CRAB LARVAE (Callinectes),
IN PLANKTON COLLECTIONS
FROM CRUISES

OF M/V Theodore N. Gill
SOUTH ATLANTIC COAST OF
THE UNITED STATES, 1953-54

SPECIAL SCIENTIFIC REPORT-FISHERIES Na 448

(/.arinc Bicfogical Labors^

LIBRARY

JAN 2 . '^
WOODS HOLE/k

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR^

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, Stewart L. Udall, Secretary

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, Claronce F. Pautzke, Commissioner

BuKKAii OK ('oMMKKC.iAi. KisiiKRi Ks, Donald I,. VIcKernaii, Director

CRAB LARVAE (Callinectes), IN PLANKTON
COLLECTIONS FROM CRUISES OF M/V
Theodore N. Gill, SOUTH ATLANTIC COAST OF

THE UNITED STATES, 1953-54

by

Paul R. Nichols and Peggy M. Keney

United States Fish and Wildlife Service
Special Scientific Report — Fisheries No. 448

Washington, D.C.
October 1963

CONTENTS

Page

Introduction

2
Methods

Occurrence of Callinectes larvae

4
Discussion

Literature cited ^^

iii

CRAB LARVAE (Callinectes), IN

PLANKTON COLLECTIONS

FROM CRUISES OF M/V Theodore N. Gill

SOUTH ATLANTIC COAST OF THE

UNITED STATES, 1953-54

by

Paul R. Nichols and Peggy M. Keney
Fishery Biologists

ABSTRACT

During the course of nine Gill cruises, plankton was collected at 80 regular
stations between Jupiter Light, Fla., and Cape Hatteras, N,C., from near the beaches
to beyond the axis of the Gulf Stream, and from 9 special stations farther offshore.
Subsamples were taken from selected collections and examined for Ca llinectes
larvae. The presence of early stage zoeae indicated that spawning oc-
curred throughout the year in Florida waters, but subsided during winter months
in waters north of Florida. Early stage zoeae were captured at temperatures from
16.4° to 29.2° C, with peak numbers taken from May to November at 27.0° to
29.0 oc., depending on the area. Early stage zoeae occurred in abundance near
the beaches, advanced stage zoeae and megalops were more common offshore, while
combined larval stages were found in greatest numbers at the 20-mile offshore
stations.

INTRODUCTION

The identity and distribution of crabs, genus
Callinectes occurring along the coast of the
Southeastern United States are uncertain.
Four crabs of this genus are known to occur
in this area. They are C. sapidus. C. omatus.
C. danae, and C. l/ar^irea<us.Rathbun (1930) de-
scribed each of these species and reported
that the northern limits of their ranges are:
C. sapidus, Cape Code, Mass.;C. omatus, New
Jersey; C. danae, Indian River Inlet, Fla.; and
C. marginatus, the Florida Keys. Lunz (1958)
reported that the morphological features
usually given for taxonomic separation of the
latter three species are quite variable, and
individuals matching any of the frontal out-
lines given by Rathbun can be found in South
Carolina waters. Also, Lunz reported that only
about 30 percentof the crabs caught by trawlers
on the South Carolina coast are C. sapidus.The

remainder belong to another species of
Callinectes, pTesumahly C. omatus (but pos-
sibly C. danae). Relatively large numbers of
C. sapidus, and pre su m ably C. omatus, are
taken in trawler catches on the North Carolina
coast. Nonselective gear catches in the St.
Johns River, Fla., are composed of C. sapidus
and C. omatus, but possibly C. danae or a
combination of all three Callinectes.

Hatching and development of some
Callinectes species are known to occur along
the coastal area of the South Atlantic States.
Lunz (1958) reported that egg-bearing females,
presumably C. omatus (but possibly C. danae),
were trawled along the South Carolina coast
in May, August, and September at tempera-
tures ranging from 24° to 29° C, in salinities
between 26,5 and 30.6 parts per thousand
( /{,o ). There were indications that spawning
took place offshore and extended over a

long period. Van Engel (1958) reported that
mating of C. sapidus began in early May and
continued into October in the Chesapeake Bay.
After hatching, the larvae passed through a
number of zoeal stages and a megalops stage,
before they had the form of a crab. Also,
Van Engel reported that the zoeal form lasted
about a month, during which time it molted
at least four times. Hopkins (1944) suggested
that there may be a fifth stage zoea, and
Snodgrass (1956) reported that perhaps there
was a sixth stage zoea preceding the mega-
lops stage. In the laboratory, Costlow and
Bookout (1959) observed ttiat C. sapidus had
seven zoeal stages and one megalops before it
reached the first crab stage. An eighth zoeal
stage was sometimes observed but usually did
not complete metamorphosis to the megalops.
Development to the megalops required a mini-
mum of 31 days and a maximum of 49 days.
The megalops stage lasted from 6 to 20 days
depending on the salinities used.

