TUNA BAIT RESOURCES AT SAIPAN Marine Biological I L I B & A ft Y FEB 8-1951 WOODS HOLE, MASS. SPECIAL SCIENTIFIC REPORT: FISHERIES No. 44 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE Explanatory Note The series embodis^ results of investigations, usually of restricted scope, intended to aid or direct management or utilization practices and as guides for administrative or legislative action. It is issued in limited quantities for the official use of Federal, State or cooperating agencies and in processed form for economy and to avoid delay in publication. shington, D. C . 1951 United States Department of the Interior Oscar L„ Chapman, Secretary Fish and Wildlife Service Albert M. Day, Director Special Scientific Report - Fisheries No„ UU TUNA BAIT RESOURCES AT SAIPAN Translated from the Japanese language by W. G. Van Campen Pacific Oceanic Fishery Investigations CONTENTS Page 1. Report of a skipjack bait investigation in Saipan waters.. By Technician Kenzo Ikebe and Assistant Take shi Mat sumo to l/ l/ From South Sea Fishery News [_ Nanyo Suisan Joho_/, No. 6, pp. 2-12. Jan. 1933. Report of a Skipjack Bait Investigation in Gaipan 'Tatars 1 „ Purpose and Scops c£ the Investigation According to the 1935 report of the Saipan District of the South Seas Government-General, the tuna fishery in that district in 1935 employed 19 skipjack boats an;". 9 tuna boats, which produced a catch . _. , , 1,923,000 kilograms and valued at 456,000 yen. This is the most important fishery of the area, and there is much room for- its future development. Almost all of the catch is made ': ic h product :f the Nanko Fishing Company enjoys a ver^ Japan. The value of bhe fish-stic] ;-:cY^J is 400,000 yen, anc plans are being made fcr the further expansion of this Industry. Since this island is lot blessed fith an abundant natural supply of the bait fish which are so essential tc the skipjack fishery, unlike Palao .hire fishing can be carried on all ;rc-a~ round, during roughly half of the year froir Septembe: tc Februai " the fishermen are fore.-' "— the scar- cit; of bait to sit idly b; and ;at< lar ;e scl sols of skipjack offshpreo During recent years bhere has I 3en a ^-^^vic;- in this slac] peripd for the fishermen tc go be nrork ua laborers on the sugar plantation of the South Sea Development Company or to go away tc other islands < If Wishing could be carried on tl si year round, + h- present production could probably be doubled and the fishermen could 1 j rescued from their difficult circumstances. For several years nersons in the fishing business at Saipan have been "anting the rjs^re' static.' tc undertake an investigation which might produce see solution to this annoying problem of bait scarcity. It happened that in the period froir October to December of this year we were to have engaged in a fisheri s ' ivestigation in foreign raters, but this operation was called off because oJ bhe effeets of the China Incident, and the tire was devoted instead to a bait survey at Saipan. Conse [asntly, the period of this survey was not cricir:a_ ly selected as the time for such a study, and as it coincided with the trade wind season at Saipan the gl Beas made it impossible to carry out a thorough investigation*, a c±i :um! an Lch * s indeed regrettable. 