BOSTON PUBLIC LIBRARY 3 9999 06317 779 2 /Q9 WATERFOWL STATUS REPORT 1973 Sep i^ ia/J> DEPOSITORY UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE Special Scientific Report-Wildlife No. 188 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Fish and Wildlife Service WATERFOWL STATUS REPORT, 1973 Compiled and edited by Douglas S. Benning, Morton M. Smith and Sharon L. Rhoades Section of Waterfowl Population Surveys OFFICE OF MIGRATORY BIRD MANAGEMENT Fish and Wildlife Service iCiy /"'^ I Special Scientific Report— Wildlife No. 188 ^ISt'lg^' Washington, D.C. • 1975 "-.^^"ilTmk CONTENTS Page WINTER SURVEY 1 BREEDING GROUND SURVEYS 6 Alaska and Yukon Territory 7 Northern Alberta, northeastern British Columbia, and Northwest Territories 8 Northern Saskatchewan, northern Manitoba, and Saskatchewan River Delta 9 Western Ontario 11 Southern Alberta 12 Southern Saskatchewan 14 Southern Manitoba 17 Montana 19 North and South Dakota 20 Minnesota 23 Washington 24 Oregon 25 Colorado 26 Nebraska 27 Missouri 28 WATERFOWL KILL SURVEY 30 APPENDIX 33 A. Waterfowl winter survey tables 33 B. Waterfowl breeding ground survey tables 38 C. Waterfowl harvest data tables 64 11 WATERFOWL STATUS REPORT 1973 Information from surveys of the breeding and wintering grounds of waterfowl coupled with data from mail surveys of hunters play a major role in the development of annual hunting regulations for waterfowl. This report presents tabulations of the 1973 waterfowl population and habitat surveys and the results of mail surveys of 'waterfowl hunters for the 1972-73 season. Credit has been given to each individual or organization that submitted a report. Although some of the narrative statements have been briefed, and a few tables deleted or shortened if they contained data submitted previously or in another form, the essential information from each report has been retained to the greatest extent possible. Fig. 1 in the Appendix shows the breeding ground survey strata for the several areas surveyed by Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife-'- crews. WINTER SURVEY During the first half of January, a survey of waterfowl on their wintering grounds was completed by the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife with assistance from State conservation departments, other Federal agencies, and private individuals. All important waterfowl areas in the United States were surveyed. In Mexico, the survey was limited to the west coast wintering grounds of the black brant. Data from these surveys appear in Tables A-1, A-2, and A-3. iThis report was compiled before 1 July 1974 when the name of the Bureau was changed to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; consequently, "Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife," as used throughout this publication, was the correct name at the time the report was prepared. The Service's Editorial Office was not involved in the preparation of this report. PACIFIC FLYWAY Data supplied by John E. Chattin, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife The annual winter waterfowl survey began 8 January 1973, and extended in some areas as much as two weeks beyond that date. Incle- ment weather in Idaho, Utah and California resulted in delays and interrupted coverage beyond normal expectations. Participation in manpower and equipment was similar to prior years, and included 57 Bureau personnel and 156 State people. Forty aircraft flew 260 hours and over 25,000 miles. Additional coverage included 7,800 automobile miles and 70 boat miles. Population data appear in Tables A-1 and A-2, Results of the survey showed a general pattern of decrease from last year. The dabbler duck index was 11 percent below 1972 and 8 percent above the ten-year average. The pintail remained well above the ten-year average while the mallard showed a slight decline. The diving duck index was up about 23 percent from last year, and 8 percent below the average. Goose populations dropped off 24 percent from 1972 and were down 30 percent from the ten-year average. CENTRAL FLYWAY Data supplied by Raymond J. Buller, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife Except for minor delays due to weather, the Central Flyway survey was completed on schedule. Participation included 62 Bureau personnel and 192 State people. Twenty-six aircraft flew 170 hours and covered a distance of nearly 19,000 miles. Additional coverage included over 17,000 car miles and 30 boat miles. Despite some poor weather conditions during the survey, all important wintering areas were covered from the air or the ground. The dabbling duck index was 39 percent below 1972 and 14 percent above the ten-year average. The mallard index was 31 percent below 1972 but 8 percent above the ten-year average. The pintail index was 38 percent below 1972 and 39 percent above the long-term average. The diving duck index was unchanged from 1972 but was 46 percent below the average. The redhead index was 6 percent above 1972 but 60 percent below the ten-year average. The total duck index was 36 percent below 1972 and 94 percent below the ten-year average. The mid-December goose population in the flyway continued to increase. Blue/snow geese were responsible for the increase with a 30 percent rise over December 1971. The December 1972 white- fronted goose index was down 8 percent from the January 1971 index. The Canada goose index was down 5 percent from the previous year, and the total goose index was up 8 percent. The coot index was 37 percent below 1972. MISSISSIPPI FLYWAY Data supplied by Arthur S. Hawkins and Rossalius C. Hanson, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife Bad flying conditions prevented survey completion until 18 January 1973. A severe winter s torm raced through the flyway at the onset of the survey, icing over protected bodies of water all the way to the Gulf. Subsequent rapid thawing within the survey scattered the water- fowl. For these reasons, the figures for ducks obtained this year may not be directly comparable with past figures. The figures for geese shown in this report were obtained during the special goose inventory of mid-December. Forty-six aircraft, 325 automobiles, and 41 boats were operated by 454 individuals for a total distance of 43,091 miles. Population data appear in Tables A-1 and A-2. Mallard and black duck populations showed no significant change from 1972 and were only slightly below the ten-year average. Gadwalls were at the long-term average; green-winged teals were slightly above, but pintails, shovelers and wigeons were well below the average. Among the divers, both redheads and canvasbacks showed major gains in the table. However, the redhead gain probably is not real due to the fact that in 1973, 24,000 redheads were included for the Chandeleur Islands off the Louisiana coast. No figures were available for that area in 1972. Therefore, a "no change" situation is probably nearer the truth. The canvasback index increased 81 percent from last year. Both populations appeared to be close to their ten-year averages as did the scaup. Ring- necks continued their slump, but goldeneyes made a remarkable increase. Blue/snow geese had a disastrous nesting season and declined, but Canadas continued their steady increase to a new all-time high. White- front numbers dropped slightly but were well above the long-term average. The coot figure obtained this year was markedly higher than last year's count. In summary, waterfowl numbers in the aggregate appear close to the ten-year average. ATLANTIC FLYWAY Data supplied by Douglas S. Benning and Edgar L. Ferguson, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife The survey was conducted during the period January 8-18. Much of the flyway's inland waters and protected coastal areas were ice covered, making waterfowl counts easier and probably more complete than is normally possible. Participation in the survey was by 45 Bureau, 66 State and 18 private individuals, using 36 aircraft, 34 cars and 14 boats. Routes covered totaled about 27,500 miles. Population data appear in Tables A-1 and A-2. The total water- fowl count of nearly 2.9 million represented an 11 percent decrease from the 1971 count, and is the lowest count in the past 11 years. Total dabblers in 1973 were 23 percent below the 1972 count. Mallard and black duck populations showed no significant change from the 1972 survey but were down from the ten-year average. Gadwalls, wigeons, green-winged teal, blue-winged teal, and pintails were well below their long-term averages, while shovelers were unchanged. Diving duck numbers declined in 1973. Redheads, scaup, ringnecks, goldeneyes and buffleheads were all close to the 1972 counts and remain below their long-term average. The 1973 canvasback count in the Atlantic Flyway increased over that of last year. Ruddy ducks made a significant comeback from 1972 and were near their ten-year average. The 1973 inventory indicated a decline in Atlantic Flyway sea ducks, and it is believed these birds in fact did decline in numbers. Snow geese were down from the record 1972 count. These geese had an exceptionally poor breeding season in the far north as did mosf arctic nesters. Canada geese showed no change from 1972. Brant numbers declined significantly for the second year in a row. The 1973 brant winter count is the lowest population recorded during the past 26 years. Productivity studies of brant along the coast during November and January indicated virtually no production during 1972. Whistling swans and coots showed insignificant changes from last year and the long-term average. MEXICO Data supplied by G. Hortin Jensen and James F. Voelzer, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife The timing of the survey this year was near normal. It was commenced 17 January 1973, and completed 26 January 1973. The area covered was the same as that of recent years — the west coast of Baja California and the west mainland coast as far south as Marlscum Nacional. Favorable weather was the rule during the survey. An amphibious DeHavilland Beaver was used for the survey with pilot and co-pilot acting as observers. Pintails comprised 75 percent of the estimates and, as always, were the primary component of these winter flocks. Baldpate, green-winged teal, and shovelers were of approximately equal rank and, "in total, comprised 19 percent of 1973 estimates. Diving ducks, redheads, and scaup, made up 2 percent of the total estimate. On comparable areas, duck populations increased 13 percent over 1972. Brant were only recently recorded on the mainland of Mexico and we have tabulated the data so as to monitor this development. After the first sightings in 1958, there was a steady increase for about six years. Since then, the mainland component has been between 20,000 and 40,000 brant. In 1973 there were 30,100. This represents a 7 percent increase from 