BOSTON PUBLIC LIBRARY 3 9999 063 7 778 4 V. /-yj: /$? WOODCOCK STATUS REPORT 1974 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE Special Scientific Report-Wildlife No. 189 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Fish and Wildlife Service WOODCOCK STATUS REPORT, 1974 Joseph W. Artmann Office of Migratory Bird Management Fish and Wildlife Service Special Scientific Report — Wildlife No. 189 Washington, D.C. • 1975 CONTENTS Page Abstract iv Introduction 1 Wing-collection survey 3 Procedures 3 Results 3 Productivity index ' h Hunter success index 7 Regional analysis of wing-collection data . . .' 7 Sex and age ratios 7 Chronology of harvest 7 Singing-ground survey 9 Procedures 9 Results 10 Banding activities i . . . 13 Acknowledgments i. . . 13 References ^ . . 15 Appendix 16 in ABSTRACT The estimated continental woodcock harvest exceeded 1.5 million birds during the 1973-7** hunting season. Wing-collection data for 1973-7** indi- cated that productivity increased during the previous spring by 15% range- wide, 9% in the Atlantic Region, and 21% in the Central Region. Daily and seasonal hunting success was also greater by 8.7% and 10.0%, respectively. The 197*+ breeding population index increased 6.5% rangewide, 2.h% in the Atlantic Region, and 10.0% in the Central Region. Indices from 196h-lk suggested a declining breeding population in the Atlantic Region and an essentially stable population in the Central Region. Recoveries of 2,950 banded woodcock indicate the existence of two relatively distinct popula- tions. More than 9*+% of the recoveries were made in the Region of banding. IV INTRODUCTION During the past decade, the American woodcock has become an increasingly popular game bird over much of its range. The species still ranks well below waterfowl in terms of harvest, but the ratio of woodcock to waterfowl har- vested has narrowed to 1:3, or less, in several northern States. Thus, the species has advanced from a "specialty" game bird highly regarded by a few hunters to a broader based recreational resource actively pursued by many sportsmen. Owen (1975) estimated that woodcock provide between 2.5 and 3.0 million man-days of hunting recreation annually. Because no suitable sampling framework is available in the United States for conducting a randomized woodcock harvest survey, the magnitude of the har- vest has been estimated from data derived primarily from the waterfowl hunter questionnaire of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Clark 1972). The esti- mated 1 . U million woodcock harvested during the 1973-7*+ hunting season repre- sent an increase of approximately 70% from the average of the 196^-65 and 1965-66 seasons (Table l) . This is a crude estimate, but it provides some insight into the utilization of the resource. Although over half the harvest occurs in the northern zone (Fig. l) , mid-, and southern zone harvests appear to be increasing. In Canada, all migratory game bird hunters are required to obtain Federal permits. Thus, in recent years woodcock harvests there have been measured more precisely than in the United States. The 1967-73 Canadian woodcock har- vests have averaged about 105,000 annually. Canadian harvest sampling pro- cedures were changed in 1972, and the resulting harvest estimates are gener- ally lower but they are believed to be more accurate. In 1973, 109,000 wood- cock were harvested (Dobell 197*0. Combining the Canadian and U.S. harvest estimates indicated the continental woodcock harvest exceeded 1.5 million birds in 1973. Relatively little woodcock research has been accomplished and much needs to be learned of the species' potential for meeting further recrea- tional demands. Two annual surveys presently provide the basis for establishing woodcock hunting regulations in the United States: (l) a wing-collection