2 „ gresent Situation The following is a descriptioi ' % it fish situation at Saipan T7ith regard to eac1 - the species used. (The commor ia v^ of the fish ai e bhose used by Okinawan fishermen.) (?.) baka (co^ or ime) / S~ rierhorus oelicatulus (Eennett)_/ This is the most important skipjack bait fish at Saipan. It reaches a length of av 3ut n , . tc 2.4 ii ches. It occurs on th ' a b sic.e of the island everywhere outside the i j Garaoan to Charankanoa, on the north :,' \ rom the harbpi orks to Gunkan £ Maniagasha_7 Island, on the east side in the vici' it- of Magicienne fay, and also at Tinia-i and P.ota. It ir foTind fc . out the "ear, but it is least abundant in November and December. This fish . awns each year beginning in January and at this time is wort) less as bait, so for this reason and in order to preserve the stock the skipjack fishermen's association prohibits the taking of the fish during January and February 0 These fish are taken by going to the grounds before dawn and driving the fish into a fine-meshed net £ ?mojiami_/ just as day breaks. The fishermen then set off for the skipjack grounds at about 7s00 a.m. These fish are weak and those taken on one day cannot be held over until the next day. At the peak of the season one haul with the bait net usually provides enough bait for one fishing tripa (2) shiira (common name) /may be Sardinia immaculata../ Resembles the young of the hiraiwashi /His ha elongata ?_/ of Japan. Somewhat slenderer than the baka <> At Saipan it occurs in greatest numbers inside the harbor £ Tanapag ?__/, and is also abundant inside the reef off Garapan„ Being a species which comes into the lagoon from the open sea, it schools abundantly in season at the entrance to the boat channel off Garapan. The season is the five months from Kay to September. In December and January only a few are seen and they are grown too large to be suitable for skipjack bait0 Like the baka this fish is taken with a driving-in net, but whereas in taking the baka the fishermen dive and chase the fish, the shiira are driven in with a surround net0 This soecies will collect around a fishing light „ (3) hiraaji or gatsun / carangids_/ These fish are the young of the meaji /probably Trachurops c r ume nopthalma _/. They are much larger than the species described above, being usually about 7 fish to 100 momme j_ 13.25 ounces_/? and are thus most suitable as bait for medium and large skipjack. They occur inside the reef on the west side of Saipam. They come in through the channels from the open sea on s,torny days and are generally taken at the entrance to a pas , The season is the 4- months from June to September. They are taken during the day using surround-nets and set nets _/? mawashi tateaml _/. This species also is attracted by light,, (U) muro /probably Decapterus sp<>„/ These fish are about the same size as, the hiraaji. usually running about 3 fish to 100 momme /~13»25 ounces_/, but smaller ones run about 10 per 100 momme „ They are found outside the reef at Saipan and do not come inside the lagoon. The season is roughly the same as that for the hiraaji. four months from June to September, but it is often irregular. 'ftiis year they did not show up at ail. This species is taken during the day with a stick-held dipnet using shrimp for bait. They sometimes school around naval vessels and steamers anchored off Garapan, and they will collect around a fishing light. (5) akamuro or sanera ./"probably Caesio chrysozonus / In general appearance this species resembles the "ojisan" fa goatfish jj, but it is smaller, being about 3 inches long,, They some- times come in large schools. This fish is most suitable for skipjack bait, but it only comes into the waters near the reef at certain times and for short periods. It is taken around the entrance to the Garapan channel, off Charankanoa, and in the vicinity of the harbor works fTanapag Harbor ?_7« The season lasts from 5 days to a week and during this time enough fish can be taken in one haul of the net to provide bait for four or five trips, that is to say, a month's supply of bait can be taken in one day* They withstand captivity well and when large quantities are taken they are kept in hastily constructed pounds. These fish do not, however, come every year. They appeared in October of 1933 and on November 23, 1935., from which it is thought that they generally migrate into these waters every two year? at this season. They are driven into bag-nets during the day, and they will also collect around a fishing light. It is said that when the akamuro appear, the Nanko Fishing Company hurriedly rounds up fishermen and pays them 3 yen. per day to do nothing but catch bait for several days, (6) ojisan fa goatfish?