1971 and a 28 percent increase from the sixteen-year average. However, the 30,100 is approximately equal to average conditions during the past 10 years. Total numbers are somewhat stabilized, and the chief difference between years seems to be a redistribution of brant within the areas surveyed. The total black brant population was 3 percent below 1972 and 9 percent below average. BREEDING GROUND SURVEYS The Migratory Bird Population Station recently completed an exhaustive audit of all field data relating to the Bureau's breeding ground surveys of waterfowl. Additionally, all partial segments were eliminated from the historical base and certain strata boundaries were realigned. The resulting data changes were incorporated in the 1972 Waterfowl Status Report. In this 1973 Waterfowl Status Report, the tables dealing with Bureau-conducted surveys have been reduced in content through deletion of historical data. The breeding pair survey tables have also been changed in format to reflect adjustment for visibility bias. All reports prior to 1973 used unadjusted figures. Comparable data for earlier years (1955-1973) on the breeding pair surveys will be avail- able soon in published form in a special scientific report. The historical production survey data (1955-1971) is available in Special Scientific Report - Wildlife No. 160. Data for the 1972 production survey is presented in last year's status report. The procedures followed in conducting breeding ground surveys are established in the Bureau's Standard Procedures for Waterfowl Population and Habitat Surveys for prairie and bush areas. ALASKA AND YUKON TERRITORY Data supplied by James G. King and Palmer C. Sekora, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife Spring weather and habitat conditions After two late seasons, Alaska enjoyed an average-to-early spring. Weather and habitat conditions for waterfowl were uniformly good. Breakup was early and there was plenty of water in all areas, yet river flooding, which can cause a shortage of nesting sites in bottom lands, was minimal. Only the Koyukuk and Porcupine rivers were over their banks at the time of survey and these only in the lowest portions of their valleys. All species, including brant, dusky Canada geese, white-fronts and swans, were able to initiate nesting unimpeded by poor weather or shortages of nest sites. The survey was begun on 19 May 1973 to coincide with the onset of optimum conditions on the Yukon Flats and Yukon Delta as the last remnants of winter ice were disappearing. The survey was completed on 9 June 1973. Breeding populations (tables B-1 and B-la) The 1973 breeding population indexes were up 11 percent overall from the 1964-73 average but with little change from 1972. The dabbling duck index increased 16 percent over that of last year and remained well above the long-term average. The important pintail index was up 24 percent from 1972 and 38 percent from the average. Diving duck numbers showed a modest increase over 1972 and the long-term average. Scaup and canvasbacks were up significantly from last year. Oldsquaw and scoters were down considerably from 1972 levels. Summer weather and habitat conditions After a spring breakup slightly on the early side, cool weather with above average precipitation continued into mid-July in all parts of Alaska. This resulted in somewhat retarded growth of most herbaceous plants and insect populations. Grasses and sedges in the Interior appeared to be favored by such weather, producing particularly lush growth around pond margins. Overall weather conditions were mediocre and habitat conditions favorable for good waterfowl production. Production (table B-lb) As no brood counts were made in 1972, it is not possible to discuss duck production specifically in terms of change from last year. However, 1972 was a late spring and we may assume that brood numbers would have been fairly similar to the 1971 level. Thus we appeared to have had a good increase In production in 1973 but were still below the ten-year average for most species. Production in the Tetlin area was not as good as the Fort Yukon area substantiating an impression that production was better some places than others. It was nice to see canvasbacks holding their own. The increase in scaup was partially due to the fact that the hatch was essentially complete by the time of the brood counts. In fact, some teal and pintail broods may have already fledged. Cal Lensink reported production of all species on the Yukon Delta better than the previous 3 years. Word from the Arctic Slope suggested production had been poor there. After a 3 year production slump, waterfowl populations in Alaska appear to have started an upswing. NORTHERN ALBERTA, NORTHEASTERN BRITISH COLUMBIA, AND NORTHWEST TERRITORIES Data supplied by James F. Voelzer and G. Hortin Jensen, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife Spring weather and habitat conditions With the exception of the month of February, winter in the survey area was generally characterized by above average temperatures and below average precipitation. Because of these factors, spring thaw and break-up were advanced by two weeks over an average year. Compared with the same time period in 1972, weather and habitat conditions were as much as three weeks to one month early. This seasonal advancement in 1973 provided arriving waterfowl optimum nesting habitat throughout the survey area. Even the Eskimo Lakes area was practically snow free and water was available in all of the lakes with the smaller water areas completely ice free. Higher elevations in the southern portion of the survey area, such as the Caribou Hills and Horn Mountains, were open for arriving birds. Water levels in the Athabasca Delta continued to show significant improvement over the immediate post-W.A.C. Bennett Dam period, and breeding pairs appear to have recovered to their traditional levels. Breeding populations (table B-2) Survey dates in 1973 corresponded almost exactly with those of 1972, The adjusted breeding population estimates for 1973 decreased for all dabblers except wigeon. Overall dabbler decreases amounted to 17 percent. Total divers decreased 29 percent In relation to 1972, but canvasbacks showed an increase of 116 percent. Total ducks decreased 21 percent in relation to 1972 and increased A percent in relation to the long-term average. Coots increased 270 percent in relation to 1972 and increased 279 percent in relation to the average. Summer weather and habitat conditions Although spring arrived early in all areas, weather conditions in the Mackenzie Delta deteriorated thereafter to generally cold, damp, foggy, and overcast conditions for the remainder of June after the breeding pair surveys and on into July and August. This resulted in poor conditions for waterfowl production and a low brood index in the Delta area. The remainder of the survey area south of Strata 13 and 14 conformed to expected conditions resulting from an early spring and waterfowl production was good to excellent. Numerous forest fires occurred in the survey area throughout the summer, and their resulting effect upon young ducklings could have been great in localized area"fe. However, it is not felt that the overall effect of these fires on waterfowl breeding and production was significant. Production (table B-2) The unadjusted duck brood index increased 33 percent in relation to 1972 and increased 14 percent in relation to the average. The mean brood size was 5.6 which is about average for the survey area. NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, NORTHERN MANITOBA, AND SASKATCHEWAN RIVER DELTA Data supplied by Arthur R. Brazda and Richard A. Gimby, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife Fall, winter, spring weather and habitat conditions September, 1972 was very wet in the northern portion of the Provinces. However, a mild and "snowless" winter left much of the waterfowl breeding grounds of Canada and the northern Great Plains short of water for the 1973 production effort. Initially, the boreal forest region of Saskatchewan and Manitoba were also short of water and habitat con- ditions were poor there. Most forest-type grassy marshes and shallow depressions were dry or nearly so, and water levels in many of the larger lakes were down two to four feet. During the latter part of May, the forest fire hazard went from high to extremely high. Fortunately, the above-mentioned areas do not necessarily represent the quality production habitat for these strata. In very late May and continuing through June, moisture in the form of rain saturated the northern regions of Manitoba, Saskatchewan and northeastern Alberta, reducing the fire hazard considerably. Generally, habitat conditions were improved into the northern reaches of the parklands. However, as June rains continued unabated, extensive flooding occurred and we suspect there was heavy nest destruction. Chronologically, spring developed normally in the North with above- normal temperatures in April and the first three weeks in May. More normal temperatures were prevalent the last part of May and in June. From this standpoint, nesting conditions were good throughout the period. Breeding populations (table B-3) Total ducks adjusted for visibility bias declined 6 percent from 1972 and 8 percent from the ten-year average. Dabblers indicated a 4 percent increase from last year and a 17 percent decrease for the long-term average. Mallards and pintails showed increases of 13 percent and 49 percent respectively over 1972, but were down 12 percent and 30 percent from the average. Gadwall and American wigeon also increased over the previous year. Data for green-winged teal, blue-winged teal and shovelers suggested decreases for these three species from 1972. Of the dabblers, only the green-winged teal was above the ten-year average (18 percent) . The diving ducks were down 15 percent from 1972 and up 3 percent from the average. Canvasbacks, while not numerically strong in these strata, indicated a substantial increase over the previous year, but remained below the average. Goldeneye were up 71 percent in relation to 1972 and 89 percent above the average, while redheads were 24 percent above 1972 and 44 percent below the ten-year average. Scaup, ringnecks and bufflehead were down from the previous year; however, both scaup and bufflehead were above the average. Coot showed a substantial increase of 272 percent over 1972 but 15 percent less than the average. Summer weather and habitat conditions Other than the extremely high rainfall, summer weather conditions were normal. No very low or very high temperatures were experienced and though considerable thunderstorm activity prevailed throughout the period, it, too, was considered normal. High winds and rain caused some curtailment of survey activities in the Prince Albert area. It can be noted that rainfall was officially recorded 24 out of 30 days in June at the Prince Albert, Saskatchewan weather facility. 