AGE AND SIZE COMPOSITION OF THE
MENHADEN CATCH ALONG THE ATLANTIC COAST
OF THE UNITED STATES, 1957

WITH A BRIEF REVIEW OF THE COMMERCIAL FISHERY

SPECIAL SCIENTIFIC REPORT-FISHERIES Na 373

UNITED STATES DERAj^WNT^MTHMNTE^

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE

United States Department of the Interior, Fred A. Seaton, Secretary

Fish and Wildlife Service, Arnie J. Suonnela, Commissioner

Bureau of Connmercial Fisheries, Donald L. McKernan, Director

AGE AND SIZE COMPOSITION OF THE MENHADEN

CATCH ALONG THE ATLANTIC COAST OF THE

UNITED STATES, 1957

WITH A BRIEF REVIEW OF THE COMMERCIAL FISHERY

by

Fred C . June

United States Fish and Wildlife Service
Special Scientific Report--Fisheries No. 373

Washington, D, C,
January 1961

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Int r oduc ti on '■

The 1957 purse-seine fishery 2

South Atlantic Area 4

Chesapeake Bay Area 4

Middle Atlantic Area 5

North Atlantic Area 5

North Carolina fall fishery 6

Distribution of fishing effort ^

Sampling of the catch '

Age c ompos iti on °

Length composition ^^

Weight c ompos iti on '■^

Average length and weight ^5

Discussion ^'

Summary ^"

Literature cited

20

Appendix ^^

FIGURES

Frontispiece: "Power blocks" in operation during menhaden purse -seine
fishing. Part of the net is hauled aboard each seine -boat until the fish
are closely confined in the bunt.

1. Areas used in summarizing Atlantic menhaden catch data 2

2. Distribution of fishing effort in the South Atlantic Area, 1957 ^

3. Distribution of fishing effort in the Chesapeake Bay and Middle Atlantic

Areas, 1957 "^

4. Distribution of fishing effort in the North Atlantic Area, 1957 ^

5. Age composition of purse-seine catches, 1957 '

6. Length composition of samples from purse-seine catches, 1957 ^2

7. Length frequencies of males and females in samples from purse -seine

catches, 1957 12

8. Weight composition of samples from purse-seine catches, 1957 15

TABLES

1. Catch, total fishing effort, and catch per unit of effort, Atlantic nien-

haden purse-seine fishery, 1957 ^

2. Number of samples taken from purse-seine catches, 1957 °

3. Age connposition (in percent) and calculated number offish (in millions)

at each age in purse-seine catches, 1955-57

4. Age composition (in percent) of purse -seine catches, by area and sea-

son, 1955-57

5. Calculated number of fish (in millions) at each age in purse-seine

catches, by area and season, 1955-57 ^^

6. Age composition (in percent) of purse -seine catches in the Middle

Atlantic Area, by month, 1957 H

7. Sex ratio of fish in purse-seine catches, by area and season, 1957 13

8. Length frequencies of males and females in samples from purse-seine

catches, 1957 14

iii

8
10

Page

9. Mean fork length (in millimeters) of fish at each age in samples from

purse-seine catches, by area and season, 1955-57 16

10. Mean weight (in grams) of fish at each age in samples from purse-seine

catches, by area and season, 1955-57 17

APPENDIX TABLES

1. Length-frequency distributions in samples from purse-seine catches.

South Atlantic Area, excluding the North Carolina fall fishery, 1957 .. 22

2. Length-frequency distributions in samples from purse-seine catches,

Chesapeake Bay Area, 1957 23

3. Length-frequency distributions in samples from purse-seine catches,

Middle Atlantic Area, 1957 24

4. Length-frequency distributions in samples from purse-seine catches.

North Atlantic Area, 1957 25

5. Length-frequency distributions in sannples from purse-seine catches.

North Carolina fall fishery, 1957 26

6. Weight-frequency distributions in samples from purse-seine catches.

South Atlantic Area, excluding the North Carolina fall fishery, 1957.. 28

7. Weight-frequency distributions in samples from purse-seine catches,

Chesapeake Bay Area, 1957 29

8. Weight-frequency distributions in samples from purse-seine catches.

Middle Atlantic Area, 1957 30

9. Weight-frequency distributions in samples from purse-seine catches.

North Atlantic Area, 1957 32

10. Weight-frequency distributions in samples from purse-seine catches.

North Carolina fall fishery, 1957 34

11. Mean fork length and weight in samples from purse-seine catches.

South Atlantic Area, excluding the North Carolina fall fishery, 1957 .. 36

12. Mean fork length and weight in samples from purse-seine catches,

Chesapeake Bay Area, 1957 36

13. Mean fork length and weight in samples from purse -seine catches,

Middle Atlantic Area, 1957 37

14. Mean fork length and weight in samples from purse-seine catches.

North Atlantic Area, 1957 38

15. Mean fork length and weight in samples from purse -seine catches.

North Carolina fall fishery, 1957 39

IV

AGE AND SIZE COMPOSITION OF THE MENHADEN

CATCH ALONG THE ATLANTIC COAST OF THE

UNITED STATES, 1957

WITH A BRIEF REVIEW OF THE COMMERCIAL FISHERY

by
Fred C. June

ABSTRACT

The 1957 purse -seine catch of Atlantic menhaden (Brevoortia
tyrannus) amounted to 632,000 tons, 91 percent of which was taken in
the "summer" fishery. Landings in the Middle Atlantic Area ac-
counted for the greatest share (54 percent) of the total for the coast.
Total fishing effort (31,600 sets) was the highest in 3 years, and
average catch per unit of effort amounted to 20 tons per set as com-
pared with 26 tons in 1955 and 1956.

Samples from the catches showed that the 1955 and 1956 year
classes (fish of ages 2 and 1) were about equally represented and
together constituted over four-fifths of the total catch of 3.6 billion
fish. The 1956 year class (age-1 fish) provided nnost of the catch in
the South Atlantic and Chesapeake Bay Areas; the 1955 year class
(age-2 fish), accounted for the greatest share of the catch in the Mid-
dle and North Atlantic Areas; and the 1957 year class (age-0 fish)
contributed the greatest number of fish to the fall catch off the coast
of North Carolina. Fish of the dominant age groups in the summer
catches in the various areas were shorter in length and lighter in
weight than those of the same ages in the previous 2 years. Varia-
tions in the contributions of recent year classes are discussed.

INTRODUCTION

This is the third in a series of
reports which sunnmarizes data result-
ing from an annual catch-sampling pro-
gram conducted by the Bureau of Com-
mercial Fisheries on the menhaden

Note.- -Fred C. June, Fishery Research Biologist,
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, U. S. Fish and Wildlife
Service, Beaufort, North Carolina.

stocks' along the Atlantic coast of the
United States. The Gulf menhaden fish-
ery is not treated in this paper. The
immediate objective of the catch-
sampling program is to furnish data
for measuring variations in composition

*A stock, as used in this report, is defined as a group
of fish belonging to a single species which occurs in a
fishable concentration in a given area of the coast during
a given period of the year.

of the catch. The work constitutes the
primary phase of an investigation aimed
at determining the effects of fishing
and natural factors on the menhaden
resource.

This report includes a review of
the 1957 purse-seine fishery; meas-
ures of total catch, fishing effort, and
catch per unit of effort, together with
information on the geographical dis-
tribution of fishing effort; sunnmary
data on the number, age, length, weight,
and sex of Atlantic menhaden (Breyoo?'-
tia tyr annus) caught by purse seines in
1957; and a brief discussion of the
observations. The review of fishing
activities and summaries of data per-
taining to the "summer" fishery are
referred to the four geographical areas

shown in figure 1; the North Carolina
"fall" fishery is treated separately.

The continued cooperation of men-
haden reduction plant owners and oper-
ators who provided space and facilities
for processing of the catch samples
and furnished records of vessel land-
ings is gratefully acknowledged. Thanks
are due to the vessel captains and
pilots who furnished logbooks of their
daily fishing activities; without these
records, most of the information on the
location juid annount of fishing would
have been lacking.

Catch samples were obtained by
temporary field assistants stationed
at the various reduction plant loca-
tions. Joseph R. Higham was respon-
sible for the age determinations and
assisted in the supervision of the
catch-sampling program. George
Rawlings compiled the fishing effort
data from vessel log records. Mary K.
Hancock was responsible for the com-
pilation of the biostatistical data and
assisted in their analysis.

