BOSTON PUBLIC LIBRARY

3 9999 06317 731 3

WATERFOWL
STATUS REPORT

1972

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1973.

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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE

BUREAU OF SPORT FISHERIES AND WILDLIFE

Special Scientific Report— Wildlife No. 166

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Fish and Wildlife Service
Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife

WATERFOWL STATUS REPORT, 1972

Compiled and edited by

Everett B. Chamberlain,
Douglas S. Benning, Edgar L. Ferguson,
Morton M. Smith and Jade L. Hall
Section of Waterfowl Population Surveys

OFFICE OF MIGRATORY BIRD MANAGEMENT

in collaboration with
DIVISION OF WILDLIFE RESEARCH

Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife
Special Scientific Report — Wildlife No.
Washington, D.C. • 1972

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402
Price: $2.10, domestic postpaid; $1.75, GPO Bookstore. Stock No. 2410-00353

CONTENTS

Page

WINTER SURVEY 1

BREEDING GROUND SURVEYS 6

Alaska and Yukon Territory 7

Northern Alberta, northeastern British Columbia,

and Northwest Territories 9

Northern Saskatchewan, northern Manitoba, and

Saskatchewan River Delta 12

Western Ontario 14

Southern Alberta 14

Southern Saskatchewan 18

Southern Manitoba 21

Montana 24

North and South Dakota 26

Minnesota 29

Washington 31

California 32

Utah 34

Colorado 36

Nebraska 37

Missouri 38

WATERFOWL KILL SURVEY 39

APPENDIX 42

A. Waterfowl winter survey tables 42

B. Waterfowl breeding ground survey tables 48

C. Waterfowl harvest data tables 121

WATERFOWL STATUS REPORT

1972

Information from surveys of the breeding and wintering grounds of
waterfowl coupled with data from mail surveys of hunters play a major
role in the development of annual hunting regulations for waterfowl.
This report presents tabulations of the 1972 waterfowl population and
habitat surveys and the results of mail surveys of waterfowl hunters
for the 1971-72 season. No status report appeared last year but much
of the waterfowl data from 1971 will appear in the tables provided in
this 1972 report.

Credit has been given to each individual or organization that
submitted a report. Although many of the narrative statements have
been briefed, and a few tables deleted or shortened if they contained
data submitted previously or in another form, the essential information
from each report has been retained to the greatest extent possible.
Figure 1 in the Appendix shows breeding ground survey strata for the
several areas surveyed by Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife crews.

WINTER SURVEY

During the first half of January, a survey of waterfowl on their
wintering grounds was completed by the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and
Wildlife with assistance from State conservation departments, other
Federal agencies, and private individuals. All important waterfowl
areas in the United States were surveyed. In Mexico, the survey was
limited to the west coast wintering grounds of the black, brant. Data
from these surveys appear in Tables A-l, A-2 , and A-3.

PACIFIC FLYWAY

Data supplied by John E. Chattin, Bureau of
Sport Fisheries and Wildlife

With the exception of part of Montana, the 1972 winter waterfowl
survey was completed on schedule.

Participation in manpower and equipment was similar to prior years,
and included 53 Bureau personnel and 151 State people. Thirty-four
aircraft flew 220 hours and over 23,000 miles. Additional coverage
included 8,500 car miles and 50 boat miles.

Population data appear in Tables A-l and A-2. Results of the
survey showed a general pattern of decrease from record highs of last
year. The dabbler duck index was 13 percent below 1971 and 26 percent
above the 10-year average. The favored mallard and pintail remained
well above the 10-year average. The diving duck index was down about
3 percent from last year, and 28 percent below the average.

Goose populations dropped off 5 percent from last year and are down
12 percent from the 10-year average.

CENTRAL FLYWAY

Data supplied by Raymond J. Buller, Bureau of
Sport Fisheries and Wildlife

Except for minor delays due to weather, the Central Flyway survey
was completed on schedule. Participation included 165 Bureau
personnel, 43 State and one other. Twenty-seven aircraft flew 200
hours and covered a distance of nearly 23,000 miles. Additional
coverage included over 12,000 car miles, 17 boat miles, and 4 miles
on foot.

Despite some poor weather conditions during the survey, all
important wintering areas were covered from the air or the ground.
Weather may have caused some shifting of birds, especially geese;
however, this is of little consequence since mid-December goose
population estimates are used in lieu of January counts.

The dabbling duck index was 68 percent above 1971 and 114 percent
above the 10-year average. Mallard and pintail indexes were
significantly above 1971 and the 10-year average. The diving duck
index was unchanged from 1971 but 48 percent below the average. The
redhead index continued to decline. The total duck index was 63
percent above 1971 and 92 percent above the 10-year average.

The mid-December goose population in the flyway continued to
increase. Canada geese were responsible for the increase since the
blue/snow goose index was unchanged from December 1970. The December
1971 white-fronted goose index was about 52 percent above the January
1971 index.

The coot index was 29 percent above 1971 but 8 percent below average.

MISSISSIPPI FLYWAY

Data supplied by Arthur S. Hawkins and Rossalius C. Hanson,
Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife

Inclement weather in the southern part of the flyway prevented
completion of the survey during the designated period, January 3 to
7, spreading the survey over a much longer period and causing un-
certainties about some of the results. Torrential rains caused
the birds to disperse widely. A delayed coverage always increases
the possibility of bird movements in between counting periods which
could result either in double counting or in missing the birds
entirely.

For these reasons, the figures for ducks, obtained this year in
parts of the south, may not be directly comparable with past figures.
This was not true in the upper flyway where conditions did not hamper
the inventory. The figures for geese shown in this report were
obtained during the special goose inventory of mid-December.

We do not have a breakdown of "Bureau, State" and "Other" for
participation in this flyway but the numbers of personnel and vehicles
involved, and number of miles covered is impressive.

Fifty aircraft, 389 automobiles, and 45 boats were operated by 502
individuals for a total distance of 48,768 miles.

Population data appear in Tables A-l and A-2. Only in 1963 was
the dabbling duck count below that of January 1972. Lower mallard
counts were recorded in 1963, 1969, but 1963 was only slightly
lower. The proportion of mallards in the dabbler count has not
exceeded 54 percent during this 10 -year period. This year, mallards
composed 53 percent of the dabbler total, suggesting that mallards
were not undercounted in comparison with other ducks. This may
happen in some years when extensive flooding of bottomlands permits
many mallards to hide from the census taker. This year's canvasback
figure is the lowest on record and stands at about half the 10 -year
average and one- third of the 20-year average.

ATLANTIC FLYWAY

Data supplied by C. E. Addy, Bureau of
Sport Fisheries and Wildlife

The survey was conducted during the period January 3-10, with the
bulk completed by January 6 . There were local delays of a day or
two days due to adverse weather conditions.

The exceptionally mild fall weather continued through the January
survey period. Most of the fresh water areas of the flyway were ice-
free so that waterfowl populations were widely scattered. Again this
year the swamps of Georgia and South Carolina were flooded. When this
occurs, many mallards, black ducks, and wood ducks are not observed by
survey crews. Also, windy conditions in some southern areas made counts
of diving ducks unreliable on broad waters. Large concentrations of
scaup and sea ducks on the ocean off Georgia and South Carolina were
noted. These offshore birds were not surveyed and are not included in
this report.

Participation in the survey was by 32 Bureau, 88 State, and 11 private
individuals, using 31 aircraft, 37 cars, and 16 boats. Routes
covered totaled about 28,000 miles.

Population data appear in Tables A-l and A-2.

While many duck species show declines from last year, it should be
kept in mind that in 1972 birds were widely scattered and
some were no doubt missed by survey crews. To what extent the decline in
scaup can be accounted for in offshore concentrations and shifting to
other wintering areas is not known.

The Canada goose population appears to be thriving with
close to three-quarters of a million wintering in the flyway. However,
again this year, an increased percent occurred in the northern part of
the flyway with continued declines indicated from North Carolina south.

The brant population showed about a 50 percent drop from that of last
year. A decline was expected because observations during the fall
indicated very few young in the population.

The canvasback is still at a very low population level. This is
certainly cause for concern.

MEXICO

Data supplied by G. Hortin Jensen and James F. Voelzer,
Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife

The timing of the survey this year was near normal. It was commenced
January 14, 1972, and completed on January 29, 1972. The area covered
was the same as that of recent years — the west coast of Baja California
and the west mainland coast as far south as Marismus Nacional. During
the years of these surveys, weather phenomena has not been observed that
would materially affect the movement of waterfowl. Coastal fog can
limit observations for a given day, and the survey on Baja California
was delayed two days by this factor. An amphibious DeHavilland Beaver
was used for the survey with pilot and co-pilot acting as observers.

The notable change this year was the marked increase of ducks in
their favored areas, Topolobampo and Pabellon. Twice as many were
estimated to be present as last year. The area adjacent to the
agricultural land south and southeast of Caliacan was the favored area
for ducks this year. The principal species were pintail, teal, and
shovelers. Extensive shallow water on mud flats produced the
favored habitat.

Brant were of special interest during this survey. Tabulations are
divided between the mainland and the Pacific side of Baja California.
A moderate decrease of 13 percent from 1971 and a decrease of 8 percent
from average was observed this year. The decrease was
noted on the mainland as well as on Baja California. For some
unexplained reason, northern areas showed an increase over results
from last year and the average, while decreases were evident on the
most southern areas. Santa Maria, a coastal lagoon supporting the
largest population of brant on the mainland, had markedly reduced
flocks. Former peak populations of near 18,000 were represented this
year by only 2,800 black brant. A small flock of brant was observed
at Cocoraquito. It was undoubtedly a transient flock, as this was
our first record at this locality.

Over the last several years, as an adjunct to our regular waterfowl
survey, pelicans are recorded as observed. This year 33,900 brown
pelicans and 9,700 white pelicans were observed in the area
surveyed.

BREEDING GROUND SURVEYS

The Migratory Bird Population Station recently completed
an exhaustive audit of all field data collected during the
aerial and ground surveys of waterfowl. As a result of
this audit, plus the elimination of partial segments and
the realignment of certain survey boundaries, changes were
made in many of the waterfowl population figures and/or
water counts from previous years. The corrected data are
incorporated in this 1972 report and therefore all figures
and tables used here will not agree with previously
published data. Where differences are noted, consider the
1972 report as the correct source.

The procedures followed in conducting breeding ground
surveys are established in the Bureau's Standard Procedures
for Waterfowl Population and Habitat Surveys for prairie
and bush areas.

***

ALASKA AND YUKON TERRITORY

Data supplied by James G. King
Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife

and
Dan Timm
Alaska Department of Fish and Game

Spring weather and habitat conditions

Although the first open water and early migrants coincided in late
April, snow cover lingered through the first half of May in the
interior and almost to the first of June on the tundra and along the
Gulf Coast. Ice remained in the lakes even longer. Warm weather
came to the interior about May 20 after which temperatures reached
the seventies and eighties. Some flooding occurred in most of the
river valleys. The result was a shortage of available nest sites in
many areas and some confusion for early nesters.

The survey commenced May 21 on the first day of open water at
Anchorage's Lake Hood and was completed June 20, three days later than
last year. As usual, the survey was held up until the Yukon Delta was
at optimum survey condition. By the time we left the coast (Stratum
37) and returned to the interior (Stratum 38) temperatures there had
been in the nineties and it was midsummer. Thus in the Koyukuk and
Nelchina Valleys many dabblers had deserted. Except in these two
areas, survey conditions were normal.

Breeding populations (tables B-l through B-3)

The 1972 breeding population indexes were up 17 percent for the
important Alaskan species. The dabbling duck index increased nearly
30 percent over that of 1971 and remained above the long-term
average for the area. The important pintail index was up 49 percent
and significant increases were noted in both strata 37 and 38.

Diving duck numbers also increased. Scoters showed important gains
over last year but scaup members increased only slightly in the
Alaska survey areas.

Production

In stratum 37 and along the coast we clearly had a late year and
nesting was obviously delayed for all species. In stratum 38 the
situation is more difficult to assess. After what appeared to be a
late start, hot weather came so suddenly that production was good
there, especially for the divers and later-nesting dabblers.

On the Yukon Delta black brant nesting was delayed by at least 10 days

and heaw ice was still present in the larger lakes and tidal
sloughs on June 13. Dusky Canada geese on the Copper Delta were
delayed by snow cover and nested more than two weeks late.

With an increase in overall breeding population and fair
production in stratum 38, we had expected a modest increase in
the fall flight of all ducks except oldsquaw.

Nesting conditions were not good for swans and all geese except
Lesser Canadas. We certainly had no basis for expecting an
increase in geese and brant, and it appeared more likely there
would be a decrease in the fall flight.

NORTHERN ALBERTA,
NORTHEASTERN BRITISH COLUMBIA,
AND NORTHWEST TERRITORIES

Data supplied by James F. Voelzer and G. Hortin Jensen,
Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife

Spring weather and habitat conditions

Temperatures during the 1971-72 winter were below normal and
precipitation levels were above normal throughout most of the
Northwest Territories survey area.

Arrival of spring weather was normal in the parklands and
lowland portions of northern Alberta and in the Northwest
Territories from Great Slave Lake south. Due to an abundance
of moisture, nesting conditions appeared optimum. In higher
elevations such as the Caribou Hills and Horn Mountains,
nesting was delayed due to late ice.

In contrast to the area from Great Slave Lake south, the northern
portion of the survey area, including the Barren Lands, was
extremely late in opening up. Break-up of the Mackenzie River at
Norman Wells was one week behind 1971 and this station received
14-inches of snow on the weekend of May 20 and 21. Although the
Mackenzie Delta was open when the surveys were conducted, the
surrounding country to the north and east was not expected to thaw
for another 10 days to 2 weeks.

Of interest is the fact that water levels in the Athabasca Delta
appear to have increased significantly, although not back to the
traditional levels. Whether this was a result of increased pre-
cipitation in the drainage over the winter or the recently completed
dam, or both, is unknown.

Breeding populations (tables B-4 and B-5)_

Breeding conditions for arriving waterfowl could best be described
as unusual. With the low water cycle of the past several years
apparently broken, it appeared that many species, especially
mallards, had chosen the prime nesting habitat of Strata 14 and 06
for this season. Pintails forged farther north and were encountered
on the edge of winter in all areas. The 1972 mallard index for the
Northwest Territories was 28 percent above that of 1971 and 40 percent
above average. It was the highest mallard index in the
last eleven years. Pintail indexes were +196 percent compared to
1971 and +86 percent to the 10-year average. Total dabblers
indicated were +35 over 1971 and 34 percent above average.

Diving duck indexes this year were up 37 percent compared to
-1971 and 60 percent above the average. The abundant scaup
was up 48 percent over 1971 and was 72 percent above the
average index. Many scaup were noted in large flocks and
appeared to be awaiting the opening of northern areas.

Both canvasback and redhead numbers appeared well below the
long-term averages.

Total ducks exceeded all years back to 1962, with a population

of 5,136,200. The previous high was 4,326,500 in 1964. Total ducks

increased 35 percent and 38 percent over last
year and the 10-year average.

Canada geese were conspicuous by their presence, with an
increase of 78 percent over 1971 and 107 percent compared to
average. They too appeared to be nesting further south,
apparently willing to accept the good habitat conditions
available rather than wait out the arrival of spring in the
far north.