_/ This fish is about 3,6 inches long, roughly the same size as the muro« They occur inside the reef on the sandy beach from the harbor works to Charankanoa, They are generally found the year round, but the season of greatest abundance is during June, July, and August, and they are seen only rarely at other times of the year„ They are taken both day and night with beach seines. These bait fish are not attracted by a light. In recent years the skipjack have not responded well to this bait and this year almost no one used it„ (7) aobi-ce ( : ommon name) /may be Abudefduf sexfasciatus / This is a small fish about ,7 to 08 inch long, and deep green in color. It is found inside the reef on the west side of Saipan, The fishe.men take it by setting a net inside the reef and then diving and poking sticks into the crevices in the coral to drive the fish out and into the net. The season is pretty much all jrear round, but the ] 3 ger specimens are unsuitable for skipjack baito The o j isan , aobike , and so forth are used as a last resort when the baka and shiira cannot be obtained in sufficient quantities <> In addition to the above, there are a number of other bait fish such as the tobero or harara and the tarekuchi /"probably Engraulis heteroiobus R^ppel^/, but none of them are taken in useful quantities. When the stomachs of skipjack are studied they a^e all found to be stuffed full of various kir oi small fish, from which it is deduced that there must be many smalt fishes offshore which could serve as skipjack baito Skipjack taken off Saipan feed on "young ojisan" or "deepsea oj isan", squid, and shrimp all year round, and on tarekuchi from May to September, At this season in 1935 and 1936 large schools of tarekuehi were seen at sea, but this year none were seen, it is said0 At Saipan the skipjack are fattest in June, July, and August, while in December, January, and February when there is no food offshore the fish are at their leanest,, 3 Particulars of the Investigation Research vessels Nanko Fishing Company's No. 1 Ebisu Maru (10»6 tons, 30 HP) and Sakigake Maru (20 tons, 30 HP) Area investigated - waters under the jurisdiction of the Saipan District Time of the investigation - October 28 to December 7, 1937 Personnel - Technician in charge 1 Assistant 1 Crew of the Hakuo Maru 12 Gear used - 1 stick-held bait net 1 Hachida £l / ne* 1 homuraito /~Hcme Light ?_/ (600 watt) 1 Hayashi type electric fishing light (160 watt) Outline of the Investigation The plan was to make oceancgraphical observations in the waters off Saipan and also to attempt to attract bait fish with lights at nighty to take the fish which might assemble by means of a stick-held dipnet or a Hachida net, and to investigate their distribution, time of appearance, and periods of abundance and scarcity „ The places to be investigated and the daily schedule of operations xvere, after consultation with the skipjack fishermen's association, settled as follows „ One fisherman from each of the skipjack boats was carried aboard the vessels making the investigation 0 Places Invests a and Number of Days Spent at Each a wnen the sea was calm 1 3 to 5 miles west of Gunkan £ Maniagasha_/ island 3 days Mo zone 3 days 3 U miles east of Nafutan Point 3 days U 1 mile off Donnay 3 days 5 Marpi bank 3 days 6 Shija bank 3 days 7 Magicienne Bay 3 days b in rough weather 1 off the new harbor at Tinian 1 coast at Kahi on Tinian 1 Tinian Harbor near South Sea Development Company's plant 