10 Habitat conditions were varied as they generally are; the more luxuriant vegetative development was in the west, decreasing just slightly in northeastern Manitoba. Considerable flooding was evident, primarily in Saskatchewan, in all forms of habitat ranging from string-bogs, forest potholes and marshes, and slow-meandering streams to fast-flowing streams and large lakes. Lakes that were two feet below normal in May, were now considerably above normal. Quality nesting habitat appeared to be at a premium throughout Saskatchewan but improved north and east of Thompson, Manitoba. Production (table B-3) The unadjusted duck brood index of 87,700 represented a decrease of 44 percent from 1972 and 47 percent from the long-term average. The average brood size was 5.7, 7 percent above 1972 and 5 percent above the ten-year average. The late-nesting index (a measure of "broods to come") for all species of ducks was 39 percent below 1972 and 51 percent less than the ten-year average. However, it should again be pointed out that in the more northern latitudes, the application of the LNI is questionable. WESTERN ONTARIO Data supplied by Morton M. Smith and Everett B. Chamberlain, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife Spring weather and habitat conditions Spring seemed variable in western Ontario. In southern areas the phenology may have been similar in 1973 to that of 1972, but in northern portions of the survey unit, spring was later than it was in 1972. Big Trout Lake was about 90 percent ice-covered on 30 May 1973 and Sachigo and Wunnumin Lakes also had substantial amounts of ice remaining. Vege- tative growth was well along in the south, but was just appearing in the more northerly portions of the survey area. Between 52° and 53° North latitude the buds of balsam poplar, paper birch and large-tooth aspen were just beginning to open at the end of May. Precipitation was about average, while daytime temperatures were slightly below normal during the survey period. However, flying weather was unusually good and the survey was completed in record time. The survey began 27 May 1973 and was completed 1 June 1973. Breeding populations (table B-4) Total waterfowl numbers in 1973 were 6 percent below the 1972 counts but were 17 percent above the average figure. Dabbling ducks were 41 percent above the average and 12 percent above the 1972 indexes. Mallards and black ducks were both above the ten-year average. Mallards were up over 1972 while black ducks were slightly down. 11 Diving duck numbers were down 5 percent from 1972 but remained 16 percent above the long-term average. Among those species listed in the miscellaneous category, there was a decrease of about 14 percent below the ten-year average and a 31 percent decrease from 1972 counts. SOUTHERN ALBERTA Data supplied by K. Duane Norman and Robert J. Fischer, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife Spring weather and habitat conditions March was warm and dry. Temperatures averaged almost 10 degrees above normal and the precipitation amounted to only one- third of normal. April was cool, dry and windy in Calgary, but in Edmonton through April 12th it was warm and dry. A heavy snowfall of eight inches accompanied by high winds was recorded on the 13th. Unstable weather conditions prevailed during the remainder of the month. May was cloudy and cool during the first half of the month but became sunny and warm. By the 20th, 0.5 inches of rain had been recorded in Calgary but only 0.14 inches were recorded in Edmonton by the 13th. Strong winds in excess of 20 mph seemed to be the rule rather than the exception. At the beginning of the survey period, snow could still be found near Calgary along the foothills, in the Milk River Ridge, in portions of the Cypress Hills and in protected areas along stream and river drainages. On 12 May 1973, Gull Lake was still frozen over, but by the 14th all traces of ice were gone. Cold Lake, except for a small rim near the town of Cold Lake, was frozen solidly on the 16th but little ice remained on the 17th. Large blocks of ice were present along the banks of the Athabasca River. Water levels in most of the major rivers appeared to be about normal and there was little evidence of flooding. Waterfowl nesting habitat for the third consecutive year was quite poor in the grasslands, but the parklands in general were better quality than last year. The natural water areas in stratum 29 suffered from inadequate winter replenishment and many went dry before mid-summer . Temporary wetlands were almost completely lacking. Stockdams and dugouts, although not full, became the principal source of water for ducks. The only good waterfowl habitat in stratum 29 was found between Warner and Pincher Creek. The wetlands of the Cypress Hills were quite poor and the streams were nearly dry. In stratum 28, abundant temporary and overflowing permanent wetlands were found only in the immediate vicinity of Calgary but elsewhere only that portion north of a line between Carstairs and Alsask was considered good waterfowl habitat. Late spring snows left most of the more permanent wetlands 12 in the parklands of stratum 26 overflowing with water. Temporary wetlands were generally abundant throughout the stratum except north of a Sangudo-Redwater-Lloydminster line. Phenologically, stratum 26 was at least one week ahead of the grass- lands to the south. The aspen were nearly fully leafed in 26 while aspens in the grasslands were just starting to leaf. Breeding populations (table B-5) The data revealed that total ducks adjusted for visibility bias decreased 7 percent from last year and increased 17 percent from the long-term average. The dabblers decreased 9 percent from last year but the divers increased 24 percent. The dabblers were up about 16 percent from the average while divers were up by 38 percent. Greatest dabbler decreases from last year were indicated for pintail (-40 per- cent), gadwall (-37 percent) and wigeon (-12 percent). Mallards were up 6 percent from the long-term average and blue-winged teals were up 38 percent. Of the divers, ringnecks decreased (-93 percent) from last year as did buffleheads (-42 percent) and redheads (-13 percent). Scaup increased 38 percent, and so did goldeneye (26 percent) and canvasback (66 percent). Goldeneye, scaup, canvasback, and redheads were above the long-term average. Decreases were indicated for ringnecks (-61 percent), and bufflehead (-18 percent). Coots were up 19 percent from last year and were 42 percent above the average. Summer weather and habitat conditions June was warm, wet and windy. Precipitation in Edmonton was 5.81 inches, which is almost twice the normal rainfall. Rainfall in Calgary was nearly normal. Winds were quite brisk and averaged 12.1 mph for the month. July thru the 15th was generally partly cloudy, cool and dry. Winds again were quite strong by mid-morning and averaged about 12 mph for the month. Winds with gusts up to 50 mph were recorded in Edmonton on the 11th and 12th. Only the western edge of the Milk River Ridge had good quality waterfowl habitat. The remainder of stratum 29 had but a few permanent wetlands. Verdigris Lake was dry for the first time in nine years. The deep-water lakes along the Saskatchewan border had water levels about five feet lower than last year. July rains greatly improved the condition of the rangelands in the Cypress Hills and created fair quality wetlands but there were no ducks in the area to take advantage of the situation. In stratum 28, the water levels of the potholes near the foothills remained very good but quality habitat was lacking throughout most of 13 the grasslands to the east. The Brooks-Tilley irrigation projects and associated marshes remained good quality areas throughout the breeding and production periods. Good permanent wetlands existed in the Sandhills but again ducks were lacking. The stratum 26 parklands contained good to excellent waterfowl habitat throughout the breeding season. July rains may have even improved the habitat especially northwest and north of Vermilion. Just above the North Saskatchewan River the quality of habitat dropped off quite rapidly but by no means became poor. Aquatic vegetation presented few visibility problems in the grass- lands and croplands but reduced our ability to see ducks and water in some wetlands in stratum 26. Production (table B-5) The unadjusted brood index was 33 percent lower than last year and 75 percent below the ten-year average. The average brood size was near normal . The late-nesting index for dabblers showed a 14 percent increase from last year but the diver LNI decreased 40 percent. SOUTHERN SASKATCHEWAN Data supplied by Rossalius C. Hanson, and Douglas S. Benning, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife Spring weather and habitat conditions A mild winter across the prairies of Saskatchewan was climaxed by a near record high temperature in March. Precipitation from October through March over the southern prairies was as low as 40 percent of normal. In contrast to the well below normal precipitation of the winter season, record April moisture totals were reported in the grain- growing areas of western Canada. Regina reported the heaviest April precipitation in its history (since 1884) with a total of 2.29 inches. Despite the April rains, the earlier fall and winter conditions laid waste to the ponds and potholes over most of the prairies and parklands of southern Saskatchewan. This was evident when the tally was made at the end of the survey. Ponds for 1973 were down 48 percent from 1972 and down 37 percent from the average. The number of ponds were among the four lowest figures recorded since 1960. Only 1961, 1963 and 1968 were worse. 