reports (Anderson and Gehringer, 1957a, 1957b,
1958a, 1958b, 1959a, 1959b, and 1959c; Ander-
son, Gehringer, and Cohen, 1956a and 1956b).
Biological methods and procedures and other
pertinent information were given in those
reports.

To examine the plankton samples from the
Gill cruises for Callinectes larvae a 40-ml.
subsample was taken from each sample
(table 2). Then, three 4-ml. aliquots were
taken from each subsample, and the Ca//iraec«es
larvae removed with the aid of a binocular
microscope. The number of larvae at each
stage was recorded and stored for future
reference. Finally the larvae in each 4-ml.
aliquot were combined. Identification of
Callinectes type larvae was based on Costlow
and Bookout (1959) and unpublished work by
the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Biologi-
cal Laboratory, Beaufort, N.C.

To obtain information on the spawning season
and the number of larval molts of Callinectes
crabs and to determine the offshore distribu-
tion and abundance of the larval forms in the
areas cruised by the Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries research, vessel Theodore N. Gill,
we examined the plankton collected by that
vessel on nine cruises over a 2-year period,
1953-54. This study is a part of an investiga-
tion by the Bureau of the blue crab C. sapidus
along the South Atlantic coast of the United
States.

METHODS

OCCURRENCE OF Callinectes LARVAE

Early stage Callinectes zoeae were more
common than the advanced stage zoeae, though
all eight stages and the megalops were pres-
ent. The most productive sections for the com-
bined larval forms were Matanzas and Jack-
sonville, Fla. ; Savannah, Ga.; Charleston, S.C.;
and Cape Fear, N.C. (fig. 2). The number of
larvae at each stage in each area in the com-
bined 4-ml. aliquots, is listed in table 3 by
cruise and station number. The east-west
distribution of larvae at each stage is listed
in table 4 by month with temperature, salinity,
and depth of capture ranges.

The basic station plan for all cruises of the
Gill has 80 regular stations between Jupiter
Light (Florida Straits) and Cape Hatteras
extending from near the beaches to beyond
the axis of the Gulf Stream and 9 special
stations farther offshore (fig. 1). The regular
stations were 20 miles apart on the east-west
line, 40 miles apart in the north-south direc-
tion, with some stations established inshore
between the east-west lines. Nine cruises
were made from January 1953 to December
1954; all varied from the basic plan (table 1).
The physical oceanographic, biological, and
chemical data were published in a series of

In general, larger numbers of early stage
zoeae were collected near the beaches with a
progression to advanced stage zoeae occurring
20 and 40 miles offshore, and the megalops
in greatest numbers were 40 or more miles
offshore (figs. 3 and 4). In Florida and Georgia
early stage zoeae and the megalops were
collected each month, while late stage zoeae
were collected only from April to October
(fig. 5). In South Carolina and North Carolina
early stage zoeae were collected from May to
December, late stage zoeae from July to
September, and megalops from January to
December (fig. 6).

82° 81° 80° 79° 78° 77» 76° 7S°

74"

35°

34°

3 3°
32°

31°
30°
29°
28°
27-

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U

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ' 1 1 1 1 1 ' 1 1 1 ' 1 1 1 1 '' 1 1 1 1 ' 1

N.C.

J^ HATTERAS,^ ^^( y . /

35°
134°
33°
32°
31°
30°
29°
28°
27°

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=

82° 81° 80" 79" 78" 77° 76° 750 ' '

7

4°

Figure l.--Basic station plan Theodore N. Gitl cruises, 1953-54.

Other crab larvae noted from all collections
were Polyonyx sp., Emerita sp., Hepatus sp.,
Portunus sp., Panopeus sp., Eurypanopeus sp.,
N eopanope sp., Menippe sp., Rhitfiropanopeus
sp.. Pinnotheres sp.y Dissodactylussp., Pinnixa

Sesarma sp., (/ca sp., and Leucosiidae plus
some which resembled the Japanese genus
Ethusozoea. Also some larvae were present
which could not be identified.