4. Progress of the Investigations The technician in charge, his assistant, and 12 crew members left Palao aboard the Zuiho Maru at 9:00 A.M. on October 28. The party stopped at Yap en route to pick up four bait live-boxes which had been left in the care of the Yap District government office. Leaving Yap at 8:00 A.M. on October 30, the party made cceanographical observations en route to Saipan and released 120 drift bottles. At 4:00 P.M. on November 2 the vessel arrived at Tinian where it remained at anchor over night, leaving the following morning at five o'clock for Saipan where it moored at Tanapag Harbor at 8:00 A.M. On the following day, the 4.th, the members of the skipjack fishermen's asso- ciation gathered at the government offices tc hold a conference on the bait problem. Ve heard the opinions of the fishermen and made arrangements concerning the investigation. On the 5th we negotiated with the Nanko Fishing Company for the use of th» No. 1 Ebisu Laru and the Sakigake Maru to carry on the investigation and made preparations for our operations. As shown in the accompanying table of the progress of the investigation, we began our work on November 6 and ended it on November 23„ During this time we spent 14. days in actual operations, of which 2 days were devoted to oceanograohical observations. After the completion of the investigation we were scheduled to return to headquarters aboard the Zuih5 Maru, but that vessel proceeded to Japan for repairs and inspection and the members of the expedition left Saipan for Palao aboard the Yarns shiro Maru on December 3. The results of this investigation (see the accompanying table) may be sumrarized as follows. On November 6 at a station 1-1/2 miles west of the Saipan government pier the light brought in only a few flyingfish (2.4- inches long) and no other bait fish. On the 7th in front of the sugar mill at Tinian a few tobero (1.2 inches long) came in, but not enough to justify using the stick-held dipnet. On the 9th in front of the government pier at Tinian the light brought in about one scoop of tobero (1.2 inches long), but we did not use the net. On the 10th at Magicienne Eay only a few shiirs (.8 to .9 inch long) came in, not enough to net. On the lltv at the new harbor on Tinian only a few small scrimp (kpmase) were attracted. On the 15th at Tanapag Harbor at Saipan a few tcber 3 (1.2 inches long), aoesa /"probably Harengula schranr.i 7 (.2 to .9 inch long), and ojisan (.8 tc .9 inch long) were attracted. At deeper level there were some gatsun (hiraa.ji) /~carangids_7 and mizun (urumeiwashi) / perhaps Harengula ovalis (Bennett )7 (both about 08 inches long) but not enough to net. On the_l6th off Mutcho Point a small number of gatsun (hiraa.ji) / carangids_7 were attracted. On the 21st at the sugar mill at Tinian about one scoop of tobero (1.2 inches long) came in, and the next day we operated the stick-held bait net there, taking only one small scoop of mixed tobero (1.2 inches long), b'ka (.7 to 08 inch long), and akaesa (.7 to .8 inch long) /"probably apogonids or caesionids/, rot enough to use as bait. On the 25th the fishermen, who had n awaiting the arrival of the akamuro /"probably Caesio chrysozenus 7, announced that these fish had come into the vicinity of the Garapan channel. All of the skipjack boats immediately went out and took the fish with bag-nets. On the 26th we made a trial with the light near the Garapan channel and attracted a large school of mizun (urumeiwashi) /Harengula ovalis? / (7„2 inches long), but no akamuro <, It appears that the akamuro come into the vicinity of the channel from the offshore waters at dawn and go out to sea again during the day» On the 27th at the same location we took about 300 mizun (urumeiwashi) (7„2 inches long) with the stick=held dipneto On the 23th we continued operations