1^ months with growth virtually completed; mature in final host ^4-5-60 hours after ingestion, survive in final host 95-1-25 hours. Plerocercoid s regarded as very host specific, L. intestinalis in Cyprinidae; no specificity for final host. (Dence, 1958; Dubinina, 1950a, 195^b, 196b, 1966; Heinemann, 1937b; Jarecka, l°60a; Joyeux & Baer, 1936b, 19^2: Mik- ailov, 1957; Monchenko, 1956; Rosen, 1920; Voore , 1950) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Acanthocyclops bicuspids tus, Acanthocy- clops viridis [exper.], Cyclops strenuus, Eucyclops serrulatus Lexper.l. Macrocyclops albidus , Mesocyclops leuckarti [ exper. 1 , Mesocyclops oithonoides [exper.] , Diaptomus glacialis, Diaptomus graci1 is, Diap- tomus sarsi, Eudiaptomus graciloides LexperTT SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Verified: Abramis balTerus, Abramis brama , Abramis sapa , Albumus alburnus, A1 burnus charusini, Alburnus f ilippii , Alburnoides bipunctatus , Bar bus lacerta, Blicca bjoerkna , Chalcalburnus chalcoides, Gobio gobio , Leuciscus cephalus, Leuciscus idus , Leuciscus leuciscus, Felecus cultratus, Fhoxinus phoxinus , Rhodeus sericeus, Rutilus rutilus, Scardinius erythrorhthalmus , Schiz- o thorax argentatus, Schizothorax intermedius, Varicorhinus capoeta Reported, not verified by recent classification - About PC additional species, in genera: Alburnus, Anguil1 a, Barbu s , Boleosoma, Carassius, Catostomus, Chirostoma , Chondro stoma, Chrosomus, Cobitis, Coregonus, Couesius , Cyprinus , Cyprinopsis, Engraul icyri s , Esox, Gadus , Gila , Gnathopogon, Gobius , Hybopsis, Hyborhynchus, Idus, Labeo , Leucaspius, Lucioperca, Micropterus , Mylocheilus, Nemachilus, Neogobius, Notropis, Oncorhynchus, Opsopoeodus, Osmerus, Ferca , Fhoxinus, Pimepha"1 es, Pro- sopium, Ftychocheilus , Fungitius, Richardsonius , Salmo, Salve! inus. Schizopygopsis , Semotilus, Siluris, Tinea , Vimba FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser (dom. ) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos, Anas p"1 atyrhynchos (dom.), Anas penelope, Anas strepera Aythyini - Aythya ferina Mergini - Bucephala c"l angu~la , Mergus albe^lus , Mergus merganser, Mergus serrator Gaviiformes - Gavia arctica , Gavia immer, Gavia stell ata Fodicipediformes - Fodiceps auritus, Podiceps cristatus, Fodiceps grisegena, Podiceps ruficollis Pelecaniformes - Halietor a^ric^nus, Halietor pypmapus, Felecanus oncrotalus, Phalacrocorax aristotelis, Fhalacrocorax carbo Ciconiiformes - Ardea cinerea, Botaurus stellaris , Casmerodius albus, Ciconia ciconia , Ciconia nigra, Nycticorax nycticorax, Plegadis 367 falcinellus Falconiformes - Aquila chrysaetos , Gyps f ulvus , Haliaeetus albici"1 la Charadriiformes - AIca torda, Charadrius alexandrinus, Ch"1 idonias nigra , Larus argentatus, Larus canus, Larus ichthyaetns, Larus marinus, Larus minutus, Larus novae-hol"! andiae , la ru s ridjbundus, Rissa tridactyla , Stercorarius parasiticus , Sterna hirundo, Tringa nebularis Passeriformes - Corvus corone comix MAMKALIA - Lagomorpha - Crycto"1 agus cunicu"1 us [exper.l Carnivora - Canis familiaris Lexppr.1, Felis catus [exper.l, Alop_ex lagopus HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (Azerbaidzhan , W. Siberia, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Altaisk, Irkutsk, India, China), Africa (Mozambique, Rhodesia, S. Africa), N. America (Mexico, USA, Canada). Schistocephalus nemachil i STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Dubinina, 1959a, 1959b, 1966. SYNONYMY: Schistocephalus nemachili Dubinina, 195° LIFE CYCLE: Similar to that of S. sol idus. Plerocercoid larvae in fresh-water fish of family Cobitidae^ [Dubinina, 1959a, 1959b, 1966) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Unknown. SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Nemachil us crassus FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Mergini - Mergus merganser HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Yakutia, China). Schistocephalus pungitii STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported 5 times in wild ducks. 368 DESCRIPTION: Dubinins, 1959a, l°59b, 1966. SYNONYMY: Schistocephalus pungitii Dubinina, 195Q LIFE CYCLE: Eggs passed in feces o^ host, hatch in fresh water; coracidia infect fresh-water copepod Crustacea, form procercoid lar- vae; plerocercoid larvae develop in fresh-water fish after ingestion (restricted to nine-spined stickleback of family Gasterosteidse) , infective in 57 days; mature in final host after ingestion. (Dubin- ina, 1959a, 1959b, 1966) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Acanthocyclops bicuspidatus [exper.l, Acanthocyclops gigas [exper.l, Acanthocyclops viridis [exper.l, Cy- clops furcifer [exper . 1 , Cyclops strenuus [exper.l, Macrocycloos albidus [exper.], Macrocyclops fuscus [exper.l, Diaptomus gracilis [exper.] SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Pungitius oungitius FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) [exper.l Somateriini - So materia moll issima [Aythyini - Aythya marlla - Spasskii & Bobova, 196l - misidenti- fied, Dubinina, 19661 Mergini - [Mergus albellus - Spasskii & Bobova, 196l, misidenti- f iedl , Bucephala clangula, Clangula hyemalis, Mergus merganser, Mergus serrator Podicipediformes - Podiceps cristatus, Fodiceps grisegena Galliformes - Gallus gallus (dom. ) [exper. "I Charadriiformes - Larus ridibundus, Sterna hirundo, Tringa nebularia Columbiformes - Columba 1 ivia (dom. ) [exrer.l Fasseriformes - Corvus frugilegus [exper.l, Corvus monedu"la [exper.l HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (N. Europe, Ukraine), Asia (Kazakhstan, Kras- noyarsk, Tamyr, Yakutia, Kamchatka, Amur, Chukotka), N. America (Can- ada ). Schistocephalus solidus STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Common; reported 2^ times in wild ducks, twice in domestic waterfowl; reported as cause of* mortality by Callot & Desportes, 193^ • Most reports precede modern classifi- cation, could be misidentified to species. STATUS AS SPECIES: Regarded as collective species, each form host- 369 specific for second intermediate host; three species distinguished so far (Dubinina, 1959a, 1959b, 1Q66). DESCRIPTION: Cooper, 1919; Linton, 192?; Bezubik, 1957a; Dubinina, 1966. SYNONYMY: Dubinina, 1966. Hirudo depressa alba Linnaeus, 17^5 Fasciola hepatica Linnaeus, 175^ » e.p. Taenia solida Muller, 1776 Rhytis solida (Muller, 1776) Zeder, lROC Bothriocephalus solidus (Mfiller, 1776) Rudolphi, 1810 Schistocephalus solidus (Mtfller, 1776) Steenstrup, 1 857 Taenia gasterostei Fabricius, 17°0 Schistocephalus gasterostei (Fabricius, "178O) Liihe, 1910 Taenia acutissima Pallas, 1781, e.p. Taenia gasterostei-aculeati Goeze , 17^2 Taenia lanceolata nodosa Bloch, 1782 Halysis lanceolato nodosa Zeder, 1800 Bothriocephalus nodosus (Bloch, 1782) Rudolphi, 1.P10 Schistocephalus nodosus (Bloch, 1782) Luhe, 1899 Taenia nodularis Schrank, 17^8 Schistocephalus dimorphus Creplin, lp29 Schistorhynchus dimorphus (Creplin, 1829) Zschokke, 1D96 Dibothrium ligula Donnadieu, lp77, e.r. LIFE CYCLE: Eggs passed in feces, hatch in fresh water in n 0-12 days at 22-25 C., 17-19 days at 16-18 C; coracidia infect fresh-water copepod Crustacea, procercoid larvae infective in 7-14 days; plero- cercoid larvae develop in fresh-water fish (restricted to three-spined stickleback, family Gasterosteidae) in 117-177 days; mature in final host in 25-48 hours after ingestion, survive in final host 2-1 R days. Carnivorous fish reported to serve as auxiliary hosts. (BrSten, 196^; Callot & Desportes, 1934; Clarke, 1953, 1954; Dubinina, lQ57a, lQ57b, 1959a, 1964, 1966; Hopkins & Smyth, 1951; McCaig &■ Hopkins, 1^63; Honchenko, 1956; Nybelin, 1919; Vik, 1954) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Acanthocyclops bicuspidatus, Acanthocyclops gigas [exper.], Acanthocyclops vernal is, Acanthocyclops viridis , Cy- clops furcifer, Cyclops strenuus , Cyclops vicinug Lexper.1, Eucycloos macrurus Lexper.], Eucyclops macruroides [exper. 1 , Eucyclops serrul. a- tus , Macrocyclops albidus Lexper.1, Macrocyclops fuscus Lexper.] , Mesocyclops leuckarti [ exper. ] , Diaptomus gracilis , Eudiaptomus graci- loides Lexper. ] SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Verified: Cottup gobio, Cottus kaganowski, Gasterosteus aculeatus. Reported - 19 additional fish srecies, one amphibian, in the genera: Angui"! la, Cottu? , Gasterosteus, Leucaspius, Leuciscus, Nemachilus, Pungitius, Pygosteus, Rhynichthys, Salmo_, Salve- linus,Uraniidea, Rana 370 FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser (dom. ) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) Somateriini - Somateria fischeri Aythyini - Aythya fullgu"! a, Aythya marlla , Aythya nyroca Cairinini - Aix galericulata Mergini - Bucephala clangul a , Clangula hyema"! is, Mergu s albellus, Mergus cucullatus , Mergus merganser, Mergus serrator Gaviiformes - Gavia arctica, Gavia jjnmer, Gg vl a stel lata Fodicioediformes - Fodiceps auritus , Fodiceps caspicus, Fodiceps cristatus, Fodiceps grlsegena, Fodicens ruficollis, Fodilymbus podiceos Frocellariiformes - Fuffinus kuhlii Pelecaniformes - Phalacrocorax aristotelis Ciconiiformes - Ardea cinerea , Ardea purpurea , Botaurus ste"1 Far is , Ciconia ciconia , Ciconia nigra Falconiformes - AquiTa rapax Galliformes - Gallus gallus (dom.) [exper.l Gruiformes - Fulica atra Charadriiformes - Alca torda . Chlldonias nigra , Cepphus grylle, Erolia maritima, Haematopus ostral egus, Larus argentatus, Larus eanus , Larus ichthyaetus [exper.l, Larus marinus, Larus rid i bund us , Re- curvirostra avosetta , Stercorarius parasiticus , Sterna albi^rons, Sterna hirundo, Sterna paradisaea , Tringa totanus , Uria aalge Columbiformes - Columba 1 ivia l exper.l Fasseriformes - Corvus corax, Corvus corone cornix, Corvus rrugi"le- gus [exper.], Sturnus vul gari s [ exper . 1 , Turd us il iacus L exper.l MAMMALIA - Rodentia - Mesocricetus auratus [exper.l, Rattus norvegi- cus [exper.l Carnivora - Felis catus [exper.l, Lutra "lutra, Fhoca vitulina HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (N. Europe, Iceland), Asia (Amur, Frimorsk, Kamchatka, Sakhalin), Africa (Tanganika), N. America (USA, Canada, Greenland ) . Tetrabothrium immerinus STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Accidental, perhaps erroneous, normally in gaviiform birds; reported once in wild duck. Unidentified ^orrns re- ported twice in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Baer, 195^. Copy: Luhe, 1910. SYNONYMY: Baer, 195^. Taenia immerina Abildgaard, 1790 Rhytis immerinus (Abildgaard, 17a0) Zeder, 1803 Tetrabothrium immerinus (Abildgaard, 1790) Kowalewski, 190^ 371 BothriocephaTus macrocephalus Rudolphi, 1 °1C Tetrabothrius macrocephalus (Rudolrhi, TPlO) Blainvi"Me, 1 P2R Prosthecocotyle macrocephalus (Rudolphi, 1P~!0) Fuhrmann, 1P°P Bothriocephalus junceus Baird , 1862 Frosthecocotyle .juncea (Baird, 1862 ) Fuhrmann, 1P°9 Tetrabothrius .junceus (Baird, 1862) Fuhrmann, 1906 Tetrabothrium arcticum Linstow, 1901 Tetrabothrium lobatum Linstow, la05 Faratetrabothrius lobatus (Linstow, 1 905) Yamaguti, 19^0 Tetrabothrium perfidum Joyeux & Baer, 1 93'1- Tetrabothrium rostratula Yamaguti, 19^0 Faratetrabothrius orientalis Yamaguti, 19^0, e.p. LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Somateriini - Somateria mollissima - [perhaps erroneous - Baer, 195*0 Gaviiformes - Gavia arctica, Gavia immer, Gavia stellata Podicipediformes - rodiceps auritus, Fodiceps casricus, Fodiceps cris- ta tus Falconiformes - Sarcorhamphus papa Charadriiformes - Rostratula bengha"! ensis, Tringa gj areola, Uria aal ge HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Arctic, Spitzbergen) , N. America. Cittotaenia avicola STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once from duck (speci- men dates to period of 177^-1793 )• Correctness of host record doubted by Spasskii, 1951a, 1951b. Described from via"1 in museum, ""abeled by Goeze, no other record. DESCRIPTION: Fuhrmann, 1897. Copy: Baer, 1927; Spasskil, 1951b. SYNONYMY: Cittotaenia avicola Fuhrmann, 1P°7 Ctenotaenia avicola (Fuhrmann, 1897) Spasskii, 1951 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas sp. HABITAT: Not given, probably small intestine. 372 DISTRIBUTION: Unknown (Museum Coll., Geneva, Switzerland). Tatrla acanthorhyncha STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare, probably accidental, normally in grebes; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Joyeux & Baer, 1936; Yamaguti, 1940; Johri, 1959; Singh, I960; Movsesian, 1963b. SYNONYMY: Taenia acanthorhyncha Wedl , 1855 Amoebotaenia acanthorhyncha (Wedl, 1855) Cohn , I899 Tatria acanthorhyncha (Wedl, 1855) Kowalewski , 1904 LIFE CYCLE: Larvae in dragonflies (Odonata); larvae developed experi- mentally in fresh-water corepod Crustacea. (Jarecka, I960; Linstow, 1892; Mrazek, 1907) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Macrocyclops albidus [exper.l, Agrion puella FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Aythyini - Aythya nyroca Podicipediformes - Fodiceps auritus, Podicens caspicus, PoHiceps cristatus, Podiceps dominicus, Fodicens ruficollis Gruiformes - Fulica atra HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (Azerbaidzhan, Tadzhikistan, India, Japan), Cotugnia fastigata STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once from domestic duck. DESCRIPTION: Meggitt, 1920. Cory: Shevtsov & Zaskind, 1°60; Artiukh, 1966. SYNONYMY: Cotugnia fastigata Meggitt, 1 920 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) 373 HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Burma). Cotuemia fila STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported twice from ducks, prob- ably domestic. DESCRIPTION: Meggitt, 1931. Cory: Shevtsov & ZasVind, I960; Artiukh, 1Q66. SYNONYMY: Cotugnia fila Meggitt, 1931- LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) - "duck" HABITAT: Not given, probably small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Burma, India). Ophryocotyle spp. STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck and once in domestic duck. DESCRIPTION: SYNONYMY: Fuhrmann, 1932. Ophryocotyle insignis Lonnberg, I89O, e.p. Ophryocotyle sp. Fuhrmann, 193? Ophryocotyle sp. Davies, 1^3^ LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) Kergini - Mergus serrator HABITAT: Probably small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe. 374 Raillietina anatina STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported 3 times in domestic ducks. DESCRIPTION: Fuhrmann, 19C9b. Copy: Shevtsov & Zaskind, I960; Artiukh, 1966. SYNONYMY: Hughes & Schultz, 19^2. Davainea crassula of Wolf fhugel , 1900 Davainea anatina Fuhrmann, lo0^ Raillietina anatina (Fuhrmann, 1908) Fuhrmann, 1921 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of R. cestici~Hus. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) Columbiformes - Columba sp. , Treron phoenicopterus HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Italy, Rumania), Asia (India). Raillietina birmanica STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare, perhaps erroneous or accidental, normally in domestic fowl; reported once in domestic duck. DESCRIPTION: Meggitt, 1926. LOpez-Neyra , 1931. Cory: Artiukh, 1966. SYNONYMY: Hughes & Schultz, 19^2. Raillietina (Fuhrmanetta) birmanica Meggitt, 1926 Davainea birmanica (Meggitt, 1926) Lopez-Neyra, 1929 Idiogenoides birmanica (Meggitt, 1926) Lo>ez-Neyra , 1931 Fuhrmanetta birmanica (Meggitt, 1926) Johri, 1Q33 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of R. cesticillus. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas pi atyrhynchos (dom. ) Galliformes - Gallus gallus (dom. ) HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (Burma). 375 Raillietina cesticillus STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Accidental , normally in gallinaceous birds; reported twice in domestic ducks. DESCRIPTION: Gvozdev, 1958. Cony: Kasimov, 1056; Artxukh, 1966. SYNONYMY: Hughes & Schultz, 1°U2. Taenia cesticillus Molin, 185P Raillietina cesticillus (Molin, I858) Railliet, 1921 Davainea cesticillus (Molin, I858) Blanchard, lPc>i Raillietina (Skr.jabinia) cesticillus (Molin, 185°) of Joyeux, 1923 Skr.jabinia cesticillus (Molin, I858) Baer, 1925 Brumptiella cesticillus (Molin, I858) Lorez-Neyra, 1931 LIFE CYCLE: Gravid proglottids passed in feces of host, ing^st^d by ground and dung beetles (over 100 species of over 10 families reported), cysticercoids infective in 3-^ weeks; mature in final host 2-3 weeks after ingestion; may survive in final host up to 1^.5 months, probably usually survive only 5-6 months. (Ai icata , 193p; Ackert & Reid, 1936a; Case & Ackert, 1938, 19^0; Jones, lQ30a, 1^32; Reid, Ackert, & Case, 1938; Sawada, 1952; Sawada & Okada, 19^5; Wat- anabe, et al . , 1953; Wetzel, 193^, lq3R) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Genera: Agonoderus, Alphitobius, Amara , Anafer- onia, Anisodactylus, Anisotarsus, Anthicus, Aphodius, Brachycellus, Bradytus, Calathus, Chlaenias, Choeridium, Cratacanthus, Dermestes, Discoderus, Epierus, Gonocephalus, Harpalus, Podabrus, Pterostichus, Rhagadus, Selenophorus, Stenocellus, Stenolophus, Tachys , Tenebrio, Tribolium, Triplectrus FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) - [doubtful, Reid, 1962] Galliformes - Colinus virginianus , Coturnix coturnix, Gall us gallus (dom. ) , Gallus sonneratii, Lagopus lagopus, Lapopus scoticus, Lyrurus tetrix, Meleagris gallonavo (dom.), Numida mel eagris (dom. ) , Perdix perdix, Fhasianus colchicus, Tetrao urogallus, Tetrastes bonasia Gruiformes - Chlamydotls undulata - [doubtful , Reir1, 1°62] Passeriformes - SerinuF canarius [exper.] - [doubtful , Reid, l°6?.l HABITAT: Small intestine - duodenum and jejunem. DISTRIBUTION: Cosmopolitan. Raillietina cl.erci STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare, perhaps erroneous; reported 376 once in duck, original citation not found. DESCRIPTION: Fuhrmann, 1920b. SYNONYMY: Hughes & Schultz, 19^2. Davainea crassula of Clerc, 1906, not Rudolphi, 1819 Davainea clerci Fuhrmann, 1920 Raillietina (Ransomia) clerci (Fuhrmann, lo20) Joyeux, 1923» e.r. Ransomia clerci (Fuhrmann, 1920) Joyeux, 1^23, e.n. Raillietina (Raillietina ) clerci (Fuhrmann, 1.920) of Joyeux & Houde- mer, 1927 Kotlania clerci (Fuhrmann, 1920) LCpez-Neyra, 1931 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of R. cesticil lus. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos - [reported by Hughes & Schultz, "iP^-2; original citation not found] Columbiformes - Columba livia, Streptopelia turtur HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (USSR), S. America? (Brazil - in African bird in Zoological Garden). Raillietina cyrtus STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in duck. DESCRIPTION: Skrjabin, 191*+a. Copy: Artiukh, 1966. SYNONYMY: Hughes & Schultz, 19^2. Davainea cyrtus Skrjabin, 191*t- Raillietina (Ransomia) cyrtus (Skrjabin, 191*0 Fuhrmann, 1920 Raillietina (Raillietina) cyrtus (Skrjabin, 191*0 o^ Ldpez-Neyra , 1931 Kotlania cyrtus (Skrjabin, 191*0 Lonez-Neyra , lQJI LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of R. cesticillus. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas sp. HABITAT: Probably small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: S. America (Paraguay). 377 Raillietina fecunda STATUS AS WATERFOWL FAPASITF: Rare; reported once in duck, probably domestic. DESCRIPTION: Meggitt, 1931. Cory: Shevtsov & Zaskind, I960; Artiukh, 1966. SYNONYMY: Raillietina fecund a Meggitt, 1931 Raillietina (Paroniella ) fecund a Meggitt, 1Q31 of Fuhrmann , 1932 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; r.robabl y similar to that of R. cesticillus. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) - "duck" HABITAT: Not given, probably small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Burma). Raillietina microcotyle STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in domestic duck. DESCRIPTION: Skrjabin, 191**d. Copy: Shevtsov & Zaskind, I960; Artiukh, 1966. SYNONYMY: Hughes & Schultz, 19*+2. Davainea microcotyle Skrjabin, 191*+ Raillietina (Skrjabinia) microcotyle (Skrjabin, 191*0 Fuhrmann, 192C Brumptiella microcotyle (Skrjabin, 191*0 L<5pez-Neyra , 193"! Skrjabinia microcotyle (Skrjabin, 191*0 Lopez-Neyra, 195** LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of R. cesticillus. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhyncho s (dom. ) HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Italy). Raillietina osakpnsis STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in domestic duck. 378 DESCRIPTION: Iwata & Tamura, 1933. Cory: Art-fukh, 1966. SYNONYMY: Raillietina osakensis Iwata & Tamura, 1933 Raillietina (Raillietina) osakensis Iwata & Tamura, 1933 of Iwata, 1939 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of R. cesticillus. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Japan). Raillietina rarviuncinata STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported once in wild (?) and once in domestic duck. DESCRIPTION: Meggitt & Maung Fo Saw, 1924. Copy: Shevtsov & Zaskind, I960; Artiukh, 1966. SYNONYMY: Hughes & Schultz, 19*1-2. Raillietina (Ransomia ) parviuncinata Meggitt & Po Saw, 1 92'J- Davainea parviuncinata ''Meggitt & Po Saw, 192*0 Lopez-Neyra , 1Q2° Raillietina (Raillietina) parviuncinata Meggitt & Po Saw, 192^ of Southwell, 1930 Kotlania parviuncinata (Meggitt & Fo Saw, 1°2*0 Ltfrez-Neyra , 1931 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of R. cesticil] us. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos, Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Burma, China). Raillietina pseudocyrtus STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare: reported once in duck, probably domestic. 379 DESCRIPTION: Meggitt, 1931. Cory: Shevtsov & Zaskind, I960; Artiukh, 1966. SYNONYMY: Railliptina pseudocyrtus (sp. dub.) Meggitt, \°,J1 Raillietina (Raillietina) pseudocyrtus Meggitt, 1931 of Fuhrmann, 1^32 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of R. cesticl"1 lus. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) - "duck" HABITAT: Not given, probably small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Burma). Amoebotaenia cuneata STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Accidental, perhaps erroneous, normally in domestic chickens; reported once in duck, presumably domestic. DESCRIPTION: Meggitt, 1914; Yamaguti, 1935b. Cory: Kasimov, 1956? Shevtsov & Zaskind, I960; Matevosian, 19&3. SYNONYMY: Sprehn, 1932. Taenia cuneata Linstow, 1872, not Batsch, 1786 Dicranotaenia cuneata (Linstow, 1^72) Railliet, lp03 Amoebotaenia cuneata (Linstow, 1R72) Cohn, 190C Taenia sphenoides Railliet, 1892 Dicranotaenia sphenoides (Railliet, 1892) Railliet, I.896 Amoebotaenia sphenoides (Railliet, 1892) Cohn, 1 8Q9 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs with onchospheres passed in feces, ingested by earthworms; cysticercoids develop in 14 days; mature in 'final host 27 days after ingestion. (Kosinova, 1965; Monnig, 1926) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Allolobophora chlorotica , Eisenia foetida, Lum- bricus rubellus, Ocnerodrilus (Ilyopenia) africanus, Pheretina neguana FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) - "duck" - [probably an error, Fuhrmann, ""3321 Galliformes - Galium gallus, Gall us gallus (dom. ) , Perdix perdix HABITAT: Small intestine - duodenum. DISTRIBUTION: Cosmopolitan. 380 Anomotaenia ciliata STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Common; reported 25 times in wild waterfowl, k times in domestic ducks. DESCRIPTION: Fuhrmann, 1913; Bezuhik, 1957a; Macko, 1960a; Jarecka, 1961 (ova); Spasskaia, 1962; Belokobylenko, 1063. Copy: Matevosian, 1963. SYNONYMY: Anomotaenia (?) ciliata Fuhrmann, 1913 Platyscolex ciliata (Fuhrmann, 1913) Srasskaia, 1°62 Unciunia ciliata (Fuhrmann, 1913) Matevosian, 1°63 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs with onchospheres passed in feces; cysticercoids develop after ingestion by fresh-water cladoceran Crustacea: mature in final host after ingestion. (Jarecka, 1Q56, 1958a, ia6Ca, 196l) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Simocephalus exsoinosus FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser fabalis, Cygnus columbianus bewickii Tadornini - Tadorna ferruginea Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos, Anas olatyrhynchos (dom. ) , Anas acuta, Anas clypeata , Anas crecca, Anas discor? , Anas falcata, Anas formosa , Anas penelope , Anas poecilorhyncha , Anas querquedu"1 a, Anas strepera Somateriini - Somateria mollissima Aythyini - Aythya ferina , Aythya fu1 igu"1 a, Aythya nyroca , Netta rufina Mergini - Clangula hyemalis, Melanitta fusca, Me^anitta nigra, Mergus albellus Gaviiformes - Gavia stellata Galliformes - Gallus gallus (dom. ) HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (W. Siberia, Uzbekistan, Kirgizia, Kaz- akhstan, Tamyr, Amur, Kamchatka), N. America (USA). Anomotaenia citrus STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; normally in charar'riiform birds; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Dubinina, 195^a (fig.); Spasskaia, 195°. Cooy: Mate- vosian, I963. 381 SYNONYMY: Matevosian, 1963. Taenia citrus Krabbe , I869 Choanotaenia citrus (Krabbe, I869) Clerc, 1.903 Anomotaenia citrus (Krabbe, 1869) Fuhrmann, 1908 Dichoanotaenia citrus (Krabbe, 1.869) Lopez-Neyra , 19^ Monopylidium cayennensis Fuhrmann, 1907 Choanotaenia citrus var. a^ricana (Joyeux & Baer, 192P) Fuhrmann, 1P32 LIFE CYCLE: Cysticercoid in fresh-water mollusk (auxiliary host?). (Matevosian, 1963) INTERMEDIATE HCSTS: Succinea rutris FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseri formes (Anatidae) Mergini - Melanitta fusca deglandi Charadriiformes - Actitis hypoleucos, Arenaria interpres, Belonopterus chilensis, Capella gallinago, Capella media, Care"! la stenura, Cha- radius dubius, Erolia alpina , Erolla minuta , Euroda veredus, Heter- oscelus incanus, Limosa limosa, Lymnocryptes minimus, Fhilomachus pugnax, Scolpax rusticola, Tringa glareola , Tringa ochropu?, Tringa totanus, Xenus cinereus HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (W. Siberia, Uzbekistan, Tuva, China, Fri- morsk, Yakutia, Sakhalin), Africa, S. America (Brazil). Chitono recta agnosta STATUS AS WATERFOWL, FARASITF: Rare, perhaps erroneous; reported once in waterfowl, original citation not found. STATUS AS SPECIES: Synonym of Liga brevicollis - Sandeman, 195Q. Chitonorecta synonym of genus Anomotaenia - Joyeux & Baer, 19ol; this species cannot be in Anomotaenia - Spasskil & Spasskaia, i960. DESCRIPTION: Meggitt, 1927b. Cory: Matevosian, 1963. SYNONYMY: Chitonorecta agnosta Meggitt, 1927 Anomotaenia agnosta (Meggitt, 1927) Matevosian, 1963 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) - [listed by Fuhrmann, 1932, original citation not found] 382 Charadrii formes - Hoplopterus spinosus HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Egypt). Choanotaenia bhattacharai STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Chatterji, 195^- Cory: Matevosian, 1963. SYNONYMY: Choanotaenia bhattacharai Chatterji, 195^ LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of C. infundibulum. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas querquedula HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (India). Choanotaenia infundibulum STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent, normally in gallinaceous birds; reported twice in wild ducks and 3 times in domestic ducks. DESCRIPTION: Guberlet, 1916; Gvozdev, 19^. Copy: Kasimov, 1956; Matevosian, 19&3« SYNONYMY: Globus stercoreus Scopoli, 1772 Taenia infundibulum Bloch, 1779 Drepanidotaenia infundibulum (Bloch, 1779) Stossich, lRo5 Choanotaenia infundibulum (Bloch, 1779) Conn, 1899 Monopylidium infundibulum (Bloch, 1779) Kowalewski, 190^ Taenia avium Pallus, 1781, e.t>. Taenia articulis conoideis Bloch, 1782 Taenia infundibuliformis Goeze, 17^2 Alyselminthes infundibuliformis (Goeze, 1782) Zeder, 1800 Halysis infundibuliformis (Goeze, 17p2) Zeder, 1803 Drepanidotaenia infundibuliformis (Goeze, 17p2) RaiHiet, lpo3 Monopyl idium infundibuliformis (Goeze, 1782 ) Clerc, 1903 Choanotaenia infundibuliformis (Goeze, 1782) Railliet, 18°6 383 Taenia anatis avium Gmelin, 1790 Taenia serrata Rosa, 179^ Mononylidium infundibuluin var. pol yorchis Klaptocz, 190^ Choanotaenia polyorchisTKIaptocz , 1908) Baer, 1925 - [MatevosTan, 19631 Choanotaenia fuhrmanni Skrjabin, IQ1^ - [Matevosian, 19631 LIFE CYCLE: Gravid proglottid s massed in feces, ingested by insects (Coleptera, Orthoptera, Diptera); cysticercoids become infective in grasshopper in 17-20 days at 2^-32 C, in beetle in kS days at 16-2U C; mature in final host 2-3 weeks after ingestion. (Ackert & Reid , 1936b; Alicata, 19^7; Case & Ackert, 19^0; Guberlet, 1916; Horsfall, 1938; Horsfall & Jones, 1937; Reid & Ackert, 1937: Wetzel, 1^35, 1938) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Over 30 species in over 13 families of insects. Genera: Alphitotagus, Amara , Anareronia, Aphodius , A once1 lus , Ataenius , Calathus , Cratacanthus, Dermestes , Dicromorpha , Dixirpus , Enitragus, Geotrupes, Gonocephalus , Hylobius, Hygrotus, Lebia , Lucilla, Melanon"! us, Musca, Nebria, Niptus, Reticulotermes , Stenocellus, Stenolorhus, Tene- brio, Tenebrioides , Tribolium FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas plat y rh yn ch o s (dom. ), Anas pen- elope Falconiformes - Falco naumanni , Milvus migrans Galliformes - Alectoris barbara , Alectoris p-raeca , Alpctoris rufa , Bonasa umbellus, Coturnix coturnix, Francolinus pintadeanus, Gal lus gal lus (dom. ) , Lyru ru 5 tetrix , Mel eagris gallopavo (dom.), Numida meleagris (dom.), Favo cristatus, Pedippcetes phasianellus, Ferdix perdix, Fhasianus colchicus, Tetrao uroga1 lus , Tetrastes bonasia Gruiformes - Otis tetrax Columbiformes - ?Columba livia , ?Goura sp. Passeriformes - Ammospiza maritima, Corvus corone, Fasser domesticus HABITAT: Small intestine - jejunem. DISTRIBUTION: Cosmopolitan. Lallum magniparuterina STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. STATUS AS SPECIES: Synonym of Hymenolepis megaipps - Spasskil, 196^. DESCRIPTION: Johri, i960. SYNONYMY: Lallum magniparuterina Johri, i960 384 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas crecca HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (India). Lateriporus aecophylus STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported 3 times in wild ducks. STATUS AS SPECIES: Diagonaliporus synonym o^ Trichocephaloides - Joyeux & Baer, 196l. DESCRIPTION: Oshmarin, 1950. Copy: Matevosian, 1963. SYNONYMY: Lateriporus aecophylus Oshmarin, 1950 Diagonaliporus aecophilus (Oshmarin, 1.950) Krotov, 195^ LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of L. teres. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Mergini - Histrionicus histrionicus HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Frimorfk, Kamchatka, Sakhalin). Lateriporus biuterinus STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild and once in captive waterfowl . STATUS AS SFECIES: Spasskil (1966b) believes European material (from Melanitta nigra) should be rechecked , doubts if this occurs both in S. America and Europe, especially as none of the extensive Soviet collections have disclosed it. DESCRIPTION: Fuhrmann, 190Pc. Copy: Matevosian, 1963. SYNONYMY: 385 Lateriporus biuterinus Fuhrmann, 1908 Fuhrmanacanthus biuterinus (Fuhrmann, 1908) Spasski?, 1966 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of L. teres. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Dendrocygnini - Dendrocygna autumnal is Tadornini - Keochen .jubatus Cairinini - Amazonetta brasiliensis, Cairina moschata, Sarkidior- nis melanotos Mergini - Melanitta fusca [Charadriiformes - Larus melanocephalus - probably erroneous, Fuhr- mann, 1932] HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, S. America (Brazil). Lateriporus clerci STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare, perhaps accidental, normally in lariform birds; reported once in wild duck as adult, larvae re- ported once encysted in gizzard of wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Ablasov, 1957. Copy: Matevosian, I963. SYNONYMY: Sprehn, 1932. Taenia cylindrica Clerc, 1902, not Krefft, 1871 Dilepis cylindrica (Clerc, 1902) Clerc, 1Q03 Lateriporus cylindrica (Clerc, 1902) Luhe, 1910 Taenia clerci Johnston, 1912 Choanotaenia clerci (Johnston, 1912) Johnston, 1912 Lateriporus clerci (Johnston, 1912) Fuhrmann, 1932 LIFE CYCLE: Larvae develop in Crustacea; mature in lariform birds after ingestion. Larvae apparently may sometimes encyst in gizzard after ingestion by Anatidae. (Ablasov, 195?) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: AUXILIARY HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes - Anas platyrhynchos, Anas acuta, Anas strepera , Aythya nyroca FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Aythyini - Aythya mariTa Grui formes - Fulica atra 386 Charadrii formes - Larus argentatus , Larus canus, Larus melanocephalus , Larus minutus, Larus ridibundus, Sterna hirundo HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (USSR), Asia (Siberia, Kirgizia, Yakutia). Lateriporus destitutus STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck (in 1889). STATUS AS SPECIES: Description inadequate; not listed by Matevosian, 1963, nor Spasskii, 1966b. DESCRIPTION: LSnnberg, IP89. SYNONYMY: Taenia destituta Lonnberg, 1889 Lateriporus destitutus (Lonnberg, 1889) Hughes, 19^1 Taenia destituata Lonnberg of Fuhrmann, 1908, lapsus Lateriporus destituata (Lonnberg, 18P9) Fuhrmann, 1908 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of L. teres. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Tadomini - Tadorna tadorna HABITAT: Probably small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Sweden). Lateriporus geographicus STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported twice in wild ducks. STATUS AS SPECIES: Synonym of L. teres - Schiller, 1955a. DESCRIPTION: Cooper, 1921. Copy: Matevosian, IQ63. SYNONYMY: Lateriporus geographicus Cooper, 1921 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of L. teres. FINAL HOSTS: AVES 387 Anseriformes (Anatidae) Somateriini - Somateria mollissima Mergini - Clangula hyemalis HABITAT: Probably small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: N. America (Arctic Canada). Lateriporus mathevossianae STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported twice in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Ryzhikov & Gubanov, 1962. Copy: Matevosian, 1963. SYNONYMY: Lateriporus mathevossianae Ryzhikov & Gubanov, 1962 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of L. teres. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Mergini - Clangula hyemal i s , Melanitta fusca deglandi HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Tamyr, Yakutia). Lateriporus propeteres STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Fuhrmann, 1907. Copy: Matevosian, 1°63. SYNONYMY: Lateriporus propeteres Fuhrmann, 1907 Fuhrmanacanthus propeteres (Fuhrmann, 1907) Spasskii, 1966 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of L. teres. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Cairinini - Amazonetta brasiliensis HABITAT: Not given, probably small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: S. America (Brazil). 388 Lateriporus skr.jabini STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported 10 times in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Matevosfan, 19^6. Copy: Matevosian, 1963. SYNONYMY: Lateriporus skr.jabini Matevosian, 19^6 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of L. teres. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas crecca Aythyini - Aythya fuligula, Aythya marila Mergini - Bucephala clangula , Clangula hyemalis, Melanitta fusca, Melanitta nigra HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (N. Russia), Asia (W. Siberia, Kirgizia, Kazakh- stan, Tuva, Yakutia, Tamyr, Komandorsky Is.). Lateriporus teres STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Frequent; reported 17 times in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Schiller, 1955a; Mahon, 1956; Spasskaia, 1965. Cory: Matevosian, 1963. SYNONYMY: Taenia teres Krabbe, 1869 Diplacanthus (Lepidotrias) teres (Krabbp, 1*69) Cohn, 189° Hymenolepis teres (Krabbe, lp69) Rainiet, 1899 Lateriporus teres (Frabbe, 1869) Fuhrmann, 1907 Cysticercus pachyacanthus (Linstow, 1892) Liihe, 1910 - [Srasskil, 195^1 Lateriporus geographicus Cooper, 1921 - [Schiller, lQ55al; distinct, Matevosian, 1963 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs with onchospheres passed in feces; cysticercoids develop in marine and fresh-water amphipod Crustacea after ingestion; mature after ingestion by final host. (Spasskaia, 195^ ? Uspenskaia, I960) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Gammarus Tocusta, Gammarus pul ex 389 FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas crecca. Anas penel ope , Anas querquedula Somateriini - Somateria fischeri , Somateria moll.issima , Sotnateria spectabilis Aythyini - Aythya ferina, Aythya fu]_i£u]_a, Aythya marila Mergini - Clangula hyemalis, Histrionicus histrionicus, Me"!anitta fusca deglandi, Melanitta nigra [Charadriiformes - Larus melanocephalus - probably erroneous, Fuhrmann, 1932] [Fasseriformes - Corvus brachyrhynchos - probably erroneous] HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Norway, Murmansk, Iceland), Asia (Kirgizia, Yakutia, Kamchatka, Chukotka), N. America (USA - Alaska, Canada, Greenland ). Liga brevis STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Accidental or erroneous, normally in Charadriiformes; reported once in wild duck. Host given as "shilokh- vost'" [Anas acuta] in text of paper, listed as Recurvirosta avosetta [shilokliuvka] in table at end (Dubinina, 195^a). DESCRIPTION: Dubinina, 1954a; Williams, 1962. Copy: Matevosian, 1963. SYNONYMY: Taenia brevis Lin stow, 1RP4 Amoebotaenia brevis (Lin stow, 1884) Fuhrmann, 190p Liga brevis (Linstow, 1884) Lrtpez-Neyra, "1Q52 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas acuta Charadriiformes - Charadrius hiaticula, Charadrius mongolus, Pluvial is apricaria, Pluvialis domlnica, Recurvirostra avosetta , Squatarol a squatarola HABITAT: Probably small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Great Britain), Asia (Siberia). 390 Metroliasthes lucida STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Accidental, perhaps erroneous, normally in gallinaceous birds, especially in turkey?; reported once in domes- tic geese. STATUS AS SPECIES: Metroliasthes is synonym of genus Rhabdometra - Joyeux & Baer, 196l. DESCRIPTION: Copy: Kasimov, 1956. SYNONYMY: Metroliasthes lucida Ransom, 1900 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs with onchospheres passed in feces: cysticercoid larvae develop after ingestion by grasshoppers (Orthoptera ) , become infective in 15 days in summer, up to 6 wpeks in winter; mature in about 21 days after ingestion by final host. (Jones, 1936) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Chorthippus curtipennis, Melanoplus femur-rubrum, Faroxya clavuliger FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser (dom. ) Galliformes - Alectoris rufa, Coturnix coturnix, Gallus gallus (dom.), Gallus gallus bankiva , Guttera edouardi , Meleagris gal lopavo, Meleagris gallopavo (dom.), Numida mel eagris HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Cosmopolitan. Paradilepis scol ecina STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Accidental , normally in Pelecaniformes; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Yamaguti, 19^4-Oa; Spasskii & Spasskaia, IQ60. Cony: Matevosian, 1963. SYNONYMY: Spasskii & Spasskaia, 1Q60. Taenia scolecina Rudolphi, 1819 Dilepis scolecina (Rudolphi, lP-19) Fuhrmann , 1Q0P Paradilepis scolecina (Rudolrhi, lpit5) Hsi", 1C35 Paradilepis duboisi Hsu, 1935 Paradilepis brevis Burt, 19^0 Dilepis minima Goss, 19^0 Paradilepis minima (Goss, 19^0) Freeman, 195^ 391 LIFE CYCLE: Cysticercoid reported in marine fish (auxiliary host?). (Yamaguti, 19^0a) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Gnathopogon elongatus FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas falcata Felecaniformes - Halietor africanus, Hal ietor melanoleucos, Halietor p_y_£maeus, Fhalacrocorax capillatus, Phalacrocorax carbo, Phala- crocorax fuscicollis, Fhalacrocorax novae-hollandiae , Fhalacro- corax varius HABITAT: Small intestine - embedded in diverticula of wall. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (Armenia, Tadzhikistan, Kirgizia, Kazakh- stan, Ceylon, China, Japan), Africa, Australia. Paradilepis urceus STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare, rrobably accidental; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Mahon, 1955; Spasskii & Spasskaik, I960. Cory: Hughes, 19^1a; Matevosian, I963. SYNONYMY: Spasskii & Spasskaia, 1°60; Matevosfan, 1963. Taenia urceus Wedl, 1855 Dilepis urceus (Wedl, 1855) Fuhrmann, 190P Hymenolepis urceus (Wedl, 1855) Mepgitt, 1927 Meggittiella urceus (Wedl, I855) Ltfnez-Neyra , 19^2 Paradilepis urceus (Wedl, 1855) Joyeux & Baer, 1950 Taenia capito Dujardin, 1^5 - [Matevosian, l°63l Hymenolepis lloydi Southwell, 1926 Paradilepis lloydi (Southwel"1 , 1926) Spasskii, l0^ - [Matevosian, 1963] Hymenolepis multihamata Meggitt, 1927 Meggittiella multihamata (Meggitt, 1^27) Lorez-Neyra, 19^2 Skr.jabinolepis rrultihamata (Meggitt, 1927) Matevosran, 19^5 Paradilepis multihamata (Meggitt, 1927) Oligorchis hieraticos Johri, 193^ Hymenolepis varicanthos Southwell & Lake, 1°39 Skr.jabinolepis varicanthos (Southwell & Lake, 1939) Matevosian, 1 °^5 Meggittiella varicanthos (Southwell & Lake, 193°) Spasskii, 1952 - [Matevosian, 1 °63l Paradilepis varicanthos (Southwell * Lake, 1C'3Q) LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. 392 FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Mergini - Mergus merganser Gaviiformes - Gavia arctica Pelecaniformes - Felecanus oncro talus Ciconiiformes - Ciconia sp.. Ibis ibis, Flatalea leucorodia, Plegadis falcinellus Falconiformes - Milvus migrans HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Austria, Hungary), Asia (Kazakhstan, Tuva, India), Africa (Egypt, Nigeria, Congo region). Parictero taenia borealis STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported k times in wild and once in captive waterfowl. DESCRIPTION: Linstow, 19C5a; Baer, 1962. Cory: Matevosian, IQ63. SYNONYMY: Aporina borealis Linstow, 1905 Choanotaenia borealis (Linstow, 190c5) Fuhrmann, 1908, not C. boreal is (Krabbe) CI ere, 1 906 Parictero taenia borealis (Linstow, 1905) Fuhrmann, 1932 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Tadornini - Tadorna tadorna Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos Mergini - Clangula hyemalis, Melanitta nigra [Coraciiformes and Passeriformes - 28 species listed erroneously in McDonald, 1Q65, through confusion with Choanotaenia borealis (Krabbe )1 HABITAT: Probably small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Great Britain, Iceland), Asia (Tamyr). Sphaeruterina "longiceps STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare, perhaps accidental, probably normally in passerine birds; reporter! once in waterfowl. 393 DESCRIPTION: Fuhrmann, l°08a. SYNONYMY: Taenia longiceps Rudolphi, 1819 Biuterina longiceps (Rudolphi, 1B19) Fuhrmann, 190^ Sphaeruterina longiceps (Rudolphi, 1819) Fuhrmann, 1932 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Cairinini - ?Cairina moschata Fasseriformes - Cassicus af finis, Psarocol ius decumanus HABITAT: Probably small intestine . DISTRIBUTION: S. America (Brazil), [N. America - Yamaguti, 1959, erroneous] . Trichocephal oides mega"1 ocerihala STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare, normally in charadriiform birds; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Clerc, 1902, 1903; Yamaguti, 19^0; Spasskail, 1957. Copy: Matevosian, 1963. SYNONYMY: Taenia megalocephala Krabbe , I869 Trichocephaloides megalocephala (Krabbe, 1869 ) Clerc, 1Q02 Trichocephaloides inermis Sinitsin, 1896 - [Clerc, 19021 Dilepis hamasigi Yamaguti, 19^0 Lateriporus hamasigi (Yamaguti, 19^0) Belopol ' skaia , 1953 - [Matevo- sian, 1963; Spasskaia, 1957] LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Aythyini - Aythya marila Charadriiformes - Calidris canutus, Crocethia alba, Erolia alpina , Erolia maritima, Erolia minuta, Erolia subminuta, Erolia temirin- ckii , Erolia testacea, Larus canus , Limicola falcinellus , Phil o- machus pupnax, Tringa totanus HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (W. Siberia, Primorsk, Yakutia, Kamchatka, Japan, Sakhalin). 394 Unciunia acanillicirrosa STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild and once in domestic waterfowl. STATUS A3 SPECIES: Unciunia is synonym of Choanotaenia - Joyeux & Baer, 196l. DESCRIPTION: Moghe, 1933. Copy: Matevosxan, 1°63. SYNONYMY: Unciunia acarillicirrosa Moghe, 1933 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) - "Anseriformes" Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (India). Valinora spasskyi STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild ducks. STATUS AS SFECIES: Diagonaliporus synonym of genus Trichocerhaloides - Joyeux & Baer, 196l. SYNONYMY: Diagonaliporus spasskyi Krotov, 1951 Valipora spasskyi (Krotov, 1951) Yamaguti, 1959 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Mergini - Clangula hyemalis [Bucephala clangula - Ryzhikov, l°63a, erroneous citation] HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Sakhalin). Progynotaenia evaprinata STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Accidental, normally in charadriiform 395 birds; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Fuhrmann, 1909. SYNONYMY: Pro gyno taenia evaginata Fuhrmann, 1909 Progynotaenia pauciannulata Baczynska, 1 °11, e.p. - [Baer, l°^-0] LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas clypeata Charadriiformes - Burhinus oeHicnemus, Burhinus senegalensis HABITAT: Probably small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Ukraine), Africa (Egypt, W. Africa). Nematopara taenia brabantiae STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once from swans. STATUS AS SFECIES: As in N. naradoxa, probably an Onhryocotyle sp, in abnormal host. DESCRIPTION: Cotteleer & Schyns, 196l. SYNONYMY: Nematopara taenia brabantiae Cotteleer & Schyns, 1961 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Cygnus [olor?] HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Belgium). Nematoparataenia paradoxa STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported twice in wild waterfow1 , STATUS AS SPECIES: Probably an Orhryocotyle sp. in abnormal host - Heck, 195?a, 1958b. 396 DESCRIPTION: Maplestone & Southwell , 1^22. SYNONYMY: Nematoparataenia paradoxa Maplestone & Southwell, 1Q22 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVSS Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Cygnus atratus, [Cy_gnus olor - Lapage, 196] , erroneous citation] Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Armenia SSR), Australia. Nematoparataenia skr.jabini STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported twice from wild swan. STATUS AS SPECIES: As in N. paradoxa, probably an Ophryocotyl e sp. in abnormal host. DESCRIPTION: Matevosian & Okorokov, 1^59? Maksimova, l"63a. SYNONYMY: Nematoparataenia skr.jabini Matevosian & Okorokov, 195Q LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Cygnus olor HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (W. Siberia, Kazakhstan). Nematoparataenia southwelli STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent: rerorted 3 times from wild swans and twice from captive waterfowl . STATUS AS SPECIES: Frobably an Onhryocotyl e sp. in abnormal host Heck, 195pa, 1958b. 397 DESCRIPTION: Fuhrmann, 193^, 1937. SYNONYMY: Nematoparataenia southwelli Fuhrmann , WJk LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser canagicus , Cygnus olor HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Sweden, Netherlands, England). Polytestiletds chitinocloacis STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Oshmarin, I960. Copy: Spasskaik, 1°66. SYNONYMY: Polytestilepis chitinocloacis Oshmarin, I960 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Cairinini - Aix galericul.ata HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (USSR - Primorsk). Gastrotaenia cygni STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Common, ai though reported only 5 times in wild waterfowl. Pathology and mortality due to infection reported by Heck, 1958a, 1958b. STATUS AS SPECIES: Neotenic larva as described for G. dogie-! i by Ginetsinskaia (19^); probably a Diorchis sp. in abnormal host and location - Heck, 195^a, "!95pb. Product of "fimhriarization", prob- ably of Hymenolepis lionhallos - Lo^ez-Neyra, 19^ 3b. DESCRIPTION: Wolffhugel, 1938; Heck, 1958a. 398 SYNONYMY: Gastrotaenia cygni Wolffhugel, 193^ Apora dogieli Ginetsinskaia, 19^ Gastrotaenia dogieli (Ginetsinskaia, 19W*) Spasskil, 1.05B - [Mate- vosikn & Okorokov, 19591; distinct, Czaplinski & Ryzhikov, 1966 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) [9 additional hosts listed by McDonald, 1965, due to synonymy with G. dogiel i, or identification not verified] Anserini - Cygnus atratus, Cygnus melanocoryphus Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos, Anas acuta. Anas americana, Anas clypeata, Anas discors, Anas strepera, Anas versicolor Aythyini - Aythya affinis Mergini - Bucephala clangula , Clangula hyemalis Oxyurini - Oxyura .jamaicensis HABITAT: Gizzard - under lining. DISTRIBUTION: N. America (USA), S. America (Uruguay). Gastrotaenia dogiel i STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Frequent: reported 17 times in wV.d waterfowl, once in captive, and once in domestic ducks. STATUS AS SPECIES: Neotenic larvae of Hymenolepididae - Ginetsin- skaia, 19^; probably a Diorchis sp. in abnormal host and location, as with G. cygni - Heck, 195^a » 195pb. Synonym or G. cygni - Mate- vosian & Okorokov, 195°; maintained as distinct by Czaplinski & Ryzhikov, 1966. DESCRIPTION: Ginetsinskaia, 19^, T9^9a; Dubinina, 195^a; Matevos^n & Okorokov, 1959. Copy: Spasskala, 1966. SYNONYMY: Apora dogieli Ginetsinskaia, 19^ Gastrotaenia dogieli (Ginetsinskaia, 19^) Spasskii, 195p Gastrotaenia cygni Wolffhugel of Maksimova, 1963 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser, Anser anser (dom. ) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) , Anas acuta. Anas clyoeata , Anas crecca, Anas penelope, Anas quer- quedula, Anas strepera 399 Aythyini - Aythya f erina , Aythya fuligula , Aythya maril a , Aythya nyroca , Netta peposaca, Netta rufina Mergini - Bucephala clangula , Clangu1 a hyemalis, ^elanitta fusca deglandi , Kelanitta nigra, Mergus merganser HABITAT: Gizzard - under lining. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Poland, USSR), Asia (W. Siberia, Uzbekistan, Kirgizia, Kazakhstan, Tuva, Tamyr, Yakutia, Kamchatka). Gastrotaenia raracygni STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild and cap- tive swans. DESCRIPTION: Czaplinski & Ryzhikov, 1966. SYNONYMY: Gastrotaenia paracygni CzaplifSski & Ryzhikov, 1966 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Cygnus cygnu s , Cygnus olor HABITAT: Proventriculus, more rarely gizzard (under lining). DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Foland, USSR - Moscow Zoo). Diplogynia ol ig-orchis STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported twice in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Maplestone, 1922; Baer, 1925: Davis, 1944 (as Citto- taenia sand ground i) . Copy: Skrjabin & Matevosian, 1945 SYNONYMY: Diploposthe laevis (Bloch) of Johnston, 1913 - [Maplestone, 1922] Cotugnia oligorchis Maplestone, 1922 Diplogynia oligorchis (Maplestone, 1922) Baer, 1925 Cittotaenia sand ground! Davis, 1944 Diplogynia sandgroundi (Davis, 1944) Davis, 1947 - [Spasskii, 1949a, 1951a] LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. 400 FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Dendrocygnini - Dendrocygna arcuata , Dendrocygna javanica HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Java), Australia. Diploposthe laevis STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Very common, a characteristic helminth of waterfowl; reported 6l times in wild waterfowl, 6 times in domestic, and 4 times in captive waterfowl. STATUS AS SPECIES: Considered a teratological form by Flores-Barroeta , 1955. DESCRIPTION: Jacobi, 1897; Fuhrmann, 1900; Skrjabin, l°l4c; Linton, 1927; Yamaguti, 1935b: Flores-Barroeta, 1955; Czaplinski, l°56d: Bezu- bik, 1957a; Ryiavy, 196lb: Jarecka, 196l (ova); Bever1 ey- Burton, 1964. Copy: Skrjabin & Matevosian, 1945; Kurashvili, 1°57; Shevtsov & Zas- kind, I960; Spasskaia, 1966. SYNONYMY: Fuhrmann, 1905. Taenia laevis Bloch, 1782 Halysis laevis (Bloch, 1782) Zeder, 1 803 Diplooosthe laevis (Bloch, 1782) Jacobi, 1 8^6 Drepanidotaenia laevis (Bloch, 1782) derc, 1903, lapsus Taenia bifaria Siebold in Crep"! in , 1 846 Cotugnia bifaria (Siebold, 1846) Diamare, 1893 Taenia tuberculata Krefft, 1871 Ophryocotyle tuberculata (Krefft, "'871) Blanchard, 1 891 Taenia trlchosoma Linstow, 18^2 Hymen olepis trichosoma (Linstow, l8P2) Yamaguti, 195° Diploposthe lata Fuhrmann, 1°CP, nomen nudum Diploposthe sui-generis Xowalewski, 1903 - Retained as distinct species by Jarecka, 196Gb. Diploposthe skr.jabini Matevosian, 1°42 - [Czaplifiski, l°56d~l; synonym of D. sui-generis - L Jarecka, 1960bl LIFE CYCLE: Eggs with onchospheres passed in feces; cysticercoids develop in 14 days after ingestion by fresh-water copepod and ostra- cod Crustacea; only two worms believed to mature por host. (Jarecka, 1956, 1958b, 1960a, 1960b, I96I ; RySavy, io64b) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Acanthocyclops viridis [exper.1, Macrocycl ons albidus, Macrocyclops fuscus [exrer.1, Mesocyclops leuckartii. Cyori- dopsis vidua Lexper.J, Heterocypris incongruens 401 FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Dendrocygnini - Dendrocygna arcuata Anserini - Anser a riser, Anser a riser (dom. ) , Anser cy_gnoides_, Branta canadensis Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas platyrhynchos (dom.), Anas acuta. Anas castanea, Anas clypeata , Anas crecca, [Anas crecca carolinensis - Lapage, 1961, erroneous citation] , Anas erythro- rhynchos, Anas penelope, Anas qu^rquedula, Anas rubripes (A. obscura) , Anas strepera, Anas superciliosa Aythyini - Aythya af finis, Aythya africana , Aythya americana, Aythya australis, Aythya baeri, Aythya ferina, Aythya fuligula, Aythya marila, Aythya nyroca , Netta erythrophthalma , Netta ruf- ina Mergini - Bucephala clangula, Melanitta nigra, Mergus a1bellus, Mergus serrator Oxyurini - Oxyura leucocephala Fodicipediformes - Fodiceps cristatus, Podiceps grisegena Ciconiiformes - Ardea sp. Gruiformes - Fulica atra Charadrii formes - Arenaria interpres Fasseriformes - Corvus corone HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Cosmopolitan. Europe, Asia, Africa, N. America, S. America, Australia. Diploposthe mathevossianae STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported twice in wild water- fowl. DESCRIPTION: Matevosian, 19^2 (as Diploposthe sp.); Rysavy, 196l. Copy: Spasskaia, 1966. SYNONYMY: Diploposthe sp. Matevosian, 1°42 - placed in D. sui-generis by Jar- ecka, 19^0 Diploposthe mathevossianae Rysavy, 1961 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of D. laevis. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Aythyini - Aythya ferina HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Czechoslovakia), Asia (Azerbaidzhan). 402 Diplopcsthe sui-generis STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Infrequent; reporter! 10 times in wild waterfowl. STATUS AS SPECIES: Included as synonym of D. laevis by Fuhrmann, 1905; Czaplinski, 1956d. DESCRIPTION: Matevosian, 19^2; Jarecka, 1960b. Copy: Skrjabin & Matevosian, 19^5; Spasskaia, 1966. SYNONYMY: Jarecka, 1960b. Diploposthe sui-generis Kowalewski, 1903 Diploposthe skr.jabini Matevosian, 19^2 Diploposthe sp. Matevosian, 19^2 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs with onchospheres passed in feces; cysticercoids develop in 1'+ days after ingestion by fresh-water copepod and ostra- cod Crustacea. Dioecious; only two worms, male and female, mature in final host. (Jarecka, 1958b, 1960b, 196l) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Acanthocyclors viridis [exper.], Macrocyclops albidus, Macrocyclops fuscus [exper.], Mesocyclons leuckarti [ exper. 1, Cyclocypris laevis [exper.], Cypridopsis vidua [exper.] FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas penelope Aythyini - Aythya ferina , Aythya fuligula, Aythya nyroca , Netta rufina HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Foland, S. USSR), Asia (Azerbaidzhan, Uzb=ki- stan, Tadzhikistan, Kazakhstan). Fimbriaria amurensis STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported 3 times in domes- tic ducks. DESCRIPTION: Kotel'nikov, I960; Fetrochenko & Kotel'nikov, l°62b. Copy: Spasskaia, 1966. SYNONYMY: Fimbriaria amurensis Kotel'nikov, 1Q5°, nomen nudum Fimbriaria amurensis Kotel'nikov, I960 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs with onchospheres passer! in feces; cysticercoids 403 develop in fresh-water copepod Crustacea 7-12 days after ingestion of eggs; mature in final host 9 days after ingestion of larvae. (Kotel'nikov, 1959b, 1960b; Petrochenko & Kotel 'nikov, l°5°a, 195Qb, 1962b) INTTrRMEDIATE HOSTS: Eucyclops serrulatus, Mesocyclops crassus [ex- per.], Mesocyclops leuckarti, Diaptomus sarsi, Cypridae [exper.] FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) HABITAT: Probably small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (USSR - Amur). Fimbriaria fasciol aris STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Very common, characteristic helminth of waterfowl; reported 9^ times in wild, 78 times in domestic, and 3 times in captive waterfowl. Frequently a cause of illness in ducks and geese - Sprehn, 1932. STATUS AS SFECIES: Considered a teratological form of Hymenolepis tenuirostris and perhaps Diorchis acuminata by Lopez-Neyra (\9J\a, 1931b, 19^3a), produced by a process he calls "fimbriarization". DESCRIPTION: Linton, 1892, 1927; Wolffhugel, 1898, IQOCa; Bezubik, 1957a; Rysavy, 196lb; Jarecka, 196l (ova); Beverley- Burton, 196'-*.. Copy: Skrjabin & Matevosian, 19^5; Kurashvili, 1957; Shevtsov & Zaskind, I960; Spasskaia, 1966. SYNONYMY: Taenia anatis Mtiller, 1780 Taenia fasciolaris Pallas, 1781 Taenia anatis fasciolaris Gmelin, 1790 Fimbriaria fasciolaris (Pallas, 1781) Wolffhugel, 1899 Taenia malleus Goeze, 1782 Taenia anatis malleus Gmelin, 17°0 Alyselminthus malleus (Goeze, 1782) Zeder, 1^00 Fimbriaria malleus (Goeze, 17^2) Froelich, 1 802 Halysis malleus (Goeze, 1782) Zeder, 1803 Taenia trilineata Batsch, 1786 Fimbriaria mitra Froelich, 1802 Taenia pediformis Krefft, 1871 Epision plicatus Linton, 1^92 Notobothrium arcticum Linstow, 1905 Fimbriaria plana Linstow, 1905 - [Wolffhugel, 19361? listed as dis- tinct by Skrjabin * Matevosian, 19^5, Yamaguti, 1959 404 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs with onchosrheres passed in feces, in strings of 4-10 eggs; cysticercoids develop in 33 days at 10 C., 7 days at 2^ C. after ingestion by fresh-water copepod and ostracod Crustacea, a1 so reported in araphipod Crustacea; mature in 10-16 days after ingestion by final host. (Dobrokhotova, 1964, 1965: Garkavi , T°50a; Kotel'- nikov, 1965; Jarecka, 1958b, 196l; Mrazek, iRQ6; Neradova, ia6?; RySavy, 1964b) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Acanthocyclops blcusridatus , Acanthocyd ors vernalis, Acanthocyclops viridis, Cyclops gjgas , Cyclops strenuus, Cyclops vicinus, Eucyclops serrul atus , Macrocyclops albidus , Meso- cyclops crassus, Mesocyclops leuckarti, Mesocyclors oithonoides, Paracyclops fimbriatus, Diaptomus vulgaris, Cyclocypris 1 aevis [ex- per.], Cypridopsis vidua [exper.] , Fhysocyprls fadeevi , Gamma rus lacustris, Gammarus locusta, Gamma rus maeoticus, Fontogammarus obe- sus, Cloeon dipterum [not verified experimentally] FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser, Anser anser (dom.), Anser cygnoirtes , Anser cygnoides (dom. ) , Anser erythropus , Brant a sandvicensis , Cypnus olor (dom. ) Tadornini - Alopochen aegyptiaca , Chi oephaga picta, Ch1 oerhaga poliocephala , Cyanochen cyanoptera , Lophonetta specu"1 arioides , Tadorna ferruginea , Tar-orna tadorna Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas plat:/rhynchos (dom.). Anas acuta , [Anas americana - Larage, 196l , erroneous! , Anas casta nea , Anas clypeata, Anas crecca, [Anas crecca carol inensis - Larage, 1 Q6l , erroneous] , Anas discors, Anas falcata, Anas formosa , Anas pen- elore, Anas poecilorhyncha , Anas punctata, Anas querquedu1 a. Anas rubripes , Anas specularls, Anas strepera , Anas superci"! iosa , Anas versicolor Somateriini - Spmateria fischeri , Somateria mollissima , Somateria spectabilis Aythyini - Aythya af finis, Aythya f erina , Aythya fu1 ig-u"1 a , Aythya marila , Aythya nyroca , Aythya vallj snrria , Netta erythrophtha"1 ma , Netta rufina Cairinini - Amazonetta brasil iensis, Cairina moschata (dom. ) , Sar- kidiornis melanotos Mergini - Bucephala cl angu"1 a, C"l angu"1 a hyemal is , Histrionicus histrionicus, Melanitta fusca , MeTanitta fusca deg1 an^i, MeJ_an- itta nigra, Melanitta perspicillata , Mergus albellus, Mergu s merganser, Mergus serrator Oxyurini - Oxyura 1 eucocephala Fodicipediformes - Fodiceps cristatus Felecaniformes - Fhalacrocorax carbo Falconiformes - Accipiter gentil is Galliformes - Francolinus pinta^eanus , Ga"1 1 us gailus (dom.) Gruiformes - Fu"l ica atra Charadriiformes - Erolia maritima , Haematopus ostra1 egus bachmani, 405 Larus canus Ticiformes - Dendrocopos medius HABITAT: Small intestine - anterior region. DISTRIBUTION: Cosmopolitan. Fimbriaria kubanika STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in domestic duck. DESCRIPTION: Kotel'nikov, 1965. SYNONYMY: Fimbriaria kubanika Kotel'nikov, 1965 LIFE CYCLE: Cysticercoids develop in fresh-water copepod and ostra- cod Crustacea, in 7 days at 2^ C. and in J] days at 10 C.; mature in 10-11 days after ingestion by final host. (Kotel'nikov, 1965) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Arctodiaptomus denti^er, Cyclops sp. , Diaptomus mirus, Mesocyclops crassus , Mesoc.yc1.ops leuckarti, Cyrridae FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) HABITAT: Small intestine probably. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (S. Russia). Fimbriariella falciformis STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild ducks; report in domestic duck in Brazil seems doubtful. STATUS AS SFECIES: Considered a teratol ogical form of Hymenolepis fruticosa by Lopez-Neyra, 19^3 • DESCRIPTION: Webster, 19^3- Copy: Skrjabin & Matevosikn, 19^5; SYNONYMY: Webster, 19^3. Fimbriaria falciformis Linton, 1927, e.p. Fimbriarioides falciformis (Linton, 1G27) Fuhrmann, 19-32, e.p. Fimbriariella falciformis (Linton, 1.927) Wolf f hugel , 1936, e.p. LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. 406 FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) [Cairinini - Cairina moschata (dom, ) - doubtful] Mergini - Clangula hyemalis, Melanitta fuse a deglandi HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: N. America (USA), [S. America (Brazil) - doubtful]. Fimbriarioides intermedia STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Frequent; reported 9 times in wild, once in domestic, and once in captive waterfowl. DESCRIPTION: Fuhrmann, 1913; Belopol • skaia , 1952b; Schiller, 1955a; Jarecka, 196l (ova). Copy: Skrjabin & Matevosian, 19^55 Spasskaia, 1966. SYNONYMY: Fimbriaria intermedia Fuhrmann, 1913 Fimbriarioides intermedia (Fuhrmann, 1913) Fuhrmann, 1932 LIFE CYCLF: Eggs with onchospheres passed in feces; cysticercoids develop in 1^ days after ingestion by fresh-water copepod and ostra- cod Crustacea, reported probably in cirriped Crustacea; mature in final host after ingestion. (Beloool'skaia , 1953? Jarecka, 195Rb, 1961) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Acanthocyclops viridis, Eucycloos serrulatus, Macrocyclops albidus, Macrocyclops fuscus [exper.], Cyclocypris lae- vis, Cypridopsis vidua [exper. 1, Balanus balanoides ( ?) FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser albifrons Tad o mini - Cereopsis novae-hollandiae Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) Somateriini - Somateria mollissima , Somateria srectabilis Aythyini - Aythya fuligula , Aythya nyroca , Netta rufina Mergini - Clangula hyemalis, Melanitta fusca, Melanitta nigra HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (N. Europe, Moldavia), Asia (Azer-baidzhan, Uzbekistan, India - Zoological Garden), N. America (USA - Alaska, Canada). 407 Fimbriarioides lintoni STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in win d duck. DESCRIPTION: Webster, 19^3 • SYNONYMY: Webster, 19^3 • Fimbriaria falciformis Linton, 1927, e.p. Fimbriarioides falciformis (Linton, 1927) Fuhrmann, 1932, e.p. Fimbriariella falciformis (Linton, 1927) Wolffhugel, 1936, e.p. Fimbriarioides lintoni Webster, 1^3 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of F. intermedia. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) [Anatini - Anas americana - La page, 1 Pol , erroneous citation] Mergini - Clangula hyemalls, Melanitta fusca deg"!andi, Mglanitta perspicillata Grui formes - Ful ica americana HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: N. America (USA). Skr.jabinoparaksis tatianae STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent: reported 6 times in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Krotov, 19^9; Dubinina, 195*+a; Maksimova, 19^3a. Copy: Spasskaia, 1966. SYNONYMY: Skr.jabinoparaksis tatianae Krotov, 1°k9 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas acuta , Anas cl ypeata HABITAT: Small intestine, large intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (W. Siberia, Kazakhstan, Sakhalin). 408 Aploparaksis birulai STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Infrequent; reported 6 times in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Linstow, 1905a; Spasskafa, 1965. Copy: Skrjabin & Matevosfan, 19^5; Spasskii, 1^63 ; Spasskaxa, 1966. SYNONYMY: Aploparaksis birulai Linstow, 1905 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of A. furcigera. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Somateriini - Polysticta stelleri, Somateria fischeri, Somateria mollissima , Somateria spectabil is Aythyini - Aythya marila Mergini - Clangula hyemalis HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Iceland), Asia (Tamyr, Yakutia, Kamchatka, Chukotka). Aploparaksis fuligulosa STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent: reported 3 times in wild ducks. STATUS AS SPECIES: Insufficiently described; Spasskii (1963) recom- mends removal from list of valid species. DESCRIPTION: Solov'ev, 1911a; Jarecka, 196l (ova). Copy: Skrjabin & Matevosian, 19^5. SYNONYMY: Aploparaksis fuligulosa Solov'ev, 1911 Haploparaxis fuliginosa Solowiow of Fuhrmann, 1932, lapsus LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of A. furcigera. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas crecca Aythyini - Aythya ferina , Aythya fu1 igula Grui formes - Fulica atra HABITAT: Intestine. 409 DISTRIBUTION: Europe. Aploparaksis furcigera STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Very common, characteristic ^or water- fowl; reported 66 times in wild, 16 times in domestic, and twice in captive waterfowl. Fathology of inrection described by Slais, 1961. DESCRIPTION: Skrjabin, 19l4c; Gasowska, 1931; Baer, 19.56? Czaplinski, lQ56d; Ablasov, 1957; Bezubik, 1957a; Jarecka, 196l (ova): Macko, 196lb; Spasskaia, 196lb; Spasskii, 1963; Beverley- Burton , 1964. Copy: Skrjabin & Matevosian, 1°45; Shevtsov & Zaskind, I960; Spas- skaia, 1966. SYNONYMY: Taenia furcigera Nitzsch in Rudolph! , 1819 Dicranotaenia furcigera (Nitzsch, 1819) Stiles, I896 Diplacanthus (Dilepis) furcigera (Nitzsch, 181°) Cohn, 1899 Hymenolepis furcigera (Nitzsch, 1819) Railliet, 1899 Hymenolepis ( Crepanidotaenia ) furcigera (Nitzsch, 1819) of Cohn, 1901 Aploparaksis furcigera (Nitzsch, l819) Fuhrmann, 1908 Taenia lineata Bloch, 1779 Taenia anatis lineata Gmelin, 1790 Taenia lonpirostris Froelich, lp03» not Rudolphi, 1819 Taenia trilineata Batsch of Rudolphi, 1819 Taenia rhomboid ea Dujardin, 1845 Dicranotaenia rhomboidea (Dujardin, 1845) Railliet, 1^03 Aploparaksis rhomboidea (Dujardin, 1845) Linstow, 1905 Taenia conica Molin, IP58 Taenia caecalis Geibel, 1866 Aploparaksis pseudofurcigera Matevosian in Skrjabin & Matevosian, 1945 - [Czaplinski, 1956d; Spasskaia, 196lb] Haploparaxis japonensis Yamaguti, 1Q35 - [Baer, 1Q56; Ablasov, 1957; Spasski? & Freze, 196l] LIFE CYCLE: Eggs with onchospheres passed in feces in packets of 2-9; cysticercoids develop in 19 days after ingestion by fresh-water oligo- chaetes; mature in final host 18 days after ingestion. (Gasslein, 1954; Harper, 1930; Jarecka, 1960a: Karmanova, 1962) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Limnodrilus sp. [exper.], Lumbricus variegatus FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser (dom. ) Tadornini - Lophonetta specularioides , Tad o ma ferruginea Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas platyrhynchos (dom.),~Anas acuta, Anas clypeata , Anas crecca, LAnas crecca carol inensi s - Lapage , 19ol, erroneous], Anas discors , Anas falcata, Anas 410 formosa, Anas penelope, Anas poecil orhyncha, Anas querquedula, Anas rubrlpes, Anas strepera Aythyini - Aythya ferina, Aythya f uligula , Ay thy a marila, Aythya nyroca , Netta rufina Mergini - Bucephala clangula_ , Clangul a hyemalis, Melanitta fusca dejglandi, Mergus albellus, Mergus merganser Podicipediformes - Podiceps ruficollis Gruiformes - Fulica atra HABITAT: Small intestine, large intestine, ceca. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (W. Siberia, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Tamyr, Yakutia, Amur, Frimorsk, Kamchatka, Japan), N. America (USA). Aploparaksis groenlandica STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported 5 times in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Baer, 1956; Spasskii & lurpalova, 1966b. Copy: Hughes, 19^1a; Skrjabin & Matevosian, 19^5; Spasskii, 1963; Spasskaia, 1966. SYNONYMY: Taenia groenlandica Krabbe, 1869 Diplacanthus (Dilepis) groenlandica (Krabbe, IP69) Cohn, I.899 Hymenolepis groenlandica (Krabbe, IB69) Railliet, 1899 Drepanidotaenia groenlandica (Krabbe, 1869) Cohn, 1901 Hymenolepis (Hymenolepis) groenlandica (Krabbe, 1869) of Sprehn , 1932 Dicranotaenia (Dicranotaenia) groenlandica (Krabbe, 1869) Lftpez-Neyra, 19U2 Haploparaksis groenlandica (Krabbe, 1869) Baer, 1956 Haploparaksis polystictae Schiller, 1955 - [Baer, 1962] LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of A. furcigera. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Aythyini - Aythya marila Mergini - Clangula hyemalis HABITAT: Intestine, ceca. DISTRIBUTION: Iceland, Asia (Yakutia, Kamchatka), N. America (Green- land). Aploraraksis murmanica STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. 411 STATUS AS SFECIES: Not in genus Aploparaksis - Spasskii, 1963. DESCRIPTION: "Baylis, 1919. Copy: Skrjabin & Matevosian, 19^5- SYNONYMY: Aploparaksis murmanica Baylis, 1919 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of A. furcigera. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Somateriini - Somateria mollissima HABITAT: Not given, probably small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (USSR - Murman Coast). Aploparaksis polystictae STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported twice in wild ducks. STATUS AS SPECIES: Synonym of A. groenlandica - Baer, 1962. DESCRIPTION: Schiller, 1955a. Copy: Spasskii, IQ63. SYNONYMY: Haploparaksis polystictae Schiller, 1955 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of A. furcigera. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Somateriini - Polysticta stelleri, Somateria fischeri, Somateria spectabilis HABITAT: Small intestine - duodenum. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Chukotka), N. America (USA - Alaska). Aploparaksis veitchi STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported 3 times in wild ducks. STATUS AS SPECIES: Species inquirenda, cannot be in Aploparaksis, in Diorchis or Microsomacanthus depending upon number of testes - Spasskii & Freze, 196l. 412 DESCRIPTION: Baylis, 193^a. Copy: Skrjabin & Matevosian, 19^5. SYNONYMY: Aploparaksis veitchi Baylis, 193^ LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of A. furcigera. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas discors, Anas gibberif rons , Anas strepera Mergini - Mergus sp. HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Lithuania), N. America (USA), Australia. Diorchis acicula-sinuata STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck, in 1909. STATUS AS SPECIES: Insufficiently described - Joyeux & Baer, 1936a. Species inquirenda - Spasskii, 1963 . DESCRIPTION: Rosseter, 1909a. Copy: Schultz, 19^0; Hughes, 19*Ha; Skrjabin & Matevosian, 19^5; Spasskii, 1963. SYNONYMY: Hymenolepis acicula-sinuata Rosseter, 190O Diorchis acicula-sinuata (Rosseter, 1909) Schultz, 19^0 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of D. inflata. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , [Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) - listed by Lopez-Neyra, 19^2, original record not found] HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (England). Diorchis acuminata STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Frequent; reported 19 times in wild ducks. 413 STATUS AS SFFCIES: Original description probably included two forms, D. acuminata and D. ransomi - Rybicka, 1957. DESCRIPTION: Clerc, 1903. Copy: Schultz, 19^+0; Skrjabin & Mate- vosfan, 19^5; Kurashvili, 1957; Spasskii, 1963; Spasskaia, 1966. SYNONYMY: Drepanidotaenia acuminata Clerc, 1902 Taenia acuminata (Clerc, 1902) Clerc, 1903, lapsus Diorchis acuminata (Clerc, 1902) Clerc, 1903 Hymenolepis acuminata (Clerc, 1902) Fuhrmann, 1906 Diorchis (Nudiorchis) acuminata (Clerc, 1902) of Skrjabin & Matevo- sfan, 1°^5 Diorchis (Diorchis) acuminata (Clerc, 1902) of Spasskii, 1Q52 Fimbriaria fasciolaris (Pallas, 178l) Wolffhugel, 1P°9, £.£_• monstro- siad - [Ltfrez-Neyra, 1931b, 19^*4] Fimbriaria plana Linstow, 1905 - [Ltfrez-Neyra, 19*441 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of D. inflata. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Tadornini - Tadorna ferruginea Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , [Anas clypeata, Anas falcata - re- ported in Spasskaia, 1961; forms transferred to D. spasska jae] , Anas crecca, Anas crecca carolinensis, Anas penelore. Anas querquedula, Anas strepera , [Anas surerciliosa - Lapage, 196l, erroneous citation ] Aythyini - Aythya af finis, Aythya ferina, Aythya fuligula, Aythya marila [Gruiformes - Fulica atra - questionable, Skrjabin & Matevosian, 1945; Rybicka, 1957; Fulica americana -Skrjabin, 191^c, error] HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (Armenia, Uzbekistan, Tadzhikistan, Kir- gizia, Sakhalin), N. America (USA, USA - Alaska). Diorchis anivi STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Krotov, 1953 (thesis). Copy: Spasskaia, 1966. SYNONYMY: Diorchis anivi Krotov in Spasskaia, 1966 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of D. inflata. 414 FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Aythyini - Aythya marila HABITAT: Probably small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Sakhalin). Diorchis anomala STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Schmelz, 19^1. Copy: Spasskii, 1963. SYNONYMY: Diorchis anomala Schmelz, 19^1 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of D. inflata . FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas sp. HABITAT: Not given, probably small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (China). Diorchis arsen/jevi STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Oshmarin, 1959b. Copy: Spasskii, 1963; Spasskaia, 1966. SYNONYMY: Skr.jabinoparaksis arsen.jevi Oshmarin, 1°59 Diorchis arsen.jevi (Oshmarin, 1959) Spasskii, 1963 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of D. inflata. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Aythyini - Aythya marila HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (USSR - Frimorsk). 415 Diorchis asiatica STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild waterfowl. DESCRIPTION: Spasskaia, 1961 (as D. danutae). Copy: Spasskii, 1^63; Spasskaia, 1966. SYNONYMY: Diorchis danutae Czaplifiski of Spasskaia, 1 °6l Diorchis danutae asiatica Spasskii, 1°63 Diorchis asiatica (Spasskii, 1963) Spasskaia, 1966 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of D. inflata. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas falcata, Anas penelore, Anas strepera HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (USSR - Tuva). Diorchis bul bodes STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Frequent; reported 11 times in wild ducks and twice in domestic ducks. DESCRIPTION: Mayhew, 1929; Flore s-Barroeta, 1955- Copy: Schultz, 19^0; Skrjabin & Matevosfan, 194<5; Kurashvi"!i, 19S7; Spasskii, 1963; Spasskaia, 1966. SYNONYMY: Diorchis bulbodes Mayhew, 1929 Diorchis (Nudiorchis) bulbodes (Mayhew, 1929) of Skrjabin & Matevo- sfan, 19^5 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of D. nyrocae. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) [Anserini - Anser sp. - Lapage, 196l, erroneous citation] Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) , Anas acuta, Anas crecca, Anas strepera Aythyini - Aythya f erina , Aythya fuligula, Aythya marila , Aythya nyroca , Netta rufina Cairinini - Aix sponsa Mergini - Melanitta fusca HABITAT: Small intestine, large intestine. 416 DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Czechoslovakia, Esthonia, Ukraine), Asia (Azer- baidzhan, Kirgizia, Yakutia), N. America (Mexico, USA). Diorchis danutae STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported 3 times in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Czaplinski, 1956d. Copy: Spasskii, 1°63; Spasskaia, 1966. SYNONYMY: Diorchis (Nudiorchis) danutae Czaplinski, 1956 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of D. nyrocae. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) [Anatini - Anas falcata, Anas penelope , Anas strepera - Spasskaia, 196l ; forms transferred to D. asiatica] Aythyini - Aythya ferina, Aythya fuligula, Ay thy a nyroca , Netta rufina HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Poland, USSR - Kaliningrad), Asia (Kazakhstan). Diorchis diorchis STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported ^ times in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Fuhrmann, 1913; Baer, 1962. Copy: Hughes, l°Ula; Skrjabin & Matevosian, 19^5? Spasskaia, 1966. SYNONYMY: Hymenolepis diorchis Fuhrmann, 1913 Weinlandia diorchis (Fuhrmann, 1913) Mayhrw, 1925 Micro somacanthus diorchis (Fuhrmann, 191" ) L6pez-Neyra, 1°42 Diorchis diorchis (Fuhrmann, 1913) Baer, 1°62 Diorchis ransomi Schultz, 19^0 - [Baer, 19^-21 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of D. inflata. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas penelope 417 Somateriini - Somateria mol lissima Mergini - Clangula hyemalis HABITAT: Not given, probably small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Iceland, England, Sweden, Murmansk). Diorchis donis STATUS AS WATFRFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in domestic duck, STATUS AS SPECIES: Cannot be clearly separated from several other species, near D. nyrocae - Spasskii, 1963. DESCRIPTION: Azhinov, 1960a. Copy: Spasskii, 1963; Spasskaia, 1966. SYNONYKY: Diorchis (Diorchis) donis Azhinov, I960 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of D. inflata. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (S. Russia). Diorchis elisae STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported twice in wild ducks. STATUS AS SPECIES: Near or identical with D. nyrocae - Srasskii, 1963. DESCRIPTION: Skrjabin, 191^c; Cooper, 1921 (?); Czaplinski, 19.56d. Copy: Skrjabin & Matevosian, 19^5; Spasskii, I.963; Spasskaia, 1^66. SYNONYMY: Aploparaksis elisae Skrjabin, 191^ Diorchis elisae (Skrjabin, 191/0 Spasskii & Freze, 196l Diorchis nyrocae Yamaguti, 1935 - C Spasskaia, 1966] Diorchis skrjabini Udintzev, 1937 - L Spasskaia, 19661 Diorchis abuladze Krotov, 19^9 - [Spasskaiat, 1966] Aploparaksis stefanskii Czaplinski, 1955 - [Spasskaia, 1966] 418 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of D. inflata . FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Aythyini - Aythya ferina, Aythya nyroca, [Netta rufina - Lapage, 1961, erroneous] Passeriformes - Passerella il iaca (?) HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Poland), Asia (Kazakhstan), N. America (Can- ada)(?). Diorchis endacantha STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported 5 times in wild ducks. STATUS AS SPECIES: Synonym of D. inflata - Spasskaia, 1^66. DESCRIPTION: Dubinina, 195^a. Copy: Spasskii, IQ63. SYNONYMY: Aploparaksis endacantha Dubinina, 195*+ Skr.jabinoparaksis endacantha (Dubinina, 195*0 Oshmarin, 1959 Diorchis endacantha (Dubinina, 195*0 Spasskii, 1Q63 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of D. inflata. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas pi atyrhynchos , Anas acuta, Anas clypeata Aythyini - Aythya fuligula HABITAT: Probably small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Czechoslovakia), Asia (W. Siberia, Kazakhstan), Diorchis excentricus STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Infrequent; reported 6 times in wild ducks. STATUS AS SPFCIES: Near or identical with D. nyrocae - Spasskit, 1963. DESCRIPTION: Mayhew, 1925; Dubinina, 1"^a. Copy: Schuitz, 19^0; 419 Skrjabin & Matevosian, 19^5? Spasskii, 1963; Spasskaia, 1966. SYNONYMY: Diorchis excentricus Mayhew, 1925 Diorchis (Nudiorchis) excentricus Mayhew, 1°2 5 of Skrjabin & Matevo- sfan, 19^5 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of D. in fata. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Aythyini - Aythya af finis, Aythya fu1 igula Oxyurini - Oxyura jamaicensis, Oxyura 1 eucocephala HABITAT: Large intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Azerbaidzhan , W. Siberia), N. America (USA). Diorchis flavescens STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported 5 times in wild ducks. STATUS AS SPECIES: Forms identified as D. flavescens from Asia and North America are D. inflata - Spasskii, 1963 . DESCRIPTION: Johnston, 1912b. Copy: Schultz, 19^0; Skrjabin &■ Matevosian, 19^5; Spasskii, 1963 . SYNONYMY: Taenia flavescens Krefft, 1871 Diorchis flavescens (Krefft, 1871) Johnston, 1912 Diorchis (DiorchisT flavescens (Krefft, 1871) of Skrjabin & Matevo- sian, 19^5 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of D. inflata. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) [8 additional hosts listed by McDonald, la65: forms transferred to D. inflatal Dendrocygnini - Dendrocygna arcuata Anatini - Anas castanea, Anas gibberifrons , Anas rhynchotis, Anas supercilio5a Aythyini - Aythya australis HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Australia, New Zealand. 420 Diorchis formosensis STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Frequent; reported 5 times in wild ducks and 6 times in domestic ducks. DESCRIPTION: Sugimoto, 193^a. Copy: Schultz, 19^0; Skrjabin & Matevosian, 19^5; Shevtsov & Zaskind, I960; Spasskii, 1963? Spasskaia, 1966. SYNONYMY: Diorchis formosensis Sugimoto, 193^ Diorchis (Diorchis) formosensis Sugimoto, lc>3^ of Skrjabin & Mate- vosian, 19^5 Diorchis (Acanthodiorchis ) formosensis Sugimoto, 1CJ^ of VasiVev, 1-95^ Diorchis tshanensis Krotov, "t 9^+9 - [ Spasskii, IP63] LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of D. inflata. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos, Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) , Anas crecca, Anas strepera HABITAT: Ceca, small intestine - duodenum. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Belorussia) , Asia (W. Siberia, Uzbekistan, Kirgizia, Frimorsk, Taiwan). Diorchis inflata STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Frequent; reported 18 times in wild ducks, once in domestic waterfowl; also frequent in sroiform birds. DESCRIPTION: Dubinina, l°5^a: Czaplinski, 195&3; Bezubik, 1.957a; Rybicka, 1957", Jarecka, 196l (ova)"; Spasskii, 1963. Copy: Schultz, 19^0; Spasskaia, 1966. SYNONYMY: Schultz, 19^0. Taenia fulicarum Gmelin, 1790 Halysis fulicarum (Gmelin, 1790) Zeder, 1803 Taenia serpentlformis fulicarum (Gmelin, "1790) Rudolphi, 1810 Taenia fulicae Rudolphi , 1 810 Taenia inflata Rudolphi, 1819 Diplacanthus (Dilepis) inflata (Rudolphi, I3!") Coh", l8oc Drepanidotaenia inflata (Rudolphi, 1819) Farona, 1899 Hymenolepis inflata TRudolphi, 1819) Railliet, I.899 Hymenolepis ( Drepanidotaenia ) inflata (Rudolphi, lpl°) of Cohn, 1.Q01 Diorchis inflata (Rudolphi, lpl°) Fuhrmann, 1°32 421 Diorchis (Nudiorchis) inflata (Rudolph! , 1819) of Skrjabin & Mate- vosian, 1945 Diorchis (Diorchis) inflata (Rudolphi, 1819) of Dubinina, 1 954 Diorchis americana Ransom, 1909 - [Spasski", 1963] Diorchis americana var. turkestanica Skrjabin, 1°14 Diorchis (Diorchis) turkestanica (Skrjabin, 1914) Skrjabin & Mate- vosian, 19^5 - [Spasskil, I963I Aploparaksis ene-acantha Dubinina, 1954 - [Spasskaia, 1066] Diorchis stefanskii Czaplinski, IO56 - [ Spasskil, 1062] Diorchis (liudiorchis ) longicirrosa Meggitt of Ginetsinskaia, IO52 - [Spasskil, 1963] Diorchis flavescens (Krefft) of Ablasov; Ryzhikov; et al. ; in Eurasia and N. America - [Spasski?, 1963] LIFE CYCLE: Eggs with onchospheres passed in ■feces; cysticercoids develop in 18 days after ingestion by fresh-water ostracod Crustacea; mature in final host after ingestion. (Jarecka, 105Pb, l°60a, lQ6l ; Neradova, 196?; Rybicka, 1957; Rysavy, 1064b) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Cyclocypris laevis, Cyprldopsis vidua, Dianto- mus vulgaris, Eucypris sp. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser (dom. ) Tad o mini - Tadorna ferruginea Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) , Anas acuta, Anas americana, Anas cl ypeata, Anas crecca, Anas for- mosa , Anas rubripes, Anas strenera Somateriini - Somateria spectabilis Aythyini - Aythya ferina, Ay thy a fuligula , Aythya nyroca , [Natta rufina - Lapage, 196l & Spasskil, 1063, erroneous citations] Cairinini - Cairina moschata Mergini - Clangula hyemalis Fodicipediformes - Fodiceps crlstatus Galliformes - Gallus gallus (dom. ) Gruiformes - Fulica americana, Fulica atra, Gall inula chloropus Fasseriformes - Dendrocitta sp. HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (W. Siberia, Kazakhstan, Tamyr, India, Kamchatka), Africa (Egypt), N. America (USA, West Indies). Diorchis jacobii STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Accidental, normally in FuHca; re- ported in wild ducks. 422 STATUS AS SPECIES: Validity doubtful, probably D. ransomi - Rybicka, 1957. DESCRIPTION: Jacobi, 18Q8; Clerc, 1903. Copy: Schultz, 19^0; Skr- jabin & Matevosian, 19^5; Spasskil, IO63. SYNONYMY: Taenia inflata Rudolphi of Jacobi, I.898 Diorchis inflata (Rudolphi) of Clerc, 1903 Diorchis jacobii Fuhrmann , 1932 Diorchis (Nudiorchis) .jacobii Fuhrmann, 1932 of Skrjabin &■ Matevosian, 19^5 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of D. inflata. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas crecca. Anas querquedu"! a Gruiformes - Fulica atra HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe. Diorchis kodonodes STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Kayhew, 1929. Copy: Schultz, 19^0; Skrjabin & Mate- vosian, 19^5; Spasskil, 1963. SYNONYMY: Diorchis kodonodes Mayhew, 1929 Diorchis (Nudiorchis) kodonodes Mayhew, 1^2° of Skrjabin & Matevosian, 19*1-5 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of D, inflata. FEJAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas discors, [Anas querqueduTa - Gower, 193° & Spasskil, 1963, errorl [Charadriiformes - Micropalama himantopus (?)] HABITAT: Small intestine. DISrRIBUTION: N. America (USA). 423 Diorchis lintoni STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Linton, 1927. Copy: Spasskii, 1063. SYNONYMY: Diorchis acuminata Clerc of Linton, 1927 Diorchis lintoni Johri, 1939 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of D. inflata. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Aythyini - Aythya americana [Aythya ferina americana - Spasskii, I963, error] HABITAT: Not given, probably small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: N. America (USA). , Diorchis longicirrosa STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported twice in wild ducks. STATUS AS SPECIES: Inadequately described, validity very doubtful - Fuhrmann, 1932; Joyeux & Baer, 1936a. Species inquire nda - Snasskii, 1963; species dubia, doubtfully in genu? Diorchis - Spasskaia, 1Q66. DESCRIPTION: Meggitt, 1927b; Mahon, 1958. Copy: Schultz, 1940; Skrjabin & Matevosfan, 19^5; Spasskii, 1963; Spasskaia, 1966. SYNONYMY: Diorchis longicirrosa Meggitt, 1927 Diorchis (Nudiorchis) longicirrosa Meggitt, 1°27 of Skrjabin &■ Mate- vosfan, 19*1-5 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of D. inflata. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas crecca [Anas crecca carolinensis - Lapage, 196l; Anas discors - Spasskii, 1963; erroneous citations] Gruiformes - Fulica atra HABITAT: Not given, probably small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (USSR), Africa (Egypt). 424 Diorchis longiovum STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Schiller, 1953- Copy: Spasski", 1963. SYNONYMY: Diorchis lonpiovum Schiller, 1953 Diorchis (Diorchis) longiovum Schiller, 1953 of Czapliriski, 1956 Schillerius longiovum (Schiller, 1953) Yamaguti, 1959 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of D. inflata. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas crecca HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: N. America (USA - Alaska). Diorchis markewitschi STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in domestic duck. STATUS AS SPECIES: Species inquirenda - Spasskil, 1963. DESCRIPTION: Pashchenko, 1052a. Copy: Shevtsov & Zaskind, I960; Spasskii, 1963; Spasskaia, 1966. SYNONYMY: Diorchis (Diorchis) markewitschi Pashchenko, 1°52 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of D. inflata. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (USSR). Diorchis mathevossianae STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild ducks. 425 STATUS AS SPECIES: Snecies inquirenda - Spasskii, 1963. DESCRIPTION: Krotov, 19*4-9. Copy: Spasskii, 1963; Spasskaft, 1966. SYNONYMY: Diorchis (Diorchis) mathevossianae Krotov, 19*4-9 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of D. inflata. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Aythyini - Aythya ferina Mergini - Bucephala clanpula HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (W. Siberia). Diorchis microcirrosa STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported twice in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Mayhew, 1929. Copy: Schultz, 19*4-0; Skrjabin & Mate- vosfan, 19^5; Spasskii, 1963. SYNONYMY: Diorchis microcirrosa Mayhew, 1929 Diorchis (Nudiorchis) microcirrosa Mayhew, 1929 of Skrjabin & Mate- vosian, 19^5 Diorchis nyrocae Yamaguti, 1935 - [Baer, 1962] LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of D. inflata. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas clypeata , Anas discors, [Anas querquedula - Gower, 1939, & Spasskii, 1963; error] HABITAT: Not given, probably small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: N. America (USA). Diorchis nyrocae STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Very common; reported 38 times in wild, 13 times in domestic, and once in captive waterfowl. 426 STATUS AS SPECIES: Synonym of D. inicrocirrosa - Baer, 1962; synonym of D. elisae - Spasskii & Freze, 196l; Spasskaia, 1966. DESCRIPTION: Yamaguti, 1935b: Dubinina, 195*4a; Czaplinski, 1956d; Jarecka, 196l (ova); Macko, 196lb; RySavy, 196lb; Spasskaia, 196lb; Belokobylenko, 1962; Spasskii, 1963; Beverley- Burton, 196*4-. Copy: Schultz, 19*4-0; Skrjabin & Matevosian, 19*4-5. SYNONYMY: Diorchis nyrocae Yamaguti, 1935 Diorchis (Diorchis) nyrocae Yamaguti, 1935 of Skrjabin & Matevosian, 19*4 5 Diorchis skrjabini Udintzev, 1°37 - [Dubinina, l°5*t-a; Czaplinski, 1956d; RySavy, 1961] Schillerius skr.jabini (Udintzev, 1937) Yamaguti, 1959 Diorchis (Diorchis) abuladze Krotov, 19*+9 - [Dubinina, 195*+a; Czap- linski, 1956d; Ryiavy, 1961] Haploparaxis stefanskii Czaplinski, 1955 - [Spasskii, 1962, l°63l LIFE CYCLE: Eggs with onchospheres passed in feces; cysticercoids develop in 15 days after ingestion by fresh-water ostracod and cope- pod Crustacea; mature in final host after ingestion. (Jarecka, 1956, 1958b, 1960a, 1961; Rysavy, 19&4b) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Cyclocypris laevis, Cypridopsis vidua, Dolero- cypris fasciatus, Notodromas monacha , Diaptomus vulgaris FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Tadornini - Chloephaga poliocephala, Lophonetta specularioldes , Tadorna f erruginea , Tadorna tad o ma Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos. Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) , Anas acuta, Anas angustirostris , Anas clypeata , Anas crecca, Anas discors. Anas luzonica, Anas poecilorhyncha , Anas querquedula, Anas strepera Aythyini - Aythya australis, Aythya f erina , Aythya fulipula, Ay- thya marila, Aythya nyroca , Netta erythrophthalma , Netta rufina Cairinini - Cairina hartlaubi HABITAT: Ceca, small intestine - middle region, large intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (Azerbaidzhan, W. Siberia, Armenia, Uz- bekistan, Kirgizia, Kazakhstan, Tuva, Mongolia, Amur, Frimorsk, Japan, Sakhalin), N. America (USA). Diorchis nyrocoides STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported 3 times in wild ducks. 427 DESCRIPTION: Spasskaia, 196lb; Spasskii & Iurpalova, 1966b. Copy: SpasskiX, 1963; Spasskaia, 1966. SYNONYMY: Diorchis nyrocoides Spasskaia, 196l LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of D. inflata. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas crecca HABITAT: Small intestine, ceca. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (USSR - Tuva, Tamyr, Yakutia). Diorchis ransomi STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Common; reported 28 times in wild ducks, once in domestic duck. Frequently found in gruiform birds also. STATUS AS SPECIES: Synonym of D. diorchis - Baer, 1962. DESCRIPTION: Ransom, 1909; Dubinina, 1954a; Czap"! inski , 1956d; Bezu- bik, 1957a; Rybicka, 1957; Jarecka, 196l (ova); Rys'avy, 196lb; Beverley- Burton, 1964; Spasskaia, 196,5. Copy: Schultz, 1940; Skrjabin & Mate- vosian, 1945; Spasskii, 1963; Spasskaia, 1966. SYNONYMY: Diorchis acuminata Clerc of Ransom, 19C9 Diorchis ransomi Johri, 1939; and Schultz, 1940 Diorchis (Diorchis) ransomi Johri, 1939 of Skrjabin & Matevosian, 1945 Diorchis parvogenitalis Matevosian, 1945 - [Spasskii & Bobova , l°62b; Spasskii, I.963I Schillerius parvogenitalis (Matevosian, 1945) Yamaputi, 1°^ LIFE CYCLE: Eggs with onchospheres passed in feces; cysticercoids develop in 15 days after ingpstion by fresh-water ostracod and cope- pod Crustacea; mature in final host after ingestion. (Jarecka, 1956, 1958b, 1960a, 1961 ; Rybicka, 1957, 19 58; Rysavy, 1964b) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Cyclocypris laevis, Cyclocypris ovum, Cypri^ op- sis vidua, Dolerocypris fasciata , Notodromas monacha, Diaptomus caeru- leus FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) 428 Tadornini - Tadorna ferruginea Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos, Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) , Anas acuta, Anas clypeata , Anas crecca, Anas falcata, Anas penel ope , Anas querquedula, Anas strepera Aythyini - Aythya americana, Aythya ferina, Aythya ful igula, Ay- thya marila, Aythya nyroca , Netta rufina Mergini - Bucephala clangula , Clangula hyemalis, Melanitta fusca Oxyurini - Oxyura leucocephala HABITAT: Small intestine - middle region. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (W. Siberia, Azerbaidzban, Uzbekistan, Kirgizia, Kazakhstan, Tuva, Yakutia, Amur, Kamchatka, Sakhalin), N. America (USA). Diorchis sobolevi STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported twice from wild ducks and once in domestic duck. DESCRIPTION: Spasskaia, 1^50; Spasskii & Iurnalova, lQ66b. Cory: Spasskii, 1963; Spasskaia, 1966. SYNONYMY: Diorchis sobolevi Spasskaia, 1950 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of D. in f lata. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Arfseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser albifrons Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom.), Anas acuta, Anas renelore, Anas strepera Grui formes - Fulica atra HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Ukraine), Asia (W. Siberia, Kirgizia, Yakutia' Diorchis spas ska jae STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported twice in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Spasskara, 196l (as D. acuminata). Copy: Spasskii, 1963; Spasskaia, 1966. SYNONYMY: 429 Diorchis acuminata Clerc of Spasskaxa, 196l Diorchis spasska.jae Spasskii, 1°63 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of D. inflata. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas clypeata , Anas falcata Aythyini - Aythya fuligul a HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (USSR - Tuva). Diorchis spinata STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Infrequent; reported 9 times in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Mayhew, 1929; Czaplinski, IO56H. Cory: Schultz, 19^0; Skrjabin & Matevosian, 1945; Spasskii, 1Q63; Spasskaia, 1966. SYNONYMY: Diorchis spinata Mayhew, 1929 Diorchis (Nudiorchis) spinata Mayhew, 1929 of Skrjabin & Matevosian, 19^5 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of D. inflata. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Tadornini - Tadorna ferruginea Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas acuta, Anas americana, Anas clypeata, Anas crecca, Anas penelope, Anas strerera Podicipediformes - Fodiceps ruficollis HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Poland, USSR), Asia (Uzbekistan, Kirgizia, Kazakhstan), N. America (USA). Diorchis spiralis STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in captive swan. STATUS AS SPECIES: Cannot be in Diorchis, some characters of Sobolevi- canthus - Spasskii, 1963. 430 DESCRIPTION: Szpotanska, 1931. Copy: Schultz, 19*1-0; Skrjabin & Matevosian, 19**5« SYNONYMY: Diorchis spiralis Szpotanska, 1931 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of D. in f lata. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Cygnus atratus HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Australia. Diorchis stefanskli STATUS A3 WATERFOWL PARASITE: Common; reported 8 times in wild, 16 times in domestic, and twice in captive waterfowl. STATUS AS SPECIES: Synonym of D. inflata - Spasskii, 1962. DESCRIPTION: Czaplinski, 1956d; Jarecka, 196l (ova); Belokobylenko, 1962; Beverley- Burton, 196*)-; Grafner, 196*4-. Copy: Shevtsov & Zas- kind, I960; Spasskii, 1963; Spasskafa, 1966. SYNONYMY: Diorchis (Diorchis) stefanskii Czaplinski, 1956 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs with onchospheres passed in feces; cysticercoids develop experimentally in fresh-water copepod and ostracod Crustacea; development was so slow that the species used were not regarded as the true intermediate hosts: mature in final host after ingestion. (Jarecka, 1956, 1958b, 1960a, 196l) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Cyclocypris ovum [exper.l, Cypridopsis vidua [exper.], Dolerocypris fasciata [exper.l, Notodromas monacha, Macro- cyclops fuscus [exper.l FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser (com. ) Tadornini - Cyanochen cyanorterns, Lophonetta specu"1 arioides , Neochen .jubatus Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) , Anas acuta , Anas crecca, Anas cyano^tera , Anas georgica, Anas pen- elope, Anas strepera Aythyini - Aythya af finis, Aythya australis, Aythya ferina, Aythya 431 novae-seelandiae, Aythya nyroca , Netta rufina Cairinini - Chenonetta .jubata Mergini - Melanitta nigra Oxyurini - Oxyura leucocephala HABITAT: Small intestine - posterior region, large intestine, DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Iceland, Asia (Kazakhstan). Dio re his tuvensis STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported 3 times in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Spasskaia, 1961 (as D. parvogenitalis); Tolkacheva, 1966. Copy: Spasskii, 1963; Spasskafa, 1966. SYNONYMY: Diorchis parvogenitalis Matevosian of Spasskaia, 196l Diorchis tuvensis Spasskii, lQ63. LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of D. inflata. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas crecca Aythyini - Aythya fuligula, Aythya marila Mergini - Clangula hyemalis HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Tuva, Tamyr, Kamchatka). Diorchis vigisi STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported twice in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Krotov, 19^9. Copy: Spasskii, IQ63; Spasskaia, 1966. SYNONYMY: Diorchis (Diorchis) vigisi Krotov, 1 9*4-9 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of D. inflata. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas crecca 432 HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (W. Siberia, Uzbekistan). Diorchis wigginsi STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported 3 times in wild ducks. STATUS AS SPECIES: Near or identical with D. nyrocae - Spasskii, 1963; probably a synonym of D. acuminata - Ba er, 1^62. DESCRIPTION: Long & Wiggins, 1Q39. Copy: Schultz, la^C; Skrjabin & Matevosfan, 19^5; Spasskii, 1963; Spasskaia, 1966. SYNONYMY: Diorchis nyrocae Long & Wiggins, 1.939 » not Yamaguti, 1935 Diorchis wigginsi Schultz, 19^0 Diorchis (Diorchis) wigginsi Schultz, 19^0 of Skrjabin & Matevosian, IO/4.5 Diorchis longae Schmelz, 19^1 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of D. inflata. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas crecca, [Anas querquedul a - Spasskii, 1Q63, original citation not found] Aythyini - Aythya vallisneria HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Tatar ASSR), N. America (USA). Hymenofimbria merganser! STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported twice in wild ducks, in 191^ and 19&J-. STATUS AS SPECIES: Regarded as teratological form or Hymeno1ems creplini by L6pez-Neyra, 1931a, 19^5a; synonym of Hymenol epis aegua- bilis - Spasskii, 1962. Probably based on immature and contracted specimen, separateness doubtful, cannot be H. creplini - Czap"! inski , I967. DESCRIPTION: Skrjabin, 1914c. Copy: S>rjabin & Matevosian, 19^5- 433 SYNONYMY: Hymeno fimbria merganseri Skrjabin, 1914 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Mergini - Mergus merganser HABITAT: Not given, probably small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Kazakhstan, Mongolia). Micro somaean thus abortiva Hymenolepis abortiva STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Common; reported 24 times in wild and 4 times in domestic waterfowl . DESCRIPTION: Linstow, 1904a; Fuhrmann, 1913; Czaplinski, 1956d; Beverley-Burton, 1959, 1964; Jarecka, 1Q61 (ova); Spasskaia & Spas- skii, 1961. Copy: Hughes, 194la; Skrjabin & Matevosian, 1°45; Shevt- sov & Zaskind, I960; Spasskaia, 1966. SYNONYMY: Taenia abortiva Linstow, 19C4 Hymenolepis abortiva (Linstow, 1904) Linstow, 1°05 Weinlandia abortiva (Linstow, 1904) Mayhew, 1Q25 Hymenolepis (Hymenolepis) abortiva (Linstow, 1Q04) o^ Sprehn, 1932 Microsomacanthus abortiva (Linstow, 1904) Lorez-Neyra, 1°42 Abortilepis abortiva (Linstow, 1Q04) Yamaguti, 1°59 Microsomacanthus (Abortilepis) abortivus (Linstow, 1904) of Spasskii, 1962 Taenia voluta Linstow, 1904, lapsus Hymenolepis voluta (Linstow, 1904) Fuhrmann, 1924 Hymenolepis upsilon Rosseter, 1911 - [Fuhrmann, 1924] LIFE CYCLE: Eggs with onchosnheres passed in feces, in strings or packets; cysticercoids develop in fresh-water amphipod Crustacea; mature in final host after ingestion. (Jarecka, 1960a, 1961; Shtein, 1959) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Gammarus pulex FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser (dom. ) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos, Anas platyrhynchos (dom.), Anas acuta, Anas clypeata, Anas crecca , Anas fa"1 cata 434 Aythyini - Aythya f erina , Aythya fuligula Cairinini - Cairina moschata (dom. ) Mergini - Clanpula hyemalis, Melanitta fusca, Melanitta fuse a deplandi, Melanitta nigra , Mergus albellus, Mergus serrator HABITAT: Ceca, small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (Kirgizia, Kazakhstan, Buriat-Mongol ASSR, Tamyr, Yakutia, Amur, Primorsk, Kamchatka), Africa (Egypt). Microsomacanthus acus STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare: reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Spasskii & lurpalova, 1965, 1966a. Copy: Spasskaia, 1966. SYNONYMY: Microsomacanthus acus Spasskii & lurpalova, 1965 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Mergini - Melanitta nigra HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Chukotka). Wardium aequabilis Hymenolepis aequabilis STATUS AS WATERFOWL. PARASITE: Common; reported 21 times in wild and once in domestic waterfowl, commonly in swans. Pathology of infection described by Wehrmann, 19CQ; mortality during possible epizootic reported by Endrigkeit, 19^Ca; Hilprecht, "1956; Czaplin- ski, 1965. DESCRIPTION: Clerc, 1903; Ryzhikov & Gubanov, 1959; Jarecka, 196l (ova); Spasskaia, 196lb; Baer, 1962; Czaplinski, 1056b; Spasskii & lurpalova, l°66b. Copy: Luhe, L91C; Hughes, 1 9Ula ; Skrjabin & Matevosian, 19^5; Spasskaia, 1966. SYNONYMY: Hughes, 1°^C. Taenia aequabilis Rudolphi, 1810 Dicranotaenia aequabilis (Rudolphi, 1810) Railliet, 1.8°3 435 Diplacanthus (Lepidotrias ) aequabilis (Rudolphi, 181C) Cohn, 1 PQ° Hymenolepis aeguabilis (Rudo^nhi, 1810) Railliet, 189? Drepanidotaenia aequabilis (Rudolphi, 1.810) Cohn, 1900 Hymenolepis (Drepanidotaenia) aequabilis (Rudolphi, 1810) of Cohn, 19C1 Hymenolepis (Hymenolepis) aequabi1 is (Rudolphi, I8l0) of Sprehn, 1932 Dicranotaenia (Dicrano taenia) aequabi1 is (Rudolphi, I8l0) of L6^ez- Neyra, 19^2 Wardium aequabilis (Rudolphi, 1810) Spasski? & Spasskaia, 1°5^ Hymeno fimbria aequabilis (Rudolphi, 1810) Spasskii, 1 96l Hymenolepis creplini (Krabbe, 1869) Railliet, lP°° - [Spasskii, 19631 Hymenolepis pingi Shen Tseng, 1932 - [ Spasskaia, 196lb; Spasskii, 19631 Hymenofimbria merganseri Skrjabin, 1914- - [Spasskii, 196l] Drepanidotaenia musculosa Clerc, 1 °02 - [Spasskaia, 1 °66] LIFE CYCLE: Eggs with onchospheres passed in feces; cysticercoids develop in 12 days after ingestion by fresh-water ostracod and cone- pod Crustacea; mature in final host after ingestion. (Jarecka, 1°58a, 1960a, 1961) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Cyclocyrris laevis, Macrocyclops fuscus [exper.l FINAL HOSTS: AVE3 Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser, Anser anser (dom.), Anser albifrons , Anser fabalis, Cygnus cygnus, Cygnus olor, Cygnus olor (dom. ) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas rlatyrhynchos (dom.), Anas acuta, Anas crecca , Anas penelope, Anas querquedula Aythyini - Aythya f erina , Aythya f uligul a , Aythya maril a Mergini - Bucenhala clangula, Mergus eucull atus HABITAT: Small intestine - posterior portion, ceca. DISTRIBUTION: Iceland, Eurore, Asia (W. Siberia, Tuva, Mongolia, Yakutia), N. America (USA). Limnolenis amphitricha Hymenolepis amphitricha STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITS: Accidental, normally in Charadrii formes; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Clerc, 1903; Deblock & Rose, 1962. Copy: Spasskaia, 1966. SYNONYMY: Hughes, 19^0. Taenia amphitricha Rudolphi, 1819 Drepanidotaenia amphitricha (Rudolphi, 1P19) Cohn, 1901 Hymenolepis amphitricha (Rudolphi, lPl°) Fuhrmann, 1906 436 Weinlandia amphitricha (Rudolphi, 1R19) Mayhew, 1925 Dicranotaenia (Dicranotaenia) amphitricha (Rudolphi, lp19) L<5pez- Neyra, 19^2 Limnolepis amphitricha (Rudolphi, TRIO) Spasskii & Spasskaia, 1^5^ Hymenolepis (Hymenolepis ) amphitricha (Rudolrhi, 1819) of Deblock & Rose, 1Q62 Hymenolepis hamasigi (Yamaguti, 19^0) Baer, 1^62 - [Deblock, 196U]; distinct - Spasskaia, 1Q66 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Aythyini - Aythya maril a Charadriiformes - Actitis hypoleucos, Calidris canutus, Capell a gal- linago , Crocethia alba, Erolia alpina , Erol ia maritima, Ero^ ia temminckii, Limosa liraosa, Scolopax rusticola , Tringa glareol a , Tringa ochropus, Tringa stagnatilis, Tringa totanus HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (W. Siberia, Uzbekistan, Kamchatka). Drepanidol eris anatina Hymenolepis anatina STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Very common, characteristic helminth of waterfowl; reported Jl. times in wi">d and 39 times in domestic waterfowl. Frequent cause of disease (Sprehn, 1^32 ); pathology de- scribed by Galli-Valerio, 1939. STATUS AS SPECIES: H. anatina (Krabbe) must be regarded as unrecog- nizable, H. anatina of Cohn, 1901 different from Taenia anatina of Schmidt, 189^; the former very similar to Diorchis stefanskii - Bev- erley- Burton, 196^. DESCRIPTION: Clerc, 1903; Yamaguti & Mitunaga, 19^ 3a; Spasskaia, 196lb. Copy: Stiles, I896; Hughes, 19^1a; Skrjabin * Matevosian, 19^5; Shevtsov & Zaskind, I960; Spasskii, "i°63; Spasskaia, 1966. SYNONYMY: Hughes, 19*1-0. Taenia anatina Krabbe, I869 Drepanidotaenia anatina (Krabbe, 186Q) Railliet, l pc>3 Diplacanthus (Dilepis) anatina (Krabbe, ip69) Cohn, \Q°° Hymenolepis anatina (Krabbe, 1869) Railliet, lPo9 Dicranotaenia anatina (Krabbe, lp6o) WolffhuVel , 1 °0C Hymenolepis (Drepanidotaenia) anatina (Krabbe, 186<3) of Cohn, 1901 Hymenolepis (Hymenolepis) anatina (Krabbe, I869) of Sprehn, 1Q32 Drepanidotaenia (Drepanidolepis) anatina (Krabbe, 1^6°) of Lorez- Neyra, 10^2 437 Echinocotyle anatina (Krabbe, 1869) Yamaguti, 1Q59 Anatinella anatina (Krabbe, 1869) Spasskafa, 196l Drepanidolepis anatina (Krabbe, lP6o) Spasskil, IQ63 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs with onchospheres passed in feces; cysticercoids develop in 14 days after ingestion by fresh-water ostracod, copepod , and amphipod Crustacea; mature in final host after ingestion. (Gel'- sbergen, 193^; Monchenko, 1956; Schmidt, 180*0 INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Cyprinotus incongruens , Cypris ophthalmica, Cypris pubera , Eucypris crassa, Acanthocyclops bicuspidatus, Acan- thocyclops vernalis, Gammarus pul ex FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser, Anser anser (dom. ) , Cygnus o]_or, Cygnus olor (dom. ) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos, Anas pi atyrhynchos (dom. ) , Anas acuta, Anas clypeata, Anas crecca, Anas discors, Anas penelore, Anas querquedula, Anas strepera Aythyini - Aythya ferina , Aythya fuligula, Aythya nyroca Cairinini - Cairina moschata (domV) Mergini - Bucephala clangula, Melanitta fusca, Melanitta fusca deglandi Galliformes - Ferdix perdix Gruiformes - Fulica atra HABITAT: Small intestine - posterior portion, large intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (Azerbaidzhan, W. Siberia, Tuva, India, Indonesia, China, Sakhalin, Japan), Africa (Egypt), N. America CUSA). Dicranotaenia anceps Hymenolepis anceps STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported twice in wild ducks. STATUS AS SPECIES: Probably individual variation of H. coronul a - Spasskil, 1956a, 1963; synonym of H. fall ax - Spasski?, lQ6lb. DESCRIPTION: Linton, 1927. Copy: Hughes, lO^la. SYNONYMY: Hymenolepis anceps Linton, 1927 Dicranotaenia (Dicranotaenia ) anceps (Linton, 1927) Lfipez-Neyra , "1942 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. 