Stratum 5, the Old Crow Flats in the Yukon Territory, was
flown by Jim King and Dan Timm. Their report indicates that at
their arrival on June 19, the nesting season for dabblers was
much advanced, but divers appeared to be in normal nesting
progression for surveys. The Yukon, too, appeared to be extremely
late with spring's arrival, making it comparable to the remainder
of the far north.

Summer weather and habitat conditions

Along the Arctic coast and 100 miles inland, the habitat was
frozen and snow-covered well into June. The late season
limited waterfowl production for this area. Climatic factors else-
where in the survey area were considered to be generally favorable
for waterfowl during the brooding season.

There was abundant snow over the winter in much of the Northwest
Territories and water conditions were much improved in areas such
as the Athabasca Delta area. Habitat conditions appeared good to
excellent for breeding waterfowl in the southern portions of the
survey unit.

Production (tables B~6 and B-7)

A tabulation of production indexes by stratum appears in
Table B-6 . Also, there is a comparison of totals between 1972,
1971, and the average for the past 10 years. Brood indexes
decreased approximately 50 percent from last year and from the
10-year average.

10

Table B-7 shows yearly totals for the past 10 years. The 1972
brood index of 688,000 is one of the lower estimates obtained
during the 1963-71 production surveys.

For administrative reasons, northern brood surveys ended earlier
in 1972 than in 1971. The change in the 1972 brood index therefore
may reflect the advance of the survey period as well as a real
change in duck production.

11

NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, NORTHERN MANITOBA,
AND SASKATCHEWAN RIVER DELTA

Data supplied by Arthur R. Brazda and Richard A. Gimby,
Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife

Spring weather and habitat conditions

Fall rains left much of the habitat in a good state, and deep snows
added to the better-than-average conditions that were found almost
everywhere in the strata surveyed. For the first time in four years,
the habitat in western Saskatchewan could be described as good rather
than poor to fair. Most of the depressions found in the hilly areas
had some water in them as did the forest- type meadows and shallow
potholes. At the conclusion of the May survey, however, northwestern
Saskatchewan was in dire need of moisture to prevent these water areas
from disappearing and to lessen the extreme forest fire hazard. In
contrast, water levels elsewhere in the survey area were optimum or
even too high as was the case in the Saskatchewan River Delta. During
the last three-fourths of the survey, high winds were encountered
daily, causing certain problems in completing entire transects.

Breeding populations (tables B-8 and R-9)

Dabbling ducks continued to decline from the high of 1969. Only
the gadwall showed an increase over 1971 (10 percent). Significant
were the substantial decreases from 1971 for both mallards (28
percent) and pintails (67 percent). The mallard index was the lowest
since 1966 and the pintail index, the lowest in the last 11 years.
Blue-winged teal were on par with the previous year, but 56 percent
below the average. Green-winged teal were 22 percent below 1971, but
24 percent above the average. All dabblers decreased 32 percent from
the previous year and 31 percent from the 10-year average.

Among divers, redheads were down 29 percent from 1971 and were
60 percent below the average. Canvasbacks showed an increase of
29 percent over 1971, but were 73 percent below the long-term average.
Scaup were up 37 percent and 35 percent respectively. All diving
ducks were down 1 percent from 1971, but were 16 percent above the
average .

The data presented herein are unadjusted, but the duck index for
1972 is certainly down, especially in the dabbling ducks. More
important, the decreases are substantial in the two primary species,
mallards and pintails.

Canada geese continued to do well, indicating an increase of
43 percent over the previous year and 54 percent over the 10-year
average. Coot, on the other hand, were 64 percent below 1971 and
85 percent below the average. Northwestern Saskatchewan has areas of
excellent goose-nesting habitat in normal years, but it is suspected
that periodic fires and drought limit the growth of this population.
These geese appear to be extremely large, but it is not known to what
subspecies they belong.

12

Summer weather and habitat conditions

July weather for the northern regions of Saskatchewan and Manitoba
could be summed up as being "considerably less than desirable." The
entire period was characterized by high winds, below normal
temperatures, and heavy thunderstorm activity with accompanying low
ceilings and numerous rain squalls. The daily average temperature
was 6°F below normal in the Prince Albert District and slightly
lower in other portions of. northern Saskatchewan and all of northern
Manitoba. The low recorded in Prince Albert was 34°F on July 19,
while the high was 78°F on July 15. It was not believed that
the low temperatures adversely affected production in northern
Saskatchewan because temperature drops were of short duration; in
northern Manitoba however the cold snaps may have done more damage to
duck production.

Habitat conditions were varied. In west-central Saskatchewan
water levels were down from May and June, but slightly
higher than normal for July. Water was high on the Saskatchewan River
Delta. In the latter area, "flooding" would have been the correct
terminology during the breeding pair survey. In July, this condition
had lessened somewhat west of The Pas, Manitoba; however, no
Improvement was observed east of The Pas.

Due to a warm May-June period, vegetative growth was luxuriant in
all strata. This was especially true in the vicinity of shallow
water areas, such as string bogs, forest marsh meadows and slow-
flowing streams.

Production (tables B-10 and B-ll)

The duck brood index was 8 percent below 1971 and 6 percent lower
than the 1963-71 average. This year's 5.2 average brood size was
smaller than the 5.6 of a year ago and the 5.4 long-term average.

The coot brood index decreased 35 percent from 1971, but remained
18 percent above the average. Canada goose production was not
estimated for these strata since only two broods were observed, both
in stratum 36.

The late-nesting index for all ducks was 45 percent above that for
1971 and the nine-year average. It should be kept in mind that the
value of the late-nesting index decreases substantially in those
northern regions.

13

WESTERN ONTARIO

Data supplied by Morton M. Smith and Everett B. Chamberlain,
Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife

Spring weather and habitat conditions

Spring was early in western Ontario this year, particularly in the
southern portions of the survey area. Precipitation was below normal
and water levels were down in many lakes in western Ontario. There
were numerous forest fires in Ontario as a result of the dry, warm
weather. The 1972 growing season was advanced compared to 1970.
There was no Ontario survey in 1971. Survey dates this year were
May 25 through June 1, about ten days earlier than the 1970 survey.

Breeding populations (table B^12)

Waterfowl population indexes for 1972 were above those found in
1970 and 36 percent above the 1962-71 average. Nearly all numerically
important ducks were above the average levels in 1972. Among the
important game ducks, mallard populations were up 27 percent from the
average and black ducks were up 85 percent.

Waterfowl production surveys were discontinued in western Ontario.
We anticipate better-than-average production from the area because of
the increased number of breeders and normal-appearing weather
conditions.

SOUTHERN ALBERTA

Data supplied by K. Duane Norman and R. David Purinton,
Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife

Spring weather and habitat conditions (table B-13)

April was sunny, dry and windy in Calgary but in Edmonton, the
weather alternated between cold and mild periods. A snowfall of
6.3 inches on May 21, caused extensive damage throughout Edmonton.
The monthly precipitation in Calgary was only one half of normal.

The first half of May was cool and dry in Calgary and cloudy in
Edmonton. Mild temperatures were the rule in southern Alberta by
the third week of May.

At the beginning of the survey period, snow still covered the
ground northwest of Calgary and on May 8, at the time of our goose
survey, ice could be found in drifts along the Red Deer, South
Saskatchewan, Oldman and Bow Rivers. Water levels in the major
rivers and lakes appeared to be about normal.

Good habitat was found west of a line from Lethbridge to Calgary.
East of this line, good habitat was only found near the major
lakes and reservoirs. Temporary wetlands were abundant in many
locations in the grasslands east of Calgary but they were dry
long before the first of July.

14

Aquatic vegetation did not present problems in making observa-
tions this year although it had already reached heights of between
8 and 12 inches by the time we had reached the northern portion of
stratum 26. The aspens were fully leafed in the eastern portion of
the Province but were just beginning to leaf at the western end of
the survey area. Overall the quality and quantity of wetlands
within the survey area were about the same as last year.

Breeding populations (tables B-14 through B-16)

The data indicated a poor outlook for most species. Gadwall were
the only dabbler showing an increase (5 percent) from last year.
Greatest decreases were noted in mallards (-14 percent), widgeon
(-11 percent), bluewings (-32 percent) and pintail (-22 percent).
The pintail increase of 77 percent in stratum 28 was very misleading
since sufficient habitat simply was not available for that many
nesting birds.

In stratum 27, gadwalls increased 24 percent, greenwings 26 percent
and shovelers 30 percent from last year. Looking at long-
term averages, increases from the average were noted for gadwalls
(+67 percent), greenwings (+64 percent), shoveler (+2 percent)
and pintails (+4 percent) , but the total for dabblers was down
almost 10 percent.

The divers showed a more comforting picture with an increase of
14 percent. Divers increased 22 percent in stratum 26 and increased
14 percent in stratum 27. A decrease of 7 percent waa noted for
stratum 28. Redheads decreased 2 percent and canvasback 4 percent
from last year. Scaup increased 20 percent and bufflehead increased
51 percent. The long-term average indicated a decrease of about
20 percent for canvasback and redheads but increases of 98 percent for

ringneck and 33 percent for bufflehead.

The figures showed an increase in total ducks from last year in
stratum 28 of 18 percent but show decreases of 30 percent for
stratum 26 and 3 percent for stratum 27 and 11 percent for
total ducks.

Canada geese continued to show increases (+4 percent) . They
increased 43 percent in stratum 26 but decreased 46 percent in
stratum 27 and 14 percent in stratum 28 from last year. The
increase from the average is 117 percent. Increases on the rivers
in southern Alberta amounted to about 7 percent from last year.

Coots were up 14 percent from last year but are 42 percent below
the average.

15

Summer weather and habitat conditions (table B-13)

May began quite cool and dry in Calgary, but the temperatures
began rising by the middle of the month raising the mean
temperature to slightly above normal. Edmonton was pleasant
but precipitation there was 51 percent above normal. In contrast
Calgary had below- normal rainfall for the month.

June was warm and wet in Alberta with temperatures averaging
almost 3° above normal, and precipitation about 50 percent
above normal. July was generally cloudy, cool and dry.
Only 15 percent of the normal rainfall had been received in
Edmonton by May 12, and 39 percent in Clagary by May 18.

Pond numbers in southern Alberta had greatly decreased since
May. The pond index decreased 50 percent in stratum 26,
51 percent in stratum 27 and 36 percent in stratum 28 since May.
A decrease of 40 percent from last year and a decrease of
26 percent from the average was indicated for the survey area.
Greatest decreases were indicated in strata 26 and 27.

Brood habitat was almost non existent south of an east-west line
through Hanna. One had to progress northward to an east-west line
through Lacombe before good habitat and ducks were found.
Excellent habitat over a broad area was not reached until one
passed Vermilion but it disappeared soon after passing St. Paul.
The deep permanent lakes and streams and the stock dams in the
"Grand Prairie" were the prime habitat in stratum 14. Aquatic
vegetation, as in previous years, did not present any problem
in visibility until reaching the most northern portion of
stratum 26.

Production (tables B-17 and B-18)

The brood index this year was nearly the same as last year. The
greatest increase from last year was indicated in stratum 28
(42 percent) but this stratum represented only 11 percent of the total.
Almost two-thirds of the broods were found in stratum 27 where the
index increased 11 percent from last year. A decrease of 25 percent
in brood numbers was indicated in stratum 26 where 26 percent
of the broods were observed.

An analysis of the broods indicated that 41 percent were Class I,
34 percent were Class II, 21 percent were Class III and 4 percent
were unclassified. The average brood size this year was 5.0, which
is 14 percent below last year and 11 percent below the average.

16

The coot brood index was down 12 percent from last year and
down 80 percent from the average. The greatest decrease

(69 percent) was noted in stratum 26. Slight increases were made
in strata 27 and 28.

The late-nesting index for dabblers showed a decrease of 7 percent

from last year, while the late-nesting index for diving

ducks decreased 17 percent. The total duck late-nesting index

was -14 percent below last year.

The production index for southern Alberta was the lowest since
1968. A reduced flight of ducks from the southern
Alberta unit was anticipated.

17

SOUTHERN SASKATCHEWAN

Data supplied by Rossalius C. Hanson and Douglas S. Benning
Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife

Spring weather and habitat conditons (table B-19)

Spring this year was probably as near normal as we can expect.
Only one really cool morning greeted our survey crews, and that
was May 6 , when temperatures dropped to 20°F at Swift
Current, Moose Jaw, and Regina. Rains were few and far between
during the month.

Conditions were good for flying the survey with only three days
lost to fog and rain. Winds were moderate throughout except for
one day of high winds north and east of North Battleford. Total
ponds were fewer in number than those found in the past two years.
We were down 20 percent from last year but up from the 1956-1962
average by 21 percent. Habitat from the open prairies to the
parklands varied from poor to excellent. A rather strange mixture
of too much water and too little water was the result. Heavy
snowfall and rapid runoffs in April created the favorable water
conditions.

The 1972 nesting conditions appeared to be favorable. Only one
cold morning (May 6) was recorded. Whether this had any effect
on unincubated eggs is not known. The first broods were seen on
May 19. One pintail brood was recorded on that date by the ground
crew and two pintail broods by the aerial crew. All were seen in
the far western area. This would indicate an almost normal season
with waterfowl nesting commencing near mid-April.

Farming activities in the drier areas developed rapidly, and
seeding was well along by mid-May. Where sheetwater stood in the
fields in the northeast, no wheels were turning even as late as
when we finished the survey. Stubble burning was fairly
widespread this year because of the dryness and resulted in the
loss of many early nests. Soil moisture was variable, definitely
deficient in some areas, and elsewhere more than enough. There was
little rain during the spring period, further reducing water levels.
The only help was the lack of strong hot winds.

Breeding populations (tables B-20 through B-22)

A little over 3 million ducks (3,089,500) were recorded this
year compared to 3-1/2 million (3,538,900) last year and 3,838,100
for the long-term average. This was down from 1970 and 1971 but up
a little over 1969. Percentage-wise, we were down 13 percent from
1971 and 20 percent from the long-term (1956-1962) average.

18

Mallards showed no change from last year while pintails were
off 33 percent. Another species showing a' decline was blue-
winged teal, down 44 percent from 1971. Total dabblers were
down 15 percent from last year and the long-term average.
Divers showed mixed trends. For all practical purposes, there
was a very slight gain. Canvasbacks showed a "no change"
condition.

Coots were down 19 percent from a year ago. Canada geese
continued a gradual increase in the prairies.

Summer weather and habitat conditions (table B-23)

Rainfall from early May to mid- July was generally a little
below normal. May was relatively dry but precipitation was
better in June and July. The southeast portion of the Province
from Weyburn south and east had exceptionally heavy rains in
June causing flooded conditions and an overabundance of water as
far as agricultural activities were concerned.

Water counts were off from last year by 33 percent, standing
at 732,400 but were above the 1956-62 average by 37 percent.
Ponds in all strata were down from last year, indicating a
continuous drying trend. The greatest losses occurred in the
southwest, mid-central, and south-central portions of the southern
prairie area. The parklands did better with Stratum 20, the
east (including the southeast) showing the smallest declines.
The northwest parklands were also showing signs of the drought.
The far west was not much worse than in May.

July was characterized by very cool weather, averaging
10° below the normal highs and lows. During three days,
July 17-19, the lowest overnight temperatures on record were
broken in Saskatchewan. On July 19 the coldest afternoon
temperatures on record were established at Estevan. This aided
in retaining pond water but was pretty well offset by continuing
high winds. Thunderstorms and high water in the southeast were
a factor there in nest losses. This was indicated by the lack of
broods in those areas, and also nest losses were reported by
ground observers. In other areas, no particular nest losses
were evident.