survey pro- vides data on relative reproductive success during the previous breeding season, hunting success, changes in size and distribution of the harvest by participating hunters; and (2) a singing-ground survey provides an index to the breeding population. Data collection and analysis have steadily improved in both surveys. Although imperfect, these two surveys produce the best rangewide information currently available for managing woodcock. This report presents data from the 1973-7*+ wing-collection survey, the 197*+ singing-ground survey, and addi- tional information accumulated since publication of the 1973 Status Report (Clark 197*0 . WING-COLLECTION SURVEY The primary objective of the wing-collection survey is to determine woodcock reproductive success the previous spring as reflected by the age and sex composition of the harvest sample. The survey also produces infor- mation on changes in the temporal distribution of the harvest and daily and seasonal hunter success. Response by hunters to the wing-collection survey has been excellent since its inception in 1959, varying from 8,786 wings that year to 23,112 for the 1973-7^ season and averaging about 15,000 annually. Procedures Procedures for collecting, processing, and analyzing survey data were described by Clark (1970, 1973). Survey participants are assembled from a variety of sources, including those hunters who cooperated in the survey the previous year, respondents who indicated on the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's waterfowl questionnaire and State harvest surveys that they hunted woodcock, and requests by individuals that they or their friends be included in the survey. Clark (1970) discussed biases associated with assembling a survey sample from these sources, but speculated that major changes in pro- ductivity and harvest rates could be detected. When only data from comparable hunters are used, presumably some of this bias is reduced. Because the number of wings received from each State may not be propor- tional to the woodcock harvest of that State, data used to compute overall productivity and harvest index trends must be weighted. No one has devised a completely satisfactory weighting method because of the lack of a uniform sampling framework. Current weighting procedures are based upon a combination of data from the Service's waterfowl questionnaire survey, duck stamp sales, and State license sales (Clark 1970). Wing totals vary between different tables in this report because incomplete information necessitated exclusion of a few wings from some tabulations. A linear regression model was used to determine long-term trends . Results Although 1% fewer hunters were contacted in the 1973-7^ woodcock wing- collection survey, 8% more responded. They contributed 23,112 wings, which is 21$? more than in 1972-73. Distribution of hunter contacts by States and contact codes revealed that the response rate was better in northern States than in southern States and averaged 29% overall (Table 2). To improve the distribution of the wing sample, more hunters in midlatitude and southern States have been contacted in recent years (Table 3). Generally adequate samples are available from northern States . A State-by-State comparison of the number of cooperators , envelopes returned, and wings received for the past two hunting seasons is shown in Table k. Data on average number of wings per envelope and number of enve- lopes received during 1973-7*+ are not strictly comparable because data from previous years did not include envelopes in which no wings were submitted. These envelopes represented hunts during which no woodcock were bagged. Hence the decrease in the number of wings per envelope may have been par- tially caused by procedural methods. Age and sex data from 1963-61+ through 1973-71+ wing Collections show about an equal proportion of adults (1+8.1+$) and immatures (51.6$) in the harvest (Table 5). The immatures were almost equally divided between males and females (50.7$ vs. 1+9.3$), while among adults there was a greater pro- portion of females (59-9$) than males (1+0.1$). The latter difference was statistically significant (P<0.01, t = 3.99). It is not known if this dif- ference is real or caused by the method of data collection. If differential hunting mortality is occurring, then it could affect age ratios in the harvest sample. Data for woodcock banded in Maine indicate that survival rates for adult males and females, and immature females were similar while those for immature males were significantly lower (Krohn et al. 197I+). Hence, immature male mortality apparently occurs between the time the harvest is sampled and males are banded as adults. Further study is needed to determine where and when mortality occurs. Does it occur on the wintering or breeding areas or during migration? Is it a result of weather conditions, predation, or other factors? Productivity Index Because woodcock can be aged and sexed by wing plumage characters (Martin 196I+), the ratio of immatures per adult female in the wing survey provides a measure of reproductive success during the preceding breeding season (Table 6). Considerable variation in age ratios occurs among differ- ent harvest areas (States or Provinces) and between years for the same har- vest areas. These variations are probably caused by differences in hunting season dates, weather conditions, hunting restrictions, and possibly a com- bination of differential migration and hunting vulnerability. Some variation has been eliminated by computing the weighted productiv- ity index with only data from hunters who participated in the survey for 2 consecutive years. Before the 1970-71 season, annual changes in age ratios were small when range-wide data were weighted and combined (Fig. 2). Large fluctuations occurred in 1970-71 (25$ increase) and in 1971-72 (26$ decrease). The cause of these unusual fluctuations has not been determined but adverse weather shortly after hatching may be a factor (Clark I97I+). The 1973-71+ index showed a 15$ increase over 1972-73 (Table 7). However, the linear regression model does not show any significant long-term trend in productivity (r = -.1+6). Separating rangewide productivity data into regional components also failed to show statistically significant long-term trends (Fig. 3). The weighted productivity ratio for the Atlantic Region increased 9$ over 1972-73 while that for the Central Region increased 21$. In the Atlantic Region, the ratio has varied widely, especially since the 1969-70 season. Before 1972-73, > u a en c o u O o I 60 C •H CJ o o X) o o £ B o )-l 14-1 X) 0) c •H e CD 4-1 (U . O to r^ rt I X o\ 0) iH 13 C I •H O cfl •H CU 4-1 >H cfl U en 13 ca •H cd 60 B c o CO o 13 O 0) S-i 4-4 4-1 60 ca ■H J-l 0) CO & X5 aXBtuaj axnpB aad ssjn^Bunux :xapux ox^Ba 93b p9aq§T9/»i 60 •H ;T o - 75 - 2 1.30" Atlantic Region Central Region Fig. Hunting seasons 3. Regional trends in weighted age ratio indices, as determined by woodcock wing-collection survey data from comparable hunters (Base Year - 1969-70) the ratio of immatures per adult female was generally higher in the Atlantic Region. Fluctuations in the Central Region have been less extreme, with a general decline from 1963-6^+ to 1966-67 and an increase thereafter. Hunter Success Index Based on data from comparable hunters, daily and seasonal hunting success, as indicated by average number of wings per envelope and per cooperator, increased by 8.1% and 10.0%, respectively (Table 8). Daily and seasonal suc- cess for the past 11 years are plotted on Fig. k. The curves appear similar but a linear regression analysis indicated a significant