438 FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Cairinini - Aix sponsa Mergini - Mergus serrator HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: N. America (USA), Monosaccanthes andre.jewoi Hymenolepis andre.jewoi STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Infrequent; reported 4 times in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Skrjabin & Matevosian, 19^5; Matevosian, 19^6; Ablasov, 1957. Copy: Kurashvili, 1957; Spasskaik, 1966. SYNONYMY: Dicranotaenia andre.jewoi Matevosian in Skrjabin & Matevosian, 19^5 Sphenacanthus andre.jewoi (Matevosian, 19^5) Ablasov, 1957 Microsomacanthus andre.jewoi (Matevosian, l0^) Kurashvi"!i, 1°57 Hymenolepis andre.jewoi (Matevosian, 19^5) McDonald, 1965 Myxolepis andre.jewoi (Matevosian, 19^5) Spasskafa, 1966 Monosaccanthes andre.jewoi (Katevosian, 1_ Q4 5 ) Czapliriski, 1967 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas acuta , Anas crecca Mergini - Melanitta fusca HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Georgia SSR) , Asia (USSR - Chita Obi., Kirgi- zia, Sakhalin). Hymenol epis angularostris STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in domestic duck. STATUS AS SFECIES: Description inadequate. DESCRIPTION: Sugimoto, 193Ua. Copy: Hughes, 19^1a; Skrjabin & Matevosian, 19^5; Shevtsov & Zaskind, I960. 439 SYNONYMY: Hymenolepis angularostris Sugimoto , 1 QJh Hymenolepis (Hymenolepis ) angularostris Sugimoto, 193'4 of Iwata, 1°3Q LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas pl.atyrhynchos (dam. ) HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Taiwan). Wardium arctica Hymenol epis arctica STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Infrequent; reported 3 times in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Schiller, 1955a. Copy: Srasskaia, 1966. SYNONYMY: Hymenolepis arctica Schiller, 1°55 Wardium arctica (Schiller, 1955) Spasski^f, 195° Decacanthus arcticus (Schiller, 1955) Yamaguti, 1959 Wardium nyrocae Ryzhikov & Gubanov, l°5q - [Spasskii, l°6lb; Srass^a:fa, 1966] LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Somateriini - Somateria fischeri , Somateria mo~!Iissima, Somateria spectabilis Aythyini - Ay thy a fuligul a Mergini - CI angula hyemalis, Melanitta fusca deglandi HABITAT: Small intestine - duodenum. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Yakutia, Chukotka), N. America (USA - Alaska). Microsomacanthus arcuata Hymenolepis arcuata STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Frequent; reported 19 times in wild ducks, once in domestic duck. 440 DESCRIPTION: Kowalewski, 19C4; Czaplinski, l^d: Spasskaia & Spas- skii, 1961 ; Spasskii & Eobova, 1962b. Copy: Liihe, 1910; Hughes, 194la; Skrjabin & Matevosian, 1945; Spasskaia, 1966. SYNONYMY: Hymenolepis arcuata Kowalewski, 1904 Weinlandia arcuata (Kowalewski, 1904) Mayhew, 1°25 Hymenolepis ( Hymenolepis) arcuata Kowalewski, 1904 of Sprehn, 1°32 Hispaniolepis arcuata (Kowalewski, 190*0 LCpez-Neyra , 19*1-2 Microsomacanthus arcuata (Kowalewski, 1904) Srasskil & Spasskaia, 1054 Hispaniolepidoides arcuata (Kowalewski, 1904) Yamaguti, 195° Hymenolepis villosoides Solov'ev, 1911 _ [Joyeux & Baer, 1936a; Spas- skii & Spasskaia, lQC)4a~! Hispaniolepis villosoides (Solov'ev, 1911) Lfipez-Neyra , 1942 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) , Anas crecca Aythyini - Aythya affinis, Aythya ferina, Aythya f uligula , Aythya marila, Aythya nyroca , Netta rufina Mergini - Bucephala clangula , Melanitta fusca deglandi HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Iceland, Asia (Kazakhstan, Tuva, Yakutia, Khabarovsk, Frimorsk, Kamchatka), N. America (USA - Alaska). SoboT evlcanthus asrirantica Hymenolepis aspirantica STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported twice in wild waterfowl. DESCRIPTION: Zaskind, I96I. Copy: Spasskaia, 1966. SYNONYMY: Hymenolepis aspirantica Zaskind , 196l Sobolevicanthus aspirantica (Zaskind, l°6l) Maksimova, "1 963 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser Anatini - Anas acuta HABITAT: Probably small intestine. 441 DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Kazakhstan). AnseriTepi? barrowensis Hymenolepis barrowensis STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported 3 times in wild geese. DESCRIPTION: Schiller, 1952a, 195^; Spasskii & Toikacheva, 196.5. Copy: Spasskaik, 1966. SYNONYMY: Hymenolepis barrowensis Schiller, 1°52 Drepanidotaenia barrowensis (Schiller, 19.52) Yamaguti, 1959 Anserilepis barrowensis (Schiller, 1952) Spasskii & Tolkacheva, 1965 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser albifrons , Anser canagicus , Anser fabalis , Branta bernicla, Branta canadensis HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Kamchatka), N. America (USA - Alaska). Amphipetrovia biacul eata Hymenolepis biaculeata STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported twice in wild waterfowl and twice in captive waterfowl. DESCRIPTION: Fuhrmann, 1009a. Copy: Hughes, 19^1a; Skrjabin &■ Matevosian, 19^5; Spasskii, 1°63. SYNONYMY: Hymenolepis biaculeata Fuhrmann, 1909 Drepanidotaenia biaculeata (Fuhrmann, 1909) Skrjabin & Matevosian, 19*4-5 Amphipetrovia biaculeata (Fuhrmann, 19C9) Spasskii & Spasskaia, 195&- LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Tadornini - Alopochen aegyptiacus 442 HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Sudan, S. Africa), [Asia (Burma) and Eurone (Ukraine) - probably captive birds"!. Drepanidotaenia bil ateralis Hymenolepis bilateral is STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported 4 times in wild waterfowl. DESCRIPTION: Linstow, 1905a; Dubinina, 1954a. Copy: Hughes, 1941 a; Skrjabin & Matevosian, 1945; Spasskaia, 1966. SYNONYMY: Hymenolepis bilateralis Linstow, 1905 Hymenolepis (Drepanidotaenia ) bilateralis Linstow, 1905 of Fuhrmann, 1924 Hymenolepis (Hymenolepis) bilateralis Linstow, 1905 of Sprehn, 193? Drepanidotaenia (Drepanidotaenia) bilateralis (Linstow, 1905) Lopez- Neyra, 1942 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser, Branta bernicl a , Cvgnus ey_gnus Aythyini - Aythya ferina HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Tamyr Peninsula, W. Siberia). Bisaccanthes bisaccata bisaccata Hymenolepis bisaccata bisaccata STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported 10 times in wild waterfowl. DESCRIPTION: Fuhrmann, 1906a; Dubinina, 1954a; Czaplinski, lQ^d; Spasskaia, 196lb; Rys'avy, 196lb; Spasskii, 1963. Copy: Hughes, 1941a; Skrjabin & Matevosian, 1°45; Spasskaia, 1966. SYNONYMY: Hymenolepis bisaccata Fuhrmann, 1906 Drepanidotaenia (Drepanidolepis ) bisaccata (Fuhrmann, 1906) Lopez- Neyra, 1°42 443 Bisaccanthes bisaccata (Fuhrmann, 1Q06) SrasskiY & Srasskaoa, 1°5^ Sobolevicanthus bisaccata (Fuhrmann, l°06) Czapiifiski, 1956 Bisaccanthes bisaccata bisaccata (Fuhrmann, 1906) of Khuan Shen-i, 1962 H.ymenolepis bisaccata bisaccata Fuhrmann, 1QC6 of McDonald, 1°65 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs with onchospheres passed in feces: cysticercoids develop after ingestion by fresh-water corepod Crustacea. (Jarecka, 1958b; Kotecki, 196^) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Macrocyclors albidus FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser fabalis Tadornini - Tadorna ferruginea Anatini - Anas pi atyrhynchos , Anas acuta , Anas crecca , Anas f al cata , Anas formosa , Anas penelope, Anas strenera Aythyini - Aythya ferina, Aythya fuligu] a, Aythya nyroca . [Netta rufina - Lapage, 1961; Spasskil, 1963; Spasskaia, 1Q66; errorl Cairinini - Amazonetta brasiliensis, Cairina moschata HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Czechoslovakia, Foland , USSR), Asia (Azerbaid- zhan, W. Siberia, Tadzhikistan, Kazakhstan, Tuva, Tamyr), S. America (Brazil). Bisaccanthes bisaccata orientalis Hymenolepis bisaccata orientalis STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild waterfowl. DESCRIPTION: Khuan Shen-i, 1962b. SYNONYMY: Bisaccanthes bisaccata subsp. orientalis Khuan Shen-i, 1 Q62 Hymenolepis bisaccata orientalis (Khuan Shen-i, 1.962) McDonald, 1965 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of H. bisaccata. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas acuta , Anas falcata, Anas for- mosa HABITAT: Samll intestine, ceca . DISTRIBUTION: Asia (USSR - Amur). 444 Hymenolepis bisaccul ata STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent: reported twice in wild ducks and once in domestic duck. STATUS AS SFECIES: Synonym of Retinometra pittalugai - Soasskaxa, 1966. DESCRIPTION: Krotov, 1949. SYNONYMY: Dicrano taenia bisacculata Krotov, 19^9 Hymenolepis bisacculata (Krotov, 19^9) Yamaguti, lQ5q LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) Aythyini - Aythya f erina , Aythya mari1 a HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (W. Siberia, Sakhalin). Parabisaccanth.es bisacculina Hymenol epis bisaccul ina STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported 3 times in wild swans, once in captive swans. DESCRIPTION: Szpotanska, 1931; Joyeux & Baer, 19.50. Copy: Hughes. 19^4-la; Skrjabin & Matevosian, 19^5- SYNONYMY: Drepanidotaenia bisacculina Szpotanska, 1931 Hymenolepis bisacculina (Szpotanska, 1 931- ) Hughes, 1940 Drepanidotaenia (Drepanidotaenia ) bisaccul ina Szpotanska, 1°31 ^f Ltfpez-Neyra, 1 °k2 Hymenolepis (Drepanidotaenia ) bisacculina (Szpotanska, 193^ ) of Joy- eux & Baer, 19.50 Parabisaccanthes bisacculina (Szpotanska, lQ3l) Maksimova , 1°63 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs with onchospheres passed in feces; cysticercoids develop in 20 days at 8 C. after ingestion of eggs by fresh-water copepod Crustacea. (Joyeux & Baer, 1950) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Macrocyclors fuscus [exper.l 445 FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Cygnus atratus, Cygnus cygnus , Cygnus olor HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Iceland, Sweden, Switzerland, Foland), Aus- tralia. Micro soma canthus borealis STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Ryzhikov, IQ65. SYNONYMY: Micro somacanthus borealis Ryzhikov, 1°65 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Somateriini - Folysticta stelleri HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Chukotka). Echinocotyle brachycephala Hymenolepis brachycephala STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare, probably accidental , normally in Charadriiformes ; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Copy: Skrjabin & Matevosian, 19^5; Spasskaia, 1966. SYNONYMY: Spasskaia, 1966. Taenia brachycephala Creplin, 1829 Hymenolepis brachycephala (Creplin, 1829) Railliet, I809 Drepanidotaenia brachycephala (Creplin, 1829) Cohn, 1900 Hymenolepis (Drepanidotaenia) brachycephal a (Crerlin, 1829) of Cohn, 1901 Tschertkovilepis brachycephala (Creplin, 1829) Yamaguti, 1959 Hymenolepis (Echinocotyle) brachycephala (Crerlin, 1829) of Deblock, 1964 Echinocotyle brachycephala (Creplin, 1829) Spasskaia, 1Q66 Monosaccanthes brachycephala (Creplin, 1829) Czaplinski, 1967 446 Hymenolepis oweni Moghe, 1933 Echinocotyle oweni (Moghe, 1933) Macko, 1962 Echinocotyle hypoleuci Singh, 1°52 Hymenolepis quasioweni Dubinina, 195^ Echinocotyle uralensis Clerc, 1902 - [Deblock, 196^1 LIFE CYCLE: Cysticercoids in fresh-water copepod Crustacea. (Daday, 1900; Joyeux & Baer, 1936) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Acanthocyclops viridis, Cyclops crassicornis, Faracyclops fimbriatus FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas crecca Charadrii formes - Haematopus ostralegus, Larus ridibundus, Philomachus pugnax, Tringa glareola , Tringa nebularia, Tringa totanus HABITAT: Probably small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (W. Siberia, India, Yakutia), Africa ( Egypt ) . Retinometra bulbocirrosus Hymenolepis bulbocirrosus STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in captive swan. DESCRIPTION: Pfeiffer, I960. SYNONYMY: Hymenosphenacanthus bulbocirrosus Pfeiffer, I960 Hymenolepis bulbocirrosus (Pfeiffer, I960) McDonald, 1965 Retinometra bulbocirrosus (Pfeiffer, i960) Czaplinski, 1965 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Cygnus melanocoryphus HABITAT: Small intestine - anterior portion. DISTRIBUTION: S. America (Argentina - Source of bird examined in Vienna Zool. Garden). 447 Nade.jdo"! epis cambrensis Hymeno1 eris cambrensis STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare, probably accidental, normally in Charadriiformes; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Davies, 1939? Deblock & Rose, 1962. Copy: Skrjabin & Matevosian, 19^+5; Spasskafa, 1066. SYNONYMY: Hymenolepis cambrensis Davies, 19J0 Nadejdolepis cambrensis (Davies, 193°) Spasskii & Spasskaia, 1^5^ Hymenolepis (Hymenolepis) cambrensis (Davies, 193°) of Deblock & Rose, 1962 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES An seri formes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos Charadriiformes - Haematopus ostralegus HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (England), Asia (Primorsk). Retinometra c] ausa Hymenolepis clausa STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported 3 times in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Linstow, 1906a. Copy: Hughes, 19*Ha ; Skrjabin & Mate- vosian, 19^5. SYNONYMY: Hymenolepis clausa Linstow, 1906 Sphenacanthus clausa (Linstow, 1906) Lfipez-Neyra, 19^2 Dicranotaenia clausa (Linstow, 1906) Skrjabin & Matevosian, 19^5 Retinometra clausa (Linstow, 1906) Spasskii, I963 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Dendrocygnini - Dendrocygna javanlca Columbiformes - Columba 1 ivia HABITAT: Not given, probably small intestine. 448 DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Burma, Ceylon, India). Arhynchotaenia clausovaginata Hymenolepis clausovaginata STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Saakova, 1959. Copy: Spasski?, 1963; Snasskaia, 1966, SYNONYMY: Arhynchotaenia clausovaginata Saakova, 19 5Q Hymenolepis clausovaginata (Saakova, 1959) McDonald, 1965 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Aythyini - Netta rufina HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Eurone (S. Russia). Echinocotyle clerci STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported 4 times in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Matevosian & Krotov, 1Q49; Dubinina , 1954a, 1956. Copy: Spasskaia, 1966. SYNONYMY: Echinocotyle clerci Matevosian & Krotov, 1949 Hymenolepis clerci (Matevosian & Krotov, 1Q49) McDonald, 1965, not H. clerci Shen Tseng, 1°32 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs with onchospheres passed in feces; cysticercoids develop in fresh-water copepod Crustacea; mature in final host after ingestion. (Jarecka, 195%, 196l) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Acanthocyclops viridis FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas clypeata , Anas crecca , Anas querquedula HABITAT: Small intestine. 449 DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Poland), Asia (W. Siberia, Kazakhstan). Myxolepis collaris Hymenolepis collaris STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Very common, characteristic helminth of waterfowl; reported 5^+ times in wild, 7^ tines in domestic, and twice in captive waterfowl. Reported as cause of pathology by Dot- senko, 195^. DESCRIPTION: Skrjabin, lQl^e; Abuladze, 1036; Murashkinzevi , 1938; Dubinina, 195^a; Bezubik, 1957a; RySavy, 196lb; Beverley- Burton, 196^.. Copy: Hughes, 19*Ha; Skrjabin & Matevosian, 19i+5; Shevtsov & Zaskind, I960; Spasskafa, 1966. SYNONYMY: Hughes, 19^0. Taenia collari nigro Bloch, 178? Taenia collaris Batsch, 1786 Hymenolepis collaris (Batsch, 1786) Fuhrmann, 1908 Weinlandia collaris (Batsch, 1786) Mayhew, 1925 Hymenolepis (Hymenolepis ) collaris (Batsch, 1786) of Sprehn, 1932 Hymenolepis (Weinlandia) collaris (Batsch, 17^6) of Iwata , 1939 Micro somacanthus collaris (Batsch, 1786) Ltfpez-Neyra, 1042 Dicrano taenia collaris (Batsch, 1786) Skrjabin & Matevosian, 10^5 Sobolevicanthus collaris (Batsch, 1786) Ryzhikov, 1Q56 Myxolepis collaris (Batsch, 1786) Spasski'l, 1959 Myxacanthus collaris (Batsch, 1786) Oshmarin, 1°63 Taenia torquata Gmelin, 1790 Halysis torquata (Gmelin, 1790) Zeder, 1803 Taenia breviarticulata Goeze in Zeder, "I ^00 Alyselminthus sinuosus Zeder, 1800 Halysis sinuosa (Zeder, 1800) Zeder, 1 #03 Taenia sinuosa (Zeder, 1800) Rudolphi, 1810 Hymenolepis (Lepidotrias) sinuata (Zeder, lq00) Weinland , I858 Drepanidotaenia sinuosa (Zeder, 1800) Railliet, IPQ3 Diplacanthus (Dilepis) sinuosa (Zeder, 1800) Cohn, 1899 Hymenolepis sinuosa (Zeder, 1800) Railliet, 18QQ Hymenolepis (Drepanidotaenia) sinuosa (Zeder, 1^00 ) of Cohn, 1°01 Taenia infundibuliformis (anserum) of Diesing, I850 Taenia bairdii Krefft, 1871 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs with onchospheres passed in feces; cysticercoids develop after ingestion by fresh-water copepod , ostracod, and amnhi- pod Crustacea; cysticercoids survive in gastropod mollusks after ingestion of ostracods; mature in final host after ingestion. (Joy- eux, 1929; Lesin'sh & Murnietse, 1^63; Monchenko, 1956; Rosseter, 190*0 INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Acanthocyclors bicuspidatus, Acanthocyclons 450 vernalis, Acanthocyclops viridis, Cyclops "lucidulus, Cyclops stren- uus, Eucyclops agilis, Eucyclops serrul atus, Mesocyclops leuckarti, Mesocyclops oithonoides , Diaptomus coeruleus, Cypris sp. , Gamma rus pulex AUXILIARY HOSTS: Lymnaea palustris, Lymnaea vulgaris FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser, Anser anser (dom.), Anser albi^rons, Anser cygnoides (domT) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos, Anas platyrhynchos (dom.), Anas acuta , Anas angustirostris, Anas castanea, Anas clypeata , Anas crecca, Anas formosa, Anas penelore, Anas poecilorhyncha , Anas querquedula, Anas rubripes, Anas strepera , Anas superciliosa Aythyini - Aythya ferina, Aythya fu1 igula, Aythya marila, Aythya nyroca , Netta rufina Cairinini - Amazonetta brail iensis, Cairina moschata (dom. ) Mergini - Bucephala clangula , Melanitta sp. , Mergus albellus Ciconiiformes - Flegadis fa1 cinellus Galliformes - Gallus gallus (dom. ) Caprimulgiformes Fasseriformes - Corvus HABITAT: Small intestine - total length. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (W. Siberia, Armenia, Uzbekistan, Kir- gizia, Kazakhstan, Burma, Indonesia, China, Amur, Frimorsk, Taiwan, Sakhalin), Africa (Egypt), N. America (USA, USA - Alaska), Australia. Microsomacanthus compressa Hymenolepis compressa STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Very common; reported 43 times in wild waterfowl, 13 times in domestic waterfowl. DESCRIPTION: Skrjabin, 19l4e; Dubinina, 1954a; Czaplinski, 1956d; Bezubik, 1957a; Jarecka, 1961 (ova); Rysavy, 196lb; Spasskii * Spas- skaia, 1961 ; Beverley-Burton, 1964. Cory: Hughes, 1.94la; Skrjabin & Matevosian, 1945; Shevtsov & Zaskind, I960; Spasskaia, 1966. SYNONYMY: Taenia compressa Linton, 1892 Hymenolepis compressa (Linton, 1892) Kowalewski, 1904 Hymenolepis (Hymenolepis) compressa (Linton, lp92) of Sprehn, 1932 Microsomacanthus compressa (Linton, "!8°2) Lo>ez-Neyra, 1942 Hymenolepis megarostellis Solov'ev, 1911 - [Skrjabin, 1914c! Hymenolepis solowiowi Skrjabin, 1914 - [Lepez-Neyra , 1941; Spasskii, 1956b]; distinct, Beverley-Burton, LQ64 451 Nade.jdolepis sol owiowi (Skrjabin, 1.914) Yamaguti, lc5a LIFE CYCLE: Eggs with onchosrheres passed in ^eces; cysticercoids develor in fresh-water corepod Crustacea; mature in final host "'."'-12 days after ingestion. Cysticercoids accumulate and survive in gastro- pod mollusks tnrough ingestion of coperods; snails rendered sterile by overwintering cysticercoids. (Jarecka, 1956, 195$b, l°6Ca, lQ6l; Kiseliene, 1966; Neradova, 1°67; RySavy, 1 ^64a , 1964b; Supperer, 1°5°) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Cyclops strenuus, Macrocyclors albidus, Keso- cyclops leuckarti AUXILIARY HOSTS: Anisus srirorbis, Lymnaea corneus, Lymnaea ovata, Lymnaea palustris, Lymnaea peregra , Lymnaea stagnalis, Flanorbis planorbis, Valvata cristata, Vivinarus viviparus FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser, Anser anser (dom. ) , Anser a1 bi^rons Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos, Anas platyrhynchos fdom. ) , Anas acuta, [Anas americana - Lanage, 196l , errorl , Anas d yreata, Anas crecca, Anas formosa , Anas penelope, Anas querquedula, Anas rubripes , Anas strerera Aythyini - Aythya ferina, Aythya f ul igu] a , Aythya marila, Aythya nyroca, Aythya vallisneria, [Netta rufina - Lapage, l°6l, error"' Cairinini - Aix galericulata, Amazonetta brasi"! iensis Mergini - Bucephala clangula , Histrionicus histrionicus, Mel anitta fusca , Melanitta nigra, Mergus albel lus , Mergus merganser Podicipediformes - Podicens caspicus, Podicers rufi colli s Gruiformes - Gallinula chloropus HABITAT: Small intestine - total length. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (Azerbaidzhan, W. Siberia, Uzbekistan, Kirgizia, Kazakhstan, Tuva, Tamyr, Yakutia, Burma, China, Amur, Fri- morsk, Kamachatka, Sakhalin), N. America (USA). Dicranotaenia coronu"1 a Hymenolepis coronula STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Very common, characteristic helminth of waterfowl; reported 76 times in wild, 70 times in domestic, and 3 times in captive waterfowl. Frequent cause of disease in water- fowl; pathology described by Wehrmann, 1909; mortality reported by Schofield, 1932; Fillers, 1923. DESCRIPTION: Abuladze, IQ36; Fedfushin, 1937; Dubinina , 195^a: Baer, 1956; Czaplinski, 1956d; Ablasov, 1957. Bezubik, 1957a; Beverley- Burton, 1964. Copy: Hughes, 194la; Skrjabin & Matevosian, 1945; 452 Shevtsov & Zaskind, I960; Spasskii, 1963; Spasskaia, 1966. SYNONYMY: Hughes, 1940. Taenia coronula Dujardin, 1845 Dicranotaenia coronula (Dujardin, 1845) Railliet, 1P°2 Drepanidotaenia coronula (Dujardin, ~!845) Farona, 1899 Diplacanthus (Lepidotrias ) coronula (Dujardin, 1845) Cohn , 1800 Hymenolepis coronula (Dujardin, 1846) Railliet, 180Q Hymenolepis (Drepanidotaenia ) coronul a (Dujardin, 184-5) of Cohn, 1 901 Weinlandia coronula (Dujardin, 1845) Mayhew, 1925 Hymenolepis (Hymenolepis) coronula (Dujardin, 1845) of Sprehn , IO32 Hymenolepis (Weinlandia) coronu"1 a (Dujardin, 1845) of Iwata, 1 °30 Dicranotaenia (Dicranotaenia) coronula (Dujardin, 1.845) of Lfipez- Neyra," 1942 Hymenolepis megalhystera Linstow, 10C5 Hymenolepis querquedula Fuhrmann, 1920 Weinlandia querquedula (Fuhrmann, 1°20) Mayhew, 1925 Dicranotaenia (Dicranotaenia ) querquedula (Fuhrmann, 1020) of Lfipez- Neyra, 1942 - [Spasskii, 1956a] Weinlandia introversa Mayhew, 1Q25 Hymenolepis introversa (Mayhew, 1025) Fuhrmann, 1°32 Dicranotaenia (Dicranotaenia ) introversa (Mayhew, 1025) Lopez-Neyra , 1942 - [Czaplinski, 1956d; Spasskii, 1956a] Weinlandia macrostrobiloides Mayhew, 1.Q25 Hymenolepis macrostrobiloides (Mayhew, 1025) Fuhrmann, 1932 Dicranotaenia (Dicranotaenia) macrostrobi1 oides (Mayhew, 1°25) Lcpez- Neyra, 1°42 - [Czaplinski, 105^; Spasskii, 1056a] Dicranotaenia coronula macrostrobiloides (Mayhew, 1025) Spasskii, IO63 Hymenolepis sacciperium Mayhew, 1025 Dicranotaenia (Dicranotaenia ) sacciperium (Mayhew, 1°25) Lrtpez-Neyra, 1942 - L Spasskii, 1956a]; distinct, Sever"1 ey- Burton, 1964 Hymenolepis anceps Linton, 1920 _ [Spasskii, I963] Hymenolepis mergi Yamaguti, 1°40 Dicranotaenia mergi (Yamaguti, 104c) Skrjabin & Matevosian, 1945 - [Czaplinski, lQ56d; Spasskii, 1056a! Dicranotaenia coronula mergi (Yamaguti, 1°40) Spasskii, 1°63 Dicranotaenia deglandi Skrjabin & Matevosian, 1042 - [Spasskii, 1063] Hymenolepis parvisaccata Shepard , 1943 Dicranotaenia parvisaccata (Shepard, 1943) Spasskii & Spasskaia, lc54 - LCzaplinski, 1956d ; Spasskii, 1056a]; synonym o^ D. fallax, Spasskii, l.o6l Dicranotaenia coronula parvisaccata (Shepard, 1043) Spasskii, IO63 Hvmenolepls apcaris Sharma , 1943 - [Czaplinski, 1056d] Dicranotaenia ancaris (Sharma, 1943) Yamaguti, 105° Dicranotaenia coronula micracantha Matevosian in Skrjabin & Matevo- sian, 1°45 - [Czaplinski, 1956d]; synonym of D. fallax, Sras- skii, lo6l Dicranotaenia kutassi Matevosian, 1945 - [Snasskil, 106l , I963] Dicranotaenia pseudocoronula Matevosian in Skrjabin & Matevosian, 453 19^5 - [Czaplinski, 1956d; Srasskii, 19^6a; Ablasov, 19571 Hymenolepis makundi Singh, 1952 - [Spasskii, 19631 Hymenolepis cameroni Singh, I960 - [McDonald, l°65l LIFE CYCLE: Eggs with onchospheres passed in feces; cysticercoids develop in 10-14 days after ingestion by fresh-water ostracod and corepod Crustacea; mature in final host after ingestion. Cysticer- coids survive in gastropod mollusks after ingestion of infected ostra- cod s. (Jarecka, 1956, 1958b, 1960a, 196l; Joyeux, 1929; Kiseliene, 1966; Mrazek, 1890; Rosseter, 1891b, l89?c, 1900; Rysavy, 196la, 196lc, 1964a, 1964b) INTERMEDIATE HCSTS: Candona Candida, Cyclocypris cinerea, Cyclocy- pris globosa, Cyclocypris 1 aevis, Cyclocypris ovum, Cypridopsis vidua Lexper.], Cypris opthalmica, Dolerocypris fasciata [exrer.1, Eucypris virens, Heterocypris incongruens, Notodromas monacha , Physocypria fadeevi, Eucyclops agilis, Mesocyclops oithonoides AUXILIARY HOSTS: Lymnaea ovata , Lymnaea palustris, Lymnaea vulgaris FINAL HCSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Dendrocygnini - Dendrocygna javanica Anserini - Anser anser, Anser anser (dom.), Anser albifrons, Branta ruficollis Tadornini - Chloephaga picta, Chloeohaga poliocephala , Cyanochen cyanopterus, Lophonetta specularioides , Neochen jubatus, Tadorna ferruginea, Tadorna tadorna Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) , Anas acuta, Anas bahamensis , Anas capensis, Anas castanea, Anas clypeata , Anas crecca , Anas falcata, Anas formosa, Anas georgica , Anas penelope , Anas poecilorhyncha , Anas querquedula, Anas rubripes , Anas specularis, Anas strepera Somateriini - Somateria fischeri, Somateria mollissima, Somateria spectabilis Aythyini - Aythya af finis , Aythya f_erina , Aythya fuligu1 a , Aythya marila, Aythya novae-see"1 andiae , Aythya nyroca, Netta rufina Cairinini - Aix galericulata, Amazonetta brasil iensis, Cairina hartlaubi, Cairina moschata (dom.), Chenonetta .jubata Mergini - Bucephala clangula , Bucephala islandica, Clangula hye- malis, Histrionicus histrionicus, Me~l anitta fusca, Melanitta nigra, Melanitta perspicillata , Mergus albe"! - lus, Mergus merganser, Mergus serrator Oxyurini - Oxyura leucocephala Galliformes - Gallus gallus (dom. ) Gruiformes - Fulica atra Charadriiformes - Larus ridibundus HABITAT: Small intestine - tends to occur posteriorly, ceca. DISTRIBUTION: Iceland, Europe, Asia (Azerbaidzhan, W. Siberia, Uz- 454 bekistan, Kirgizia, Kazakhstan, India, Burma, China, Tamyr, Yakutia, Primorsk, Kamchatka, Taiwan, Japan, Sakhalin), Africa, N. America (USA, USA - Alaska). Hymenolepis crecca STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported twice in wild ducks. STATUS AS SPECIES: Synonym of H. teresoides - Spasski", 1963? Spas- ska fa, 1966. DESCRIPTION: Singh, 1952 SYNONYMY: Hymenolepis crecca Singh, 1952 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas crecca HABITAT: Not given, probably small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (India). Wardium creplini Hymenolepis creplini STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported 9 times in wild waterfowl, in geese and swans. STATUS AS SPECIES: Synonym of H. aequabilis - Spasskii, 196l , 1963. DESCRIPTION: Dubinina, 195^a; Spasskafa, 1965. Copy: Luhe, 1910; Hughes, 19^1a; Skrjabin & Matevosian, 19^5; Spasskaia, 1966. SYNONYMY: Hughes, 19^0. Taenia creplini Krabbe , 1B69 Dicrano taenia creplini (Krabbe, 1869) Stossich, 18-98 Diplacanthus (Dilepis) creplini (Krabbe, ip69) Cohn, 1899 Hymenolepis creplini (Krabbe, 1*69) Railliet, 1P99 Drepanidotaenia creplini (Krabbe, 1869 ) Cohn, 1901 Hymenolepis (Drepanidotaenia) creplini (Krabbe, 1869) of Cohn, 1901 Hymenolepis (Hymenolepis) creplini (Krabbe, 186<5) of Sprehn, 1932 Dicrano taenia (Dicranotaenia) creplini (Krabbe, 1869) of L<5pez-Neyra , 1Q^2 455 Wardiuin creplini (Krabbe, 1P69) Spasskii & Srasskaia, 195^ Hymeno fimbria merganseri Skrjabin, 191^ - [Lopez-Neyra, 1^311 Hymenolepis pingi Shen Tsenc, 1932 - [SpassVii, 1956b] LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. * FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser, Anser albifrons, Anser brachyrhynchu s , Anser erythropus, Anser fabalis , Cypnus cygnus, Cygrius ol or Mergini - Bucephala clangula HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (England, France, Italy), Asia (W. Siberia, Kazakhstan, Kamchatka), N. America (USA). Hymenolepis cuneata STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Mayhew, 1925. Copy: Hughes, 19*Ha; Skrjabin & Mate- vosian, 19^5* SYNONYMY: Hymenolepis cuneata Mayhew, 1925 Sphenacanthus cuneata (Mayhew, 1925) Lfipez-Neyra , 19^2 Tschertkovilepis cuneata (Mayhew, 1925) Yamaguti, 1959 LIFE CYCLE: Cysticercoids reported in fresh-water copepod Crustacea, not verified experimentally (Essex, 1Q32). INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Diaptomus oregonensis FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) "wild duck" [Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos - Gower, 1939; Lopez-Neyra, 19^2; erroneous] HABITAT: Not given, probably small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: N. America (USA). Monosaccanthes curiosa Hymenolepis curiosa STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in captive swan. 456 DESCRIPTION: Szpotanska, 1931. Copy: Hughes, 19^1a; Skrjabin & Matevosian, 19^5 • SYNONYMY: Drepanidotaenia curiosa Szpotanska, 1Q31 Hymenolepis curiosa (Szpotanska, 1931) Hughes, 1 9*1-0 Drepanidotaenia (Drepanidotaenia) curiosa Szpotanska, 1931 of Ldpez- Neyra, 1°^2 Monosaccanthes curiosa (Szpotanska, 1931) Czaplinski, 1°6? LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Cygnus atratus HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Australia. Retinometra cyrtoides Hymenolepis cyrtoides STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported twice in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Mayhew, 1925. Copy: Hughes, 19*Ha; Skrjabin & Mate- vosian, 19^5* SYNONYMY: Weinlandia cyrtoides Mayhew, 1925 Hymenolepis cyrtoides (Mayhew, 1925) Fuhrmann, 1932 Sphenacanthus cyrtoides (Mayhew, 1925) Lrtnez-Neyra , l°'J-2 Hymenosphenacanthus cyrtoides (Mayhew, 1925) Yamaguti, 1959 Retinometra cyrtoides (Mayhew, 1925) Spasskil, 1963 Hymenolepis ondatrae Rider * Macy, 1 Qil-7 - [Spasskii, 19531 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Oxyurini - Oxyura jamaicensis MAMMALIA - Rodentia - Ondatra zibethica HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: N. America (USA). 457 Sobolevicanthus dafilae Hymeno") epis dafilae STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported 8 times in wild ducks. STATUS AS SFECIES: Synonym of H. stolli - Schiller, 195** • DESCRIPTION: Folk, 19^2a; Spasskaia, 196la; Spasskii & Bobova, "lo62b; Ryzhikov & Timofeeva, 1962. Copy: Spasskaia, 1966. SYNONYMY: Hymenolepis dafilae Folk, 19**2 Sobolevicanthus dafilae (Folk, 194-2 ) Yamaguti, 195° Hymenolepis stolli Brock of Schiller, 195^, e.p. - [Spasskaia, ""966] LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas acuta , Anas crecca. Anas quer- quedula HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Tuva, Tamyr, Yakutia, Amur, Kamchatka), N. Amer- ica (USA). Dicranotaenia deglandi Hymenolepis deglandi STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. STATUS AS SFECIES: Appears to be synonym of H. coronula , strobi"! a corresponds to H. coronula, hooks to H. c_. micracantha - Spasskii, 1956a? synonym of H. fallax - Spasskii, l°6l. DESCRIPTION: Linton, 1927. Copy: Skrjabin & Matevosian, l°k2, 19^5. SYNONYMY: Hymenolepis sp. Linton, 1927 Dicranotaenia deglandi Skrjabin & Matevosian, 1Q^2 Hymenolepis deglandi (Skrjabin & Matevosian, 19z<-2) McDonald, "'P65 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) 458 Mergini - Melanitta fusca deglandi HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: N. America (USA). Hymeno"1 epis echinocotyle STATUS A3 WATERFOWL FARASITE: Infrequent; reported P times in wild waterfowl, once in domestic duck, and once in captive waterfowl. DESCRIPTION: Fuhrmann, 1907; Meggitt, 1933; Beverley- Burton, 1964. Copy: Hughes, 19^1a; Skrjabin & Matevosian, 19^5. SYNONYMY: Hymenolepis echinocotyle Fuhrmann, 1907 Hymenolepis (Hymenolepis) echinocotyle Fuhrmann, 1907 of Sprehn, 1932 Dicranotaenia echinocotyle (Fuhrmann, 1907) L<5pez-Neyra , 1^2 Echinocotyle echinocotyle (Fuhrmann, 1907) Yamaguti, 1959 Hymenolepis longistylosa Shen Tseng, 1°32 - [Spasskii, 1956b] LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser canagicus, Cygnus olor Tadornini - Tadorna ferruginea Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos, Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) , Anas acuta , Anas clypeata, Anas crecca, Anas penelope, Anas auer- quedula HABITAT: Small intestine - tends to occur in anterior half, ceca. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (India, China), N. America (USA, USA - Alaska) . Dicranotaenia echinorostrae Hymenolepis echinorostrae STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; rerorted once in ducks. DESCRIPTION: Schiller, 1957. SYNONYMY: Hymenolepis echinorostrae Schiller, 1°57 Dicranotaenia echinorostrae (Schiller, 1Q57) Yamaguti, 195Q 459 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Aythyini - Aythya affinis HABITAT: Small intestine - duodenum. DISTRIBUTION: N. America (USA - Alaska). Dicranotaenia fallax Hymenolepis fallax STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; rerorteH 9 times in wi^d ducks. STATUS AS SPECIES: Not definitely distinguished from D. coronula - Spasskii, 1963. DESCRIPTION: Belopol 'skaia, 1952b; Schiller, 1955s- Copy: Hughes, 19^1 a; Skrjabin & Matevosfan, loi+5; Spasskaia, 1966. SYNONYMY: Taenia fallax Krabbe, IP69 Diplacanthus (Lepidotrias ) fallax (Krabbe, 1P69) Cohn, l^oo Hymenolepis fallax (Krabbe, iP6o) Railliet, 1«99 Hymenolepis (Hymenolepis) fallax (Krabbe, 1P6°) o** Srrehn, 1 °J? Dicranotaenia (Dicranotaenia) fallax (Krabbe, 1869) Lopez-Nryra, 19^2 Hymenolepis anceps Linton, 192? - [Spasskii, 196ll Dicranotaenia deglandi Skrjabin & Matevosian, 19^2 - [Soasskii, 196ll Hymenolepis parvisaccata Shepard , 19^3 - C Spasskii, 196"! 1 Dicranotaenia coronula micracantha Matevosian, ""^45 - [Smsskii, 19611 Hymenolepis makundi Singh, 1952 - [ Spasskii, 196l ~* LIFE CYCLE: Cysticercoids reported in fresh-water amphipod Crustacea, not verified experimentally. (Joyeux & Baer, 1936) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Gammarus pulex FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas penelope, Anas querquedula Somateriini - Somateria fischeri, Somateria mollissima , Somateria spectabilis Aythyini - Aythya ferina, Aythya f u~< igu"1 a , Aythya maril a Mergini - Bucephala clangula 460 HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (Yakutia, Chukotka ) , N. America (USA Alaska, Greenland). Variol epis farciminosa Hymenol epis farciminosa STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Accidental, normally in Passeri formes; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Makarenko, 1952; Mettrick, 1958. Copy: Hughes, 19^a; Skrjabin & Matevosian, 19^5; Spasskafa, 1966. SYNONYMY: Hughes, 19^0. Taenia farciminosa Goeze, 1782 Haly5is farciminosa (Goeze, 1782) Zeder, ! #03 Hymenolepis farciminosa (Goeze, 1782) Railliet, 1.89° Weinlandia farciminosa (Goeze, 17p2) Mayhew, 1925 Dicranotaenia farciminosa (Goeze, 1782) L<5pez-Neyra , 19^-2 Variolepis farciminosa (Goeze, 1782) Spasski? & Spasskaia, 195^ Taenia farciminalis Batsch, 17p6 Halysis farciminalis (Batsch, 1786) Blainville, 1.828 Hymenolepis farciminalis (Batsch, 1786) Fuhrmann, 1906 Diplacanthus farciminalis (Batsch, 17R6) Volz, 1^99 Hymenolepis dahurica (Linstow) of Southwell, 192? Wardium variabile Mayhew, 1925 Hymenolepis variabile (Mayhew, 1925) Fuhrmann, 1932 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs with onchospheres passed in feces; cysticercoids develop in grasshoppers (Orthoptera) in 7-10 days after ingestion, at 29 C.; mature in 10 days after ingestion by final host. (Dutt & Mehra, 1962) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Acrida exaltata [exper.l , Acrotyius humbertianus [exper.], Aiolopus sp. Lexper.l, Crotogonus sp. Lexper.l, Cedaleus abruptus [exper.] FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Aythyini - Aythya ferina Galliformes - Gallus gallus (dom. ) Passeriformes - Acridotheres albocinctus , Acridotheres tristis . Acro- cephalus agricola , Corvus alhus, Corvus macrorhynchus , Corvus monedula , Cyanopica cyana, Emberiza aureola , Emberiza cioides, Garrulus glandarius, Nucirraga caryocatactes , Oriolus orio1 us, Perisoreus infaustus, Fica pica, Sturnus mal abaricus, Stnrnus nigricollis, Sturnus unicolor, Sturnus vulgaris, Turdus merul a , Turdus pilaris, Turdus viscivorus 461 HABITAT: Probably small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (W. Siberia, Uzbekistan, Kirgizia, Tad- zhikistan, India, Indochina, Primorsk, Japan), N. America (USA, Can- ada), S. America (Argentina). Micro somacanthus fausti Hymenolepis fausti STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Common; reported 2h times in wild ducks, once in domestic duck. STATUS AS SPECIES: Synonym of H. paramicrosoma _ Rysavy, 196l. DESCRIPTION: Shen Tseng, 1932b; Dubinina , 195^a; Spasskafa & Spas- skii, 1961. Copy: Hughes, 19^1a; Skrjabin & Matevosian, 19^5, Sras- skaia, 1966. SYNONYMY: Fuhrmaniella fausti Shen Tseng, 1932 Hymenolepis fausti (Shen Tseng, 1932) Fuhrmann, 1^32 Microsomacanthus fausti (Shen Tseng, 1Q32) Lflpez-Neyra, 19^2 Dicranotaenia fausti (Shen Tseng, lc>32 ) Skrjabin & Matevos-ian, 19^5 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs with onchospheres passed in feces; cysticercoids develop in fresh-water copepod Crustacea; mature in final host after ingestion. Cysticercoids survive in gastropods after ingestion of copepods. ( Spas ska lk, 1966) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Acanthocyclops viridis, Mesocyclops crassus, Mesocyclops leuckarti, Mesocyclops oithonoides AUXILIARY HOSTS: Planorbidae FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) , Anas acuta, Anas crecca, Anas formosa. Anas penelope, Anas quer- quedula, Anas rubripes, Anas strepera Somateriini - Somateria mollissima Aythyini - Aythya ferina , Aythya f uligula , Aythya marila, Aythya nyroca , Netta rufina Mergini - Bucephala clangula, Me1anitta fusca deglandi, Mergus albellus, Mergus serrator HABITAT: Small intestine, ceca . DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Esthonia), Asia (W. Siberia, Uzbekistan, Kazakh- stan, China, Yakutia, Tamyr, Amur, Frimorsk, Kamchatka), N. America (USA, USA - Alaska). 462 Echinatrium filosomum STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported twice in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Spasskil & Iurpalova, 1965. Copy: Spasskaia, 1966. SYNONYMY: Echinatrium filosomum Spasskil & Iurpalova, 19^5 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Aythyini - Aythya marila HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Yakutia, Chukotka). Sobolevicanthus filumferens Hymenolenis filumferens STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported k times in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Erock, 19^2. Copy: Skrjabin & Matevosian, 19^5. SYNONYMY: Hymenolepis filumferens Brock, 19^2 Sobolevicanthus filumferens (Brock, 19^2) Yamaguti, 1959 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas clypeata, Anas discors HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: N. America (USA). Retinomet ra 1 imu I a Hymenolepis fimula STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in cartive water- fowl. 463 DESCRIPTION: Meggitt, 1933. Copy: Hughes, lf&laj Skrjabin & Mate- vosian, 19^5. SYNONYMY: Hymenolepis fimula Meggitt, 1933 Sphenacanthus fimula (Meggitt, 1933) Lopez-Neyra , 1 942 Hymenosphenacanthus f imul a (Meggitt, 1933) Yamaguti, lc59 Retinometra fimula (Meggitt, 1933) Spasskii, 1963 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Aythyini - Aythya ferina HABITAT: Not given, probably small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (India - Calcutta Zool. Garden). Retinometra ^ista Hymenolepis fista STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in captive duck. DESCRIPTION: Meggitt, 1933- Copy: Hughes, l°4la; Skrjabin & Mate- vosian, 19^5* SYNONYMY: Hymenolepis fista Meggitt, 1933 Sphenacanthus fista (Meggitt, 1933) Lfipez-Neyra, 19^2 Hymenosphenacanthus fista (Meggitt, 1933) Yamaguti, 1959 Retinometra fista (Meggitt, 1933) Spasskii, 1963 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Cairinini - Nettapus coromand el ianu s HABITAT: Not given, probably small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (India - Calcutta Zool. Garden). Sobolevicanthus fl a gel lata Hymenoleois ^lage"1 lata STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reporter" twice in wild ducks. 464 STATUS AS SPECIES: Synonym of H. gracilis - Lepez-Neyra , 1°42. DESCRIPTION: Fuhrmann, l°©6a. Copy: Hughes, 1941 a ; Skrjabin & Matevosian, 1945. SYNONYMY: Hymenolep-is flagellata Fuhrmann, 1906 We inland ia flagellata (Fuhrmann, 1906) Mayhew, 1925 Dicranotaenia flagellata (Fuhrmann, 1906) Skrjabin & Matevosian, Sobolevicanthus flagellata, (Fuhrmann , 1906) Spas ski 5 & Spasskaia, 1954 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas bahamensis HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: West Indies, S. America (Brazil). Microsomacanthus floreata Hymenolepis floreata STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported 4 times in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Meggitt, 1927b; Beverley- Burton, 1964; Spasskaia, 1965. Copy: Hughes, 194la; Skrjabin & Matevosian, 1945; Spasskaia, 1966. SYNONYMY: Hymenolepis pauciovata Meggitt, 1927, not Fuhrmann, 1QC6 Abortilepis pauciovata (Meggitt, 1927) Yamaguti, 195° Hymenolepis fid el is Meggitt, 192B Hymenolepis floreata Meggitt, 1°3C Microsomacanthus floreata (Meggitt, 1930) L<5pez-Neyra, 1942 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas clypeata Mergini - Histrionicus histrionicus HABITAT: Small intestine - midregion. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (England), Asia (Kamchatka), Africa (Egypt). 465 Hymenolepis fona STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in captive swan. DESCRIPTION: Meggitt, 1933. Copy: Hughes, 19^1a; Skrjabin &■ Mate- vosian, 19^5. SYNONYMY: Hymenolepis fona Meggitt, 1933 Sphenacanthus fona (Meggitt, 1933) Lflpez-Neyra , lQi4-2 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Cygnus olor HABITAT: Not given, probably small, intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (India - Calcutta Zool. Garden). Micro somacanthus formosa Hymenolepis formosa STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported 5 times in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Dubinina, 195*+a; Spasskaia & Spasskil, 196l. Copy: Spasskaia, 1966. SYNONYMY: Hymenolepis formosa Dubinina, 195^ Micro somacanthus formosus (Dubinina, 195*0 Yamaguti, 1959 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas acuta Somateriini - Polysticta ste] leri, Somateria fischeri, Somateria spectabilis Aythyini - Aythya f erina , Aythya fu"1 igula Mergini - Bucephala clangula, C] angu"1 a hyemalis, Melanitta nigra HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (W. Siberia, Tuva, Tamyr, Amur, Chukotka). 466 Microsomacanthus formosoides Hymenolepis formosoides STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Infrequent; reported 3 times in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Spasskafa & Spasskii, 196l; Tolkacheva, 1966; Spasskii. & Iurpalova, 1966a. Copy: Spasskafa, 1966. SYNONYMY: Microsomacanthus formosoides Spasskafa & Spasskii, l°6l Hymenolepis formosoides (Spasskafa & Spasskii, 196l ) McDonald, 1°65 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Mergini - Bucephala elangula , Melanitta fusca, Melanitta fusca deglandi HABITAT: Small intestine, ceca. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Tuva, Tamyr, Chukotka). Hymenolepis fovea ta STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in captive duck. DESCRIPTION: Meggitt, 1933. Copy: Hughes, 19*0.3. SYNONYMY: Hymenolepis fovea ta Meggitt, 1933 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas poecilorhyncha HABITAT: Not given, probably small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (India - Calcutta Zool. Garden). Sobolevicanthus fragilis Hymenolepis fragilis STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Infrequent; reported 7 times in wild 467 waterfowl, once in domestic goose. STATUS AS SPECIES: Hymenolepis fragilis (Krabbe) renamed H. krab- beella by Hughes, 19^0, because of prior use of fragil is in Taenia. Dubinina (l95^a) separated H. fragil. is (Krabbe) of Fuhrmann , 190c from Taenia fragilis Krabbe, and applied the name krabbeell a to Fuhr- mann's form. DESCRIPTION: Dubinina, 195^a; Spasskaia, 196la. Cory: Spasskafa, 1966. SYNONYMY: Taenia fragilis Krabbe, 1P69, not Rudolrhi, 1P02 Hymenolepis fragilis (Krabbe, 1869) Dubinina, 195^ » not Fuhrmann, 1^06 Sobolevicanthus fragilis (Krabbe, 1869) Czapliriski, 1956, not Spas- skii * Spasskaia, 195^a LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser (dom. ) , Anser fabalis, Cypnus olor Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas acuta , Anas clyreata, Anas crecca, Anas querquedula, Anas s trerera Aythyini - Aythya f erina , Aythya nyroca Mergini - Bucephala clangula Oxyurini - Oxyura leucocephala HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (W. Siberia, Kazakhstan, Tuva, Tamyr, Yakutia, Primorsk, Kamchatka). Hymenolepis fructifera STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Meggitt, 1927b. Copy: Hughes, 19*Ha; Skrjabin & Mate- vosian, 19^5- SYNONYMY: Hymenolepis fructifera Meggitt, 1927 Drepanidotaenia fructifera (Meggitt, 1927) L<5pez-Neyra , "19^2 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) 468 Anatini - Anas clyreata HABITAT: Not given, probably small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Egypt). Hymenolepis fruticosa STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Meggitt, 1927b. Copy: Hughes, 19*4-1 a; Skrjabin & Mate- vosian, 19*4-5. SYNONYMY: Hymenolepis fruticosa Meggitt, 1927 Hymenolepis fructicosa Meggitt of Fuhrmann, "!°32, larsus Drepanidotaenia (Drepanidotaenia ) fructicosa (Meggitt, 1927) Lrtnez- Neyra, "19*4-2 Dicranotaenia fruticosa (Meggitt, 1927) Lo^ez-Neyrs , 1 9*1-3 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas clypeata HABITAT: Not given, probably small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Egypt). Retinometra giranensis Hymenolepis giranensis STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Infrequent; reported 7 ti^es in wild ducks, twice in domestic ducks. DESCRIPTION: Sugimoto, 193*4-a; Spasskaia, 196la. Copy: Hughes, 19*Ha; Skrjabin & Matevosian, 19*4-5; Shevtsov & Zaskind, 1°60; Spas- skaia, 1966. SYNONYMY: Hymenolepis giranensis Sugimoto, 193*4- Hymenolepis (Hymenolepis) giranensis Sugimoto, 1 °3*+ of Iwata, 1939 Sphenacanthus (Retlnometra)giranensis (Sugimoto, 193*0 Srasskii <§■ Spasskaia, 195*4- Hymeno sphenacanthus giranensis (Sugimoto, 193*0 Yamaguti, 195Q Retinometra giranensis (Sugimoto, 193*4-) Spasskii, 1 °63 469 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ), Anas acuta, Anas clypeata , Anas crecca, Anas querguedula, Anas strepera Aythyini - Aythya baeri Mergini - Bucephala clangula, Histrionicus histrionicus HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Lithuania, Russia), Asia (Armenia, Tuva, Tamyr, Amur, Taiwan, Kamchatka). Sobolevicanthus gladium Hymenoleois rladium STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported 3 times in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Spasskii & Bobova , 1962b; Spasskii & Iurpalova, 1966b. Copy: Spasskaia, 1966. SYNONYMY: Sobolevicanthus gladium Spasskii & Bobova, 1962 Hymenolepis gladium (Spasskii & Bobova, 1962) McDonald, 1 °65 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas crecca , Anas formosa Aythyini - Aythya marila Mergini - Melanitta fusca deglandi HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Kamchatka, Chukotka). Sobolevicanthus gracilis Hymenolepis gracilis STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Very common, characteristic helminth of waterfowl; reported 57 times in wild, ?6 times in domestic, and ^ times in captive waterfowl . Cnce of the principal helminthic in- fections; pathology of infection described by Wehrmann, 1900. 