Table 1.-- Cruises of the Theodore N. Gill, with unoccupied stations listed
by number, South Atlantic coast of the United States, 1953-54

Cruise

Date

Unoccupied stations

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Feb. 10 - Mar. 10, 1953
Apr. 16 - May 15, 1953
July 15 - Aug. 16, 1953
Oct. 1 - Nov. 14, 1953
Jan. 20 - Feb. 25, 1954
Apr. 14-29, 1954
June 9 - July 13, 1954
Aug. 27 - Oct. 1, 1954
Nov. 3 - Dec. 12, 1954

9, 10, 12-22, 27-31, 63-68, 76, 78-80

50-52

73, 74, 78-80

17, 71-74, 78-80

27, 29-32, 45-57, 60, 72-74, 78-80

18-80

75

40-42, 76

31-34, 64, 73-80

Table 2. — Plankton samples examined for crab larvae, genus

Callinectes from Theodore N. Gill cruises. South

Atlantic coast of the United States, 1953-54

Samples by station number

Cruise

Regular

Special

1

3, 4, 11, 24, 25, 32, 35, 38, 47, 59-71

2

1-49, 53-78, 80

1-9

3

1-42, 44-61, 63-72, 75-77

5-9

^

1-16, 18-43, 45-50, 55-58, 67-69

5

5

4, 6, 10, 12-14, 19, 20, 25, 37, 48, 54, 55, 66

5

7

1-49, 51-74, 76-80

5-9

8

1-7, 9-39, 43-63, 65-75, 79-80

9

10, 13, 19, 20, 23, 24, 36, 37, 43-46, 51, 54,56-

-58

67

,71

DISCUSSION

The spawning period, under natural con-
ditions, of the four CaUinecu-s species occur-
ring on the southeastern United States is not
definitely known. The occurrence of early
stage larvae in plankton collections from the
dill cruises indicates that spawning occurs
throughout the year (figs. 5 and 6). Based on
the limited range of each species as given by
Rathbun (1930), the early stage larvae found
from February to November In Florida waters
probably included C. sofu'dus and C. nrnatus,
with possibly (■■ dcuiae. The early stage larvae
found from April to September or from May
to November, depending on the area, in Georgia,
South Carolina, and North Carolina waters

probably was a combination of C. soju'/ks and
C. orjiatiis. This, in general, may indicate a
difference in spawning period between areas
or differences among species in the same
area in spawning time and length of spawning
period.

The temperature and salinity tolerance of
Callinectes larvae are uncertain. Costlow and
Bookout (1959) successfully hatched C. .sa()/'/»s
in the laboratory at temperature-salinity com-
binations of 20O, 250, 30° C„ and 21.1 to
32.0 %o. The presence of first stage larvae in
plankton samples from the ('ill cruises indi-
cates successful hatching by one or more of the
species over a wide range of temperatures —
from 18. 10 to 29.2° C, in Florida waters.

. "■ — I — ' — I — ' — \ — ' — I — ' — I — ' — I — ^

JUPITER I CANAVERAL I MATATCAS I BRUNSWICK I CHARLESTON I LONG BAY I WILMINGTON I CAPE HATTERAS
VERO PONCE DE LEON JACKSONVILLE SAVANNAH CAPE ROMAIN CAPE FEAR CAPE LOOKOLT

SECTIONS

Fi^iure '2.--Relative abundance of Cullincitrs larvae (combined stages) by area collected by
tlicodorc N. cm cruises. South Atlantic coast of the United States, 1953-54.

from 19.7° to 29.2° C. in Georgia waters, and
from 22.0° to 28.2° C. in South Carolina
waters (table 4 and fig. 5). The minimum-
maximum salinity, when the G'/// cruise col-
lections were taken, was 33.4-36.0 /oo. In
general, peak spawning occurred in water
27° to 29" C.

Peak numbers of first stage larvae appeared
in April, June, July, and November in Florida
waters; July, August, and September in Georgia
waters; and May, July, August, and September
in South Carolina and North Carolina waters.
This occurrence of early stage larvae by
month, however, may only reflect the time at
which tows were made.