decline (r = 0.72, P<0.01) in daily hunting success but not for seasonal hunting success. Common data were used to calculate both success indices; consequently the results should be viewed cautiously. Daily hunting success is also indicated by the daily bag size distribu- tion. Daily bag size data for the 1973-7^ season and the average daily bag size from 1969 through 197^ are presented in Table 9- The 1973-7^ season was more successful because a larger percentage of hunters attained the daily bag limit than in previous years. Conversely, fewer bags contained only one woodcock. Regional Analysis of Wing-Collection Data Sex and Age Ratios An investigation of factors affecting productivity and hunter success was initiated in 1970. Since differential migration by sex and age groups in conjunction with the timing of hunting seasons would materially influence the productivity index, the first step was to analyze regional sex and age ratios by time periods . Wing-collection data were divided into 10-day segments for regional com- parisons. These segments were subsequently grouped into three major periods so that approximately 50% of the wings were in the middle period and 25% each in the first and last periods. If seasonal trends in sex or age ratios occurred, this broad separation between the early and late seasons should make them more apparent. Because weather probably influences the timing of migration and the availability of woodcock, yearly weather variations make the interpretation of the results difficult. Data for the 1969-70 through 1973- 7U seasons are summarized for the Atlantic and Central Regions (Tables 10 and 11) . Differences have been noted, but the results are not yet conclusive. Chronology of Harvest With a season length of 65 days States can generally select a season encompassing the period of greatest woodcock abundance. A few States, how- ever, continue to set woodcock hunting seasons with resident game species in mind. This reduces woodcock hunting opportunity because the period of greatest woodcock abundance may be missed in many years. aa^unq aad ussajbh; iBiiosBas psaqg-ia^ P"> CM r-l O Pi <0 w c H ^ P3 >-H CO O •h co « co Pi < a 00 J- a I co I CNI tv o o a o o .-i co 3 C CM C r- td 1 e 1 o O C o •H r-~ B l CU vD 4-1 ON -< C cu cn O a cu id ro •H cn 1 rd ■o co a: 0) 3 m ID co •i-i -^ 60 U CO c cu u ■H •u cu CO 4-) 3 4J ,ID C 3 3 1 3 X 3 r^ W .3 id U cu cu a. iH .a t- j-i co ID 1 cu co ID > a. ID CO o .3 o -H 6 ID CO 0 ID 1 3 u O "4-1 in U) cp cd CO cu -u cn co •v in T3 id 3 ^ co a) J- > ID .-1 3 ■H cn co J T3 3 . 1 O TJ -H CO CU 4-1 ID 4J O £■ 0) 60 tH •H !H QJ O CO S * 00 as VO CTN ON co p CD nS O 60 I 60 S3 •H 60 C P c e o h .-I CO cd I 3 to 13 C O u 00 60 C •H oo on ?-> H 13 CO 0) •H e 0) CM ■U r^- CD On XI H CO ^-n cd o H X on On 0J rH H T3 (3 1 O 1-1 a) ■H 60 ffl On H >< C 01 •H >h 13 0) 0) on a) to vX> >-i nj on ,Q pq rH co o vO U ON 13 to (3 ^70 woodcock were banded, 2,9^+7 in the Atlantic Region and 2,523 in the Central Region. Expansion of banding effort during 1961-73 is reflected in Table 18. The increase, particularly evident in preseason banding, is illustrated in Fig. 7- Comparisons of recovery data for 2,950 banded woodcock show two rela- tively distinct woodcock populations (Table 19) • More than 9&% of the recov- eries for woodcock banded in the Atlantic Region occurred in that Region. Similarly, almost 91$ of the Central Region's recoveries occurred there. Most interregional recoveries were from birds banded near regional borders . The lack of substantial interchange between regions indicates that management by regional units is biologically sound. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Most data in this report would not be available without the cooperation of the Canadian Wildlife Service; Provincial and State conservation departments; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service personnel of Regions 3, h, and 5; and the many individuals who assisted in the surveys. Special appreciation is extended to the University of Massachusetts Press for permission to reproduce the late Mr. A. Lassell Ripley's etching "Early Woodcock" which again appears on this report's cover. Also, special thanks are extended to the biologists who worked at the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, Md. , processing over 23,000 wood- cock wings and coding the data for computer analysis. These cooperators and their affiliations are as follows : Joe Coggin Virginia Commission of Game & Inland Fisheries Patrick 0. Corr Maine Dept. of Inland Fisheries & Game Tom Dotson West Virginia Dept. of Natural Resources William B. Krohn U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Tim Linkkila Connecticut Dept. of Environmental Protection Fant Martin U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Robert McKee Maryland Dept. of Natural Resources George O'Shea U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 13 hD 3 M •H a 13 •H C t3 cd B pq cd c m Sh S3 o CD n ■f-i S-t g ■H M tu s txi 0) -p p iii><>y<< 0 en a i •H Sh O 0 ai CD PI C— H MJ < ON H 0 a 0 •rH < J- CD 0 CD in a ■H < T) 0 Ol a ct) 0 0 cd ,'.: o o a o o IK cu cn cd CU Fh o G cd cu J*! o en o cu t3 -p o o 0) W cd cu CJ G Is o rH cu P cd is fe^ cd s CO JD 0) a p •H Cd -p en co cu be p c G -H 3 P •^ § H cn G H VO CM ON LA LA VO t— vo r-^ ON t— cd o LA H OJ CO LA on ON o H LA OJ CO cu U cd cd P cd cn cd cu cn VD VD 1 LA VO LA J- CO H ON LA OJ o H OJ VO H ,G a ON H H co OJ ON o c— ON cn _=f OJ t— O •H OJ -tf -=f OJ t— LA rH LA on LA m J- JG u o cn T3 C cd LA VD 1 VO LA rH -=t rH VD ON VO t- OJ o ON G vo ON CO OJ ON o J- rH vo ON cn -=f VO O ON LA vo t— _=t c— o CO LA OJ t— LA LA cn cd r-t H vo H C— CO o cn OJ o VD LA OJ cu cd S C5 o Is 6 J o o iq M S p O H H cn 0) p cu s ■P cd P S G CU G EH O bO cd o G u o < H < o r^ G U CJ cd cu cu M p H cu O CU • Q Jh U ,g CJ jG CD •G < G !h -cf 3 ffi r( T3 3 K Fh T3 G £> S < M O •H O O •H o O •H o s s CO B s CO S25 s CO cd ,a IT Table 2. Distribution of contacts and response rate in 1973-7*+ woodcock wing- collection survey (including Code U contacts added during season). State of residence Packets mailed contact code' by 1 Total contacted" No. of cooperators Percentage of contacts 1 2 It 7 8 9 responding Ala. 12 51 k 72 136 16 11 Ark. 7 32 39 It 10 Conn. 132 228 2k 9 388 133 33 Del. 11 29 10 kg 10 20 D.C. 1 1 2 0 0 Fla. 11 k9 1 3 23 85 11 13 Ga. 27 52 1 1 13 158 2l+2 31+ lit 111. 28 1U2 3 1 22 190 27 11+ Ind. 31 102 1 59 191 22 12 Iowa 1 U5 1 hi 9 19 Kans . 22 22 1 5 Ky. 1* 17 12 32 6 18 La. >+5 253 7 15 293 60k 62 10 Maine 162 21 k 16 55 337 588 239 1+1 Md. 32 88 3 2 106 231 29 13 Mass . 188 169 7 17 376 168 1+5 Mich. 157 111 13 503 Ilk 197 25 Minn. 6k 119 7 1 187 70 37 Miss . 20 91 1 10 79 190 21 11 Mo. 8 32 1 1 83 120 13 11 N.H. 62 160 1+ 1 37 259 71 27 N.J. 151 12U 10 19 kk 167 50U 217 1+3 N.Y. 175 233 18 26 1+1+8 206 1+6 N.C. 32 70 1+ 3 108 31 29 Ohio 95 156 5 2 25I+ 73 29 Okla. 1+ 17 5 25 2 8 Pa. 133 376 5 507 158 31 R.I. 20 32 2 11 12 125 186 ^5 21+ S.C. 27 57 1 6 16 105 25 2k Tenn. 8 39 1 3 85 129 lit 11 Tex. 8 29 3 3 1+3 8 18 Vt. 51 101 h 8 163 71 1+1+ Va. 20 67 Ik 3 10U 1+2 1+0 W. Va. 20 25 k 113 151 20 13 Wis. 131 1+6 16 139 3^+9 667 271 1+1 TOTAL 1,878 3,186 162 5k 371 2,660 8,ll+6 2,326 29 aCode 1 - Previous year's Code 1, 2, 1+ , 7, and 8 hunters who submitted wings, Code 2 - Waterfowl mail survey hunters who reported hunting woodcock. Code 1+ - Requested participation or proposed by fellow hunter. Code 7 - Appeared on both Code 1 and Code 9 lists. Code 8 - Previous year's Code 9 hunters who submitted wings. Code 9 - From list provided by State, primarily from State kill survey. Excluding packets not deliverable. 