BOSTON PUBLIC LIBRARY 3 9999 06317 724 8 i " /7j^ A BIBLIOGRAPHY ON SEED-EATING MAMMALS AND BIRDS THAT AFFECT FOREST REGENERATION Or.. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE BUREAU OF SPORT FISHERIES AND WILDLIFE Special Scientific Report-Wildlife No. 174 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Fish and Wildlife Service Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife A BIBLIOGRAPHY ON SEED-EATING MAMMALS AND BIRDS THAT AFFECT FOREST REGENERATION By Larry F. Pank U.S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife Denver Wildlife Research Center Forest-Animal Damage Unit, Olympia, Washington Special Scientific Report- Washington, B.C. -Wildlife No, • 1974 174 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. aoveriunent Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 65 cents INTRODUCTION Birds and mammals that feed on tree seed can seriously delay or prevent forest regeneration. Suitable methods to control these losses usually dictate whether reforestation by artificial seeding or natural seed fall is feasible. Endrin'^, thiram^, and 1080^ have been the pri- mary tools available for the protection of tree seed on the 200,000 acres seeded annually in the United States. The potential environ- mental hazards of endrin and 1080 have resulted in renewed efforts to find alternatives. The following references were assembled to acquaint forestry research and management personnel with past efforts on the subject of seed protection. The text represents a portion of the compiler's working bibliography on seed protection. References included were restricted to the following subjects: 1. Studies identifying birds and mammals that consume forest-tree seed, 2. Methods of reducing populations of seed-eating animals (e.g., toxic baits, toxic seed treatments, and habitat manipulation), 3. Methods of deterring or repelling seed-eating species (e.g., mechanical barriers, silvicultural practices, and chemical and physical seed treatments), and 4. The effects of control measures on nontarget species and seed viability. Emphasis was placed on references covering the protection of conifer seed, although pertinent material on the protection of rangeland and deciduous-tree seed was included. Citations are arranged alphabetically by author and follow the form outlined in "Literature citations in publications of the Fish and Wildlife Service" (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Circular 115, 1961, 18 p.). Reference sources were restricted to journals related to forestry, mammalogy, and wildlife, and technical papers and articles published by public and private institutions concerned with forest regeneration, written in English and appearing between 1900 and 1971. The author thanks Deborah A. Eaton, Ann H. Jones, and Paul L. Hegdal for their assistance in locating and verifying the references and Cynthia A. Carney and June V. Fenton for preparing the manuscript. ^ 1 , 2 , 3 , 2 , 10 , lO-hexachloro-6 , 7-epoxy-l ,4, 4a, 5, 6, 7, 8, 8a-octahydro-l , 4 endo, endo-5 , 8-dimethanonapthalene . ^ Tetramethylthiuram disulfide, Sodium monofluoroacetate. The author accepts sole responsibility for accuracy. Information concerning omissions would be gratefully received at the author's current address. "* Present address: U.S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, Wildlife Damage Research Station, Hilo, Hawaii 96720. Abbott, Herschel G. 1956. Forest tree nursery practices, American Nurseryman, vol. 103, no. 6, p. 17-18, 130-134. [Note: author's name spelled "Herschell"] 1958. Application of avian repellents to easteini white pine seed. Journal of Wildlife Management, vol. 22, no. 3, p. 304-306. 1961. White pine seed consumption by small mammals. Journal of Forestry, vol. 59, no. 3, p. 197-201. 1962. Tree seed preferences of mice and voles in the northeast. Journal of Forestry, vol. 60, no. 2, p. 97-99. Abbott, Herschel G., and Arthur C. Hart 1960. Mice and voles prefer spruce seeds. U.S. Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Station Paper 153, 12 p. Abbott, Herschel G., and Thomas F. Quink 1970. Ecology of eastern white pine seed caches made by small forest mammals. Ecology, vol. 51, no. 2, p. 271-278. Adams , Lowell 1950. Consumption of ponderosa pine seed by small mammals. U.S. Forest Service, Northern Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Research Note 80, 4 p. Ahlgren, Clifford E. 1966. Small mammals and reforestation following prescribed burning. Journal of Forestry, vol. 64, no. 9, p. 614-618. Ahlgren, I.F., and C.E. Ahlgren 1960. Ecological effects of forest fires. Botanical Review, vol. 26, no. 4, p. 483-533. Aldous, Shaler E. 1941. Food habits of chipmunks. Journal of Mammalogy, vol. 22, no. 1, p. 18-24. Allen, G.S., I.K. Barber, and Ian Mahood 1955. The 1951 aerial baiting and seeding project. Ash River tract, MacMillan and Bloedel Limited. Forestry Chronicle, vol. 31, no. 1, p. 45-59. Anonymous 1954. Do birds see red? Southern Lumberman, vol. 189, no. 2369, p. 117. Armour , C.J. 1963. The use of repellents for preventing mammal and bird damage to trees and seed: A revision. Forestry Abstracts, vol. 24, no. 4, p. xxvii-xxxviii. Asher, William C. 1963. Squirrels prefer cones from fertilized trees. U.S. Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, Research Note SE-3, 1 p. Baker, Frederick S. 1950. Principles of silviculture. McGraw Hill Book Co., Inc., New York, 414 p. Balch, R.E. 1942. A note on squirrel damage to conifers. Forestry Chronicle, vol. 18, no. 1, p. 42. Belcher, Earl W. 1968. Repellent-coated seed of loblolly pine can be stratified. Tree Planters' Notes, vol. 19, no. 2, p. 10-12. Bendell, J.F. 1959. Food as a control of a population of white-footed mice, Peromyscus leucopus noveboracensis (Fischer) . Canadian Journal of Zoology, vol. 37, no. 2, p. 173-209. Bever, Dale N. 1949. Wheat treated with thallium sulphate for use as rodent bait. Oregon State Board of Forestry, Salem, Research Notes 1, 7 p. Black, Hugh C. 1969. Fate of sown or naturally seeded coniferous seeds. jLn Hugh C. Black (editor). Wildlife and Reforestation in the Pacific Northwest, Proceedings, Symposium, 1968 (Oregon State University, School of Forestry, Corvallis), p. 42-51. Boyer, William D. 1964. Longleaf pine seed predators in southwest Alabama. Journal of Forestry, vol. 62, no. 7, p. 481-484. Bramble, William C, and Ward M. Sharp 1949. Rodents as a factor in direct seeding on spoil banks in central Pennsylvania. Journal of Forestry, vol. 47, no. 6, p. 477-478. Brown, James H., Jr., and Walter P. Gould 1963. Direct seeding of conifers in Rhode Island. Tree Planters' Notes 61, p. 1-4. Burleigh, Thomas D. 1938. The relation of birds to the establishment of longleaf pine seedlings in southern Mississippi. U.S. Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station, Occasional Paper 75, 5 p. Carmichael, Ralph L. 1957. Relation of seeding date to germination of Douglas-fir seed. Northwest Science, vol. 31, no. 4, p. 177-182. Cayford, J.H., and R.M. Waldron 1966. Storage of white spruce, jack pine, and red pine seed treated with arasan, endrin, and aluminum flakes. Tree Planters' Notes 77, p. 12-16. Chapman , H . H . 1938. Birds and longleaf pine reproduction. Journal of Forestry, vol. 36, no. 12, p. 1246-1247. Cornwell, G.W., and H.S. Mosby 1966. The eastern gray squirrel. Virginia Wildlife Conservation Notes, Virginia Polytechnic Inst., Blacksburg, Circular 1019, 11 p. Corson, C.W., H.A. Fowells , and A.E. Kursinski 1952. Here's how .... a guide to tree planting in the California pine region. U.S. Forest Service, California Forest and Range Experiment Station, Miscellaneous Paper 8, 26 p. Cosens, Richard D., and David Tackle 1950. Costs of rodent control in pine regeneration in California. U.S. Forest Service, California Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest Research Notes 73, 5 p. Cox, William T. 1911. Reforestation in the national forests. U.S. Forest Service, Bulletin 98, 57 p. Cummings, Maynard W. 1969. New registrations — anticoagulant rodenticides . University of California, Agricultural Extension Service Production and Control, Issue No. 37, March 1969, p. 1-2. Curtis, James D. 1948. Animals that eat ponderosa pine seed. Journal of Wildlife Management, vol. 12, no. 3, p. 327-328. Dearborn, Ned 1911. Seed-eating mammals in relation to reforestation. U.S. Bureau of Biological Survey, Circular 78, 5 p. Derr, Harold J. 1952. Direct seeding by air. Forests and People, vol. 2, no. 1, p. 20-21. 