Marsh vegetation and aquatics were abundant in the better
watered areas. This caused reduced visibility for the aerial crews,
no doubt resulting in fewer broods counted as well as smaller
numbers of recorded adults. In the dry areas, there was. n°
visibility problem. Receding water levels and lack of ponds
concentrated what broods there were on a few areas.

Farm crops were behind schedule because of cool weather and
drought conditions. Crop forecasts indicated a reduction in grain
production of 15 to 20 percent below normal.

19

Production (tables B-24 and B-25)

Our final brood index stood at only 3 percent below last year,
due to better than expected production in the wet areas. The
index stood at 176,000 in 1972 in contrast to 180,800 in 1971.
We were off 12 percent from the long-term average (1956-62) of
199,900. The average brood size was 5.2, the same as last year.
We saw many broods of only two and three ducklings. On the other
hand, this was offset by larger broods of 10-12 ducklings in the
II and III age-class. Many flying and Class II and III broods
were noted in Strata 19 and 21. Class I broods made up about
one-half of those seen in the eastern areas. This indicated a
better early hatch in the western areas than in the east.

Late-nesting indexes were down from last year in all strata
except stratum 21 in the southeast. The index was down from last
year by 34 percent but up from the average by 22 percent. It
stood at 154,800 this year compared to 127,100 for the average
and 234,400 for 1971. This year's figure is still in the ball
park with 1969, and above most figures reported in the sixties.

20

SOUTHERN MANITOBA

Data supplied by Morton M. Smith and Richard C. Droll
Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife

Spring weather and habitat conditions (table B-26)

The fall of 1971 was again wet in southern Manitoba. Snowfall
through the winter was not unusual but early spring precipitation
was sufficient to maintain good water conditions. Weather during
the May surveys was mild and pleasant , with clear days and light
winds. On only two days were flight operations cancelled due to
weather. As of May 23, growing season precipitation Cthat
since April 1) in southern Manitoba was about 20 percent
below normal. The number of water areas in southern Manitoba in
May 1972 were little changed from those of 1971. There was less
July water this year than last.

The first week of May was cold and nighttime lows were in the
twenties but temperatures were above average later in the month.
Record high temperatures (85° to 90°F) were recorded
on two days in mid-May at Brandon. The mean temperature for the
period April 1 through May 23, was 1.6°F above normal at
ten selected stations in the survey unit. Winds were unusually
light during May 1972.

There was no sign of new vegetation in early May, but with the
subsequent warm, sunny weather, leafing and emergents developed
very rapidly. By mid-May, aspens were generally leafed and
emergents were showing in pond basins. The phenology this year
was perhaps a week early and was ahead of that of 1971.

Breeding populations (tables B-27 through B-29)

Breeding duck numbers in southern Manitoba in May, were
similar to the 1971 counts, but were 50 percent below the 1956-62 period
(a series of years of high duck populations in southern
Manitoba) . The aerial indexes were up for mallards , gadwalls ,
widgeons, and shovelers but declined for all other species. The
mallard index was 14 percent above 1971, but remained 49 percent
below the average. Blue-winged teal were down 31 percent from
1971, and 48 percent from the average. The 1972 canvasback index
declined 41 percent from 1971 and was 56 below the 1956-62 average.
Coots were up 105 percent over 1971, but were 25 percent below
the 1956-62 average.

The lone drake index is considered an indicator of the progress
and intensity of the nesting effort. The 1972 lone drake index
was above that of 1971 and above average for the series of years of
survey. Observations indicate the mallard and pintail nesting
effort was probably slightly earlier in 1972 than is usual for
southern Manitoba, while the canvasback nesting effort seemed
slightly delayed.

21

The total duck index in southern Manitoba for May was
nearly equal to that of 1971. Habitat conditions were generally
good this spring. May was a warm, sunny month and it appeared
the 1972 breeding season was an early one.

Summer weather and habitat conditions (table B.-26)

July was unusually cool and record low temperatures were
recorded during the month. As of July 17, growing season
precipitation (that since April 1) at ten selected stations was
19 percent below normal. Cumulative mean temperatures for the
period were still a degree above normal as a result of the warm
May weather.

The May survey found water conditions and pond quality
better than average in southern Manitoba. The pond counts in
July were 19 percent below those of July 1971 and 15 percent below
the 1956-62 average. The July pond counts in stratum 24
were unchanged from those of 1971 but the number of ponds in
Stratum 25 this July declined sharply from last year's total.
Despite decreased precipitation and fewer ponds this year than last,
there was good brood water over most of the southern Manitoba unit
in 1972.

Production (tables B-30 and B-31)

The 1972 brood index for southern Manitoba. was the highest
recorded since 1967. It \ was 65 percent above that of 1971 but
remained 31 percent below the 1956-62 average. The average brood
size (Class II and III broods only) was 5.2 and is below the norm
of 5.7. The production survey this July was completed earlier
than usual. A later survey might have yielded a few more broods
and a smaller late-nesting index.

The 1972 late-nesting index, which is a measure of broods to
come, was 28 percent below that found in 1971. We were not very
satisfied with the LNI this year and suspect it was larger than
our figures show. Many adult ducks remained on the prairies in
southern Manitoba this July, probably as a result of generally
good water conditions, drying habitat to the west and a larger May
breeding population in the survey unit in 1972. Late nesters were
mixed in with the flocks of adults seen (ground studies reported
many late nesters X but it was difficult for the air crew to
separate true breeders from those adults that were finished for
the year.

A forecast index is used to weight and sum the several estimates
relating to duck production gathered each July. The 1972 index
for southern Manitoba is 79, up slightly from 1971, but still well
below the 1956-62 average. Coot production appeared good this July
and was above average.

22

Habitat conditions were good and we believed the 1972 duck crop
from southern Manitoba was better than the poor production
obtained in 1971. Production from southern Manitoba remained
well below average however.

23

MONTANA

Data supplied by Alva E. Welnrich and James S. Cromwell,
Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife

Spring weather and habitat conditions (table B-32)

Montana weather was cold with above normal amounts of snow in January
and February. March and early April were very mild and warm creating
flood conditions. Late April was stormy with alternating snow and
rainstorms. May was quite unsettled with rainstorms, hailstorms, and
snowstorms. On May 25, four inches of snow fell in the Havre area, a
hailstorm was observed near Medicine Lake, and a thunderstorm in the
area south of Glasgow. The only area that appeared quite dry in
eastern Montana was north of Great Falls. Water conditions elsewhere
were from good to excellent. Agricultural operations were delayed by
wet field conditions. Summer fallowing and turning stubble under were
also delayed which improved chances that early nests would not be
destroyed. Snowbanks were still present in the Lewistown area and the
area west of Cutbank during the survey. The Cutbank area snowbanks
were larger than any in former years of survey. Despite the unusual
weather conditions, the season appeared to be well advanced as
evidenced by the appearance of duck broods and goose broods. In
previous years, we seldom have observed duck broods during the May
survey.

Breeding populations (tables B-33 through B-35)

The mallard index was up 37 percent from 1971 and up 22 percent from
the 1965-71 average. Pintails showed a 103 percent increase from 1971
and a 21 percent increase above the average. Total ducks were
50 percent above 1971 and 6 percent above the 1965-71 average. The only
dabbling duck species to reflect a decline in 1972 were gadwalls, blue-
winged teal, and shovelers. We believe these waterfowl indexes reflect
real population increases in the units covered by this survey.

The lone drake index for 1972 (Table B-35) ±s low in view of the
numbers of duck broods observed and the general phenology of the season.
However, on May 9, in southern Montana, flocks of late migrants were
noted and an early brood was observed. The unsettled weather probably
was responsible for these contradictions and perhaps not much weight
can be given to the lone drake index this year.

Summer weather and habitat conditions (table B-32)

Montana stations reported above normal precipitation for the survey
area with the exception of north-central Montana. The May pond index
was up 11 percent above 1971 and 33 percent above the average. The
moisture carryover was excellent with little decline in the pond index
resulting in an 88-percent and a 90-percent increase in July ponds from
1970 (no survey was run in July of 1971) and the average respectively.
The survey area had an early spring with early runoff, and good to
excellent moisture conditions. June was quite dry. Early July saw

24

little moisture fall except local thunderstorm activity. About
July 20, a good storm with rain and snow passed through the survey
area. Crop and hay production in northern central Montana during
the July survey period was poor with crops turning brown from lack
of rainfall.. Elsewhere, crop and hay production

was good to excellent. Pond vegetation was generally heavy. The
nesting season was early as evidenced by the numbers of broods observed
in the May surveys and the age classes of broods in the July survey.
Temperatures in June and July were below normal further helping to
conserve water.

Production (table B-36)

The Montana survey unit had more breeding ducks in 1972 than in 1971.
Duck production in 1972 was up from 1970 and 29 percent above the
average. Average brood size was larger than average. The class
composition of the broods was Class I, 12 percent; Class II, 37 percent;
Class III, 51 percent. A good number of broods observed were able to
fly and possibly some were missed by being mixed with or mistaken for
flocks of adult ducks.

The total late-nesting index was up markedly from 1970 and 182 percent
above the average. The increases were most apparent in mallard,
widgeon, and pintail of the dabblers and canvasback and scaup of the
divers. Gadwalls , blue-winged teal, and shovelers had a decrease in the late-
nesting index from 1970 and the average.

Suitable habitat was available and this, plus more breeders and
favorable conditions » resulted in improved waterfowl production in
the Montana survey area.

25

NORTH AND SOUTH DAKOTA

Data supplied by Gerald Pospichal, Edgar Ferguson,
A. E. Weinrich, J. S. Cromwell,
Thomas Sechrist, and Richard Basler,
Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife

Spring weather and habitat conditions (tables B-37 and B-38)

Temperature and precipitation data for North and South Dakota
indicated generally below normal precipitation and temperatures
through the fall and winter of 1971-72. In early March, a warm-
ing trend over the Dakotas melted all snow and caused an early
breakup. Runoff was light, however. April turned cold again
with below normal precipitation in North Dakota except for two
mid-April snows which improved conditions. Above normal
precipitation in the southern one-half of South Dakota improved
pothole conditions during April. Heavy rains and hail were
common over both States in May causing flooding and damage in
many areas.

In North Dakota, pond indexes showed an increase of 17 percent
over 1971 and an increase of 69 percent over the 1960-69 average.
Except for the year 1970, pothole numbers were the highest since
1960. Water quality however, was marginal in the east part of
stratum 30 and in stratum 29. South Dakota showed a 60-percent increase

in pond numbers over 1971 and a 61-percent increase over the
1960-69 average. Water quality appeared good over most of the
State. Nesting cover, both over-water and field, appeared adequate.
The wet fields, which delayed burning and seeding in the eastern
two-thirds of North Dakota and South Dakota favored the stubble-
nesting ducks.

Dead aquatic vegetation hindered aerial observations to a greater
degree than in past years. New growth was not a problem to aerial
observation except in the northern part of North Dakota.

Breeding populations (tables B-39 through B-44)

The long-term trends in North and South Dakota waterfowl breeding
populations are shown in Tables B-39 and B-40. Waterfowl population
indexes by species for North Dakota indicate no change in total
ducks from 1971 but a population 28 percent higher than the 1960-69
average. Compared to 1971, the following species showed declines:
mallard, 6 percent; gadwall, 9 percent; blue-winged teal, 19 percent;
shoveler, 16 percent; and scaup, 3 percent. Increases over 1971
were noted in green-winged teal, 127 percent; pintail, 27 percent;
redhead, 12 percent; canvasback, 100 percent; ruddy, 17 percent, and
coot, 32 percent. All species except coot showed populations higher
than the 1960-69 average. In South Dakota all ducks showed increases
over 1971 except gadwalls and redheads. Total ducks were up 32 percent
above the average but coots were down 16 percent.

26

The 1972 lone drake index for South Dakota (61 percent)
indicates the second latest nesting season since 1960. In
Strata 32 and 33, the lone drake indexes were about normal
but in Stratum 34, indexes were later than normal. Mallard
nesting was later than both in 1970 and 1971 and later than
the average of the preceding years, the state-wide pintail
lone drake index was the lowest since 1960, again pulled down
by late nesting in Stratum 34. In North Dakota, nesting was
well advanced with a state-wide lone drake index of 82 percent,
the second highest since 1960. The mallard index of 84 percent
was the highest since 1960. Pintail at 81 percent was
higher than 1971 and above the average. Canvasback at 76 percent
was higher than the previous five years. At the end of the
breeding pair survey all factors indicated a year of
above-average production in the Dakotas.

Summer weather and habitat conditions (tables B-38 and B-39)

During the latter part of June and July, precipitation was
far below normal and hot dry winds dropped July pothole numbers
in North Dakota to 31 percent below 1971 and 14 percent below
the average. Though water levels dropped in South Dakota,
pothole numbers were still 29 percent higher than 1971 and
11 percent above the July average. The delay in farming operations
was a boon to the early nesters as evidenced by the numbers of
Class II and III broods observed. No grain harvest operations
were noted this year during the survey although some fields in
South Dakota were almost ready. Hay crops were heavy because of
the excellent rain during May and early June and hay-cutting
was in progress from 10 days to 2 weeks earlier than 1971. Nest
losses due to haying could be high in the late-nesting and re-
nesting efforts. Grain crops were late in eastern North Dakota
and in some areas no seeding was done because of the wet field
conditions. Pond levels in both states were sufficient to last
through the brood season. Brood visibility was hampered by
heavy pond vegetation, probably to the same extent as occurred
in 1971.

Production (tables B_45 and B-46)

The duck brood index for North Dakota was 38 percent above

1971 and 15 percent above the average. Average brood size was

down slightly, 5.5 as compared to 5.6 in 1971, and the average

of 6.0. Coot broods were up 12 percent over 1971 and 2 percent

over the average. South Dakota experienced the best brood

production year since 1966. The duck brood index was up

123 percent from 1971 and y4 percent above the average. The coot

27

brood index was up over 500 percent above 1971. Average brood
size was down slightly, 5.3 compared to 5.6 in 1971
and the average of 5.7.

The late-nesting index in North Dakota was up 52 percent over

1971 and up 16 percent over the average. South Dakota showed a
late-nesting index of 81 percent over 1971 and 60 percent above
the average.

Both North and South Dakota experienced the best waterfowl
production in recent years. The Forecast Index which sums the
various factors influencing production shows a rating of 109 for

1972 compared to an average of 100 and a rating of 77 in 1971.
Ground studies in South Dakota supported this forecast. The
contribution of the Dakotas to the fall flight was above average.

28

MINNESOTA

Data supplied by Robert L. lessen,
Minnesota Department of Natural Resources

Weather and habitat conditions

Weather conditions for aerial census were better than usual.
Overcast skies and calm winds during the time flights were made
in the western portion of the State were especially conducive to
good visibility.

Habitat conditions, as evidenced by ponds, were generally good.
Fall rains in west-central Minnesota predisposed the area to good
habitat conditions early. Elsewhere, south of Thief River Falls,
heavy spring rains maintained numerous ponds and a considerable
number of casual water areas during the period of survey. The
northwestern portion of Minnesota was unusually dry in sharp
contrast to the rest of the state.