470 DESCRirTION: L<5pez-Neyra, 1*1; Dubinina, 1954a; Czaplifiski, 1956d; Bezubik, 1957a; Jarecka, 1^61 (ova); RySavy, 196lb; Smsskafa, 196la; Fetrochenko & Kotel'nikov, 1962b; Beverley- Burton, 1^6^-. Copy: Hughes, 1941a; Skrjabin & Matevosian, 1945; Kurashvili, 1957; Shev- tsov & Zaskind, I960; Spas ska-fa, 1966. SYNONYMY: Hughes, 1940. Taenia collo longissimo Bloch, 1782 Halysis gracilis Zeder, lp03 Taenia gracilis (Zeder, 1803) Rudolphi, 1810 Drepanidotaenia gracilis (Zeder, 1803) Railliet, 1^03 Diplacanthus (Dilepis) gracilis (Zeder, 1803) Cohn, 1^9° Hymenolepis gracilis (Zeder, 1*03) Railliet, 1899 Hymenolepis (Drepanidotaenia ) gracilis (Zeder, 1*03) of Cohn, 1901 Weinlandia gracilis (Zeder, 18C3) Mayhew, 1925 Hymenolepis (Hymenolepis) gracilis (Zeder, I8O3) of Sprehn, 1932 Fuhrmaniella gracilis (Zeder, 1803) Shen Tseng, 1932 Hymenolepis (Weinlandia ) gracilis (Zeder, 1803 ) of Neveu-Lemaire , IO36 Sphenacanthus gracilis (Zeder, 1803 ) Lopez-Neyra, 1942 Sobolevicanthus gracilis (Zeder, 1803) Spasskii & Soasskafa, 1954 Drepanidotaenia meleagris Clerc, 1902 Hymenolepis meleagris (Clerc, 1902) Fuhrmann, 1906 - [Lopez-Neyra, 1941 ] Hymenolepis flagellata Fuhrmann, 1^06 - [Lopez-Neyra, l°4ll LIFE CYCLE: Eggs with onchospheres passed in feces; cysticercoids develop in 6-12 days after ingestion by fresh-water ostracod and copepod Crustacea (much more frequent and develop faster in ostracods than in copepods); mature in final host in 9-11 days after ingestion. Cysticercoids survive in snails after ingestion of infected ostracods; reported once in fish. Duration of life cycle not over 6-R months. (Blanchard, 1891a; Busa, l964h; Dobrokhotova, 1964, 1965; Dobrokho- tova & Butenko, 1964; Dobrokhotova & Kasymzhanova, 1964; Jarecka, 1956, 195pb, I960, 1961 ; Joyeux, 1929, 1931; Kotel'nikov, 195Qb, 1964; Lindner, 1921; Linstow, 1872; Monchenko, 1Q56; Mrazek, 1891? Neradov£, 1967; Fetrochenko & Kotel'nikov, 1959a, 1^59b; Rosseter, 1897c; Rysavy, 1964b; Skryl'kov, 1965b) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Candona comnressa, Candona neglecta, Candona rostrata, Cyclocypris dispersa, Cyclocypris globosa, Cypridonsis vidua , Cypris opthalmica , Dolerocyrris fasr-iata Lexper.1, Eucypris virens, Heterocypris incongruens, Notodromas monacha, Acanthocyclops viridis, Cyclops vicinus, Eucyclops serrulatus, Macrocyclops albi- dus, Mesocyclops crassus, Mesocyclop? leuckarti, Mesocyc"1 00s oitho- noides, Faracyclops fimbriatus, Diaptomus sarsi, Diaptomus spinosus, Eudiaptomus graciloides, Eudiaptomus vulgaris AUXILIARY HOSTS: Lymnaea palustris, Lymnaea vulgaris FINAL HOSTS: AVES 471 Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser, Anser anser (dom.), Anser cygnoides (dom.), Cygnus cygnus, Cygnus olor Tadornini - Chloephaga poliocephala , Cyanochen cyanopterus, Tadorna ferruginea , Tadorna rad.jah, Tadorna tadorna Anatini - Anas pla tyrhyncho s , Anas platyrhynchos (dom.), Anas acuta, Anas castanea. Anas clypeata , Anas crecca , [Anas crecca carolinensis - Lapage, 196l, error] , Anas falcata, Anas formosa, Anas georgica , Anas penelope, Anas roecilorhyncha , Anas quer- quedula, Anas rubripes. Anas strepera , LAnas bahamensis - Lrtpez- Neyra, 19^2, original citation not found T Aythyini - Aythya af finis, Aythya f erina , Aythya fuligula, Aythya marila, Aythya novae-seelandiae, Aythya nyroca , Netta erythroph- thalma, Netta rufina Cairinini - Cairina moschata, Cairina moschata (dom. ) Mergini - Bucephala clangula , Histrionicus histrionicus, Mergus merganser, Mergus serrator Oxyurini - Oxyura leucocephala [Ciconiiformes - Phoenicopterus antiquorum - probably another species of cestode, Fuhrmann, 1932] Galliformes - Gallus gallus (dom.), Meleagris gallopavo (dom. ) [Gruiformes - Chlamydotis undulata - probably erroneous label, Fuhr- mann, 1932] [Columbiformes - Treron phoenicopterus - misidentified , Fuhrmann, 1932] HABITAT: Small intestine - entire length. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia, Africa (Egypt), N. America (USA). Retinometra guberiana STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild swan. DESCRIPTION: Czaplinski, 1965a. SYNONYMY: Retinometra guberiana Czaplinski, 1965 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Cygnus olor HABITAT: Small intestine - anterior portion. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Poland). 472 Retinometra hamulacanthos Hymenolepis hamulacanthos STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported twice in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Linton, 1927. Cory: Hughes, 19*Ha; Skrjabin & Mate- vosian, 19^5* SYNONYMY: Hymenolepis hamulacanthos Linton, 1°27 Sphenacanthus hamulacanthos (Linton, 1927) Lopez-Neyra, 19^2 Dicrano taenia hamulacanthos (Linton, 1927) Skrjabin & Matevosian, 1<&5 Hymeno sphenacanthus hamulacanthos (Linton, 1927) Yamaguti, 1 °5Q Retinometra hamulacanthos (Linton, 1927) Spasskil, 1963 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos Aythyini - Aythya americana, [Aythya affinis - Fuhrmann, 1932, & authors, apparently erroneous! HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Tatar ASSR), N. America (USA). Micro somacanthus heterospinus STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Spasskil & Iurpalova , 1964, 196.5, 1966a. Copy: Spas- ska fa, 1.966. SYNONYMY: n Micro somacanthus heterospinus Spasskii & Iurpalova, 1C6*J- LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Somateriini - Somateria mollissima HABITAT: Duodenum, small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Chukotka). 473 Micro somacanthus hopkinsi Hymenolepis hopkinsi STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Common in N. America, although reported only 4 times in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Schiller, 1951a. Copy: Spasskaia, 1966. SYNONYMY: Hymenolepis hopkinsi Schiller, 1951 Mayhewia hopkinsi (Schiller, 1951) Yamapiuti, 1959 Microsomacanthus hopkinsi (Schiller, 1951) Spasskaia, 1966 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos, Anas acuta, Anas penelope , Anas rubripes , Anas strepera Aythyini - Aythya marila HABITAT: Ceca. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Kazakhstan), N. America (USA, USA - Alaska). Micro somacanthus hystrix Hymenolepis hystrix STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported twice in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Spasskaia & Spasskii, 196l. Copy: Spasskaia, 1966. SYNONYMY: Microsomacanthus hystrix Spasskaia & Spasskii, lQ6l Hymenolepis hystrix (Spasskaia & Spasskii, 1961 ) McDonald, 1Q65 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Aythyini - Aythya fuligula Mergini - Melanitta fusca HABITAT: Small intestine, ceca. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Tamyr, Tuva). 474 Amphipetrovia infLatocirrosa STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported twice in wild ducks. STATUS AS SPECIES: Synonym of Amphipetrovia retracta - Spasskaia, 1966. DESCRIPTION: Oshmarin, 1963a. SYNONYMY: Amphipetrovia inflatocirrosa Oshmarin, 1963 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas crecca, Anas formosa HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Frimorsk, Amur). Hymenolepis infrequens STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in duck, presum- ably domestic. DESCRIPTION: Sharma, 19^3* Cory: Skrjabin & Matevosian, 19^5. SYNONYMY: Hymenolepis infrequens Sharma, 19^+3 Staphylepis infrequens (Sharma, 1°^3) Yamspruti, 195Q LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) HABITAT: Not given, probably small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Burma). Micro somacanthus .jaegerskioeldi Hymenolepis .jaep;erskioeldi STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported p times in wild 475 ducks. DESCRIPTION: Fuhrmann, 1913. Copy: Hughes, 19^1a; Skrjabin & Mate- vosian, 19^5; Spasskaia, 1966, SYNONYMY: Hymenolepis jaegerskioeld i Fuhrmann, 1Q13 Weinlandia jaeperskloeldi (Fuhrmann, 1913) Mayhew, 1°25 Micro somacanthus jaegerskioeldi (Fuhrmann, 1913) Lfipez-Neyra, 19^2 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas pl.atyrhynchos , Anas crecca Somateriini - Somateria mollissima Aythyini - Aythya affinis Kergini - Clangula hyemalis, Histrionicus histrionicus , Mel anitta fusca, Melanitta nigra HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Iceland, N. Europe), Asia (Frimorsk), N. Amer- ica (USA - Alaska). Microsomacanthus jamunicus Hymenolepis jamunica STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in duck, presum- ably domestic. DESCRIPTION: Sharma, 19^3. Copy: Skrjabin & Matevosian, 19*4-5. SYNONYMY: Hymenolepis jamunica Sharma , 19^3 Microsomacanthus jamunicus (Sharma, 19^+3) Yamaguti, 1^5° LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dorr. ) HABITAT: Not given, probably smal"1 intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Burma). 476 SoboT evicanthus .javanensis Hymenolepis .javanensis STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Davis, 19*4-5. SYNONYMY: Hymenolepis .-javanensis Davis, 19*4-5 Sobolevicanthus .javanensis (Davis, 19*4-5) Spasskii & Spasskaia, 195*4- LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Dendrocygnini - Dendrocygna javanica HABITAT: Not given, probably small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (E. Indies). Monosaccanthes kazachstanica Hymenolenis kazachstanica STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wi">.d swans; most frequent in downy cygnets. DESCRIPTION: Maksimova, l°63b; Czaplinski, 1967. Copy: Spasskii, 1963; Spasskaia, 1966. SYNONYMY: Parabisaccanthes kazachstanica Maksimova, 1963 Hymenolepis kazachstanica (Maksimova, I963) McDonald, 196.5 Monosaccanthes kazachstanica (Maksimova, 1963) Czaplinski, 1967 Drepanidotaenia bisacculina (Szpotanska) of Jarecka, 1°6C LIFE CYCLE: Eggs with onchosphpres passed in "feces; cysticercoids develop in fresh-water copepod Crustacea after ingestion; mature in final host after ingestion. (Jarecka, 195Ra, T.c60a, 196l; Czap- linski & Kotecki, 1967) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Acanthocyclops viridis FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Cygnus olor HABITAT: Intestine. 477 DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Poland), Asia (Kazakhstan). Retinometra kenaiensis HymenoT.er.is kenaiensis STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Schiller, 1952b. SYNONYMY: Hymenolepis kenaiensis Schiller, 1°52 Hymenosphenacanthus kenaiensis (Schiller, 1952) Yamaeuti, TQ5Q Retinometra kenaiensis (Schiller, T°52) Spasskil, 1963 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseri formes (Anatidae) Aythyini - Aythya marila HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: N. America (USA - Alaska). Hymenolepis kowalewskii STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. STATUS AS SFECIES: In genus Hymeno fimbria - Snasskii, 196T , 1°63. DESCRIPTION: Baczynska, 191^. Copy: Hughes, IQiJ-la; Skrjabin & Matevosian, 19^+5 • SYNONYMY: Hymenolepis kowalewskii Baczynska, 191^ Hymenolepis (Hymenolepis) kowalewskii Baczynska, 191^ of Sprehn, 1932 Pic rano taenia (Dicranotaenia ) kowaTewskii (Baczynska, 191*0 Lopez- Neyra, 1^2 Wardium kowalewskii (Baczynska, 191^) Spasskii & Spasskaia, IQ54 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Aythyini - Aythya fulipula [Gruiformes - Fulica atra - probably an error, Fuhrmann, 1932] 478 HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Germany). Sobolevicanthus krabbeella Hymenolepis krabbeella STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Common; reported 35 times in *rT>d ducks, 3 times in domestic waterfowl. STATUS AS SPECIES: Hughes (19^0) gave the new name, H. krabbeella. to Taenia fragilis Krabbe, 1869. However, Dubinina (lQ5^a) separated T. fragilis and H. fragilis of Fuhrmann, 1906, and assigned krabbe- ella to the form described by Fuhrmann, retaining fragilis as a spe- cies. H. fragilis in the literature usually refers to krabbeel la . DESCRIPTION: Czaplinski, 1956d; Dubinina, 1°56; Ablasov, 1957? Macko, 1960a; Rysav£, 196lb; Spasskaia, l°6la. Copy: Hughes, 19kla; Skr- jabin & Matevosian, 19^5; Shevtsov & Zaskind, 1°60; Spasskara, 1966. SYNONYMY: Hughes, 19^0. Diplacanthus (Dilepis) fragilis (Krabbe, 1P6Q) Cohn, 18Q9 Hymenolepis fragilis (Krabbe, i860) Railliet, 1899; Fuhrmann, 19C6 Drepanidotaenia fragilis (Krabbe, lpt6Q) Cohn, 1901 Hymenolepis (Hymenolepis) fragilis (Krabbe, 1869) of Sprehn , 1932 Sphenacanthus fragilis (Krabbe, 1869) Lopez-Neyra, 19^2 Sobolevicanthus fragilis (Krabbe, 1869) Spasski? & Spasskaia, 195^ Hymenolepis krabbeella Hughes, 19^0 Sobolevicanthus krabbeella (Hughes, 19^0) Czap"iinski, 1956 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser (dom. ) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas platyrhynchos (dom.), Anas acuta, Anas clypeata , Anas crecca, LAnas crecca carolinensis - Lapage , 1961, errorl , Anas formosa, Anas querauedula, Anas strepera Aythyini - Aythya ferina Cairinini - Aix galericulata Mergini - Bucephala clangula, Melanitta fusca HABITAT: Small intestine, ceca. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (W. Siberia, Uzbekistan, Kirgizia, Kazakh- stan, Tuva, Tamyr, China, Amur, Frimorsk, Kamchatka, Chukotka). 479 Tschertkovilepis krabbei Hymenolepis krabbei STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported k times in wild and once in domestic waterfowl. Mortality due to infection reported by Cram, 192*4- (as H. tenuirostris). STATUS AS SFECIES: Confused with H. tenuirostris and H. setig-era by authors. DESCRIPTION: RySavy, 196lb (as Pi era no taenia tenuirostris); Czapliri- ski & Jarecka, in press. SYNONYMY: Taenia krabbei Kowalewski, 189*4- Drepanidotaenia krabbei (Kowalewski, 189*0 Zurn, 1898 Hymenolepis krabbei (Kowalewski, 189*0 Joyeux & Baer, 1936 Tschertkovilepis krabbei (Kowalewski, 189*0 Czaplinski & Jarecka, in press Taenia conscripta Railliet & Henry, 1909 Hymenolepis conscripta (Railliet & Henry, 1909) Fuhrmann, 192*4- Drepanidotaenia ? conscripta (Railliet & Henry, 1909) Lorez-Neyra, 1QU2 Tschertkovilepis conscripta (Railliet & Henry, 1909) Yamaguti, 1959 Hymenolepis (Drepanidotaenia) tenuirostris (Rudolphi) of Cohn, 1901, et al. LIFE CYCLE: Eggs with onchospheres passed in feces; cysticercoids develop in fresh-water copepod Crustacea; mature in final host after ingestion. (Czaplinski & Jarecka, in press; Hall, 1929; Mrazek, 1891; Rosseter, 1897c, 1903) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: FINAL HOSTS: AYES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser, Anser anser (dom. ) , Anser albifrons, Anser erythropus Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos Aythyini - Aythya f erina , Aythya marila Mergini - Melanitta fusca, Mergus albellus, Mergus merganser, Mergus serrator Charadriiformes - Rissa tridactyla HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (W. Siberia), N. America (USA). 480 Dicranotaenia kutassi Hymenolepis kutassi STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. STATUS AS SPECIES: Perhaps an aberrant form of D. coronula - Spas- skii, 1956a; synonym of D. coronula - Spasskii, 196l; and Spasskaia, 1966. DESCRIPTION: Skrjabin & Matevosian, 19^5? Matevosian, 19^6. SYNONYMY: Dicranotaenia kutassi Matevosian in Skrjabin & Matevosian, 19^5 Hymenolepis kutassi (Matevosian, 19^5) McDonald, 196S LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Aythyini - Aythya marila HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Yakutia). Hymenolepis lamella ta STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in captive duck. DESCRIPTION: Woodland, 1930. Copy: Hughes, 19*Ha; Skrjabin & Mate- vosian, 19^5. SYNONYMY: Hymenolepis lamellata Woodland, 1930 Dicranotaenia lamellata (Woodland, 1930) Skrjabin & Matevosian, 19^5 Staphylepis lamellata (Woodland, 1930) Yamaputi, 1^59 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Tadornini - Tadorna rad.jah or T. tadornoides, "probably the former" HABITAT: Not given, probably snail intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Australia? (England - London Zool. Garden). 481 Drepanidotaenia lanceo"1 ata Hymenolepis lanceolata STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Very common, characteristic helminth of waterfowl, typically in Anserini; reporter1 36 times in wild water- fowl, 107 times in domestic, and 5 times in captive waterfowl. Very frequent cause of disease in young geese; pathology described by Caemmerer, 1909; Emets, 1929; Lucet, 1892; Dotsenko, 195^. Mortal- ity reported by Fotemkina, 1938, 1Q^0; and Fillers, 1923. DESCRIPTION: Skrjabin, l°l^c; Maplestone & Southwell, 1922; Mahon, 1956; Czaplifiski, 1956d ; Jarecka, 19.61 (ova). Copy: Hughes, 1^4la; Skrjabin & Katevosian, 19V5? Kurashvili, 1957; Shevtsov & Zaskind , I960; Spasskaia, I966. SYNONYMY: Hughes, 19^0. Taenia anseris Bloch, 1779 Taenia acutissima Pallas, 1781, e.p. Taenia lanceolata Bloch, 1782 Taenia lanceolata Goeze, 1782 Taenia lanceola Batrch, 1786 Taenia lanceolata anseris Goeze, 1792 Halysis lanceolata (Bloch, 1782) Zeder, 1803 Hymenolepis (Dilepis) lanceolata (B"ioch, "1 782) Weinland, I.858 Drepanidotaenia lanceolata (Bloch, 1782) RaiUiet, 1*93 Diplacanthus (Dilepis) lanceolata (Bloch, 1782) Cohn, 1899 Hymenolepis (Drepanidotaenia) lanceolata (Bloch, 1782) of Cohn, 1901 Hymenolepis (Hymenolepis) lanceolata (Bloch, 1782) of Iwata, 1939 Drepanidotaenia (Drepanidotaenia) lanceolata (Bloch, 1782) of Lftpez- Neyra, 19*4-2 Taenia anserum Frisch, 1727 in Rudolphi, 1.810 Hymenolepis anserum (Frisch, 1727) Fuhrmann, 1908 Drepanidotaenia lanceolata var. lobata Szpotanska, 1931, n°t H. lob- ata Fuhrmann, 1906 Drepanidotaenia lobata (Szpotanska, 1931) Skrjabin & Matevosian, 19^5 Hymenolepis lanceolata var. szpotanskaica Hughes, 19^0 - [Czaplinski, 1956d1 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs with onchospheres passed in feces, viable in water up to 26 days; cysticercoids develop in 10-18 days at 18-20 C. after ingestion by fresh-water copepod Crustacea, infective in 20-30 days; mature in 15-25 days after ingestion by final host; duration of life cycle about 6 months. (Daday, 1901; Dobrokhotova , 196'+, 1965; Gel - ler, 1959; Kisielewska, 1955, 1957, 1Q5°; Kotel'nikov, 1959b; Mon- chenko, 1956; Parukhin, 1957; Petrochenko & Kotel'nikov, lc>5Qa, lQ5°b; Potemkina, 1937b, 1938; Ruszkowski, 1932a, lQ32b; Selivanova-fart- seva, 1959a; Zakhrillov & Savinkova, 1962a) Development and survival in intermediate host depends on age and sex of host, season, number of cysticercoids (Kisielewska, 1957, 1959). During winter, worms undergo destrobilization, scolices survive without reproduction (Fed- 482 :fushin, 19^3» Feoktistov, 1953)* Ecology of seasonal ripe in inci- dence discussed by Busa, 1.96^-g; Okorokov, l°63b. INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Acanthocycl ors bicusnidatus, Acanthncyclors vernalis [exper.], Acanthocyclops viridis, Cyclops diaohanus, Cyclops furcifer, Cyclops glpbosus, Cyclops insignis, Cyclops strenuus, Cy- clops vicinus, Eucy clops macruroides, Eucyclops macrurus , Eucyclops serrulatus, Eucyclops speratus , Macrocycloos albidus, Macrocyclops fuscus , Mesocyclops crassus, Mesocyclops dybowskii, Mesocyci nrs leuc- karti, Mesocyclops oithonoides, Paracyclops af finis , Para cycl ops f imbriatus, Tropocyclops prasinus, Diaptomus gracilis, Diaptomus sarsi , Diaptomus spinosus AUXILIARY HOSTS: Lymnaea auricularia FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser* Anser anser (dom. ), Anser albifrons , Anser caerulescens, Anser canagica, Anser cygnoides , Anser erythro- pus, Anser fabalis, Anser indicus, Branta bernicla, Branta canadensis, Cygnus atratus, Cygnus columbianus, Cygnus cygnus, LCygnus olor - Lapage, 196l , erroneous citation] Tadornini - Tadorna tadorna Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ), Anas clypeata, Anas penelope , Anas querquedula , Anas rubripes, Anas strepera Aythyini - Aythya f erina , Aythya f ul igul a , Aythya nyroca , Netta rufina Cairinini - Cairina moschata Mergini - Bucephala clangula Oxyurini - Oxyura leucocephala Gavii formes - Gavia immer Fodicipediformes - Fodiceps sp. Ciconiiformes - Phoenicopterus antiquorum Gall i formes - Gallus gallus (dom. ) MAMMALIA - Primates - Homo saniens HABITAT: Small intestine - posterior half. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia, N. America, Australia. Nad e. idol epis lauriei Hymenolepis lauriei STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; probably accidental, normally in charadriiform birds; reported once in wild duck. STATUS AS SPECIES: Synonym of H. nltida - Baer, 1956. 483 DESCRIPTION: Davies, 1939; Deblock, Biguet, & Capron, I960; Maksi- mova, 1963a. Cory: Deblock & Rose, 1962; Spasskaia, 1966. SYNONYMY: Hymenolepis lauriei Davies, 193Q Nade.jdolepis lauriei (Davies, 1939) Spasskil & Spasskaia, 195^ Hymenolepis (Hymenolepis) lauriei Davies, 193° of Deblock & Rose, 1962 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Mergini - Bucephala clanpula Charadriiformes - Crocethia alba, Ero1 ia alpina , Haematopus ostrale- gus_, Larus ridibundus, Tringa totanus, Xenus cinereus HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Great Britain), Asia (Kazakhstan, E. Siberia, Primorsk). Hymenolepis Tinea STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Accidental , normally in gallinaceous birds; reported once in domestic goose. DESCRIPTION: Copy: Hughes, l°^a; Skrjabin & Matevosian, 19^5? Kasimov, 1956. SYNONYMY: Hughes, 19*K). Taenia linea Goeze , 1782 Alyselminthus linea (Goeze, 1782) Zeder, 1800 Halysis linea (Goeze, 1782) Zeder, lp03 Hymenolepis linea (Goeze, 1782) Wolffhiigel, lP°9 Hymenolepis (Drepanidotaenia ) linea (Goeze, 17p2) of Cohn, 1901 Drepanidotaenia linea (Goeze, 1782) Cohn, 1901 Dicranotaenia TDicranotaenia) linea (Goeze, 1782) Lopez-Neyra, 19^2 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser sp. Galliformes - Alectoris barbara , Al ectoris graeca, Coturnix cotur- nix, Gallus gallus (dom. ), Lap-opus scoticus, Perdix perdix Fasseriformes - Alauda arven^is , Montico1 a saxatii.is HABITAT: Intestine. 484 DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (Uzbekistan), Africa. Retinometra lintoni Hymenolepis lintoni STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Infrequent; reported 3 times in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Linton, 1927. Copy: Lorez-Neyra, 1932; Hughes, 194la; Skrjabin & Matevosian, 194.5; Spasskii, 1963; Spasskaia, 1966. SYNONYMY: Hymenolepis macrocanthus (Linstow) of Linton, 1927 Hymenolepis lintoni Lopez-Neyra, 1°32 Sphenacanthus lintoni (Lorez-Neyra , 1932) Lor.ez-Neyra, 1.942 Hymenosphenacanthus lintoni (Lopez-Neyra, 1932) Yamaguti, 1<~>5Q Retinometra lintoni (Lopez-Neyra , 1932) Spasskii, I.963 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos Mergini - Histrionicus histrionicus, Mergus serrator HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Mongolia, Amur), N. America (USA). Hymenolepis liophallos STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported twice in wild waterfowl, 3 times in captive waterfowl. STATUS AS SFECIES: H. liophallns o^ Beverley-Burton, 1964 same as Microsomacanthus spiral icirrata . DESCRIPTION: Beverley-Burton, 1964. Copy: Hughes, 1941a; Skrjabin & Matevosian, 1945. SYNONYMY: Taenia liophallos Krabbe, lP6° Diplacanthus (Dilepis) liophallos (Krsbbe, n869) Cohn, 189° Hymenolepis liophallos (Krabbe, 1869 ) Railliet, \P°° Drepanidotaenia liophallos (Krabbe, 1869) Cohn, 1901 Hymenolepis (Hymenolepis) liophallos (Krabbe, 1869) of Sprehn, 1°32 Drepanidotaenia (Drepanidolepis) liophallos (Krabbe, 1^69) of L<5pez- Neyra, 1942 485 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs with onchospheres passed in -feces; cysticercoids reported in fresh-water copepod and ostracod Crustacea, unverified experimentally. (Hall, 1929; Joyeux & Baer, 1936a; Rosseter, lfl<>7b) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Cyclops crassicaudis, Cyclocypris cinerea, Cy_- clocypris dispersa , Cyclocypris globosa FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Cygnus atratus, Cygnus cygnus, Cygnus olor Anatini - Anas clypeata HABITAT: Intestine - anterior region. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (England). Dicranotaenia lobata Hymenolepis lobata STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. STATUS AS SPECIES: Structure of segments corresponds to that of H. coronula - Spasskii, 1956a; inadequately described, doubtful species - Spasskii, I963. DESCRIPTION: Fuhrmann, l°06a. Copy: Hughes, 19*Ha; Skrjabin & Mate- vosian, 19^5> Spasskii, 1963. SYNONYMY: Hymenolepis lobata Fuhrmann, 1906 Weinlandia lobata (Fuhrmann, 1906) Mayhew, 1925 Dicranotaenia lobata (Fuhrmann, 1906) L<5pez-Neyra , 19^2 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas bahamensis HABITAT: Not given, probably small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: S. America (Brazil). Retinometra 1 ongicirrosa Hymenolepis longicirropa STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Very common, especially in Anserini; 486 reported 25 times in wild, 26 times in domestic, and 4 times in cap- tive waterfowl. Frequent cause of disease in young geese - Sprehn, 1932. STATUS AS SPECIES: Confused with H. setigera by earlier authors. Most recent records entered as H. fasciculata. DESCRIPTION: Fuhrmann, l(5Q6b; Skrjabin, 191^c; Skrjabin, 191 5a (as H. fasciata); Meggitt, 1933; Ltfpez-Neyra , 1Q^ (fig., as S. fasci- culata); Ablasov, 1957 (as H. fasciculata); Snasskaia, 10^ (as R. fasciculata). Copy: Hughes, 19;-Ha; Skrjabin & Matevosian, TQ^S; Shevtsov & Zaskind, I960; Spasskaia, 1966. SYNONYMY: Hughes, 19^0. Alyselminthus crenatus (Goeze, 1782) Zeder, 1800, e.p. Halysis crenata (Goeze, 1782) Zeder, 1B03, e.p. Taenia fasciata Rudolphi of Feuereisen, 1868, and Krabbe , 1^6° Diplacanthus (Dilepis) fasciata (Krabbe, 1..P69) Cohn, 1 *99 Drepanidotaenia fasciata (Krabbe, I869) Railliet, 1803 _ [Srrehn, 19321 Hymenolepis fasciata (Krabbe, I869) Railliet, 18QQ Hymenolepis (Drepanidotaenia ) fasciata (Rudolphi, lp10) of Cohn, 1901 Hymenolepis longjicirrosa Fuhrmann, 1906 Hymenolepis (Hymenolepis) longicirrosa Fuhrmann, 1906 of Sprehn, 1P32 Hymenosphenacanthus longicirrosa (Fuhrmann, 1906) Yamaguti, 1959 Retinometra longicirrosa (Fuhrmann, 1906) Spasskii, 1963 Hymenolepis fasciculata Ransom, 1909 - [Dubinina, 19^8; Ablasov, 1957; Spasskii, 1963] Sphenacanthus fasciculata (Ransom, 1909) Ldpez-Neyra , 19^2 Hymenosphenacanthus fasciculata (Ransom, 1909) Yamaguti, 195q Retinometra fasciculata (Ransom, 190°) Spasskaia, 1965 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs with onchospheres passed in feces; cysticercoids develop in fresh-water copepod Crustacea after ingestion; mature in final host after ingestion. (Mrazek, 1890, 1891; Monchenko, 1956) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Acanthocyclops viridis, Cyclops strenuus, Eu Cy- clops agilis, Eucyclops serrulatus, Mesocyclops leuckarti, Diaptomus coeruleus, Diaptomus sarsi FINAL HOSTS: AVES An seri formes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser, Anser anser (dom. ) , Anser albifrons, Anser cygnoides, Anser erythropus, Anser fabalis , Cygnus olor Tadornini - Tad orna ferruginea Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos. Anas platyrhynchos (dom.), Anas acuta. Anas crecca , Anas penelope, Anas strepera Aythyini - Aythya ferina, Aythya fuligula Mergini - Bucephala clangula 487 HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (W. Siberia, Azerbaidzhan, Armenia, Kir- gizia, Kazakhstan, Yakutia, India, China, Frimorsk, Japan, Chukotka), Retinometra longistyl osa Hymenolepis longistylosa STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported twice in wild geese. STATUS AS SFECIES: Original description combined strobila of Sphena- canthus sp. , hooks of H. echinocotyle - Spasskii, 1956b. DESCRIPTION: Shen Tseng, 1932b. Copy: Hughes, 19*Ha; Skrjabin & Matevosian, 19^5» Spasskaia, 1966. SYNONYMY: Hymenolepis longistylosa Shen Tseng, 1932 Dicranotaenia (Dicrano taenia) longistylosa (Shen Tsen?, 1C132) Ltfpez- Neyra, 19^2 Sphenacanthus longistylosa (Shen Tseng, 1932) Spasskii & Spasskaia, I054 Stylolepis longistylosa (Shen Tseng, 1932) Yamaguti, 195° Retinometra longistylosa (Shen Tseng, 1932) Spasskii, 1 963 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser, [Anser anser (dom. ) - Lapage, l°>6l , erro- neous citation] , Anser fabalis HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Kirgizia, China). Retinometra longivaginata Hymenolepis longivaginata STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported 3 times in wild waterfowl, once in captive bird. STATUS AS SPECIES: Insufficiently described - Joyeux & Baer, 1936a, DESCRIPTION: Fuhrmann, lQ06b. Copy: Hughes, lQ^la; Skrjabin & Matevosian, 19^5; Spasskaia, 1966. 488 SYNONYMY: Hymenolepis longivaginata Fuhrmann, 1Q06 Hymenolepis (Hymenolepis) longivaginata Fuhrmann, 1Q06 of Sprehn, 1932 Drepanidotaenia (Drepanidotaenia ) longivaginata (Fuhrmann, 1°06) Lopez-Neyra , 19^2 Hymenosphenacanthus (?) longivaginatus (Fuhrmann, 1Q06) Yamaguti, 195Q Retinometra longivaginata (Fuhrmann, 1°06) Spasskaia, 1966 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Branta leucopsis Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos, Anas americana , Anas crecca Cairinini - Aix galericulata HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Arctic Coast), Asia (Frimorsk), N. America (USA). Kicrosomacanthus macracanthi s sima Hymenolepis macracanthissima STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild waterfowl. DESCRIPTION: Oshmarin, 1950. Copy: Spasskaia, 1966. SYNONYMY: Hymenolepis macracanthissima Oshmarin, 1Q5C Sphenacanthus macracanthissima (Oshmarin, 1950) Spa?skii & Spasskaia, I05Z4, Nade.jdolepis macracanthissima (Oshmarin, 1^50) Yamaguti, 105Q Micro soma canthus macracanthissima (Oshmarin, 1950) Spasskaia, 1966 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Mergini - Histrionicus histrionicus HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Kamchatka). 489 Retinometra macracanthos Hymenolepis macracanthos STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Frequent; reported 17 times in wile1 ducks. DESCRIPTION: Fuhrmann, 1Q2^; Dubinina, 195*+a; Spasskaia, l°6la; Spasskii & furpalova, 1966b. Copy: Hughes, l^la; Skrjabin & Mate- vosian, 19^5; Spasskaia, 1966. SYNONYMY: Taenia macracanthos Lin stow, 1877 Drepanidotaenia macracanthos (Linstow, 1877) Cohn, 1901 Hymenolepis macracanthos (Linstow, 1877) Fuhrmann, 1^06 Hymenolepis (Hymenolepis) macracanthos (Linstow, 1877) of Sprehn, 193? Sphenacanthus macracanthos (Linstow, 1877) Lopez-Neyra, 19^2 Hymenosphenacanthus macrocanthos (Linstow, 1877) Yamaguti, 1959 Retinometra macracanthos (Linstow, 1*77) Spasskii, 106-3 Hymenolepis macracanthoides Lopez-Neyra, 1932 - [Fuhrmann, 1932] Sphenacanthus macracanthoides (Lopez-Neyra, 1932) Lopez-Neyra, 19^2 Hymenolepis skr.jabini Matevosian in Skrjabin & Matevosian, loiJ-5 Sphenacanthus skr.jabini (Matevosian, 19^5) Sr>asskii & Spasskaia, 195^ - [Spasskaia, 196lal Hymenosphenacanthus skr.jabini (Matevosian, 19^5) Yamaputi, 1959 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos. Anas acuta, Anas strepera Somateriini - Somateria spectabjl is Aythyini - Aythya af finis, Aythya ferina , Aythya ful.igula, Aythya marila, Aythya nyroca Mergini - Bucephala clangula, Melanitta nigra , Mergus merganser, Mergus serrator Oxyurini - Oxyura leucocephala Fodicipediformes - Podiceps cristatus Columbiformes - Columba livia HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (W. Siberia, Azerbaidzhan, Armenia, Kazakh- stan, Tuva, Tamyr, Nepal, Kamchatka, Komandorsky Is.), N. America (USA - Alaska). Retinometra macrocephala Hymenolepis macrocephala STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported 10 times in wild ducks. 490 STATUS AS SFECIES: Ferhaps synonymous with H. venusta - Fever1 ey- Burton, 196U; synonym of H. venusta - Spasskaia, 1°66. DESCRIPTION: Fuhrmann, 1913? Czaplinski, "i 956d ; Bezubik, "> °5?a ; Jarecka, 196l (ova); Spasskaia, 196la; Tolkacheva, 1966. Cony: Hughes, 19^4-la; Skrjabin & Matevosfan, 19^5. SYNONYMY: Hvmenolepis macrocephala Fuhrmann, 1913 Sphenacanthus macrocephalus (Fuhrmann, 1913) Lfirez-Neyra, 19^2 Hymenosphenacanthus macrocephala (Fuhrmann, 1°13) Yamaputi, 1959 Retinometra macrocephala (Fuhrmann, 1913) Spasskii, 1963 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs with onchospheres passed in feces; cysticercoids develop in fresh-water ostracod Crustacea after ingestion; mature after ingestion by final host. (Jarecka, 1956, 1958a, 1960a, l°6l ) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Cyclocypris laevls [exper.l, Notodromas monacha FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas acuta, Anas cVvpeata, Anas crecca, Anas discors Aythyini - Aythya ferina, Aythya nyroca , [Netta rufina - Linage, 196l, erroneous citation] HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (N. Europe), Asia (Armenia, Tuva, Tamyr), N. America (USA). Dicrano taenia makundi Hymenoleris makundi STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. STATUS AS SPECIES: Synonym of H. fallax - Spasskii, 1^61 ; synonym of H. coronula - Spasskii, 1963. DESCRIPTION: Singh, 1952. SYNONYMY: Hvmenolepis makundi Singh, 1952 Dicranotaenia makundi (Singh, 1952) Yamaguti, 1959 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) "wild duck" 491 HABITAT: Not given, probably small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (India). Hymenolepis malaccensis STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Lee, 1966. SYNONYMY: Hymenolepis malaccensis Lee, 1966 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Dendrocygnini - Dendrocygna javanica HABITAT: Probably small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Malaysia). Hymenolepis ma nd a bbi STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in captive duck. DESCRIPTION: Beverley- Burton, i960. SYNONYMY: Hymenolepis mandabbi Beverley-Burt on, I960. LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Aythyini - Aythya fuligula HABITAT: Small intestine - anterior region. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (England - St. James' Park). Cloacotaenia mega! ons Hymenolepis megal ops STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Very common, characteristic helminth 492 of waterfowl; reported 69 times in wild, 28 times in domestic, and twice in captive waterfowl. DESCRIPTION: Ransom, 1902; Tretiakova, 19^0; Larios Rodriguez, 1044; Dubinina, 1954a; Czaplinski, 195&d; Ablasov, 1957; Bezubik, 195?a; Jarecka, 196l (ova); Spasskaoa, 196lb; Beverl ey-Burton, 1°64; Tolka- cheva, 1966. Copy: Hughes, 1941 a; Skrjabin & Matevosian, 1945; Kurashvili, 1957; Shevtsov & Zaskind, I960; Snasskii, 1963; Spasskaia, 1966. SYNONYMY: Hughes, 1940. Taenia anatis-marilae Creplin, 1825 Taenia megalops Nitzsch in Creplin, 1^29 Hymenolepis megalops (Nitzsch, 1829) Farina, 1899 Drepanidotaenia megalops (Nitzsch, 1829) Hutyra & Marek, 1906 Weinlandia megalops (Nitzsch, 1829) Mayhew, 1925 Cloacotaenia megalops (Nitzsch, 1829) Wolffhugel, 1938 Hymenolepis (Weinlandia) megalops (Nitzsch, 1829) of Iwata, 1939 Orlovilepis megalops (Nitzsch, 1829) Spasskii & Spasskaia, 1954 Taenia cylindrica Krefft, 1871 Lallum magniparuterina Johri, I960 - [indicated by Spasskii, 19641 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs with onchospheres passed in feces; cysticercoids develop in 18 days after ingestion by fresh-water ostracod Crustacea, the particular species active only in spring; mature in final host after ingestion. (Jarecka, 1958c, l°6Ca, 196l) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Cypris rubers FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anseranatini - Anseranas semipalmata Anserini - Anser anser (dom.), Anser brachyrhynchus , Branta cana- densis, Coscoroba coscoroba, Cygnus cygnus, Cygnus melanocory- phus, Cygnus olor Tadornini - Lophonetta specul arioides, Tadorna -ferrupinea, Tadorna tadorna Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas platyrhynchos (dom.), Anas acuta. Anas americana. Anas castanea, Anas clv_peata . Anas crecca , Anas crecca carolinensis, Anas cyanoptera , Anas discors , Anas georgica , Anas penelope. Anas platalea, Anas querquedu'1 a , Anas rubripes, Anas sibilatrix, Anas spinicauda. Anas strenera , Anas superciliosa, Anas versicolor Aythyini - Aythya africana, Aythya ferina, Aythya fuligula, Aythya marila, Aythya nyroca , Netta erythrorhthai ma , Netta pernsaca, Netta rufina Cairinini - Amazonetta brasiliensis, Cairina moschata Mergini - Clangula hyemalis, Melanitta fusca Oxyurini - Oxyura leucocephala Galliformes - Gallus gallus (dom. ) Gruiformes - Fulica americana 493 HABITAT: Cloaca, distal end of large intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Cosmopolitan. AnatineTla meggitti Hymenolepis meggitti STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Frequent; reported 12 times in wild ducks. STATUS AS SPECIES: Original description included rostellar hoo^s of another species - Spasskii, 1956b; in part a synonym of Anatin- ella spinulosa - Spasska'fa, 1966. DESCRIPTION: Shen Tseng, 1932b; Ryzhikov, 1956a; Spasskii, 1956b; Spasskaia, 196lb; Macko, 196lb. Cony: Hughes, 19*Ha; Skrjabin & Matevosian, 19^5* SYNONYMY: Hymenolepis meggitti Shen Tseng, 1932 Dicranotaenia (Dicranotaenia) meggitti (Shen Tseng, 1932) Lonez-Neyra, 1Q42 Anatinella meggitti (Shen Tseng, 1932) Spasskii & Spasskaia, 1Q5^ Drepanidotaenia spinulosa Dubinina, 195^ - [Spasskii, 196l] LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas acuta. Anas clypeata , Anas crecca , Anas querquedula Aythyini - Aythya f erina , Netta rufina Mergini - Bucephala clangula HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Czechoslovakia, Esthonia, Russia, Komi), Asia (Uzbekistan, Tadzhikistan, Kirgizia, Kazakhstan, Tuva, China, Kamchat- ka). Retinometra meggitti Hymenolepis sharmi STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in duck, probably domestic. DESCRIPTION: Sharma, 19^3. Copy: Skrjabin & Matevosian, 19^5. 494 SYNONYMY: Hymenolepis meggitti Sharma, 19^3 » not H. meggitti Shen Tseng, 193? Hymenosphenacanthus meggitti (Sharma, l9kj) Yamaguti, 1959 Retinometra meggitti (Sharma, 19^3) Spasskii, 1963 Hymenolepis sharmi Skrjabin & Matevosian, 19^5 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) HABITAT: Not given, probably small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Burma). Hymenolepis mehrai STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in duck. STATUS AS SPECIES: Frobably synonym of H. coronula. DESCRIPTION: Chatter ji, 19^0. SYNONYMY: Hymenolepis mehrai Chatterji, 19^0 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) - "duck" HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (India). Microsomacanthus melanittae Hymenolepis melanittae STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in duck. DESCRIPTION: Ryzhikov, 1952b. Copy: Spasskafa, 1966. SYNONYMY: Microsomacanthus melanittae Ryzhikov, 1°62 Hymenolepis melanittae (Ryzhikov, 1962.) McDonald, 1965 495 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Mergini - Melanitta fusca deglandi HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Yakutia). Ec hi natrium melanittae STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Tolkacheva, 1966. SYNONYMY: Echinatrium melanittae Tolkacheva, 1966 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Mergini - Melanitta nigra HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Tamyr). Hymenolepis micrancristrota STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Infrequent; reported once in wild and twice probably in captive waterfowl . DESCRIPTION: Copy: Hughes, 19*Ha; Skrjabin & Matevosian, 19^5. SYNONYMY: Taenia micrancristrota Wed! , 1855 Diplacanthus (Lepidotrias) micrancristrota (Wedl . 1855) Cohn, 18QQ Hymenolepis micrancristrota (Wedl, 1855) Railliet, 18QQ Hymenolepis (Hymenolepis) micrancristrota (Wedl, 1855) of Sprehn, 193? Dicrano taenia (Dicranotaenia ) micrancristrota (Wedl , 1855) Lopez- Neyra, 19*4-2 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. 496 FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Cygnus atratus, Cygnus cygnus , Cygnus o"1 or Mergini - Melanitta nigra HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Australia. Microsomacanthus microskr.jabini STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported twice in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Spasskii & Iurpalova, 1964, 1966a; To"ikacheva, 1966. Copy: Spasskaia, 1966. SYNONYMY: Microsomacanthus micro skr.jabini Spasskii & lurpalova, 1°64 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Mergini - Clangula hyemalis, Melanitta fusca , Melanitta nipra HABITAT: Small intestine, large intestine, ceca. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Chukotka, Tamyr). Microsomacanthus micro soma Hymenolepi s micro soma STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Common-, reported 31 times in wild and 8 times in domestic waterfowl. DESCRIPTION: Czaplinski, 1956d ; Ablasov, 1957. Copy: Hughes, 194la; Skrjabin & Matevosi^n, 1945; Kurashvili, 1957; Spasskaia, 1966. SYNONYMY: Hughes, 1940. Taenia microsoma Creplin, 1R29 Diplacanthus (Dilepis) microsoma (CrepMn, lp2°) Cohn, 1899 Drepanidotaenia microsoma (Creplin, 1R?°) Farona , 1^99 Hymenolepis microsoma ( Creplin, 1829) Railliet, 1^9° Taenia (Drepanidotaenia) microsoma Creplin, 1^29 or Farona, 1900 Hymenolepis (Drepanidotaenia) microsoma (Creplin, ",p2°) of Cohn, 1901 Weinlandia microsoma (Creplin, 1829) Mayhew, ] °25 497 Hymenolepis (Hymenolepis) microsoma (Creplin, 1829) of Sprehn, 1032 Microsomacanthus microsoma (Creplin, 1829) Lrpez-Neyra, 19^2 Monocercus lymnaei Villot, I8R3 Cysticercus lymnaei (Villot, I883) Luhe, 1910 Microsomacanthus paramicrosoma (Gasowska, 1Q32) Ablasov, 1057 - [Ab- lasov, 1057] LIFE CYCLE: Eggs with onchospheres passed in ^eces; cysticercoids reported in fresh-water copepod Crustacea and snails, not verified experimentally; cysticercoids in marine amphipod Crustacea: mature in final host after ingestion. (Alekseev, 1963c; Belopol ' skafa , 1952b; Oshmarin, et al . , 1963; Oshmarin, Oparin, & Ruramel, l°>5pa, 1958b; Rosseter, 18Q3; Shtein, 1959? Uspenskaia, 1°60) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Eucyclors agilis, Eucyclops serrulatus [not verified experimentally] , Gammarus 1 ocusta, Ampithoe rubricata , Fal- lasea quadrispinosa [not verified experimentally] AUXILIARY HOSTS: Lymnaea lapotus, Lymnaea peregra [not verified experimentally! FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser (dom.), Cygnus olor Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas platyrhynchos (dom.), Anas acuta, Anas clypeata , Anas crecca , Anas penelope, Anas poecil o- rhyncha , Anas strepera Somateriini - Folysticta stelleri , Somateria fischeri, Somateria mollissima , Somateria spectabills Aythyini - Aythya f erina , Aythya fu~ligula, Aythya marila, Netta rufina Mergini - Bucephala clangula, Clangula hyemalis, Melanitta fusca, Melanitta fusca deglandi, Mel anitta nigra [Charadriiformes - Larus hyperboreus - erroneous, Fuhrmann, 1032! HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (W. Siberia, Uzbekistan, Kirgizia, Tamyr, Amur, Primorsk, Kamchatka, Chukotka), N. America (USA - Alaska, Green- land) . Microsomacanthus minimus STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild ducks, DESCRIPTION: Ryzhikov, 1965. SYNONYMY: Microsomacanthus minimus Ryzhikov, 1965 498 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Somateriini - Folysticta stelleri HABITAT: Small intestine - anterior part. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Chukotka). Echinocotyle minutissima STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Singh, 1952. SYNONYMY: Echinocotyle minutissima Singh, 1952 Hymenolepis minutissima (Singh, 1952) McDonald, 1965, not H. minutis- sima Meggitt, 1Q27 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas querquedula HABITAT: Not given, probably small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (India). Microsomacanthus mirabilis STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported twice in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Spasskii & Iurpalova, 1°64, 1966a; Tolkacheva, 1966. Copy: Spasskaia, 1966. SYNONYMY: Microsomacanthus mirabilis Spasskii & Iurpalova , 1964 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Mergini - Clangula hyemalis, Melanitta fusca, Melanitta fusca deglandi, Melanitta nigra 499 HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Chukotka, Tamyr). Hymenolepis monoposthe STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported 5 times in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Dubinina, 1954a. Copy: Spasskaia, 1966. SYNONYMY: Hymenolepis arcuata (Kowalewski) of Dubinina, 1950 Hymenolepis monoposthe Dubinina , 195^ Tschertkovilepis monoposthe (Dubinina, 1954) Yamaguti, 1959 Hispaniolepis monoposthe (Dubinina, 195*0 Sultanov, 1963 Diploposthe monoposthe (Dubinina, 1954) Spasskafa, 1966 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas clypeata Aythyini - Aythya ferina, Netta rufina Mergini - Bucephala clangula HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (S. Russia), Asia (W. Siberia, Uzbekistan, Tadzhikistan, Kazakhstan). Colymbilepis mu"1 tistriatus Hymenolepis multi striata STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Infrequent, probably accidental, nor- mally in grebes; reported 3 times in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Solomon, 1^32; Singh, l°60b; Dollfus, 196l; RySavy,^ 196lb; Spasskaia, I965. Copy: Hughes, 1941a; Skrjabin & Matevosian, 19^5; Spasskaia, 1966. SYNONYMY: Hughes, 1940. Taenia multi striata Rudolphi, 1810 Dicranotaenia multistriata (Rudolphi, 1810) Stossich, 18°8 Diplacanthus (Dilepis) ? multistriata (Rudolphi, 1810) Cohn, 1899 Hymenolepis multistriata (Rudolphi, 1810) Railliet, 1899 Drepanidotaenia multistriata (Rudolphi, 1810) Cohn, 1901 500 Hymenolepis (Drepanidotaenia ) multistriata (Rudolphi, IBIO) of Cohn, 1001 Hymenolepis (Hymenolepis) mul tistriata (Rudolphi, IBIO) of Sprehn, 1932 Dicranotaenia (Dicranotaenia ) multistriata (Rudolphi, 1810) of Lflpez- Neyra, 19^2 Dubininolepis multistriata (Rudolphi, 1810) Spasskii & Spasskaia, IO54 Colymbilepis multistriatus (Rudolphi, IBIO) Spasskaia, 1966 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs with onchosph^res passed in feces; cysticercoids reported in ephemeropteran insect (not verified experimentally). (Golikova, 1960a) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Cloeon sp. [not verified experimentally! FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Aythyini - Aythya nyroca Mergini - Bucephala clangula, Mergus merganser Podicipediformes - Podiceps caspicus, Fodiceps cristatus, Fodiceps grisegena, Podiceps ruficoll is HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (Tadzhikistan, India, Kamchatka), Africa (Kenya). Hymenolepis neomeggittil is STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Meggitt, 1927b. Copy: Hughes, 19^1a; Skrjabin & Mate- vosian, 19^5. SYNONYMY: Hymenolepis blrmanica Meggitt, 1927, not H. rugosa birmanica Meggitt, 1°2^ Drepanidotaenia (Drepanidolepis ) birmanica (Meggitt, 1927) L<5pez- Neyra, 19^2 Echinocotyle birmanica (Meggitt, 1927) Yamaguti, 195° Hymenolepis neomeggittilis Hughes, 19^0 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas clypeata 501 HABITAT: Not given, probably small intestine, DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Egypt). Nade.jdolepis nitidu] ans Hymenolepis nitidul ans STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Accidental, normally in charadriiform birds; reported once in wild duck. STATUS AS SPECIES: Descriptions confused; type is lost, must use Southwell, 1924, as earliest description corresponding to the type; other descriptions based on misidentifications - Deblock & Rose, 1962. DESCRIPTION: Southwell, 192V, Davies, 193q. Copy: Hughes, 194la; Skrjabin & Matevosian, 19^5; Baer, 1956; Spasskafa, 1066. SYNONYMY: Taenia nitidulans Krabbe , 18^2 Hymenolepis (Echinocotyle) nitidulans (Krabbe, 1882) Fuhrmann, 1Q06 Echinocotyle nitidulans (Krabbe, 18P2) Fuhrmann, 1^24 Nade.jdolepis nitidulans (Krabbe, 18P2) Srasskii & Spasskaia, 1^ Hymenolepis (Hymenolepis) nitidulans (Krabbe, I8P2) a? Deblock & Rose, 1Q62 Hymenolepis (Echinocotyle) nitida of Clerc, 1902 - [Baer, 19*561 Hymenolepis charadrii Yamaguti, 1935 - [Deblock, 1964] Echinocotyle glareolae Singh, 1^52 - [Baer, 195^1 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs with onchospheres passed in feces; cysticercoids reported in fresh-water snail (auxiliary host?), not verified experi- mentally. (Harper, 1-930) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Unknown. AUXILIARY HOSTS?: Lymnaea peregra [not verified experimentally] FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Aythyini - Ay thy a fuligula, [Avthva marila - Hughes, 19^0; orig- inal citation not found] Charadriiformes - Charadrius hiaticula, Frol ia alplna, Erolia mar- itima, Tringa glareola Fasseriformes - Turdus merula HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUT ION : Europe . 502 Wardoides nyrocae Hymenolepis nyrocae STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent: reported 7 times in wild waterfowl. DESCRIPTION: Yamaguti, 1935b; Czaplirfski, 1^64, 1^66; Spasskaia, 1965. Copy: Hughes, 194la; Skrjabin & Matevosian, 1°^5; Spasskaia, 1966. SYNONYMY: Hymenolepis nyrocae Yamaguti, 1°35 Hymenolepis (Hymenolepis) nyrocae Yamaguti, 1Q35 of Iwata , 1Q39 Dicranotaenia (Dicranotaenia ) nyrocae (Yamaguti, 1935) L6pez-Neyra, 19/4-2 Drepanidotaenia nyrocae (Yamaguti, 1935) Skrjabin & Matevosian, Toi4-5 Wardoides nyrocae (Yamaguti, 1935) Spasskil, 196^ Wardium nyrocae Ryzhikov & Gubanov, 1959 _ [Spasskaia, 1966] LIFE CYCLE: Eggs with onchospheres cassed in feces; cysticercoids develop in fresh-water copepod Crustacea after ingestion; mature in final host after ingestion. (Kotecki, 1°6?) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Cyclops strenuus, Cyclors vicinus, Eucycl ops macrurus FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser canagica, Branta canadensis, Cygnus olor Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas querquedula Somateriini - Somateria spectabilis Aythyini - Aythya affinis, Aythya marila Mergini - Clangula hyemalis, Melanitta nigra HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Poland, Lithuania), Asia (Kamchatka, Japan, Sakhalin), N. America (USA - Alaska). Wardium nyrocae STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported 3 times in wild ducks. STATUS AS SPECIES: Synonym of H. arctica - SpasskiS, 1"62; synonym of Wardoides nyrocae - Spasskaia, 1966. DESCRIPTION: Ryzhikov & Gubanov, 1959. 503 SYNONYMY: Wardium nyrocae Ryzhikov & Gubanov, 1959 Hymenolepis nyrocae (Ryzhikov & Gubanov, 1Q59) McDonald, 1965, not H. nyrocae Yamaguti , lq35 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Somateriini - Somateria spectabilis Aythyini - Aythya fuligula Mergini - Clangula hy emails, Melanitta fusca deglandi HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Yakutia, Amur). Sobolevicanthus octacantha Hymenolepis octacantha STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Common; reported 26 times in wild ducks, 6 times in domestic ducks. DESCRIPTION: Fuhrmann, 1906b; Dubinina, l°5^a; Czaplinski, 195&3; Ablasov, 1957; Macko, 196lb; Rysavy, 196lb; Spas ska -fa, 196la; Bever- ley-Burton, 1964; Belogurov & Kulikov, 1966. Copy: Hughes, 194la; Skrjabin & Matevosian, 19^5; Spasskaia, 1966. SYNONYMY: Hughes, 1940. Taenia octacantha Krabbe, 1869 Diplacanthus (Dilepis) ? octacantha (Krabbe, 1869) Cohn, 1890 Hymenolepis octacantha (Krabbe, 1869) Railliet, 1899 Drepanidotaenia octacantha (Krabbe, 7.869) Cohn, 1*5 01 Hymenolepis (Drepanidotaenia) octacantha (Krabbe, 1869) of Cohn, 1901 Weinlandia octacantha (Krabbe, 186°) Mayhew, 1925 Hymenolepis (Hymenolepis) octacantha (Krabbe, 1869) of Sprehn, 1932 Sphenacanthus octacantha (Krabbe, 186Q) L6nez-Neyra, 1°42 Dicranotaenia octacantha (Krabbe, 1869) Skrjabin & Matevosian, 19^+5 Sobolevicanthus octacantha (Krabbe, I869) SpasskiX & Spasskaia, loc4 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs with onchospheres passed in feces; cysticercoids develop in 19-20 days in fresh-water copepod and ostracod cru.ctacea; mature in over 14 days after ingestion by final host. Cysticercoids common in copepods, rare in ostracods. (Rys'avy, 1960b, iQ64b) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Cyclops vicinus, Eucyclops serruiatus, Mesocy- clops oithonoides, Heterocynri s inconpruens 504 FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser (dom. ) Tadomini - Tadorna ferruginea Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) , Anas acuta. Anas clypeata , Anas crecca, |_Anas crecca carolinensis - Lapage, 196l, error"! , Anas querquedula , Anas strepera Aythyini - Aythya f erina , Aythya fuligula, Aythya marila , Aythya nyroca , [Netta rufina - Lapage, I.Q6I, error! Cairinini - Flectropterus gambensis Mergini - Bucephala clangula , Me"1 anitta sp. Falconiformes - Circus aeruginosus HABITAT: Small intestine - posterior region more generally. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (W. Siberia, Azerbaidzhan, Armenia, Uzbek- istan, Tadzhikistan, Kirgizia, Kazakhstan, Tuva, Amur, Kamchatka), Africa (Egypt, Congo region). Sobolevicanthus octacanthoides Hymenolepis octacanthoides STATUS AS WATERFOWL, PARASITE: Accidental, normally in lariform birds; reported twice in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Fuhrmann, 1960b. Copy: Hughes, l<&la; Skrjabin & Matevosfan, 19^5; Spasskafa, 1966." SYNONYMY: Drepanido taenia octacantha (Krabbe) of Cohn , 1901 Hymenolepis (Drepanidotaenia ) octacantha (Krabbe) of Cohn, 190"1 Hymenolepis octacanthoides Fuhrmann, 1906 Hymenolepis (Hymenolepis ) octacanthoides Fuhrmann, 1906 of Sprehn, 1Q32 Sphenacanthus octacanthoides (Fuhrmann, 1906) Lrtpez-Neyra, 1CMZ Dicranotaenia octacanthoides (Fuhrmann, 1°06) Skrjabin & Matevosian, 19^5 Sobolevicanthus octacanthoides (Fuhrmann, 1Q06) Spasskii & Spasskaia, 195^ Hymenolepis (Echinocotyle) octacanthoides Fuhrmann, 1906 of Deblock, Biguet, & Capron, 1 a, Anas strep- era Aythyini - Aythya ferina, Aythya fuligula, Aythya nyroca , [Metta rufina - Lapage , 196l, error; Spasskaia, 19^6, original citation not found] Mergini - Bucephala clangula, Histrionicus histrionicus , Mel anitta nigra Charadriiformes - Larus ridibundus HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Iceland, Europe, Asia (Kazakhstan, Tuva, Tamyr, Amur, Kamchatka) . Microsomacanthus paramicrosoma Hymenolepis paramicrosoma STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Common; reported 17 times in wild ducks, 19 times in domestic waterfowl. STATUS AS SPECIES: Synonym of H. microsoma - Ablasov, 1957. DESCRIPTION: Gasowska, 1932; Dubinina, 195^a; Czaplinski, lQ56d; Ry^avy, 196lb; Fetrochenko & Kotel'nikov, lQ62b; Beverley- Burton, 196^; Tolkacheva, 1966. Copy: Hughes, 19^-la; Skrjabin & Matevosian, 19^5; Shevtsov & Zaskind, 196C; Spasskaia, 1966. SYNONYMY: Hymenolepis (Drepanidotaenia ) microsoma (Creolin) of Cohn, 1901 Hymenolepis paramicrosoma Gasowska, 1932 Microsomacanthus pa rami c ro s oma (GasowsVa, 1932) Abnasov, 1^57 Hymenolepis microsoma (Creplin) of Vo jtechovska-Mayerova, 1953 - [Czaplinski, !P56d] Fuhrmanniella fausti Shen Tseng, 1932 - [Czaplinski, 1956d; RySavy, I96I 1 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs with onchospheres passed in feces; cysticercoids develop in 11-12 days after ingestion by fresh-water copepod Crus- tacea; mature in 15 days after ingestion by final host. Cysticer- coids survive and accumulate in gastropod mollusks after ingestion of copepods. (Dobrokhotova, 1Q6^, 1965; Golikova, 196Ca; Jarecka, 1958b, 1961 ; Kotel'nikov, 1959b; Fetrochenko & Kotel'nikov, 195Qa, 511 1959b; RySavy, 1962a, 1964b) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Acanthocyclops bicuspidatus , Acanthocycl.ops viridis [exper.], Eucyclops serrulatus, Macrocyclops albidus , Meso- cyclops crassus, Kesocyclops leucVarti , Mesocyclops oithonoides, Faracyclops f imbriatus , Diaptomus sarsi AUXILIARY HOSTS: Lymnaea auricularia, Lyrr.naea ovata , Lymnaea palus- tris , Lymnaea peregra , Lymnaea stagnalis , Planorbis olanorbis FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser (dom. ) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas platyrhynchos (dom.), Anas acuta , Anas crecca, Anas penelope, Anas streoera Aythyini - Aythya f erina , Aythya fuligula , Aythya marila, Aythya nyroca , [Hetta rufina - Lapage, 1961, error; Spasskaia, 1966, original citation not found] Mergini - Clangula hyemalis, Melanitta nirra , Mergus serrator HABITAT: Small intestine - anterior and midregion. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (W. Siberia, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Tamyr, Buryat-Mongolia, Amur, Frimorsk, Kamchatka, Sakhalin), N. America (USA). Microsomacanthus riarvula Hymenolepis parvula STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Common; reported 13 times in wild ducks and 14 times in domestic ducks. Pathology of infection described by Slais, 1961. DESCRIPTION: Abuladze, 1937; Czaplinski, 1956d; Beverley- Burton, 1964. Copy: Hughes, 1941a; Skrjabin & Matevosian, 1945; Shevtsov & Zaskind, I960; Spasskaia, 1966. SYNONYMY: Hymenolepis parvula Kowalewski , ] Q04 Weinlandia parvula (Kowalewski, 1904) Mayhew, 1925 Hymenolepis (Hymenolepis) parvula Kowalewski, 1904 of Sprehn, 1Q32 Dicranotaenia (Dicranolepis) parvula (Kowalewski, 1904) Lfipez-Neyra, 1942 Kowalewskius parvulus (Kowalewski, 1904) Yamaguti, 195Q Microsomacanthus parvula (Kowalewski, 1004) Spasskaia, 1Q57 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs with onchospheres passed in feces; cysticercoids in Hirudinea; mature in at least 19 days after ingestion by final host. (de Giusti & Kingston, 1962; Joyeux, 1922a; Joyeux & Baer, 512 1936a; Soliman, 1955) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Erpobdella atomaria, Erpobdella octoculata. Erpobdella punctata FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas platyrhynchos (dom . ) , Anas clypeata. Anas crecca , Anas poecilorhyncha , Anas querqueduTa Aythyini - Aythya ferina, Aythya f uligula , Aythya nyroca, LNetta rufina - Lapage, 196l, error! Mergini - Bucephala clangula, Mergus albellus HABITAT: Small intestine - generally in anterior half. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (Kazakhstan, Yakutia, Primorsk, Kurile Is.), N. America (USA). Hymenolepis pauciannulata STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported twice in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Meggitt, 1927b, 1931; Mahon, 1958. Copy: Hughes, 19^1a; Skrjabin & Matevosfan, 19^5. SYNONYMY: Hymenolepis pauciannulata Meggitt, 1°27 Micro somacanthus pauciannulata (Meggitt, 192?) L(5pez-Neyra, 1942 Abortilepis pauciannulata (Meggitt, 1927) Yamaguti, 1959 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas clypeata. Anas querquedu"1 a HABITAT: Not given, probably small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Egypt). Parabisaccanthes phi"1 actes Hymenolepis phi"1 actes STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Infrequent; reported J times in wild waterfowl; most common in downy cygnets (Maksimova, lc63b). DESCRIPTION: Schiller, 1951c; Czar"! in ski & Ryzhikov, 1964b. Copy: 513 Spasskaia, 1966. SYNONYMY: Hymenolepis philactes Schiller, 1Q51 Drepanidotaenia philactes (Schiller, 1950 Yamaguti, 1959 Parabisaccanthes philactes (Schiller, 1951) Spasskii & Reznik, IQ63 Parabisaccanthes cygni Maksimova , 1963 - [Czaplinski & Ryzhikov, 1964] Hymenolepis cygni (Maksimova, 1963) McDonald, 1965 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs with onchospherps passed in •feces; cysticercoids develop in 23 days after ingestion by fresh-water copepod Crustacea; mature in final host after ingestion. (Czaplinski & Kotecki, 1967; Kotecki, 1964a, 1964b) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Cyclops strenuus [exper.l, Eucyclops serrula- tus [exper.] FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser canagica , Cygnus col umbianus bewickii, Cygnus olor HABITAT: Small intestine - duodenum. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Poland), Asia (Kazakhstan, Yakutia), N. Amer- ica (USA - Alaska). Hymenolepis pigmentata STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck, in 1872. STATUS AS SFECIES: Insufficiently described for generic determin- ation - Spasskii & Spasskaia, 1954a* DESCRIPTION: Copy: Hughes, lQ4la; Skrjabin & Matevosian, 1945. SYNONYMY: Taenia pigmentata Lin stow, 1872 Hymenolepis pigmentata (Linstow, I872) Fuhrmann, 1906 Hymenolepis (Hymenolepis) pigmentata (Linstow, 1872) of Sprehn, IQ32 Microsomacanthus pigmentata (Linstow, 1872) L<5pez-Neyra, 1942 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Aythyini - Aythya marila 514 HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Germany). Wardium pingi Hymenolepis pingi STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported twice in wild gees*>. STATUS AS SPECIES: Synonym of H. creplini - Spasskil, 1956b, and SpasskaA, 19^6; synonym cf H. aequabilis - Spasskaia, 1961b; Spas- skil, 1961, 1963. DESCRIPTION: Shen Tseng, 1932b. Copy: Hughes, 194la; Skrjabin & Matevosian, 19^5. SYNONYMY: Hymenolepis pingi Shen Tseng, 1932 Dicrano taenia (Pi era no taenia) pingi (Shen Tseng, 1°32) Lorez-Neyra, Wardium pingi (Shen Tseng, IQ32) Ablasov, 1955 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - A^ser anser, [Anser anser (dom. ) - Lapage, 196l, error], Anser fabalis HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (China, Kirgizia). Retinometra pittalugai Hymenolepis pittalugai STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported twice in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Lopez-Neyra, 1932; SpasskiS & Bobova, 1962b. Copy: Hughes, 19^1a; Skrjabin & Matevosian, 19^5; Spasskaia, 1966. SYNONYMY: Hymenolepis pittalugai L<5pez-Neyra , 1932 Sphenacanthus pittalugai (Lopez-Neyra, 1932) Lflpez-Neyra, 19^2 Dicranotaenia pittalugai (Lopez-Neyra, 1932) Skrjabin & Matevosian, 19^5 Hymeno sphenacanthus pittalugai (L<5pez-Weyra , 1°32) Yamaguti, 1959 Retinometra pittalugai (Lonez-Neyra , 1932) Spasskil, 1Q63 515 Dicranotaenia bisacculata Krotov, 19^9 - [Spasskaia, 1966] LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos, [Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) - Spas- skaia, 1966, original source not found] Aythyini - Aythya marila, [Aythya ferina - Spasskaia, 1°66, orig- inal source not found] Mergini - Bucephala clangula HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Spain), Asia (Kamchatka). Confluaria podicipina Hymenolepis podicipina STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Accidental, normally in grebes; re- ported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Szymanski, 1905; Voge & Read, I05U. Copy: Hughes, 19i|-la; Skrjabin & Matevosian, 19^5; Spasskaia, 1966. SYNONYMY: Hymenolepis podicipina Szymanski, 1905 Hymenolepis (Hymenolepis) podicipina Szymanski, 1905 of Sprehn, 1932 Hymenolepis podicipedina Szymanski of Joyeux & Baer, 1936, lapsus Dicranotaenia (Dicranotaenia) podicipina (Szmanski, 1905) Lfipez-Neyra, 19^2 Dubininolepis podicipina (Szymanski, 1905) Spasskii & Spasskaia, 105^ Confluaria podicipina TSzymanski, 1905) Snasskaia, 1966 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Aythyini - Aythya fuligul.a Fodicipediformes - Podiceps auritus, Podiceps caspicus, Fodiceps cristatus , Fodiceps grisepena , Podiceps ruficollis HABITAT: Probably small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (Kirgizia), N. America (USA). 516 Micro somac3.n thus praeputialis Hymenolepis praeputialis STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported twice in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Oshmarin, 1950. Copy: Spasskaia, 1966. SYNONYMY: Hymenolepis praeputialis Oshmarin, 1950 Sobolevicanthus praeputialis (Oshmarin, 1950) Spasskii & Spasskaia, 195;+ Nadejdolepis praeputialis (Oshmarin, 1950) Yamaguti, 1°5° Microsomacanthus praeputialis (Oshmarin, 1950) SpassVa-Qt, 1 Q6^ LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Mergini - Mergus merganser HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (USSR - Kaliningrad), Asia (Kamchatka). Drepanidotaenia przewalskii Hymenolepis przewalskii STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Common; reported 9 times in wild and 27 times in domestic waterfowl; typically in anserine birds, and a principal helminth of domestic waterfowl in USSR. Pathology of in- fection described by Fetrochenko, i960. DESCRIPTION: Skrjabin, l°l;-ic; Czaplinski, 1956d; Storozheva, 1959; Petrochenko, I960; Belokobylenko , I963. Copy: Hughes, l^la; Skr- jabin & Matevosian, 19^5; Shevtsov & Zaskind, I960; Spasskaia, 1966. SYNONYMY: Hymenolepis przewalskii Skrjabin, 191^ Hymenolepis (Drepanidotaenia ) przewalskii Skrjabin, 191 it of Fuhrmann , 192^ Hymenolepis (Hymenolepis) przewalskii Skrjabin, 191^ of Sprehn, 1 Q32 Drepanidotaenia (Drepanidotaenia) przewalskii (Skrjabin, 191'0 Ldpez- Neyra, 19^2 Hymenolepis tenuirostris (Rudolphi) of Fediushin, 1937, & Dubinins, 19^8 - LCzaplinski, 1956d~| ; synonym of Tschertkovilepis seti^era , Czap"1 in ski, 19o7 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs with onchospheres passed in feces; cysticercoids develop in 12 days after ingestion by fresh-water copepod Crustacea; 517 mature in final host after ingestion. Fresent in gastropod mollusks (auxiliary host). (Fetrochenko, I960; Petrochenko & Kotel'nikov, 1959a, 1959b) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Eucyclops serrulatus, Mesocyclops crassus, Meso- cyelops leuckarti, Mesocyclops oithonoides AUXILIARY HOSTS: Lymnaea auricularia FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - A riser anser, Anser anser (dom. ) , Anser a">bifrons, Anser erythropus , Anser fabalis Anatini - A na s platyrhynchos , Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) , Anas clypeata , Anas crecca, Anas strepera Somateriini - Somateria mollis sima Aythyini - Aythya fulipiula HABITAT: Small intestine - anterior part of duodenum. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (E. Europe), Asia (Azerbaidzhan, W. Siberia, Kazakhstan, Yakutia, Amur, Kamchatka). Hymenolepis nseudosetig-era STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION : Baer, 1962. SYNONYMY: Hymenolepis pseudosetigera Baer, 1°62 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas crecca HABITAT: Large intestine, ceca. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Iceland). Dicranotaenia querquedu"1 a Hymenolepis querquedu"! a STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported 3 times in wild ducks. 518 STATUS AS SPECIES: Inadequately described and doubtful - Snasskii, 1963; H. querguedula of Shen Tseng a synonym of H. coronul a - Spas- skii, 1956b. DESCRIPTION: Fuhrmann, l°20a; Shen Tseng, 1932b. Cory: Hughes, 19^1a; Skrjabin & Matevosian, 19^5; Soasskii, 1963. SYNONYMY: Hymenolepis querguedula Fuhrmann, 1920 Weinlandia querguedula (Fuhrmann, 1920) Mayhew, 1^25 Dicranotaenia (Dicranotaenia ) querguedula (Fuhrmann, 1°20) Lopez- Neyra, 1.Q/-J-2 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas acuta eatoni, Anas crecca , [Anas dipcors - Gower, 1939, error] Mergini - Mergus cucullatus HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (China), N. America (USA), Antarctica. Microsomacanthus rangdonensis STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in domestic duck. DESCRIPTION: Spasskii, Dang Van-Ngy, & Iurpal ova , 1963. SYNONYMY: Microsomacanthus rangdonensis Spasskii, Dang Van-Ngv, & Iurpal ova, 1963 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) Ciconiiformes - Ixobrychus sp. HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Vietnam). 519 Retinometra rangoonica Hymenolepis rangoonica STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in duck, probably domestic. DESCRIPTION: Sharma, 19^3. SYNONYMY: Hymen olepis rangoonica Sharma, 19^3 Hymenosphenacanthus rangoonicus (Sharma, loi<-3) Yamaguti, 1959 Retinometra rangoonica (Sharma, 19^3) Spasskii, 1963 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) HABITAT: Not given, probably small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Burma). Hymenolepis rapida STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in captive swan. DESCRIPTION: Szpotanska, 1931. Copy: Hughes, IQ^la; Skrjabin & Matevosian, 19^5 • SYNONYMY: Hymenolepis rapida Szpotanska, 1931 Drepanidotaenia (Drepanidotaenia) rapida (Szpotanska, 1931) Lfipez- Neyra, 19*4-2 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Cygnus atratus HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Australia. 520 Hymenolepis rarus STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. STATUS AS SPECIES: Synonym of H. teresoides - Lflpez-Neyra, 19*1-2; Czapliriski, 1956d ; Spasskaxa, 1966. DESCRIPTION: Skrjabin, 191 '+c. Copy: Hughes, 1941a; Skrjahin & Matevosian, 19^5. SYNONYMY: Hymenolepis rarus Skrjabin, 1914 Weinlandia rara (Skr.labin, 1914) Mayhew, 1925 Hymenolepis (Hymenolepis) rarus Skrjabin, 1914 of Sprehn, 1^32 Micro somacanthus rarus (Skrjabin, 1914) Yamaguti, 1959 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Aythyini - Netta rufina HABITAT: Ceca, intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Kazakhstan). Hymenolepis rauschi STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported twice in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Schiller, 1950. SYNONYMY: Hymenolepis rauschi Schiller, 1^50 Echinocotyle rauschi (Schiller, 1950) Yamaguti, lc'5° LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Oxyurini - Oxyura jamaicensis HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: N. America (USA). 521 Mierosomacanthus recurvata Hymenolepis recurvata STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reporter1 twice in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Spasskaia & Spasskii, 196l; Spasskii & Iurpalova, 1966a. Copy: Spasskaia, 1966. SYNONYMY: Mierosomacanthus recurvata Spasskaia &■ Spasskii, I96I Hymenolepis recurvata (Spasskaia & Spasskii, 1961) McDonald, 1965 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas querquedula Aythyini - Aythya fuligula , Aythya marila HABITAT: Small intestine, ceca . DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Tuva, Kamchatka). Amphipetrovia retracta Hymenolepis retracta STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported 5 times in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Linstow, 1905a: Spasskii & Spasskaia, 1964; Tolkacheva, 1966. Copy: Hughes, 19*Ha; Skrjabin & Matevosian, 19^5? Spasskaia, 1966. SYNONYMY: Hymenolepis retracta Linstow, 1905 Variolepis (?) retracta (Linstow, 1905) Yamaguti, 1^59 Amphipetrovia retracta (Linstow, 1905) Spasskaia, 1966 Amphipetrovia inflatocirrosa Oshmarin, I963 - [Spasskaia, 1966] LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas crecca Somateriini - Somateria fischeri, Somateria mollis sima, Somateria spectabilis Aythyini - Aythya marila Mergini - Clangula hyemalis, Melanitta nigra 522 HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Tamyr, Yakutia, Kamchatka, Chukotka). Dicrano taenia riggenbachi Hymenol epis riggenbachi STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild ducks. STATUS AS SPECIES: Perhaps an aberrant form of H. coronula - Spas- skii, 1956a; inadequately described, doubtful - Spasskii, 1C)63. DESCRIPTION: Mola, 1913* Copy: Hughes, 1341a; Skrjabin & Matevo- sian, 1945; Spasskii, 1963. SYNONYMY: Hymenolepis riggenbachi Mola, 1913 Dicranotaenia (Dicranotaenia) riggenbachi (Mola, 1913) Lepez-Neyra, "l942 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Aythyini - Netta rufina HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Sardinia). Hymenolepis robertsi STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Baylis, 1934a. Copy: Hughes, 194la; Skrjabin & Mate- vosian, 1945. SYNONYMY: Hymenolepis robertsi Baylis, 1934 Drepanidotaenia (Drepanidolepis) robertsi (Baylis, 193'+ ) Lepez-Neyra, 1942 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas gibberifrons 523 HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Australia. Echinocotyle rosseteri Hymenolepis rosseteri STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Common; reported 16 times in wild, 4 times in domestic, and once in captive ducks. DESCRIPTION: Singh, 1952; Czaplinski, 1956d; Mahon, 1956; Ryzhikov, 1956a; Macko, 196lb; Beverley-Burton, 1964; Spasskaia, 1965. Copy: Hughes, 194la; Skrjabin & Matevosian, 1945; Shevtsov & Zaskind, 1°60; Spasskaia, 1966. SYNONYMY: Hughes, 1940. Taenia lanceolata Goeze of Rosseter, 1891 Echinocotyle rosseteri Blanchard , 1891 Taenia rosseteri (Blanchard, 1891) Braun, 1.894 Taenia (Echinocotyle) rosseteri (Blanchard, 1891) of Braun, 1898 Hymenolepis (Echinocotyle) rosseteri (Blanchard, 1891 ) CI ere, 1903 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs with onchospheres passed in feces; cystieercoids develop after ingestion by fresh-water ostracod Crustacea; mature in final host after ingestion. Cystieercoids present in gastropod mollusks (auxiliary hosts). (Jarecka, 1958b; Rosseter, lp91a, 1891c, 1911 ; RySavy, 196lc, 1962a, l.o64a, 1964b) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Cyclocypris cinerea , Cyclocypris dispersa, Cy_- clocypris globosa, Cypris opthalmica , Cypris pubera AUXILIARY HOSTS: Lymnaea ampla , Lymnaea ovata, Lymnaea peregra , Lymnaea stagnalis FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Tadornini - Tad o mi ferruginea Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos, Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ), Anas acuta. Anas clypeata, Anas crecca , Anas crecca carolinensis, Anas discors, Anas penelope , Anas querquedula Mergini - Clangula hyemalis, Histrionicus histrionicus Passeriformes - Spermaspiza haematina HABITAT: Small intestine - anterior region. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (Kazakhstan, India, Amur, Kamchatka), Africa (Congo region), N. America (Canada, USA). 524 Echinocotyle ry.jikovi STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported 3 times in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Ryzhikov, 1956a; Jogis, 1963. Copy: Spasskaia, 1966. SYNONYMY: Echinocotyle sp. Ryzhikov, 1956 Echinocotyle singhi Ryzhikov of Khuan Shen-i, 1Q62, nomen nudum Echinocotyle ry.jikovi Jogis, 1963 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas clypeata HABITAT: Probably small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (USSR, Esthonia), Asia (Khabarovsk). Dicrano taenia sacciperium Hymenolepis sacciperium STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported f- times in wild ducks. STATUS AS SFECIES: Synonym of H. coronuTa - Spasskii, 1956a and Spasskaia, 1966; distinct - Beverley-Burton, 196^. DESCRIPTION: Mayhew, 1°25; Jarecka, 196l (ova); Beverley- Burton, 19&4-. Copy: Hughes, 194la; Skrjabin & Matevosian, 19^5; Spasskii, 1963. SYNONYMY: Hymenolepis sacciperium Mayhew, 1925 Dicrano taenia (Dicranotaenia ) sacciperium (Mayhew, 1925) Lopez-Neyra, 19^2 Dicranotaenia coronula sacciperium (Mayhew, 1925) Spasskii, 1963 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs with onchospheres passed in feces; cysticercoids developed experimentally in 30 days in fresh-water ostracod Crustacea (long period explained as indicating abnormal host); mature in final host after ingestion. (Jarecka, 196Ca , 196l ) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Cyclocypris laevis [exner.l FINAL HOSTS: AVES 525 Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos Somateriini - Somateria fischeri, Somateria mollissima Aythyini - Aythya marila, Aythya fu1 igula HABITAT: Intestine - middle region. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (England, Poland), Asia (Yakutia), N. America (USA, USA - Alaska). Tschertkovilepis setigera Hymenolepis setigera STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Very common, characteristic helminth of waterfowl; reported Jl times in wild, 75 times in domestic, and twice in captive waterfowl; typically in Anserini. Often a cause of disease in young geese (Sprehn, 1Q32). STATUS AS SPECIES: Confused with H. lonpicirrosa ( fascia ta) in early literature. DESCRIPTION: Skrjabin, 191^c; Dubinina, 195^-a; Czaplinski, 1956d; Spasskaia, 1965; Spasskii & Iurpalova, "l°66b. Copy: Hughes, IQ^I.a: Skrjabin & Matevosian, loi4-5; Kurashvili, 1957; Shevtsov & Zaskind, I960; Spasskafa, 1966. SYNONYMY: Hughes, 19^0. Taenia setigera Froelich, 1789 Alyselminthus setigerus (Froelich, 1789) Zeder, 1800 Halysis setigera (Froelich, 1789) Ze^er, 1803 Drepanidotaenia setigera (Froelich, 1789) Railliet, 1893 Diplacanthus (Pilepis) setigera (Froelich, 1789) Cohn, 1899 Hymenolepis setigera (Froelich, 1789) Railliet, 1R99 Hymenolepis (Drepanidotaenia ) setigera (Froelich, 1789) of Cohn, 1901 Hymenolepis (Hymenolepis) setigera (Froelich, 1789) of Srrehn, 1932 Drepanidotaenia (Drerianidotaenia ) setigera (Froelich, 178Q) of L6pez- Neyra, 19^2 Tschertkovilepis setigera (Froelich, 1789) Spasskii & Spasskaia, 1°5^ Hymenolepis (Tschertkovilepis ) setigera (Froelich, 1789) of PuVi & Vilumets, 1962 Taenia setosa Rudolphi, 1810 Taenia fasciata Rudolphi, 1810 Drepanidotaenia fasciata (Rudolphi, 1810) Railliet, 1893 Taenia krabbei Kowalewski, 189^ - [Kowalewski, 1902b]; distinct, Czaplinski & Jarecka, in litt. Hymenolepis anseris Skrjabin & Matevosian, 19*+ 2 - [Spasski? & Spas- skaia, lQ5^a; Czaplinski, 1956d] 526 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs with onchospheres passed in feces; cysticercoids develop in fresh-water copepod and ostracod Crustacea and in marine amphipod Crustacea; mature in 13-1^ days in final host after inges- tion. Present in fresh-water gastropod mollusks (auxiliary hosts?); mature more rapidly (7-8 days) in final host after ingestion in mol- lusks than after ingestion of "'arvae in copepods. (Belopol ' ska/ia, 1952b; Harper, 1930; Linstow, 1BQ2; Lesin*sh & Murnietse, 1963; Mon- chenko, 1956; Petrochenko & Kotel'nikov, 1959a, l°5Qb; Ransom, 1QC9; Southwell, 191^5 Uspenskaia, i960) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Acanthocyclops bicuspidatus, Cyclop? giras, Cyclops strenuus, Eucyclops serrulatus, Eucyclops sneratus, Mesocy- clops leuckarti, Mesocyclops oithonoides, Diaptomus coeruleus , Di- aptomus sarsi, Cypri s pubera , Anonyx nugax, Gammarus Tocusta AUXILIARY HOSTS: Lymnaea auricularia, Lymnaea ovata, Lymnaea palus- tris, Lymnaea stagnalis, Planorbarius corneus FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser, Anser anser (dom. ), Anser albi^rons, Anser cygnoides , Anser erythropus , Anser fabalis , Anser indicus, Branta bernicla , Branta canadensis, Branta leucopsis, Cygnus cygnus , Cygnus olor, Cygnus olor (dom. ) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ), Anas crecca. Anas penelope, Anas querquedula, Anas strepera Somateriini - Somateria mollissima Aythyini - Aythya f erina , Aythya ful igula, Aythya marila , Netta rufina Mergini - Clangula hyemalis Galliformes - Gallus gallus (dom. ) Gruiformes - Fulica atra HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (W. Siberia, Azerbaidzhan, Armenia, Uz- bekistan, Kirgizia, Kazakhstan, Yakutia, India, Mongolia, Frimorsk, Kamchatka, Taiwan), N. America (USA, USA - Alaska). Hymenolepis sibirica STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported 3 times in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Linstow, 1905a; Schiller, 1955a. Copy: Schultz, 19*10; Hughes, 1941a; Skrjabin & Matevosian, 19^5; Spasskaia, 1°66. SYNONYMY: Diorchis sibirica Linstow, 1Q05 527 Hymenolepis sibirica (Linstow, 1905) Fuhrmann, 1908 Dicranotaenia sibirica (Linstow, 1905) Skrjabin & Matevosian, 19^5 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Somateriini - Folystieta stelleri, Somateria moll issima, Somateria spectabilis HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Tamyr, Yakutia), N. America (USA - Alaska). Drepanidotaenia signachiana Hymenolepis signachiana STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Kurashvili, 1950a, 1957. Copy: Spasskaft, 1966. SYNONYMY: Drepanidotaenia signachiana Kurashvili, T05O Hymenolepis signachiana (Kurashvili, 1950) McDonald, 1965 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Tadornini - Tadorna ferruginea HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Georgia). Hymenolepis simplex STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported k times in wild ducks and once in captive duck. STATUS AS SPECIES: Original, description based on combination of strobila of Sobolevicanthus. sepming1 y S. gracil is , and sco"1 ex of Dicranotaenia coronula; report by Shen Tseng, 1932) erroneous as to hooks, does not establish validity of species - Spasski?, lQ56b, 1963. DESCRIPTION: Fuhrmann, 1906b. Copy: Hughes, 19^1a; Skrjabin & 528 Matevosian, 19^5 • SYNONYMY: Hymenolepis simplex Fuhrmann, 1906 Weinlandia simplex (Fuhrmann, 1906) Mayhew, 1925 Hymenolepis (Hymenolepis) simplex Fuhrmann, 1906 of Sprehn, 1932 Dicranotaenia (Dicranotaenia ) simplex (Fuhrmann, 1906) Lopez-Neyra , 1PU2 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Tadornini - Tadorna cristata , Tad o ma tadorna Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas acuta , Anas crecca , Anas Formosa Mergini - Mergus cucullatus HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (India - Calcutta Zool. Garden, China), N. America (USA). Retinometra skr.jabini Hymenolepis skr.jabini STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported 9 times in wild waterfowl . STATUS AS SPECIES: Synonym of H. macracanthos - Spasskafa, 1961a; retained as distinct by Spasskaia, 1966. DESCRIPTION: Matevosian, 19^6; Dubinina, 1954a; Bezubik, 1057a. Copy: Skrjabin & Matevosian, 19^5: Kurashvi">i, 1957; Spasskaia, 1966. SYNONYMY: Hymenolepis skr.jabini Matevosian in Skrjabin & Matevosian, 19^5 Sphenacanthus skr.jabini (Matevosian, 19^-5) Spasskii & Spasskaia, 1954 Hymenosphenacanthus skr.jabini (Matevosian, 19^5) Yamaguti , 1959 Retinometra skr.jabini (Matevosian, 19M) Spasskii, 1963 LIFE CYCLE: Cysticercoid larvae reported in fresh-water copepod Crustacea. (Kotel'nikov, 1964a) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Hemidiaptomus sp. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) 529 Tadornini - Tadorna ferruginea Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas penelope, Anas strepera Aythyini - Aythya ferina, Aythya ful_igula_, Aythya marila Mergini - Bucephala clangula HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (E. Europe), Asia (W. Siberia, Kazakhstan). Echinocotyl e skr.jabini STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported twice in wi">d ducks. DESCRIPTION: Matevosian & Krotov, 19^9. Copy: Spasskaia, 1966. SYNONYMY: Echinocotyle skr.jabini Matevosian & Krotov, 19^9 Hymenolepis skr.jabini (Matevosian & Krotov, 19*4-9) McDonald, "1965, not H. skr.jabini Matevosian, 19^5 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas clypeata , Anas crecca, Anas formosa. Anas strepera HABITAT: Small intestine, 1 ar?e intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (W. Siberia, Kazakhstan). Microsomacanthus skr.jabini STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported 3 times in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Spasskafa, 1963. Copy: Spasskaia, 1966. SYNONYMY: Microsomacanthus skr.jabini Spasskaia, 1963 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Somateriini - Pol ysticta stelleri Mergini - Histrionicus histrionicus 530 HABITAT: Probably small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Kamchatka, Chukotka). Echinatrium skr.jabini STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASTTE: Rare; reported twice in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Spasskii & furpalova, I965. Copy: Spasskaia, 1966. SYNONYMY: Echinatrium skr.jabini Spasskii & Iurpalova, 1°65 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Aythyini - Aythya marila Mergini - Melanitta A: sea degiandi, Me1anitta nigra HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Chukotka). Hymenolepis smythi STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Singh, 1960b. SYNONYMY: Hymenolepis smythi Singh, I960 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Cairinini - Nettapus coromandellanus HABITAT: Not given, probably small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (India). Micro somacanthus scbol evi STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported twice in wild ducks. 531 DESCRIPTION: Spasskii & Iurpalova, 1964, 1966a; Tolkacheva, 1966. Spasskaia, 1966. SYNONYMY: Microsomacanthus sobolevi Spasskii & Iurpalova , 1964 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Mergini - Clangula hyemalis HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Tamyr, Chukotka). Hymenolepis solowiowi STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported 4 times in wild ducks. STATUS AS SPECIES: Inadequately described. Synonym of H. compressa - Lopez-Neyra, 1941; Spasskii, 1956b; Spasskafa, 1966. DESCRIPTION: Skrjabin, 19l4c; Beverley- Burton, 1964. Copy: Hughes, 1941a; Skrjabin & Matevosian, 1Q45. SYNONYMY: Hymenolepis solowiowi Skrjabin, 1914 Hymenolepis ( Hymenolepi s ) solowiowi Skrjabin, 1914 of Sprehn, 1^32 Nade.jdolepis (?) solowiowi (Skrjabin, 1914) Yamaguti, 195g LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas acuta Aythyini - Aythya ferina, Aythya fuligula, Aythya nyroca HABITAT: Small intestine - entire length. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (England), Asia (Kazakhstan, China). Microsomacanthus somateriae STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in wi" a^l ) CzapMnski, IQ56 Hymenolepis mastigopraedita Polk, 19U2 - [Schiller, 1°5^; Spasskii & Bobova, 1062bl 536 Sobolevicanthus mastigopraedita (Folk, 1.9U2) Spasskil & Spasskaia., 1954 Hymenolepis dafilae Polk, 19^2 - [Schiller, 195^1; distinct, Spasskii & Bobova, 1062b. LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos, Anas acuta, Anas formosa HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Kamchatka), N. America (USA, TlSA - Alaska). Hymenolepis tenerrima STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported twice in wild ducks, once experimentally in domestic duck. DESCRIPTION: Copy: Hughes, 1941a; Skrjabin & Matevosian, 19^5. SYNONYMY: Taenia tenerrima Linstow, 1882 Hymenolepis tenerrima (Linstow, 1882) Fuhrmann, 1 °06 Hymenolepis (Echinocotyle) tenerrima (Linstow, 1882) of Fuhrmann, 1008 Hymenolepis (Hymenolepis) tenerrima (Linstow, 1882) of Sprehn, 1932 Sphenacanthus tenerrima (Linstow, 1882) Lopez-Neyra, "1 0^2 Hymenosphenacanthus tenerrima (Linstow, 1882) Yamaguti, 1959 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs with onchospheres passed in feces; cysticercoids present in fresh-water ostracod Crustacea; immature strobilae in final host 20 days after ingestion. (Harper, 1930) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Herpetocypris reptans FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) [exper.l Aythyini - Aythya af finis, Aythya f u] ign1 a , Aythya marila HABITAT: Large intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, N. America (USA). 537 Monosaccanthes tenuirostris Hymenol eri s tenuirostris STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported 5 times in wi^d ducks. STATUS AS SFECIFS: Established by Czaplinski, 196?; previously con- fused with Tschertkovilepis krabbei and Drepanidotaenia przewalskii, descriptions and reported hosts in literature (35 reports) based on mixtures of these forms. DESCRIPTION: Czaplinski, 1956d , 196?. SYNONYMY: Czaplinski, 1967 . Taenia tenuirostris Rudolphi , 181°, p.p. Drepanidotaenia tenuirostris (Rudolphi, lp19) Railliet, 1893* P«P« Diplacanthus (Dilepis) tenuirostris (Rudolphi, 1819) Cohn, 1899 Hymenolepis tenuirostris (Rudolphi, 1819 ) Railliet, "1^99 Hymenolepis (Hymenolepis) tenuirostris (Rudolphi, 1819) of Sprehn, 1Q32 Drepanidotaenia (Drepanidotaenia ) tenuirostris (Rudolphi, 1819) of L6pez-Neyra, 1°U2 Dicranotaenia tenuirostris (Rudolphi, I810) Ldrez-Neyra , 1 °^3 Micro somacanthus tenuirostris (Rudolphi, 1819) Yamaguti, 195Q Monosaccanthes tenuirostris (Rudolphi, 1819) Czaplinski, 1967 Taenia krabbei Kowalewski, 189^ , not Moniez, 1°7Q - [Skrjabin & Mate- vosian, 19^51 ; distinct, Czaplinski, 1967 Taenia conscripta Railliet & Henry, 1909 - [Luhe, 1910; et al.1; synonym of T. krabbei Hymenolepis tritesticulata Fuhrmann , 1907 Weinlandia tritesticulata (Fuhrmann, 1907) Mayhew, 1925 Drepanidotaenia (Drepanidolepis ) tritesticui ata (Fuhrmann, 1907) L6pez-Neyra , la^2 Micro somacanthus (?) tritesticulata (Fuhrmann, 1907) Yamaguti, 1959 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos Mergini - Mergus albellus, Mergus merganser, Mergu s serrator HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (China, Japan). Hamatolepis teresoides Hymenolepis teresoides STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Common; reported 19 times in wild 538 waterfowl, twice in captive waterfowl. EESCRIFTICN: Fuhrmann, 1906a; Dubinina, 195^a; Czaplinski, 19566. Copy: Hughes, 194la; Skrjabin & Matevosian, 19'+5; Spasska-fa, 1°66. SYNONYMY: Taenia teres Krabbe of Linstow, "l8Qc Kymenolepis teresoides Fuhrmann, 1°06 Weinlandia teresoides (Fuhrmann, l°CO Mayhew, 1°25 Hymenolepis (Hymenolepis) +eresoides Fuhrmann, 1Q06 of Sprehn , 1°32 Drepanido taenia (Drepanidolepis) teresoides (Fuhrmann, 1°06) Lopez- Neyra, 1°42 Microsomacanthus teresoides (Fuhrmann, 1Q06) Yamaguti, 1959 Sphenacanthus teresoides (Fuhrmann, 1°C6) Borgarenko, 196l Kamatolepis teresoides (Fuhrmann, 1°06) Spasskii, 1964 Hymenolepis globulosa Szrotanska, 1931 - LLopez-Neyra, 1941; Czatf-in- ski, 1056c1] Armadoskrjabinia glcbulosa (Szpotanska, 1931- ) Yamaguti, 1959 Hymenolepis rarus Skrjabin, 1914 - [Lorez-Neyra , 1Q41 ; Czaplinski, 1956d] H.ymenolepis crecca Singh, 1952 - [ Spasskii, lQ6l] LIFE CYCLE: Eggs with onchospheres passed in feces; "i arvae injected fresh-water ostracod Crustacea, but did not complete development. (Jarecka, 1958b) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser, Cyg^us atratus Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas acuta , Anas clypeata , Anas crecca, Anas falcata, Anas penelope , Anas strenera Aythyini - Aythya nyroca , Netta rufina Mergini - Melanltta fusca deglandi HABITAT: Small intestine, ceca. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (W. Siberia, Azerbaidzhan, Armenia, Uz- bekistan, Kazakhstan, Primorsk, Sakhalin), N. America (USA), Australia, Sobolevicanthus terraereginae H.ymenolepis terraereginae STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported twice in wild water- fowl. DESCRIPTION: Johnston, 1913a. Copy: Hughes, 194la; Skrjabin & Matevosian, 19^5. 539 SYNONYMY: Hymenolepis terraereginae Johnston, 1*511 Dicranotaenia terraereginae (Johnston, 1911) Skrjabin & Matevosian, 1Q^5 Sobolevicanthus terraereginae (Johnston, "'911) Spasski? & Spasskaia, 195** LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anseranatini - Anseranas semipalmata HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Australia. Micro somacanthu s trichorhynchus Hymenolepis trichorhyncha STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once (?) in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Yoshida, 1908, 1910. Copy: Hughes, 19^-la: Skrjabin & Matevosian, 19^5 > Spasskafa, 1966. SYNONYMY: Hymenolepis trichorhyncha Yoshida, 1908 Hymenolepis (Hymenolepis) trichorhyncha Yoshida, 1908 of Sprehn, 1932 Dicranotaenia trichorhynchus (Yoshida, 1908) Skrjabin & Matevosian, 19^5 Microsomacanthus trichorhynchus (Yoshida, 1908) Spasskii & Spasskaia, 1954 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - [Anas platyrhynchns - Iwata, 193°, probable error], Anas platyrhynchos (dom.) - [Spasskaia, 1966, original cita- tion not found] , Anas crecca HABITAT: Small intestine - duodenum. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (S. Russia), Asia (Japan). 540 Microsomacanthus tri folium Hymenolepis tri folium STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported 4 times in wild ducks. STATUS AS SFECIES: Perhaps synonym of Diploposthe laevis - Fuhrmann, 1932. DESCRIPTION: Linstow, 1905b; Rysavy, 196lb. Copy: Hughes, TQ^la; Skrjabin & Matevosian, 19^5. SYNONYMY: Hymenolepis trifolium Linstow, 1905 Weinlandia trifolium (Linstow, 1905) Mayhew, 1925 Hymenolepis (Hymenolepis) trifolium Linstow, 1905 of Spr^hn, 1932 Drepanidotaenia (DrepanTdolepis) trifolium (Linstow, 1905) L6pez- Neyra, 19^2 Dicranotaenia trifolium (Linstow, 1905) Skrjabin & Matevosian, 19^5 Micro somacanthus trifolium (Linstow, 1905) Spasskii & Spasskaia, 195^ LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas strepera HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Germany, Czechoslovakia, England). Microsomacanthus tuvensis Hymenolepis tuvensis STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported k times in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Spasskaia & Spasskii, 196l; Maksimova, 1963a; Tolka- cheva, 1966. Copy: Spasskaia, 1966. SYNONYMY: Microsomacanthus tuvensis Spasskaia & Spasskii, 196l Hymenolepis tuvensis (Spasskaia & Spasskii, 196l) McDonald, 1965 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas falcata 541 Aythyini - Aythya fuligula, Aythya marila , Aythya nyroca Mergini - Bucephala clanp;ula , Melanitta nipra HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Kazakhstan, Tuva, Tamyr, Kamchatka). Retinometra venusta Hymeno"! epis venusta STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Infrequent ; reported 8 times in wild and twice in domestic ducks. DESCRIPTION: Dubinina, 195^a? Beverley-Burton , 1Q6^. Copy: Hughes, 19^4-la; Skrjabin & Matevosian, 19^5; Shevtsov & Zaskind, 1Q60; Spas- ska la, 1966. SYNONYMY: Hughes, 19^0. Cysticercus venusta Rosseter, 1897 Taenia venusta (Rosseter, 1897) Rosseter, 1 8°7 Drepanidotaenia venusta (Rosseter, 1897) Rosseter, I8Q7 Hymeno! epis venusta (Rosseter, 1897) Railliet & Henry, 1°<^Q Sphenacanthus venusta (Rosseter, 1897) Lopez-Neyra, 19^2 Hymenosphenacanthus yenustus (Rosseter, 1897) Yamaguti, 105q Retinometra venusta (Rosseter, 1897) Spasskaia, 1°66 Hymenolepis macrocephala Fuhrmann, 1913 - [ Spasskaia, 1966] LIFE CYCLE: Eggs with onchospheres passed in feces; cysticercoids develop in fresh-water ostracod and copepod Crustacea; mature in final host after ingestion. (Rosseter, 1897a; Spasskaia, 1Q66) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Cyclocypris dispersa, Cyclocypris laevis, Noto- dromas monacha , Acanthocyclops viridis, Eucyc^ ops macruroides, Macro- cyclops albidus , Macrocyclops fuscus FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhyncho s , Anas pi atyrhynchos (dom. ), Anas acuta Aythyini - Aythya f erina , Netta rufina HABITAT: Small intestine - anterior region. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (W. Siberia, Kirgizia, Amur). Hymenolepis vistulae STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild ducks. 542 DESCRIPTION: Czaplinski, I960; Jarecka, 196l (ova). SYNONYMY: Hymenolepis vistulae Czaplinski, I960 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs with onchospheres passed in feces; cystieercoids develop in 16 days at 18 C. after ingestion by fresh-water copepod Crustacea (Czaplinski, i960) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Cyclops strenuus [exper.l FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Mergini - Mergus merganser HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Poland). Hymenolepis wardlei STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare: reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Dubey & Pande, 196^. SYNONYMY: Hymenolepis wardlei Dubey & Pande, 196^- LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas poecilorhyncha HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (India). Sobolevicanthus wizniewskii Hymenolepis wizniewskii STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported twice in wild ducks and once in domestic duck. DESCRIPTION: Czaplinski, 1956d. Copy: Spasskafa, 1Q66. SYNONYMY: 543 Sobolevicanthus wizniewskii Czaplifiski, 1956 Hymenolepis wizniewskii (Czaplinski, 1956) McDonald, IQ65 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Aythyini - Aythya f erina , Aythya nyroca HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Poland), Asia (Kazakhstan). Hymenolepis yoshidai STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in domestic duck. STATUS AS SPECIES: Not in genus Kowalewskius as defined by Czaplin- ski, 1967. DESCRIPTION: Yamaguti, 1956. SYNONYMY: Kowalewskius yoshidsi Yamaguti, 1956 Hymenolepis yoshidai (Yamaguti, 1956) McDonald, 1965 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Japan). Wardium yukonensis Hymenolepis yukonensis STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported twice in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Schiller, 195^. SYNONYMY: Hymenolepis yukonensis Schiller, 195^ Wardium yukonensis (Schiller, 195*0 Spasskii, 1963 544 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Somateriini - Somateria fischeri HABITAT: Small intestine - duodenum. DISTRIBUTION: N. America (Alaska). 545 NEMATODA Capillaria anatie STATUS AS WaTERFOWL PARASITE: Very oommon, characteristic helminth of waterfowl; reported 35 times in wild, 56 times in domestic, and 5 times in captive waterfowl. DESCRIPTION: Mettrick, 1959a; Czapliiiski, 1962b; wakelin, 1965a. Copy: Madsen, 1945; Kasimov, 1956; Skrjabin, Shikhobalova, & Orlov, 1957; Kurashvili, 1957? Shevtsov & Zaskind, i960. SYNONYMY: Madsen, 1952. Trichoeephalus anatis Schrank, 1790 Trichosoma anatis Railliet, 1895 Capillaria anatis (Schrank, 1790) Travassos, 1915» e.p. Thominx anatis (Schrank, 1790) Skrjabin & Shikhobalova, 1954 Capillaria tumida Zeder, 1803 Capillaria semiteres Zeder, 1803, e.p. (?) Hamularia nodulosa Rudolphi, 1809, e.p. (?) Trichocephalus capillaris Rudolph! , 1809, e.p. Trichosoma brevicolle Rudolphi, 1819, e.p. Trichosoma longicolle Rudolphi, 1819 Trichosoma resectum Pu.jardin, 1843 - distinct, Le -van Ho a, i960 Trichosoma collare Linstow, 1873 Capillaria collare (Linstow, 1873) Travassos, 1915 Echinocoleus collare (Linstow, 1873) LSpez-Neyra, 1947 Thominx collaria (Linstow, 1873) Or tho thominx oollaris (Linstow, 1873) Freitas & da Silva, i960 Trichosoma dubium Kowalewski, 1894 Trichosoma retusum Railliet, 1895 Capillaria corvorum (Rudolphi, 1819) Travassos, 1915 - distinct, Le-van Hoa, i960 Capillaria uruguayensis Calzada, 1937 (?) Echinocoleus uruguayensis (Calzada, 1937) L6pez-Neyra, I947 Thominx uruguayensis (Calzada, 1937) Skrjabin & Shikhobalova, 1954 LIFE CYCLE: Direot, prepatent period 28 days. (Wetzel & Quittek, 1940) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS : None. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - An3er anger, Anger anger (dom. ) , Anger albif rons , Anser caerulescena, Brant a canadensis , Branta ruficollis, Cygnus atratus , Cygnus cygnus , Cygnus cygnus buccinator, Cygnus olor Tadornini - Tadoma tadorna Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) , Anas acuta, Anas americana. Anas capensis, Anas castanea, anas cly- peata, Anas crecca. Anas crecca carolinensis, Anas cyanoptera. Anas falcata, Anas formosa. Anas leucophrys, Anas penelope, Anaa querquedula, Anas rubripes, Anas sibilatrix, Anas specu- 546 laris , Anas strepera Aythyini - Aythya affinis, Aythya americana, Aythya col1 aris, Aythya ferina, Aythya fuligula , Aythya novae-seel andlae , Aythya nyroca , Aythya vallisneria, Netta rufina Cairinini - Aix galericulata , Alx spo^sa, Cairina moschata (dom. ) Mergini - Bucephala aTbeola, Bucephala clangula , Clangula hyema"! is, Melanitta fusca, Mergus merganser, Mergus serrator Oxyurini - Oxyura .jamaicensis Podicipediformes - Fodiceps grisegena Galliformes - Gallus gallus (dom. ) , Lyruru s tetrix, Me1 eagris ga"> ~* o- pavo (dom.), Ferdix perdix, Phasianus co^chicus Gruiformes - Fulica atra Charadriiformes - Larus ridibundus Columbiformes - Columba palumbus Fasseriformes - Corvus corax, Corvus corone , Corvus ^rugi"< egus , Cor- vus monedula, Garru1 us glandarius , Nucifraga caryocatactes HABITAT: Ceca, occasionally small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (Azerbaidzhan, W. Siberia, Kirgizia, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Frimorsk, Amur, Kamchatka, Chukotka), M. America (USA, Canada), S. America. Carillaria annulata STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Accidental, normally in gallinaceous birds; reported once in domestic duck. Cause of serious pathology and losses in gallinaceous birds; losses described by Cram, 1936. STATUS AS SPECIES: Stated to be host-reaction form of C. contorta by Madsen, 1951; maintained as distinct species by other authors. DESCRIPTION: Cram, 1936. Copy: Kasimov, 1956; Skrjabin, Shikhoba- lova, & Crlov, 1957. SYNONYMY: Cram, 1936. Capillaria semiteres Zeder, 1803, e.p. - [Yamaguti, lQ6ll Trichosomum annulatum Molin, 1858 Trichosoma annulata (Molin, I858) Cram, 1925 Capillaria annulata (Molin, I858) Cram. "< 926 Eucoleus annulatus (Molin, I858) L6pez-Neyra, 1 9*1-7 Ritaklossia annulata (Molin, I858) Freitas & da Si^va, 1 °6C Trichosoma strumosum Reibisch, 1^93 Capillaria strumosa (Reibisch, 1.893) Travassos, 19"1 5 Thorainx strumosa (Reibisch, lS^j) Travassos, 1915 Eucoleus strumosa (Reibisch, 1893) Wassilkowa & Gushanskaia , 1030 Trichosoma delicatissimum Perroncito & Tomiolo, "1 8oq Capillaria oblata Graham, Thorp, & Hectorne , 192° - [Yamaguti, 196l] 547 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs passed in feces, embryonated in 24-47 days or longer, do not develop at 4-6 C. or 37 C.; eggs hatch after ingestion by earth- worm, larvae penetrate longitudinal muscles; larvae infective for final host in 14-28 days, varying with species of earthworms; eggs in feces of final host 19-26 days after ingestion. (Allen, 1949, 1950; Wehr & Allen, 1945). INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Alloloborhora cal iginosa , Eisenia foetida , Lum- bricus terrestris FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) Falconiformes - Accipiter nisus, Buteo buteo Galliformes - Bonasa umbellus, Chrysolophus pictus, Colinus virgin- ianus, Gallus gallus (dom.), Lyrurus tetrix, Meleagris gallopavo, Meleagris gallopavo (dom. ) , Numida sp. , Perdix perdix, Phasianus colchicus, Syrmaticus reevesii , Tetrao urogallus Strigiformes - Bubo bubo HABITAT: Esophagus - embedded in mucosa. DISTRIBUTION: Cosmopolitan. Europe, Aria, N. America, S. America. Capillaria bursata STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare, perhaps accidental, normally in domestic fowl; reported twice in domestic geese. STATUS AS SPECIES: Synonym of C. caudinflata - Madsen, 1952; dis- tinct - Wakelin, 1965a. DESCRIPTION: Freitas & Almeida, 193^5 Todd, 1947; L6rez-Neyra, 1947; Wakelin, 1965a. Copy: Kasimov, 1956; Skrjabin, Shikhobalova , & Orlov, 1957; Gvozdev, 1958. SYNONYMY: Capillaria bursata Teixeira de Freitas & Lins de Almeida, 1934 Aonchotheca bursata (Freitas & Almeida, 193*0 Lopez-Neyra, 1 Q46 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs passed in feces of host, larvae develop in 13-15 days at 18-20 C, in 8 days at 2^-30 C; eggs hatch after ingestion by earthworm; larvae infective to final host in 22-25 days; mature in final host 20-26 days after ingestion. (Savvateeva, 1965; Shlikas, 1966) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Allolobophora 1 onga , Bimastus tenuis, Dendro- baena octaedra [exper.1, Eisenia foetida, Luirbricus rubellus Lexper.] 548 FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser (dom. ) Galliformes - Gallus gallus (dom.), Meleagris gallopavo (dom. ), Per- dix perdix, Phasianus colchicus, Tetrao parvirostris HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (Kirgizia, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Pri- morsk), N. America (USA), S. America (Brazil). Capillaria cairinae STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in domestic duck. DESCRIPTION: Freitas & Almeida, 1935a. Copy: Madsen, 19^5? Skr- jabin, Shikhobalova , & Orlov, 1957. SYNONYMY: Capillaria cairinae Teixeira de Freitas & Lins de Almeida, 1^35 Eucoleus cairinae (Freitas & AlmeiHa, 1935) Lopez-Neyra, 19^7 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Cairinini - Cairina moschata (dom. ) HABITAT: Esophagus. DISTRIBUTION: S. America (Brazil). Capillaria caudinflata STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Infrequent, normally in gallinaceous birds; reported 5 times in domestic waterfowl. Associated with path- ological conditions in chickens. DESCRIPTION: Wakelin, 1965a. Copy: Madsen, 19^5; Kasimov, 19<56; Skrjabin, Shikhobalova, & Orlov, 1957? Gvozdev, 195$; Shevtsov & Zaskind, I960. SYNONYMY: Madsen, 1952. Calodium caudinf latum Molin, I858 Capillaria caudinflata (Molin, I858) Travassos, 191 5 Filaria gallinae Schrank, 178P (?) Capillaria semiteres Zeder, I8C3, e.p. (?) 549 Hamularia nodulosa Rudolphi, 1809, e.p. (?) Trichosoma columbae Rudolphi, 1819 (?) Trichosoma longicolle Rud. of Mehlis, I83I, and Shipley, 180Q Calodium tenue Dujardin, 1845 (?) Trichosomum grallinum Kowalewski, 189^ Trichosoma papillosum Blome, 1909 Trichosoma papilligera Railliet & Henry, 1°11 Capillarla papilligera Railliet & Henry, 1911 Trichosoma meleagris-gallopavo Barile, 1912 Capillaria meleagris (Barile, 1912) Travassos, 1915 Eucoleus meleagridis (Barile, 1912) nom. emended, lopez-Neyra , l.°47 Thominx meleagridis (Barile, 1°12) Skrjabin & Shikhobalova , 1^54 Pterothominx meleagridis (Barile, 1912) Freitas, 1959 Capillaria du.jardini Travassos, 1914, not C. dujardini of Trav. , 1015 Capillaria longicolle (Rudolphi, 1819) Travassos, 1915, e.p. of authors Capillaria blomei Travassos, 1915 - distinct, Wakelin, 196? Capillaria gallinae (Goeze, 1782) Skrjabin, 1920 Capillaria caudinflata var. ba"1 tica Otte, 1828 Capillaria bursata Freitas & Almeida, 1934 - distinct, Wakelin, IQ65 Aonchotheca bursata (Freitas & Almeida, 193*0 Lfipez-Neyra, 1947 Capillaria columbae var. sturni Cannon, 1939 Carillaria ovopurctatum (Linstow, 1873) of Boyd, 1951, e.p. (?) Capillaria exilis (Dujardin) of Boyd, 1951, e.p. (?) LIFE CYCLE: Eggs passed in feces of host, embryonated in soil in 11-14 days, viable several months; epgs hatch after ingestion by earthworm, larvae infective for final host in 9-22 days; mature in final host 21-25 days after ingestion; survive less than 10 months in final host. (Allen & Wehr, 1942; BejSovec, 1962; Gagarin, 1^52, 1956; Morehouse, 1944; Wehr & Allen, 1945; Shlikas, 1965b) INTERMEDIATE HCSTS: Allolobophora calipinosa, Dendrobaena octaedra [exper.], Eisenia foetida, Lumbricus terrestris Lexper.l FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser (dom. ) , [Anser anser - Lapage , 196l , erro- neous] Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) Cairinini - Cairina moschata (dom. ) Falconiformes - Accipiter nisus , Buteo buteo Galliformes - Alectoris graeca, Alectoris ruf a , Chrysolophus pictus, Colinus virginianus, Coturnix coturnlx, Gallus gallus (dom.), Lagopus lagopus, Lagopus mutus, Lap;opus scoticus, Lyrurus tetrix, Meleagris gallopavo , Meleagris gallooavo (dom.), Numida meleagris, Ferdix perdix, Phasianus colchicus, Tetrao urogallus, Tetrastes bonasia Gruiformes - Tetrax tetrax 550 Col umbi formes - Columba livia (dom. ) , Columbg pal umbu s , Streptopelia decaocto Strigiformes - Bubo bubo Piciformes - Dryocopus martius Fasseriformes - Emberiza schoeniclus , Erithacus rubecula , Garrul us glandarius , Lanius collurio, Passer domesticus , Sitta europaea, Sturnus vulgaris, Turdus i] iacus, Turd us merul a , Turdus migrator- ius, Turdus philomelos, Turdus pilaris, Turdus viscivorus HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Cosmopolitan. Europe, Asia, N. America, S. America. Capillaria contorta STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Very common, characteristic helminth of waterfowl; reported 37 times in wild, j6 times in domestic water- fowl; restricted to non-anserine waterfowl in N. America. Occasion- ally cause of disease and mortality in waterfowl , frequently in chick- ens; pathological conditions describe^ by Cram, 1930a, 193&! Gagarin, 1952, 1956; Railliet & Lucet, 1889. DESCRIPTION: Cram, 1936; Madsen, 19^5; Mettrick, lQ5Qa: Czaplifiski, 1962b. Copy: Kasimov, 1956; Skrjabin, Shikhobalova, & Orlov, 1Q57; Kurashvili, 1957; Gvozdev, 1958; Shevtsov & Zaskind, I960. SYNONYMY: Madsen, 1952. Trichosoma contortum Creplin, 1839 Thominx contorta (Creplin, 1839) Travassos, 1915 Capillaria contorta (Creplin, 1839) Travassos, 1915 Eucoleus contortus (Creplin, 1839 ) Lflpez-Neyra, 19^7 Trichosoma dispar Dujardin, 18^5 Trichosoma triloba Linstow, 1875 Trichosoma longicolle Rud. of Stossich, 1890, e.p.; of Trav. , 1Q15, e.p. Trichosoma obtusiusculum Rud. of Jagerskiold , 1901 Capillaria perforans Kotlan & Orosz, 1931 Eucoleus perforans (Kotlan & Orosz, 1931) L<5pez-Neyra, 19^7 Thominx perforans (Kotlan & Orosz, 1931) Skrjabin & Shikhobalova, 105^ Capillaria lophortygis Baylis, IQ^ - distinct, Mettrick, 1959a Eucoleus lophortygis (Baylis, 193*0 Lopez-Neyra, 1°^7 Capillaria vanelli Yamaguti, 1935, not C. vanelli (Rud., 1819) Capillaria triloba (Linstow) of Baylis, 1939 Eucoleus raillieti Lopez-Neyra, 19^7 Thominx raillieti (L(5pez-Neyra , 19^7) Skrjabin & Shikhobalova, 105 not T. paradoxa Diesing, 1835 LIFE CYCLE: Larvae in fresh-water fish; mature in -final host 18-20 days after ingestion. (Dubinin, 194a) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser, Anser anser (dom. ) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos, Anas platyrhynchos (dom.), Anas acuta, Anas clypeata , Anas crecca Somateriini - Somateria mollissima Aythyini - Aythya fuligula Mergini - Bucephala clangula, Clangula hyemalis, Mergus albellus, Mergus merganser, Mergus serrator Gaviiformes - Gavia arctica, Gavia stellata Podicipediformes - Fodiceps cristatus, Podiceps ruflcollis Pelecaniformes - Pelecanus crispus, Pplecanus oncro talus, Fhalacro- corax carbo Ciconiiformes - Ardea cinerea, Ardea purpurea , Casmerodius albus, Ciconia nigra , Egretta garzetta, Nycticorax nycticorax Charadriiformes - Alca torda, Numenius torquata, Pluvialis anricaria , Scolopax sp. , Uria aalge, Uria lomvia HABITAT: Tubercles in wall of esophagus and proventriculus. 