THE 1957 PURSE-SEINE FISHERY

The 1957 purse-seine catch of
Atlantic menhaden, 63 2,000 tons, was
the smallest produced in the past 3
years (table 1)'; 576,000 tons were
taken in the "summer" fishery (late
March to mid-October) and 56,000 tons
in the North Carolina "fall" fishery
(mid-November to mid- January 1958).'
In the summer fishery, catches were

Figure 1. — Areas used in summarizing Atlantic menhaden
catch data.

'The pound-net catch of Atlantic menhaden in 1957
amounted to about 25,000 tons; miscellaneous gears, in-
cluding gill nets, haul seines, fyke nets, and oner trawls,
accounted for an additional 2,000 tons. Because of the
lack of adetpiate statistics, the pound-net fishery was not
discussed as in previous reports in this series.

'For convenience, the activities of the menhaden
purse-seine fishery have been grouped into two arbitrary
time periods. The "summer" fishery or season is con-
sidered to commence with the appearance of schools in
the surface waters along the coast, generally, sometime
between April and June and terminates with their dis-
appearance from the surface waters, usually in October.
The "fall" fishery or season begins with the reappearance
of large, migrating schools in the surface waters off
Cape Hatteras, N. C., in November and terminates when
the fish vanish off Cape Fear, N. C, in late December or
early January.

TABI£ 1. — Catch, total fishing effort, and catch per unit of effort of the Atlantic

menhaden purse-seine fishery, 1955-57

Season and area

Catch in
thousands of tons

Total fishing effort
(number of sets)-"-

Average catch per

purse -seine set

(tons)

1955

1956

2 1957

1955

1956

1957

1955

1956

1957

SlftAIER FISHERY
South Atlantic

48
153
328

83

612

73
685

73

89

402

95

659

81
740

38

118

342

78

576

3 56
632

2,526

5,667

13,120

2,862

24,480

1,872
26,346

3,042

6,357

1A,357

2,714

26,360

2,531
28,462

2,375

8,428

15,545

3,250

30,316

1,474
31,600

19
27
25
29

25

39
26

24
14
28
35

25

32
26

16

Chesapeake Bay

Middle Atlantic

North Atlantic

14
22
24

Subtotal

FALL FISHERY

North Carolina

Total

19

38
20

■"" Slight discrepancies in numbers as given in previous reports and in subtotals and
totals due to rounding off of figures.

2 Source: Fishery Statistics of the United States, 1957. By Edward A. Power, U. S.
Fish and Wildlife Service, Statistical Digest No. 44, 429 pp.

^ The North Carolina fall fishery normally extends into January, therefore, catch
total includes January 1958, but not January 1957- Seasonal breakdown of the catch ob-
tained from U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. G.F.S. Nos. 1742 and 1991.

below those of the previous year in
all areas except Chesapeake Bay, and
in the North Carolina fall fishery the
catch reached the lowest level in three
seasons. As in previous years, the
Middle Atlantic Area provided the
greatest share of the total catch (54
percent), while the South Atlantic Area
contributed the least (7 percent).

Total fishing effort amounted to
31,600 sets, an 8 percent increase over
that in 1956 (table l).* Effort in the
summer fishery (30,316 sets) was 15
percent greater than that in 1956, but
in the North Carolina fall fishery
(1,474 sets), it was 42 percent less than
that in the previous year. Catch per
unit of effort averaged 20 tons per
set as compared with 26 tons in 1955
and in 1956. Average catch per unit

* Logbook data upon which catch per unit of effort
calculations were based represented 52 percent of the
purse-seine c:atch; adjustments were made to account for
the total catch.

of effort in the summer fishery was
below that of the previous 2 years in
all areas except Chesapeake Bay, but
in the North Carolina fall fishery it
exceeded that in 1956 and nearly
equaled that in 1955.

There were 133 vessels engaged
in the summer fishery (130 vessels in
1956) and 63 in the fall fishery off
North Carolina (59 vessels in 1956).
Thirty-eight airplanes, or an average
of about one airplane for every three
vessels, were employed for locating
fish and directing the setting of the
seine around a school.

As a result of tests conducted
during 1956, the "power block", a
mechanical gear for hauling the seine
aboard the purse boats, was adopted
by about half of the fleet operating in
Chesapeake Bay in 1957. Crews aboard
those vessels equipped with the "power
block" were reduced from 28 to an
average of 13 men. It was estimated

that use of this gear also shortened
the time required in "drying up" the
net by about 6 minutes per set.

South Atlantic Area

Purse-seine fishing in the South
Atlantic Area began on March 23 off
Fernandina Beach, Fla., but only occa-
sional catches were made in this lo-
cality during, the remainder of the
month and through most of April.
Numerous schools were encountered in
the inshore waters between Jackson-
ville, Fla., and Brunswick, Ga., during
May, but they were reported to be
small and difficult to catch. Stormy
weather further impaired fishing dur-
ing this period. Between April 24 and
June 5, there were only 15 days on
which vessels were able to go to sea.
In late May, 3 of the 14 vessels fish-
ing out of Fernandina shifted toYonges
Island, S. C, and in early June addi-
tional vessels left for the Gulf of
Mexico. Only 4 vessels remained at
Fernandina after June 8, and nriost of
the landings during the month were
contributed by a single vessel. Fish-
ing during July was concentrated in
St. Sinnon Sound, Ga., and St. Helena
Sound, S. C., and catches in these
localities were the heaviest of the
season. Catches progressively declined
during August and September, and fish-
ing terminated on October 9 at Fer-
nandina and on October 1 7 at Yonges
Island.

Fishing by the North Carolina fleet
(17 vessels) began during the lastweek
in April off Southport and during the
following week off Beaufort. Southport
vessels encountered numerous schools
in the vicinity of Cape Fear during the
first 2 weeks of the season, but adverse
weather interrupted fishing during the
second week in May, and total landings
during the month were unusually light.
On June 3, Southport vessels shifted
to South Carolina waters, and during the
following 3 weeks, productive fishing
occurred from Myrtle Beach to George-
town, S. C. Schools became scarce in
this locality during the last week of
June, and the vessels returned to North
Carolina waters. Adverse weather pre-
vailed in the vicinity of Cape Fear

during the last 3 weeks in July, and
only five landings were made at South-
port during this period. Except for 2
weeks of moderately good fishing in
this locality in August, landings through
the remainder of the season were small
and infrequent. The last landing at
Southport was made on October 18.
The first catches of the summer sea-
son in the vicinity of Beaufort were
made on May 6 when schools appeared
in abundance from New Topsail Inlet
to Cape Lookout. Four days later the
fish vanished, and few schools were
encountered in ocean waters off Beau-
fort through the rennainder of the sum-
mer. With the absence of the schools
in "outside" waters, the Beaufort fleet
began fishing in Core andBogue Sounds
(primarily in Core Sound). Although
catches were small, they were re-
corded almost daily from June 1 through
September 26. The schools disappeared
following a period of heavy rainfall
in late September and early October,
and few fish were encountered in these
waters again until November when
the appearance of the large, migrating
schools marked the beginning of the
fall fishing season.

The summer catch in the South
Atlantic Area amounted to 38,000 tons
as compared with 73,000 tons in 1956
and 48,000 tons in 1955. June provided
the greatest share of the summer
catch (37 percent), followed by July
(19 percent). May and August (14 per-
cent each), September (10 percent),
April (4 percent), October (2 percent),
and March (1 percent). Catch per unit
of effort averaged 16 tons per set as
compared with 19 tons in 1955 and 24
tons in 1956.

Chesapeake Bay Area

The purse-seine season in Chesa-
peake Bay officially opened on May 27,'
with fishing by 24 vessels concen-
trated in the lower Bay in the vicinity
of Cape Charles. Relatively small
schools were encountered in abundance
along the eastern shore and in the
central part of the Bay through most

5 Virginia law prohibits purse-seining in Virginia
waters prior to the last Monday in May.

of the season. The schools began to
disappear in these localities during
the second week in October, and, ex-
cept for sporadic catches, most of the
fishing through the closing weeks of
the season was conducted from Cape
Charles northward to southern Long
Island. The last landings of the season
were made on October 25.