Estimated ponds numbers within survey strata I, II, and III was 200,000.
This is 18 percent more ponds than were recorded in 1971.

Breeding populations (tables B-47 and B-48)

The breeding waterfowl index for Minnesota was 170,000 and
consisted of 15,000 coot and 155,000 ducks. Major duck indexes
were 54,000 mallards, 51,000 blue-winged teal and 11,000 ring-
necked ducks. These index values did not include birds missed by
aerial observation.

The visibility of birds this year was judged on the basis of air-
ground comparison routes. Overall visibility increased by a third
with teal showing an unusual rate of half being tallied by the
aerial crew. Improved flying conditions and abundance of open
temporary ponds were both conducive to an increased proportion of
birds seen. The calculated rate, however, is likely to be some-
what high, as evidenced by several aerial tallies for mallards and
ring-necked ducks which exceeded ground counts.

Adjusting aerial indexes for birds not seen suggested mallards
declined for the second year to a level substantially below that
recorded in the 1968-1970 period. The decline in teal recorded
this year was likely exaggerated due to an inflated visibility
factor.

In summary, the 1972 state-wide aerial waterfowl breeding pair
survey was conducted under good weather conditions for flying.
Most of the State had an abundance of water with pond numbers a
fifth higher than in 1971. High visibility of birds disguised
actual declines calculated on the basis of aerial and ground
comparisons. Overall duck numbers declined one fifth with a
slightly higher decrease noted for blue-winged teal and a slightly
lower decrease in number of mallards. An early June tally of
drakes indicated that the nesting season was progressing normally.

29

The precision with which the breeding indexes are developed
has been calculated and described with 80- percent confidence
limits. Those calculations suggest an overall accuracy of
about + 14 percent.

30

WASHINGTON

Data supplied by Robert Jeffrey and Ellis Bowhay,
Washington Department of Game

Weather and habitat conditions

The number of potholes in the far-eastern scabland regions was
the lowest since 1968, but still near average. Water conditons
improved as one moved westward, with Okanogan County potholes
described as being in excellent condition. For the stratum, the
number of May potholes was 20 percent above average. By mid- July
there were 16 percent more water bodies than during the 1962-71
period.

Sporadic, heavy rainfall alternating with hot weather caused
considerable valley flooding during the duck nesting season. But
weather and cover conditions favored a high nesting success, which
obscured any losses to flooding.

Breeding populations (table B-49)

The duck breeding potential was 7 percent above the 1967-71
average. Mallards were up 14 percent and made up nearly one-half
of the dabbler index. The wood duck ran counter to the general
trend and continued a long-term decline. Most duck species
declined from the high adult levels of 1971.

Production (table B-50)

The State production index for all ducks was 422,400, which was
6 percent higher than the 1962-71 average and 1 percent above 1971
production. This estimate is based upon a new index which was
developed for the 10-year period in 1971 and resulted in a consider-
able shift in relative importance of production strata and an overall
downward adjustment of the production estimate, amounting to about
12 percent.

Young ducks made up 60 percent of the index, up from 53 percent
in 1971. Dabblers, as a group, experienced a high nesting success.

The pothole habitat contributed only 41 percent of the duck
production index, as compared with 46 percent in 1971. Irrigated
lands contributed 14 percent, compared with 17 percent in 1971.
Western Washington and other habitat in eastern Washington produced
enough ducks to slightly more than offset the declines in pothole
and irrigation strata.

The production index for Canada geese was 12,400, up 13 percent from
1971 and 19 percent above the 10-year average. All sections of the
Columbia River showed increased nesting. However, a severe pool
level pull-down of the river by the Corps of Engineers on April 21
coincided with the peak of goose hatching. The draw-down provided
access to nesting islands by ground predators. A report on the full
effect of this predation on goose production was not available, but
a downward revision in the river index was expected.

31

CALIFORNIA

Data supplied by V. C. Simpson, H. A. George, F. M. Kozlik,

and J. R. LeDonne
California Department of Fish and Game

Weather and habitat conditions

Habitat conditions in northeastern California were good for the
fourth consecutive year. Dry weather conditions prevailed during
the spring, but the runoff from winter snows maintained the per-
manent water impoundments and most marsh areas. Some of the
temporary habitat still had ample water to produce birds. Although
the birds were early in arriving back on the breeding grounds, both
Canada geese and ducks nested about on schedule.

Precipitation was below normal in the Central Valley with amounts
running less than one-half to three-quarters of normal. Since this
area is mostly composed of artificial and regulated water impound-
ments such as rice fields, grasslands and pastures, the effects of
weather and rain influences waterfowl production indirectly only as
it relates to farming operations. Field preparations started early,
but rice seeding was about normal. With the early spring many of
the birds had left the winter grounds by the first part of March.

Most of the waterfowl production occurring in California is found in
northeastern California and on the rice lands of the Sacramento Valley.
Other areas covered by this survey are: Suisun Marsh, the Grasslands,
and rice and pasture areas of the Central San Joaquin Valley. Other
smaller areas produce some ducks, but the accumulated total is of
little significance during years of normal rainfall and runoff.

Breeding populations and production (tables B-51 and B-52)

The breeding ground survey for 1972 was conducted in essentially
the same manner as in previous years, consisting of complete aerial
coverage of the "Great Basin" section in northeastern California
and aerial transects in the Sacramento Valley, San Joaquin Valley
and Bay area. On the Klamath Basin National Wildlife Refuge, ground
counts were made by refuge personnel and supplemented with aerial
survey work.

Where transects were used, the same routes were followed with two
observers and a pilot. The plane was flown at 65 to 100 miles per
hour and approximately 150 feet above the terrain. The observers
covered an eighth-of-a-mile strip on each side of the plane recording
the number of pairs and single males observed.

Where complete coverage was accomplished, the same procedure was
followed except that consecutive strips or passes were made across
the individual marshes or reservoirs.

32

The survey flights in the Central Valley were conducted on
May 20 and 21, while northeastern California was flown from
May 30 through June 3.

Comparable figures of nesting pairs of waterfowl and fall
population indexes are presented for each area for this year
and last in tables B-51 and B-52.

33

UTAH

Data supplied by Albert F. Regenthal
Utah Division of Wildlife Resources

Weather and habitat conditions

The early winter of 1971-72 was above average in precipitation
in the northern part of the State and below average in the
southern sectors. After January precipitation there was somewhat
below normal. The Great Salt Lake rose to its highest water
level since the mid-19 30' s. Natural marsh areas around the lake
were in generally good conditions although some marsh vegetation
was lost along the lake shores and outside the managed areas
because of the high and/or salty water. Wetland habitat through-
out the remainder of the State remained in good to excellent
condition throughout the spring and early summer.

Reservoir storage, with some exceptions in the southern part of
the State was in generally favorable condition.

Breeding populations and production

Ducks: Ground counts are made to determine trends in breeding
ducks on all of the State's waterfowl management areas. Aerial
transects prior to 1971 covered approximately 108.6 square miles
of the major breeding habitat in Utah. Since 1971 the transects
in Utah County have been abandoned because of changing land -use
patterns and deterioration of habitat. Transects now cover an
area of 90.6 square miles. Both ground counts and aerial transects
are made annually to determine trends in breeding ducks. No effort
is made to census duck broods by either ground or aerial means.

Aerial surveys indicate an alarming decrease of breeding ducks on
the northern Utah trend areas. Ground counts on the managed marshes
showed a slight increase in breeding birds over 1971 levels. The
results of aerial surveys are more a reflection of the higher water
level of Salt Lake with a resultant dispersion of birds from the
transect lines than an indicator of bird populations. Inundation
and the intrusion of salt water caused by the rise in the lake level
over the past two years has resulted in the loss of a fairly
substantial amount of vegetation in the marshes outside the managed
areas and along the eastern and northern shores of Salt Lake.

Breeding populations of all major nesting species were considered
normal. No major shifts in species composition between northern
and southern breeding areas was apparent.

34

Tables B-53 through B-55 indicate the total number of birds
observed, breeding pairs censused and species composition of breeding
waterfowl on Utah marshes during the spring of 1972.

Canada Geese: Brood counts were made on several trend areas
annually to determine the relative status of this species. Both
aerial and ground surveys were used depending upon accessibility
of the areas.

Canada goose production on the key trend areas in Utah increased
markedly over 1971 levels. Both breeding pairs and goslings
returned to numbers essentially equal to the 10-year average.
There was some question of the validity of the estimates made in

1970 and 1971. The striking increases in 1972, following the
large decrease from 1970 to 1971, would seem to indicate that the

1971 estimates were low.

Table B-56 lists breeding pairs and goslings production on trend
areas for the period 1966-1972.

35

COLORADO

Data supplied by Michael R. Szymczak
Colorado Division of Wildlife

Weather and habitat conditions

Generally dry conditions were found throughout most of Colorado's
major waterfowl breeding areas. The San Luis Valley, Colorado's
most important duck breeding area, continued in a dry cycle which began
in 1971. The run off from the snow pack in the mountains surrounding
North Park produced only fair water conditions. Marshes and drainage
basins in the Cache la Poudre and South Platte River Valleys were dry
and river flows extremely low. Low water along the rivers in northern
Colorado was detrimental to duck nesting, but did insure that island-
nesting Canada geese would not be threatened by flooding.

Breeding populations and production (tables B.-57 through B-60)

The reduction in the number of breeding pairs in Colorado's two
major breeding areas, the San Luis Valley and North Park, resulted in
the smallest breeding pair total recorded for the State since 1964.
The 47,300 breeding pairs are nearly 20 percent below the long-term
average. Only in the Cache la Poudre Valley were more breeding pairs
observed in 1972 than in 1971.

The mallard, although recording a decrease in total numbers from its
1971 level, increased in terms of the composition of the total breeding
population. Three species, the gadwall, redhead, and widgeon- recorded
major declines from the 1971 level on a percentage basis. All species,
except the green-winged teal decreased in number.

The post-nesting season Moffat County population of Canada geese was
estimated to be approximately 1,400 birds in 1972. The
total is 8-percent below the 1971 level. Production estimates for
Moffat County in 1972 were down approximately 16 percent from 1971
levels. The lower estimates were mainly a result of a decline in brood
sizes on the Yampa and Little Snake Rivers rather than a reduction in
the estimated number of nesting pairs. Production on the Green River
increased substantially over the 1971 level in the Brown's Park area
and remained stable in the Dinosaur National Monument area.

Canada goose gosling production in 1972 in north-central Colorado
was down approximately 17 percent from the 1971 level. Only
Fort Collins recorded an increase among the five trend areas. The
greatest decline was measured in the Boulder area. The total number
of geese observed on the trend areas in 1972 was essentially unchanged
from both the 1971 total and the three- year average.

36

NEBRASKA

Data supplied by John Sweet and George Schildman,
Nebraska Game and Parks Commission

Weather and habitat conditions

Much of the Sandhills and the rainwater basin areas were extremely
dry during the winter and early spring. All of the State received
rain during the first half of May. Amounts ranged from less than
2 inches to an excess of 7 inches, however, most of the rain occurred
after migration. At the time of the surveys, (May 11-18 in Sandhills
and May 19-20 in rainbasin area) , water conditions were much improved
and habitat exceeded the supply of breeding ducks. The most rainfall
occurred in the northern and northeastern Sandhills and eastern rain-
basin area.

Breeding populations (table B-61)

The total population of 103,900 was 3 percent below 1971, and
5 percent below the previous 5-year average. The Sandhill population
was calculated at 91,700, a 5- percent decrease from 1971. In the
rainbasin area, the duck breeding population was calculated at 12,300,
a 15 percent increase over 1971. For both areas combined, dabbling
ducks were down 13 percent and divers were up 93 percent from 1971.
Blue-winged teal showed a 4 percent increase and shovelers an
18-percent increase. Mallards, gadwalls and pintails showed decreases
of 31, 36, and 29 percent respectively.

37

MISSOURI

Data supplied by Kenneth M. Babcock,
Missouri Conservation Department

Weather and habitat conditions

Spring temperatures were higher than normal but precipitation was
below normal through June. Many streams and impoundments fell to
rather low levels. Statewide, stream levels were about equally
divided between low and normal levels.

Production

The stream float method was used principally for obtaining an
estimate of wood duck production in Missouri. A three-year survey
on 194 miles of channelized streams was completed. Only two adult
wood ducks were seen on these channels during the three-year period.
These were formerly good wood duck production streams. Wood duck
nesting studies in southeast Missouri provided measurements in a
marsh- impoundment area of normally good production as did the banding
program in this area and in northeast Missouri.

Wood duck broods noted per mile on 277 miles of stream floats was
0.23 and average brood size was 5.4. The population count was 1.72
and nesting effort per mile was 0.41. A summation of all measurements
indicated a 7-percent increase above last year and 10-percent increase
above the ten year average for Missouri. Missouri has been utilizing
a locally developed Survey Evaluation index for several years as a
means of comparing nesting and productivity of wood ducks from year
to year. This index is based on five nesting-production indexes
compiled from all the data acquired on the stream float surveys. Wood
duck populations and production were up about 7-percent
from last year's measurements. Nesting efforts of mallards and blue-
winged teal were not significant although successful production
continued to be noted throughout the State.

38

WATERFOWL KILL SURVEY

Data supplied by Samuel M. Carney, Elwood M. Martin,
and Michael F. Sorensen
Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife

INTRODUCTION

This report includes estimates of waterfowl hunting activity
and success during the 1971 season and compares them with simi-
lar estimates for the 1970 season. Estimates for both years
were derived from information obtained from three sources:
1) the Postal Service's report of duck stamp sales, 2) the
Bureau's Mail Questionnaire Survey of United States Waterfowl
Hunters, and 3) the Bureau's Waterfowl Parts Collection Survey.

PROCEDURES

A relatively complete explanation of procedures followed
in 1969 may be found in Special Scientific Report—Wildlife
No. 138. Similar sample selection and stratification pro-
cedures were followed in 1970 and 1971. Major adjustments to
data include those for activity by hunters less than 16 years
old who are not surveyed (table C-l) and those used to compen-
sate for memory and prestige biases (table C-2) .

Adnn'nipf-ratiye Reports

Figures in this report are based on final duck stamp sales
figures. In Administrative Report 216 of the Migratory Bird
Populations Station, preliminary estimates based on sales of
duck stamps through the third quarter of fiscal year 1971
were made available for the annual waterfowl regulations
meetings in early August. Age, sex, and species composition
at the State level are not included here but were presented
in Administrative Reports 217 and 218.

39

RESULTS

For ducks and coots, bias adjusted estimates of bag by
species and total retrieved and unretrieved kill estimates
are presented in table C-3. Estimates of retrieved, unre-
trieved, and total goose kill are in table C-4. Daily
duck bag and possession limits, season lengths, and esti-
mated numbers of potential waterfowl hunters, together with
average and total numbers of days hunted, and ducks and geese
bagged, unadjusted for response bias , are presented by State
for each flyway in tables C-5, C-7, C-9, and C-ll. Duck
stamp sales and their breakdown into non-hunters, and active
(hunting one or more days) and successful (bagging at least
one duck, goose, or coot) waterfowl hunters, are summarized
by State for each flyway in tables C-6, C-8, C-10, and C-12.
The proportion of the total duck harvest that occurred after
the September teal season is shown in table 13.