Costlow and Bookout (1959) reported that
mortality was highest during the first zoeal
stages in all temperature-salinity combina-
tions. Once the second molt had been com-

pleted, however, some of the larvae lived to
metamorphose to the crab. In the (iill cruise
material, the large numbers of early stage
larvae indicate a similar mortality under
natural conditions for early stage zoeae. Also,
when several third and fourth stage zoeae were
present, advance stage zoeae were usually
found in the same collection.

Whether most spawning occurs near the
beaches and zoeae develop offshore is un-
certain. The abundance and distribution on
the east-west line from the beaches to 60 or
more miles offshore followed the same pattern
at all stations in Florida, Georgia, and South
Carolina. Large numbers of first and second
stage zoeae occurred near the beaches, with
progression to advanced stage zoeae occur-
ring 20 and 40 miles offshore. Megalops were
usually in greater abundance offshore 40 or
more miles (fig. 4). In North Carolina waters

Table 3. — Callinectes larvae, in plankton samples from Theodore N. Gill
cruises. South Atlantic coast of the United States, 1953-54

Number of larvae

State and

Sta-

section

Cruise

tion.

Zoea

Mega-

1st

2d

3d

4 th

5th

6th

7th

8th

lops

Florida :

Jupiter

3,4

1

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

2

1,2,3,S

3

65

6

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

1,2,8

4

14

1

-

-

-

-

-

-

.

Vero

3,4,8

5

8

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

1

4,5,8

6

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

15

8

7

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

1

3

^ 9

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

2

Canaveral . . .

7

9

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

1

2,3,4,8,9

10

86

-

-

-

-

-

-

2

2

11

7

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

2,3,8

12

45

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Ponce de Leon

2,3,8,9

13

21

1

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

2,4

14

11

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

3,4,8

15

1

1

-

-

-

-

-

-

2

4

16

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

1

Matansas. . . .

2

18

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

1

2,3,9

19

1

5

-

-

-

-

-

-

1

3,7,8

20

15

1

10

2

-

-

-

-

1

2,3,4,7,8

21

112

79

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

2,3,7,8

22

246

56

1

-

-

-

-

-

-

Jacksonville

2,3,7,8

23

146

5

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

2,3,4,7,8,9

24

70

SO

136

171

93

17

4

1

-

1,2,4,8

25

9

4

16

6

4

1

-

-

4

2,3,8

26

1

-

*+

1

-+

o

2

1

-

3

27

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

1

3

28

-

-

1

-

1

-

-

-

-

Georgia:

Brunswick. . .

3

29

-

-

1

-

11

1

-

-

-

3

30

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

1

2,3

31

-

-

-

-

-

-

1

-

2

7,8

32

1

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

1

3,7,8

33

23

9

23

17

12

6

7

-

4

2,3,4,7,8

34

25

1

-

-

-

-

-

-

1

2,3,7,8

35

20

2

-

-

-

-

-

-

10

Savannah. . . .

3,7,8

36

70

28

1

-

-

1

-

-

5

3,3

37

8

24

40

31

15

5

17

7

-

1

3,8

38

-

-

4

3

11

3

2

-

1

8

39

-

-

-

~

-

1

-

-

-

See footnote at the end of the table.

Table 3. — Callinectes larvae in plankton samples from Theodore N. Gill
cruises. South Atlantic coast of the United States, 1953-54 — Continued

Sta-

:^umber of

larvae

State and

Cruise

Zoea

section

tion

Mega-

1st

2d

3d

4th

5 th

6th

7th

8th

o

lops

South Carolina:

Charleston. .

2,3,7

42

-

-

2

-

1

-

2

3

21

7,8

43

-

-

1

-

1

-

-

-

1

2,3,8

44

88

16

7

-

1

-

-

-

-

2,3,8

45

323

8

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Cape Remain.

2,3,8

46

69

8

1

1

-

-

-

-

-

2,3,7

47

-

2

-

-

-

-

-

-

1

7

48

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

1

Long Bay. . . .

3,7

51

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

3

8

52

-

-

-

-

-

1

-

-

-

2

53

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

1

2,5,7,8

54

1

-

1

-

2

-

-

-

4

2,5,7,8

55

1

1

-

-

-

-

-

-

3

3,7,8

57

8

1

-

-

-

-

-

-

4

North Carolina:

Cape Fear...