The purse -seine catch in the
Chesapeake Bay Area amounted to
118,000 tons as compared to 89,000
tons in 1956 and the recent record of
153,000 tons in 1955. July landings
accounted for 26 percent of the sea-
son's total, while June, August, and
September respectively accounted for
22, 20, and 24 percent. Catch per unit
of effort averaged 14 tons per set, the
same as in the previous year, but this
was considerably less than that in
1955 (27 tons per set).

and Fire Island, N. Y. Landings from
these waters during the last 2 weeks
of the season amounted to over 75,000
tons, the largest recorded for any
similar period during the season. The
large, migrating schools were last
encountered about 25 miles offshore,
between Townsends Inlet and Asbury
Park, N. J., on October 25. One addi-
tional purse-seine set was made on a
school of young-of-the-year fish off
Beach Haven, N. J., on October 29.

A catch of 342,000 tons was 60,000
tons below that of the previous year,
but 14,000 tons greater than that in
1955. Twenty-eight percent of the catch
was taken in July; May, June, August,
September, and October respectively
accounted for 2, 17, 20, 14, and 19
percent. Catch per unit of effort aver-
aged 22 tons per set, the lowest in 5
years.

Middle Atlantic Area

Fishing began in the Middle
Atlantic Area on May 22 when small,
scattered schools were located simul-
taneously in Delaware and Raritan
Bays. During the following 3 weeks a
fleet of 47 vessels scouted the waters
from Long Island to Cape Charles, but
catches were spotty throughout the
area. In mid-June, schools suddenly
appeared in abundance along the coast
from Ocean City, Md., to Sandy Hook,
N. J. After a week of productive fish-
ing, the schools became scarce, but
reappeared in abundance during the
first week in July. As the season
advanced, schools often would dis-
appear in the inshore waters and occur
far offshore, but fishing in the deeper
waters was relatively unproductive. As
a result, catches during most of July
and August were highly variable.
Catches were small through most of
September, but during the second week
in October, large schools of migrating
fish appeared along the coast of south-
ern Long Island and individual vessel
catches sharply increased. From Oc-
tober 8 through October 25, fishing by
the entire Middle Atlantic fleet, to-
gether with vessel from Amagansett,
N. Y., and Chesapeake Bay, was con-
centrated between Seaside Park, N. J.,

North Atlantic Area

The purse-seine fishery in the
North Atlantic Area got underway dur-
ing the second week in June, with 10
vessels fishing out of Amagansett,
N. Y.; 2 out of Point Judith, R. I.; and
4 out of Gloucester, Mass. By the first
week in July, 2 additional vessels had
entered the fishery at Point Judith,
and 10 vessels were added to the fleet
at Gloucester. In late July, 3 vessels
began fishing in the vicinity of Portland,
Maine. *

Fishing by the Amagansett vessels
was conducted along the eastern end of
Long Island during the first 5 weeks of
the season, and catches were highly
variable. The fish disappeared in this
locality during the second week in
July, and the fleet shifted to Massa-
chusetts waters where numerous
schools had been reported in Nantucket
Sound. The heaviest catches of the
season were made in the vicinity of
Cape Cod during the week of July 15-
20, but in the following week the schools

'With one exception, vessels employed in the men-
haden fishery at Point Judith, R. I.; Gloucester. Mass.;
and Portland, Maine, were small to medium-size otter
trawlers which converted to purse-seining during the
summer months.

were scattered and difficult to catch.
The Amagansett fleet returned to New
York waters where schools again were
encountered off the eastern end of Long
Island. Fishing continued in Long Island
waters through the close of the season
(October 23).

Fishing in Narragansett Bay by
Point Judith vessels was relatively
unproductive until the second week in
July. Schools which subsequently con-
gregated in the upper reaches of the
Bay provided consistently good catches
through the remainder of the summer.
The last landings at Point Judith were
made on October Z3.

Early season landings at Glou-
cester were extremely light, with fish-
ing restricted to the eastern end of
Cape Cod. During the first week in
July, however, schools became in-
creasingly abundant in Massachusetts
and Plymouth Bays, and during the
following 4 weeks good catches were
made almost daily in these localities.
Schools became scarce in early August,
and, except for a week of fair fishing
on several large schools of migrating
fish encountered off the eastern end
of Cape Cod in early September, land-
ings during the remainder of the season
were generally poor. Fishing termi-
nated in this locality on September 24.

Although schools appeared to be
fairly numerous in Maine waters from
late July through late August, vessel
captains reported that they were deep
and difficult to catch. Only eleven
landings were' recorded at Portland
during the entire season, all of which
originated in the vicinity of Case o Bay.

The purse -seine catch in the North
Atlantic Area amounted to 78,000 tons.
This was adecrease of 17,000 tons from
that of the previous year and 5,000
tons below that in 1955. The July fish-
ery provided the greatest share of the
catch (29 percent), followed by August
(25 percent), September (22 percent),
June (13 percent), and October (11
percent). Catch per unit of effort
amoiinted to 24 tons per set, the low-
est in the past 3 years (36 tons in
1956 and 29 tons in 1955).

North Carolina Fall Fishery

The fall fishing season in North
Carolina extended from November 14
through January 12, 1958, but 98 per-
cent of the catch was taken in only 16
days of fishing between November 16
and December 28. Fishing during the
first 2 weeks of the season was re-
stricted to several huge schools of
large fish which traveled slowly along
the coast between Drum Inlet and Cape
Lookout. Schools of smaller fish were
present at the same time in the in-
shore waters west of Cape Lookout,
but these were largely ignored by the
fleet. Adverse weather interrupted
fishing during the first and second
weeks in December when fish were
reported by airplane pilots to be in
greatest abundance on the grounds.
When fishing resumed on December 16,
most of the large fish had already
migrated beyond the range of the fleet,
and the catch from Dec ember 18 through
the end of the season was contributed
exclusively by young- of-the -year which
had first appeared inside Cape Look-
out in early December. A catch of
56,300 tons was only about two-thirds
that of the previous year (81,000 tons)
and the lowest since 1953. December
landings accounted for 52 percent of
the total for the season; November
accounted for 45 percent, with the
remainder contributed in January 1958.
Catch per unit of effort, 3 8 tons per
set, was about the same as in 1955
(39 tons per set), but greater than
that in 1956 (3 2 tons per set).

Distribution of Fishing Effort

The geographical distribution of
fishing effort by the purse-seine fleet
in 1957 is shown in figures 2, 3, and
4 where the calculated number of
purse-seine sets was plotted within
10-minute unit areas. It may be seen
that fishing was conducted from the
northeast coast of Florida northward
to the central Gulf of Maine, with most
of the catches made inside the 20-
fathom contour. Unit areas in which
fishing was concentrated (200 sets and
over) were located in the vicinity of
Fernandina, Fla., and Cape Fear, N. C;
in Chesapeake Bay and coastal waters

Figure 2.- -Distribution of fishing effort in the South
Atlantic Area, 1957.

Figure 3.--Distrlbution of fishing effort in the Chesapeake
Bay and Middle Atlantic Areas, 1957.

Figure 4.--Distribution of fishing effort in the North
Atlantic Area, 1957,

immediately north of Cape Charles;
within a 10-mile wide coastal band
extending from lat. 38°10' N. (off
Ocean City, Md.) northward (including
Delaware Bay) to Fire Island on the
southern coast of Long Island; and
Narragansett Bay. About 65 percent
of the total fishing effort was expended
within these unit areas. Compared with
the previous year, there were fewer
sets made near the ends of the range,
and the greatest reduction occurred
in the vicinity of Fernandina, Fla.,
and in Massachusetts Bay. Other note-
worthy changes from 1956 were (1) an
increase in the amount of fishing inside
Delaware Bay and (2) an offshore
extension of fishing in the Middle
Atlantic Area.

SAMPLING OF THE CATCH

The 1957 catch- sampling program
was conducted throughout the range
and season of the purse -seine fishery.
The number of samples obtained at
the various plant locations is given in
table 2. While an attempt was made to
sample the catch in the same propor-
tion in each plant locality, practical
limitations precluded close adherence
to this objective. One sample was
obtained for every 674 tons of fish

caught during the summer season and
for every 1,000 tons during the North
Carolina fall season. Methods of col-
lecting and processing the samples
followed those described in the first

TABLE 2. — Number of samples taken from
purse-seine catches, 1957

report in this series (June andReintjes,
1959).