A brief resume of hunter activity and success by flyway
and the nation for 1971, showing degree of change from the
previous year, follows:

Alaska

Duck stamp sales totaled 14,423 (+11 percent), and 73,100
ducks (+15 percent), 900 coots (+80 percent), and 16,800
geese (+10 percent) were bagged during 71,100 hunter-days
afield (+32 percent) . Those persons buying duck stamps for
hunting hunted an average of 4.6 days (+19 percent) and
bagged an average of 6.2 ducks (+4 percent) and 1.3 geese
(-1 percent) each. The estimates for Alaska are recorded
in tables C-3, C-4, C-5, and C-6.

Pacific Flyway

Duck stamp sales totaled 438,146 (-4 percent), and
3,969,600 ducks (-10 percent), 151,200 coots (-39 percent),
and 330,400 geese (-26 percent) were bagged during
3,097,100 hunter-days afield (-7 percent). Those persons
buying duck stamps for hunting hunted an average of 6.6
days (-2 percent) and bagged an average of 11.1 ducks (-5
percent ) and 0.9 geese (-22 percent) each. The estimates
for the Pacific Flyway are recorded in tables C-3, C-4,
C-5, and C-6.

40

Central Flyway

Duck stamp" sales totaled 464,635 (+6 percent), and
2,779,200 ducks (-7 percent), 80,700 coots (-10 percent),
and 413,100 geese (-22 percent) were bagged during
3,409,800 hunter-days afield (+5 percent). Those persons
buying duck stamps for hunting hunted an average of 7.2
days (+5 percent) and bagged an average of 7.7 ducks (-12
percent) and 1.0 geese (-27 percent) each. The estimates
for the Central Flyway are recorded in tables C-3, C-4 ,
C-7, and C-8.

Mississippi Flyway

Duck stamp sales totaled 1,003,791 (virtually unchanged),
and 5,461,500 ducks (-16 percent), 428,800 coots (-41 per-
cent), and 380,600 geese (-28 percent) were bagged during
7,177,300 hunter-days afield (-5 percent). Those persons
buying duck stamps for hunting hunted an average of 6.7
days (-4 percent) and bagged an average of 6.8 ducks (-16
percent) and 0.4 geese (-27 percent) each. The estimates
for the Mississippi Flyway are recorded in tables C-3, C-4,
C-9, and C-10.

Atlantic Flyway

Duck stamp sales totaled 505,063 (+2 percent), and
1,729,700 ducks (-12 percent), 161,400 coots (+12 percent),
and 337,900 geese (+12 percent) were bagged during
2,964,400 hunter-days afield (+2 percent). Those persons
buying duck stamps for hunting hunted an average of 5.7
days (+1 percent) and bagged an average of 3.9 ducks (-13
percent) and 0.8 geese (+11 percent) each. The estimates
for the Atlantic Flyway are recorded in tables C-3, C-4,
C-ll, and C-12.

United States

Duck stamp sales totaled 2,426,058 (+1 percent), and
14,013,100 ducks (-12 percent), 823,000 coots (-32 percent),
and 1,478,800 geese (-19 percent) were bagged during
16,719,800 hunter-days afield (-2 percent). Those persons
buying duck stamps for hunting hunted an average of 6.5
days (-2 percent) and bagged an average of 7.1 ducks (-12
percent) and 0.7 geese (-18 percent) each. The estimates
for the United States are recorded in tables C-3, C-4,
C-ll, and C-12.

41

APPENDIX

A. WATERFOWL WINTER SURVEY TABLES
TABLE A-l. — Winter survey, January 1972 - waterfowl by species and flyway

(nearest hundreds)

Pacific

Central

Mississippi

Atlantic

Species

Flyway

Flyway

Flyway

Flyway

Total

Ducks :

Dabblers:

Mallard

2,594,700

3,398,000

2

,794,000

186,600

8,973,300

Black duck

143,900

269,800

413,700

Mottled duck

42,000

53,000

1,100

96,100

Gadwall

26,900

341,000

570,500

15,000

953,400

American widgeon

689,700

375,400

300,900

71,500

1,437,500

Green-winged teal

265,600

494,700

511,000

77,400

1,348,700

Blue-winged teal-*-

2,500

68,800

97,000

6,400

174,700

Shoveler

497,800

267,200

174,900

10,500

950,400

Pintail

2,919,000

1,416,000

643,500

107.800

5.086.300

Subtotal

6,996,200

6,403,100

5

,288,700

746,100

19,434,100

Divers :

Redhead

15,000

114,400

6,200

134,900

270,500

Canvasback

48,200

18,500

21,500

90,900

179,100

Scaup

93,800

48,900

920,500

429,100

1,492,300

Ring-necked duck

5,100

8,600

80,600

65,200

159,500

Goldeneye

39,900

18,100

20,700

54,300

133,000

Bufflehead

33,500

8,400

2,200

46,700

90,800

Ruddy duck

79,100

7,000

26,900

38.100

151.100

Subtotal

314,600

223,900

1

,078,600

859,200

2,476,300

Miscellaneous :

Eider

67,000

67,000

Scoter

116,400

148,600

265,000

Oldsquaw

300

25,000

25,300

Merganser

25,600

81,400

51.600

158.600

Subtotal

142,300

81,400

292,200

515,900

Unidentified:

32,000

43,600

46,600

32,900

155.100

Total ducks

7,485,100

6,752,000

6

,413,900

1,930,400

22,581,400

l Includes cinnamon teal.

42

TABLE A-l. — Winter survey, January 1972 - waterfowl by species and flyway-
continued

(nearest hundreds)

Pacific

Central

Mississippi

Atlantic

Total

Species

Flyway

Flyway

Flyway

Flyway

Geese:

Blue/Snow goose

436,200

389,100

937,300

82,300

1,844,900

Ross' goose

30,700

30,700

White-fronted goose

100,700

32,100

45,800

178,300

Canada goose

117,300

443,300

594,000

700,200

1,854,800

Lesser Canada goose

108,200

108,200

Cackling goose

102,100

102,100

Total geese

894,900

864,500

1,577,100

782,500

4,119,000

Brant :

Black brant

5,400

5,400

American brant

73,300

73,300

Total brant

5,400

73,300

78,700

Swans :

Mute swan

1,500

1,500

Whistling swan

82,900

Tr.1

600

62,800

146,300

Trumpeter swan

200

100

300

Total swans

83,100

100

600

64,300

148,100

Coots:

American coot

545,000

260,400

466,600

378,400

1,650,400

Grand total

9,013,500

7,877,000

8,458,200

3,228,900

28,577,600

■*■ Less than 50.

43

TABLE A-2. — Winter survey, January 1972 - waterfowl by state and flyway

(nearest hundreds)

State

Ducks

2
Geese

Brant2

Swans'1

Coots

Total

Pacific Flyway:

Washington

1

,078,400

74,500

4,300

1,500

16,100

1,174,800

Oregon

459,300

74,200

1,000

6,300

44,300

585,100

Idaho

1

,000,700

17,000

100

8,600

1,026,400

Nevada

18,200

4,200

300

3,900

26,600

California

4

,748,900

713,900

74,500

447,400

5,984,700

Utah

51,100

2,700

300

4,300

58,400

Arizona

25,700

4,900

Tr.

17,200

47,800

Montana

61,300

2,300

100

3,100

66,800

Wyoming

4,200

200

Tr.

4,400

Colorado

17,600

1,000
Tr.

18,600

New Mexico

19,600

Tr.

19,600

Mexico1

Flyway total

7

,485,000

894,900

5,300

83,100

554,900

9,013,200

Central Flyway

Montana

39,700

500

40,200

Wyoming

142,300

1,300

Tr.

143,600

North Dakota

2,200

100

2,300

South Dakota

157,300

22,200

100

Tr.

179,600

Nebraska

366,000

20,000

386,000

Colorado

344,400

142,100

486,500

Kansas

807,700

182,400

990,100

Oklahoma

384,000

65,800

2,200

452,000

New Mexico

221,700

25,700

Tr.

4,500

251,900

Texas

4

,286,700

404,300

Tr.

253,700

4,944,700

Flyway total

6

,752,000

864,400

100

260,400

7,876,900

-•-See table A-3 for Mexico.
2 All species.
Less than 50.

44

TABLE A-2. — Winter survey, January 1972 - waterfowl by state and flyway-
continued

(nearest hundreds)

State

Ducks

Geese

Brant

Swans

Coots

Total

Mississippi Flyway:

Minnesota

18,100

19,200

Tr.

37,300

Wisconsin

19,200

19,400

100

38,700

Michigan

40,700

11,800

100

800

53,400

Iowa

163,900

380,900

544,800

Missouri

318,200

296,300

3,500

618,000

Illinois

325,700

253,000

578,700

Indiana

32,000

14,900

100

47,000

Ohio

190,300

29,700

500

220,500

Arkansas

1,200,600

1,200

40,000

1,241,800

Mississippi

159,000

3,600

20,900

183,500

Louisiana

3,488,100

454,200

368,100

4,310,400

Alabama

77,000

33,600

18,300

128,900

Kentucky

23,500

20,500

44,000

Tennessee

357,500

38,800

14,800

411*100

Flyway total

6,413,800

1,577,100

600

466,600

8,458,100

Atlantic Flyway:

Maine

63,100

600

63,700

New Hampshire

3,500

5,300

Tr.

8,800

Vermont

4,400

600

5,000

Massachusetts

113,900

17,200

2,900

200

200

131,500

Connecticut

28,700

1,500

100

Tr.

30,300

Rhode Island

24,700

1,900

400

27,000

New York

151,100

44,800

14,900

500

1,600

198,000

New Jersey

191,500

75,900

48,600

700

700

268,800

Pennsylvania

48,300

26,300

100

3,400

78,100

Delaware

41,200

93,400

700

2,500

1,700

138,800

Maryland

250,400

449,000

3,200

39,700

3,600

742,700

Virginia

128,400

54,100

2,800

3,100

23,900

209,500

West Virginia

2,700

200

100

3,000

North Carolina

129,900

74,900

200

17,000

66,800

288,600

South Carolina

288,900

8,800

Tr.

99,300

397,000

Georgia

45,100

400

14,300

59,800

Florida

414*600

900

162*800

578 300

Flyway total

1,930,400

855,800

73,300

64,300

378,400

3,228,900

45

TABLE A-3. — Winter waterfowl survey, west coast of Mexico, 1972

Species

1971

1972

Percent

change

1971-72

Ducks :

Dabblers:

Mallard

Tr.l

___

Gadwall

18,400

7,900

-

57

American widg

eon

34,900

64,700

+

85

Green-winged

teal

55,000

87,400

+

59

Blue-winged teal

6,000

89,100

+1

,385

Shoveler

61,500

127,300

+

107

Pintail

159,000

614,600

+

287

Black-bellied

tree duck

7,000

6,100

-

13

Fulvous tree

duck

1,900

2.800

+

47

Subtotal

343,700

999,900

+

191

Divers :

Redhead

25,100

21,800

-

13

Canvasback

1,200

3,000

+

150

Scaup

30,800

41,300

+

34

Goldeneye

600

100

-

83

Bufflehead

1,100

1,400

+

27

Ruddy duck

17.600

11.500

—

35

Subtotal

76,400

79,100

+

4

Miscellaneous :

Mergansers

1,900

5,700

+

200

Scoters

2.200

3,500

+

59

Total ducks

424,200

1,088,200

+

157

Geese:

Snow goose

600

500

-

17

Whitefronted

goose

2,300

200

-

91

Canada goose

—

Subtotal

2,900

700

_

76

Brant:

Black brant

136,700

119,400

-

13

Coots:

American coot

56,900

51,500

-

9

Grand total

620,700

1,259,800

+

103

Less than 50.

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47

TABLE B-2. --Alaska - comparative status of waterfowl breeding population
indexes by species and stratum, 1971 - 1972

(index numbers in thousands)

Percent

Change

Species

Stratum

Total

Average

Fr<

Dm

37

38

1971-

1972

1963-1972

:

L971

Ave.

Ducks :

Dabblers :

Mallard

16

63

64

79

66

+

23

+ 20

Am. widgeon

36

94

123

130

90

+

6

+ 44

Gr-winged teal

5

15

22

20

26

-

10

- 23

Shoveler

3

16

24

19

16

-

21

+ 19

Pintail

198

209

273

407

350

+

49

+ 16

Subtotal

258

397

506

655

544

+ 29

+ 20

Divers :

Canvasback

1

41

22

42

23

+

91

+ 83

Scaup

217

268

450

485

460

+

8

+ 5

Goldeneye

4

5

31

9

22

-

71

- 59

Bufflehead

2

24

25

26

29

+

4

- 10

Subtotal

224

338

528

562

534

+

6

+ 5

Miscellaneous :

Scoter

175

121

231

296

230

+

28

+ 29

Eider

3

9

3

12

-

67

- 75

Oldsquaw

89

15

111

104

93

-

6

+ 11 >

Subtotal

267

136

351

403

335

+

15

+ 20

Total ducks

749

871

1,385 1

,620

1,413

+

17

+ 15

48

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59

TABLE B-10 . — Northern Saskatchewan and northern Manitoba - long-term trend
in waterfowl brood and late-nesting indexes by species,
July 1963-1972

(index numbers in thousands)

SPECIES

1963

1964

1965

1966

1967

1968

1969

1970

1971

1972

Broods :

Duck brood in
Average brood

lex

79

167

53

108

193

245

300

185

170

157

size 1/

5.0

5.4

5.3

5.4

5.2

5.9

5.5

5.6

5.6

5.2

Coot brood in<

iex

2

7

8

12

9

23

9

13

20

13

Late-nesting index:2/

DUCKS :

Dabblers :

Mallard

45

36

28

22

31

30

40

46

37

44

Black duck

2

1

1

2

2

-

4

-

-

-

Gadwall

2

3

2

1

1

1

6

3

1

6

American Widgeon

6

8

6

6

2

1

12

11

22

13

Green-winged

teal

4

2

1

-

1

-

6

3

6

7

Blue-winged

teal

3

4

3

1

1

1

5

6

2

5

Shove ler

1

1

1

1

1

1

7

4

1

3

Pintail

4

4

3

3

5

2

18

3

1

1

Subtotal

69

57

43

37

43

36

96

73

70

79

Divers :

Redhead

4

6

2

1

1

1

4

1

2

1

Canvasback

2

1

2

2

1

-

1

1

-

-

Scaup

33

33

21

19

26

16

44

23

13

29

Ring-necked

duck

13

13

21

19

8

5

23

18

17

19

Goldeneye

1

2

-

1

1

-

5

3

4

5

Bufflehead

3

2

3

5

5

3

12

16

4

23

Subtotal

57

54

49

47

42

26

86

61

39

77

Miscellaneous

Ruddy duck

2

2

1

1

-

-

-

1

1

1

Merganser

13

13

12

9

4

5

11

11

11

15

Scoter

1

-

-

1

-

1

17

-

1

6

Other

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Subtotal

15

14

13

11

4

6

28

12

14

22

Total Ducks

140

127

105

95

89

67

210

146

123

178

1/ Class II and III broods only.

2/ As indicated by adult pairs and singl

es ,

60

TABLE B-ll. — Northern Saskatchewan and northern Manitoba - waterfowl brood and late-
nesting indexes by stratum compared to previous year and long-term

average, 1972,

tindex numbers in thousands)

Stratum

Total

Percent

Change From

erage

Average

SPECIES

16

17

36

48

Year

Year

Year

Broods :

Duck brood index

64

36

20

37

170

157

167

-7.6

- 6.0

Average brood size 1/

5.