3,7,8,9

58

143

4

-

-

-

-

-

-

8

7,8

59

3

-

7

3

9

1

3

-

-

3,8

60

-

-

-

1

-

-

-

-

1

2,7

61

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

4

7

62

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

1

Wilmington. .

2

63

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

1

3,7

64

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

2

3

65

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

3

2,8

66

2

8

-

-

-

-

-

-

2

3,4,8,9

67

3

3

1

5

1

2

1

-

5

2,7,8

68

7

3

-

-

1

-

1

-

-

Cape Lookout

2,3,7,8

69

3

9

9

4

6

4

2

-

1

3,7,8

70

5

1

2

-

-

-

-

-

3

3,8

71

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

2

3,8

72

-

-

-

-

-

-

1

-

4

7

73

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

1

8

74

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

1

-

2,3,8

75

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

5

7

76

-

1

-

-

-

-

-

-

2

2,7,8

77

23

3

1

-

-

-

-

-

1

Cape Hatteras

8

78

2

3

2

1

-

-

-

-

1

8

79

-

-

-

1

-

-

-

-

-

■"■ Special station

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I I

MEGALOPS

URVAL STARE

Figure 3.--Offshore relative abundance of larval stages of CaUinectes in plankton samples from
Theodore N. Gill cruises. North Carolina, 1953-54.

SO-

i- ?

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LAJiVAL STARE

Figure 4,--Offshore relative abundance of larval stages of Cai/inef«es, in plankton samples
Theodore N. Gilt cruises, Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina, 1953-54,

from

II

M_

— — STAGES 1-4

STACKS 5-8

— ^ HECALOPS

/\

A

,-*' \

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\ /
\ /

V

1 » I

JAM. ns. HAR. APR.

24.8 18.1-20.5 19.7-25.8

MAI

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JUHE
27.0-28..

JULY
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AUG.

28.0-29.2

SEPT.
26.8-29.2

OCT.
23.1-28.0

NOV.
21.3-2 5.2

WATER TEMPERATURE C

Figure 5.- -Relative abundance of early and late stage zoeae and megalops, genus Callinccics by month
in plankton samples from Theodore N. Gilt cruises, Florida and Georgia, 1953-54.

50 —

*5.

— — STAGES 1-4

STAGES 5-8

^^ HECAIOPS

1 1 r

JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT.
25.0-28.2 27.3-29.1 25.3-28.2

NOV. DEC.
18.9 15.6-16.4

WATER TEMPERATURE °C

Figure 6.--Relative abundance of early and late stage zoeae and megalops, genus Cillinrctes.by rnontli in
plankton samples from Theodore N. GUI cruises. South Carolina and North Carolina, 1953-54.

12

large numbers of early stage zoeae occurred
20 miles offshore, and near the beach sta-
tions all stage zoeae and the megalops were
found in relatively equal numbers (fig. 3). The
20-mile offshore stations were the most pro-
ductive in the southern States, whereas in
North Carolina the beach stations were the
most productive. The reason for this difference
is not known, though it may be a salinity or
temperature combination or a current pattern.
In North Carolina waters most beach stations
were along the Outer Banks, separated from
the mainland by sounds, whereas to the south
the beach stations were adjacent to the main-
land with fresh-water drainage emptying di-
rectly into the ocean.

Some differences were noted in comparing

Callinecies larvae from Gill cruise collections
to C. sapidus larvae at known stages of de-
velopment (from the work of Costlow and
Bookout). In some Callinectes a minute seta
is present under the lateral spine onthetelson
at all stages of development, but this seta is
absent on C. sapidus. A few of the advanced
stage zoeae had slightly longer setae and
longer exopodites on their antenna than

C. sapidus. In others the lateral spines on the
abdomen were slightly longer on the third
segment from the telson, and the dorsal spine
was straighter and longer than found on

C. sapidus. In a few, the exopodite of the
antenna varied in position from that of
C. sapidus. In others 10 setae were present
on the second maxilliped of the fourth stage
zoeae instead of 9 for C. sapidus; a ninth spine
on the inner margin of the telson on fifth
stage zoeae instead of appearing on sixth
stage C. sapidus zoeae; thoracic appendages
extending below the carapace in sixth stage
zoeae instead of seventh stage C. sapidus;
and no setae on the pleopods in eighth stage
zoeae as in C. sapidus. These inconsistencies
may identify the presence of more than one

Callinectes species and may be morphological
features which can be used for taxonomic
separation.