Age Composition

In table 3 are given the calculated
percentage age composition and the
number of fish at each age in the 1957
Atlantic coast purse-seine catch, to-
gether with comparable data for 1955
and 1956.

The 1955 and 1956 year classes
(fish of ages Zand 1) contributed almost
equally to the 1957 purse -seine catch
and together accounted for over four-
fifths of the total calculated number of
individuals. Although fish of the 1956
year class (age 1) were most numerous
in the catch, their contribution (1.5
billion) was less than that of the pre-
vious year class at age 1 in 1956 (2.1
billion). This was the second year in
succession, however, that fish of age 1
exceeded in number those of any other
age group. The 1955 year class (age 2)
furnished 1.4 billion fish to the 1957
catch. This represented the largest
contribution by fish of age 2 in the
past 3 years. The 1957 year class
(age 0) ranked third in number of fish
caught in 1957 (0.3 billion). Its contri-
bution exceeded by tenfold that of the
1956 year class at age 0 in 1956, but

TABLE 3. — Age composition (in percent) and calculated number of fish (in millions)

at each age in pxirse -seine catches, 1955-57

(Numerically dominant year class underscored)

Season and locality

Number of

samples

SUMMER FISHERY

Femandina, Fla

63

Southport, N. C

25

Beaufort, N. C

75

Reedville, Va

165

Lewes , Del

117

Wildwood, N. J

85

Port Monmouth, N. J

15i

Amagansett, N. Y

121

Gloucester, Mass

A2

Portland , Maine

7

Subtotal

85-4

FALL FISHERY

Beaufort - Jtorehead City,

N. C

56

Total

910

AGE COMPOSITION

Age

Year

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8-10

Total

1955

1956

2A.71
1.00
8.^6

20.68

57.16

3^.21
25.97
41.00

8.73
9.61
3.26

10.01
1.26
2.52

1.23

<;.i8
i.';o

0.35
0.67
1.22

0.06
0.12
0.12

0.02
0.02

0.04

100.00
99.99

1957

41.97

99.99

NUMBER OF FISH

1955

1956

761.01

36.37

300.77

636.86
2,072.95

1,053.47

941.71

1,456.63

268.87
348.42
115.96

308.21
45.60
89.72

37.95

151.49

49.66

10.75
24.38
43.43

1.88
4.47
4.34

0.59
0.88
1.27

3,079.59
3,626.27

1957

1,491.13

3,552.91

it was less than one-half that furnished
by the 1955 year class at the sanne age
in 1955. Older year classes (fish of
ages 3-10) contributed only one -half
as many fish to the catch in 1957
(0.3 billion) as those at comparable
ages in the previous Z years (0.6
billion).

The percentage age composition
(based on numbers of fish) of the
summer catches in the different areas
and of the fall catch in North Carolina
waters is shown in figure 5. Tables
4 and 5 furnish comparative data for
the years 1955-57.

In the South Atlantic Area, age -2
fish (I955 year class) furnished over
two-thirds of the summer catch, and
age-1 fish (1956 year class) accounted
for most of the remainder. The con-
tribution by age-1 fish in 1957 was
only about one -tenth that of the pre-
vious year class at the same age in
1956, and for the first tinne in the past

111

(r

UJ

o

CI 23456789

AGE

1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951 1950 I94S 1948
YEAR CLASS

Figure 5.- -Age composition of purse-seine catches, 1957.

3 years, age -2 fish formed the largest
share of the catch in the area. Age-0
fish (1957 year class) also were repre-
sented in the catch in greater number
in 1957.

The number of age-1 fish (1956
year class) in the Chesapeake Bay
catch was nearly three times that in
the previous year, and almost five
times that in 1955. This age group
accounted for over four -fifths of the
1957 catch, and age-2 fish (1955 year
class) accounted for nnost of the re-
mainder. As in the previous 2 years,
fish of older ages contributed little or
nothing to the Bay fishery.

The Middle Atlantic catch was
dominated by age-2 fish (1955 year
class), although age-1 fish (1956 year
class) accounted for nearly one -quarter
of the calculated number of individuals.
This was the largest representation of
age-1 fish in the catch in this area in
recent years. Age-1 fish did not appear
in the Middle Atlantic catches until
June, but their numbers gradually in-
creased thereafter and reached a peak
in September when they accounted for
over one -half the catch (table 6). Older
age groups were presented in the area
early in the season, but as the summer
progressed, their numbers in the
catches diminished. Older fish, how-
ever, provided the greatest share of the
catch in October when they were en-
countered in large schools off southern
Long Island.

For the first year on record, fish
of age 2 also dominated the catch in
the North Atlantic Area in 1957, and
this also was the first year that age-1
fish appeared in the catches in this
area. Fish of ages 3 and 4 (1954 and
1953 year classes) were about equally
represented in the catch as were those
of ages 5 and 6 (1952 and 1951 year
classes). As in the previous four sum-
mers, older fish were encountered in
greatest numbers in this area.

In the North Carolina fall fishery,
fish of age 0 (1957 year class) ac-
counted for nearly three -fourths of
the nunnber of fish caught in 1957.
Most of the remainder was furnished

TABLE 4. — Age composition (in percent) of purse-seine catches, by area and season,

1955-57

[Niimerically doniinant year class underscored]

Area, year

Ag

e

and season

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8-10

SUMMER FISHERY

South Atlantic:

1955

1956

1957

1.66
3.65

65.22
98.98
32.47

27.02

0.94

63.76

3.32

0.05
0.12

2.77

0.02

~

—

~

~

Chesapealce Bay:

1955

1956

1957

1.63
0.25

44.77
90.91
85.22

51.30

9.02

14.25

1.54
0.07
0.26

0.69
0.02

0.06
0.01

—

~

Middle Atlantic:

1955

1956

1957

—

1.81
14.78
22.24

55.79
63.96
68.51

23.18

18.08

4.26

17.43

1.44
2.62

1.40
1.41
1.26

0.26
0.26
1.02

0.10
0.06
0.03

0.01

0.01
0.05

North Atlantic:

1955

1956

1957

—

0.91

0.25

6.41
45.00

13.94
36.35
18.79

67.55

8.22
16.06

12.84

40.96
8.59

4.65
6.42
8.95

0.54
1.29
1.45

0.22
0.36
0.24

FAT.T, FISHERY

North Carolina:

1955

1956

1957

87.19
16.12
7-;. 20

3.61

26.78

3.24

6.00

11.95

6.08

0.86

16.61

4.07

1.96
4.15
5.40

0.32

20.61

3.84

0.04
3.31
2.89

0.46
0.25

0.01
0.02

by fish of ages 1 through 6, each of
which was represented in roughly the
same proportion.

Length Composition

The percentage length distribu-
tions of fish in samples from the
summer purse -seine catches in each
area and from the fall catch off North
Carolina in 1957 are shown in figure 6
(see also appendix tables 1-5).

Fish caught during the summer in
the South Atlantic Area ranged from
about 110 to 245 mm., and those of
age 2 (1955 year class) furnished the
principal modal length group (160 to

245 mm.). Fish of age 1 (1956 year
class) showed considerable variation in
length and ranged from about 110 to
215 mm. Furthermore, their lengths
virtually overlapped those of age -2
fish, and the only suggestion of a dis-
tinct nnode in the length-frequency
polygon of age-1 fish occurred at the
same length (192 mm.) as in age -2
fish. The larger age-1 fish came mostly
from northern Florida waters where
age-1 fish taken in late summer were
similar in length to age -2 fish caught
in early summer (age-1 fish ranged
from 155 to 200 mm. with a median
length of 187.1 mm., and age-2 fish
ranged from 160 to 210 mm. with a
median length of 188.5 mm.).