1963. Better repellent for direct seeding. Tree Planters' Notes 61, p. 26-30. 1964. New repellent formulation for direct seeding. Journal of Forestry, vol. 62, no. 4, p. 265. Derr, Harold J., and Floyd M. Cossitt 1955. Longleaf pine direct seeding. Journal of Forestry, vol. 53, no. 4, p. 243-246. Derr, Harold J., and W.F. Mann, Jr. 1959. Guidelines for direct-seeding longleaf pine. U.S. Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station, Occasional Paper 171, 22 p. Derr, Harold J., and William F. Mann, Jr. 1971. Direct-seeding pines in the South. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Agriculture Handbook 391. Dice, L.R. 1927. How do squirrels find buried nuts? Journal of Mammalogy, vol. 8, no. 1, p. 55. Dick, James 1954. The effect of tetramine rodent repellent coating of certain lots of Sitka spruce and western hemlock seed. Weyerhaeuser Company, Forestry Research Note 24, 2 p. 1962. Period for direct seeding Douglas-fir in the Pacific Northwest. Weyerhaeuser Company, Forestry Research Center, Centralia, Washington, Forestry Research Note 48, 6 p. Dick, James, J.M. Finnis, Lee 0. Hunt, and Nelson B. Kvemo 1958. Treatment of Douglas-fir seed to reduce loss to rodents. Journal of Forestry, vol. 56, no. 9, p. 660-661. Dick, James, and William H. Lawrence 1957. Protective seeding with tetramine-coated Douglas-fir seed. Weyerhaeuser Timber Company, Tacoma, Washington, Forestry Research Notes 17 , 10 p . Dimock, Edward J., II 1957. A comparison of two rodent repellents in broadcast seeding Douglas-fir. U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Research Paper 20, 17 p. Dimock, Edward J., II, and Hugh C. Black 1969. Scope and economic aspects of animal damage in California, Oregon, and Washington. In Hugh C. Black (editor). Wildlife and Reforestation in the Pacific Northwest, Proceedings, Symposium, 1968 (Oregon State University, School of Forestry, Corvallis) , p. 10-14. Dorward, R.E. 1965. Nursery bird control through cover crops. Tree Planters' Notes 70, p. 12. Eadie, William Robert 1954. Animal control in field, farm, and forest. MacMillan Company, New York, 257 p. Eastman, William R. , Jr. 1960. Eating of tree seeds by birds in central Oregon. Oregon Lands Research, Oregon Forest Research Center, Corvallis, Research Note 42, 24 p. Edgren, James W. 1968. Potential damage to forest tree seed during processing, protective treatment, and dissemination. U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Research Note PNW-89, 8 p. Emlen, John T. 1970. Habitat selection by birds following a forest fire. Ecology, vol. 51, no. 2, p. 343-345. Engle, LaMont G. , and F. Byran Clark 1959. New rodent repellents fail to work on acorns and walnuts. U.S. Forest Service, Central States Forest Experiment Station, Station Note 138, 2 p. Finley, Robert B., Jr. 1969. Cone caches and middens of Tamiasciurus in the Rocky Mountain region. In J. Knox Jones (editor). Contributions in Maimnalogy, University of Kansas Museum of Natural History, Miscellaneous Publication 51, p. 233-273. Finnis, J.M. 1955. The use of tetramine in the direct seeding of Douglas fir in coastal British Columbia. British Columbia Forest Service, Research Notes 31, 22 p. Fitch, Henry S. 1954. Seasonal acceptance of bait by small mammals. Journal of Mammalogy, vol. 35, no. 1, p. 39-47. Foiles, Marvin W. 1951. Results of seeding germinated western white pine seed. U.S. Forest Service, Northern Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Research Note 95, 5 p. Fowells, H.A. 1953. Regeneration problems and research in California. U.S. Forest Service, California Forest and Range Experiment Station, Miscellaneous Paper 10, 4 p. Fowells, H.A., and G.H. Schubert 1951. Recent direct seeding trials in the pine region of California. U.S. Forest Service, California Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest Research Note 78, 9 p. Franklin, Jerry F. 1968. The reforestation research program: upper-slope reforestation. 