at the same place and again attracted a large school of mizun 0 Since the akamuro came in at dawn we tried to find out whether the light would attract them by conducting a trial from 3;00 to 6s00 a.m. on the 29th but only a few of them (l„3 inch long) came in„ Just as they did at night, the mizun assembled in a large school and the akamuro dispersed <> As indicated, the appearance of the akamuro this year took place during L, days beginning November 25 . Since the fish dispersed to the offshore waters during the day, the fishermen all went out at dawn and took them in bag-r.ets and held them in live-bait pounds, but the amount taken was only enough for four or five trips and that was the end of the akamuro for this year0 6 Results of Oceanographical Observations Results of observations made between Maniagasha I. and a point north of Ushi Point on Tinian and inside the harbor and lagoon at Saipan were as follows; (see chart for locations) ^ This chart has been omitted from the translation^/ Offshore Observations November 18 Depth Station LSU) ru(K) wo(L) Tva(M) ka(N) yo(0) Surface Tempo Salinity 23.2 34.45 23.0 34.65 28.0 34.61 23.1 34o65 2302 34.54 50 m Temp. Salinity 23.0 34.49 28.0 34.60 27.9 34,69 27 o"' 34o67 27.8 34.69 23,0 34.63 Positions: nu(J) 3 rales W-gN of Maniagasha lo ru(K) 2 miles S of nu(j) wc(L) 2 miles S of ru(K) wa(M) 2 miles S of wo(L) ka(N) 2 miles ST? of wa(M) yo(0) 2 miles SW of ka(N) Harbor Observations November 24 Depth Posit? i(A) ro(B) ha(C) ni(D) ho(E) he(F) to(G) chi(H) Surface iPo Salinity 28 o0 34o6b 23o0 34.32 23.0 3^.65 27=9 34»66 27.3 34c68 27.5 34.62 27.3 34.68 Temp. 23.0 23 „0 23.0 27 . 9 27.8 27,5 27.3 Bottom Salinity 34c63 34.67 34o64 34.65 34.67 34c63 Table Showing Progress of Saipan Ski] jack Bait Investigation Date 11-6 11 -7 -9 11-10 Station A F ri D Position . .las in front front i f <~cv ' t of Tinian E Tinian T'K- ■ i ' sugar mill gov ' t pier Weather B BC B BG Wind m 3 HE 1 Z 1 T"3 1 Air Temp. 28.0 1.2 Sea Temp. ,4 IS.2 23.3 Current direc tion ,7 B / Current veloc ity 1 ,0 1.0 Time homuraito A hrs, 7 hrs. .30min. _t hrs. light elec. light U hrs 9 7 hrs. 11 hrs. .50min used Fishi ng gear Species flyini tobero bol .'.""■ shiira Quant ity 1 scoop -P «H a o o o tin 3 a n-i o o o -p c G -p rH o U O »H +> CD •H 3 H e CO iH -P CO Tj to CD •H g s c Cm cH 3 CD a a °> o X! 3 ^ o Ch o 3 CO £ •H 1 Ol CD O o (1) fl O M O O CO Sh Sh Sh o m a c no ?» -ri C O CD o CD CO cd a CO -H O h ■H CO ^H X> & U0X>l » tU) CD ri f CO 3 »H X! CD •H CO X! o o °° OH O 9 Sh 3 •P co o •p >» U CO -P » -H O 73 co co O c -p -p co a & pl, «h pcj a +5 bo •—3 CO o •H CO O CD CD O X! CO •H CO A u -P XI u « o IT\ col 33 -H •H -p Ch c g CO CD O Or>i o bC & P .M iH ° CO CO & re « fe XI 3 CO -p a CO 3 O O O -p 3 P, o o S X! -P H C^ CD 4-5 -H «H rH O co o •H °° CO « CO X! -P rH W> Sh cm 85 «H rH rH CO fl* °H Qd f*i CO CO •H cm Cm H 0 rH Pm, "H rH CD X! Ch O •H s CO -P o —; a >j >»X! -P o •zs -P o a co a o CO rH -P O (-1 CO n CO P-i CO oo o O ma xt O CD H a CO rA C-H C O 3 «H iH 0 O T3 ir\ >j no »H i4 «H CD O -P w •d +3 •H CD o u a -P -P 5 d p o o 3 ,M o S CD -P C no CD «H CO p. -P CD CO P.X! M O >» C oo Sh ^t -H ■P CO -O a tj tio cd O -PirH CO CO O -P Sh CO -P g ■P 3 C «H _ 3 Ch X! <0 -P CO Sh CO co G O fi B OXI -p +> In 0 CD CD U 3 ^0 -P CO Sh P. CO CD CD t3 ■P CO O e XI -P 0) X! -P o XJ ■d HJ CD O X) 3 CD o o O HO a C 3 CD -P CO G -P O CO CD X! U Sh -p 60 •H -P CD o & CO cd co a a B o (D CO rH 0 a p-. c a s= i w jd 3 -r 3 C5 CD p o o u o o o -p p o • C -p -p B CO CD a jo d» O »» ° CD . Ph p" -p -11 -p •H •P -P o J> " o s XI f» G tJ O * CO r-i CO XI O r- rH o CD O * CD 3 tao-p iH CO CO C X! -P tU) o o a* co CD •H G XI (D ^ Ih » CD CD •• CD CO i-3 QC M co & ^J E-i CD -P ,_} c~\ co rH X CD » c p Q) -sf CO bfl -H P CO TJ •+-■> O H O 5h ►-» «£ > S-! s-I CO 0 «N > T3 O CD P CO o O w 6 CO * T3 u B CO t3 to 5 C to CO rH U) • o co C X S Sn O P » O rH t> On O rH W C CO 0) CO no, X X •o M O P C^\ CO a f* •H C P o o CO CO u 0 o «-l CO •■ts CO P> <><>.