10

TABL£ 5. — Calculated number of fish (In millions) at each age In purse-seine catches, by area and

season, 1955-57

[ Numerically dominant year class

underscored]

Area, year
and season

Age

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8-10

Total

SUMffiR FISHERY

South Atlantic:

1955

6.51
13.27

12.18
3.12

742.32

36.37

284.39

255.20

1,U7.88
U7.91

334.24

674.37

1,056.16

16.66
190.28
302.78

1.87

30.76
60.42
12.41

105.74

10.91

231.56

382.92

66.90

176.58

513.31
823.35
932.53

0.42
13.58
92.66

51.08
26.97
23.30

13.01
0.63
0.42

11.52
0.49
3.22

312.26

232.82

58.05

23.76
77.00
38.68

7.32
37.48
15.60

10.83
0.23

5.17
0.22

160.40
18.60
35.72

115.10
17.41
33.07

16.71

9.36

20.72

0.02

0.43
0.08

12.90
18.19
17.15

21.88
86.78
17.69

2.74
46.50
W.74

2.34

3.31

13.92

7.93
13.59
18.44

0.39

7.48

11.07

0.96
0.71
0.40

0.92
2.73
2.99

1.03
0.95

• ••

0.12
0.13
0.69

0.37
0.75
0.50

0.10
0.08

391.29

1,159.67

363.16

746.46

1955

1957

Chesapeake Bay:

1955

1956

741.76

1957

1,239.38

1,018.95
1,287.39
1,361.24

170.38
?n.84
205.90

Middle Atlantic:
1955

1956

ig-i?

North Atlantic:

1955

1956

1957

FAI.T, FISHERY

North Carolina:

1955

1956

1957

851.42
225.61
383.26

TABLE 6. — Age composition (in percent) of purse-seine catches in the Middle

Atlantic Area, by month, 1957

Month

Age

55

8-10

May

June

July

August. . . .
September.
October. . .

6.89

12.34
4-0.38
50.41
16.70

84.74
87.26
84.45
56.88
45.15
30.72

8.34
5.34
2.15
1.79
2.49
15.57

2.72
0.34
0.52
0.60
1.36
19.06

1.88
0.04
0.16
0.06
0.29
10.42

2.27
0.12
0.32
0.29
0.15
7.13

0.05

0.07
0.18

0.05

0.07
0.22

In Chesapeake Bay the lengths of
fish in the samples ranged from 130
to 270 mm. The length curve for age-1
fish showed a prominent mode at 177
mm., while that for age-2 fish showed
a peak at 227 mm.

Lengths of fish in the Middle
Atlantic Area ranged from about 125
to 365 mnn. with three distinct size
groups evident. The first two length

groups, for the most part, represented
fish of ages 1 and 2 which supported
the catch through most of the sum-
mer, while the most advanced group
included mainly older fish which ap-
peared in the late -season catches off
southern Long Island.

In the North Atlantic Area, two
major length groups were apparent
in the 1957 catches --age -2 fish which

11

u

z

u

I I I I' I J ( — I I f I I — n~

N. 15.774 l\ SOUTH ATLANTIC AREA

^^ AGE-OflSH ^^ AGE-2 FISH
g*^ flGE-IFlSM l??l AGE-SFISH

^B AGE-4 AND OLDER FISH

CHESAPEAKE BAY AREA

N-36,S83

MIDDLE ATLANTIC AREA

NORTH ATLANTIC AREA

N- 6.100

NORTH CAROLINA

1^1 IT

^

ao 100 120 140 l«0 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 S20 340 360

FORK LENGTH IN MILLIMETERS

Figure 6.- -Length c»mposition of samples from
purse-seine catches, 1957.

ranged from about 200 to 300 mm. and
fish of age 4 and older ages, which
ranged from about 280 to 360 mm. Fish
of age 3 were completely obscured in
the total length distribution.

The lengths of fish in samples
from the North Carolina fall fishery
ranged from about 75 to 355 mm.,
with those of older ages represented
by a dominant mode at 312 mm.
Age-0 fish accounted for the greatest
portion of the length curve below
230 mm. and comprised two size
groups, one with a peak at 92 mm.
and the other with a peak at 142 mm.

As noted for previous years (June
and Reintjes, 1959 and I960), the most
obvious features of the 1957 length-
frequency curves were (1) the hetero-
geneity of the length-age groups in the
various areas, (2) the complete absence
of larger, older fish in the summer
purse -seine catches in South Atlantic
and Chesapeake Bay waters, (3) the
paucity of small fish in northern
waters, (4) the gradual increase from
south to north in lengths of fish com-

prising the youngest age groups,

(5) the occurrence in the fall fishery
off North Carolina of homologous
length groups represented in the sum-
mer catches farther northward, and

(6) the recruitment of small, young-
of-the-year fish during the fall season
off North Carolina.

Since differences in the nnean size
of males and females have been noted
in the previous reports in this series
(June and Reintjes, 1959 and I960), it
is of interest to examine the 1957
length distributions of each sex to
determine whether such differences
were sufficiently great to affect the
position of the modes in the unsexed
samples and thus, perhaps, make con-
clusions regarding changes in length
misleading.

The curves in figure 7 show a
parallel size differential between the
sexes which became more pronounced
as length increased. With the exception

I I I I I

I I I I I I I I I

SOUTH ATLANTIC AREA

MALES

-FEMALES

CHESAPEAKE BAY AREA

NORTH ATLANTIC AREA

NORTH CAROLINA
FALL FISHERY

° I i~T I 1^ I I — r

SO 100 120 140 ISO ISO 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360
FORK LENGTH IN MILLIMETERS

Figure 7.--Length frequencies of males and females in
samples from purse-seine catches, 1957.

12

of data derived from Chesapeake Bay,^
the dominant peaks in the length-
frequency distributions were identical
up to about 265 mm., and the slight
discrepancies between the sexes are
not considered serious. Above this
size, however, the difference between
the sexes was sufficiently great to
indicate that any marked changes in
sex ratio could shift the position of the
modes in unsexed samples. It is also
evident from the curves and appendix
tables 1-5 that female Atlantic men-
haden not only attained a larger size,
but apparently grew faster (since the
female curves were displaced to the
right of the males) and showed a ten-
dency to live longer than the males.

The predominance of females in
the catches with respect to both num-
bers and length is shown in tables 7
and 8. In table 7 it is seen that the
males were more numerous in the
South Atlantic summer catches, while
in every other area, the females pre-
dominated. If, however, the total num-
ber of fish in each ^-centimeter length
class is considered for the coast as a
whole, it may be judged from table 8
that the females accounted for a greater
proportion of the catch over virtually
the entire size range. The unequal
representation of sexes in the catch
may have resulted from the selec-
tivity of purse-seine gear and the
apparent differential growth of the
females.

Weight Composition

Percentage weight-frequency dis-
tributions of fish in samples from the
purse-seine catches in the different
areas in 1957 are shown in figure 8
(see also appendix tables 6-10). The
most noticeable aspects of the graphs
are the marked differences in the shape
of the curves and the positions and/ or
lack of dominant modes. The curve
for the South Atlantic Area shows a
range in weight from 20 to 230 g. and

TABLE 7. — Sex ratio of fish in purse-
seine catches, by area and season,
1957

^The irregularities in the length -frequency curves
and sex-ratio data (table 7) for Chesapeake Bay in 1957
are believed to be the result of the difficulty in sex
determinations of immature males in samples taken in
late July and August when fish frequently were partially
decomposed upon reaching the reduction plant.

Area and
season

SUMMER FISHERY

South Atlantic.
Chesapeake Bay-"-.
Middle Atlantic.
North Atlantic. .

FALL FISHERY

North Carolina. ,

Males

1,5^5
1,248
3,';08
1,557

A96

Females

1,519
1,72-;
3,516
1,749

586

Ratio of
females
to males
(percent)

0.98
1.38
1.03
1.12

1.18

See footnote 7 in left column.

a prominent mode at 110 g. which is
preceded by a secondary peak at 50 g.
In Chesapeake Bay samples, a domi-
nant mode occurs between 80 and 90 g.,
with the suggestion of a secondary
peak between 160 and 170 g., while in
those from the Middle Atlantic Area,
two prominant peaks are evident, one
between 130 and 140 g. and the second
at 220 g. The latter curve is markedly
skewed to the right and emphasizes
both the concentration of weights of
younger fish at the left and the com-
paratively larger sizes of a few fish
at the right. With minor variations,
the weight curves for the South Atlantic,
Chesapeake Bay, and Middle Atlantic
Areas are similar in shape to the
length-frequency curves shown in fig-
ure 6 and, in general, show relatively
the same disparity in size of fish of
the same age, both within and between
the three areas.