18 Table 3. Changes in regional distribution of hunter contacts, 1968-69 to 1973-74. REFERENCE AREA 1968-69 1970-71 1972-73 1973-74 6-Year percent change North Central 1,894 1,757 1,061 1,628 -14 Mid-Central 542 721 795 985 +82 South Central 286 454 939 1,037 +263 REGION TOTAL 2,722 2,932 2,795 3,650 +34 North Atlantic 2,836 2,304 2,982 2,408 -15 Mid-Atlantic 1,424 1,764 1,872 1,548 +9 South Atlantic 264 447 616 540 +105 REGION TOTAL 4,524 4,515 5,470 4,496 -1 Northern Zone 4,730 4,061 4,043 4,036 -15 Mid-Zone 1,966 2,485 2,667 2,533 +29 Southern Zone 550 901 1,555 1,577 +187 U.S. TOTAL 7,246 7,447 8,265 8,146 +12 19 co a 3 rH co > 3 n) CO c o CD CO 0) co 00 c C 3 X -3- 3 r-. O I CO co -H r-- r4 on to rH a. e ■a o C o CO >-l co o r-. C4H I CN T3 r-~ ai on XI rH 3 rH o •• c CO -H !*. CU CN > r- u I 3 rH co r~- I 60 3 •H 3 T3 O O 3 0 o u UH CO Q X CO H CO 00 3 U •H O 3 4J CO 14-4 r4 O CD G • O O O 3 O • U oo a> > aj < CO 00 3 a) p. r- o co > < PJCN 10 U a -u CO u a> P. t o o CJ UH 0) o 3 1 1 00 CO J3 0 comrsi^nrovotocoo I oo rH I <■ no rH rH rH o rH O CM -J" 00 CN rH rH O rH so r-. cn r~ 00 no ^ in no CO O CTN 1 LOCOO>i^l^ GOCOIn I — i — 1 no CO o ro in in no r^- o rH NO 0 0 0 O CMO-T H 0 CO rH CO c 2 c HHH r|N r(HH H CN CM CM CM CM CM rH rH rH CN CM rH CM rH CM CM rH rH CM CM rH CM CM CI CM Xt c c »JCOOlHO\COHNO t— to r— \o ro > a voma^o H oi co r~- rH o *d" on no r-. o CM co o on oo m O- m 00 CN rH O CM O O r— 0 CTN 0 1 NO 3 rH n H H CO M N in rH CN ON in no co in os as CO r~. CN • 0) 4J S CO Ai 3 rH CO -H-O S C . . •H • CO a 3 co • 33 r^ >< OHH • rH U 3 X • • cn J3 H CO C rHMOOIrHcOrHSOcOSiCO n) -O 1 •H •H -H O • • • x! -*: co • • > 3 3 O H CO X 20 Table 5. Summary of woodcock wing survey age and sex data from 1963-6U through 1973-71+. a Hunting ADULT IMMATURE Total season Male Female M/F Male Female M/F 1963-61+ 2,1+10 3,636 .6628 3,1+19 3,292 1.0385 12,757 196U-65 1,965 3,030 .61+85 2,785 2,650 1.0509 10,1+30 1965-66 2,386 3,1+69 .6878 2,762 2,719 1.0158 11,336 1966-67 2,550 3,633 .7018 3,338 3,091+ 1.0788 12,615 1967-68 3,203 l+,l+25 .7238 3,828 3,591 1.0659 15,01+7 1968-69 3,1+18 5,021+ .6803 l+,667 l+,l+29 1.0591 17,538 1969-70 3,552 It, 961+ .7155 K 1+1+3 1+.272 l.Ol+OO 17,231 1970-71 2,961 U,6UU .6375 5,069 5,023 1.0091 17,697 1971-72 3,607 5,678 .6352 4,636 l+,803 0.9652 18,721+ 1972-73 3,617 5,639 .61+11+ 14,780 l+,l+00 1.0863 18,U36 1973-7^ h, 135 6,397 .61+61+ 5,787 6,01+9 O.9566 22 , 368 Total 33,80U 50,539 l+5,5ll+ l+l+,322 174,179 X 3,073 l+,595 .6687 1+,138 l+,029 1.0270 % of overall ig.'U 29.O 26.1 25.1+ harvest a Unweighted data from all harvest areas (excluding wings which could not be aged or sexed) . 21 OCX) UJ LU SL _) m r- r\J rr, l> O «*• o r— >»■«»■ e> r- in m ■O CO -< N M O I in 1 -h o H O — . — < ro — i 10^m^n^mffl">s^,inroiMiN!\jNNcOH Nmo-i'tMM-t- i cm m -o •- < -< — «r--j-r\iT^ l<- (NJ sj- >J- <\J — I -O ^ >-H H |]v J- -h (M — iN1omM'Hcoo>j,(r'(j>>rcoNf'i CI "*J CM X N.^'DOi,lin^Nl/\N O'Ohui — t -j — 1 o — < cm r- — 1 (\| I I (NJ I I (M I I -I I I I I I <\J en *-< -o (OQI'l* H .J- CM <0 I >*• in 01 IM OH I (H I rf <0 I rsj 00 CM f\l 4- — 1 I H ^ ^ Cf N -J I S I ^ H H O coKOLi^mcoM^ co -h ,4- ~i lo m o"i -HO CO CO N mh-OLO-H— lfMlT\'4-h-lAINJ>Cl/'MfMO>C?' in in in cj* ro -* co 10m h ^ ^ o m CM >T <0 —I CM (Nl (- MOOMnoiOUM'lM^vOfllllCONOvOMC/I'lOlfUl | r— <000000>Oml>-CMO (Nl-Hf- h ir — 1 m -r nO <~ in m ro o -h cm cm f. •' ■ | ^ «»■ r<*» ho ^ «co c\/ -HCir^vOfNJ CM »*•£•--< CM CM o I I O I I I I I — < I <*"> I CM f- LO I I I MU1CO I I I CM I III I MHrnMCONOCmiMCfHOKllfl'tHON CM-H^ ^ — < H n o C) (\ OJ ^ -H -H vt C**l vO -H ^ «U H vf niy cm -J- f*- i-h O I I •-< 1 1 . — J i — < . — t II I I "• I ■-" -4-COOt300C\)o— <(M >r -r -h cj" o ir\ >r CM CO r'iii"0''OH^j)Hn(Di(\ocfcoo m^t^j.cr'--Hr<"ir^mcr> (M CM in >of"-cicDoom n p co -- -h jj en N^-l-HOicM-TCO i-H or h^h .