1st Reforestation Workshop, Proceedings, Portland, Oregon, p. 29-36. Franklin, Jerry F., and John Hoffman 1968. Two tests of white pine, true fir, and Douglas-fir seedspotting in the Cascade range. U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Research Note PNW-80, 11 p. Fritz, Emanuel 1950. Spot-wise direct seeding for redwood. Journal of Forestry, vol. 48, no. 5, p. 334-338. Gabrielson, I.N. 1928. Forest fire and wildlife. Four L Lumber News, vol. 10, no. 13, p. 32. Carman, E.H., and A.L. Orr-Ewing 1949. Direct-seeding experiments in the southern coastal region of British Columbia 1923-1949. British Columbia Forest Service, Technical Publication T.31, 45 p. Gashwiler, Jay S. 1959. Small mammal study in west-central Oregon. Journal of Mammalogy,*^ vol. 40, no. 1, p. 128-139. 1966. Tree seed abundance vs. deer mouse populations in Douglas- fir clearcuts. Society of American Forester, Proceedings, 1965, p. 219-222. 1967. Conifer seed survival in a western Oregon clearcut. Ecology, vol. 48, no. 3, p. 431-438. Gashwiler, Jay S. 1969. Deer mouse repopulation of a poisoned Douglas-fir clearcut. Journal of Forestry, vol. 67, no. 7, p. 494-497. 1970a. Further study of conifer seed survival in a western Oregon clearcut. Ecology, vol. 51, no. 5, p. 849-854. 1970b. Plant and mammal changes on a clearcut in west-central Oregon. Ecology, vol. 51, no. 6, p. 1018-1026. Gashwiler, Jay S., and A. Lorin Ward 1966. Western redcedar seed, a food of pine siskins. Murrelet, vol. 47, no. 3, p. 73-75. 1968. Oregon junco foods in coniferous forests. Murrelet, vol. 49, no. 3, p. 29-36. Gemmer, Eugene W. , T.E. Maki, and R.A. Chapman 1940. Ecological aspects of longleaf pine regeneration in south Mississippi. Ecology, vol. 21, no. 1, p. 75-86. Gilden, Ed E., Ronald S. Adams, and Carl L. Hawkes 1968. Planting California forest land. University of California, Berkeley, Agricultural Extension Service, AXT-127 Rev., 36 p. Graber, Raymond E. 1965. Direct seeding white pine in furrows. In Herschel G. Abbott (editor). Direct Seeding in the Northeast - A symposium. Proceedings, University of Massachusetts, Experimental Station Bulletin, p. 99-101. 1969. Seed losses to small mammals after fall sowing of pine seed. U.S. Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Research Paper NE-135, 16 p. Graves , Henry S . 1911. The direct seeding work and problems. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Report of the Forester for 1911, p. 35-39. 1912. Reforestation. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Report of the Forester for 1912, p. 52-53. Greeley, William B. 1913. Reforestation on the national forests. Society of American Foresters, Proceedings, vol. 8, no. 3, p. 261-277. Hagar, Donald C. 1960. The interrelationships of logging, birds, and timber regeneration in the Douglas-fir region of northwestern California. Ecology, vol. 41, no. 1, p. 116-125. Hamilton, W.J., Jr. 1941. The food of small forest mammals in eastern United States. Journal of Mammalogy, vol. 22, no. 3, p. 250-263. Hamilton, W.J., Jr., and David B. Cook 1940. Small mammals and the forest. Journal of Forestry, vol. 38, no. 6, p. 468-473. Hamrick, William J. 1969. The effects of arasan-endrin treated pine seed on bobwhite quail, gray squirrel, and turkey. In Southeastern Association of Game and Fish Commissioners, Proceedings, 22nd Annual Conference, 1968 (Columbia, South Carolina), p. 108-114. Harmon, Wendell H. 1954. Ponderosa pine seeding in the Black Hills. Journal of Forestry, vol. 52, no. 11, p. 830-831. Harrington, T.A. 1957. Making big if's smaller in direct seeding. Southern Lumberman, vol. 195, no. 2441, p. 129-130. Harris, A.S. 1968. Small mammals and natural reforestation in southeast Alaska. U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Research Note PNW-75, 7 p. Hart, Arthur C. , Herschel G. Abbott, and Edward R. Ladd 1968. Do small mammals and birds affect reproduction of spruce and fir? U.S. Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Research Paper NE-110, 8 p. Hattersley, Joseph G. 1953. A method of direct seeding in rodent infested areas of summer drought. Journal of Forestry, vol. 51, no. 8, p. 579 Hawley, Ralph C, and David M. Smith 1954. The practice of silviculture. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 6th ed., 525 p. Helmers, Austin E. 1946. Results of direct seeding ponderosa pine. U.S. Forest Service, Northern Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Research Note 46, 5 p. Hoffer, Marvin C. , Peter C. Passof, and Robert Krohn 1969. Field evaluation of DRC-714 for deer-mouse control in a redwood habitat. Journal of Forestry, vol. 67, no. 3, p. 158-159. 10 Hooven, Edward F. 1953. Some experiments in baiting forest land for the control of small seed eating mammals. Oregon State Board of Forestry, Salem, Research Bulletin 8, 70 p. 1955a. A field test of tetramine treated Douglas fir seed. Oregon State Board of Forestry, Salem, Research Note 21, 17 p. 1955b. Midsummer baiting to control seed-eating mammals. Oregon State Board of Forestry, Salem, Research Note 22, 4 p. 1956. Field test of tetramine treated Douglas fir seed. Oregon State Board of Forestry, Salem, Research Note 29, 11 p. 1957. Field test of endrin-treated Douglas fir seed. Oregon Forest Lands Research Center, Corvallis, Research Note 28, 8 p. 1958. Deer mouse and reforestation in the Tillamook burn. Oregon Forest Lands Research Center, Corvallis, Research Note 37, 31 p. 1966. Pine regeneration in Oregon: habits and control of seed- eating mammals. Oregon State University, Forest Research Laboratory, Corvallis, Research Paper 5, 24 p. 1969. The influence of forest succession on populations of small animals in western Oregon. In Hugh C. Black (editor). Wildlife and Reforestation in the Pacific Northwest, Proceedings, Symposium, 1968 (Oregon State University, School of Forestry, Corvallis), p. 30-34. Horn, E.E. 1938. 1939. Some wildlife-forest relationships . North American Wildlife Conference, Transactions, vol. 3, p. 376-380. Some California wildlife-forest relationships. U.S. Bureau of Biological Survey, Wildlife Research and Management Leaflet BS-132, 5 p. Horton, K.W., and B.S.P. Wang 1969. Experimental seeding of conifers in scarified strips. Forestry Chronicle, vol. 45, no. 1, p. 22-29. Howard, Walter E. 1959. How to overcome bait shyness in rodents. 27, no. 8, p. 9-10, 13. Pest Control, vol. Howard, Walter E., and Ronald E. Cole 1967. Olfaction in seed detection by deer mice. Mammalogy, vol. 48, no. 1, p. 147-150. Journal of 11 Howard, Walter E. , and Rex E. Marsh 1970. Olfaction in rodent control. 4th Vertebrate Pest Conference, Proceedings (University of California, Davis), p. 64-70. Howard, Walter E., Rex E. Marsh, and Ronald E. Cole 1968. Food detection by deer mice using olfactory rather than visual cues. Animal Behavior, vol. 16, no. 1, p. 13-17. 1970. A diphacinone bait for deer mouse control. Journal of Forestry, vol. 68, no. 4, p. 220-222. Isaac, Leo A. 1937. Highlights of Douglas fir natural regeneration. U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest Experiment Station, Forest Research Notes 21, 7 p. 1939. Reforestation by broadcast seeding with small-seeded species. U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest Experiment Station, Forest Research Notes 27, p. 9 (+ 1 unpaged plate). 