^ O ".- ■aS a & O -u d-i a v\ G o OO CO m vU s w b) £ >-• p G co & co CO P CO • . .1, «i-t CO o a bo no <} c o •H P rH U «H o O CO c a o k4 -H •H e 11-21 H in front of mill at Tinian BC NNE 1 28o0 28o0 W loO 2 hr, 3 hr, 45 min. tobero P T3 x a rH bOCNi rH iH CV •H M a x co X r, CO +5 CO CO bo S C a o co q O <> cos co a • •H <3j G CO •H X O Eh E-t O OO <4-l vO CU « 013-P G co T2 CO 0) 02 U P O «h a x S-i o o fn P G CO P CO o <•. X TJl o CD s >x o CQ bfl Pl. U -H CD CD O P & O CO 9 no g O C^N » CV C°l C oe P C^v -H 00 CO X CO p a &.T3 to X (3, P Jh CO •H G CD »H CO 0 P Ch (., a co S e & Q U CD P CD Cm > » •7-: O O >» (D bt/T\ M s P «T\ P» '-. «H p CD -P O 1) 1-4 CO CO Si Table Showing Progress of Saipan Skipjack Bait Investigation Date 11=22 11-26 11-27 11-28 Statior L I J K L Position in front off Garapan same same of mill Channel at Tinian Weather B B B B Wind E 2 HE 3 ENE 2 NE 2 Air Temp0 2805 2BoO 28,7 2802 Sea Temp0 28o0 28o2 2So3 28*4 Current direction S 3 E S Current velocity 2 0 2„0 2o0 1.0 Time homu raito 2hr» 40 min„ lhr0 15ndn. lhr0 40 mine 4hr J30mino light Elec „ light 4-hr' ,30min. used Fishing gear stick-held net stick -held net Species tobero urume urume urume Quan tity 1 scoop 300 fish o o p CD CD Xi p G «■ f-i X P X! p CO CO G CD bO co p >-h p G »H >H °rl G l 031 » CD P T3 ° CD E-i rH 03| NtH S* «D CO G G W o G 03 CO O JG g TO °H P G !H a o a> CD ». P $H CO CO «H o co G rH o P CD CD X) »P «M X! O CO rH rH £ XI T5 G "3 ^ G - u £ O CD °° rH CD 3 O o CD M G IOC- 0,-G ° M P TJ TO <3 CO P P CO G 0 cp al CO 0 G CO CD X «C P CO >1 bo O P CD TO »v c p c *rH CO a o co «h O ft M 0 !i ft'rt O D CO «H u o O CO TO Ti a •h e s i -P oo CD TJ O P CO CD X g xl -p S O 3 c- -P B CO X! ^H to uop co! to °H XI CO ft O & h £ e-i P P C- P. G , U CO G CO CD In r*A w l o| to U rH O OB CDj O r-H O «H X CO N CD P cs p| CH P *H C CD CDl g •fl x x{ co °ri X CO CO o CO ft ftp si a a ^ t3 ■P O Q, ft a - ■> >3 G P T P CD o o o P «S r-\ CO G CD X CO c a o tx, O CX. X! G O) G P >»CQ CD jLil a 3 o 00 O O G a — 1 O c*> O -H O -H 1 ■E g ° a o en G oo -p CO to P G rH CO oo +3 OO -^3 M ja'8t| CO CD Ml >n, 3 o tf\ no X CO > r> a col • o s c P §> o CD O G O P X) » P -rl CO o G (X, •■ c uo to o c*> CO CO CX, CO TJ p n »H ft G X G "c CD p O O O 3 P o t> P Ai o P O x a CD <♦-, -?o O P CO ^ 6-1 00 hJ G.rH CO o 10 1 ^-x Mil O 0 1 -^ xi o +> ^ TOlp rH §1 G 1 CO to 3 0J rtiJ a G ^ TO si rH § TO d CD coi 03 o aj 0 +» p T) 43 +» H c S3 MJO ..-. X! 0 « S -P CD C ■ -i ■P V H 31 ci •H X! 1 XI 0) H o XI a o TO s c i." TO & 0 «H a to e 3 3 I ® ■~ ■T} ^ P o O rH O ,* S O TO 3 •H ■P 3 a s p N 0) °ri CQ P P, "H TO O 3 p co •^..Sh a TO U XJ m ° TO •HU» o c- xi c*h O ■1 TO m p G Sh 3 p TO Jh e -P -<*• X; M ra a P P. ad -j: 0 O o •H^-- t) ca -H CD 1 0) -P D p CD pi c; 0 P.VTN •H «H ^ bi O0 «H T. t3 h a) ■H •a ca O O 0 ^H TO rH P ."i G o m CV Vi » G &H o a X ID oc cv DO - 43 '-■ cv o °° fl cv 0 P ■H :r: O O rH O TO ■ri s cv oo TO OO o cv rH OO 0 CO .a X! P O XI O P F- S in rH £*~ rH — ! «=«! 45 r» o ^ r- 0 G H 43 CO »ri rH d d CO +3 m 0 p O fl CI a P H en «o ftp! P TO ol c rH P xi 3 o p tjfl 3 r-1 bo p w -.■ J-~ Cm fii «! £ a> 0 P XI >* ■r. TO J3 c as eg CO X! t CD '-■'{ (9 p \ii SH U0m m +3 X OO o P ca M •H X! Ph fi bD ■H Si A U O CO P •H x: •H '-•J) -' •t:< eu ■iH ,« 0 •H 34 caj s CO •hJch H _* ' rH C •11 OJ? o !-- 1 T3 T3 CD X) rH eg aj Ch O rH °rH O o SI Q "P ■H CO o P G G 0 p 0 0 Ph G r-t COS G o "r s u G » Vt o '- O 43 G C CO Vn CO p OS ft O En "ci o •H O rr o TO o O O CO 0 c T) O m O XI CO M 0 -'! a x: —5 o rr\ CD B pf> 3 PL en X! p 0 si p tJ pji m rv Ti „ ;,-, TO CD T3 DC C TO O eo -o el •■ ".