-h cm in IM — 1 4- a u. lu 0 0 > 2 3C O • LL' — < • UJ • • • • • LU • 10 <3 1— > X ^ 00 • • • • • C_) < I_ -3 * .^ _j <: uc « • »— iiflu *^ U0 1 CL X ~5 >- 0 — • — 1 1 uj >- u <; x • • K rr 11. — irs:cjuj_i<3_ii'i_j>->j — u 22 !! a. u. a. 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O H OJ 00 t— E— t— c— On On On On H rH H rH O •H Xi o I J- I H I -=f I H LTN-* OJ H I I I _=r I H i i i LT\ I 00 I -=r I I i I _=r I 00 CM H H OO I OJ I LTN O I OJ VO OJ LTN 00 OJ I H O t— co On oOnOOn OJ OJ rl H H H _=f LTN OO IACO OJ l/\ ON 00 LTN H OO OJ H H H rH ltn-ct i o I oj H t— oo 00-3- o I CM I HHOI OJOJOJOJ I _rt l_3- OO lOO CO CM C-CO I H I H rH H I H H rH rH LTNVD I NO O UNH CM 00 -=t t— OO OJ I H H H H H OCO IAO O VO CN ON OCOHt— t— ^fl^CO LTN CM OJ O H CM H OJ H ITNJ-LTNl NO CM J^t UN I I I f- LTN CO ON OJ H t— I t— OJ LTN H III r) OPHA OONCOON OOCOON OJ LTN H 00 OJ UN rH LTN COCO OJ OJ JND OOt- H H CM OJ H O O O OJ OJ OJ CM H rH H H H H H VD CO CM OJ VO H OJ I I I I rH rH rH H O CO t— OJOJrHH CM rH VO LTN I I I I H H H rH rlHHH I I I I rHrHrHH ONONONON rH OJ 00-3- c — t — t — t — I I I I O rH OJ OO C— C— D— C— On ON ON ON rH rH H H H OJ ro-* c — c — t — c — Jill O H OJ OO C— t— E— t— ON ON ON On a a EH H OJ OO J- t — c — c — t — till O H OJ 00 t— t— t— t— On ON ON On rH H rH rH X cu EH rH CM OO -d" t — C — C — t — I I I I O H CM 00 t— t— t— t— ON ON ON ON CO co cu rH rH O CO cd o •H rH CU rC •P O rH 0) -p cd M 2 •H a 01 Ph O S o co cd ai co fl o CO a •H M OJ rQ TH- O •H rH OJ ft -P CO rH ■H ri* cd 35 Table 16. Woodcock breeding population indices as indicated by singing-ground surveys in 19 73 and 19 74 (random routes only)3 State or Province Number of routes conducted 19 73 19 74 Comparable routes" Woodcock heard per c ompa r ab le r out e 19 73 19 74 ATLANTIC REGION Connecticut Delaware Maine Maryland Massachusetts New Brunswick New Hampshire New Jersey New York Nova Scotia Pennsylvania Prince Edward Island Quebec Rhode Island Vermont Virginia West Virginia 9 10 1 2 50 47 15 16 16 15 58 45 14 14 12 12 57 60 41 30 40 38 9 8 26 16 2 2 20 21 31 25 20 22 9 2.11 2.22 3 0.66 0.66 46 3.83 3.72 9 0.33 0.22 17 2.41 2.17 41 4.90 5.41 13 3.46 4.85 16 2.63 2.13 73 2.42 2.48 35 2.14 2.66 67 1.21 0.87 9 2.67 3.00 16 2.44 2.88 4 1.25 0.75 14 2.14 2.29 70 0.31 0.47 47 0.87 0.70 REGIONAL TOTAL, & WEIGHTED AVG.C REGIONAL INDEX CHANGE 421 383 489 2.49 2.55 +2.41% CENTRAL REGION Illinois Indiana Mich igan Minnesota Ohio Ontario Wisconsin 17 16 22 23 19 90 43 38 45 47 49 43 68 65 26 0.19 0.15 45 0.33 0.29 94 3.79 4.39 51 1.41 1.69 73 0.89 0.78 29 6.38 6.97 101 2.06 2.10 REGIONAL TOTAL & WEIGHTED AVG.C 363 284 419 3.00 3.30 REGIONAL INDEX CHANGE +10.00% RANGEWIDE TOTAL & WEIGHTED AVG.C 784 667 908 2.75 2.93 RANGEWIDE INDEX CHANGE +6.55% Survey forms received after deadline for this report will be included in a later update. blncludes routes carried as constant zero routes. cWeighted averages are sums of products of woodcock heard per comparable route and the corresponding State or Province percentage of the total land area sampled. States or Provinces excluded where one comparable route represents more than 2,000 square miles or where the 2-year average is less than 0.5 birds per route. 36 Table 17. Computation of woodcock singing-ground survey weighting factors, Land area" Comparable Sq.mi .per Weightii g factor Survey areaa (Sq. mi. ) routes comp . rt . Regional Rangewide ATLANTIC REGION Connecticut ^ 870 9 5Ul .0202 .0099 Delaware 1,982 3 661 .0083 .001+1 Maine 30,933 h6 658 .1289 .0633 Massachusetts 7,833 17 1+61 .0327 .0160 New Brunswick 27,835 Ul 679 .1160 .0S70 New Hampshire 9,033 13 695 .0377 .0185 New Jersey 7,532 16 1+71 .031!