559 DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (Frimorsk, Kamchatka, Japan), N. America (Canada) . Eustrongylides papillosus STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in domestic water- fowl. Last record 1802. DESCRIPTION: Copy: Cram, 1927a; Shevtsov & Zaskind, I960. SYNONYMY: Cram, 1927a. Strongylus papillosus Rudolphi, 1802, e.p. Eustrongylus papillosus (Rudolphi, 1802) Diesinc, I85I, e.p. Hystrichis papillosus (Rudolphi, 1802) Molin, 1861, e.p. Eustrongylides papillosus (Rudolphi, 1802) JagerskiSld, 1909 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of E. tubifex. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser (dom. ) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) Fasseriformes - Nucifraga caryocatactes HABITAT: Tubercles in wall of esophagus and proventriculus. DISTRIBUTION: Europe. Eustrongylides tricolor STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in domestic duck. STATUS AS SFECIES: Probably synonym of E. mergorum - Yamaguti, 1935. DESCRIPTION: Sugimoto, 1931 1 1932a. SYNONYMY: Eustrongylides tricolor Sugimoto, 1931 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of E. tubifex. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) HABITAT: Tubercles in wall of esophagus and proventriculus. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Taiwan). 560 Eustrongylides tubifex STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported once in wild and twice in domestic waterfowl. DESCRIPTION: Kontrimavichus & Bakhmet'eva, i960. Copy: Cram, 1927a. SYNONYMY: Cram, 1927a. Strongylus tubifex Nitzsch in Rudolphi, 1819, e.p. Eustrongylus tubifex (Nitzsch, 181P) Diesing, 1851, e.p. Hystrichis tubifex (Nitzsch, 1819 ) Molin, l86l, e.p. Eustrongylides tubifex (Nitzsch, 1819) JagerskiSld , 190° Hystrichis elegans (Olfers, 1916) Railliet, 1895, e.p. LIFE CYCLE: Larvae in fresh-water fish. (Grimm, I876; Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1935) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Barbus fluviatilis, Esox Lucius, Gobius caspius, Gobius fluviatilis, Gobius kessleri, Gobius melanostomus, Leuciscus rutilus caspicus. Lota vulgaris, Ferca fluviatilis, Serranus scriba , Symbranchus laticaudatus FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) Mergini - Mergus merganser - [reporter1 only by Yamaguti, 196l; original citation not found] Gaviiformes - Gavia arctica, Gavia stellata Pelecaniformes - Pelecanus crispus , Pelecanus oncrotalus HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe. Eustrongylides wenrichi STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; probably accidental; reported once in captive geese; normal host unknown. DESCRIPTION: Canavan, 1929, 1931. SYNONYMY: Eustrongylides wenrichi Canavan, 1929 LIFE CYCLE: Larvae in fresh-water fish and amphibia. (Canavan, 1929) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: OSTEICHTHYES - Enneacanthus gloriosus, Esox americanus, Pomoxi s sparoides, Salvelinus fontinalis 561 AMFHIBIA - Amphiuma means, Rana catesbiana FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Branta canadensis HABITAT: Froventriculus, air sacs. DISTRIBUTION: N. America (USA _ Philadelphia Zoological Garden). Hystrichis coronatus STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported 3 times in wild ducks. Last record in 1909. DESCRIPTION: Copy: Cram, 1927a. SYNONYMY: Cram, 1927a. Hystrichis sp. Molin, i860 Hystrichis mergi-merganseris Die sing, 1861 Hystrichis coronatus Molin, 1861 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of H. tricolor. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Mergini - Mergus merganser HABITAT: Froventriculus - glands DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Italy). Hystrichis cygni STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITF: Infrequent; reported perhaps twice in wild swans and 3 times in domestic swans: last record 1909 • DESCRIPTION: Copy: Cram, 1927a. SYNONYMY: Cram, 1927a. Echinocephalus cygni Molin, I858 Hystrichis cygni (Molin , I858) Diesing, l86l Hystrichis pachicephalus Molin, l86l Hystrichis pachycephalus Molin of Neumann, 1802 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of H. tricolor. 562 FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Cygnus olor HABITAT: Vesicles between coats of proventricu1 us. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Italy). Hystrichis neglectus STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported 3 times in wild ducks. Last record in 1926. STATUS AS SPECIES: Doubtful. Larval form of H. tricolor - Karmanova, 1960b. DESCRIPTION: Copy: Cram, lQ27a. SYNONYMY: Cram, 1927a. Strongylus papillosus Rudolphi, 1802, e.p. Eustrongylus papillosus (Rudolphi, 1802) Diesing, 1851, e.p. Hystrichis papillosus TRudolphi, 1802) Molin, 186"! , e.p. Hystrichis neglectus JagerskiSld , 1900 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of H. tricol or. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas crecca, Anas quprquedula Charadriiformes - Numenius arquatus HABITAT: Esophagus. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Italy, Austria). Hystrichis orispinus STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild swan. STATUS AS SPECIES: Doubtful. Larval form of H. tricolor - Karman- ova, 1960b. DESCRIPTION: Copy: Cram, 1927a. SYNONYMY: Hystrichis orispinus Molin, I858 563 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of H. tricolor. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Cygnus olor Ciconiiformes - Flep;adis falcinellus HABITAT: Glandular cysts in proventriculus. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Italy). Hystrlchis tricolor STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Common in Europe, one of the charac- teristic helminths of waterfowl; reported 10 times in wild, 26 times in domestic, and once in captive waterfowl. Cause of extensive dam- age and loss; pathology described by Cram, 193Ca; Gumen'shchikova, 1963; Gupalenko, Stetsenko, & Taran, 1958; and Hartwich, 1953* Mor- tality reported by Golubev, 1959; Gupalenko, Stetsenko, & Taran, 1958; Savchuk & Gubskii, 1958. DESCRIPTION: Bezubik, 1957a; Shevtsov & Zaskind, 1Q60; Czaplinski, 1962b. Copy: Cram, 1927a; Kurashvili, 1957. SYNONYMY: Cram, 1927a. Hystrichis tricolor Dujardin, 1845 Spiroptera tricolor (Dujardin, 1845) Diesing, 1851 Strongylus anatis Rudolphi, 1819 - [Sprehn, 1^32] Strongylus tubifex Nitzsch in Rudolphi, 1819, e.p. Eustrongylus tubifex (Nitzsch, 1819) Diesing, 1851, e.p. Hystrichis tubifex (Nitzsch, 1819) Molin, 1861, e.p. Spirootera tadornae Bellingham, 1844 Hystrichis orispinus Molin, I858 - [Karmanova, 1960a] Hystrichis wedli Linstow, 1879 emend. JagerskiSld , 1909 - [Karman- ova, lQ60al Hystrichis neglectus Japerskiold , 1909 - [Karmanova, 1960a] Hystrichis varispinosus JagerskiSld, 1909 - [Karmanova, 1960a] LIFE CYCLE: Eggs passed in feces of host, embryonated in soil in 31-62 days, hatch after ingestion by terrestrial, earthworms; larvae enter supraneural blood vessel in worm. After ingestion by final host, larvae enter intestinal wall, [make way to proventriculus ?] , mature in 28-30 days; mature worms survive 3^-45 days in final host. (Gumen'shchikova, 106l; Gupalenko, Stetsenko, & Taran, 1Q58; Karman- ova, 1956, 1959a, 1059b, 1960b; Kosinova, 1065; Osinov, 1059; Savchuk & Gubskii, 1957a, 1957b, 1958) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Allolobophora dnbiosa pontica, Criodril us lacuum, Eiseniella tetraedra , Eophila leoni 564 FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser (dom. ) [exper.l Tadornini - Alopochen aegyptiacus, Lophonetta specularioid.es , Tadorna tadorna Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas pi atyrhyncho s (dom. ) , Anas angustirostris , Anas cyanoptera , Anas Teucophrys, Anas 1 uzon- ica. Anas poecilorhyncha , Anas querquedula, Anas sibilatrix. Anas versicolor Ciconiiformes - Plegadis falcinellus Galli formes - Gallus gal"lus (dom.) Gruiformes - Fulica atra Charadriiformes - Capella media, Numenius arquata HABITAT: Tubercles in wall of proventriculus; sometimes in esopha- gus, air sacs, liver. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (Kazakhstan). Hystrichis varispinosus STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Infrequent; reported 3 times in wild and once in domestic waterfowl. STATUS AS SPECIES: Larval form of H. tricolor - Karmanova, lQ60b. Maintained as distinct species by Shevtsov & Zaskind, i960. DESCRIPTION: Shevtsov & Zaskind, I960. Copy: Cram, t°27a. SYNONYMY: Hystrichis varispinosus Jagerskiold, 1909 LIFE CYCLE: Larvae reported in amphibian (auxiliary host?) (Volgar- Pastukhova, 1959). INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Rana ridibunda FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) , Anas querquedula Mergini - Bucephala clangula, Mergus serrator HABITAT: Proventriculus. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (USSR). 565 Strongyloides avium STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare, probably accidental, normally in gallinaceous birds; reported once in domestic duck. Pathology of infection in chicken described by Cram, l°29a. DESCRIPTION: Cram, 1929a. Copy: Kasimov, 1956. SYNONYMY: Strongyloides avium Cram, 1929 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs passed in feces, hatch in 18 hours at 10-1 U C. into rhabditiform larvae; mature into free-living male and female generation in soil. Filariform larvae infective to final host pro- duced in 48 hours by free-living generation; larvae mature into par- thenogenetic females in final host 5 days after ingestion. (Cram, 1929a) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: None. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) Galliformes - Bonasa umbellus [exper.], Colinus virginianus [exper.], Gallus gallus (dom.), Meleagris gallopavo, Meleagris gallopavo (dom. ) Grui formes - Fulica americana Passeriformes - Junco hyemalis HABITAT: Ceca , small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (India, Indonesia, Taiwan), N. America (USA, Puerto Rico, Cuba, Panama). Strongyloides minimus STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Travassos, 1930. SYNONYMY: Strongyloides minimus Travassos, 1930 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of S. avium. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas bahamensis 566 HABITAT: Small intestine, ceca , large intestine. DISTRIBUTION: S. America (Brazil). Syngamus skr.labinomorpha STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported twice in domestic goose. Ryzhikov (l9^+9b) suggests that all Syngamus infections in geese are this species. DESCRIPTION: Ryzhikov, 19^9a, 19^9b. Copy: Kasimov, 1956; Shevtsov & Zaskind, i960. SYNONYMY: Syngamus skr.iabinomorpha Ryzhikov, 19^9 Syngamus (Syngamus) skr jabinomorpha Ryzhikov, 19^° of Ryzhikov, lQ^9b LIFE CYCLE: Eggs passed in feces, infective in 8-20 days, hatch after ingestion by final host. In final host larvae reach liver in 2 hours, lungs on second day, mature in lung in 5-6 days; present in trachea in 1C-12 days; eggs produced in final host for 2-3.5 months (Shikhobalova &■ Ryzhikov, 1956). Reported to hybridize with S. trachea under experimental conditions. INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: None. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser (dom. ) Galliformes - Gallus gallus (dom. ), Numida meleagris (dom. ) [exper.] HABITAT: Trachea, rarely bronchi. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Georgia, Lithuania). Syngamus trachea STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Frequent; reported 11 times in domes- tic and once in captive waterfowl; typically in Galliformes and Passeri- formes. Ryzhikov (19^9b) suggests all records of Syngamus in water- fowl are S. skr.iabinomorpha . There may be strains adapted to various types of birds, as cross infections are sometimes difficult to carry out. Serious cause of loss in young gallinaceous birds; occasionally cause of death in ducks. Pathology described by Cram, 1930a; Railliet, 1898b; mortality reported by Hamerton, 19^6. DESCRIPTION: Ryzhikov, 19^9b; Madsen, 1950a; Gvozdev, 1958; Barus\ 567 1964b. Copy: Chapin, 192^; Cram, 1927a: Kasimov, 1°56; Shevtsov & Zaskind, i960. SYNONYMY: Madsen, 1950a, 1952. Fasciola trachea Montagu, 1811 Syngamus trachealis Siebold , I836 Strongylus trachealis (Siebold, I836) Nathusius, 1837 Sclerostoma tracheale (Siebold, 1 ^36) Piesing, 1851 Syngamus trachea (Montagu, 1811 ) Chapin, 1925 Syngamus (Syngamus) trachea (Montagu, 1811) of Ryzhikov, lQ49b Pi stoma lineare Rudolphi, 1819 Strongylus nictus Creplin, 1849 Sclerostoma syngamu s Diesing, 1851 Syngamus primitivus Molin, i860 Strongylus primitivus (Molin, i860) Hutyra & Marek, 1910 Syngamus pugionatus Schlotthauber , i860, nomen nudum Syngamus mucronatus Schlotthauber, i860 Syngamus sclerostomum Molin, l86l Syngamus bifurcatus Theobald, I896 Syngamus parvus Chapin, 1°25 - [Madsen, 1°52; Mettrick, i960] ; main- tained as separate species by Ryzhikov, 1949b. Syngamus gracilis Chapin, 1925 - [Madsen, T°52; Mettrick, i960; Ryzhi- kov, 1949b] Syngamus merulae Baylis, 1926 - [May be a synonym, Mettrick, IQ60]; maintained as separate species by Ryzhikov, 194%. Syngamus tenuispiculum Manter & Pinto, 1928 - [Goble & Kutz, 1945] Syngamus skr.jabini El'perin, 1°38 - [Madsen, 1952; Mettrick, i960] ; maintained as separate species by Ryzhikov, 1949b. Syngamus hexadontus Chin, 1950 (?) LIFE CYCLE: Direct or indirect. Eggs passed in ^eces, develop to infective stage in 7-14 days, remain viable about one year. Eggs hatch in soil or after ingestion by intermediate or fina1 host, both eggs and larvae infective. Infection in final host most common and effective with earthworms as intermediate hosts; insects, centipedes, and mollusks also reported. Larvae survive in earthworm? at least 4.5 years; mature in final host 14-25 days after ingestion. Reported to hybridize with _S. skr.jabinomoroha in experimental mixed infection. (BaruS, 1964c; Clapham, 1°34, 1939a, l 10*4-5; Cram & Cuvillier, 1933, 193*0 INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: None. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser, Anser anser (dom.), Anser albifrons, Anser brachyrhynchus , Anser caeruTescens, Anser fabalis , Branta can- adensis, Cygnus atratus, Cygnus columbianus, Cygnu s cygnus Tadornini - Chloephaga picta, Neochen .jubatus Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas platyrhynchos (dom.), Anas formosa. Anas penelope, Anas strepera Cairinini - Cairina moschata (dom.), Chenonetta jubata Galliformes - Alectoris graeca, AT ectoris rufa, Cpi inus virginianus, Francolinus francolinus, Gallus gall us (dom. ) , Lagopus lagopus, Lagopus scoticus, Lyrurus tetrix, Meleagris gall opavo , Meleagris gallopavo (domT), Numida meleagris (dom.), Favo cristatus, Perdix perdix, Phasianus col chicus Gruiformes - Otis tarda Passeriformes - Passer domesticus HABITAT: Ceca, occasionally small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia, Africa (Union S. Africa), N. America. Aelurostrongylus abstrusus STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Accidental; encysted larvae present only as result of experimental infection. SYNONYMY: Strongylus pusillus Mueller, 18°0, not Ru^olphi, 1803 Metastrongylus pusillus (Mueller, 1890) Sluiter & Swellengrebel , 1912 585 Strongylus abstrusus Railliet, 1898 F roto strongylu s abstrusus (Railliet, I898) Kamensky, 1005 Synthetocaulus abstrusus (Railliet, 1898) Railliet & Henry, 190? Aelurostrongylus abstrusus (Railliet, 1898) Cameron, 1927 Strongylus nanus Braun & Luhe, 1909 LIFE CYCLE: Larvae passed in feces, enter terrestrial snails and slugs; larvae infective for final host in J~k weeks, survive in snail for months. Mature in final host 3 weeks after ingestion, produce larvae in 5 weeks. Larvae encyst in muscles when ingested by verte- brate other than final host. (Hobmaier & Hobmaier, 1935a, 1935b; Hobmaier, 193?) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Agriolimax agrestis, Ariel imax columbianus, Eulota similis. Helix aspersa, Helminthoglypta arrosa, Helmintho- glypta calif orniensis , Helminthoglypta nickleana , Subulina octona AUXILIARY HOSTS: AMPHIBIA [exper.] REPTILIA [exper.] AVES - Anseriformes - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) [exper. 1; Galliformes Gallus gallus (dom.); Fasseriformes - Passer domesticus. MAMMALIA - Rodentia FINAL HOSTS: MAMMALIA Carnivora - Felis catus HABITAT: Lungs; muscles of auxiliary hosts. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, N. America (USA). Contracaecum ana si STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Mawson, 1956a. SYNONYMY: Contracaecum ana si Mawson, 195^ LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of C. spicul igerum, FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas rubripes HABITAT: Not given; probably small intestine or stomach. DISTRIBUTION: N. America (Canada). 586 Contra caecum microcephalum STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Infrequent, typically in Ciconiiformes; reported 5 times in wild and twice in domestic ducks. DESCRIPTION: Johnston & Mawson, 19*Hb; Yamaguti & Mitunaga, 19^3b; Mozgovoi, 1953b. Copy: Cram, 1927a; Kurashvili, 1957; Shevtsov & Zaskind, I960. SYNONYMY: Mozgovoi, 1953b. Ascaris microcephala Rudolphi, 1.809 Contracaecum microcephalum (RudoTphi, l809) Baylis, 1920 Contracaecum (Contracaecum) microcephalum (Rudolphi, lS09') of Skrjabin, Shikhobalova, & Mozgovoi, 1951 Ascaris ardearum Rudolphi, 180_9 - [Yamaguti, 196l] Ascaris ciconiae Rudolphi, 1819 - [Sprehn, 1932; Bezubik, 1956] Ascaris coronata Linstow, 1906 Kathleena arcuata Gedoelst, 191 6 Contracaecum quadricuspe Walton, 1923 Amplicaecum ardei Layman & Andronova, 1926 Contracaecum squalii (Linstow, 1908) Skrjabin, 1923 - [Dubinin, 1°^°1 LIFE CYCLE: Larvae encysted in fresh-water fish; mature in final host 6 days after ingestion. (Dubinin, 19i»-9; Mozgovoi, Semenova, & Shakhmatova, 1965; Yamaguti, 1961 ) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Alburnus alburnus, Esox lucius, Misgurnus an- guillicaudatus , Scardinius erythrophthalmus FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos, Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ), Anas crecca. Anas querquedula. Anas strepera, Anas surerciliosa Aythyini - Aythya nyroca Fodicipediformes - Fodiceps cristatus Pelecaniformes - Anhinga rufa, Pelecanus erythrophtha"! mus , Pelecanus oncrotalus, Phalacrocorax carbo Ciconiiformes - Ardea cinerea, Ardea herodias, Ardea purpurea, Ar- deola bacchus, Ardeola £ray_ii, Ard eol a ralloides, Botaurus lenti- ginosus, Botaurus stellaris, Butorides striatus, Butorides vire- scens, Casmerodius albus, Ciconia ciconia , Ciconla nigra, Egretta garzetta, Florida caerulea, Geronticus eremlta , Hydranassa tri- color, Ixobrychus minutus, Nycticorax nycticorax, Flatalea leuco- rodia, Flegadis falclnellus, Scopus umbretta Falconiformes - Accipiter sp., E1anoides forficatus, Falco peregrinus, Milvus migrans Charadriiformes - Actophilornis africana Coraciiformes - Merops nubicus HABITAT: Proventriculus, small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Cosmopolitan. Europe, Asia, Africa, N. America. 587 Contracaecum micropapillatum STATUS AS WATERFOWL PAPAS ITE: Rare, typically in Pelecaniformes and Ciconiiformes; reported once in wild duck and once in captive duck. DESCRIPTION: Mozgovol, 1953b. Copy: Cram, 1927a. SYNONYMY: Ascaris micropapillata Stossich, 1890 Contracaecum micropapillatum (Stossich, lPf5C) Baylis, 192C Contracaecum (Contracaecum) micropapillatum (Stossich, lp90) of Skrjabin, Shikhobalova , & Mozgovoi, 1951 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of C. spicul igerum. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas clypeata Mergini - Bucerhala clangula Pelecaniformes - Halietor africanus, Pelecanus crlspus, Pelecanus erythrophthalmu s , Pelecanus oncrotalus Ciconiiformes - Ardea cinerea , Ardea purpurea, Botaurus stellaris, Butorides striatus , Ixobrychus mlnutus , Nycticorax nycticorax Charadriiformes - Stercorarius pomarinus MAMMALIA - Carnivora - Civettictis civetta HABITAT: Small intestine, stomach, esophagus. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (Kazakhstan), Africa, N. America (USA). Contracaecum spa s sky i STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Accidental, normally in grebes; re- ported once in wild duck. STATUS AS SPECIES: Synonym of C. nehli - Macko, 196l. DESCRIPTION: Mozgovoi, 1950, 1953b. SYNONYMY: Contracaecum spasskyi Mozgovoi, 1950 Contracaecum (Contracaecum) spasskyi MozgovoY, 1950 of Skrjabin, Shikhobalova, & Mozgovoi, 1951 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of C. spicul jperum. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) 588 Aythyini - Aythya f uligula , [Aythya nyroca - cited by Sultanov, 1963; original source not found 1 Podicipediformes - Fodiceps auritus, Fodiceps caspicus, Podiceps cristatus, Fodiceps erisegena , Podiceps ruficollis HABITAT: Stomach, small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (W. Siberia, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan). Contracaecum spiculigerum STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Frequent; reported 20 times in wild waterfowl. Occurs in any type of fish-eating bird. DESCRIPTION: Johnston & Mawson, 19^1b; Mozgovoi, 1953b. Copy: Cram, 1927a; Kurashvili, 1957. SYNONYMY: Cram, 1927a. Ascaris spiculigera Rudolphi, 1809 Contracaecum spiculigerum (Rudolphi, 18C°>) Railliet & Henry, 1912 Contracaecum (Contracaecum) spiculigerum (Rudolphi, 1809) of Skrjabin, Shikhobalova, & Mozgovoi, 1Q51 Ascaris variegata Rudolphi, 1819 Ascaris mergorum Rudolphi, 1819 - [ Sprehn, 1932; Bezubik, 1956] Ascaris colymborum Rudolphi, 1819 - [Srrehn, 1932; Bezubik, 1956] Ascaris praelonga Dujardin, 18^5 - [ Sprehn, 1932; Bezubik, 1956] Ascaris siluri glanidis Linstow, I883 Contracaecum siluri glanidis (Linstow, 1883) Dogiel & Bykhovskii, 193^ - [Dubinin, 194Q] Contracaecum turkestanicum Skrjabin, 1923 - [Yamaguti, 196l] Contracaecum umiu Yamaguti, 19^1 - [Skrjabin, Shikhobalova, & Moz- govoi, 1951 ; Mozgovoi, 1953b] Contracaecum himeu Yamaguti, 19^1 - [Skrjabin, Shikhobalova, & Moz- govoi, 1951 ; Mozgovoi, 1953b] LIFE CYCLE: Eggs passed in feces of host, hatch in fresh water or sea water in 5-7 days; larvae survive in water 8-23 days (^5 days at near 0 C. in fresh water, 6 months at 7-13 C. in sea water), infect fresh-water or marine invertebrates (copepod and amphipod Crustacea, insects, oligochaetes , mollusks) and small fish; second intermediate host damsel fly larvae (Odonata), and presumably fish and tadpoles; mature in final host in at least 10 days after ingestion. Larvae can transfer from Odonata to fish, or from one fish to another on ingestion; infection of birds from fish assumed but not demonstrated. Mature adults reported once in marine fish (Ass). (Ass, 1961; Bang- ham, 1938, 1939; Bangham & Venard, 19^2; Dubinin, 19^; Haderlie, 1953> Huizinga, 1966; Meyer, 1958; Mozgovoi, Shakhmatova, & Semenova , 1965; Shaw, 19^+7; Thomas, 1937) 589 FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Cyclops, Macrocyclops, Gammarus, Chirono- midae, Agrion, Cognagrion, Lebistes reticulatus [exper.], Acantho- cyclops vernalis [exper.], Tigriopus calif ornicus [exper.], Fundulus heteroclitus [exper. ] SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Agrion, Coenagrion AUXILIARY HOSTS OR SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS?: (Practically none of these verified experimentally) CSTEICHTHYES - Acerina cernua, Ami a calva , Archoplites interrupts s, Aspius aspius, Catostomus commersonii, Catostomus fecundus, Centropomus undecimalis, Chaenobryttus coronar- ius , Dormitator maculatus, Do ro soma cepedianum, Enneacanthus gl orio- sus, Erimyzon sucetta, Esox niger, Fundulus chrysotus, Fundulus cin- gulatus, Fundulus heteroclitus, Fundulus ma.jalis, Fundulus similis, Gambusia af finis, Gila atraria, Heterandria formosa, Ictalurus catus, Ictalurus melas , Ictalurus natalis, Ictalurus nebulosus, Ictalurus punctatus, Jordanella floridae, Labjriesthes sicculus, Lebistes reti- culatus [exper.], Lepisosteus platyrhincus, Lepomi s cyanellus, Le- pomis humilis, Lepomi s macrochirus, Lepomi s microlophus, Micropterus salmoides, Mollienesia latipinna, Myoxocephalus octodecimspinosus , Notemigonus crysoleucas, Notothenia sp. , Oncorhynchus nerka , Onco- rhynchus tshawytscha, Ferca flavescens, Perca fluviatilis, Pomoxis nigromaculatu s , Pomoxis annularis, Pseudopleuronectes americanus, Ptychocheilus oregonensis, Rhinichthys cataractae, Rhinichthys os- culus, Richardsonius balteatus, Salmo gairdneri, Salv^linus fontin- alis, Schilbeodes gyrinus, Sclerotis punctatus, Siluris glanis , Tauto- glabrus adspersus FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Cygnus cygnus Aythyini - Aythya nyroca Cairinini - Ajx galericulata Mergini - Bucephala clangula , Mergus albellus, Mergus merganser, Mergus serrator Gaviiformes - Gavia arctica , Gavia stellata Podicipediformes - Podiceps auritus, Podiceps caspicus, Podiceps cristatus, Podiceps dominicus, Podiceps grisegena, Podiceps rufi- collis Pelecaniformes - Anhinga anhinga, Anhinga melanogaster, Anhinga novae- hollandiae, Anhinga rufa, Fregata aquila, Halietor africanus, Halietor melanol eucos, Halietor niger, Halietor pygmaeus, Pele- canus crispus, Pelecanus erythrorhynchus , Pel ecanus occidental is, Pelecanus oncrotalus, Pelecanus rufescens, Phalacrocorax aristo- telis, Phalacrocorax a triceps, Phalacrocorax auritus, Phalacro- corax capensis, Phalacrocorax capillatus, Phalacrocorax carbo, Fhalacrocorax carunculatus, Phalacrocorax fuscescens, Phalacro- corax fuscicollis, Phalacrocorax magellanicus, Fhalacrocorax olivaceus, Phalacrocorax pelagicus, Phalacrocorax sulcirostris, Phalacrocorax urile, Phalacrocorax varius, Phalacrocorax verru- cosa, Sula bassana 590 Ciconiiformes - Ardea cinerea, Ardea pacifica , Botaurus lentiginosus, Botaurus poeciloptilus , Casmerodius albus , Notophoyx novae-hollan- diae, Nycticorax caledonicus, Nycticorax nycticorax Gruiformes - Fulica leucoptera Charadriiformes - Alca torda, Cepphus grylle, Haematopus ostralegus, Larus argentatus, Larus canus, Larus fuscus, Larus marinus, Larus novae-hollandiae , Larus ridibundus, Rissa tridactyla , Stercorarius parasiticus, Stercorarius pomarinus, Sterna hirundo, Uria aa_l_g_e, Uria lomvia MAMMALIA - Rodentia - Ondatra zibethica ACCIDENTAL HOSTS: OSTEICHTHYES - Uranoscopus sp., Bel one belone , Scorpaena parous HABITAT: Small intestine, stomach, rare1 y esophagus. DISTRIBUTION: Cosmopolitan. Contracaecum yamaguti STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported twice in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Yamaguti, 19*Hb; Mawson, l°56a. SYNONYMY: Contracaecum sp. Yamaguti, 19*4-1 Contracaecum yamaguti Mawson, 195& LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of C_. spiculigerum. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Mergini - Mergus serrator HABITAT: Froventri cuius. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Japan), N. America (Canada). Porrocaecum crassum STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Very common in Eurasia , characteris- tic helminth of waterfowl; reported 25 times in wild, 35 times in domestic, and once in captive waterfowl. Pathology described by Wehrmann, 1909; Ryzhkova, 195^> incidence in relation to age of host recorded by Shokina (1959). DESCRIPTION: Mozgovoi, 1953b; Bezubik, 1057a; Hartwich, 1959; Cza- 591 plinski, l°62b. Copy: Cram. l°27a; Kasimov, 1956: Kurashvili, 1957; Shevtsov & Zaskind, I960. SYNONYMY: Cram, 192?a. Ascaris crassa Deslongchamps, 1824 Porrocaecum eras sum (Deslongchamps, 1824) Railliet & Henry, 1912 Forrocaecum (Porrocaecum) eras sum (Deslongchamps, 1824) of Skrjabin, Shikhobalova , & Mozgovoi, 195"! LIFE CYCLE: Eggs passed in feces of host, embryonated in soil in 5-12 days; eggs hatch after ingestion by terrestrial earthworm or dipteran insect larvae, larvae penetrate blood vessels: after inges- tion by final host, larvae enter submucosa of gizzard, pass into small intestine in 7 days, mature in 3 weeks. (Karmanova, 1960b; Kosinova, 1965; Mozgovoi, 1952a, 1952b, 1Q54a, 1954b: Shevtsov, l°62b) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Allolobophora 1 onga , Criodri1 us lacuum, Lumbri- cus sp. , Haematopota sp. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser (dom. ) Tadornini - Tadorna ferruginea Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas platyrhynchos (dom.), Anas acuta, Anas castanea, Anas c]_y_p_eata, Anas crecca, Anas formosa, Anas georgica, Anas leucophrys , Anas luzonica, Anas poecilo- rhyncha , Anas querquedula , Anas specula ris , Anas strepera , Anas versicolor Aythyini - Aythya f erina , Aythya nyroca Cairinini - Aix sponsa , Cairina hartlaubi, Cairina moschata (dom. ) Mergini - Bucephala clangu1 a Oxyurini - Oxyura leucocenhala Falconiformes - Accipiter gentilis Galliformes - Numida meleagris Gruiformes - Grus grus HABITAT: Small intestine, stomach. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (Azerbaidzhan, W. Siberia, Uzbekistan, Kirgizia, Kazakhstan, India, Amur, Primorsk). Porrocaecum derressum STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare, probably accidental, normally in birds of prey; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Lflpez-Neyra, 1946: Morgan & Schiller, lc50; Mozgovoi, 1953b; Hartwich, 1959; Sultanov, I963. Copy: Cram, l°2?a; Kasimov, 1956. 592 SYNONYMY: Cram, 1927a; Hartwich, 1959. Fusaria depressa Zeder, lflOO Ascaris depressa ( Zeder, 1800 ) Rudolphi, l80Q Porrocaecum depressum (Zeder, 1.800) Baylis, 1Q20 Porrocaecum (Porrocaecum) depressum (Zeder, 1800 ) of Mozgovoi, 1^53 Ascaris arcuata Linstow, 1°07 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; larvae encysted in muscles of small, mammals (auxiliary hosts). INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Unknown. AUXILIARY HOSTS?: Crocidura leucodon , Neomys foediens, Sorex macro- pygmaeus, Sorex minutus FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Cairinini - Aix galericulata Falconiformes - Accipiter bicolor, Accipiter gentilis, Accipiter nisus, Accipiter striatus, Aegypius monachus, Aquila chrysaetos, Aquila clanga, Aquila heliaca, Aquila maculata , Aquila pomarina, Buteo buteo, Buteo .jamaicensis, Buteo lagopus, Buteo magnirostris. Circaetus gallicus, Circus aeruginosus, Circus cyaneus, Circus macrourus, Circus pygargus , Falco cherrug, Falco columbarius, Falco naumanni , Falco peregrinus, Falco subbuteo, Falco tinnun- culus, Gypaetus barbatus, Gyps fu"1 vus. Gyps indicus, Haliaeetus albicilla , Haliaeetus leucoryphus, Heterospizias meridionalis, Hieraeetus fasciatus, Hieraeetus pennatus, Milvago chimachima , Milvus migrans, Milvus milvus , Fernis apivorus, Polyborus plan- cus, Uroaetus audax Galliformes - Lyrurus tetrix Charadriiformes - Scolopax rusticola Strigiformes - Aegolius funereus, Asio flammeus, Asio otus, Bubo bubo. Bubo virginianus, Nyctea scandiaca, Otus asio, Strix al uco, Strix uralensis, Strix varia , Surnia ulula, Tyto alba Fasseriformes - Corvus corone comix, Sturnus vulgaris HABITAT: Esophagus, stomach, intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (W. Siberia, Kirgizia, Kazakhstan, Uz- bekistan, India, Primorsk), Africa (S. Africa), N. America (Mexico, USA, Canada), S. America (Brazil, Br. Guiana), Australia. Porrocaecum ensicaudat um STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Infrequent, typically in passerine birds; reported 5 times in wild ducks, once in domestic duck. DESCRIPTION: Mozgovoi, 1953b; Mawson, 1956a; Hartwich, 1959. Copy: 593 Cram, 1927a; Kurashvili, 1957; Shevtsov & Zaskind, I960. SYNONYMY: Cram, 1927a; L6pez-Neyra, 19^6. Fusaria ensicaudata Zeder, 1800 Ascaris ensicaudata (Zeder, 1800) Rudo^phi, 1809 Porrocaecum ensicaudatum (Zeder, "1.800) Baylis, 1^20 Porrocaecum (Porrocaecum) ensicaudatum (Zeder, 1800) of Skrjabin, Shikhobalova, & Mozgovoi , 1951 Ascaris turdi iliaci Goeze, 1782 Ascaris turdi pilaris Goeze, 1782 Ascaris teres Goeze, 1782 Ascaris turdi Gmelin, 1788 Ascaris sturni Gmelin, 1788 Ascaris cornicis Gmelin, 1790 Ascaris corvi glandarii Viborg, 1795 - [Markowski, 1933] Fusaria crenata Zeder, 1.800 Fusaria lancea Zeder, 1800 Ascaris corvi frugilegi Rudolphi, 1819 Spiroptera turdi Molin, i860 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs passed in feces, embryonate in soil, hatch after ingestion by terrestrial earthworm; larvae in blood vessels and hearts, fully developed in 12-1^ days, infective in at least 6 weeks at 20-22 C; after ingestion by final host, larvae penetrate gizzard wall in ^8 hours, reach duodenal wall in 3 days through tissues, mature and emerge into lumen of duodenum in 18 days. (Levin, 1956, 1957 » 196l; Osche, 1955; RySavy, 1959, 196l) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Allolobophora caliginosa, Lumbricus terrestris, Octolaesion lacteum FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos, Anas pl.atyrhynchos (dom. ) , Anas acuta. Anas crecca Aythyini - Aythya ferina Cairinini - Aix galericul.ata Grui formes - Gallinula chloropus, Crex crex Charadriiformes - Burhinus oedicnemus, Charadrius dubius, Charadrius hiaticula, Eudromias morinellus, Himantopus himantopus, Larus sp. , Fhilomachus pugnax, Fluvialis apricaria, Pluvial is dominica, Squat- arola squatarola, Tringa ochropus, Vanellus vanellus Passeriformes - Acrocephalus arundinaceus, Alauda sp., Anthus prat- ensis, Corvus brachyrhynchos , Corvus corone , Corvus corone cornix, Corvus frugilegus, Corvus monedula , Garrulus glandarius, Luscinia megarhynchus, Mjmus polyglottos, Molothrus ater, Monticola saxa- tilis, Motacilla alba, Motacilla flava, Pica pica, Pitta angolen- sis , Quiscalus quiscula, St urn us roseus, Sturnus vulgaris, Sylvia atricapilla, Turdus ericetorum, Turdus hortulorum, Turdus iliacus, Turdus merula , Turdus migratorius, Turdus pilaris, Turdus rufi- collis, Turdus torquatus, Turdus viscivorus 594 HABITAT: Small intestine, stomach, rarely esophagus. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (W. Siberia, Kazakhstan, Kirgizia, Mon- golia, Frimorsk), Africa, N. America (USA, Canada). Porrocaecum heteroura STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare, normally in shore birds; reported once in wild duck. STATUS AS SPECIES: Unrecognizable from original description - Cram, 1927a. Type a specimen of P_. semiteres - Hartvich, 1C)5C>; probably distinct - Czaplifiski, 1962b. DESCRIPTION: Czaplinski, 1962b; Mozgovoi, 1953b. Cony: Cram, 1927a. SYNONYMY: Cram, 1927a. Ascaris heteriira Creplin, 1829 Ascaris heteroura Mehlis, 1831 Porrocaecum heteroura (Creplin, 1829 emend. Mehlis, I83I) Baylis, 1Q20 Porrocaecum (Porrocaecum) heteroura (Creplin, 1829) of Skrjabin, Shikhobalova, & Mozgovoi, 1951 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs passed in feces of host, embryonate in 20 days at 12-20 C. in soil; eggs hatch after ingestion by terrestrial earth- worms, larvae in blood vessels, survive for over one year; mature in final host after ingestion. (Mozgovoi. & Bishaeva, 1°5C') INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: ? FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas crecca Charadrii formes - Actitis hypoleucos, Burhinus oedicnemus, Charad- rius dubius, Charadrius hiaticula, Charadrius mongol us, Erolia temminckii, Eudromias morinellus, Himantopus himantopus, Pluvia- lis apricaria, Pluvialis dominica, Squatarola squatarola, Tringa totanus, Vanellus vanellus Passeriformes - Sturnus vulgaris, Turdus il iacus, Turdus philomelos HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (Uzbekistan, Kirgizia, Primorsk, Sa^ha- lin). 595 Porrocaecum semiteres STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare, normally in Pa sseri formes ac- cording to Mozgovol (1953) » In Charadrii formes according to Hartwich (1959); reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Baylis, 1^22; Mozgovoi, 1953b; Hartwich, 105°. Copy: Cram, 1927. SYNONYMY: Fusaria semiteres Zeder, 1800 Ascaris semiteres (Zeder, 1800) Rudolphi, 1802 Porrocaecum semiteres (Zeder, 1.800) Baylis, 1920 Porrocaecum heteroura (Creplin, 1829) Baylis, 1920 - [Hartwich, 195ql LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of P. eras sum. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas crecca Charadriiformes - Pluvialis apricaria, Squatarola squatarola, Tringa totanus, Vanellus vanellus Passeriformes - Corvus corone comix , Lanius minor, Turd us ilacus HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Africa (Egypt). Heterakis altaica STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare, probably accidental, normally in gallinaceous birds; reported once in domestic waterfowl. STATUS AS SPECIES: Cannot be distinguished from H. dispar - Inglis, 1958. DESCRIPTION: Spaul , 1929; Skrjabin & Shikhobalova, 19^9? Gvozdev, 1958. Copy: Kasimov, 1956; Skrjabin, Shikhobalova, & LagodovskaOi, 1961. SYNONYMY: Skrjabin, Shikhobalova, & Lagodovskaia , 196l . Heterakis altaica Spaul , 1929 Ganguleterakis altaicus (Spaul, 1929) Skrjabin & Shikhobalova, 19*47 Odonterakis altaicus (Spaul, 192Q) Freitas, 1956 Heterakis skarbilowitschii Kasimov, 19^6 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of H. gallinarum. FINAL HOSTS: AVES 596 Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser (dom. ) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom, ) Galliformes - Alectoris graeca , Ferdix barbata , Tetraogallus altai- cus, Tetraogallus caucasicus, Tetraogallus htmalayensis, Tetrao- gallus tibetanus HABITAT: Ceca, small intestine, 1 arse intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Azerbaidzhan, Central Asia). Heterakis beramporia STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Accidental, normally in gallinaceous birds; reported once in domestic duck. DESCRIPTION: Schwartz, 1925; Li, 1Q33; Yamaguti & Mitunaga, 19^3b; Skrjabin & Shikhobalova , 19^9; Gupta, I960. Copy: Cram, 1927a; Kasimov, 1956; Skrjabin, Shikhobalova, & Lagodovskaia, 196l. SYNONYMY: Madsen, 1950b. Heterakis beramporia Lane, 1G14 Heterakis putaustralis (Lane) of Maplestone, 1932 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably simi"!ar to that of K. ga1 linarum. Larvae in nodules in ceca. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) Galliformes - Gallus gallus, Gall us sonneratii, Gennaeus nycthrmerus HABITAT: Ceca. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (China, India, Indo-China, Philippine Is.), Aus- tralia. Heterakis chenonettae STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare or infrequent; reported 2 or 3 times in wild Australian wood duck. STATUS AS SPECIES: Doubtful, description inadequate. Species in- quirenda, probably H. dispar - Madsen, 1950b; species inquirenda - Inglis, 1958; synonym of H. dispar - BuSa , 1962. DESCRIPTION: Johnston, 1913b; Johnston & Mawson , 19Mb. Copy: 597 Cram, 1927a; Skrjabin & Shikhobalova, 19^9; Skrjabin, Shikhobalova, & Lagodovskaia, 1961. SYUONYMX: Heterakis chenonettae Johnston, 1912 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of H. gallinarum. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Cairinini - Chenonetta jubata HABITAT: Ceca. DISTRIBUTION: Australia. Heterakis dispar STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Very common, characteristic helminth of Anserini ; reported 17 times in wild, 79 times in domestic, and 10 times in captive waterfowl. Cause of severe disease; pathology described by Lucet, I896; Borges Ferreira, 1957. DESCRIPTION: Petrov, 1926; Marisen, i°50b; Czaplinski, l°62b. Cony: Cram, 1927a; Skrjabin & Shikhobalova, 19^9; Kurashvili, l°57; Shev- tsov & Zaskind, I960; Skrjabin, Shikhobalova, & Lagodovskaxa, 1Cl6l. SYNONYMY: Madsen, 1950b. Ascaris dispar Schrank, 1790 Fusaria dispar (Schrank, 1.790) Zeder, 1800 Heterakis dispar (Schrank, 1790) Dujardin, 1845 Ganguleterakis dispar (Schrank, 1790) Skrjabin & Shikhobalova, 19^9 Strongylus acuticaudata Cobbold , lp6l - [BuSa, 1962] Heterakis caudata Linstow, 1906 Ganguleterakis caudata (Linstow, 1906) Skrjabin & Shikhobalova, 19U° Heterakis (Raillietakis) caudata Linstow, 1906 of Freitas, 1956 Heterakis circumvallata Linstow, 1906 Ganguleterakis circumvallata (Linstow, 1906) Skrjabin & Shikhobalova, 1949 Heterakis (Raillietakis) circumvallata Linstow, 1906 of Freitas, IO56 Heterakis chenonettae Johnston, 191 2 - [Bus's, l°62l Heterakis hyperborea Swinyard, 1931 Ganguleterakis hyperboreus (Swinyard, 1931- ) Skrjabin & Shikhobalova, 19^9 Heterakis (Raillietakis) hyperboreus Swinyard, 193"! of Freitas, 1°56 Heterakis papillosa (Bl.och, 1782) Cram, 1927 - Cannot be distinguished from H. dispar - Inglis, 1958 Heterakis stylosa Linstow, 1907 - Cannot be distinguished from H. dispar - Inglis, 1958 598 Heterakis altaica Spaul , 1929 - Cannot be distinguished from H. dis- par - Inglis, 1^58 Heterakis tenuicauda Linstow, 18^3 - Cannot be distinguished from H. dispar - Inglis, "1.958 LIFE CYCLE: Similar to that of H. gallinarum. Seasona1 relationships described by Buga (l°6*k3). (Gil 'denblat, 1956, 1959) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: None. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Dendrocygnini - Dendrocygna arborea Anserini - Anser anser, Anser anser (dom. ), A riser albifrons, Anser caerulescens, Anser cygnoides, Anser cygnoides (dom. ), Tnser erythropus, Anser fabalis , Branta canadensis, Branta leucopsis, Branta sandvicensis, Cygnus atratus, Cygnus cygnus Tadornini - Cereopsis novae-hollandiae , Chloephaga picta. Chi oe- phaga poliocephala, Neochen .jubatus, Tadorna tadorna Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos, Anas pi atyrhynchos (dom. ) , Anas flavirostris. Anas penelope , Anas strepera Cairinini - Aix sponsa, Cairina moschata (dom. ) Galliformes - Alectoris graeca, Gennaeus nycthemerus, Meleagris gallo- pavo (dom.), Numida meleagris Strigiformes - Athene noctua, Glaucidium passerinum HABITAT: Ceca. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (Azerbaidzhan. W. Siberia, Uzbekistan, Kirgizia, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Prirrorsk), N. America (USA). Heterakis dispar brevispiculatis STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in domestic duck. DESCRIPTION: Petrochenko & Kotel'nikov, 1962b. SYNONYMY: Ganguleterakis dispar brevispiculatis Fetrochenko & Kotel'nikov, 1Q62 Heterakis dispar brevispiculatis (Fetrochenko & Kote1 'nikov, 1962) comb. nov. LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; undoubtedly similar to that of H. dispar. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) HABITAT: Ceca. 599 DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Amur). Heterakis gallinarum STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Common, typically in gallinaceous birds, especially chickens; reported *H times in domestic. 5 times in captive, and perhaps 5 times in wild waterfowl. Occasionally cause of disease and death in waterfowl; pathology described by Cram, 1930a; Meads and Taylor, 1963; mortality reported by Borges Ferreira, 1957. DESCRIPTION: Yamaguti & Mitunaga, 19^3b; Mad sen, 1950b; Czaplifiski, 1962b; Ryzhikov & Timofeeva, 1962a. Copy: Cram, 1927a; Skrjabin & Shikhobalova, 19^9; Kasimov, 1956; Kurashvili, 1957; Gvozdev, 1958; Shevtsov & Zaskind, i960; Skrjabin, Shikhobalova, & Lagodovska^a, 1961. SYNONYMY: Madsen, 1952. Ascarides teretes Goeze, 1787 Ascaris gallinarum Schrank, 1787 Heterakis gallinarum (Schrank, 1788) Madsen, 1952 Ascaris gallinae Gmelin, 1790, e.p. Heterakis gallinae (Gmelin, 17Q0) Freeborn, 1^23 Ascaris papillosa Bloch, 1782, e.p. Heterakis papillosa (Bloch, "<782) Railliet, lp85 Ascaris phasiani Gmelin, 1790 (?) Ascaris vesicularis Froelich, 1791, e.p. Heterakis vesicularis (Froelich, 1791) Dujardin, 184-5 Fusaria reflexa Zeder, 1800 Ascaris undulosa- striata Baird, 1853 Heterakis longecaudata Linstow, 1 p79 Heterakis parisi Blanc, 1913 Heterakis pedioecetes Mawson, 1956 - Cannot be distinguished from H. gallinarum - Inglis, 1958 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs passed in feces of host, larvae develoo in 7-12 days, eggs remain viable over 8 months in soil, hatch after inges- tion by final host. Larvae reach ceca in about 2k hours, spend 2-5 days in cecal mucosa, then mature in lumen of ceca; eggs in feces of final host about Zk days after ingestion. Eggs may be ingested and infection (larvae) carried by earthworms. (Clapham, 1°33? Gray- bill, 1921; Lund, Wehr, & Ellis, 1966) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: None, or: A] lolobophora caiiginosa, Eisenia foetida, Lumbricus terrestris FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser, Anser anser (dom. ) , Anser cypnoides (dom. ) , 600 Cygnus atratus, Cygnus cygnus Tadornini - Cereopsis novae-holland iae , Tadorna tadorna Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas pi atyrhynchos (dom.) Cairinini - Cairina moschata (dom. ) Rheiformes - Rhea americana Falconi formes - Sarcorhamphus papa Galliformes - Acryllium vulturinum, Alectoris graeca, Alectoris "1 ath- ami, Alectoris rufa, Arborophila torqueola, Bonasa umbel lus, Cat- reus wallichii, Centrocercus urophasianus, Chrysolophus amherstiae, Chrysolophus pictus, CoTinus virginiana, Coturnix coturnix, Cros- soptilon mantchuricum, Dendragopus obscurus , Franco! inus franco- linus, Francolinus gularis, Francolinus sinensis, Gal1 orerdix spadicea, Gallus gallus (dom. ) , Gennaeus leucome1 anos, Gennaeus nycthemerus, Lagopus Lagopus, Lagopus mutus , Lag opus scoticus, Lophophorus impe.janus, Loohura rufa, Lyrurus tetrix, Macroceph- alon maleo, Meleagris gallgpavo, Meleagris galloravo (dom. ) , Numida meleagris (dom.), Favo cristatus, Fedioecetes phasianel - lus, Ferdix perdix, Phasianus colchicus , Syrmaticus reevesii, Syrmaticus sommeringii, Tetrao urogallus, Tetraogallus caucasicus , Tetrastes bonasia , Tragopan satyra, Tymphanuchus cupido Gruiformes - Chlamydotis undulata. Gal 1 inula chloropus, Otis tarda, P sophia crepitans, Tetrax tetrax Fsittaciformes - Kakatoe leadbeateri Strigiformes - Strix aluco Fasseriformes - Cyanocorax cayanus HABITAT: Ceca, rarely small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Cosmopolitan. Heterakis isolonche STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Accidental, normally in gallinaceous birds; reported once in domestic duck. Cause of pathologic condi- tions in Galliformes. DESCRIPTION: Madsen, 1950b. Copy: Cram, 1927a; Kasimov, 195^; Skrjabin & Shikhobalova, 1Q^C; Skrjabin, Shikhobalova, & Lagodovskaia, 1961. SYNONYMY: Madsen, 1950b. Heterakis isolonche Linstow, 1906 Ganguleterakis isolonche (Linstow, 1906) Skrjabin & Shikhobalova, l^h° Heterakis (Raillietakis j isolonche (Linstow, 1906) of Freitas, 1Q56 Heterakis putaus trails Lane, 191^, not H. putaustralis Lane of Maple- stone, 1932 Heterakis neoplastica Wassink, 1917 Heterakis hastata Chandler, 192^ Heterakis lanei Chandler, 1926 601 Heterakis variabilis Chandler, 1926 Heterakis bonasae Cram, 1Q27 (?) Heterakis tragopanis Lai , "1 9^2 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of H. gallinarum. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) Galliformes - Bonasa umbellus, Chrysol ophus amherstiae , Chryso"! ophus pictus , Colinus virginianus, Crossoptilon auritum, Crossoptilon mantchurioum, Gallus gallus (dom. ) , Gennaeus leucomelanos , Gen- naeus nycthemerus, Ithaginis cruentus, Lophophorus impe.janus , Lophura rufa, Perdix perdix, Phasianus coTchicus, Po~> ypleetron bicalcaratum, Tragopan satyra HABITAT: Ceca. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (Uzbekistan, India, Kazakhstan), N. Amer- ica (USA, Canada), S. America, Australia. Heterakis parva STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in domestic goose; described from gallinaceous bird. STATUS AS SPECIES: Appears indistinguishable from H. variabilis - Inglis, 1958. DESCRIPTION: Maplestone, 193"!. Copy: Skrjabin & Shikhobalova , 19^Q; Kasimov, 1956; Skrjabin, Shikhobalova, & Lagodovskafa, l°6l. SYNONYMY: Heterakis parva Maplestone, 1931 Heterakis (Raillietakis) parva Maplestone, 1931 of Teixeira de Frei- tas, 1^56 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of H. gallinarum. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser (dom. ) Galliformes - Gennaeus nyc theme rus HABITAT: Ceca. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (India, China). 602 Heterakis yani STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in domestic duck. DESCRIPTION: Hsu, I960. SYNONYMY: Heterakis yani Hsu, I960 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of H. gallinarum. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) HABITAT: Ceca. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (China). Ascaridia dissimilis STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare, probably accidental, normally in turkeys; reported once in domestic goose. DESCRIPTION: Perez Vigueras, 1 P31 .; Wehr, lo/4-0; Horton-Smith & Long, 1957; Kerr, 1958; Vasilev, 1962a. Copy: Mozgovol, loc^3a; Kasimov, 1956. SYNONYMY: Ascaridia dissimilis F6rez Vigueras, 1931 LIFE CYCLE: Similar to that of A_. galli; eggs embryonated in 1^- days in soil at about 25 C.; hatch after ingestion by final host; eegs produced 25-30 days after ingestion by final host. (Kerr, 1957; Wehr, 19^+2) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: None. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser (dom. ) Galliformes - Meleagris gallonavo , Meleagris gallonavo (dom. ) HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (England, Bulgaria, USSR), N. America (USA, Cuba ) . 603 Ascaridia galli STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Very common in domestic waterfowl; reported perhaps 13 times in wild waterfowl, twice in captive birds, 50 times in domestic waterfowl. Typically in gallinaceous birds, especially the domestic chicken; frequent cause of pathologic con- ditions in domestic chicken. Cited under the name Ascaridia anseris in 17 references. DESCRIFTICN: Yamaguti & Mitunaga , 1943b; Mozgovoi, lG53a; Gvozdev, 1958; Czaplinski, 1962b. Copy: Cram, 1927a; Kasimov, 1956; Kurash- vili, 1957; Shevtsov & Zaskind, I960. SYNONYMY: Madsen, 1952. Ascaris "teres" Goeze, 1782, e.p. Ascaris galli Schrank, 1788 Ascaridia galli (Schrank, 1788) Freeborn, 1923 Ascaris gallopavonis Gmelin, 178C, e.p. Fusaria inflexa Zeder, lPCG Ascaris inflexa ( Zeder, 1800 ) Rudolphi, lp09 Ascaris (Ascaridia) inflexa (Zeder, 1800) of Dujardin, 1845 Heterakis inflexa (Zeder, 1800) Schneider, 1866 Fusaria strumosa Zeder, l800 Ascaris perspicillum Rudolphi, 1QC3 Ascaris (Ascaridia) perspicillum (Rudolphi, 1803) o^ Dujardin, 1845 Heterakis perspicillum (Rudolphi, I8C3) Railliet, 1893 Ascaridia perspicillum (Rudolphi, 1803) Railliet & Henry, 1912 Ascaris gibbosa Rudolphi, 1809 Ascaris (Ascaridia) gibbosa (Rudolphi, 1PC9) of Dujardin, 1845 Ascaris funiculus Deslongchamps , ] 82U Heterakis lineata Schneider, 1866 Ascaridia lineata (Schneider, 1866) Rai"l1iet & Henry, 1912 - Synonymy still in doubt - Czaplinski, l°62b Heterakis compressa Schneider, 1866 Ascaridia compressa (Schneider, 1866) Railliet & Henry, 19"! 2 Heterakis brasiliensis Magalhaes, 1892 Ascaridia brasiliensis (Magalhaes, 1892 ) Railliet & Henry, 1Q12 Heterakis styphlocerca Stossich, 1904 Ascaridia styphlocerca (Stossich, 1°C4) Railliet & Henry, 1Q14 Heterakis granulosa Linstow, 1°06 Ascaridia granulosa (Linstow, 1906) Railliet & Henry, 1012 Ascaridia magalhaesi Travassos, 1913 Ascaridia hamia Lane, 1914 Ascaridia anseris Schwartz, 1925 - [Madsen, 1952; Czaplinski, l°62b]. Maintained as separate species by Mozgovoi, loc!3a Ascaridia compar (Schrank, 1790) of Madsen, 1941 Ascaridia sinensis Wu & Kung, 1944 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs passed in feces, ^arvae develop in 10-12 days in soil, eggs hatch after ingestion by final host. Larvae pree in "lumen of duodenum for 9 days, penetrate mucosa (Ackert) or in mucus adherent 604 to mucosa (Koran & Mizelle) and develop for 8-Q days, then return to lumen. Mature about 50 days after ingestion by final host. In- vertebrates used experimentally as intermediate hosts. (Ackert, 1931; Ackert & Tugwell, 19^8; BejSovec, 1962; Guberlet, 1924; Ita- gaki, 1927; Moran & Mizelle, 1957) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: None. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser , Anser anser (dom. ) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas pi atyrhynchos (dom. ), Anas acuta Aythyini - Aythya ferina Cairinini - Cairina moschata (dom. ) Mergini - Melanitta nigra Galliformes - Agriocharis oce"1 lata , Al ectoris graeca, Bonasa umbel - lus, Colinus virginianus [doubtful - Mad sen], Coturnix coturnix, Francolinus sinensis, Gall us gall us (dom.), Ithaginis cruentus, Lyrurus tetrix, Meleagris pallopavo, Meleagris gallopavo (domT) , Numida meleagris (dom.), Pavo cristatus , Fedioecetes phasianel - lus, Perdix perdix, Phasianus colchicus, Tetrao urogallus Lprob- ably A. compar - Madsen], Tetraogallus himalayensls , Tetrastes bonasia, Tympanuchus cupido Columbifromes - Col urn ba livia (dom.), Gallicol umba ] uzonica, Oreo- peleia montana, Streptopelia chinensis , Streptopelia decaocto Strigiformes - Bubo bubo Passeriformes - Emberiza citrinella, Passer domestica HABITAT: Small intestine; rarely large intestine, stomach, esophagus. DISTRIBUTION: Cosmopolitan. Subulura brumpti STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Accidental, normally in gallinaceous birds; reported 3 times in domestic duck. STATUS AS SPECIES: Synonym of S. deferens - Lopez-Neyra, 1945. DESCRIPTION: Copy: Cram, 1927a; Kasimov, 1956; Gvozdev, 1958. SYNONYMY: Cram, 1927a. Allodapa brumpti Lflpez-Neyra , 1^22 Subulura brumpti (Ldpez-Neyra, 1922) Cram, 1926 Heterakis suctoria Molin of Gendre, 190° Allodapa suctoria (Molin, i860) Seurat, 1.914 Subulura suctoria (Molin, i860) Railliet & Henry, 1912 - distinct, Sultanov, 1^63; et al. 605 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs embryonated when laid, pass out in feces, hatch after ingestion by beetles, grasshoppers, and dermaptera; larvae encapsulate in body cavity of insect, infective to final host in 13-15 days. Eggs in feces of final host about WD days after inges- tion (Alicata, 1939, 19^7; Cuckler & Alicata, \ not Schneider, 1866 Agemonema affine Linstow, 1909 Cephalanthus triacanthus (Diesing, 1853) Seurat, 191 6 - [Skrjabin, et al, 19^91 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs passed in feces of host, hatch after ingestion by dung beetles; larvae encyst in malphigian tubules or hemocoel , in- fective in 36 days; mature in final host after ingestion. Larvae encapsulate in tissues when ingested by vertebrates other than un- gulate mammals and a few others. (Cram, 1930; Ryzhikov & Nazarova, 1959; Stewart & Kent, I963) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Aphodius llvidus, Ataenius cognatus, Canthon laevis, Canthon pilularius, Chironitis hun^aricus , Conris minutus, Geotrupes douei, Geotrupes stercorarius, Gymnopleurus aciculatus, Gymnopleurus coriarius, Gymnopleurus mopsus, Gymnopleurus sinnatus, Gymnopleurus sturmi , Onitis humerosus, Onthophagus bed el i, Ontho- phagus hecate, Onthophapus nebulosus, Onthophagus pennsylvanicus , Passalus cornutus, Phanaeus carnifex, Phanaeus videx, Scarabaeus sacer, Scarabaeus variolosus, Trox suberosa 610 AUXILIARY HOSTS: OSTEICHTHYES - Carassius carassius, Mispurnus fos- silis AMPHIBIA - Bombina bombina . Rana temporaria REPTILIA - Elaphe scalaris, Testudo horsfieldii AVES - Anseriformes - Anas platyrhynchos (dom.), Anser anser (dom. ) , "wild duck". Ciconiiformes - Ixobrychus eurythrus. Falconiformes - Buteo jamaicensis , Circus macrourus, Falco subbuteo. Ga"iliformes - Coturnix coturnix, Gallus gallu* (dom. ) , Meleagris gallopavo (dom. ) , Fhasianus colchicus, Tetrastes bonasia . Charadriiformes - Larus canus. Sterna sp. Columbiformes - Col umba 1 ivia (dom.). Strigi- formes - Athene noctua, Otus asio. Coraciiformes - Merops super- ciliosus, Upupa epops. Pa sseri formes - Fringilla coe"lebs, Hylo- cichla mustelina , Lanius collurio, Lanius excubitor, Lanius ludo- vicianus , Passer domesticus, Fasser montanus , Pica pica, Sturnus vulgaris, Turdus musicus MAMMALIA - Chiroptera - Eptesicus fuscus, Eptesicus turcomani , Lasi- urus cinereus, Myotis lucifugus. Insectivora - Erinaceus euro- paeus. FINAL HOSTS: MAMMALIA Lagomorpha - Oryctolagus cuniculus, Lepus europaeus Rodentia - Sigmodon hispidus Perissodactyla - Equus asinus, Equus caballus , Phinoceros bicornis, Tapirus terrestris Artiodactyla - Bos taurus, Camel us dromedarius , Camel us bactrianus, Fecari tajacu, Potamochoerus larvatus, Tayassu pecari , Sus scrofa, Sus scrofa (dom. ) Edentata - Bradypus griseus HABITAT: Stomach. DISTRIBUTION: Cosmopolitan, in pigs. Europe, Asia, Africa, N. Amer- ica, S. America, Australia. Physocephalus sp. STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild ducks; genus normally parasitic in mammals. DESCRIPTION: SYNONYMY: Physocephalus sp. Alekseev, l°63e LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of P. sexalatus. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Mergini - Melanitta sp. 611 HABITAT: DISTRIBUTION: Asia (USSR - Far East). Spirocerca sanguinolenta STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Accidental, encysted in larval stage; reported once in domestic waterfowl. DESCRIPTION: Larva - Ryzhikov & Nazarova, 1959. SYNONYMY: Baylis, 1939. Strongylus lupi Rudolphi, 1809 Spirocerca lupi (Rudolphi, 1809 ) Chitwood, 1933 Spiroptera sanguinolenta Rudolphi, 1819 Filaria sanguinolenta (Rudolphi, 1819) Schneider, 1866 Spirocerca sanguinolenta (Rudolphi, 1819) Railliet & Henry, 1911 Spirura sanguinolenta (Rudolphi, 1819) Seurat, 1912 Cystofilaria balkanica Skrjabin & Shikhobalova , 19^8 - [Lo>ez-Neyra, 195*4-1 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs passed in feces of host, ingested by dung beetles; larvae encyst in beetles; after ingpstion by final host Tarvap mi- grate through stomach wall to wall of esophagus an*-1 aorta. Larvae encyst in mesenteries or other tissups after ingestion by vertebratps other than large mammals. (Ono, 1933? Ryzhikov & Nazarova, 1959) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Akis goryi , Canthon sp. , Co pr is hispana, Geo- trupes douei, Gymnopleurus sturmi, Scarabaeus sacer, Scarabaeus vari- olosus AUXILIARY HOSTS: AMPHIBIA - Bufo mauritanicus REPTILIA - Acanthodacty"1 us pardal is, Agama bibroni , Cerastes ceras- tes. Cerastes vipera , Chamaeleo yu] garis, Macroprotodon cuculla- tus , Natrix maura, Fsammodromus algira , Scincus officinalis, Uro- mastix acanthinurus, Varanus griseus AVES - Anseriformes - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ). Falconiformes - Accipiter nisus, Circus aeruginosus, Circus macrourus, Falco sub- buteo, Falco tinnunculus, Pernis apivorus. Galliformes - Gallus gallus (dom. ). Charadrii formes - Larus canus. Strigiformes - Athene noctua. Coraoiiformes - Coracias garr^us, Merons super- ciliosus, Upupa epops. Passeriformes - Corvus corax, Dlcrurus macrocercus, Garrulus glandarius, Lanius excubitor, Mo ta cilia alba, Passer domesticus, Sitta euroraea , St urn us vul garis MAMMALIA - Insectivora - Aethechinus al girus, E] ephantu^us deserti, Elephantulus rozeti, Erinaceus dealbatus. Chiroptera - Piristrel - lus kuhlii. Rodentia - Mus itiupcuIuf, Rattus norvegicus. Carniv- ora - Mustela eversmanni 612 •- FINAL HOSTS: MAMMALIA Primates - Macacus rhesus Carnivora - Canis aureus, Canis familiaris, Canis lupus, Fel is catus [exper.l , Fel is onca, Genetta afra, Genetta bonapartei , Kerp_estes ichneumon, Lynx canadensis, Vulpes vulpes Perissodactyla - Equus asinus Artiodactyla - Sus scrofa HABITAT: Nodules in wall of esophagus, stomach, or aorta. DISTRIBUTION: Tropics and subtropics. Europe, Asia (India, Indo- nesia, China, Japan, Primorsk), Africa, N. America (Mexico), S. Amer- ica. Cyrnea eurycerca STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare, normally in gallinaceous birds; reported once in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Seurat, 191^. Cory: Cram, 1927a; Sultanov, 1°63. SYNONYMY: Cyrnea eurycerca Seurat, 191^ Seurocyrnea eurycerca (Seurat, 191^) Strand, 1929 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas strepera Galliformes - Alectoris barbara, Al ectoris graeca. A"1 ectoris rufa, Coturnix coturnix , Phasianus colchicus Coraciiformes - Coracias garrulus, Merops apiaster HABITAT: Gizzard - under lining. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (Uzbekistan, Tadzhikistan, Kazakhstan), Africa (Algeria). Had.je1 ia negl ecta STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in domestic duck. DESCRIPTION: Lent & Freitas, 1939. SYNONYMY: 613 Farhad.jelia neglecta Lent & Teixeira de Freitas, 193° Had.jelia neglecta (Lent & Freitas, 1°3Q) Chabaud , 1958 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (don. ) HABITAT: Froventriculus - submucosa. DISTRIBUTION: S. America (Brazil). Histiocephalus latieaudatus STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare, perhaps accidental or errone- ous; reported once or twice in domestic ducks. DESCRIPTION: Copy: Cram, 1927a; Kasimov, 1956; Shevtsov & Zaskind, I960. SYNONYMY: Cram, 192?a. Spiroptera laticaudata Rudolphi, 1819 Filaria laticaudata (Rudolphi, 1819) Schneider, 1.866 Dispharagus latieaudatus (Rudolphi, 1819) Dujardin, l84ci Histiocephalus latieaudatus (Rudolphi, 1819) Diesing, 185.1 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) Galliformes - Callus gallus (dom.) Gruiformes - Otis tarda , Tetrax tetrax HABITAT: Gizzard - under lining. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (France, Georgia), Asia (Kazakhstan). Tetrameres americana STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Accidental, normally in gallinaceous birds; reported once in domestic duck as resu1 t of experimental in- fection. DESCRIPTION: Cram, 1927a. Copy: Kasimov, 1956; Shevtsov & Zaskind, I960; Skrjabin & Sobolev, I.963. 614 SYNONYMY: Tetrameres americana Cratn, 1927 Tropisurus americana (Cram, 1927) Baylis, 1 Q29 Tetrameres (Tetrameres) americana Cram, 1 ^27 of Rasheed, I960 Tetrameres confusa Travassos, 1917 - [Pinto & Lins de Almeida, 19351 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs passed in feces o^ host, ingested by insects; lar- vae encyst in muscles of insects (Coleoptera, Orthoptera, Dermaptera) and terrestrial amphipod Crustacea, infective to final host in h2 days or less; mature in final host 2^ days after ingestion. (Ali- cata, 1938, 19^7; Cram, 1929b, 1931b, 1931cU 1937) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Blatella germanica [exper.l, Conocephal.us sal t- ator, Melanoplus dif ferentialis [exper.l , Melanoplus femnrrubrum [exper.l, Scyllina cyanipes, Dendrophilus sp. , Dermestes vulpinus, Epitragus diremptus , Gonocephalus seriatum, Euborellia annulipes, Orchestia platensis FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) [exper.] Galliformes - Bonasa umbellus, Co] inus virginianus, Gallus gallus (dom. ) , Meleagris gallopavo (dom. ) Columbiformes - Columba livia HABITAT: Proventriculus. DISTRIBUTION: N. America (USA, USA - Hawaii, Puerto Rico). Tetrameres australis STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported twice in wild swans. DESCRIPTION: Johnston & Mawson, 19*Ha, 1952. Cory: Skrjabin & Sobolev, 1963. SYNONYMY: Tetrameres australis Johnston & Mawson, 19^-1 Tetrameres (Tetrameres) australis Johnston & Mawson, 19^1 o^ Rasheed, 1°60 Tropisurus australis (Johnston & Mawson, 19*4-1) Yamaguti, 196l Tetrameres (Petrowimeres) austral is Johnston & Mawson, 19*4-"! of Skr- jabin & Sobolev, 1963 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of T. fissispina. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Cygnus atratus 615 HABITAT: Not given; probably proventriculus. DISTRIBUTION: Australia. Tetrameres biziurae STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Johnston & Mawson, 19^-la. Cory: Skrjabin & Sobolev, 1963. SYNONYMY: Tetrameres biziurae Johnston & Mawson , 19^1 Tetrampres (Tetrameres) biziurae Johnston & Mawson, 1.9^-1 of Rasheed, I960 Tropisurus biziurae (Johnston & Mawson, 19^1) Yamaguti, 196l Tetrameres (Petrowimeres) biziurae Johnston & Mawson, 19U1 of Skr- jabin & Sobolev, 1963 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of T. fissispina. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Oxyurini - Biziura 1 obata HABITAT: Not given; probably proventriculus. DISTRIBUTION: Australia. Tetrameres confusa STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare, probably accidental, typically in domestic fowls; reported once in domestic goose. DESCRIPTION: Zago & Barretto, 1962b. Co^-y: Cram, 1927a, Kasimov, 1956; Shevtsov & Zaskind, 19^0; Skrjabin & Sobolev, I.963. SYNONYMY: Cram, 1927a. Tetrameres fissispina Diesing of Travassos, 1 91^ Tetrameres confusa Travassos, 1919 Tropisurus confusus (Travassos, 191°) Bay! is, 1929 Tetrameres (Tetrameres) confusus Travassos, 1919 of Rasheed, i960 Tetrameres travassosi Skrjabin, 1920 LIFE CYCLE: Larvae develop in orthopteran insects, infective to final host after 9-10 days, encysted in musculature. (Zago & Bar- retto, 1962a, 1962b) 616 INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Caulopsis oberthuri [exper.l, Dicrorlus punctu- latus [exper.l , Eutryxalis filata [exper.l i Neoconocephalus infus- catus [exper.] » Orphulella punctata [exner.l , Schistocera cancellata [exper.l FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser (dom. ) Galliformes - Gallus gallus (dom. ) , Meleagris gallopavo (dom. ) Columbi formes - Columba livia (dom. ) HABITAT: Proventriculus. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (W. Siberia), S. America (Brazil). Tetrameres cordoniferens STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Rasheed , 196C. SYNONYMY: Tetrameres (Petrowimeres) cordoniferens Rasheed, I960 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of T. fissispina. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Dendrocygnini - Dendrocygna javanica HABITAT: Proventriculus. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Pakistan). Tetrameres crami STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Common, characteristic helminth of waterfowl in N. America; reported 7 tim^s in wild waterfow"1 and 3 times in domestic ducks. Reported as cause of pathologic condition by Swales, 1936b, 1936d. DESCRIPTION: Swales, 1933d, 1936c. Copy: Shevtsov & Zaskind, i960; Skrjabin & Sobolev, 1963. SYNONYMY: Tetrameres crami Swales, 1933* n°t T. crami Pu^hov, 1 °3Q Tetrameres (Petrowimeres) crami Swales, 1°33 ff Rasheed, i960 617 Tropisurus crami (Swales, 1Q33) Yamaguti, 196l LIFE CYCLE: Eggs passed in feces of host, hatch after ingestion by fresh-water amphipod crustacean; ^arvae encyst in body wall, infec- tive in 29 days; mature in final host 33 days a^ter ingestion. (Swales, 1936b, 193^c, l°36d) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Gammarus fasciatus, Hy a Leila azteca FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser caerul escens, Cygnus columbianus, Cygnus cygnus buccinator Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) , Anas acuta. Anas americana , Anas clypeata , Anas crecca carolinensis, Anas cyanoptera , Anas discors. Anas rubripes, Anas strepera Aythyini - Aythya af finis , Aythya americana , Aythya col] aris, Aythya marila, Aythya vail JFneria Cairinini - Aix sponsa Mergini - Bucephala albeola , Bucephala clangu"! a , Melanitta nigra, Mergus merganser, Mergus serrator Oxyurini - Oxyura .jamaicensis HABITAT: Froventriculus. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Rumania), Asia (Chukotka ) , N. America (USA, Canada ) . Tetrameres crami asiatica STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported twice in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Skrjabin & Sobolev, 1963; Ryzhikov, 1.Q63b. SYNONYMY: Tetrameres (Petrowimeres ) crami asiatica Ryzhikov in Skrjabin & Sobo- lev, 1063 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably like that of T. crami. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Mergini - Bucephala clangula HABITAT: Proventriculus. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Kamchatka). 618 Tetrameres cygni STATUS AS WATERFCWL FARASITE: Frequent in Anserini in N. America, but only reported twice in wild waterfowl. DESCRIPTION: Ryzhikov & Kozlov, I960. SYNONYMY: Tetrameres cygni Ryzhikov & Kozlov, 1Q60 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of T. fissispina. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser caerulescens, Branta canadensis, Cygnus colum- bianus , Cygnus columbianus bewickii, Cygnus cygnus buccinator ACCIDENTAL HOSTS: AVES (Do not mature) Anseriformes - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas americana , Anas dlscors, Aythya affinis HABITAT : Proventriculus . DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Yakutia), N. America (USA). Tetrameres fissispina STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Very common, characteristic helminth of waterfowl; reported 59 times in wild waterfowl , 72 times in do- mestic, and 3 times in captive waterfowl. Frequent cause of disease: pathology described by Bhattacharjee & Doss, 1967; Cram, l°30a; Ger- asimova, I960; Lange, 1938; Pallaske, 19^; Fopova, 195** > Tsvetaeva, I960; ZajicSek, 1959. Mortality reported by Bittner, "'923; Golubev, 1959; Kauker, 19^+3; Lange, 1938; Petrochenko, 195^; Popova, 1953; Shabaev, 196l; Willomitzer & Gilka , 1957* DESCRIPTION: Yamaguti & Mitunaga, 19^3b; Czaplinski, 1962b. Copy: Cram, 1927a; Kasimov, 1956; Kurashvili, 1957; Shevtsov & Zaskind, I960; Skrjabin & Sobolev, 1963. SYNONYMY: Cram, 1927a. Tropidocerca fissispina Diesing, l86l Tropisurus fissispinus (Diesing, l86l) Neumann, 188R Tetrameres fissispina (Diesing, 1 B6l ) Travassos, 1914 Tetrameres (Tetrameres) fissispina (Diesing, l86l) of Travassos, 191 <5 Tetrameres (Petrowimeres) fissispina (Diesing, 1861 ) of Chert kova , 1Q5^ Acanthophorus tenuis Linstow, 1876 619 Tropidocerca tenuis (Linstow, 18?6) Linstow, "I 8QQ Acanthophorus horridus Linstow, 1876 Filaria pulicis Linstow, IBQ^J- Spiroptera pulicis (Linstow, 18,9^5 Linstow, 1909 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs passed in feces of host, hatch after ingestion by marine and fresh-water amphipod , isopod, cladoceran, and ostracod Crustacea, insects, flatworms, and o"i ierochaetes; larvae infective in 7-18 days; mature in final host 18 days after ingestion. Larvae survive when ingested by marine and fresh-water "fish (auxiliary hosts). Seasonal relations described by Bu?a, IQfUi. (Czaplin"ski, 195% Garkavi, 19^9b, 1958b, 1965a; Kotel'nikov, 1962a; Koyalenko, l°6Ca, 1960b; Linstow, 1909; Rust, 1908; Sugimoto & Nishiyama, 1P37) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Gamma rus lacustris, Gammarus locusta, Gamma rus maeoticus , Gamma ru s pulex, Gammarus androsowi. [exper.1, Asel"ev, 1963. SYNONYMY: Tetrameres (Petrowimeres) galericulatus Oshmarin, 1956 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of T. fissi spina. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Cairinini - Aix galericulatus HABITAT: Frobably proventriculus. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Primorsk). Tetrameres pipas STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported 3 times in do- mestic waterfowl. DESCRIPTION: Travassos, 1919. Copy: Cram, 1927a; Shevtsov & Zas- kind, I960; Skrjabin & Sobolev, I963. SYNONYMY: Cram, l°27a. Tetrameres inflata of Zuern, 1R^2, not T. infl ata (Diesing, l°>6l ) Travassos Tetrameres gigas Travassos, 191° 621 Tropisurus gigas (Travassos, 1,919;) Baylis, 1°2° Tetrameres (Tetrameres ) gigas (Travassos, 1Q19) or Rasheed, I960 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of T. f is si spina. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser (dom. ) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) HABITAT: Proventriculus. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Yugoslavia), S. America (Brazil). Tetrameres hagenbecki STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in domestic duck; originally described from ciconiiform and gruiform birds in captivity. DESCRIPTION: Travassos & Vogelsang, 1929, 1930. Cory: Skrjabin & Sobolev, 1963. SYNONYMY: Tetrameres hagenbecki Travassos & Vogelsang, 1929 Tetrameres (Tetrameres) hagenbecki Travassos & Vogelsang, 102° of Rasheed, i960 Tropisurus hagenbecki (Travassos & Vogelsang, 1929) Yamaguti, lQ6l LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of T. fjssispina. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) Ciconiiformes - Leptoptilus dubius Gruiformes - Grus antigone HABITAT: Proventriculus - in lumen and glands. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (India - Source of birds in zoo in Germany, China). Tetrameres mohtedai STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare, normally in fowl: reported once in domestic duck. Pathology of infection in domestic fowl described by Anantraman & Nair, 1955« DESCRIPTION: Bhalerao & Rao, 10ij4; Anantraman & Nair, 1955. Copy: 622 Skrjabin & Sobolev, 1963 . SYNONYMY: Tetrameres nohtedai Bhalerao & Rao , 19^ Tetrameres (Fetrowltr.eres) mohtedai Bhalerao & Rao, 1.9MI of Rasheed, 196C LIFE CYCLE: Larvae develop in orthopteran insects. (Sundaran, et al_., 1963) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: FINAL HOSTS: AVES An seri formes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) Galliformes - Gallus gallus (dom. J HABITAT: Froventriculus. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (India). Tetrameres pavonis STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported 6 times in wild and once in captive ducks. Originally described from captive Favo. DESCRIPTION: Chertkova, 195^; Ryzhikov & Kozlov, 1950. Copy: Kas- imov, 1956; Skrjabin & Sobolev, "1°63. SYNONYMY: Tetrameres (Petrowimeres) pavonis Chertkova , 1 95^ LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of T. f is si spina. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas penelope Aythyini - Aythya f erina , Ay thy a marila, Aythya nyroca , Netta rufina Mergini - Clangula hyemalis Galliformes - Pavo cristatus Charadrii formes - Larus ridibundus HABITAT: Proventriculus. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (USSR - Moscow Zoo), Asia (Turkmenistan, Kam- chatka, Chukotka). 623 Tetrameres plectropteri STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild waterfowl. DESCRIPTION: Thwaite, 1026. SYNONYMY: Echinurioides plectropteri Thwaite, 1926 Tetrameres plectropteri (Thwaite, 1926) Wehr, 1933 Tropisurus plectropteri (Thwaite, 1926) Yamaguti, 196l LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of T. fissispina. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Cairinini - Flectropterus [gambensis] HABITAT: Not given; probably proven triculus. DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Nigeria). Tetrameres puchovi STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare, accidental or perhaps erroneous record in waterfowl; reported for Anatinae by Skrjabin, Shikhobal ova , & Sobolev, 19*1-9, original citation not found; normally in Grui formes. STATUS AS SPECIES: Synonym of T. globosa - Serkova, 19^8. DESCRIPTION: Pukhov, 1939. Cony: Skrjabin & Sobolev, 1963. SYNONYMY: Tetrameres crami Fukhov, 1939, not _T. crami Swales, 1 Q33 Tetrameres puchovi Gushanskaia, 19^9 Tetrameres (Tetrameres) puchovi Gushanskaia , 19^9 of Rasheed, I960 Tropisurus puchovi (Gushanskaia , IQUq) Yamaguti, 196l LIFE CYCLE: Unknown: probably similar to that of T. fissispina. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) "Anatinae" - [not listed by Skrjabin & Sob- olev, 1963] Gruiformes - Fulica atra, Porzana porzana HABITAT: Probably proventriculus. DISTRIBUTION: Eurone (USSR). 624 Tetrameres ry.jikovi STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild waterfowl DESCRIPTION: Khuan Shen-i, l°6lc. Copy: Skrjabin & Sobo">ev, 1963. SYNONYMY: Tetrameres ri.jikovi Khuan Shen-i, I960, nomen nudum Tetrameres ry.jikovi Khuan Shen-i, 1.961 Tetrameres (Petrowimeres ) ry.jikovi Khuan Shen-i, 196l of Skrjabin & Sobolev, 1963 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of T. crami. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos, Anas acuta , Anas crecca, Anas for- mosa. Anas querquedu"1 s Aythyini - Aythya baeri , Aythya fulipula HABITAT: Froventriculus. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Amur). Tetrameres somateriae STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported twice in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Skrjabin & Sobolev, 1963; Ryzhikov, "!Q63c. SYNONYMY: Tetrameres ( Pe trowi me re s ) somateriae Ryzhikov in Skrjabin & Sobolev, 1963 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably simi1 ar to that o^ T. fisslspina. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos Somateriini - Somateria mollissima HABITAT: Proventriculus. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Chukotka, Komandorsky Is.). 625 Tetrameres spinosa STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Common in Aythyini in North America; reported k times in wild and once in captive waterfowl . Fathological effects of infection in egret and stilt described by Fande, Rai, & Srivastava, I960. DESCRIPTION: Maplestone, 1931; Khuan Shen-i, lo62e. Copy: SVr.jabin & Sobolev, IP63. SYNONYMY: Echinuria spinosa Maplestone, 193"! Tetrameres spinosa (Maplestone, 1931) Wehr, 1933 Tetrameres (Petrowimeres) spinosa Maplestone, 1P31 of Rasheed, I960 Tropisurus spinosa (Maplestone, 1931) Yamaguti, 196l LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of T. fissispina. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Cygnus columbianus, Cygnus cygnus buccinator Anatini - Anas platyrhvnchos, Anas cyanoptera, Anas strepera Aythyini - Aythya af finis, Aythya americana , Aythya collaris, Aythya f erina , Aythya fu] igula, Aythya vallisneria Mergini - Bucephala albeola , Bucephala clangula Oxyurini - Oxyura rjamaicensis Ciconiiformes - Egretta garzetta Galliformes - Gallus gallus (dom. ) Charadriiformes - Himantopu s himantopus HABITAT: Proven triculus, gizzard. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (India, Amur), N. America (USA, Canada). Tetrameres striatus STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported 3 times in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Oshmarin, 1956. Copy: Skrjabin & Sobolev, 1 Q63. SYNONYMY: Tetrameres (Petrowimeres) striatus Oshmarin, 1°56 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of T. fissispina. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhvnchos, Anas acuta, Anas falcata 626 HABITAT: Proventriculus. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Frimorsk, Amur, Kamchatka). Tetrameres zakharowi STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Infrequent; reported 6 timps in wild waterfowl . DESCRIPTION: Petrov, 1926; Ryzhikov, 195°a; Zaskind, 1°63. Copy: Cram, 1927a; Skrjabin & Sobolev, 1963. SYNONYMY: Tetrameres (Tetrameres) zakharowi Fetrov, 1*526 Tropisurus zakharowi (Fetrov, 1926) Yamaguti, 196l LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of T. fissisoina. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser (dom. ) , Anser albifrons, Anser f aba lis, Cygnus columbianus bewickii HABITAT: Proventriculus. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (USSR), Asia (Kazakhstan, Yakutia, Primorsk, Chukotka). Paracuaria somateriae STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Infrequent; reported 5 times in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Ryzhikov, I960; Kurochkin & Ryzhikov, 1964. Copy: Skrjabin, Sobolev, & Ivashkin, 1965. SYNONYMY: Streptocara sp. Liubimov, 1926 Streptocara sp. Kulachkova, 1958 Streptocara somateriae Ryzhikov, I960 Paracuaria somateriae (Ryzhikov, I960) Leonov, Tsimbaliuk, & Belo- gurov, 1963 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of F. tridentata. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) 627 Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos Somateriini - Somateria mollissima , Somateria spectabilis Aythyini - Aythya fuligula, Aythya maril a , Aythya nyroca Mergini - Bucephala clangula, Clangula hyemalis, Melanitta fusca, Melanitta fusca deglandi, Melanitta nigra HABITAT: Gizzard - under lining. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Esthonia, USSR), Asia (Siberia, Yakutia, Amur, Kamchatka, Chukotka). Paracuaria tridentata STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent, typically in lariform birds; reported 4 times in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Maksimova, 1964. Copy: Cram, lQ27a ; Skrjabin, Sobo- lev, & Ivashkin, 1965 (as P. macdonaldi). SYNONYMY: Cram, 1927a. Filaria tridentata Linstow, 1877 Spiroptera tridentata (Linstow, 1877) Neumann, 1 90C Streptocara tridentata (Linstow, 1877) Skrjabin, 191 6 Faracuaria tridentata (Linstow, 1877) Leonov, Tsimbalxuk, & Bel.ogurov, 1063 Paracuaria macdonaldi Rao, 1 951 - [Leonov, Tsimbaliuk, & Belogurov, 19631 Streptocara rissae Kreis, 19^8 - [Skrjabin, Sobolev, & Ivashkin, I965I LIFE CYCLE: P. macdonaldi larvae develop in co"1 eopteran insects. (Shmytova in Skrjabin, Sobolev, & Ivashkin, 1965') INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Pimelia subglobosa, Tentyria taurica FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas pi atyrhynchos Somateriini - Somateria spectabilis Aythyini - Aythya fuligula Gavii formes - Gavia arctica, Gavia ste"1 lata Ciconiiformes - Botaurus stellaris Charadriiformes - Chlidonias 1 eucopterus, Hydroprogne tschegrava , Larus argentatus , Larus canus, Larus genei , Larus ichthyaetus, Larus marinus , Larus me"1 anocephalus , Larus minntus, Larus rid i - bundus , Rissa tridactyla, Sterna a] bifrons , Sterna hirundo, Thai - asseus sandvicensis HABITAT: Gizzard - under lining, esophagus, intestine. 628 DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (Kazakhstan, Siberia, Amur), N. America (Canada) . Syncuaria ciconiae STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare, probably accidental; reported once in wild duck. Described from Ciconiiformes. DESCRIPTION: Gil'bert, 1927; Macko, "lQ64. Copy: Kurashvili, l°^7x Skrjabin, Sobolev, & Ivashkin, 19^5. SYNONYMY: Acuria ( Syncuaria ) ciconiae Gil'bert, 1Q27 Syncuaria (Syncuaria) ciconiae (Gil'bert, 1.Q27) Gushanskaia, 1950 Echinuria ciconiae (Gil'bert, 1927) Chitwood & Wehr, 1 °3^ LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Aythyini - Aythya nyroca Pod icipedi formes - Podiceps ruficollis Ciconiiformes - Ciconia ciconia , Ciconia nigra HABITAT: Gizzard - under lining. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Czechoslovakia, USSR, Georgia). Decorataria decorata STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare, normally in grebes; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Cram, 1927a; Baylis, 1937: Sobo^v, 1943. Copy: Skr- jabin, Sobolev, & Ivashkin, 1965. SYNONYMY: Echinuria decorata Cram, 1927 Acuaria (Echinuria ) decorata (Cram, 1927) Baylis, 1937 Syncuaria decorata (Cram, 1927) Sobolev, 10^3 Syncuaria (Decorataria ) decorata (Cram, l.c27) o^ Sobo1ev, 19^0 Decorataria decorata (Cram, 1927) Skrjabin, Sobolev, & Ivashkin, 1965 Acuaria (Syncuaria ) ciconiae Gil 'bert of Solonitsyn, 1°2B LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Unknown. 629 FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Aythyini - Aythya fulignla Podicipeciformes - Fodiceps auritns, Fodicens casnicus, Fodiceps crista tus , Podicers ruficollis HABITAT: Froventriculus, gizzard - under lining. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, N. America (USA). Chevreuxia revoluta STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare, normally present in Charadrii- formes; reported once in wi^d duck. DESCRIPTION: Sobol.ev, 1C^3. Copy: Cram, lQ27a; Skrjabin, Sobolev, & Ivashkin, 1^65. SYNONYMY: Cram, 1927a. Spiroptera revoluta Rudolphi, l8la Dispharagus revolutus (Rudolphi, 1819) Molin, i860 Chevreuxia revoluta (Rudolphi , 1819) Seurat, 1918 Chevreuxia n. sp. McDonald, 1965b LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Oxyurini - Oxyura .jamaicensis Charadriiformes - Himantopus himantopus, Recurvirostra americana HABITAT: Gizzard - under lining. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, N. Africa (Algeria), M. America (USA). Dispharynx sp. STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare, perhaps accidental; reported once in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Ablasov, 1957. SYNONYMY: Dispharynx sp. Ablasov, 1957 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. 630 FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Aythyini - Aythya fuligula HABITAT: Esophagus. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Kirgizia). Skr.jabinoclava decorata STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported twice in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Gushanskafa, 1951. Copy: Skrjabin, Sobolev, & Ivash- kin, 1965. SYNONYMY: Echinuria decorata Solonitsyn, 1928, not Cram, 1927 Skr.jabinoclava decorata (Solonitsyn, 1928) Sobolev, 19^3 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Mergini - Mergus albellus Charadrii formes - Xenus cinereus, Tringa sp. HABITAT: Proventriculus, gizzard, esophagus. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (USSR), Asia (Kirgizia). Skr.jabinoclava horrida STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare, probably accidental, typically in charadriiform birds; reported twice in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Sobolev, 19^3; Serkova, 19^8. Copy: Cram, 1027a; Skrjabin, Sobolev, & Ivashkin, 1965. SYNONYMY: Cram, 1927a. Strongylus horridus Rudolphi, 1809 Spiroptera horrida (Rudolphi, 1809) Diesing, 18.51 Echinuria horrida (Rudolphi, 180O) Cram, 1°27 Acuaria (Echinuria) horrida (Rudolphi, \P^°) Skr.jabinoclava horrida (Rudolphi, 18C9) Sobolev, T9ii3 Spiroptera gallinulae Rudolphi, 1819 Spiroptera aculeata Creplin, 1825 Filaria aculeata (Creplin, 1825) Linstow, I876 631 Dispharagus acul eatus (Creplin, 1825) Stossich, 1891 Filaria spinifera Schneider, 186^ Echinuria spinifera (Schneider, 1866) Solov'ev, 1912 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Mergini - Melanitta nigra Gruiformes - Forzana earn"1 ina Charadriiformes - Catoptrophoru s semipalmatus, Charadrius hiaticula. Crocethia alba , Eurynorhynchus pygmaeus, Ero"i ia alpina, Erolia maritima, Larus fuscus, Limosa lapponica, Lymnocryptes minimus, Tringa glareola Coraciiformes - Halcyon smyrnensis HABITAT: Proventriculus. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (England, Germany, Ukraine), Asia (E. Siberia, India), N. America (USA). Echinuria boreal is borealis STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare in M. America; reported once in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Mawson, 1956d. Copy: Skrjabin, Sobo">ev, & Ivashkin, 1965. SYNONYMY: Echinuria borealis Mawson, 1956 Echinuria borealis borealis Mawson, 1956 of Skrjabin, Sobolev, & Ivashkin, 1965 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of E. uncinata. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) [Tadornini - Tadorna ferruginea - Skrjabin, Sobolev, &■ Ivashkin, I965, erroneous] Somateriini - Somateria spectabilis „ Mergini - Clangula hyemalis HABITAT: Not given, probably proventriculus. DISTRIBUTION: N. America (Canada). 632 Echinuria borealis asiatica STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent in Asia; reported ^ times in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Kurochkin, Ryzhikov, & Gubanov, 1961; Ryzhikov, 1963c. Copy: Skrjabin, Sobolev, & Ivashkin, 1965. SYNONYMY: Echinuria borealis asiatica Ryzhikov, "1 96 3 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of E. uncinata. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Somateriini - Somateria fischerl, Somateria mollissima, Somateria spectabilis Mergini - Bucepha"! a cj_angula_, Clangula hyemalis, Me"lanitta nigra HABITAT: Glandular stomach. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Yakutia, ChuVotka, Kamchatka). Echinuria borealis pamirica STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Skrjabin, Sobolev, & Ivashkin, 1965. SYNONYMY: Echinuria borealis pamirica Ryzhikov & Borgarenko in Skrjabin, Sobo- lev, & Ivashkin, 1965 LIFE CYCLE: Probably similar to that of E. uncinata. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Tadornini - Tadorna ferruginea HABITAT: Glandular stomach. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Tadzhikistan). Echinuria cygni STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in captive swan. 633 STATUS AS SFECIES: Synonym of E. uncinata - McDonald, in press. DESCRIPTION: Morini, Colombo, & Martin, 196l. SYNONYMY: Echinuria cygni Morini, Colombo, & Martin, 196l LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of E. uncinata. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Cygnus melanocoryphus HABITAT: Glandular stomach. DISTRIBUTION: S. America (Argentina - La Plata Zoological Garden), Echinuria heterobrachiata STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. Originally described from gulls. DESCRIPTION: Wehr, 1937. Cony: Skrjabin, Sobolev, & Ivashkin, 1965. SYNONYMY: Echinuria heterobrachiata Wehr, 1937 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that o^ E. nncinata. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Oxyurini - Oxyura .jamaicensis Charadriiformes - Larus californicus, Larus sp. HABITAT: Proventriculus - glands. DISTRIBUTION: N. America (USA). Echinuria hypognatha STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Infrequent; reported 6 times in wild waterfowl and once in captive waterfowl . DESCRIPTION: Wehr, 1937; Maksimova, i"^. Copy: Skrjabin, Sobolev. * Ivashkin, 1965. 634 SYNONYMY: Echinuria hypognatha Wehr, 1937 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of E. uncinata. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Cygnus columbianus Tadornini - Tadorna tadorna Somateriini - Somateria fischeri. Somateria mo'Missima, Snmateria spectabilis Aythyini - Aythya tnarila Mergini - Melanitta fusca, Melanitta fusca Heg]_andi, Melanitta nigra HABITAT: Proventriculus. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Kazakhstan, Yakutia, Kamchatka, Chukotka), KT. America (USA). Echinuria minor STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in wi">d waterfowl, Fathological condition described by Sand ground, 1937. DESCRIPTION: Sandground, 1937. Copy: SVrjabin, Sobolev, & Ivash- kin, 1965. SYNONYMY: Echinuria minor Sandground , 1Q37 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of E. uncinata. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Cairinini - Sarkidiornis melanotos HABITAT: Proventriculus - in ulcers. ■DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Congo). Echinuria parva STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported twice in captive water- fowl. Fathology and mortality reported by Cram, 1Q2^. DESCRIPTION: Cram, 1928. Copy: Skrjabin, Sobolev, & Ivashkin, 1965. 635 SYNONYMY: Echinuria parva Cram, 1928 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of E. uncinata. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Branta canadensis Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos HABITAT: Froventriculus - in ulcers. DISTRIBUTION: Europe? (USSR), N. America (Canada). Echinuria querquedulae STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Johnston & Mawson, 19^2. Copy: Skrjabin, Sobolev, & Ivashkin, 1965. SYNONYMY: Echinuria querquedul ae Johnston & Mawson. 19^-2 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of E. uncinata. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas gibberifrons HABITAT: Not given, probably proventriculus. DISTRIBUTION: Australia. Echinuria skrjabiniana STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare: reported once in captive swan. DESCRIPTION: Liubimova, 19^7. Cory: Skrjabin, Sobolev, & Ivashkin, 1965. SYNONYMY: Echinuria skr.jabiniana Liubimova , 19*4-7 Echinuria skr.jabini Liubimova , 19'4-7, lapsus LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of E. uncinata. 636 FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Cygnus olor HABITAT: Proventriculus. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (W. Siberia - source of bird examined in Moscow Zoological Park). Echinuria uncinata STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Very common, characteristic helminth of waterfowl; reported 45 times in wild, 48 times in domestic, and 7 times in captive waterfowl. Frequent cause of disease and death: pathology described by Cram, 1930a; Knudsen, 1966; Moynihan & Sto- vell, 1955; Pallaske, 1944; Popov & Mincheva, 1955? SVrjabin. Sobo- lev, & Ivashkin, 1965; Tsvetaeva, T^53a; Wehrmann, 1909; and Zaj'cek, 1959. Mortality reporter1 by Buxton, Ford. & Munro, 1952; Cornwell, 1963 (in epizootic proportions); Gibson & Barnes, "'957; Golubev, 1959; Hill, 1941; Kauker, 1941; Ma gnus son, 1929a, 1929b; Marotel & Fierron, 1947; Robijns, 1955? and Venn, 1953. DESCRIPTION: Akhtar, 1936; Yamaguti, 194.1b; Bezubik, 1957a; Czap- linski, 1962b; Potekhina, 1963. Copy: Cram, 1927a; Shevtsov &■ Zas- kind, I960; Skrjabin, Sobolev, & Ivashkin, 1°65. SYNONYMY: Cram, 1927a. Spiroptera uncinata Rudolphi, 1819 Filaria uncinata (Rudolphi, 1819) Schneider, ""866 Dispharagus uncinatus (Rudolphi, 181°) Railliet, 1893 Acuaria (Hamannia) uncinata (Rudolphi, 1819) Railliet, Henry, & Sisoff, 191 2 Echinuria uncinata (Rudo1phi, 1819) Solov'ev, 1°1 2 Hamannia uncinata (Rudolphi, 1819 ) Stipes & Hassall, 1°20 Echinuria jugadoraata Solov'ev, 1912 - [Skrjabin, et al. , 19491 Echinuria cygni Morini, Columbo, & Martin, I960 -"[McDonald, ms..] LIFE CYCLE: Eggs passed in feces of host, survive in water up to 45 days; hatch after ingestion by fresh-water cladoceran Crustacea; larvae penetrate hemocoel, infective to final host in 6-15 days: mature in 34-51 day? after ingestion by final host. (Garkavi, I960: Hamann, 1893; Kotel'nikov, 196lb; Radin, 1959; Romanova, 1938, 1947, 1948) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Ceriodaphnia sp., Darhnia magna, Danhnia pulex FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Dendrocygnini - Dendrocygna vlduata 637 Anserini - Anser anser, Anser anser (dom. ) , Anser a^bifrons , Anser cypnoides, Branta canadensis, Branta leucopsis, Branta rufi- collis, Cygnus atratus, Cypnus cygnus , Cygnus cygnus buccinator, Cygnus melanocoryphus , Cygnus ol.or, Cygnus olor (dom. ) Tadornini - Neochen jubatus, Lorhonetta specul arioides , Tadorna f erruginea , Tadorna tadorna Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas pi atyrhynchos (dom. ) , Anas acuta , Anas americana, Anas capensis , Anas castanea , Anas cly- peata. Anas crecca , Anas crecca caro"1 inensis, Anas discors. Anas falcata , Anas georgica, Anas perel ope , Anas querquedula. Anas rubripes, Anas sibilatrix, Anas specu"1 arts, Anas strepera , Anas undulata Somateriini - Somateria moi lissima , Somateria soectabilis Aythyini - Aythy? af finis , Aythya americana , Aythya f erina , Aythya marila, Aythya vail isneria, Netta rufina Cairinini - Aix galericu"1 ata , Aix soonsa , Cairina harfaubi, Cair- ina moschata Mergini - Bucephala albeola , Bucephal a cTangula, Mergu s al.bellus Charadriiformes - fhilomachus pugnax HABITAT: Gizzard, proventriculus, rarely esophagus; in nodules in wall. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (Azerbaidzhan, W. Siberia, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, India, Frimorsk, Japan, Amur, Kamchatka, Chukotka), Africa (Algeria), M. America (USA, Canada). Cheil ospirura sp. STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare, accidental; reported once in wild duck. SYNONYMY: Cheilospirura sp. Kurashvili, 1957 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Aythyini - Aythya nyroca HABITAT: Gizzard - under lining. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Georgia). Cosmocephal us aduncus STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Accidental, typically in Tariform 638 birds; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Copy: Cram, 1927a; Kurashvili, 1957; Skrjabitv, Sobo- lev, & Ivashkin, 1965. SYNONYMY: Cram, 1927a. Spiroptera adunca Creplin, l8'+6 Dispharagus aduncus (Creplin, 1P^6) Molin, i860 Cosmocephalus aduncus (Creplin, 1846) Yorke & Maplestone, 1°26 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Aythyini - Aythya nyroca Gaviiformes - Gavia stellata Fodicipediformes - Fodiceps auritus, Podiceps caspicus, Fodiceps cristatus Felecaniformes - Phalacrocorax carbo Charadriiformes - Chlidonias hybrid a, Ero"1 ia maritima , Lams argen- tatus, Larus canus, Larus g~l aucoides, Larus hype rbo reus, Lams ichthyaetus, Larus marinus, Larus minutus, Larus ridibundus, Sterna hirundo, Thalasseus sandvicensis, Trlnga stagnatilis HABITAT: Esophagus. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (Uzbekistan, W. Siberia). Cosmocephalus obvelatus STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent, typically in charar'riiform birds; reported 6 times in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Copy: Cram, lQ27a; Skrjabin, Sobolev, & Ivashkin, i-9f5. SYNONYMY: Cram, 1927a. Spiroptera obvelata Creplin, 1825 Filaria obvelata (Creplin, 1825) Linstow, 1877 Dispharagus obvelatus (Creplin, 1825) Linstow, 1909 Cosmocephalus obvelatus (Creplin, 1825) Seurat, 1Q19 Histiocephalus spiralis Diesing, I85I Cosmocephalus papillosus Molin, 1859 Dispharagus papillosus (Molin, 1859) Stossich, 1898 Cosmocephalus alatus Molin, i860 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) 639 Aythyini - Aythya fuligula Mergini - Kergus serrator Sphenisciformes - Eudyptes pachyrhynchus Podicipediformes - Podiceps caspicus Procellariiformes - Puffinus kuhlii Pelecaniformes - Halietor pygmaeus, Felecanus sp. Charadriiformes - Actitis hypoleucos, Actitis macularia, Alca torda , Catoptrophorus semipalmatus, Cepphus gry~n.e, Erol ia melanotos, Gelochelidon nilotica, Heteroscelus incanus, Hydronrogne caspia, Hydroprogne tschegrava, Larus argentatus, Larus canus, Larus crassirostris, Larus fuscus, Larus hyperboreus, Larus marlnus, Larus ridibundus, Fhilomachus pjugnax, Stercorarius parasiticus. Sterna paradisaea, Tha"lasseus bengalensis, Thalasseus sandvicen- sis, Tringa erythropus, Tringa g1 areola, Tringa totanus HABITAT: Esophagus. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (Azerbaidzhan, Kirgizia). Africa (Algeria), K. America (USA). Cosmocephalus obvelatus magnus STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck; originally described from gulls. DESCRIPTION: Vasil'kova, 1926. Copy: Skrjabin, Sobolev, & Ivash- kin, 1965. SYNONYMY: Cosmocephalus obvelatus magnus VasiT 'vova, 19?-6 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas crecca Charadriiformes - Larus argentatus, Larus canu? , Larus icbthyaetus HABITAT: Esophagus, small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Kazakhstan). Streptocara ca"1 i Vomica STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported 3 times in vrPd ducks. 640 DESCRIPTION* Gedoelst, 1919l Gibson, I964, 1968. Copy: Cram, 1927a; Skrjabin, Sobolev, & Ivashkin, I965. SYNONYMY: Gibson, 1964, 1968. Yseria californica Gedoelst, 1919 Streptocara californica (Gedoelst, 1919) [Gedoelst & Liegeois, 1922] Yorke & Maplestone, 1926 Skrjabinobronema californicum (Gedoelst, 1919) Gushanskafa, 1950 Kor.i akinema gusi Oshmarin, 1950 - distinct, Skrjabin, Sobolev, & Ivashkin, 1965 Streptocara dogieli Belopol'skaia, 1952 - distinct, Skrjabin, Sobo- lev, & Ivashkin, 1965 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown} probably similar to that of S. crassicauda; probably involving marine hosts, (Gibson, I964) PINAL HOSTS : AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos Somateriini - Somateria mollissima Aythyini - Aythya marila, Aythya vallisneria Mergini - Bucephala islandica, Clangula hyemalis. Melanitta fuse a deglandi , Melanitta nigra, Melanitta perspicillata. Mergus mer- ganser, Mergus serrator EABITAT: Gizzard - under lining. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Kamchatka), N. America (USA, Canada). Streptocara cirrohamata STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare, perhaps accidental or erroneous; reported once in wild duck. STATUS AS SPECIES: Not in Streptocara; reports from Asia need con- firmation - Gibson, 1968. DESCRIPTION: Gibson, I968. Copy: Cram, 1927a. SYNONYMY: Cram, 1927a. Filaria (Spiroptera) cirrohamata Linstow, 1888 Spiroptera cirrohamata (Linstow. 1888) Stossich, 1897 Streptocara oirrohamata (Linstow, 1888) Skrjabin, 1916 Ingliseria cirrohamata (Linstow, 1888) Gibson, 1968 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Mergini - Histrionicus histrionicus 641 Gaviif ormes - Gavia arctica Pelecanif ormes - Ifoalacrocorax carunculatus, Phalacrocorax verrucosus Charadriif onaes - Larus argent atus HABITAT t Proven triculus • DISTRIBUTION* Asia (B. Siberia, Kamchatka), iaitarctic. Streptocara crassicauda STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Very common, characteristic helminth of waterfowl; reported 47 times in wild, 23 times in domestic, and once in captive waterfowl. Frequent cause of pathologio conditions, described by Cram, 1930a; Garkavi, 1949a, 1950b, 1953; Karokhin, 1935; Skrjabin, Sobolev, & Ivashkin, 1965; Tsvetaeva, 1953^>» Mortality reported by Garkavi, 1950c. Garkavi (1956) regards W. Siberia as epizootic area, infection carried from there to other areas by mi- grating birds. DESCRIPTION; Skrjabin, 19l6c; Gibson, 1968. Copy* Cram, 1927a; Kurashvili, 1957; Shevtsov & Zaskind, I96O; Skrjabin, Sobolev, & Ivashkin, 1965* SYNONYMY: Cram, 19^7a; Gibson, I968. Spiroptera crassicauda Creplin, 1829 Dispharagu8 crassicauda (Creplin, 1829) Molin, I860 Streptocara crassicauda (Creplin, 1829) Skrjabin, 1916 Streptocara crassicauda crassicauda (Creplin, 1829) of Gibson, 1968 Spiroptera pectinifera Neumann, 1900 Streptocara pectinifera (Neumann, 1900) Skrjabin, 1916 Streptocara crassicauda var. anseri Skrjabin, 1916 Streptocara crassicauda var. charadrii Skrjabin, 1916 Streptocara crassicauda var. skr.jabini Liubimov, 1927 » lapsus LIFE CYCLE: Larvae develop in marine and fresh-water amphipod Crus- tacea, infective to final host in 19-25 days; mature in final host 9-10 days after ingestion. Marine and fresh-water fish may serve as auxiliary hosts. (Czaplinski, 1954; Garkavi, 1949a, 1950b, 1953» 1956; Kovalenko, 1960a, 1060b, 1963; Richter, 1960a, 1960b (as S.. pectinifera) ; Stoimenov, 1966) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS : Gammarus lacustris, Gammarus locusta, Gammarus maeoticust Gammarus tri acanthus AUXILIARY HOSTS ; OSTEICHTHYES - Carassius carassius, Caspialosa braschnikowi. Lucioperca luoioperca, Neogobius f luviatilis, Neogobius melanostomus, Phoxinus perinurus, Rutilus rutilus, Scardinius erythrophthalmus 642 FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anserif ormes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anaer (dom. ) , Anser cygnoides, Branta sandvicensist Cygnus columbianus. Cygnus cygnus buccinator Tadornini - Tadorna ferruginea, T ado ma tadorna Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos, Anas platyrhynchos (dom, ) , Anas acuta, Anas angustirostris , Anas clypeata, Anas crecca, Anas cyanoptera» Anas formosa, Anas penelope. Anas querguedulat Anas strepera Somateriini - Somateria mollissima Aythyini - Avthya af finis. Aythya ferina, Aythya fuligula, Aythya marila, Aythya ny_roca, Aythya vallisneria, Ketta rufina Mergini - Bucephala clangula, Bucephala islandica, Clangula bye- malis. Sistrionicus histrionicus» Melanitta fusca, Melanitta nigra, Melanitta perspioillata. Mergus albellus, Mergus cucul- latust Mergus merganser, Mergus serrator Oxyurini - Oxyura .iamaicensis Gaviif ormes - Gavia arctic a, Gavia stellata Podicipediformes - Podiceps caspicus , Podiceps cri status Pelecanif ormes — Phalaorocorax carbo Ciconliformes - Botaurus stellaris Gallif ormes - G alius gallus (dom.), Humid a meleagris (dom. ), Pedioe- cetes phasianellus Gruif ormes - Fulica atra Charadriif ormes - Actitis macularia, Ale a torda» Cepphus columba, Charadrius alexandrinus, Fratercula coraiculata» Larus argentatus, Larus canus , Larus ichthyaetus. Philomachus pugnax, Sterno hirundo, Tringa nebularia, Tringa totanus, Uria aalge, Yanellus vanellus, Xenus cinereus HABITAT « Gizzard - under lining. DISTRIBUTION t Europe, Asia (Azerbaidzhan, W. Siberia, Uzbekistan, Kirgizia, Kazakhstan, China, Taiwan, Primorsk, Amur, Kamchatka, Chu- kotka), N. America (Canada, USA). Streptocara dogieli STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent} reported 3 times in wild ducks. STATUS AS SPECIES: Doubtful; synonym of S. California a - Gibson, I964, 1968. DESCRIPTION: Belopol'skafa, 1952b. Copy: Vysotskafa & Kulachkova, 1953; Skrjabin, Sobolev, & Ivashkin, 1965. SYNONYMY: Streptocaara dogieli Belopol'skaia, 1952 643 LIFE CYCLE: Larvae perhaps in gamasid mites in nests of final hosts (Vysotskafa & Kulachkova, 1955); Gibson (1964) believes this is based on a misidentification of nematode larvae. INTERMEDIATE HOSTS* ?Bdellonyssus bacoti, ?Litosomoides oarinii FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Somateriini - Somateria mollissima. Somateria spectabilis Mergini - Melanitta nigra HABITAT: Gizzard - under lining. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Murmansk), Asia (Kamchatka, Chukotka). Streptocara formosensis STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported 5 times in wild ducks, once in domestic ducks. DESCRIPTION: Sugimoto, 1950b j Gibson, I968. SYNONYMY: Streptocara formosensis Sugimoto, 1950 Streptocara somateriae Ryzhikov, i960 Paracuaria somateriae (Ryihikov, i960) Leonov, Tsimbalfuk, & Belogurov, 1965 - [Gibson, 1968] LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of S.. crassicauda. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) Somateriini - Somateria mollissima Aythyini - Ay thy a fuligula. Ay thy a marila, Ay thy a nyroca Cairinini - Cairina mo s chat a (dom. ) Mergini - Bucephala albeola. Bucephala clangula, Bucephala islandica. Melanitta fusca. Melanitta fusca deglandi. Melanitta nigra. Melanitta perspicillata. Mergus merganser, Mergus serrator HABITAT: Gizzard - under lining. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Esthonia, Czechoslovakia, USSR), Asia (Yakutia, Siberia, Taiwan, Amur, Kamchatka, Chukotka), N. America (Canada, USA). 644 Streptocara incognita STATUS IS WATERFOWL PARASITE » Infrequent; reported once in wild ducks and once in domestic geese. Pathology described by Gibson, 1968; and by Karlovic , Richter, & Aleraj , 1959 » as due to S_. pectinifera- DESCRIPTION: Gibson, I968. SYNONYMY: Streptocara incognita Gibson, 1968 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of S. crassicauda. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser cygnoides (dom. ) Anatini - Anas platyrhynehos Mergini - Bucephala islandica Oxyurini - Oxyura .jamaicensis HABITAT: Proventriculus, gizzard - under lining. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Jugoslavia), N. America (Canada, USA). 645 Streptocara recta STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE t Rare, normally in grebes; reported once in wild duck* STATUS AS SPECIES: Original form described by Linstow may not be same as form currently recognized as S, recta - Gibson, 1968. DESCRIPTION: Johnston & Mawson, 1941; Mawson, 1955 1 Kontrimavichus & Bakhmet'eva, I96O; Gibson, 1968. Copy: Cram, 1927a; Skrjabin, Sobolev, & Ivashkin, 1965* SYNONYMY: Cram, 1927a, Filaria recta Linstow, 1879 Spiroptera recta (Linstow, 1879) Mueller, 1897 Streptocara recta (Linstow, 1879) Skrjabin, 1916 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of S. eras sic auda* FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas p 1 aty rhyncho § Podicipedif ormes - Podiceps auritus, Podiceps caspicus, Podiceps cristatust Podiceps poliocephalus , Podiceps ruficollis Pelecanif ormes - Halietor melanoleucos Charadriif ormes - Chlidonias hybrids HABITAT: Gizzard. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Great Britain, Germany), Asia (Kirgizia, Japan, Komandorsky Is.), N. America (Canada), Australia. Rusffuniella arctica STATUS AS W-aTERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported 3 times in wild waterfowl. DESCRIPTION: Ryzhikov, i960. Copy: Skrjabin, Sobolev, & Ivashkin, 1965. SYNONYMY: Rusguniella arctica Ryzhikov, i960 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES 646 Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas falcata, Anas querguedu"1 a Anserini - Cygnus columbianus Somateriini - Somateria spectabil is HABITAT: Froventriculus, lower esophagus. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Yakutia, Amur), N. America (USA). Rusguniella kofoidi STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Williams, 1937. Copy: SVrjabin, Sobolev, & Ivashkin, 1965. SYNONYMY: Rusguniella (Rusgunioides) kofoidi Williams, 10 37 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Aythyini - Aythya affinis HABITAT: Gizzard - under lining. DISTRIBUTION: N. America (USA). Schistorophus sp. STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported twice in wi"l.d ducks. Genus normally in charadriiform birds. SYNONYMY: Schistorophus sp. Gushanskaia, \°5P Schistorophus spt McDonald, ms. LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) "duck" Mergini - Bucephala albeol a HABITAT: Gizzard - under lining. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (USSR- Nakhichevan ASSR) , N. America (USA). 647 Gnatho stoma spinigerum STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Infrequent in Indonesia and Japan, encysted in larval stage; reported 5 times in wild and once in do- mestic ducks. Ducks serve to infect man. SYNONYMY: Baylis, 1939. Gnathostoma spinigerum Owen, I836 Cheiracanthus robustus Diesing, I838, nomen nudum Cheiracanthus socialis Leidy, I858 Gnathostoma socialis (Leidy, I858) Stossich, 1^00 Filaria radula Schneider, 1866 Cheiracanthus siamensis Levinsen, 1890 Gnathostoma paronal Porta, 1908 Gnathostoma kyushuense Miyazaki, 1950 - [Yamaguti, 196l] LIFE CYCLE: Eggs passed in feces of host, hatch in water in k- 15 days; larvae ingested by fresh-water copepod Crustacea, infective in 7 days for next host; encyst in fish or other vertebrate after ingestion; mature in final host 5*5-^ months after ingestion. Lar- vae may encapsulate in muscles or mesentery of snake or other ver- tebrate unsuitable for role of final host after ingestion or second host. (Daengsvang, Froja Thienprasitthi , & Pasoog Chomcherngpat, 1966; Ijima, 195^; Irie, ""958; Miyazaki, 195^, l°6o) FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Eucyclops serrulatus, Mesocyclops leuc- karti SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: OSTEICHTHYES - Anabas testudineus, An- guilla .japonica , Barbus phuntio , Carassius auratus, Clarias batra- chas , Clarias macrocephalur , CI arias magur, Crytonerus aponpon, Glossogobius giurus , Misgurnus a^^ui^licaudatus , Mogurnda obscura, ?4onopterus albus, Notopterus chitala , Ompok blmacul atus, Ophicepha- "lus argus, Ophicephalus micropeltes , Ophicephal us striatus, Onhice- phalus tadianus , Farasjl urus asotus , S^ccobranchus ^ossi"! is, Syn- branchus bengalensis , Therapon arg^nteus, Trichooodus pectoralis, Trichopodus trichopterus. AMFHIBIA - Rana catesbeiana, Rana limno- charis, Rana nigromaculata , Rana tigrina AUXILIARY OR SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: OSTEICHTHYES - Periophthal- modon schlosseri [exper.], Trichopsis vi ttatus [exper.] AMPHIBIA - Bufo melanostictus [exner.], Cul lula pu"l ohra [exper. 1, Rana erythraea [exper.] REPTILIA - Acrochordus .javanicus , Bunparus ^asciatus, Ca1 otes versi- color [expen] , Cerberus rhynchors , Dendraspis hannah, Dirodon orientale, Leiol epis belliana [exper.], Ma.ja hannah. Naja na.jah, Natrix tigrina , Python reticul atus , Riopa h^rberti [exrer.T, Ta kyd romu s tachydromoides [experTT, Varanus salvator AVES - Anseriformes - Aix galericu"1 ata , Anas crecca , Anas pi atyrhyn- chos, Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ). Pod icipedi formes - Podiceps ruficollis. Ciconiiformps - Arr'ea cinerea , Bubulcus ibis, Buto- 64S rides striatus, Egretta garzetta , Nycticorax nycticorax. Falconi- formes - Accipiter gentilis, Mil vus migrans, Pandion ha"! iaetus. Galliformes - Gallus gallus (dom. ). Coraciiformes - Alcedo atthi's . Passeriformes - Corvus macro rhync^os MAMMALIA - Frimates - Macaca speciosa~["exper. ] , Turaia g"! As. Roden- tia - Bandicota indica, Callosciurus ery thra eus [ exper . 1 . Cavia porcellus [exper.], Mesocricetus auratus [ exper . ] , Mus musculus (lab.) fexper.], Rattus norvegicus Q ab. ) [exper. 1, Rattus rattus. Lagomorpha - Oryctolagus cuniculus [exper.]. Carnivora - Herpes- tes .javanicus, Mustela sibirica. Artiodactyla - Sus scrofa (dom. ) [exper.] FINAL HOSTS: MAMMALIA Marsupialia - Didelphis marsupial is Primates - Homo sapiens Rodentia - Rattus sp. Carnivora - Canis familiaris, Felis catus, Felis concolor, Felis leo, Felis pardus, Felis tigris, Felis viverrima, Mustela lutreola , Mustela nivalis, Mustela putorius, Mustela vison, Vulpes vulnes [exper.] Artiodactyla - Sus scrofa HABITAT: Tumors in stomach wall. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, Burma, India, China, Japan), N. America (USA, Mexico), Australia. Physaloptera sp. STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare, accidental; reported twice in wild ducks. SYNONYMY: Physaloptera sp. Gushanskaia, 1Q50 Physaloptera sp. Johnston & Mawson, 19^"! LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably involves insects as intermediate hosts. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas superci"! iosa Mergini - Bucephala c] angula HABITAT: Proventriculus - under mucosa. DISTRIBUTION: Europe ? (USSR), Australia. 649 Desmidocercel la incognita STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare , probatf y accidental , normally in cormorants; reported once in wild duck. STATUS AS SFECIFS: Synonym of D. skrjabini - Chabaud , 1957. DESCRIPTION: Solonitsyn, 1932. Copy: Gushans'-aia, 195^. SYNONYMY: Desmidocercella incognita Solonitsyn, 1932 Desmidocerca incognita (Solonitsyn, IO32) Dubinin, 10*4-0 Desmidocercella ( Skr.jabinocercella ) incognita Solonitsyn, 1932 of GushanskaTa, 1*3 £5^ LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas pi a ty rhyncho s Pelecaniformes - Halietor pygmaeus, Phalacrocorax auritus, Phalacro- corax carbo HABITAT: Air sacs, lungs, liver. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Armenia, Tadzhikistan, KomandorsVy Is.), N. Ame rica ( Canada ) . Dicheilonema rheae STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Accidental, normally in Rheiformes; reported once in swan. DESCRIPTION: Skrjabin, 1917. Copy: Skrjabin & Shikhobal ova , 19^8. SYNONYMY: Yorke & Maplestone, 1926. Filaria rheae Owen, 18^3 Dicheilonema rheae (Owen, 18*4-3) Railliet, 1°18 Contortospiculum rheae (Owen, 18*4-3) Skrjabin, 1918 Filaria horrid a Diesing, 18.51 Dicheilonema horrid urn (Diesing, 1851) Diesing, l86l Contortospiculum horridum (Diesing, 1851) Skrjabin, 1°17 Dicheilonema filiforme (Kreis, 1936)- [Lent & Freitas, 10*4-8] LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Coscoroba coscoroba 650 Rheiformes - Rhea americana, Pterocnemia oennata Struthioniformes - Struthio camelus HABITAT: DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Zoological Gardens), S. America (Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay). Diplotriaena microphallos STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. STATUS AS SPECIES: Probably D. bargusinica in abnormal host - Lopez- Neyra, 1956. DESCRIPTION: Li, 1933. Copy: Skrjabin & Shikhobalova, 19^8* SYNONYMY: Diplotriaena microphallos Li, 1933 Diplotriaena (Stenoanisospiculum) microphallos (Li, 1933) of Ltfpez- Neyra, 19^6 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; eggs probably pass through respiratory system to esophagus, pass out with feces, larvae develop in intermediate host. (Anderson, 1962) FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos HABITAT: Mesentery. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (China). Pelecitus helix STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare, normally in Falconiformes or Ciconiiformes; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Oshmarin, 1963a. Copy: Skrjabin & Shikhobalova, 19^8; Kasimov, 1956. SYNONYMY: Nematoideum fulicae-atrae (Diesing, l86l) Linstow, 18Q° Spiroptera helix Linstow, 1899 Felecitus helix (Linstow, 1899) Skrjabin & Shikhobalova, 19^8 Pelecitus fulicae-atrae (Diesing, 1851) - [Looez-Neyra, 1°56] 651 FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Cairinini - Aix galericulata Ciconiiformes - Ardea cinerea , Ardea purpurea , Botaurus stellaris Falconiformes - Circus aeruginosus, Circus me] anol eucus, Pandion haliaetus, Fernis apivorus Gruiformes - Fulica atra HABITAT: Synovial cavity of heel-joint. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Germany), Asia (Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Pri- morsk). Sarconema anseris STATUS AS 'WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild geese. DESCRIPTION: Sultanov, I963. SYNONYMY: Sarconema anseris Sultanov, 1963 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser, Anser fabalis HABITAT: Muscle of heart. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Uzbekistan). Sarconema eurycerca STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Common in swans and geese; reported 13 times in wild and twice in captive waterfowl. Pathology described by Kluge, 19^7; reported as cause of death by Quortrup &■ Holt, IQ^O, and by Kluge, 1967. DESCRIPTION: Wehr, 10303 ; Ryzhikov, 1958. Cony: Skrjabin & Shik- hobalova, 19*1-8. SYNONYMY: Sarconema eurycerca Wehr, 1°3Q LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; larvae present as microti1 ariae in blood of final host. 652 FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser albifrons, Anser faba"1 is, Branta canadensis, Cygnus columbianus , Cygnus columbianus bewickjj, Cygnus cygnus buccinator, Cygnus olor HABITAT: Veins of heart muscle. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Fngland), Asia (Yakutia, Chukotka), N. Amer- ica (USA, Canada). Sarconema pseudolabiata STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported 6 times in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Belogurov, Daiia, & Sonin, 1966. SYNONYMY: Filaria sp. Serkova, 19^8 Omithofilaria sp. Borgarenko, I960 Sarconema pseudolabiata Belogurov, Daiia & Sonin, 1^66 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas acuta , Anas clypeata , Anas crecca , Anas penelope Cairinini - Aix galericulata HABITAT: Subcutaneous tissue along esophagus. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (USSR), Asia (W. Siberia, Tuva, Tadzhikistan, Yakutia, Khabarovsk). Omithofilaria fallisensis STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Probably frequent; reported only twice in wild ducks but similar microfilariae frequently observed in wild ducks and Branta canadensis. STATUS AS SPECIES: Genus Omithofilaria is synonym of Splendidofil- aria - Chabaud, 1965. DESCRIPTION: Anderson, l°5^a. 653 SYNONYMY: Ornithofilaria fall isensis Anderson, "195^ LIFE CYCLE: Microfilariae present in Wood of final host, ingested by simuliid diptera; larvae in diptera become infective in 7-1^ days, Final host infected by injection of larvae during bite of simuliid , infective microfilariae present in blood in 3~-3& days. (Anderson, 195^b, 1955, 1956) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Simulium croxtoni, Simu1 ium euryadminicTi1 urn, Simulium latipes, Simu1 iura parnassum, Sitnul ium rugglesi , Simu. "'ium venustum [exper.] FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ), Anas acuta , Anas rubrlpes HABITAT: Subdermal fascia; microfilariae in blood. DISTRIBUTION: N. America (USA, Canada). Micro fil aria guillemeti STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare?; reported once in wild duck. STATUS AS SPECIES: Larval stage of unknown adult. DESCRIPTION: Pons, 1920, SYNONYMY: Microfilaria guillemeti Pons, 1920 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Mergini - Mergus serrator HABITAT: Blood. DISTRIBUTION: N. America (Canada). Microf il aria legeri STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare?; reported once in wild duck. STATUS AS SPECIES: Larval stage of unknown adult. 654 DESCRIPTION: Pons, 1920. SYNONYMY: Microfilaria legeri Fons, 1920 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseri formes (Anatidae) Mergini - Mergus serrator HABITAT: Blood. DISTRIBUTION: N. America (Canada). Microfilaria pi ectropteri STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare?; reported once in wild duck. STATUS AS SPECIES: Larval stage or unknown adult. DESCRIPTION: van den Berghe, 19^2. SYNONYMY: Microfilaria plectropteri van den Berghe, 1°^2 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Cairinini - Flectropterus gambensis HABITAT: Blood. DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Rwanda). 655 ACANTROCEPHALA F ros thenorchi s avicola STATUS .as WATERFOWL PARTITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION J Travassos, 191Tb. Copy: Meyer, 1952 j Machado Filho, 19 50; Petroohenko, 1958 a. SYNONYMYj Prosthenorchis avicola Travassos, 1917 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS t AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Cairinini - Amazonetta brasiliensis HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: S. America (Brazil). Ac anthoc ephalus anguillae STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Accidental, normally in fresh-water fish; reported in wild duck by Golvan, 1961, source of citation not found. DESCRIPTION: Copy: Meyer, 1952; Petroohenko, 1956. SYNONYMY: Meyer, 1952; Golvan, i960. Echinorhynchus anguillae O.F. Muller, 1780 Acanthocephalus anguillae (O.F. Muller, 1780) Luhe, 1911 EchinorhynchuB carpionis Gmelin, 1790 - [Yamaguti, I965] Echinorhynchus rutili Zeder, 1805, not Muller, 1780 - [Yamaguti, 1965] Echinorhynchus globulosus Rudolphi , 1809 Echinorhynchus linstowi Hamann, 1891 Echinorhynchus propinquus Muhling, 1898 Echinorhynchus proteus (Westrumb) of Porta, 1905 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs passed in feces, hatch after ingestion by fresh- water isopod Crustacea; mature infresh-water fish after ingestion of crustacean with larvae. (Nybelin, 1924) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Asellus aquaticus FINAL HOSTS: OSTEICHTHYES Abramus ballerus, Ab ramie brama, Abramis sapa. Acerina cernua, Aci- penser rubicundus, Acipen3er ruthenus. Alburnus alburnus , Alburnus bipunctatust Anguilla anguilla, Anguilla chrysypa, Aspius aspius. 656 Barbus bar bus, Bllcca b.joerkna , C-^rassius carassius, Coregonus lava- retus , Coregonus muksun, Cyprinus carpio , Esox 1 uelus , Gobio gobio_, Gobius niger, Huso huso, Idus idus, Leuciscus cephalus, Leuciscus idbarus, Leuciscus rutilus, Lota 1 ota , Let a vu"1 garis, Lucioperca lucioperca , Misgurnus fossilis , Nemachilus barbatula , Parabr^mis pekinensis, Felecus cultratus , Ferca fluviatilis, Pleuronectes fle- sus, Rutilus rutilus, Salmo gairdneri , Sal mo 1 acustris, Salmo trutta , Salvelinus fontinalis, Scardinius erythrophthalmus , SiTuris g]_anis_, Thymallus thymallus, Tinea tinea , Vimba vimba ACCIDENTAL HOSTS: AVES - Anseriformes - Mergus merganser - [Golvan, 196l : origina"1 ci- tation not found] MAMMALIA - Carnivora - Lutra lutra HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Sweden, USSR), Asia (USSR - Far East), N. America (USA). Acanthocephal us lucii STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Accidental, normally in fish; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Kostylev, 1-916; Markowski, 1933? Czaplinski, 1962b. Copy: Meyer, 1932; Petrochenko, 1956. SYNONYMY: Meyer, 1932; Golvan, I960. Echinorhynchus lucii O.F. Muller, 1776 Acanthocephalus lucii (O.F. Mflller, 1776) Luhe, 1911 Echinorhynchus angustatus Rudo^phi, 1809 LIFE CYCLE: Larvae develop in fresh-water or brackish-water isopod and amphipod Crustacea; mature in fresh- or brackish-water fish. (Meyer, 1932; Golvan, I960) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Asellus aquaticus, Gamma rus locusts FINAL HOSTS: OSTEICHTHYES Abramis brama , Abramis sapa, Acerina cernua , An gull la anguil "* a , As- pius aspius, Barbus barbus, Barbu s sp. , Bel one acus . Bllcca b.joerkna. Coregonus albula , Coregonus lavaretus, Coregonus maraena , Coregonus oxyrhynchus, Cottus gobio , Cottus quadricornls, Cyprinus carno, Drepanopsetta platisoides, Esox lucius , Gad us callarias , Gasterosteus aculeatus, Gobio gobio , Gobius avernensis, Gobius niger, Idus idus, Labrax lupus, Leuciscus illyricus , Leuciscus rutilus, Lota lota, Lota vulgaris, Lucioperca lucioperca , Lucioperca volgensis, Myxoce- phalus scorpio, Nemachilus barbatul us , Felecus cultratus , Ferca 657 fluviatilis, Pleuronectes flesus, Rutilus rutilus, Salmo salar, Scar- dinius erythrophthalmus , Silurus gianis, Sole a vu] garis, Thymallus thymallus, Tinea tinea, Vimba vimba ACCIDENTAL HOSTS: AVES - Anseriformes - Anas querquedul a HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: N. Europe. Acanthocepha"1 us ranae STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Accidental, normally in amphibia; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Bezubik, l^a. Copy: Meyer, 1932; Petrochen^o , 1956. SYNONYMY: Meyer, 1932; Go"1. van, 1°6C. Echinorhynchus ranae Schrank, 178p Acanthocephalus ranae (Schrank, 178R) Lube, 1011 Echinorhynchus haeruca Rudolphi , 1 802 Echinorhynchus tritonis Westrumb, 1 82"! - [Yamaguti, ] °63l LIFE CYCLE: Eggs passed in feces, hatch after ingestion by fresh- water isopod and amphipod Crustacea; mature after ingestion of crus- tacean by final host. (Volgar-Pastukhova, 1959) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Asellus aquaticus, Gammarus pulex FINAL HOSTS: AMPHIBIA Bombina bombina , Bombina salsa, Bufo bu£o, Bufo viridis, Cynops £vr- rogaster, Hyla viridis, Notophthalmus viridescens, Rana arvalis, Rana dalmatina, Rana esculenta , Rana ridibunda , Rana temporaria, Salaman- dra atra, Salamandra salamandra, Triturus aloestris, Triturus cris- tatus, Triturus helveticus, Triturus vulgaris REPTILIA - Natrix natrix ACCIDENTAL HOSTS: AVES - Anseriformes - Anas p~! atyrhynchos HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, N. America (USA). CorynoFoma anatarium STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. 658 DESCRIPTION: Van Cleave, 19^5. Copy: Ware , 1951; Fetrochenko, 1958. SYNONYMY: Corynosoma anatarium Van Cleave , 19^+5 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) "wild duck" HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: N. America (USA). Corynosoma constrictum STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported 10 times in wild waterfowl. DESCRIPTION: Linton, 18Q2; Van Cleave, 1918. Copy: Meyer, 1Q32; Petrochenko, 1958a. SYNONYMY: Echinorhynchus striatus Linton, 1892, not E. striatus Goeze, !?p2 Corynosoma constrictum Van Cleave, 1918 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ), Anas acuta, Anas clypeata , Anas crecca carol inen sis, Anas discors. Anas strepera Aythyini - Aythya affinis Mergini - Bucephala albeola, Melanitta fusca deglandi, Me"1 anitta nigra Cxyurini - Oxyura .jamaicensis Gruiformes - Fulica americana MAMMALIA - Carnivora - Mustela vison HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: N. America (USA, USA - Alaska). Corynosoma enriettii STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in domestic ducks, 659 DESCRIPTION: Molfi & Femandes, 1953? Machado Filho, 19,62. SYNONYMY: Corynosoma enriettii Molfi & Freitas Femandes, 1953 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Cairinini - Cairina moschata (dom. ) HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: S. America (Brazil). Corynosoma iheringi STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Machado Filho, 196lb. SYNONYMY: Corynosoma peposacae (Porta, 191*0 Travassos, 1Q26, e.p. Corynosoma iheringi Machado Filho, 196l LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Cairinini - Amazonetta brasi"! iensis HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: S. America (Brazil). Corynosoma longri"! emniscatus STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare- reported once in wild duck, DESCRIPTION: Machado Filho, 196la. SYNONYMY: Corynosoma peposacae (Porta, 191*0 Travassos, 1926, e.p. Corynosoma longilemniscatus Machado Filho, lQ6l LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. 660 FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas bahamensis HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: S. America (Brazil). Corynosoma mandarinca STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Oshmarin, 1963a. SYNONYMY: Corynosoma mandarinca Oshmarin, 1^63 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Cairinini - Aix galericulata HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Primorsk). Corynosoma mergi STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported 3 times in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Lundstrom, 19*1-1, 19^2; Belopo1 'skaia, l°5°a. Cony: Ward, 1951; Fetrochenko, 1958a. SYNONYMY: Cor.ynosoma mergi Lundstrom, 19*1-1 Hemiechinosoma mergi (LundstrSm, 19^1) Fetrochenko & Smororzhevskaia, 1962 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Somateriini - Somateria mollissima Mergini - Nergus serrator Pelecaniformes - Phalacrocorax carbo 661 Charadriiformes - Cepphus grylle HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Sweden), Asia (USSR - Maritime Terr.), N. America (USA - Alaska). Corynosoma mol f i- f ernand esi STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in domestic duck. DESCRIPTION: Machado Filho, 1962. SYNONYMY: Corynosotna enriettii Mol f i & Fernandes, 1953* e.p. Cory no soma molfi-f ernand esi Machado Filho, 1962 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: S. America (Brazil). Corynosoma peposacae STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild ducVs. DESCRIPTION: Porta, 191**; Molfi & Fernandes, 1953. Copy: Meyer, 1932; Petrochenko, lQ5Ba. SYNONYMY: M^yer, 1932. Echinosoma peposacae Porta, 191^ Corynosoma peposacae (Porta, 191*0 Travassos, 1926 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) [Anatini - Anas bahamensis - Reported specimen is C. ] onpii'1 emnis- catus - Machado Filho, 196la] Aythyini - Netta peposaca [Cairinini - Amazonetta brasttiersis - Reported specimen is C. iheringi - Machado Filho, 196lb] 662 HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: S. America (Brazil). Corynosoma phalacrocoracis STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare, probably accidental, normally in cormorants; reported once in wild duck:. DESCRIPTION: Yamaguti, 1939. Copy: Ward, 1951; Petrochenko , lQ58a. SYNONYMY: Corynosoma phalacrocoracis Yamaguti, 1939 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Somateriini - Spmateria spectabil is Gaviiformes - C-avia immer, Gavia stellata Felecaniformes - Fhalacrocorax carbo, Phalacrocorax pelagicus HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Primorsk, Japan, Chukotka). Corynosoma semerme STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Accidental, infrequent, normally in marine mammals; reported at least twice in ducks. DESCRIPTION: Van Cleave, 1953. Copy: Meyer, 1932; Petrochenko, 1958a. SYNONYMY: Van Cleave, 1953; Golvan, 1°6C. Echinorhynchus semermis Forssell, 190^- Corynosoma semerme (Forssel1 , 190*0 Luhe, 1911 Echinorhynchus strumosus Rudolphi, 1802 of authors, e.p. Echinorhynchus hystrix Bremser, 182^ of authors, e.p. Echinorhynchus gibber Olsson, 1893* e.p. LIFE CYCLE: Eggs passed in feces, hatch after ingestion by marine amphipod Crustacea; larvae encyst in fish after ingestion (auxiliary hosts according to Golvan, I96l). Mature in marine mammals after ingestion of fish; does not mature in birds. The many reports in fresh-water fish probably erroneous. (Golvan, 1959, lQ6l; Van Cleave, 1953) 663 INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Pontoporeia affinis AUXILIARY HOSTS: CYCLOSTOMATA - Lampetra fuviatilis, Lampetra japon- ica OSTEICHTHYES - Acerina cernua, Anarhichas lupus, Ajnguil] a anguilla , Blicca bjoerkna, Clurea harengus, Coregonus albula , Coregonus fera, Coregonus lavaretus, Cottus quadricornls, CycTopterus lumpus , Ele- ginus navaga, Esox lucius, Gadus callarias , Gymnacanthus ventralis, Idus idus, Limanda limanda, Liopsetta glacial is, Lota lota , Lucio- perca lucioperca , Lumpenus fabricii, Myxocepjialus scorpio, Ouos cim- brius, Csmerus eperlanus , Ferca fluviatilis , Flatessa passer, Pleuro- nectes flesus, Fungitius pungitius, Salvelirms alpinus, Scophtha"!mus maximus , Thymallus thymallus , Zoarces viviparus FINAL HOSTS: MAMMALIA Pinnipedia - Cystophora cristata, Callorhinus ursinus, Erignathus barbatus, Eumetppias .jubata , Halichoerus grypus, Cdobenus rosmarus, Otaria hookeri , Fhoca hispida , Fhoca vitul ina , Zalophus califor- nianus Carnivora - Canis familiaris, Mustela erminea , Mu stela putorius, Mustela vison Cetacea - Phocaena phocaena ACCIDENTAL HOSTS: AVES (Parasites do not mature) Anseriformes (Anatidae) - Ay thy a sp. , Clangul a hyemalis , Mergus mer- ganser, Mergus serrator Gaviiformes - Gavia immer, Gavia stellata Sphenisciformes - Spheniscus demersus Fodicipediformes - Podiceps grisegena , Podiceps ruficollis Pelecaniformes - Phalacrocorax aristotelis , Fhalacrocorax carbo , Phalacrocorax urile [Ciconii formes - Nyctanassa violacea - erroneous] Charadriiformes - Cepphus grylle HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Northern seas), N. America (USA - Alaska), Australia. Corynosoma strumosum STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Accidental, infrequent, normally in marine mammals; reported 7 times in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Van Cleave, 1953. Copy: Meyer, 1932; Fetrochenko , 1958a. SYNONYMY: Van Cleave, 1953; Go"1 van, I960. Echinorhynchus strumosus Rudolphi , l8p2, e.p. 664 Corynosoma strumosum (Rudolphi, 18C2) Ltihe, 1904 Echinorhynchus ventricosus Rudolphi, 1809 Echinorhynchus gibbosus Rudolphi, 18C9, e.p. Echinorhynchus hystrix Bremser, 1824 of authors e.p. Echinorhynchus striatus of Villot, 18?6, not Goeze, 1782 Echinorhynchu s carchariae Linton, 1891 Echinorhynchus incrassatus of Linton, "'891, not Mo1 in, lp2° Echinorhynchus gibber Olsson, 1^93, e.p. Corynosoma osmeri Fujita, 1921 Corynosoma ambispinigerum Harada, 1 93 ^ LIFE CYCLE: Eggs passed in reces, hatch after ingestion by marine amphipod crustacean probably; larvae remain in fish after ingestion (auxiliary hosts according to Golvan, 196l). Mature typically in marine mammals; do not mature in birds (except one report by Doll- fus , 1964). The many reports in fresh-water fish probably errone- ous. (Golvan, I960, 196l; Van Cleave, "1 953) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Fontoporeia affinis (?) AUXILIARY HOSTS: CYCLCSTCMATA - Casplomyzon wagneri, Lampetra flu- viatilis, Fetromyzon sp. OSTEICHTHYES - Abramis brama , Anguilla anguil"1 a, Aspius aspius, Ather- ina pontica, Caspialosa braschnikovi , Caspialosa kess1 eri, Caspialosa schaposchnikowi , Caspialosa volgaensis, Chalcalburnus chalcoides, Clupea harengus. Conger conger, Coregonus f era , Coregonus lavaretus, Coregonus sardinella, Cottus aeneus, Cottus bubal is . Cottus quadri- cornis, Cyclopterus lumpus, Esox lucius, Gadus callarias, Gad us macro- cephalus, Gasterosteus aculeatus, Huso huso, Hynomesus oMdus, Idus idus, Lepidopsetta bilineata, Leptocottus armatus , Lenciscus ceoha- lus, Limanda limanda , Liopsetta glacialis. Loohius pi.scatorius, Lota lota, Luciooerca lucioperca , Myxoceohalus scorpio, Osmerus eperlanus, Csmerus lanceolatus , Ferca fluviatilis, Flatichthys stellatus , Plen- ronectes flesus, Rutilus rutilus, Salmo trutta, Salvelinus alninus, Sciaena schlegeli, Scophthalmus maximus, Sjluris glanis, Syngnathus cucculentus, Trachinus draco, Umbrina roncador, Vimba vimba , Zoarces viviparus REPTILIA - Natrix natrix, Matrix tesse!">ata, Vipera ursinii FINAL HOSTS: MAMMALIA Pinnipedia - Callorhinus ursinus, Cystophora cristata, Erignathus barbatus , Eumetopias jubata . Ha"1 ichoerus grypus , Or'obenus rosmar- us, Phoca caspica, Phoca groen"1 andica, Phoca hispida, Phoca vit- ulina, Zalophus californianus Carnivora - Can is fami"1 iaris , En hydra ] utris, Felis catus , Mu stela putorius, Mu stela vison Cetacea - Delphinapterus 1 eucas , Phocaena phocaena ACCIDENTAL HOSTS: AVES (parasites do not mature) Anseriformes - Anas clypeata , Aythya marila , Bucephala c"! angula , Clangula hyemalis , Mergus merganser, Mergu s serrator , Fo"1 ysticta 665 stelleri , Somateria fischeri , Somateria mnllissima , Somateria spectabilis Gaviiformes - Gavia iramer , Gavia stellata Podicipedifcrmes - Fodiceps grisegena Felecaniformes - Pe"1 ecar.us crispus, Felecanus onorotalus, Fhalacro- corax aristotelis, Phalacrocorax capensis , Phalacrocorax carbo [mature form reported once] , Phalacrocorax ollvaceus, Phalacro- corax pelagicus, Phalacrocorax urile Ciconiiformes - Nycticorax nycticorax Falconiformes - Haliaeetus leucocephalus Charadriiformes - Larus argentatus, Larus fuscus, Larus hype rbo reus, Larus minutus, Phalaropus lobatus, Sterna hirundo HAEITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Northern coasts), Asia (Japan Sea, Sakhalin, Chukotka), N, America (Facific coast). Corynosoma sudsuche STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Belopol 'skaia, 1959a. SYNONYMY: Corynosoma sudsuche Belopol 'skaia , 1959 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Mergini - Histrionicus histrionicus HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Primorsk). Fillicollis anatis STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Very common, characteristic helminth of waterfowl; reported k6 times in wild, 3"1 times in domestic, and 3 times in captive waterfowl. Frequent cause of disease and death; pathology described by Galli-Valerio , 1939; Harrison, 1Q55; Petro- chenko, 1958a; Tsvetaeva, 1Q5Q; Wehrmann, 1909. Mortality reported by Vorobev & Kolotilov, 195^ • DESCRIPTION: Bezubik, 1957a. Co^y: Meyer, 1932; Kasimov, 1956; 666 Kurashvili, 1957; Petrochenko, 1958a; Shevtsov & Zaskind, I960. SYNONYMY: Meyer, 1932; Golvan, i960. Echinorhynehus anatis Schrank, 1788, not Gmelin, ">7°0; not de Marval , 1^05 Filicollis anatis (Schrank, 17p8) Luhe, 1911 Polymorphus anatis (Schrank, 1788) Gower, 1 °3° Echinorhynehus alcae Gmelin, 17Pc> Echinorhynehus vesiculosus Schrank, 179C Echinorhynchu s constrictus Zeder, 1800 Echinorhynehus torquatus Froelich, 1802 Echinorhynehus filicollis Rudolphi, 1809 Echinorhynehus polymorphus Bremser, 1820, e.p. , not Greef^, t 86k Echinorhynehus stellaris Molin, I858 Echinorhynehus laevis Linstow, 1905 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs passed in feces of host, infective for 2°-30 days, can survive over winter in mud, hatch after ingestion by fresh-water isopod Crustacea; larvae infective for final host in 25-60 days (25 days at 2^-26 C, kC days at 17 C.); mature in 2°-30 days after in- gestion by final host. Larvae survive in marine fish (auxiliary hosts) after ingestion of injected isopod; decapod crustacean reported as intermediate host, listed as auzi"! iary host by Golvan, l°6l. (Kotel'nikov, lQ54b, 195°a; Petrochenko, 1958a; SoMman, 1955; Sty- czynska, 1956b, 1958b; Szidat, 1931b) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Asellus aquaticus AUXILIARY HOSTS: OSTEICHTHYES - Anguilla anguilla ? CRUSTACEA - Astacus astacus FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser , Anser anser (dom. ) , Cygnus cygnus , Cygnus olor, Cygnus olor (dom. ) Tadornini - Tadorna tadorna Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) , Anas acuta, Anas clypeata, Anas creeca , Anas f alcata , Anas p_ene]_op_e , Anas querquedula Somateriini - Somateria mollissima Aythyini - Aythya ferina, Aythya fuMgula, Aythya marila, Aythya nyroca, Netta rufina Cairinini - Aix sponsa , Cairina moschata (dom. ) Mergini - Bucephala clangula, Clangula hyemalis, Histrionicus histrionicus, Melanitta fusca, Melanitta nigra, Mergus mergan- ser, Mergus serrator Fodicipediformes - Podiceps auritus, Podiceps casricus, Fodiceos cristatus, Podiceps ruficollis Ciconiiformes - Nycticorax nycticorax Galliformes - Lyrurus tetrix, Tetrao urogallus Gruiformes - Fulica atra, Fulica cristata, Gall inula chlororus, For- 667 zana porzana Charadriiformes - Limnodromus griseus, Philomachus pugriax [exper. , did not mature] , Sterna albifrons, Tringa glareola [exper. , did not mature] HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (Tadzhikistan, Kazakhstan, Tamyr, Amur, Primorsk, Chukotka). Hexaglandula paucihamatus STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare, perhaps accidental, originally described from a gull; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Heinze, 1936. Copy: Ward, 1951? Petrochenko, 1958a. SYNONYMY: Folymorphus paucihamatus Heinze, 193^ Polymorphus (Hexaglandula) naucihamatus Heinze. 193& of Fetrochenko, 1950 Hexaglandula paucihamatus (Heinze, 1936) Fetrochenko, 195^ LIFE CYCLE: Unknown. FINAL HCSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Mergini - Mergus merganser Charadriiformes - Larus gl aucoides HABITAT: Frobably small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (USSR - Kaliningrad). Polymorphus actuganensis STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported twice in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Petrochenko, 10'l-Qc. Copy: Petrochenko. ln5pa. SYNONYMY: Polymorphus actuganensis Fetrochenko, 1°^Q Folymorphus (Folymorphus ) actuganensis Petrochenko, 19^9 of Fetro- chenko, 1950 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of F_. minutus. 668 FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas pi atyrhynchos , Anas crecca HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Kazakhstan, Sakhalin). Polymorphus acutis STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported Q times in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Van Cleave & Starrett, 19*4-0; Kontrimavichus & Bakhmet'- eva, 196c. Copy: Ward, 1951; Fetrochenko, 1958a. SYNONYMY: Polymorphus acutis Van CI eave & Starrett , lc>kC Folymorphus (Polymorphus ) acutis Van Cleave & Starrett, 1 °^C of Petro- chenko, 1 °50 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of F. minutus. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhyncho s , Anas acuta, Anas clypeata , Anas crecca , Anas strepera Aythyini - Aythya f erina , Aythya fuligula Mergini - Bucephala albeola, Bucephala clangula Oxyurini - Oxyura leucocephala Fodicipediformes - Podiceps ^risegena Grui formes - Fulica americana Charadrii formes - Larus argentatus , Limosa limosa HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Georgia), Asia (W. Siberia, Amur, Primorsk), N. America (USA). Polymorphus altmani STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild ducks. Reported as cause of mortality in epizootic by Ferry, 1 9*4-2 . DESCRIPTION: Ferry, 19*4-2. Copy: Ward, 1951; Fetrochenko, 1958a. SYNONYMY: 669 Filicollis altmani Ferry, 19^2 Folymorphus altmani (Perry, 19^2) Van Cleave, 10^7 Folymorphus (Falsifilicollis ) altmani (Ferry, 19^2) of Webster, 1 QkB Farafilicollis altmani (Ferry, 19^2) Fetrochenko, 1958 Folymorphus (Frofilicollis) a"1 tmani (Ferry, 1^2) of Go1 van, 1Q60 Falsifilicollis altmani (Ferry, 19^2) Yamaguti, 1963 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of P. mlnutus. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Mergini - Melanitta fusca deglandi, Me] anitta persnicillata HABITAT: Small and large intestine. DISTRIBUTION: N. America (USA). Polymorphus arcticus STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported 3 times in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Van Cleave, 192Ca. Cory: Meyer, 1932; Fetrochenko, 195&a. SYNONYMY: Filicollis arcticus Van Cleave, 1920 Frofilicollis arcticus (Van Cleave, 1020) Meyer, 1931 Folymorphus arcticus (Van Cleave, 1920) Van Cleave, 1°37 Folymorphus (Polymorphus) arcticus (Van Cleave, 1920) of Fetrochenko, 1Q50 Polymorphus (Frofilicollis) arcticus (Van Cneave, 1920) of Golvan, I960 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that o^ P. mlnutus. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Somateriini - Somateria mollis sima , Somateria spectabilis HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (USSR - Novaya Zemlaya), N. America (Canada, USA - Alaska). Polymorphus biziurae STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. 670 DESCRIPTION: Johnston & Edmonds, 19^8. SYNONYMY: Folymorphus biziurae Johnston & Edmonds, 1Q^8 LIFE CYCLE: Larvae found in decapod crustacean (Johnston & Edmonds, 19^8), regarded as auxiliary host by Go! van, 196l. INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Cherax destructor FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Oxyurini - Biziura lobata ACCIDENTAL HOSTS: AVES (Immature forms only) Felecaniformes - Kalietor melano] eucos Ciconiiformes - Plata lea flavines HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Australia. Folymorphus botulus STATUS AS WATERFOWL F'ARASITE: Frequent; reported 18 times in wild ducks. Pathological conditions 'from infection describe^ by Rayski & Garden, 196l; Swennen & van den Broek, 1Q60; mortality in epizoo- tics reported by Clark, O'Meara, & Van Weelden, 1958; Lampio, 19*4-6; Swennen & van den Broek, i960. DESCRIPTION: Van Cleave, 1916. Cony: Meyer, 1932; Petrochenko, 1958a. SYNONYMY: Echinorhynchus polymorphus Westr. of Linstow, 1901 - [Kostylev, 1926] Filicollis botulus Van Cleave, 191 6 Profilicollls botulus (Van Cleave, 1916) Meyer, 1931 Folymorphus botulus (Van Cleave, 1916) Van Cleave, 1Q37 Folymorphus (Folymorphus) botulus (Van Cleave, 191 6.) of Fetrochenko, 1950 Folymorphus (Profillcollis ) botulus (Van Cleave, 19l6) of Golvan, I06O LIFE CYCLE: Eggs passed in feces, hatch after ingestion by marine decapod Crustacea; marine amphipod crustacean reported but could not be duplicated experimentally. Mature in final host after inges- tion. (Belopol'skaia, 1952b; Rayski & Garden, 196l; Uspenskaxa., I960) 671 INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Carcinus moenas, Hyas araneus, Fagurus jmbescens, Gammarus locusta (?) FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos Somateriini - Somateria mollisslma, Somateria spectabilis Grui formes - Fulica atra HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Northern Europe), N. America (USA). Polymorohus contortus STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported twice in wild ducks. STATUS AS SPECIES: Generic designation uncertain, described from juveniles in Lanius - Golvan, i960. Cannot be distinguished by published description from F. minutus. DESCRIPTION: Bezubik, 1957c; Bykhovskaia, 19^8. Cory: Meyer, 1°32; Fetrochenko, 1958a. SYNONYMY: Meyer, 1932; Golvan, I960. Echinorhynchus contortus Bremser in Westrumb, 1821 Folymorphus contortus (Bremser, 1821) Travassos, 1^26 Folymorphus (Folymorrhus) contortus (Bremser, 1821) of Fetrochenko, 1950 Echinorhynchus collurionis Rudolphi, 18] Q LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of P. minutus. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos, Anas acuta, Anas clypeata, Anas querauedula , Anas strepera Ciconiiformes - Botaurus stellaris Passeriformes - Lanius collurio HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (USSR), Asia (W. Siberia). F ol ymo rnhu s corynoides STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Infrequent; reported 3 times in wild duck. 672 DESCRIPTION: Skrjabin, 1913d. Cony: Meyer, 1932; Fetrochenko, 1958a. SYNONYMY: Polymorphus corynoides Skrjabin, 1913 Polymorphus (Folymorphus) corynoides Skrjabin, 1913 of Fetrochenko, 1950 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of P. minutus. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (USSR), Asia (Kazakhstan). Polymorphus cucullatus STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported twice in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Van Cleave & Starrett, 19^0. Copy: Ward, 1951; Fetro- chenko, 1958a. SYNONYMY: Folymorphus cucullatus Van Cleave & Starrett, 19^0 Folymorphus (Polymorphus) cucullatus Van Cleave & Starrett, 1 Q'+O of Fetrochenko. 1950 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of F. minutus. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Mergini - Mergus cucullatus HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: N. America (USA). Polymorphus diploinflatus STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported 5 times in wild ducks and once in domestic duck. DESCRIPTION: Lundstrom, 19^2; Khokhl ova , 1966a. Cony: Ward, 1951; Fetrochenko, 1958a. 673 SYNONYMY: Polymorphus diploinflatus LundstrSm, 19^2 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of P. minutus. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ), Anas crecca Aythyini - Aythya fuligula, Aythya marila Mergini - Clangula hyemalis, Melanitta. fusca deglancH, Melanitta nigra HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Sweden), Asia (Azerbaidzhan, Tamyr, Chukotka). Polymorphus formosus STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in domestic duck. DESCRIPTION: Schmidt & Kuntz, 1967. SYNONYMY: Polymorphus (Profilicollis) formosus Schmidt & Kuntz, 196? LIFE CYCLE: Larval stages develop in fresh-water decapod crustacean; mature in final host after ingestion. (Schmidt & Kuntz, 1967) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Macrobrachium sp. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Taiwan). Polymorphus kostylewi STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Infrequent: reported twice in wild ducks and once in domestic duck. DESCRIPTION: Petrochenko, l°^9c Copy: Petrochenko, 1958a. SYNONYMY: 674 Polymorphus kostylewi Petrochenko, 194° Fol ymorphus (Folymorphus ) kostylewi Fetrochenko, 19^9 of Fetrochenko, 1950 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of P. rainutus. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ), Anas crecca Kergini - Melanitta fusca HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Azerbaidzhan , Kazakhstan, Sakhalin). Polymorphus magnus STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Very common in Europe and Asia, char- acteristic helminth of waterfowl ; reported 28 times in wild and 20 times in domestic waterfowl. Frequent cause of disease and death; pathology described by Logachev & Bruskin, 195°; Gerasimova, I960; Okorokov, 195^5 Fetrochenko, 1950c, 1958a. Petrochenko (1958a) im- plies that losses reported due to P. minutus are actually usually due to this species. STATUS AS SPECIES: Regarded as form of P. minutus by Bykhovskaia- Pavlovskaia, 1948; Bezubik, 1957a. DESCRIPTION: Skrjabin, 1913d; Petrochenko, l°50b; Khokhlova, 1966b. Copy: Meyer, 1932: Kurashvili, 1957; Fetrochenko, l°5°a; Shevtsov & Zaskind, i960. SYNONYMY: Polymorphus magnus Skrjabin, 1913 Folymorphus (Folymorphus) magnus Skrjabin, 1913 of Fetrochenko, 1950 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs passed in feces o^ host, hatch after ingestion by marine and fresh-water amphipod Crustacea; larvae infective for final host in 5^-60 days at 18-25 C. Mature in 27-30 days after ingestion by final host, infection may not last more than 4-6 months. Inci- dence highest in cool areas. (Bu"s"a, 1964a: Czaplinski, 1954; Golvan, 1961; Kotel'nikov, 1962b; Kovalenko, 1960a, 1960b; Lavrent'ev, 1957; Okorokov, 1963a; Osipov, 195q» Fetrochenko, l°4°b, 1950a, lQ50e, 1953, 1958a) INTERMEDIATE HOSTS: Gammaru s lacustris, Gamma rus ] .ocusta, Gammarus maeoticus FINAL HOSTS: AVES 675 Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser, Anser anser (dom. ) , Anser fabalis , Anser indicus, Cygnus columbianus bewickii, Cygnus cvgnus , Cygnus olor Tadornini - Tadorna ferruginea Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas platyrhynchos (dom. ) , Anas acuta, Anas angustirostris , Anas clypeata , Anas crecca, Anas f ormosa , Anas p_enelop_e, Anas poecilorhyncha , Anas querouedula. Anas strepera Aythyini - Aythya ferina. Aythya full gala , Aythya mari"1 a , Netta rufina Mergini - Bucephala clangula . Clangu] a hyemalis, Melanitta f_usca_ deglandi, Melanitta nigra, Mergus albellus Cxyurini - Ox:/ura leucocephala Gaviiformes - Gavia arctica , Gavia stellata Falconiformes - Aquila nipalensis, Aquila rapax Galliformes - Meleagris gal] opavo (dom.) Gruiformes - Fulica atra, Rallus aquaticus Charadriiformes - Charadrius hiaticula, Ch"1 idonias 1 eucopterus, Ero- lia alpina, Fratercula corniculata, La ru s ichthyaetus, Larus ridi- bundus, Limosa lapponica, Limosa limosa, Fhalaropus lobatus, Phi]_o- machus pugnax, Rissa tridactyla , Sterna paradisaea , Vanellus van el - lus Fasseriformes - Emberiza schoenielus MAMMALIA - Rodentia - Ondatra zibethica HABITAT: Small intestine, large intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (W. Siberia, Uzbekistan, Kirgizia, Ar- menia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Yakutia, Frimorsk, Amur, Sakhalin). Folymorphus major STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in wi^ d duck. DESCRIPTION: Lundstrom, 19^2. Copy: Ward, 1951 j Fetrochenko, 1958a. SYNONYMY: Folymorphus major LundstrSm, "l 9^2 Farafilicollis ma.jor (LundstrSm, "1 9*4-2) Petrochenko, 1Q58 Frofilicollis major (Lundstrom, \°h-2) Rayski, 1959 Falsifilicollis major (LundstrSm, 19^2) Yamaguti, 1 °fj Polymorohus (Prof ilicoll is ) major (Lundstrom, 1Q^2) of Schmidt & Kuntz, 1967 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of P. minutus. FIJAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Mergini - Bucephala clangula 676 HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Sweden). Polymornhus wariTis STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported 6 times in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: Van Cleave, 1939. Copy: Ward, 1951? Petrochenko, 1958a. SYNONYMY: Polymorphus marilis Van Cleave, 193° Polymorphus (Polymorphus) marilis Van Cleave, 1939 of Petrochenko, 1950 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of P. minutus. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Tadornini - Tadorna cristata , Tadorna ^erruginea Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos Aythyini - Aythya marila, [Aythya affinis - reported by Yamaguti, 1963; original citation not found] Mergini - Bucephala albeola, Bucephala clangula , [Melanitta sp. - reported by Yamaguti, 1963; origina"1 citation not •found] Pelecaniformes - Phalacrocorax sp. Gruiformes - Fulica atra C ha radrii formes - Micropalama himantopus - [Doubtful record] HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Azerbaidzhan, Tadzhikistan) , N. America (USA, USA _ Alaska). Polymorphus mathevossianae STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Infrequent; reported k times in wild waterfowl. DESCRIPTION: Petrochenko, 19^90. Cony: Petrochenko, 1958a. SYNONYMY: Folymorphus mathevossianae Fetrochenko, l°'4-° Folymorphus (Polymorphus) mathevossianae Petrochenko, 19*1-9 of Fetro- chenko, 1950 677 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of P. minutus. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas strepera Mergini - Bucephala clangula, Melanitta fusca HABITAT: Small intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Azerbaidzhan, W. Siberia, Kazakhstan, Amur), Polymorphus meyeri STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild ducks. DESCRIPTION: LundstrSm, 19^2. Copy: Ward, 1951. Fetrochenko, 1958a. SYNONYMY: Folymorphus meyeri Lundstrom, 19^2 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that of P. minutus. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos Aythyini - Aythya ful igula HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Sweden). Polymorphus miniatus STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Rare; reported once in wild duck. DESCRIPTION: Linstow, 1896a. Copy: Meyer, 1932; Petrochenko, 1958a. SYNONYMY: Echinorhynchus miniatus Linstow, IP96 Folymorphus miniatus (Linstow, I896) Tr.?vassos, 1926 Polymorphus (Folymorphus) miniatus Linstow, 1 R96 of Fetrochenko, 1950 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably sim^ar to that of P. minutus. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) 678 Anatini - Anas sp. HABITAT: Intestine. DISTRIBUTION: S. America (Straits of Magellan). Poiymorphus minntus STATUS AS WATERFOWL PARASITE: Very common, characteristic helminth of waterfowl; reported 8P times in wild, 29 times in domestic, and once in captive waterfowl. Frequently reported as cause of disease and death (usually due to P. magnus, however - Fetrochenko, l°58a); pathology described by Okorokov, 195^5 Pf ugf elder, 1956 » Wehrmann, 1909; mortality reported by Christiansen, 10^-8; Hynes & Nicholas, 1963; Petrochenko, 19^9; Thorn & Garden, 1°55; Wickware , iP- Theromyzon sexoculatum (Moore, 18r?p) Moore, 192^ Protoclepsis meyeri Livanow, 1^02 Glossiphonia moorei Pinto, lc'23 690 LIFE CYCLE: Unknown; probably similar to that o^ T. tessui a turn. FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) - "wild duck" HABITAT: Probably nasal passages. DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Sweden, Germany), Asia (Bering Is., Assam), N. America. Theromyzon tessulatum STATUS AS WATERFOWL FARASITE: Common, characteristic helminth of waterfowl; reported 10 times in wild, once in captive, and 13 times in domestic waterfowl. Fathology described by Chri stianson, 1°38, 1939; Roberts, 1955* Reported as cause or death by Xbrovaev, 1957a: Mann, 1951; Rollinson, Socman, & Mann, 1°50; Sage, ln5p-- Severn Wildfowl Trust, 1950; and Weitner, l8p7. Apparently much more com- mon in England than formerly - Warwick & Mann, 1°60: Mann, 1951. DESCRIPTION: Copy: Autrum, 1°36. SYNONYMY: Autrum, 1936. Hirudo tessulata O.F. Muller, 177*1- Erpobdella tessulata (O.F. Muller, 177*0 Fleming, 1.822 Nephelia tessellata (O.F. Muller, 177*)) Savigny, 1?22 Ichthyobdella tessulata (O.F. Muller, 177*+) Blainville, 1828 Erpobdella vulgaris var. tessellata (O.F. Muller, 177*)-) B1 ainvi"! le, 1828 Clepsine tessulata (O.F. Muller, 177*+) Fr. Muller, 18*44, not Malm, 1R63 Glossiphonia tessulata (O.F. Muller, 177*+) Moquin-Tandon, 1 8*1-6 Hemiclepsis tessulata (O.F. Mu^er. 177*0 Vejdowsky, 1 88U Protoclepsis tessulata (C.F. Muller, 177*)-) Livanow, 1902 Theromyzon tessulata (0,F. Muller. 177*)-) Autrum, 1936 Clepsine sanguinea Filippi, 1837 (?) Glossiphonia sanguinea (Filippi, 1837) Moquin-Tandon, i 846 Glossiphonia eachana Thompson, 1.846 Haemocharis eachana (Thompson, 18*1-6) Thompson, 1856 Hirudo vitrina Dal yell , 1853 Glossiphonia vitrina (Dalyell, 1853 ) Theromyzon pallens Philippi, I.867 Protoclepsis granata (Megnin) Endrigkeit, 1°40 LIFE CYCLE: Eggs enclosed in cocoon attached to submerged rocv or plant, covered by body of adult; eggs hatch in about 10 days, young attached to adult for 2-4 months. Young require blood mea1 for de- velopment, perhaps require total o0 three meals to reach maturity, 691 leave host between meals; may survive at "'east nine months without feeding. (Herter, 1929c; Kerter, Sch^eip, & Autrum, 1939; Hotz, 1938a; Mann, 1951, 1^62; Rollinson, Soliman, & Mann, 1950; Sage, 1958) FINAL HOSTS: AVES Anseriformes (Anatidae) Anserini - Anser anser (dom. ) , Anser cygnoides (dom.), Cvgnus atratus , Cygnus olor Tadornini - Tachyeres sp. Anatini - Anas platyrhynchos , Anas crecca , Anas penelope Aythyini - Ay thy a ful.igula Cairinini - Cairina moschata (dom.) Mergini - Clangul a hyemal i s Fodicipediformes - Fodiceps cristatus Ciconiiformes - Botaurus stellaris Gruiformes - Fulica atra , Gall inula ch"1 or opus Charadriiformes - Larus argentatus , Larus canus , Numenius arquata MAMMALIA - Rodentia - Myocastor coypus HABITAT: Nasal passages, conjunctival sac, pharynx, bronchi. DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (Iran, Altai, Tibet, Japan), Africa (Ethi- opia), N. America (USA, Canada, USA - Alaska), S. America (Peru, Chile, Paraguay, Argentina). 692 * U.S, GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1969 0—363-754 As the Nation's principal conservation agency, the Depart- ment of the Interior has basic responsibilities for water, fish, wildlife, mineral, land, park, and recreational re- sources. Indian and Territorial affairs are other major concerns of America's "Department of Natural Resources." The Department works to assure the wisest choice in managing all our resources so each will make its full contribution to a better United States — now and in the future.