In contrast to other areas, fish
taken during the summer in the North
Atlantic Area were highly variable in
weight, ranging from about 160 to
900 g., and the weight curve shows no
concentration of fish in any one weight
class. This probably was the result of
a combination of factors, including a
proportionately greater increase in

13

TABLE 8. — Length frequencies of males and females in samples from purse-seine catches, 1957

Fork

tlales

Females

Fork
length

(mm.)

Males

Females

length
(ram.)

Cumulative

Cumulative

Cumulative

Cumulative

Number

total

Number

total

Number

total

Number

total

75-79...

1

1

225-229..

274

4,151

228

4,433

80-84...

1

1

1

2

230-234..

353

4,504

327

4,760

85-89...

4

5

3

5

235-239..

376

4,880

360

5,120

90-94...

6

11

9

14

240-244..

308

5,188

335

5,455

95-99...

7

18

9

23

245-249..

273

5,461

286

5,741

100-104..

7

25

5

28

250-254..

234

5,695

264

6,005

105-109..

2

27

5

33

255-259..

238

5,933

222

6,227

110-114..

2

29

2

35

260-264..

227

6,160

204

6,431

115-119..

1

30

7

42

265-269..

190

6,350

205

6,636

120-124..

17

47

22

64

270-274..

160

6,510

168

6,804

125-129..

22

69

16

80

275-279..

104

6,614

121

6,925

130-134..

39

108

34

114

280-284..

118

6,732

110

7,035

135-139..

46

154

41

155

285-289..

109

6,841

92

7,127

140-144..

55

209

52

207

290-294. .

105

6,946

109

7,236

1A5-149..

51

260

65

272

295-299..

165

7, in

121

7,357

150-154..

60

320

74

346

300-304..

226

7,337

113

7,470

155-159..

62

382

106

452

305-309..

259

7,596

194

7,664

160-164..

99

481

158

610

310-314..

261

7,857

281

7,945

165-169..

146

627

229

339

315-319..

214

8,071

329

8,274

170-174..

238

865

337

1,176

320-324. .

120

8,191

359

8,633

175-179..

349

1,21A

355

1,531

325-329..

45

8,236

247

8,880

180-184..

402

1,616

440

1,971

330-334..

16

8,252

127

9,007

185-189..

475

2,091

418

2,389

335-339..

2

8,254

51

9,058

190-194..

478

2,569

453

2,842

340-344..

_

~

20

9,078

195-199..

378

2,947

396

3,238

345-349..

~

—

10

9,088

200-204..

249

3,196

282

3,520

350-354..

—

—

4

9,092

205-209..

174

3,370

193

3,713

355-359..

~

—

—

~

210-214..

151

3,521

164

3,877

360-364..

—

—

2

9,09*

215-219..
220-224..

153

203

3,674
3,877

1A5
183

4,022
4,205

Total. . .

8,254

8,254

9,094

9,094

weight than in length as the fish grow
older; sexual dimorphism referred to
earlier in this section; the simul-
taneous occurrence in the catches of
both sexually maturing and spawned-
out fish; variations in feeding con-
ditions; a mixing in northern waters of
faster-growing, younger fish with older
fish whose growth in length has di-
nninished, etc.

Fish weights in the North Carolina
fall fishery formed two separate
curves, one ranging to roughly 180 g.
and the second from 330 to 790 g.
The first curve shows two equally
prominent peaks, one at 10 and the
other at 40 g. From appendix table 10

it may be seen that young-of-the-year
fish (age-0) accounted for the greatest
proportion of the first curve. It is of
interest to note that the heavier fish
in this age group (20 to 110 g.) were
represented in the catch samples
through most of December, whereas
the lighter fish of this age (0-20 g.)
did not appear in the catches until
late December and subsequently formed
the greatest portion of the catch. The
second curve in the North Carolina
weight distribution shows a mode at
560 g. and except for the absence of
fish in the extreme weight classes, is
of the same general asymmetric shape
as that depicting the North Atlantic
summer catch.

14

1 — I — I — I — I — I — I — I — I — I — I — I — I — r

SOUTH ATLANTIC AREA

1 — I — I "Ti — r

1 — I — I — I I I r

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900

BODY WEIGHT IN GRAMS

Figure 8.--Weight composition of samples from purse-seine catches, 1957.

Average Length and Weight

The average lengths and weights of
fish at each age, by sex, in the 1957
catches are given in appendix tables
11-15. Summary data for the past 3
years (tables 9 and 10) show that fish
of the numerically dominant age group
in the sunnmer catches in the different
areas were shorter, and lighter, on
the average, in 1957 than those of the
same age in the previous 2 years;
however, in all areas this difference

was restricted almost entirely to fish
of ages 1 and 2 (1956 and 1955 year
classes respectively). The predomi-
nance of these age groups thus was
reflected in a reduction in the aver-
age size of fish in the summer
catches in all areas (last column in
tables 9 and 10). Among the middle
age groups (ages 3 to 6) there was
a tendency for fish to be slightly
larger in 1957, although in those age
classes represented by adequate num-
bers of fish, the difference probably

15

TABLE 9. — Mean fork length (in millimeters) of fish at each age in samples from
purse -seine catches, by area and season, 1955-57

[Numerically dominant year class underscored]

Area, year

Age

Mean

and season

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

SUMMER FISHERY

South Atlantic:

1955

128

168

195

208

212

--

—

—

--

—

—

177

1956

--

159

198

214

224

234

--

—

—

—

—

160

1957

129

167

190

218

—

--

--

--

--

—

--

180

Chesapeake Bay:
1955

152

199

236

244

251

242

219

1956

--

187

222

293

--

—

—

—

--

—

—

191

1957

158

180

221

??3

267

252

—

—

—

--

—

186

Middle Atlantic:

1955

—

228

259

279

290

300

314

333

310

—

—

274

1956

—

221
200

252

240

286
279

302
309

311
314

317
317

321
306

332
324

327

~

264

1957

240

North Atlantic:

1955

—

~

277

287

301

316

323

330

336

347

344

303

1956

—

218

277
266

290
292

307
309

315
317

322
321

328
322

336
321

340
332

—

306

1957

295

FALL FISHERY

North Carolina:

1955

123
118
129

209
182
181

259
262

285

282
298
302

304
308
314

317
312
319

321
318
322

325
323

338
334

—

—

215

1956

253

1957

269

is not significant. Fish comprising
the oldest age groups (ages 7-9). in
general, were smaller in the sum-
mer catches than in the previous year,
but this nnay be due to the relatively
small numbers of fish represented
in these age classes. Compared with
the previous 2 seasons, fish taken in
the North Carolina fall fishery were
larger, on the average, at most ages
in 1957.

As was found in previous years
(June and Reintjes, 1959 and I960),
the data in tables 9 and 10 also show
that in the summer fishery there was a

progressive increase in the average
length and weight of fish of the same
age from south to north, and, except
for the two youngest age-classes, fish
taken in the fall fishery off North
Carolina were larger and heavier than
those taken in the summer catches.
The snnaller and lighter fish of age 1
in the North Carolina fall catches
could have been the remains of the
local, summer stock, since they oc-
curred only in the early fall catches
and were most similar in length and
weight to age-1 fish taken in the final
weeks of the summer season at Beau-
fort.

16

TABLE 10. — Mean weight (in grams) of fish at each age in samples from purse-seine

catches, by area and season, 1955-57

[Numerically dominant year class xmderscored ]

Area, year
and season

Age

10

Mean

SUMMER FISHERY

South Atlantic:

1955

Jl936 ••••••••••

jSyj /«•••••••«•

Chesapeake Bay:
1955

1957

Middle Atlantic:

1955

1956

1957

North Atlantic:

1955

1956

1957

FALL FISHERY

North Carolina:

1955

1956

1957

35

32

60

68

82

_67
83

U2
118

31
28
35

97

225
206
149

190

166

116

94

125
134

117

222

196

171

317
305

257

401
395
352

356
346
452

155

176
190

262
388
181

404
448
429

426
44^

471

460
516

540

157
217

224

278

235

257

457
522
589

494

521
566

566
563
606

327

505
582
608

589

565
607

648
582
636

596
629
621

641
615
638

690
642

646

712
643
535

691

658
660

643

664

543
688
630

732
725
706

806

784

634

760
766
612

774

98

69

102

185
125
108

385
359
270

514
522
497

256
373

450

DISCUSSION

The 1957 purse-seine catch of
Atlantic menhaden was the lowest in
the past 3 years, and despite improve -
nnents in the efficiency of fishing- -
resulting from the introduction of the
"power block", larger vessels, re-
frigerated holds, and the increased
use of aircraft and fish pumps --catch
per unit of effort from most sumnner
stocks declined.