+ .0155 New York ^ 7, 869 73 656 .1995 .0982 Nova Scotia 20,1+02 35 583 .0850 .01+18 Pennsylvania 1+5,025 67 672 .1877 .0923 Prince Edward Island 2,l8U 9 2l+3 .0091 .001+ 1+ Rhode Island 1,0^9 1+ 262 .001+1+ .0021 Vermont 9,27i+ ll+ 662 .0386 .0190 West Virginia 2U,o8^ 1+7 512 .1003 .01+93 REGIONAL TOTAL 239,905 39!+ 609 • 9998 CENTRAL REGION Michigan 56,818 9h 601+ .2291 .1165 Minnesota0 1+6,503 51 912 • 1875 .0953 Ohio 1*1,018 73 562 .1653 .081+0 Ontario0 1+9,220 29 1,697 .1981+ .1008 Wisconsin 5M6U 101 539 .2196 .1117 REGIONAL TOTAL 21+8,023 31+8 713 1.0000 RANGEWIDE TOTAL U87,928 7l+2 658 • 9997 aExcluding States and Provinces where each comparable route represents more than 2,000 square miles or where fewer than 0.5 birds are heard per route. "^Land area only (inland water excluded) as listed in 1970 Commercial Atlas and Marketing Guide - Rand-McNally & Co. cExcluding sections of Minnesota and Ontario outside of survey area. 37 co CO - vo -* mint- ia o j ia ro j oo oo h On H oo oo j-vd oj oj t— o vo H -3- CO o ■ 00 H ia ro ir\ oma o fo H WU)VO ON t— _=f H H rH CM in ON CO CO rH njco h t— H oo mj CO ON H O 0\ in OJ rH CO -3" OJ t— in vo oo OJ OJ OJ J- ONVO CO r-t CO OJ -=t VO VO in VO OJ rH OJ -3- t— VOJ-Hr-l VO ONH h-CA vo ro on m t— vo CO rH m-3- JCO Old" H mm CO oj vo J- co ro CO oj oo^t OJ in ia LA^t m H vd oo j- H oo t— vo On t— H -3- -* co in -zt OJ in H rH OO CO t— rH -* HVO H IA O H 00 t-OI 1AC- OJO -*■ On IT\ H H H CO 00 IAOJ H 00 LT\ H H OJ H H in in H VO VO H 00 VO LTV VO OJ vo On H in o H O • w o cc d E5 o O H • h u en s s s s a ei > in in vo rH ON o oo CO •< »> OJ o OJ H o t- ChJ- ON OJ H o o CO •'. H oo oo t— ON O CO OJ rH oo OJ H t- ON OJ OJ in OJ C— ON On _J oo OJ OJ 00 VO co rH VO in ON H _=t in OO 00 _* rH rH rH OO O J" 00 CO oo ON o -4" H J- vo J- H co in CO oo OJ vo H 00 oo < o EH r-H crj o crj ■ H t> Is o w OOOCOHOCOOOf-VOLnONON VOOOt— OJ C— ONt— t-t- VD H rH rH VO OO OJ rH CO rH ON-* CO ON-=f ON _3- VO C— 00 in 00 OJ ON OJ OJ ON inVO On CO VO rH CO rH rH OO ONt- ONOJOOCOVO On H OJ t— VO ON H H 00 J ON 00 H C— CO OJ OJ ON VO OJ ON in 00 rH in oo h CO -* VO OJ00HVO00 vo t- t-OrH J OJ J J- H H OJ OO VO CO ON I— VO t— O CO OJ OJ O VO t— vo 00 O On h OJ on oo oj oo o in oo vo oj oo oj rH co in in in oo H in co oo rH rH OJ in H On On J- CO O -* !-- OJ in CVI H 00 OJ -3 OO VOrHO ON OJ H H OJ rH H OJ CO O 0\ H H VD fO r| H LA H t-H(0 CM H LA rH h (\J m t-— rnj m oj la cm h ia rH CM rH fflKb^UCO H O O P^ O 0) M O • • * • • CO 3 • • -P ssasiiffa;co>i \D CM CO 0J-3- rOCO MCD Q\ O 0\ CO CM n O CO CM LA t— O CO rH-3- CM t— m CO t— O IA fOcOcOoOcO CM M r-t H H O CM Lr\H H CM OJ LA HCQ CM H H nni^H LA CM H LA CO rH rH ON id ^ h tI ^ CJ G W •-HH-PCXW i >> Cfl -H -H .H O -JJ 4d C CD " ■ ■ ■ o LA On CM ■ o CM CM H ■. i 1 CM rH ■ ! i i r-i - H -J1 LA . 1 CM H a 0\ rH O - r CM rH -3" C i u la CM \D t- H CM i i o ro LA H CM o LA - . 1 m CM ON . i O LA rH -: LA en en O OJ rH ON CO OJ LA J" o\ r I cd ■p 0 +-1 § rH CD -P O S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1975 0 - 576-337 39 As the Nation's principal conservation agency, the Department of the Interior has responsibility for most of our nationally owned public lands and natural resources. This includes fostering the wisest use of our land and water resources, protecting our fish and wildlife, preserv- ing the environmental and cultural values of our national parks and historical places, and providing for the enjoyment of life through out- door recreation. The Department assesses our energy and mineral resources and works to assure that their development is in the best interests of all our people. The Department also has a major responsi- bility for American Indian reservation communities and for people who live in island territories under U.S. administration. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE WASHINGTON. D. C. 2024O POSTAGE AND FEES PAID U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR INT 423