3 5.5

5.3

5.0

5.6

5.2

5.4

-7.1

- 3.7

Coot brood index

4

0

9

0

20

13

11

-35.0

+18.2

Late-nesting index: 2/

Dabblers:

Mallard

19

9

13

3

37

44

35

+18.9

+25.7

Black duck

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

-100.0

Gadwall

2

0

4

0

1

6

2

+500.0

+200.0

American widgeon

6

3

1

J

22

13

8

-40.9

+62.5

Green-winged teal

2

1

1

3

6

7

3

+16.7

+133.3

Blue-winged teal

2

0

3

0

2

5

3

+150.0

+66.7

Shoveler

2

0

1

0

1

3

2

+200.0

+50.0

Pintail

0

0

1

0

1

1

5

0

+80.0

Subtotal

33

13

24

9

70

79

53

+12.9

+36.2

Divers:

Redhead

0

0

1

0

2

1

2

-50.0

-50.0

Canvasback

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

-100.0

Scaup

4

14

4

7

13

29

25

+123.1

+16.0

Ring-necked duck

4

8

5

2

17

19

15

+11.8

+26.7

Goldeneye

2

0

1

2

4

5

2

+25.0

+150.0

Bufflehead

9

9

Tr.

5

4

23

6

+425.0

+283.3

Subtotal

19

31

11

16

39

77

51

+97.4

+51.0

Miscellaneous:

0

0

1

0

1

1

1

0

Ruddy duck

0

Merganser

2

6

2

5

11

15

10

+36.4

+50.0

Scoter

2

1

1

2

1

6

2

+500.0

+200.0

Other

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Subtotal

4

7

4

7

14

22

13

+57.1

+69.2

Total Ducks

56

51

39

32

123

178

123

+44.7

+44.7

1/ Class II and III broods only.

2/ As indicated by adult pairs and singles,

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o

TABLE B-13 .--Southern Alberta - long-term trend in pond indexes by
stratum with comparisons to average and previous year,
May and July 1972

(index numbers in thousands)

Year

Stratum

26

27

28

Total

May

1963

189.5

686.4

59.4

935.3

1964

153.6

438.4

112.5

704.5

1965

297.3

723.9

102.6

1123.8

1966

282.4

569.2

71.5

923.1

1967

304.3

418.8

140.4

863.5

1968

103.2

397.2

91.8

592.2

1969

212.9

457.0

70.6

740.5

1970

229.7

531.9

62.4

824.0

1971

202.5

471.2

48.6

722.0

1972

138.8

579.4

54.5

772.7

Average

1956-1962

239.4

512.6

90.4

842.4

Percent

change:

1972

from 1971

-31.4

+23.0

+12.1

+ 7.0

1972

from ave.

-42.0

+13.0

-39.7

- 8.3

July

1963

179.4

687.4

78.8

945.6

1964

104.3

252.1

78.6

435.0

1965

263.8

704.3

127.2

1095.3

1966

187.3

339.4

66.6

593.3

1967

200.6

416.8

108.2

725.6

1968

90.3

224.0

65.9

380.2

1969

121.6

258.0

41.0

420.6

1970

115.0

457.5

38.4

610.9

1971

148.4

458.9

42.3

649.6

1972

69.9

286.3

34.7

390.9

Average

1956-1962

117.2

365.3

44.9

527.4

Percent

change:

1972

from 1971

-52.9

-37.6

-18.0

-39.8

1972

from ave.

-40.4

-21.6

-22.7

-25.9

64

to
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TABLE B-16. --Southern Alberta - lone drake index: long-term
trend expressed as a percentage of total drakes,
1963-1972

Year

Mallard

Pintail

Canvasback

Total

1963

84.99

85.25

80.08

84.86

1964

85.28

88.14

52.65

84.57

1965

82.07

75.17

65.02

77.85

1966

80.97

74.99

56.09

77.94

1967

83.60

64.14

70.60

79.63

1968

64.11

62.13

27.78

62.46

1969

86.71

82.48

68.58

84.14

1970

78.22

80.70

61.48

78.49

1971

80.69

74.95

62.52

77.66

1972

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73

SOUTHERN SASKATCHEWAN

table B-19. — Long-Term Trend and Comparative Status
of May Pond Indexes

Unadjusted for Visibility Bias

Year

(index numbers

in thousands)
Stratum

Total

A-West

A-East

B-West

B-East

C

(19)

(20)

(21)

(22)

(23)

1956

729.4

1,091.7

315.9

473.3

103.1

2,713.4

1957

344.2

842.4

164.1

482.9

72.9

1 ,906.5

1958

367.8

740.1

210.0

373.7

108.2

1,799.8

1959

159.9

222.4

57.6

249.9

79.4

769.2

1960

394.8

681.7

166.3

787.8

90.0

2,120.6

1961

170.9

68.2

96.4

166.6

54.5

556.6

1962

352.2

247.1

181.6

502.5

51.2

1,334.6

1963

267.7

325.3

144.5

225.1

43.1

1 ,005.7

1964

202.4

699.2

123.6

251.9

40.6

1,317.7

1965

457.7

534.3

246.2

377.8

84.2

1,700.2

1966

399.3

771.2

235.4

463.4

89.3

1,958.6

1967

527.2

631.0

216.1

572.6

149.3

2,096.2

1968

222.1

177.2

127.2

220.0

35.8

782.3

1969

599.4

419.0

296.6

431.6

107.4

1,854.0

1970

794.6

889.7

301.4

778.9

111.2

2,875.8

1971

516.1

977.7

306.7

488.9

125.6

2,415.0

1972

319.3

625.3

314.5

623.6

56.5

1,939.2

Average 1956
to 1962

359.9

556.2

170.3

433.8

79.9

1,600.1

Percent Change

1972 from
Previous Year

- 38.1

- 36.0

+ 2.5

+ 27.6

- 55.0

- 19.7

Percent
1972 •

Change
From

1956-62

Average

- 11.3

+ 12.4

+ 84.7

+ 43.8

- 29.3

+ 21.2

74

SOUTHERN SASKATCHEWAN

table B-20. — Long-Term Trend in Waterfowl Breeding Population
indexes by Species (index numbers in thousands)

Unadjusted for Visibility Bias

Species

1955

1956

1957

1958

1959

1960

1961

1962

1963

Ducks

Dabblers:

Mallard

2,011.8

2,428.1

2,309.0

3,079.9

1,562.0

1,652.3

956.4

654.3

768.6

Black duck

0.3

0.7

Gadwall

111.5

115.9

114.7

50.0

63.0

68.5

35.1

65.4

101.6

Am. Widgeon

230.2

289.6

198.1

308.8

164.8

130.9

83.9

47.7

73.3

Gr. -winged

teal 51.7

60.0

31.9

25.5

16.4

27.5

12.3

5.6

8.8

Bl. -winged

teal 369.0

385.2

314.3

248.8

179.5

152.4

106.2

46.1

63.1

Shoveler

344.5

390.8

304.7

194.7

143.6

287.4

111.8

27.6

100.8

Pintail

1,743.2

1,912.3

1,122.6

772.2

336.9

571.5

213.7

210.9

267.3

Wood duck

Subtotal

4,862.2

5,581.9

4,396.0

4,679.9

2,466.2

2,890.5 1

,519.4 1

,057.6 ■

1,383.4

Divers:

Redhead

78.9

150.8

114.1

61.0

45.5

48.4

24.8

56.9

15.4

Canvasback

172.0

213.0

212.6

173.9

59.2

68.4

88.3

91.5

45.7

Scaup

459.0

557.2

448.0

311.0

410.2

240.1

244.0

170.4

76.3

R. -necked

duck 17.8

6.6

5.1

7.2

22.0

8.0

4.1

8.8

Goldeneye

5.1

6.3

6.0

4.5

5.8

7.5

5.2

2.4

1.2

Bufflehead

8.2

7.2

13.7

7.5

11.4

12.1

10.1

1.6

9.7

Subtotal

741.0

941.1

799.5

565.1

554.1

384.5

376.5

322.8

157.1

Miscellaneous:

Scoter

10.7

17.6

1.2

19.8

10.4

9.6

6.2

5.2

Ruddy duck

44.0

56.4

33.1

22.0

80.1

30.9

24.9

13.3

10.5

Merganser

0.3

0.3

6.8

1.6

4.5

Subtotal

55.0

74.0

34.3

41.8

90.8

47.3

32.7

13.3

20.2

TOTAL DUCKS

5.658.2

6,597.0

5,229.8

5,286.8

3,111.1

3,322.3 1

,928.6 1

,393.7 ■

1,560.7

Geese
Canada g°°se

1.0

0.1

2.7

1.4

2.8

2.2

2.7

1.9

uoots
American coot

350.6

489.4

382.2

143.0

155.5

96.9

69.0

55.7

27.2

GRAND TOTAL 6,009.8 7,086.5 5,612.0 5,432.5 3,268.0 3,422.0 1,999.8 1,452.1 1,589.8

75

SOUTHERN SASKATCHEWAN

TABLE B-20. — Long-Term Trend in Waterfowl Breeding Population
Indexes by Species (continued)

Unadjusted for Visibility Bias

Species

1964

1965

1966

1967

1968

1969

1970

1971

1972

Ducks
Dabblers:
Mallard

704.0 570.0 881.5 998.6 964.9 937.1 1,185.4 1,373.0 1,375.4

Black duck

0.2

Gadwall

150.1

136.1

117.3

189.1

177.8

217.3

174.8

161.5

132.0

Am. Widgeon

91.9

84.6

110.8

211.8

122.2

227.7

185.1

186.8

159.3

Gr. -winged teal 8.5

13.3

14.9

37.9

24.1

40.6

89.4

46.6

30.6

Bl. -winged teal 130.4

112.5

152.5

205.6

110.2

144.4

190.9

196.4

115.1

Shoveler

186.3

117.8

258.0

256.2

176.6

296.5

322.3

290.6

283.8

Pintail

267.2

308.3

520.6

578.6

294.6

686.4

899.0

963.3

650.1

Wood duck

Subtotal 1

,538.4 1

,342.6

2,055.6

2,477.8

1,870.4

2,550.0

3,046.9

3,218.4

2,746.3

Divers:

Redhead

32.5

32.2

46.0

48.7

43.9

40.6

56.0

48.8

55.9

Canvasback

56.7

61.4

93.2

71.3

64.3

80.4

130.2

126.2

118.3

Scaup

74.1

106.5

125.3

107.3

85.3

136.1

110.8

99.4

112.6

Ring-necked d

jck5. 5

11.5

8.1

4.7

0.9

2.6

6.1

4.1

4.6

Goldeneye

0.8

2.7

3.7

3.7

6.9

2.4

4.5

4.4

1.5

Buffi ehead

10.9

18.1

11.8

12.7

24.5

27.1

15.3

9.8

30.9

Subtotal

180.5

232.4

288.1

248.4

225.8

289.2

322.9

292.7

323.8

Miscellaneous:

Scoter

8.4

10.8

3.9

2.3

8.8

4.4

0.7

7.2

4.0

Ruddy duck

10.8

10.4

22.0

12.4

18.1

12.9

10.4

20.0

15.4

Merganser

1.2

2.4

0.5

0.6

4.4

0.6

Subtotal

20.4

23.6

25.9

14.7

27.4

17.9

15.5

27.8

19.4

TOTAL DUCKS 1

,739.3 1

,598.6

2.369.6

2,740.9

2,123.6

2,857.1

3,385.3

3,538.9

3,089.5

Geese

Canada goose

3.6

2.5

3.2

1.6

1.0

5.3

4.1

8.8

10.0

Coot

American coot

43.9

54.9

61.6

91.0

91.7

138.5

158.6

154.7

125.1

GRAND TOTAL 1

,786.8 1

,656.0

2,434.4

2,833.5

2,217.3

3,000.9

3,548.0

3,702.4

3,224.6

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77

SOUTHERN SASKATCHEWAN

TABLE B-22. — Lone Drake Long-Term Trend Expressed As
Percentage of Total Drakes

(Mallards, Pintails, and Canvasbacks)

Unadjusted for Visibility Bias

Year Mallard Pintail Canvasback Total

1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972

76.44

82.68

63.21

78.46

83.49

85.97

75.44

83.83

79.38

81.33

73.68

79.55

74.58

69.44

46.39

72.96

85.92

82.47

71.57

84.65

73.90

69.94

44.97

71.90

51.66

36.35

39.83

47.32

82.81

82.92

77.77

82.59

85.21

82.32

65.64

83.47

82.11

83.69

68.02

81.77

81.75

82.66

77.57

82.98

86.80

82.13

56.50

83.80

80.24

75.50

47.65

77.88

88.37

85.10

64.14

85.92

82.10

78.28

65.35

79.60

79.33

76.58

64.68

77.62

81.14

78.24

60.52

79.12

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TABLE B-26 . — Southern Manitoba - long-term trend in pond indexes by stratum
with comparisons to 1956-62 average and previous year, May
and July, 1972

(index numbers in thousands)

Year

Stratum 24(A)

Stratum 25(B)

Total
24 & 25

May.

1962

143

1963

323

1964

436

1965

353

1966

404

1967

337

1968

127

1969

225

1970

412

1971

406

1972

338

306
331
315
451
492
532
228
244
401
393
462

449
654
751
804
896
869
355
469
813
799
800

Average 1956 through 1962
Percent change:
1972 from 1971

July

227

1

-17

6-62 average

+49

1962

104

1963

158

1964

224

1965

141

1966

181

1967

108

1968

52

1969

167

1970

225

1971

188

1972

188

357

+18
+29

121
169
223
250
231
169
109
186
192
217
141

634

NC
+26

225
327
447
391
412
277
161
353
417
405
329

Average 1956 through 1962 162
Percent change:

1972 from 1971 NC

1972 from 1956-62 average +16

226

-35
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388

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87

TABLE B-29. — Southern Manitoba — lone drake index: Long-term trend
expressed as a percentage of total drakes, 1955-1972

Unadjusted for visibility bias

Year

Mallard

Pintail

Canvasback

Percent lone
drakes •*-

1955

87.5

1956

81.5

81.0

46.2

79.4

1957

91.2

85.5

68.5

88.9

1958

83.0

81.1

73.3

81.9

1959

71.8

69.7

41.7

70.0

1960

90.9

82.0

66.4

86.5

1961

71.5

65.0

33.7

67.5

1962

64.3

59.0

45.6

62.0

1963

85.2

80.7

79.0

83.7

1964

82.1

71.3

66.3

78.0

1965

79.1

63.6

68.0

73.8

1966

87.3

74.3

81.2

84.6

1967

86.7

74.6

78.6

83.4

1968

73.4

66.0

73.4

72.5

1969

89.6

84.6

93.4

91.3

1970

82.4

72.6

79.1

79.8

1971

73.6

58.3

59.9

68.7

1972

81.4

75.3

73.8

79.8

•••Lone drakes include only mallards, pintails, and canvasback.

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TABLE B-32 . — Montana - long-term trend in May and July indexes by stratum with
comparisons to average and previous year,
(index numbers in thousands)
unadjusted for visibility bias

May ponds
Year

Strata 40

Strata 41

Total

1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972

108.7

94.8

75.8

63.3

109.8

146.5

132.9

131.7

Average total 1965-71 (-212.8)
% change from 1971 (+11%)
% change from average (+33%)

123.8
109.6

92.0

52.

144,
112,
122,
151.