Although details of the general
recruitment pattern are still largely
unknown, the relative contributions by

various year classes offer at least a
partial explanation for the observed
variations in the catch in the different
areas in 1957.

Judging from its contribution to
the catch at age 1 in 1957 (1.5 billion
fish), the 1956 year class appeared to
be relatively abundant. The catch per
unit of effort of this year class (42,000
fish) in 1957, for example, was only
about a third less than that of the 1955
year class at age 1 in 1956 (65,000
fish) and nearly double that of the 1954
year class at age 1 in 1955 (23,000
fish). Its contribution to the summer

17

catch in the South Atlantic Area in
1957, however, was only about one-
tenth that of the 1955 year class at age
1 in 1956 and only about one -half that
of the 1954 year class at age 1 in 1955.
Thus the reduced summer catch in the
South Atlantic Area in 1957 appears to
have resulted from the below-average
recruitment of the 1956 year class to
the summer stock in the area. In con-
trast, the contributions of this year
class to the fishery in the Chesapeake
Bay and Middle Atlantic Areas ex-
ceeded those of the previous two year
classes at comparable age in 1955 and
1956, and its high level of abundance
in the former area was directly re-
sponsible for the large catch. It also
is noted that for the first time on rec-
ord, fish of age 1 occurred in the
catches in the North Atlantic Area. In
the North Carolina fall fishery this
year class accounted for a relatively
small share of the catch. However,
because adverse weather curtailed
fishing during the period when schools
were present in greatest concentra-
tions and because of selective fishing
by the fleet on schools of larger
fish, the younger age-groups prob-
ably were not represented in the
catches in proportion to their actual
abundance on the fishing grounds. As
was to be expected, our records show
that the 1956 year class made a sig-
nificant contribution to the catch in
1958.

Based on its contributions during
the first 3 years of life (4.3 billion
fish), the 1955 year class appears to
be the largest to enter the fishery in
recent years. It- was first encountered
in abundance at age 0 during the 1955
fall fishing season in North Carolina,
although the significance of their num-
ber in the catch was unknown (June and
Reintjes, 1959, p. 16). In the following
year at age 1 this year class was
heavily recruited to the sumnner stocks
in the South Atlantic and Chesapeake
Bay Areas and accounted for well over
one-half of the total purse-seine catch.
The possibility that at age 2 it would
contribute substantially to the 1957
catch was mentioned (June and Reintjes,
I960, p. 6). This year class accounted
for about two-fifths of the number of

fish caught in 1957. Although variable
in availability, it was the main support
of the summer fishery in all areas
except Chesapeake Bay and, next to
the newly recruited 1957 year class,
contributed the greatest number of
individuals to the fall catch off the
coast of North Carolina. Furthermore,
this was the first year since initiation
of the catch-sampling program in the
North Atlantic Area (1953) that fish of
age 2 formed such an important share
of the catch in northern waters. From
the foregoing it would appear that, if
the catch per unit of effort of age-1
fish is a reliable measure of the
relative success of a year class, the
prospect of two relatively strong year
classes occurring in succession are
good.

In contrast to the evidence pointing
to a high level of abundance of both
the 1955 and 1956 year classes, perti-
nent data relating to the 1954 year
class indicate that it was comparatively
weak. It also is evident that over the
past several years there has been a
noticeable decrease in the proportions
of older fish in the catches in both the
Middle and North Atlantic Areas. For
example, there were only about one-
half as many fish of age 4 and older
ages caught per unit of effort in 1957
as in 1955. This, of course, was due
partly to the influence on the 1955
catch of the very abundant 1951 year
class (age 4 in 1955), but it also is
noted that for the first time in the past
5 years, fish younger than age 3 con-
tributed substantially to the catch in
northern waters in 1957. Thus the
decline in the summer catch in the
North Atlantic Area could have resulted
from the relatively weak contribution
of the 1954 year class, coupled with a
reduced abundance of older year
classes. The extent to which reduced
availability of schools on the inshore
fishing grounds was responsible for
the low catch in the North Atlantic
Area is unknown. It is noted, however,
that nearly as many fish of age 4 and
older were caught off southern Long
Island during the closing weeks of the
season in the Middle Atlantic Area as
were taken during the entire summer
in the North Atlantic Area.

18

The size of fish in the catches
also had an important bearing on the
summer yield in most areas in 1957.
The data presented in tables 9 and 10
showed that the average size of fish in
the donninant age groups contributing
to the summer catches was the smallest
in the past 3 years. The significance
of this finding perhaps is most evident
from an example provided by the fish-
ery in the Middle Atlantic Area. In 1956
an estimated 1.3 billion fish produced a
catch of 402,000 tons, whereas in 1957,
1.4 billion fish contributed a catch of
only 342,000 tons.

A possible explanation for the
smaller size of fish of ages 1 and 2 in
the 1957 summer catches is that pre-
vailing drought conditions may have
reduced the available plankton food
supply in the inshore waters where
these age groups normally are con-
gregated in greatest abvmdance. Pre-
cipitation during June, July, and August
generally was less than 50 percent of
normal from the Carolinas to southern
New England (U. S. Weather Bureau,
1958). It also was pointed out (p. 5)
that in contrast to previous summers,
schools in the Middle Atlantic Area
occurred farther offshore where they
were less accessible to capture in the
deeper waters. The larger fish in the
younger age groups, therefore, may
not have been represented in the catches
in proportion to their actual abundance
in the stock, resulting in a reduction
in size of fish caught. An alternative
hypothesis is that the relatively greater
nunnber of fish in the 1955 and 1956
year classes increased competition
for food--i.e., less food was available
to the individual --and growth conse-
quently was reduced.

It also should be pointed out that
the decrease in average size of fish in
the younger age groups in the summer
catches could have resulted from in-
creased fishing effort. Along this line,
it is of interest to note that the greatest
relative decrease in average size of
fish occurred in the Chesapeake Bay
and Middle Atlantic Areas where in-
creases in fishing effort have been
proportionately greatest. Further in-
vestigation of this apparent relation-
ship appears to be highly desirable.

SUMMARY

This, the third in a series of re-
ports, summarizes and discusses
data obtained from the catch-
sampling program conducted by th3
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
on the menhaden stocks along the
Atlantic coast of the United States
in 1957. The purpose of the sannpling
program is to furnish data for
determining the relation between
fluctuations in the catch and changes
in the connposition of the Atlantic
menhaden (Brevoortia tyr annus)
population.

The 1957 purse-seine catch of At-
lantic menhaden amounted to 632,000
tons, of which 576,000 tons were
taken in the "sumnner" fishery.
The catch was 14 percent below
that of the previous year, and the
fishing effort expended in taking it
(31,600 sets) was 8 percent greater.
The Middle Atlantic Area furnished
the greatest portion of the catch
(54 percent), while the South At-
lantic Area furnished the least (7
percent). Catch per unit of effort
in the summer fishery declined
from that of the previous 2 years
in all areas except Chesapeake Bay,
while in the North Carolina fall
fishery it was greater than that of
the previous year and nearly
equalled that of 1955.

The 1957 fishery could be charac-
terized as spotty. In the South
Atlantic Area, adverse weather was
partly responsible for the sporadic
fishing off Fernandina, Fla., and
Southport, N. C. In Chesapeake
Bay, numerous small schools pro-
vided productive fishing through
the entire summer. Drought con-
ditions during June, July, and August
may have been responsible for the
shifty availability of schools in the
inshore coastal waters of the Mid-
dle and North Atlantic Areas. Liarge
schools which congregated off
southern Long Island in October
produced the heaviest vessel
catches of the entire summer fish-
ery. Although fish were present in
abundance on the North Carolina

19

fall fishing grounds, unfavorable
weather limited the number of fish-
ing days.

4. The most productive unit fishing
areas (200 sets and over) in 1957
were located (a) in the vicinity of
Fernandina, Fla., and Cape Fear,
N. C; (b) in Chesapeake Bay and
coastal waters immediately north
of Cape Charles; (c) along the
coasts of Delaware, New Jersey,
and western Long Island; and (d)
Narragansett Bay.