LITERATURE CITED

ANDERSON, WILLIAM W., and JACK W.
GEHRINGER.
1957a. Physical oceanographic, biological,
and chemical data. South Atlantic coast
of the United States, Theodore A. Gill
cruise 3, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Serv-
ice, Special Scientific Report —
Fisheries No. 210, 208 p.

1957b. Physical oceanographic, biological,
and chemical data. South Atlantic
coast of the United States, M/V
Theodore N. Gill cruise 4. U.S. Fish
and Wildlife Service, Special Scientific
Report— Fisheries No, 234, 192 p.

1958a. Physical oceanographic, biological,
and chemical data. South Atlantic
coast of the United States, M/V
Theodore N. Gill cruise 5. U.S. Fish
and Wildlife Service, Special Scientific
Report--Fisheries No. 248, 220 p.

1958b. Physical oceanographic, biological,
and chemical data. South Atlantic
coast of the United States, M/V
Theodore N. Gill cruise 6. U.S. Fish
and Wildlife Service, Special Scientific
Report — Fisheries No. 265, 99 p.

1959a. Physical oceanographic, biological,
and chemical data. South Atlantic
coast of the United States, M/V
Theodore N. Gill cruise 7. U.S. Fish
and Wildlife Service, Special Scientific
Report— Fisheries No. 278, 277 p.

1959b. Physical oceanographic, biological,
and chemical data. South Atlantic
coast of the United States, M/V
Theodore'N. Gill cruise 8, U.S, Fish
and Wildlife Service, Special Scientific
Report--Fisheries No. 303, 227 p.

13

ANDERSON, WILLIAM W., and JACK W.
GEHRINGER.
1959c. Physical oceanographic, biological,
and chemical data. South Atlantic
coast of the United States, M/V
Theodore N. Gill cruise 9. U.S. Fish
and Wildlife Service, Special Scientific
Report—Fisheries No. 313, 226 p.

ANDERSON, WILLIAM W., JACK W.
GEHRINGER, and EDWARD COHEN.
1956a. Physical oceanographic, biological,
and chemical data. South Atlantic
coast of the United States, M/V
Theodore N. Gill cruise 1. U.S. Fish
and Wildlife Service, Special Scientific
Report— Fisheries No. 178, 160 p.

1956b. Physical oceanographic, biological,
and chemical data. South Atlan-
tic coast of the United States,
Theodore N. Gill cruise 2. U.S. Fish
and Wildlife Service, Special Scien-
tific Report — Fisheries No. 198,
270 p.

COSTLOW, JOHN D., JR., and C. G. BOOK-
OUT.
1959. The larval development of Callinectes
sapidus Rathbun reared in the labora-
tory. Biological Bulletin, vol. 116, no. 3
(June), p. 373-396.

HOPKINS, SEWELL H.

1944. The external morphology of the third
and fourth zoeal stages of the blue
crab, Callinectes sapidus Rathbun.
Biological Bulletin, vol. 87, no. 2,
p. 145-152. [Contribution No. 20,
Virginia Fisheries Laboratory, Glou-
cester Point, Va.]

LUNZ, G. ROBERT.

1958. Notes on a non-commercial crab of
the genus CalUnedes in trawl catches
in South Carolina. Bears Bluff Labora-
tories, Wadmalaw Island, S.C. Contri-
bution No. 27 (May) p. 3-17.

RATHBUN, MARY J.

1930. The cancroid crabs of America of
the Families Euryalidae, Portunidae,
Atelecyclidae, Cancridae, and Xanthi-
dae. Smithsonian Institution. U.S. Na-
tional Museum, Bulletin 152, p. 98-132.

SNODGRASS, R. E.

1956. Crustacean metamorphoses. Smith-
sonian Miscellaneous Collections, vol.
131, no. 10, p. 1-78.

VAN ENGEL, W. A.

1958. The blue crab and its fishery in
Chesapeake Bay. U.S. Fish and Wild-
life Service, Commercial Fisheries Re-
view, (June) vol. 20, no. 6, p. 6-17.
t Contribution No. 79, Virginia Fisheries
Laboratory, Gloucester Point, Va.]

MS #1266

14

GPO 941-6 52

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