14 The driest areas were the prairie grasslands and the mideast and southeast parklands. The parklands were much better than the grass- land prairie but still were poor. May was a good month, weather-wise, for nesting and Incubating ducks. Temperatures were never below the low thirties at night and few, if any, frosts were encountered. No unusual storms, snow, or hail were recorded. Scattered rain showers brought most of the moisture that did occur. The survey got underway on 7 May 1973. Spring was quite normal chronologically and its development was orderly with setbacks due to weather. Intensified burning of stubble and dry marshes was not particularly in evidence. Some took place but not on a large scale. Breeding populations (table B-6) Total ducks adjusted for visibility bias declined 15 percent in relation to 1972 and 18 percent from the long-term average. These figures indicate a modest decline in the breeding population. Mallards, gadwall, shovelers, and pintails showed declines from 1972 while wigeon and green-winged teals were up. All combined divers were up 19 percent over 1972. Scaup and bufflehead were down from 1972 while all other divers were up. Comparing this year's figures to the 1956-62 average, it should be noted that most of the major species were still down. All combined puddle ducks were down as were all combined diving ducks. Coots showed a substantial increase over last year and a 21 percent gain over the average. Summer weather and habitat conditions The production period from early June to mid-July was characterized by ample rainfall generally throughout the area with exceptionally heavy amounts of precipitation in several areas. The areas hit with heavy rains were the northeast parklands, and a section in the far west near Kindersley and Leader. A section north of Saskatoon also was subjected to above normal thunderstorms and more than adequate mois- ture. The areas thus affected had flooded crops and water standing in the fields. In contrast to the above, the great bulk of the grasslands in Strata 32, 33, 34 and 35 were still in the throes of the drouth. These croplands were able to produce hay and grain crops because of the frequent rains, but little or no runoff moisture was added to the larger 15 sloughs. Most of the small wetlands had disappeared by the end of May and no help came to them during this period. Strata 32, 33, 34 and 35 were down in pond numbers from last year while the other strata showed Increases. The result was an overall increase in ponds over the total survey area. It amounted to an increase of 33 percent over last year and a significant 63 percent above the long- term average. The pond index stood at 951,200. The increase was due to heavy precipitation in the parklands during the period. Temperature-wise, the period was somewhat on the cool side. Due to intermittent rains and lowered temperatures, the climate was more like spring. Nesting habitat was adversely affected by both flooding and drouth. Many of the larger and deeper ponds in the drouth area had open mud flats where vegetation was beyond the reach of the ducks or broods. Shallower ponds were completely dry and choked with vegetation. Receding water levels in the more permanent ponds gave adequate opportunity to observe adults and broods in those situations. In the flooded areas, emergent vegetation was heavy and may have obscured a small number of ducklings. Crop production has been adversely affected in the flooded areas. Crop forecasts indicate a somewhat smaller harvest than normal. Production (table B-6) This year by July 18 the grasslands and parklands looked dismal insofar as brood production was concerned. Everything seemed to be working against the birds, i.e., too few ponds in drouth areas and too much water and flooding in the other situations. Total duck broods were off 44 percent from last year and down 57 percent from the long- term average. The average brood size was also reduced by 9 percent from last year and 6 percent from the average. The index was 4.7 young per brood. The total brood index stood at 97,800 Early overwater nesters had problems both from lack of vegetation for nesting in the drouth areas and too much water and flooding of nests in the good water areas. Late nesting species were in better shape in the good water areas because they were late enough to escape the rising waters. Some of the late nesting upland species were better off, also, when they nested in field crops with adequate cover. The late nesting index this year was up 28 percent over last year and a whopping 37 percent over the long-term average. But only on one or two occasions in the past 20 years have we gotten a real good brood production out of a strong LNI. 16 SOUTHERN MANITOBA Data supplied by Morton M. Smith and Richard C. Droll, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife Spring weather and habitat conditions The fall of 1972 was dry in southern Manitoba, and the 1972-73 winter was mild and open with below-normal moisture. Weather during the May survey was generally cool, with occasional rain and light winds. As of 28 May 1973, growing season precipitation (that since 1 April 1973) from ten selected stations in southern Manitoba averaged 38 percent above normal. It was cool and wet when we arrived on 6 May 1973, and night-time lows during the following week were in the twenties and thirties. Temperatures were below normal during the May survey period. Mean temperatures at 10 selected stations in Manitoba averaged 1.6 degrees below normal for the April 1 - May 28 period. Water conditions this spring were definitely poor and pond quality was not good. In many areas, water levels had receded leaving bordering cattails and bulrushes stranded. Overwater nesting cover, therefore, was often unavailable to diving ducks. Upland nesting cover was reduced due to the extensive plowing and burning during last fall and this spring. Habitat conditions were poor this May for breeding waterfowl in southern Manitoba. It was believed that without normal rainfall in June and July, conditions would deteriorate markedly in this survey area. Breeding populations (table B-7) Breeding duck numbers (adjusted for visibility bias) in southern Manitoba in May 1973 were 44 percent below the 1972 counts and 45 percent below the 1956-62 average (a period of high duck populations in southern Manitoba). Aerial indexes were down for the mallard, gadwall, blue-winged teal, shoveler, pintail, redhead, scaup, goldeneye, and bufflehead from 1972. Counts were up for green-winged teal, ringneck, ruddy duck and merganser. Coots were 57 percent below the 1972 counts and 59 percent below the average. The lone drake index is considered an indicator of the progress and intensity of the nesting effort. The 1973 lone drake index was slightly lower than that of 1972 and lower than that of most recent years. Observations indicate mallard and pintail nesting efforts probably started near normal in 1973, but canvasback were definitely delayed. The continued appearance of paired birds and flocks through the May survey period indicate substantial loss and/or abandonment of early nesting attempts. The adjusted duck index for southern Manitoba for May 1973 was reduced to nearly half that of 1972. The number of ponds declined 17 markedly in 1973 and pond quality was often poor. Burning was wide- spread both last fall and this spring, and this burning reduced nesting cover and destroyed nests. We interpret the early flocking of ducks and the continued presence of paired birds in May to indicate a less-than-normal nesting success. In fact, it appeared that some waterfowl never made any serious effort to nest. Summer weather and habitat conditions Rainfall continued above normal during June and July, and mean temperatures were below normal for the early summer period. Better- than-average rainfall during the summer helped maintain pond numbers, but pond quality continued poor despite the rains. July 1973 pond counts were down 19 percent from 1972 and are 31 percent below the 1956-62 average. In the last 12 years only 1962 and 1968 had lower July pond counts than those of 1973. Brood water was scarce or of poor quality over wide areas of southern Manitoba. Crops were generally late in 1973. Soil moisture conditions im- proved from spring levels, and with favorable weather another good grain crop is expected. Production (table B-7) The duck brood index for southern Manitoba is a third lower than that of 1972 and less than half the size of the average brood index for the 1956-62 period. The average brood size was 5.4 and is below the norm of 5.6. Coot broods were scarce this July and production of coots was very poor. The survey this July was completed a day later than in 1972 but somewhat earlier than surveys in those years prior to 1972. The late nesting index is a measure of broods to come and in a rough way compensates for variations in brood counts due to timing of the production survey. The 1973 late nesting index was 20 percent higher than that reported in 1972. Adult ducks were common on the prairies in southern Manitoba this July and were often found in flocks on those water areas resulting from recent rains. We do not believe that these groups of adults represented any great potential for later production. Single and paired birds were scarce or at least not obvious among such flocks, and the ponds used seemed to be feeding or nesting situations; no doubt, some late nesters were associated with the non- breeding flocks but we believe bonafide late nesters were relatively scarce. Despite the above-average precipitation from May to July, we saw little evidence of any substantial late duck production in southern Manitoba. Some renesting was expected and some broods survived because ponds were maintained by rains. We expect duck production in southern Manitoba in 1973 to be poorer than that of 1972 and lowest since 1968. 18 MONTANA Data supplied by Alva E. Weinrich and James S. Cromwell, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife Spring weather and habitat conditions May was a fairly dry month. Agricultural activities were well underway with spring wheat planting about 70 percent complete. Mon- tana's winter wheat crop was in fair to good condition. Topsoil and subsoil moisture was in short supply in most areas except for the eastern third and the southcentral parts of the State, For the survey area, water was 18 percent less than 1972 and 5 percent above the eight-year average. In the 9 May 1973 issue of the Billings Gazette, an article was noted regarding cloud seeding. It was stated that the most compre- hensive weather modification program yet undertaken in the United States will be launched by the Bureau of Reclamation a year from now in a tier of States from border to border along the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains. This will be a $20 million summer cloud seeding program. The project is expected to take from five to seven years and will be conducted from three sites in the 11-State areA. One of the sites would be in the Montana-Dakota region. The project is designed to put water down when and where needed. Materials used would be such as common salt or a mixture of ammonium nitrate-urea released into cumulus clouds. The objective is to increase agricultural output, however, habitat would probably benefit as would waterfowl from this clean water. Breeding populations (table B-8) The mallard index, adjusted for visibility, was down 30 percent from 1972 and 20 percent from the 1965-72 average. The pintail index was 25 percent less than 1972 and 17 percent less than average. Total ducks were down 21 percent from 1972 and 18 percent from the average. Total diving ducks were up 22 percent and 30 percent from last year and the average, respectively. Canada geese and coots were also up. The lone drake index for mallard and pintail for 1973 was the lowest