■ bd o CD 3 3 P, CD H G X! CD H ca P. 6 cv G X) TO g8 en cd c c '"' 0 a; c rH > cv 4s 00 vO •H cv rH ca cv Cv o 0 O O Q H l-t S-4 o d> ft CM O^ ■p el 0 « CD a- f^- & H CV cv 5 i e e e P> P. ■I , Q H cv sr CD 00 a) u U Sh a o Spv. rH X! Sh rH C 1^ 1 O G G CO Oi ^ or. o CO «C CD co Pi rH bd u ao '-■• 0 © rH CO CO co CO CO p e e .- p X! P. XI P, co CD CO as CO CD cd ca CO CC o T3 C TO to XI 6 O CD G CD G o ■H CO P CO X) CO TJ CO ►4 TO, EH 5kj CD Ch °^« Eh •H b-< P P Ch ra| TO CO TO O G Si G-SJ •H 4i p t> ' to 0 O +5 ft d e » 0 II Q I a O O on O cv U cd ■i CD 5> O o p sO CM U CD x> S CD -p ft CD CO c CO ft a o o tkO G •H X! CO •H Pn IO G CO CD x: p >> x> CD cc co G o 13 G O O 00 G CO •rt p*. -p •H CO m p © c CD X! -P O G CO tH X) XI rH O 3 C"-\ CD T3 CO CD -^> ■P P CD § to CD X! rH bO O rH P >H G H CO Tl E E j? CO 6 bo G co E CO •H 3 bo SH 0 CO XI c CO 3 »H c> •H T3 i-i bo X! GO (0 G X, UJ G P O CO X» ■H O cm bo G O •H ,G X! O bo CO ■H CD CD 5 -H P -r) CO °rl CD 3 ? S to CC g> X) o -<|c\i cm bo G •H X! bO °H » P •H CO G CD Q CM 8 o to cm CM o CD > U 3 CO CD ft +» E CO CD 00 CO CM o-- — X! p> ft CD a •si- cv 0^ CO CO U G u CQ CQ °^ CO o_ 1 s CD CD •Sr"l M G ^^ 0 G C co b/I CO co bo ■H G G X! co h X) CO •P CD CD ft CO ft CO •H -H 03 CD T3 03 e to g -p CO (1) p> CO C CD CD X bO P H O OB H T3 CD CD •H T3 «m co •H a -P O rH 3 rH 00 O Fh 3 E a M CO CD bo CO o X o a Cm CO O a CD CO P.J3 P O P CD O G O C < CQ -H bO CO rH CO XI rH P CO CO X SOP CQ X -H CD X C O CQ O CO CD ^ Q-, O O iH -P O X CO Eh CO O l\ CO o. X CO CO rH -P 3 col CO xlx CD •ri Ch o CD X CO P p. o c o o o CO 0 O tH & X •P CQ CO .* g O «H O P CD P» "d ° 3 M 03 bQ X c CO ■P E CO U T3 •H G fa CO CD X P O >» o P G G CD CD bD £ H Q) .o £ CD CD G CD CD T3 X CO P E • «. CD X) & CD M P CO 3 CD X p PT3 CO CD O CO H E 3 CO E T3 CO M to CO CO Cm O T3 C i— I CO o O Cm X X T3 T3 CD M •P iH CD X H P P E » CO CO 73 G CD CD CD X X P •73 CD CO O X G •ri CO CQ P> CO Cm O CD X CD M O CD CO X •1-5 -P P >H cm m* O CQ CD P X -H P G cm O CD G O G -O G CO CD UO Fh CO CO p CD G M CQ oM, rH CD O X O P X CJ CO p o X en co += CO o X O CD CD •H X X f> -P -P X o -p CO & G O CD E M CD X CO •H cm o CO p •H A! CQ 00 G ■H G M o E X CO bo ^ so co M H G CO &. o G T3 CO CO P,X CO H O CO M O G E CD CO >>x >; rH P CO M co P «m W CO O CD X -P G •H CD X -M CP Sh CD X & Cm CD a: in CD X -P -P CO ■CJ CD t-i o X o G CO -a c CO p> 3 O p a CO g •p CD X c»o bo H o X o c CO CD X p P> CO G O TJ a a u 3 -p to CO & -P X cu •H 3 P> CD CD iH E CD 3 co Cm co O X to r-\- — T3 O G O P1 O X CD O O A! CD CO CO CQ CO rH X CD rH X CO O Eh B O CO X ° E^ co co P, X CD O CD c"\ co T3 CD p t-i •ri Cm CD X Eh O o o «o CD ^ u CD P & CO o . Fh 3 e CO CO p o 0) Cm X m CD P CD E CO -p ca M >5.H . G «M HH CO T3 CD G X G CO CO o O G G CO (0 m5 X G G al CO M M CO CO X X o o «H o o o ■p 0) Ch o Cm G O CO H P3 CQ Fh G CO CO CD G.O CQ CO O F> O CD -M CO o - X 3 CO M G (0 CO o Fh 03 CD CD rH bO P1 CO SO CD PL, M E O E X O O O O H G CV CM CO o CV o CO CQ CO P-, O G P CO CD CO O M G CO CO O M ■P ch G Cm CD O CV O CD a CO CO 0^ cv o 13 -r 93 a ■p += o o U G © 85 0 — x-O X s> T 'g o J*i g H e 33 © g l-l CO CO . ■!' ri ee x( £4 CQ co p as H G CD O CO P 6 d o o co * n 1 T3 o cf-x »rl H C6 CO P. w en EH Ti "O CO C X m c >» d -P p O G CO w ft CO CO X S H P o d © © A! =H cm O c CO -P G P X 4> 0 •rt «3J © Cfl © © 05 £ G TO fc co © '--: >9 C 0 to :.. U rH >» -E O (4 O O © X «H O 03 n © © d Cn rH O o tH PP O X tH O o — co © -p H 4= PL, £4 ca h © © P CO rH •rH cc u a © © t-i CO o '- p © C X © +» -P d p. • © S-O-d B o o g X X c co o, •H © CO S te « co ew o p X C!0 p CO P p o O T3 g o <0 0 M S BP OO o C TJ p X C\i g Q) X -a! rH o en S r- "O °ri -o °ri X G P o o «w X -P o c fn o r-{ ■H c p X © X 0) C "P u o O o o O *» CO P J»> 03 CO M CO u » B © CO © T3 CQ O X OO Ch X X >»Xi •H d CO P ? p X wi © CO gj »o o lA M CO 0 h CH w © P B C XI S CO O <-l ° CO &0 © H •4 P. © & X © •H C G O co X aj CO °r! X a © c •H H O o h 0 X © E* O P T3 ^ £ ceo © P C a -§ ■P c bfl G s T3 S? G © r-i & •H O X d - © o d d » co G © CO -0 T) O ^ o $>> . O 3 &" « a 00 f- X TJ o CQ CO X. o co a X r-\ 0 •H ra © 4= O CO •Cfl O o p p XJ tiO © P CS P P © 10 -p T3 X iH POP * © O «B «H © d S vH G © p. !]