1943. Reproductive habits of Douglas-fir. Charles Lathrop Pack Forestry Foundation, Washington, D.C., 107 p. James, G.A. 1956. The rodent problem on cutover areas in southeast Alaska. U.S. Forest Service, Alaska Forest Research Center, Technical Notes 31, 2 p. Jameson, E.W., Jr. 1952. Food of deer mice, Peromyscus maniculatus and P^. boylei, in the northern Sierra Nevada, California. Journal of Mammalogy, vol. 33, no. 1, p. 50-60. Johnson, Frank M. , Jack Stubbs, and Ralph A. Klawitter 1964. Rodent repellent value of arasan-endrin mixtures applied to acorns. Journal of Wildlife Management, vol. 28, no. 1, p. 15-19. Jones , LeRoy 1963. Germination of repellent-treated southern pine seed before and after storage. U.S. Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, Research Note SE-15, 4 p. Jorgensen, Jacques R. 1968. Thiram improves field germination of covered longleaf seed. Tree Planters' Notes, vol. 19, no. 3, p. 13-14. Juhren, Gustaf 1950. Protecting direct seedings in rodent-infested areas. Journal of Forestry, vol. 48, no. 9, p. 443-444. 12 Kallander, R.M. , and Dick Berry 1953. Aerial seeding, the methods and techniques employed by the Oregon State Board of Forestry. Oregon State Board of Forestry, Salem, Research Bulletin 7, 53 p. Kalmbach, E.R. 1943. Birds, rodents and colored lethal baits. North American Wildlife Conference, Transactions, vol. 8, p. 408-416. 1945. "Ten-eighty," a war-produced rodenticide. Science, vol. 102, no. 2644, p. 232-233. Kalmbach, E.R., and J.F. Welch 1946. Colored baits and their value in safeguarding birds. Journal of Wildlife Management, vol. 10, no. 4, p. 353-360. Kan gu r , Rud o Iph 1954. Shrews as tree seed eaters in the Douglas fir region. Oregon State Board of Forestry, Salem, Research Note 17, 23 p. Keith, James 0. 1965. The Abert squirrel and its dependence on ponderosa pine. Ecology, vol. 46, nos . 1 and 2, p. 150-163. Keyes, Joseph, and Clarence F. Smith 1943. Pine seed-spot protection with screens in California. Journal of Forestry, vol. 41, no. 4, p. 259-264. King, Johns ey 1958. Repellent treatment of pine seed for bird protection. Tree Planters' Notes 32, p. 11-12. Kingsley, C.E, 1958. Use of bird repellents for nursery sowing. Tree Planters' Notes 32, p. 9-10. Klawitter, Ralph A. 1959. Direct seeding hardwoods. Direct Seeding in the South — 1959: A Symposium (Duke University, School of Forestry, Durham, North Carolina), p. 154-158. Klawitter, Ralph A., Jack Stubbs, and Frank M. Johnson 1963. Tests of Arasan 75-Endrin 50W rodent repellent on Shumard and swamp chestnut oak acorns. U.S. Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, Research Note SE-4, 2 p. Klugh, A. Brooker 1927. Ecology of the red squirrel. Journal of Mammalogy, vol. 8, no. 1, p. 1-32 (+ 5 unpaged plates). 13 Krajicek, John E. 1955. Rodents Influence red oak regeneration. U.S. Forest Service, Central States Forest Experiment Station, Station Note 91, 2 p. Krauch, Hermann 1936. Some factors influencing Douglas fir reproduction in the southwest. Journal of Forestry, vol. 34, no. 6, p. 601-608. 1937. Use of protective screens in seed spot sowing found to serve a two-fold purpose. U.S. Forest Service, Southwestern Forest and Range Experiment Station, Research Notes 22, 3 p. 1938. Use of protective screens in seed-spot sowing found to serve two-fold purpose. Journal of Forestry, vol. 36, no. 12, p. 1240. 1942. Successful natural regeneration of Douglas-fir cut-over stands is dependent on effective control of rodents. U.S. Forest Service, Southwestern Forest and Range Experiment Station, Research Notes 97, 2 p. 1945. Influence of rodents on natural regeneration of Douglas fir in the southwest. Journal of Forestry, vol. 43, no. 8, p. 585-589. Krugman, S.L., and R.M. Echols 1963. Modified tree band to foil cone-harvesting squirrels. U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Research Note PSW-35, 6 p. Kvemo, Nelson B. 1954. Development of better seed protectants. Journal of Forestry, vol. 52, no. 11, p. 826-827. 1964. Forest animal damage control. 2nd Vertebrate Pest Control Conference, Proceedings (University of California, Davis), p. 81-89. Kvemo, Nelson B., Glenn A. Hood, and Wendell E. Dodge 1966. Development of chemicals to control forest wildlife damage. Society of American Foresters, Proceedings, 1965, p. 222-226. Langdon, 0. Gordon, and William P. LeGrande 1965. Rodent depredation — a direct seeding problem. U.S. Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, Research Note SE-39, 3 p. 14 Larson, M.M., and Gilbert H. Schubert 1970. Cone crops of ponderosa pine in central Arizona, including the influence of Abert squirrels. U.S. Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station Research Paper RM-58, 15 p. Lavender , Denis P . 1952. Field and laboratory tests of some forest rodent control preparations. Oregon State Board of Forestry, Salem, Research Notes 6, 16 p. 1958a. Effect of field stratification on Douglas fir seed germination. Oregon Forest Lands Research Center, Corvallis, Research Note 33, 8 p. 1958b. Seeding dates and Douglas fir germination. [Oregon] Forest Lands Research Center, Corvallis, Research Note 34, 15 p. Lavender, Denis P., and Wilbur H. Engstrom 1956. Viability of seeds from squirrel-cut Douglas fir cones. Oregon State Board of Forestry, Salem, Research Note 27, 19 p. Lawrence, William H. 1958. Wildlife-damage control problems on Pacific Northwest tree farms. North American Wildlife Conference, Transactions, vol. 23, p. 146-152. 1964. Where do we stand with repellents and systemics? Western Reforestation Coordinating Committee, Annual Meeting, Proceedings, p. 51-54. Lawrence, William H. , Nelson B. Kverno, and Harry D. Hartwell 1961. Guide to wildlife feeding injuries on conifers in the Pacific Northwest. Portland, Oregon, Western Forestry and Conservation Association, 44 p. Lawrence, William H., and J.H. Rediske 1960. Radio-tracer technique for determining the fate of broadcast Douglas-fir seed. Society of American Foresters, Proceedings, 1959, p. 99-101. 1962. Fate of sown Douglas-fir seed. Forest Science, vol. 8, no. 3, p. 210-218. Mann, W.F., Jr. 1970. Direct-seeding longleaf pine. U.S. Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station, Research Paper 80-57, 26 p. Mann, W.F., Jr., and H.J. Derr 1955. Not for the birds. Forests and People, vol. 5, no. 3, p. 32-33. 15 Mann, W.F., Jr., and H.J. Derr 1961. Guidelines for direct-seeding loblolly pine. U.S. Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station, Occasional Paper 188, 23 p. Mann, W.F., Jr., and C.E. Kingsley 1958. Bird control in forest nurseries. U.S. Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station, Southern Forestry Notes 113, p. 1. Mann, William F. , Jr. 1954. Direct seeding research with longleaf, loblolly, and slash pines. Proceedings, Forestry Symposium, Louisiana State University, p. 9-18. 1956. Direct-seeding the southern pines. Tree Planters' Notes 25, p. 12-19. 1957. Direct-seeding the southern pines. Forest Farmer, vol. 17, no. 2, p. 8-9, 16-18. 1959. Preparing seed for direct seeding. Direct Seeding in the South — 1959: A Symposium (Duke University, School of Forestry, Durham, North Carolina), p. 52-61. 1966. Guides for direct-seeding the southern pines. Forest Farmer vol. 25, no. 7 (14th manual edition), p. 99-103. 1968. Ten years' experience with direct-seeding in the south. Journal of Forestry, vol. 66, no. 11, p. 828-833. Mann, William F., Jr., H.J. Derr, and Brooke Meanley 1956. Bird repellents for direct seeding longleaf pine. Forests and People, vol. 6, no. 3, p. 16-17, 48. Mann, William F., Jr., and Harold J. Derr 1954. Direct seeding of southern pines. Southern Lumberman, vol. 189, no. 2369, p. 115-117. Mann, William F., Jr., Harold J. Derr, and Brooke Meanley 1955. A bird repellent for longleaf seeding. U.S. Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station, Southern Forestry Notes 99, p. 1-2 (unnumbered). 1956. A bird repellent for direct seeding of longleaf pine. Journal of Forestry, vol. 54, no. 3, p. 190-191. Maple, William R. 1961. Treated shortleaf pine seed can be stored. U.S. Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station, Southern Forestry Notes 136, p. 4. 16 Marsh, Rex E. 1967a. 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