of any year on record. Some migrant birds were observed at the start of the survey on 2 May 1973, but generally the birds were well paired and flocked drakes were observed. A storm in mid-to- late April may have delayed the breeding season some, but phenologically, the season appeared advanced from last year. The dry conditions in northern Montana certainly had some effect on early nesting. Habitat conditions in northern Montana in early July generally were dry with water levels in stockdams and dugouts low. Southern 19 Montana had better moisture. Crop and hay production were expected to be good to excellent. No storms of any significance occurred during the survey. On only two days were there any strong winds. Temperatures were quite warm and above normal during the period. Pond vegetation hindered visibility some. The nesting season was advanced as indicated by the numbers of broods observed in each age class. Production (table B-8) The May 1973 breeding pair index, adjusted for visibility bias, was 17 percent and 15 percent less than 1972 and the average respectively. The July 1973 duck brood index, unadjusted, was 35 percent and 20 percent less than 1972 and the average respectively. Brood sizes were only 6 percent less than 1972 and no change from the average. The coot brood index was below last year and the average, but coot production is not very significant in this area. The class composition of the broods observed were Class 1-18 percent, Class II - 38 percent. Class III - 44 percent. A number of broods were observed flying. The total late nesting index was down 33 percent from 1972 but was 44 percent above the average. Diving ducks as a group are normally rather small in the overall picture and reflected a large percentage decrease from last year and the average. The good water in southern Montana is indicated by the slight decrease in the total late nesting index over last year, while in northern Montana, the late nesting index decreased to less than half that of last year. NORTH AND SOUTH DAKOTA Data supplied by Gerald Pospichal, Edgar L. Ferguson, Alva E. Weinrich, James S. Cromwell, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife Spring weather and habitat conditions In North Dakota, temperatures ranged below normal from September through December with December setting near-record lows. Above- normal temperatures in January melted all snow with very little runoff. The warm trend lasted through May. Precipitation was below normal throughout most of the State from September through April, Some moisture was received in the central and northwest parts of the State in March and April but pond levels did not benefit except for parts of the Coteau and the northwest. Light May rains and thunder- storms did nothing to improve the water picture. The May water index for North Dakota was 51 percent below 1972 and down 15 percent 20 as compared to the 1960-69 average. Water quality was generally poor. Spring burning was much more common than in wetter years. South Dakota also expecienced the cold early-winter and above- normal January through April temperatures. Winter precipitation was below normal, except for the south-central part of the State, but not as critical as in North Dakota. During March, April and May moisture was received along the southern edge of the State but pothole levels and quality remained at best fair. The Leola and Sisseton Hills and a small area in the south-central held fair to good water levels. As compared to 1972 and the 1960-69 average, the South Dakota water index V7as down 37 percent and up 27 percent, respectively. Ponds in stratum 48, the major production area, showed a decline of 40 percent from the average. May 1973 was one of the windiest on record, which hastened the drop in pond numbers in both States. In general. May habitat and water conditions in North Dakota and stratum 48 in South Dakota were the poorest since 1968. Visibility factors were comparable to other years. Breeding populations (tables B-9 and B-10) Total breeding ducks in North Dakota (adjusted for visibility bias) were down 33 percent as compared to 1972 and down 16 percent from the 1960-69 average. Mallards showed a decline of 19 percent from 1972 and an increase of 32 percent from the average. Gadwall showed a 37 percent and 21 percent decline. Blue-winged teal were down 13 percent and 29 percent respectively from 1972 and the long-term average. Pintail were down 65 percent from 1972 and 40 percent from the average. Redheads were up 290 percent from 1972 and 129 percent from the average. Canvasbacks increased 41 percent from 1972 and 51 percent from the average. Coot numbers, an indicator of water quality, were down 33 percent from 1972 and 16 percent from the average. The lone drake index for North Dakota indicates the latest nesting effort since 1968 for mallards, pintails and canvasbacks. In South Dakota, the adjusted duck breeding population was down 31 percent as compared to 1972 and up 19 percent from the average. Compared to 1972, mallard counts were down 17 percent, blue-winged teal down 30 percent, pintails down 31 percent, redheads up 271 percent, canvasback up 24 percent, and coot up 14 percent. Compared to the 1960-69 average mallard numbers were up 25 percent, blue-winged teal up 7 percent, pintail up 14 percent, redhead up 97 percent, canvasback up 244 percent and coot up 92 percent. 21 Summer weather and habitat conditions Above-normal July temperatures were common throughout North Dakota. Precipitation was below normal except for the southwest. Statewide, pothole numbers were down 25 percent from 1972 but were only 1 percent from the average. Thunderstorms with high winds and hail caused crop and property damage in the east and south-central parts of the State as well as in South Dakota. July temperatures in South Dakota were above normal and precipita- tion was below except for a part of stratum 44 (northwest). The state- wide pond index declined 25 percent from 1972 but remained 14 percent above the average. Dry conditions in both States allowed for heavy spring burning. Subsequent haying in the dried potholes reduced the amount of nesting cover and undoubtedly caused some nest losses. Haying operations were well along by late June. The grain harvest in South Dakota was early and underway by the second week in July. By July 20th, many barley fields in North Dakota were harvested or in swath. Ponds remaining in both States were generally of poor quality by mid-July. Production (tables B-9 and B-10) The July duck brood index for North Dakota was down 32 percent from 1972 and down 1 percent from the average. Average brood size 5.3 was down from 1972 and the average (5.4). The late-nesting index dropped 54 percent from 197 2 and 42 percent from the average. The 1973 July duck brood index for South Dakota declined 25 percent from 1972 but remained 14 percent above the average. Brood size 4.5 was down from 1972 and the 5.4 average. The late-nesting index in South Dakota declined 33 percent as compared to 1972 but was 10 percent above the average. Because of the dry conditions and poor water quality it is doubtful that the late-nesting and renesting efforts contributed much to the overall production in the Dakotas. By July 20tn, flocks of mixed species and sexes of ducks were present on the larger lakes apparently ready to moult. The contribution of the Dakotas to the 1973 fall duck flight was far below average years. 22 MINNESOTA Data supplied by Robert L. Jessen, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources Weather and habitat conditions Weather conditions were generally good for flying with the exception of extreme southern transects where winds were marginally high. Habitat conditions, as evidenced by ponds, were variable. North- western Minnesota was extremely dry and this dry zone extended down the western prairie edge of the State (e.g. Hitterdnhl air-ground transect had but a few ponds remaining) . The remainder of the State had good water conditions, especially in the central region. The total pond estimate was 152,000, a decline of 24 percent from 1972 and a level about equal to that of 1971. Breeding population (tables B-11 through B-16) The breeding population index, before visibility corrections, was 280,000 birds. Of these, 38,000 were coots and the remainder ducks. The more numerous ducks were mallards (85,000) and blue-winged teal (66,000). An index of 31,000 scaup is somewhat misleading. These birds breed late and in an area primarily north of Minnesota but are still migrating at the time of our survey. Comparisons of aerial and ground tallies indicate that three-fourths of the mallards present were seen by the aerial crew, nearly half the blue-winged teal and on the average, just over half of all ducks present. These are high visibility rates and may contain some errors, but are comparable to 1972 visibility rates. Application of visibility rates to the breeding index indicates an adjusted population index of 111,000 mallards, 144,000 blue-winged teal and 9,500 ring-necked ducks. The total number of breeding ducks is estimated at 423,000 birds, for an increase of 64 percent over 1972. It should be noted that this is the third year in which calculations indicate the aerial crew saw all ringed ducks present - a highly unlikely situation that minimizes the estimate for these birds. The present aerial survey was first adopted in 1968 and, as of last year, recorded declines in breeding ducks. This year the estimated number of breeding birds was roughly comparable to the earlier years, with about 400,000 breeding ducks estimated for the survey strata. The variability of breeding ducks tallied within each stratum indicates an 80 percent confidence limit of 6 percent for all ducks in all strata. 