5. Samples from the catch showed
that the 1955 and 1956 year classes
(fish of ages 3 and 2 respectively)
shared almost equally in providing
over four -fifths of the catch. The
1956 year class constituted the
greatest portion of the summer
catches in the South Atlantic and
Chesapeake Bay Areas, whereas
the 1955 year class dominated the
summer catches in Middle and North
Atlantic Areas. The 1957 year class
(age 0) accounted for about three-
fourths of the number of fish in the
fall catch off North Carolina. There
was a decline in the proportion of
fish in older year classes in 1957.

6. Data on length and weight showed
that fish of the dominant age group

in the summer catches in all areas
were smaller in 1957 than fish of
the same ages in the previous 2
years.

LITERATURE CITED

JUNE, FRED C, AND JOHN W.REINT-
JES.

1959. Age and size composition of
the menhaden catch along the
Atlantic Coast of the United
States, 1952-55; with a brief
review of the commercial fish-
ery. U. S. Fish and Wildlife
Service, Special Scientific Re-
port--Fisheries No. 317, 65 pp.

1960. Age and size composition of
the menhaden catch along the
Atlantic Coast of the United
States, 1956; with a brief review
of the comnnercial fishery. U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service, Spe-
cial Scientific Report--Fish-
eries No. 336, 38 pp.

U. S. WEATHER BUREAU.

1958. Climatological data. National
summary. U. S. Weather Bu-
reau, Annual Summary 1957,
vol. 8, no. 13, 138 pp.

MS #1028

20

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35

Appendix Table 11. — Mean fork length and weight in
samples from purse-seine catches, South Atlantic Area,
excluding North Carolina fall fishery, 1957

(Numbers of fish in parentheses)

PORK LENGTH (Trnri.)

Age

Males

Females

Both sexes

0

1

2

3 ....

128.7 (31)
167.5 (601)
188.7 (912)
2i^l.O (1)

129.0 (29)

166.6 (536)
190.8 (951)

210.7 (3)

128.8 (60)
167.0 (1137)
189.8 (1863)
218.2 (h)

WEIGHT (g.)

0

3h.'?

(31)

30.2

(29)

32.i+ (60)

•X. • • • •

83.2

(596)

82.4

(532)

82.8 (1128)

2

113.8

(910)

119.2

(950)

116.6 (i860)

3 ..-.

251.0

(1)

170.0

(3)

190.2 (k)

Appendix Table 12. — Mean fork length and weight in
samples from purse-seine catches, Chesapeake Bay

Area, I957

(Numbers of fish in parentheses)

FORK LENGTH (mm.)

Age

Males

Females

Both sexes

0

160.0 (3)

156.8 (8)

157.6 (11)

1

182.0 (IOU6)

178.5 (1^6U)

180.0 (2510)

2

222.2 (197)

220.1 (2i+3)

221.0 (hko)

3 .-.•

217.5 (2)

22i^.i+ (7)

222.9 (9)

k ....

267.0 (1)

267.0 (1)

5 ....

-

252.0 (1)

252.0 (1)

WEIGHT (g.)

0 ....

73-3 (3)

66.2 (8)

68.2

(ri)

1

101.8 (I0i;6)

93.2 (ikGk)

96.8

(2510)

2

171. J+ (197)

170. i+ (2U3)

170.8

(1^0)

3

161.0 (2)

187.0 (7)

181.2

(9)
(1)

h ....

_ _

257.0 (1)

257.0

5 ....

-

327.0 (1)

327.0

(1)

36

Appendix Table I3. — Mean fork length and weight in
samples from purse-seine catches. Middle Atlantic

Area, 1957

(Numbers of fish in parentheses)

FORK LPINGTH (mm.)

Age

Males

Females

Both sexes

1

199.2 (718)

200.1 (682)

199.6 (lUoo)

2

239.2 (2291)

2i+1.6 (2339)

21^0. if (k630)

3 ....

275.5 (180)

282.7 (209)

279 A (389)

h ....

303.8 (108)

312.6 (1U9)

308.9 (257)

5 ....

309.^ (58)

316.6 (75)

313.5 (133)

6 ....

310.7 (h7)

321.7 (59)

316.8 (106)

7 ....

311.5 {h)

282.0 (1)

305.6 (5)

8 ....

321.0 (1)

327.0 (1)

32^^.0 (2)

9 ....

328.0 (1)

326.0 (1)

327.0 (2)

WEIGHT (g.)

1

II+7.7 (718)

150.7 (682)

1I4.9.2 (ii+oo)

2

252.5 (2291)

261.6 (2338)

257.1 (^629)

3 ....

1^08.8 (180)

U46.3 (209)

1^28.9 (389)

k ....

559.0 (108)

611.2 (li+9)

589.2 (257)

5 ....

58U.2 (58)

625.9 (75)

607.7 (133)

6 ....

580.1^ (1+7)

653.6 (59)

621.1 (106)

7 ....

557.5 (h)
622.0 (1)

M+3.0 (1)

53^.6 (5)

8 ....

639.0 (1)

630.5 (2)

9 ....

662.0 (1)

605.0 (1)

633.5 (2)

37

Appendix Table Ik. — Mean fork length and weight in
samples from purse-seine catches. North Atlantic

Area, I957

(Numhers of fish in parentheses)

FORK LENGTH (mm.)

Age

Males

Females

Both sexes

1

222.1 (9)

215.1 (12)

218.1 (21)

2

26U.O (585)

268.6 (521)

266.2 (1106)

3 ••••

287.0 (2UU)

296.2 (270)

291.8 (51U)

i^ ....

30i+.o (265)

313.^ (356)

309. U (621)

5 ....

312.3 (197)

321.0 (?]1)

316.8 (U08)

6 ....

315.1 (211)

22k. k {31k)

320.7 (525)

7 ....

317.1^ (hi)

325.6 (58)

322.2 (99)

8 ....

328.8 (h)

316.7 (7)

321.1 (11)

9 ....

332.0 . (1)

-

332.0 (1)

WEIGHT (g.)

1

200.0 (9)

182. i+ (12)

190.0 (21)

2

3^^3-0 (585)

362.0 (521)

352.0 (1106)

3 ....

Ui,i,.l (2U3)

i+95.5 (270)

U7I.2 (513)

k ....

529.0 (265)

593.6 (355)

566.0 (620)

5 ....

573.6 (196)

639.0 (210)

607. U (1^06)

6 ....

592.0 (210)

669.7 (312)

638. U (522)

7 ....

618. 3 (Ul)

689.9 (58)

660.2 (99)

8 ....

69^+. 5 W

712. i+ (7)

705.9 (11)

9 ....

612.0 (1)

-

612.0 (1)

38

Appendix Table 15.--Mean fork length and weight in
samples from purse -seine catches. North Carolina
fall fishery, I957

(Numbers of fish in parentheses)

FORK LENGTH (mm.)

Age

Males

Females

Both sexes

0

129 A

(98)

129.0 (111)

129.1 (209)

1

178.9

(20)

I8I+.9 (9)

180.8 (29)

2

280.9

(112)

289.0 (112)

285.0 (22U)

^

297.6

(71)

306.8 (83)

302.5 (15^)

k ....

308.2

(73)

317.1 (119)

313.7 (192)

5 ....

3II+.2

(71)

32i+.0 (76)

319.2 (IU7)

6 ....

31^.7

(kQ)

327.2 (66)

321.9 {llh)

7 ....

311.0

(3)

327.1 (8)

322.7 (11)

8 ....

-

-

33^.5 (2)

33^.5 (2)

WEIGHT (g.)

0

35.7

(98)

35.0 (111)

35.3 (209)

1

88.8

(20)

105.0 (9)

93.8 (29)

2

ii29.8

(112)

U7U.0 (112)

ii51.9 (22U)

3 ....

512. i^

(71)

563.9 (83)

51^0.1 (I5i+)

k ....

561.8

(73)

632.8 (119)

605.8 (192)

5 ....

600.5

(71)

668.7 (76)

635.8 (1U7)

6 ....

596.6

(U8)

682.0 (66)

6U6.0 (lli+)

7 ....

596.0

(3)

688.9 (8)

663.5 (11)

8 ....

-

783.5 (2)

783.5 (2)

39

GPO 806239

MS'fiSr''"'-

5 WHSE OiSl