> +a CH CO G P CO p OO CO ■p n p © CO aj a co cjo 0 H U o rH u d 00 I-: X *H d o X h CO CO co i-i © © © T3 CM d « o-d © co s O G o fH a °H X X p.-h ><■ (0 P =H C +1 CO -1 P. O CO P CC CO P o 'aot> S s>» o p CO o GO G s (1) •H Q X! CO •H En U « © P. O -a p a CO © co 3 5 H © X P X P f>» P. X © © r o s 1 a co f>» o M CO p a g E c © «M CO o P CO G O CO U CO G CO a. CO V © 5 o % o P CQ u a a ^ o G (0 © P< CO a CO «H « .-} cj CO CQ O CQ rn »* vO > to Ol Oi Oi CN CN CO 0 0 o O 0 p ► > > s» I> co o o o o O Q z s a S5 SB u The above material has been extracted from a skipjack fishing log kept by Mr. Zenkuro Kawakami of zhe Nanko Fishing Company from September to November, 1935= 9 Conclusions The period covered by this investigation coincided with the trade wind season at Saipan, and winds of forces ranging from gentle to violent blew constantly. The sea was rough and we eould not carry out experiments on the use of a light to attract bait fish in the offshore waters. Consequently, we were unfortunately unable to survey the following six areas which had been scheduled after consultation with the skipjack fisher- men at the beginning of operations s (l) 3-5 miles off Maniagasha I. (2) Mozone (3) A miles E of Nafutan Pt. U) off Donnay (5) Marpi sone (6) Shija sone. We were forced to restrict our survey to places which were sheltered from the northeast winds such as the Saipan harbor works, the Garapan channel, off the Tinian sugar mill, and Magicienne Bay. The progress of the investigation is shown in the foregoing table. Adverse weather and other causes limited our days of operation to twelve, however, our results, combined with those of a survey made by the Nanko Fishing Company in 1935, indicate the following facts? 1. In the waters around Saipan (excepting the offshore waters) from September to November there are no bait fish suitable for use as skipjack bait except urume iwashi £ may be Harengula ovalis ij and hiraaji (_ earangids^/. 2. The urume iwashi and hiraaji which occur during these three months are too large to be suitable for skipjack bait, but would be good for tuna bait. 3. During these three months the tarekuchi /probably Engraulis heterolobus/, shiira /probably Stolephorus delicatulus7. tobero/?/, and baka /?/ are seen, but not in quantities adequate for use as baito According to the local skipjack fishermen, last year in June, July, and August schools of tarekuchi were seen in the offshore waters on the skipjack grounds, but this year the;; did not appear at all. This indicates perhaps that the tarekuchi, like the akamuro, does not come into Saipan waters every year but irregularly. In these three months the sea is calm and it is thought that it would perhaps be possible to experiment with attracting these fish with a light and taking them with a stick-held dipnot or a Haehida net, however, during this period the baka and shiira provide sufficient bait and it is thought that there is no necessity for such an experiment o On the basis of the above facts it is thought that the best solution to the problem of the enforced idleness of the skipjack fishermen caused by the lack of bait during the half of the year from September to February would be for the boats to switch over to tuna fishing using for bait the urume iwashi and hiraaji, which can be taken during this period and which appear to occur in a fair abundance. It is, however, necessary to study further the possible methods of putting this proposal into execution. 15 MBL , WHOI Library - Serials 5 WHSE 01025