23 The June tally of drake mallards recorded the smallest proportion of drakes still with a hen since this survey was first made in 1969. This indicates that mallards in western Minnesota were having a good nesting season as of early June. In summary, the aerial census of breeding waterfowl in Minnesota progressed nicely in the spring of 1973. A substantial increase in breeding birds was recorded, reversing a downward trend of the previous several years. The number of breeding mallards rose to 111,000, the number of breeding blue-winged teal to 144,000 and all ducks to 423,000. Portions of the State declined in both water and breeding ducks. The northwestern portion of the State and extreme western Minnesota were dry, reflecting a similar situation to that of the Dakotas and Manitoba. Mallards appeared to be having a good nesting season as evidenced by few paired birds remaining in early June. WASHINGTON Data supplied by Robert Jeffrey, Ellis Bowhay, and Steven Zender, Washington Department of Game Weather and habitat conditions The winter of 1972-73 in Washington was seriously deficient in snow- fall, and the drying trend has continued through spring and summer. The far-eastern potholes were most seriously affected, while central Washington potholes were somewhat reduced from the excellent water levels of 1972. Duck brood habitat and goose nesting areas associated with rivers and streams also suffered from the poor run-off during the spring of 1973. Breeding populations (table B-17) The duck breeding potential was off 3 percent from the 1963-72 average and off 11 percent from 1972. Both mallard and wood duck adults were down substantially, but blue-winged and cinnamon teal and several of the diving duck species remained well above average levels. Production (table B-18) The State production index for all ducks was 350,000. This was 11 percent lower than the 1963-72 average and was down 17 percent from last year's index. Young ducks made up 57 percent of the index, as compared with 60 percent in 1972. The decline involved the mallard (a minus 23 percent from last year) and most other species of dabblers. Wood ducks broke a long-term downward trend in the index, although the estimate remained 45 percent 24 below the 1963-72 average for this species. Diving ducks were not as seriously affected by poor water conditions. Poorer production was general across the State, but both the far-eastern potholes and western Washington seemed particularly affected by the poorer water conditions. The production index for Canada geese has not been calculated, but breeding pairs have shown a moderate increase in those areas for which reports have been received. Nesting on islands in the pool behind the John Day Dam has increased, and this is thought to be due to the appearance of wild pasturage (alfalfa and sweet clover) along the shore- line. Lower river levels permitted predators to reach many of the nesting islands, but, overall, the production index for the Basin Canada goose is expected to be slightly higher than in 1972. OREGON Data supplied by Chester E. Kebbe, Oregon State Game Commission Weather and habitat conditions The winter of 1972-73 was one of the driest on record for south- eastern Oregon, the region containing the major waterfowl production marshes in the State. Relatively little precipitation fell, either as rain or snow, during the winter or spring months. As a result, many of the small marshes and potholes went dry before the start of the breeding season and water levels of the large marshes, reservoirs, lakes and streams were drastically reduced. The drouth continued into the summer period further shrinking the amount of waterfowl production habitat. Production (tables B-19 through B-21) Canada goose production surveys were conducted on 18 ground samples, transecting most of the major breeding grounds in Oregon. Results indicate a production decrease of 21 percent from 1972 and a decrease of 12 percent from the average of the previous five years. The decline is due primarily to the loss of habitat. In spite of the loss of considerable breeding habitat in south- eastern Oregon, duck production on a statewide basis is up 51 percent from 1972. The indicated trend may have been due to sampling errors, however, rather than being an actual statewide increase. A major shift of breeding birds occurred from areas of drouth to permanent water areas, with increased production recorded on most transects. Production among dabblers was at approximately the same level as in 1972, but production of divers, primarily redheads, more than doubled. 25 Despite an indicated increase in duck production on permanent samples, preliminary reports from Malheur Refuge, the major waterfowl production area in the State, indicate a decline in production of all species. A production index of 13,300 ducks was recorded as compared with 33,700 in 1972. The dabbler index was down from 23,700 to 8,800 (63 percent) while divers were down from 10,000 to 4,500 (55 percent) . In summary, light winter precipitation, followed by a hot, dry spring and summer, resulted in the loss of a considerable amount of prime waterfowl production habitat. Many of the displaced breeders relocated elsewhere on permanent bodies of water. A decrease of 60 percent in duck production on the vast Malheur Refuge, partially offsets the increase recorded elsewhere on permanent transects. Statewide duck production was estimated to be up approximately 10 percent from 1972. COLORADO Data supplied by Michael R. Szymczak, Colorado Division of Wildlife Weather and habitat conditions Water conditions in Colorado's major waterfowl breeding areas were found to be quite variable during the survey period. In spite of a record snowpack in mountain areas surrounding the San Luis Valley, the Valley proper was generally as dry as in 1972. A late spring in southern Colorado retarded both the runoff from the surrounding mountains and irrigation activities in the Valley. Therefore, many of the ditches and ponds resulting from irrigation water were dry. Because of the expected late water, prospects were excellent for brood survival. Heavy winter snows produced excellent water conditions for birds breeding in North Park. In the Cache la Poudre and South Platte River Valleys, late spring storms filled most marshes and drainage basins, but retarded the irrigation season. High water on rivers in northwestern Colorado resulted in some flooding loss of Canada goose nests; particularly on the Yampa River. Breeding population and production (tables B-22 through B-28) The number of duck breeding pairs in 1973 increased 19 percent above the 1972 level, essentially equalling the long-term average. All areas, with the exception of Brown's Park, recorded increases over the 1972 level. The major increase in terras of numbers was noted in North Park. However, neither North Park nor the other major Colorado 26 duck breeding area, the San Luis Valley, reached the long-term average level in numbers of breeding pairs. Increases in numbers of three species — the redhead, gadwall and pintail — were responsible for the majority of the increase in Colorado duck breeding numbers in 1973 over the 1972 level. The redhead, which normally comprises about four percent of the Colorado breeding populations, made up about 11 percent of the 1973 population. The mallard continues to be the major breeding species in the State, making up about 40 percent of the population. The post-nesting season population of Canada geese along river systems in northwest Colorado was estimated to be approximately 1,500 in 1973. The total number of geese increased about 10 percent above the 1972 level, but estimated gosling production was off about seven percent. High water along the Yampa River created major problems in estimating production. Canada goose gosling production in north-central Colorado increased to 1,450 birds, about 31 percent above the 1972 level and 28 percent above the average. All five* trend areas showed increases in gosling production. The prospect for excellent late water conditions in the San Luis Valley, along with the good water conditions in the other major breeding areas, were expected to result in excellent duck production and brood survival. The Canada goose flights from both northwest and north-central Colorado were expected to be very similar to 1972. NEBRASKA Data supplied by John Sweet and George Schildman, Nebraska Game and Parks Commission Weather and habitat conditions Temperatures were quite warm and mild during early March. The latter part of March, April and May were quite cool, however. Early spring rains in the Sandhills were general with the extreme western and northeastern portions receiving the largest amounts. Only cool temperatures throughout the spring saved some of the smaller pothole types for early duck production. Most small water areas were either dry or very low from mid-June on. General summer rains had not occurred in the Sandhills production area by the third week of July. The July water index was 28.9 percent below that of 1972, which was also 6.0 percent below that of 1971. The eastern half of the 27 rain-water basin area maintained good water in local areas - but water supplies deteriorated generally. This compares to essentially no production water a year ago. Breeding populations (table B-29) Ground route transects were driven in the Sandhills during the period 10 July 1973 through 13 July 1973 in order to establish a production index. A total of 72 broods with 398 ducklings were observed on transect for an average of 5.53 ducklings/brood, all species combined. The number of broods observed on transect was 10.8 percent above 1972 and the number of ducklings sighted was 9.6 percent above 1972. The number of ducklings/brood decreased slightly from 5.58 in 1972 to 5.53 in 1973. There was no significant production in the rain basin in 1972, to compare 1973 with. Production was the best in the past 4 years. Data on 57 random duck broods showed 6.63 young per brood. Forty of the broods were blue-winged teal. Results of the ground surveys, made during the second week of July, indicated that duck production in the Nebraska Sandhills should be seven to eight percent better than that of 1972. Although there was a slight decrease in average brood size, more broods were observed. New broods of blue-winged teal were still appearing during the third week of July. Water areas continued to deteriorate, however. Nebraska's production from the two areas was expected to be sub- stantially above 1972 (in excess of 10 percent better). MISSOURI Data supplied by Kenneth M. Babcock, Missouri Conservation Department Weather and habitat conditions Spring temperatures alternated between warm spells and below freezing temperatures up into April. Flooding was prevalent state- wide with over 65 percent of the streams reported as still high during the June float survey period. Production As in past years, the stream float survey method was used for obtaining an estimate of wood duck production. Missouri has been 28 utilizing a locally developed Survey Evaluation Index for several years as a means of comparing nesting and productivity of wood ducks from year to year. This index is based on five nesting- production indices compiled from all data acquired on the state- wide stream float surveys. Wood duck broods noted per mile on 460 miles of stream floats was down to 0.14 but average brood size was up to 6.2. The population count was 1.23 and nesting effort 0.32 on a per mile basis. The Survey Evaluation Index (SEI) indicated that population and production of wood ducks was down three percent from last year but six percent above the ten-year average. A significant increase in nesting mallards, blue-winged teal and shovelers were reported this year throughout the State. This was apparently related to the widespread flooding of suitable habitat during the period of spring migration. No measurement of numbers or production was possible. Wood duck populations and production appear to be down about three percent from last year's measurements. Production by other species of dabbling ducks increased throughout the State but no measurement was possible. 