,9
.3
,6
,7

,2

232.5

204.5

167.8

116.2

254

259

255

282

July ponds

1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1972

63.9
67.5
56.6
91.2
78.3
133.0

64.4
57.6
43.2
93.1
59.4
124.3

128.2
125.1
99.8
184.4
137.7
257.0

Average total 1966-1970 (- 135.0)
% change from 1970 (+88% )
% change from average (+90% )

93

TABLE B-33. — Montana - trend in waterfowl breeding population indexes

by species, 1965-1972

(index numbers in thousands)

Species

1965

1966

1967

1968

1969

1970

1971

1972

Ducks :

Dabblers:

Mallard

223.3

338.2

179.9

133.9

167.7

185.3

160.3

220.1

Gad wall

55.5

58.8

36.3

41.0

35.8

20.6

18.4

5.9

American widgeon

23.2

32.3

38.4

49.8

53.6

59.4

36.3

81.1

Green-winged teal

9.0

8.4

11.5

9.5

3.5

11.0

4.7

12.2

Blue-winged teal

32.5

35.9

18.2

14.1

34.1

23.5

20.1

4.4

Shoveler

24.3

36.8

34.8

33.2

40.1

24.8

23.7

23.0

Pintail

145.2

161.1

134.3

42.2

78.9

102.0

61.5

125.1

Subtotal

513.0

671.5

453.4

323.7

413.7

426.6

325.0

471.8

Divers:

Redhead

2.7

.7

10.6

1.6

2.4

1.8

1.9

-

Canvasback

2.0

.4

1.0

2.6

3.7

2.6

3.6

5.0

Scaup

18.8

30.6

24.9

17.5

31.5

24.1

8.8

26.0

Ring-necked duck

1.4

.4

3.4

1.4

.2

-

-

-

Goldeneye

-

.4

-

-

.2

-

-

2.0

Bufflehead

.6

.7

.2

1.1

.6

.2

-

.5

Subtotal

25.5

37.0

40.1

24.2

38.6

28.7

14.3

33.5

Miscellaneous :

Scoter

-

-

.2

-

-

-

-

-

Ruddy duck

-

1.8

1.2

1.2

12.1

.5

.7

3.1

Merganser

-

-

3.2

.3

-

-

-

-

Subtotal

-

1.8

4.6

1.5

12.1

.5

.7

3.1

Total ducks

539.1

710.3

498.1

349.4

464.4

455.8

340.0

509.8

Geese:

Canada goose

3.4

-

8.1

7.6

7.7

9.1

11.1

1.4

Coots :

American coot

3.9

-

6.4

19.0

8.7

6.4

2.7

4.0

Grand total 546.4 710.3 512.6 376.0 480.8 471.3 353.8 515.2

94

TABLE B-34. — Montana - comparative status of waterfowl breeding population

indexes by species and stratum, 1972

(index numbers in thousands)

Stratum

Tot.

al

1965-71
Average

Percent change
from:

Species

40

41

1971

1972

1971

average

Ducks :

Dabblers:

Mallard

81.9

138.2

160.3

220.1

198.3

37

22

Gad wall

1.7

4.2

18.4

5.9

38.0

-68

-85

American widgeon

24.5

56.6

36.3

81.1

41.9

123

94

Green-winged teal

4.8

7.4

4.7

12.2

8.2

160

49

Blue-winged teal

1.9

2.5

20.1

4.4

25.5

-78

-83

Shoveler

5.5

17.5

23.7

23.0

31.1

-3

-26

Pintail

18.3

106.8

61.5

125.1

103.6

103

21

Subtotal

138.6

333.2

325.0

471.8

446.6

45

8

Divers :

Redhead

-

-

1.9

-

3.6

-

-

Canvasback

2.7

2.3

3.6

5.0

2.3

39

117

Scaup

8.4

17.6

8.8

26.0

22.3

195

17

Ring-necked duck

-

-

-

-

1.0

-

-

Goldeneye

1.1

.9

-

2.0

.1

-

1900

Bufflehead

.4

.1

—

.5

.4

~

25

Subtotal

12.6

20.9

14.3

33.5

29.7

134

13

Miscellaneous :

Scoter

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Ruddy duck

3.1

-

.7

3.1

2.5

143

24

Merganser

~

~"

~

"

.6

Subtotal

3.1

-

.7

3.1

3.1

143

NC

Total ducks

155.4

354.4

340.0

509.8

479.4

50

6

Geese:

Canada goose
Coots:

.4

1.0

11.1

1.4

6.7

-87

-81

American coot

1.1

2.9

2.7

4.0

7.7

48

-48

Grand total

156.9

358.3

353.8

515.2

493.8

46

4

95

TABLE B-35. — Montana - lone drake index: long-term trend expressed
as a percentage of total drakes, 1965-1972

Year Mallard Pintail Total

1965 69.7 76.1 72.3

1966 79.1 85.9 81.2

1967 78.4 87.2 82.4

1968 72.0 83.7 75.2

1969 66.3 69.4 62.7

1970 74.5 82.4 77.5

1971 80.2 87.0 82.1

1972 66.0 77.0 71.0

96

TABLE B-36. — Montana - waterfowl brood and late-nesting indexes by stratum
compared to previous year and 1965-69 average.

(index numbers in thousands)
unadjusted for visibility bias

Stratum

Percent

: Change

Species

40

41

Tot

al

Average

from

1970

1972

1970

1972

1970

1972

1966-70

1970

Average

Broods :

Duck Brood Index

17.7

23.0

28.5

46.0

46.2

69.0

53.6

49

29

Average brood size 1/

5.4

5.19

5.4

5.63

5.4

5.52

4.6

2

20

Coot brood index

0.2

.5

0.1

2.2

0.3

2.7

0.7

800

286

Late nesting index 2/

Dabblers:

Mallard

0.7

6.7

0.7

6.3

1.3

13.0

5.2

900

150

Gadwall

0.4

.4

0.7

.5

1.1

.9

1.6

-18

-44

American widgeon

0.9

2.7

0.3

4.8

1.2

7.5

2.4

525

212

Green-winged teal

-

1.3

-

.4

-

1.7

0.1

-

1

,600

Blue-winged teal

-

-

1.2

.4

1.2

.4

1.8

-67

-78

Shoveler

1.6

.2

0.8

.3

2.4

.5

1.0

-79

-50

Pintail

1.1

2.5

1.2

3.9

2.3

6.4

1.1

260

482

Subtotal

4.7

13.8

4.7

17.6

9.4

31.4

13.1

234

140

Divers:

Redhead

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Canvasback

-

.5

0.7

3.3

0.7

3.8

0.1

443

3

,700

Scaup

-

2.7

0.7

1.3

0.7

4.0

0.2

471

1

,900

Ring-necked duck

-

-

-

-

-

-

0.1

-

-

Goldeneye

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Bufflehead

-

-

-

.3

-

.3

-

-

-

Subtotal

-

3.2

1.3

4.9

1.3

8.1

0.5

523

1

,520

Miscellaneous :

Ruddy Duck

-

-

0.4

.1

0.4

.1

0.3

-75

-67

Other

-

-

0.4

-

0.4

-

-

-

-

TOTAL LNI

4.7

17.0

6.5

22.6

11.2

39.6

14.0

253

182

1/ Class II and III broods only

2/ As indicated by adult pairs and singles

Coots:
American coot

97

TABLE B-37. --North Dakota - long-term trend in pond indexes by stratum and comparisons
to average and previous years.

/index numbers in thousands/

Year Stratum Total

29 30 31

May:

1960 9.6 345.0 17.6 372.2

1961 9.6 63.5 11.8 84.9

1962 17.4 225.6 25.5 268.5

1963 17.4 351.2 58.3 426.9

1964 10.4 151.1 29.4 190.9

1965 13.9 303.6 61.4 378.9

1966 36.5 441.9 68.6 547.0

1967 29.9 481.1 50.1 561.1

9.6

345.0

17.6

9.6

63.5

11.8

17.4

225.6

25.5

17.4

351.2

58.3

10.4

151.1

29.4

13.9

303.6

61.4

36.5

441.9

68.6

29.9

481.1

50.1

11.7

262.6

54.0

31.6

494.6

89.5

29.2

592.6

101.5

18.9

416.8

109.4

35.3

473.2

130.9

18.8

312.0

46.6

+86.8

+13.5

+19.6

+87.7

+51.7

+180.9

1968 11.7 262.6 54.0 328.3

1969 31.6 494.6 89.5 615.7

1970 29.2 592.6 101.5 723.3

1971 18.9 416.8 109.4 545.1

1972 35.3 473.2 130.9 639.4

Average 1960-1969 18.8 312.0 46.6 377.4

Percent change from 1971 +86.8 +13.5 +19.6 +17.3

Percent change from average +87.7 +51.7 +180.9 +69.4

July:

3966 12.2 202.4 50.4 265.0

1967 16.7 230.0 39.7 286.4

1968 20.5 224.0 40.8 285.3

1969 20.1 433.9 75.2 529.2
L970 23.2 342.1 46.1 411.4

1971 9.7 293.5 104.4 407.6

1972 10.4 229.8 71.8 312.0

Average 1966-1971 17.1 287.6 59.4 364.1

Percent change from 1971 +7.2 -21.7 -31.1 -30.6

Percent change from average -39.2 -20.1 +20.9 -14.3

98

TABLE B-38. --South Dakota - long-term trend in pond indexes by stratum and comparisons
to average and previous years.

/index numbers in thousands/
Stratum

Year 32 33 34 Total

May:

1960 63.8 110.4 53.1 227.3

1961 34.2 48.1 33.1 115.4

1962 95.7 152.4 69.5 317.6

1963 106.9 142.1 80.2 329.2

1964 56.7 79.2 62.0 197.9

1965 53.0 100.2 84.5 237.7

1966 79.7 143.5 94.5 317.7

1967 66.5 132.5 90.2 289.2

1968 61.1 146.0 71.8 278.9

1969 111.7 263.7 156.5 531.9

1970 58.9 183.4 161.3 403.6

1971 85.4 132.8 146.4 364.6

1972 93.7 284.3 205.5 583.5

Average 1960-1969 72.9 209.4 79.5 361.8

Percent change from 1971 +9.7 +114.1 +40.4 +60.0

Percent change from average +28.5 +35.8 +158.5 +61.3

July:

1966 35.2 76.5 67.6 179.3

1967 56.8 139.2 101.7 297.7

1968 48.3 90.5 56.7 195.5

1969 75.9 192.3 89.1 357.3

1970 52.6 98.3 77.6 228.5

1971 70.5 117.7 115.1 303.3

1972 59.4 129.0 148.4 336.8

35.2

76.5

67.6

56.8

139.2

101.7

48.3

90.5

56.7

75.9

192.3

89.1

52.6

98.3

77.6

70.5

117.7

115.1

59.4

129.0

148.4

56.5

119.1

84.6

15.7

+9.6

+28.9

+5.1

+8.3

+75.4

Average 1966-1971 56.5 119.1 84.6 260

Percent change from 1971 +° <-

Percent change from average

2
+29.4
+11.0

99

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101

table B-41. --North Dakota - comparative status of waterfowl breeding population
indexes by species and stratum, 1972

(index numbers in thousands)

Percent

Stratum

Total

Average
1960-69

Change
1971

from

Species

29

30

31

1972

1971

Average

Ducks:

Dabblers :

Mallard

12.2

138.9

51.4

202.5

215.3

162.2

- 6

+ 25

Gadwall

4.1

82.6

1.5

88.2

96.9

79.6

- 9

+ 11

American widgeon

.6

3.4

6.4

10.4

12.3

5.3

- 15

+ 96

Green-winged teal

--

7.2

3.7

10.9

4.8

3.6

+127

+203

Blue-winged teal

8.1

82.3

9.8

100.2

124.5

95.3

- 19

+ 5

Shoveler

4.1

52.0

3.8

59.9

71.1

58.2

- 16

+ 3

Pintail

9.6

102.0

51.6

163.2

128.7

99.5

+ 27

+ 71

Subtotal

38.7

468.4

128.2

635.3

653.6

503.7

- 3

+ 26

Divers:

Redhead

—

32.2

--

32.2

28.6

22.5

+ 12

+ 43

Canvasback

--

17.4

1.0

18.4

9.2

15.0

+100

+ 23

Scaup

—

14.7

2.1

16.8

17.4

13.8

- 3

+ 22

Ring-necked duck

--

.5

--

.5

.5

.4

NC

+ 20

Goldeneye

--

--

.2

.2

--

—

--

—

Buffi ehead

--

--

1.0

1.0

--

--

—

—

Subtotal

--

64.8

4.3

69.1

55.7

51.7

+ 24

+ 34

Miscel laneous:

Ruddy duck

--

13.8

--

13.8

11.8

6.9

+ 17

+100

Merganser

—

--

.5

.5

—

.1

—

--

Subtotal

--

13.8

.5

14.3

11.8

7.0

+ 21

+104

TOTAL DUCKS

38.7

547.0

133.0

718.7

721.1

562.4

- .3

+ 28

Geese:

Canada goose

--

--

--

--

--

--

—

--

Coots :

American coot

1.4

45.6

8.2

55.2

41.8

61.5

+ 32

- 10

GRAND TOTAL

40.1

592.6

141.2

773.9

762.9

623.9

+ 1

+ 24

Ponds

35.3 473.2 130.9 639.4

102

table b-42. --South Dakota - comparative status of waterfowl breeding population
indexes by species and stratum, 1972

(index numbers in thousands)

Percent

Stratum

Total

Average
1960-69

Change
1971

from

Species

32

33

34

1972

1971

Averaqe

Ducks :
Dabblers:

Mallard

16.7

69.0

113.1

198.8

160.5

192.8

+ 24

+ 3

Gadwall

4.3

46.1

2.4

52.8

47.7

57.2

+ 11

- 8

American widgeon

.5

.4

48.8

49.7

11.5

7.1

+332

+600

Green-winged teal

.7

7.5

.8

9.0

7.4

2.7

+ 22

+233

Blue-winged teal

20.3

108.1

46.8

175.2

80.5

132.8

+118

+ 32

Shoveler

12.1

48.1

17.7

77.9

39.0

60.9

+100

+ 28

Pintail

6.2

49.7

102.4

158.3

71.4

94.6

+122

+ 67

Subtotal

60.8

328.9

332.0

721.7

418.0

548.1

+ 73

+ 32

Divers:

Redhead

.7

11.5

--

12.2

14.4

16.5

- 15

- 26

Canvasback

.3

6.0

3.2

9.5

1.9

4.9

+400

+ 94

Scaup

1.5

8.2

14.2

23.9

4.2

15.7

+469

+ 52

Ring-necked duck

--

--

--

--

.2

.3

--

--

Goldeneye

--

--

.3

.3

—

--

--

--

Buffi ehead

--

--

.5

.5

—

—

—

--

Subtotal

2.5

25.7

18.2

46.4

20.7

37.4

+124

+ 24

Miscellaneous:

Ruddy duck

1.0

6.7

--

7.7

6.2

2.8

+ 24

+175

Merganser

--

--

--

—

—

.1

—

—

Subtotal

1.0

6.7

--

7.7

6.2

2.9

+ 24

+165

TOTAL DUCKS

64.3

361.3

350.2

775.8

444.9

588.4

+ 74

+ 32

Geese:

Canada goose

—

—

1.1

1.1

.4

—

+175

--

Coots:

American coot

5.7

27.2

3.8

36.7

11.7

43.8

+214

- 16

GRAND TOTAL

70.0 388.5 355.1 813.6

457.0

632.2

+ 78

+ 29

Ponds

93.7 284.3 205.5 583.5

103

table B-43. --North Dakota - lone drake index: Long-term trend expressed as
a percentage of total drakes, 1960-1972

Year Mallard Pintail Canvasback Total

1960 78.67 81.94 42.10 79.36

1961 66.11 80.83 100.00 72.52

1962 60.35 83.75 100.00 71.43

1963 72.40 76.76 73.07 73.69

1964 79.02 82.40 83.33 80.26

1965 73.18 80.66 67.65 76.31

1966 69.76 68.63 76.67 69.47

1967 78.65 78.33 76.19 78.45

1968 71.76 69.67 67.74 70.94

1969 78.24 64.94 49.91 69.66

1970 83.69 85.18 74.03 84.17

1971 81.51 78.86 74.00 80.71

1972 83.9 80.7 76.4 82.2

104

table b-44. --South Dakota - lone drake index: Long-term trend expressed as
a percentage of total drakes, 1960-1972

Year Mallard Pintail Canvasback Total

1960 69.03 70.83 80.00 69.79

1961 56.79 76.75 59.97 62.93

1962 68.58 82.11 37.49 74.55

1963 81.44 80.93 33.33 80.78

1964 53.81 63.69 44.42 55.33

1965 71.98 81.72 75.00 73.31

1966 66.12 76.96 28.26 68.73

1967 64.08 85.88 54.17 70.81

1968 71.10 64.94 49.91 69.66

1969 66.99 76.73 74.13 68.18

1970 71.66 69.90 61.11 70.85

1971 78.19 81.20 31.02 78.56

1972 69.5 58.4 76.4 61.1

105

table b-45. --North Dakota - waterfowl brood and late-nesting indexes by stratum
and compared to previous years and the long-term average, 1972

(index numbers in thousands)

Percent

Stratum

Tota

1

Average
1966-71

Change
1971

from

29

30

31

1972

1971

Average

Broods :

Duck brood in

dex*

1.7

37.4

12.6

51.7

37.4

44.8

+38.2

+ 15.4

Average brood

size

4.5

5.4

6.1

5.5

5.6

6.0

- 1.8

- 8.3

Coot brood in

dex

--

13.8

1.3

15.1

13.5

14.8

+11.8

+ 2.0

Late-nesting index^

Dabblers:

Mallard

.6

13.2

.7

14.5

14.3

16.9

+ 1.4

- 16.5

Gadwall

--

14.4

.7

15.1

9.8

10.5

+ 54.1

+ 43.8

American widgeon

—

.4

.9

1.3

.4

.6

+225.0

+116.7

Green-winged

teal

--

.1

--

.1

.8

1.3

- 87.5

- 92.3

Blue-winged

teal

--

10.8

.9

11.7

6.9

7.8

+ 69.6

+ 50.0

Shoveler

--

--

.2

.2

--

.5

--

- 60.0

Pintail

--

.7

1.1

1.8

1.2

2.5

+ 50.0

- 28.0

Subtotal

.6

39.6

4.5

44.7

33.4

40.1

+ 33.4

+ 11.5

Divers:

Redhead

--

1.3

—

1.3

.3

1.3

+333.3

NC

Canvasback

—

.3

—

.3

--

--

--

--

Scaup

—

.6

--

.6

.6

.4

NC

+ 50.0

Ring-necked

duck

--

--

--

—

--

—

—

—

Goldeneye

--

--

—

--

—

--

—

—

Buffi ehead

--

--

--

—

—

—

--

--

Subtotal

--

2.2

—

2.2

.9

1.7

+144.4

+ 29.4

Miscellaneous :

Ruddy duck

--

8.8

—

8.8

2.4

6.2

+266.7

+ 41.9

Other

--

—

--

—

--

--

--

—

GRAND TOTAL

.6

50.6

4.5

55.7

36.7

48.0

+ 51.8

+ 16.0

^lass II and III broods only

2As indicated by adult pairs and singles

106

table B-46. --South Dakota - waterfowl brood and late-nesting indexes by stratum
and compared to previous years and the long-term average, 1972

(index numbers in thousands)

Percent

Stratum

Tota

1

Average
1966-71

Change
1971

from

32

33

34

1972

1971

Average

Broods: 1
Duck brood index

3.9

23.9

30.8

58.6

26.3

30.2

+122.8

+ 94.0

Average brood size

6.1

5.7

4.9

5.3

5.6

5.7

- 5.3

- 7.0

Coot brood index

.9

2.9

2.8

6.6

1.0

2.8

+560.0

+135.7

2
Late-nesting index

Dabblers:

Mallard

2.4

9.9

7.8

20.1

13.0

14.8

+ 54.6

+ 35.8

Gadwall

1.8

7.6

2.2

11.6

7.3

8.1

+ 53.5

+ 43.2

American widgeon

--

—

4.0

4.0

--

1.6

--

+150.0

Green-winged teal

—

—

—

—

—

.8

—

--

Blue-winged teal

2.4

5.2

3.0

10.6

7.5

5.4

+ 41.3

+ 96.3

Shoveler

—

—

.5

.5

--

.9

--

- 44.4

Pintail

--

--

4.3

4.3

2.1

1.7

+104.8

+152.9

Subtotal

6.6

22.7

21.8

51.1

29.9

33.3

+ 70.9

+ 53.4

Divers:

Redhead

--

1.3

—

1.3

--

.4

--

+225.0

Canvasback

—

—

--

--

--

.1

--

—

Scaup

—

—

—

--

--

.2

--

—

Ring-necked duck

—

—

--

—

—

--

—

—

Goldeneye .,

--

--

--

--

--

—

--

--

Bufflehead

--

--

--

--

—

—

--

--

Subtotal

—

1.3

--

1.3

--

.7

--

+ 85.7

Miscellaneous:

Ruddy duck

.4

4.6

—

5.0

1.9

1.9

+163.1

+163.1

Other

-•

■■

~~

"~

.1

™~

*" —

GRAND TOTAL

7.0

28.6

21.8

57.4

31.8

36.0

+ 80.5

+ 59.4

IClass II and III broods only

2As indicated by adult pairs and singles

107

TABLE B-47. — Minnesota - waterfowl breeding population indexes for 1972.

Species

Stratum^-'

State
total

Ducks

Dabblers:
Mallard
Black duck
Gadwall

American widgeon
Green-winged teal
Blue-winged teal
Shoveler
Pintail
Wood duck

Subtotal

Divers:
Redhead
Canvasback
Scaups.'

Ring-necked duck
Ruddy duck
American goldeneye^.'

Subtotal

Total ducks
Coots

11,029

179

120

12,374

299

418
1.315

25,734

16,616
132

132

14,289

927

794

1.192

34,622

21,492

852

284

189

22,723

1,041
189

2.272

49,042

5,243

146

146

1,172

88

6,795

54,380

132

1,031

430

587

51,098

2,267

1,489

4.779

116,193

1,136
418
1,793
3,467
1,046
149

2,913
265
2,979
2,913
1,655

1,515
1,420
7,290
3,787
2,840

234

1,142
469

703

5,798

2,103

13,204

10,636

5,541

852

8,009

10,725

16,852

2,548

38,134

33,746
3.736

45,347
4.502

65,897
7.101

9,344

154,334
15.339

TOTAL

37,482

49,849

72,998

9,344

169,673

1/ The strata given here represent the following:

1 - High density of lake basins

2 - Medium density of lake basins

3 - Low density of lake basins

4 - Roseau and Red Lake bog region in northwestern Minnesota

2/ Many scaup are still migrating north and will not breed in Minnesota.

3/ American goldeneyes tallied in stratum 4 largely represent nonbreeders on large
lakes.

108

TABLE B-48 . — Minnesota - breeding population estimates!.' for ducks in
Minnesota during the years 1968 to 1972.

Year

Mallard

Blue-winged teal

All ducks

1968

110,000

1969

101,000

1970

111,000

1971

96,000

1972

69,000

160,000
162,000
153,000
153,000
100,000

390,000
369,000
316,000
331,000
258,000

1/ Estimates are adjusted by ground comparisons for birds not seen.

109

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TABLE B-57. — Summary of Colorado duck breeding ground population estimates
in selected areas, 1972.

Total Estimated

Breeding Pairs
Long-Term

Percent Change

From

From Long-

Area

1972

1971

Average

1/

1971

Term Average

San Luis Valley

23,509

30,272

27,813

-22.3

-15.5

North Park 2/

8,922

14,711

17,989

-39.4

-50.4

South Platte Valley

7,019

8,672

6,009

-19.1

+16.8

Cache la Poudre

Valley

4,630

3,115

3,022

+48.6

+53.2

Yampa Valley:

1,857

2*340

2,867

-20.6

-35.2

Brown's Park*

1,339

1,581

1,029

-15.3

+30.1

Totals

47,276

60,691

58,729

-22.1

-19.5

1/ San Luis Valley and North Park averages are based on results of 1964 through

1971 and 1968 through 1971 surveys, respectively, because of changes in survey

methods utilized prior to those dates. Figures for other areas are 18-year

averages.

2/ Aerial counts corrected by species from visibility ratios obtained in the San

Luis Valley.

TABLE B-58. — Species composition of Colorado's 1972 duck breeding population.

Numb

er of bree

iding pairs

Percent

Species

Composition

1954-19 71

1954-1971

Species

1972

1971

Average 1/

1972

1971

Average

Mallard

22,504

24,150

28,121

47.6

39.8

56.7

Blue-winged and

Cinnamon teal

6,532

7,901

4,759

13.8

13.0

9.6

Gadwall

4,666

9,884

5,155

9.9

16.3

10.4

Pintail

3,073

3,862

3,419

6.5

6.4

6.9

Green-winged

teal

2,094

1,923

2,294

4.4

3.2

4.6

Shoveler

4,152

4,354

2,074

8.8

7.2

4.2

Redhead

1,802

4,276

1,813

3.8

7.0

3.7

American widgeor

1 1,331

2,640

853

2.8

4.3

1.7

Other Divers

1,122

1,701

1,142

2.4

2.8

2.3

Total

47,276

60,691

49,630

1/ Species composition computed from data from all areas for the '18 year
period regardless of changes in survey methods.

118

TABLE B-59. — Estimated number of Canada goose goslings, Moffat County,
Colorado 1972.

No. of Goslings

Area

1972

1971

1956-1971
Average

Percent Change

From 1971

From 1956-1971
Ave rage

Yampa River

117

173

142

- 32.4

- 17.6

Green River

Brown s Park

139

101

49

+ 37.6

+183.7

Dinosaur Nat'l Monument 1/

136

136

113

- 0.0

+ 20.4

Little Snake River

61

132

80

- 50.0

- 26.3

TOTAL

453

542

384

- 16.4

+ 18.0

1/ Area first surveyed in 1970

2/ Not included in survey until 1962

TABLE B-60. — Total number of Canada goose goslings produced in north-central Colorado
production trend areas, 1972.

Area

No. of Go

slings

Percent

Change

1969-1971

From 1969-1971

1972 1971

Average

From 1971

Average

219 301

286

-27.2

-23.4

318 1/ 255

250

+24.7

+27.2

74 125

75

-40.8

- 1.3

199 357

251

-44.3

-20.7

294 296

275

- 0.7

+ 6.9

Wellington
Fort Collins
Lovel and
Boulder
Denver

Total

1,104 1,334 1,137

-17.2

- 2.9

1/ Includes 23 birds raised at Ft. Collins Wildlife Research Center.

119

TABLE B-61. — Nebraska - duck breeding population and species
composition 1971 and 1972.

(index numbers in thousands)

1971

1972

Percent 1972

Percent

. Change

Species

Population

Population

Population

from

1971

Dabblers:

Blue-winged teal

33,527

34,906

33.6

+

4

Mallard

26,420

18,058

17.4

-

31

Shoveler

12,385

14,640

14.1

+

18

Pintail

8,724

6,193

5.9

-

29

Gadwall

13,277

8,497

8.2

-

36

Green-winged teal

490

244

.2

-

50

American widgeon

812

234

.2

-

71

Sub-total

95,635

82,772

79.6

-

13

Divers:

Redhead

5,474

785

.7

—

85

Canvasback

260

-

Scaup

2,386

5,384

5.2

+

125

Bufflehead

389

.4

+

Ruddy duck

2,837

14,580

14.0

+

413

Sub-total

10,957

21,138

20.4

+

93

TOTAL DUCKS

106,592

103,910

100.0

-

2

120

WATERFOWL HARVEST DATA TABLES

TABLE C-l — Factors used to adjust survey statistics to
include the activities of junior hunters

Junior hunter adjustment factors

Pacific
Flyway Central Mississippi Atlantic
Estimate & Alaska Flyway Flyway Flyway

Ducks bagged
(including
sea ducks)

Geese bagged

Coots bagged

Days hunted

Ducks lost

Geese lost

Coots lost

1.04985
1.04508
1.09415
1.08708
1.06152
1.07411
1.10685

1.06055
1.04110
1.10147
1.08559
1.07053
1.07067
1.10400

1.04655
1.03369
1.09034
1.07003
1.05699
1.03738
1.10282

1.03621
1.02402
1.08302
1.05174
1.03641
1.01573
1.08247

TABLE C-2 — Factors used to adjust survey statistics for
memory and prestige bias

Memory and prestige response bias factors
Pacific
Flyway Central Mississippi Atlantic
Estimate & Alaska Flyway Flyway Flyway

Ducks bagged
(including
sea ducks)

Geese bagged

Coots bagged

0.78952
0.85159
0.59248

0.73902
0.86838
0.78878

0.77656
0.84800
0.63668

0.86925
0.80428
0.60692

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144

TABLE C-13--Proportions of the total duck harvest occurring after

the September teal season in certain States

during 1969, 1970, and 1971

Flyway

Proportion

in Regular

Season

State

1969

1970

1971

Atlantic

Maine

--

.9418

.9566

Mississippi

Alabama

.9651

.9801

.9631

Arkansas

.9850

.9868

.9907

Illinois

.9398

.9321

.9335

Indiana

.9523

.9288

.9210

Iowa

.8008

--

--

Louisiana

.8975

.9047

.9114

Mississippi

.9909

.9891

.9880

Missouri

.9174

.9065

.9271

Ohio

.9538

.9567

.9381

Tennessee

--

.9927

.9695

Central

Colorado

.9775

.9641

.9507

Kansas

.8788

.8624

.9071

Montana

.9723

.9320

--

Nebraska

.8630

.8941

--

New Mexico

.9597

.9476

.9439

North Dakota

.8876

—

--

Oklahoma

.9685

.9410

.9547

Texas

.9443

.9661

.9589

Wyoming

.9407

--

--

145

146

it U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE i 1973 O-50I-310

As the Nation's principal conservation agency, the Depart-
ment of the Interior has basic responsibilities for water,
fish, wildlife, mineral, land, park, and recreational re-
sources. Indian and Territorial affairs are other major
concerns of America's "Department of Natural Resources."

The Department works to assure the wisest choice in
managing all our resources so each will make its full
contribution to a better United States — now and in the future.

CONSERVATION PLEDGE

I give my pledge

as an American to save

and faithfully to defend from

waste the natural resources of

my country— its soil and

minerals, forests,

waters, and

wildlife.