29 WATERFOWL KILL SURVEY Data supplied by Lonnie D. Schroeder, Michael F, Sorensen, and Samuel M. Carney United States Fish and Wildlife Service INTRODUCTION This report includes estimates of waterfowl hunting activity and success during the 1972 season and compares them with similar estimates for the 1971 season. Estimates for both years were derived from information obtained from three sources: 1) the Postal Service's report of duck stamp sales, 2) the Fish and Wildlife Service's Mail Questionnaire Survey of the United States Waterfowl Hunters, and 3) the Fish and Wildlife Service's Waterfowl Parts Collection Survey. PROCEDURES A relatively complete explanation of procedures followed in 1969 may be found in Special Scientific Report — Wildlife No. 138. Similar sample selection and stratification procedures subsequently have been followed. Major adjustments to date include those for activity by hunters less than 16 years old, who are not surveyed (Table C-1) and those used to compensate for memory and prestige biases (Table C-2). Administrative Reports Figures in this report are based on final duck stamp sales figures. In Administrative Report "Waterfowl Harvest and Hunter Activity in the United States During the 1972 Hunting Season" (6 July 1973) , preliminary estimates based on sales of duck stamps through the third quarter of fiscal year 1973 were made available for the annual waterfowl regulations meetings in early August. Age and sex composition are not included here but were presented in Administrative Reports "Species Composition and Age Ratios of Geese Bagged During the 1971 and 1972 Hunting Seasons" (5 July 1973) and "Species, Age, and Sex Composition of Ducks Bagged in the 1972 Hunting Season in Comparison with Prior Years" (9July 1973). 30 RESULTS For ducks and coots, bias adjusted estimates of bag by species and total retrieved and unretrieved kill estimates are presented in Table C-3. Estimates of retrieved, unretrieved, and total goose kill are in Table C-4. Estimated numbers of potential waterfowl hunters, together with average and total numbers of days hunted and ducks and geese bagged (adjusted for response bias ), with duck and goose species compositions, are presented at State, flyway, and U.S. levels in Tables C-5 through C-9. Duck stamp sales and their breakdown into non- hunters and active (hunting one or more days) and successful (bagging at least one duck, goose, or coot) waterfowl hunters are also presented for each State in Tables C-5 through C-9. These results include hunter activity and harvest during all special seasons. For States having a September teal season, the proportion of the total duck harvest that occurred after the September season is shown in Table 10. The following is a resume of 1972 hunter activity and suc- cess by fljrway, showing degree of change from 1971: Atlantic Fl3way Duck stamp sales totaled 438,300 (-13%), and 1,660,700 ducks (-4%), 107,200 coots (-34%), and 206,200 geese (-39%) were bagged during 2,657,400 hunter-days (-10%). Those persons buying duck stamps for hunting averaged 5.9 days afield (+3%) and bagged an average of 3.7 ducks (+11%) and 0.5 geese (-30%) each. Estimates for the Atlantic Flyway are recorded in Table C-5. Mississippi Fl3way Duck stamp sales totaled 908,300 (-9%), and 5,068,200 ducks (-7%), 623,500 coots (+46%), and 286,300 geese (-25%) were bagged during 6,582,500 hunter-days (-8%). Those persons buying duck stamps for hunting averaged 6.8 days afield (+1%) and bagged an average of 5.4 ducks (+3%) and 0.3 geese (-17%) each. Estimates for the Mississippi Flyway are recorded in Table C-6. All data in this report have been adjusted for response bias at State, flyway, and U.S. levels. Data previously presented in MBPS waterfowl harvest reports were unadjusted for response bias at State levels; however, 1971 data presented herein have been adjusted at State levels to maintain comparability with 1972 data. 31 Central Flyway Duck stamp sales totaled 425,000 (-7%), and 2,952,200 ducks (+8%), 104,900 coots (+33%), and 308,600 geese (-24%) were bagged during 3,052,700 hunter-days (-9%). Those persons buying duck stamps for hunting averaged 6.7 days afield (-3%) and bagged an average of 6.6 ducks (+16%) and 0.7 geese (-19%) each. Estimates for the Central Flyway are recorded in Table C-7. Pacific Flyway Duck stamp sales totaled 389,600 (-11%), and 3,871,700 ducks (-2%), 128,800 coots (-15%), and 364,200 geese (+10%) were bagged during 2,871,500 hunter-days (-7%). Those persons buying duck stamps for hunting averaged 6.9 days afield (+5%) and bagged an average of 9.6 ducks (+10%) and 0.9 geese (+24%) each. Estimates for the Pacific Flyway are recorded in Table C-8. Alaska Duck stamp sales totaled 14,900 (+3%), and 89,000 ducks (+22%), 500 coots (-48%), and 9,000 geese (-46%) were bagged during 70,200 hunter-days (-1%). Those persons buying duck stamps for hunting averaged 4.4 days afield (-4%) and bagged an average of 5.8 ducks (+18%) and 0.6 geese (-48%) each. Estimates for Alaska are recorded in Table C-9. United States Duck stamp sales totaled 2,176,100 (-10%), and 13,641,800 ducks (-2%), 964,900 coots (+17%), and 1,174,300 geese (-20%) were bagged during 15,234,400 hunter-days (-8%). Those persons buying duck stamps for hunting averaged 6.6 days afield (+2%) and bagged an average of 6.1 ducks (+8%) and 0.5 geese (-12%) each. Estimates for the United States are recorded in Table C-9. 32 APPENDIX A. WATERFOWL WINTER SURVEY TABLES TABLE A-1. — Winter survey, January 1973-waterf owl by species and flyway (nearest hundreds) Pacific Central Mississippi Atlantic Species Flyway Flyway Flyway Flyway Total Ducks: Dabblers: Mallard 1,782,000 2,350,300 2,911,600 175,700 7,219,600 Black duck 300 154,000 275,600 429,900 Mottled duck 38,500 63,000 200^/ ' 101,700 Gadwall 12,500 210,400 901,100 10,000 1,134,000 American wigeon 753,800 172,700 344,600 53,900 1,325,000 Green-winged teal 163,700 198,700 933,200 51,200 1,346,800 Blue-winged teali^ 1,800 400 134,300 5,900 142,400 Northern shoveler e'51,200 41,200 165,300 16,800 874,500 Pintail 2,868,000 875,400 540,500 78,000 4,361,900 Subtotal 6,233,000 3,887,900 6,147,600 667,300 16,935,800 Divers: Redhead 6,400 121,500 30,200 127,200 285,300 Canvasback 54,500 12,500 38,900 109,500 215,400 Scaup 139,000 59,100 963,600 388,900 1,550,600 Ring-necked duck 6,300 7,500 71,100 65,900 150,800 Goldeneye 43,000 7,400 44,800 49,300 144,500 Bufflehead 38,900 8,200 3,500 43,000 93,600 Ruddy duck 98,900 3,700 27,400 55,800 185,800 Subtotal 387,000 219,900 1,179,500 839,600 2,626,000 Miscellaneous : Eider 200 55,800 56,000 Scoter 113,200 52,400 165,600 Oldsquaw 800 10,200 11,000 Merganser 21,200 99,900 28,400 149,500 Subtotal 135,400 99,900 146,800 382,100 Unidentified & others: 28,300 75,600 66,500 15,400 185,800 Total ducks 6,783,700 4,283,300 7,393,600 1,669,100 20,129,700 33 TABLE A-1. — Winter survey, January 1973-waterf owl by species and flyway (continued) (nearest hundreds) Species Pacific Central Mississippi Atlantic Flyway Flyway Flyway Flyway Total Geese: Blue/ Snow goose Ross' goose White-fronted goose Greater Canada goose Lesser Canada goose Cackling goose 9/ Total gees6=-' Brant : Black brant American brant Total brant Swans : Mute swan Whistling swan Trumpeter swan Total swans 324,400 504,600 , Tr.l' 532,300 59,800 1 ,421,100 18,800 18,800 51,600 29,700 43,000 124,300 101,000 412,200 608,700 712,000 1, ,833,900 101,100 101,100 54,500 54,500 651,400 946,500 1,184,000 771,800 3 ,553,700 9,400 ___ ^^^ ___ 9,400 41,900 41,900 9,400 41,900 51,300 ___ _._ ___ 1,700 1,700 33,900 Tr. 100 57,100 91,100 900 100 — 1,000 34,800 100 100 58,800 93,800 Coots : American coot Grand total 528,600 164,700 1,834,200 346,300 2,873,800 8,007,900 5,394,600 10,411,900 2,887,900 26,702,300 -=.' Includes cinnamon teal 2./Does not include brant ■2-/Less than 50 ^Florida duck 34 TABLE A-2. — Winter survey, January 1973-waterfowl by state and flyway (nearest hundreds) State Ducks Geese^' Brant Swans Coots Total Pacific Flyway: Washington 847,100 59,200 5; ,900 800 14,100 927,100 Oregon 403,500 86,400 2 ,500 5,300 26,200 523,900 Idaho 599,700 10,500 500 7,400 618,100 Nevada 17,800 4,200 100 6,200 28,300 California 4,773,100 480,600 1 ,000 27,600 459,800 5,742,100 Utah 35,800 1,100 200 1,900 39,000 Arizona 24,500 5,200 12,900 42,600 Montana 53,300 2,100 300 100 55,800 Wyoming 3,200 400 Tr. 3,600 Colorado 10,900 1,700 12,600 New Mexico Mexico^-' 14,800 Tr. Tr. 14,800 Flyway total 6,783,700 651,400 9 ,400 34,800 528,600 8,007,900 Central Flyway: Montana 37,200 900 38,100 Wyoming 100,800 2,000 102,800 North Dakota 1,600 1,600 South Dakota 147,100 19,800 100 Tr. 167,000 Nebraska 199,200 12,300 211,500 Colorado 233,000 71,200 304,200 Kansas 827,700 147,500 975,200 Oklahoma 371,100 90,000 3,900 465,000 New Mexico 210,900 30,100 Tr. 7,300 248,300 Texas 2,154,700 572,700 Tr. 153,500 2,880,900 Flyway total 4,283,300 946,500 100 164,700 5,394,600 35 TABLE A-2. — Winter survey, January 1973-waterf owl by state and flyway (continued) (nearest hundreds) State Ducks Geese Brant Swans Coots Total Mississippi Flywaj r ; Minnesota 19,900 23,800 43,700 Wisconsin 15,400 10,200 25,600 Michigan 49,500 20,200 100 69,800 Iowa 40,100 4,400 44,500 Missouri 229,300 307,300 1,700 538,300 Illinois 459,700 249,400 709,100 Indiana 17,700 8,900 100 26,700 Ohio 40,200 19,400 — 59,600 Arkansas 784,500 3,600 25,900 814,000 Mississippi 658,000 3,000 42,600 703,600 Louisiana 4,414,200 450,400 1,740,100 6,604,700 Alabama 111,300 18,800 16,100 146,200 Kentucky 67,800 22,200 300 90,300 Tennessee 486,000 42,400 7,400 535,800 Flyway total 7,393,600 1 ,184,000 100 1,834,200 10,411,900 Atlantic Flyway: Maine 72,300 400 72,700 New Hampshire 4,000 2,500 — 6,500 Vermont 1,100 100 1,200 Massachusetts 72,800 6,000 300 400 ir> 79,500 Connecticut 25,800 1,700 400 27,900 Rhode Island 27,900 1,900 200 30,000 New York 144,500 11,100 11 ,600 400 600 168,200 New Jersey 188,900 21,500 22 ,600 500 Tr. 233,500 Pennsylvania 29,900 27,900 300 600 58,700 Delaware 46,600 90,400 300 100 200 137,600 Maryland 230,700 463,500 400 34 ,400 1,500 730,500 Virginia 83,600 43,900 6 ,500 3 ,000 1,300 138,300 West Virginia 3,600 200 100 3,900 North Carolina 126,500 91,200 200 19 ,100 34,000 271,000 South Carolina 232,300 7,500 Tr. 88,200 328,000 Georgia 37,500 500 10,700 48,700 Florida 341,100 1,500 209,100 551,700 Flyway total 1,669,100 771,800 41 ,900 58 ,800 346,300 2,887,900 1/See table A-3. ^/Excludes brant -I'Less than 50 36 TABLE A-3. — Winter waterfowl survey, west coast of Mexico, 1973 Species 1972 1973 Percent change 1972-73 Ducks: Dabblers : Mallard Gadwall American wigeon Green-winged teal Blue-winged teal Northern shoveler Pintail 7,900 64,700 87,400 89,100 127,300 614,600 1,800 63,900 64,400 32,200 44,800 724,700 77.2 1.2 26.3 63.9 64.8 17.9 Subtotal 991,000 931,800 6.0 Divers: Redhead 21,800 9,200 - 57.8 Canvasback 3,000 100 - 96.7 Scaup 41,300 9,000 - 78.2 Goldeneye 100 Tr.l/ Bufflehead 1,400 1,000 — 28.6 Subtotal 67,600 19,300 - 71.4 Miscellaneous: Mergansers 5,700 5,000 - 12.3 Ruddy duck 11,500 1,400 - 87.3 Scoters 3,500 2,000 - 42.8 Black-bellied tree duck 6,100 5,600 - 8.2 Fulvous tree duck 2,800 1,200 - 57.1 Subtotal 29,600 15,200 - 48.6 Total ducks 1,088,200 966,300 - 11.2 Geese: Snow goose 500 300 - 40.0 White-fronted goose 200 3,200 +1500.0 Canada goose Tr. 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U) 01 ki c .-1 0 fM sx: Q) r^ in CN ^ lU 0 E Dicn (N m 1 4J M-i ; C -H 1 1 10 H C 10 >-3 0) — -c e 4J O 0 fO V4 s dP M4 Cl 234.5 dex 35.1 ze 5.251 C -H in M U3 •3 c 0) -O iQ 10 ■a 0 0 « coo 3 0 ^ b 0 0. n n 5 rH O Dl 0) c 3 3 > ■p •H •^Q < f-i (U 3 ID Oi w M 0 10 in 0 0 tr u rH i-i ja 10 > 1 >, 3 S. 10 (U >.c o 01 ^ 1 * 0 4J 3 u u 10 to 3 > xn -y 144 ■d ■H 4J 3 •H -H m m U 0 (0 ja lo a) u 0. 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I • I c c c c o o o r-- o r^ o o o fN o (N fN •rH^lOfTlMJOl^ m OfNfJlVOtN'^'^M ■I- • I -^ rH I I I I C -I- LiofNvovor^infNfo r^oi^fNCOcomor- m cointNin-^rr-r^ "3" fN 03 fN -^ m fT» •r^r^caminLn^ r-iomrH 1 rHinium I • I -H I i I I ^ofNfTtrHmoin'd^ VOOinrHV£)^£>rHOr^ r- fNor-^omoocT* in (N rH ID rH fN CTl rH 14 10 rH HI c m 10 H 0 Eh HI ai 01 Eh > tJi-O O ■rt 01 "O j3 3 o- m u) C Cf CI rH r^ o o o^ cN in "d* o o o rH -H + rH M ^ -f -f I I -^ m O CO v^ (N rH o . . • \D O VD O O o LO L-^ in . . . -I- rH + c c c + l4 111 " f-4 o 'S 3 Q a a 3 u 3 C ■a Q H 10 14 rH U 10 ^ 10 -H rH O 3 V4 . . , rH 10 -O 01 01 3 l4 10 rH 10 6 V4 rH O S ca O < U cq 2 c c •H U 3 01 I si 01 4J 10 rH 4J •H O lO 4J ^^ •H W 48 rH t7\ O^ 'a* O fN fN o rH m o o c^ ID fTl -^ in O O p* r- r^ -y r-i ^^ I rH -I- +11 -f ■•a" CO r- o o in 'T fN m m o o m ^ 'a' 0) >1 ■a •3 O 01 o -o ii. 13 rH 0 C 01 10 01 10 £; 4J C O 01 o o o o r* CM o OJ • ••••■ O O O (N CN in \o o o VO rs| • • • L-l •* O O O O f^J -a- fN •••III c c e O O O ID in rH o o o r^ 03 u T3 J 10 n to 01 10 tl. I -H rH 4J HX;>3DlV4'44^ OI'OCiOCOlUHS >oioo-Hi3u) •H K O Ul 05 < (a Q n 3 O 01 = 5 10 10 I rH 3 H rH 3" 14 01 . 0 w 01 4J -a wja o "a -a o "3 M 3 in rH •r4 O 3 O U3 ■H o H u] a s U rH 01 10 O 4-) o Q Eh o •p o o u c 10 o •• -H 10 V4 4J 01 o e o < o o 01 10 14 01 > 10 c •H ■a 01 ■a 3 o c 4J g IS ■a c 10 u >i o > u 3 ui Tl C 3 O Di C -H ■3 l > — 3 T3 Ul C n) c O 3 ■H O ■M £ O 3 T3 O L4 c in ^ (H 3 Xi ° s M C O • ■tJ a S en M •g- C3 r^ ^^ r^ r~t + + I ^ O r^ (0 o 0) o > O (0 > I vi ■H -H Id XI a, H to tr-H C > ■H ■a ^1 01 o OJ M-l 1-1 o ^ -p 3 w O 3 ^+^ U TD 0) to ■P n! OJ 3 -P E o ■rH 4J rd rH 3 a o^ c r- r^ m CO o rn 0 r^ C -H iri CO CO ra ,c P. o 0 (>p >4-4 r^ o rj -* H OJ July Ponds 25 Duck Brood Index 4 Avg. Brood Size 4. 01 IB en n c 0< IB > + ^ 18 U E d** 0 VO 0) iH IB I l-l o 0) o > c^ IB cs OJ r^ t7lO^ C H IB s: E o o u ID ■3 C 0 0. >1 IB a 01 m X 0) a c •H 01 o c I 01 4J IB ij + u i"J I-"* o rj o i"i + • I IN rH I H rH S +1 + + O O O r- rH n 'T rH IN •^00 CO r^j rvj I .11 . I H + I C 3 + iHOcoinocoforoco o o r^ • • • o o o o o u u i^"t H rH + . . • I II sec O rH ro o o o o O O O .H U U O UT U i-l • ••+• + c c c c 000000 o o o 04 o rj U U O U '^ . • • I c c c c o o in o o o in ^ o 000 u U u ^ o 'ir 000000 o o o rn o rl LI • ■^CTr^r-r^'g'i--) rj 0 + rj cn + ri rH .H + . n rH 1 + + c + + Ul 01 ■p g •H ■P cn H rH n 0 CO 0 0 rj 0 r^ rn C orN-^j'-^t^CNjrHm 0 C3 LT ro rH o-> L-) r^ 0 4J n rH r^ rH CN CO Id rH M 3 a 0 0. cn r^ • CO iT) 0 0 P* rH m c •H r~1 jrHLTficnonrn • 1 1 1 t 1 1 1 ■d c 0) OJ u a 0 ornco-^cOLTP^rH r^ «^ -r o • o C3 o ■v +0 u o r^ + (N rH • r-l + + I n 1 C^ Li -^ r- O rH o r: Ln c% I—I o o • . . o o n U U u rj o rj • • . CN ^ rg c: c; c + + + O O O CO H CTv 000m f-i r^ c o -^ TT r-j rH c^ CN r- Li iH 'T i.1 -H c o ■^ r-t rH CO ^ m o ^ ^ r^ • o o ri r- rj '^ 0000 CJ + I • rH rH + + c I I LH a-. CN o c; o o ^ CO o o o c n CO rH rj n o o c r J L-i r- o o o -^ '^ rH U IB rH 0) C 0) IB rH 0 EH 0) OJ 01 Eh > CTiTI 0 •H 01 T3 £ M S D^ 01 Ul 0 C Dl rH 3 C -H C C IB to -3 Q rH IB 3 -H IH rH -P U U >-* 0 1 3 i -H 0 (U IB ^ IB ■H C 1 -C IB -P •• rH rH 0 ■? IH 01 0) -P -P ^ 01 01 3 H C 3 Ul .a rH IB T3 ^ XI IB rH IB E IH rH 0 -H 01 5 0 ca z a< U IB S Q 0 3 0 Q (1) >! 01 c 01 ■3 •• rH Ul -3 0 3 ^ 01 U -3 0 i; 0 X IB rH 01 0 H rH IB 0 C 0) IB C 3 3 01 IB T) XI 0) IB x: -P IB IB Q 01 -P C 0 01 0 H 3 U CO n 1 -H H +1 rH tr n i^ ^2,tl u s: > ■^ C-' H XH XI 01 Ul 0) •p 73 tnja 0 -3 IH 3 01 '3 C a C 01 **H 3 0 73 -3 D •H E 3 Ul Ul rH -H •H « U C/1 « 5 a •H C W Ul « S a ^ Ul u Q Eh o Eh ■P O o u a IB o o ■ u 49 Table B-11. — Minnesota waterfowl breeding population indices for 1973. Stratum- State total Species 1 2 3 4 Ducks Dabblers: Mallard 14,825 17,973 32,156 19,696 84,650 Blackduck — — — — — Gadwall 554 288 1,328 1,185 3,355 American wig eon 69 144 759 4,195 5,167 Green-winged teal — ~ 190 — 190 Blue-winged teal 16,072 14,738 27,793 7,568 66,171 Northern shoveler 139 1,582 2,277 729 4,727 Pintail 831 862 1,707 729 4,129 Wood duck 693 575 2,466 0 3,734 Subtotal 33,183 36,162 68,676 34,102 172,123 Divers: Redhead 4,676 1,438 1,328 182 7,624 Canvasback Scaup— 762 ~ 1,518 — 2,280 2,078 5,823 8,537 14,590 31,028 Ring-necked duck 1,940 1,438 4,174 2,006 9,558 Ruddy duck 3/ deneye— 1,282 1,725 2,087 — 5,094 American go] — 144 — 9,757 9,901 Bufflehead 69 — 190 2,006 2,265 Merganser 69 144 — 1,003 1,216 Subtotal Total ducks Coots TOTAL 10,876 10,712 17,834 29,544 68,966 44,059 10,460 46,874 6,614 86,510 21,058 63,646 91 241,089 38,223 54,519 53,488 107,568 63,737 279,312 — The strata given here represent the following: 1 - High density of lake basins 2 - Medium density of lake basins 3 - Low density of lake basins 4 - Roseau and Red Lake bog region in northwestern Minnesota 2/ — Many scaup are still migrating north and will not breed in Minnesota. 3/ — American goldeneyes tallied in Strata 4 largely represent nonbreeders on large lakes. 50 Table B-12. — Indicated waterfowl breeding on selected routes in Minnesota as recorded by both 'aerial and ground crews in the spring of 1973. S P E C I E S 1/ Mallard Blue-winged teal Ring ;-necked duck All ducks Route A/G A/G A/G A/G Howard Lake 176/140 190/320 0/0 403/492 Herman 34/88 83/212 0/0 139/476 Clinton 18/20 27/90 0/0 65/236 Callaway 22/20 17/44 44/8 138/100 Hitterdahl 16/16 7/16 0/0 23/32 Waubun 20/60 8/24 23/44 71/120 Itasca Park 18/52 6/16 31/44 58/140 Reamer 17/28 0/4 24/8 41/60 All routes Air 321 335 122 938 Grd. 424 726 104 1656 Aerial visibility 76% 46% 100% 57% — The number of each species includes both drakes and hens. In many instances hens are calculated on the basis of a drake being present. 51 Table B-13. — Estimated number of breeding ducks in Minnesota in the spring of 1973.1/ Unadjusted Adjusted Percentage population population change Species index Visibility index from 1973 Mallard 84,650 76% 111,000 + 61% Blue-winged teal 66,171 46% 144,000 + 44% 2/ Ring-necked duck- 9,558 100% 9,500 - 14% Other ducks 80,710 51% 158,000 +102% All ducks 241,089 57% 423,000 +64% — This estimate does not include the northeastern portion of the state, the metropolitan area, the Red River Valley, or those portions of southern Minnesota having no lakes of ten acres or more in size within a township. 2/ — Visibility rates for ring-necked ducks continue to be unrealistically high. The past three years have recorded complete aerial observations for these birds on the selected routes. Table B-14. — Breeding population estimates for ducks in Minnesota in recent years based on aerial censuses corrected for visibility. Year Mallard Blue-winged teal All ducks 1968 110,000 160,000 390,000 1969 101,000 162,000 369,000 1970 111,000 153,000 316,000 1971 96,000 153,000 331,000 1972 69,000 100,000 258,000 1973 111,000 144,000 423,000 52 Table B-15. — Observed number of indicated breeding pairs of ducks per hundred square miles in Minnesota in the spring of 1973. Stratum Mallards Blue-winged teal All ducks I 129 - 21 115 - 20 338 - 44 II 107 - 23 82 - 24 234 - 50 III 84 - 24 68 - 14 199 - 43 All 98 - 15 79 - 11 231 - 14 — Indicated breeding pairs includes all drakes not in flocks. Table B-16. — Success of mallard nesting in western Minnesota in the spring of 1973, as indicated by status of drakes in early June with comparisons to previous years. Total drakes Percentage of drakes Year tallied Paired Single Flocked 1969 507 1970 253 1971* 318 1972 404 1973 449 *Approximately half of the drakes with hens were observed this year in a localized area of southwestern Otter Tail County having a recent history of heavy thundershower activity. 3.8 6.9 89.3 3.6 6.3 90.1 5.7 11.0 83.3 4.0 4.5 91.8 1.7 7.2 91.6 53 (U 6d a IN o r^ U ON C o 0\ < CO C td 6C C O •H 4-1 ca oc i-r u u to *CX3 00 ^ -* rH o in A M M A at A M -;r CO lO CM CO CM 1— I O O O 1-1 CM .H CO m i-i O O o o -a- CO (U > 0) . 4-l n r-( < CO (U •H O (U a rOCJNroomoou^iH r-4 iH i)in'X)CN CN r^ vo n ^ r-~ iH rH r~- o o o -3- CO o o CT> CXD en o o v£> C3^ CM cu H • U C (U c iH •H Q) tH U > CO O (U •a x: H CO CO ^ CO • C U 4J •a ■-I 5 ■ u iH 3 o 1-1 iH c 1 s (U •H Q u CO CO o C 1 ^ CO ^ r-H S lU 0) 0) 4-1 u T) 3 iH X) 60 ^ (U 3 J-" x) -Q • 0) ^ Q O CO to c c 0) u (U (0 (X 1 0) .H >>^ x: > 3 60 TS M-l -O 3 T3 c CO d -H U-( t3 tn 0) CO o ■H O 3 3 ed c_) c/3 Pi O w « B-S B~S O CO O v£) vO CO O eg ■J- CO rH CO o o o o m ~d- o o o o CO vD o o ON o o o o o o CO o T3 4-1 -a 3 o tn o 13 0) •rH 4-1 •H 4J C tu TD •H c 3 B-5 CX) vD O O ■€ CO > CO O o o CO CM in o o -a- in in t/l (0 u N M 4J >N CU OJ O C M 3 • > > N ^ o cd CJ O £. 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I " I 1- o "J i_) z 3 1- o: >- T Z lU z UJ Q. UJ -1 O (_> < or: (/I CJl h- -U > Ui O Q. < Q. z u 3 o 3 _l UJ t>n > 'JJ ►- u o z> < t/1 UJ u< a: 0 ^^ o u- 1 o 3 1 O o o O 1 i/> 103 TABLE C-10. Proportions of the total duck harvest occurring after the September teal season in certain States during 1969, 1970, 1971, and 1972. Flyway Prop ortion in Regular Season State 1969 1970 1971 1972 Atlantic Maine — .9418 .9566 .9607 Mississippi Alabama .9651 .9801 .9631 .9624 Arkansas .9850 .9868 .9907 .9854 Illinois .9398 .9321 .9335 .9625 Indiana .9523 .9288 .9210 .9249 Iowa .8008 — — — Louisiana .8975 .9047 .9114 .9030 Mississippi .9909 .9891 .9880 .9902 Missouri .9174 .9065 .9271 .9314 Ohio .9538 .9567 .93&1 .9438 Tennessee — .9927 .9695 .9846 Central Colorado .9775 .9641 .9507 .9728 Kansas .8788 .8624 .9071 .9285 Montana .9723 .9320 — — Nebraska .8630 .8941 — — New Mexico .9597 .9476 .9439 .9710 North Dakota .8876 — — — Oklahoma .9685 .9410 .9547 .9491 Texas .9443 .9661 .9589 .9566 Wyoming .9407 ~~ — — ^^ 104 ■■n >> u > Z o a o a. a z ■< z o a. o Ol. z Q u « CQ o Ex P6 M H ■< ^ Cd O to < ee H c» a z •< c« H u Z •«: es H